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Transcriber's note:

      Page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed in
      curly braces, e.g. {99}.  They have been located where page
      breaks occurred in the original book.  For its Index, a page
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THE WORSHIP OF THE CHURCH

And the Beauty of Holiness

by

J. A. REGESTER, S.T.D.

Rector of St. Paul's Church, Buffalo, N. Y.


  "Oh, may I dwell in His Temple blest,
    As long as my life may be,
  And the beauty fair of the Lord of Hosts,
    In the home of His glory see!"
            BISHOP COXE, _Christian Ballads_







New York
James Pott & Company
285 Fourth Avenue
1898

Copyright, 1898, by
James Pott & Co.

First Edition.  Printed, January, 1898.
Second Edition, Revised.  Printed, May, 1898.




Preface

The material in this manual is, so far as known, accessible only in a
number of books.  Obligation to those from which it has been gathered
has not been expressed by references, which must have marked nearly
every page, but, instead, a list has been appended which may be
consulted if it is desired to verify statements or to study more fully
any subject presented.

The object in view has not been to discuss the propriety, or
lawfulness, or obligation of any matter referred to, but simply to give
information.




Contents


                                                    PAGE

  WORSHIP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
  THE CHURCH, THE PLACE OF WORSHIP . . . . . . . . .  11
  SYMBOLISM OF THE CHURCH BUILDING . . . . . . . . .  17
  ARRANGEMENT AND FURNITURE OF THE CHURCH  . . . . .  37
  SYMBOLIC ORNAMENTS OF THE CHURCH . . . . . . . . .  51
  HOW TO USE THE PRAYER-BOOK . . . . . . . . . . . .  92
  DEVOUT CUSTOMS AND USAGES  . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
  LIST OF BOOKS FOR REFERENCE  . . . . . . . . . . . 119
  INDEX  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121




{7}

_The Beauty of Holiness_


_Worship_

The worship of Almighty God is one of the characteristic acts of
humanity.  The brute looks up to heaven, but man alone looks up with
thought of God and to adore.  "The entire creation grew together to
reflect and repeat the glory of God, and yet the echo of God slumbered
in the hollow bowels of the dumb earth until there was one who could
wake up the shout by a living voice.  Man is the first among the
creatures to deliver back from the rolling world this conscious and
delicious response, the recognition of the Father who begat him.  He,
and he alone, is nature's priest, her spokesman, her mediator."

{8}

The idea of worship, in which the crown and glory of manhood thus has
expression, "includes all those acts which make up the devotional duty
of the soul to Almighty God."  Our private and family devotions are
acts of worship.  They enter into its obligation, are comprehended by
it, but do not fill it out.  They are not sufficient alone.  The due
acknowledgment before others of our belief in and reverence for God,
the blessings which attend only upon the use of united praise and
prayer and of Sacraments, the honor of God, the rendering of "thanks
for the great benefits that we have received at His hands," the setting
forth of "His most worthy praise,"--all demand the public act of
worship.

The obligation and privilege of such worship cannot be too greatly
exalted.  It is not a matter of inclination merely; it is an imperative
duty, the discharge of which may not be regulated by considerations of
convenience, or indolence, or pleasure.  To neglect it, is to dishonor
God, to withhold what is His due.  It is also to dishonor ourselves, to
violate our own noblest instincts.  No other act of which we as men are
capable is so dignified or so worthy of ourselves.  Not to worship is
to debase ourselves.

This duty and privilege of worship the church and the Prayer-Book help
us to perform.  Just as {9} other buildings about us--homes, stores,
factories, schools, libraries--stand for and represent certain
interests and departments of our lives, so the church as a building
makes its claim and reminds us that there must also be room--a large
place and sacred--in our lives for worship, and supplies the hallowed
means and helpful associations for its right discharge.  And what the
church supplies the means of doing fittingly, the Prayer-Book directs.
It comes with the reminder that while Sunday brings the great
opportunity of worship, the obligation is not a thing of one day only,
but of every day, and that our public worship should be "daily," if
possible.  It enables every one who comes into the church to be a
worshiper.  It gives to each one his part.  It makes no distinctions.
High and low, rich and poor, have equal share in the service.  It
teaches to worship reverently, and in spirit and in truth.  "Everything
in the Prayer-Book is solemn, humble, reverential, as it respects man,
and ennobling and glorifying as it respects God."  And this is meet and
right.  For, as has been truly said, "Worship is the concentration and
consecration of whatever is noble in the world.  It is the dedication
to the Most High of all that is best in what the eye can see, the ear
hear, the voice sing, the hand execute, {10} and the mind conceive.  It
is the sanctification of color, sound, and skill, of intellect,
imagination, and emotion.  It is devotion--devotion of what is
excellent in man, devotion of what symbolizes the loveliness of nature.
Therefore it is that worship calls for art; therefore, too, it is that
art so often finds its noblest use in worship.  Worship and art
together take the beauty of the world and offer it up as a tribute at
the feet of God."




{11}

_The Church, the Place of Worship_

It would seem that at first Christians worshiped in any place which
they could use with safety.  "But soon the Lord revealed Himself to the
world as the King of it, until in a few generations the earth was
covered with His shrines, and mines and forests and human skill offered
to Him their best gifts."  "The custom of setting apart places and
houses as holy and dedicated to God's worship was ever a part of the
faith of God's people."  Thus it was said to Israel in the wilderness,
"Let them make Me a sanctuary; that I may dwell among them."  Of the
building of the Temple Solomon says, "Behold, I purpose to build a
house unto the name of the Lord my God, as the Lord spake unto David my
father, saying, Thy son, {12} whom I will set upon thy throne in thy
room, he shall build a house unto My name."  Our Lord confirms this
practice as one of sound and true religion.  He called the Temple "My
Father's house," and by cleansing it of buyers and sellers showed that
it was to be used for no other purpose than the worship of God.
Christians from the earliest days have had consecrated places which
were held in reverence as distinct from the home.  And so the
Prayer-Book says, "Devout and holy men, as well under the Law as under
the Gospel, moved either by the express command of God, or by the
secret inspiration of the blessed Spirit, and acting agreeably to their
own reason and sense of the natural decency of things, have erected
houses for the public worship of God, and separated them from all
unhallowed, worldly, and common uses, in order to fill men's minds with
greater reverence for His glorious Majesty, and affect their hearts
with more devotion and humility in His service; which pious works have
been approved of and graciously accepted by our heavenly Father."

It is an ancient custom to dedicate churches to the glory of God and in
honor of some special saint.  This custom probably arose from the fact
that in early days churches were commonly built over the {13} graves of
martyrs, or in the place of their martyrdom, and hence were called by
their names.  Sometimes the church is named from some fact in the
sacred history of our redemption, as the Incarnation, the Annunciation,
the Nativity, the Epiphany, the Transfiguration, the Crucifixion, the
Resurrection, the Ascension.  Or it may take its name from the Holy
Trinity, or from some title of our Lord or of the Holy Ghost.  Or it
may be named for one or all of the holy angels.  It must be felt to be
a decided advantage to have the place of the worship of God designated
by a dignified name, and one non-secular and religious in its
associations.

The word "church," by which we designate the place of divine worship,
being derived from the Greek _kuriakon_, the Lord's house, embodies the
idea of its sacred character.

A canon, or law, of the Church forbids consecration so long as a debt
remains on the building.  It may, however, before consecration be used
for worship.

As consecrated and set apart for the holy offices of religion, the
church is the proper place for the ministration of the Sacraments, and,
preferably, for marriages and burials.  The Church's rule in reference
to Holy Baptism is that even children shall {14} not be baptized at
home "without great cause and necessity."  This rule is laid down
because the decency and solemnity suited to so great a Sacrament can be
had better in the church, set apart and arranged for the purpose, than
in any private house, and in order that by the public ministration
others may be instructed by the service.

Of the Solemnization of Matrimony the Church says, "The persons to be
married shall come into the body of the church, or shall be ready in
some proper house, with their friends and neighbors."  That the church
is named first as the proper place shows that it is to be preferred for
a marriage.  It can be solemnized there in a more seemly and dignified
way than elsewhere, and those coming to plight their vows may be more
deeply impressed with the solemnity and importance of the step.

In the Office for the Burial of the Dead the church only (or the
churchyard) is named as the place.  The Church evidently has no thought
of any other place as appropriate for the burial of her children.  It
is the spiritual home of all the baptized.  Christian consolations are
preeminently there imparted.  These considerations, in addition to
those of reverence and convenience, mark this as the proper place for
the Burial Office.

{15}

The consecrated character of the church should have distinct
recognition in use and conduct.  The building has been thereby
"separated from all unhallowed, worldly, and common uses."  It is wrong
to use it for purposes of amusement or business.  It has been given to
God.  It has been consecrated for religious purposes.  It is sacrilege
to treat it as a common thing.

It should be recognized also in personal conduct.  A prayer should
always be said on entering.  The manner should be reverent and quiet.
All light and useless talk should be restrained.

It should be recognized in conduct in reference to others.  As "God's
house," all of His children have a rightful place there.  This right
should be recognized by courtesy to others, especially to strangers and
to people in humble station.

Wherever possible, the church should be open every day and all day for
private prayer and meditation.  Many must of necessity live in crowded
dwellings, or in circumstances in which quiet and privacy are hard to
obtain.  But to all, whatever their circumstances, the open church
offers opportunities not afforded at home.  Sacred associations and
objects greatly aid thought and devotion; and in the quiet church,
where there is so much to {16} remind of God and sacred things, and so
little of the world and of sin, we can think and pray better than
elsewhere.  It has been found a very helpful thing in the Christian
life to form the habit of stopping in the church, whenever in its
neighborhood, for a few moments of prayer, and to use it also as a
place of refuge in time of trial and temptation.




{17}

_Symbolism of the Church Building_

"As soon as the early Christians were at liberty to build churches
according to their own mind, they took pains to make them significant
of their religion.  Probably at first the Christians took for the
purposes of their worship such buildings as they could get, adapting
them to their uses as best they might.  But when they grew strong
enough and independent enough to build as the heart and imagination
dictated, then they showed themselves careful to make their houses of
God in shape and dimension suggestive of what they believed."  These
old builders were Churchmen, and made their Churchmanship and their
belief felt in their work.  A deep and true symbolism was carried out
in the plan and construction of their {18} churches.  Thus Christian
churches at an early day came to be built in the form of a cross.  This
was not only the most ornamental form of structure; it was much more:
it made the very fabric of the church the symbol of our faith in Christ
crucified.  Some chancels of old churches were even built with a slight
deflection from the line of direction of the nave, thus representing
the inclination of our Saviour's head upon the Cross.  It made also the
gathering together of each congregation of His Church--which is His
mystical Body--the symbol of that body itself: that part in the nave
representing His body, that in the transepts His outstretched arms,
that in the choir His head.  And so, also, "the united prayers and
praises of the congregation make, as it were, in their very sound the
sign of the Cross."

This plan of constructive symbolism affects not only the fabric of the
church as a whole, but each separate part of the church has its
religious character and meaning.

Let us linger for a moment on the outside.  The spire points upward and
teaches its lesson of aspiration.  "Lift up your hearts," it seems to
say, and holds up the Cross as that by which alone we are to be
"exalted unto everlasting life."  Whenever we {19} lift up our eyes to
it, it ought to repeat for us that lesson--rebuke downward thoughts and
desires, and point up to spiritual and heavenly things.

In the tower are the bells, and what the spire with its uplifted Cross
says to us in silent eloquence these say in sound and music.

The office of the bell in calling to prayer and holy worship was
regarded in olden time with much reverence.  The use of bells for the
purpose of gathering people together in large numbers appears to be of
Christian origin.  "Large bells hung in a tower seem to have been
unknown before A.D. 500.  They were first made in Campania in Italy,
whence the Italian name _campana_, a bell, and _campanile_, a
bell-tower.  Bells were anciently supposed to have considerable powers,
especially against evil spirits.  Their use for religious purposes
probably originated this belief.  The hand-bells of the British
apostles, St. Patrick, St. Columba, St. David, etc., are said to have
been long preserved, if not existing even now.  They are four-sided
bronze bells, sometimes of several plates fused into one.  St. Patrick
is said by an old legend to have dispersed a host of demons, who were
too bold to be scared by the mere ringing of the bell, by flinging it
into the midst of them.

"Bells in the middle ages were sometimes {20} dedicated to saints.
They were christened with all the usual ceremonies and with much pomp;
sponsors were provided, the bell was sprinkled at the font, anointed
with oil, and robed in a chrisom.  Superstitious as these customs would
seem now, there is something fine in the simple faith which thus, in
those more poetic days, consecrated to God's service the voices which
should proclaim Him far and wide over the land."  In simpler form, the
custom is still frequently observed of setting apart by solemn prayer
and benediction the bells which are to call men to prayer or to ring
out the praises of God.

Church bells are frequently marked by appropriate inscriptions.  The
following, for instance, was very common in the middle ages, all these
powers being attributed to bells:

  "Funera plango, Fulgura trango, Sabbata pango,
  Excito lentos, Dissipo ventos, Paco cruentos."

  "I mourn the dead, I break the lightning, I announce the Sabbath,
  I excite the slothful, I disperse the winds, I appease the cruel."


As instances of modern inscriptions we have the following: "Bethlehem,
Calvary, Bethany."  "We welcome the infant to the Font.  We invite the
{21} youth to Confirmation.  We invoke the faithful to the Holy
Communion."  "Joyful our peal for the bridal; mournful our plaint for
the dead."

Let us turn now to the inside of the church and inquire as to the
spiritual significance which has become associated with its several
parts.

The church is divided into two main portions--the body of the church
and the chancel.  This represents the whole Catholic Church, divided
into those on earth and those who have passed into Paradise.  The body
of the church, representing those on earth, is divided again into two
parts--the nave and transepts.  And these have each their special
religious associations and suggestiveness.

_The Nave._--The nave is that part which extends from the door to the
choir.  It is the place where the congregation is gathered, in the
fellowship of Christ's religion, for the purpose of worship.  It is
most probably called the nave from the Latin _navis_, signifying a
ship, the same word from which we get our English "navy" and "naval."
The ship was the favorite symbol of the Church in primitive times.  We
have the idea preserved for us in the first prayer in the Offices for
Holy Baptism: "Received into the ark of Christ's Church ... may so pass
the waves of this troublesome world" as {22} finally to "come to the
land of everlasting life."  The thought was so much in mind that some
old churches were built with the timbers of the roof modeled like the
ribs of a ship, and in some cases the walls were made irregular to
represent the sides of the ship beaten and pressed upon by the waves.
The nave, then, as representing the Church into which God in His love
gathers us together in order to bring us in safety through the storms
of life to the "land of everlasting life," stands for the idea of
_fellowship_ in Christ.

