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THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS,

by

C. G. ADDISON ESQE.

Barrister at Law







[Illustration]

THIRD EDITION.

London,
Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
Paternoster Row, 1852.



[Illustration: THE ADMISSION OF A NOVICE TO THE VOWS OF THE ORDER OF
THE TEMPLE]




PREFACE

TO THE FIRST EDITION.


Having some years ago, during a pilgrimage to the Holy City of
Jerusalem, gained admission to the courts of the ancient Temple of the
Knights Templars, which still exists on Mount Moriah in a perfect state
of preservation as a Mussulman Mosque, and having visited many of the
ruined fortresses and castles of the ancient order of the Temple, whose
shattered walls are still to be seen at intervals in Palestine and in
Syria, from Gaza to Antioch, and from the mountains of the Dead Sea to
the shores of the Mediterranean, I naturally became greatly interested
in the history of the order, and in the numerous remains and memorials
of the Knights Templars still to be met with in various stages of decay
and ruin in almost every part of Europe. The recent restoration of the
Temple Church at London, the most beautiful and the best preserved of
all the ancient ecclesiastical edifices of the western provinces of the
Temple, first suggested to me the idea of writing a short historical
account of the varied fortunes of that great religious and military
fraternity of knights and monks by whom it was erected, and of their
dark and terrible end.

Born during the first fervour of the Crusaders, the Templars were
flattered and aggrandized as long as their great military power
and religious fanaticism could be made available for the support of
the Eastern church and the retention of the Holy Land; but when the
crescent had ultimately triumphed over the cross, and the religious and
military enthusiasm of Christendom had died away, they encountered the
basest ingratitude in return for the services they had rendered to the
Christian faith, and were plundered, persecuted, and condemned to a
cruel death by those who ought in justice to have been their defenders
and supporters.

The memory of these holy warriors is embalmed in all our recollections
of the wars of the cross; they were the bulwarks of the Latin kingdom
of Jerusalem during the short period of its existence, and were the
last band of Europe's host that contended for the possession of
Palestine. To the vows of the monk and the austere life of the convent,
they added the discipline of the camp, and the stern duties of the
military life, joining "the fine vocation of the sword and lance"
with the holy zeal and body-bending toil of a poor brotherhood. The
vulgar notion that they were as wicked as they were fearless and brave,
has not yet been entirely exploded; but it is hoped that the copious
account of the proceedings against the order in this country given
in the ensuing volume, will dispel many unfounded prejudices still
entertained against the fraternity, and excite emotions of admiration
for their constancy and courage, and of pity for their unmerited and
cruel fate.

The accounts, even of the best of the ancient historians concerning the
Templars ought not to be implicitly relied upon. William of Tyre, for
instance, tells us that Nassr-ed-deen, son of sultan Abbas, was taken
prisoner by the Templars, and whilst in their hands became a convert to
Christianity; that he had learned the rudiments of the Latin language,
and earnestly sought to be baptized, but that the Templars were bribed
with sixty thousand pieces of gold to surrender him to his enemies in
Egypt, where certain death awaited him; and that they stood by to see
him bound hand and foot with chains, and placed in an iron cage, to
be conducted across the desert to Cairo. The Arabian historians, on
the other hand, tell us that Nassr-ed-deen and his father murdered the
caliph, threw his body into a well, and then fled into Palestine; that
the sister of the murdered caliph wrote immediately to the commander
of the garrison of the Knights Templars at Gaza, offering a handsome
reward for the capture of the fugitives; that they were accordingly
intercepted, and Nassr-ed-deen was sent to Cairo, where the female
relations of the caliph caused his body to be cut into small pieces in
the seraglio! The above act has constantly been made a matter of grave
accusation against the Templars; but what a different complexion does
the case assume on the testimony of the Arabian authorities! It must
be remembered that William, archbishop of Tyre, was hostile to the
order on account of its vast powers and privileges, and carried his
complaints to a general council of the Church at Rome. He is abandoned,
in everything that he says to the prejudice of the fraternity, by
James of Vitry, bishop of Acre, a learned and most talented prelate,
who wrote in Palestine subsequently to William of Tyre, and has copied
largely from the history of the latter. The bishop of Acre speaks
of the Templars in the highest terms, and declares that they were
universally loved by all men for their piety and humility.

The celebrated orientalist Von Hammer has recently brought forward
various extraordinary and unfounded charges, destitute of all
authority, against the Templars; and Wilcke, who has written a
German history of the order, seems to have imbibed all the vulgar
prejudices against the fraternity. I might have added to the interest
of the ensuing work, by making the Templars horrible and atrocious
villains; but I have endeavoured to write a fair and impartial account
of the order, not slavishly adopting everything I find detailed in
ancient writers, but such matters only as I believe, after a careful
examination of the best authorities, to be true.




PREFACE

TO THE THIRD EDITION.


The favourable reception given to the first edition of the ensuing
work, and the interest that was taken in the extraordinary and romantic
career of the Knights Templars, induced me to publish a second edition
greatly enlarged, and to introduce various collateral matters of an
antiquarian and local character, interesting only to a comparatively
small number of readers. This enlarged edition having been exhausted,
it occurred to me, in preparing a third edition for the press, that
the work might be materially shortened and reduced in price without
in anywise detracting from its value and interest as a record of the
chief events of one of the most remarkable and interesting periods of
history, and of the extraordinary and romantic achievements of the
first and most ancient of the great religio-military orders of knights
and monks established during the crusades.

The dry matters of detail, of local and partial interest, which
interfered with the continuity of the main narrative, have been struck
out of the body of the work, and the more striking incidents of the
history have been thus brought into greater prominence. The long Latin
and French extracts from the old chronicles have also been discarded
from the notes, but the historical references have been preserved to
enable the reader, if he thinks fit, to study the quaint and curious
language of the originals. By these means, and by enlarging the size of
the page, the work has been compressed into a smaller compass, and the
price reduced nearly one half.

It is hoped that these alterations will be found to be improvements.

_Inner Temple, December 8, 1851._




CONTENTS.


 CHAPTER I.

 The pilgrimages to Jerusalem--Origin of the Templars--The
    dangers to which pilgrims were exposed--The formation
    of the brotherhood of the poor fellow-soldiers of
    Jesus Christ to protect them--Their location in
    the Temple--A description of the Temple--Origin of
    the name Templars--Hugh de Payens chosen Master of
    the Temple--Is sent to Europe by King Baldwin--Is
    introduced to the Pope--The assembling of the Council
    of Troyes--The formation of a rule for the government
    of the Templars--The most curious parts of the rule
    displayed--The confirmation of the rule by the
    Pope--The visit of Hugh de Payens, the Master of
    the Temple, to England--His cordial reception--The
    foundation of the Order in this country--Lands and
    money granted to the Templars--Their popularity in
    Europe--The rapid increase of their fraternity--St.
    Bernard takes up the pen in their behalf--He displays
    their valour and piety                                      _Page_ 5


 CHAPTER II.

 Hugh de Payens returns to Palestine--His death--Robert de
    Craon made Master--Success of the Infidels--The second
    Crusade--The Templars assume the Red Cross--Their
    gallant actions and high discipline--Lands, manors, and
    churches granted them in England--Bernard de Tremelay
    made Master--He is slain by the Infidels--Bertrand de
    Blanquefort made Master--He is taken prisoner, and
    sent in chains to Aleppo--The Pope writes letters in
    praise of the Templars--Their religious and military
    enthusiasm--Their war banner called _Beauseant_--The
    rise of the rival religio-military order of the
    Hospital of St. John--The contests between Saladin and
    the Templars--The vast privileges of the Templars--The
    publication of the bull, _omne datum optimum_--The Pope
    declares himself the immediate Bishop of the entire
    Order--The Master of the Temple is taken prisoner,
    and dies in a dungeon--Saladin's great success--The
    Christians purchase a truce--The Master of the Temple
    and the Patriarch Heraclius proceed to England for
    succour--The consecration of the TEMPLE CHURCH AT
    LONDON                                                            24


 CHAPTER III.

 The Temple at London--The vast possessions of the Templars
    in England--The territorial divisions of the order--The
    different preceptories in this country--The privileges
    conferred on the Templars by the kings of England--The
    Masters of the Temple at London--Their power and
    importance                                                        44


 CHAPTER IV.

 The Patriarch Heraclius quarrels with the king of
    England--He returns to Palestine without succour--The
    disappointment and gloomy forebodings of the
    Templars--They prepare to resist Saladin--Their defeat
    and slaughter--The valiant deeds of the Marshal
    of the Temple--The fatal battle of Tiberias--The
    captivity of the Grand Master and the true
    cross--The captive Templars are offered the Koran or
    death--They choose the latter, and are beheaded--The
    fall of Jerusalem--The Moslems take possession of
    the Temple--They purify it with rose-water, say
    prayers, and hear a sermon--The Templars retire to
    Antioch--Their letters to the king of England and the
    Master of the Temple at London--Their exploits at the
    siege of Acre                                                     68


 CHAPTER V.

 Richard Coeur de Lion joins the Templars before Acre--The
    city surrenders, and the Templars establish the chief
    house of their order within it--Coeur de Lion takes up
    his abode with them--He sells to them the island of
    Cyprus--The Templars form the van of his army--Their
    foraging expeditions and exploits--Coeur de Lion quits
    the Holy Land in the disguise of a Knight Templar--The
    Templars build the Pilgrim's Castle in Palestine--The
    exploits of the Templars in Egypt--The letters of the
    Grand Master to the Master of the Temple at London--The
    Templars reconquer Jerusalem--The state of the order in
    England--King John resides in the Temple at London--The
    barons come to him at that place, and demand MAGNA
    CHARTA--Consecration of the nave or oblong portion of
    the Temple Church at London                                      129


 CHAPTER VI.

 The conquest of Jerusalem by the Carizmians--The
    slaughter of the Templars, and the death of the Grand
    Master--Rise and progress of the Comans--They are
    defeated and destroyed by the Templars--The exploits
    of the Templars in Egypt--King Louis of France visits
    the Templars in Palestine--He assists them in putting
    the country into a defensible state--Henry III.,
    king of England, visits the Temple at Paris--The
    magnificent hospitality of the Templars in England
    and France--Bendoedar, sultan of Egypt, invades
    Palestine--He defeats the Templars, takes their
    strong fortresses, and decapitates six hundred of
    their brethren--The Grand Master comes to England for
    succour--The renewal of the war--The fall of Acre--The
    Templars establish their head-quarters in the island
    of Cyprus--Their alliance with the king of Persia--The
    reconquest of Jerusalem--The desolation of the Holy
    Land--The final extinction of the Templars in Palestine
                                                                     180


 CHAPTER VII.

 The downfall of the Templars--The cause thereof--The
    Grand Master comes to Europe at the request of the
    Pope--He is imprisoned, with all the Templars in
    France, by command of king Philip--They are put to
    the torture, and confessions of the guilt of heresy
    and idolatry are extracted from them--Edward III.,
    king of England, stands up in defence of the Templars,
    but afterwards persecutes them at the instance of the
    Pope--The imprisonment of the Master of the Temple
    and all his brethren in England--Their examination
    upon eighty-seven horrible and ridiculous articles
    of accusation before foreign inquisitors appointed
    by the Pope--A council of the church assembles at
    London to pass sentence upon them--The curious
    evidence adduced as to the mode of admission into
    the order, and of the customs and observances of the
    fraternity--The Templars in France having revoked
    their rack-extorted confessions, are treated as
    relapsed heretics, and burnt at the stake--Solitary
    confinement of the Templars in England in separate
    dungeons--Torture--Confessions and recantations--The
    Master of the Temple at London dies in the Tower--The
    Grand Master is burnt at the stake--The abolition of
    the order and disposal of its property. Grant of the
    Temple at London to a body of lawyers--Introduction
    into the profession of the law of an order of knights
    and serving-brethren                                             236




INTRODUCTION.

    "Go forth to battle and employ your substance and your persons
    for the advancement of God's religion. Verily, God loveth those
    who fight for his religion in battle array."--KORAN, _chapter 56,
    entitled_ BATTLE ARRAY.

    "O Prophet, stir up the faithful to war! If twenty of you persevere
    with constancy they shall overcome two hundred, and if there be
    one hundred of you they shall overcome one thousand of those who
    believe not."--_Chapter 8, entitled_ THE SPOILS.

    "Verily, if God pleased, he could take vengeance on the unbelievers
    without your assistance, but he commandeth you to fight his battles
    that he may prove the one of you by the other; and as to those who
    fight in defence of God's true religion, God will not suffer their
    works to perish."--KORAN, _chapter 47, entitled_ WAR.


To be propagated by the sword was a vital principle of Mahommedanism.
War against infidels for the establishment and extension of the faith
was commanded by the Prophet, and the solemn injunction became hallowed
and perpetuated by success.

A century after the death of Mahomet, the Moslems had extended their
religion and their arms from India to the Atlantic Ocean; they had
subdued and converted, by the power of the sword, Persia and Egypt,
and all the north of Africa, from the mouth of the Nile to the extreme
western boundary of that vast continent; they overran Spain, invaded
France, and turning their footsteps towards Italy they entered the
kingdoms of Naples and Genoa, threatened Rome, and subjected the
island of Sicily to the laws and the religion of their Prophet. But at
the very period when they were about to plant the Koran in the very
heart of Europe, and were advancing with rapid strides to universal
dominion, intestine dissensions broke out amongst them which undermined
their power, and Europe was released from the dread and danger of
Saracen dominion.

In the tenth century of the Christian era, however, the ferocious
and barbarous Turcomans appeared as the patrons of Mahommedanism,
and the propagators of the Koran. These were wild pastoral tribes of
shepherds and hunters, who descended from the frozen plains to the
north of the Caspian, conquered Persia, embraced the religion and the
law of Mahomet, and became united under the standard of the Prophet
into one great and powerful nation. They overran the greater part of
the Asiatic continent, destroyed the churches of the Christians and
the temples of the Pagans, and appeared (A. D. 1084) in warlike array
on the Asiatic shore of the Hellespont in front of Constantinople.
The terrified emperor Alexius sent urgent letters to the Pope and
the christian princes of Europe, exhorting them to assist him and
their common Christianity in the perilous crisis. The preachings of
Peter the hermit, and the exhortations of the Pope, forthwith aroused
Christendom; Europe was armed and precipitated upon Asia; the Turkish
power was broken; the Christian provinces of the Greek empire of
Constantinople were recovered from the grasp of the infidels; and the
Latin kingdom of Jerusalem was reared upon the ruins of the Turkish
empire of sultan Soliman. The monastic and military order of the Temple
was then called into existence for the purpose of checking the power
of the infidels, and fighting the battles of Christendom in the plains
of Asia. "Suggested by fanaticism," as Gibbon observes, but guided by
an intelligent and far reaching policy, it became the firmest bulwark
of Christianity in the East, and mainly contributed to preserve Europe
from Turkish desolation, and probably from Turkish conquest.

Many grave and improbable charges have been brought against the
Templars by monks and priests who wrote in Europe concerning events in
the Holy Land, and who regarded the vast privileges of the order with
indignation and aversion. Matthew Paris tells us that they were leagued
with the infidels, and fought pitched battles with the rival order of
Saint John; but as contemporary historians of Palestine, who describe
the exploits of the Templars, and were eye-witnesses of their career,
make no mention of such occurrences, and as no allusion is made to
them in the letters of the Pope addressed to the Grand Master of the
order of Saint John shortly after the date of these pretended battles,
I have omitted all mention of them, feeling convinced, after a careful
examination of the best authorities, that they never did take place.

At this distant day, when the times and scenes in which the Templars
acted are changed, and the deep religious fervour and warm fresh
feelings of bygone ages have given way to a cold and calculating
philosophy, we may doubt the sincerity of the military friars, exclaim
against their credulity, and deride their zeal; but when we call to
mind the hardships and fatigues, the dangers, sufferings, and death,
to which they voluntarily devoted themselves in a far distant land,
the sacrifice of personal comforts, of the ties of kindred, and of all
the endearments of domestic life, which they made without any prospect
of worldly gain or temporal advantage, for objects which they believed
to be just, and noble, and righteous, we must ever rank the generous
impulses by which they were actuated among the sublime emotions which
can influence the human character in those periods when men feel rather
than calculate, before knowledge has chilled the sensibility, or
selfish indifference hardened the heart.




THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS.




CHAPTER I.

    The pilgrimages to Jerusalem--Origin of the Templars--Their
    location in the Temple--Hugh de Payens chosen Master of the
    Temple--His introduction to the Pope--The assembling of the
    Council of Troyes--The formation of a rule for the government of
    the Templars--The most curious parts of the rule displayed--Visit
    of Hugh de Payens to England--The foundation of the Order in this
    country--Lands and money granted to the Templars--St. Bernard
    displays their valour and piety.

    "Yet 'midst her towering fanes in ruin laid,
    The pilgrim saint his murmuring vespers paid;
    'Twas his to mount the tufted rocks, and rove
    The chequer'd twilight of the olive grove;
    'Twas his to bend beneath the sacred gloom,
    And wear with many a kiss Messiah's tomb."


The natural desire of visiting those holy spots which have been
sanctified by the presence, and rendered memorable by the sufferings,
of the Son of God, drew, during the early ages of Christianity,
crowds of devout worshippers and pilgrims to Jerusalem. Among the
most illustrious and enthusiastic of the many wanderers to the Holy
City was the empress Helena, the mother of Constantine, who, with
the warm feelings of a recent conversion, visited in person every
place and every object in Palestine associated with the memory of him
who died for mankind on the blessed cross. With a holy zeal and a
lively enthusiasm, she attempted to fix by unquestionable tradition
the scene of each memorable event in the gospel narrative; and
Christendom is indebted to her for the real or pretended discovery
(about two hundred and ninety-eight years after the death of Christ)
of the Holy Sepulchre. Over this sacred monument the empress and
her son Constantine caused to be erected the magnificent church of
the Resurrection, or, as it is now called, the church of the Holy
Sepulchre; and they adorned all those places in the Holy Land which
remind us most forcibly of the earthly existence and death of Jesus
Christ, with magnificent churches and religious houses.

The example of this pious princess, and the pretended discoveries made
by her of holy relics, caused a great increase in the pilgrimages to
Jerusalem. The conquest of Palestine by the Arabians, (A. D. 637,)
stimulated rather than suppressed them; it added to the merit by
increasing the danger and difficulty of the undertaking, whilst the
enthusiasm which prompted the long and perilous journey was increased
by the natural feelings of sorrow and indignation at the loss of the
holy places, and the possession of them by the conquering infidels.
Year after year, and century after century, hundreds and thousands of
both sexes, of all ranks and every age, the monarch and the peasant,
the noble and the beggar, flocked to the shrines and the altars of
Palestine. They visited, with pious affection, Bethlehem, where the
Saviour first saw the light; they bathed in the waters of the river
Jordan, wherein he was baptized, and wept and prayed upon Mount
Calvary, where he was crucified.

On the conquest of Jerusalem by the Arabians, the security of the
christian population had been provided for in a solemn guarantee
given under the hand and seal of the caliph Omar, to Sophronius the
patriarch. One fourth of the entire city, with the church of the
Resurrection, the Holy Sepulchre, and the great Latin convent, had been
left in the hands of the Christians and the pilgrims were permitted,
on payment of a trifling tribute, freely to visit the various objects
of their regard. When the sceptre was transferred from the family of
the Abassides to the Fatimites, and the caliphs of Egypt obtained
possession of Palestine, the same mild and tolerant government was
continued. In the eleventh century, the zeal of pilgrimage had reached
its height, and the caravans of pilgrims had become so numerous as to
be styled _the armies of the Lord_. The old and the young, women and
children, flocked in crowds to Jerusalem, and in the year 1064 the
Holy Sepulchre was visited by an enthusiastic band of seven thousand
pilgrims. The year following, however, Jerusalem was conquered by the
wild Turcomans, three thousand of the citizens were massacred, and
the command over the holy city and territory was confided to the emir
Ortok, the chief of a savage pastoral tribe.

Under the iron yoke of these fierce northern strangers, the Christians
were fearfully oppressed; they were driven from their churches; divine
worship was ridiculed and interrupted; and the patriarch of the Holy
City was dragged by the hair of his head over the sacred pavement of
the church of the Resurrection, and cast into a dungeon, to extort
a ransom from the sympathy of his flock. The pilgrims who, through
innumerable perils, had reached the gates of the Holy City, were
plundered, imprisoned, and frequently massacred; a piece of gold, was
exacted as the price of admission to the holy sepulchre, and many,
unable to pay the tax, were driven by the swords of the Turcomans from
the very threshold of the object of all their hopes, the bourne of
their long pilgrimage, and were compelled to retrace their weary steps
in sorrow and anguish to their distant homes. The intelligence of these
cruelties aroused the religious chivalry of Christendom; "a nerve was
touched of exquisite feeling, and the sensation vibrated to the heart
of Europe." Then arose the wild enthusiasm of the crusades, and men of
all ranks, and even monks and priests, animated by the exhortations
of the pope and the preachings of Peter the Hermit, flew to arms,
and enthusiastically undertook "the pious and glorious enterprize" of
rescuing the holy sepulchre of Christ from the foul abominations of the
heathen.

When intelligence of the CAPTURE OF JERUSALEM by the CRUSADERS (A. D.
1099) had been conveyed to Europe, the zeal of pilgrimage blazed
forth with increased fierceness: it had gathered intensity from the
interval of its suppression by the wild Turcomans, and promiscuous
crowds of both sexes, old men and children, virgins and matrons,
thinking the road then open and the journey practicable, successively
pressed forwards towards the Holy City. The infidels had indeed been
driven out of Jerusalem, but not out of Palestine. The lofty mountains
bordering the sea coast were infested by warlike bands of fugitive
Mussulmen, who maintained themselves in various impregnable castles
and strongholds, from whence they issued forth upon the high-roads,
cut off the communication between Jerusalem and the sea-ports, and
revenged themselves for the loss of their habitations and property by
the indiscriminate pillage of all travellers. The Bedouin horsemen,
moreover, making rapid incursions from beyond the Jordan, frequently
kept up a desultory and irregular warfare in the plains; and the
pilgrims, consequently, whether they approached the Holy City by land
or by sea, were alike exposed to almost daily hostility, to plunder,
and to death.

To alleviate the dangers and distresses to which they were exposed, to
guard the honour of the saintly virgins and matrons, and to protect the
gray hairs of the venerable palmer, nine noble knights, who had greatly
distinguished themselves at the siege and capture of Jerusalem, formed
a holy brotherhood in arms, and entered into a solemn compact to aid
one another in clearing the highways, and in protecting the pilgrims
through the passes and defiles of the mountains to the Holy City.
Warmed with the religious and military fervour of the day, and animated
by the sacredness of the cause to which they had devoted their swords,
they called themselves the _Poor Fellow-soldiers of Jesus Christ_.
They renounced the world and its pleasures, and in the holy church of
the Resurrection, in the presence of the patriarch of Jerusalem, they
embraced vows of perpetual chastity, obedience, and poverty, after the
manner of monks. Uniting in themselves the two most popular qualities
of the age, devotion and valour, and exercising them in the most
popular of all enterprises, they speedily acquired a famous reputation.

At first, we are told, they had no church, and no particular place
of abode, but in the year of our Lord 1118, (nineteen years after
the conquest of Jerusalem by the Crusaders,) they had rendered such
good and acceptable service to the Christians, that Baldwin the
Second, king of Jerusalem, granted them a place of habitation within
the sacred inclosure of the Temple on Mount Moriah, amid those holy
and magnificent structures, partly erected by the Christian Emperor
Justinian, and partly built by the Caliph Omar, which were then
exhibited by the monks and priests of Jerusalem, whose restless zeal
led them to practise on the credulity of the pilgrims, and to multiply
relics and all objects likely to be sacred in their eyes, as the TEMPLE
OF SOLOMON, whence the Poor Fellow-soldiers of Jesus Christ came
thenceforth to be known by the name of "THE KNIGHTHOOD OF THE TEMPLE OF
SOLOMON."

By the Mussulmen, the site of the great Jewish temple on Mount Moriah
has always been regarded with peculiar veneration. Mahomet, in the
first year of the publication of the Koran, directed his followers,
when at prayer, to turn their faces towards it, and pilgrimages
have constantly been made to the holy spot by devout Moslems. On
the conquest of Jerusalem by the Arabians, it was the first care of
the Caliph Omar to rebuild "the Temple of the Lord." Assisted by
the principal chieftains of his army, the Commander of the Faithful
undertook the pious office of clearing the ground with his own hands,
and of tracing out the foundations of the magnificent mosque which now
crowns with its dark and swelling dome the elevated summit of Mount
Moriah.

This great house of prayer, the most holy Mussulman Temple in the world
after that of Mecca, is erected over the spot where "Solomon began
to build the house of the Lord at Jerusalem on Mount Moriah, where
the Lord appeared unto David his father, in the place that David had
prepared in the threshing-floor of Ornan the Jebusite." It remains to
this day in a state of perfect preservation, and is one of the finest
specimens of Saracenic architecture in existence. It is entered by
four spacious doorways, each door facing one of the cardinal points;
the _Bab el D'Jannat_, or gate of the garden, on the north; the _Bab
el Kebla_, or gate of prayer, on the south; the _Bab ib'n el Daoud_,
or the gate of the son of David, on the east; and the _Bab el Garbi_,
on the west. By the Arabian geographers it is called _Beit Allah_, the
house of God, also _Beit Almokaddas_, or _Beit Almacdes_, the holy
house. From it Jerusalem derives its Arabic name, _el Kods_, the holy,
_el Schereef_, the noble, and _el Mobarek_, the blessed.

The crescent had been torn down by the crusaders from the summit of
this great Mussulman Temple, and replaced by an immense golden cross,
and the edifice was consecrated to the services of the christian
religion, but retained its simple appellation of "The Temple of the
Lord." William, Archbishop of Tyre and Chancellor of the Kingdom of
Jerusalem, gives an interesting account of the building as it existed
in his time during the Latin dominion. He speaks of the splendid mosaic
work on the walls; of the Arabic characters setting forth the name of
the founder, and the cost of the undertaking; and of the famous rock
under the centre of the dome, which is to this day shown by the Moslems
as the spot whereon the destroying angel stood, "with his drawn sword
in his hand stretched out over Jerusalem."[1] This rock, he informs
us, was left exposed and uncovered for the space of fifteen years after
the conquest of the holy city by the crusaders, but was, after that
period, cased with a handsome altar of white marble, upon which the
priests daily said mass.

To the south of this holy Mussulman temple, on the extreme edge of
the summit of Mount Moriah, and resting against the modern walls of
the town of Jerusalem, stands the venerable christian church of the
Virgin, erected by the Emperor Justinian, whose stupendous foundations,
remaining to this day, fully justify the astonishing description given
of the building by Procopius. That writer informs us that in order to
get a level surface for the erection of the edifice, it was necessary,
on the east and south sides of the hill, to raise up a wall of masonry
from the valley below, and to construct a vast foundation, partly
composed of solid stone and partly of arches and pillars. The stones
were of such magnitude, that each block required to be transported in
a truck drawn by forty of the emperor's strongest oxen; and to admit
of the passage of these trucks it was necessary to widen the roads
leading to Jerusalem. The forests of Lebanon yielded their choicest
cedars for the timbers of the roof, and a quarry of variegated marble,
in the adjoining mountains, furnished the edifice with superb marble
columns.[2] The interior of this interesting structure, which still
remains at Jerusalem, after a lapse of more than thirteen centuries,
in an excellent state of preservation, is adorned with six rows of
columns, from whence spring arches supporting the cedar beams and
timbers of the roof, and at the end of the building is a round tower,
surmounted by a dome. The vast stones, the walls of masonry, and the
subterranean colonnade raised to support the south-east angle of the
platform whereon the church is erected, are truly wonderful, and may
still be seen by penetrating through a small door, and descending
several flights of steps at the south-east corner of the enclosure.
Adjoining the sacred edifice, the emperor erected hospitals, or houses
of refuge, for travellers, sick people, and mendicants of all nations,
the foundations whereof, composed of handsome Roman masonry, are still
visible on either side of the southern end of the building.

On the conquest of Jerusalem by the Moslems, this venerable church
was converted into a mosque, and was called _D'Jame al Acsa_; it was
enclosed, together with the great Mussulman Temple of the Lord erected
by the Caliph Omar, within a large area by a high stone wall, which
runs around the edge of the summit of Mount Moriah, and guards from
the profane tread of the unbeliever the whole of that sacred ground
whereon once stood the gorgeous temple of the wisest of kings. When the
Holy City was taken by the crusaders, the _D'Jame al Acsa_, with the
various buildings constructed around it, became the property of the
kings of Jerusalem: and is denominated by William of Tyre "the palace,"
or "royal house to the south of the Temple of the Lord, vulgarly called
the TEMPLE OF SOLOMON." It was this edifice or temple on Mount Moriah
which was appropriated to the poor fellow-soldiers of Jesus Christ, as
they had no _church_ and no particular place of abode, and from it they
derived their name of Knights Templars.[3] The canons of the Temple
of the Lord conceded to them the large court extending between that
building and the Temple of Solomon; the king, the patriarch, and the
prelates of Jerusalem, and the barons of the Latin kingdom, assigned
them various gifts and revenues for their maintenance and support, and
the order being now settled in a regular place of abode, the knights
soon began to entertain more extended views, and to seek a larger
theatre for the exercise of their holy profession.

Their first aim and object had been, as before mentioned, simply to
protect the poor pilgrims, on their journey backwards and forwards,
from the sea-coast to Jerusalem; but as the hostile tribes of
Mussulmen, which everywhere surrounded the Latin kingdom, were
gradually recovering from the terror into which they had been plunged
by the successful and exterminating warfare of the first crusaders,
and were assuming an aggressive and threatening attitude, it was
determined that the holy warriors of the Temple should, in addition to
the protection of pilgrims, make the defence of the christian kingdom
of Jerusalem, of the eastern church, and of all the holy places, a part
of their particular profession. The two most distinguished members of
the fraternity were Hugh de Payens and Geoffrey de St. Aldemar, or St.
Omer, two valiant soldiers of the cross, who had fought with great
credit and renown at the siege of Jerusalem. Hugh de Payens was chosen
by the knights to be the superior of the new religious and military
society, by the title of "The Master of the Temple;" and he has,
consequently, generally been called the founder of the order.

Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, foreseeing that great advantages would
accrue to the Latin kingdom by the increase of the power and numbers of
these holy warriors, despatched two Knights Templars to St. Bernard,
the holy Abbot of Clairvaux, with a letter, telling him that the
Templars whom the Lord had deigned to raise up, and whom in a wonderful
manner he preserved for the defence of Palestine, desired to obtain
from the Holy See the confirmation of their institution, and a rule
for their particular guidance, and beseeching him "to obtain from the
Pope the approbation of their order, and to induce his holiness to send
succour and subsidies against the enemies of the faith."[4] Shortly
afterwards Hugh de Payens himself proceeded to Rome, accompanied by
Geoffrey de St. Aldemar, and four other brothers of the order, who
were received with great honour and distinction by Pope Honorius. A
great ecclesiastical council was assembled at Troyes, (A. D. 1128,)
which Hugh de Payens and his brethren were invited to attend, and the
rules to which the Templars had subjected themselves being there
described, the holy Abbot of Clairvaux undertook the task of revising
and correcting them, and of forming a code of statutes fit and proper
for the governance of the great religious and military fraternity of
the Temple.


Regula Pauperum Commilitonum Christi et Templi Salomonis.

"THE RULE OF THE POOR FELLOW SOLDIERS OF JESUS CHRIST AND OF THE TEMPLE
OF SOLOMON," arranged by St. Bernard, and sanctioned by the Holy
Fathers of the Council of Troyes, for the government and regulation
of the monastic and military society of the Temple, is principally
of a religious character, and of an austere and gloomy cast. It is
divided into seventy-two heads or chapters, and is preceded by a short
prologue, addressed "to all who disdain to follow after their own
wills, and desire with purity of mind to fight for the most high and
true king," exhorting them to put on the armour of obedience, and to
associate themselves together with piety and humility for the defence
of the holy catholic church; and to employ a pure diligence, and a
steady perseverance in the exercise of their sacred profession, so that
they might share in the happy destiny reserved for the holy warriors
who had given up their lives for Christ.

The rule enjoins severe devotional exercises, self-mortification,
fasting, and prayer, and a constant attendance at matins, vespers, and
on all the services of the church, that "being refreshed and satisfied
with heavenly food, instructed and stablished with heavenly precepts,
after the consummation of the divine mysteries," none might be afraid
of the _fight_, but be prepared for the _crown_. The following extracts
from this rule may be read with interest.

"VIII. In one common hall, or refectory, we will that you take meat
together, where, if your wants cannot be made known by signs, ye are
softly and privately to ask for what you want. If at any time the thing
you require is not to be found, you must seek it with all gentleness,
and with submission and reverence to the board, in remembrance of the
words of the apostle, _Eat thy bread in silence_, and in emulation of
the psalmist, who says, _I have set a watch upon my mouth_; that is,
I have communed with myself that I may not offend, that is, with my
tongue; that is, I have guarded my mouth, that I may not speak evil.

"XI. Two and two ought in general to eat together, that one may have an
eye upon another....

"XVII. After the brothers have once departed from the hall to bed, it
must not be permitted any one to speak in public, except it be upon
urgent necessity. But whatever is spoken must be said in an under tone
by the knight to his esquire. Perchance, however, in the interval
between prayers and sleep, it may behove you, from urgent necessity, no
opportunity having occurred during the day, to speak on some military
matter, or concerning the state of your house, with some portion of
the brethren, or with the Master, or with him to whom the government
of the house has been confided: this, then, we order to be done in
conformity with that which hath been written: _In many words thou shalt
not avoid sin;_ and in another place, _Life and death are in the hands
of the tongue._ In that discourse, therefore, we utterly prohibit
scurrility and idle words moving unto laughter, and on going to bed, if
any one among you hath uttered a foolish saying, we enjoin him, in all
humility, and with purity of devotion, to repeat the Lord's Prayer.

"XX. ... To all the professed knights, both in winter and summer, we
give, if they can be procured, WHITE GARMENTS, that those who have cast
behind them a dark life may know that they are to commend themselves
to their Creator by a pure and white life. For what is whiteness but
perfect chastity, and chastity is the security of the soul and the
health of the body. And unless every knight shall continue chaste, he
shall not come to perpetual rest, nor see God, as the apostle Paul
witnesseth: _Follow after peace with all men, and chastity, without
which no man shall see God_....

"XXI. ... Let all the esquires and retainers be clothed in _black_
garments: but if such cannot be found, let them have what can be
procured in the province where they live, so that they be of one
colour, and such as is of a meaner character, viz. brown.

"XXII. It is granted to none to wear WHITE habits, or to have WHITE
mantles, excepting the above-named knights of Christ.

"XXXVII. We will not that gold or silver, which is the mark of private
wealth, should ever be seen on your bridles, breastplates, or spurs,
nor should it be permitted to any brother to buy such. If, indeed, such
like furniture shall have been charitably bestowed upon you, the gold
and silver must be so , that its splendour and beauty may not
impart to the wearer an appearance of arrogance beyond his fellows.

"XLI. It is in no wise lawful for any of the brothers to receive
letters from his parents, or from any man, or to send letters, without
the license of the Master, or of the procurator. After the brother
shall have had leave, they must be read in the presence of the Master,
if it so pleaseth him. If, indeed, anything whatever shall have been
directed to him from his parents, let him not presume to receive it
until information has been first given to the Master. But in this
regulation the Master and the procurators of the houses are not
included.

"XLII. We forbid, and we resolutely condemn, all tales related by
any brother, of the follies and irregularities of which he hath been
guilty in the world, or in military matters, either with his brother
or with any other man. It shall not be permitted him to speak with his
brother of the irregularities of other men, nor of the delights of the
flesh with miserable women; and if by chance he should hear another
discoursing of such things, he shall make him silent, or with the swift
foot of obedience he shall depart from him as soon as he is able, and
shall lend not the ear of the heart to the vender of idle tales.

"XLIII. If any gift shall be made to a brother, let it be taken to the
Master or the treasurer. If, indeed, his friend or his parent will
consent to make the gift only on condition that he useth it himself,
he must not receive it until permission hath been obtained from the
Master. And whosoever shall have received a present, let it not grieve
him if it be given to another. Yea, let him know assuredly, that if he
be angry at it, he striveth against God.

"XLVI. We are all of opinion that none of you should dare to follow
the sport of catching one bird with another: for it is not agreeable
unto religion for you to be addicted unto worldly delights, but rather
willingly to hear the precepts of the Lord, constantly to kneel down to
prayer, and daily to confess your sins before God with sighs and tears.
Let no brother, for the above especial reason, presume to go forth with
a man following such diversions with a hawk, or with any other bird.

"XLVII. Forasmuch as it becometh all religion to behave decently and
humbly without laughter, and to speak sparingly but sensibly, and not
in a loud tone, we specially command and direct every professed brother
that he venture not to shoot in the woods either with a long-bow or a
cross-bow; and for the same reason, that he venture not to accompany
another who shall do the like, except it be for the purpose of
protecting him from the perfidious infidel; neither shall he dare to
halloo, or to talk to a dog, nor shall he spur his horse with a desire
of securing the game.

"LI. Under Divine Providence, as we do believe, this new kind of
religion was introduced by you in the holy places, that is to say, the
union of WARFARE with RELIGION, so that religion, being armed, maketh
her way by the sword, and smiteth the enemy without sin. Therefore we
do rightly adjudge, since ye are called KNIGHTS OF THE TEMPLE, that for
your renowned merit, and especial gift of godliness, ye ought to have
lands and men, and possess husbandmen and justly govern them, and the
customary services ought to be specially rendered unto you.

"LV. We permit you to have married brothers in this manner, if such
should seek to participate in the benefit of your fraternity; let
both the man and his wife grant, from and after their death, their
respective portions of property, and whatever more they acquire in
after life, to the unity of the common chapter; and, in the interim,
let them exercise an honest life, and labour to do good to the
brethren: but they are not permitted to appear in the white habit and
white mantle. If the husband dies first, he must leave his portion of
the patrimony to the brethren, and the wife shall have her maintenance
out of the residue, and let her depart therewith; for we consider it
most improper that such women should remain in one and the same house
with the brethren who have promised chastity unto God.

"LVI. It is moreover exceedingly dangerous to join sisters with you in
your holy profession, for the ancient enemy hath drawn many away from
the right path to paradise through the society of women: therefore,
dear brothers, that the flower of righteousness may always flourish
amongst you, let this custom from henceforth be utterly done away with.

"LXIV. The brothers who are journeying through different provinces
should observe the rule, so far as they are able, in their meat
and drink, and let them attend to it in other matters, and live
irreproachably, that they may get a good name out of doors. Let them
not tarnish their religious purpose either by word or deed; let them
afford to all with whom they may be associated, an example of wisdom,
and a perseverance in all good works. Let him with whom they lodge be
a man of the best repute, and, if it be possible, let not the house of
the host on that night be without a light, lest the dark enemy (from
whom God preserve us) should find some opportunity.

"LXVIII. Care must be taken that no brother, powerful or weak, strong
or feeble, desirous of exalting himself, becoming proud by degrees,
or defending his own fault, remain unchastened. If he showeth a
disposition to amend, let a stricter system of correction be added: but
if by godly admonition and earnest reasoning he will not be amended,
but will go on more and more lifting himself up with pride, then let
him be cast out of the holy flock in obedience to the apostle, _Take
away evil from among you._ It is necessary that from the society of
the Faithful Brothers the dying sheep be removed. But let the Master,
who _ought to hold the staff and the rod in his hand_, that is to say,
the staff that he may support the infirmities of the weak, and the
rod that he may with the zeal of rectitude strike down the vices of
delinquents; let him study, with the counsel of the patriarch and with
spiritual circumspection, to act so that, as blessed Maximus saith, The
sinner be not encouraged by easy lenity, nor hardened in his iniquity
by immoderate severity. LASTLY. We hold it dangerous to all religion
to gaze too much on the countenance of women; and therefore no brother
shall presume to kiss neither widow, nor virgin, nor mother, nor
sister, nor aunt, nor any other woman. Let the knighthood of Christ
shun _feminine kisses_, through which men have very often been drawn
into danger, so that each, with a pure conscience and secure life, may
be able to walk everlastingly in the sight of God."


After the confirmation by a Papal bull of the rules and statutes of
the order, Hugh de Payens proceeded to France, and from thence he came
to England, and the following account is given of his arrival, in the
Saxon chronicle. "This same year, (A. D. 1128,) Hugh of the Temple
came from Jerusalem to the king in Normandy, and the king received him
with much honour, and gave him much treasure in gold and silver, and
afterwards he sent him into England, and there he was well received
by all good men, and all gave him treasure, and in Scotland also, and
they sent in all a great sum in gold and silver by him to Jerusalem,
and there went with him and after him so great a number as never before
since the days of Pope Urban."[5] Grants of lands, as well as of money,
were at the same time made to Hugh de Payens and his brethren, some
of which were shortly afterwards confirmed by King Stephen on his
accession to the throne, (A. D. 1135.) Among these is a grant of the
manor of Bistelesham made to the Templars by Count Robert de Ferrara,
and a grant of the church of Langeforde in Bedfordshire made by Simon
de Wahull, and Sibylla his wife, and Walter their son.

Hugh de Payens, before his departure, placed a Knight Templar at the
head of the order in this country, who was called the Prior of the
Temple, and was the procurator and vicegerent of the Master. It was
his duty to manage the estates granted to the fraternity, and to
transmit the revenues to Jerusalem. He was also delegated with the
power of admitting members into the order, subject to the control and
direction of the Master, and was to provide means of transport for such
newly-admitted brethren to the far east, to enable them to fulfil the
duties of their profession. As the houses of the Temple increased in
number in England, sub-priors came to be appointed, and the superior
of the order in this country was then called the Grand Prior, and
afterwards Master of the Temple.

An astonishing enthusiasm was excited throughout Christendom in behalf
of the Templars; princes and nobles, sovereigns and their subjects,
vied with each other in heaping gifts and benefits upon them, and
scarce a will of importance was made without an article in it in their
favour. Many illustrious persons on their deathbeds took the vows, that
they might be buried in the habit of the order; and sovereign princes,
quitting the government of their kingdoms, enrolled themselves amongst
the holy fraternity, and bequeathed even their dominions to the Master
and the brethren of the Temple. St. Bernard, at the request of Hugh de
Payens, took up his powerful pen in their behalf. In a famous discourse
"In praise of the New Chivalry," the holy abbot sets forth, in eloquent
and enthusiastic terms, the spiritual advantages and blessings enjoyed
by the military friars of the Temple over all other warriors. He draws
a curious picture of the relative situations and circumstances of the
_secular_ soldiery and the soldiery of CHRIST, and shows how different
in the sight of God are the bloodshed and slaughter perpetrated by
the one, from that committed by the other. Addressing himself to the
secular soldiers he says "Ye cover your horses with silken trappings,
and I know not how much fine cloth hangs pendent from your coats of
mail. Ye paint your spears, shields, and saddles; your bridles and
spurs are adorned on all sides with gold, and silver, and gems, and
with all this pomp, with a shameful fury and a reckless insensibility,
ye rush on to death. Are these military ensigns, or are they not rather
the garnishments of women? Can it happen that the sharp-pointed sword
of the enemy will respect gold, will it spare gems, will it be unable
to penetrate the silken garment? Lastly, as ye yourselves have often
experienced, three things are indispensably necessary to the success
of the soldier; he must be bold, active, and circumspect; quick in
running, prompt in striking; ye, however, to the disgust of the eye,
nourish your hair after the manner of women, ye gather around your
footsteps long and flowing vestures, ye bury up your delicate and
tender hands in ample and wide-spreading sleeves. Among you, indeed,
nought provoketh war or awakeneth strife, but either an irrational
impulse of anger, or an insane lust of glory, or the covetous desire of
possessing another man's lands and possessions. In such causes it is
neither safe to slay nor to be slain.

"And now we will briefly display the mode of life of the Knights of
Christ, such as it is in the field and in the convent, by which means
it will be made plainly manifest to what extent the soldiery of GOD
and the soldiery of the WORLD differ from one another.... The soldiers
of Christ live together in common in an agreeable but frugal manner,
without wives, and without children; and that nothing may be wanting to
evangelical perfection, they dwell together without separate property
of any kind, in one house, under one rule, careful to preserve the
unity of the spirit in the bond of peace. You may say, that to the
whole multitude there is but one heart and one soul, as each one in
no respect followeth after his own will or desire, but is diligent to
do the will of the Master. They are never idle nor rambling abroad,
but when they are not in the field, that they may not eat their bread
in idleness, they are fitting and repairing their armour and their
clothing, or employing themselves in such occupations as the will of
the Master requireth, or their common necessities render expedient.
Among them there is no distinction of persons; respect is paid to the
best and most virtuous, not the most noble. They participate in each
other's honour, they bear one another's burthens, that they may fulfil
the law of Christ. An insolent expression, a useless undertaking,
immoderate laughter, the least murmur or whispering, if found out,
passeth not without severe rebuke. They detest cards and dice, they
shun the sports of the field, and take no delight in that ludicrous
catching of birds, (hawking,) which men are wont to indulge in.
Jesters, and soothsayers, and storytellers, scurrilous songs, shows and
games, they contemptuously despise and abominate as vanities and mad
follies. They cut their hair, knowing that, according to the apostle,
it is not seemly in a man to have long hair. They are never combed,
seldom washed, but appear rather with rough neglected hair, foul with
dust, and with skins browned by the sun and their coats of mail.
Moreover, on the approach of battle they fortify themselves with faith
within, and with steel without, and not with gold, so that armed and
not adorned, they may strike terror into the enemy, rather than awaken
his lust of plunder. They strive earnestly to possess strong and swift
horses, but not garnished with ornaments or decked with trappings,
thinking of battle and of victory, and not of pomp and show, and
studying to inspire fear rather than admiration....

"There is a Temple at Jerusalem in which they dwell together, unequal,
it is true, as a building, to that ancient and most famous one of
Solomon, but not inferior in glory. For truly, the entire magnificence
of that consisted in corrupt things, in gold and silver, in carved
stone, and in a variety of woods; but the whole beauty of this resteth
in the adornment of an agreeable conversation, in the godly devotion
of its inmates, and their beautifully-ordered mode of life. That was
admired for its various external beauties, this is venerated for its
different virtues and sacred actions, as becomes the sanctity of the
house of God, who delighteth not so much in polished marbles as in
well-ordered behaviour, and regardeth pure minds more than gilded
walls. The face likewise of this Temple is adorned with arms, not
with gems, and the wall, instead of the ancient golden chapiters, is
covered around with pendent shields. Instead of the ancient candelabra,
censers, and lavers, the house is on all sides furnished with bridles,
saddles, and lances, all which plainly demonstrate that the soldiers
burn with the same zeal for the house of God, as that which formerly
animated their great leader, when, vehemently enraged, he entered into
the Temple, and with that most sacred hand, armed not with steel,
but with a scourge which he had made of small thongs, drove out the
merchants, poured out the changers' money, and overthrew the tables of
them that sold doves; most indignantly condemning the pollution of the
house of prayer, by the making of it a place of merchandize."

St. Bernard then congratulates Jerusalem on the advent of the soldiers
of Christ, "Be joyful, O Jerusalem," says he, in the words of the
prophet Isaiah, "and know that the time of thy visitation hath
arrived. Arise now, shake thyself from the dust, &c., &c. HAIL, O
holy city, hallowed by the tabernacle of the Most High! HAIL, city of
the great King, wherein so many wonderful and welcome miracles have
been perpetually displayed. HAIL, mistress of the nations, princess
of provinces, possession of patriarchs, mother of the prophets and
apostles, initiatress of the faith, glory of the christian people,
whom God hath on that account always from the beginning permitted to
be visited with affliction, that thou mightest thus be the occasion of
virtue as well as of salvation to brave men. HAIL, land of promise,
which, formerly flowing only with milk and honey for thy possessors,
now stretchest forth the food of life, and the means of salvation
to the entire world. Most excellent and happy land, I say, which,
receiving the celestial grain from the recess of the paternal heart,
in that most fruitful bosom of thine, has produced such rich harvests
of martyrs from the heavenly seed, and whose fertile soil has no less
manifoldly engendered fruit a thirtieth, sixtieth, and a hundredfold
in the remaining race of all the faithful throughout the entire world.
Whence most agreeably satiated, and most abundantly crammed with the
great store of thy pleasantness, those who have seen thee diffuse
around them in every place the remembrance of thy abundant sweetness,
and tell of the magnificence of thy glory to the very end of the earth
to those who have not seen thee, and relate the wonderful things that
are done in thee.

"Glorious things are spoken concerning thee, CITY OF GOD!"




CHAPTER II.

    Hugh de Payens returns to Palestine--His death--Robert de Craon
    made Master--The second Crusade--The Templars assume the Red
    Cross--Lands, manors, and churches granted them in England--Bernard
    de Tremelay made Master--He is slain by the Infidels--Bertrand
    de Blanquefort made Master--He is taken prisoner, and sent in
    chains to Aleppo--the Pope confers vast privileges upon the
    Templars--The knights, priests, and serving brethren of the
    order--Their religious and military enthusiasm--Their war banner
    called _Beauseant_--Rise of the rival religio-military order
    of the Hospital of St. John--Contests between Saladin and the
    Templars--Imprisonment and death of the Grand Master--The new
    Master and the Patriarch go to England for succour--Consecration of
    the Temple church at London.

    "We heard the _tecbir_, so the Arabs call
    Their shout of onset, when with loud appeal
    They challenge _heaven_, as if commanding conquest."


Hugh de Payens, having now laid in Europe the foundations of the great
monastic and military institution of the Temple, which was destined
shortly to spread its ramifications to the remotest quarters of
Christendom, returned to Palestine at the head of a valiant band of
newly-elected Templars, drawn principally from England and France. On
their arrival at Jerusalem they were received with great distinction
by the king, the clergy, and the barons of the Latin kingdom. Hugh
de Payens died, however, shortly after his return, and was succeeded
(A. D. 1136) by the Lord Robert, surnamed the Burgundian, (son-in-law
of Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury,) who, after the death of his
wife, had taken the vows and the habit of the Templars.[6] At this
period the fierce religious and military enthusiasm of the Mussulmen
had been again aroused by the warlike Zinghis, and his son Noureddin,
two of the most famous chieftains of the age. The one was named
_Emod-ed-deen_, "Pillar of religion;" and the other _Nour-ed-deen_,
"Light of Religion," vulgarly, Noureddin. The Templars were worsted
by overpowering numbers. The latin kingdom of Jerusalem was shaken to
its foundations, and the oriental clergy in trepidation and alarm sent
urgent letters to the Pope for assistance.

The Lord Robert, Master of the Temple, had at this period (A. D. 1146)
been succeeded by Everard des Barres, Prior of France, who convened
a general chapter of the order at Paris, which was attended by Pope
Eugenius the Third, Louis the Seventh, king of France, and many
prelates, princes, and nobles, from all parts of Christendom. The
second crusade was there arranged, and the Templars, with the sanction
of the Pope, assumed the blood-red cross, the symbol of martyrdom, as
the distinguishing badge of the order, which was appointed to be worn
on their habits and mantles on the left side of the breast over the
heart, whence they came afterwards to be known by the name of the _Red
Friars_ and the _Red Cross Knights_. At this famous assembly various
donations were made to the Templars, to enable them to provide more
effectually for the defence of the Holy Land. Bernard Baliol, through
love of God and for the good of his soul, granted them his estate
of Wedelee, in Hertfordshire, which afterwards formed part of the
preceptory of Temple Dynnesley. This grant is expressed to be made at
the chapter held at Easter, in Paris, in the presence of the Pope, the
king of France, several archbishops, and one hundred and thirty Knights
Templars clad in white mantles.[7]

Brother Everard des Barres, the newly-elected Master of the Temple,
having collected together all the brethren from the western provinces,
joined the second crusade to Palestine. During the march through Asia
Minor, the rear of the christian army was protected by the Templars,
who greatly signalized themselves on every occasion. Odo of Deuil, or
Diagolum, the chaplain of King Louis, and his constant attendant upon
this expedition, informs us that the king loved to see the frugality
and simplicity of the Templars, and to imitate it; he praised their
union and disinterestedness, admired above all things the attention
they paid to their accoutrements, and their care in husbanding and
preserving their equipage and munitions of war, and proposed them as a
model to the rest of the army.[8]

Conrad, emperor of Germany, had preceded King Louis at the head of a
powerful army, which was cut to pieces by the infidels in the north
of Asia; he fled to Constantinople, embarked on board some merchant
vessels, and arrived with only a few attendants at Jerusalem, where
he was received and entertained by the Templars, and was lodged in
the Temple in the Holy City. Shortly afterwards King Louis arrived,
accompanied by the new Master of the Temple, Everard des Barres; and
the Templars now unfolded for the first time the red-cross banner
in the field of battle. This was a white standard made of woollen
stuff, having in the centre of it the blood-red cross granted by Pope
Eugenius. The two monarchs, Louis and Conrad, took the field, supported
by the Templars, and laid siege to the magnificent city of Damascus,
"the Queen of Syria," which was defended by the great Noureddin, "Light
of religion," and his brother _Saif-eddin_, "Sword of the faith."

The services rendered by the Templars are thus gratefully recorded in
the following letter sent by Louis, the French king, to his minister
and vicegerent, the famous Suger, abbot of St. Denis: "I cannot imagine
how we could have subsisted for even the smallest space of time in
these parts, had it not been for their (the Templars') support and
assistance, which have never failed me from the first day I set foot in
these lands up to the time of my despatching this letter--a succour
ably afforded and generously persevered in. I therefore earnestly
beseech you, that as these brothers of the Temple have hitherto
been blessed with the love of God, so now they may be gladdened and
sustained by our love and favour. I have to inform you that they have
lent me a considerable sum of money, which must be repaid to them
quickly, that their house may not suffer, and that I may keep my
word...."[9]

Among the English nobility who enlisted in the second crusade were the
two renowned warriors, Roger de Mowbray and William de Warrenne. Roger
de Mowbray was one of the most powerful and warlike of the barons of
England, and was one of the victorious leaders at the famous battle of
the standard: he marched with King Louis to Palestine; fought under
the banners of the Temple against the infidels, and, smitten with
admiration of the piety and valour of the holy warriors of the order,
he gave them, on his return to England, many valuable estates and
possessions. Among these were the manors of Kileby and Witheley, divers
lands in the isle of Axholme, the town of Balshall in the county of
Warwick, and various places in Yorkshire: and so munificent were his
donations, that the Templars conceded to him and to his heirs various
special privileges. About the same period, Stephen, King of England,
granted and confirmed "to God and the blessed Virgin Mary, and to the
brethren of the Knighthood of the Temple of Solomon at Jerusalem,
all the manor of Cressynge, with the advowson of the church of the
same manor, and also the manors of Egle and Witham." Queen Matilda,
likewise, granted them the manor of Covele or Cowley in Oxfordshire,
two mills in the same county, common of pasture in Shotover forest, and
the church of Stretton in Rutland. Ralph de Hastings and William de
Hastings also gave to the Templars, in the same reign, (A. D. 1152,)
lands at Hurst and Wyxham in Yorkshire, afterwards formed into the
preceptory of Temple Hurst. William Asheby granted them the estate
whereon the house and church of Temple Bruere were afterwards erected;
and the order continued rapidly to increase in power and wealth in
England and in all parts of Europe, through the charitable donations of
pious Christians.[10]

After the miserable failure of the second crusade, brother Everard
des Barres, the Master of the Temple, returned to Paris, with his
friend and patron Louis, the French king; and the Templars, deprived
of their chief, were now left, alone and unaided, to withstand the
victorious career of the fanatical Mussulmen. Their miserable situation
is pourtrayed in a melancholy letter from the treasurer of the order,
written to the Master, Everard des Barres, during his sojourn at the
court of the king of France, informing him of the slaughter of the
prince of Antioch and all his nobility. "We conjure you," says he, "to
bring with you from beyond sea all our knights and serving brothers
capable of bearing arms. Perchance, alas! with all your diligence, you
may not find one of us alive. Use, therefore, all imaginable celerity;
pray forget not the necessities of our house: they are such that no
tongue can express them. It is also of the last importance to announce
to the Pope, to the king of France, and to all the princes and prelates
of Europe, the approaching desolation of the Holy Land, to the intent
that they succour us in person, or send us subsidies."

The Master of the Temple, however, instead of proceeding to Palestine,
abdicated his authority, and entered into the monastery of Clairvaux,
where he devoted the remainder of his days to the most rigorous
penance and mortification. He was succeeded (A. D. 1151) by Bernard de
Tremelay, a nobleman of an illustrious family in Burgundy, in France,
and a valiant and experienced soldier.[11]

Shortly after his accession to power, the infidels crossed the
Jordan, and advanced within sight of Jerusalem. Their banners waved
on the summit of the Mount of Olives, and the warlike sound of their
kettle-drums and trumpets was heard within the sacred precincts of the
holy city. They encamped on the mount over against the Temple; and had
the satisfaction of regarding from a distance the _Beit Allah_, or
Temple of the Lord, their holy house of prayer; but in a night attack
they were defeated with terrible slaughter, and were pursued all the
way to the Jordan, five thousand of their number being left dead on the
plain.

On the 20th of April, A. D. 1153, the Templars lost their great patron
Saint Bernard, who died in the sixty-third year of his age. On his
deathbed he wrote three letters in behalf of the order. The first
was addressed to the patriarch of Antioch, exhorting him to protect
and encourage the Templars, a thing which the holy abbot assures him
will prove most acceptable to God and man. The second was written to
Melesinda, queen of Jerusalem, praising her majesty for the favour
shown by her to the brethren of the order; and the third, addressed to
Brother Andre de Montbard, a Knight Templar, conveys the affectionate
salutations of St. Bernard to the Master and brethren, to whose prayers
he recommends himself.

The same year the Master of the Temple perished at the head of his
knights whilst attempting to carry the important city of Ascalon by
storm. Passing through a breach made in the walls, he penetrated into
the centre of the town, and was there surrounded and overpowered.
The dead bodies of the Master and his ill-fated knights were exposed
in triumph from the walls; and, according to the testimony of an
eye-witness, not a single Templar escaped.

De Tremelay was succeeded (A. D. 1154) by Brother Bertrand de
Blanquefort, a knight of a noble family of Guienne, called by William
of Tyre a pious and God-fearing man. On Tuesday, June 19, A. D. 1156,
the Templars were drawn into an ambuscade whilst marching with Baldwin,
king of Jerusalem, near Tiberias, three hundred of the brethren were
slain on the field of battle, and eighty-seven fell into the hands of
the enemy, among whom was Bertrand de Blanquefort himself, and Brother
Odo, marshal of the kingdom. Shortly afterwards, a small band of them
captured a large detachment of Saracens; and in a night attack on the
camp of Noureddin, they compelled that famous chieftain to fly, without
arms and half-naked, from the field of battle. In this last affair the
name of Robert Mansel, an Englishman, and Gilbert de Lacy, preceptor of
the Temple of Tripoli, are honourably mentioned.[12]

The fiery zeal and warlike enthusiasm of the Templars were equalled,
if not surpassed, by the stern fanaticism and religious ardour of the
followers of Mahomet. "Noureddin fought," says his oriental biographer,
"like the meanest of his soldiers, saying, 'Alas! it is now a long time
that I have been seeking martyrdom without being able to obtain it.'
The Imaum Koteb-ed-din, hearing him on one occasion utter these words,
exclaimed, 'In the name of God do not put your life in danger, do not
thus expose Islam and the Moslems. Thou art their stay and support,
and if (but God preserve us therefrom) thou shouldest be slain, we
are all undone.' 'Ah! Koteb-ed-deen,' said he, 'what hast thou said,
who can save _Islam_ and our country, but that great God who has no
equal?' 'What,' said he, on another occasion, 'do we not look to the
security of our houses against robbers and plunderers, and shall we not
defend RELIGION?'"[13] Like the Templars, Noureddin fought constantly
with spiritual and with carnal weapons. He resisted the world and
its temptations, by fasting and prayer, and by the daily exercise of
the moral and religious duties and virtues inculcated in the Koran.
He fought with the sword against the foes of Islam, and employed
his whole energies, to the last hour of his life in the enthusiastic
and fanatic struggle for the recovery of Jerusalem.[14] In his camp,
all profane and frivolous conversation was severely prohibited; the
exercises of religion were assiduously practised, and the intervals of
action were employed in prayer, meditation, and the study of the Koran.
"The sword," says the prophet Mahomet, in that remarkable book, "is the
key of heaven and of hell; a drop of blood shed in the cause of God, a
night spent in arms, is of more avail than two months of fasting and
of prayer. Whosoever falls in battle, his sins are forgiven him. At
the day of judgment his wounds will be resplendent as vermillion, and
odoriferous as musk, and the loss of limbs shall be supplied by the
wings of angels and cherubims."