We may come to that same idea in connection with the main body of the
church in other ways.  Notice how it is made up of several parts,
divided, in many churches, by pillars and arches.  There is the central
part, what is called, strictly speaking, the nave, and the two side
parts, called the aisles.  Now this threefold division of the main body
of the church into nave and aisles may speak to us of the same
thing--fellowship.  These divisions do not make up three separate
churches, but unite in the one church.

So, again, the idea of fellowship may come to us in another way.  The
special service of the nave is the Litany.  This solemn service has
been said from very early times from the Litany-desk, placed {23} at
the head of the nave, before the entrance to the chancel.  "Its
position there refers to a Litany, and a place for it to be said, of
God's own appointing.  'Let the priests, the ministers of the Lord,
weep between the porch and the altar, and let them say, Spare Thy
people, O Lord.'  Our Litany, retaining the same words of supplication,
is said, in allusion to this, in the midst of the church," the priest
taking his place with the people, and, in fellowship of sinfulness and
need, leading their supplications.

This truth of fellowship in Christ which the nave suggests, we confess
our belief in when we say, "I believe in the holy Catholic Church; The
Communion of Saints."  The pictures of the saints of the Old and the
New Testament, of the angels who worship Christ our Saviour, and of the
men blessed by Him when on earth, which shine for us in the windows,
may help to give it reality in our thought.  The four main walls of the
church, which are supposed to represent the four Evangelists, and the
pillars, "which, as the chief supports of the fabric, are said to
represent the Apostles, prophets, and martyrs," may remind us also of
the holy and glorious fellowship into which we have been brought.

This fellowship in Christ is one of the means which God's love uses for
helping and saving men.  {24} We are helped by it.  We must by it help
others.  Let us build, it, then, into the daily life, as it is built
into the very stones of the church.

_The Transepts._--The transepts are the part of the church which gives
to the building the cruciform shape.  Crossing the nave before the
entrance to the chancel, running the one to the north, the other to the
south, they complete the outline of the cross.  Upon the arms of such a
cross our Saviour hung as He died for us.

The transepts may bring us, then, as we remember this, the thought of
_sacrifice_, that our lives to be truly Christian must have the spirit
of the Cross worked into them.  It was by offering Himself in sacrifice
that Christ redeemed us, and it is by offering ourselves to Him in
sacrifice, by self-denial for His cause, and by doing good (at some
cost to ourselves) to others for His sake, that we make the response He
asks to His love.  That offering of ourselves must be made not only by
our lips in the act of worship, but also by our lives, in deeds.

So, also, the spirit of Christ is the spirit of service, through love,
in behalf of others--the spirit of true fellowship.  Now we cannot
realize that spirit without sacrifice of selfish inclination and
desire.  We saw that the main body of the church {25} represents that
portion of Christ's Church which is on earth, and that the nave
suggests the idea of fellowship as the very spirit and law of the
Christian life.  Now the transepts, making the cross, tell us that
fellowship expresses itself truly, that is, after Christ's example,
through sacrifice.  "A new commandment I give unto you, That ye love
one another; as I have loved you, that ye also love one another."  The
true Christian life of loving fellowship, after the example of our
Saviour who died upon the Cross for us, must get somehow, in
self-denial for Christ and self-forgetful work for others, the sign of
the Cross worked into it.

_The Chancel._--The body of the church, as we have seen, is regarded as
representing the "Church militant," that part of the Church which is
here on earth and still in conflict.  The chancel represents that part
of the Church which is made up of those who have passed through death
to the state beyond.

The word "chancel" is derived from the Latin word for the lattice-work
which formerly parted this portion of the church from the nave.  It is
the same word from which we get our word "to cancel," that is, to
destroy a writing by crossing it out with the pen, which makes
something like the figure of a lattice.  The lattice was part of the
screen {26} (sometimes called the "rood-screen," from the rood or
crucifix upon it) which in some churches stood in the arch and divided
the chancel from the nave.  The screen signified death.  Men passed
through it from the nave into the chancel, as they must pass through
death from the part of the Church which is on earth to the part which
is in the world of spirits.

In the chancel itself we have two parts--the choir and the sanctuary.

_The Choir._--As its name denotes, the choir is that part appropriated
to those who lead the worship.  It is cut off by the screen, or chancel
arch, from the nave, and is elevated above it by several steps.  In the
symbolism of the church building it represents that part of the holy
Catholic Church which is known as the "Church expectant"--those who
have passed through death into the rest and waiting of Paradise.

Let us see what the Prayer-Book says of those who are in Paradise.  In
the Burial Office we have this prayer: "Almighty God, with whom do live
the spirits of those who depart hence in the Lord, and with whom the
souls of the faithful, after they are delivered from the burden of the
flesh, are in joy and felicity; We give Thee hearty thanks for {27} the
good examples of all those Thy servants, who, having finished their
course in faith, do now rest from their labors.  And we beseech Thee,
that we, with all those who are departed in the true faith of Thy holy
Name, may have our perfect consummation and bliss, both in body and
soul, in Thy eternal and everlasting glory; through Jesus Christ our
Lord.  Amen."

Note how the closing portion reminds us that while the departed "do now
rest from their labors," they have not yet received their "perfect
consummation and bliss"; that they wait for this till the coming of our
Lord and the Resurrection, when it shall be "both in body and soul,"
"in eternal and everlasting glory."  We speak of them, therefore, as
composing the "Church expectant."

Now observe what the same prayer tells us of their state while thus
resting and waiting in expectation of their perfect consummation and
bliss.  It says, "The souls of the faithful, after they are delivered
from the burden of the flesh, _are in joy and felicity_."

This same symbolic meaning for this part of the chancel may come to us
in another way, that is, from the services which are conducted from it,
Morning and Evening Prayer, which are commonly {28} known, therefore,
as the "Choir Offices."  These look beyond the choir, which represents
the "Church expectant" in Paradise, to the sanctuary, with its Altar,
which represents, as we shall see, heaven and the "Church triumphant."
The central point of the Church's worship is the great sacrificial act
of the oblation of the Holy Eucharist.  Upon this the other services of
Morning Prayer and the Litany, which precede, and of Evening Prayer,
which follows, depend for their significance; the first as preparation
for it, and the second as an act of thanksgiving and praise; just as
the "felicity" of those in Paradise is a felicity not perfect in
itself, but one of anticipation of, and preparation and thankfulness
for, the "perfect consummation and bliss" which await them.

And the dominant note of these services is keyed to that same idea.  It
is a note of "joy."  There are indeed strongly marked features of
penitence and need.  We come before God in our worship as those who are
sinful and needy.  We ever make approach through the sacrifice of the
Cross.  But we come also as those who have confidence in divine love
and mercy.  So praise, joyous praise, predominates.  The _Te Deum_, the
_Benedicite_, the _Benedictus_, the _Jubilate_, all ring out this note
and give {29} joyousness to the service, while _Magnificat_ and _Nunc
Dimittis_ tell of rejoicing and hope in what Christ has brought us by
His Incarnation.

It is all a worship of preparation and joy.  The choir may remind us,
then, by its suggestiveness as related to the other parts of the
church, and by the dominant note of joy which rings through its
services, how the faithful departed go at death into the "joy and
felicity" of Paradise, there to wait, as the "Church expectant," for
the Resurrection and their "perfect consummation and bliss", that the
"Church expectant" and the "Church militant" are not two Churches, but
the one Church of Christ in two places and in two states, on earth and
in Paradise, fighting and waiting; that they have still "mystic sweet
communion" in praise and worship and prayer--the Church in Paradise
leading our worship as the choir leads the worship of the congregation.

So, again, the choir may impress upon our minds how joy has place in
the Christian life: that Christianity is not a religion of gloom, but
of joy; that if Christ says, "Come, take up the cross, and follow Me,"
He says also, "My yoke is easy, and My burden is light," because the
way of the Cross is the way into true joy.

{30}

So we pass through the transepts, which speak to us of self-sacrifice,
into the choir, which speaks to us of joy.  So long as self is first,
the best and truest joy is shut out of our lives; but when self has
been crucified, and love is first,--love that delights to serve, and
that believes still in the absolute and perfect goodness of God even
when the cross is laid upon its shoulders,--then joy comes in, the joy
which is a foretaste of that which those in Paradise know, even as that
is a foretaste of the perfect joy of heaven.

_The Sanctuary._--The chancel, as we have seen, represents in the
symbolism of God's house that part of the life of His Church which is
reached through death.  The choir tells us of the worship and the "joy
and felicity" of the "Church expectant."  The sanctuary tells us of
that for which the Church in Paradise is waiting in expectation.  It
represents heaven, into whose blessedness the Church shall enter as the
"Church triumphant" at the second coming of our Lord.

When we enter a church, the part which is the center of attention is
always the sanctuary--the place of the Altar.  To this the other parts
all lead up.  It is the most elevated part, and here the dignity and
beauty of the decorations center, just as {31} all our life in the
fellowship of Christ's Church here on earth, our cross-bearing, and the
worship by which we are prepared and trained on earth and in Paradise,
all lead us heavenward.

The sanctuary is made the place of the greatest dignity and beauty, and
is most richly decorated, because it is the place of the Altar; and it
is through thoughts which come to us from the solemn service of the
Holy Eucharist, which is celebrated at the Altar, that this part of the
chancel is made the symbol of heaven.

Let us see from Holy Scripture what it is that our Lord, who in His
love did so much for us on earth, is still doing for us in heaven.  "We
have a great high priest, that is passed into the heavens, Jesus the
Son of God, ... called of God a high priest after the order of
Melchisedec....  Because He continueth ever, He hath an unchangeable
priesthood.  Wherefore He is able also to save them to the uttermost
that come unto God by Him, seeing He ever liveth to make intercession
for them."  This is finely presented in one of our Eucharistic hymns:

  "O Thou, before the world began
  Ordained a sacrifice for man,
  And by the eternal Spirit made
  An offering in the sinner's stead;

{32}

  Our everlasting Priest art Thou,
  Pleading Thy death for sinners now.

  "Thy offering still continues new
  Before the righteous Father's view;
  Thyself the Lamb forever slain,
  Thy priesthood doth unchanged remain;
  Thy years, O God, can never fail,
  Nor Thy blest work within the veil."


Now if we turn to the Office for the Holy Communion, we shall see how
the oblation in the Holy Eucharist is linked in with this present work
of our "great High Priest" in heaven.

In the Prayer of Consecration we say: "All glory be to Thee, Almighty
God, our heavenly Father, for that Thou, of Thy tender mercy, didst
give Thine only Son Jesus Christ to suffer death upon the Cross for our
redemption; who made there (by His one oblation of Himself once
offered) a full, perfect, and sufficient sacrifice, oblation, and
satisfaction, for the sins of the whole world; and did institute, and
in His holy Gospel command us to continue, a perpetual memory of that
His precious death and sacrifice, until His coming again....
Wherefore, O Lord and heavenly Father, according to the institution of
Thy dearly beloved Son our Saviour Jesus Christ, we, Thy humble
servants, do celebrate {33} and make here before Thy Divine Majesty,
with these Thy holy gifts, which we now offer unto Thee, the memorial
Thy Son hath commanded us to make."  What is done as we thus "celebrate
and make before the Divine Majesty," in the commemorative sacrifice of
the Holy Eucharist, the "memorial" ("in remembrance of Me") of Christ's
"precious death and sacrifice," is beautifully and strongly expressed
in another of our Eucharistic hymns:

  "And now, O Father, mindful of the love
    That bought us, once for all, on Calvary's tree,
  And having with us Him that pleads above,
    We here present, we here spread forth to Thee,
  That only offering perfect in Thine eyes,
  The one true, pure, immortal sacrifice.

  "Look, Father, look on His anointed face,
    And only look on us as found in Him;
  Look not on our misusings of Thy grace,
    Our prayer so languid, and our faith so dim,
  For lo! between our sins and their reward,
  We set the Passion of Thy Son our Lord."


This is one way in which the sanctuary of the church reminds us of
heaven--by reminding us of what is done in the heavenly "holy place,"
and also there.

Then, again, the sanctuary has the same {34} suggestiveness as the
place of Communion.  To have the communion of the presence and life of
God, through Christ, this is the very center of the blessedness of
heaven.  What it is that we have here on earth in the "Holy Communion
of the Body and Blood of our Saviour Christ" we will let our Lord
Himself tell us.  "In the night in which He was betrayed, He took
Bread; and when He had given thanks, He brake it, and gave it to His
disciples, saying, Take, eat, this is My Body, which is given for you;
Do this in remembrance of Me.  Likewise, after supper, He took the Cup;
and when He had given thanks, He gave it to them, saying, Drink ye all
of this; for this is My Blood of the New Testament, which is shed for
you, and for many, for the remission of sins; Do this, as oft as ye
shall drink it, in remembrance of Me."

So before He had said, anticipating this Sacrament of Communion which
He thus ordained: "I am the living bread which came down from heaven:
if any man eat of this bread, he shall live forever: and the bread that
I will give is My flesh, which I will give for the life of the
world....  Whoso eateth My flesh, and drinketh My blood, hath eternal
life; and I will raise him up at the last day.  For My flesh is meat
indeed, and My blood is drink {35} indeed.  He that eateth My flesh,
and drinketh My blood, dwelleth in Me, and I in him.  As the living
Father hath sent Me, and I live by the Father; so he that eateth Me,
even he shall live by Me."

And so we pray in the Holy Eucharist: "Grant us, ... gracious Lord, so
to eat the flesh, of Thy dear Son Jesus Christ, and to drink His blood,
that our sinful bodies may be made clean by His body, and our souls
washed through His most precious blood, and that we may evermore dwell
in Him, and He in us."

It all speaks of a foretaste here, in a Sacrament, of what heaven shall
give in its fullness.

The sanctuary tells us of heaven in another way.

What the soul that gains its blessedness shall find in it we may put
into one small but very sweet word--"peace."

Now the Altar in the sanctuary of the church, with its "perpetual
memory" of Christ's "precious death and sacrifice," stands for peace
between God and us.  The aim and purpose of that sacrifice was to bring
about atonement, that is, at-one-ment, the setting at one, at peace.
Christ "loved us, and gave Himself for us," and by this sacrifice
brought reconciliation between us and God, "having made peace through
the blood of His cross."

{36}

And so at the close of the Holy Eucharist celebrated in the sanctuary,
after the "memorial" has been made before God which His Son "hath
commanded us to make," and we have been "partakers of His most blessed
Body and Blood," this is the Blessing with which the Church lets us
depart--a blessing which carries the thought up to what, in its
fullness, waits for us in heaven: "The Peace of God, which passeth all
understanding, keep your hearts and minds in the knowledge and love of
God, and of His Son Jesus Christ our Lord."

The oblation, the communion, the peace, of the sanctuary, these all
tell us thus of heaven and the "Church triumphant."

Of Christ's "mystical body," with its fellowship and cross-bearing on
earth, its passage through death to the joy of Paradise, and, waiting
beyond, heaven, with its communion and peace through the Cross--it is
of this that the church as a building may speak to devout hearts.




{37}

_Arrangement and Furniture of the Church_

A person coming into one of our churches would recognize at once a
difference between its interior arrangement and that of many other
places of worship.  If he thought out the purpose of this arrangement,
its adaptation to various forms of divine service and religious uses,
he would feel that "here is a place where people are taught to worship
the Lord in holy rites, and where forms and spaces and objects are
themselves teachers of holy truths."

From the door a broad alley (commonly but improperly called an aisle),
running lengthwise of the building, leads to the chancel.  It suggests
that the approach of the people, for the blessings and {38}
consolations which are dispensed there, is made convenient and is
invited.

The place of prominence in the furnishing of the church is given to the
_Altar_--a table of stone or wood on which the sacrament of the Holy
Eucharist is celebrated.  It is raised several steps above the level of
the choir and is railed in.  Covering the Altar is an _Altar-cloth_,
embroidered, and varying in color with the seasons of the Christian
Year.  The portion covering the front of the Altar is called the
_frontal_; that covering the top of the Altar and simply a few inches
of the front is called the _super-frontal_.

Back of the Altar, and raised above it, is a narrow shelf, called the
_retable_, upon which the several ornaments of the Altar are placed.
In the center is the _Altar-cross_, that this holy symbol of our Faith
may be constantly before the eyes of all who worship.  The _vases_ to
hold the flowers with which the Altar is beautified on festal occasions
stand at either side of the Cross.  The _candlesticks_, in churches
where lights at the Holy Communion are used, stand at the ends of the
retable.

Behind the Altar, in many churches, is the _reredos_--a carved or
sculptured screen of wood or stone, frequently extending the whole
width of the {39} sanctuary.  Sometimes a painting takes its place, or
a _dossal_--a decorated curtain of as rich material as circumstances
will allow.

On the south side of the Altar is a small table or shelf, called the
_credence_, on which are placed the elements of bread and wine until
such time in the service as they are offered for consecration on the
Altar.  Here also the _alms-basin_ is placed before the Offertory, and
the _cruets_ containing the wine and the water for the ablutions at the
close of the service.  When the communicants are not too many, a part
of the wine from the cruet is poured into the chalice at the proper
time; but if a large number are to communicate, the _flagon_, a large
vessel of silver, is used to hold the wine and is placed on the
credence.

Nothing should be placed on the Altar itself but the _Altar-desk_, for
holding the book of the Altar-service, and the Altar-vessels.  These
are usually the _paten_, or plate for holding the bread at the
Celebration, and the _chalice_, the cup for the wine.  There is
sometimes a spoon with a perforated bowl to use in case any foreign
substance is found in the chalice.  If possible these vessels should be
of precious metal.  They are sometimes adorned with jewels.

{40}

A rubric directs that at the time of the Communion the Altar shall be
covered with a "fair white linen cloth" ("fair," that is, not only
clean, but beautiful).  Another "fair linen cloth," commonly called the
"linen chalice veil," is also directed to be used for covering the
consecrated elements after the communion of the people.  To these
custom has added other convenient and seemly appointments of linen and
silk.

The "chalice veil" is a square of silk, embroidered and often fringed,
used to cover the vessels before the consecration.

The "pall" is a square of cardboard covered with linen, used to cover
the chalice during the Celebration.

The "corporal" is a square of linen spread upon the Altar at the
Celebration, upon which the vessels are placed.

The "purificators" are small napkins of linen for cleansing the vessels
after the service.

The "burse" is a square, stiff pocket of silk over cardboard, in which
the Altar-linen is carried to and from the Altar.

The color of the chalice veil and the burse follows that of the season.
The linen pieces are always white.  They are supposed to represent the
cloths {41} which were wound around our Lord's sacred body and wrapped
about His head at His burial.

You will see the reason for thus making the Altar a place of dignity
and beauty, and for these various provisions for reverence in the
sacred rite celebrated there, if you will recall what we have already
seen of its meaning.  We show honor to and reverence the Altar and its
worship as the place and the performance of the highest act of divine
worship, in which, by the ministry of His Church and according to His
own appointment, "a continual remembrance of the sacrifice of the death
of Christ" is "celebrated and made before the Divine Majesty," and as
the place where God "vouchsafes to feed us with the spiritual food of
the most precious Body and Blood of His Son our Saviour Jesus Christ."
All is done for His honor.

  "'Tis for Thee we bid the frontal
    Its embroidered wealth unfold;
  'Tis for Thee we deck the reredos
    With the colors and the gold;
  Thine the floral glow and fragrance,
    Thine the vesture's fair array,
  Thine the starry lights that glitter
    Where Thou dost Thy light display."


_The font._--The reverent administration of Holy Baptism, the other of
the two great Sacraments {42} ordained by Christ as generally necessary
to salvation, is provided for by the presence of the Font.  As its name
indicates (from the Latin word for a fountain or spring), this is the
repository for the pure water which in this holy Sacrament is
"sanctified to the mystical washing away of sin."  It is generally of
fine stone and often richly carved.  Sometimes a separate room is
marked off from the rest of the church for it and called a
_baptistery_.  There should always be, for proper protection, a cover
for the Font.  A _ewer_ for the water to be used, and a _baptismal
shell_ with which to dip from the Font the water poured upon the head
of the person baptized, are frequently provided as seemly appointments.

The Font is often, following ancient custom, octagonal in form.  The
symbolism of this form is this,--that "as the whole creation was
completed in seven periods of time, the number next following, eight,
may well be significative of the new creation," and, again, that the
octave, as a repetition of the first, is a symbol of Christ's
resurrection, and therefore of the "death unto sin and new birth unto
righteousness" in Holy Baptism.

The Font is usually placed near a door of the church.  Its position
thus symbolizes the truth that Baptism is the outward form of admission
into the {43} Christian Church.  It expresses what the child is taught
in the Church Catechism to say of Holy Baptism: "wherein I was made a
member of Christ, the child of God, and an inheritor of the kingdom of
heaven."

Always in sight, the Font is a constant invitation by its very
presence, and shows that the Church is always ready to receive, and
desires to receive, new members "into the congregation of Christ's
flock."

It should always remind those who have been baptized of the grace of
their second birth, when they were made "members of Christ," and of
their duty, "being made the children of God, to walk answerably to
their Christian calling."

It should call to remembrance that "baptism doth represent unto us our
profession; which is, to follow the example of our Saviour Christ, and
to be made like unto Him; that as He died, and rose again for us, so
should we, who are baptized, die from sin, and rise again unto
righteousness."  That is the main profession or business of a Christian
man, and the Font, where Baptism constantly represents our Lord's death
and rising again for us, should ever remind us of it and call us afresh
to "mortify all our evil and corrupt affections, and daily proceed in
all virtue and godliness of living."

{44}

_The Lectern._--The lectern, supporting the large Bible from which the
Lessons are read, bears witness to the esteem in which our Church holds
the Sacred Scriptures.  It is worthy of note that our Church makes
larger provision for the people "to hear God's most holy Word" than any
other religious body in the world.  Almost the whole Bible--some parts
of it several times--is read publicly every year.  Lessons from the Old
Testament were read in the service of the synagogue.  Our Lord's
example shows how properly we follow this ancient custom of reading
Scripture lessons in public worship: "As His custom was, He went into
the synagogue on the Sabbath day, and stood up for to read.  And there
was delivered unto Him the book of the prophet Esaias."

The selection of suitable Lessons for each day is a matter of careful
arrangement on the part of the Church.  There will be found in the
front of the Prayer-Book "The Order how the Psalter is Appointed to be
Read," and also "The Order how the Best of the Holy Scripture is
Appointed to be Read."  Four "Tables of Lessons" are given--for
Sundays, for Holy-Days, for the forty days of Lent and the Rogation and
Ember-Days, and for all the days of the year not otherwise provided for.

{45}

Of the two Lessons appointed, one is from the Old, the other from the
New Testament.  Both are "God's most holy Word," and taking the Lessons
from both enables us to see the unity of thought and purpose in the
two, and how the promises and predictions of the Old Testament are
fulfilled in the New.

The most common and, perhaps, the most appropriate lectern is that made
in the form of an eagle, standing often upon a globe, bearing the Bible
upon its outspread wings.  The eagle, because of its lofty heavenward
flight, is the symbol of inspiration, and its position upon the globe
and its outspread wings remind us how the Word of God is to be carried
into all the world.

There are, then, certain thoughts which the lectern should bring us:
the reverent honor which "God's most holy Word" should ever receive
from us; the privilege of its use as "a lantern unto my feet and a
light unto my paths"; our missionary obligations and privileges--to
make the outspread wings of the eagle a reality and not merely a symbol.

_The Pulpit._--The pulpit suggests the thought of the sacred and
important work of the Christian Ministry as preachers of the Word of
God.

{46}

It is a common thing to hear persons say that they care little for the
sermon and speak lightly of preaching.  They forget that the preacher
is one "sent," that our Lord Himself made preaching one of the great
means for the spread of the Gospel and for the salvation of men.  And
as such persons do not reflect, in this disparagement of preaching, the
mind of our Lord, so neither do they represent the estimate of the
Church.  The Church takes care to provide for it, and that, too, in
connection with her most solemn act of worship, the celebration of the
Holy Communion.  Among the rubrics following the Creed in the Communion
Office is this: "Then shall follow the Sermon."  So, also, the Church,
through the Bishop, demands of the man who comes to be ordained, "Are
you determined, out of the Scriptures, to instruct the people committed
to your charge?"  And when he is ordered a Priest, this is a part of
the authority given to him: "Take thou authority to preach the Word of
God."

The discharge of this work, to do which the Minister is placed under
vow, and for which he is given authority, is one of his most solemn
obligations.  The pulpit should, then, ever remind us of the loving
care on the part of Christ and His Church for {47} our soul's health
and our growth in grace, which is thus expressed.

But it should remind us of something else, also,--of a duty on our part.

In "The Form and Manner of Ordering Priests" there is a prayer just
before the Benediction, of which this is a part: "Grant that we may
have grace to hear and receive what they shall deliver out of Thy most
holy Word, or agreeable to the same, as the means of our salvation."
And so, again, we pray in the Litany, "That it may please Thee to give
to all Thy people increase of grace to hear meekly Thy Word, and to
receive it with pure affection, and to bring forth the fruits of the
Spirit."  This is the way the Church teaches us to think and to pray
concerning our duty and privilege in reference to the instruction and
exhortation which divine love sends to us from the pulpit.

The pulpit stands, then, for something God's love does for us: "Preach
the gospel."  It stands also for something God's love demands from us:
"Take heed how ye hear."

_The Choir- and Clergy-Stalls._--It will be observed that the stalls
for the clergy and choristers are generally placed on the two sides of
the choir and face each other.  The south side is called the {48}
"decani side" and the north the "cantoris side," as being, in
cathedrals, the respective sides of the dean and the cantor (or
precentor).

By this arrangement proper provision is made for the clergy as leaders
of the worship of the congregation and for the choir as leaders of its
praise in song.  The singing in our churches is intended to be "common
praise," and this arrangement of the choristers marks their office as
simply to lead it.  They do not sing _to_ the congregation; they sing
_with_ or _for_ them _to_ Almighty God.  The people should sing with
them, and not listen merely, as if attending a concert.  Even when, as
in a _Te Deum_ or anthem, the music is too difficult for the
congregation to join in it, the singers are still rendering to God the
praises of all present, and all should take part in it in thought and
in heart.

Because of this ministry as leaders of praise the choir are vested.
Their vestments are the cassock and the cotta--a modification of the
surplice worn by the clergy.

Of the _Litany-desk_ we have already learned in the section in
reference to the nave.

_The Bishop's Chair._--In many churches there is found a "Bishop's
Chair."  It has been felt as proper, in view of the dignity of the
office of the {49} Bishop, to provide a special seat for him, and to
have it occupied by no one else.  In parish churches it is placed
within the sanctuary at the north or "gospel" side of the Altar, facing
the people.  In cathedrals it is called a "Throne," and its place is
just without the rail on the decani side of the choir, facing like the
choir-stalls.

Wherever placed, it is a reminder of the highest order in the Christian
Ministry, and of the doctrine of Holy Orders our Church holds and acts
upon.  In the Preface to the Ordinal the Church makes this declaration:
"It is evident unto all men, diligently reading Holy Scripture and
ancient Authors, that from the Apostles' time there have been these
Orders of Ministers in Christ's Church,--Bishops, Priests, and
Deacons....  No man shall be accounted or taken to be a lawful Bishop,
Priest, or Deacon, in this Church, or suffered to execute any of the
said Functions, except he be called, tried, examined, and admitted
thereunto, according to the Form hereafter following, or hath had
Episcopal Consecration or Ordination."  What the Church here insists
upon is what is commonly called the "Apostolic Succession."  This rule
she rigorously applies.  No minister of any of the denominations, no
matter how learned and pious he may be, can {50} serve at her Altars
until he has been ordained by a Bishop and is therefore commissioned by
that Episcopal or Apostolic authority upon which the Church has always
insisted.

The Bishop's Chair may remind us, then, of the Bishop's office and
authority to ordain and to govern, of its essential importance in the
life of the Church, and of how our Church's lineage and the authority
of her Ministry are traced, through the succession of Bishops, directly
back to the Apostles, and through them to Christ Himself, "the Bishop
and Shepherd of our souls."




{51}

Symbolic Ornaments of the Church

The use of symbols for conveying and enforcing truth goes back to
earliest ages.  God said to Noah, "I do set My bow in the cloud, and it
shall be for a token of a covenant between Me and the earth."

The ritual and appointments of the Tabernacle and its worship were an
elaborate system of symbolism.