Among the many instances of the fanatical ardour of the Moslem
warriors, are the following, extracted from the history of _Abu
Abdollah Alwakidi_, Cadi of Bagdad. "Methinks," said a valiant Saracen
youth, in the heat of battle--"methinks I see the black-eyed girls
looking upon me, one of whom, should she appear in this world, all
mankind would die for love of her; and I see in the hand of one of them
a handkerchief of green silk, and a cap made of precious stones, and
she beckons me, and calls out, Come hither quickly, for I love thee."
With these words, charging the Christian host, he made havoc wherever
he went, until at last he was struck down by a javelin. "It is not,"
said another dying Arabian warrior, when he embraced for the last time
his sister and mother--"it is not the fading pleasure of this world
that has prompted me to devote my life in the cause of RELIGION, I
seek the favour of GOD and his APOSTLE, and I have heard from one of
the companions of the prophet, that the spirits of the martyrs will be
lodged in the crops of green birds who taste the fruits and drink of
the waters of paradise. Farewell: we shall meet again among the groves
and fountains which God has prepared for his elect."[15]

The Master of the Temple, Brother Bertrand de Blanquefort, was
liberated from captivity at the instance of Manuel Comnenus, Emperor
of Constantinople. After his release, he wrote several letters to
Louis VII., king of France, describing the condition and prospects
of the Holy Land: the increasing power and boldness of the infidels;
and the ruin and desolation caused by a dreadful earthquake, which
had overthrown numerous castles, prostrated the walls and defences of
several towns, and swallowed up the dwellings of the inhabitants. "The
persecutors of the church," says he, "hasten to avail themselves of
our misfortunes; they gather themselves together from the ends of the
earth, and come forth as one man against the sanctuary of God."

It was during his mastership, that Geoffrey, the Knight Templar, and
Hugh of Caesarea, were sent on an embassy into Egypt, and had their
famous interview with the Caliph. They were introduced into the palace
of the Fatimites through a series of gloomy passages and glittering
porticos, amid the warbling of birds and the murmur of fountains; the
scene was enriched by a display of costly furniture and rare animals;
and the long order of unfolding doors was guarded by black soldiers and
domestic eunuchs. The sanctuary of the presence chamber was veiled with
a curtain, and the vizier who conducted the ambassadors laid aside his
scimitar, and prostrated himself three times on the ground; the veil
was then removed, and they saw the Commander of the Faithful.[16]

Brother Bertrand de Blanquefort, in his letters to the king of France,
gives an account of the military operations undertaken by the order of
the Temple in Egypt, and of the capture of the populous and important
city of Belbeis, the ancient Pelusium.[17] During the absence of the
Master with the greater part of the fraternity on that expedition,
the sultan Noureddin invaded Palestine; he defeated with terrible
slaughter the serving brethren and Turcopoles, or light horse of the
order, who remained to defend the country, and sixty of the knights who
commanded them were left dead on the plain. Amalric, king of Jerusalem,
the successor of Baldwin the Third, in a letter "to his dear friend
and father," Louis the Seventh, king of France, beseeches the good
offices of that monarch in behalf of all the devout Christians of the
Holy Land; "but above all," says he, "we earnestly entreat your Majesty
constantly to extend to the utmost your favour and regard to the
Brothers of the Temple, who continually render up their lives for God
and the faith, and through whom we do the little that we are able to
effect, for in them indeed, after God, is placed the entire reliance of
all those in the eastern regions who tread in the right path."[18] The
Master, Brother Bertrand de Blanquefort, was succeeded, (A. D. 1167,)
by Philip of Naplous, the first Master of the Temple who had been born
in Palestine. He had been Lord of the fortresses of Krak and Montreal
in Arabia Petraea, and took the vows and the habit of the order of the
Temple after the death of his wife.[19]

We must now pause to take a glance at the rise of another great
religio-military institution which, from henceforth, takes a leading
part in the defence of the Latin kingdom. In the eleventh century, when
pilgrimages to Jerusalem had greatly increased, some Italian merchants
of Amalfi, who carried on a lucrative trade with Palestine, purchased
of the Caliph _Monstasserbillah_, a piece of ground in the Christian
quarter of the Holy City, near the church of the Resurrection, whereon
two hospitals were constructed, the one being appropriated for the
reception of male pilgrims, and the other for females. Several pious
and charitable Christians, chiefly from Europe, devoted themselves in
these hospitals to constant attendance upon the sick and destitute.
Two chapels were erected, the one annexed to the female establishment
being dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, and the other to St. John the
Eleemosynary, a canonized patriarch of Alexandria, remarkable for his
exceeding charity. The pious and kind-hearted people who here attended
upon the sick pilgrims, clothed the naked and fed the hungry, were
called "The Hospitallers of St. John." On the conquest of Jerusalem
by the Crusaders, these charitable persons were naturally regarded
with the greatest esteem and reverence by their fellow-christians
from the west; many of the soldiers of the cross, smitten with their
piety and zeal, desired to participate in their good offices, and
the Hospitallers, animated by the religious enthusiasm of the day,
determined to renounce the world, and devote the remainder of their
lives to pious duties and constant attendance upon the sick. They took
the customary monastic vows of obedience, chastity, and poverty, and
assumed as their distinguishing habit a _black_ mantle with a _white_
cross on the breast. Various lands and possessions were granted them by
the lords and princes of the Crusade, both in Palestine and in Europe,
and the order of the hospital of St. John speedily became a great and
powerful institution.

Gerard, a native of Provence, was at this period at the head of the
society, with the title of "Guardian of the Poor." He was succeeded
(A. D. 1118) by Raymond Dupuy, a knight of Dauphine, who drew up a
series of rules for the direction and government of his brethren. In
these rules no traces are discoverable of the military spirit which
afterwards animated the order of the Hospital of St. John. The first
authentic notice of an intention on the part of the Hospitallers to
occupy themselves with military matters, occurs in the bull of Pope
Innocent the Second, dated A. D. 1130. This bull is addressed to the
archbishops, bishops, and clergy of the church universal, and informs
them that the Hospitallers then retained, at their own expense, a
body of horsemen and foot soldiers, to defend the pilgrims in going
to and returning from the holy places; the pope observes that the
funds of the hospital were insufficient to enable them effectually
to fulfil the pious and holy task, and he exhorts the archbishops,
bishops, and clergy, to minister to the necessities of the order out of
their abundant property. The Hospitallers consequently at this period
had resolved to add the task of _protecting_ to that of tending and
relieving pilgrims.

After the accession (A. D. 1168) of Gilbert d'Assalit to the
guardianship of the Hospital--a man described by De Vertot as "bold
and enterprising, and of an extravagant genius"--a military spirit
was infused into the Hospitallers, which speedily predominated over
their pious and charitable zeal in attending upon the poor and the
sick. Gilbert d'Assalit was the friend and confidant of Amalric,
king of Jerusalem, and planned with that monarch a wicked invasion
of Egypt in defiance of treaties. The Master of the Temple being
consulted concerning the expedition, flatly refused to have anything
to do with it, or to allow a single brother of the order of the
Temple to accompany the king in arms: "For it appeared a hard matter
to the Templars," says William of Tyre, "to wage war without cause,
in defiance of treaties, and against all honour and conscience, upon
a friendly nation, preserving faith with us, and relying on our own
faith." Gilbert d'Assalit consequently determined to obtain for the
king from his own brethren that aid which the Templars denied; and to
tempt the Hospitallers to arm themselves generally as a great military
society, in imitation of the Templars, and join the expedition to
Egypt, Gilbert d'Assalit was authorised to promise them in the name of
the king, the possession of the wealthy and important city of Belbeis,
the ancient Pelusium, in perpetual sovereignty.

According to De Vertot, the senior Hospitallers were greatly averse
to the military projects of their chief: "They urged," says he, "that
they were a religious order, and that the church had not put arms into
their hands to make conquests;" but the younger and more ardent of
the brethren, burning to exchange the monotonous life of the cloister
for the enterprise and activity of the camp, received the proposals
of their superior with enthusiasm, and a majority of the chapter
decided in favour of the plans and projects of their Guardian. They
authorised him to borrow money of the Florentine and Genoese merchants,
to take hired soldiers into the pay of the order, and to organize the
Hospitallers as a great military society.

It was in the first year of the government of Philip of Naplous (A. D.
1168) that the king of Jerusalem and the Hospitallers marched
forth upon their memorable and unfortunate expedition. The Egyptians
were taken completely by surprise; the city of Belbeis was carried by
assault, and the defenceless inhabitants were barbarously massacred.
The cruelty and the injustice of the Christians, however, speedily
met with condign punishment. The king of Jerusalem was driven back
into Palestine; Belbeis was abandoned with precipitation; and the
Hospitallers fled before the infidels in sorrow and disappointment to
Jerusalem. There they vented their indignation and chagrin upon the
unfortunate Gilbert d'Assalit, their superior, who had got the order
into debt to the extent of 100,000 pieces of gold; they compelled him
to resign his authority, and the unfortunate guardian of the hospital
fled from Palestine to England, and was drowned in the Channel. From
this period, however, the character of the order of the Hospital of
St. John was entirely changed: the Hospitallers appear henceforth as a
great military body; their superior styles himself Master, and leads
in person the brethren into the field of battle. Attendance upon the
poor and the sick still continued, indeed, one of the duties of the
fraternity, but it must have been feebly exercised amid the clash of
arms and the excitement of war.[20]

The Grand Master of the Temple, Philip of Naplous, resigned his
authority after a short government of three years, and was succeeded
(A. D. 1170) by Brother Odo de St. Amand, a proud and fiery warrior,
of undaunted courage and resolution; having, according to William,
Archbishop of Tyre, the fear neither of God nor of man before his
eyes.[21] It was during his Grand Mastership (A. D. 1172) that the
Knight Templar Walter du Mesnil slew an envoy or minister of the
assassins. These were an odious religious sect, settled in the
fastnesses of the mountains above Tripoli, and supposed to be descended
from the Ismaelians of Persia. They devoted their souls and bodies in
blind obedience to a chief who is called by the writers of the Crusades
"the old man of the mountain," and were employed by him in the most
extensive system of murder and assassination known in the history of
the world. Both Christian and Moslem writers enumerate with horror the
many illustrious victims that fell beneath their daggers. They assumed
all shapes and disguises for the furtherance of their deadly designs,
and carried, in general, no arms except a small poniard concealed in
the folds of their dress, called in the Persian tongue _hassissin_,
whence these wretches were called _assassins_, their chief the prince
of the assassins; and the word itself, in all its odious import, has
passed into most European languages.[22]

Raimond, son of the count of Tripoli, had been slain by these fanatics
whilst kneeling at the foot of the altar in the church of the Blessed
Virgin at Carchusa or Tortosa; the Templars flew to arms to avenge
his death; they penetrated into the fastnesses and strongholds of
"the mountain chief," and at last compelled him to purchase peace
by the payment of an annual tribute of two thousand crowns into the
treasury of the order. In the ninth year of Amalric's reign, _Sinan
Ben Suleiman_, imaun of the assassins, sent a trusty counsellor to
Jerusalem, offering, in the name of himself and his people, to embrace
the christian religion, provided the Templars would release them from
the tribute money. The proposition was favourably received; the envoy
was honourably entertained for some days, and on his departure he was
furnished by the king with a guide and an escort to conduct him in
safety to the frontier. The Ismaelite had reached the borders of the
Latin kingdom, and was almost in sight of the castles of his brethren,
when he was slain by the Knight Templar Walter du Mesnil, who attacked
the escort with a body of armed followers. The king of Jerusalem
assembled the barons of the kingdom at Sidon to determine on the best
means of obtaining satisfaction for the injury; and it was determined
that two of their number should proceed to Odo de St. Amand to demand
the surrender of the criminal. The haughty Master of the Temple bade
them inform his majesty the king, that the members of the order were
not subject to his jurisdiction, nor to that of his officers; that the
Templars acknowledged no earthly superior except the pope; and that
to the holy pontiff alone belonged the cognizance of the offence. He
declared, however, that the crime should meet with due punishment: that
he had caused the criminal to be arrested and put in irons, and would
forthwith send him to Rome, but till judgment was given in his case, he
forbade all persons of whatsoever degree to meddle with him.[23]

The Templars were now destined to meet with a more formidable opponent
than any they had hitherto encountered in the field, one who was again
to cause the _crescent_ to triumph over the CROSS, and to plant the
standard of the prophet upon the walls of the holy city. When the
Fatimite caliph had received intelligence of king Amalric's invasion of
Egypt, (ante p. 36) he sent the hair of his women, one of the greatest
tokens of distress known in the East, to the pious Noureddin, who
immediately despatched a body of troops to his assistance, headed by
Sheerkoh, and his nephew, _Youseef-Ben-Acoub-Ben-Schadi_ the famous
Saladin. Sheerkoh died immediately after his arrival, and Youseef
succeeded to his command, and was appointed vizier of the caliph. He
had passed his youth in pleasure and debauchery, sloth and indolence,
but as soon as he grasped the power of the sword, and obtained the
command of armies, he renounced the pleasures of the world, and assumed
the character of a saint. His dress was a coarse-woollen garment;
water was his only drink; and he carefully abstained from everything
disapproved of by the Mussulman religion. Five times each day he
prostrated himself in public prayer, surrounded by his friends and
followers, and his demeanour became grave, serious, and thoughtful. His
nights were often spent in watching and meditation, he was diligent in
fasting and in the study of the Koran, and his admiring brethren gave
him the name of _Salah-ed-deen_, "Integrity of Religion," vulgarly
called Saladin.

Having aroused the religious enthusiasm of the Moslems he proceeded to
take vengeance upon the Christians for their perfidious invasion of
Egypt. He assembled an army of forty thousand horse and foot, crossed
the desert and besieged the fortified city of Gaza, which belonged to
the Knights Templars, and was considered to be the key of Palestine
towards Egypt. The luxuriant gardens, the palm and olive groves of
this city of the wilderness were destroyed by the wild cavalry of
the desert, and the innumerable tents of the Arab host were thickly
clustered on the neighbouring sand-hills. The warlike monks of the
Temple in their turn fasted and prayed, and invoked the aid of the God
of battles; they made a desperate defence, and in an unexpected sally
upon the enemy's camp, they performed such prodigies of valour, that
Saladin, despairing of being able to take the place, abandoned the
siege, and retired into Egypt.[24]

On the death of Noureddin, sultan of Damascus, (A. D. 1175,) Saladin
raised himself to the sovereignty both of Egypt and of Syria. He
again levied an immense army, crossed the desert, and planted the
standard of Mahomet upon the sacred territory of Palestine. His forces
were composed of twenty-six thousand light infantry, eight thousand
horsemen, a host of archers and spearmen mounted on dromedaries,
eighteen thousand common soldiers, and a body-guard of a thousand
Mamlook emirs, clothed in yellow cloaks, worn over their shirts of
mail. In the great battle fought near Ascalon, (Nov. 1, A. D. 1177,)
Odo de St. Amand, the Master of the Temple, at the head of eighty of
his knights, broke through the guard of Mamlooks, slew their commander,
and penetrated to the imperial tent, from whence Saladin escaped with
great difficulty, almost naked, upon a fleet dromedary. The year
following, the Templars, in order to protect and cover the road leading
from Damascus to Jerusalem, commenced the erection of a strong fortress
on the northern frontier of the Latin kingdom, close to Jacob's ford on
the river Jordan, at the spot where now stands _Djiss'r Beni Yakoob_,
"the bridge of the sons of Jacob." Saladin advanced at the head of his
forces to oppose the progress of the work, and the king of Jerusalem
and all the chivalry of the Latin kingdom were gathered together in the
plain to protect the Templars and their workmen. In a general action
the entire army of the cross was defeated with immense slaughter. The
Templars and the Hospitallers, with the count of Tripoli, stood firm
on the summit of a small hillock, and for a long time presented a bold
and undaunted front to the victorious enemy. The count of Tripoli at
last cut his way through the infidels, and fled to Tyre; the Master of
the Hospital, after seeing most of his brethren slain, swam across the
Jordan, and fled, covered with wounds, to the castle of Beaufort; and
the Templars after fighting with their accustomed zeal and fanaticism
around the red-cross banner, which waved to the last over the field of
blood, were all killed or taken prisoners, and the Master, Odo de St.
Amand, fell alive into the hands of the enemy. Saladin then laid siege
to the newly-erected fortress, which was defended by thick walls,
flanked with large towers furnished with military engines, and after
a gallant resistance on the part of the garrison, it was set on fire,
and then stormed. "The Templars," says Abulpharadge, "flung themselves
some into the fire, where they were burned, some cast themselves into
the Jordan, some jumped down from the walls on to the rocks, and were
dashed to pieces: thus were slain the enemy." The fortress was reduced
to a heap of ruins, and the enraged sultan, it is said, ordered all
the Templars taken in the place to be sawn in two, excepting the most
distinguished of the knights, who were reserved for a ransom, and were
sent in chains to Aleppo. Saladin offered Odo de St. Amand his liberty
in exchange for the freedom of his own nephew, who was a prisoner in
the hands of the Templars; but the Master of the Temple haughtily
replied, that he would never, by his example, encourage any of his
knights to be mean enough to surrender, that a Templar ought either to
vanquish or die, and that he had nothing to give for his ransom but
his girdle and his knife. The proud spirit of Odo de St. Amand could
but ill brook confinement; he languished and died in the dungeons of
Damascus, and was succeeded (A. D. 1180) by Brother Arnold de Torroge,
who had filled some of the chief situations of the order in Europe.

The affairs of the Latin Christians were at this period in a deplorable
situation. Saladin encamped near Tiberias, and extended his ravages
into almost every part of Palestine. His light cavalry swept the valley
of the Jordan to within a day's march of Jerusalem, and the whole
country as far as Panias on the one side, and Beisan, D'Jeneen, and
Sebaste, on the other, was destroyed by fire and the sword. The houses
of the Templars were pillaged and burnt; various castles belonging to
the order were taken by assault; but the immediate destruction of the
Latin power was arrested by some partial successes obtained by the
Christian warriors, and by the skilful generalship of their leaders.
Saladin was compelled to retreat to Damascus, after he had burnt
Naplous, and depopulated the whole country around Tiberias. A truce was
proposed, (A. D. 1184,) and as the attention of the sultan was then
distracted by the intrigues of the Turcoman chieftains in the north
of Syria, and he was again engaged in hostilities in Mesopotamia, he
agreed to a suspension of the war for four years, in consideration of
the payment by the Christians of a large sum of money.[25]

Immediate advantage was taken of this truce to secure the safety of the
Latin kingdom. A grand council was called together at Jerusalem, and it
was determined that Heraclius, the patriarch of the Holy City, and the
Masters of the Temple and Hospital, should forthwith proceed to Europe,
to obtain succour from the western princes. The sovereign mostly
depended upon for assistance was Henry the Second, king of England,
grandson of Fulk, the late king of Jerusalem, and cousin-german to
Baldwin, the then reigning sovereign. Henry had received absolution
for the murder of Saint Thomas a Becket, on condition that he should
proceed in person at the head of a powerful army to the succour of
Palestine, and should, at his own expense, maintain two hundred
Templars for the defence of the holy territory. The patriarch and the
two Masters landed in Italy, and after furnishing themselves with the
letters of the pope, threatening the English monarch with the judgments
of heaven if he did not forthwith perform the penance prescribed him,
they set out for England. At Verona, the Master of the Temple fell
sick and died, but his companions proceeding on their journey, landed
in safety in England at the commencement of the year 1185. They were
received by the king at Reading, and throwing themselves at the feet
of the English monarch, they with much weeping and sobbing saluted
him in behalf of the king, the princes, and the people of the kingdom
of Jerusalem. They explained the object of their visit, and presented
him with the pope's letters, with the keys of the holy sepulchre,
of the tower of David, and of the city of Jerusalem, together with
the royal banner of the Latin kingdom. Their eloquent and pathetic
narrative of the fierce inroads of Saladin, and of the miserable
condition of Palestine, drew tears from king Henry and all his court.
The English sovereign gave encouraging assurances to the patriarch
and his companions, and promised to bring the whole matter before the
parliament, which was to meet the first Sunday in Lent.[26]

The patriarch, in the mean time, proceeded to London, and was received
by the Knights Templars at the Temple in that city, the chief house of
the order in Britain, where, in the month of February, he consecrated
the beautiful Temple church, dedicated to the blessed Virgin Mary,
which had just then been erected.[27]

[Illustration]




CHAPTER III.

    The Temple at London--The vast possessions of the Templars in
    England--The territorial divisions of the order--The different
    preceptories in this country--The privileges conferred on the
    Templars by the kings of England--The Masters of the Temple at
    London--Their power and importance.

    Li fiere, li Mestre du Temple
    Qu'estoient rempli et ample
    D'Or et d'argent et de richesse,
    Et qui menoient tel noblesse,
    Ou sont-il? que sont devenu?
    Que tant ont de plait maintenu,
    Que nul a elz ne s'ozoit prendre
    Tozjors achetoient sans vendre
    Nul riche a elz n'estoit de prise;
    Tant va pot a eue qu'il brise.

                  _Chron._ a la suite du Roman de Favel.


The Knights Templars first established the chief house of their order
in England, without Holborn Bars, on the south side of the street,
where Southampton House formerly stood, adjoining to which Southampton
Buildings were afterwards erected: and it is stated, that about a
century and a half ago, part of the ancient chapel annexed to this
establishment, of a circular form, and built of Caen stone, was
discovered on pulling down some old houses near Southampton Buildings
in Chancery Lane.[28] This first house of the Temple, established by
Hugh de Payens himself, before his departure from England, on his
return to Palestine, was adapted to the wants and necessities of the
order in its infant state, when the knights, instead of lingering in
the preceptories of Europe, proceeded at once to Palestine, and when
all the resources of the society were strictly and faithfully forwarded
to Jerusalem, to be expended in defence of the faith; but when the
order had greatly increased in numbers, power, and wealth, and had
somewhat departed from its original purity and simplicity, we find that
the superior and the knights resident in London began to look abroad
for a more extensive and commodious place of habitation. They purchased
a large space of ground, extending from the White Friars westward to
Essex House without Temple Bar, and commenced the erection of a convent
on a scale of grandeur commensurate with the dignity and importance of
the chief house of the great religio-military society of the Temple in
Britain. It was called the _New_ Temple, to distinguish it from the
original establishment at Holborn, which came thenceforth to be known
by the name of the _Old_ Temple. This New Temple was adapted for the
residence of numerous military monks and novices, serving brothers,
retainers, and domestics. It contained the residence of the superior
and of the knights, the cells and apartments of the chaplains and
serving brethren, the council chamber where the chapters were held,
and the refectory or dining-hall, which was connected, by a range of
handsome cloisters, with the magnificent church, consecrated by the
patriarch. Alongside the river extended a spacious pleasure ground for
the recreation of the brethren, who were not permitted to go into the
town without the leave of the Master. It was used also for military
exercises and the training of horses.

The year of the consecration of the Temple Church, Geoffrey, the
superior of the order in England, caused an inquisition to be made
of the lands of the Templars in this country, and the names of the
donors thereof,[29] from which it appears, that the larger territorial
divisions of the order were then called bailiwicks, the principal
of which were London, Warwic, Couele, Meritune, Gutinge, Westune,
Lincolnscire, Lindeseie, Widine, and Eboracisire (Yorkshire).
The number of manors, farms, churches, advowsons, demesne lands,
villages, hamlets, windmills, and watermills, rents of assize, rights
of common and free warren, and the amount of all kinds of property
possessed by the Templars in England at the period of the taking of
this inquisition, are astonishing. Upon the great estates belonging
to the order, prioral houses had been erected, wherein dwelt the
procurators or stewards charged with the management of the manors
and farms in their neighbourhood, and with the collection of the
rents. These prioral houses became regular monastic establishments,
inhabited chiefly by sick and aged Templars, who retired to them to
spend the remainder of their days, after a long period of honourable
service against the infidels in Palestine. They were cells to the
principal house at London. There were also under them certain smaller
administrations established for the management of the farms, consisting
of a Knight Templar, to whom were associated some serving brothers
of the order, and a priest who acted as almoner. The commissions
or mandates directed by the Master of the Temple to the officers
at the head of these establishments were called precepts, from the
commencement of them, "_Praecipimus tibi_," we enjoin or direct you, &c.
&c. The knights to whom they were addressed were styled _Praeceptores
Templi_, or Preceptors of the Temple, and the districts administered by
them _Praeceptoria_, or preceptories.

[Illustration: The ancient inscription on the Temple Church as it stood
over the door leading into the cloister.

                       ON THE 10th OF FEBRUARY,
                                  IN
           THE YEAR FROM THE INCARNATION OF OUR LORD, 1185,
       THIS CHURCH WAS CONSECRATED IN HONOUR OF THE BLESSED MARY
                        BY THE LORD HERACLIUS,
                                  BY
     THE GRACE OF GOD PATRIARCH OF THE CHURCH OF THE RESURRECTION,
                                  WHO
               HATH GRANTED AN INDULGENCE OF SIXTY DAYS
                     TO THOSE YEARLY VISITING IT.

Translation of the inscription on the Temple Church, as it stood over
the doorway leading into the cloister.]

It will now be as well to take a general survey of the possessions
and organization of the order both in Europe and Asia, "whose
circumstances," saith William, archbishop of Tyre, writing from
Jerusalem about the period of the consecration at London of the Temple
Church, "are in so flourishing a state, that at this day they have in
their convent (the Temple on Mount Moriah) more than three hundred
knights robed in the white habit, besides serving brothers innumerable.
Their possessions indeed beyond the sea, as well as in these parts, are
said to be so vast, that there cannot now be a province in Christendom
which does not contribute to the support of the aforesaid brethren,
whose wealth is said to equal that of sovereign princes."[30]

The eastern provinces of the order were, 1. Palestine, the ruling
province. 2. The principality of Antioch. 3. The principality of
Tripoli. In Palestine the Templars possessed, in addition to the
Temple at Jerusalem, the chief house of the order, and the residence
of the Master, the fortified city of Gaza, the key of the kingdom
of Jerusalem on the side next Egypt, which was granted to them in
perpetual sovereignty, by Baldwin king of Jerusalem; also the Castle of
Saphet, in the territory of the ancient tribe of Naphtali; the Castle
of the Pilgrims, in the neighbourhood of Mount Carmel; the Castle of
Assur near Jaffa, and the house of the Temple at Jaffa; the fortress
of Faba, or La Feue, the ancient Aphek, not far from Tyre, in the
territory of the ancient tribe of Asher; the hill-fort Dok between
Bethel and Jericho; the castles of La Cave, Marle, Citern Rouge, Castel
Blanc, Trapesach, Sommelleria of the Temple, in the neighbourhood of
Acca, now St. John d'Acre; Castrum Planorum, and a place called Gerinum
Parvum.[31] The Templars, moreover, purchased the castle of Beaufort
and the city of Sidon; they also got into their hands a great part of
the town of St. Jean d'Acre, where they erected a famous TEMPLE, and
almost all the sea coast of Palestine was in the end divided between
them and the Hospitallers of St. John. The principal houses of the
Temple in the PROVINCE OF ANTIOCH were at Antioch itself, at Aleppo,
and Haram; and in the PRINCIPALITY OF TRIPOLI, at Tripoli, Tortosa, the
ancient Antaradus; Castel Blanc in the same neighbourhood; Laodicea and
Beyrout.

In the western province of APULIA AND SICILY, the Templars possessed
numerous houses, viz., at Palermo, Syracuse, Lentini, Butera,
and Trapani. The house of the Temple at this last place has been
appropriated to the use of some monks of the order of St. Augustin. In
a church of the city is still to be seen the celebrated statue of the
Virgin, which Brother Guerrege and three other Knights Templars brought
from the East, with a view of placing it in the Temple Church on the
Aventine hill in Rome, but which they were obliged to deposit in the
island of Sicily. This statue is of the most beautiful white marble,
and represents the Virgin with the infant Jesus reclining on her left
arm; it is of about the natural height, and, from an inscription on the
foot of the figure, it appears to have been executed by a native of the
island of Cyprus, A. D. 733. The Templars possessed valuable estates in
Sicily, around the base of Mount Etna, and large tracts of land between
Piazza and Calatagirone, in the suburbs of which last place there was a
Temple house, the church whereof, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, still
remains. They possessed also many churches in the island, windmills,
rights of fishery, of pasturage, of cutting wood in the forests, and
many important privileges and immunities. The chief house was at
Messina, where the Grand Prior resided.[32]

UPPER AND CENTRAL ITALY also contained numerous preceptories of the
order of the Temple, all under the immediate superintendence of the
grand Prior or Preceptor of Rome. There were large establishments at
Lucca, Milan, and Perugia, at which last place the arms of the Temple
are still to be seen on the tower of the holy cross. At Placentia
there was a magnificent and extensive convent, called Santa Maria del
Tempio, ornamented with a very lofty tower. At Bologna there was also
a large Temple house, and on a clock in the city is the following
inscription, "_Magister Tosseolus de Miola me fecit ... Fr. Petrus de
Bon, Procur. Militiae Templi in curia Romana_, MCCCIII." In the church
of St. Mary in the same place, which formerly belonged to the Knights
Templars, is the interesting marble monument of Peter de Rotis, a
priest of the order.

In the PROVINCE OF PORTUGAL, the military power and resources of the
order were exercised in almost constant warfare against the Moors, and
Europe derived essential advantage from the enthusiastic exertions
of the warlike monks in that quarter against the infidels. In every
battle, indeed, fought in the south of Europe, after the year 1130,
against the enemies of the cross, the Knights Templars are to be found
taking an active and distinguished part. They were extremely popular
with all the princes and sovereigns of the great Spanish peninsula, and
were endowed with cities, villages, lordships, and splendid domains.
The Grand Prior or Preceptor of Portugal resided at the castle of
Tomar. It is seated on the river Narboan, in Estremadura, and is still
to be seen towering in gloomy magnificence on the hill above the
town. The castle at present belongs to the order of Christ, and was
lately one of the grandest and richest establishments in Portugal. It
possessed a splendid library, and a handsome cloister, the architecture
of which was much admired. The houses or preceptories of the Temple
in the province of Castile and Leon were those of Cuenca, and
Guadalfagiara; Tine and Aviles in the diocese of Oviedo, and Pontevreda
in Galicia. In Castile alone the order is said to have possessed
twenty-four bailiwicks.

In ARAGON the Templars possessed the castles of Dumbel, Cabanos, Azuda,
Granena, Chalonere, Remolins, Corbins, Lo Mas de Barbaran, Moncon, and
Montgausi, with their territories and dependencies. They were lords of
the cities of Borgia and Tortosa; they had a tenth part of the revenues
of the kingdom, the taxes of the towns of Huesca and Saragossa, and
houses, possessions, privileges, and immunities in all parts.[33] They
possessed likewise lands and estates in the Balearic Isles, which
were under the management of the Prior or Preceptor of the island of
Majorca, who was subject to the Grand Preceptor of Aragon.

In GERMANY AND HUNGARY the houses and preceptories most known were at
Homburg, Assenheim, Rotgen in the Rhingau, Mongberg in the Marche of
Brandenbourg, Nuitz on the Rhine, Tissia Altmunmunster near Ratisbon
in Bavaria, Bamberg, Middleburgh, Hall, and Brunswick. The Templars
possessed the fiefs of Rorich, Pausin and Wildenheuh in _Pomerania_,
an establishment at Bach in _Hungary_, several lordships in _Bohemia_
and _Moravia_, and lands, tithes, and large revenues, the gifts of
pious German crusaders.[34] In GREECE the Templars also possessed lands
and establishments. Their chief house was at Constantinople, in the
quarter called Omonoia, where they had an oratory dedicated to the holy
martyrs Marin and Pentaleon.[35] In FRANCE the principal preceptories
were at Besancon, Dole, Salins, a la Romagne, a la ville Dieu, Arbois
in _Franche Comte_. Dorlesheim near Molsheim, where their still remains
a chapel called Templehoff, Fauverney, where a chapel dedicated to the
Virgin still preserves the name of the Temple, Des Feuilles, situate
in the parish of Villett, near the chateau de Vernay, and Rouen, where
there were two houses of the Temple; one of them occupied the site of
the present _maison consulaire_, and the other stood in the street now
called _La Rue des Hermites_. The preceptories and houses of the Temple
in France, indeed, were so numerous, that it would be a wearisome and
endless task to repeat the names of them. Between Joinville and St.
Dizier may still be seen the remains of Temple Ruet, an old chateau
surrounded by a moat; and in the diocese of Meaux are the ruins of
the great manorial house of Choisy le Temple. Many interesting tombs
are there visible, together with the refectory of the knights, which
has been converted into a sheepfold. The chief house of the order for
France, and also for Holland and the Netherlands, was the Temple at
Paris, an extensive and magnificent structure, surrounded by a wall and
a ditch. It extended over all that large space of ground, now covered
with streets and buildings, which lies between the Rue du Temple, the
Rue St. Croix, and the environs de la Verrerie, as far as the walls and
the fosses of the port du Temple. It was ornamented with a great tower,
flanked by four smaller towers, erected by the Knight Templar Brother
Herbert, almoner to the king of France, and was one of the strongest
edifices in the kingdom.[36] Many of the modern streets of Paris which
now traverse the site of this interesting structure, preserve in the
names given to them some memorial of the ancient Temple. For instance,
_La rue du Temple_, _La rue des fosses du Temple_, _Boulevard du
Temple_, _Faubourg du Temple_, _rue de Faubourg du Temple_, _Vieille
rue du Temple_, _&c._, _&c._

[Illustration: TOWER OF THE PRECEPTORY OF TEMPLE BRUERE, LINCOLNSHIRE.]

All the houses of the Temple in Holland and the Netherlands were under
the immediate jurisdiction of the Master of the Temple at Paris. The
preceptories in these kingdoms were very numerous, and the property
dependent upon them was of great value.

In ENGLAND there were in bygone times the preceptories of Aslakeby,
Temple Bruere, Egle, Malteby, Mere, Wilketon, and Witham, in
_Lincolnshire_. North Feriby, Temple Hurst, Temple Newsom,
Pafflete, Flaxflete, and Ribstane, in _Yorkshire_. Temple Cumbe, in
_Somersetshire_. Ewell, Strode and Swingfield, near Dover, in _Kent_.
Hadescoe, in _Norfolk_. Balsall and Warwick, in _Warwickshire_. Temple
Rothley, in _Leicestershire_. Wilburgham Magna, Daney, and Dokesworth,
in _Cambridgeshire_. Halston, in _Shropshire_. Temple Dynnesley, in
_Hertfordshire_. Temple Cressing and Sutton, in _Essex_. Saddlescomb
and Chapelay, in _Sussex_. Schepeley, in _Surrey_. Temple Cowley,
Sandford, Bistelesham, and Chalesey, in _Oxfordshire_. Temple Rockley,
in _Wiltshire_. Upleden and Garwy, in _Herefordshire_. South Badeisley,
in _Hampshire_. Getinges, in _Worcestershire_. Giselingham and Dunwich,
in _Suffolk_.

There were also several smaller administrations established, as
before mentioned, for the management of the farms and lands, and the
collection of rent and tithes. Among these were Liddele and Quiely in
the diocese of Chichester; Eken in the diocese of Lincoln; Adingdon,
Wesdall, Aupledina, Cotona, &c. The different preceptors of the Temple
in England had under their management lands and property in every
county of the realm.[37]

In _Leicestershire_ the Templars possessed the town and the soke
of Rotheley; the manors of Rolle, Babbegrave, Gaddesby, Stonesby,
and Melton; Rothely wood, near Leicester; the villages of Beaumont,
Baresby, Dalby, North and South Mardefeld, Saxby, Stonesby, and Waldon,
with land in above _eighty_ others! They had also the churches of
Rotheley, Babbegrave, and Rolle; and the chapels of Gaddesby, Grimston,
Wartnaby, Cawdwell, and Wykeham.[38]

In _Hertfordshire_ they possessed the town and forest of Broxbourne,
the manor of Chelsin Templars, (_Chelsin Templariorum_,) and the manors
of Laugenok, Broxbourne, Letchworth, and Temple Dynnesley; demesne
lands at Stanho, Preston, Charlton, Walden, Hiche, Chelles, Levecamp,
and Benigho; the church of Broxbourne, two watermills, and a lock on
the river Lea; also property at Hichen, Pyrton, Ickilford, Offeley
Magna, Offeley Parva, Walden Regis, Furnivale, Ipolitz, Wandsmyll,
Watton, Therleton, Weston, Gravele, Wilien, Leccheworth, Baldock,
Datheworth, Russenden, Codpeth, Sumershale, Buntynford, &c., &c.,
and the Church of Weston.[39] In the county of _Essex_ they had the
manors of Temple Cressynge, Temple Roydon, Temple Sutton, Odewell,
Chingelford, Lideleye, Quarsing, Berwick, and Witham; the church of
Roydon, and houses, lands, and farms, both at Roydon, at Rivenhall,
and in the parishes of Prittlewall and Great and Little Sutton; an old
mansion-house and chapel at Sutton, and an estate called Finchinfelde
in the hundred of Hinckford.[40] In _Lincolnshire_ the Templars
possessed the manors of La Bruere, Roston, Kirkeby, Brauncewell,
Carleton, Akele, with the soke of Lynderby, Aslakeby, and the churches
of Bruere, Asheby, Akele, Aslakeby, Donington, Ele, Swinderby, Skarle,
&c. There were upwards of thirty churches in the county which made
annual payments, to the order of the Temple, and about forty windmills.
The order likewise received rents in respect of lands at Bracebrig,
Brancestone, Scapwic, Timberland, Weleburne, Diringhton, and a hundred
other places; and some of the land in the county was charged with the
annual payment of sums of money towards the keeping of lights eternally
burning on the altars of the Temple church. William Lord of Asheby
gave to the Templars the perpetual advowson of the church of Asheby in
Lincolnshire, and they in return agreed to find him a priest to sing
for ever twice a week in his chapel of St. Margaret.

In _Yorkshire_ the Templars possessed the manors of Temple Werreby,
Flaxflete, Etton, South Cave, &c.; the churches of Whitcherche
Keluntune, &c.; numerous windmills and lands and rents at Nehus,
Skelture, Pennel, and more than sixty other places besides. In
_Warwickshire_ they possessed the manors of Barston, Shirburne,
Balshale, Wolfhey, Cherlecote, Herbebure, Stodleye, Fechehampstead,
Cobington, Tysho and Warwick; lands at Chelverscoton, Herdwicke,
Morton, Warwick, Hetherburn, Chesterton, Aven, Derset, Stodley,
Napton, and more than thirty other places, the several donors whereof
are specified in Dugdale's history of Warwickshire (p. 694) also
the churches of Sireburne, Cardington, &c., and more than thirteen
windmills. In 12 Hen. II., William Earle of Warwick built a new church
for them at Warwick.[41] In _Kent_ they had the manors of Lilleston,
Hechewayton, Saunford, Sutton, Dartford, Halgel, Ewell, Cocklescomb,
Strode, Swinkfield Mennes, West Greenwich, and the manor of Lydden,
which now belongs to the archbishop of Canterbury; the advowsons of
the churches of West Greenwich and Kingeswode juxta Waltham; extensive
tracts of land in Romney marsh, and farms and assize rents in all
parts of the county. In _Sussex_ they had the manors of Saddlecomb
and Shipley; lands and tenements at Compton and other places; and the
advowsons of the churches of Shipley, Wodmancote, and Luschwyke.

In _Surrey_ they had the manor farm of Temple Elfand or Elfant, and
an estate at Merrow in the hundred of Woking. In _Gloucestershire_,
the manors of Lower Dowdeswell, Pegsworth, Amford, Nishange, and five
others which belonged to them wholly or in part, the church of Down
Ammey, and lands in Frampton, Temple Guting, and Little Rissington.
In _Worcestershire_, the manor of Templars Lawern, and lands in
Flavel, Temple Broughton, and Hanbury. In _Northamptonshire_, the
manors of Asheby, Thorp, Watervill, &c., &c.; they had the advowson
of the church of the manor of Hardwicke in Orlington hundred, and we
find that "Robert Saunford, Master of the soldiery of the Temple in
England," presented to it in the year 1238.[42] In _Nottinghamshire_,
the Templars possessed the church of Marnham, lands and rents at
Gretton and North Carleton; in _Westmoreland_, the manor of Temple
Sowerby; in the Isle of Wight, the manor of Uggeton, and lands in
Kerne. But it would be tedious further to continue with a dry detail
of ancient names and places; sufficient has been said to give an idea
of the enormous wealth of the order in this country, where it is known
to have possessed some hundreds of manors, the advowson or right of
presentation to churches innumerable, and thousands of acres of arable
land, pasture, and woodland, besides villages, farm-houses, mills, and
tithes, rights of common, of fishing, of cutting wood in forests, &c.,
&c. There were also several preceptories in Scotland and Ireland, which
were dependent on the Temple at London.

The annual income of the order in Europe has been roughly estimated
at six millions sterling! According to Matthew Paris, the Templars
possessed _nine thousand_ manors or lordships in Christendom, besides a
large revenue and immense riches arising from the constant charitable
bequests and donations of sums of money from pious persons.[43] The
Templars, in imitation of the other monastic establishments, obtained
from pious and charitable people all the advowsons within their reach,
and frequently retained the tithe and the glebe in their own hands,
deputing a priest of the order to perform divine service and administer
the sacraments. The manors of the Templars produced them rent either
in money, corn, or cattle, and the usual produce of the soil. By the
custom in some of these manors, the tenants were annually to mow
three days in harvest, one at the charge of the house, and to plough
three days, whereof one at the like charge; to reap one day, at which
time they should have a ram from the house, eight pence, twenty-four
loaves, and a cheese of the best in the house, together with a pailful
of drink. The tenants were not to sell their horse-colts if they were
foaled upon the land belonging to the Templars, without the consent of
the fraternity, nor marry their daughters without their licence. There
were also various regulations concerning the cocks and hens and young
chickens.

King Henry the Second, for the good of his soul and the welfare of
his kingdom, granted the Templars a place situate on the river Fleet,
near Bainard's Castle, with the whole current of that river at London,
for erecting a mill; also a messuage near Fleet-street; the church of
St. Clement, "quae dicitur Dacorum extra civitatem Londoniae;" and the
churches of Elle, Swinderby and Skarle in Lincolnshire, Kingeswode
juxta Waltham in Kent, the manor of Stroder in the hundred of Skamele,
the vill of Kele in Staffordshire, the hermitage of Flikeamstede, and
all his lands at Lange Cureway, a house in Brosal, and the market
at Witham; lands at Berghotte, a mill at the bridge of Pembroke
Castle, the vill of Finchinfelde, the manor of Rotheley, with its
appurtenances, and the advowson of the church and its several chapels,
the manor of Blalcolvesley, the park of Halshall, and three _fat bucks_
annually, either from Essex or Windsor Forest. He likewise granted them
an annual fair at Temple Bruere, and superadded many rich benefactions
in Ireland.[44]

The Templars, in addition to their amazing wealth, enjoyed vast
privileges and immunities within this realm. They were freed from
all amerciaments in the Exchequer, and obtained the privilege of not
being compelled to plead except before the king or his chief justice.
By special grant from the kings of England, they enjoyed free warren
in all their demesne lands, also the power of holding courts to judge
their villains and vassals, and to try thieves and malefactors; they
were relieved from all the customary feudal suits and services, from
the works of parks, castles, bridges, the building of royal houses, and
all other works; and also from waste regard and view of foresters, and
from toll in all markets and fairs, and at all bridges, and upon all
highways throughout the kingdom. They had also the chattels of felons
and fugitives, and all waifs within their fee.[45] In addition to the
particular privileges conceded to them by the kings of England, the
Templars enjoyed, under the authority of divers Papal bulls, various
immunities and advantages, which gave great umbrage to the clergy. They
were freed, as before mentioned, from the obligation of paying tithes,
and might, with the consent of the bishop, receive them. No brother
of the Temple could be excommunicated by any bishop or priest, nor
could any of the churches of the order be laid under interdict except
by virtue of a special mandate from the holy see. When any brother of
the Temple, appointed to make charitable collections for the succour
of the Holy Land, should arrive at a city, castle, or village, which
had been laid under interdict, the churches, on their welcome coming,
were to be thrown open, (once within the year,) and divine service was
to be performed in honour of the Temple, and in reverence for the holy
soldiers thereof. The privilege of sanctuary was thrown around their
dwellings; and by various papal bulls it is solemnly enjoined that no
person shall lay violent hands either upon the persons or the property
of those flying for refuge to the Temple houses.[46]

Sir Edward Coke, in the second part of the Institute of the Laws of
England, observes, that "the Templars did so overspread throughout
Christendome, and so exceedingly increased in possessions, revenues,
and wealth, and specially in England, as you will wonder to reade in
approved histories, and withall obtained so great and large privileges,
liberties, and immunities for themselves, their tenants, and farmers,
&c., as no other order had the like." He further observes, that the
Knights Templars were _cruce signati_, and as the cross was the ensign
of their profession, and their tenants enjoyed great privileges, they
did erect crosses upon their houses, to the end that those inhabiting
them might be known to be the tenants of the order, and thereby be
freed from many duties and services which other tenants were subject
unto; "and many tenants of other lords, perceiving the state and
greatnesse of the knights of the said order, and withall seeing the
great privileges their tenants enjoyed, did set up crosses upon their
houses, as their very tenants used to doe, to the prejudice of their
lords."

This abuse led to the passing of the statute of Westminster, the
second, _chap. 33_, which recites, that many tenants did set up crosses
or cause them to be set up on their lands in prejudice of their lords,
that the tenants might defend themselves against the chief lord of
the fee by the privileges of TEMPLARS, and enacts that such lands
shall be forfeited to the chief lords or to the king. Sir Edward Coke
observes, that the Templars were freed from tenths and fifteenths to be
paid to the king; that they were discharged of purveyance; that they
could not be sued for any ecclesiastical cause before the ordinary,
_sed coram conservatoribus suorum privilegiorum_; and that of ancient
time they claimed that a felon might take to their houses, having
their crosses for his safety, as well as to any church. And concerning
these conservers or keepers of their privileges, he remarks, that the
Templars and Hospitallers "held an ecclesiasticall court before a
canonist, whom they termed _conservator privilegiorum suorum_, which
judge had indeed more authority than was convenient, and did dayly,
in respect to the height of these two orders, and at their instance
and direction, incroach upon and hold plea of matters determinable
by the common law, for _cui plus licet quam par est, plus vult quam
licet_; and this was one great mischiefe. Another mischiefe was,
that this judge likewise at their instance, in cases wherein he had
jurisdiction, would make general citations as _pro salute animae_, and
the like, without expressing the matter whereupon the citation was
made, which also was against law, and tended to the grievous vexation
of the subject."[47] To remedy these evils, another act of parliament
was passed, prohibiting the Templars from bringing any man in plea
before the keepers of their privileges, for any matter the knowledge
whereof belonged to the king's court, and commanding such keepers of
their privileges thenceforth to grant no citation at the instance of
the Templars, before it be expressed upon what matter the citation
ought to be made.[48]

[Illustration: CHAPEL OF THE PRECEPTORY OF TEMPLE SWINGFIELD, DOVER.]

The Grand Master of the Temple ranked in Europe as a sovereign prince,
and had precedence of all ambassadors and peers in the general councils
of the church. He was elected to his high office by the chapter of the
kingdom of Jerusalem, which was composed of all the knights of the East
and of the West who could manage to attend. The western nations or
provinces of the order were presided over by the provincial Masters,
otherwise Grand Priors or Grand Preceptors, who were originally
appointed by the Chief Master at Jerusalem, and were in theory mere
trustees or bare administrators of the revenues of the fraternity,
accountable to the treasurer-general at Jerusalem, and removeable at
the pleasure of the Chief Master. The superior of the Temple at London
is always styled "Master of the Temple," and holds his chapters and has
his officers corresponding to those of the Chief Master in Palestine.
The latter, consequently, came to be denominated _Magnus Magister_, or
Grand Master. The titles given indeed to the superiors of the different
nations or provinces into which the order of the Temple was divided,
are numerous and somewhat perplexing. In the East, these officers were
known only, in the first instance, by the title of Prior, as Prior
of England, Prior of France, Prior of Portugal, &c., and afterwards
Preceptor of England, Preceptor of France, &c.; but in Europe they were
called Grand Priors, and Grand Preceptors, to distinguish them from
the Sub-priors and Sub-preceptors, and also Masters of the Temple. The
Prior and Preceptor _of_ England, therefore, and the Grand Prior, Grand
Preceptor, and Master of the Temple _in_ England, were one and the same
person. There were also at the New Temple at London, in imitation
of the establishment at the chief house in Palestine, in addition to
the Master, the Preceptor of the Temple, the Prior of London, the
Treasurer, and the Guardian of the church, who had three chaplains
under him called readers.

The Master at London had his general and particular, or his ordinary
and extraordinary chapters. The first were composed of the grand
preceptors of Scotland and Ireland, and all the provincial priors
and preceptors of the three kingdoms, who were summoned once a year
to deliberate on the state of the Holy Land, to forward succour, to
give an account of their stewardship, and to frame new rules and
regulations for the management of the temporalities.[49] The ordinary
chapters were held at the different preceptories, which the Master
of the Temple visited in succession. In these chapters new members
were admitted into the order; lands were bought, sold, and exchanged;
and presentations were made by the Master to vacant benefices. Many
of the grants and other deeds of these chapters, with the seal of
the order of the Temple annexed to them, are to be met with in the
public and private collections of manuscripts in this country. One
of the most interesting and best preserved, is the Harleian charter,
(83, c. 39,) in the British Museum, which is a grant of land made by
Brother William de la More THE MARTYR, the last Master of the Temple
in England, to the Lord Milo de Stapleton. It is expressed to be made
by him, with the common consent and advice of his chapter, held at the
Preceptory of Dynneslee, on the feast of Saint Barnabas the Apostle,
and concludes, "In witness whereof, we have to this present indenture
placed the seal of our chapter." A facsimile of this seal is given
at the head of the present chapter. On the reverse of it is a man's
head, decorated with a long beard, and surmounted by a small cap, and
around it are the letters TESTIS SVM AGNI. The same seal is to be met
with on various other indentures made by the Master and Chapter of
the Temple.[50] The more early seals are surrounded with the words,
Sigillum _Militis_ Templi, "Seal of the _Knight_ of the Temple;" as in
the case of the deed of exchange of lands at Normanton in the parish of
Botisford, in Leicestershire, entered into between Brother Amadeus de
Morestello, Master of the chivalry of the Temple in England, and his
chapter, of the one part, and the Lord Henry de Coleville Knight, of
the other part. The seal annexed to this deed has the addition of the
word _Militis_, but in other respects it is similar to the one above
delineated.[51]

The Master of the Temple in England sat in parliament as first baron
of the realm, but that is to be understood among priors only. To the
parliament holden in the twenty-ninth year of King Henry the Third,
there was summoned sixty-five abbots, thirty-five priors, and the
Master of the Temple.[52] The oath taken by the grand priors, grand
preceptors, or provincial Masters in Europe, on their assumption of
the duties of their high administrative office, was drawn up in the
following terms:--"I _A. B._, Knight of the Order of the Temple,
just now appointed Master of the knights who are in ----, promise
to Jesus Christ my Saviour, and to his vicar the sovereign pontiff
and his successors, perpetual obedience and fidelity. I swear that I
will defend, not only with my lips, but by force of arms and with all
my strength, the mysteries of the faith; the seven sacraments, the
fourteen articles of the faith, the creed of the Apostles, and that
of Saint Athanasius; the books of the Old and the New Testament, with
the commentaries of the holy fathers, as received by the church; the
unity of God, the plurality of the persons of the holy Trinity; and
the doctrine that Mary, the daughter of Joachim and Anna, of the tribe
of Judah, and of the race of David, remained always a virgin before
her delivery, during and after her delivery. I promise likewise to
be submissive and obedient to the Master-general of the order, in
conformity with the statutes prescribed by our father Saint Bernard;
that I will at all times in case of need pass the seas to go and
fight; that I will always afford succour against the infidel kings and
princes; that in the presence of three enemies I will fly not, but cope
with them, if they are infidels; that I will not sell the property of
the order, nor consent that it be sold or alienated; that I will always
preserve chastity; that I will be faithful to the king of ----; that I
will never surrender to the enemy the towns and places belonging to the
order; and that I will never refuse to the religious any succour that
I am able to afford them; that I will aid and defend them by words, by
arms, and by all sorts of good offices; and in sincerity and of my own
free will I swear that I will observe all these things."[53]

Among the earliest of the Masters, or Grand Priors, or Grand Preceptors
of England, whose names figure in history, is Richard de Hastings,
who was at the head of the order in this country on the accession of
King Henry the Second to the throne, (A. D. 1154,) and was employed
by that monarch in various important negotiations. He was the friend
and confidant of Thomas a Becket, and vainly endeavoured to terminate
the disputes between that haughty prelate and the king.[54] Richard
de Hastings was succeeded by Richard Mallebeench, who confirmed a
treaty of peace and concord which had been entered into between his
predecessor and the abbot of Kirkested; and the next Master of the
Temple appears to have been Geoffrey son of Stephen, who received the
patriarch Heraclius as his guest at the new Temple on the occasion of
the consecration of the Temple church. He styles himself "_Minister_ of
the soldiery of the Temple in England."[55]

In consequence of the high estimation in which the Templars were held,
and the privilege of sanctuary enjoyed by them, the Temple at London
came to be made "a storehouse of treasure." The wealth of the king,
the nobles, the bishops, and of the rich burghers of London, was
generally deposited therein, under the safeguard and protection of
the military friars. The money collected in the churches and chapels
for the succour of the Holy Land was also paid to the treasurer of
the Temple, to be forwarded to its destination: and the treasurer was
at different times authorised to receive the taxes imposed upon the
moveables of the ecclesiastics, also the large sums of money extorted
by the rapacious popes from the English clergy, and the annuities
granted by the king to the nobles of the kingdom.[56] The money and
jewels of Hubert de Burgh, earl of Kent, the chief justiciary, and at
one time governor of the king and kingdom of England, were deposited in
the Temple, and when that nobleman was disgraced and committed to the
Tower, the king attempted to lay hold of the treasure. Matthew Paris
gives the following curious account of the affair:--"It was suggested,"
says he, "to the king, that Hubert had no small amount of treasure
deposited in the New Temple, under the custody of the Templars. The
king accordingly, summoning to his presence the Master of the Temple,
briefly demanded of him if it was so. He indeed, not daring to deny
the truth to the king, confessed that he had money of the said Hubert,
which had been confidentially committed to the keeping of himself and
his brethren, but of the quantity and amount thereof he was altogether
ignorant. Then the king endeavoured with threats to obtain from the
brethren the surrender to him of the aforesaid money, asserting that it
had been fraudulently subtracted from his treasury. But they answered
to the king, that money confided to them in trust they would deliver
to no man without the permission of him who had intrusted it to be
kept in the Temple. And the king, since the above-mentioned money had
been placed under their protection, ventured not to take it by force.
He sent, therefore, the treasurer of his court, with his justices of
the Exchequer, to Hubert, who had already been placed in fetters in
the Tower of London, that they might exact from him an assignment of
the entire sum to the king. But when these messengers had explained
to Hubert the object of their coming, he immediately answered that he
would submit himself and all belonging to him to the good pleasure of
his sovereign. He therefore petitioned the brethren of the chivalry
of the Temple that they would, in his behalf, present all his keys to
his lord the king, that he might do what he pleased with the things
deposited in the Temple. This being done, the king ordered all that
money, faithfully counted, to be placed in his treasury, and the amount
of all the things found to be reduced into writing and exhibited before
him. The king's clerks, indeed, and the treasurer acting with them,
found deposited in the Temple gold and silver vases of inestimable
price, and money and many precious gems, an enumeration whereof would
in truth astonish the hearers."[57]

The kings of England frequently resided in the Temple, and so also did
the haughty legates of the Roman pontiffs, who there made contributions
in the name of the pope upon the English bishoprics. Matthew Paris
gives a lively account of the exactions of the nuncio Martin, who
resided for many years at the Temple, and came there armed by the pope
with powers such as no legate had ever before possessed. "He made,"
says he, "whilst residing at London in the New Temple, unheard of
extortions of money and valuables. He imperiously intimated to the
abbots and priors that they must send him rich presents, desirable
palfreys, sumptuous services for the table, and rich clothing; which
being done, that same Martin sent back word that the things sent were
insufficient, and he commanded the givers thereof to forward him
better things, on pain of suspension and excommunication."[58]

The convocations of the clergy and the great ecclesiastical councils
were frequently held at the Temple, and laws were there made by the
bishops and abbots for the government of the church and monasteries in
England.[59]




CHAPTER IV.

    The patriarch Heraclius quarrels with the king of England--He
    returns to Palestine without succour--The disappointment and gloomy
    forebodings of the Templars--They prepare to resist Saladin--Their
    defeat and slaughter--The valiant deeds of the Marshal of the
    Temple--The fatal battle of Tiberias--The captivity of the Grand
    Master and the true cross--The captive Templars are offered the
    Koran or death--They choose the latter, and are beheaded--The fall
    of Jerusalem--The Moslems take possession of the Temple--They
    purify it with rose-water, say prayers, and hear a sermon--The
    Templars retire to Antioch--Their letters to the king of England
    and the Master of the Temple at London--Their exploits at the siege
    of Acre.

    "The foes of the Lord break into his holy city, even into that
    glorious tomb where the virgin blossom of Mary was wrapt up in
    linen and spices, and where the first and greatest flower on earth
    rose up again."--_S. Bernardi_, epist. cccxxii.