So, also, we find the use of symbolism in Christianity.  The need of
appealing to the eye as well as to the ear, by visible signs for sacred
truths, led the early Christians to employ a number of such symbols as
an effective means of imparting instruction.  But their use was not
wholly a matter of choice.  Anxious to seek and to support one another
{52} under persecution, they were compelled to find some common signs
of recognition which might be known only to themselves, and under which
their new Faith might be safely concealed.

_The Cross._--The Cross comes first in order.  It is the especial
emblem of Christianity.  "It glitters on the crown of the monarch.  It
forms the ensign of nations.  It crowns alike the loftiest spires of
Christendom and the lowliest parish churches.  It marks the
resting-place of the departed who have died with faith in its efficacy,
as it was the sign in Baptism of their admission to the kingdom of the
Crucified."  It is the symbol of Christ's atonement and of the
salvation of men, and represents the Christian Faith, its demands and
its triumphs.  As might be expected, many fantastic stories were woven
about this symbol in the middle ages.  Yet back of their extravagance
was often a true feeling.  We see this even in the absurd legend of the
tree from which our Saviour's cross was made.

This legend was as follows: "for four hundred and thirty-two years
after his expulsion from Paradise, Adam had tilled the ground in the
valley of Hebron, when he felt his end approaching, and determined to
send his son Seth to the gates of Paradise to demand from their keeper,
'the angel called {53} Cherubim,' the oil of mercy which had been
promised to Adam when he was driven from the garden.  Seth accordingly
set forth, finding his way by the footprints of Adam and Eve, upon
which no grass had grown since they passed from Paradise to Hebron.

"The angel, after hearing the message, ordered Seth to look beyond the
gate into the garden and to tell him what he saw.  He beheld a place of
inexpressible delight and beauty, with the four great rivers proceeding
from a fountain in the center; and, rising from the edge of the
fountain, an enormous tree, with wide-spreading branches, but without
either bark or leaves.  He was ordered to look a second time, when he
saw a serpent twisted round the tree; and a third time, when the tree
had raised itself to heaven, and bore on its summit a Child wrapped in
glittering vestments.

"It was this Child, said the angel, who would give to Adam the oil of
mercy when the due time should come.  Meanwhile the angel gave Seth
three seeds from the fruit of the tree of which Adam had eaten.  These
were to be placed in the mouth of Adam before his burial, and three
trees would spring from them--a cedar, a cypress, and a pine.  The
trees were symbolical of the Holy Trinity."

{54}

"It happened as the angel foretold.  The trees were hardly a foot above
the ground in the days of Abraham.  Moses, to whom their true nature
was revealed, took them up carefully, carried them with him during the
years of wandering in the desert, and then replanted them in a
mysterious valley named Comprafort (Comfort?).  From Comprafort David
was directed to bring them to Jerusalem.  He planted them close to a
fountain, and within thirty years they had grown together so as to form
a single tree of wonderful beauty, under the shade of which David
composed his psalms and wept for his sins.  In spite of its beauty,
Solomon cut it down in order to complete his temple, for which a single
beam was wanted, of a size such as no other tree could furnish.  But in
fitting the beam to its place, it was found, after repeated trials,
either too long or too short, and this was accepted as a sign that it
was not to be so employed."

It was then, says one version of the story, reverently preserved in the
temple.  According to another version, when it was found too short or
too long "it was flung aside into a certain marsh, where it served as a
bridge.  But when the Queen of Sheba came to Jerusalem to hear the
wisdom of Solomon, and was about to cross the marsh, she {55} saw in a
vision how the Saviour of the world was to be suspended on that tree,
and so would not walk over it.  It was buried in the earth on the spot
where the Pool of Bethesda was afterward made, so that it was not only
the descent of the angel, but the virtues of the buried wood, which
gave to the water its healing qualities.  At the time of the passion
the wood rose and floated on the surface.  The Jews took it to make the
cross of our Lord."

More attractive is the legend of how the cross was found, deeply buried
in the ground at Jerusalem, by St. Helena, the mother of Constantine,
the first Christian emperor.  All three crosses were found, according
to the story, and that of our Lord was recognized by certain miracles
which it wrought on those who touched it.

In representations of the cross we trace two principal forms, the Latin
and the Greek cross, from which a great variety, with various
significations, have been produced.

[Illustration: Latin cross]

The _Latin_ or _Passion Cross_ has the lower limb considerably longer
than the other three.  "It is doubtless most nearly the shape of the
very instrument on which Christ suffered, {56} and is therefore most
suitable to symbolize the Atonement and to express suffering."  When it
is placed on steps it is called a "Calvary cross."  The steps are
generally three in number, and are said to typify faith, hope, and
charity, the great Christian virtues.

[Illustration: Calvary cross]

When all four arms are of equal length it is a _Greek Cross_, the cross
in most frequent use among Eastern Christians.  "The Latin cross
suggests the actual form, while the Greek cross is idealized, the
Greeks being essentially an artistic and poetic race."  "The Greek
cross is a symbol of the spread of the Gospel and of its triumphs in
the four quarters of the world.  It is the usual form wherever it is
intended to express victory or is used as an ornament."

[Illustration: Greek cross]

Another interesting form of the cross is the _Tau-cross_, so called
because shaped like the Greek letter tau (T).  The figure found in the
tau-cross was the symbol of eternal life with the ancient Egyptians.
The early Christians of Egypt adopted it and at first used it instead
of other forms of the cross.  It is yet seen in the early Christian
sepulchers of that country.  "It has been urged, with {57} at least
great probability, that this symbol of life was the form made by the
children of Israel in blood upon their door-posts when the angel of
death passed through the land of Egypt to smite the first-born, and it
was perhaps the form of the cross on which the brazen serpent in the
wilderness was lifted up."

[Illustration: Tau-cross]

It is known, from these associations, as the cross of the Old Testament
and as the "anticipatory cross"; also as the "cross of St. Anthony,"
the great hermit of Egypt and the father of monasticism.

It is sometimes called the "cross potent" from its shape, "potent"
being an old English word for a crutch.  It is then said to signify the
Cross as the sure support of all who trust in it.

Four tau-crosses joined foot to foot form a "Jerusalem cross."  Such a
cross was part of the armorial bearing of the first Christian king of
Jerusalem.  The four conjoined tau-crosses, forming a Greek cross, are
said to be symbolical of the displacement of the Old Testament by the
New, the Law by the Gospel.

[Illustration: Jerusalem cross]

{58}

Many forms of the cross originated in the wars of the Cross, the
crusaders in their eastward wanderings engrafting many variations upon
the original Greek cross.  Many of these heraldic crosses tell some
story of religious feeling.  In their varied and fanciful forms the
simple faith and holy purpose out of which they sprang may yet be
traced.

The "cross moline" is so named from resemblance to the moline, or
crossed iron, in the center of the upper millstone.  Its ends are
divided and curved backward.  As they are turned in all directions,
they are said to express the universal diffusion of the blessings of
the Cross; or, as they decline both to the right and the left, they
express willingness to do exact justice and give to all their due.

[Illustration: Cross Moline.  Cross Recercele.]

The "cross recercele" resembles the cross moline, but with its
floriations more expanded.

{59}

The "cross bottone" (budded) or "trefle" (like trefoil), the "cross
patonce" (like the paw of the ounce, or panther), and the "cross flory"
(like the fleur-de-lis), all with limbs ending in threefold figures,
have evident reference to the Holy Trinity.

[Illustration: Cross Bottone, or trefle.  Cross Patonce.  Cross flory.]

The "cross pommee" has ends terminating in circles suggestive of
apples, as the name shows.  It is said to express the fruitful reward
of devotion to the Cross.

[Illustration: Cross pommee.  Cross crosslet.  Cross fitche.]

{60}

The "cross crosslet" is formed of four Latin or Passion crosses placed
foot to foot.

It is said that the "cross fitche" (sharpened and so fixable in the
ground) was carried in pilgrimages so that it might be readily set up
while performing devotions.

The "cross patte" (broad-footed) is much like the "Maltese cross," the
cross of Knights Templars and Hospitalers, which differs from it simply
in having its extremities indented or notched.  The eight points thus
formed are said to symbolize the eight Beatitudes of our Lord.

[Illustration: Cross patte]

The "floriated cross," which is developed in many ornamental forms, as
the cross bursting into bloom or adorned with garlands, alludes to the
triumph of Christ and to our future triumph and glory through Him.  It
symbolizes also our holy religion growing with perpetual vitality.

[Illustration: Maltese cross]

One of the most singular, as well as most ancient, of the many forms
and modifications of the cross is the "fylfot."  It is found, probably
as a disguised form of the cross, on the tombs in the catacombs.  {61}
Its use illustrates the adoption by the early Christians, as in the
case of the tau-cross, of prechristian symbols.  By its employment they
simply "diverted to their own purpose a symbol centuries older than the
Christian era, a symbol of early Aryan origin, found in Indian and
Chinese art, and spreading westward, long before the dawn of
Christianity, to Greece and Asia.  It was on the terra-cotta objects
dug up by Dr. Schliemann at Troy, and conjectured to date from 1000 to
1500 B.C."  It is thought to represent in heathen use a revolving
wheel, the symbol of the great sun-god, or to stand for the lightning
wielded by the omnipotent deity, Manu, Thor, or Zeus.  The Christians
saw in it a cross concealed from the eyes of their heathen enemies.
The fylfot is frequently found in the Greek Church on the vestments of
the clergy.  The Greek fret or key pattern, with which all are
familiar, is a decorative development of the fylfot.

[Illustration: Fylfot]

Another interesting form of the cross is that known as the "cross of
Iona" or "Irish cross."  It is said to be the earliest form known in
{62} Great Britain and Ireland.  The antique wayside crosses are of
this shape.  "Because this style of cross partakes more of Greek
character than of Latin, it has been contended that it argues an
Eastern rather than Western origin for the introduction of Christianity
into Great Britain."  The circle is the emblem of eternity, as having
neither beginning nor end, and when combined with the cross, as in this
form, it speaks of the perpetuity of the Christian faith and the
eternity of its hope.

[Illustration: Irish cross]

The "St. Andrew's cross," in form like the letter X, conveys the idea
of humility as well as that of suffering.  When St. Andrew was
condemned to be crucified, he begged that his cross might be unlike
that on which his Lord had died, not deeming himself worthy to die on a
cross of the same form as that on which He had suffered.

[Illustration: St. Andrew's cross]

There is a cross peculiar in form, and known as the "Canterbury cross."
It is in the shape of the letter Y, and is usually seen only upon the
vestments of the clergy.  The ornamentation of the chasuble is commonly
of this form.  It is embroidered on the chasuble of St. Thomas of
Canterbury, which is still preserved in the Cathedral {63} of Sens, in
France.  Its shape brings to mind the inclination of our Saviour's
arms--the lifting up of His hands--as He offered Himself in sacrifice
on Calvary.

_Symbols of the Holy Trinity._--The equilateral _Triangle_ is perhaps
the most familiar emblem of the Holy Trinity.  The equality of the
three divine Persons in the Godhead is represented by the equal sides
or the equal angles of the triangle.

[Illustration: Triangle]

The _Trefoil_ is also an emblem of the Trinity.  It is a representation
of the common clover, or shamrock, as the Irish call it.  The legend of
the conversion of Ireland says that St. Patrick was preaching on the
hillside, and wishing to illustrate from nature the sublime doctrine of
the Trinity to his pagan hearers, he bent down and plucked a piece of
shamrock at his feet, and held it up to show how what was three, in one
sense, might be one in another.

[Illustration: Trefoil]

The unity of the Persons in the one Godhead is sometimes represented by
intersected triangles, or by the trefoil placed under a triangle.

The truth of the Trinity is also suggested by any {64} threefold
arrangement in the various forms of the ornamentation.

The figure known as the _triquetra_, made by the interlacing of three
portions of circles, is also symbolical of the Holy Trinity.  This is a
very ancient emblem, and is found with frequency upon the stone crosses
erected in the early days of Christianity in Great Britain.  It is
sometimes used in ornamentation of the dress of our Lord or of the
Evangelists.

[Illustration: Intersected triangles.  Trefoil placed under a triangle.
Trequetra.]

From the thirteenth century we have the symbol of the equal and
interlacing _Circles_.  "The three equal circles symbolize the equality
of the three Persons in the Trinity, the binding together in one figure
the essential unity, while the circular form signifies a
never-beginning, never-ending eternity."  The word _trinitas_, used in
this symbol, may itself {65} be divided into three syllables.  One of
these syllables is placed in each circle; but they have no perfect
meaning, and will not form any word, unless united.  In the space left
vacant by the intersection of the circles the word _unitas_ is placed.

[Illustration: Interlacing circles]

From the sixteenth century we have another device setting forth the
doctrine of the Trinity.  This is a triangle terminating at the corners
in three circles, and in the center another circle with lines
connecting it with the circles at the corners.  A legend is combined
with the figure, which serves to explain it.  The English equivalent of
the Latin words is as follows: _Deus_, God; _Pater_, the Father; {66}
_Filius_, the Son; _Sanctus Spiritus_, the Holy Ghost; _est_, is; _non
est_, is not.

[Illustration: Triangle and circles]

_Symbols of the father Almighty._--For the first four centuries the
only symbol employed to represent God the Father Almighty was a _hand_
issuing from clouds, or reaching down in benediction from heaven.

A symbol of much later origin is a triangle with the word "Jehovah," in
Hebrew letters, inscribed within it and placed in the center of a
radiating circle, or halo, symbolic of eternity.

_Symbols of our Lord._--While the cross was in {67} constant use by the
early Christians, no effort was made at direct representation of our
Saviour's sufferings.  The crucifix was not introduced until five
centuries had passed.  Resort was had instead to the use of symbols.

[Illustration: The hand of God]

[Illustration: The name and the triangle]

{68}

Several of these were derived from Holy Scripture.  The most common was
the figure of the _Good Shepherd_, a picture drawn from our Lord's own
description of His loving care and self-sacrifice.  Another was derived
from the words of St. John the Baptist, "Behold, the Lamb of God!"  By
this symbol, known as the _Agnus Dei_, our Lord is represented by the
figure of a lamb--often with a nimbus, or glory, about the
head--bearing a cross, the symbol of His sacrifice, or a banner, the
sign of His triumph.

[Illustration: Agnus Dei, the Lamb of God]

{69}

The _Alpha and Omega_, the first and last letters of the Greek
alphabet, are used as the emblem of the eternity of our Lord: "I am
Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last."

[Illustration: Alpha and Omega]

The _Star_ is a symbol of Christ.  It owes its origin to His own words,
"I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning
star."  It was by the leading of a star that God manifested His only
begotten Son to the Gentiles.  The five-pointed star commonly
represents the star of Bethlehem.  It is a Christmas and Epiphany
emblem.

[Illustration: Star of Bethlehem]

This star is sometimes called the "pentalpha," as the crossing of its
lines suggests five A's.  It was used in ancient times as a magic
talisman against the powers of witchcraft.  The Greek Christians at one
time placed it, instead of the cross, at the beginning of inscriptions.

The six-pointed star is said to symbolize the Creator, as, according to
the old alchemists, the double triangle of which it is composed
represents the elements of fire and water.

{70}

The seven-pointed star has reference, it is said, to St. John's words
in the Revelation: "I beheld, and, lo, in the midst of the throne and
of the four beasts, and in the midst of the elders, stood a Lamb as it
had been slain, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven
Spirits of God sent forth into all the earth."

A star of nine points has allusion to St. Paul's enumeration of the
fruits of the Holy Spirit: "The fruit of the Spirit is love, joy,
peace, long-suffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness,
temperance."

An interesting symbol of our Saviour is that of the _Pelican_, which,
the old naturalists said, was accustomed to tear open its breast in
order to feed its young with its own blood.  So the blood shed on
Calvary gives life to the Church.

[Illustration: The pelican]

The _fish_ was also a very early symbol of our Lord.  It was observed
that the five letters of the Greek word for a fish were, taken
separately, the initials in Greek of the words "Jesus Christ, Son of
God, Saviour."  In this way the fish became a symbol of our Saviour.

The pointed oval, or vesica, is the conventionalized form of the fish.
Ecclesiastical seals are commonly made in this form.  It represents
{71} in rude outline a fish before the fins and tail are added.

[Illustration: Vesica]

It is thought by some that the Gothic or pointed arch is derived from
this symbol, being simply the upper half of a vesica.

Other symbols of our Lord are formed from monograms of the sacred name,
Jesus, and of His official title, Christ.  These are used separately
and also together.  The earliest form of monogram of the sacred name,
that often found on tombs of early Christians, is the symbol which is
said to have appeared in a vision to the Emperor Constantine.

The story is related by Eusebius, the Bishop of Caesarea, who asserts
that it was communicated to him by Constantine himself, who confirmed
it with an oath.  The story is this: Constantine, whose mind was
wavering between Christianity and paganism, was on the eve of a great
battle.  Knowing that Maxentius, his enemy, was seeking the aid of
magic and supernatural rites, and remembering also that his father, who
had been well disposed to the Christians, had always prospered, while
their persecutors failed, he determined to pray to Christ.  While
engaged with such thoughts he saw at mid-day a luminous figure in the
heavens, with the words, "By this conquer."  Both he and the whole army
were struck with awe at the sight.  At night {72} Christ appeared to
him in a dream, holding in His hand the same symbol, which He
admonished him to place upon his standard, and assuring him of victory.
This symbol Constantine substituted the next day for the old Roman
eagle upon the standards and shields of his legions.

What the emperor saw, or fancied he saw, for it cannot be doubted that
Constantine believed what he stated, was a symbol already in use among
the Christians, and whose meaning he doubtless already knew.  It is
formed of the first two letters of the Greek word for Christ,
_CHRISTOS_ (_Christos_); the X (Chi) being equivalent to our Ch, and
the P (Rho) the same as our R.

[Illustration: Christos monogram]

Sometimes the monogram is contracted and its lines economized, the X
becoming a true cross, and its vertical shaft--the curved part of the
letter being added--becoming P.

[Illustration: Contracted Christos monogram]

This monogram, with the Latin N, standing for the word _noster_ (our),
added to it, means _Christos noster_ (our Christ).

[Illustration: Christos noster monogram]

Another monogram for our Lord's title, Christ, is composed of the first
two and the last capital {73} letters of the Greek word _CHRISTOS_.
The horizontal mark over the top is the sign that some letters have
been omitted.

[Illustration: Lord's title monogram]

The more familiar monogram IHS (_IHS_) is the abbreviated form of the
Greek word for our Saviour's human name, Jesus, _IESOUS_.  The first
two and the last letters are those used.  Sometimes this is written
"IHC."  The two forms are synonymous, the C being simply another form
of the Greek S.  Sometimes the letters are intertwined, the I being
lengthened and formed into a cross by a bar at the top.

[Illustration: IHS monogram]

These three letters are often read as signifying the Latin words,
_Jesus hominum Salvator_, that is, "Jesus the Saviour of men"; but
appropriate and beautiful as this reading is, it is not the original
meaning, but an afterthought, and is said to have been first suggested
about the year 1380.

Another monogram contains the initial letters, IX, of our Lord's full
name, Jesus Christ, in Greek.  The X (Chi) is combined with the I
(Iota).  Sometimes a horizontal bar is placed through the middle {74}
of the figure, thus giving the initials of our Lord's full name, united
with the cross.

[Illustration: Full name monograms]

Another form of monogram for our Lord's full name, Jesus Christ, is
made by taking the first and the last letters of each of the Greek
words.  The lines above are the signs of contraction.

[Illustration: Contracted monogram]

_I. N. R. I._  These letters stand for the Latin form of the title
placed on our Saviour's cross, _Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judaeorum_, JESUS
OF NAZARETH, THE KING OF THE JEWS.

_Symbols of the Holy Ghost._--The seven-branched _Candlestick_ of the
tabernacle, and the _Seven Burning Lamps_ which St. John saw before
{75} the throne of God, and which he declares to be the seven Spirits
of God, that is, the Holy Spirit in His sevenfold manifestations of
grace, are often used as symbols of the Holy Spirit, the source of all
true illumination for men.

[Illustration: Seven-branched candlestick]

The most familiar emblem, however, is the _Dove_, which from the early
centuries to the present day has constantly symbolized the third Person
of the Holy Trinity.  Its warrant and justification are based on the
account in the Gospel of our Lord's baptism and the descent upon Him of
the Spirit "in bodily shape like a dove."

[Illustration: Dove]

The picture of the holy dove in the decorations of the church tells of
the coming of the same Spirit as the fruit of the intercession of our
ascended Lord and according to His most true promise, "I will pray the
Father, and He shall give you another Comforter, that He may {76} abide
with you forever; even the Spirit of truth."  It reminds of that
abiding presence of the Holy Ghost in the Church, making it the
"habitation of God through the Spirit," and giving living power to its
sacraments as channels of saving and sanctifying grace.

Other symbols in frequent use are the following:

The _Crown of Thorns_ and the _Nails_ of crucifixion are symbols of our
Saviour's passion.

[Illustration: Crown of thorns and nails]

The three _Interlaced fishes_ and the _Escallop Shell_, the badge of a
pilgrim, are both emblems of Holy Baptism: the one, as Baptism is in
the Name {77} of the Holy Trinity; the other, as we therein confess
that we are pilgrims and strangers on earth, who seek "a better
country, that is, an heavenly."

[Illustration: Interlaced fishes.  Escallop.]

The phoenix is the symbol of immortality and the resurrection.  The
phoenix was a fabulous bird of the ancients.  It was believed that,
"after living a thousand years or so, it committed itself to the flames
that burst, at the fanning of its wings, from the funeral pyre of
costly spices which it had itself constructed, and that from its ashes
a new phoenix arose to life."

[Illustration: Phoenix]

The _Anchor_ is the symbol of steadfastness and hope.  "A strong
consolation,... which hope we have as an anchor of the soul, both sure
and steadfast."

[Illustration: Anchor]

The _Crown_ is the symbol of victory and sovereignty.

The _Wreath_, commonly of laurel, is another symbol of victory.  As an
expression of triumph won, it is one of the commonest of symbols in the
catacombs--the underground and secret burying-places of the early
Christians in times of persecution.

{78}

In this connection we may note the symbolism attached to certain plants
and flowers.  In the ornamentation of God's house we reproduce, as far
as the art of man can, the forms and colors with which the love of God
has arrayed the earth with so much beauty.  We also use the natural
plant and flower to beautify the church on the great Christian days of
gladness and rejoicing.  They mark such days as festival days.  In a
special way they tell at Easter, by their fresh, pure life out of the
death of winter, the story of the resurrection.

[Illustration: Crown]

But, besides this, an emblematic meaning is also attached to particular
flowers and plants.  The use by the early Christians of plants and
flowers in an emblematic way was simply a matter of reverent memory and
the carrying over of past associations.  Their remembrance of the words
of the Lord Jesus would make the _Vine_, His own similitude of Himself
in relation to them,--"I am the vine, ye are the branches,"--a symbol
of frequent use to represent the Saviour.

The _Wheat_ and the _Grapes_ would not only be {79} the emblems of
abundance and rejoicing, but would be enriched with suggestions of the
Holy Eucharist.

The _Olive-branch_, borne by the dove, recalling the story of the
flood, would stand for the thought of security and peace.

[Illustration: Olive-branch]

The _Almond_, with name derived from a word meaning haste, in allusion
to its hasty growth and early maturity, was the symbol of hopefulness
even in the days of Jeremiah.  "The word of the Lord came unto me,
saying, Jeremiah, what seest thou?  And I said, I see a rod of an
almond-tree.  Then said the Lord unto me, Thou hast well seen: for I
will hasten My word to perform it."

The _Palm_ is the emblem of victory.  This symbolism attached to it not
only from the familiar associations of its pagan use as such, but from
a very early period, as seen on ancient mosaics, a reference to the
palm was recognized in St. John's description of the Tree of Life,
"which bare twelve manner of fruits, and yielded her fruit every
month."  "Thus the palm-branch of Christian martyrs was not only the
emblem of victory adopted from the well-known heathen use of it, but
typified still more {80} strikingly their connection with the tree of
divine life, 'whose leaves were for the healing of the nations.'"

The palm, however, was not the only instance of such adoption into
Christian symbolism from pagan use.  The influence of Christianity was
felt in many like cases.  Trees and plants held sacred to heathen gods
became associated with holier names and ideas.

Thus the _Laurel_, "the meed of mighty conquerors and poets sage,"
became for the humble Christian who had "fought a good fight, and
finished his course," the emblem of triumph and glory.

The _Pomegranate_, with mystic association from remote antiquity with
the idea of life, became the symbol of a hopeful future, the emblem of
immortality.

The _Oak_ is the representative of supernatural strength and power.  In
pagan antiquity it was especially dedicated in the West to Thor, the
thunder-god.  The familiar story of St. Boniface, the apostle of
Germany, relates how he found in the country of the Hessians an
enormous tree, called the Oak of Thor, greatly revered by the people
and held inviolably sacred.  St. Boniface cut it down in token of the
triumph of Christ.  When it fell with a mighty crash, and Thor gave no
sign, the {81} heathen folk, who stood about in awe, accepted the token
and were converted.  The stroke of St. Boniface's ax overthrew Thor,
but could not altogether destroy the associations of the ancient
belief.  The reverence for the oak long survived; and the veneration
for it, Christianized in meaning, led to its reproduction, with
symbolic reference to the power of the God of gods, in many beautiful
forms of leaf and spray and clustered acorn, in church decoration.

In like manner, we find flowers held sacred to heathen goddesses lifted
out of that association and invested with higher and purer emblematic
meaning.

The _Lily_, the flower of Juno, became the flower of the holy Virgin,
and its snowy whiteness the symbol of Christian purity.  It is often
seen in the conventional form of the fleur-de-lis.

The _Rose_ before the coming of Christianity was a mystic flower among
Northern races.  Among the Greeks and Romans it was the flower of Venus
and the symbol of earthly love.  Its symbolism felt also the redeeming
touch of Christian sentiment.  The love of which it is the emblem
became not an earthly, but a heavenly love.  As the lily tells of her
purity, so the rose tells of the love that was in the heart of the
Blessed Virgin.  But this was but the reflection {82} of a higher and a
divine love, of which the rose was also the symbol.

How that thought of the love of heaven coming down to earth was
expressed emblematically by the rose, we may see in the story of its
origin which the Christian fancy of the middle ages invented.  It was
said that a holy maiden of Bethlehem, "blamed with wrong and slandered,
was doomed to the death; and as the fire began to burn about her she
made her prayers to our Lord that, as she was not guilty of that sin,
He would help her and make it to be known to all men, of His merciful
grace.  And when she had thus said, anon was the fire quenched and out,
and the brands that were burning became red roseries, and the brands
that were not kindled became white roseries, full of roses.  And these
were the first roseries and roses, both white and red, that ever any
man saw."

So the rose became the flower of martyrs, the presage of the beauty and
joy of Paradise.  With the same thought, the early Christians decorated
with roses the graves of martyrs and confessors on the anniversary of
their death.  It has been conjectured that it is from this connection
of the rose with Paradise, and with the thought of the love which
accomplished our salvation, that the rite of {83} the "golden rose" has
been derived--the rite in which the Pope, on the Fourth Sunday in Lent,
blesses a golden rose adorned with jewels, which he afterward bestows
upon some person he desires especially to honor.  In the prayers which
are used in this rite, our Lord is alluded to as the "eternal Rose that
has gladdened the heart of the world."

The interesting plant known as the _Passion-flower_, although of
comparatively modern origin, is now freely used to symbolize the
passion of our Lord.  The ten faithful apostles,--omitting St. Peter
who denied and Judas who betrayed our Lord,--the hammer and the nails,
the cross, the five sacred wounds, the crown of thorns, the cords which
bound Him, are all, by an exaggerated symbolism and straining after
analogy, supposed to be represented by its various parts.  It was
discovered by early Spanish settlers in America, and was welcomed by
them as useful in teaching Christianity to the Indians.  It is the one
contribution of the new continent to the ecclesiastical symbolism of
flowers.

_Symbols of the Evangelists and Apostles._--The Evangelists are often
represented by four scrolls, four open books, or four streams of water
issuing from Christ the Rock; but most commonly the Evangelistic
symbols are the _Man_, the _Lion_, the {84} _Ox_, and the _Eagle_.
These figures refer to the mysterious creatures described by the
prophet Ezekiel, and afterward by St. John, as adoring ceaselessly
before the throne of God.  "They rest not day and night, saying, Holy,
holy, holy, Lord God Almighty, which was, and is, and is to come."  The
man is assigned to St. Matthew and his Gospel, because of the manner in
which the manhood of our Lord is set forth, the lion to St. Mark,
because he shows {85} His royal dignity and power; the ox to St. Luke,
because his is the sacrificial Gospel and dwells on the Atonement; and
the eagle to St. John, because his Gospel rises to the contemplation of
the sublimest mysteries of the Christian faith.