The Grand Master, Arnold de Torroge, who died on his journey to
England, as before mentioned, was succeeded by Brother Gerard de
Riderfort.[60]

On the 10th of the calends of April, a month after the consecration
by the patriarch Heraclius of the Temple church, the grand council or
parliament of England, composed of the bishops, earls, and barons,
assembled in the house of the Hospitallers at Clerkenwell in London.
It was attended by William king of Scotland and David his brother,
and many of the counts and barons of that distant land. The august
assembly was acquainted, in the king's name, with the object of the
solemn embassy just sent to him from Jerusalem, and with the desire
of the royal penitent to fulfil his vow and perform his penance; but
the barons were at the same time reminded of the old age of their
sovereign, of the bad state of his health, and of the necessity for
his presence in England. They accordingly represented to King Henry
that the solemn oath taken by him on his coronation was an obligation
antecedent to the penance imposed on him by the pope; that by that oath
he was bound to stay at home and govern his dominions, and that, in
their opinion, it was more wholesome for the king's soul to defend his
own country against the barbarous French, than to desert it for the
purpose of protecting the distant kingdom of Jerusalem.[61]

Fabian, in his chronicle, gives the following quaint account of the
king's answer to the patriarch, taken from the Chron. Joan Bromton:
"Lasteley the kynge gaue answere, and sayde that he myghte not leue hys
lande wythoute kepynge, nor yet leue yt to the praye and robbery of
Frenchemen. But he wolde gyue largely of hys own to such as wolde take
upon theym that vyge. Wyth thys answere the patryarke was dyscontente,
and sayde, 'We seke a man, and not money; welnere euery crysten regyon
sendyth unto us money, but no land sendyth to us a prince. Therefore
we aske a prynce that nedeth money, and not money that nedeth a
prynce.' But the kynge layde for hym suche excuses, that the patryarke
departed from hym dyscontentyd and comforteless, whereof the kynge
beynge aduertysed, entendynge somwhat to recomforte hym with pleasaunte
words, folowed hym to the see syde. But the more the kynge thought
to satysfye hym with hys fayre speche, the more the patryarke was
dyscontentyd, in so myche that at the last he sayde unto hym, 'Hytherto
thou haste reygned gloryously, but here after thou shalt be forsaken
of hym whom thou at thys tyme forsakeste. Thynke on hym what he hath
gyuen to thee, and what thou haste yelden to him agayne: howe fyrste
thou were false unto the kynge of Fraunce, and after slewe that holy
man Thomas of Caunterburye, and lastely thou forsakeste the proteccyon
of Crystes faith.' The kynge was amoued wyth these wordes, and sayde
unto the patryarke, 'Though all the men of my lande were one bodye, and
spake with one mouth, they durste not speke to me such wordys.' 'No
wonder,' sayde the patryarke, 'for they loue thyne and not the; that
ys to meane, they loue thy goodes temporall, and fere the for losse of
promocyon, but they loue not thy soule.' And when he hadde so sayde,
he offeryd hys hedde to the kynge, sayenge, 'Do by me ryghte as thou
dyddest by that blessed man Thomas of Caunterburye, for I had leur to
be slayne of the, then of the Sarasyns, for thou art worse than any
Sarasyn.' But the kynge kepte hys paycence, and sayde, 'I may not wende
oute of my lande, for myne own sonnes wyll aryse agayne me whan I were
absente.' 'No wonder,' sayde the patryarke, 'for of the deuyll they
come, and to the deuyll they shall go,' and so departyd from the kynge
in great ire."[62]

According to Roger de Hoveden, however, the patriarch, on the 17th
of the calends of May, accompanied King Henry into Normandy, where
a conference was held between the sovereigns of France and England
concerning the proposed succour to the Holy Land. Both monarchs were
liberal in promises and fair speeches; but as nothing short of the
presence of the king of England, or of one of his sons, in Palestine,
would satisfy the patriarch, that haughty ecclesiastic failed in his
negotiations and returned in disgust and disappointment to the Holy
Land. On his arrival at Jerusalem with intelligence of his ill success
the greatest consternation prevailed amongst the Latin Christians: and
it was generally observed that the true cross, which had been recovered
from the Persians by the Emperor Heraclius, was about to be lost under
the pontificate, and by the fault of a patriarch of the same name. A
cotemporary writer of Palestine tells us that the patriarch was a very
handsome person, and, in consequence of his beauty, the mother of the
king of Jerusalem fell in love with him, and made him archbishop of
Caesarea. He then describes how he came to be made patriarch, and how
he was suspected to have poisoned the archbishop of Tyre. After his
return from Rome he fell in love with the wife of a haberdasher who
lived at Naplous, twelve miles from Jerusalem. He went to see her very
often, and, not long after the acquaintanceship commenced, the husband
died. Then the patriarch brought the lady to Jerusalem, clothed her in
rich apparel, bought her a house, and furnished her with an elegant
retinue.[63]

Baldwin the fourth, who was the reigning sovereign of the Latin
kingdom at the period of the departure of the patriarch Heraclius
and the Grand Master of the Temple for Europe, was afflicted with a
frightful leprosy, which rendered it unlawful for him to marry, and
he was consequently deprived of all hope of having an heir of his
body to inherit the crown. Sensible of the dangers and inconvenience
of a female succession, he selected William V. marquis of Montferrat,
surnamed "Long-sword," as a husband for his eldest sister Sibylla.
Shortly after his marriage the marquis of Montferrat died, leaving
by Sibylla an infant son named Baldwin. Sibylla's second husband was
Guy de Lusignan, a nobleman of a handsome person, and descended of an
ancient family of Poitou in France. Her choice was at first approved of
by the king, who received his new brother-in-law with favour, loaded
him with honours, and made him regent of the kingdom. Subsequently,
through the intrigues of the count of Tripoli, the king was induced to
deprive Guy de Lusignan of the regency, and to set aside the claims
of Sibylla to the throne, in favour of her son the young Baldwin, who
was then about five years of age. He gave orders for the coronation of
the young prince, and resigned his authority to the count of Tripoli,
who was appointed regent of the kingdom during the minority of the
sovereign, whilst all the fortresses and castles of the land were
committed to the safe keeping of the Templars and Hospitallers. The
youthful Baldwin was carried with vast pomp to the great church of the
Holy Sepulchre, and was there anointed and crowned by the patriarch
in the presence of the Grand Masters of the Temple and the Hospital.
According to ancient custom he was taken, wearing his crown, to the
Temple of the Lord, to make certain offerings, after which he went to
the Temple of Solomon, where the Templars resided, and was entertained
at dinner, together with his barons, by the Grand Master of the Temple
and the military friars. Shortly after the coronation (A. D. 1186)
the ex-king, Baldwin IV., died at Jerusalem, and was buried in the
church of the Resurrection, by the side of Godfrey de Bouillon, and the
other Christian kings. His death was followed, in the short space of
seven months, by that of the infant sovereign Baldwin V., and Sibylla
thus became the undoubted heiress to the throne. The count of Tripoli
refused, however, to surrender the regency, accusing Sibylla of the
horrible and improbable crime of poisoning her own child. But Gerard
de Riderfort, the Grand Master of the Temple, invited her to repair to
Jerusalem, and gave orders for the coronation. He sent letters, in the
queen's name, to the count of Tripoli and the rebellious barons who
had assembled with their followers in arms at Naplous, (the ancient
Shechem,) requiring them to attend at the appointed time to do homage,
and take the oath of allegiance, but the barons sent back word that
they intended to remain where they were; and they despatched two
Cistercian abbots to the Grand Master of the Temple, and the patriarch
Heraclius, exhorting them for the love of God and his holy apostles
to refrain from crowning Isabella countess of Jaffa, as long as she
remained the wife of Guy de Lusignan. They represented that the latter
had already manifested his utter incapacity for command, both in the
field and in the cabinet; that the kingdom of Jerusalem required an
able general for its sovereign; and they insisted that Sibylla should
be immediately divorced from Guy de Lusignan, and should choose a
husband better fitted to protect the country and undertake the conduct
of the government.

As soon as this message had been received, the Grand Master of the
Temple directed the Templars to take possession of all the gates of
the city of Jerusalem, and issued strict orders that no person should
be allowed to enter or withdraw from the Holy City without an express
permission from himself. Sibylla and Guy de Lusignan were then taken,
guarded by the Templars, to the great church of the Resurrection, where
the patriarch Heraclius and all his clergy were in readiness to receive
them. The crowns of the Latin kingdom were kept in a large chest in the
treasury, fastened with two locks. The Grand Master of the Temple kept
the key of one of these locks, and the Grand Master of the Hospital
had the other. On their arrival at the church, the key of the Grand
Master of the Temple was produced, but the key of the Grand Master of
the Hospital was not forthcoming, nor could that illustrious chieftain
himself anywhere be found. Gerard de Riderfort and Heraclius at last
went in person to the Hospital, and after much hunting about they found
the Grand Master, and immediately demanded the key in the queen's name.

The powerful Superior of the Hospitallers at first refused to produce
it, but being pressed by many arguments and entreaties, he at last
took out the key and flung it upon the ground, whereupon the patriarch
picked it up, and proceeding to the treasury, speedily produced the
two crowns, one of which he placed upon the high altar of the church
of the Resurrection, and the other by the side of the chair upon
which the countess of Jaffa was seated. Heraclius then performed the
solemn ceremony of the coronation, and when he had placed the crown
on the queen's head, he reminded her that she was a frail and feeble
woman, but ill fitted to contend with the toil and strife in which
the beleaguered kingdom of Palestine was continually involved, and he
therefore exhorted her to make choice of some person to govern the
kingdom in conjunction with herself; whereupon her majesty, taking
up the crown which had been placed by her side, and calling for her
husband, Guy de Lusignan, thus addressed him:--"Those whom God hath
joined, let no man put asunder. Sire, receive this crown, for I know
none more worthy of it than yourself." And immediately Guy de Lusignan
was crowned king of Jerusalem, and received the blessing of the
patriarch.

Great was the indignation of the count of Tripoli and the barons, when
they received intelligence of these events. They raised the standard
of revolt, and proclaimed the princess Isabella, the younger sister
of Sibylla, who had been married, at the early period of eight years,
to Humphrey de Thoron, queen of Jerusalem. As soon as Humphrey de
Thoron heard of the proceedings of the count of Tripoli and the barons,
he hurried with the princess to Jerusalem, and the two, throwing
themselves at the feet of the king and queen, respectfully tendered
to them their allegiance. This loyal and decisive conduct struck
terror and dismay into the hearts of the conspirators, most of whom
now proceeded to Jerusalem to do homage; whilst the count of Tripoli,
deserted by his adherents, retired to the strong citadel of Tiberias,
of which place he was the feudal lord, and there remained, proudly
defying the royal power.[64]

The king at first sought to avail himself of the assistance of the
Templars against his rebellious vassal, and exhorted them to besiege
Tiberias; but they refused, as it was contrary to their oaths, and
the spirit of their institution, for them to undertake an aggressive
warfare against any christian prince. The king then gave orders for the
concentration of an army at Nazareth; the count of Tripoli prepared to
defend Tiberias, and it appears unquestionable that he sent to Saladin
for assistance, and entered into a defensive and independent alliance
with that monarch. The citadel of Tiberias was a place of great
strength, the military power of the count was very considerable, and
the friends of the king, foreseeing that the infidels would not fail to
take advantage of a civil war, earnestly besought his majesty to offer
terms of reconciliation to his powerful vassal. It was accordingly
agreed that the Grand Masters of the Temple and the Hospital should
proceed with the archbishop of Tyre, the Lord Balian d'Ibelin, and
the Lord Reginald of Sidon, to Tiberias, and attempt to bring back
the count to his allegiance. These illustrious personages set out
from Jerusalem, and slept the first night at Naplous, of which town
Balian d'Ibelin was the feudal lord, and the next day they journeyed
on towards Nazareth. As they drew near that place, the Grand Master of
the Temple proceeded to pass the night at a neighbouring fortress of
the Knights Templars, called "the castle of La Feue," and was eating
his supper with the brethren in the refectory of the convent, when
intelligence was brought to him that a strong corps of the Mussulman
cavalry, under the command of Malek al Afdal, one of Saladin's sons,
had crossed the Jordan at sunrise, and was marching through the
territories of the count of Tripoli.

The chronicle of the Holy Land, written by Radolph, abbot of the
monastery of Coggleshale in Essex, forms the most important and
trustworthy account now in existence of the conquest of Jerusalem by
Saladin, for the writer was, as he tells us, an eye-witness of all
the remarkable events he relates. Radolph was an English monk of the
Cistercian order, and a man of vast learning and erudition. He went on
a pilgrimage to Palestine, and was there on the breaking out of the war
which immediately preceded the loss of the Holy City. He was present
at the siege of Jerusalem, and was wounded by an arrow, "which," says
the worthy abbot, "pierced through the nose of the relator of these
circumstances; the wood was withdrawn, but a part of the iron barb
remains to this day." His chronicle was published in 1729, by the
fathers Martene and Durand, in their valuable collection of ancient
chronicles and manuscripts. It commences in the year 1187, and finishes
in 1191.

As soon as the Grand Master of the Temple heard that the infidels had
crossed the Jordan and were ravaging the christian territories, he
sent messengers to a castle of the Templars called "The Convent of
Caco," situate four miles distant from La Feue, commanding all the
knights that could be spared from the garrison at that place to mount
and come to him with speed. The knights had retired to rest when the
messengers arrived, but they arose from their beds, and at midnight
they were encamped with their horses around the walls of the castle of
La Feue. The next morning, as soon as it was light, the Grand Master,
at the head of ninety of his knights, rode over to Nazareth, and was
joined at that place by the Grand Master of the Hospital and forty
knights of the garrison of Nazareth. The Templars and Hospitallers
were accompanied by four hundred of their foot soldiers, and the
whole force, under the command of the two Grand Masters, amounted to
about six hundred men. With this small but valiant band, they set out
in quest of the infidels, and had proceeded about seven miles from
Nazareth in the direction of the Jordan, when they came suddenly upon a
strong column of Mussulman cavalry amounting to several thousand men,
who were watering their horses at the brook Kishon. Without waiting
to count the number of their enemies, the Templars raised their war
cry, unfolded the blood-red banner, and dashed into the midst of the
astonished and terrified Mussulmen, dealing around them, to use the
words of Abbot Coggleshale, "death and damnation." The infidels, taken
by surprise, were at first thrown into confusion, discomfited, and
slaughtered; but when the smallness of the force opposed to them became
apparent, they closed in upon the Templars, overwhelmed them with
darts and missiles, and speedily thinned their ranks with a terrific
slaughter. An eye-witness tells us that the military friars were to be
seen bathed with blood and sweat; trembling with fatigue; with their
horses killed under them, and with their swords and lances broken,
closing with the Mussulman warriors, and rolling headlong with them in
the dust. Some tore the darts with which they had been transfixed from
their bodies, and hurled them back with a convulsive effort upon the
enemy; and others, having lost all their weapons in the affray, clung
around the necks of their opponents, dragged them from their horses,
and endeavoured to strangle them under the feet of the combatants.
Jacqueline de Mailly, Marshal of the Temple, performed prodigies of
valour. He was mounted on a white horse, and clothed in the white habit
of his order, with the blood-red cross, the symbol of martyrdom, on
his breast; he became, through his gallant bearing and demeanour, an
object of admiration, even to the Moslems. Radolph compares the fury
and the anger of this warlike monk, as he looked around him upon his
slaughtered brethren, to the wrath of the lioness who has lost her
whelps; and his position and demeanour in the midst of the throng of
infidels, he likens to that of the wild boar when surrounded by dogs
whom he is tearing with his tusks. Every blow of this furious man, says
the worthy abbot, "despatched an infidel to hell;" but with all his
valour Jacqueline de Mailly was slain.

In this bloody battle perished the Grand Master of the Hospital and
all the Templars excepting the Grand Master, Gerard de Riderford, and
two of his knights, who broke through the dense ranks of the Moslems,
and made their escape to Nazareth. The Mussulmen severed the heads of
the slaughtered Templars from their bodies, and attaching them with
cords to the points of their lances, they marched off in the direction
of Tiberias. This disastrous engagement was fought on Friday, the 1st
of May, the feast of St. James and St. Philip. "In that beautiful
season of the year," says Abbot Coggleshale, "when the inhabitants of
Nazareth were wont to seek the rose and the violet in the fields, they
found only the sad traces of carnage, and the lifeless bodies of their
slaughtered brethren. With mourning and great lamentation they carried
them into the burial-ground of the blessed Virgin Mary at Nazareth,
crying aloud, 'Daughters of Galilee, put on your mourning clothes, and
ye daughters of Zion, bewail the misfortunes that threaten the kings of
Judah.'"

Whilst this bloody battle was being fought, the Lord Balian d'Ibelin
was journeying with another party of Templars from Naplous to join the
Grand Master at Nazareth, and the following interesting account is
given of their march towards that place. "When they had travelled two
miles, they came to the city of Sebaste. It was a lovely morning, and
they determined to march no further until they had heard mass. They
accordingly turned towards the house of the bishop and awoke him up,
and informed him that the day was breaking. The bishop accordingly
ordered an old chaplain to put on his clothes and say mass, after which
they hastened forwards. Then they came to the castle of La Feue, (a
fortress of the Templars,) and there they found, outside the castle,
the tents of the convent of Caco pitched, and there was no one to
explain what it meant. A varlet was sent into the castle to inquire,
but he found no one within but two sick people who were unable to
speak. Then they marched towards Nazareth, and after they had proceeded
a short distance from the castle of La Feue, they met a brother of the
Temple on horseback, who galloped up to them at a furious rate, calling
out, 'Bad news, bad news;' and he informed them how that the Master of
the Hospital had had his head cut off, and how of all the brothers of
the Temple there had escaped but three, the Master of the Temple and
two others, and that the knights whom the king had placed in garrison
at Nazareth, were all taken and killed." "If Balian d'Ibelin," says
the chronicler, "had marched straight to Nazareth, with his knights,
instead of halting to hear mass at Sebaste, he would have been in time
to have saved his brethren from slaughter." As it was, he arrived just
in time to hear the funeral service read over their dead bodies by
William, archbishop of Tyre.[65]

The Grand Master of the Temple, who was at Nazareth, suffering severely
from his wounds, hastened to collect together a small force at that
place to open the communications with Tiberias, which being done, the
Lord Balian d'Ibelin and the archbishop of Tyre proceeded to that place
to have their interview with the count of Tripoli. The Grand Master
accompanied them as far as the hill above the citadel, but not liking
to trust himself into the power of the count, he then retraced his
steps to Nazareth. Both the Moslem and the Christian writers agree in
asserting that the count of Tripoli had at this period entered into
an alliance with Saladin; nevertheless, either smitten with remorse
for his past conduct, or moved by the generous overtures of the king,
he consented to do homage and become reconciled to his sovereign, and
for this purpose immediately set out from Tiberias for Jerusalem. The
interview and reconciliation between the king and the count took place
at Joseph's well, near Naplous, in the presence of the Templars and
Hospitallers, and the bishops and barons. The count knelt upon one knee
and did homage, whereupon the king raised him up and kissed him, and
they then both returned together to Naplous to take measures for the
protection of the country.

Saladin, on the other hand, was concentrating together a large
army and rapidly maturing his plans for the reconquest of the
Holy City--the long-cherished enterprise of the Mussulmen. Whilst
discord and dissensions had been gradually undermining the strength
of the Christian empire, Saladin had been carefully extending and
consolidating his power. He had reduced the various independent
chieftains of the north of Syria to submission to his throne and
government; he had conquered the cities of Mecca and Medina, and the
whole of Arabia Felix; and his vast empire now extended from Tripoli,
in Africa, to the Tigris, and from the Indian Ocean to the mountains
of Armenia. The Arabian writers enthusiastically recount his pious
exhortations to the true believers to arm in defence of Islam, and
describe with vast enthusiasm his glorious preparations for the holy
war. Bohadin, son of Sjeddadi, his friend and secretary, and great
biographer, before venturing upon the sublime task of describing his
famous and sacred actions, makes a solemn confession of faith, and
offers up praises to the one true God. "Praise be to GOD," says he,
"who hath blessed us with _Islam_, and hath led us to the understanding
of the true faith beautifully put together, and hath befriended us;
and, through the intercession of our prophet, hath loaded us with every
blessing. I bear witness that there is no God but that one GREAT GOD
who hath _no partner_, (a testimony that will deliver our souls from
the smoky fire of hell,) that MOHAMMED is his _servant_ and _apostle_,
who hath opened unto us the gates of the right road to salvation. These
solemn duties being performed, I will begin to write concerning the
victorious DEFENDER _of the_ FAITH, the tamer of the followers of the
cross, the lifter up of the standard of justice and equity, the saviour
of the world and of religion, Saladin Aboolmodaffer Joseph, the son of
Job, the son of Schadi, Sultan of the Moslems, ay, and of Islam itself;
the deliverer of the holy house of God (the Temple) from the hands of
the idolaters, the servant of two holy cities, whose tomb may the Lord
moisten with the dew of his favour, affording to him the sweetness of
the fruits of the faith."[66]

Crowds of Mussulmen from all parts of Asia crowded round the standard
of Saladin, and the caliph of Bagdad and all the imauns put up daily
prayers for the success of his arms. After protecting the return of the
caravan from Mecca, Saladin marched to Ashtara, probably the Ashtaroth
Karnain of scripture, belonging to the tribe of Manasseh, not far from
Damascus. He was there met by his son, _Al Malek al Afdal_, "Most
excellent Prince," and _Moh-hafferoddin ibn Zinoddin_, with the army
under their command. Being afterwards joined by the forces of _Al
Mawsel_, commanded by _Masud al Zaf'arani_, _Maredin_, and _Hamah_, he
reviewed his army, first on the hill called Tel Taisel, and afterwards
at Ashtara, the place of general rendezvous. Whilst completing his
preparations at this place, Saladin received intelligence of the
reconciliation of the count of Tripoli with the king of Jerusalem, and
he determined instantly to lay siege to Tiberias. For this purpose,
on Friday the 17th of the month Rabi, he advanced in three divisions
upon Al Soheira, a village situate at the northern end of the Lake of
Tiberias, where he encamped for the night. The next day he marched
round to the western shore of the lake, and proceeded towards Tiberias
in battle array. On the 21st Rabi, he took the town by storm, put all
who resisted to the sword, and made slaves of the survivors. The place
was then set on fire and reduced to ashes. The countess of Tripoli
retired with the garrison into the citadel, and from thence she
sent messengers to her husband and the king of Jerusalem, earnestly
imploring instant succour.

The king had pitched his tents at Sepphoris, and all the chivalry of
the Latin kingdom were hastening to join his standard and make a last
effort in defence of the tottering kingdom of Jerusalem. The Templars
and Hospitallers collected together a strong force from their different
castles and fortresses,[67] and came into the camp with the holy cross
which had been brought from the church of the Resurrection, to be
placed in the front of the christian array. The count of Tripoli joined
them with the men of Tripoli and Galilee. Prince Reginald of Mount
Royal, made his appearance at the head of a body of light cavalry.
The Lord Balian of Naplous came in with all his armed retainers, and
Reginald, Lord of Sidon, marched into the camp with the men from the
sea coast.

The Grand Master of the Temple had brought with him the treasure which
had been sent to the Templars by the king of England, to be employed
in the defence of the Holy Land, in expiation of the murder of St.
Thomas a Becket, and it was found very acceptable in the exhausted
condition of the Latin treasury. Whilst the christian forces were
assembling at Sepphoris, Saladin sent forward a strong corps of
cavalry, which ravaged and laid waste all the country around the
brook Kishon, from Tiberias to Bethoron, and from the mountains of
Gilboa and Jezreel to Nazareth. From all the eminences nought was to
be seen but the smoking ruins of the villages, hamlets, and scattered
dwellings of the christian population. The whole country, before the
very noses of the warriors of the cross, was enveloped in flame and
smoke, and the christian camp was filled with fugitives who had fled
with terror before the merciless swords of the Moslems. To complete
the misfortunes of the Latins, the king was irresolute and continually
giving contradictory commands, and the christian chieftains, having
lost all confidence in their leader, and despairing of being able to
contend with success against the vast power of Saladin, seemed to be
preparing for a retreat to the sea coast, rather than for a desperate
struggle with the infidels for the preservation of Jerusalem. Upon
this ground only can be explained the long delay of the christian army
at Sepphoris. This place, the ancient capital of Galilee, is situate
between Nazareth and Acre, and an army could at any time secure an easy
and safe retreat from it to the port of the last-named city. Here,
then, the Christians remained, quietly permitting Saladin to occupy a
strong position from whence he could pour his vast masses of cavalry
into the great plain of Esdraelon, and open for himself a direct road
to the Holy City, either through the valley of the Jordan, or through
the great plain along the bases of the mountains of Gilboa.

When the messengers from the countess of Tripoli arrived in the
christian camp, with intelligence that Saladin had burnt and stormed
the town of Tiberias, and that the countess had retired into the
citadel, the king called a council of war. This council assembled in
the royal tent, on the evening of the 2nd of July, A. D. 1187, and
there were present at it, Gerard de Riderfort, the Grand Master of the
Temple, the newly-elected Grand Master of the Hospital, the archbishop
of Tyre, the count of Tripoli, Balian d'Ibelin, lord of Naplous, and
nearly all the bishops and barons of Palestine. The count of Tripoli,
although his capital was in flames, his territories spoiled by the
enemy, and his countess closely besieged, advised the king to remain
inactive where he was; but the Grand Master of the Temple, hearing
this advice, rose up in the midst of the assembly, and stigmatized the
count as a traitor, urging the king instantly to march to the relief
of Tiberias. The barons, however, sided with the count of Tripoli,
and it was determined that the army should remain at Sepphoris. The
council broke up; each man retired to his tent, and the king went to
supper. But the Grand Master of the Temple, agitated by a thousand
conflicting emotions, could not rest. At midnight he arose and sought
the presence of the king. He reproached him for remaining in a state of
inaction at Sepphoris, whilst the enemy was ravaging and laying waste
all the surrounding country, and reducing the Christian population to
a state of hopeless bondage. "It will be an everlasting reproach to
you, sire," said he, "if you quietly permit the infidels to take before
your face an important christian citadel, which you ought to feel it
your first duty to defend. Know that the Templars will sooner tear the
white mantle from their shoulders, and sell all that they possess, than
remain any longer quiet spectators of the injury and disgrace that have
been brought upon the christian arms."

Moved by the discourse of the Grand Master, the king consented to
march to the relief of Tiberias, and at morning's dawn the tents of
the Templars were struck, and the trumpets of the order sounded the
advance. In vain did the count of Tripoli and the barons oppose this
movement, the king and the Templars were resolute, and the host of
the cross soon covered, in full array, the winding road leading to
Tiberias. The count of Tripoli insisted upon leading the van of the
army, as the christian forces were marching through his territories,
and the Templars consequently brought up the rear. The patriarch
Heraclius, whose duty it was to bear the holy cross in front of the
christian array, had remained at Jerusalem, and had confided his sacred
charge to the bishops of Acre and Lidda, a circumstance which gave rise
to many gloomy forebodings amongst the superstitious soldiers of Christ.

As soon as Saladin heard of the advance of the christian army, he
turned the siege of the citadel of Tiberias into a blockade, called
in his detachments of cavalry, and hastened to occupy all the passes
and defiles of the mountains leading to Tiberias. The march of the
infidel host, which amounted to 80,000 horse and foot, over the hilly
country, is compared by an Arabian writer, an eye-witness, to mountains
in movement, or to the vast waves of an agitated sea. Saladin encamped
on the hills beyond Tiberias, resting his left wing upon the lake,
and planting his cavalry in the valleys. When the Latin forces had
arrived within three miles of Tiberias, they came in sight of the
Mussulman army, and were immediately assailed by the light cavalry
of the Arabs. During the afternoon of that day a bloody battle was
fought. The Christians attempted, but in vain, to penetrate the defiles
of the mountains; and when the evening came they found that they had
merely been able to hold their ground without advancing a single step.
Instead of fighting his way, at all hazards, to the lake of Tiberias,
or falling back upon some position where he could have secured a supply
of water, the king, following the advice of the count of Tripoli,
committed the fatal mistake of ordering the tents to be pitched. "When
the Saracens saw that the Christians had pitched their tents," says the
chronicler, "they came and encamped so close to them that the soldiers
of the two armies could converse together, and not even a cat could
escape from the Christian lines without the knowledge of the Saracens."
It was a sultry summer's night, the army of the cross was hemmed in
amongst dry and barren rocks, and both the men and horses, after their
harassing and fatiguing march, threw themselves on the parched ground,
sighing in vain for water. During the livelong night, not a drop of
that precious element touched their lips, and the soldiers arose
exhausted and unrefreshed, for the toil, and labour, and fierce warfare
of the ensuing day.

At sunrise the Templars formed in battle array in the van of the
Christian army, and prepared to open a road through the dense ranks of
the infidels to the lake of Tiberias. An Arabian writer, who witnessed
the movement of their dense and compact columns at early dawn, speaks
of them as "terrible in arms, having their whole bodies cased with
triple mail." He compares the noise made by their advancing squadrons
to the _loud humming of bees!_ and describes them as animated with
"a flaming desire of vengeance."[68] Saladin had behind him the lake
of Tiberias, his infantry was in the centre, and the swift cavalry
of the desert was stationed on either wing, under the command of
_Faki-ed-deen_ (teacher of religion). The Templars rushed, we are told,
like lions upon the Moslem infidels, and nothing could withstand their
heavy and impetuous charge. "Never," says an Arabian doctor of the law,
"have I seen bolder or more powerful soldiers; none more to be feared
by the believers in the true faith." Saladin set fire to the dry grass
and dwarf shrubs which lay between both armies, and the wind blew the
smoke and the flames directly into the faces of the military friars
and their horses. The fire, the noise, the gleaming weapons, and all
the accompaniments of the horrid scene, have given full scope to the
descriptive powers of the oriental writers. They compare it to the last
judgment; the dust and the smoke obscured the face of the sun, and
the day was turned into night. Sometimes gleams of light darted like
the rapid lightning amid the throng of combatants; then you might see
the dense columns of armed warriors, now immoveable as mountains, and
now sweeping swiftly across the landscape like the rainy clouds over
the face of heaven. "The sons of paradise and the children of fire,"
say they, "then decided their terrible quarrel; the arrows rustled
through the air like the wings of innumerable sparrows, the sparks flew
from the coats of mail and the glancing sabres, and the blood spurting
forth from the bosom of the throng deluged the earth like the rains of
heaven."... "The avenging sword of the true believers was drawn forth
against the infidels; the faith of the UNITY was opposed to the faith
of the TRINITY, and speedy ruin, desolation, and destruction, overtook
the miserable sons of baptism!"

The lake of Tiberias was two miles distant from the Templars, and ever
and anon its blue and placid waters were to be seen calmly reposing
in the bright sun-beams, or winding gracefully amid the bosom of the
distant mountains; but every inch of the road was fiercely contested;
the expert archers of the Mussulmen lined all the eminences, and the
thirsty soil was drenched with the blood of the best and bravest of the
christian warriors. After almost superhuman exertions, the Templars
and Hospitallers halted, and sent to the king for succour. At this
critical juncture the count of Tripoli, who had always insisted on
being in the van, and whose conduct, from first to last, had been most
suspicious, dashed with a few followers through a party of Mussulmen,
who opened their ranks to let him pass, and fled in safety to Tyre.
The flight of this distinguished nobleman gave rise to a sudden panic,
and the troops that were advancing to the support of the Templars were
driven in one confused mass upon the main body. The military friars,
who rarely turned their backs upon the enemy, maintained, alone and
unaided, a short, sharp, and bloody conflict, which ended in the death
or captivity of every one of them excepting the Grand Master of the
Hospital, who clove his way from the field of battle, and reached
Ascalon in safety, but died of his wounds the day after his arrival.

The Christian soldiers now gave themselves up to despair; the infantry,
which was composed principally of the native population of Palestine,
men taken from the plough and the pruning-hook, crowded together in
disorder and confusion, around the bishops and the holy cross. They
were so wedged together that they were unable to act against the enemy,
and they refused to obey their leaders. Brother Terric, Grand Preceptor
of the Temple, who had been attached to the person of the king, the
Lord Reginald of Sidon, Balian d'Ibelin, lord of Naplous, and many of
the lesser barons and knights, collected their followers together,
rushed over the rocks, down the mountain sides, pierced through the
enemies' squadrons, and leaving the infantry to their fate, made their
escape to the sea coast. The Arab cavalry dashed on, and surrounding,
with terrific cries, the trembling and unresisting foot soldiers, they
mowed them down with a frightful carnage.

In vain did the bishops of Ptolemais and Lidda, who supported with
difficulty the Holy Cross in the midst of the disordered throng,
attempt to infuse into the base-born peasantry some of that daring
valour and fiery-religious enthusiasm which glowed so fiercely in the
breasts of the Moslems. The Christian fugitives were crowded together
like a flock of sheep when attacked by dogs, and their bitter cries
for mercy ever and anon rent the air, between the loud shouts of ALLAH
_acbar_--"GOD is victorious." The Moslem chieftains pressed into the
heart of the throng, and cleft their way towards the Holy Cross; the
bishop of Ptolemais was slain, the bishop of Lidda was made captive,
and the cross itself fell into the hands of the infidels. The king of
Jerusalem, the Grand Master of the Temple, the Marquis of Montferrat,
the Lord Reginald de Chatillon, and many other nobles and knights,
were at the same time taken prisoners and led away into captivity.
"Alas, alas," says Abbot Coggleshale, "that I should have lived to
have seen in my time these awful and terrible calamities." When the
sun had sunk to rest, and darkness had put an end to the slaughter,
a crowd of Christian fugitives, who survived the long and frightful
carnage, attempted to gain the summit of Mount Hittin, in the vain hope
of escaping from the field of blood, under cover of the obscurity of
the night. But every pass and avenue were strictly watched, and when
morning came they were found cowering on the elevated summit of the
mountain. They were maddened with thirst and exhausted with watching,
but despair gave them some energy; they availed themselves with success
of the strength of their position, and in the first onslaught the
Moslems were repulsed. The sloping sides of Mount Hittin were covered
with dry grass and thistles, which had been scorched and killed by the
hot summer's sun, and the Moslems again resorted to the expedient of
setting fire to the parched vegetation. The heat of a July sun, added
to that of the raging flames, soon told with fearful effect upon the
weakened frames of the poor Christian warriors, who were absolutely
dying with thirst; some threw away their arms and cast themselves
upon the ground; some cried for mercy, and others calmly awaited the
approach of death.

The Moslem appetite for blood had at this time been slaked; feelings
of compassion for the misfortunes of the fallen had arisen in their
breasts, and as resistance had now ceased in every quarter of the
field, the lives of the fugitives on Mount Hittin were mercifully
spared. Thus ended the memorable battle of Tiberias, which commenced on
the afternoon of the 3rd of July, and ended oh the morning of Saturday,
the 5th. The multitude of captives taken by the Moslems was enormous;
cords could not be found to bind them, the tent ropes were all used
for the purpose, but were insufficient, and the Arabian writers tell
us, that on seeing the dead, one would have thought that there could
have been no prisoners, and on seeing the prisoners, that there could
be no dead. "I saw," says the secretary and companion of Saladin, who
was present at this terrible fight, and is unable to restrain himself
from pitying the disasters of the vanquished--"I saw the mountains and
the plains, the hills and the valleys, covered with their dead. I saw
their fallen and deserted banners sullied with dust and with blood. I
saw their heads broken and battered, their limbs scattered abroad, and
the blackened corpses piled one upon another like the stones of the
builders. I called to mind the words of the Koran, 'The infidel shall
say, What am I but _dust_?'... I saw thirty or forty tied together by
one cord. I saw in one place, guarded by one Mussulman, two hundred of
these famous warriors gifted with amazing strength, who had but just
now walked forth amongst the mighty: their proud bearing was gone: they
stood naked with downcast eyes, wretched and miserable.... The lying
infidels were now in the power of the true believers. Their king and
their cross were captured, that cross before which they bow the head
and bend the knee; which they bear aloft and worship with their eyes;
they say that it is the identical wood to which the God whom they
adore was fastened. They had adorned it with fine gold and brilliant
stones; they carried it before their armies; they all bowed towards it
with respect. It was their first duty to defend it; and he who should
desert it would never enjoy peace of mind. The capture of this cross
was more grievous to them than the captivity of their king. Nothing can
compensate them for the loss of it. It was their God; they prostrated
themselves in the dust before it, and sang hymns when it was raised
aloft!"

As soon as all fighting had ceased on the field of battle, Saladin
proceeded to a tent, whither, in obedience to his commands, the king
of Jerusalem, Gerard de Riderfort, the Grand Master of the Temple,
and Reginald de Chatillon had been conducted. This last nobleman had
greatly distinguished himself in various daring expeditions against
the caravans of pilgrims travelling to Mecca, and had become on that
account particularly obnoxious to the pious Saladin. The sultan,
on entering the tent, ordered a bowl of sherbet, the sacred pledge
amongst the Arabs of hospitality and security, to be presented to the
fallen monarch of Jerusalem, and to the Grand Master of the Temple;
but when Reginald de Chatillon would have drunk thereof, Saladin
prevented him, and reproaching the christian nobleman with perfidy and
impiety, he commanded him instantly to acknowledge the prophet whom he
had blasphemed, or to be prepared to meet the death he had so often
deserved. On Reginald's refusal, Saladin struck him with his scimitar,
and he was immediately despatched by the guards. Bohadin, Saladin's
friend and secretary, an eye-witness of the scene, gives the following
account of it: "Then Saladin told the interpreter to say thus to the
king, 'It is thou, not I, who givest drink to this man!' Then the
sultan sat down at the entrance of the tent, and they brought Prince
Reginald before him, and after refreshing the man's memory, Saladin
said to him, 'Now then, I myself will act the part of the defender of
Mohammed!' He then offered the man the Mohammedan faith, but he refused
it; then the king struck him on the shoulder with a drawn scimitar,
which was a hint to those that were present to do for him; so they sent
his soul to _hell_, and cast out his body before the tent door!"

The next day Saladin proceeded in cold blood to enact the grand
concluding tragedy. The warlike monks of the Temple and of the
Hospital, the bravest and most zealous defenders of the christian
faith, were, of all the warriors of the cross, the most obnoxious to
zealous Mussulmen, and it was determined that death or conversion to
Mahometanism should be the portion of every captive of either order,
excepting the Grand Master of the Temple, for whom it was expected a
heavy ransom would be given. Accordingly, on the christian Sabbath,
at the hour of sunset, the appointed time of prayer, the Moslems
were drawn up in battle array under their respective leaders. The
Mamlook emirs stood in two ranks clothed in yellow, and, at the sound
of the holy trumpet, all the captive knights of the Temple and of the
Hospital were led on to the eminence above Tiberias, in full view of
the beautiful lake of Gennesareth, whose bold and mountainous shores
had been the scene of so many of their Saviour's miracles. There, as
the last rays of the sun were fading away from the mountain tops,
they were called upon to deny him who had been crucified, to choose
God for their Lord, Islam for their faith, Mecca for their temple,
the Moslems for their brethren, and Mahomet for their prophet. To a
man they refused, and were all decapitated in the presence of Saladin
by the devout zealots of his army, and the doctors and expounders of
the law. An oriental historian, who was present, says that Saladin
sat with a smiling countenance viewing the execution, and that some
of the executioners cut off the heads with a degree of dexterity that
excited great applause. "Oh," say Omad'eddin Muhammed, "how beautiful
an ornament is the blood of the infidels sprinkled over the followers
of the faith and the true religion!"[69] If the Mussulmen displayed
a becoming zeal in the decapitation and annihilation of the infidel
Templars, these last manifested a no less praiseworthy eagerness for
martyrdom by the swords of the unbelieving Moslems. The Knight Templar,
Brother Nicolas, strove vigorously, we are told, with his companions
to be the first to suffer, and with great difficulty accomplished
his purpose. It was believed by the Christians, in accordance with
the superstitious ideas of those times, that heaven testified its
approbation by a visible sign, and that for three nights, during which
the bodies of the Templars remained unburied on the field, celestial
rays of light played around the corpses of those holy martyrs.

Immediately after this fatal battle, the citadel of Tiberias
surrendered to Saladin, and the countess of Tripoli was permitted to
depart in safety in search of her fugitive husband. There was now no
force in the Latin kingdom capable of offering the least opposition
to the victorious career of the infidels, and Saladin, in order that
he might overrun and subjugate the whole country with the greatest
possible rapidity, divided his army into several bodies, which were
to proceed in different directions, and assemble at last under the
walls of Jerusalem. One strong column, under the command of Malek
el Afdal, proceeded to attack La Feue or Faba, the castle of the
Knights Templars. Nearly all the garrison had perished in the battle
of Tiberias, and after a short conflict the infidels walked into
the fortress, over the dead bodies of the last of its defenders.
From thence they crossed the great plain to Sebaste, and entered the
magnificent church erected by the empress Helena, over the prison in
which St. John the Baptist was beheaded, and over the humble grave
where still repose the remains of St. John and of Zacharias and
Elizabeth his parents. The terrified bishop and clergy had removed all
the gold and silver vessels from the altars and the rich copes and
vestments of the priests, to conceal them from the cupidity of the
Moslems, whereupon these last caused the bishop to be stripped naked
and beaten with rods, and led away all his clergy into captivity. The
wild Turcoman and Bedouin cavalry then dashed up the beautiful valley
of Succoth to Naplous, the ancient Shechem; which they found deserted
and desolate; the inhabitants had abandoned their dwellings and fled
to Jerusalem, and the Mussulmen planted their banners upon the gray
battlements of the castle, and upon the lofty summit of Mount Gerizim.
They then pitched their tents around the interesting well where our
Saviour spoke with the woman of Samaria, and pastured their cavalry in
the valley where Joseph's brethren were feeding their flocks when they
sold him to the wandering Ishmaelites. Here they remained to gather
some tidings of the operations of their fellow-soldiers on the other
side of the Jordan, and then proceeded to ravage and lay waste all
the country between Naplous and Jerusalem, "continuing," says Abbot
Coggleshale, "both by night and by day to slaughter every living thing
that they met."

The column which was to proceed through the valley of the Jordan,
entered the great plain of Esdraelon by Mount Thabor, and taking the
direction of Nain and Endor to Jezreel, they crossed the mountains of
Gilboa to Beisan, and descended the valley of the Jordan, as far as
Jericho. Thence they proceeded to lay siege to a solitary castle of
the Templars, seated upon that celebrated mountain where, according
to tradition, our Saviour was tempted by the Devil with the visionary
scene of "all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them." In
this castle the Templars maintained a garrison, for the protection of
the pilgrims who came to bathe in the Jordan, and visit the holy places
in the neighbourhood of Jericho. From the toppling crag, whereon it
was seated, the eye commanded an extensive view of the course of the
Jordan, until it falls into the Dead Sea, also of the eastern frontier
of the Latin kingdom, and of the important passes communicating with
Jerusalem. The place was called _Maledoim_, or "the Red Mountain," on
account of the blood that had been shed upon the spot. Fifty Tyrian
dinars had been offered by Saladin, for the head of every Knight
Templar that was brought him, and the blood-thirsty infidels surrounded
the doomed castle eager for the reward. The whole garrison was put
to the sword, and the place was left a shapeless ruin. The infidels
then marched off in the direction of Jerusalem, and laid waste all the
country between Jericho and the Holy City. They pitched their tents at
Bethany, upon the spot where stood the houses of Simon the leper, and
of Mary Magdalene and Martha, and they destroyed the church built over
the house and tomb of Lazarus. The wild Arab cavalry then swept over
the Mount of Olives; they took possession of the church constructed
upon the summit of that sacred edifice, and extended their ravages up
to the very gates of Jerusalem.

In the mean time Saladin's valiant brother Saifeddin, "sword of
the faith," had crossed the desert from Egypt, to participate in
the plunder and spoil of the christian territories. He laid waste
all the country from Daron and Gerar to Jerusalem. In front of his
fierce warriors were to be seen the long bands of mournful captives
tied together by the wrists, and behind them was a dreary desert,
soaked with christian blood. Saifeddin had besieged the strong town
of Mirabel, and placed his military engines in position, when the
terrified inhabitants sent a suppliant deputation to implore his
clemency. He agreed to spare their lives in return for the immediate
surrender of the place, and gave them an escort of four hundred
Mussulmen, to conduct them in safety to Jerusalem. Accompanied by their
wives and little ones, the miserable Christians cast a last look upon
their once happy homes, and proceeded on their toilsome journey to the
Holy City. On their arrival at an eminence, two miles from Jerusalem,
their Arabian escort left them, and immediately afterwards a party of
Templars dashed through the ravine, charged the retiring Moslems, and
put the greater part of them to the sword.

The great Saladin, on the other hand, immediately after the battle
of Tiberias, hastened with the main body of his forces to Acre, and
the terrified inhabitants threw open their gates at his approach.
From thence he swept the whole sea coast to Jaffa, reducing all the
maritime towns, excepting the city of Tyre, which manfully resisted
him. The savage Turcomans from the north, the predatory Bedouins,
the fanatical Arabians, and the swarthy Africans, hurried across the
frontiers, to share in the spoil and plunder of the Latin kingdom.
Radolph, our worthy abbot of Coggleshale, one of those who fled before
the ruthless swords of the infidels, gives a frightful picture of the
aspect of the country. He tells us that the whole land was covered
with dead bodies, rotting and putrifying in the scorching sun-beams.
At early morning you might see the rich and stately church, with the
bright and happy dwellings scattered around it, the blooming garden,
the silvery olive grove, and the rich vineyard; but the fading rays of
the evening sun would fall on smoking masses of shapeless ruins, and
on a dreary and solitary desert. The holy abbot mourns over the fall
of Nazareth, and the desecration by the infidels of the magnificent
church of the Holy Virgin at that place. Sidon, Caiphas, Sepphoris,
Nazareth, Caeserea, Jaffa, Lidda, and Rama, successively fell into the
hands of the Moslems; the inhabitants were led away into captivity, and
the garrisons were put to the sword. The infidels laid waste all the
country about Mount Carmel and Caiphas, and they burnt the celebrated
church of Elias, on the mountain above the port of Acre, which served
as a beacon for navigators.

The government of the order of the Temple, in consequence of the
captivity of the Grand Master Gerard de Riderfort, who was detained in
prison, with Guy, king of Jerusalem, at Damascus, devolved upon Brother
Terric, the Grand Preceptor of Jerusalem, who addressed letters to all
the brethren in the west, imploring aid and assistance. One of these
letters was duly received by Brother Geoffrey, Master of the Temple at
London, as follows:--"Brother Terric, Grand Preceptor of the poor house
of the Temple, and every poor brother, and the whole convent, now,
alas! almost annihilated, to all the preceptors and brothers of the
Temple, to whom these letters shall come, salvation through him to whom
our fervent aspirations are addressed, through him who causeth the sun
and the moon to reign marvellous.

"The many and great calamities wherewith the anger of God, excited
by our manifold sins, hath just now permitted us to be afflicted, we
cannot for grief unfold to you, neither by letters nor by our sobbing
speech. The infidel chiefs having collected together a vast number
of their people, fiercely invaded our Christian territories, and
we, assembling our battalions, hastened to Tiberias to arrest their
march. The enemy having hemmed us in among barren rocks, fiercely
attacked us; the holy cross and the king himself fell into the hands
of the infidels, the whole army was cut to pieces, two hundred and
thirty of our knights were beheaded, without reckoning the sixty who
were killed on the 1st of May. The Lord Reginald of Sidon, the Lord
Ballovius, and we ourselves, escaped with vast difficulty from that
miserable field. The pagans, drunk with the blood of our Christians,
then marched with their whole army against the city of Acre, and took
it by storm. The city of Tyre is at present fiercely besieged, and
neither by night nor by day do the infidels discontinue their furious
assaults. So great is the multitude of them, that they cover like ants
the whole face of the country from Tyre to Jerusalem, and even unto
Gaza. The holy city of Jerusalem, Ascalon, and Tyre, and Beyrout, are
yet left to us and to the christian cause, but the garrisons and the
chief inhabitants of these places, having perished in the battle of
Tiberias, we have no hope of retaining them without succour from heaven
and instant assistance from yourselves."[70] Saladin, on the other
hand, sent triumphant letters to the caliph. "God and his ANGELS," says
he, "have mercifully succoured ISLAM. The infidels have been sent to
feed the _fires_ of HELL! The cross is fallen into our hands, around
which they fluttered like the moth round a light; under whose shadow
they assembled, in which they boldly trusted as in a wall; the cross,
the centre and leader of their pride, their superstition, and their
tyranny."...

Saladin pursued his rapid conquests along the sea coast to the north
of Acre, and took by storm several castles of the Templars. After
a siege of six days, the strong fortress of Tebnin, on the road to
Beirout, was taken by assault, the garrison was put to the sword,
and the fortifications were razed to the ground. On the 22nd, Jomada,
the important city of Beirout, surrendered to Saladin, and shortly
afterwards the castles of Hobeil and Bolerum. The old chronicle
published by Martene, has the following strange passage concerning
the last named castle. "To this castle belonged the lady whom the
count of Tripoli refused to give up to Gerard de Riderfort, the Grand
Master of the Temple, whence arose the great quarrel between them,
which caused the loss of the Holy Land." After the reduction of all
the maritime towns between Acre and Tripoli, Saladin ordered his
different detachments to concentrate before Jerusalem, and hastened
in person to the south to complete the conquest of the few places
which still resisted the arms of the Mussulmen. He sat down before
Ascalon, and whilst preparing his military engines for battering the
walls, he sent messengers to the Templars at Gaza, representing to
them that the whole land was in his power, that all further efforts
at resistance were useless, and offering them their lives and a
safe retreat to Europe, if they would give up to him the important
fortress committed to their charge. But the military friars sent back
a haughty defiance to the victorious sultan, and recommended him to
take Ascalon before he ventured to ask for the surrender of Gaza. The
season was now advancing--vague rumours were flying about of stupendous
preparations in Europe for the recovery of Palestine, and Saladin
was anxious to besiege and take Jerusalem ere the winter's rains
commenced. When, therefore, his military engines were planted under
the walls of Ascalon, he once more, as the place was strong, summoned
the inhabitants to surrender, and they then agreed to capitulate on
receiving a solemn promise from Saladin that he would forthwith set at
liberty the king of Jerusalem and the Grand Master of the Temple, and
would respect both the persons and the property of the inhabitants.
These terms were acceded to, and on the 4th of September the gates of
Ascalon were thrown open to the infidels.[71]

The inhabitants of this interesting city appear to have been much
attached to their king, Guy de Lusignan, and his queen Sibylla. They
had received them when they came from Jerusalem, as fugitives from the
wrath of Baldwin IV., and protected them against the power of that
monarch. The sultan imposed such conditions upon the prisoners as were
necessary for his own security. They were to quit Palestine never more
to return, and were in the mean time, until a fitting opportunity for
their embarkation to Europe could be found, to take up their abode at
Naplous, under the surveillance of the Moslem garrison. Immediately
after the capture of Ascalon, Saladin pitched his tents beneath the
walls of Gaza, the great fortress of the Knights Templars. He had been
repulsed by the military friars with great loss in a previous attack
upon this important station, and he now surrounded it with his numerous
battalions, thirsting for vengeance. The place surrendered after a
short siege; the fortifications were demolished, but the fate of the
garrison has not been recorded.

Having subjugated all the country bordering upon the sea coast, Saladin
moved forward in great triumph towards the sacred city of Jerusalem. He
encamped the first night at Bersabee, the ancient Beersheba, around the
well digged by Abraham, in the land of the Philistines, and on the spot
where Abraham delivered the seven ewe lambs, and made the covenant with
Abimelech, and planted a grove, and called "on the name of the Lord,
the everlasting God." The next day Saladin marched towards Bethlehem,
halting on the way before a castle of the Hospitallers, which he
summoned to surrender, but in vain. Leaving a party of horse to watch
the place, he pitched his tents the same evening around Bethlehem, and
the next morning at sunrise, the Moslem soldiers might be seen pouring
into the vast convent and the magnificent church erected by the
empress Helena and her son Constantine, over the sacred spot where the
Saviour of the world was born. They wandered with unbounded admiration
amid the unrivalled Corinthian colonnade, formed by a quadruple row of
forty ancient columns, which support a barn-roof constructed of the
cedar of Lebanon. They paused to admire the beautiful mosaics which
covered the lofty walls, the richly carved screen on either side of the
high altar, and the twenty-five imperial eagles. Saladin was present
in person, and no serious disorders appear to have been committed.
The inhabitants of the town had all fled to Jerusalem, with whatever
property they could carry with them, and in the afternoon, after
establishing a garrison in the place, the sultan commenced his march
towards the Holy City.

At the hour of sunset, when the bells of the churches of Jerusalem were
tolling to vespers, the vast host of Saladin crowned in dark array the
bleak and desolate eminences which surround the city of David. The
air was rent with the loud Mussulman shouts _El Kods, El Kods_--"The
Holy City, the Holy City!" and the green and yellow banners of the
prophet, and the various  emblems of the Arabian tribes, were
to be seen standing out in bold relief upon the lofty ridges of the
hills, and gleaming brightly in the last trembling rays of the setting
sun. The Arabian writers descant with enthusiasm upon the feelings
experienced by their countrymen on beholding "the long lost sister of
Mecca and Medina," on gazing once more upon the swelling domes of the
Mosque of Omar, and on the sacred eminence from whence, according to
their traditions, "Mahomet ascended from earth to heaven." It must have
been, indeed, a strange, and an awful scene. The Moslem host took up
their stations around the Holy City at the very hour when the followers
both of the Christian and Mahometan religion were wont to assemble to
offer up their prayers to the one Great God, the common Father of us
all. On the one hand, you might hear the sound of the sweet vesper
bells from the towers of the Christian churches wafted softly upon the
evening breeze, the hoarse chant of the monks and priests, and the loud
swelling hymn of praise; while on the other, over all the hills and
eminences around Jerusalem, stole the long shrill cry of the muezzins,
loudly summoning the faithful to their evening devotions. Within the
walls, for one night at least, the name of CHRIST was invoked with true
piety and fervent devotion; while without the city, the eternal truth
and the Moslem fiction were loudly proclaimed, "There is but one GOD,
and _Mahomet_ is his apostle."

That very night, when the Mussulmen had finished their prayers, and
ere darkness spread its sable shroud over the land, the loud trumpets
of Saladin summoned the Christians to surrender "the house of God" to
the arms of the faithful: but the Christians returned for answer, that,
please God, the Holy City should _not_ be surrendered. The next morning
at sunrise, the terrified inhabitants were awakened by the clangour of
horns and drums, the loud clash of arms, and the fierce cries of the
remorseless foe. The women and children rushed into the churches, and
threw themselves on their knees before the altars, weeping and wailing,
and lifting up their hands to heaven, whilst the men hastened to man
the battlements. The Temple could no longer furnish its hundreds and
thousands of brave warriors for the defence of the holy sanctuary of
the Christians; a few miserable knights, with some serving brethren,
alone remained in its now silent halls and deserted courts. For fifteen
days did the Christians successfully resist the utmost efforts of the
enemy; the monks and the canons, the bishops and the priests, took arms
in defence of the Holy Sepulchre, and lined in warlike array the dark
gray battlements and towers of Jerusalem. But the Mussulman archers
soon became so numerous and so expert, that the garrison durst not
show themselves upon the walls "Their arrows fell," says our worthy
countryman, abbot Coggleshale, one of the brave defenders of the place,
"as thick as hail upon the battlements, so that no one could lift a
finger above the walls without being maimed. So great indeed was the
number of the wounded, that it was as much as all the doctors of the
city and of the Hospital could do to extract the weapons from their
bodies. The face of the narrator of these events was lacerated with
an arrow which pierced right through his nose; the wooden shaft was
withdrawn, but a piece of the iron head remains there to this day."[72]

Jerusalem was crowded with fugitives who had been driven into the
Holy City from the provinces. The houses could not contain them, and
the streets were filled with women and children, who slept night
after night upon the cold pavement. At the expiration of a fortnight,
Saladin finding his incessant attacks continually foiled, retired from
the walls, and employed his troops in the construction of military
engines, stationing ten thousand cavalry around the city to intercept
fugitives, and prevent the introduction of supplies. When his engines
were completed, he directed all his efforts against the northern wall
of the city, which extends between St. Stephen's gate and the gate of
Jaffa. Ten thousand soldiers were attached to the military engines,
and were employed day and night in battering the fortifications.
Barefoot processions of women, monks, and priests were made to the
holy sepulchre, to implore the Son of God to save his tomb and his
inheritance from impious violation. The females, as a mark of humility
and distress, cut off their hair and cast it to the winds; and the
ladies of Jerusalem made their daughters do penance by standing up
to their necks in tubs of cold water placed upon Mount Calvary. But
it availed nought, "for our Lord Jesus Christ," says the chronicler,
"would not listen to any prayer that they made, for the filth, the
luxury, and the adultery which prevailed in the city did not suffer
prayer or supplication to ascend before God."

To prevent the garrison from attempting to break the force of the
battering-rams, Saladin constructed vast mangonels and machines,
which cast enormous stones and flaming beams of timber, covered with
pitch and naptha, upon the ramparts, and over the walls into the city.
He moreover employed miners to sap the foundations of the towers,
and on the 16th of October the angle of the northern wall, where it
touches the valley of Gehinnon, was thrown down with a tremendous
crash. The appalling intelligence spread through the city, and filled
every heart with mourning. Friends embraced one another as it were for
the last time; mothers clung to their little ones, anticipating with
heart-rending agony the fearful moment when they would be torn from
them for ever; and the men gazed around in gloomy silence, appalled
and stupified. Young mothers might be seen carrying their babes in
their arms to Mount Calvary, and placing them before the altars of the
church of the Resurrection, as if they thought that the sweet innocence
of these helpless objects would appease the wrath of heaven. The
panic-stricken garrison deserted the fortifications, but the infidels
fortunately deferred the assault until the succeeding morning. During
the night attempts were made, but in vain, to organize a strong guard
to watch the breach. "With my own ears," says abbot Coggleshale, "I
heard it proclaimed, between the wall and the counterscarp, by the
patriarch and the chief men of the city, that if fifty strong and
valiant foot soldiers would undertake to guard for one night only the
angle which had been overthrown, they should receive fifty golden
bezants; but none could be found to undertake the duty."

In the morning a suppliant deputation proceeded to Saladin to implore
his mercy, but ere they reached the imperial tent the assault had
commenced, and twelve banners of the prophet waved in triumph upon the
breach. The haughty sultan accordingly refused to hear the messengers,
and dismissed them, declaring that he would take Jerusalem from the
Franks as they had taken it from the Moslems, that is say, _sword
in hand_. But some spirit of resistance had at last been infused
into the quailing garrison, the few Templars and Hospitallers in
Jerusalem manned the breach, and in a desperate struggle the Moslems
were repulsed, and the standards of the prophet were torn down from
the walls. The messengers then returned to Saladin, and declared that
if he refused to treat for the surrender of Jerusalem, the Christians
would set fire to the TEMPLE or Mosque of Omar, would destroy all
the treasures they possessed in the city, and massacre their Moslem
prisoners. The announcement of this desperate determination, which
was accompanied with the offer of a very considerable ransom, induced
Saladin to listen to terms, and a treaty was entered into with the
Christians to the following effect. The Moslems were immediately to
be put into possession of all the gates of Jerusalem, and the liberty
and security of the inhabitants were to be purchased in the following
manner. Every man was to pay to Saladin ten golden bezants as a ransom,
every woman five, and every child under seven years was to pay one
bezant.

When these terms, so disgraceful to the christian negotiators, were
known in the Holy City, nothing could exceed the grief and indignation
of the poorer classes of people, who had no money wherewith to pay the
ransom, and had consequently been delivered up to perpetual bondage
by their richer _christian_ brethren. All resistance on their part,
however, to the treaty was then hopeless; the poor had been betrayed
by the rich; the infidels were already in possession of the tower of
David, and their spears were gleaming in the streets of the Holy City.
It is recorded to the praise of the few Templars and Hospitallers who
were then in Jerusalem, that they spent all the money they possessed in
ransoming their poor christian brethren, whom they escorted in safety
to Tripoli. The number of those who, being unable to pay the ransom,
were reduced to a state of hopeless slavery, is estimated at fourteen
thousand, men, women, and children. They were sold in the common
slave-markets, and distributed through all the Mussulman countries
of Asia. The women became the concubines and the handmaids of their
masters, and the children were educated in the Mohammedan faith.

The Arabian writers express their astonishment at the number of the
christian captives, and give a heart-rending account of their sorrows
and misfortunes. One of them tells us that he saw in his native
village a fair European woman, bright as the morning star, who had
two beautiful children. She seldom spoke, but remained the live-long
day absorbed in melancholy contemplation; there was, says he, such a
sweetness and gentleness in her deportment, that it made one's heart
ache to see her. "When I was at Aleppo," says the historian, Azz'eddin
Ali Ibn-Al'atsyr, who fought in Saladin's army, and was present at the
battle of Tiberias, "I had for a slave one of the christian women taken
at Jaffa. She had with her a little child, about a year old, and many
a bitter tear did she shed over this tender infant. I did my best to
comfort her, but she exclaimed, 'Alas, sir, it is not for this child
that I weep; I had a husband and two sisters, and I know not what has
become of them. I had also six brothers, all of whom have perished.'
This is the case of one person only. Another day I saw at Aleppo a
christian slave accompanying her master to the house of a neighbour.
The master knocked at the door, and another Frank woman came to open
it; the two females immediately give a loud cry; they rush into each
other's arms; they weep; they sit down on the ground and enter into
conversation. They were two sisters who had been sold as slaves to
different masters, and had been brought without knowing it to the same
town."[73]

Thus fell the holy city of Jerusalem, eighty-eight years after its
conquest by Godfrey de Bouillon and the crusaders. Our excellent
chronicler, Radolph, abbot of Coggleshale, who was redeemed from
bondage by payment of the ten golden bezants, throws a pitying glance
upon the misfortunes and miseries of the poor captives, but attributes
the fall of Jerusalem, and all the calamities consequent thereon, to
the sins and iniquities of the inhabitants. "They honoured God," says
he, "with their lips, but their hearts were far from him." He speaks
of the beautiful women who thronged Jerusalem, and of the general
corruption of the city, and exclaims, in the words of the prophet,
"The Lord hath said unto the heathen, Go ye up against her walls and
destroy, take away her battlements, for they are not the Lord's."