[Illustration: Man, Lion, Ox, Eagle symbols]

All these symbols are winged, as showing that the message of the
Gospels is to go to all the earth as the concern of all men everywhere.

All four symbols are sometimes combined into one, called a Tetramorph.

Each Apostle has also his own appropriate symbol.

St. James the Greater has the escallop shell and staff of the pilgrim.
His shrine in Spain was one of the great centers to which pilgrims came
from all lands.

[Illustration: Apostle symbols--S. Peter, S. Andrew, S. James ye more,
S. Johan, S. Thomas, S. James ye less.]

St. John, as an Apostle, has a cup with a winged serpent rising from
it, in reference to the tradition {86} that St. John once drank with
impunity from a poisoned chalice after having made the sign of the
Cross over it.

St. Thomas bears the spear with which he was slain, or the carpenter's
rule, from a legend that he was sent to the king of the Indies to build
him a palace.  St. Thomas gave to the poor the money intrusted to him
by the king.  He was cast into prison, but the king had a vision of a
marvelous palace in Paradise built for him by the money given in
charity.  St. Thomas was released, and the king became a Christian.

St. Peter has the keys, in reference to our Lord's words to him, and to
his opening of the door of the Church to Jews and to Gentiles.

St. Matthew, as an Apostle, has sometimes a purse, in allusion to his
having been a publican, or tax-gatherer, and sometimes the hatchet with
which he was killed.

The other Apostles have, for symbols, the traditional instruments of
their martyrdom: St. Andrew bears the cross peculiar to him; St.
Bartholomew the knife with which he was flayed alive; St. James the
Less has the fuller's club with which he was beaten to death; St.
Philip has the cross on which he was crucified, St. Matthias bears a
battle-ax: {87} St. Jade a halberd, or a knotted club, sometimes
fashioned like a cross, with which he was slain; St. Simon the saw with
which he was cut asunder.

[Illustration: Apostle symbols--S. Phylyppa, S. Barthylimew, S.
Matthew, S. Jude, S. Symon, S. Mathyas.]

The symbol of St. Paul is the sword with which he was beheaded, and a
closed book, in reference to his Epistles.  St. Stephen, the first
martyr, bears the stones with which he was killed while he prayed for
those who hurled them.

_Of Angelic figures._--It is not surprising, in view of the references
of Holy Scripture, that representations of angels should have place in
the decoration of Christian churches.  "The religion of heaven is
Christianity."  "I beheld, and I heard the voice of many angels round
about the throne, and the beasts, and the elders: and the number of
them was ten thousand times ten thousand, and {88} thousands of
thousands; saying with a loud voice, Worthy is the Lamb that was slain
to receive power, and riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honor, and
glory, and blessing."

Angels are included in the Communion of Saints.  "Ye are come ... unto
the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to an
innumerable company of angels, to the general assembly and church of
the first-born, which are written in heaven."

It is the constant tradition of the Church that the holy angels attend
at Christian worship.  It is one of the highest privileges of that
worship that we have such communion with them as to be able to say,
"Therefore with Angels and Archangels, and with all the company of
heaven, we laud and magnify Thy glorious Name; evermore praising Thee,
and saying, Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God of hosts, Heaven and earth are
full of Thy glory: Glory be to Thee, O Lord Most High.  Amen."

_The Symbolism of Colors._--In the ornamentation of vestments and of
the hangings of the Altar, as also in the general decoration of
churches, all colors are employed as good taste may dictate.  They are
thus properly used "for the glory of God, who created the many hues of
nature and gave to man the power of deriving pleasure from them." {89}
Certain colors, however, are known as "liturgical" or "ecclesiastical"
colors, and are, in accordance with ancient practice, employed for
symbolical purposes about the Altar and chancel of our churches, or the
dress of Ministers, during the different seasons of the Church Year.
They serve to impress upon our minds, through the outward senses,
certain great truths of the Gospel, and give honor and dignity to the
celebration of its sacred mysteries.

The colors most commonly used are white, red, violet, black, and green.

White, signifying purity and joy, is used on the Feasts of the great
mysteries of our Faith and at all seasons relating to our Lord, on days
relating to the Blessed Virgin and to those saints who were not also
martyrs, and on festival occasions, such as Confirmations, Ordinations,
Dedications, Weddings, etc.

Red, the emblem of blood and fire, is used on the Feasts of martyrs,
typifying the blood which was shed for Christ, and at Whitsuntide, when
it tells of the tongues of fire which came upon the Apostles.

Violet, the emblem of penitence, is used in Advent, in the season from
Septuagesima to Lent, in Lent, and also on Ember and Rogation days.

{90}

Black signifies mourning, and is used on Good Friday and at Burials.

Green, the ordinary color of nature, is used on all days which are not
Feasts or Fasts and when no special truth or doctrine is to be
emphasized.

_The Symbolism of Lights._--The symbolic use of lights in divine
worship seems to have been handed on from the Jewish Temple to the
Christian Church.  The candles upon the Altar, as in use in many
churches, whether the two Eucharistic lights or the vesper lights, not
only give beauty and festival character to the service, but are an
expressive sign of spiritual gladness and joy, and a symbol, suggested
by His own words, of Christ as the true "light of the world."  They
remind us of the gladness and spiritual illumination which the Gospel
brings.

_The Symbolism of Incense._--Where incense is employed as an adjunct of
worship, its symbolism is the same as that which it had in the worship
of the Temple.  It is the symbol of prayer, of the intercession of our
great High Priest, and of the prayers of the saints.  So the Psalmist
prays, "Let my prayer be set forth in Thy sight as the incense"; and so
again, St. John, describing the ceremonial of the worship of heaven as
seen in his vision, says, {91} "Another angel came and stood at the
altar, having a golden censer, and there was given unto him much
incense, that he should offer it with the prayers of all saints upon
the golden altar which was before the throne.  And the smoke of the
incense, which came with the prayers of the saints, ascended up before
God out of the angel's hand."




{92}

_How to Use the Prayer-Book_[1]

_Before the Service._--If possible be in your place a few moments
before the appointed hour, that you may collect your thoughts and
prepare for the service.  On entering, go at once quietly to your seat,
kneel down, and say a short prayer for yourself and your
fellow-worshipers.  The Collect for the Nineteenth or the Twenty-third
Sunday after Trinity, or the Collect, "Almighty God, unto whom all
hearts are open," at the beginning of the Communion Office, you may
find appropriate.  When you have said your prayer, find the places for
the service for the day, and after this occupy the {93} time till the
service begins with reading some portion from the Prayer-Book.

_At Morning Prayer._--The following points should have attention:

(1) The several ways in which, after the opening Sentence, the Minister
may proceed with the service.  See the rubrics at the beginning of
MORNING PRAYER.

(2) In the LORD'S PRAYER (as is also the case with other prayers
printed in like manner) the capital letters beginning the several short
clauses are intended to indicate the portions into which the prayer is
to be broken for common recitation.  There should be a slight pause
after each clause, that all may join in saying the prayer.

(3) On the nineteenth day of the month the _Venite_ is not used before
the PSALTER, as it occurs in the portion for that day.  It is omitted
on Easter Day and Thanksgiving Day, as other anthems are appointed for
these days (pages 6, 125, 319).

(4) After the _Venite_ follows (page 6) the PSALTER (page 329) for the
day of the month, or one of the SELECTIONS, or the PROPER PSALMS for
the day.  See HOW THE PSALTER IS APPOINTED TO BE READ (page vii).  Note
what is to be done, in using the PSALTER, when a month has thirty-one
days.  {94} Observe also the tables of SELECTIONS and PROPER PSALMS
(pages vii, viii, 328).

(5) Study the use of the COLLECT FOR THE DAY--where found (pages
52-188, 188-220), how used: "Except when the Communion Service is read"
(page 13).  "The Collect shall serve all the Week after, where not
otherwise ordered."  "The Collect for any Sunday or other Feast may be
used at the Evening Service of the day before" (page 52).  Note the use
throughout the season of the COLLECT FOR THE FIRST SUNDAY IN ADVENT.
Throughout Lent is used, in like manner, the COLLECT FOR ASH-WEDNESDAY
(page 86).  Observe the use of the COLLECT FOR CHRISTMAS DAY (page 62),
and that the Collect, Epistle, and Gospel for St. Stephen's Day, St.
John the Evangelist's Day, the Innocents' Day, and for the
Circumcision, are not among those for the Saints'-days, but placed in
connection with those for Christmas Day and the Sunday after.  Note
rubrics (pages 66, 69, 71, 87, 141).

(6) When two Feasts or Holy-days fall upon the same day, the usual
custom is to make a "commemoration" of the day omitted by using the
COLLECT of that day immediately after the COLLECT of the Feast or
Holy-day that is observed.

"If there be more than twenty-five Sundays after {95} Trinity, the
service of some of those Sundays that were omitted after the Epiphany
shall be taken in to supply so many as are wanting.  And if there be
fewer than twenty-five Sundays, the overplus shall be omitted" (page
188).

(7) Observe the use of the OCCASIONAL PRAYERS, and the place in the
service where they are to be said, if used.  Note that some must be
used at specified times (page 37).

(8) Observe the use of the THANKSGIVINGS--where to be said in the
service, if used (page 44).

(9) There are several ways in which the Minister may end the MORNING
PRAYER: "On any day not a Sunday, he may end the MORNING PRAYER with
the COLLECT FOR GRACE and 2 COR. XIII. 14."  The prayers following that
"for the President of the United States" "shall be omitted when the
LITANY is said, and may be omitted when the HOLY COMMUNION is
immediately to follow" (pages 1, 14).

_At Morning Prayer on Certain Days._--(1) For Ash-Wednesday a
PENITENTIAL OFFICE is provided (page 48), and must be read immediately
after the prayer, "We humbly beseech Thee, O Father," in the LITANY.

(2) For Thanksgiving Day a special FORM OF {96} PRAYER AND THANKSGIVING
TO ALMIGHTY GOD is appointed (page 319).

_After the Service._--When the service is ended, after the procession
has gone out, kneel down and say a prayer.  Do not omit this if for any
cause you are obliged to leave before the conclusion of the service.
You will find many of the Collects--such as that for the First Sunday
after Epiphany, or the Second Sunday after Easter, or the Thirteenth
Sunday after Trinity, or those at the end of the Communion Office--in
every way appropriate.

_At evening Prayer._--(1) Note the several ways in which the Minister
may proceed after the opening Sentence.  On Sundays, he may say, "Let
us humbly confess our sins unto Almighty God," and pass to the GENERAL
CONFESSION.  Or else he may say, "Dearly beloved brethren, the
Scripture," etc.  "On days other than the Lord's Day, he may, at his
discretion, pass at once to the LORD'S PRAYER" (pages 16, 19).

(2) Note that the COLLECT FOR THE DAY _must_ be said (page 27).

(3) EVENING PRAYER is said in full or may be ended after the COLLECT
FOR AID (page 27).

(4) What has been said of the use of the OCCASIONAL PRAYERS and of the
THANKSGIVINGS in {97} MORNING PRAYER is equally applicable to EVENING
PRAYER.

_At the Litany._--(1) The LITANY is said ordinarily after MORNING
PRAYER on Sundays, Wednesdays, and Fridays (page 30).  A part may be
omitted (page 33).

(2) It may also be said after the COLLECT FOR AID in EVENING PRAYER, or
it may be used separately.  See first and second paragraphs in
CONCERNING THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH (page vii).

_At the Holy Communion._--(1) The Communion Office follows immediately
after the Collects, Epistles, and Gospels (page 221).

It is the common custom that the LORD'S PRAYER at the beginning of the
service is said by the Priest alone, and not, as in other services, by
all the people with him.  This is due to the fact that this prayer and
the following COLLECT FOR PURITY anciently formed part of the office
for the Priest's private preparation before entering the sanctuary.
The LORD'S PRAYER may be omitted if MORNING PRAYER has been said
immediately before (page 221).

(2) Observe that the DECALOGUE may be omitted if said once on each
Sunday, and what is to be done in that case (pages 222, 224).

(3) The COLLECT OF THE DAY, while used in other {98} Services, belongs
properly to the Communion Office.  It must be said.  It is called in
the Communion Service the Collect "of" the Day, elsewhere the Collect
"for" the Day.  The EPISTLE and the GOSPEL for the day are found in the
same place as the COLLECT OF THE DAY (page 52).

(4) Observe that preference is given to the NICENE CREED, and that it
must be said at certain times, on Christmas Day, Easter Day, Ascension
Day, Whitsunday, and Trinity Sunday (page 224).

(5) When the Minister gives notice of the Holy Communion the
EXHORTATION read, in whole or part, is that beginning, "Dearly beloved,
on ---- day next I purpose," or that beginning, "Dearly beloved
brethren, on ---- I intend, by God's grace" (pages 240, 242).

(6) Note that the EXHORTATION, "Dearly beloved in the Lord," may be
omitted, provided it is said once, on a Sunday, in that same month
(page 229).

(7) Note the use of the PROPER PREFACES which emphasize the special
teaching of the great festivals (page 233).

(8) Note the direction (page 237) that in the administration to the
communicants the Sacrament is to be delivered "into their hands."  That
can be best done, with reverence and care, if, when the Bread is {99}
delivered, the person receiving will place the open right hand upon the
left, the palm being slightly hollowed to receive the consecrated
Bread, and, when the Cup is delivered, will take firm hold of the
chalice with both hands--of the bowl, or stem immediately under it,
with the right hand, and of the pedestal with the left.  Of course
gloves should be removed.

(9) Observe what is done when a second CONSECRATION is necessary (page
237).

(10) Note that a hymn may be substituted for the _Gloria in excelsis_.
This is commonly done in penitential seasons (page 238).

(11) Direction is given (page 240) that the consecrated Bread and Wine
remaining after the Communion shall be reverently consumed.  Small
crumbs which cannot be taken otherwise are poured into the chalice, and
the chalice rinsed two or three times with a little wine and water, the
Priest drinking the same.  This is called "The ablutions."

_At the Baptism of Infants._--(1) Note that the general congregation
and the company at the Font are all to stand until the LORD'S PRAYER.

(2) Note the permission given to shorten the service.  The Minister
shall say, "Hear the words of the Gospel," etc., or else pass
immediately to the {100} questions addressed to the sponsors, provided
that "in every church the intermediate parts of the Service shall be
used, once at least in every month, (if there be a baptism,) for the
better instructing of the People in the grounds of Infant Baptism."

(3) Observe that the THANKSGIVING following the EXHORTATION upon the
words of the GOSPEL is to be said by all, the people joining with the
Minister.

_At Private Baptism of Children._--(1) Observe what the service is.
See the third rubric at the beginning of the Office, and what follows
(page 251).

(2) Note what is directed, after the FORM OF BAPTISM, as to the public
reception of the child privately baptized (page 252).

(3) Note the conditional FORM provided for use in cases of doubt (page
256).

(4) Observe that the MINISTRATION OF BAPTISM and the receiving into the
Church may be combined (page 257).

_At the Baptism of Adults._--(1) What has been pointed out, in
connection with the BAPTISM OF INFANTS, in reference to the people
standing until the LORD'S PRAYER, the saying of the THANKSGIVING after
the EXHORTATION, and the use of a conditional FORM (page 265) in cases
of reasonable doubt, applies also to the BAPTISM OF ADULTS.

{101}

(2) Observe what may be done when necessity may require the baptizing
of adults in private houses.  See the second rubric at the end of the
Office (page 265).

(3) Observe that the Office of Infant Baptism and that of Adults may be
conjoined.  The service, however, involves so much difficulty and
repetition that it is not often used.  Third rubric (page 265).

_At Confirmation._--Observe that the congregation are to stand until
the LORD'S PRAYER.

_At Marriages._--(1) Note that the Prayer-Book calls the service the
"Solemnization" of Matrimony.  The company present are there as
witnesses and to ask God's blessing upon the marriage.  While,
therefore, they may bring into the church gladsome hearts on such an
occasion, they should guard against levity.  They should behave with
reverence, attend to the service, say the Amens to the prayers, and
conduct themselves with the same regard for the place, and for the
sacredness of the act, as they would at any other service.

(2) The congregation should stand throughout the service, the bride and
bridegroom only kneeling for the prayers and the BLESSING.

_At the Communion of the Sick._--(1) Note the order of the service.
See the latter part of the {102} rubric at the beginning of the
service, and the first and third rubrics following the GOSPEL (page
293).

(2) Note permission given in the last rubric following the GOSPEL.

_At Burials._--(1) Note that one or both of the SELECTIONS OF PSALMS
may be used (page 294).

(2) Note the permission given for additions to the service (page 298).

(3) Observe that the response, "Christ, have mercy upon us," is to be
said by the people in the _Kyrie_ preceding the LORD'S PRAYER (page
300).

(4) Note the permission given in the rubric following the ADDITIONAL
PRAYERS at the close of the Office.



[1] The page references are to the Prayer-Book, to editions larger than
the small duodecimo; which larger editions are all paged alike.




{103}

_Devout Customs and Usages_

Some of the customs here referred to are matters of rubrical direction
in the Prayer-Book; others stand merely upon the ground of usage and
the devout practice of the Church from ancient times.  The object here
in view is not to discuss their obligation, but simply to tell what
they are and why they are observed, whether that observance is in
obedience to an express direction of the Church or is a voluntary act
of reverence.  Since, as a matter of fact, such customs are used by
some Churchmen, every well-instructed person should know their meaning
and the reason for their use.  His personal observance of them, where
they have been left by the Church as voluntary acts, must depend upon
his own feeling and their {104} helpfulness or otherwise to his own
worship and right living.

_Kneeling._--The changes of posture in the course of a service have
value in relieving weariness and in sustaining attention, but their
chief significance is, of course, in the expression of different states
of devotion.  Thus kneeling is the fit posture in prayer for humble
penitents--the only state in which we may presume to come before God.
It is a mark of reverence, and testifies outwardly of our inward
humility; and "a devout manner helps to create devout feelings."

_Standing._--To show readiness to engage in worship and to receive
instruction, the people stand when addressed at the opening of Morning
and Evening Prayer, or at the Exhortations in the Communion Office.  As
expressive of earnestness and determination to defend the Faith, they
stand for the recitation of the Creeds.  They stand at the reading of
the Gospel in the Communion Service to "show reverent regard for the
Son of God above all other messengers, although speaking as from God
also."  They rise at the presentation of the alms and oblations,
because the offering is their gift to God and to show their
participation in the act.  They stand as the clergy enter or leave
{105} the church in token of respect for their sacred office.

_Bowing._--The head is bowed at the name of Jesus in the Creeds to
"testify by this outward ceremony and gesture a due acknowledgment that
the Lord Jesus Christ, the true and eternal Son of God, is the only
Saviour of the world."  This act of reverence is not restricted to the
Creeds, but the same honor is shown to the Holy Name at its mention
also in the _Gloria in excelsis_, and in hymns, in lessons, and in
sermons.

At the words, "And was incarnate," in the Nicene Creed, the head and
body are inclined (or the knee is bent) "to show humble and grateful
recognition of the stupendous mystery of the Incarnation," and at the
words "Worshiped and glorified," to signify belief in the divinity of
the Holy Ghost.  The head is bowed also at the name of the Blessed
Trinity.  This sign of reverence and honor is made at the _Gloria
Patri_, at "Holy, Holy, Holy" in the _Sanctus_ of the Communion Office,
at the same words in the _Te Deum_, and at the various forms of the
doxology, thus "recognizing the divine glory of each of the three
Persons, and in imitation of the angels, who veil their faces with
their wings when singing the glory of the Holy Trinity."  Bowing {106}
at the _Gloria_ came into use about the year 325, as a protest against
the heresy which denied the divinity of our Lord.

The head is reverently bowed toward the Altar on coming in and going
out of the church or chancel, in accordance with what one of the canons
of the English Church says was "the most ancient custom of the
primitive Church in the purest times."  It is an act of honor and
reverence for the house of God, and for the Altar as the place of such
holy associations as attach to it from the celebration there of the
Holy Eucharist.

_Turning to the East._--The practice of turning to the east, or to the
Altar, at the Creed and at every _Gloria_ (as a brief form of Creed)
"probably originated in an old custom at Baptism.  The catechumen
turned his face toward the west in renouncing the devil and all his
works, and to the east in making profession of his Faith.  The early
Christians were accustomed to turn to the east in their devotions, just
as the Jews turned their faces toward Jerusalem when they prayed."
Many churches, whenever it is possible, are built for this reason "east
and west," as was the ancient custom.  When not so placed, the chancel
is considered to be constructively, if not in fact, "the east," and the
clergy and choir {107} turn toward the Altar.  It is an act expressive
of faith in Christ "as the light of the world," "the Sun of
righteousness," and recalls how ancient tradition, following a seeming
intimation of Holy Scripture, says that our Lord will come from the
east at His second advent: "As the lightning cometh out of the east,
and shineth even unto the west; so shall also the coming of the Son of
man be."

_Vestments._--Much may be said for the use of a distinctive dress in
the holy offices of the Church.  It is in accordance with ancient
usage; it marks the action of the Minister as not personal, but
official; it secures dignity and uniformity, and it is also, like the
dress of the priests in the old Jewish Church, "for glory and for
beauty."

The American Church has no law upon the subject of vestments.  Their
use is simply a matter of traditional custom.  Those here described
have come down to us from our mother Church of England.  Not all here
mentioned are in use in all places, nor need it be assumed that all are
equally desirable.

"The _Cassock_ is a long coat, close-fitting, reaching to the feet, and
buttoned down the front.  It is generally of black, except in cathedral
churches and for Bishops and cathedral dignitaries, when the {108}
episcopal purple may appropriately be used.  A cincture, or broad sash,
sometimes confines the cassock at the waist.

"The _Surplice_ is of linen, generally with no opening in front, but
with sufficient aperture in the neck to allow it to be easily passed
over the head.  It should fall somewhat below the knees.  The sleeves
are flowing and of considerable width at the wrist."

[Illustration: The surplice]

"The _Stole_ is a strip of silk about three inches wide and eight and a
half feet long, with ends ornamented by embroidery and fringed.  The
Priest wears it around his neck, the ends hanging down over the front
of the surplice.  Deacons wear the stole suspended over the left
shoulder, except at the Holy Communion, when it may be brought across
the back and breast and be fastened at the right side."

The vestments for the celebrant at the Holy Communion are as follows:

The _Alb_, which may be described as a long linen garment somewhat like
a surplice, with close-fitting sleeves, reaching nearly to the ground.
It is frequently embroidered at the foot before and behind {109} and at
the end of the sleeves.  These pieces of embroidery are called
"apparels."  The alb is confined at the waist by a white cord called
the girdle.

[Illustration: The Alb]

Around the neck is worn the _Amice_--an oblong piece of linen, a part
of which is folded over and forms a large collar.  This is often
embroidered.

The _Chasuble_, sometimes called "the vestment" by way of distinction,
is worn only at the celebration of the Holy Communion.  It is oval in
shape, without sleeves, with an opening in the middle through which the
head may be passed.  In front and behind it extends nearly to the
ground, and on the sides to the hands.  It is usually ornamented with a
Y-shaped cross, which is often embroidered.  The chasuble is sometimes
ornamented with very rich needlework.  The stole is worn under the
chasuble, crossed on the breast, and passed under the girdle.

[Illustration: The Chasuble]

Sometimes the _Maniple_ is also worn.  It is shaped like a stole, but
smaller, and is fastened with a loop over the left arm near the wrist.

This dress, with local differences, is worn in all {110} the ancient
Churches of Christendom.  It has come down to us with the Church
itself.  It is, in fact, simply the dignified dress of primitive days,
enriched and ornamented.  Times and customs have changed, but the dress
of the Priest, made sacred by association with his holy work, has
remained unaltered.

In churches where the Holy Eucharist is celebrated with very full
ceremonial, the two clergy-men who assist the celebrant, called the
"deacon" and "subdeacon," sometimes on festival occasions wear
respectively a _Dalmatic_ and a _Tunicle_.  These garments are very
similar, being a kind of loose coat or frock reaching below the knees,
open partially at the lower part of the sides, and having full, though
not large, sleeves.  The dalmatic is usually somewhat more ornamented.
These are festival garments.  On other occasions the girded alb and the
amice are often worn by the deacon and subdeacon.

[Illustration: Dalmatic]

The chasuble, and also the dalmatic and tunicle, are often of silk, of
the color of the season; but the custom of wearing only white linen
vestments prevails in many churches.

{111}

"The following somewhat fanciful meanings, among various others, have
been applied to the vestments: the alb is said to signify the white
robe which Herod placed upon our Saviour; the amice, the cloth with
which He was blindfolded by the Jews; the stole, maniple, and girdle,
the cords which bound Him, and the chasuble, the purple robe of scorn.

"They are also said to represent certain Christian graces.  The amice,
passed over the head, signifies hope, the helmet of salvation; the alb,
purity; the maniple, patience in the bonds of suffering; the stole,
submission to the yoke of Christ, the chasuble, charity."

"The _Cope_ is a large semicircular cloak of silk or other stuff,
fastened in front by a clasp called a 'morse.'  It is generally richly
embroidered.  The length extends in the back to the feet, but it is
open in front, leaving the arms free.  The cope is worn by priests in
solemn processions.  It is not a Eucharistic vestment and does not
displace the chasuble at Celebrations.  It is a symbol of rule, and is
appropriate to Bishops and others in authority.  It is worn over the
alb or surplice."

The _Episcopal habit_ generally worn seems to have come into use in the
time of Queen Elizabeth.  {112} Its use rests only upon custom.  It
consists of "Rochet" and "Chimere."  The rochet resembles an alb, but
is shorter and without sleeves.  It is of lawn or fine linen.  The
chimere is a dress of black satin, with white lawn sleeves.

The _Bishop's Staff_ is in shape like a shepherd's crook.  It is often
highly ornamented, and may be adorned on the crook or top with jewels.

The _Mitre_ is a head-covering generally worn by Bishops with the cope.

The _Biretta_ is a square cap of black silk, or other stuff, worn by
the clergy in out-of-door functions.

_Hoods_ are symbols of university degrees attained by the wearer.  They
are not strictly ecclesiastical.  Each college or university has its
own hood for each degree conferred.

_The Sign of the Cross._--At the Ministration of Baptism the Church
directs that the sign of the Cross shall be made upon the forehead of
the baptized person, and declares that it knows "no worthy cause of
scruple concerning the same."  In this it follows the mind of the
primitive Church, in which there was, "even in apostolic times, a
reverend estimation of the sign of the Cross, which the Christians
shortly after used in all their actions," as a sign that "they were not
ashamed to acknowledge {113} Him for their Lord and Saviour who died
for them upon the Cross."  With the same "reverend estimation," "in
token that they are not ashamed to confess the faith of Christ
crucified," and in remembrance that all blessings have been purchased
by the "death of the Cross," it is also used by many persons at various
parts of the public service, as, for instance, at the beginning and
close of the service, at the end of the Creed, at a Blessing, or at an
Absolution.

_Sponsors in Baptism._--The Church requires that "there shall be for
every Male-child to be baptized, when they can be had, two Godfathers
and one Godmother; and for every Female, one Godfather and two
Godmothers."  The origin of this office is obscure.  It may have been
adopted from a Jewish custom connected with the admission of heathen
children, or it may have arisen spontaneously out of the social
conditions of the Church.

The object in view is "to insure the subsequent education and training
in Christian truth and duty which is necessary to the full benefit of
the grace conferred in this holy Sacrament."

Sponsors are so called "because they respond or answer for the child to
be baptized.  They are {114} called 'sureties' because they give
security to the Church that the child shall be virtuously brought up;
'godfathers,' and 'godmothers,' because of the spiritual relationship
into which they are brought with one another, with the parents, and
with the child."

"Formerly parents were not admitted as sponsors, since they are
sponsors in fact and by nature, and therefore no vow can increase their
obligation of duty toward the child.  But while the Church prefers that
there should be three sponsors for every child, in addition to the
parents, in order to insure by a fivefold promise the future
guardianship of the infant soul, she yet permits parents to stand as
sponsors in order to accommodate every variety of circumstance and
need, and to save the office of sponsor from ever being merely a formal
or perfunctory thing."

_The Ring in Marriage._--"The use of the wedding-ring was probably
adopted by the early Church from the marriage customs which were
familiar to Christians in their previous life as Jews or heathen."  A
ring, or something equivalent, seems to have been given at marriage by
the man to the woman from patriarchal days.  The ancient custom of the
Church was for the bridegroom to place the {115} ring upon the thumb of
the bride, saying, "In the Name of the Father"; then upon the second
finger, saying, "and of the Son"; then upon the third finger, saying,
"and of the Holy Ghost"; and then upon the fourth finger, saying,
"Amen."  "It was an old belief that a particular vein proceeded from
the fourth finger to the heart."  The ring, being of gold, and having
neither beginning nor end, is not only a "token and pledge" of the vow
and covenant made in marriage, but is also a symbol of the purity and
unbroken constancy with which they should be "surely performed and
kept."