Immediately after the surrender of the city (October 11, A. D. 1187)
the Moslems rushed to the TEMPLE (Templum Domini, ante p. 12) in
thousands. "The imauns and the doctors and expounders of the wicked
errors of Mahomet," says Abbot Coggleshale, "first ascended to
the Temple of the Lord, called by the infidels _Beit Allah_, (the
house of God,) in which, as a place of prayer and religion, they
place their great hope of salvation. With horrible bellowings they
proclaimed the law of Mahomet, and vociferated, with polluted lips,
ALLAH _acbar_--ALLAH _acbar_ (GOD is victorious). They defiled all
the places that are contained within the Temple; i. e. the place of
the presentation, where the mother and glorious Virgin Mary delivered
the Son of God into the hands of the just Simeon; and the place of
the confession, looking towards the porch of Solomon, where the
Lord judged the woman taken in adultery. They placed guards that no
Christian might enter within the seven atria of the Temple; and as
a disgrace to the Christians, with vast clamour, with laughter and
with mockery, they hurled down the golden cross from the pinnacle of
the building, and dragged it with ropes throughout the city, amid the
exulting shouts of the infidels and the tears and lamentations of the
followers of Christ." When every Christian had been removed from the
precincts of the Temple, Saladin proceeded with vast pomp to say his
prayers in the _Beit Allah_, the holy house of God, or "Temple of the
Lord," erected by the Caliph Omar. He was preceded by five camels
laden with rose-water, which he had procured from Damascus, and he
entered the sacred courts to the sound of martial music, and with his
banners streaming in the wind. The _Beit Allah_, "the Temple of the
Lord," was then again consecrated to the service of one God and his
prophet Mahomet; the walls and pavements were washed and purified with
rose-water; and a pulpit, the labour of Noureddin, was erected in the
sanctuary.[74]

The following account of these transactions was forwarded to Henry the
Second, king of England. "To the beloved Lord Henry, by the grace of
God, the illustrious king of the English, duke of Normandy and Guienne,
and count of Anjou, Brother Terric, formerly Grand Preceptor of the
house of the Temple at JERUSALEM, sendeth greeting,--salvation through
him who saveth kings. Know that Jerusalem, with the citadel of David,
hath been surrendered to Saladin. The Syrian Christians, however,
have the custody of the holy sepulchre up to the fourth day after
Michaelmas, and Saladin himself hath permitted ten of the brethren of
the Hospital to remain in the house of the hospital for the space of
one year, to take care of the sick.... Jerusalem, alas, hath fallen;
Saladin hath caused the cross to be thrown down from the summit of the
Temple of the Lord, and for two days to be publicly kicked and dragged
in the dirt through the city. He then caused the Temple of the Lord to
be washed within and without, upwards and downwards, with rose-water,
and the law of Mahomet to be proclaimed throughout the four quarters of
the Temple with wonderful clamour...."[75]

Bohadin, Saladin's secretary, mentions as a remarkable and happy
circumstance, that the holy city was surrendered to the sultan of most
pious memory, and that God restored to the faithful their sanctuary
on the 27th of the month Regeb, on the night of which very day their
most glorious prophet Mahomet performed his wonderful nocturnal journey
from the Temple of the Lord, through the seven heavens, to the throne
of God. He also describes the sacred congregation of the Mussulmen
gathered together in the Temple and the solemn prayer offered up to
God; the shouting and the sounds of applause, and the voices lifted
up to heaven, causing the holy buildings to resound with thanks and
praises to the most bountiful Lord God. He glories in the casting
down of the golden cross, and exults in the very splendid triumph of
Islam. Saladin restored the sacred area of the Temple to its original
condition under the first Mussulman conquerors of Jerusalem (ante,
p. 12). The ancient christian church of the Virgin (the mosque _Al
Acsa_, and "Temple of Solomon") was washed with rose-water, and was
once again dedicated to the religious services of the Moslems. On
the western side of this venerable edifice the Templars had erected,
according to the Arabian writers, an immense building in which they
lodged, together with granaries of corn and various offices, which
enclosed and concealed a great portion of the edifice. Most of these
were pulled down by the sultan to make a clear and open area for the
resort of the Mussulmen to prayer. Some new erections placed between
the columns in the interior of the structure were taken away, and the
floor was covered with the richest carpets. "Lamps innumerable," says
Ibn Alatsyr, "were suspended from the ceiling; verses of the Koran
were again inscribed on the walls; the call to prayer was again heard;
the bells were silenced; the exiled faith returned to its ancient
sanctuary; the devout Mussulmen again bent the knee in adoration of
the one only God, and the voice of the imaun was again heard from the
pulpit, reminding the true believers of the resurrection and the last
judgment."[76]

The Friday after the surrender of the city, the army of Saladin,
and crowds of true believers, who had flocked to Jerusalem from all
parts of the East, assembled in the Temple of the Lord to assist
in the religious services of the Mussulman sabbath. Omad, Saladin's
secretary, who was present, gives the following interesting account
of the ceremony, and of the sermon that was preached. "On Friday
morning at daybreak," says he, "everybody was asking whom the sultan
had appointed to preach. The Temple was full; the congregation was
impatient; all eyes were fixed on the pulpit; the ears were on the
stretch; our hearts beat fast, and tears trickled down our faces. On
all sides were to be heard rapturous exclamations of 'What a glorious
sight! What a congregation! Happy are those who have lived to see the
resurrection of ISLAM.' At length the sultan ordered the judge (doctor
of the law) _Mohieddin Aboulmehali-Mohammed_ to fulfil the sacred
function of imaun. I immediately lent him the black vestment which I
had received as a present from the caliph. He then mounted into the
pulpit and spoke. All were hushed. His expressions were graceful and
easy, and his discourse was eloquent and much admired. He displayed the
virtue and sanctity of Jerusalem; he spoke of the purification of the
Temple; he alluded to the silence of the bells, and to the flight of
the infidel priests. In his prayer he named the caliph and the sultan,
and terminated his discourse with that chapter of the Koran in which
God orders justice and good works. He then descended from the pulpit,
and prayed in the Mihrab. Immediately afterwards a sermon was preached
before the congregation."

This sermon was delivered by _Mohammed Ben Zeky_. "Praise be to God,"
saith the preacher, "who by the power of his might hath raised up
Islamism on the ruins of polytheism; who governs all things according
to his will; who overthroweth the devices of the infidels, and causeth
the TRUTH to triumph! I praise God, who hath succoured his elect, who
hath rendered them victorious and crowned them with glory, who hath
purified his holy house from the filthiness of idolatry.... I bear
witness that there is no God but that one great God who standeth
_alone_ and hath no PARTNER; sole, supreme, eternal; who begetteth not
and is not begotten, and hath NO EQUAL. I bear witness that Mahomet
is his servant, his envoy, and his prophet, who hath dissipated
doubts, confounded polytheism, and put down LIES! O men, declare ye
the blessings of God, who hath restored to you this holy city, after
it has been left in the power of the infidels for a hundred years.
This HOLY HOUSE of the LORD hath been built, and its foundations
have been established, for the glory of God. This sacred spot is the
dwelling-place of the prophets, the _kebla_ (place of prayer) towards
which you turn at the commencement of your religious duties, the
birth-place of the saints, the scene of the revelation. It is thrice
holy, for the angels of God spread their wings over it. This is that
blessed land of which God hath spoken in his sacred book. In this house
of prayer, Mahomet prayed with the angels who approach God. It is to
this spot that all fingers are turned after the two holy places. This
conquest, O men, hath opened unto you the gates of heaven; the angels
rejoice, and the eyes of the prophets glisten with joy." The preacher
proceeds, in a high strain of enthusiasm, to enlarge upon the merits of
the holy war. "The holy war, the holy war!" says he, "is better than
religious worship; it is the noblest of your occupations. Aid God, and
he will assist you; protect the Lord, and he will protect you; remember
him, and he will have you in remembrance; do good to him, and he will
do good to you. Cut off the branches of iniquity; purify the earth from
unbelievers, and destroy the nations who have excited the wrath of God
and his apostle, &c...."[77]

Omad informs us that the marble altar and chapel which had been erected
over the sacred rock in the Temple of the Lord, or Mosque of Omar,
was removed by Saladin, together with the stalls for the priests, the
marble statues, and all the abominations which had been placed in the
venerated building by the Christians. The Mussulmen discovered with
horror that some pieces of the holy stone or rock had been cut off by
the Franks, and sent to Europe. Saladin caused it to be immediately
surrounded by a grate of iron. He washed it with rose-water, and
Malek-Afdel covered it with magnificent carpets. Saladin, in his
famous letter to the caliph, giving an account of the conquest of
Jerusalem, exclaims--"God hath at length turned towards the supporters
of the true faith; he hath let loose his wrath against the infidels,
and hath driven them from his sanctuary.... The infidels have erected
churches in the holy city, and the great houses of the Templars and
Hospitallers. In these structures are rich marbles and many precious
things. Thy servant hath restored the Mosque Al-Acsa (the Temple of
the Knights Templars, ante p. 12) to its ancient destination. He hath
appointed imauns to celebrate divine service, and on the 14th chaaban
they preached, the _khotbeh_ (sermon). The heavens are rent with joy
and the stars dance with delight. The word of God hath been exalted,
and the tombs of the prophets, which the infidel hath defiled, have
been purified."[78] Saladin restored the fortifications of Jerusalem;
he founded several schools, and converted the great house of the
Hospitallers into a college. He then quitted the Holy City to pursue
his military operations in the field.

The Templars still maintained themselves in some of the strongest
castles of Palestine, and the maritime city of Tyre continued to resist
all the attacks of the Moslems. This important sea-port was preserved
to the Christians by the valour and military talents of the young
Conrad, marquis of Montferrat, who digged a ditch across the isthmus
which connects Tyre with the main land, repaired the fortifications
and planted catapults and balistae in boats, so as to command the only
approach to the town. Saladin proceeded in person to Tyre, to conduct
the operations against this important place. He was on horseback
from morn till night, and was assisted by his sons, his brother, and
his nephew, all of whom commanded in the field under the eye of the
sultan, and animated the troops by their example. The following account
of the state of affairs in Palestine is contained in a letter from
Brother Terric, Grand Preceptor of the Temple, and Treasurer General
of the order, to Henry the Second, king of England. "The brothers
of the hospital of Belvoir as yet bravely resist the Saracens; they
have captured two convoys, and have valiantly possessed themselves
of the munitions of war and provisions which were being conveyed by
the Saracens from the fortress of La Feue. As yet, also, Carach, in
the neighbourhood of Mount Royal, Mount Royal itself, the Temple of
Saphet, the hospital of Carach, Margat, and Castellum Blancum, and the
territory of Tripoli, and the territory of Antioch, resist Saladin....
From the feast of Saint Martin, up to that of the circumcision of the
Lord, Saladin hath besieged Tyre incessantly, by night and by day,
throwing into it immense stones from thirteen military engines. On the
vigils of St. Silvester, the Lord Conrad, the marquis of Montferrat,
distributed knights and foot soldiers along the wall of the city,
and having armed seventeen galleys and ten small vessels, with the
assistance of the house of the Hospital and the brethren of the Temple,
he engaged the galleys of Saladin, and vanquishing them he captured
eleven, and took prisoners the great admiral of Alexandria and eight
other admirals, a multitude of the infidels being slain. The rest of
the Mussulman galleys, escaping the hands of the Christians, fled to
the army of Saladin, and being run aground by his command, were set
on fire and burnt to ashes. Saladin himself, overwhelmed with grief,
having _cut off the ears and the tail of his horse_, rode that same
horse through his whole army in the sight of all. Farewell!"[79] Tyre
continued to be valiantly defended until the winter had set in, and
then the disappointed sultan, despairing of taking the place, burnt his
military engines and retired to Damascus.

The king of Jerusalem, and the Grand Master of the Temple, who had,
as before mentioned, been residing at Naplous, under the surveillance
of Saladin's officers, were now set at full liberty, pursuant to the
treaty of Ascalon, on the understanding that they would immediately
proceed to Tyre and embark for Europe. Queen Sibylla, who was in
Jerusalem at the time of its surrender to Saladin, had been permitted
to join her royal husband at Naplous, and the king, the queen, and the
Grand Master of the Temple, consequently proceeded together to Tyre. On
their arrival at that place, they found the gates shut against them.
The young Conrad declared, that as the city had been preserved solely
by the swords of himself and his followers, it justly belonged to
him, and that neither the king nor the queen of Jerusalem any longer
possessed authority within it. Cruelly repelled from Tyre, the king and
queen, with their infant children, the Grand Master of the Temple, and
the patriarch Heraclius, proceeded to Antioch.

As soon as the winter rains had subsided, Saladin took the field,
and attempted to reduce various strong castles of the Templars and
Hospitallers. The most formidable of these were the castles of Saphet
and Kowkab (the star); the one belonging to the order of the Temple,
and the other to the order of the Hospital of Saint John. Saphet is
one of the four holy cities of the Talmud, and is held in peculiar
veneration by the Jews. The castle of the Templars crowned the summit
of a lofty mountain, along the sides of which extended the houses
and churches of the town. It was the strongest fortress possessed by
the order in Palestine. From the ramparts the eye ranged over a rich
prospect of luxuriant vineyards and smiling villages, and embraced
a grand panoramic view of lofty mountains. Through the valley below
rolled the Jordan; to the southward extended the vast blue expanse
of the lake of Tiberias; and in the north-east the snowy summits of
Anti-Lebanon might be seen piercing the skies. This important fortress
commanded the greater part of Galilee; it had always been a great
check upon the incursions of the infidels, and was considered one of
the bulwarks of the Latin kingdom. Saladin's exertions, consequently,
for the capture of the place were strenuous and incessant. He planted
a large body of troops around it, under the command of his brother
Saifeddin; but the season was not far enough advanced for their
operations to be carried on with any chance of success. The tents of
the besiegers were blown off the mountain by the furious whirlwinds,
and the operation of the military engines was impeded by heavy rains.
The Templars made continued sallies upon the works, burnt the military
engines, butchered the soldiers in their sleep, and harassed them with
incessant alarms in the dead of night. The siege was consequently
turned into a blockade, and Saladin drew off the greater part of his
forces to attack the Christian possessions in the principality of
Antioch. He divided his army into several detachments, which were sent
in different directions, with orders to ravage all the neighbouring
country, drive away the oxen, sheep, and cattle, and collect the booty
together in the plain of the Orontes, along the banks of the lake of
Kades. He crossed the vast mountain ranges which extend between the
Orontes and the sea-coast, and appeared in arms before the gates of
Tripoli. Strenuous preparations had been made to receive him, and the
sultan contented himself with reconnoitering the place and examining
its defences; having done which, he directed his march upon Tortosa.
The Grand Master of the Temple, who was anxiously watching Saladin's
movements, immediately threw himself into the strong castle of the
Templars at that place, and prepared to defend the town; but the
fortifications were weak, the inhabitants were panic-stricken, and
the Templars, after a short struggle, were compelled to abandon the
city, and retire behind their fortifications. There they maintained
a fierce and bloody contest with the Moslems, and during the various
assaults and sallies the town was set on fire and burnt to the ground.
Bohadin gives a fearful account of the destruction by fire of the
great cathedral church, and of the roaring and crackling of the flames
as they burst through the huge cedar beams and timbers of the roof.
He says that thousands of faithful Mussulmen gathered around the vast
and venerable pile, and raised exulting shouts as they witnessed the
progress of the fire, lifting up their voices to heaven, and returning
thanks to the most bountiful Lord God!

Having failed in all his attempts to take the castle of the Templars,
Saladin drew off his forces, leaving the once populous and flourishing
town of Tortosa a dreary desert. He then besieged and took the city of
Gabala, and then approached in warlike array the far-famed Laodicea.
The panic-stricken inhabitants refused to defend the town, and
abandoned the fortifications, but some Templars and other knights,
throwing themselves into the citadel with their followers, boldly
resisted the attacks of the infidels. After a desperate defence a
capitulation was signed, the garrison marched out with all the honours
of war, and the banners of Islam were then planted upon the towers
and battlements. Both Ibn Alatsyr and Bohadin give an enthusiastic
description of the town and its environs. They speak of its noble
harbour, its beautiful houses, elegant villas, rich marbles, luxuriant
gardens, and shady groves. All these became the prey of the fierce
Mussulman soldiery, who committed great excesses. They broke to
pieces the choice specimens of ancient sculpture, considering them
hated evidences of idolatry; they stripped all the churches of their
ornaments, and sold the sacred vestments of the priests. From Laodicea,
Saladin marched to Sohioun or Sekyun, a fortress of prodigious
strength, situate amongst the mountains midway between Gabala and
the Orontes. It was almost entirely surrounded by a deep precipitous
ravine, the sides of which were in many places perpendicular. After a
siege of five days, a part of the Mussulman soldiers clambered over
some rocks which were thought to be inaccessible, climbed the outer
wall of the town, and opened the gates to their companions; the
second and third walls were then carried by assault, and the citadel
surrendered after a short siege. Many other important cities and
castles speedily fell into the hands of the victorious Saladin. Among
these were the city of Bakas, or Bacas, on the banks of the Orontes,
and the castle of Al Shokhr, which was connected with the town by
a bridge over the river; the castle of Al Jahmahunin, near Gabala;
Blatanous, near Antioch; Sarminiah, or Sarmaniya, a fortress, a day's
journey N. E. of Aleppo; and many other places of note. All the towns
and castles between Sarminiah and Gabala surrendered to the Moslems.
"Glory be to God," says Ibn Alatsyr, "who hath made easy that which
appeared to be difficult."

Saladin then recrossed the Orontes, and laid siege to Berzyeh, or
Borzya, a fortress which commanded the high road from Antioch to Emesa,
or Hems, and was, therefore, a place of very great importance. During
a very hot day, when the garrison had been fighting from sunrise till
noon, Saladin suddenly called up his reserve, placed himself at their
head, scaled the fortifications, and entered the town sword in hand.
The houses were set on fire, the streets were drenched with blood,
and all the inhabitants who escaped the general massacre, were made
slaves. From Berzyeh, Saladin marched down the vast and fertile plain
of the Orontes, to the famous iron bridge over that river, about six or
seven miles from Antioch, with a view of besieging the strong castle of
the Knights Templars, called Derbazac, or Darbesak. On the 8th Regeb,
having collected his forces together, and procured a vast number of
powerful military engines, he moved forward and invested the place. The
walls were surrounded with wooden towers, filled with expert archers,
who swept the battlements with their arrows. Under cover of these
towers, battering-rams were placed in position, and a vast breach was
made in the walls. Saladin's body-guard moved forward to the assault,
supported by crowds of archers on either flank, but the Templars
filled up the breach with their bodies, and after a bloody contest the
Mussulmen were driven back, leaving the ground covered with their dead.
The Templars repaired the breach, and the sultan shifted his ground of
attack. Hurdles covered with raw hides were advanced against the walls,
and an expert party of miners were employed, under cover of these
hurdles, to undermine a huge tower, which was considered to be the
key of the fortifications. The tower was so well and strongly built,
that it resisted for a length of time all the efforts of the miners;
they dug away a great part of the foundations, and the tower appeared,
says Ibn Alatsyr, to be suspended in the air. At last, however, it
fell with a tremendous crash, carrying along with it into the ditch a
vast portion of the walls on either side, so that a large yawning gap
was opened in the fortifications. Again the Mussulmen rushed to the
assault with loud shouts, and again they were hurled back by the stout
arms of the Templars, leaving the heaps of stone, and the vast masses
of shattered walls around them, crimsoned with the blood of their best
men. Bohadin, who witnessed the assault, declares that he never saw
such an obstinate defence. As soon as any one of the Templars fell,
another, he tells us, would immediately take his place, and thus they
remained upon the breach immoveable as a rock. At last, it was agreed
that if the fortress was not succoured by the prince of Antioch, within
a given period, the Templars should surrender it, and march out with
their arms in their hands. No succour arrived by the appointed time,
and the place was consequently given up to the Mussulmen.[80]

Immediately after the surrender of Darbesak, Saladin marched upon
Bagras, a town situate at the foot of Mount Al Locam, and pushed on
his advanced guard to the environs of the vast and populous city of
Antioch, but he contented himself with the mere sight of the place,
and declined to undertake the siege of it. He remained for some time
in observation before the city, and sent out detachments in different
directions to lay waste the surrounding country, and collect spoil.
The population of Antioch was estimated at 150,000 souls: nearly all
the surviving Templars of the principality were collected together
within the walls, under the command of their valiant Grand Master, and
the Prince Bohemond was at the head of a numerous and well-organized
force, fully prepared for a desperate struggle in defence of his rich
and princely city. Saladin consequently preferred entering into a truce
to continuing the war, and concluded a treaty with Bohemond, whereby
a suspension of arms was agreed upon for the term of eight months,
to commence from the first of the approaching month of November, and
it was stipulated that all the Moslem prisoners detained in Antioch
should be set at liberty. Saladin then returned by the valley of
the Orontes to Damascus, and his troops became very impatient to be
dismissed to their homes for the winter, but he reminded them of the
brevity and uncertainty of human life, told them that there was plenty
of work before them, and that they ought not to leave for to-morrow
that which could be done to-day. He accordingly set out from Damascus
at the head of a large body of forces, and proceeded to lay siege
to Saphet, the strong and important castle of the Knights Templars.
Bohadin accompanied the sultan, and gives an interesting account of
his incessant exertions for the capture of the place. During a windy
and tempestuous night, he superintended the planting of five besieging
engines. To every soldier he allotted a specific task, and turning to
his secretary he said, "Let us not go to bed to-night, until these
five engines are completed." Every now and then messengers came in to
narrate the progress of the work, and Saladin spent the intermediate
time in cheerful converse with his friend. The night was dark and
long, the weather miserably wet and cold, and the ground covered with
mud. Bohadin ventured to address some observations to his royal
master, upon the imprudence of exposing himself to the inclemency of
the season, and to so much watching and fatigue, but the pious sultan
reminded him of the words of the prophet, "The fire of hell shall not
prevail against the eye that wakes and watches in the service of God,
and the eye that weeps through fear of God."

The Templars manfully defended themselves, and their brethren in
Tyre made an attempt to send them succour. Two hundred valiant and
determined soldiers set out from that city, and marched through the
country by night, sheltering themselves in the day-time in caverns
and solitary places amongst the mountains. They reached Saphet, and
attempted to conceal themselves in the neighbourhood of the castle,
until they could find an opportunity of communicating with their
beleaguered brethren. Unfortunately one of their number strayed from
his place of concealment, and was seen by a Mussulman emir, who
immediately called out a strong guard, searched the neighbourhood,
and took the whole party prisoners. They were brought into Saladin's
presence and condemned to death; but before the sentence was carried
into execution negotiations were entered into for the surrender of
Saphet. The Templars in the fortress were ill provided with provisions;
they had now lost all hope of succour, and they agreed to surrender, on
condition that they should be permitted to march out with their arms to
Tyre, in company with the prisoners whom Saladin had just taken. These
terms were acceded to, and the fortifications of the strong castle of
Saphet were speedily demolished by the infidels.[81]

In the mean time all Europe had been thrown into consternation by the
dismal intelligence of the fall of Jerusalem. Public prayers were
put up in the churches, and fasts were ordered, as in times of great
national calamities. Pope Urban III. is said to have died of grief,
and the cardinals made a solemn resolution to renounce all kinds of
diversions and pleasures, to receive no presents from any one who
had causes depending in the court of Rome, and never to mount a horse
as long as the Holy Land was trodden under foot by the infidels. Pope
Gregory VIII. addressed apostolical letters to the sovereigns, bishops,
nobles, and people of all christian countries, painting in pathetic
terms the miserable disasters of the Latin Christians, the capture of
the holy cross, the slaughter of the Templars and Hospitallers, and the
fall of Jerusalem, and exhorting all faithful Christians immediately to
assume the cross, and march to the deliverance of the Holy City. Crowds
of armed pilgrims again quitted the shores of Europe for Palestine,
and the Templars, obedient to the pressing calls of their brethren,
hurried from their preceptories to the seaports of the Mediterranean,
and embarked in the ships of Genoa, Pisa, and Venice. The Grand Master
of the Temple, and the king of Jerusalem, placed themselves at the
head of the newly arrived battalions, and established their head
quarters at Ras el Ain, a small village on the main land opposite Tyre.
Many valiant Templars from the Temple at London, and the different
preceptories of England, Scotland, and Ireland, joined their chief, and
brought with them arms, horses, clothing, and munitions of war, with
a vast amount of treasure, which had been collected in the churches.
They were the bearers likewise of a large sum of money which had been
sent by king Henry the Second for the defence of Tyre. This money was
delivered to the Grand Master, but as the siege of Tyre had been raised
before its arrival, and the young Conrad claimed the sovereignty of
the city, and set up his authority in opposition to that of the king
of Jerusalem, Gerard de Riderfort very properly refused to deliver the
money into his hands; whereupon Conrad wrote letters filled with bitter
complaints to the archbishop of Canterbury and to king Henry.[82]

At the commencement of the summer, the king and the Grand Master took
the field at the head of an army of 9,000 men, and marched along the
coast with the intention of laying siege to the important city of Acre.
Saladin wrote to all the governors of the Moslem provinces, requiring
them to join him without delay, and directed his army to concentrate
at Sepphoris. From thence he marched to Keruba, and then moved in
order of battle to Tel Kaisan, where the plain of Acre begins. The
city of Acre had been regularly invested for some days previous to his
arrival, and after reconnoitering the position of the christian army,
he encamped, extending his left wing to Al Nahr Al Halu, "the sweet
river," and his right to Tel Al'Ayadhiya, in such a manner, that the
besiegers themselves became the besieged. He then made a sudden attack
upon the weakest part of the christian camp, broke through the lines,
penetrated to the gate of Acre, called Karakush, which he entered, and
threw into the city a reinforcement of 5,000 warriors, laden with arms,
provisions, clothing, and everything necessary for the defence of the
place. Having accomplished this bold feat, Saladin made a masterly
retreat to his camp at Tel Al'Ayadhiya.

On the 4th of October, the newly-arrived warriors from Europe, eager
to signalize their prowess against the infidels, marched out of their
intrenchments to attack Saladin's camp. The holy gospels, wrapped
in silk, were borne by four knights on a cushion, before the king
of Jerusalem, and the patriarch Heraclius and the western bishops
appeared at the head of the christian forces with crucifixes in their
hands, exhorting them to obtain the crown of martyrdom in defence of
the christian faith. The Templars marched in the van, and led the
assault; they broke through the right wing of the Mussulman army,
which was commanded by Saladin's nephew, and struck such terror into
the hearts of the Moslems, that some of them fled, without halting,
as far as Tiberias. The undisciplined masses of the christian army,
however, thinking that the day was their own, rushed heedlessly on
after the infidels, and penetrating to the imperial tent, abandoned
themselves to pillage. The Grand Master of the Temple, foreseeing the
result, collected his knights and the forces of the order around him.
The infidels rallied, they were led on by Saladin in person, and the
Christian army would have been annihilated but for the Templars. Firm
and immoveable, they presented for the space of an hour an unbroken
front to the advancing Moslems, and gave time for the discomfited and
panic-stricken crusaders to recover from their terror and confusion;
but ere they had been rallied, and had returned to the charge, the
Grand Master Gerard de Riderfort, was slain; he fell, pierced with
arrows, at the head of his knights, the seneschal of the order shared
the same fate, and more than half the Templars were numbered with the
dead.[83]

To Gerard de Riderfort succeeded (A. D. 1189) the Knight Templar,
Brother WALTER.[84] Never did the flame of enthusiasm burn with fiercer
or more destructive power than at this famous siege of Acre. Nine
pitched battles were fought, with various fortune, in the neighbourhood
of Mount Carmel, and during the first year of the siege a hundred
thousand Christians are computed to have perished. The tents of the
dead, however, were replenished by new-comers from Europe; the fleets
of Saladin succoured the town, the Christian ships brought continual
aid to the besiegers, and the contest seemed interminable. Saladin's
exertions in the cause of the prophet were incessant. The Arab authors
compare him to a mother wandering with desperation in search of her
lost child, to a lioness who has lost its young. "I saw him," says his
secretary Bohadin, "in the fields of Acre afflicted with a most cruel
disease, with boils from the middle of his body to his knees, so that
he could not sit down, but only recline on his side when he entered
into his tent, yet he went about to the stations nearest to the enemy,
arranged his troops for battle, and rode about from dawn till eve, now
to the right wing, then to the left, and then to the centre, patiently
enduring the severity of his pain." Having received intelligence of the
mighty preparations which were being made in Europe for the recovery of
Jerusalem, and of the march of the emperor Frederick Barbarossa through
Hungary and Greece to Constantinople, with a view of crossing the
Hellespont, into Asia, Saladin sent orders to the governors of Senjar,
Al Jazira, Al Mawsel, and Arbel, ordering them to attend him with their
troops, and directed his secretary Bohadin to proceed to the caliph Al
Nassr Deldin'illah, at Bagdad, humbly to request the Mussulman pontiff
to use his spiritual authority and influence to induce all the Moslem
nations and tribes to heal their private differences and animosities,
and combine together against the Franks, for the defence of Islam.
Bohadin was received with the greatest distinction and respect by
the caliph and the whole divan at Bagdad, and whilst the pope was
disseminating his apostolical letters throughout Christendom, calling
upon the western nations to combine together for the triumph of the
CROSS, the Mussulman pontiff was addressing, from the distant city of
Bagdad, his pious exhortations to all true believers, to assemble under
the holy banners of the prophet, and shed their blood in defence of
_Islam_.

Shortly after the commencement of the new year, (586, Hejir which
began Feb. 9th, A. D. 1190,) Saladin collected his troops together,
to raise the siege of Acre. He moved from Al Kheruba to Tel Al Ajul,
where he pitched his camp. He was there joined by his son Al Malek,
Al Daher Gayatho'ddin Gazi, the governor of Aleppo, with a select
body of cavalry, and by Mohaffero'ddin I'Bn Zinoddin, with his light
horse. The Templars and the crusaders, during the winter, had not been
idle; they had dug trenches around their camp, thrown up ramparts,
and fortified their position in such a way that it would have been
difficult, says the Arabian writer, for even a bird to get in. They
had, moreover, filled up the ditch around the town, and constructed
three enormous towers, the largest of which was much higher than the
walls, was sixty cubits in length, and could contain from five to six
hundred warriors, with a proper quantity of arms and military engines.
These towers were covered with the raw hides of oxen soaked in vinegar
and mud, to render them incombustible; they were strengthened from top
to bottom with bands of iron, and were each divided into five platforms
or galleries filled with soldiers and military engines. They were
rolled on wheels to the walls, and the Templars and the crusaders were
about to descend from the platforms and galleries upon the battlements
of the city, when the towers, and all the warriors upon them, were
consumed by some inextinguishable inflammable composition, discharged
out of brass pots by a brazier from Damascus. "We were watching," says
Bohadin, who was standing in the Moslem camp by Saladin's side, "with
intense anxiety the movements of the soldiers upon the towers, and
thought that the city must inevitably be taken, when suddenly we saw
one of them surrounded with a blaze of light, which shot up into the
skies; the heavens were rent with one joyous burst of acclamation from
the sons of Islam, and in another instant another tower was surrounded
with raging flames and clouds of black smoke, and then the third; they
were ignited one after the other in the most astonishing and surprising
manner, with scarce an interval of a minute between them. The sultan
immediately mounted his horse, and ordered the trumpets to sound to
arms, exclaiming with a loud voice, in the words of the prophet, 'When
the gate of good fortune is thrown open, delay not to enter in.'"

At the commencement of the summer Saladin detached a considerable
portion of his forces to the north, to oppose the progress of the
German crusaders and Templars, who were advancing from Constantinople,
under the command of the emperor Frederic Barbarossa. These advancing
Templars were the especial favourites of Barbarossa, and after his
melancholy death, from the effects of a cold bath in the river Cydnus,
they formed part of the body-guard of his son the duke of Suabia.

In the month of July the Templars suffered severe loss in another
attack upon Saladin's camp. The christian soldiery, deceived by the
flight of the Mussulmen, were again lured to the pillage of their
tents, and again defeated by the main body of Saladin's army, which had
been posted in reserve. The Templars were surrounded by an overpowering
force, but they fought their way through the dense ranks of the
infidels to their own camp, leaving the plain of Acre strewed with the
lifeless bodies of the best and bravest of their warriors. "The enemies
of God," says Bohadin, "had the audacity to enter within the camp of
the lions of Islamism, but they speedily experienced the terrible
effects of the divine indignation. They fell beneath the sabres of
the Mussulmen as the leaves fall from the trees during the tempests
of autumn. Their mangled corpses, scattered over the mountain side,
covered the earth even as the branches and boughs cover the hills and
valleys when the woodsman lops the forest timber." "They fell," says
another Arabian historian, "beneath the swords of the sons of Islam as
the wicked will fall, at the last day, into the everlasting _fire_ of
HELL. Nine rows of the dead covered the earth between the sea-shore and
the mountains, and in each row might be counted the lifeless bodies of
at least one thousand warriors."

The Moslem garrison continued manfully to defend the town; they kept
up a constant communication with Saladin, partly by pigeons, partly
by swimmers, and partly by men in small skiffs, who traversed the
port in secresy, by favour of the night, and stole into the city. At
one period the besieged had consumed nearly all their provisions, and
were on the point of dying with famine, when Saladin hit upon the
following stratagem, for the purpose of sending them a supply. He
collected together a number of vessels at Beirout laden with sacks of
meal, cheese, onions, sheep, rice, and other provisions. He disguised
the seamen in the Frank habit, put crosses on their pendants, and
covered the decks of the vessels with hogs. In this way the little
fleet sailed safely through the blockading squadron of the Christians,
and entered the port of Acre. On another occasion Saladin sent 1,000
_dinars_ to the garrison, by means of a famous diver named Isa; the
man was unfortunately drowned during his passage to the city, but
the money, being deposited in three bladders, tied to his body, was
a few days afterwards thrown ashore near the town, and reached the
besieged in safety. At the commencement of the winter the garrison
was again reduced to great straits for want of food, and was on the
point of surrendering, when three vessels from Egypt broke through
the guard-ships of the Christians, and got safely into the harbour
with a copious supply of provisions, munitions of war, and everything
requisite to enable the city to hold out until the ensuing spring.

To prevent the further introduction of succours by sea, the crusaders
endeavoured to take possession of the tower of Flies, a strong castle,
built upon a rock in the midst of the sea at the mouth of the harbour,
which commanded the port. The Templars employed one of their galleys
upon this service, and crowds of small boats, filled with armed men,
military engines, and scaling-ladders, were brought against the little
fortress, but without effect. The boats and vessels were set on fire
by the besieged and reduced to ashes, and after losing all their men,
the Christians gave over the attempt. On the land side, the combats and
skirmishes continued to be incessant. Wooden towers, and vast military
machines, and engines, were constantly erected by the besiegers, and
as constantly destroyed by the sallies and skilful contrivances of the
besieged. The Templars, on one occasion, constructed two battering
machines of a new invention, and most enormous size, and began
therewith furiously to batter the walls of the town, but the garrison
soon destroyed them with fire-darts, and beams of timber, pointed with
red-hot iron.[85]

At the commencement of the next year, (587, Hejir. which began Jan.
29th, A. D. 1191,) a tremendous tempest scattered the fleet of the
crusaders, and compelled their ships to take refuge in Tyre. The sea
being open, Saladin hastily collected some vessels at Caiphas, threw a
fresh body of troops into Acre, and withdrew the exhausted garrison,
which had already sustained so many hardships and fatigues in defence
of the town. This exchange of the garrison was most happily timed,
for almost immediately after it had been effected, the walls of the
city were breached, and preparations were made for an assault. The
newly-arrived troops, however, repulsed the assailants, repaired the
walls, and once more placed the city in a good posture of defence. The
scarcity and famine in the christian camp continued to increase, and a
vast many of the crusaders, utterly unable to withstand the hardships
and difficulties of their position, deserted to Saladin, embraced the
Mohammedan faith, and were employed by him, at their own request, in
cruising off the coast against their quondam friends. Bohadin tells us
that they met with vast success in their employment. On board one of
their prizes was found a silver table, and a great deal of money and
plate, which the captors brought to the sultan, the 13th Dhu'lhajja,
but Saladin returned the treasure to them, saying, that it was a
sufficient satisfaction to him and the Moslems, to see that the Franks
pillaged and plundered one another with such alacrity.

Famine and disease continued to make frightful ravages amongst the
crusaders. The duke of Suabia, Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, the
patriarch Heraclius, four archbishops, twelve bishops, forty counts,
and five hundred other nobles and knights, besides common soldiers,
fell victims to the malady. From two to three hundred persons died
daily, and the survivors became unequal to the task of burying the
dead. The trenches which the Christians had dug for their protection,
now became their graves. Putrefying corpses were to be seen floating
upon the sea, and lining the sea-shore, and the air was infected with
an appalling and intolerable effluvia. The bodies of the living became
bloated and swollen, and the most trifling wounds were incurable.
In addition to all this, numbers of the poorer class of people died
daily from starvation. The rich supported themselves for a time upon
horse-flesh, and Abbot Coggleshale tells us, that a dinner off the
entrails of a horse cost 10_d._ Bones were ground to powder, mixed with
water, and eagerly devoured, and all the shoes, bridles, and saddles,
and old leather in the camp, were boiled to shreds, and greedily eaten.

Queen Sibylla, who appears to have been sincerely attached to the
unpopular husband she had raised to the throne, was present in the
christian camp with four infant daughters. She had wandered with the
king, Guy de Lusignan, from one place to another, ever since his
liberation from captivity, and had been his constant companion through
all the horrors, trials, and anxieties of the long siege of Acre.
Her delicate frame, weakened by sorrow and misfortune, was unable to
contend with the many hardships and privations of the christian camp.
She fell a victim to the frightful epidemic which raged amongst the
soldiers, and her death was speedily followed by that of her four
children. The enemies of the king now maintained that the crown of
the Latin kingdom had descended upon Isabella, the younger sister of
Sibylla, and wife of Humphrey de Thoron, Lord of Montreal, or Mount
Royal; but the latter seemed to think otherwise, and took no steps
either to have his wife made queen, or himself king. The enterprising
and ambitious Conrad, Marquis of Montferrat, accordingly determined to
play a bold game for the advancement of his own fortunes. He paid his
addresses to Isabella, and induced her to consent to be divorced from
Humphrey de Thoron, and take him for her husband. He went to the bishop
of Beauvais, and persuaded that prelate to pronounce the divorce, and
immediately after it had been done, he carried off Isabella to Acre,
and there married her. As soon as the nuptials had been performed,
Conrad caused himself and his wife to be proclaimed king and queen of
Jerusalem, and forthwith entered upon the exercise of certain royal
functions. He went to the christian camp before Acre, and his presence
caused serious divisions and dissensions amongst the crusaders. The
king, Guy de Lusignan, stood upon his rights; he maintained that, as he
had been once a king, he was always a king, and that the death of his
wife could not deprive him of the crown which he had solemnly received,
according to the established usage of the Latin kingdom. A strong
party in the camp declared themselves in his favour, and an equally
strong party declared in favour of his rival, Conrad, who prepared to
maintain his rights, sword in hand. The misfortunes of the Christians
appeared, consequently, to have approached their climax. The sword, the
famine, and the pestilence, had successively invaded their camp, and
now the demon of discord came to set them one against the other, and to
paralyse all their exertions in the christian cause.[86]




CHAPTER V.

    Richard Coeur de Lion joins the Templars before Acre--The city
    surrenders, and the Templars establish the chief house of their
    order within it--Coeur de Lion takes up his abode with them--He
    sells to them the island of Cyprus--The Templars form the van
    of his army--Their campaigns--The destruction of towns and
    villages--The treaty with Saladin--Coeur de Lion quits the Holy
    Land in the disguise of a Knight Templar--The Templars build the
    Pilgrim's Castle in Palestine--The exploits of the Templars in
    Egypt--The letters of the Grand Master to the Master of the Temple
    at London--The Templars reconquer Jerusalem--The state of the order
    in England--King John resides in the Temple at London--The barons
    come to him at that place, and demand MAGNA CHARTA--Consecration of
    the nave or oblong portion of the Temple Church at London.

                      "Therefore, friends,
    As far as to the sepulchre of Christ
    (Whose soldier now under whose blessed cross
    We are impressed and engag'd to fight,)
    Forthwith a power of English shall we levy
    Whose arms were moulded in their mother's womb,
    To chase these pagans, in those holy fields,
    Over whose acres walked those blessed feet,
    Which, fourteen hundred years ago, were nail'd,
    For our advantage, on the bitter cross."


In the mean time the crusade continued to be preached with great
success in Europe. William, archbishop of Tyre, had proceeded to the
courts of France and England, and had represented in glowing colours
the miserable condition of Palestine, and the horrors and abominations
which had been committed by the infidels in the holy city of Jerusalem.
The English and French monarchs laid aside their private animosities,
and agreed to fight under the same banner against the infidels, and
towards the close of the month of May, in the second year of the siege
of Acre, the royal fleets of Philip Augustus and Richard Coeur de Lion
floated in triumph in the bay of Acre. The Templars had again lost
their Grand Master, and Brother Robert de Sable, or Sabloil, a valiant
knight of the order, who had commanded a division of the English
fleet on the voyage out, was placed (A. D. 1191) at the head of the
fraternity.[87] The Templars performed prodigies of valour; "Their name
and reputation, and the fame of their sanctity," says James of Vitry,
bishop of Acre, "like a chamber of perfume sending forth a sweet odour,
were diffused throughout the entire world, and all the congregation
of the saints will recount their battles and glorious triumphs over
the enemies of Christ; knights, indeed, from all parts of the earth,
dukes, and princes, after their example, casting off the shackles of
the world, and renouncing the pomps and vanities of this life, for
Christ's sake, hastened to join them, and to participate in their holy
profession and religion." They carried before them, at this time,
to battle, "a bipartite banner of black and white, which they call
_beauseant_, that is to say, in the Gallic tongue, _bienseant_, because
they are fair and favourable to the friends of Christ, but black and
terrible to his enemies."[88]

Saladin had passed the winter on the heights of Schaferan and Keruba.
His vast army had been thinned and weakened by incessant watching, by
disease, and continual battles, and he himself was gradually sinking
under the effects of a dreadful disease, which baffled all the skill
of his medical attendants, and was gradually drawing him towards the
grave. But the proud soul of the great chieftain never quailed; nor
were his fire and energy at any time deadened. As soon as he heard of
the arrival of the two powerful christian monarchs, he sent envoys
and messengers throughout all Mussulman countries, earnestly demanding
succour, and on the Mussulman sabbath, after prayers had been offered
up to God for the triumph of his arms, and the deliverance of Islam, he
caused to be read, in all the mosques letters to the following effect;--

"In the name of GOD, the most MERCIFUL and COMPASSIONATE. To all devout
Believers in the one only God, and his prophet Mahomet, our Master.
The armies of the infidels, numerous as the stars of heaven, have come
forth from the remote countries situate beyond Constantinople, to wrest
from us those conquests which have gladdened the hearts of all who put
their trust in the Koran, and to dispute with us the possession of that
holy territory whereon the Caliph Omar, in bygone days, planted the
sacred standard of the Prophet. O men, prepare ye to sacrifice your
lives and fortunes in defence of _Islam_. Your marches against the
infidels, the dangers you encounter, the wounds you receive, and every
minute action, down to the fording of a river, are they not written
in the book of God? Thirst, hunger, fatigue, and death, will they
not obtain for you the everlasting treasures of heaven, and open to
your gaze the delicious groves and gardens of Paradise? In whatsoever
place ye remain, O men, death hath dominion over you, and neither
your houses, your lands, your wives, your children, nor the strongest
towers, can defend you from his darts. Some of you, doubtless, have
said one to another, Let us not go up to fight during the heat of
summer; and others have exclaimed, Let us remain at home until the snow
hath melted away from the mountain tops; but is not the fire of hell
more terrible than the heats of summer, and are not its torments more
insupportable than the winter's cold? Fear GOD, and not the _infidels_;
hearken to the voice of your chief, for it is Saladin himself who calls
you to rally around the standard of _Islam_. If you obey not, your
families will be driven out of Syria, and God will put in their places
a people better than you. JERUSALEM, the holy, the sister of Medina and
Mecca, will again fall into the power of the idolaters, who assign to
God a son, and raise up an equal to the Most High. Arm yourselves then,
with the buckler and the lance, scatter these children of fire, the
wicked sons of hell, whom the sea hath vomited forth upon our shores,
repeating to yourselves these words of the Koran, 'He who abandoneth
his home and family to defend our holy religion, shall be rewarded with
happiness, and with many friends.'"[89]

The siege of Acre was now pressed with great vigour; the combined
fleets of France and England completely deprived the city of all
supplies by sea, and the garrison was reduced to great straits.
The sultan despaired of being able to save the city, and was sick,
Bohadin tells us, both in mind and body. He could neither eat nor
drink. At night he would lie down upon the side of the hill Aladajia,
and indulge in some broken slumbers, but at morning's dawn he was on
horseback, ordering his brazen drum to be sounded, and collecting his
army together in battle array. At last letters were received, by means
of pigeons, announcing that the garrison could hold out no longer.
"Saladin gazed," says Bohadin, "long and earnestly at the city, his
eyes were suffused with tears, and he sorrowfully exclaimed, '_Alas for
Islam!_'" On the morning of the 12th of July, (A. D. 1191,) the kings
of France and England, the christian chieftains, and the Turkish emirs
with their green banners, assembled in the tent of the Grand Master of
the Temple, to treat for the surrender of Acre; and on the following
day the gates were thrown open to the exulting warriors of the cross.
The Templars took possession of their ancient quarters by the side of
the sea, and mounted a large red-cross banner upon the tower of the
Temple. They possessed themselves of three extensive localities along
the sea-shore, and the Temple at Acre from thenceforth became the chief
house of the order. Richard Coeur de Lion took up his abode with the
Templars whilst Philip Augustus resided in the citadel.

By the terms of the surrender of Acre, the inhabitants were to pay
a ransom of two hundred thousand pieces of gold for their lives and
liberties; two thousand noble and five hundred inferior christian
captives were to be set at liberty, and the true cross, which had
been taken at the battle of Tiberias, was to be restored to the
Latin clergy. Two months were accorded for the performance of these
conditions. I'Bn Alatsyr, who was then in Saladin's camp, tells us that
Saladin had collected together 100,000 pieces of gold, that he was
ready to deliver up the two thousand five hundred christian captives,
and restore the true cross, but his Mamlook emirs advised him not to
trust implicitly to the good faith of the christian adventurers of
Europe for the performance of their part of the treaty, but to obtain
from the Templars, of whose _regard for their word, and reverence for
the sanctity of an oath_, the Moslems had, he tells us, a high opinion,
a solemn undertaking for the performance, by the Christians, of the
stipulations they had entered into. Saladin accordingly sent to the
Grand Master of the Temple, to know if the Templars would guarantee
the surrender to him of all the Moslem prisoners, if the money, the
christian captives, and the true cross, were sent to them; but the
Grand Master declined giving any guarantee of the kind. The doubts
about the agreement, and the delay in the execution of it, kindled the
fierce indignation of the English monarch, and Richard Coeur de Lion
led out all his prisoners, 2,000 in number, into the plain of Acre,
and caused them all to be beheaded in sight of the sultan's camp![90]
During his voyage from Messina to Acre, king Richard had revenged
himself on Isaac Comnenus, the ruler of the island of Cyprus, for an
insult offered to the beautiful Berengaria, princess of Navarre, his
betrothed bride. He had disembarked his troops, stormed the town of
Limisso, and conquered the whole island; and shortly after his arrival
at Acre he sold it to the Templars for 300,000 livres d'or.[91]

On the 21st of August, (A. D. 1191,) the Templars joined the standard
of king Richard, and left Acre for the purpose of marching upon
Jerusalem, by way of the sea-coast. They crossed the river Belus, and
pitched their tents on its banks, where they remained for three days,
to collect all the troops together. The most copious and authentic
account of their famous march by the side of the king of England,
through the hostile territories of the infidels, is contained in the
history of king Richard's campaign, by Geoffrey de Vinisauf, who
accompanied the crusaders on their expedition, and was an actor in the
stirring events he describes.[92] On Sunday, the 25th of August, the
Templars, under the conduct of their Grand Master, and the crusaders,
under the command of king Richard, commenced their march towards
Caesarea. The army was separated into three divisions, the first of
which was led by the Templars, and the last by the Hospitallers. The
baggage moved on the right of the army, between the line of march and
the sea, and the fleet, loaded with provisions, kept pace with the
movements of the forces, and furnished them daily with the necessary
supplies. Saladin, at the head of an immense force, exerted all his
energies to oppose their progress, and the march to Jaffa formed one
perpetual battle. Vast masses of cavalry hovered upon their flanks, cut
off all stragglers, and put every prisoner that they took to death. The
first night after leaving the Belus, the Templars and the crusaders
encamped along the banks of the brook Kishon, around some wells in the
plain between Acre and Caiphas. The next day they forded the brook,
fought their way to Caiphas, and there halted for one day, in order
that the reluctant crusaders, who were lingering behind at Acre, might
come on and join them. On Wednesday, September 28, at dawn of day,
they prepared to force the passes and defiles of Mount Carmel. All the
heights were covered with dense masses of Mussulmen, who disputed the
ground inch by inch. The Templars placed themselves in the van of the
christian army, and headed the leading column, whilst the cavalry of
the Hospitallers protected the rear. They ascended the heights through
a dense vegetation of dry thistles, wild vines, and prickly shrubs,
drove the infidels before them, crossed the summit of Mount Carmel,
and descending into the opposite plain, encamped for the night at the
pass by the sea-shore, called "the narrow way," about eight miles from
Caiphas. Here they recovered possession of a solitary tower, perched
upon a rock overhanging the pass, which had been formerly built by the
Templars, but had for some time past been in the hands of the Saracens.
After lingering at this place an entire day, waiting the arrival of the
fleet and the barges, laden with provisions, they recommenced their
march (Friday, the 13th of August) to Tortura, the ancient Dora, about
seven miles distant. The Grand Master of the Temple, and his valiant
knights, were, as usual, in the van, forcing a passage through the
dense masses of the Moslems. The country in every direction around
their line of march, was laid waste, and every day the attacks became
more daring. The military friars had hitherto borne the brunt of the
affray, but on the march to Tortura, they suffered such heavy loss,
that king Richard determined the next day to take the command of the
van in person, and he directed them to bring up the rear.

On the fifth day from their leaving the river Belus, the Templars and
the crusaders approached the far-famed Caesarea, where St. Paul so long
resided, and where he uttered his eloquent oration before king Agrippa
and Felix. But the town was no longer visible; the walls, the towers,
the houses, and all the public buildings, had been destroyed by command
of Saladin, and the place was left deserted and desolate. The Templars
pitched their tents on the banks of the Crocodile river, the _flumen
crocodilon_ of Pliny, having been five days in performing the journey
from the river Belus, a distance of only thirty-six miles. The army
halted at Caesarea during the whole of Sunday, the 1st of September, and
high mass was celebrated by the clergy with great pomp and solemnity,
amid the ruins of the city. On Monday, the 2nd of September, the tents
of the Templars were struck at morning's dawn, and they commenced
their march, with the leading division of the army, for the city of
Jaffa, which is about thirty miles distant from Caesarea. They forded
the Crocodile river, and proceeded on their journey through a long
and narrow valley, torn by torrents, and filled with vast masses of
rock, which had been washed down from the heights by the winter rains.
They had the sea on their right, and on their left, a chain of craggy
eminences. Every advantage was taken by the enemy of the irregularity
of the ground; the Mussulman archers lined the heights, and vast masses
of cavalry were brought into action, wherever the nature of the country
admitted of their employment. The christian warriors were encumbered
with their heavy armour and military accoutrements, which were totally
unfit for the burning climate, yet they enthusiastically toiled on,
perseveringly overcoming all obstacles.

Bohadin speaks with admiration of the valiant and martial bearing of
the warriors of the cross, and of their fortitude and patient endurance
during the long and trying march from Acre to Jaffa. "On the sixth
day," says he, "the sultan rose at dawn as usual, and heard from his
brother that the enemy were in motion. They had slept that night in
suitable places about Caesarea, and were now dressing and taking their
food. A second messenger announced that they had begun their march;
our brazen drum was sounded, all were alert, the sultan came out, and
I accompanied him: he surrounded them with chosen troops, and gave
the signal for attack. The archers were drawn out, and a heavy shower
of arrows descended, still the enemy advanced.... Their foot soldiers
were covered with thick-strung pieces of cloth, fastened together
with rings, so as to resemble coats of mail. I saw with my own eyes
several who had not one or two, but _ten darts sticking in their
backs_! and yet marched on with a calm and cheerful step, without any
trepidation. They had a division of infantry in reserve, to protect
those who were weary, and look after the baggage. When any portion of
their men became exhausted and gave way through fatigue or wounds, this
division advanced and supported them. Their cavalry in the mean time
kept together in close column, and never moved away from the infantry,
except when they rushed to the charge. In vain did our troops attempt
to lure them away from the foot soldiers; they kept steadily together
in close order, protecting one another and slowly forcing their way
with wonderful perseverance."

After a short march of only eight miles from Caesarea, the Templars
pitched their tents on the banks of the Nahr al Kasab, a small river,
called by Geoffrey de Vinisauf "_the dead river_." Here they remained
two nights, waiting for the fleet. On the 4th of September they resumed
their march through a desert country which had been laid waste in every
direction by command of Saladin. Finding their progress along the shore
impeded by the tangled thickets, they quitted the plain and traversed
the hills which run parallel with the sea. Their march was harassed
by incessant charges of cavalry. The Templars brought up the rear
of the army, and lost so many horses during the day, that they were
almost driven to despair. At nightfall they descended to the beach,
and encamped on the banks of a salt creek, close by the village of Om
Khaled, near the ruins of the ancient Apollonias, having performed
a march of five miles. The next morning, being Thursday, the 5th of
September, the Templars set out at sunrise from the salt creek in
battle array, having received intelligence that Saladin had prepared
an ambuscade in the neighbouring forest of Arsoof, and intended to
hazard a general engagement. Scouts were sent on into the forest, who
reported that the road was clear; and the whole army, ascending a
slight rising ground, penetrated through the wood, and descended into
the plain of Arsur or Arsoof. Through the midst of this plain rolls a
mountain torrent, which takes its rise in the mountains of Ephraim, and
on the opposite side of the stream Saladin had drawn up his army in
battle array. The Templars encamped for the night on the right bank of
the stream, having during the day marched nine miles.

On Saturday, the 7th of November, king Richard, having completed all
his arrangements for a general engagement, drew up his army at dawn.
The Templars again formed the first division, and were the first to
cross the mountain torrent, and drive in Saladin's advanced guard.
They were followed by Guy, king of Jerusalem, who was at the head of
the division of Poitou, and then by the main body of the army under
the personal conduct of king Richard. Geoffrey de Vinisauf tells us,
that on all sides, far as the eye could reach, from the sea-shore to
the mountains, nought was to be seen but a forest of spears, above
which waved banners and standards innumerable. The wild Bedouins,
the children of the desert, with skins blacker than soot, mounted on
their fleet Arab mares, coursed with the rapidity of lightning over
the vast plain, and darkened the air with clouds of missiles. They
advanced to the attack with horrible screams and bellowings, which,
with the deafening noise of the trumpets, horns, cymbals, and brazen
kettle-drums, produced a clamour that resounded through the plain,
and would have drowned even the thunder of heaven. King Richard
received the attack in close and compact array, strict orders having
previously been given that all the soldiers should remain on the
defensive until two trumpets had been sounded in the front, two in
the centre, and two in the rear of the army, when they were in their
turn to become the assailants. The ferocious Turks, the wild Bedouins,
and the swarthy Aethiopians, gathered around the advanced guard of
the Templars, and kept up a distant and harassing warfare with their
bows and arrows, whilst the swift cavalry of the Arabs dashed down
upon the foot soldiers as if about to overwhelm them, then suddenly
checking their horses, they wheeled off to the side, raising clouds of
smothering, suffocating dust, which oppressed and choked the toiling
warriors. The baggage moved on between the army and the sea, and the
Christians thus continued slowly to advance under the scorching rays
of an autumnal sun. "They moved," says Vinisauf, "inch by inch; it
could not be called walking, for they were pushing and hacking their
way through an overpowering crowd of resisting foes." Emboldened by
their passive endurance, the Moslems approached nearer, and began to
ply their darts and lances. The Marshall of the Hospital then charged
at the head of his knights, without waiting for the signal, and in an
instant the action became general. The clash of swords, the ringing of
armour, and the clattering of iron clubs and flails, as they descended
upon the helmets and bucklers of the European warriors, became mingled
with the groans of the dying, and with the fierce cries of the wild
Bedouins. Clouds of dust were driven up into the skies, and the plain
became covered with banners, lances, and all kinds of arms, and with
emblems of every colour and device, torn and broken, and soiled with
blood and dust. Coeur de Lion was to be seen everywhere in the thickest
of the fight, and after a long and obstinate engagement the infidels
were defeated; but amid the disorder of his troops Saladin remained
on the plain without lowering his standard or suspending the sound of
his brazen kettle-drums; he rallied his forces, retired upon Ramleh,
and prepared to defend the mountain passes leading to Jerusalem. The
Templars pushed on to Arsoof, and pitched their tents before the gates
of the town.

On Monday, September 9th, the christian forces moved on in battle
array to Jaffa, the ancient Joppa, about eight miles from Arsoof. The
Templars brought up the rear of the army; and after marching about
five miles, they reached the banks of the Nahr el Arsoof, or river
of Arsoof, which empties itself into the sea, about three miles from
Jaffa, and pitched their tents in a beautiful olive grove on the
sea-shore. Saladin laid waste all the country around them, drove away
the inhabitants, and carried off all the cattle, corn, and provisions.
The towns of Caesarea, Ramleh, Jaffa, Ascalon, and all the villages,
had been set on fire and burnt to ashes, and all the castles and
fortresses within reach of the crusading army were dismantled and
destroyed. Among these last were the castles of St. George, Galatia,
Blancheward, Beaumont, Belvoir, Toron, Arnald, Mirabel, the castle of
the plain, and many others. Every place, indeed, of strength or refuge
was utterly destroyed by command of the inexorable Saladin. Bohadin
tells us that the sultan mourned grievously over the destruction of
the fair and beautiful city of Ascalon, saying to those around him,
"By God, I would sooner lose my sons than touch a stone of this goodly
city, but what God wills, and the good of Islam requires, must be
done." The walls and fortifications of Ascalon were of great extent and
stupendous strength, and an army of thirty thousand men was employed
for fourteen days in the work of demolition. "The weeping families
were removed from their houses, amid the most heart-rending confusion
and misery," says Bohadin, "that I ever witnessed." Thousands of men
were employed in dashing down the towers and the walls, and throwing
the stones into the ditches and into the adjoining sea, and thousands
were occupied in carrying away property and the contents of the public
granaries and magazines. But ere half the effects had been removed,
the impatient sultan ordered the town to be set on fire, "and soon,"
says Bohadin, "the raging flames were to be seen, tearing through the
roofs, and curling around the minarets of the mosques." The great tower
of the Hospitallers was the only edifice that resisted the flames
and the exertions of the destroyers. It stood frowning in gloomy and
solitary magnificence over the wide extended scene of ruin. "We must
not depart," said Saladin, "until yon lofty tower has been brought
low," and he ordered it to be filled with combustibles and set on
fire. "It stood," says Bohadin, "by the sea-side, and was of amazing
size and strength. I went into it, and examined it. The walls and the
foundations were so solid, and of such immense width, that no battering
machines could have produced the slightest effect upon them." Every
heart was filled with sorrow and mourning at the sight of the scorched
and blackened ruins of the once fair and beautiful Ascalon. "The city,"
says Bohadin, "was very elegant, and, in truth, exquisitely beautiful;
its stupendous fortifications and lofty edifices possessed a majesty
and grandeur which inspired one with awe."[93]

Ascalon, once the proudest of the five satrapies of the lords of the
Philistines, is now uninhabited. The walls still lie scattered in huge
fragments along the sea-shore, mixed with columns and broken pillars,
which are wedged in among them, and amid the confused heaps of ruin
which mark the site of the ancient city, not a single dwelling is now
visible. "The king shall perish from Gaza," saith the prophet, "and
ASCALON shall _not be inhabited_."

On the 16th of October Coeur de Lion wrote a letter to Saladin,
exhorting him to put an end to the holy war; but he demanded, as the
price of peace, the restitution of Jerusalem, of Palestine, and the
true cross. "Jerusalem," says the king, "we consider to be the seat of
our religion, and every one of us will perish rather than abandon it.
Do you restore to us the country on this side Jordan, together with
the holy cross, which is of no value to you, being in your eyes a mere
piece of wood, but which we Christians prize greatly; we will then make
peace, and repose from our incessant toils." "When the sultan," says
Bohadin, who was himself a participator in the negotiation, "had read
this letter, he took counsel with his emirs, and sent a reply to the
following effect:--'The Holy City is held in as great reverence and
estimation by the Moslems, as it is by you, ay, and in much greater
reverence. From thence did our prophet Mahomet undertake his nocturnal
journey to heaven, and upon that holy spot have the angels and the
prophets at different periods been gathered together. Think not that we
will ever surrender it. Never would we be so unmindful of our duty, and
of that which it behoves us to do, as good Mussulmen. As to the country
you speak of, it hath belonged to us of old, and if you took it from
the Moslems when they were weak, they have taken it from you now that
they are strong, as they have a right to do. You may continue the war,
but God will not give you a stone of the land as a possession, for he
hath given the country to the Moslems, to be by them plentifully and
bountifully enjoyed. As to the cross, the reverence you pay to that bit
of wood is a scandalous idolatry, disrespectful to the Most High, and
hateful in the sight of God. We will, therefore, not give it to you,
unless by so doing we can secure some great and manifest advantage for
Islam.'"

On the 15th of November, the Templars marched out of Jaffa with
king Richard and his army, and proceeded through the plain towards
Jerusalem. As they advanced, Saladin slowly retired before them, laying
waste the surrounding country, destroying all the towns and villages,
and removing the inhabitants. Between noon and evening prayers, the
sultan rode over to the city of Lidda, where St. Peter cured Aeneas of
the palsy, and employed his army, and a number of christian slaves, in
the destruction of the noble cathedral church erected by Justinian,
and in the demolition of the town. He then fell back with his army to
Beitnubah, a small village seated upon an eminence at the extremity
of the plain of Ramleh, at the commencement of the hill country of
Judea, and there encamped. "On Friday morning, at an early hour," says
Bohadin, "the sultan mounted on horseback, and ordered me to accompany
him. The rain fell in torrents. We marched towards Jerusalem. We
dismounted at the monastery near the church of the Resurrection, and
Saladin remained there to pass the night." The next morning at dawn
the sultan again mounted on horseback, and rode round the walls of the
Holy City. The whole population, together with two thousand christian
captives, had for weeks past been diligently employed in the reparation
and reconstruction of the fortifications. Forty expert masons had
arrived from Mossul, together with engineers and artificers from all
the Mussulman countries of Asia. Two enormous towers were constructed,
new walls were built, ditches were hollowed out of the rocks, and
countless sums, says Bohadin, were spent upon the undertaking.
Saladin's sons, his emirs, and his brother Adel, were charged with
the inspection of the works; and the sultan himself was on horseback
every morning from sunrise to sunset, stimulating the exertions of the
workmen.

Whilst Saladin was making these vigorous preparations for the defence
of Jerusalem, the Templars halted at Ramleh, the ancient Arimathea,
situate in the middle of the plain, about nine miles from Jaffa, and
lingered with the crusaders amid the ruins of the place for six weeks.
In one of their midnight sallies they captured and brought into the
camp more than two hundred oxen. On New Year's day, A. D. 1192, they
marched to Beitnubah, and encamped at the entrance of the gorges and
defiles leading to the Holy City; but these defiles were guarded by a
powerful army under the personal command of Saladin, and the warriors
of the cross ventured not to penetrate them. The weather became
frightful; tempests of rain and hail, thunder and lightning, succeeded
one another without cessation; the tents were torn to pieces by furious
whirlwinds, and all the provisions of the army were destroyed by the
wet. Many of the camels, horses, and beasts of burthen, perished from
fatigue and the inclemency of the weather, and orders were given for a
retrograde movement to the Mediterranean.

The Templars faithfully adhered to the standard of Coeur de Lion,
and marched with him from Jaffa along the sea-coast to the ruins
of Ascalon; but the other warriors, who owned no allegiance to the
sovereign of England, abandoned him. The duke of Burgundy and the
French proceeded to enjoy themselves in the luxurious city of Acre:
some of the crusaders remained at Jaffa, and others went to Tyre and
joined the rebellious party of Conrad, marquis of Montferrat. During
the march from Jaffa to Ascalon, a distance of twenty-eight miles, the
Templars suffered great hardships from hail-storms and terrific showers
of rain and sleet; and on their arrival amid the ruins of the once
flourishing city, they were nearly starved, by reason of the shipwreck
of their vessels freighted with the necessary supplies. They pitched
their tents among the ruins on the 20th of January, A. D. 1192, and
for eight days were compelled to subsist on the scanty supply of food
they had brought with them from Jaffa. During the winter they assisted
king Richard in the reconstruction of the fortifications, and took an
active part in the capture of several convoys and caravans which were
traversing the adjoining desert from Egypt.

Whilst the Templars and the kings of England and Jerusalem thus
remained under tents or in the open fields planning the overthrow
and destruction of the infidels, Conrad, marquis of Montferrat,
the pretender to the throne of the Latin kingdom, was traitorously
intriguing with Saladin for the advancement of his own schemes of
private ambition. He was supported by the duke of Burgundy and the
French, and was at the head of a strong party who hated king Richard,
and envied him the fame of his military exploits. The marquis of
Montferrat went to Saladin's camp. He offered, Bohadin tells us, to
make war upon king Richard, to attack the city of Acre, and join his
forces to those of the sultan, provided the latter would cede to him
the maritime towns of Tyre, Sidon, and Beirout, and all the sea-coast
between them; but before these traitorous designs could be carried
into execution, the marquis of Montferrat was assassinated. Six days
after his death, the fickle princess Isabella, his wife, the younger
sister of the late queen Isabella, married Henry, count of Champagne,
nephew of king Richard. This nobleman possessed great influence in
the councils of the christian chieftains, and a general desire was
manifested for his recognition as KING of JERUSALEM. The Templars
accordingly induced Guy de Lusignan to abdicate in favour of Isabella
and the count of Champagne, offering him as a recompense the wealthy
and important island of Cyprus, which had been ceded to them, as before
mentioned, by king Richard.

Coeur de Lion and the Templars remained encamped amid the ruins of
Ascalon, and employed themselves in intercepting the caravans and
convoys which were crossing the neighbouring desert, from Egypt to
Palestine, and succeeded in setting at liberty many christian captives.
The second Sunday after Trinity, the tents were struck, and they once
more resumed their march, with the avowed intention of laying siege to
the Holy City. They again proceeded, by easy stages, across the plain
of Ramleh, and on the 11th of June, five days after they had left
Ascalon, they reached Beitnubah where they again halted for the space
of an entire month, under the pretence of waiting for Henry, the new
king of Jerusalem, and the forces which were marching under his command
from Tyre and Acre. But the rugged mountains between Beitnubah and
Jerusalem were the real cause of delay, and again presented a barrier
to their further progress. Saladin had fixed his station in the Holy
City, leaving the main body of his army encamped among the mountains
near Beitnubah. His Mamlooks appear to have been somewhat daunted by
the long continuance of the war, and the persevering obstinacy of the
Christians. They remembered the bloody fate of their brethren at Acre,
and pressed the sultan to reserve _his_ person and _their_ courage
for the future defence of their religion and empire. Bohadin gives
a curious account of their misgivings and disinclination to stand a
siege within the walls of Jerusalem. He made an address to them at the
request of the sultan, and when he had ceased to speak, Saladin himself
arose. A profound silence reigned throughout the assembly,--"they
were as still as if BIRDS _were sitting on their_ HEADS." "Praise be
to God," said Saladin, "and may his blessing rest upon our Master,
Mahomet, his prophet. Know ye not, O men, that ye are the only army
of ISLAM, and its only defence. The lives and fortunes and children
of the Moslems are committed to your protection. If ye now quail from
the fight, (which God avert,) the foe will roll up these countries
as the angel of the Lord rolls up the book in which the actions of
men are written down." After an eloquent harangue from the sultan,
Saifeddin Meshtoob, and the Mamlooks exclaimed with one voice, "My
Lord, we are thy servants and slaves; we swear, by God, that none of
us will quit thee so long as we shall live."[94] But the anxiety of
Saladin and the Mamlooks was speedily calmed by the retreat of the
christian soldiers who fell back upon the sea-coast and their shipping.
The health of king Richard and of Saladin was in a declining state,
they were mutually weary of the war, and a treaty of peace was at last
entered into between the sultan, the king of England, Henry, king of
Jerusalem, and the Templars and Hospitallers, whereby it was stipulated
that the christian pilgrims should enjoy the privilege of visiting
the Holy City and the Holy Sepulchre without tribute or molestation;
that the cities of Tyre, Acre, and Jaffa, with all the sea-coast
between them, should belong to the Latins, but that the fortifications
recently erected at Ascalon should be demolished. Immediately after the
conclusion of peace, king Richard, being anxious to take the shortest
and speediest route to his dominions, induced Robert de Sable, the
Grand Master of the Temple, to place a galley of the order at his
disposal, and it was determined that, whilst the royal fleet pursued
its course with queen Berengaria through the Straits of Gibraltar to
Britain, Coeur de Lion himself, disguised in the habit of a Knight
Templar, should secretly embark and make for one of the ports of the
Adriatic. The plan was carried into effect on the night of the 25th of
October, and king Richard set sail, accompanied by some attendants, and
four trusty Templars. The habit he had assumed, however, protected him
not, as is well known, from the cowardly vengeance of the base duke of
Austria.[95]

In the year 1194, Robert de Sable, the Grand Master of the Temple,
was succeeded by Brother Gilbert Horal or Erail, who had previously
filled the high office of Grand Preceptor of France.[96] The Templars,
to retain and strengthen their dominion in Palestine, commenced the
erection of several strong fortresses, the stupendous ruins of many of
which remain to this day. The most famous of these was the Pilgrim's
Castle, which commanded the coast-road from Acre to Jerusalem. It
derived its name from a solitary tower erected by the early Templars
to protect the passage of the pilgrims through a dangerous pass in the
mountains bordering the sea-coast, and was commenced shortly after the
removal of the chief house of the order from Jerusalem to Acre. A small
promontory which juts out into the sea a few miles below Mount Carmel,
was converted into a fortified camp. Two gigantic towers, a hundred
feet in height and seventy-four feet in width, were erected, together
with enormous bastions connected together by strong walls furnished
with all kinds of military engines. The vast inclosure contained a
palace for the use of the Grand Master and knights, a magnificent
church, houses and offices for the serving brethren and hired soldiers,
together with pasturages, vineyards, gardens, orchards, and fishponds.
On one side of the walls was the salt sea, and on the other, within
the camp, were delicious springs of fresh water. The garrison amounted
to four thousand men in time of war.[97] Considerable remains of
this famous fortress are still visible on the coast, a few miles to
the south of Acre. It is still called by the Levantines, _Castel
Pellegrino_. Pocock describes it as "very magnificent, and so finely
built, that it may be reckoned one of the things that are best worth
seeing in these parts." "It is encompassed," says he, "with two walls
fifteen feet thick, the inner wall on the east side cannot be less than
forty feet high, and within it there appear to have been some very
grand apartments. The offices of the fortress seem to have been at the
west end, where I saw an oven fifteen feet in diameter. In the castle
there are remains of a fine lofty church of ten sides, built in a light
gothic taste: three chapels are built to the three eastern sides,
each of which consists of five sides, excepting the opening to the
church; in these it is probable the three chief altars stood." Irby and
Mangles, referring at a subsequent period to the ruins of the church,
describe it as a double hexagon, and state that the half then standing
had six sides. Below the cornice are human heads and heads of animals
in alto relievo, and the walls are adorned with a double line of arches
in the gothic style, the architecture light and elegant.

On the death of Saladin, (13th of March, A. D. 1193,) the vast and
powerful empire that he had consolidated fell to pieces, the title to
the thrones of Syria and Egypt was disputed between the brother and
the sons of the deceased sultan; and the pope, thinking that these
dissensions presented a favourable opportunity for the recovery of the
Holy City, caused another (the fourth) crusade to be preached. Two
expeditions organized in Germany proceeded to Palestine and insisted on
the immediate commencement of hostilities, in defiance of the truce.
The Templars and Hospitallers, and the Latin Christians, who were in
the enjoyment of profound peace under the faith of treaties, insisted
upon the impolicy and dishonesty of such a proceeding, but were
reproached with treachery and lukewarmness in the christian cause; and
the headstrong Germans sallying out of Acre, committed some frightful
ravages and atrocities upon the Moslem territories. The infidels
immediately rushed to arms; their intestine dissensions were at once
healed, their chiefs extended to one another the hand of friendship,
and from the distant banks of the Nile, from the deserts of Arabia, and
the remote confines of Syria, the followers of Mahomet rallied again
around the same banner, and hastened once more to fight in defence of
_Islam_. Al-Ma-lek, Al-a-del, Abou-becr Mohammed, the renowned brother
of Saladin, surnamed _Saif-ed-din_, "Sword of the Faith," took the
command of the Moslem force, and speedily proved himself a worthy
successor to the great "Conqueror of Jerusalem." He concentrated a vast
army, and by his rapid movements speedily compelled the Germans to quit
all the open country, and throw themselves into the fortified city of
Jaffa. By a well-executed manoeuvre, he then induced them to make a rash
sortie from the town, and falling suddenly upon the main body of their
forces, he defeated them with terrific slaughter. He entered the city,
pell-mell, with the fugitives, and annihilated the entire German force.
The small garrison of the Templars maintained in the Temple of Jaffa
was massacred, the fortifications were razed to the ground, and the
city was left without a single christian inhabitant.[98] Such were the
first results of this memorable crusade.

The Templars on the receipt of this disastrous intelligence, assembled
their forces, and marched out of the city of Acre, in the cool of the
evening, to encamp at Caiphas, four miles distant from the town. The
king placed himself at the castle window to see them pass, and was
leaning forward watching their progress across the neighbouring plain,
when he unfortunately overbalanced himself, and fell headlong into the
moat. He was killed on the spot, and queen Isabella was a second time
a widow, her divorced husband, Humphry de Thoron being, however, still
alive. She had three daughters by king Henry, Mary, who died young,
Alix, and Philippine. Radolph of Tiberias became an aspirant for the
hand of the widowed queen, but the Templars rejected his suit because
he was too poor, declaring that they would not give the queen and the
kingdom to a man who had nothing. They sent the chancellor of the
emperor of Germany, who was staying at Acre, to Amauri, king of Cyprus,
offering him the hand of Isabella and the crown of the Latin kingdom.
Amauri had succeeded to the sovereignty of the island on the death of
his brother Guy de Lusignan, (A. D. 1194,) and he eagerly embraced
the offer. He immediately embarked in his galleys at Nicosia, landed
at Acre, and was married to queen Isabella and solemnly crowned a few
weeks after the death of the late king.

On the arrival of a second division of the crusaders, under the command
of the dukes of Saxony and Brabant, the Templars again took the field
and overthrew the Arab cavalry in a bloody battle, fought in the plain
between Tyre and Sidon. The entire Mussulman army was defeated, and
Saif-ed-din, desperately wounded, fell back upon Damascus. Beirout
was then besieged and taken, and the fall of this important city
was followed by the reduction of Gabala and Laodicea, and all the
maritime towns between Tripoli and Jaffa.[99] Intelligence now reached
Palestine of the death of the emperor Henry VI., whereupon all the
German chieftains hurried home, to pursue upon another theatre their
own schemes of private ambition. After having provoked a terrific and
sanguinary war they retired from the contest, leaving their brethren
in the East to fight it out as they best could. These last, on viewing
their desolated lands, their defenceless cities, and their dwellings
destroyed by fire, exclaimed with bitterness and truth, "Our fellow
Christians and self-styled allies found us at _peace_, they have
left us at WAR. They are like those ominous birds of passage whose
appearance portends the coming tempest." To add to the difficulties and
misfortunes of the Latin Christians, a quarrel sprung up between the
Templars and Hospitallers touching their respective rights to certain
property in Palestine. The matter was referred to the pope, who gravely
admonished them, representing that the infidels would not fail to take
advantage of their dissensions, to the great injury of the Holy Land,
and to the prejudice of all Christendom. He exhorts them to maintain
unity and peace with one another, and appoints certain arbitrators
to decide the differences between them. The quarrel was of no great
importance, nor of any long duration, for the same year pope Innocent
wrote to both orders, praising them for their exertions in the cause
of the cross, and exhorting them strenuously and faithfully to support
with all their might the new king of Jerusalem.[100]

In the year 1201 the Grand Master of the Temple, Gilbert Horal, was
succeeded by brother Philip Duplessies, or De Plesseis,[101] who found
himself, shortly after his accession to power, engaged in active
hostilities with Leon I., king of Armenia, who had taken possession
of the castle of Gaston, which belonged to the Knights Templars. The
Templars drove King Leon out of Antioch, compelled him to give up the
castle of Gaston and sue for peace. A suspension of arms was agreed
upon; the matters in dispute between them were referred to the pope,
and were eventually decided in favour of the Templars. The Templars
appear at this period to have recovered possession of most of their
castles and strongholds in the principalities of Tripoli and Antioch.
Taking advantage of the dissensions between the neighbouring Moslem
chieftains, they gradually drove the infidels across the Orontes,
and restored the strong mountain districts to the christian arms.
Some European vessels having been plundered by Egyptian pirates, the
Templars unfolded their war-banner, and at midnight they marched out
of Acre, with the king of Jerusalem, to make reprisals on the Moslems;
they extended their ravages to the banks of the Jordan, and collected
together a vast booty, informing their brethren in Acre of their
movements by letters tied to the necks of pigeons. Coradin, sultan
of Damascus, assembled a large body of forces at Sepphoris, and then
marched against the hill fort Doc, which belonged to the Templars. The
place was only three miles distant from Acre, and the population of the
town was thrown into the utmost consternation. But the military friars,
assembling their forces from all quarters, soon repulsed the invaders,
and restored tranquillity to the Latin kingdom.

At this period king Amauri, having partaken somewhat too plentifully
of a favourite dish of fish, was seized with an alarming illness, and
died at Acre on the 1st of April, A. D. 1205. He had issue by Isabella
one daughter; but before the close of the year both the mother and the
child died. The crowns of Jerusalem and Cyprus, which were united on
the heads of Amauri and Isabella, were now after their decease again
divided. Mary, the eldest daughter of the queen, by the famous Conrad,
marquis of Montferrat, was acknowledged heiress to the crown of the
Latin kingdom, and Hugh de Lusignan, the eldest son of Amauri by his
first wife, succeeded to the sovereignty of the island of Cyprus. This
young prince married the princess Alice, daughter of Isabella by king
Henry, count of Champagne, and half sister to the young queen Mary by
the mother's side. The young and tender princess who had just now
succeeded to the throne of the Latin kingdom, was fourteen years of
age, and the Templars and Hospitallers became her natural guardians
and protectors. They directed the military force of the Latin empire
in the field, and the government of the country in the cabinet: and
defended the kingdom during her minority with zeal and success against
all the attacks of the infidels. As soon as the young queen arrived at
marriageable years, the Templars and Hospitallers sent over the bishop
of Acre and Aimar, lord of Caesarea, to Philip Augustus, king of France,
requesting that monarch to select a suitable husband for her from
among his princes and nobles. The king's choice fell upon the count
of Brienne, who left France with a large cortege of knights and foot
soldiers, and arrived in Palestine on the 13th of September. The day
after his arrival he was married to the young queen, who had just then
attained her seventeenth year, and on the succeeding Michaelmas-day, he
was crowned king of Jerusalem.

At this period the truce with the infidels had expired, the Grand
Master of the Temple having previously refused to renew it. Hostilities
consequently recommenced, and the Templars again took the field with
the new king of Jerusalem and his French knights. Some important
successes were gained over the Moslems, but the Latin kingdom was
thrown into mourning by the untimely death of the young queen Mary. She
died at Acre, in the twentieth year of her age, leaving by the king
her husband, an infant daughter, named Violante. The count de Brienne
continued, after the example of Guy de Lusignan, to wear the crown, and
exercise all the functions of royalty, notwithstanding the death of
the queen. Pope Innocent III. had long been endeavouring to throw an
additional lustre around his pontificate by achieving the re-conquest
of Jerusalem. By his bulls and apostolical letters he sought to awaken
the ancient enthusiasm of Christendom in favour of the holy war; and
following the example of pope Urban, he at last called together a
general council of the church to aid in the arming of Europe for
the recovery of the Holy City. This council assembled at Rome in the
summer of the year 1215, and decreed the immediate preaching of another
crusade. The emperor Frederick, John, king of England, the king of
Hungary, the dukes of Austria and Bavaria, and many prelates, nobles,
and knights, besides crowds of persons of inferior degree, assumed the
cross. Some prepared to fulfil their vow, and embark for the far East,
but the far greater portion of them paid sums of money to the clergy
to be exempt from the painful privations, dangers, and difficulties
consequent upon the long voyage. The king of Hungary, and the dukes
of Austria and Bavaria, were the first to set out upon the pious
enterprise. They placed themselves at the head of an army composed of
many different nations, embarked from Venice, and landed at the port of
St. Jean d'Acre at the commencement of the year 1217. The day after the
feast of All Saints they marched out of Acre, and pitched their tents
upon the banks of the brook Kishon; and the next day the patriarch of
Jerusalem, and the Templars and Hospitallers, came with great pomp and
solemnity into the camp, bearing with them "a piece of the true cross!"
It was pretended that this piece of the cross had been cut off before
the battle of Tiberias, and carefully preserved by the oriental clergy.
The kings and princes went out bare-foot and uncovered to receive the
holy relic; they placed it at the head of their array, and immediately
commenced a bold and spirited march to the Jordan.

Under the guidance of the Templars they followed the course of the
brook Kishon, by the ruins of Endor, to the valley of Jezreel,
and traversing the pass through the mountains of Gilboa to Bisan
or Scythopolis, they descended into the valley of the Jordan, and
pitched their tents on the banks of that sacred river. From Bisan they
proceeded up the valley of the Jordan to the lake of Tiberias, skirted
its beautiful shores to Bethsaida, passing in front of the strong
citadel of Tiberias, and then proceeded across the country to Acre,
without meeting an enemy to oppose their progress. The Templars then
pressed the christian chieftains to undertake without further loss
of time the siege of the important fortress of Mount Thabor, and at
the commencement of the autumn the place was regularly invested, but
the height and steepness of the mountain rendered the transportation
of heavy battering machines and military engines to the summit a
tedious and laborious undertaking. The troops suffered from the want
of water, their patience was exhausted, and the four kings and their
followers, being anxious to return home, speedily found excuses for the
abandonment of the siege. The customary scene of disorder and confusion
then ensued; a large body of Arab horsemen, which had crossed the
Jordan, infested the rear of the retiring crusaders. The disordered
pilgrims and foot soldiers were panic-stricken, and fled to the hills;
and the retreat would have been disastrous, but for the gallant conduct
of the Templars and Hospitallers, who covered the rear and sustained
the repeated charges of the Arab cavalry. The two orders sustained
immense loss in men and horses, and returned in sorrow and disgust to
their quarters at Acre.[102]

The Grand Master Philip Duplessies had been unable to take part in
the expedition; he was confined to the Temple at Acre by a dangerous
illness, of which he died a few days after the return of the Templars
from Mount Thabor. Immediately after his decease a general chapter of
knights was assembled, and Brother William de Chartres was elevated
(A. D. 1217) to the vacant dignity of Grand Master.[103] Shortly after
his election he was called upon to take the command of a large fleet
fitted out by the order of the Temple against the Egyptians. He set sail
from Acre in the month of May, cast anchor in the mouth of the Nile,
and proceeded, in conjunction with the crusaders, to lay siege to
the wealthy and populous city of Damietta. The Templars pitched their
tents in the plain on the left bank of the Nile, opposite the town,
and surrounded their position with a ditch and a wall. They covered
the river with their galleys, and with floating rafts furnished with
military engines, and directed their first attacks against a castle in
the midst of the stream, called the castle of Taphnis.

Large towers were erected upon floating rafts to protect their
operations, but they were constantly destroyed by the terrible
Greek fire, which was blown out of long copper tubes, and could be
extinguished with nothing but vinegar and sand. At last a number of
flat-bottomed boats were lashed together, and a tower, higher than
the castle of the enemy, was erected upon them. It was ninety feet in
height, thirteen cubits in length, and was divided into platforms or
stages, filled with archers; numerous loop-holes were pierced in the
walls, and the ponderous structure was thickly covered in every part
with raw hides, to preserve it from the liquid fire of the enemy.
Upon the top of the tower was a drawbridge, which could be raised and
lowered with chains, and on each platform were grappling irons, to be
made fast to the battlements and parapets of the castle. On the 24th
of August, the vast floating tower was towed to the point of attack,
and the left bank of the Nile was covered with a long procession of
priests and monks, who traversed the winding shore, with naked feet
and uplifted hands, praying to the God of battles for victory. Whilst
the infidels were hurrying to the summit of the castle of Taphnis, to
direct the Greek fire upon the wooden tower, and to pour boiling oil
and red-hot sand upon the heads of the assailants, some Templars, who
were stationed in the lowest platform of the structure near the water,
threw out their grapling-irons, and made a lodgment upon the causeway
in front of the castle. Without a moment's delay, they handed out a
battering-ram, and with one blow knocked in the door of the fortress.
Combustibles were immediately thrown into the interior of the
building, the place was enveloped in smoke and flames, and the garrison
surrendered at discretion. The vast chain between the castle and the
river was then rent asunder, and the large ships of the crusaders
ascended the Nile, and took up a position in front of the town.

Toward the close of autumn, when the inundation of the Nile was at
its height, a strong north wind arose, and impeded the descent of
the waters to the Mediterranean. The christian camp was overflowed,
the Templars lost all their provisions, arms, and baggage; and when
the waters receded, several large fish were found in their tents.
This catastrophe was followed by an epidemic fever, which carried
off the Grand Master, William de Chartres, and many of the brethren.
The Grand Master was succeeded (A. D. 1218) by the veteran warrior,
Brother Peter de Montaigu, Grand Preceptor of Spain. At this period the
renowned Saif-ed-din, "sword of the faith," the brother and successor
of Saladin, died, having appointed his _fifteen_ sons to separate and
independent commands in his vast dominions. After his decease they
quarrelled with one another for the supremacy, and the Templars crossed
the Nile to take advantage of the dispute. The infidels fiercely
opposed their landing, and one of the Temple vessels being boarded by
an overpowering force, the military friars cut a hole in the bottom
of it with their hatchets, and all on board met with a watery grave
in the deep bosom of the Nile. When the landing was effected, the
Templars were the first to charge the enemy; the Moslems fled and
abandoned their tents, provisions, and arms, and their camp was given
up to plunder. A trench was then drawn around the city of Damietta,
and the army took up a position which enabled them to deprive the
town of all succour. Two bridges of boats were thrown across the
Nile to communicate between the new camp of the crusaders and the
one they had just quitted; and one of these bridges was placed under
the protection of the Templars. After many brilliant exploits and
sanguinary encounters, Damietta was reduced to great straits; terms
of surrender were offered and refused; and on the 5th of November a
wooden bridge was thrown over the ditch; scaling ladders were reared
against the battlements, and the town was taken by assault. When the
Templars entered the place, they found the plague in every house, and
the streets strewed with the dead.

Immediately after the capture of Damietta, the Grand Master of the
Temple returned with the king of Jerusalem to Palestine, to oppose
a fresh army of Moslems who, under the command of Coradin, a famous
chieftain, had invaded the country, blockaded the city of Acre, and
laid siege to the Pilgrim's Castle. In their intrenched camp at this
castle, the Templars mustered a force of upwards of four thousand
men, who valiantly and successfully defended the important position
against the obstinate and persevering attacks of the infidels. During
the different assaults upon the place, Coradin lost six emirs, two
hundred Mamlooks, and a number of archers; and on one day alone he had
a hundred and twenty valuable horses slain, one of which cost fourteen
thousand marks.[104] The Templars sent urgent letters to the pope for
succour. They exhorted his holiness to compel the emperor Frederick to
perform his vow, and no longer to permit the crusaders to compound with
money for the non-fulfilment of their engagements, declaring that such
compositions had been most injurious to the cause of the cross. The
Grand Master also wrote to the pope, complaining to his holiness of the
misapplication by the clergy of the money collected from their flocks,
towards the expenses of the holy war, declaring that not a twentieth
part of it ever reached the empty treasury of the Latin kingdom. The
holy pontiff, in his reply, protests that he has not himself fingered a
farthing of the money. "If you have not received it," says he, "it is
not our fault, it is because we have not been obeyed."

In a mournful letter to the bishop of Ely, the Grand Master gives the
following gloomy picture of the state of affairs. "Brother Peter de
Montaigu, Master of the Knights of the Temple, to the reverend brother
in Christ, N, by the grace of God, bishop of Ely, salvation. We proceed
by these our letters to inform your paternity how we have managed the
affairs of our Lord Jesus Christ since the capture of Damietta and
the castle of Taphnis. Be it known to you, that during the spring
passage to Europe, immediately subsequent to the capture of Damietta,
so many of the pilgrims returned home, that the residue of them scarce
sufficed to garrison the town, and the two intrenched camps. Our
lord the legate, and the clergy, earnestly desiring the advancement
of the army of Jesus Christ, constantly and diligently exhorted our
people forthwith to take the field against the infidels; but the
chieftains from these parts, and from beyond the sea, perceiving that
the army was totally insufficient in point of numbers to guard the
city and the camps, and undertake further offensive operations for the
advancement of the faith of Jesus Christ, would on no account give
their consent. The sultan of Egypt, at the head of a vast number of
the perfidious infidels, lies encamped a short distance from Damietta,
and he has recently constructed bridges across both branches of the
Nile, to impede the further progress of our christian soldiers. He
there remains, quietly awaiting their approach; and the forces under
his command are so numerous, that the faithful cannot quit their
intrenchments around Damietta, without incurring imminent risk. In the
mean time, we have surrounded the town, and the two camps, with deep
trenches, and have strongly fortified both banks of the river as far
as the sea-coast, expecting that the Lord will console and comfort us
with speedy succour. But the Saracens, perceiving our weakness, have
already armed numerous galleys, and have inflicted vast injury upon us
by intercepting all the succours from Europe; and such has been our
extreme want of money, that we have been unable for a considerable
period to man and equip our galleys and send them to sea for our
protection. Finding, however, that the losses go on increasing to the
great detriment of the cause of the cross, we have now managed to arm
some galleys, galliots, and other craft, to oppose the ships of the
infidels.

"Also be it known to you that Coradin, sultan of Damascus, having
collected together a vast army of Saracens, hath attacked the cities
of Tyre and Acre; and as the garrisons of these places have been
weakened to strengthen our forces in Egypt, they can with difficulty
sustain themselves against his attacks. Coradin hath also pitched
his tents before our fortress, called the Pilgrim's Castle, and hath
put us to immense expense in the defence of the place. He hath also
besieged and subjugated the castle of Caesarea of Palestine. We have
now for a long time been expecting the arrival of the emperor, and the
other noble personages who have assumed the cross, by whose aid we
hope to be relieved from our dangers and difficulties, and to bring
all our exertions to a happy issue. But if we are disappointed of the
succour we expect in the ensuing summer (which God forbid) all our
newly-acquired conquests, as well as the places that we have held for
ages past, will be left in a very doubtful condition. We ourselves,
and others in these parts, are so impoverished by the heavy expenses
we have incurred in prosecuting the affairs of Jesus Christ, that we
shall be unable to contribute the necessary funds, unless we speedily
receive succour and subsidies from the faithful. Given at Acre, xii.
kal. Octob., A. D. 1220."[105]

The urgent solicitations of the Templars for money created loud
murmurs in England, and excited the wrath of the great historian,
Matthew Paris, the monk of St. Albans, who hated the order on account
of its vast privileges, and the sums it constantly drew away from
the hands of other religious bodies. The clergy, who had probably
misapplied the money collected by them for the relief of the Holy
Land, joined eagerly in an outcry against the Templars, accusing them
of squandering their funds upon magnificent churches and expensive
buildings in Europe, or of spending them at home in luxurious ease at
their different preceptories, instead of faithfully employing them in
the prosecution of the holy war. The pope instituted an inquiry into
the truth of the charges, and wrote to his legate at Damietta, to the
patriarch of Jerusalem, and the principal chieftains of the army of
the crusaders, for information. In their reply, the legate and the
patriarch state that the charges were untrue, and that the Templars
had expended their money in the prosecution of the siege of Damietta,
and had impoverished themselves by their heavy expenses in Egypt.
During the summer of the year 1221, considerable succours arrived in
Palestine and Egypt from Europe; the troops of the sultan of Damascus
were repulsed and driven beyond the frontier of the Latin kingdom, and
the Grand Master of the Temple returned to Damietta to superintend the
military operations in Egypt. Cardinal Pelagius, the papal legate,
though altogether ignorant of the art of war, had unfortunately assumed
the inconsistent character of commander-in-chief of the army of the
cross. Contrary to the advice of the Templars, he urged the crusaders,
during the autumnal season, when the waters of the Nile were rising, to
march out of Damietta to undertake an expedition against Grand Cairo.
The disastrous results of that memorable campaign are narrated in the
following letter from Peter de Montaigu to the Master of the English
province of the order.

"Brother Peter de Montaigu, humble Master of the soldiers of Christ,
to our vicegerent and beloved brother in Christ, Alan Marcell,
Preceptor of England. Hitherto we have had favourable information to
communicate unto you touching our exertions in the cause of Christ;
now, alas! such have been the reverses and disasters which our sins
have brought upon us in the land of Egypt, that we have nothing but ill
news to announce. After the capture of Damietta, our army remained
for some time in a state of inaction, which brought upon us frequent
complaints and reproaches from the eastern and the western Christians.
At length, after the feast of the holy apostles, the legate of the
holy pontiff, and all our soldiers of the cross, put themselves in
march by land and by the Nile, and arrived in good order at the spot
where the sultan was encamped, at the head of an immense number of the
enemies of the cross. The river Taphneos, an arm of the great Nile,
flowed between the camp of the sultan and our forces, and being unable
to ford this river, we pitched our tents on its banks, and prepared
bridges to enable us to force the passage. In the mean time, the annual
inundation rapidly increased, and the sultan, passing his galleys and
armed boats through an ancient canal, floated them into the Nile below
our positions, and intercepted our communications with Damietta."...
"Nothing now was to be done but to retrace our steps. The sultans of
Aleppo, Damascus, Hems, and Coilanbar, the two brothers of the sultan,
and many chieftains and kings of the pagans, with an immense multitude
of infidels who had come to their assistance, attempted to cut off our
retreat. At night we commenced our march, but the infidels cut through
the embankments of the Nile, the water rushed along several unknown
passages and ancient canals, and encompassed us on all sides. We lost
all our provisions, many of our men were swept into the stream, and the
further progress of our christian warriors was forthwith arrested. The
waters continued to increase upon us, and in this terrible inundation
we lost all our horses and saddles, our carriages, baggage, furniture,
and moveables, and everything that we had. We ourselves could neither
advance nor retreat, and knew not whither to turn. We could not attack
the Egyptians on account of the great lake which extended itself
between them and us; we were without food, and being caught and pent up
like fish in a net, there was nothing left for us but to treat with the
sultan.

"We agreed to surrender Damietta, with all the prisoners which we
had in Tyre and at Acre, on condition that the sultan restored to
us the wood of the true cross and the prisoners that he detained at
Cairo and Damascus. We, with some others, were deputed by the whole
army to announce to the people of Damietta the terms that had been
imposed upon us. These were very displeasing to the bishop of Acre,
(James de Vitry, the historian,) to the chancellor, and some others,
who wished to defend the town, a measure which we should indeed have
greatly approved of, had there been any reasonable chance of success;
for we would rather have been thrust into perpetual imprisonment than
have surrendered, to the shame of Christendom, this conquest to the
infidels. But after having made a strict investigation into the means
of defence, and finding neither men nor money wherewith to protect the
place, we were obliged to submit to the conditions of the sultan, who,
after having extracted from us an oath and hostages, accorded to us a
truce of eight years. During the negotiations the sultan faithfully
kept his word, and for the space of fifteen days furnished our soldiers
with the bread and corn necessary for their subsistence. Do you,
therefore, pitying our misfortunes, hasten to relieve them to the
utmost of your ability. Farewell."[106]

Shortly after the disasters in Egypt, and the conclusion of the eight
years' truce with the infidels, John de Brienne, the titular king of
Jerusalem, prepared to bid adieu for ever to Palestine. Since the
death of the young queen, his wife, he had regarded his kingdom as a
place of exile, and was anxious to escape from the toil and turmoil
and incessant warfare in which his feeble dominions were continually
involved. His daughter Violante, the young queen of Jerusalem, had
just attained her thirteenth year, and the king was anxious to seek a
suitable husband for her from among the European princes. Accompanied
by the fair Violante, he landed in Italy, and attended a council of
the clergy and the laity assembled at Ferentino, in the Campagna
di Roma, in the summer of the year 1223. Pope Honorius the Third,
the emperor Frederick, the patriarch of the Holy City, the bishop of
Bethlehem, the Grand Master of the Hospital, and one of the Grand
Preceptors of the Temple, were present at this council, and the pope
urged the emperor to fulfil the vow which he had made eight years
before to lead an army to the succour of the Holy Land; offering him
the hand of the lovely Violante, and with her the crown of the Latin
kingdom. This offer was accepted, the nuptials were shortly afterwards
celebrated, and the emperor solemnly took his oath upon the Holy Gospel
to lead in person a great expedition for the recovery of Jerusalem.

Violante had been accompanied from Palestine by a female cousin,
possessed of powerful charms and many graceful accomplishments. The
emperor became captivated with her beauty, he dishonoured her, and
treated his young wife, who was a mere child in years, with coldness
and neglect. He then, in the middle of August, A. D. 1227, set sail
for Acre with a powerful army, and was at sea three days, when he
became sea-sick, and returned to land on a plea of ill health. He was
consequently publicly excommunicated by the pope in the great church of
Anagni. Without troubling himself to obtain a reconciliation with the
holy see, he again embarked with his forces, and arrived in the port
of St. Jean d'Acre on the 8th of September, A. D. 1228. The pope then
sent letters to Palestine denouncing him as publicly excommunicated,
and commanded the Templars not to join his standard. They accordingly
refused to take the field, and as the forces under the command of
the emperor did not amount to ten thousand men, he was obliged to
remain inactive during the winter. He, however, carried on friendly
negotiations with the infidels, and a treaty was entered into whereby
Jerusalem was nominally surrendered to him. It was stipulated that the
Christian and Mussulman religion should meet with equal toleration in
the Holy City; that the followers of Mahomet should possess the Mosque
of Omar, and the Christians the great church of the Resurrection; that
the Moslems should be governed by their own laws, and that the court of
judicature in the forum of Al Rostak should be under the direction of a
Moslem governor.[107]

Immediately after the conclusion of this curious treaty, the emperor
made a peaceful march to the Holy City with a few attendants, and
performed the solemn farce of crowning himself in the church of the
Resurrection. After a stay of a few days in Jerusalem, he hurried back
to Acre to prepare for his departure for Europe. No christian garrison
was established in the city, nor did the Templars and Hospitallers
venture to return to their ancient abodes. His conduct, immediately
preceding his departure, is thus described in a letter from the
patriarch of Jerusalem to the pope. "The emperor placed archers at the
gates of the city of Acre, to prevent the Templars from entering into
or proceeding out of the town. He moreover placed soldiers in all the
streets leading to our quarter and the Temple, keeping us in a state of
siege; and it is evident that he has never treated the Saracens half so
badly as he has treated the Christians. For a long time he refused to
permit any provisions to be brought to us, and instructed his soldiers
to insult the priests and the Templars whenever they met them. He
moreover got possession of the magazines, and removed all the military
machines and arms, preserved for the defence of the city, with a view
of rendering good service to his kind friend the sultan of Egypt; and
afterwards, without saying adieu to anybody, he embarked secretly
on the 1st of May, (A. D. 1229,) leaving us worse off than he found
us."[108]

The Grand Master of the Temple, Peter de Montaigu, died at Acre at
an advanced age, and was succeeded (A. D. 1233) by Brother Hermann
de Perigord, Grand Preceptor of Calabria and Sicily.[109] Shortly
after his accession to power, the truce with the sultan of Aleppo
expired, and Brother William de Montferrat, Preceptor of Antioch,
having besieged a fortress of the infidels, refused to retreat before a
superior force, and was surrounded and overwhelmed; a hundred knights
of the Temple, and three hundred cross-bowmen were slain, together
with many secular warriors, and a large number of foot soldiers. The
_Balcanifer_, or standard-bearer, on this occasion, was an English
Knight Templar, named Reginald d'Argenton, who performed prodigies of
valour. He was disabled and covered with wounds, yet he unflinchingly
bore the Beauseant aloft with his bleeding arms into the thickest of
the fight, until he at last fell dead upon a heap of his slaughtered
comrades. The Preceptor of Antioch, before he was slain, "sent
sixteen infidels to hell." As soon as the Templars in England heard
of this disaster, they sent, (A. D. 1236,) in conjunction with the
Hospitallers, instant succour to their brethren. "Having made their
arrangements," says Matthew Paris, "they started from the house of the
Hospitallers at Clerkenwell in London, and passed through the city
with spears held aloft, shields displayed, and banners advanced. They
marched in splendid pomp to the bridge, and sought a blessing from
all who crowded to see them pass. The brothers indeed, uncovered,
bowed their heads from side to side, and recommended themselves to the
prayers of all."

A new crusade had already been preached in Europe by Pope Gregory IX.,
and the Templars, expecting the arrival of speedy succour, and being
desirous of taking advantage of the dissensions that had arisen amongst
the Saracens, had recommenced hostilities with the sultans of Egypt
and Damascus. Thibaut I., king of Navarre, and count of Champagne, the
duke of Burgundy, and the counts of Brittany and Bar, who had arrived
in Palestine with several other nobles and knights, and a considerable
force of armed pilgrims, marched with a party of Templars to attack
the sultan of Egypt, whilst the Grand Master prepared to invade the
territory of the sultan of Damascus. In a bloody battle fought with the
Mamlooks, near Gaza, the count de Bar and many knights and persons of
quality, and all the foot soldiers, were slain; the count de Montfort
was taken prisoner, and all the equipage and baggage of the army was
lost. The king of Navarre and the survivors then retreated to Jaffa,
and set sail from that port for St. Jean d'Acre. On their arrival
at this place, they joined the Grand Master of the Temple, who was
encamped at the palm-grove of Caiphas. Thence they marched towards
Tiberias, and on their arrival at Sepphoris, they met some messengers
who were proceeding from Saleh Ismael, the sultan of Damascus, to the
Grand Master of the Temple, with overtures of peace, and offers to
surrender Jerusalem upon the following terms:--The Moslem and christian
prisoners of war were immediately to be set at liberty; all Palestine,
between the sea-coast and the Jordan, excepting the cities of St.
Abraham, Naplous, and Bisan, was to be surrendered to the Christians;
the Christians were to assist the sultan of Damascus in a war which
had broken out between him and Nojmoddin Ayoub sultan of Egypt; they
were to march with all their forces to the south to occupy Jaffa
and Ascalon, and prevent the latter potentate from marching through
Palestine to attack the sultan of Damascus; and lastly, no truce
was to be entered into with the sultan of Egypt by the Christians,
unless the sultan of Damascus was included therein. The Grand Master
of the Temple acceded to these terms, and induced the chiefs of the
crusaders to assent to the compact; but the Grand Master of the
Hospital refused to be a party to it. It is said that he entered into
a separate and independent treaty with Nojmoddin Ayoub, who had just
mounted the throne of Egypt, so that one of the great military orders
remained at war with the sultan of Damascus, and the other with the
sultan of Egypt. Immediately after the conclusion of this treaty, the
Templars assembled all their disposable forces and proceeded to Jaffa
with the count de Nevers, and a body of newly arrived crusaders, and
co-operated with an army which the sultan of Damascus had sent into
that neighbourhood to act against the Egyptians. In the mean time,
Richard, earl of Cornwall, the brother of Henry III., king of England,
having assumed the cross, arrived in Palestine, and proceeded with a
small force of English pilgrims, knights, and foot soldiers, to the
camp of the Templars at Jaffa. With this welcome reinforcement the
Grand Master of the Temple marched at once upon Ascalon, re-constructed
the castle and restored the fortifications to the state in which they
were left by Richard Coeur de Lion. The Templars then endeavoured to
obtain possession of their ancient fortress of Gaza, (ante, p. 49,) a
place of very great importance. An invading army from the south could
approach Jerusalem only by way of Gaza, or by taking a long and tedious
route through the desert of Arabia Petraea, to Karac, and from thence to
Hebron, by the southern extremity of the Dead Sea. The want of water
and forage presented an insuperable obstacle to the march of a large
body of forces in any other direction. Towards the close of autumn, the
Templars marched against Gaza in conjunction with Saleh Ismael, sultan
of Damascus; they drove out the Egyptians, and obtained possession of
the dismantled fortifications. Large sums of money were expended in
the re-construction of the walls of the castle, a strong garrison was
established in the important post, and the Templars then marched upon
Jerusalem.

The fortifications of the Holy City had been dismantled by Malek Kamel,
at the period of the siege of Damietta, when alarmed at the military
success of the Franks in Egypt, he was anxious to purchase the safety
of the country by the cession of Jerusalem. The Templars, consequently,
entered the Holy City without difficulty or resistance; the Mussulman
population abandoned their dwellings on their approach, and the
military friars once more entered the city of David, bare-footed and
bare-headed, singing loud hymns and songs of triumph. They rushed to
the church of the Resurrection, and fell prostrate on their knees
before the shrine of the Holy Sepulchre; they ascended Mount Calvary,
and visited the reputed scene of the crucifixion, and then hastened
in martial array, and with sound of trumpet, through the forlorn and
deserted streets of the city of Zion, to take possession of their
ancient quarters on Mount Moriah.

The golden crescent was once more removed from the lofty pinnacle of
the Temple of the Lord, or Mosque of Omar, and this Holy Mussulman
house of prayer was once again surmounted by the glittering cross. The
Temple of the Knights Templars or Mosque at Acsa, (ante, p. 12,) was
again purified and re-consecrated, and its sombre halls and spacious
areas were once more graced with the white, religious, and military
habit of the knights of the Temple. The greater part of the old
convent, adjoining the Temple, had been destroyed, as before mentioned,
by the great Saladin, and the military friars were consequently obliged
to pitch numerous tents in the spacious area for the accommodation of
the brethren. The sound of the bell once more superseded the voice of
the muezzin, "the exiled faith returned to its ancient sanctuary,"
and the name of JESUS was again invoked in the high places and
sanctuaries of _Mahomet_. The great court of the Mussulmen around
the revered Mosque of Omar, called by them _El Scham Schereef_, "the
noble retirement," again rung with the tramp of the war-steed, and its
solitudes were once more awakened with the voice of the trumpet.

Nothing could exceed the joy with which the intelligence of the
re-occupation of Jerusalem was received throughout Palestine, and
through all Christendom. The Hospitallers, now that the policy of the
Templars had been crowned with success, and that Jerusalem had been
regained, no longer opposed the treaty with the sultan of Damascus,
but hastened to co-operate with them for the preservation of the Holy
City, which had been so happily recovered. The patriarch returned
to Jerusalem, (A. D. 1241,) with all his clergy; the churches were
re-consecrated, and the Templars and Hospitallers emptied their
treasuries in rebuilding the walls. The following account of these
gratifying events was transmitted by brother Hermann de Perigord to the
Master of the Temple at London. "Brother Hermann de Perigord, humble
minister of the poor knights of the Temple, to his beloved brother in
Christ Robert de Sandford, Preceptor in England, salvation through the
Lord.

"Since it is our duty, whenever an opportunity offers, to make
known to the brotherhood, by letters or by messengers, the state
and prospects of the Holy Land, we hasten to inform you, that after
our great successes against the sultan of Egypt, and Nasser, his
supporter and abettor, the great persecutor of the Christians, whom we
have unceasingly endeavoured with all our might to subdue, they were
unwillingly compelled to treat with us concerning the establishment
of a truce, promising us to restore to the followers of Jesus Christ
all the territory on this side Jordan. We despatched certain of our
brethren, noble and discreet personages, to Cairo, to have an interview
with the sultan upon these matters. But the latter broke the promise
which he had made to us, retaining in his own hands Gaza, St. Abraham,
Naplous, Varan, and other places; he detained our messengers in custody
for more than half a year, and endeavoured to amuse us with deceitful
words and unmeaning propositions. But we, with the Divine assistance,
were enabled to penetrate his craft and perfidy, and plainly saw that
he had procured the truce with us that he might be enabled the more
readily to subjugate to his cruel dominion the sultan of Damascus, and
Nasser lord of Carac, and their territories; and then, when he had got
possession of all the country surrounding our christian provinces, we
plainly foresaw that he would break faith with us, after the custom of
his unbelieving generation, and attack our poor Christianity on this
side the sea, which in its present weak and feeble state would have
been unable effectually to resist him.

"Having therefore deliberated, long and earnestly, upon these matters,
we determined, with the advice of the bishops and some of the barons of
the land, to break off at once with the sultan of Egypt, and enter into
a treaty with the sultan of Damascus, and with Nasser lord of Carac,
whereby all the country on this side Jordan, excepting St. Abraham,
Naplous, and Bisan, has been surrendered to the christian worship;
and, to the joy of angels and of men, the holy city of Jerusalem is
now inhabited by Christians alone, all the Saracens being driven out.
The holy places have been re-consecrated and purified by the prelates
of the churches, and in those spots where the name of the Lord has
not been invoked for fifty-six years, now, blessed be God, the divine
mysteries are daily celebrated. To all the sacred places there is again
free access to the faithful in Christ, nor is it to be doubted but
that in this happy and prosperous condition we might long remain, if
our Eastern Christians would from henceforth live in greater concord
and unanimity. But, alas! opposition and contradiction, arising from
envy and hatred, have impeded our efforts in the promotion of these
and other advantages for the Holy Land. With the exception of the
prelates of the churches, and a few of the barons, who afford us all
the assistance in their power, the entire burthen of its defence rests
upon our house alone. With the assistance of the sultan of Damascus,
and the lord of Carac, we have obtained possession of the city of Gaza,
situate on the confines of the territory of Jerusalem and the territory
of Egypt. And as this important place commands the entrance from the
latter country into the Holy Land, we have, by vast exertions, and at
an enormous expense, and after having incurred great risk and danger,
put it into a state of defence. But we are afraid that God will take
heavy vengeance for past ingratitude, by punishing those who have been
careless, and indifferent, and rebellious in the prosecution of these
matters.

"For the safeguard and preservation of the holy territory, we propose
to erect a fortified castle near Jerusalem, which will enable us the
more easily to retain possession of the country, and to protect it
against all enemies. But indeed we can in nowise defend for any great
length of time the places that we hold, against the powerful and crafty
sultan of Egypt, unless Christ and his faithful followers extend to us
an efficacious support."[110]

We must now refer to a few events connected with the English province
of the order of the Temple.

Brother Geoffrey, who was Master of the Temple at London, at the period
of the consecration of the Temple Church by Heraclius, patriarch of
Jerusalem, died shortly after the capture of the Holy City by Saladin,
and was succeeded by Brother Amaric de St. Maur, who is an attesting
witness to the deed executed by king John, (A. D. 1203,) granting a
dowry to his young queen, the beautiful Isabella of Angouleme. King
John frequently resided in the Temple for weeks together, the writs
to his lieutenants, sheriffs, and bailiffs, being dated therefrom.
The orders for the concentration of the English fleet at Portsmouth,
to resist the formidable French invasion instigated by the pope, are
dated from the TEMPLE at London, and the convention between the king
and the count of Holland, whereby the latter agreed to assist King
John with a body of knights and men-at-arms, in case of the landing of
the French, was published at the same place. In all the conferences
and negotiations between king John and the Roman pontiff, the Knights
Templars took an active and distinguished part. Two brethren of the
order were sent to him by Pandulph, the papal legate, to arrange that
famous conference between them which ended in the complete submission
of the king to all the demands of the holy see. By the advice and
persuasion of the Templars, John repaired to the preceptory of Temple
Ewell, near Dover, where he was met by the legate Pandulph, who crossed
over from France to confer with him, and the mean-hearted king was
there frightened into that celebrated resignation of the kingdoms of
England and Ireland, "to God, to the holy apostles Peter and Paul,
to the holy Roman church his mother, and to his lord, Pope Innocent
the Third, and his catholic successors, for the remission of all his
sins and the sins of all his people as well the living as the dead."
The following year, the commands of king John for the extirpation of
the heretics in Gascony, addressed to the seneschal of that province,
were issued from the Temple at London, and about the same period, the
Templars were made the depositaries of various private and confidential
matters pending between king John and his illustrious sister-in-law,
"the royal, eloquent, and beauteous" Berengaria of Navarre, the
youthful widowed queen of Richard _Coeur de Lion_. The Templars in
England managed the money transactions of that fair princess. She
directed her dower to be paid in the house of the New Temple at London,
together with the arrears due to her from the king, amounting to
several thousand pounds.

John was resident at the Temple when he was compelled by the barons of
England to sign MAGNA CHARTA. Matthew Paris tells us that the barons
came to him whilst he was residing in the New Temple at London, "in a
very resolute manner, clothed in their military dresses, and demanded
the liberties and laws of king Edward, with others for themselves, the
kingdom, and the church of England."[111]

Brother Amaric de St. Maur, the Master of the English province of
the order, was succeeded by brother Alan Marcell, the friend and
correspondent of the Grand Master Peter de Montaigu (ante p. 161).
He was at the head of the order in England for the space of sixteen
years, and was employed by king Henry the Third in various important
negotiations. He was Master of the Temple at London, when Reginald,
king of the island of Man, by the advice and persuasion of the legate
Pandulph, made a solemn surrender at that place of his island to the
pope and his catholic successors, and consented to hold the same from
thenceforth as the feudatory of the church of Rome. On the 28th of
April, A. D. 1224, the Master, Brother Alan Marcell, was employed
by king Henry to negotiate a truce between himself and the king of
France. The king of England appears at that time to have been resident
at the Temple, the letters of credence being made out at that place,
in the presence of the archbishop of Canterbury, several bishops, and
Hubert, the chief justiciary. The year after, Alan Marcell was sent
into Germany, to negotiate a treaty of marriage between king Henry
and the daughter of the duke of Austria.[112] Brother Alan Marcell
was succeeded by Brother Amberaldus. The next Master of the English
province was Robert Mounford, and he was followed by Robert Sanford
(ante p. 56).

During the Mastership of Robert Sanford, on Ascension Day, A. D. 1240,
the oblong portion of the Temple Church, which extendeth eastward
from "THE ROUND," was consecrated in the presence of king Henry the
Third and all his court, and much of the nobility of the kingdom.
This portion of the sacred edifice was of a lighter and more florid
style of architecture than the earlier Round Church consecrated by the
patriarch Heraclius (ante p. 46). The walls were pierced with numerous
triple lancet windows filled with stained glass, and the floor was
covered with tesselated pavement. The roof was supported by dark grey
Purbeck marble columns, and the vaulted ceiling was decorated with
the star of Bethlehem, and with ornaments of frosted silver placed on a
blue ground. The extensive area of the church was open and unencumbered
by pews, and the beauty of the columns and windows, the lively colours
of the tiled floor, and the elegant proportions of the fabric were
seen at a glance. After the consecration, the king made provision for
the maintenance in the Temple of three chaplains, who were to say
three masses daily for ever, one for the king himself, another for all
christian people, and the third for the faithful departed.[113]

[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE TEMPLE CHURCH]

King Henry III. was one of the greatest of the benefactors of the
order. He granted to the Templars the manors of Lilleston, Hechewayton,
and Saunford, the wood of Carletone, Kingswood near Chippenhan, a
messuage, and six bovates of land with their appurtenances in Great
Lymburgh; a fair at Walnesford, in the county of Essex, every three
years for three days, to commence on the anniversary of the beheading
of St. John the Baptist; also annual fairs and weekly markets at
Newburgh, Walnesford, Balsall, Kirkeby, and a variety of other places;
he granted them free warren in all their demesne lands; and by his
famous charter, dated the 9th day of February, in the eleventh year of
his reign, he confirmed to them all the donations of his predecessors,
and of their other benefactors, and conferred upon them vast privileges
and immunities in the following pious and reverential terms.

"The king, &c., to all the archbishops, bishops, barons, &c. &c., to
whom these presents shall come, salvation through the Lord. Be it
known to you that we have granted and confirmed to God and the blessed
Mary, and the brethren of the chivalry of the Temple of Solomon, all
reasonable donations of lands, men, and eleemosynary gifts, bestowed on
them by our predecessors, or by others in times past, or by ourselves
at this present period, or which may be hereafter conferred on them
by kings or by the liberality of subjects, or may be acquired, or
be about to be acquired in any other manner, as well churches as
worldly goods and possessions; wherefore we will and firmly command
that the aforesaid brethren and their men may have and hold all their
possessions and eleemosynary donations with all liberties and free
customs and immunities, in wood and plain, in meadow and pasture, in
water and water-mills, on highways and byeways, in ponds and running
streams, in marshes and fisheries, in granges and broad acres,
within burgh and without the burgh, with soc and sac, tol and theam,
infangenethef and unfangenethef, and hamsoc and grithbrich, and blodwit
and fictwit, and flictwit and ferdwite, and hengewite and lierwite, and
flemenefrith, murder, robbery, forstall, ordel, oreste, in season and
out of season, at all times and in all places, &c.

"We ordain, likewise, that the aforesaid brethren shall for ever
hereafter be freed from royal aids, and sheriff's aids, and officer's
aids, and from hidage and carucage, and danegeld and hornegeld, and
from military and wapentake services, and scutages and lastages and
stallages, shires and hundreds, pleas and quarrels, ward and wardpeny,
and averpeni and hundredspeni, and borethalpeni and thethingepeni,
and from the works of castles, parks, bridges, and inclosures; and
from the duty of providing carriages and beasts of burthen, boats, and
vessels, and from the building of royal houses, and all other works.
And we prohibit all persons from taking timber from their woods and
forests for such works, or for any other purposes whatever: neither
shall their corn, nor the corn of their men, nor any of their goods,
nor the goods of any belonging to them, be taken to fortify castles. We
will also that they shall have free and full liberty to cut and fell
timber whenever they please, in all their woods, for the use of their
fraternity, without any let or hindrance whatever; and for doing so
they shall not incur forfeiture or waste, or in any way be punishable
by law. And all their lands, and the ground which they or their men
have cleared of wood, and recovered from the forest, or which they may
clear in time to come, with the assent of the king, we make quit and
free for ever hereafter from waste regard, and view of foresters, and
from all other customs. And we concede also to the aforesaid brethren
the privilege of cutting down trees in all the woods they possess at
present within the forest boundaries, and of clearing and bringing the
land into cultivation without any license from our bailiffs, so that
they may never at any time hereafter be in any way called to account by
ourselves, or our heirs, or any of our bailiffs.

"We ordain, moreover, that the aforesaid brethren and their men shall
be quit and free from every kind of toll in all markets and fairs, and
upon crossing bridges, roads, and ferries, throughout the whole of
our kingdom, and throughout all lands in which we are able to grant
liberties; and all their markets, and the markets of their men, shall
in like manner be quit and free from all toll. We grant and confirm
also to the aforesaid brethren, that if any of their men be condemned
to lose life or limb for crime, or shall have fled from justice, or
have committed any offence for which he hath incurred forfeiture of his
goods and chattels, the goods and chattels so forfeited shall belong to
the aforesaid brethren, whether the cognizance of the offence belongeth
to our court or to any other inferior court; and it shall be lawful for
the aforesaid brethren, under such circumstances and in such cases,
to put themselves in possession of the aforesaid goods and chattels
at such time as our bailiffs would or ought to have seized them into
our hands, had such goods and chattels belonged to ourselves, without
the molestation or hindrance of the sheriffs or bailiffs, or any other
persons whatever.

"We concede also to the aforesaid brethren, that animals called _waif_,
lost by their owners, and found within the feud of the Templars, shall
belong to the aforesaid brethren, unless they are followed by some one
able and willing to prove that they are his own, and unless they shall
be sought after and taken possession of by the owner within a moderate
period of time, according to the custom of the country. And if any of
the tenants of the aforesaid brethren shall happen to have incurred a
forfeiture of his feud, it shall be lawful for the said brethren to
take possession of the said feud, and hold the same, notwithstanding
the law which concedes to ourselves the possession of the feud of
fugitives and criminals, for the space of a year and a day. In like
manner, if any of the men of the aforesaid brethren shall have incurred
a fine to be paid to ourselves or to any of our bailiffs, under any
process, or for any crime, or any other matter, the amercements of
money shall be collected and brought in a purse to our exchequer, and
there handed over to the aforesaid brethren; judgment of death and limb
being always reserved to the royal authority.

"We moreover ordain, that if any of the liberties and privileges
contained in this our charter shall happen to have been disused for
a length of time, such disuse shall in no respect prejudice the
right, but such liberty or privilege may be again exercised without
contradiction, notwithstanding that it may have been discontinued and
disused as aforesaid. And all the aforesaid things, and all other
secular services and customs which are not included in this present
writing, we, through love of God, and for the good of the soul of
the lord king John, our father, and for the good of the souls of all
our predecessors and successors, grant and confirm to them, as a
perpetual alms-gift, with all liberties and free customs, as fully,
freely, and effectually as the royal power can confer them upon any
religious house. And we prohibit all persons, on pain of forfeiture,
from proceeding against them or their men contrary to this our charter,
for we have taken the aforesaid brethren, and all their goods, and
possessions, and all their men, under our especial guardianship and
protection. As witness the king, at Westminster, the 9th day of
February, in the eleventh year of our reign."[114]

By the royal grant of _soc_ and _sac_, _tol_ and _theam_, &c. &c,
the Templars were clothed with the power of holding courts to impose
and levy fines and amerciaments upon their tenants, to judge and
punish their villeins and vassals--to take cognizance of quarrels and
controversies that arose amongst them--to try thieves and malefactors
belonging to their manors, and all foreign thieves taken within
the precincts thereof--to try and punish trespasses and breaches
of the peace, and all unlawful entries into the houses of their
tenants--to impose and levy amerciaments for cutting and maiming,
and for bloodshed--to judge and punish by fine or imprisonment the
seducers of their bond women, and all persons who committed adultery
and fornication within their manors. They had the power of trying
criminals by ordeal, or the terrible test of fire and water; and they
had, lastly, the tremendous privilege of pit or gallows, i. e. the
power of putting convicted thieves to death, by hanging them if they
were men, and drowning them if they were women! By the royal charter,
the Templars were, in the next place, freed from the fine of right
payable to the king for the hanging of thieves without a formal trial
and judgment according to law; they were exempted from the taxes on
pasture-lands, and plough-lands, and horned cattle; from the Danish
tribute, and from all military services, and from all the ordinary
feudal burthens.[115]




CHAPTER VI.