_Observance of the Church Year._--The Church Year was a very natural
development for the early Christians, familiar with the great annual
festivals of the ancient Jewish Church.  By a series of anniversaries
and holy-days, with suitable services, the different seasons of the
year were in like manner made to serve a Christian purpose.  Time as it
passes thus becomes a perpetual memorial of the events of our Saviour's
life, and of the work and virtue of the Apostles and other saints.

The year is divided into eight great seasons: Advent, Christmas-tide,
Epiphany-tide, Lent, Easter-tide, Ascension-tide, Whitsuntide, and the
Trinity season.  Of these Whitsuntide is the shortest, {116} lasting
but one week.  The Trinity season, including from twenty-three to
twenty-eight weeks, is the longest.  The four greater Festivals are
Christmas, Easter, Ascension, and Whitsunday.  The penitential seasons
are Advent, preceding Christmas, and Lent, preceding Easter.  The two
great Fasts are Ash-Wednesday, at the beginning of Lent, and Good
Friday, the day of our Lord's crucifixion.  Other days of fasting and
abstinence are the forty days of Lent, all the Fridays in the year, the
Ember-days (the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday before the four stated
Times of Ordination to the holy ministry), and the Rogation-days (the
Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday before Ascension Day).

From Advent, with which the Church Year begins, to Trinity, our Lord is
set before us in His life and His work.  "We live over again, year by
year, the time of the Incarnation from Bethlehem to Bethany."  The
design is to "bring out, and to bring home to the minds and hearts of
all who shall reverently use these holy festivals and fasts, the great
representative facts of Christ's life--to exhibit and to glorify Him.
And that not in a vague, mystic, or one-sided way, but by setting Him
before us in all the majesty and beauty and completeness of His
character, from the manger to the Cross, and from {117} the Cross up to
the mediatorial throne.  Thus a complete Christ, if one may so speak,
is set before us.  All the great facts of His life are marshaled into
line and proportion; every feature and lineament of His character is
revealed and illuminated; every office He sustained in the work of
redemption is affirmed and emphasized."

In the long season from Trinity to Advent we are taught to use
practically the Faith in which we have thus been instructed, and "to
follow the blessed steps of His most holy life."

In conjunction with this teaching there is also the thankful
commemoration of "the wonderful grace and virtue declared in the saints
who have been the choice vessels of God's grace and the lights of the
world in their several generations."  By a series of Saints'-days
distributed throughout the year, and falling one or two in each month,
we are kept in mind of how we are "knit together" with the blessed
saints "in one communion and fellowship in the mystical body of Christ
our Lord," and are called to follow "the example of their steadfastness
in the faith and obedience to God's holy commandments."  There are days
dedicated to the memory of the Blessed Virgin; the Apostles; the
Baptist as the precursor, and St. Stephen as the {118} protomartyr; to
St. Mark and St. Luke as Evangelists; to St. Paul and St. Barnabas on
account of their extraordinary call; to the Holy Innocents as the
earliest who suffered for Christ's sake; to St. Michael and All Angels,
to remind us of the benefits received by the ministry of angels; and to
All Saints, as the memorial of all those who have died in the faith.

The advantages of thus making days and seasons the ever-recurring
memorials of our Saviour, and of the virtue and example of the saints,
are evident.  Each year brings to mind the facts of our Lord's life and
the great doctrines which He taught.  Not a single essential truth of
the Gospel is allowed to fall into practical neglect or to drift into
forgetfulness.  We are reminded to continue steadfast in this Faith and
to live by it, and are instructed and encouraged in so doing by the
example of the saints whose rest is won.

  "And when the strife is fierce, the warfare long,
  Steals on the ear the distant triumph-song,
  And hearts are brave again, and arms are strong.
            Alleluia."




{119}

_List of Books for Reference_


"Stones of the Temple."  Field.

"Our Parish Church."  Baring-Gould.

"The Spiritual House."  Huntington.

"Manual of Information."  Shinn.

"Hints on Church Furnishing," etc.  "The Living Church Quarterly," 1892.

"Symbolism in Christian Art."  Hulme.

"Christian Iconography."  Didron.

"History of Christian Art."  Lindsay.

"Art Teaching of the Primitive Church."  Tyrwhit.

"Christian Art and Symbolism."  Tyrwhit.

"History of Medieval Art."  Reber.

"Signs and Symbols."  "The Churchman," 1895.

"Our Mother Church."  Mercier.

"Calendar of the Prayer-Book."  Parker & Co., London.

{120}

"Red-Letter Saints."  S. P. C. K.

"Sacred and Legendary Art."  Jameson.

"Dictionary of Art."  Adelene.

"Pagan and Christian Rome."  Lanciani.

"History of the Church Catholic."  Hore.

"Handbook of Christian Symbols."  Clement.

"Dictionary of Heraldry."  Coats.

"English Heraldry."  Boutell.

"Handbook of Heraldry."  Cussan.

"Church Decoration."  French.

"Church Decoration."  Frederick Warne & Co., London.

"Folk-Lore of Plants."  Dyer.

"Sacred Trees and Flowers."  "London Quarterly Review," 1863, vol. cxiv.

"Annotated Book of Common Prayer."  Blunt.

"The Prayer-Book."  Daniel.

"Parish Lectures on the Prayer-Book."  Snively.

"Notes on the Use of the Prayer-Book."  Hall.

"The Congregation in Church."  Mowbray & Co., London.

"Church Needlework."  Lambert.

"Embroidery for Church Guilds."  Woodward.

"Church Vestments."  Dolby.

"Vestiarum Christianum."  Harriott.

"Ecclesiastical Vestments."  Macalister.




{121}

Index

                                     PAGE

  Agnus Dei  . . . . . . . . . . . .   68
  Alb  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  108
  Almond . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   79
  Alms-basin . . . . . . . . . . . .   39
  Alpha and Omega  . . . . . . . . .   69
  Altar  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   38
  Altar-cloth  . . . . . . . . . . .   38
  Altar-cross  . . . . . . . . . . .   38
  Altar-desk . . . . . . . . . . . .   39
  Altar-vessels  . . . . . . . . . .   39
  Amice  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  109
  Anchor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   77
  Angelic figures  . . . . . . . . .   87
  Apostles, symbols of . . . . . . .   85

  Baptism  . . . . . . .  13, 76, 99, 100
  Baptismal shell  . . . . . . . . .   42
  Baptistery . . . . . . . . . . . .   42
  Bells  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   19
  Biretta  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  112
  Bishop's Chair . . . . . . . . . .   48
     "     Throne  . . . . . . . . .   49
  Bowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  105
  Burial of the Dead . . . . . .  14, 102
  Burse  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   40

  Candlestick, seven-branched  . . .   74
  Candlesticks . . . . . . . . . . .   38
  Cassock  . . . . . .   . . . . . .  107
  Chair, Bishop's  . . . . . . . . .   48
  Chalice  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   39
     "    veil . . . . . . . . . . .   40
  Chancel  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   25
  Chasuble . . . . . . . . . . .  62, 109
  Chi Rho  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   72
  Chi Rho and N  . . . . . . . . . .   72
  Chi Rho Sigma  . . . . . . .   . .   73
  Choir  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   26
  Church, the building . . . . . . .   11
    "     dedication of  . . . . . .   12
    "     consecrated  . . . . 11, 13, 15
    "     open . . . . . . . . . . .   15
  Church Year  . . . . . . . . . . .  115
  Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   62
  Circles, interlacing . . . . . . .   65
  Circles and triangle . . . . . . .   66
  Colors, symbolism and use  . . . .   88
  Confirmation . . . . . . . . . . .  101
  Constantine  . . . . . . . . . . .   71
  Cope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  111
  Corporal . . . . . . . . . . . . .   40
  Credence . . . . . . . . . . . . .   39
  Cross, the . . . . . . . . . . . .   52
    "    legend of tree of . . . . .   52
    "    legend of finding . . . . .   55
    "    Latin . . . . . . . . . . .   55
    "    Calvary . . . . . . . . . .   56
    "    Greek . . . . . . . . . . .   56
    "    tau . . . . . . . . . . . .   56
    "    St. Anthony's . . . . . . .   57
    "    potent  . . . . . . . . . .   57
    "    Jerusalem . . . . . . . . .   57
    "    heraldic  . . . . . . . . .   58
    "    moline  . . . . . . . . . .   58
    "    recercele . . . . . . . . .   58
    "    bottone . . . . . . . . . .   59
    "    trefle  . . . . . . . . . .   59
    "    patonce . . . . . . . . . .   59
    "    flory . . . . . . . . . . .   59
    "    pommee  . . . . . . . . . .   59
    "    crosslet  . . . . . . . . 59, 60
    "    fitche  . . . . . . . . . 59, 60
    "    patte . . . . . . . . . . .   60
    "    Maltese . . . . . . . . . .   60
    "    floriated . . . . . . . . .   60
    "    Irish . . . . . . . . . . .   61
    "    St. Andrew's  . . . . . . .   62
    "    Canterbury  . . . . . .  62, 109
    "    the Altar . . . . . . . . .   38
    "    the sign of the . . . . . .  112
  Crown  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   77
    "   of thorns  . . . . . . . . .   76
  Cruciform shape  . . . . . . . . .   18
  Cruets . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   39
  Customs, devout  . . . . . . . . .  103

  Dalmatic . . . . . . . . . . . . .  110
  Dossal . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   39
  Dove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   75

  Eagle  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 85
    "   lectern  . . . . . . . . . .   45
  Episcopal habit  . . . . . . . . .  111
  Evangelists, symbols of  . . . . .   83
  Evening Prayer, the  . . . . . . 27, 96
  Ewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   42

  Fair linen . . . . . . . . . . . .   40
  Father Almighty, symbols of  . . .   66
  Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   70
  Fishes, interlaced . . . . . . . .   76
  Flagon . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   39
  Floriated cross  . . . . . . . . .   60
  Flowers, symbolism of  . . . . . .   78
  Font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   41
  Frontal  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   38
  Fylfot . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   60

  Good Shepherd  . . . . . . . . . .   68
  Grapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   78
  Greek cross  . . . . . . . . . . .   56

  Hand, of God . . . . . . . . . . 66, 67
  Heraldic crosses . . . . . . . . .   58
  Holy Communion, the  .  28, 32, 97, 101
  Holy Ghost, symbols of . . . . . .   74
  Hoods  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  112
  How to use Prayer-Book . . . . . .   92

  IHS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   73
  Incense  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   90
  I. N. R. I.  . . . . . . . . . . .   74
  Iota Chi . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 74
  Iota Eta Sigma . . . . . . . . . .   73
  Iota Sigma Chi Sigma . . . . . . .   74
  Irish cross  . . . . . . . . . . .   61

  Jerusalem cross  . . . . . . . . .   57

  Kneeling . . . . . . . . . . . . .  104

  Lamb of God  . . . . . . . . . . .   68
  Lamps, seven burning . . . . . . .   74
  Latin cross  . . . . . . . . . . .   55
  Laurel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   80
  Lectern  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   44
  Lessons  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   44
  Lights, symbolism of . . . . . . .   90
  Lily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   81
  Lion, winged . . . . . . . . 83, 84, 85
  Litany . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 96
  Litany-desk  . . . . . . . . . . 22, 48

  Maltese cross  . . . . . . . . . .   60
  Man, winged  . . . . . . . . 83, 84, 85
  Maniple  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  109
  Matrimony  . . . . . . . . 14, 101, 114
  Mitre  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  112
  Monogram of "Christ" . . . . 71, 72, 73
  Monogram of "our Christ" . . . . .   72
  Monogram of "Jesus"  . . . . . . 71, 73
  Monogram of "Jesus Christ" . . . 73, 74
  Morning Prayer, the  . . . . 27, 93, 95

  Nails of crucifixion . . . . . . .   76
  Name and triangle  . . . . . . . 66, 67
  Nave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   21

  Oak  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   80
  Olive  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   79
  Ox, winged . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 85

  Pall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   40
  Palm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   79
  Passion-flower . . . . . . . . . .   83
  Paten  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   39
  Pelican  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   70
  Pentalpha  . . . . . . . . . . . .   69
  Phoenix  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   77
  Plants, symbolism of . . . . . . .   78
  Pomegranate  . . . . . . . . . . .   80
  Pulpit . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   45
  Purificator  . . . . . . . . . . .   40

  Reredos  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   38
  Retable  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   38
  Ring in marriage . . . . . . . . .  114
  Rose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   81

  St. Anthony  . . . . . . . . . . .   57
  St. Boniface . . . . . . . . . . .   80
  St. Stephen  . . . . . . . . . . .   87
  Sanctuary  . . . . . . . . . . . .   30
  Shell, baptismal . . . . . . . . .   42
    "    escallop  . . . . . . . . 76, 85
  Sign of Cross  . . . . . . . . . .  112
  Spire  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   18
  Sponsors . . . . . . . . . . . . .  113
  Staff, Bishop's  . . . . . . . . .  112
  Stalls, choir and clergy . . . . .   47
  Standing . . . . . . . . . . . . .  104
  Star . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   69
  Stole  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  108
  Superfrontal . . . . . . . . . . .   38
  Surplice . . . . . . . . . . . . .  108
  Symbols of Apostles  . . . . . . .   85
  Symbols of Evangelists . . . . . .   83
  Symbols of the Father Almighty . .   66
  Symbols of the Holy Ghost  . . . .   74
  Symbols of the Holy Trinity  . . .   63
  Symbols of our Lord  . . . . . . .   66
  Symbols, use of  . . . . . . . . .   51

  Tau-cross  . . . . . . . . . . . .   56
  Tetramorph . . . . . . . . . . . .   85
  Threefold arrangement  . . . . . .   63
  Throne . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   49
  Transepts  . . . . . . . . . . . .   24
  Trefoil  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   63
     "    under triangle . . . . . 63, 64
  Triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . .   63
     "     and circles . . . . . . 65, 66
  Triangles, intersected . . . . . 63, 64
  Trinity, symbols of  . . . . . . .   63
  Triquetra  . . . . . . . . . . . .   64
  Tunicle  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  110
  Turning to east  . . . . . . . . .  106

  Usages . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  103

  Vases  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   38
  Vesica . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   70
  Vestments  . . . . . . . . . . . .  107
      "     meaning of . . . . . . .  111
  Vine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   78

  Wheat  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   78
  Worship  . . . . . . . . . . . . .    7
  Wreath . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   77



***