    The conquest of Jerusalem by the Carizmians--Rise and progress of
    the Comans--They are defeated and destroyed by the Templars--The
    exploits of the Templars in Egypt--King Louis of France visits
    the Templars in Palestine--He assists them in putting the country
    into a defensible state--Henry III., king of England, visits the
    Temple at Paris--The magnificent hospitality of the Templars
    in England and France--Bendocdar, sultan of Egypt, invades
    Palestine--He defeats the Templars, takes their strong fortresses,
    and decapitates six hundred of their brethren--The Grand Master
    comes to England for succour--The renewal of the war--The fall of
    Acre--The Templars establish their head-quarters in the island of
    Cyprus--Their alliance with the king of Persia--The reconquest of
    Jerusalem--The desolation of the Holy Land--The final extinction of
    the Templars in Palestine.

    "The Knights of the TEMPLE ever maintained their fearless and
    fanatic character; if they neglected to _live_, they were prepared
    to _die_ in the service of Christ."--_Gibbon._


Shortly after the recovery of the holy city, (A. D. 1242,)
Djemal'eddeen, the Mussulman, paid a visit to Jerusalem. "I saw," says
he, "the monks and the priests masters of the Temple of the Lord. I saw
the vials of wine prepared for the sacrifice. I entered into the Mosque
Al Acsa, (the Temple of the Knights Templars, ante, p. 12,) and I saw a
bell suspended from the dome. The rites and ceremonies of the Mussulmen
were abolished; the call to prayer was no longer heard. The infidels
publicly exercised their idolatrous practices in the sanctuaries of
the Mussulmen."[116] By the advice of Benedict, bishop of Marseilles,
who came to the holy city on a pilgrimage, the Templars rebuilt their
ancient and once formidable castle of Saphet, the dilapidated ruins
of which had been ceded to them by their recent treaty with Saleh
Ismael. During a pilgrimage to the lake of Tiberias and the banks of
the Jordan, the bishop of Marseilles had halted at Saphet, and spent a
night amid the ruins of the ancient castle, where he found a solitary
Knight Templar keeping watch in a miserable hovel. Struck with the
position of the place, and its importance in a military point of view,
he sought on his return to Acre an interview with the Grand Master
of the Temple, and urged him to restore the castle of Saphet to its
pristine condition. The bishop was invited to attend a general chapter
of the order of the Temple, when the matter was discussed, and it was
unanimously determined that the mountain of Saphet should immediately
be refortified. The bishop himself laid the first stone, and animated
the workmen by a spirited oration. Eight hundred and fifty masons
and artificers, and four hundred slaves, were employed in the task.
During the first thirty months after the commencement of operations,
the Templars expended eleven thousand golden bezants upon the works,
and in succeeding years they spent upwards of forty thousand. The
walls, when finished, were sixty French feet in width, one hundred
and seventy in height, and the circuit of them was two thousand two
hundred and fifty feet. They were flanked by seven large round towers,
sixty feet in diameter, and seventy-two feet higher than the walls.
The fosse surrounding the fortress was thirty-six feet wide, and was
pierced in the solid rock to a depth of forty-three feet. The garrison
in time of peace amounted to one thousand seven hundred men, and to
two thousand two hundred in time of war. Twelve thousand mule loads
of corn and barley were consumed annually within the walls of the
fortress; and in addition to all the ordinary expenses and requirements
of the establishment, the Templars maintained a well-furnished table
and excellent accommodation for all way-worn pilgrims and travellers.
"The generous expenditure of the Templars at this place," says a
cotemporary historian, "renders them truly worthy of the liberality
and largesses of the faithful."[117]

The ruins of this famous castle, crowning the summit of a lofty
mountain, torn and shattered by earthquakes, still present a stupendous
appearance. In Pocock's time "two particularly fine large round towers"
were entire: and Van Egmont and Heyman give the following account of
the condition of the fortress at the period of their visit. "The next
place that engaged our attention was the citadel, which is the greatest
object of curiosity in Saphet, and is generally considered one of the
most ancient structures remaining in the country. In order to form
some idea of this fortification in its present state, imagine a lofty
mountain, and on its summit a round castle, with walls of incredible
thickness, and with a _corridor_ or covered passage extending round
the walls, and ascended by a winding staircase. The thickness of the
walls and corridor together was twenty paces. The whole was of hewn
stone, and some of the stones are eight or nine spans in length....
This castle was anciently surrounded with stupendous works, as appears
from the remains of two moats lined with free-stone, several fragments
of walls, bulwarks, towers, &c., all very solid and strongly built;
and below these moats other massive works, having corridors round them
in the same manner as the castle; so that any person, on surveying
these fortifications, may wonder how so strong a fortress could ever be
taken." Amongst the various interesting remains of this castle, these
intelligent travellers describe "a large structure of free-stone in
the form of a cupola or dome. The stones, which are almost white, are
of astonishing magnitude, some being twelve spans in length and five
in thickness. The inside is full of niches for placing statues, and
near each niche is a small cell. An open colonnade extends quite round
the building, and, like the rest of the structure, is very massive and
compact."[118]

When the sultan of Egypt had been informed of the march of the Templars
to Jerusalem, and the re-possession by the military friars of the holy
places and sanctuaries of the Mussulmen, he sent an army of several
thousand men across the desert, to drive them out of the Holy City
before they had time to repair the fortifications and re-construct the
walls. The Templars assembled all their forces and advanced to meet the
Egyptians. They occupied the passes and defiles of the hill country
leading to Jerusalem, and gained a glorious victory over the Moslems,
driving the greater part of them into the desert. Ayoub, sultan of
Egypt, finding himself unable to resist the formidable alliance of the
Templars with Saleh Ismael, called in to his assistance the fierce
pastoral tribes of the Carizmians. These were a warlike race of
people, who had been driven from their abodes, in the neighbourhood
of the Caspian, by the successful arms of the Moguls, and had rushed
headlong upon the weak and effeminate nations of the south. They had
devastated and laid waste Armenia and the north-western parts of
Persia, cutting off by the sword, or dragging away into captivity, all
who had ventured to oppose their progress. For years past they had
been leading a migratory, wandering life, exhausting the resources of
one district, and then passing onwards into another, without making
any fixed settlement, or having any regular places of abode, and their
destructive progress has been compared by the Arabian writers to the
wasting tempest or the terrible inundation. The rude hardships of their
roving life had endowed them with a passive endurance which enabled
them to surmount all obstacles, and to overcome every difficulty. Their
clothing consisted of a solitary sheep's skin, or a wolf's skin, tied
around their loins; boiled herbs and some water, or a little milk,
sufficed them for food and beverage; their arms were the bow and the
lance; and they shed the blood of their fellow-creatures with the same
indifference as they would that of the beasts of the field. Their
wives and their children accompanied their march, braving all dangers
and fatigues; their tents were their homes, and the site of their
encampment their only country. Nothing could exceed the terror inspired
in Armenia and Persia by the military expeditions of these rude and
ferocious shepherds of the Caspian, who were the foes of all races
and of all people, and manifested a profound indifference for every
religion.

The Carizmians were encamped on the left bank of the Euphrates,
pasturing their cavalry in the neighbouring plains, when their chief,
Barbeh Khan, received a deputation from the sultan of Egypt, inviting
their co-operation and assistance in the reduction of Palestine. Their
cupidity was awakened by an exaggerated account of the fertility and
the wealth of the land, and they were offered a settlement in the
country as soon as it was rescued from the hands of the Franks. The
messengers displayed the written letters of the sultan of Egypt; they
presented to the Carizmian chief some rich shawls and magnificent
presents, and returned to their master at Grand Cairo with promises
of speedy support. The Carizmians assembled together in a body; they
crossed the Euphrates (A. D. 1244) in small leathern boats, ravaged the
territories of the sultan of Aleppo, and marched up the plain of the
Orontes to Hems, wasting all the country around them with fire and the
sword. The intelligence of these events reached the Grand Master of the
Temple when he was busily engaged in rebuilding the vast and extensive
fortifications of the Holy City. A council of war was called together,
and it was determined that Jerusalem was untenable, and that the Holy
City must once again be abandoned to the infidels. The Hospitallers
in their black mantles, and the Templars in their white habits, were
drawn up in martial array in the streets of Jerusalem, and the weeping
Christians were exhorted once again to leave their homes and avail
themselves of the escort and protection of the military friars to
Jaffa. Many gathered together their little property and quitted the
devoted city, and many lingered behind amid the scenes they loved and
cherished. Soon, however, frightful reports reached Jerusalem of the
horrors of the Carizmian invasion, and the fugitives, who had fled
with terror and astonishment from their destructive progress, spread
alarm and consternation throughout the whole land. Several thousand
Christians, who had remained behind, then attempted to make their
escape, with their wives and children, through the mountains to the
plain of Ramleh and the sea-coast, relying on the truce and treaty of
alliance which had been established with Nasser Daoud, lord of Carac,
and the mountaineers. But the inhabitants of the mountain region,
being a set of lawless robbers and plunderers, attacked and pillaged
them. Some were slain, and others were dragged away into captivity. A
few fled back to Jerusalem, and the residue, after having been hunted
through the mountains, descended into the plain of Ramleh, where they
were attacked by the Carizmians, and only three hundred out of the
whole number succeeded in reaching Jaffa in safety. All the women and
children had been taken captive in the mountains, and amongst them
were several holy nuns, who were sent to Egypt and sold in the common
slave-markets.

The Carizmians had advanced into the plain of Ramleh by way of Baalbec,
Tiberias, and Naplous, and they now directed their footsteps towards
Jerusalem. They entered the Holy City sword in hand, massacred the few
remaining Christians in the church of the Holy Sepulchre, pillaged the
town, and rifled the tombs of the kings for treasure. They then marched
upon Gaza, stormed the city, and put the garrison to the sword, after
which they sent messengers across the desert to the sultan of Egypt to
announce their arrival. Ayoub immediately sent a robe of honour and
sumptuous gifts to their chief, and despatched his army from Cairo in
all haste, under the command of Rokmeddin Bibars, one of his principal
Mamlooks, to join them before Gaza. The Grand Masters of the Temple and
the Hospital, on the other hand, collected their forces together, and
made a junction with the troops of the sultan of Damascus and the lord
of Carac. They marched upon Gaza, attacked the united armies of the
Egyptians and Carizmians, and were exterminated in a bloody battle of
two days' continuance. The Grand Master of the Temple and the flower of
his chivalry perished in that bloody encounter, and the Grand Master of
the Hospital was taken prisoner, and led away into captivity.[119]

The government of the order of the Temple, in consequence of the death
of the Grand Master, temporarily devolved upon the Knight Templar,
Brother William de Rochefort, who immediately despatched a melancholy
letter addressed to the pope and the archbishop of Canterbury,
detailing the horrors and atrocities of the Carizmian invasion. "These
perfidious savages," says he, "having penetrated within the gates
of the holy city of Israel, the small remnant of the faithful left
therein, consisting of children, women, and old men, took refuge in
the church of the sepulchre of our Lord. The Carizmians rushed to that
holy sanctuary; they butchered them all before the very sepulchre
itself, and cutting off the heads of the priests who were kneeling
with uplifted hands before the altars, they said one to another, 'Let
us here shed the blood of the Christians _on the very place where they
offer up wine to their GOD, who they say was hanged here_.' Moreover,
in sorrow be it spoken, and with sighs we inform you, that laying
their sacrilegious hands on the very sepulchre itself, they sadly
knocked it about, utterly battering to pieces the marble shrine which
was built around that holy sanctuary. They have defiled, with every
abomination of which they were capable, Mount Calvary, where Christ was
crucified, and the whole church of the resurrection. They have taken
away, indeed, the sculptured columns which were placed as a decoration
before the sepulchre of the Lord; and, as a mark of victory, and as a
taunt to the Christians, they have sent them to the sepulchre of the
wicked Mahomet. They have violated the tombs of the happy kings of
Jerusalem in the same church, and they have scattered, to the hurt of
Christendom, the ashes of those holy men to the winds, irreverently
profaning the revered Mount Sion. The Temple of the Lord, the church
of the Valley of Jehoshaphat, where the Virgin lies buried, the church
of Bethlehem, and the place of the nativity of our Lord, they have
polluted with enormities too horrible to be related, far exceeding the
iniquity of all the Saracens, who, though they frequently occupied the
land of the Christians, yet always reverenced and preserved the holy
places...." The subsequent military operations are then described; the
march of the Templars and Hospitallers, on the 4th of October, A. D.
1244, from Acre to Caesarea; the junction of their forces with those of
the Moslem sultans; the retreat of the Carizmians to Gaza, where they
received succour from the sultan of Egypt; and the preparation of the
Hospitallers and Templars for the attack before that place. "Those holy
warriors," say they, "boldly rushed in upon the enemy, but the Saracens
who had joined us, having lost many of their men, fled, and the
warriors of the cross were left alone to withstand the united attack
of the Egyptians and Carizmians. Like stout champions of the Lord, and
true defenders of catholicity, whom the same faith and the same cross
and passion make true brothers, they bravely resisted; but as they were
few in number in comparison with the enemy, they at last succumbed, so
that of the convents of the house of the chivalry of the Temple, and of
the house of the hospital of St. John at Jerusalem, only thirty-three
Templars and twenty-six Hospitallers escaped; the archbishop of Tyre,
the bishop of St. George, the abbot of St. Mary of Jehoshaphat, and the
Master of the Temple, with many other clerks and holy men, being slain
in that sanguinary fight. We ourselves, having by our sins provoked
this dire calamity, fled half dead to Ascalon; from thence we proceeded
by sea to Acre, and found that city and the adjoining province filled
with sorrow and mourning, misery and death. There was not a house or a
family that had not lost an inmate or a relation....

"The Carizmians have now pitched their tents in the plain of Acre,
about two miles from the city. They have spread themselves over the
whole face of the country as far as Nazareth and Saphet. They have
slaughtered or driven away the house-holders, occupied their houses,
and divided their property amongst them. They have appointed bailiffs
and tax-gatherers in the towns and villages, and they compel the
countrymen and the villeins of the soil to pay to themselves the
rents and tribute which they have heretofore been wont to pay to the
Christians, so that the church of Jerusalem and the christian kingdom
have now no territory, except a few fortifications, which are defended
with great difficulty and labour by the Templars and Hospitallers....
To you, dear Father, upon whom the burthen of the defence of the
cause of Christ justly resteth, we have caused these sad tidings to
be communicated, earnestly beseeching you to address your prayers
to the throne of grace, imploring mercy from the Most High; that
he who consecrated the Holy Land with his own blood in redemption
of all mankind, may compassionately turn towards it and defend it,
and send it succour. But know, assuredly, that unless, through the
interposition of the Most High, or by the aid of the faithful, the Holy
Land is succoured in the next spring passage from Europe, its doom
is sealed, and utter ruin is inevitable. Given at Acre, this fifth
day of November, in the year of our Lord one thousand two hundred and
forty-four."[120]

The above letter was read before a general council of the church, which
had been assembled at Lyons by pope Innocent IV., and it was resolved
that a new crusade should be preached. It was provided that those who
assumed the cross should assemble at particular places to receive the
pope's blessing; that there should be a truce for four years between
all christian princes; that during all that time there should be no
tournaments, feasts, nor public rejoicings; that all the faithful
in Christ should be exhorted to contribute, out of their fortunes
and estates, to the defence of the Holy Land; and that ecclesiastics
should pay towards it the tenth, and cardinals the twentieth, of all
their revenues, for the term of three years successively. The ancient
enthusiasm, however, in favour of distant expeditions to the East had
died away; the addresses and exhortations of the clergy now fell on
unwilling ears, and the Templars and Hospitallers, for several years,
received only some small assistance in men and money. The emperor
Frederick, who still bore the empty title of king of Jerusalem, made
no attempt to save the wreck of his feeble kingdom. His bride, the
fair and youthful Violante, queen of the Latin kingdom, had been dead
several years, killed by his coldness and neglect; and the emperor
bestowed no thought upon his eastern subjects and the Holy Land, except
to abuse those by whom that land had been so gallantly defended. In a
letter to Richard earl of Cornwall, the brother of Henry the Third,
king of England, Frederick accuses the Templars of making war upon
the sultan of Egypt, in defiance of a treaty entered into with that
monarch, of compelling him to call in the Carizmians to his assistance;
and he compares the union of the Templars with the infidel sultan, for
purposes of defence, to an attempt to extinguish a fire by pouring upon
it a quantity of oil. "The proud religion of the Temple," says he, in
continuation, "nurtured amid the luxuries of the barons of the land,
waxeth wanton. It hath been made manifest to us, by certain religious
persons lately arrived from parts beyond sea, that the aforesaid
sultans and their trains were received with pompous alacrity within
the gates of the houses of the Temple, and that the Templars suffered
them to perform within them their superstitious rites and ceremonies,
with invocation of Mahomet, and to indulge in secular delights."[121]
In the midst of all these terrible disasters, a general chapter of
Knights Templars was assembled in the Pilgrim's Castle, and the
veteran warrior, Brother WILLIAM DE SONNAC, was chosen (A. D. 1247)
Grand Master of the Order.[121] Circular mandates were, at the same
time, sent to the western preceptories, summoning all the brethren to
Palestine, and directing the immediate transmission of all the money
in the different treasuries to the head-quarters of the Order at Acre.
These calls were promptly attended to, and the pope praises both the
Templars and Hospitallers for the zeal and energy displayed by them in
sending out the newly admitted knights and novices with armed bands and
a large amount of treasure to the succour of the holy territory.

Whilst the proposed crusade was slowly progressing, the holy pontiff
wrote to the sultan of Egypt, the ally of the Carizmians, proposing
a peace or a truce, and received the following grand and magnificent
reply to his communication:--"To the pope, the noble, the great, the
spiritual, the affectionate, the holy, the thirteenth of the apostles,
the leader of the sons of baptism, the high priest of the Christians,
(may God strengthen him and establish him, and give him happiness!)
from the most powerful sultan ruling over the necks of nations;
wielding the two great weapons, the sword and the pen; possessing
two pre-eminent excellencies--that is to say, learning and judgment;
king of two seas; ruler of the South and North; king of the region of
Egypt and Syria, Mesopotamia, Media, Idumea, and Ophir; king Saloph
Beelpheth, Jacob, son of Sultan Kamel, Hemevafar Mehameth, son of
Sultan Hadel, Robethre, son of Jacob, whose kingdom may the Lord God
make happy.

"IN THE NAME OF GOD THE MOST MERCIFUL AND COMPASSIONATE. The letters
of the pope, the noble, the great, &c., &c., have been presented to
us. May God favour him who earnestly seeketh after righteousness and
doeth good, and wisheth peace, and walketh in the ways of the Lord. May
God assist him who worshippeth him in truth. We have considered the
aforesaid letters, and have understood the matters treated of therein,
which have pleased and delighted us; and the messenger sent by the holy
pope came to us, and we caused him to be brought before us with honour,
and love, and reverence; and we brought him to see us face to face,
and inclining our ears towards him, we listened to his speech, and we
have put faith in the words he hath spoken unto us concerning Christ,
upon whom be salvation and praise. But we know more concerning that
same Christ than ye know, and we magnify him more than ye magnify him.
And as to what you say concerning your desire for peace, tranquillity,
and quiet, and that you wish to put down war, so also do we; we desire
and wish nothing to the contrary. But let the pope know, that between
ourselves and the emperor (Frederick) there hath been mutual love, and
alliance, and perfect concord, from the time of the sultan, my father,
(whom may God preserve and place in the glory of his brightness!) and
between you and the emperor there is, as ye know, strife and warfare;
whence it is not fit that we should enter into any treaty with the
Christians until we have previously had his advice and assent. We
have therefore written to our envoy at the imperial court upon the
propositions made to us by the pope's messenger, &c.... This letter was
written on the seventh of the month _Maharan_. Praise be to the one
only God, and may his blessing rest upon our master, _Mahomet_."[122]

In the course of a few years the Carizmians were annihilated. The
sultan of Egypt having no further need of their services, left them to
perish in the lands they had wasted. They were attacked by the sultans
of Aleppo and Hems, and were pursued with equal fury by Moslems and
by Christians. Several large bodies of them were cut up in detail by
the Templars and Hospitallers, and they were at last slain to a man.
Their very name perished from the face of the earth, but the traces of
their existence were long preserved in the ruin and desolation they
had spread around them.[123] The Holy Land, although happily freed
from the destructive presence of these barbarians, had yet everything
to fear from the powerful sultan of Egypt, with whom hostilities
still continued; and Brother William de Sonnac, the Grand Master of
the Temple, for the purpose of stimulating the languid energies of
the English nation, and reviving their holy zeal and enthusiasm in
the cause of the cross, despatched a distinguished Knight Templar to
England, charged with the duty of presenting to king Henry the Third a
magnificent crystal vase, containing, as it was alleged, a portion of
the blood of Jesus Christ!

A solemn attestation of the genuineness of this precious relic, signed
by the patriarch of Jerusalem, and the bishops, abbots, and barons of
the Holy Land, was forwarded to London, and was deposited, together
with the vase and its contents, in the cathedral church of St. Paul.
The king ordered the bishops and clergy devoutly and reverently to
assemble at St. Paul's, on the anniversary of the translation of St.
Edward the Confessor, in full canonicals, with banners, crosses, and
lighted wax-candles. On the eve of that day, according to the monk of
St. Albans, who personally assisted at the ceremony, "our lord the
king, with a devout and contrite spirit, as became that most christian
prince, fasting on bread and water, and watching all night with a
great light, and performing many pious exercises, prudently prepared
himself for the morrow's solemnity." On the morrow a procession of
bishops, monks, and priests, having been duly marshalled and arranged,
king Henry made his appearance upon the steps at the south door
of St. Paul's cathedral, and receiving with "the greatest honour,
and reverence, and fear, the little vase containing the memorable
treasure, he bore it publicly through the streets of London, holding it
aloft just above his face. Bareheaded, and clothed in a humble habit,
he walked afoot without halting, to Westminster Abbey; and although he
passed over rough and uneven pavements, yet he invariably kept his eyes
stedfastly fixed, either on heaven or on that vase." He made a solemn
procession round the Abbey, then round the palace at Westminster, and
then round his own bed-chamber, all the while unweariedly bearing
aloft the precious relic, after which he presented it to God, and the
church of St. Peter, to his dear Edward, and the sacred convent at
Westminster.[124]

In the mean time the Comans, another fierce pastoral tribe of wandering
Tartars, made their way through the christian province of Armenia into
the principality of Antioch, and ravaged both banks of the Orontes,
carrying away the inhabitants into captivity. The king of Armenia
and the prince of Antioch despatched messengers to the Templars and
Hospitallers for succour; and the Grand Masters, collecting all their
disposable forces, hurried to the relief of the distressed provinces.
In a long and bloody battle, fought in the neighbourhood of the iron
bridge over the Orontes, the Comans were overthrown and slaughtered,
and the vast and wealthy city of Antioch was saved from pillage. The
Hospitallers suffered severe loss in this engagement, and Brother
Bertrand de Comps, their Grand Master, died of his wounds four days
after the battle.

In the month of June, A. D. 1249, the galleys of the Templars left Acre
with all their disposable forces on board, under the command of the
Grand Master William de Sonnac, and joined the great French expedition
of Louis king of France which had been directed against the infidels
in Egypt. After the capture of Damietta, the following letter was
forwarded by Brother William de Sonnac to the Master of the Temple at
London:--"Brother William de Sonnac, by the grace of God Master of
the poor chivalry of the Temple, to his beloved brother in Christ,
Robert de Sanford, Preceptor of England, salvation through the Lord.
We hasten to unfold to you by these presents, agreeable and happy
intelligence.... (He details the landing of the French, the defeat of
the infidels with the loss of one christian soldier, and the subsequent
capture of the city.) Damietta, therefore, has been taken, not by our
deserts, nor by the might of our armed bands, but through the divine
power and assistance. Moreover, be it known to you that king Louis,
with God's favour, proposes to march upon Alexandria or Cairo for the
purpose of delivering our brethren there detained in captivity, and of
reducing, with God's help, the whole land to the christian worship.
Farewell."[125]

The Lord de Joinville, the friend of king Louis, and one of the bravest
of the French captains, gives a lively and most interesting account
of the campaign, and of the exploits of the Templars. During the
march towards Cairo, they led the van of the christian army, and on
one occasion, when the king of France had given strict orders that no
attack should be made upon the infidels, and that an engagement should
be avoided, a body of Turkish cavalry advanced against them. "One of
these Turks," says Joinville, "gave a Knight Templar in the first rank
so heavy a blow with his battle-axe, that it felled him under the feet
of the Lord Reginald de Vichier's horse, who was Marshal of the Temple;
the Marshal, seeing his man fall, cried out to his brethren, 'At them
in the name of God, for I cannot longer stand this.' He instantly stuck
spurs into his horse, followed by all his brethren, and as their horses
were fresh, not a Saracen escaped." After marching for some days, the
Templars arrived on the banks of the Tanitic branch of the Nile, (the
ancient Pelusiac mouth of the river,) and found the sultan encamped
with his entire force on the opposite side, to prevent and oppose
their passage. King Louis attempted to construct a bridge to enable him
to cross the stream, and long and earnestly did the Templars labour at
the task, "but," says Joinville, "as fast as we advanced our bridge
the Saracens destroyed it; they dug, on their side of the river, wide
and deep holes in the earth, and as the water recoiled from our bridge
it filled these holes with water, and tore away the bank, so that what
we had been employed on for three weeks or a month they ruined in one
or two days." To protect the soldiers employed upon the construction
of the bridge large wooden towers were erected, and _chas chateils_
or covered galleries, and the infidels exerted all their energies to
destroy them with the terrible Greek fire. "At night," says Joinville,
"they brought forward an engine called by them La Perriere, a dreadful
engine to do mischief, and they flung from it such quantities of Greek
fire that it was the most horrible sight ever witnessed.... This Greek
fire was like a large tun, and its tail was of the length of a long
spear; the noise which it made was like to thunder, and it seemed a
great dragon of fire flying through the air, giving so great a light
with its flame, that we saw in our camp as clearly as in broad day."

The military engines and machines were all burnt, and the Christians
were about to yield themselves up to despair, when a Bedouin Arab
offered, for a bribe of five hundred golden bezants, to show a safe
ford. At dawn of day, on Shrove Tuesday, the French knights mounted
on horseback to make trial of the ford of the Bedouin. "Before we set
out," says Joinville, "the king had ordered that the Templars should
form the van, and the Count d'Artois, his brother, should command the
second division after the Templars; but the moment the Count d'Artois
had passed the ford, he and all his people fell on the Saracens, and
putting them to flight, galloped after them. The Templars sent to call
the Count d'Artois back, and to tell him that it was his duty to march
behind and not before them; but it happened that the Count d'Artois
could not make any answer by reason of my Lord Foucquault du Melle, who
held the bridle of his horse, and my Lord Foucquault, who was a right
good knight, being deaf, heard nothing the Templars were saying to the
Count d'Artois, but kept bawling out, '_Forward! forward!_' ('Or a
eulz! or a eulz!') When the Templars perceived this, they thought they
should be dishonoured if they allowed the Count d'Artois thus to take
the lead; so they spurred their horses more and more, and faster and
faster, and chased the Turks, who fled before them, through the town of
Mansourah, as far as the plains towards Babylon."[126]

The Arabian writers, in their account of the entry of the Templars into
Mansourah, tell us that 2,000 horsemen galloped into the place sword
in hand and surprised Fakho'ddin Othman, commonly called Ibn Saif,
the Moslem general, and one of the principal Mamlook emirs, in the
bath, and barbarously cut him to pieces as he was painting his beard
before a glass.[127] But the impetuous courage of the Count d'Artois
and the Templars had led them far away from the support of the main
body of the army, and their horsemen became embarrassed in the narrow
streets of Mansourah, where there was no room to charge or manoeuvre
with effect. The infidels rallied; they returned to the attack with
vast reinforcements; the inhabitants of the town mounted to their
house-tops, and discharged stones and brickbats upon the heads of the
christian knights, and the Templars were defeated and driven out of
the city with dreadful carnage. "The Count d'Artois and the Earl of
Leicester were there slain, and as many as three hundred other knights.
The Templars lost, as their chief informed me, full fourteen score
men-at-arms, and all their horsemen." The Grand Master of the Temple
also lost an eye, and cut his way through the infidels to the main body
of the christian army, accompanied only by two Knights Templars. There
he again mixed in the affray, took the command of a vanguard, and is
to be found fighting by the side of the lord de Joinville at sunset.

At the close of the long and bloody day, the Christians regained
their camp in safety. King Louis, Joinville, and the Grand Master of
the Temple had been fighting side by side during a great part of the
afternoon; Joinville had his horse killed under him, and performed
prodigies of valour. He was severely wounded, and on retiring to his
quarters he found that a magnificent tent had been sent to him by the
Grand Master of the Temple, as a testimony of regard and esteem. On
the first Friday in Lent, Bendocdar, the great Mamlook general and
lieutenant of the sultan of Egypt, advanced at the head of a vast army
of horse and foot to attack the Crusaders in their intrenchments. King
Louis drew out his army in battle array, and posted them in eight
divisions in front of the camp. The Templars, under their venerable
Grand Master, formed the fourth division, and the fate of their gallant
chieftain is thus described by the lord de Joinville. "The next
battalion was under the command of Brother William de Sonnac, Master
of the Temple, who had with him the small remnant of the brethren of
his order who survived the battle of Shrove Tuesday. The Master of
the Temple made of the engines which he had taken from the Saracens
a sort of rampart in his front, but when the Saracens marched up to
the assault, they threw Greek fire upon it, and as the Templars had
piled up many planks of fir-wood amongst these engines, they caught
fire immediately; and the Saracens, perceiving that the brethren of
the Temple were few in number, dashed through the burning timbers, and
vigorously attacked them. In the preceding battle of Shrove Tuesday,
Brother William, the Master of the Temple, lost one of his eyes, and in
this battle the said lord lost his other eye, and was slain. God have
mercy on his soul! And know that immediately behind the place where the
battalion of the Templars stood, there was a good acre of ground, so
covered with darts, arrows, and missiles, that you could not see the
earth beneath them, such showers of these had been discharged against
the Templars by the Saracens."[128]

The command over the surviving brethren of the order now devolved upon
the Marshal, Brother Reginald de Vichier, who, collecting together
the small surviving remnant of the Templars, retreated to the camp to
participate in the subsequent horrors and misfortunes of the campaign.
"At the end of eight or ten days," says Joinville, "the bodies of those
who had been slain and thrown into the Nile rose to the top of the
water. These bodies floated down the river until they came to the small
bridge that communicated with each part of our army; the arch was so
low that it prevented the bodies from passing underneath, and the river
was consequently covered with them from bank to bank, so that the water
could not be seen.... God knows how great was the stench. I never heard
that any who were exposed to this infectious smell ever recovered their
health. The whole army was seized with a shocking disorder, which dried
up the flesh on our legs to the bone; and our skins became tanned as
the ground, or like an old boot that has long lain behind a coffer....
The barbers were forced to cut away very large pieces of flesh from the
gums to enable their patients to eat; it was pitiful to hear the cries
and groans, they were like the cries of women in labour."

The army attempted to retreat when retreat was almost impossible;
the soldiers became dispersed and scattered; thousands died by the
way-side, and thousands fell alive into the hands of the enemy, among
which last were the king and Joinville. They were both attacked by
the disease, and king Louis laid himself down to die in an Arab hut,
where he was found and kindly treated by the Saracens. Reginald de
Vichier, the Marshal of the Templars, and a few of his brethren,
reached Damietta in safety, and took measures for the defence of the
place. All those of the prisoners who were unable to redeem their lives
by services as slaves to the conquerors, or by ransom, were inhumanly
massacred, and a grim circle of christian heads decorated the walls
and battlements of Cairo. The Egyptians required as the price of the
liberty of the French monarch the surrender of all the fortresses of
the order of the Temple in Palestine; but the king told them that the
Templars were not subject to his command, nor had he any means of
compelling them to give effect to such an agreement. Louis and his
friend Joinville at last obtained their deliverance from captivity by
the surrender of Damietta, and by the payment of two hundred thousand
pieces of gold; and the liberation of the king's brother, and of the
other captive nobles and knights was to be purchased by the payment
of a similar sum. The king immediately went on board the French fleet
which was at anchor before Damietta, and exerted himself to raise the
residue of the ransom; and all Saturday and Sunday were employed in
collecting it together.

"On Sunday evening," says Joinville, "the king's servants, who were
occupied in counting out the money, sent to say that there was a
deficiency of thirty thousand livres. I observed to the king that we
had better ask the commander and Marshal of the Temple, since the
Master was dead, to give us the thirty thousand livres. Brother Stephen
d'Otricourt, knight commander of the Temple, hearing the advice I gave
to the king, said to me, 'Lord de Joinville, the counsel you give the
king is not right nor reasonable, for you know that we receive every
farthing of our money on our oaths;' and Brother Reginald de Vichier,
who was Marshal of the Temple, said to the king, 'Sire, it is as our
commander has said, we cannot dispose of any of the money intrusted
to us but for the means intended, in accordance with the rules of our
institution, without being perjured. Know that the seneschal hath ill
advised you to take our money by force, but in this you will act as you
please; should you, however, do so, _we will make ourselves amends out
of the money you have in Acre_.' I then told the king that if he wished
I would go and get the money, and he commanded me so to do. I instantly
went on board one of the galleys of the Templars, and demanded of the
treasurer the keys of a coffer which I saw before me. They refused, and
I was about to break it open with a wedge in the king's name, when the
Marshal, observing I was in earnest, ordered the keys to be given to
me. I opened the coffer, took out the sum wanting, and carried it to
the king, who was much rejoiced at my return." King Louis returned with
the Templars to Palestine; and was received with great distinction by
the order at Acre, where he remained four years!

In the year 1251 a general chapter of Knights Templars being assembled
in the Pilgrim's Castle, the Marshal, Brother REGINALD DE VICHIER, who
had commanded with great skill and prudence in Egypt after the death
of Brother William de Sonnac, was chosen to fill the vacant dignity
of Grand Master. Henry III., king of England, had assumed the cross
shortly after intelligence had been conveyed to England of the horrors
and atrocities committed by the Carizmians in the Holy City. Year after
year, he had promised to fulfil his vow, and the pope issued numerous
bulls, kindly providing for the tranquillity and security of his
dominions during his absence, and ordered prayers to be offered up to
God for the success of his arms, in all the churches of Christendom.
King Henry assembled a parliament to obtain the necessary supplies, and
fixed the 24th day of June, A. D. 1255, as the period of his departure.
His knights and barons, however, refused him the necessary funds, and
the needy monarch addressed the military orders of the Temple and
the Hospital in the following very curious letter. "As you are said
to possess a well-equipped fleet, we beseech you to set apart for
our own use some of your strongest vessels, and have them furnished
and equipped with provisions, sailors, and all things requisite for
a twelvemonth's voyage, so that we may be able, ere the period for
our own departure arrives, to freight them with the soldiers, arms,
horses, and munitions of war that we intend to send to the succour of
the Holy Land. You will also be pleased to provide secure habitations
and suitable accommodation for the said soldiers and their equipage,
until the period of our own arrival. You will then be good enough to
send back the same vessels to England to conduct ourselves and suite to
Palestine; and by your prompt obedience to these our commands, we shall
judge of your devotion to the interests of the Holy Land, and of your
attachment to our person."[129]

King Louis, in the mean time, assisted the Templars in repairing the
fortifications of Jaffa and Caesarea. The lord de Joinville who was with
him tells us that the scheik of the assassins, who still continued to
pay tribute to the Templars, sent ambassadors to the king to obtain a
remission of the tribute. He gave them an audience, and declared that
he would consider of their proposal. "When they came again before the
king," says Joinville, "it was about vespers, and they found the Master
of the Temple on one side of him, and the Master of the Hospital on
the other. The ambassadors refused to repeat what they had said in the
morning, but the Masters of the Temple and the Hospital commanded them
so to do. Then the Masters of the Temple and Hospital told them that
their lord had very foolishly and impudently sent such a message to the
king of France, and had they not been invested with the character of
ambassadors, they would have thrown them into the filthy sea of Acre,
and have drowned them in despite of their master. 'And we command you,'
continued the Masters, 'to return to your lord, and to come back within
fifteen days with such letters from your prince, that the king shall
be contented with him and with you.'" The ambassadors accordingly
did as they were bid, and brought back from their scheik a shirt, the
symbol of friendship, and a great variety of rich presents, "crystal
elephants, pieces of amber, with borders of pure gold," &c., &c. "You
must know that when the ambassadors opened the case containing all
these fine things, the whole apartment was instantly embalmed with the
odour of their sweet perfumes."

The treaty entered into between king Louis and the infidels having been
violated by the murder of the sick at Damietta, and by the detention,
in a state of slavery, of many knights and soldiers, as well as of a
large body of christian children, the Templars recommenced hostilities,
and marched with Joinville and the French knights against the strong
castle of Panias, and after an obstinate resistance, carried the place
sword in hand. The sultan of Damascus immediately took the field; he
stormed the Temple fort Dok, slaughtered the garrison, and razed the
fortifications to the ground; the castle of Ricordane shared the same
fate, and the city of Sidon was taken by assault, (A. D. 1254,) whilst
the workmen and artificers were diligently employed in rebuilding the
walls; eight hundred men were put to the sword, and four hundred masons
and artificers were taken prisoners and carried off to Damascus. After
residing nearly two years at Acre, and spending vast sums of money upon
the defences of the maritime towns of Palestine, king Louis returned
to France. He set sail from Acre on the 24th of April, with a fleet of
fourteen sail, his ship being steered by Brother Remond, the pilot of
the Grand Master of the Temple, who was charged to conduct the king
across the wide waters in safety to his own dominions. On his arrival
in France, Louis manifested his esteem for the Templars by granting
them the chateau and lordship of Bazees, near Bauvez, in Aquitaine. The
deed of gift is expressed to be made in consideration of the charitable
works which the king had seen performed amongst the Templars, and in
acknowledgment of the services they had rendered to him, and to the
intent that he might be made a participator in the good works done
by the fraternity, and be remembered in the prayers of the brethren.
This deed was delivered on the day of Pentecost to Brother Hugh, Grand
Preceptor of Aquitaine, in the cathedral church of Angouleme, in the
presence of numerous archbishops, bishops, counts, and barons.[130]

At the period of the return of the king of France to Europe, Henry the
Third, king of England, was in Gascony with Brother Robert de Sanford,
Master of the Temple at London, who had been previously sent by the
English monarch into that province to appease the troubles which had
there broken out. King Henry proceeded to the French capital, and was
magnificently entertained by the Knights Templars at the Temple in
Paris, which Matthew Paris tells us was of such immense extent that
it could contain within its precincts a numerous army. The day after
his arrival, king Henry ordered an innumerable quantity of poor people
to be regaled at the Temple with meat, fish, bread, and wine; and at
a later hour the king of France and all his nobles came to dine with
the English monarch. "Never," says Matthew Paris, "was there at any
period in bygone times so noble and so celebrated an entertainment.
They feasted in the great hall of the Temple, where hang the shields on
every side, as many as they can place along the four walls, according
to the custom of the order beyond sea...." The Knights Templars in this
country likewise exercised a magnificent hospitality, and constantly
entertained kings, princes, nobles, prelates, and foreign ambassadors
at the Temple. Immediately after the return of king Henry to England,
some illustrious ambassadors from Castile came on a visit to the Temple
at London; and as the king "greatly delighted to honour them," he
commanded three pipes of wine to be placed in the cellars of the Temple
for their use, and ten fat bucks to be brought them at the same place
from the royal forest in Essex. He, moreover, commanded the mayor and
sheriffs of London, and the commonalty of the same city, to take with
them a respectable assemblage of the citizens, and to go forth and meet
the said ambassadors without the city, and courteously receive them,
and honour them, and conduct them to the Temple.[131]

During the first and second years of the pontificate of pope Alexander
IV. ten bulls were published in favour of the Templars, addressed to
the bishops of the church universal, commanding them to respect and
maintain the privileges conceded to them by the holy see; to judge and
punish all persons who should dare to exact tythe from the fraternity;
to institute to the ecclesiastical benefices of the order, all clerks
presented to them by the preceptors, without previously requiring them
to make a fixed maintenance for such clerks, and severely to punish,
all who appropriated to their own use the alms gifts and eleemosynary
donations made to the brotherhood. By these bulls the Templars are
declared to be exempt from the duty of contributing to the travelling
expenses of all nuncios and legates of the holy see, under the dignity
of a cardinal, when passing through their territories, unless express
orders to the contrary are given by apostolic letters, and all the
bishops are required earnestly and vigorously to protect and defend the
right of sanctuary accorded the houses of the Temple.[132]

In the year 1257, Brother Reginald de Vichier, the Grand Master of the
Temple, fell sick and died, at an advanced age. He was succeeded by
the English Knight Templar Brother THOMAS BERARD. Shortly after his
election the terrible Moguls and Tartars, those fierce vagrant tribes
of shepherds and hunters, whose victorious arms had spread terror and
desolation over the greater part of Europe and Asia, invaded Palestine,
under the command of the famous Holagou, and spread themselves like a
cloud of devouring locusts over the whole country. The Templars, under
the command of Brother Etienne de Sisi, Grand Preceptor of Apulia,
hastened to meet them, and were cut to pieces in a sanguinary fight.
The Tartars besieged and took the rich and populous cities of Aleppo,
Hamah, Hems, Damascus, Tiberias, and Naplous, and at last entered in
triumph the holy city of Jerusalem.[133] The Grand Master Brother
Thomas Berard wrote a melancholy letter to king Henry the Third for
succour. "With continual letters and many prayers," says he, "has our
poor Christianity on this side the sea besought the assistance of the
kings and princes of this world, and above all, the aid and succour of
your majesty, imploring your royal compassion with sighs and tears, and
a loud sounding voice, and crying out with a bitter cry in the hope
that it would penetrate the royal ear, and reach the ends of the earth,
and arouse the faithful from their slumbers, and draw them to the
protection of the Holy Land."[134] The king of England, however, was in
pecuniary embarrassments, and unable to afford the necessary succour.
He was reduced, indeed, to the cruel necessity of borrowing money in
France upon the security of his regalia and crown jewels, which were
deposited in the Temple at Paris, as appears from the letter of the
queen of France "to her very dear brother Henry, the illustrious king
of England," giving a long list of golden wands, golden combs, diamond
buckles, chaplets, and circlets, golden crowns, imperial beavers,
rich girdles, golden peacocks, and rings innumerable, adorned with
sapphires, rubies, emeralds, topazes, and carbuncles, which she says
she had inspected in the presence of the treasurer of the Temple at
Paris, and that the same were safely deposited in the coffers of the
Templars.[135]

In the mean time the Mamlooks, "who had breathed in their infancy the
keenness of a Scythian air," advanced from the banks of the Nile to
contend with the Tartars for the dominion of Palestine. Under the
command of Bendocdar, the Mamlook general, they gained a complete
victory over them in the neighbourhood of Tiberias, and drove back
the stream of hostility to the eastward of the Euphrates. Bendocdar
returned to Egypt the idol of his soldiers, and clothed with a
popularity which rendered him too powerful for a subject. He aspired
to the possession of the throne which he had so successfully defended,
and slew with his own hand his sovereign and master Kothuz, the third
Mamlook sultan of Egypt. The Mamlooks hailed him with acclamations
as their sovereign, and on the 24th day of October, A. D. 1260, he
was solemnly proclaimed sultan of Egypt, in the town of Salahieh in
the Delta. Bendocdar was one of the greatest men of the age, and soon
proved the most formidable enemy that the Templars had encountered
in the field since the days of Saladin. The first two years of his
accession to power were employed in the extension and consolidation of
his sway over the adjoining Mussulman countries. The holy cities of
Mecca and Medina acknowledged him for their sovereign, as did Damascus,
Aleppo, Hems, and Jerusalem. His sway extended over Egypt, Nubia,
Arabia, and Syria; and his throne was defended by twenty-five thousand
Mamlook cavalry. His power was further strengthened by an army of one
hundred and seven thousand foot, and by the occasional aid of sixty-six
thousand Arabians.

After receiving the homage and submission of the rulers and people
of Aleppo, Bendocdar made a hostile demonstration against the vast
and wealthy city of Antioch; but finding the place well defended, he
retired with his army, by way of Hems, Damascus, and Tiberias, to
Egypt. The next year (A. D. 1264) he crossed the desert at the head
of thirty thousand cavalry, and overran all Palestine up to the very
gates of Acre. He burned the great churches of Nazareth and Mount
Tabor; and sought to awaken the zeal and enthusiasm of his soldiers in
behalf of Islam by performing the pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and visiting
with great devotion the Mosque of Omar. He then retired to Cairo with
his troops, and the Templars and Hospitallers became the assailants.
They surprised and stormed the castle of Lilion, razed the walls and
fortifications to the ground, and brought off three hundred prisoners
of both sexes, together with a rich prize of sheep and oxen. On the
15th of June, they marched as far as Ascalon, surprised and slew two
Mamlook emirs, and put twenty-eight of their followers to the sword.
They then turned their footsteps towards the Jordan, and on the 5th of
November, they destroyed Bisan or Scythopolis, and laid waste with fire
and sword all the valley of the Jordan, as far as the lake of Tiberias.

In the depth of winter, (A. D. 1265,) Bendocdar collected his forces
together, and advanced, by rapid marches, from Egypt. He concealed his
real intentions, made a long march during the night, and at morning's
dawn presented himself before the city of Caesarea. His troops descended
into the ditch by means of ropes and ladders, and climbed the walls
with the aid of iron hooks and spikes; they burst open the gates,
massacred the sentinels, and planted the standard of the prophet on
the ramparts, ere the inhabitants had time to rouse themselves from
their morning slumbers. The citadel, however, still remained to be
taken, and the garrison being forewarned, made an obstinate defence.
The Arabian writers tell us, that the citadel was a strong and handsome
fortification, erected by king Louis, and adorned with pillars and
columns. It stood on a small neck of land which jutted out into the
sea, and the ditches around the fortress were filled with the blue
waters of the Mediterranean. Bendocdar planted huge catapults and
cross-bows upon the tower of the cathedral, and shot arrows, darts, and
stones, from them upon the battlements of the citadel. He encouraged
the exertions of his soldiers by promises of reward, and gave robes of
honour to his principal emirs. Weapons of war were distributed in the
most lavish manner, every captain of a hundred horse receiving for the
use of himself and his men _four thousand arrows_!

During a dark winter's night the garrison succeeded in making their
escape, and the next morning the Moslems poured into the citadel by
thousands, and abandoned themselves to pillage. The fortifications
were levelled with the dust, and Bendocdar assisted with his own hands
in the work of demolition. He then detached some Mamlook emirs with
a body of cavalry against Caiphas, and proceeded himself to watch
the movements of the Templars, and examine into the defences of the
Pilgrim's Castle. Finding the place almost impregnable, and defended by
a numerous garrison, he suddenly retraced his steps to the south, and
stormed, after a brave and obstinate defence, the strongly fortified
city of Arsoof, which belonged to the Knights Hospitallers of St.
John. The greater part of the garrison was massacred, but one thousand
captives were reserved to grace the triumph of the conqueror. They were
compelled to march at the head of his triumphal procession, with their
banners reversed, and with their crosses, broken into pieces, hung
round their necks. Bendocdar had already despatched his bravest Mamlook
generals, at the head of a considerable body of forces, to blockade
Beaufort and Saphet, two strong fortresses of the order of the Temple,
and he now advanced at the head of a vast army to conduct the siege
of the latter place in person. On 21 Ramadan, the separate timbers
of his military machines arrived from Damascus at Jacob's bridge on
the Jordan; the sultan sent down his emirs and part of his army, with
hundreds of oxen, to drag them up the mountains to Saphet, and went
with his principal officers to assist in the transport of them. "I
worked by the sultan's side, and aided him with all my might," says the
cadi Mohieddin; "being fatigued, I sat down. I began again, and was
once more tired, and compelled to take rest, but the sultan continued
to work without intermission, aiding in the transport of beams, bolts,
and huge frames of timber." The Grand Master of the Temple ordered out
twelve hundred cavalry from Acre to create a diversion in favour of the
besieged; but a treacherous spy conveyed intelligence to Bendocdar,
which enabled him to surprise and massacre the whole force, and return
to Saphet with their heads stuck on the lances of his soldiers. At
last, after an obstinate defence, during which many Moslems, say the
Arabian writers, obtained the crown of martyrdom, the huge walls were
thrown down, and a breach was presented to the infidels; but that
breach was so stoutly guarded that none could be found to mount to the
assault. Bendocdar offered a reward of three hundred pieces of gold to
the first man who entered the city; he distributed robes of honour and
riches to all who were foremost in the fight, and the outer inclosure,
or first line of the fortifications was, at last, taken.

The Templars retired into the citadel, but their efforts at defence
were embarrassed by the presence of a crowd of two thousand fugitives,
who had fled to Saphet for shelter, and they agreed to capitulate on
condition that the lives and liberties of the Christians should be
respected, and that they should be transported in safety to Acre.
Bendocdar acceded to these terms, and solemnly promised to fulfil them;
but as soon as he had got the citadel into his power, he offered to all
the Templars the severe alternative of the Koran or death, and gave
them until the following morning to make their election. The preceptor
of Saphet, a holy monk and veteran warrior, assisted by two Franciscan
friars, passed the night in pious exhortations to his brethren,
conjuring them to prefer the crown of martyrdom to a few short years
of miserable existence in this sinful world, and not to disgrace
themselves and their order by a shameful apostasy. At sunrise, on the
following morning, the Templars were led on to the brow of the hill, in
front of the castle of Saphet, and when the first rays of the rising
sun gilded the wooded summits of Mount Hermon, and the voice of the
muezzin was heard calling the faithful to morning prayer, they were
required to join in the Moslem chaunt, _La-i-la i-la Allah, Mahommed
re sul Allah_, "There is no God but God, and Mahomet is his apostle;"
the executioners drew near with their naked scimitars, but not a man
of the noble company of knightly warriors, say the Christian writers,
would renounce his faith, and one thousand five hundred heads speedily
rolled at the feet of Bendocdar. "The blood," says Sanutus, "flowed
down the declivities like a rivulet of water." The preceptor of Saphet,
the priests of the order, and brother Jeremiah, were beaten with clubs,
flayed alive, and then beheaded! The Arabian writers state that the
lives of two of the garrison were spared, one being an Hospitaller
whom the besieged had sent to Bendocdar to negotiate the treaty of
surrender, and the other a Templar, named _Effreez Lyoub_, who embraced
the Mahomedan faith, and was circumcised and entered into the service
of the sultan.[136] Immediately after the fall of Saphet, the infidels
stormed the castles of Hounin and Tebnin, and took possession of the
city of Ramleh.

The Grand Master of the Hospital now sued for peace, and entered into
a separate treaty with the infidels. He agreed to renounce the ancient
tribute of one hundred pieces of gold paid to the order by the district
of Bouktyr; also the annual tribute of four thousand pieces of gold
paid to them by the sultans of Hems and Hamah; a tribute of twelve
hundred pieces of gold, fifty thousand bushels of wheat, and fifty
thousand bushels of barley annually rendered to them by the Assassins
or Ismaelians of the mountains of Tripoli: and the several tributes
paid by the cities or districts of Schayzar, Apamea, and Aintab, which
consisted of five hundred crowns of Tyrian silver, two measures of
wheat, and two pieces of silver for every two head of oxen pastured in
the district. These terms being arranged, the emir Fakir-eddin, and the
cadi Schams-eddin were sent to receive the oath of the Grand Master of
the Hospital to fulfil them, and a truce was then accorded him for ten
years, ten days, and ten months.

Bendocdar then concentrated his forces together at Aleppo, and marched
against the christian province of Armenia. The prince of Hamah
blockaded Darbesak, which was garrisoned by the Knights Templars,
and forced the mountain passes leading into the ancient Cilicia. The
Moslems then marched with incredible rapidity to Sis, the capital of
the country, which fell into their hands after a short siege. Leon,
king of Armenia, was led away into captivity, together with his
uncle, his son, and his nephew; many others of the royal family were
killed, and some made their escape. All the castles of the Templars
in Armenia were assaulted and taken, and the garrisons massacred. The
most famous of these was the castle of Amoud, which was stormed after
an obstinate defence, and every soul found in it was put to the sword.
The city of Sis was pillaged, and then delivered up to the flames;
the inhabitants of all the towns were either massacred or reduced to
slavery; their goods and possessions were divided amongst the soldiers,
and the Moslems returned to Aleppo laden with booty and surrounded by
captives fastened together with ropes. Great was the joy of Bendocdar.
The musicians were ordered to play, and the dancing girls to beat the
tambour and dance before him. He made a triumphant entry into Damascus,
preceded by his royal captives and many thousand prisoners bound with
chains. "Thus did the sultan," says the Arabian historian, "cut the
sugar-canes of the Franks!"

On the 1st of May, A. D. 1267, Bendocdar collected together a strong
body of cavalry, divided them into two bodies, and caused them to
mount the banners and emblems of the Hospital and Temple. By this ruse
he attempted to penetrate the east gate of Acre, but the cheat was
fortunately discovered, and the gates were closed ere the Arab cavalry
reached them. The infidels then slaughtered five hundred people outside
the walls, cut off their heads and put them into sacks. Amongst them
were some poor old women who gained a livelihood by gathering herbs!
The ferocious Mamlooks then pulled down all the houses and windmills,
plucked up the vines, cut down all the fruit trees and burnt them,
and filled up the wells. Some deputies, sent to sue for peace, were
introduced to Bendocdar through a grim and ghastly avenue of christian
heads planted on the points of lances, and their petition was rejected
with scorn and contempt. "The neighing of our horses," said the
ferocious sultan, "shall soon strike you with deafness, and the dust
raised by their feet shall penetrate to the inmost chambers of your
dwellings."

On the 7th of March, A. D. 1268, the sultan stormed Jaffa, put the
garrison to the sword, set fire to the churches, and burnt the
crucifixes and crosses and holy relics of the saints. "He took away
the head of St. George and burnt the body of St. Christina," and then
marched against the strongly fortified city of Beaufort, which belonged
to the order of the Temple. Twenty-six enormous military engines were
planted around the walls, and the doctors of the law and the _Fakirs_,
or teachers of religion, were invited to repair to the Moslem camp,
and wield the sword in behalf of Islam. The town was defended by two
citadels, the ancient and the new one. The former was garrisoned by
the Templars, and the latter by the native militia. These last, after
sustaining a short siege, set fire to their post and fled during the
night. "As for the other citadel," says the cadi Mohieddin, "it made
a long and vigorous defence," and Bendocdar, after losing the flower
of his army before the place, was reluctantly compelled to permit the
garrison to march out, sword in hand, with all the honours of war. The
fortress was then razed to the ground so effectually that not a trace
of it was left.

The sultan now separated his army into several divisions, which
were all sent in different directions through the principality of
Tripoli to waste and destroy. All the churches and houses were set
on fire; the trees were cut down, and the inhabitants were led away
into captivity. A tower of the Templars, in the environs of Tripoli,
was taken by assault, and every soul found in it was put to death.
The different divisions of the army were then concentrated at Hems,
to collect together and to divide their spoil. They were then again
separated into three corps, which were sent by different routes against
the vast and wealthy city of Antioch, the ancient "Queen of Syria."
The first division was directed to take a circuitous route by way of
Darbesak, and approach Antioch from the north; the second was to march
upon Suadia, and to secure the mouth of the Orontes, to prevent all
succour from reaching the city by sea; and the third and last division,
which was led by Bendocdar in person, proceeded to Apamea, and from
thence marched down the left bank of the river Orontes along the base
of the ancient Mons Casius, so as to approach and hem in Antioch from
the south. On the 1st Ramadan, all these different divisions were
concentrated together, and the city was immediately surrounded by a
vast army of horse and foot, which cut off all communication between
the town and the surrounding country, and exposed a population of
160,000 souls to all the horrors of famine. The famous stone bridge
of nine arches, which spanned the Orontes, and communicated between
the city and the right bank of the river, was immediately attacked;
the iron doors which guarded the passage were burst open with the
battering-rams, and the standard of the prophet was planted beneath the
great western gate. The Templars of the principality, under the command
of their Grand Preceptor, made a vain effort to drive back the infidels
and relieve the city. They sallied out of the town, with the constable
of Antioch, but were defeated by the Mamlook cavalry, after a sharp
encounter in the plain, and were compelled to take refuge behind the
walls.

For three days successively did the sultan vainly summon the city to
surrender, and for three days did he continue his furious assaults. On
the fourth day the Moslems scaled the walls where they touch the side
of the mountain; they rushed across the ramparts, sword in hand, into
the city, and a hundred thousand Christians are computed to have been
slain! About eight thousand soldiers, accompanied by a dense throng
of women and children, fled from the scene of carnage to the citadel,
and there defended themselves with the energy of despair. Bendocdar
granted them their lives, and they surrendered. They were bound with
cords, and the long string of mournful captives passed in review before
the sultan, who caused the scribes and notaries to take down the names
of each of them. After several days of pillage, all the booty was
brought together in the plain of Antioch, and equally divided amongst
the Moslems; the gold and silver were distributed by measure, and
merchandize and property of all kinds, piled up in heaps, were drawn
for by lot. The captive women and girls were distributed amongst the
soldiery, and they were so numerous that each of the slaves of the
conquerors was permitted to have a captive at his disposal. The sultan
halted for several weeks in the plain, and permitted his soldiers to
hold a large market, or fair, for the sale of their booty. This market
was attended by Jews and pedlars from all parts of the East, who
greedily bought up the rich property and costly valuables of the poor
citizens of Antioch.

These last might have borne with fortitude the loss of their worldly
possessions, and the luxuries of this life, but when they were
themselves put up to auction--when the mother saw her infant child
handed over to the avaricious Jew for the paltry sum of five pieces
of silver, and sold into irredeemable bondage, the bitter cries that
resounded through the plain, touched even the hearts of the Moslems.
"It was," says the cadi Mohieddin, "a fearful and a heart-rending
sight. Even the hard stones were softened with grief." He tells us,
that the captives were so numerous, that a fine hearty boy might be
purchased for _twelve_ pieces of silver, and a little girl for _five_!
When the work of pillage had been completed, when all the ornaments
and decorations had been carried away from the churches, and the lead
torn from the roofs, Antioch was fired in different places, amid the
loud thrilling shouts of ALLAH ACBAR, "GOD _is_ VICTORIOUS!" The great
churches of St. Paul and St. Peter burnt with terrific fury for many
days, and the vast and venerable city was left without a habitation,
and without an inhabitant!

Thus fell Antioch, one hundred and seventy years after its recovery
from the dominion of the infidels by the crusaders, under the command
of the valiant Godfrey, Boemond, and Tancred. Near six centuries of
Moslem domination have now again rolled over the ancient Queen of the
East, but the genius of destruction which accompanied the footsteps
of the armies of the ferocious Bendocdar has ever since presided
over the spot. The once fair and flourishing capital of Syria, the
ancient "throne of the successors of Alexander, the seat of Roman
government in the east, which had been decorated by Caesar with the
titles of free, and holy, and inviolate," is, at this day, nothing
more than a miserable mud village; and the ancient and illustrious
church of Antioch, which, in the fourth century of the christian era,
numbered one hundred thousand persons, now consists only of a few Greek
families, who still cling to the christian faith amid the insults and
persecutions of the infidels. Immediately after the destruction of the
city, Bendocdar caused the following letter to be written to the prince
of Antioch, who was at Tripoli: "Since not a soul has escaped to tell
you what has happened, we will undertake the pleasing task of informing
you.... We have slain all whom you appointed to defend Antioch. We have
crushed your knights beneath the feet of our horses, and have given
up your provinces to pillage: your gold and silver have been divided
amongst us by the quintal, and four of your women have been bought and
sold for a crown. There is not a single christian in the province that
does not now march bound before us, nor a single young girl that is not
in our possession. Your churches have been made level with the dust,
and our chariot wheels have passed over the sites of your dwellings. If
you had seen the temples of your God destroyed, the crosses broken, and
the leaves of the gospel torn and scattered to the winds of heaven; if
you had seen your Mussulman enemy marching into your tabernacles, and
immolating upon your shrines and your altars, the priest, the deacon,
and the bishop; if you had seen your palaces delivered to the flames,
and the bodies of the dead consumed by the fire of this world, whilst
their souls were burning in the everlasting _fire of_ HELL; doubtless,
you would have exclaimed, _Lord, I am become but as dust_; your soul
would have been ready to start from its earthly tenement, and your eyes
would have rained down tears sufficient to have extinguished the fires
that we have kindled around you."[137]

On the fall of Antioch the Templars abandoned Bagras, a rich and
flourishing town, on the road to Armenia and Cilicia, which had
belonged to the order for more than a century. This town of the
Templars, Mohieddin tells us, had long been a source of intense anxiety
and annoyance to the Moslems. "Over and over again," says he, "it
had been attacked, but the Templars foiled the utmost efforts of the
faithful, until, at last, Providence gave it into our hands." The
Templars also abandoned the castles of Gaston and Noche de Rusol, and
the territory of Port Bounel, at the entrance of Armenia. The towns of
Darbesak, Sabah, Al Hadid, and the sea-port of Gabala, successively
fell into the hands of Bendocdar, and the whole country from Tripoli to
Mount Taurus was made desolate, the houses were set on fire, the fruit
trees were cut down, and the churches were levelled with the dust. The
wealthy and populous maritime towns of Laodicea, Tripoli, Tortosa,
Beirout, Tyre, and Sidon, however, still remained to the Christians,
and as these cities were strongly fortified, and the christian fleets
kept the command of the sea, Bendocdar postponed their destruction for
a brief period, and granted separate truces to them in consideration of
the payment of large sums of money.

In the year 1269, a terrible famine, consequent upon the ravages of
the infidels, afflicted Syria and Palestine, and many of those whom
the sword had spared, now died of hunger. Louis IX., king of France,
being deeply affected by the intelligence of the misfortunes of the
Latin Christians, attended an assembly of Preceptors of the Temple
in France, to devise means of forwarding succour to the Holy Land,
and caused a quantity of corn to be sent from Languedoc to Palestine.
He moreover determined to embark in another crusade, and he induced
prince Edward of England to assume the cross, and prepare to join
his standard. Bendocdar, on the other hand, returned from Egypt to
Palestine; he surprised and cut to pieces several bands of Christians,
and made his public entry into Damascus, preceded by many hundred
ghastly heads stuck on the points of lances, and by a vast number of
weeping captives of both sexes, and of every age. He then proceeded to
Hamah and Kafarthab, and attempted to undertake the siege of the strong
fortress of Merkab, but the winter rains and the snow on the mountain
compelled him to abandon the enterprise. He then made an attack upon
the castle of the Kurds, which belonged to the Hospitallers, but
receiving intelligence of the sailing of the expedition of king Louis,
who had left the ports of France with an army of sixty thousand men,
and a fleet of eighteen hundred vessels; he hurried with all his
forces to Egypt to protect that country against the French. Instead
of proceeding direct to the Holy Land, king Louis was unfortunately
induced to steer to Tunis. He fell a victim to the insalubrity of the
climate, and his army, decimated by sickness, sailed back to France.
Bendocdar immediately returned to Palestine. He halted at Ascalon,
and completed the destruction of the fortifications of that place;
he stormed Castel Blanc, a fortress of the Templars, and appeared
with his Mamlook cavalry before the gates of Tripoli. He ravaged the
surrounding country, and then retired into winter quarters, leading
away many christian prisoners of both sexes into captivity. The next
year he stormed the fortified town of Safitza, and laid siege to Hassan
el Akrad, or the castle of the Kurds. His victorious career was checked
by the arrival (A. D. 1271) of prince Edward of England, who joined the
Grand Master of the Temple at the head of a welcome reinforcement of
knights and foot soldiers. Various successes were then obtained over
the infidels, and on the 21st Ramadan, (April 23rd, A. D. 1272,) a
truce was agreed upon for the space of ten years and ten months, as far
as regarded the town and plain of Acre, and the road to Nazareth.

On the 18th of June, prince Edward was stabbed with a poisoned dagger
by an assassin. Though dangerously wounded, he struck the assailant to
the ground, and caused him to be immediately despatched by the guards.
The same day the prince made his will; it is dated at Acre, June 18,
A. D. 1272, and Brother Thomas Berard, Grand Master of the Temple,
appears as an attesting witness. The life of the prince, however, was
happily preserved, the effects of the poison being obviated by an
antidote administered by the Grand Master of the Temple. On the 14th of
September, the prince returned to Europe, and thus terminated the last
expedition undertaken for the relief of Palestine. Whilst prince Edward
was pursuing his voyage to England, his father, king Henry III., died,
and the council of the realm, composed of the archbishops of Canterbury
and York, and the English bishops and barons, assembled in the Temple
at London, and swore allegiance to the prince. They there caused
him to be proclaimed king of England, and, with the consent of the
queen-mother, they appointed Walter Giffard, archbishop of York, and
the earls of Cornwall and Gloucester, guardians of the realm. Letters
were written from the Temple to acquaint the young sovereign with
the death of his father, and many of the acts of the new government
emanated from the same place.[138]

The Grand Master of the Temple, Brother Thomas Berard, died at Acre
on the 8th of April, and on the 13th of May, A. D. 1273, the general
chapter of the Templars being assembled in the Pilgrim's Castle, chose
for his successor Brother WILLIAM DE BEAUJEU, Grand Preceptor of
Apulia. The late Vice-Master, Brother William de Poucon, was sent to
Europe with Brother Bertrand de Fox, to announce to him the tidings of
his elevation to the chief dignity of the order. The following year
William de Beaujeu, accompanied by the Grand Master of the Hospital,
proceeded to Lyons, to attend a general council which had been summoned
by the pope to provide succour for the Holy Land. The two Grand Masters
took precedence of all the ambassadors and peers present at that famous
assembly. It was determined that a new crusade should be preached, that
all ecclesiastical dignities and benefices should be taxed to support
an armament, and that the sovereigns of Europe should be compelled by
ecclesiastical censures to suspend their private quarrels, and afford
succour to the desolate land of promise. More than a thousand bishops,
archbishops, and ambassadors from the different princes and potentates
of Europe, graced the assembly with their presence. From Lyons, the
Grand Master William de Beaujeu proceeded to England, and called
together a general chapter of the order at London. Whilst resident at
the Temple in that city, he received payment of a large sum of money,
which the young king Edward had borrowed of the Templars during his
stay at Acre.[139]

Pope Gregory X. died in the midst of his exertions for the creation
of another crusade. The enthusiasm which had been partially awakened
subsided; those who had assumed the cross forgot their engagements,
and the Grand Master of the Temple at last returned, in sorrow and
disappointment, to the far East. He reached Acre on St. Michael's day,
A. D. 1275, attended by a band of Templars, drawn from the preceptories
of England and France. Shortly after his arrival Bendocdar was
poisoned, and was succeeded by his son, Malek Said. Malek Said only
mounted the throne to descend from it. He was deposed by the rebellious
Mamlooks, and the sceptre was grasped by Malek-Mansour-Kelaoun, the
bravest and most distinguished of the emirs. As there was now no hope
of recovering the towns, castles, and territories taken by Bendocdar,
the Grand Master directed all his energies to the preservation of the
few remaining possessions of the Christians in the Holy Land. At the
expiration of the ten years' truce, he entered into various treaties
with the infidels. One of these, called "the peace of Tortosa," is
expressed to be made between sultan Malek-Mansour-Kelaoun, and his
son Malek-Saleh-Ali, "honour of the world and of religion," of the
one part, and Afryz Dybadjouk, (William de Beaujeu,) Grand Master
of the order of the Templars, of the other part. It relates to the
territories and possessions of the order of the Temple at Tortosa,
and provides for their security and freedom from molestation by the
infidels. The truce is prolonged for ten years and ten months from the
date of the execution of the treaty, (A. D. 1282,) and the contracting
parties strictly bind themselves to make no irruptions into each
other's territories during the period. To prevent mistakes, the lands
and villages, towers, corn-mills, gardens, brooks, and plantations,
belonging to the Templars are specified and defined, together with the
contiguous possessions of the Moslems. By this treaty, the Templars
engage not to rebuild any of their citadels, towers, or fortresses, nor
to cut any new ditch or fosse in their province of Tortosa.

Another treaty entered into between William de Beaujeu and the
infidels, is called the peace of Acre. It accords to the Christians
Caiphas and seven villages, the province of Mount Carmel the town and
citadel of Alelyet, the farms of the Hospitallers in the province of
Caesarea, the half of Alexandretta, the village of Maron, &c., and
confirms the Templars in the possessions of Sidon and its citadel, and
its fifteen cantons. By this treaty, sultan Malek Mansour conceded to
the inhabitants of Acre a truce of ten years, ten months, and ten days;
and he swore to observe its provisions and stipulations in the presence
of the Grand Master of the Temple and the vizir Fadhad. But all these
treaties were mere delusions. Bendocdar had commenced the ruin of the
Christians, and sultan Kelaoun now proceeded to complete it.

The separate truces and treaties of peace which Bendocdar had accorded
to the maritime towns of Palestine, in return for payments of money,
were encumbered with so many minute provisions and stipulations, that
it was almost impossible for the Christians to avoid breaking them in
some trifling and unimportant particular; and sultan Kelaoun soon found
a colourable pretence for recommencing hostilities. He first broke with
the Hospitallers and stormed their strong fortress of Merkab, which
commanded the coast road from Laodicea to Tripoli. He then sought out
a pretext for putting an end to the truce which the count of Tripoli
had purchased of Bendocdar by the payment of eleven thousand pieces
of gold. He maintained that a watch-tower had been erected on the
coast between Merkab and Tortosa, in contravention of the stipulation
which forbad the erection of new fortifications; and he accordingly
marched with his army to lay siege to the rich and flourishing city
of Laodicea. The Arabian writers tell us that Laodicea was one of the
most commercial cities of the Levant, and was considered to be the
rival of Alexandria. A terrible earthquake, which had thrown down the
fortifications, and overturned the castle at the entrance of the port,
unfortunately facilitated the conquest of the place, and Laodicea
fell almost without a struggle. The town was pillaged and set on
fire, and those of the inhabitants who were unable to escape by sea,
were either slaughtered or reduced to slavery, or driven out homeless
wanderers from their dwellings, to perish with hunger and grief in the
surrounding wilderness. Shortly after the fall of Laodicea, the castle
of Krak, which belonged to the Hospitallers, was besieged and stormed;
the garrison was put to the sword, and some other small places on the
sea-coast met with a similar fate.

On the 13th Moharran (9th of February,) A. D. 1287, the sultan marched
against Tripoli at the head of ten thousand horse, and thirty-three
thousand foot. The separate timbers of nineteen enormous military
engines were transported in many hundred wagons drawn by oxen; and
fifteen hundred engineers and firework manufacturers were employed to
throw the terrible Greek fire and combustible materials, contained in
brass pots, into the city. After thirty-four days of incessant labour,
the walls were undermined and thrown into the ditch, and the engineers
poured an incessant stream of Greek fire upon the breach, whilst the
Moslems below prepared a path for the cavalry. Brother John de Breband,
Preceptor of the Temple at Tripoli, fought upon the ramparts with a
few knights and serving brethren of the order; but they were speedily
overthrown, and the Arab cavalry dashed through the breach into the
town. Upwards of one thousand Christians fell by the sword, and the
number of captives was incalculable. Twelve hundred trembling women
and children were crowded together for safety in a single magazine of
arms, and the conquerors were embarrassed with the quantity of spoil
and booty. More than four thousand bales of the richest silks were
distributed amongst the soldiers, together with ornaments and articles
of luxury and refinement, which astonished the rude simplicity of the
Arabs. When the city had been thoroughly ransacked, orders were issued
for its destruction. Then the Moslem soldiers were to be seen rushing
with torches and pots of burning naphtha to set fire to the churches,
and the shops, and the warehouses of the merchants; and Tripoli was
speedily enveloped in one vast, fearful, wide-spreading conflagration.
The command for the destruction of the fortifications was likewise
issued, and thousands of soldiers, stonemasons, and labourers, were
employed in throwing down the walls and towers. The Arabian writers
tell us that the ramparts were so wide that three horsemen could ride
abreast upon them round the town. Many of the inhabitants had escaped
by sea during the siege, and crowds of fugitives fled before the swords
of the Moslems, to take refuge on the little island of Saint Nicholas
at the entrance of the port. They were there starved to death; and when
Abulfeda visited the island a few days after the fall of Tripoli, he
found it covered with the dead bodies of the unburied Christians. Thus
fell Tripoli, with its commerce, its silk manufactories, churches,
and public and private buildings. Everything that could contribute to
prosperity in peace, or defence in war, perished beneath the sword, the
hammer, and the pick-axe of the Moslems. In the time of the crusaders,
the port was crowded with the fleets of the Italian republics, and
carried on a lucrative trade with Marseilles, Amalfi, Genoa, Pisa,
Venice, and the cities of the Grecian islands; but the rich stream of
commerce hath never since revisited the inhospitable shore.

Shortly after the fall of Tripoli, Gabala, Beirout, and all the
maritime towns and villages between Sidon and Laodicea, fell into the
hands of the infidels; and sultan Kelaoun was preparing to attack the
vast and populous city of Acre, when death terminated his victorious
career. He was succeeded, A. D. 1291, by his eldest son, Aschraf
Khalil, who hastened to execute the warlike projects of his father. He
assembled the ulemas and cadis around his father's tomb, and occupied
himself in reading the Koran, in prayer, and invocation of Mahomet.
He then made abundant alms-giving, collected his troops together,
and marched across the desert to Damascus, where he was joined by
Hosam-eddin Ladjin, viceroy of Syria, Modaffer, prince of Hems, and
Saifeddin, lord of Baalbec, with the respective forces under their
command. Ninety-two enormous military engines had been constructed at
Damascus, which were transported across the country by means of oxen;
and in the spring of the year, after the winter rains had subsided,
sultan Khalil marched against Acre at the head of sixty thousand horse,
and a hundred and forty thousand foot.

After the loss of Jerusalem, the city of Acre became the metropolis
of the Latin Christians, and was adorned with a vast cathedral, with
numerous stately churches, and elegant buildings, and with acqueducts,
and an artificial port. The houses of the rich merchants were decorated
with pictures and choice pieces of sculpture, and boasted of the
rare advantage of glass windows. An astonishing, and probably an
exaggerated, account has been given of the wealth and luxury of the
inhabitants. We read of silken canopies and curtains stretched on cords
to protect the lounger from the scorching sunbeams, of variegated
marble fountains, and of rich gardens and shady groves, scented with
the delicious orange blossom, and adorned with the delicate almond
flower; and we are told that the markets of the city could offer the
produce of every clime, and the interpreters of every tongue. The vast
and stupendous fortifications consisted of a double wall, strengthened
at proper intervals with lofty towers, and defended by the castle
called the King's Tower, and by the convent or fortress of the Temple.
Between the ramparts extended a large space of ground, covered with the
chateaus, villas, and gardens of the nobility of Galilee, the counts
of Tripoli and Jaffa, the lords of Tyre and Sidon, the papal legate,
the duke of Athens, and the princes of Antioch. The most magnificent
edifices within the town were, the cathedral church of St. Andrew,
the churches of St. Saba, St. Thomas, St. Nicholas, and St. John, the
tutelar saint of the city; the abbey of St. Clare, the convents of the
Knights Hospitallers and the Knights Templars, and various monasteries
and religious houses.

William de Beaujeu, the Grand Master of the Temple, a veteran warrior
of a hundred fights, took the command of the garrison, which amounted
to about twelve thousand men, exclusive of the forces of the Temple and
the Hospital, and a body of five hundred foot and two hundred horse,
under the command of the king of Cyprus. These forces were distributed
along the walls in four divisions, the first of which was commanded
by Hugh de Grandison, an English knight. The siege lasted six weeks,
during the whole of which period the sallies and the attacks were
incessant. Neither by night nor by day did the shouts of the assailants
and the noise of the military engines cease; huge stones and beams of
timber and pots of burning tar and naphtha were continually hurled into
the city; the walls were battered from without, and the foundations
were sapped by miners, who were incessantly labouring to advance their
works. More than six hundred catapults, balistae, and other instruments
of destruction, were directed against the fortifications; and the
battering machines were of such immense size and weight, that a hundred
wagons were required to transport the separate timbers of one of them.
Moveable towers were erected by the Moslems, so as to overtop the
walls; their workmen and advanced parties were protected by hurdles
covered with raw hides, and all the military contrivances which the art
and the skill of the age could produce, were used to facilitate the
assault. For a long time their utmost efforts were foiled by the valour
of the besieged, who made constant sallies upon their works, burnt
their towers and machines, and destroyed their miners. Day by day,
however, the numbers of the garrison were thinned by the sword, whilst
in the enemy's camp the places of the dead were constantly supplied by
fresh warriors from the deserts of Arabia, animated with the same wild
fanaticism in the cause of _their_ religion as that which so eminently
distinguished the military monks of the Temple.

On the 4th of May, after thirty-three days of constant fighting, the
great tower considered the key of the fortifications, and called
by the Moslems "the cursed tower," was thrown down by the military
engines. To increase the terror and distraction of the besieged, sultan
Khalil mounted three hundred drummers, with their drums, upon as many
dromedaries, and commanded them to make as much noise as possible
whenever a general assault was ordered. From the 4th to the 14th of May
the attacks were incessant. On the 15th, the double wall was forced,
and the king of Cyprus, panic-stricken, fled in the night to his
ships, and made sail for the island of Cyprus, with all his followers,
and with near three thousand of the best men of the garrison. On the
morrow the Saracens attacked the post he had deserted; they filled
up the ditch with the bodies of dead men and horses, piles of wood,
stones, and earth, and their trumpets then sounded to the assault.
Ranged under the yellow banner of Mahomet, the Mamlooks forced the
breach, and penetrated sword in hand to the very centre of the city;
but their victorious career and insulting shouts were there stopped
by the mail-clad Knights of the Temple and the Hospital, who charged
on horseback through the narrow streets, drove them back with immense
carnage, and precipitated them headlong from the walls.

At sunrise on the following morning the air resounded with the
deafening noise of drums and trumpets, and the breach was carried
and recovered several times, the military friars at last closing up
the passage with their bodies, and presenting a wall of steel to the
advance of the enemy. Loud appeals to God, and to Mahomet, to Jesus
Christ, to the Virgin Mary, to heaven and the saints, were to be heard
on all sides; and after an obstinate engagement from sunrise to sunset,
darkness put an end to the slaughter. The miners continued incessantly
to advance their operations; another wide breach was opened in the
walls, and on the third day (the 18th) the infidels made the final
assault on the side next the gate of St. Anthony. The army of the
Mamlooks was accompanied by a troop of sectaries called _Chagis_,
a set of religious fanatics, whose devotion consisted in suffering
all sorts of privations, and in sacrificing themselves in behalf of
Islam. The advance of the Mamlook cavalry to the assault was impeded
by the deep ditch, which had been imperfectly filled by the fallen
ruins and by the efforts of the soldiers, and these religious madmen
precipitated themselves headlong into the abyss and formed a bridge
with their bodies, over which the Mamlooks passed to reach the foot of
the wall. Nothing could withstand the fierce onslaught of the Moslems.
In vain were the first ranks of their cavalry laid prostrate with
the dust, and both horses and riders hurled headlong over the ruined
walls and battlements into the moat below; their fall only facilitated
the progress of those behind them, who pressed on sword in hand over
the lifeless bodies of men and horses, to attack the faint and weary
warriors guarding the breach.

The Grand Masters of the Temple and Hospital fought side by side at
the head of their knights, and for a time successfully resisted all
the efforts of the enemy. But as each knight fell beneath the keen
scimitars of the Moslems, there were none in reserve to supply his
place, whilst the vast hordes of the infidels pressed on with untiring
energy and perseverance. Brother Matthew de Clermont, Marshal of the
Hospital, after performing prodigies of valour, fell covered with
wounds, and William de Beaujeu, as a last resort, requested the Grand
Master of that order to sally out of an adjoining gateway at the
head of five hundred horse, and attack the enemy's rear. Immediately
after the Grand Master of the Temple had given these orders, he was
himself struck down by the darts and the arrows of the enemy; the
panic-stricken garrison fled to the port, and the infidels rushed
on with tremendous shouts of _Allah acbar! Allah acbar!_ "GOD is
victorious!" Thousands of panic-stricken Christians now rushed to
the sea-side, and sought with frantic violence to gain possession of
the ships and boats that rode at anchor in the port, but a frightful
storm of wind, and rain, and lightning, hung over the dark and
agitated waters of the sea; the elements themselves warred against
the poor Christians, and the loud-pealing thunder became mingled with
the din and uproar of the assault and the clash of arms. The boats
and vessels were swamped by the surging waves; and the bitter cries
of the perishing fugitives ascended alike from the sea and shore.
Thousands fled to the churches for refuge, but found none; they
prostrated themselves before the altars, and embraced the images of the
saints, but these evidences of idolatry only stimulated the merciless
fanaticism of the Moslems, and the Christians and their temples, their
images and their saints, were all consumed in the raging flames kindled
by the inexorable sons of Islam. The churches were set on fire, and the
timid virgin and the hardened voluptuary, the nun and the monk, the
priest and the bishop, all perished miserably before the altars and the
shrines which they had approached in the hour of need, but which many
of them had neglected in days of prosperity and peace. The holy nuns
of St. Clare, following the example and exhortations of their abbess,
mangled and disfigured their faces and persons in a most dreadful
manner, to preserve their chastity from violation by the barbarous
conquerors, and were gloriously rewarded with the crown of martyrdom,
by the astonished and disgusted infidels, who slaughtered without mercy
the whole sisterhood!

Three hundred Templars, the sole survivors of their order in Acre, had
kept together and successfully withstood the victorious Mamlooks. In a
close and compact column they fought their way, accompanied by several
hundred christian fugitives, to the convent of the Temple at Acre, and
shut the gates. They then assembled together in solemn chapter, and
appointed the Knight Templar, Brother GAUDINI, Grand Master. The Temple
at Acre was surrounded by walls and towers, and was a place of great
strength, and of immense extent. It was divided into three quarters,
the first and principal of which contained the palace of the Grand
Master, the church, and the habitation of the knights; the second,
called the Bourg of the Temple, contained the cells of the serving
brethren; and the third, called the Cattle Market, was devoted to the
officers charged with the duty of procuring the necessary supplies for
the order and its forces. The following morning very favourable terms
were offered to the Templars by the victorious sultan, and they agreed
to evacuate the Temple on condition that a galley should be placed at
their disposal, and that they should be allowed to retire in safety
with the christian fugitives under their protection, and to carry
away as much of their effects as each person could load himself with.
The Mussulman conqueror pledged himself to the fulfilment of these
conditions, and sent a standard to the Templars, which was mounted
on one of the towers of the Temple. A guard of three hundred Moslem
soldiers, charged to see the articles of capitulation properly carried
into effect, was afterwards admitted within the walls of the convent.
Some Christian ladies and women of Acre were amongst the fugitives,
and the Moslem soldiers, attracted by their beauty, broke through
all restraint, and violated the terms of the surrender. The enraged
Templars closed and barricaded the gates of the Temple; they set upon
the treacherous infidels, and put every one of them, "from the greatest
to the smallest," to death. Immediately after this massacre, the Moslem
trumpets sounded to the assault, but the Templars successfully defended
themselves until the next day (the 20th). The Marshal of the order and
several of the brethren were then deputed by Gaudini with a flag of
truce to the sultan, to explain the cause of the massacre of his guard.
The enraged monarch, however, had no sooner got them into his power,
than he ordered every one of them to be decapitated, and pressed the
siege with renewed vigour.

In the night, Gaudini, with a chosen band of his companions, collected
together the treasure of the order, and the ornaments of the church,
and sallying out of a secret postern of the Temple which communicated
with the harbour, they got on board a small vessel, and escaped in
safety to the island of Cyprus. The residue of the Templars retired
into the large tower of the Temple, called "The Tower of the Master,"
which they defended with desperate energy. The bravest of the Mamlooks
were driven back in repeated assaults, and the little fortress was
everywhere surrounded with heaps of the slain. The sultan, at last,
despairing of taking the place by assault, ordered it to be undermined.
As the workmen advanced, they propped the foundations with beams of
wood, and when the excavation was completed, these wooden supports were
consumed by fire; the huge tower then fell with a tremendous crash,
and buried the brave Templars in its ruins. The sultan set fire to
the town in four places; the walls, the towers, and the ramparts were
demolished, and the last stronghold of the christian power in Palestine
was speedily reduced to a smoking solitude.[140]

A few years back, the ruins of the christian city of Acre were well
worthy of the attention of the curious. You might still trace the
remains of thirty churches; and the quarter occupied by the Knights
Templars continued to present many interesting memorials of that proud
and powerful order. "The carcass," says Sandys, "shows that the body
hath been strong, doubly immured; fortified with bulwarks and towers,
to each wall a ditch lined with stone, and under those, divers secret
posterns. You would think, by the ruins, that the city consisted of
divers conjoining castles, which witness a notable defence, and an
unequal assault; and that the rage of the conquerors extended beyond
conquest; the huge walls and arches turned topsy-turvy, and lying
like rocks upon the foundation." At the period of Dr. Clarke's visit
to Acre, the ruins, with the exception of the cathedral, the arsenal,
the convent of the knights, and the palace of the Grand Master,
were so intermingled with modern buildings, and in such a state of
utter subversion, that it was difficult to afford any satisfactory
description of them. "Many superb remains were observed by us," says
he, "in the pasha's palace, in the khan, the mosque, the public bath,
the fountains, and other parts of the town, consisting of fragments of
antique marble, the shafts and capitals of granite and marble pillars,
masses of the verd antique breccia, of the ancient serpentine, and
of the syenite and trap of Egypt. In the garden of Djezzar's palace,
leading to his summer apartment, we saw some pillars of variegated
marble of extraordinary beauty."

After the fall of Acre, the head-quarters of the Templars were
established at Limisso in the island of Cyprus, and urgent letters
were sent to Europe for succour. The armies of sultan Kelaoun in the
mean time assaulted and carried Tyre, Sidon, Tortosa, Caiphas, and
the Pilgrim's Castle. The last three places belonged to the Templars,
and were stoutly defended, but they were attacked by the Egyptian
fleet by sea, and by countless armies of infidels by land, and were at
last involved in the common destruction. The Grand Master, Gaudini,
overwhelmed with sorrow and vexation at the loss of the Holy Land, and
the miserable situation of his order, stripped of all its possessions
on the Asiatic continent, died at Limisso, after a short illness, and
was succeeded (A. D. 1295) by Brother JAMES DE MOLAY, of the family of
the lords of Longvic and Raon in Burgundy. This illustrious nobleman
was at the head of the English province of the order at the period of
his election to the dignity of Grand Master. He was first appointed
Visitor-General, then Grand Preceptor of England, and was afterwards
placed at the head of the entire fraternity. During his residence in
Britain he held several chapters or assemblies of the brethren at the
Temple at London, and at the different preceptories, where he framed
and enforced various rules and regulations for the government of the
fraternity in England.[141] Shortly after his appointment to the office
of Grand Master, he crossed the sea to France, and had the honour of
holding the infant son of Philip le Bel at the baptismal font. He then
proceeded to Cyprus, carrying out with him a numerous body of English
and French Knights Templars, and a considerable amount of treasure.
Soon after his arrival he entered into an alliance with the famous
Casan Cham, emperor of the Mogul Tartars, king of Persia, and the
descendant or successor of Genghis Khan, and landed in Syria with his
knights and a body of forces, to join the standard of that powerful
monarch. Casan had married the daughter of Leon, king of Armenia, a
christian princess of extraordinary beauty, to whom he was greatly
attached, and who was permitted the enjoyment and public exercise of
the christian worship. The Tartar emperor naturally became favourably
disposed towards the Christians, and he invited the Grand Master of the
Temple to join him in an expedition against the sultan of Egypt.

In the spring of the year 1299, the Templars landed at Suadia, and made
a junction with the Tartar forces which were encamped amid the ruins
of Antioch. An army of thirty thousand men was placed by the Mogul
emperor under the command of the Grand Master, and the combined forces
moved up the valley of the Orontes towards Damascus. In a great battle
fought at Hems, the troops of the sultans of Damascus and Egypt were
entirely defeated, and pursued with great slaughter until nightfall.
Aleppo, Hems, Damascus, and all the principal cities, surrendered to
the victorious arms of the Moguls, and the Templars once again entered
Jerusalem in triumph, visited the Holy Sepulchre, and celebrated
Easter on Mount Zion. Casan sent ambassadors to the pope, and to the
sovereigns of Europe, announcing the victorious progress of his arms,
soliciting their alliance, and offering them in return the possession
of Palestine. But the Christian nations heeded not the call, and none
thought seriously of an expedition to the east excepting the ladies
of Genoa, who, frightened by an interdict which had been laid upon
their town, assumed the cross as the best means of averting the divine
indignation. The Grand Master of the Temple advanced as far as Gaza,
and drove the Saracens into the sandy deserts of Egypt; but a Saracen
chief, who had been appointed by the Tartars governor of Damascus,
instigated the Mussulman population of Syria to revolt, and the Grand
Master was obliged to retreat to Jerusalem. He was there joined by
the Tartar general, Cotulosse, who had been sent across the Euphrates
by Casan to support him. The combined armies were once more preparing
to march upon Damascus, when the sudden illness of Casan, who was
given over by his physicians, disconcerted all their arrangements, and
deprived the Grand Master of his Tartar forces. The Templars were then
compelled to retreat to the sea-coast and embark their forces on board
their galleys. The Grand Master sailed to Limisso, stationing a strong
detachment of his soldiers on the island of Aradus, near Tortosa, which
they fortified; but they were speedily attacked in that position by a
fleet of twenty vessels, and an army of ten thousand men, and after a
gallant defence they were compelled to abandon their fortifications,
and were all killed or taken prisoners.[142]

Thus ended the dominion of the Templars in Palestine, and thus
closed the long and furious struggle between the CRESCENT and the
CROSS! The few remaining Christians in the Holy Land were chased from
ruin to ruin, and exterminated. The churches, the houses, and the
fortifications along the sea-coast, were demolished, and everything
that could afford shelter and security, or invite the approach of the
crusaders from the west, was carefully destroyed. The houses were all
set on fire, the trees were cut down and burnt, the land was everywhere
laid waste, and all the maritime country, from Laodicea to Ascalon, was
made desert. "Every trace of the Franks," says the Arabian chronicler,
Ibn Ferat, "was removed, and thus it shall remain, please God, till the
day of judgment!"[143]

Near six centuries have swept over Palestine since the termination
of the wars of the cross, and the land still continues _desolate_.
The proud memorials of past magnificence are painfully contrasted
with present ruin and decay, and the remains of the rich and populous
cities of antiquity are surrounded by uncultivated deserts. God hath
said, "I will smite the land with a _curse_. I will bring the worst
of the heathen and they shall possess it." "Thorns shall come up in
her palaces, nettles and brambles in the fortresses thereof, and the
defenced city shall be left desolate, and the habitation forsaken, and
left like a wilderness."

"The fig-tree shall not blossom, neither shall fruit be on the vine;
the labour of the olive shall fail, and the fields shall yield no meat;
the flock shall be cut off from the fold, and there shall be no herd
in the stall." But brighter and happier times are yet to come, for the
Lord God hath also said, "To the mountains of Israel, to the hills, and
to the rivers, to the valleys, and the desolate wastes, and the cities
that are forsaken, which became a prey and a derision to the heathen.
Behold I am for you, I will turn unto you, and ye shall be tilled and
sown, and I will multiply men upon you, and they shall build up the
old waste cities, the desolation of many generations!"

"In the land of Benjamin, and in the places about Jerusalem, and in the
cities of Judah, _shall the flocks pass again under the hand of him
that telleth them, saith_ THE LORD!"




CHAPTER VII.

    The downfall of the Templars--The cause thereof--The Grand Master
    comes to Europe at the request of the pope--He is imprisoned, with
    all the Templars in France, by command of king Philip--They are
    put to the torture, and confessions of the guilt of heresy and
    idolatry are extracted from them--Edward II., king of England,
    stands up in defence of the Templars, but afterwards persecutes
    them at the instance of the pope--The imprisonment of the Master of
    the Temple and all his brethren in England--Their examination upon
    eighty-seven horrible and ridiculous articles of accusation before
    foreign inquisitors appointed by the pope--The curious evidence
    adduced as to the mode of admission into the order, and of the
    customs and observances of the fraternity--The Templars in France
    having revoked their rack-extorted confessions, are treated as
    relapsed heretics, and burnt at the stake--Solitary confinement of
    the Templars in England in separate dungeons--Torture--Confessions
    and recantations--The Master of the Temple at London dies in the
    Tower--The Grand Master is burnt at the stake--The abolition of the
    order and disposal of its property.

    En cel an qu'ai dist or endroit,
    Et ne sait a tort ou a droit,
    Furent li Templiers, sans doutance,
    Tous pris par le royaume de France.
    Au mois d'Octobre, au point du jor,
    Et un vendredi fu le jor.

                          _Chron. MS._


It now only remains for us to relate the miserable and cruel fate of
the surviving brethren of the order of the Temple, and to tell of the
ingratitude they encountered at the hands of their fellow-Christians in
the West. After the loss of all the christian territory in Palestine,
and the destruction of every serious hope of recovering and retaining
the Holy City, the services of the Templars ceased to be required, and
men began to regard with an eye of covetousness their vast wealth and
immense possessions. The clergy regarded with jealousy and indignation
their removal from the ordinary ecclesiastical jurisdiction, their
exemption from tithe, and the privilege they possessed of celebrating
divine service during interdict; and their hostility to the order
was manifested in repeated acts of injustice, which drew forth many
severe bulls from the Roman pontiffs.[144] The Templars, moreover,
became unpopular with the European sovereigns and their nobles. The
revenues of the former were somewhat diminished through the immunities
conceded to the order by their predecessors, and the paternal estates
of the latter had been diminished by the grant of many thousand
manors, lordships, and fair estates to the fraternity by their pious
and enthusiastic ancestors. Considerable dislike also began to be
manifested to the annual transmission of large sums of money, the
revenues of the Templars, from the European states, to be expended in a
distant warfare in which Christendom now took comparatively no interest.

Shortly after the fall of Acre, and the total loss of Palestine,
Edward I., king of England, seized and sequestered to his own use
the monies which had been accumulated by the Templars, to forward to
their brethren in Cyprus, alleging that the property of the order
had been granted to it by the kings of England, his predecessors,
and their subjects, for the defence of the Holy Land, and that since
the loss thereof, no better use could, be made of the money than by
appropriating it to the maintenance of the poor. At the earnest request
of the pope, however, the king afterwards permitted their revenues to
be transmitted to them in the island of Cyprus in the usual manner.
King Edward had previously manifested a strong desire to lay hands
on the property of the Templars. On his return from his victorious
campaign in Wales, finding himself unable to disburse the arrears of
pay due to his soldiers, he went with Sir Robert Waleran and some armed
followers to the Temple, and calling for the treasurer, he pretended
that he wanted to see his mother's jewels, which were there kept.
Having been admitted to the house, he deliberately broke open the
coffers of the Templars, and carried away ten thousand pounds with him
to Windsor Castle. His son, Edward II, on his accession to the throne,
committed a similar act of injustice. He went with his favourite,
Piers Gaveston, to the Temple, and took away with him fifty thousand
pounds of silver, with a quantity of gold, jewels, and precious stones,
belonging to the bishop of Chester. The impunity with which these acts
of violence were committed, manifests that the Templars then no longer
enjoyed the power and respect which they possessed in ancient times.

As the enthusiasm, too, in favour of the holy war diminished,
large numbers of the fraternity remained at home in their western
preceptories, and took an active part in the politics of Europe. They
interfered in the quarrels of christian princes, and even drew their
swords against their fellow-Christians. Thus we find the members of the
order taking part in the war between the houses of Anjou and Aragon,
and aiding the king of England in his warfare against the king of
Scotland. In the battle of Falkirk, fought on the 22nd of July, A. D.
1298, seven years after the fall of Acre, perished both the Master of
the Temple at London, and his vicegerent the Preceptor of Scotland. All
these circumstances, together with the loss of the Holy Land, and the
extinction of the enthusiasm of the crusades, diminished the popularity
of the Templars. The rolls of the English parliament about this time
begin to teem with complaints and petitions from the fraternity, of the
infringement of their charters, franchises, liberties, and privileges,
in all parts of the realm.[145]

At the period of the fall of Acre, Philip the Fair, son of St. Louis,
occupied the throne of France. He was a needy and avaricious monarch,
and had at different periods resorted to the most violent expedients
to replenish his exhausted exchequer. On the death of pope Benedict
XI., (A. D. 1304,) he succeeded, through the intrigues of the French
Cardinal Dupre, in raising the archbishop of Bordeaux, a creature
of his own, to the pontifical chair. The new pope removed the holy
see from Rome to France; he summoned all the cardinals to Lyons, and
was there consecrated, (A. D. 1305,) by the name of Clement V., in
the presence of king Philip and his nobles. Of the ten new cardinals
then created, _nine_ were Frenchmen, and in all his acts the new pope
manifested himself the obedient slave of the French monarch. The
character of this pontiff has been painted by the Romish ecclesiastical
historians in the darkest colours.

On the 6th of June, A. D. 1306, a few months after his coronation, he
addressed letters from Bordeaux to the Grand Masters of the Temple and
Hospital at Limisso, in the island of Cyprus, expressing his earnest
desire to consult them with regard to the measures necessary to be
taken for the recovery of the Holy Land. He tells them that they are
the persons best qualified to give advice upon the subject, and to
conduct and manage the enterprise, both from their great military
experience and the interest they had in the success of the expedition.
"We order you," says he, "to come hither without delay, with as much
secrecy as possible, and with a very little retinue, since you will
find on this side the sea a sufficient number of your knights to attend
upon you." The Grand Master of the Hospital declined obeying this
summons; but the Grand Master of the Temple forthwith accepted it, and
unhesitatingly placed himself in the power of the pope and the king of
France. He landed in France, attended by sixty of his knights, at the
commencement of the year 1307, and deposited the treasure of the order,
which he had brought with him from Cyprus, in the Temple at Paris. He
was received with distinction by the king, and then took his departure
for Poictiers to have an interview with the pope.

The secret agents of the French king immediately circulated various
dark rumours and odious reports concerning the Templars. According
to some writers, Squin de Florian, a citizen of Bezieres, who had
been condemned to death or perpetual imprisonment in one of the
royal castles for his iniquities, was brought before king Philip,
and received a free pardon, and was well rewarded, in return for
an accusation on oath, charging the Templars with heresy, and with
the commission of the most horrible crimes. According to others,
Nosso de Florentin, an apostate Templar, who had been condemned by
the Grand Preceptor and chapter of France to perpetual imprisonment
for impiety and crime, made in his dungeon a voluntary confession
of the sins and abominations charged against the order. Be this as
it may, upon the strength of an information sworn to by a condemned
criminal, king Philip, on the 14th of September, despatched secret
letters to all the baillis of the different provinces in France,
accusing the Templars of infidelity; of mocking the sacred image of
the Saviour; of sacrificing to idols; and of abandoning themselves to
impure practices and unnatural crimes! "We being charged," says he,
"with the maintenance of the faith; after having conferred with the
pope, the prelates, and the barons of the kingdom, at the instance
of the inquisitor, from the informations already laid, from violent
suspicions, from probable conjectures, from legitimate presumptions,
conceived against the enemies of heaven and earth! and because the
matter is important, and it is expedient to prove the just like gold in
the furnace, by a rigorous examination, have decreed that the members
of the order who are our subjects shall be arrested and detained to be
judged by the church, and that all their real and personal property
shall be seized into our hands!" &c. The baillis and seneschals were
required accurately to inform themselves, with great secrecy, and
without exciting suspicion, of the number of the houses of the Temple
within their respective jurisdictions; to provide an armed force
sufficient to overcome all resistance, and on the 13th of October to
surprise the Templars in their preceptories, and make them prisoners.
The inquisition is then directed to assemble to examine the guilty,
and to employ TORTURE if it be necessary. "Before proceeding with the
inquiry," says Philip, "you are to inform them (the Templars) that the
pope and ourselves have been convinced, by irreproachable testimony, of
the errors and abominations which accompany their vows and profession;
you are to promise them _pardon_ and _favour_ if they CONFESS the
truth, but if not, you are to acquaint them that they will be condemned
to death."

As soon as Philip had issued these orders, he wrote to the principal
sovereigns of Europe, urging them to follow his example, and sent a
confidential agent, named Bernard Peletin, with a letter to the young
king, Edward the Second, who had just then ascended the throne of
England, representing in frightful colours the pretended sins of the
Templars. On the 22nd of September, (A. D. 1306,) king Edward replied
to this letter, observing that he had considered of the matters
mentioned therein, and had listened to the statements of that discreet
man, Master Bernard Peletin; that he had caused the latter to unfold
the charges before himself, and many prelates, earls, and barons of
his kingdom, and others of his council; but that they appeared so
astonishing as to be beyond belief; that such abominable and execrable
deeds had never before been heard of by the king, and the aforesaid
prelates, earls, and barons, and it was therefore hardly to be expected
that an easy credence could be given to them. The English monarch,
however, informs king Philip, that by the advice of his council he had
ordered the seneschal of Agen, from whose lips the rumours were said to
have proceeded, to be summoned to his presence, that through him he
might be further informed concerning the premises; and he states that,
at the fitting time, after due inquiry, he will take such steps as will
redound to the praise of God, and the honour and preservation of the
catholic faith.[146]

On the night of the 13th of October, all the Templars in the French
dominions were simultaneously arrested. Monks were appointed to preach
against them in the public places of Paris, and in the gardens of the
Palais Royal; and advantage was taken of the folly, the superstition,
and the credulity of the age, to propagate the most horrible and
extravagant charges against them. They were accused of worshipping an
idol covered with an old skin, embalmed, having the appearance of a
piece of polished oil-cloth. "In this idol," we are assured, "there
were two carbuncles for eyes, bright as the brightness of heaven, and
it is certain that all the hope of the Templars was placed in it; it
was their sovereign god, and they trusted in it with all their heart."
They are accused of burning the bodies of the deceased brethren, and
making the ashes into a powder, which they administered to the younger
brethren in their food and drink, to make them hold fast their faith
and idolatry; of cooking and roasting infants, and anointing their
idols with the fat; of celebrating hidden rites and mysteries, to
which young and tender virgins were introduced, and of a variety of
abominations too absurd and horrible to be named. Guillaume Paradin, in
his history of Savoy, seriously repeats these monstrous accusations,
and declares that the Templars had "un lieu creux ou cave en terre,
fort obscur, en laquelle ils avoient un image en forme d'un homme, sur
lequel ils avoient applique la peau d'un corps humain, et mis deux
clairs et luisans escarboucles au lieu des deux yeux. A cette horrible
statue etoient contraints de sacrifier ceux qui vouloient etre de leur
damnable religion, lesquels avant toutes ceremonies ils contragnoient
de renier Jesus Christ, et fouler la croix avec les pieds, et apres ce
maudit sacre auquel assistoient femmes et filles (seduites pour etre
de ce secte) ils estegnoient les lampes et lumieres qu'ils avoient
en cett cave.... Et s'il advenoit que d'un Templier et d'un pucelle
nasquit un fils, ils se rangoient tous en un rond, et se jettoient
cet enfant de main en main, et ne cessoient de le jetter jusqu'a ce
qu'il fu mort entre leurs mains; etant mort ils se rotissoient (chose
execrable) et de la graisse ils en ognoient leur grand statue!" The
character of the charges preferred against the Templars proves that
their enemies had no serious crimes to allege against the order. Their
very virtues, indeed, were turned against them, for we are told that,
"to conceal the iniquity of their lives, they made much almsgiving,
constantly frequented church, comported themselves with edification,
frequently partook of the holy sacrament, and manifested always much
modesty and gentleness of deportment in the house, as well as in
public."

During twelve days of severe imprisonment, the Templars remained
constant in the denial of the horrible crimes imputed to the
fraternity. The king's promises of pardon extracted from them no
confession of guilt, and they were therefore handed over to the tender
mercies of the brethren of St. Dominic, who were the most refined
and expert torturers of the day. On the 19th of October, the grand
inquisitor proceeded with his myrmidons to the Temple at Paris, and a
hundred and forty Templars were one after another put to the torture.
Days and weeks were consumed in the examination, and thirty-six
Templars perished in the hands of their tormentors, maintaining, with
unshaken constancy to the very last, the entire innocence of their
order! Many of them lost the use of their feet from the application
of the torture of fire, which was inflicted in the following
manner:--their legs were fastened in an iron frame, and the soles of
their feet were greased over with fat or butter; they were then placed
before the fire, and a screen was drawn backwards and forwards, so as
to moderate and regulate the heat. Such was the agony produced by this
roasting operation, that the victim often went raving mad. Brother
Bernarde de Vado, on subsequently revoking a confession of guilt,
wrung from him by this description of torment, says to the commissary
of police, before whom he was brought to be examined, "They held me
so long before a fierce fire that the flesh was burnt off my heels,
two pieces of bone came away, which I present to you."[147] Another
Templar, on publicly revoking his confession, declared that four of his
teeth were drawn out, and that he confessed himself guilty to save the
remainder. Others of the fraternity deposed to the infliction on them
of the most revolting and indecent torments;[148] and, in addition to
all this, it appears that forged letters from the Grand Master were
shown to the prisoners, exhorting them to confess themselves guilty!
Many of the Templars were accordingly compelled to acknowledge whatever
was required of them, and to plead guilty to the commission of crimes
which, in the previous interrogatories, they had positively denied.

These violent proceedings excited the astonishment of Europe. On the
20th of November, the king of England summoned the seneschal of Agen
to his presence, and examined him concerning the truth of the horrible
charges preferred against the Templars; and on the 4th of December,
the English monarch wrote letters to the kings of Portugal, Castile,
Aragon, and Sicily, to the following effect:--"To the magnificent
prince the Lord Dionysius, by the grace of God the illustrious king
of Portugal, his very dear friend, Edward, by the same grace king of
England, &c. Health and prosperity. It is fit and proper, inasmuch as
it conduceth to the honour of God and the exaltation of the faith,
that we should prosecute with benevolence those who come recommended
to us by strenuous labours and incessant exertions in defence of the
Catholic faith, and for the destruction of the enemies of the cross of
Christ. Verily, a certain clerk (Bernard Peletin,) drawing nigh unto
our presence, applied himself, with all his might, to the destruction
of the order of the brethren of the Temple of Jerusalem. He dared to
publish before us and our council certain horrible and detestable
enormities repugnant to the Catholic faith, to the prejudice of the
aforesaid brothers, endeavouring to persuade us, through his own
allegations, as well as through certain letters which he had caused to
be addressed to us for that purpose, that by reason of the premises,
and without a due examination of the matter, we ought to imprison all
the brethren of the aforesaid order abiding in our dominions. But,
considering that the order, which hath been renowned for its religion
and its honour, and in times long since passed away was instituted,
as we have learned, by the Catholic Fathers, exhibits, and hath from
the period of its first foundation exhibited, a becoming devotion to
God and his holy church, and also, up to this time, hath afforded
succour and protection to the Catholic faith in parts beyond sea, it
appeared to us that a ready belief in an accusation of this kind,
hitherto altogether unheard of against the fraternity, was scarcely to
be expected. We affectionately ask, and require of your royal majesty,
that ye, with due diligence, consider of the premises, and turn a
deaf ear to the slanders of ill-natured men, who are animated, as we
believe, not with a zeal of rectitude, but with a spirit of _cupidity_
and envy, permitting no injury unadvisedly to be done to the persons or
property of the brethren of the aforesaid order, dwelling within your
kingdom, until they have been legally convicted of the crimes laid to
their charge, or it shall happen to be otherwise ordered concerning
them in these parts."

A few days after the transmission of this letter, king Edward wrote
to the pope, expressing his disbelief of the horrible and detestable
rumours spread abroad concerning the Templars. He represents them
to his holiness as universally respected by all men in his dominions
for the purity of their faith and morals. He expresses great sympathy
for the affliction and distress suffered by the Master and brethren,
by reason of the scandal circulated concerning them; and he strongly
urges the holy pontiff to clear, by some fair course of inquiry,
the character of the order from the unjust and infamous aspersions
cast against it.[149] On the 22nd of November, however, a fortnight
previously, the pope had issued the following bull to king Edward.
"Clement, bishop, servant of the servants of God, to his very dear
son in Christ, Edward, the illustrious king of England, health and
apostolical blessing.

"Presiding, though unworthy, on the throne of pastoral pre-eminence,
by the disposition of him who disposeth all things, we fervently seek
after this one thing above all others; we with ardent wishes aspire
to this, that shaking off the sleep of negligence, whilst watching
over the Lord's flock, by removing that which is hurtful, and taking
care of such things as are profitable, we may be able, by the divine
assistance, to bring souls to God. In truth, a long time ago, about
the period of our first promotion to the summit of the apostolical
dignity, there came to our ears a light rumour to the effect that the
Templars, though fighting ostensibly under the guise of religion, have
hitherto been secretly living in perfidious apostasy, and in detestable
heretical depravity. But, considering that their order, in times long
since passed away, shone forth with the grace of much nobility and
honour, and that they were for a length of time held in vast reverence
by the faithful, and that we had then heard of no suspicion concerning
the premises, or of evil report against them; and also, that from the
beginning of their religion, they have publicly borne the cross of
Christ, exposing their bodies and goods against the enemies of the
faith, for the acquisition, retention, and defence of the Holy Land,
consecrated by the precious blood of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ,
we were unwilling to yield a ready belief to the accusation...."

The holy pontiff then states, that afterwards, however, the same
dreadful intelligence was conveyed to the king of France, who, animated
by a lively zeal in the cause of religion, took immediate steps to
ascertain its truth. He describes the various confessions of the guilt
of idolatry and heresy made by the Templars in France, and requires the
king forthwith to cause all the Templars in his dominions to be taken
into custody on the same day. He directs him to hold them, in the name
of the pope, at the disposition of the Holy See, and to commit all
their real and personal property to the hands of certain trustworthy
persons, to be faithfully preserved until the holy pontiff shall give
further directions concerning it. King Edward received this bull
immediately after he had despatched his letter to the pope, exhorting
his holiness not to give ear to the accusations against the order.
The young king was now either convinced of the guilt of the Templars,
on the high authority of the sovereign pontiff, or hoped to turn the
proceedings against them to a profitable account, as he yielded a ready
and prompt compliance with the pontifical commands. An order in council
was made for the arrest of the Templars, and the seizure of their
property. Inventories were directed to be taken of their goods and
chattels, and provision was made for the sowing and tilling of their
lands during the period of their imprisonment.

On the 26th of December the king wrote to the pope, informing his
holiness that he would carry his commands into execution in the best
and speediest way that he could; and on the 8th of January, A. D. 1308,
the Templars were suddenly arrested in all parts of England, and their
property was seized into the king's hands. Brother William de la More
was at this period Master of the Temple, or Preceptor of England. He
succeeded the Master Brian le Jay, who was slain, as before mentioned,
in the battle of Falkirk, and was taken prisoner, together with all
his brethren of the Temple at London, and committed to close custody in
Canterbury Castle. He was afterwards liberated on bail at the instance
of the bishop of Durham.[150]

On the 12th of August, the pope addressed the bull _faciens
misericordiam_ to the English bishops as follows:--"Clement, bishop,
servant of the servants of God, to the venerable brethren the
archbishop of Canterbury, and his suffragans, health and apostolical
benediction. The Son of God, the Lord Jesus Christ, using mercy with
his servant, would have us taken up into the eminent mirror of the
apostleship, to this end, that being, though unworthy, his vicar upon
earth, we may, as far as human frailty will permit in all our actions
and proceedings, follow his footsteps." He describes the rumours
which had been spread abroad in France against the Templars, and his
unwillingness to believe them, "because it was not likely, nor did seem
credible, that such religious men, who continually shed their blood
for the name of Christ, and were thought to expose their persons to
danger of death for his sake; and who often showed many and great signs
of devotion, as well in the divine offices as in fasting and other
observances, should be so unmindful of their salvation as to perpetrate
such things; we were unwilling to give ear to the insinuations and
impeachments against them, being taught so to do by the example of
the same Lord of ours, and the writings of canonical doctrine. But
afterwards, our most dear son in Christ, Philip, the illustrious king
of the French, to whom the same crimes had been made known, _not
from motives of avarice_, (since he does not design to apply or to
appropriate to himself any portion of the estates of the Templars,
nay, has washed his hands of them!) but inflamed with zeal for the
orthodox faith, following the renowned footsteps of his ancestors,
getting what information he properly could upon the premises, gave
us much instruction in the matter by his messengers and letters." The
holy pontiff then gives a long account of the various confessions made
in France, and of the absolution granted to such of the Templars as
were truly contrite and penitent; he expresses his conviction of the
guilt of the order, and makes provision for the trial of the fraternity
in England. King Edward in the mean time, had begun to make free with
their property, and the pope, on the 4th of October, wrote to him to
the following effect:

"Your conduct begins again to afford us no slight cause of affliction,
inasmuch as it hath been brought to our knowledge from the report of
several barons, that in contempt of the Holy See, and without fear of
offending the divine Majesty, you have, of your own sole authority,
distributed to different persons the property which belonged formerly
to the order of the Temple in your dominions, which you had got into
your hands at our command, and which ought to have remained at our
disposition.... We have therefore ordained that certain fit and proper
persons shall be sent into your kingdom, and to all parts of the world
where the Templars are known to have had property, to take possession
of the same conjointly with certain prelates specially deputed to that
end, and to make an inquisition concerning the execrable excesses
which the members of the order are said to have committed."[151] To
this letter of the supreme pontiff, king Edward sent the following
short and pithy reply:--"As to the goods of the Templars, we have done
nothing with them up to the present time, nor do we intend to do with
them aught but what we have a right to do, and what we know will be
acceptable to the Most High."

On the 13th of September, A. D. 1309, the king granted letters of safe
conduct "to those discreet men, the abbot of Lagny, in the diocese of
Paris, and Master Sicard de Vaur, canon of Narbonne," the inquisitors
appointed by the pope to examine the Grand Preceptor and brethren of
the Temple in England; and the same day he wrote to the archbishop of
Canterbury, and the bishops of London and Lincoln, enjoining them to
be personally present with the papal inquisitors, at their respective
sees, as often as such inquisitors, or any one of them, should proceed
with their inquiries against the Templars.[152]

Among the prisoners confined in the Tower were Brother William de la
More, Knight, Grand Preceptor of England, otherwise Master of the
Temple; Brother Himbert Blanke, Knight, Grand Preceptor of Auvergne,
one of the veteran warriors who had fought to the last in defence of
Palestine, had escaped the slaughter at Acre, and had accompanied
the Grand Master from Cyprus to France, whence he crossed over to
England, and was rewarded for his meritorious and memorable services,
in defence of the christian faith, with a dungeon in the Tower. Brother
_Radulph de Barton_, priest of the order of the Temple, custos or
guardian of the Temple church, and prior of London; Brother _Michael
de Baskeville_, Knight, Preceptor of London; Brother _John de Stoke_,
Knight, Treasurer of the Temple at London; together with many other
knights and serving brethren of the same house. There were also in
custody in the Tower the Knights Preceptors of the preceptories of
Ewell in Kent, of Daney and Dokesworth in Cambridgeshire, of Getinges
in Gloucestershire, of Cumbe in Somersetshire, of Schepeley in Surrey,
of Samford and Bistelesham in Oxfordshire, of Garwy in Herefordshire,
of Cressing in Essex, of Pafflet, Huppleden, and other preceptories,
together with several priests and chaplains of the order. A general
scramble appears to have taken place for possession of the goods
and chattels of the imprisoned Templars; and the king, to check the
robberies that were committed, appointed Alan de Goldyngham and John
de Medefeld to inquire into the value of the property that had been
carried off, and to inform him of the names of the parties who had
obtained possession of it. The sheriffs of the different counties were
also directed to summon juries, through whom the truth might he better
obtained.[153]

On the 22nd of September, the archbishop of Canterbury, acting in
obedience to the papal commands, before a single witness had been
examined in England, caused to be published in all churches and
chapels a papal bull, wherein the pope declares himself perfectly
convinced of the guilt of the order, and solemnly denounces the
penalty of excommunication against all persons, of whatever rank,
station, or condition in life, whether clergy or laity, who should
knowingly afford, either publicly or privately, assistance, counsel, or
kindness to the Templars, or should dare to shelter them, or give them
countenance or protection, and also laying under interdict all cities,
castles, lands and places, which should harbour any of the members of
the proscribed order! At the commencement of the month of October, the
inquisitors arrived in England, and immediately published the bull
appointing the commission, enjoining the citation of criminals, and of
witnesses, and denouncing the heaviest ecclesiastical censures against
the disobedient, and against every person who should dare to impede the
inquisitors in the exercise of their functions. Citations were made in
St. Paul's Cathedral, and in all the churches of the ecclesiastical
province of Canterbury, at the end of high mass, requiring the Templars
to appear before the inquisitors at a certain time and place, and
the articles of accusation were transmitted to the constable of the
Tower, in Latin, French, and English, to be read to all the Templars
imprisoned in that fortress.

On Monday, the 20th of October, after the Templars had been languishing
in the English prisons for more than a year and eight months, the
tribunal constituted by the pope to take the inquisition in the
province of Canterbury assembled in the episcopal hall of London. It
was composed of the bishop of London Dieudonne, abbot of the monastery
of Lagny, in the diocese of Paris, and Sicard de Vaur, canon of
Narbonne, the pope's chaplain, and hearer of causes in the pontifical
palace. They were assisted by several foreign notaries. After the
reading of the papal bulls, and some preliminary proceedings, the
articles of accusation, a monument of human folly, superstition, and
credulity, were solemnly exhibited. It was urged against the Templars:
"1. That at their first reception into the order, or at some time
afterwards, or as soon as an opportunity occurred, they were induced
or admonished by those who had received them within the bosom of the
fraternity, to deny Christ or Jesus, or the crucifixion, or at one
time God, and at another time the blessed Virgin, and sometimes all
the saints.--5. That the receivers told and instructed those that
were received, that Christ was not the true God, or sometimes Jesus,
or sometimes the person crucified.--7. That they said he had not
suffered for the redemption of mankind, nor been crucified but for
his own sins.--9. That they made those they received into the order
spit upon the cross, or upon the sign or figure of the cross, or the
image of Christ.--10. That they caused the cross itself to be trampled
under foot.--11. That the brethren themselves did sometimes trample on
the same cross.--12. Item quod mingebant interdum, et alios mingere
faciebant, super ipsam crucem.--14. That they worshipped a cat, which
was placed in the midst of the congregation.--16. That they did not
believe the sacrament of the altar nor the other sacraments of the
church.--24. That they believed, and so it was told them, that the
Grand Master of the order could absolve them from their sins.--25. That
the visitor could do so.--26. That the preceptors, of whom many were
laymen, could do it.--36. That the receptions of the brethren were made
clandestinely.--37. That none were present but the brothers of the
said order.--38. That for this reason there has for a long time been a
vehement suspicion against them."

The succeeding articles charge the Templars with crimes and abominations
too horrible and disgusting to be named.

"46. That the brothers themselves had idols in every province, viz.
heads; some of which had three faces, and some one, and some a man's
skull.--47. That they adored that idol, or those idols, especially
in their great chapters and assemblies--48. That they worshipped
them.--49. As their God.--50. As their Saviour.--51. That some of them
did so.--52. That the greater part did.--53. They said that those
heads could save them.--54. That they could produce riches.--55. That
they had given to the order all its wealth.--56. That they caused
the earth to bring forth seed.--57. That they made the trees to
nourish.--58. That they bound or touched the heads of the said idols
with cords, wherewith they bound themselves about their shirts, or
next their skins.--59. That at their reception the aforesaid little
cords, or others of the same length, were delivered to each of the
brothers.--60. That they did this in worship of their idols.--61. That
it was enjoined them to gird themselves with the said little cords, as
before mentioned, and continually to wear them.--62. That the brethren
of the order were generally received in that manner.--63. That they did
these things out of devotion.--64. That they did them everywhere.--65.
That the greater part did.--66. That those who refused the things above
mentioned at their reception, or to observe them afterwards, were
killed or cast into prison."[154] The remaining articles, twenty-one in
number, are directed principally to the mode of confession practised
amongst the fraternity, and to matters of heretical depravity.--Such an
accusation as this, justly remarks Voltaire, _destroys itself_.

Brother William de la More, and thirty more of his brethren, being
interrogated before the inquisitors, positively denied the guilt of
the order, and affirmed that the Templars who had made the confession
alluded to in France _had lied_. They were ordered to be brought up
separately to be examined. On the 23rd of October, Brother William
Raven, being interrogated as to the mode of his reception into the
order, states that he was admitted by Brother William de la More, the
Master of the Temple at Temple Coumbe, in the diocese of Bath; that he
petitioned the brethren of the Temple that they would be pleased to
receive him into the order to serve God and the blessed Virgin Mary,
and to end his life in their service; that he was asked if he had a
firm wish so to do; and replied that he had; that two brothers then
expounded to him the strictness and severity of the order, and told him
that he would not be allowed to act after his own will, but must follow
the will of the preceptor; that if he wished to do one thing, he would
be ordered to do another; and that if he wished to be at one place,
he would be sent to another; that having promised so to act, he swore
upon the holy gospels of God to obey the Master, to hold no property,
to preserve chastity, never to consent that any man should be unjustly
despoiled of his heritage, and never to lay violent hands on any man,
except in self-defence, or upon the Saracens. He states that the oath
was administered to him in the chapel of the preceptory of Temple
Coumbe, in the presence only of the brethren of the order; that the
rule was read over to him by one of the brothers, and that a learned
serving brother, named John de Walpole, instructed him, for the space
of one month, upon the matters contained in it. The prisoner was then
taken back to the Tower, and was directed to be strictly separated from
his brethren, and not to be suffered to speak to any one of them.

The next two days (October 24th and 25th) were taken up with a similar
examination of Brothers Hugh de Tadecastre and Thomas le Chamberleyn,
who gave precisely the same account of their reception as the previous
witness. Brother Hugh de Tadecastre added, that he swore to succour
the Holy Land with all his might, and defend it against the enemies of
the christian faith; and that after he had taken the customary oaths
and the three vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience, the mantle of
the order with the cross and the coif were delivered to him in the
church, in the presence of the Master, the knights, and the brothers,
all seculars being excluded. Brother Thomas le Chamberleyn added, that
there was the same mode of reception in England as beyond sea, and the
same mode of taking the vows; that all seculars were excluded, and that
when he himself entered the Temple church to be professed, the door
by which he entered was closed after him; that there was another door
looking into the cemetery, but that no stranger could enter that way.
On being asked why none but the brethren of the order were permitted to
be present at the reception and profession of brothers, he said he knew
of no reason, but that it was so written in their book of rules.

Between the 25th of October and the 17th of November, thirty-three
knights, chaplains, and serving brothers, were examined, all of whom
positively denied every article imputing crime or infidelity to their
order. When Brother Himbert Blanke was asked why they had made the
reception and profession of brethren secret, he replied, "through our
own unaccountable folly." They avowed that they wore little cords
round their shirts, but for no bad end; they declared that they never
touched idols with them, but that they were worn by way of penance, or
according to a knight of forty-three years standing, by the instruction
of the holy father St. Bernard. Brother Richard de Goldyngham says that
he knows nothing further about them than that they were called girdles
of chastity. They state that the receivers and the party received
kissed one another on the face, but everything else regarding the
kissing was false, abominable, and had never been done.

Radulph de Barton, priest of the order of the Temple, and custos or
guardian of the Temple church at London, stated, with regard to Article
24, that the Grand Master in chapter could absolve the brothers from
offences committed against the rules and observances of the order, but
not from private sin, as he was not a priest; that it was perfectly
true that those who were received into the order swore not to reveal
the secrets of the chapter, and that when any one was punished in the
chapter, those who were present at it durst not reveal it to such as
were absent; but if any brother revealed the mode of his reception,
he would be deprived of his chamber, or else stripped of his habit.
He declares that the brethren were not prohibited from confessing to
priests not belonging to the order of the Temple; and that he had never
heard of the crimes and iniquities mentioned in the articles of inquiry
previous to his arrest, except as regarded the charges made against
the order by Bernard Peletin, when he came to England from king Philip
of France. He states that he had been custos of the Temple church
at London for ten years, and for the last two years had enjoyed the
dignity of preceptor at the same place. He was asked about the death
of Brother Walter le Bachelor, knight, formerly Preceptor of Ireland,
who died in the Temple at London, but he declares that he knows nothing
about it, except that the said Walter was fettered and placed in
prison, and there died; that he certainly had heard that great severity
had been practised towards him, but that he had not meddled with the
affair on account of the danger of so doing; he admitted also that the
aforesaid Walter was not buried in the cemetery of the Temple, as he
was considered excommunicated on account of his disobedience of his
superior, and of the rule of the order.

Many of the brethren thus examined had been from twenty to thirty,
forty, forty-two, and forty-three years in the order, and some were old
veteran warriors who had fought for many a long year in the thirsty
plains of Palestine. Brother Himbert Blanke, Knight, Preceptor of
Auvergne, had been in the order thirty-eight years. He was received
at the city of Tyre, had been engaged in constant warfare against the
infidels, and had fought to the last in defence of Acre. Brother Robert
le Scott, Knight, a brother of twenty-six years' standing, had been
received at the Pilgrim's Castle, the famous fortress of the Knights
Templars in Palestine, by the Grand Master, Brother William de Beaujeu,
the hero who died so gloriously at the head of his knights at the last
siege and storming of Acre. He states that from levity of disposition
he quitted the order after it had been driven out of Palestine, and
absented himself for two years, during which period he came to Rome,
and confessed to the pope's penitentiary, who imposed on him a heavy
penance, and enjoined him to return to his brethren in the East, and
that he went back and resumed his habit at Nicosia in the island of
Cyprus, and was re-admitted to the order by command of the Grand
Master, James de Molay. He adds, also, that Brother Himbert Blanke (the
previous witness) was present at his first reception at the Pilgrim's
Castle.

On the 22nd day of the inquiry, the following entry was made on the
record of the proceedings:--"Memorandum. Brothers Philip de Mewes,
Thomas de Burton, and Thomas de Staundon, were advised and earnestly
exhorted to abandon their religious profession, who severally replied
that they would rather die than do so." On the 19th and 20th of
November, seven lay witnesses, unconnected with the order, were
examined before the inquisitors in the chapel of the monastery of the
Holy Trinity. Master William le Dorturer, notary public, declared that
the Templars rose at midnight, and held their chapters before dawn, and
he _thought_ that the mystery and secrecy of the receptions were owing
to a bad rather than a good motive, but declared that he had never
observed that they had acquired, or had attempted to acquire, anything
unjustly. Master Gilbert de Bruere, clerk, said that he had never
suspected them of anything worse than an excessive correction of the
brethren. William Lambert, formerly a "messenger of the Temple," knew
nothing bad of the Templars, and thought them perfectly innocent of all
the matters alluded to. And Richard de Barton, priest, and Radulph de
Rayndon, an old man, both declared that they knew nothing of the order,
or of the members of it, but what was good and honourable.

On the 25th of November, a provincial council of the church, composed
of the bishops, abbots, priors, heads of colleges, and all the
principal clergy, assembled in St. Paul's Cathedral, and a papal bull
was read, in which the holy pontiff dwells most pathetically upon the
awful sins of the Templars, and their great and tremendous fall from
their previous high estate. Hitherto, says he, they have been renowned
throughout the world as the special champions of the faith, and the
chief defenders of the Holy Land, whose affairs have been mainly
regulated by those brothers. The church, following them and their order
with the plenitude of its especial favour and regard, armed them with
the emblem of the cross against the enemies of Christ, exalted them
with much honour, enriched them with wealth, and fortified them with
various liberties and privileges. The holy pontiff displays the sad
report of their sins and iniquities which reached his ears, filled
him with bitterness and grief, disturbed his repose, smote him with
horror, injured his health, and caused his body to waste away! He gives
a long account of the crimes imputed to the order, of the confessions
and depositions that had been made in France, and then bursts out into
a paroxysm of grief, declares that the melancholy affair deeply moved
all the faithful, that all Christianity was shedding bitter tears, was
overwhelmed with grief, and clothed with mourning. He concludes by
decreeing the assembly of a general council of the church at Vienne to
pronounce the abolition of the order, and to determine on the disposal
of its property, to which council the English clergy are required to
send representatives.

In Scotland, in the mean time, similar proceedings had been instituted
against the order. On the 17th of November, Brother Walter de Clifton
being examined in the parish church of the Holy Cross at Edinburgh,
before the bishop of St. Andrews and John de Solerio, the pope's
chaplain, states that the brethren of the order of the Temple in the
kingdom of Scotland received their orders, rules, and observances from
the Master of the Temple in England, and that the Master in England
received the rules and observances of the order from the Grand Master
and the chief convent in the East; that the Grand Master or his deputy
was in the habit of visiting the order in England and elsewhere; of
summoning chapters and making regulations for the conduct of the
brethren, and the administration of their property. Being asked as to
the mode of his reception, he states that when William de la More, the
Master, held his chapter at the preceptory of Temple Bruere in the
county of Lincoln, he sought of the assembled brethren the habit and
the fellowship of the order; that they told him that he little knew
what it was he asked, in seeking to be admitted to their fellowship;
that it would be a very hard matter for him, who was then his own
master, to become the servant of another, and to have no will of his
own; but notwithstanding their representations of the rigour of their
rules and observances, he still continued earnestly to seek their habit
and fellowship. He states that they then led him to the chamber of the
Master, where they held their chapter, and that there, on his bended
knees, and with his hands clasped, he again prayed for the habit and
the fellowship of the Temple; that the Master and the brethren then
required him to answer questions to the following effect:--Whether he
had a dispute with any man, or owed any debts? whether he was betrothed
to any woman? and whether he had any secret infirmity of body? or
knew of anything to prevent him from remaining within the bosom of the
fraternity? And having answered all these questions satisfactorily, the
Master then asked of the surrounding brethren, "Do ye give your consent
to the reception of Brother Walter?" who unanimously answered that they
did; and the Master and the brethren then standing up, received him the
said Walter in this manner. On his bended knees, and with his hands
joined, he solemnly promised that he would be the perpetual servant of
the Master, and of the order, and of the brethren, for the purpose of
defending the Holy Land. Having done this, the Master took out of the
hands of a brother chaplain of the order the book of the holy gospels,
upon which was depicted a cross, and laying his hand upon the book, and
upon the cross, he swore to God and the blessed Virgin Mary to be for
ever thereafter chaste, obedient, and to live without property. And
then the Master gave to him the white mantle, and placed the coif on
his head and admitted him to the kiss on the mouth, after which he made
him sit down on the ground, and admonished him to the following effect:
that from thenceforth he was to sleep in his shirt, drawers, and
stockings, girded with a small cord over his shirt; that he was never
to tarry in a house where there was a woman in the family way; never to
be present at a marriage or at the purification of women; and likewise
instructed and informed him upon several other particulars. Being asked
where he had passed his time since his reception, he replied that he
had dwelt three years at the preceptory of Blancradok in Scotland;
three years at Temple Newsom in England; one year at the Temple at
London, and three years at Aslakeby. Being asked concerning the other
brothers in Scotland, he stated that John de Hueflete was Preceptor of
Blancradok, the chief house of the order in that country, and that he
and the other brethren, having heard of the arrest of the Templars,
threw off their habits, and fled, and that he had not since heard aught
concerning them.

Forty-one witnesses, chiefly abbots, priors, monks, priests, and
serving men, and retainers of the order in Scotland, were examined
upon various interrogatories, but nothing of a criminatory nature
was elicited. The monks observed that the receptions of other orders
were public, and were celebrated as great religious solemnities, and
the friends, parents, and neighbours of the party about to take the
vows were invited to attend; while the Templars, on the other hand,
shrouded their proceedings in mystery and secrecy, and therefore they
_suspected_ the worst. The priests thought them guilty, because they
were always against the church! Others condemned them because (as they
say) the Templars closed their doors against the poor and the humble,
and extended hospitality only to the rich and the powerful. The abbot
of the monastery of the Holy Cross at Edinburgh declared that they
appropriated to themselves the property of their neighbours, right
or wrong. The abbot of Dumferlyn knew nothing of his own knowledge
against them, but had _heard_ much, and _suspected_ more. The serving
men and the tillers of the lands of the order stated that the chapters
were held sometimes by night and sometimes by day, with extraordinary
secrecy; and some of the witnesses had heard old men say that the
Templars would never have lost the Holy Land if they had been good
Christians!

On the 9th of January, A. D. 1310, the examination of witnesses was
resumed at London, in the parish church of St. Dunstan's West, near
the Temple. The rector of the church of St. Mary de la Strode declared
that he had strong _suspicions_ of the guilt of the Templars; he had,
however, often been at the Temple church, and had observed that the
priests performed divine service there just the same as elsewhere.
William de Cumbrook, of St. Clement's church, near the Temple, the
vicar of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, and many other priests and
clergymen of different churches in London, all declared that they had
nothing to allege against the order.

On the 27th of January, Brother John de Stoke, a serving brother of the
order of the Temple, of seventeen years' standing, being examined by
the inquisitors in the chapel of the Blessed Mary of Berkyngecherche
at London, states, amongst other things, that secular persons were
allowed to be present at the burial of Templars; that the brethren
of the order all received the sacraments of the church at their last
hour, and were attended to the grave by a chaplain of the Temple. Being
interrogated concerning the burial of the Knight Templar Brother Walter
le Bacheler, Grand Preceptor of Ireland, who had been confined in the
penitential cell in the Temple, for disobedience to his superiors,
and was reported to have been there starved to death, he deposes that
the said knight was buried like any other Christian, except that he
was not buried in the burying-ground, but in the court of the house
of the Temple at London; that he confessed to Brother Richard de
Grafton, a priest of the order, then in the island of Cyprus, and
partook, as he believed, of the sacrament. He states that he himself
and Brother Radulph de Barton carried him to his grave at the dawn of
day, and that the deceased knight was in prison, as he believes, for
the space of eight weeks; that he was not buried in the habit of his
order, and was interred without the cemetery of the brethren, because
he was considered to be excommunicated, in pursuance, as he believed,
of a rule or statute among the Templars, to the effect that every one
who privily made away with the property of the order, and did not
acknowledge his fault, was deemed excommunicated.

On the 30th of March, the papal inquisitors opened their commission
at Lincoln, and numerous Templars were examined in the chapter-house
of the cathedral, amongst whom were some of the veteran warriors of
Palestine, who had moistened with their blood the distant plains of
the far East. Brother William de Winchester, a member of twenty-six
years' standing, stated that he had been received into the order at
the castle _de la Roca Guille_, in the province of Armenia, bordering
on Syria, by the valiant Grand Master William de Beaujeu. He states
that the same mode of reception existed there as in England, and
everywhere throughout the order. Brother Robert de Hamilton declares
that the girdles said to be worn by the brethren were called girdles
of Nazareth, because they had been pressed against the column of the
Virgin at that place, and were worn in remembrance of the blessed Mary.

At York, the examination commenced on the 28th of April, and lasted
until the 4th of May, during which period twenty-three Templars,
prisoners in York Castle, were examined in the chapter-house of the
cathedral, and followed the example of their brethren in maintaining
their innocence. Brother Thomas de Stanford, a member of thirty years'
standing, had been received in the East by the Grand Master William
de Beaujeu, and Brother Radulph de Rostona, a priest of the order, of
twenty-three years' standing, had been received at the preceptory of
Lentini in Sicily, by Brother William de Canello, the Grand Preceptor
of Sicily. Brother Stephen de Radenhall refused to reveal the mode of
reception, because it formed part of the secrets of the chapter, and
if he discovered them he would lose his chamber, be stripped of his
mantle, or be committed to prison.[155]

The proceedings against the order in France had, in the mean time,
assumed a most sanguinary character. On the 28th of March, (A. D. 1310)
five hundred and forty-six Templars, who persisted in maintaining the
innocence of their order, were assembled in the garden of the bishop's
palace at Paris, to hear the articles of accusation read over to them,
and a committee of their number was authorised to draw up a written
defence. They asked to have an interview with the Grand Master and
the heads of the order, but this was refused. The total number of
Templars, immured in the prisons of Paris, was nine hundred. In the
course of the examination before the papal commissioners, Brother
Laurent de Beaume produced a letter which had been sent to him and
his fellow-prisoners at Sens, warning them against a retractation of
their confessions in the following terms: "_Sachez que notre pere le
pape a mande que tuit cil qui aurent fayt les suizitos confessions
devant ses anvouez, qui en cele confessions ne voudroient perseveres,
que il sorent mis a damnazion et destruit au feu._" This threat was
carried into execution, and Brother Laurent de Beaume was one of the
first victims. The defence drawn up by the brethren and presented
to the commissioners by Brother Peter de Bologna, begins by stating
the origin and objects of their institution, the vows to which they
subjected themselves, and the mode in which persons were received into
the fraternity. They give a frightful account of the tortures that had
been inflicted upon them, and declare that those who had escaped with
life from the hands of the tormentors, were either ruined in health
or injured in intellect, and that as pardon and forgiveness had been
freely offered to those knights who would confess, it was not wonderful
that false confessions had been made. They observed that a vast number
of knights had died in prison, and they exhorted the commissioners to
interrogate the guards, jailers, and executioners, and those who saw
them in their last moments, concerning the declarations and confessions
they had made at the peril of their souls when dying. They maintained
that it was a most extraordinary thing that so many knights of
distinguished birth and noble blood, members of the most illustrious
families in Europe, should have remained from an early age up to the
day of their death, members of the order, and should never, in days
of sickness, or at the hour of death, have revealed any of the horrid
iniquities and abominations charged against it.[156] All the Templars,
indeed, who had made confessions were rapidly following one another's
example in retracting them, and maintaining their innocence, and the
king hastened to arrest the unfavourable march of events.

The archbishop of Sens, whose ecclesiastical authority extended over
the diocese of Paris, having died, the king obtained the vacant see for
Philip de Martigny, a creature of his own, who was installed therein
in the month of April. In a letter to Clement urging this appointment,
Philip reminds the holy pontiff that the new archbishop would have to
preside over a provincial council wherein would be transacted many
things which immediately concerned the glory of God, the stability of
the faith, and of the holy church. Immediately after the enthronement
of this new archbishop, the provincial council of Sens was convoked at
Paris, and on the 10th of May, all the Templars who had revoked their
confessions, and had come forward to maintain the innocence of their
order, were dragged before it, and sentence of death was passed upon
them by the archbishop in the following terms:--"You have avowed," said
he, "that the brethren who are received into the order of the Temple
are compelled to renounce Christ and spit upon the cross, and that you
yourselves have participated in that crime; you have thus acknowledged
that you have fallen into the sin of _heresy_. By your confession
and repentance you had merited absolution, and had once more become
reconciled to the church. As you have revoked your confession, the
church no longer regards you as reconciled, but as having fallen back
to your first errors. You are, therefore, _relapsed heretics_, and as
such, we condemn you to the fire!" As soon as the commissioners had
received intelligence of this extraordinary decree, they despatched
messengers to the archbishop and his suffragans, praying them to delay
the execution of their sentence, as very many persons affirmed that the
Templars who died in prison had proclaimed with their last breath the
innocence of their order. But these representations were of no avail.
The archbishop, who was paying the price of his elevation to a hard
creditor, proceeded to make short work of the business.

The very next morning, (Tuesday, May 12,) fifty-four Templars were
handed over to the secular arm, and were led out to execution by the
king's officers. They were conducted, at daybreak, into the open
country, in the environs of the Porte St. Antoine des Champs at
Paris, and were there fastened to stakes driven into the ground, and
surrounded by <DW19>s and charcoal. In this situation, they saw the
torches lighted, and the executioners approaching to accomplish their
task, and they were once more offered pardon and favour if they would
confess the _guilt_ of their order; they persisted in the maintenance
of its _innocence_, and were burnt to death in a most cruel manner
before slow fires! All historians speak with admiration of the heroism
and intrepidity with which they met their fate. Many hundred other
Templars were dragged from the dungeons of Paris before the archbishop
of Sens and his council. Those whom neither the agony of torture nor
the fear of death could overcome, but who remained stedfast amid all
their trials in the maintenance of their innocence, were condemned to
perpetual imprisonment as _unreconciled heretics_; whilst those who,
having made the required confessions of guilt, continued to persevere
in them, received absolution, were declared reconciled to the church,
and were set at liberty.[157]

On the 18th of August, four other Templars were condemned as relapsed
heretics by the council of Sens, and were likewise burnt by the Porte
St. Antoine; and it is stated that a hundred and thirteen Templars
were, from first to last, burnt at the stake in Paris. Many others
were burned in Lorraine; in Normandy; at Carcassone; and nine, or,
according to some writers, twenty-nine, were burnt by the archbishop
of Rheims at Senlis! King Philip's officers, indeed, not content
with their inhuman cruelty towards the living, invaded the sanctity
of the tomb; they dragged a dead Templar, who had been treasurer of
the 93. Temple at Paris, from his grave, and burnt the mouldering
corpse as a heretic. In the midst of all these sanguinary atrocities,
the examinations continued before the ecclesiastical tribunals. Many
aged and illustrious warriors, who merited a better fate, appeared
before their judges pale and trembling. At first they revoked their
confessions, declared their innocence, and were remanded to prison; and
then, panic-stricken, they demanded to be led back before the papal
commissioners, when they abandoned their retractations, persisted
in their previous avowals of _guilt_, humbly expressed their sorrow
and repentance, and were then pardoned, absolved, and reconciled to
the church! The torture still continued to be applied, and out of
thirty-three Templars confined in the chateau d'Alaix, four died in
prison, and the remaining twenty confessed, amongst other things, the
following absurdities:--that in the provincial chapter of the order
held at Montpelier, the Templars set up a head and worshipped it; that
the devil often appeared there in the shape of a cat, and conversed
with the assembled brethren, and promised them a good harvest, with the
possession of riches, and all kinds of temporal property. Some asserted
that the head worshipped by the fraternity possessed a long beard;
others that it was a woman's head; and one of the prisoners declared
that as often as this wonderful head was adored, a great number of
devils made their appearance in the shape of beautiful women...!!

We must now unfold the dark page in the history of the order in
England. All the Templars in custody in this country had been
examined separately, and had, notwithstanding, deposed in substance
to the same effect, and given the same account of their reception
into the order, and of the oaths that they took. Any reasonable and
impartial mind would consequently have been satisfied of the truth
of their statements; but it was not the object of the inquisitors to
obtain evidence of the _innocence_, but proof of the _guilt_ of the
order. At first, king Edward the Second, to his honour, forbade the
infliction of torture upon the illustrious members of the Temple in his
dominions--men who had fought and bled for Christendom, and of whose
piety and morals he had a short time before given such ample testimony
to the principal sovereigns of Europe. But the virtuous resolution of
the weak king was speedily overcome by the all-powerful influence of
the Roman pontiff, who wrote to him in the month of June, upbraiding
him for preventing the inquisitors from submitting the Templars to the
discipline of the rack. Influenced by the admonitions of the pope,
and the solicitations of the clergy, king Edward sent orders to the
constable of the Tower, to deliver up the Templars to certain gaolers
appointed by the inquisitors, in order that the inquisitors might
do with the bodies of the Templars whatever should seem fitting, in
accordance with ecclesiastical law. The ecclesiastical council then
assembled, and ordered that the Templars should be again confined in
separate cells; that fresh interrogatories should be prepared, to see
if by such means the _truth_ could be extracted, and if by straitenings
and confinement they would _confess nothing further_, then the torture
was to be applied; but it was provided that the examination by torture
should be conducted without the PERPETUAL MUTILATION OR DISABLING OF
ANY LIMB, AND WITHOUT A VIOLENT EFFUSION OF BLOOD! and the inquisitors
and the bishops of London and Chichester were to notify the result to
the archbishop of Canterbury, that he might again convene the assembly
for the purpose of passing sentence, either of absolution or of
condemnation.

Fresh instructions were then sent by the king to the constable of the
Tower, and the sheriffs of London, informing them that the king, on
account of his respect for the holy apostolical see, had conceded to
the inquisitors the power of examining the Templars by TORTURE; and
strictly enjoining them to deliver up the Templars to the inquisitors,
and receive them back when required so to do. The king then acquainted
the mayor, aldermen, and commonalty of his faithful city of London,
that out of reverence to the pope he had authorised the inquisitors,
sent over by his holiness, to question the Templars by TORTURE; and he
commands them, in case it should be notified to them by the inquisitors
that the prisons provided by the sheriffs were insufficient for their
purposes, to procure without fail fit and convenient houses in the
city, or near thereto, for carrying into effect the contemplated
measures. Shortly afterwards, he again wrote to the mayor, aldermen,
and commonalty of London, acquainting them that the sheriffs had made
a return to his writ, to the effect that the four gates (prisons) of
the city were not under their charge, and that they could not therefore
obtain them for the purposes required; and he commands the mayor,
aldermen, and commonalty, to place those four gates at the disposal
of the sheriffs. Shortly afterwards orders were given for all the
Templars in custody in London to be loaded with chains and fetters!
the myrmidons of the inquisitors were to be allowed to make periodical
visits to see that the imprisonment was properly carried into effect,
and were to be allowed to TORTURE the bodies of the Templars in any way
that they might think fit.[158]

On the 30th of March, A. D. 1311, the examination was resumed
before the inquisitors, and the bishops of London and Chichester,
at the several churches of St. Martin's Ludgate, and St. Botolph's
Bishopsgate. The Templars had now been in prison in England for the
space of three years and some months. During the whole of the previous
winter they had been confined in chains in the dungeons of the city
of London, compelled to receive their scanty supply of food from the
officers of the inquisition, and to suffer from cold, from hunger, and
from torture. They had been made to endure all the horrors of solitary
confinement, and had none to solace or to cheer them during the long
hours of their melancholy captivity. They had been already condemned
collectively by the pope, as members of an heretical and idolatrous
society, and as long as they continued to persist in the truth of
their first confessions, and in the avowal of their innocence, they
were treated as obstinate, unreconciled heretics, living in a state
of excommunication, and doomed, when dead, to everlasting punishment
in hell. They had heard of the miserable fate of their brethren in
France, and they knew that those who had confessed crimes of which
they had never been guilty, had been immediately declared reconciled
to the church, had been absolved and set at liberty, and they knew
that freedom, pardon, and peace could be immediately purchased by a
confession of guilt; notwithstanding all which, every Templar, at this
last examination, persisted in the maintenance of his innocence, and
in the denial of all knowledge of, or participation in, the crimes
and heresies imputed to the order. They were therefore again sent
back to their dungeons, and loaded with chains; and the inquisitors,
disappointed of the desired confessions, addressed themselves to the
enemies of the order for the necessary proofs of guilt.

During the month of April, seventy-two witnesses were examined in
the chapter-house of the Holy Trinity. They were nearly all monks,
Carmelites, Augustinians, Dominicans, and Minorites; their evidence
is all hearsay, and the nature of it will be seen from the following
choice specimens:--Henry Thanet, an Irishman, had _heard_ that a
certain Preceptor of the Pilgrim's Castle was in the habit of making
all the brethren he received into the order deny Christ. He had _heard_
also that a certain Templar had in his custody a brazen head with two
faces, which would answer all questions put to it!--Master John de
Nassington had _heard_ that the Templars celebrated a solemn festival
once a year, at which they worshipped a _calf_!--John de Eure, knight,
sheriff of the county of York, deposed that he had once invited Brother
William de la Fenne, Preceptor of Wesdall, to dine with him, and that
after dinner the Preceptor drew a book out of his bosom, and delivered
it to the knight's lady to read, who found a piece of paper fastened
into the book, on which were written abominable heretical doctrines, to
the effect that Christ was not the Son of God, nor born of a virgin,
but conceived of the seed of Joseph, the husband of Mary, after the
manner of other men, and that Christ was not a true but a false
prophet, and was not crucified for the redemption of mankind, but for
his own sins; and many other things contrary to the christian faith. On
the production of this important evidence, Brother William de la Fenne
was called in and interrogated; he admitted that he had dined with the
sheriff of York, and had lent his lady a book to read, but he swore
that he was ignorant of the piece of paper fastened into the book, and
of its contents. It appears that the sheriff of York had kept this
discovery to himself for the space of six years!

William de la Forde, a priest, rector of the parish of Crofton in the
diocese of York, had _heard_ William de Reynbur, priest of the order
of St. Augustine, who was then dead, say, that the Templar, Brother
Patrick of Rippon, son of William of Gloucester, had confessed to him,
that at his entrance into the order, he was led, clothed only in his
shirt and trousers, through a long passage to a secret chamber, and
was there made to deny his God and his Saviour; that he was then shown
a representation of the crucifixion, and was told that since he had
previously honoured that emblem he must now dishonour it and spit upon
it, and that he did so. "Item dictum fuit ei quod, depositis brachis,
dorsum verteret ad crucifixum," and this he did bitterly weeping.
After this they brought an image, as it were, of a calf, placed upon
an altar, and they told him he must kiss that image, and worship it,
and he did so; and after all this they covered up his eyes and led him
about, kissing and being kissed by all the brethren, but he could not
recollect in what part. The worthy priest was asked when he had _first
heard_ all these things, and he replied _after_ the arrest of the
brethren by the king's orders!

Robert of Oteringham, senior of the order of Minorites, stated that on
one occasion he was partaking of the hospitality of the Templars at
the preceptory of Ribstane in Yorkshire, and that when grace had been
said after supper, the chaplain of the order reprimanded the brethren,
saying, "The devil will burn you;" and hearing a bustle, he got up,
and, as far as he recollects, saw one of the brothers of the Temple,
"brachis depositis, tenentem faciem versus occidentem et posteriora
versus altare!" He then states, that about twenty years before that
time, he was the guest of the Templars, at the preceptory of Wetherby
in Yorkshire, and when evening came he heard that the preceptor was not
coming to supper, as he was arranging some relics that he had brought
with him from the Holy Land, and afterwards at midnight he heard a
confused noise in the chapel, and getting up he looked through the
keyhole, and saw a great light therein, either from a fire or from
candles, and on the morrow he asked one of the brethren of the Temple
the name of the saint in whose honour they had celebrated so grand a
festival during the night, and that brother, aghast and turning pale,
thinking he had seen what had been done amongst them, said to him, "Go
thy way, and if you love me, or have any regard for your own life,
never speak of this matter!" Brother John de Wederel, another Minorite,
stated that he had lately _heard_ in the country, that a Templar,
named Robert de Baysat, was once seen running about a meadow uttering,
"Alas! alas! that ever I was born, seeing that I have denied God and
sold myself to the devil!" Brother N. de Chinon, another Minorite, had
_heard_ that a certain Templar had a son who peeped through a chink
in the wall of the chapter-room and saw a person who was about to be
professed, slain because he would not deny Christ, and afterwards the
boy was asked by his father to become a Templar, but refused, and he
immediately shared the same fate. Twenty other witnesses, who were
examined in each other's presence, related similar absurdities.

At this stage of the proceedings, the papal inquisitor, Sicard de
Vaur, exhibited two rack-extorted confessions of Templars which had
been obtained in France. The first was from Robert de St. Just, who
had been received into the order by Brother Himbert, Grand Preceptor
of England, but had been arrested in France, and there tortured. In
this confession Robert de St. Just states that, on his admission to
the vows of the Temple, he denied Christ, and spat _beside_ the cross.
The second confession had been extorted from Geoffrey de Gonville,
Knight of the Order of the Temple, Preceptor of Aquitaine and Poitou.
In this confession, (which had been revoked, but of which revocation
no notice was taken by the inquisitors,) Geoffrey de Gonville states
that he was received into the order in England in the house of the
Temple at London, by Brother Robert de Torvile, Knight, the Master of
all England, about twenty-eight years before that time; that the Master
showed him on a missal the image of Jesus Christ on the cross, and
commanded him to deny him who was crucified; that, terribly alarmed, he
exclaimed, "Alas! my lord, why should I do this? I will on no account
do it." But the Master said to him, "Do it boldly; I swear to thee that
the act shall never harm either thy soul or thy conscience;" and then
proceeded to inform him that the custom had been introduced into the
order by a certain bad Grand Master, who was imprisoned by a certain
sultan, and could escape from prison only on condition that he would
establish that form of reception in his order, and compel all who were
received to deny Christ Jesus! but the deponent remained inflexible;
he refused to deny his Saviour, and asked where were his uncle and
the other good people who had brought him there, and was told that
they were all gone; and at last a compromise took place between him
and the Master, who made him take his oath that he would tell all his
brethren that he had gone through the customary form, and never reveal
that it had been dispensed with! He states also that the ceremony was
instituted in memory of St. Peter, who three times denied Christ! This
knight had been tortured in the Temple at Paris, by the brothers of
St. Dominic, in the presence of the grand inquisitor, and he made his
confession when suffering on the rack; he afterwards revoked it, and
was then tortured into a withdrawal of his revocation, notwithstanding
which the inquisitor made the unhappy wretch, in common with others,
put his signature to the following interrogatory, "Interrogatus, utrum
_vi_ vel _metu carceris_ aut _tormentorum_ immiscuit in sua depositione
aliquam falsitatem, dicit _quod non_!"

Ferinsius le Mareschal, a secular knight, being examined, declared that
his grandfather entered into the order of the Temple, active, healthy,
and blithesome as the birds and the dogs, but on the third day from
his taking the vows he was dead, and, as he _now suspects_, was killed
because he refused to participate in the iniquities practised by the
brethren. An Augustine monk declared that he had heard a Templar say
that a man after death had no more soul than a dog. Brother John de
Gertia, a Minorite, had _heard_ from a certain woman called Cacocaca!
who had it from Exvalettus, Preceptor of London, that one of the
servants of the Templars entered the Temple hall where the chapter was
held, and secreted himself, and after the door had been shut and locked
by the last Templar who entered, and the key had been brought by him to
the superior, the assembled Templars jumped up and went into another
room, and opened a closet, and drew therefrom a certain black figure
with shining eyes, and a cross, and they placed the cross before the
Master, and the "culum idoli vel figurae" they placed upon the cross,
and carried it to the Master, who kissed the said image, (in ano,)
and all the others did the same after him; and when they had finished
kissing, they all spat three times upon the cross, except one, who
refused, saying, "I was a bad man in the world, and placed myself in
this order for the salvation of my soul; what could I do worse? I will
not do it;" and then the brethren said to him, "Take heed, and do as
you see the order do;" but he answered that he would not do so, and
then they placed him in a well which stood in the midst of their house,
and covered the well up, and left him to perish. Being asked as to the
time when the woman heard this, the deponent stated that she told it to
him about fourteen years back at London, where she kept a shop for her
husband, Robert Cotacota!

John Walby de Bust, another Minorite, had _heard_ John de Dingeston say
that _he had heard_ that there was in a secret place of the house of
the Templars at London a gilded head, and that when one of the masters
was on his death-bed, he summoned to his presence several preceptors,
and told them that if they wished for power, and dominion, and honour,
they must worship that head. Gaspar de Nafferton, chaplain of the
parish of Ryde, deposed that he was in the employ of the Templars
when William de Pokelington was received into the order; that he well
recollected that the said William made his appearance at the Temple on
Sunday evening, with the equipage and habit of a member of the order,
accompanied by Brother William de la More, the Master of the Temple,
Brother William de Grafton, Preceptor of Ribbestane and Fontebriggs,
and other brethren: that the same night, during the first watch, they
assembled in the church, and caused the deponent to be awakened to say
mass; that, after the celebration of the mass, they made the deponent
with his clerk go out into the hall beyond the cloister, and then
sent for the person who was to be received; and on his entry into the
church, one of the brethren immediately closed all the doors opening
into the cloister, so that no one within the chambers could get out,
and thus they remained till daylight; but what was done in the church
the deponent knew not; the next day, however, he saw the said William
clothed in the habit of a Templar, looking very sorrowful. The deponent
also declared that he had threatened to peep through a secret door to
see what was going on, but was warned that it was inevitable death so
to do. He states that the next morning he went into the church, and
found the books and crosses all removed from the places in which he had
previously left them.

The evidence given before this papal tribunal affords melancholy proof
of the immorality, the credulity, and the profligacy of the age.
Abandoned women were brought before the inquisitors, and were induced
unblushingly to relate, in the presence of the archbishop of Canterbury
and the English bishops, the most disgusting and ridiculous enormities;
and evidence was taken down by notaries, and quietly listened to by the
most learned and distinguished characters of the age, which in these
days would be scouted with scorn and contempt from almost every court
in Christendom.[159] On the 22nd of April all the Templars in custody
in the Tower and in the prisons of the city were assembled before the
inquisitors and the bishops of London and Chichester, in the church of
the Holy Trinity, to hear the depositions of the witnesses publicly
read. The Templars required copies of these depositions, which were
granted them, and they were allowed eight days from that period to
bring forward any defences or privileges they wished to make use of.
Subsequently, before the expiration of the eight days, the officer
of the bishop of London was sent to the Tower with scriveners and
witnesses, to know if they would then set up any matters of defence,
to whom the Templars replied that they were unlettered men, ignorant
of the law, and that all means of defence were denied them, since
they were not permitted to employ those who could afford them fit
counsel and advice. They observed, however, that they were desirous of
publicly proclaiming the faith, and the religion of themselves and of
the order to which they belonged, of showing the privileges conceded to
them by the chief pontiffs, and their own depositions taken before the
inquisitors, all which they said they wished to make use of in their
defence.

On the eighth day, being Thursday the 29th of April, they appeared
before the papal inquisitors and the bishops of London and Chichester,
in the church of All Saints of Berkyngecherche, and presented to them
the following declaration, which they had drawn up amongst themselves,
as the only defence they had to offer against the injustice, the
tyranny, and the persecution of their powerful oppressors; adding, that
if they had in any way done wrong, they were ready to submit themselves
to the orders of the church. This declaration is written in the Norman
French of that day, and is as follows:--

"_Conue chese seit a nostre honurable pere, le ercevesque de
Canterbiere, primat de toute Engletere, e a touz prelaz de seinte
Elise, e a touz Cristiens, qe touz les freres du Temple que sumes ici
assemblez et chescune singulere persone par sen sumes cristien nostre
seignur Jesu Crist, e creoms en Dieu Pere omnipotent, qui fist ciel e
terre, e en Jesu soen fiz, qui fust conceu du Seint Esperit, nez de
la Virgine Marie, soeffrit peine e passioun, morut sur la croiz pour
touz peccheours, descendist e enferns, e le tierz jour releva de mort
en vie, e mounta en ciel, siet au destre soen Pere, e vendra au jour
de juise, juger les vifs, e les morz, qui fu saunz commencement, e
serra saunz fyn; e creoms comme seynte eglise crets, e nous enseigne.
E que nostre religion est foundee sus obedience, chastete, vivre sans
propre, aider a conquere la seint terre de Jerusalem, a force e a
poer, qui Dieu nous ad preste. E nyoms e firmement en countredioms
touz e chescune singulere persone par sei, toutes maneres de heresies
e malvaistes, que sount encountre la foi de Seinte Eglise. E prioms
pour Dieu e pour charite a vous, que estes en lieu nostre seinte pere
l'apostoile, que nous puissoms aver lez drettures de seinte eglise,
comme ceus que sount les filz de sainte eglise, que bien avoms garde,
e tenu la foi, e la lei de seinte eglise, e nostre religion, la quele
est bone, honeste e juste, solom les ordenaunces, e les privileges de
la court de Rome avons grauntez, confermez, e canonizez par commun
concile, les qels privileges ensemblement ou lestablisement, e la regle
sount en la dite court enregistrez. E mettoms en dur e en mal eu touz
Cristiens sauue noz anoisourz, par la ou nous avoms este conversaunt,
comment nous avoms nostre vie demene. E se nous avoms rien mesprys
de aucun parole en nos examinacions par ignorance de seu, si comme
nous sumez genz laics prest sumes, a ester a lesgard de seint eglise,
comme cely que mourust pour nouz en la beneite de croiz. E nous creoms
fermement touz les sacremenz de seinte eglise. E nous vous prioms pour
Dieu e pour salvacioun de vous almes, que vous nous jugez si comme vous
volez respoundre pour vous et pour nous devaunt Dieu: e que nostre
examinement puet estre leu e oii devaunt nous e devaunt le people,
salom le respouns e le langage que fust dit devaunt vous, e escrit en
papier._"

"Be it known to our honourable father, the archbishop of Canterbury,
primate of all England, and to all the prelates of holy church, and
to all Christians, that all we brethren of the Temple here assembled,
and every of one of us are Christians, and believe in our Saviour
Jesus Christ, in God the Father omnipotent, &c., &c.... And we believe
all that the holy church believes and teaches us. We declare that our
religion is founded on vows of obedience, chastity, and poverty, and
of aiding in the conquest of the Holy Land of Jerusalem, with all
the power and might that God affordeth us. And we firmly deny and
contradict, one and all of us, all manner of heresy and evil doings,
contrary to the faith of holy church. And for the love of God, and for
charity, we beseech you, who represent our holy father the pope, that
we may be treated like true children of the church, for we have well
guarded and preserved the faith, and the law of the church, and of our
own religion, that which is good, honest, and just, according to the
ordinances and the privileges of the court of Rome, granted, confirmed,
and canonized by common council; the which privileges, together with
the rule of our order, are enregistered in the said court. And we would
bring forward all Christians, (save our enemies and slanderers,) with
whom we are conversant, and among whom we have resided, to say how and
in what manner we have spent our lives. And if, in our examinations, we
have said or done anything wrong through ignorance of a word, since we
are unlettered men, we are ready to suffer for holy church like him who
died for us on the blessed cross. And we believe all the sacraments of
the church. And we beseech you, for the love of God, and as you hope to
be saved, that you judge us as you will have to answer for yourselves
and for us before God; and we pray that our examination may be read and
heard before ourselves and all the people, in the very language and
words in which it was given before you, and written down on paper."

The above declaration was presented by Brother William de la More, the
Master of the Temple; the Knights Templars Philip de Mewes, Preceptor
of Garwy; William de Burton, Preceptor of Cumbe; Radulph de Maison,
Preceptor of Ewell; Michael de Baskevile, Preceptor of London; Thomas
de Wothrope, Preceptor of Bistelesham; William de Warwick, Priest; and
Thomas de Burton, Chaplain of the Order; together with twenty serving
brothers. The same day the inquisitors and the two bishops proceeded to
the different prisons of the city to demand if the prisoners confined
therein wished to bring forward anything in defence of the order, who
severally answered that they would adopt and abide by the declaration
made by their brethren in the Tower. In the prison of Aldgate there
were confined Brother William de Sautre, Knight, Preceptor of Samford;
Brother William de la Ford, Preceptor of Daney; Brother John de
Coningeston, Preceptor of Getinges; Roger de Norreis, Preceptor of
Cressing; Radolph de Barton, priest, Prior of the New Temple; and
several serving brethren of the order. In the prison of Crepelgate were
detained William de Egendon, Knight, Preceptor of Schepeley; John de
Moun, Knight, Preceptor of Dokesworth; and four serving brethren. In
the prison of Ludgate were five serving brethren; and in Newgate was
confined Brother Himbert Blanke, Knight, Grand Preceptor of Auvergne.

The above declaration of faith and innocence was far from agreeable
to the papal inquisitors, who required a confession of _guilt_, and
the torture was once more directed to be applied. The king sent fresh
orders to the mayor and the sheriffs of the city of London, commanding
them to place the Templars in separate dungeons; to load them with
chains and fetters; to permit the myrmidons of the inquisitors to
pay periodical visits to see that the wishes and intentions of the
inquisitors, with regard to the severity of the confinement, were
properly carried into effect; and lastly, to inflict TORTURE upon the
bodies of the Templars, and generally to do whatever should be thought
fitting and expedient in the premises, according to the ecclesiastical
law. In conformity with these orders, we learn from the record of the
proceedings, that the Templars were placed in solitary confinement in
loathsome dungeons; that they were put on a short allowance of bread
and water, and periodically visited by the agents of the inquisition;
that they were moved from prison to prison, and from dungeon to
dungeon; were now treated with rigour, and anon with indulgence; and
were then visited by learned prelates, and acute doctors in theology,
who, by exhortation, persuasion, and by menace, attempted in every
possible mode to wring from them the required avowals! We learn that
all the engines of terror wielded by the church were put in force, and
that torture was unsparingly applied "_usque ad judicium sanguinis!_"
The places in which these atrocious scenes were enacted were the Tower,
the prisons of Aldgate, Ludgate, Newgate, Bishopgate, and Crepelgate,
the house formerly belonging to John de Banguel, and the tenements
once the property of the brethren of penitence.[160] It appears that
some French monks were sent over to administer the torture to the
unhappy captives, and that they were questioned and examined in the
presence of notaries whilst suffering under the torments of the rack.
The relentless perseverance and the incessant exertions of the foreign
inquisitors were at last rewarded by a splendid triumph over the powers
of endurance of two poor serving brethren, and one chaplain of the
order, who were at last induced to make the long desired avowals.

On the 23rd of June, Brother Stephen de Staplebrugge, described as
an apostate and fugitive of the order of the Temple, captured by the
king's officers in the city of Salisbury, deposed in the house of
the head gaoler of Newgate, in the presence of the bishops of London
and Chichester, the chancellor of the archbishop of Canterbury, Hugh
de Walkeneby, doctor of theology, and other clerical witnesses, that
there were two modes of profession in the order of the Temple, the one
good and lawful, and the other contrary to the christian faith; that
he himself was received into the order by Brother Brian le Jay, Grand
Preceptor of England, at Dynneslee, and was led into the chapel, the
door of which was closed as soon as he had entered; that a crucifix
was placed before the Master, and that a brother of the Temple, with
a drawn sword, stood on either side of him; that the Master said to
him, "Do you see this image of the crucifixion?" to which he replied,
"I see it, my lord;" that the Master then said to him, "You must deny
that Christ Jesus was God and man, and that Mary was his mother; and
you must spit upon this cross;" which the deponent, through immediate
fear of death, did with his mouth, but not with his heart, and he spat
_beside_ the cross, and not on it; and then falling down upon his
knees, with eyes uplifted, with his hands clasped, with bitter tears
and sighs, and devout ejaculations, he besought the mercy and the
favour of holy church, declaring that he cared not for the death of the
body, or for any amount of penance, but only for the salvation of his
soul!

On Saturday, the 25th of June, Brother Thomas Tocci de Thoroldeby,
serving brother of the order of the Temple, described as an apostate
who had escaped from Lincoln after his examination at that place by
the papal inquisitors, but had afterwards surrendered himself to
the king's officers, was brought before the bishops of London and
Chichester, the archdeacon of Salisbury, and others of the clergy in
St. Martin's Church, in Vinetria; and being again examined, he repeated
the statement made in his first deposition, but added some particulars
with regard to penances imposed and absolutions pronounced in the
chapter, showing the difference between sins and defaults, the priest
having to deal with the one, and the Master with the other. He declared
that the little cords were worn from honourable motives, and relates a
story of his being engaged in a battle against the Saracens, in which
he lost his cord, and was punished by the Grand Master for a default
in coming home without it. He gives the same account of the secrecy
of the chapters as all the other brethren, states that the members
of the order were forbidden to confess to the friars mendicants,
and were enjoined to confess to their own chaplains; that they did
nothing contrary to the christian faith, and as to their endeavouring
to promote the advancement of the order by any means, right or wrong,
that exactly the contrary was the case, as there was a statute in the
order to the effect, that if any one should be found to have acquired
anything unjustly, he should be deprived of his habit, and be expelled
the order. Being asked what induced him to become an apostate, and
to fly from his order, he replied that it was through fear of death,
because the abbot of Lagny, (the papal inquisitor,) when he examined
him at Lincoln, asked him if he would not confess anything further,
and he answered that he knew of nothing further to confess, unless
he was to say things that were not true; and that _the abbot, laying
his hand upon his breast, swore by the word of God that he would make
him confess before he had done with him!_ and that being terribly
frightened, he afterwards bribed the gaoler of the castle of Lincoln,
giving him forty florins to let him make his escape.

The abbot of Lagny, indeed, was as good as his word, for on the 29th
of June, four days after this imprudent avowal, Brother Thomas Tocci
de Thoroldeby was brought back to St. Martin's Church, and there, in
the presence of the same parties, he made a third confession, in which
he declares that, coerced by two Templars with drawn swords in their
hands, he denied Christ with his mouth, but not with his heart; and
spat _beside_ the cross, but not on it; that he was required to spit
upon the image of the Virgin Mary, but contrived, instead of doing so,
to give her a kiss on the foot. He declares that he had heard Brian le
Jay, the Master of the Temple at London, say a hundred times over, that
Jesus Christ was not the true God, but a man: and that the smallest
hair out of the beard of one Saracen, was of more worth than the whole
body of any Christian. He declares that he was once standing in the
presence of Brother Brian, when some poor people besought charity of
him for the love of God and our lady the blessed Virgin Mary; and he
answered, "_Que dame, alez vous pendre a vostre dame_"--"What lady,
go and be hanged to your lady," and violently casting a halfpenny
into the mud, he made the poor people hunt for it, although it was in
the depth of a severe winter. He also relates that, at the chapters,
the priest stood like a beast, and had nothing to do but to repeat
the psalm, "God be merciful unto us, and bless us," which was read at
the closing of the chapter. (The Templars, by the way, must have been
strange idolaters to have closed their chapters, in which they are
accused of worshipping a cat, a man's head, and a black idol, with the
reading of the beautiful psalm, "God be merciful unto us, and bless us,
and show us the light of thy countenance, that thy way may be known
upon earth, thy saving health among all nations," &c., Psalm lxvii.)
This witness further states, that the priest had no power to impose a
heavier penance than a day's fast on bread and water, and could not
even do that without the permission of the brethren. He is made also to
relate that the Templars always favoured the Saracens in the holy wars
in Palestine, and oppressed the Christians! and he declares, speaking
of himself, that for three years before he had never seen the body of
Christ without thinking of the devil, nor could he remove that evil
thought from his heart by prayer, or in any other way that he knew
of; but that very morning he had heard mass with great devotion, and
since then had thought only of Christ, and thinks there is no one in
the order of the Temple whose soul will be saved, unless a reformation
takes place.

Previous to this period, the ecclesiastical council had again
assembled, and these last depositions of Brother Stephen de Stapelbrugge
and Thomas Tocci de Thoroldeby having been produced before them,
the solemn farce of their confession and abjuration was immediately
publicly enacted. It is thus described in the record of the
proceedings:--"To the praise and glory of the name of the most high
Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, to the confusion of
heretics, and the strengthening of all faithful Christians, begins the
public record of the reconciliation of the penitent heretics, returning
to the orthodox faith published in the council, celebrated at London in
the year 1311. In the name of God, Amen. In the year of the incarnation
of our Lord, 1311, on the twenty-seventh day of the month of June, in
the hall of the palace of the bishop of London, before the venerable
fathers the Lord Robert by the grace of God archbishop of Canterbury,
primate of all England, and his suffragans in provincial council
assembled, appeared Brother Stephen de Stapelbrugge, of the order of
the chivalry of the Temple; and the denying of Christ and the blessed
Virgin Mary his mother, the spitting upon the cross, and the heresies
and errors acknowledged and confessed by him in his deposition, being
displayed, the same Stephen asserted in full council, before the people
of the city of London, introduced for the occasion, that all those
things so deposed by him were true, and that to that confession he
would wholly adhere; humbly confessing his error on his bended knees,
with his hands clasped, with much lamentation and many tears, he again
and again besought the mercy and pity of holy mother church, offering
to abjure all heresies and errors, and praying them to impose on him
a fitting penance, and then the book of the holy gospels being placed
in his hands, he abjured the aforesaid heresies in this form ;--'I,
Brother Stephen de Stapelbrugge, of the order of the chivalry of the
Temple, do solemnly confess,' &c., &c., (he repeats his confession,
makes his abjuration, and then proceeds;) 'and if at any time hereafter
I shall happen to relapse into the same errors, or deviate from any
of the articles of the faith, I will account myself _ipso facto_
excommunicated; I will stand condemned as a manifest perjured heretic,
and the punishment inflicted on perjured relapsed heretics, shall be
forthwith imposed upon me without further trial or judgment!!'"

He was then sworn upon the holy gospels to stand to the sentence of the
church in the matter, after which Brother Thomas Tocci de Thoroldeby
was brought forward to go through the same ceremony, which being
concluded, these two poor serving brothers of the order of the Temple,
who were so ignorant that they could not write, were made to place
their mark on the record of their abjuration. "And then our lord the
archbishop of Canterbury, for the purpose of absolving and reconciling
to the unity of the church the aforesaid Thomas and Stephen, conceded
his authority and that of the whole council to the bishop of London, in
the presence of me the notary, specially summoned for the occasion,
in these words: 'We grant to you the authority of God, of the blessed
Mary, of the blessed Thomas the Martyr our patron, and of all the
saints of God (sanctorum atque _sanctarum_ Dei) to us conceded, and
also the authority of the present council to us transferred, to the
end that thou mayest reconcile to the unity of the church these
miserables, separated from her by their repudiation of the faith, and
now brought back again to her bosom, reserving to ourselves and the
council the right of imposing a fit penance for their transgressions!'
And as there were two penitents, the bishop of Chichester was joined
to the bishop of London for the purpose of pronouncing the absolution,
which two bishops, putting on their mitres and pontificals, and being
assisted by twelve priests in sacerdotal vestments, placed themselves
in seats at the western entrance of the cathedral church of St. Paul,
and the penitents, with bended knees, humbly prostrating themselves
in prayer upon the steps before the door of the church, the members
of the council and the people of the city standing around; and the
psalm, _Have mercy upon me, O God, after thy great goodness_, having
been chaunted from the beginning to the end, and the subjoined prayers
and sermon having been gone through, they absolved the said penitents,
and received them back to the unity of the church in the following
form:--'In the name of God, Amen. Since by your confession we find
that you, Brother Stephen de Stapelbrugge, have denied Christ Jesus
and the blessed Virgin Mary, and have spate _beside_ the cross, and
now taking better advice wishest to return to the unity of the holy
church with a true heart and sincere faith, as you assert, and all
heretical depravity having for that purpose been previously abjured by
you according to the form of the church, we, by the authority of the
council, absolve you from the bond of excommunication wherewith you
were held fast, and we reconcile you to the unity of the church, if you
shall have returned to her in sincerity of heart, and shall have obeyed
her injunctions imposed upon you.'" Brother Thomas Tocci de Thoroldeby
was then absolved and reconciled to the church in the usual manner,
after which various psalms (Gloria Patri, Kyrie Eleyson, Christe
Eleyson, &c. &c.) were sung, and prayers were offered up, and then the
ceremony was concluded.

On the 1st of July, an avowal of guilt was wrung by the inquisitors
from Brother John de Stoke, chaplain of the order, who, being brought
before the bishops of London and Chichester in St. Martin's Church,
deposed that he was received in the mode mentioned by him on his first
examination; but a year and fifteen days after that reception, being at
the preceptory of Garwy in the diocese of Hereford, he was called into
the chamber of Brother James de Molay, the Grand Master of the order,
who, in the presence of two other Templars of foreign extraction,
informed him that he wished to make proof of his obedience, and
commanded him to take a seat at the foot of the bed, and the deponent
did so. The Grand Master then sent into the church for the crucifix,
and two serving brothers, with naked swords in their hands, stationed
themselves on either side of the doorway. As soon as the crucifix
made its appearance, the Grand Master, pointing to the figure of our
Saviour nailed thereon, asked the deponent whose image it was, and he
answered, "The image of Jesus Christ, who suffered on the cross for the
redemption of mankind;" but the Grand Master exclaimed, "Thou sayest
wrong, and art much mistaken, for he was the son of a certain woman,
and was crucified because he called himself the Son of God, and I
myself have been in the place where he was born and crucified, and thou
must now deny him whom this image represents." The deponent exclaimed,
"Far be it from me to deny my Saviour;" but the Grand Master told him
he must do it, or he would be put into a sack and be carried to a place
which he would find by no means agreeable, and there were swords in
the room, and brothers ready to use them, &c. &c.; and the deponent
asked if such was the custom of the order, and if all the brethren
did the same; and being answered in the affirmative, he, through fear
of immediate death, denied Christ with his _tongue_, but not with his
_heart_. Being asked in whom he was told to put his faith after he had
denied Christ Jesus, he replies, "In that great Omnipotent God who
created the heaven and the earth!"

On Monday, July 5th, at the request of the ecclesiastical council, the
bishop of Chichester had an interview with Sir William de la More,
the Master of the Temple, taking with him certain learned lawyers,
theologians, and scriveners. He exhorted and earnestly pressed him to
abjure the heresies of which he stood convicted, by his own confessions
and those of his brethren, respecting the absolutions pronounced by
him in the chapters, and submit himself to the disposition of the
church; but the Master declared that he had never been guilty of the
heresies mentioned, and that he would not abjure crimes which he had
never committed; so he was sent back to his dungeon. The next day, the
bishops of London, Winchester, and Chichester, had an interview in
Southwark with the Knight Templar Philip de Mewes, Preceptor of Garwy,
and some serving brethren of the New Temple at London, and told them
that they were manifestly guilty of heresy, as appeared from the pope's
bulls, and the depositions taken against the order both in England and
France, and also from their own confessions regarding the absolutions
pronounced in their chapters, explaining to them that they had
grievously erred in believing that the Master of the Temple, who was a
mere layman, had power to absolve them from their sins by pronouncing
absolution, and they warned them that if they persisted in that error
they would be condemned as heretics, and that, as they could not clear
themselves therefrom, it behoved them to abjure all the heresies of
which they were accused. The Templars replied that they were ready to
abjure the error they had fallen into respecting the absolution and all
heresies of every kind, before the archbishop of Canterbury and the
prelates of the council, whenever they should be required so to do,
and they humbly and reverently submitted themselves to the orders of
the church, beseeching pardon and grace. A sort of compromise was then
made with most of the Templars in custody in London. They were required
publicly to repeat a form of confession and abjuration drawn up by the
bishops of London and Chichester, and were then solemnly absolved and
reconciled to the church.

On the 9th of July, Brother Michael de Baskevile, Knight, Preceptor
of London, and seventeen other Templars, were absolved and reconciled
in full council, in the Episcopal Hall of the see of London, in the
presence of a vast concourse of the citizens. On the 10th of the
same month, the Preceptors of Dokesworth, Getinges, and Samford, the
guardian of the Temple church at London, Brother Radulph de Evesham,
chaplain, with other priests, knights, and serving brethren of the
order, were absolved by the bishops of London, Exeter, Winchester,
and Chichester, in the presence of the archbishop of Canterbury, and
the whole ecclesiastical council. The next day many more members of
the fraternity were publicly reconciled to the church on the steps
before the south door of Saint Paul's cathedral, and were afterwards
present at the celebration of high mass in the interior of the sacred
edifice, when they advanced in a body towards the high altar bathed
in tears, and falling down on their knees, they devoutly kissed the
sacred emblems of Christianity. The day after, (July 12,) nineteen
other Templars were publicly absolved and reconciled to the church in
the same place, in the presence of the earls of Leicester, Pembroke,
and Warwick, and afterwards assisted in like manner at the celebration
of high mass. The priests of the order made their confessions and
abjurations in Latin; the knights pronounced them in Norman French, and
the serving brethren for the most part repeated them in English. The
vast concourse of people collected together could have comprehended but
very little of what was uttered, whilst the appearance of the penitent
brethren, and the public spectacle of their recantation, answered the
views of the papal inquisitors, and doubtless impressed the commonalty
with a conviction of the guilt of the order. Many of the Templars were
too _sick_ (from the effect of torture) to be brought down to Saint
Paul's, and were therefore absolved and reconciled to the church by the
bishops of London, Winchester, and Chichester, at Saint Mary's chapel
near the Tower. Among these last were many old veteran warriors in the
last stage of decrepitude and decay. "They were so old and so infirm,"
says the public notary who recorded the proceedings, "that they were
unable to stand;" their confessions were consequently made before two
masters in theology; they were then led before the west door of the
chapel, and were publicly reconciled to the church by the bishop of
Chichester; after which they were brought into the sacred building, and
were placed on their knees before the high altar, which they devoutly
kissed, whilst the tears trickled down their furrowed cheeks. All these
penitent Templars were now released from prison, and directed to do
penance in different monasteries. Precisely the same form of proceeding
was followed at York; the reconciliation and absolution being there
carried into effect before the south door of the cathedral.[161]

Similar measures had, in the mean time, been prosecuted against the
Templars in all parts of Christendom. On the 18th of March, the pope
wrote to the kings of Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Portugal, complaining
of the omission to torture the Templars in their dominions. "The
bishops and delegates," says the holy pontiff, "have imprudently
neglected these means of obtaining the truth; we therefore expressly
order them to employ TORTURE against the knights, that the truth may
be more readily and completely obtained!" The order for TORTURING the
Templars was transmitted to the patriarch of Constantinople, the bishop
of Negropont, and the duke of Achaia; and it crossed the seas to the
king of Cyprus, and the bishops of Famagousta and Nicosia! The councils
of Tarragona and Aragon, after applying the torture, pronounced the
order free from heresy. In Portugal and in Germany the Templars were
declared innocent: and in no place situate beyond the sphere of the
influence of the king of France and his creature the pope was a single
Templar condemned to death.[162]

On the 16th of October the general council of the church which had
been convened by the pope to pronounce the abolition of the order,
assembled at Vienne, near Lyons in France. It was opened by the holy
pontiff in person, who caused the different confessions and avowals of
the Templars to be read over before the assembled nobles and prelates.
Although the order was now broken up, and the best and bravest of
its members had either perished in the flames or were languishing
in dungeons, yet nine fugitive Templars had the courage to present
themselves before the council, and demand to be heard in defence of
their order, declaring that they were the representatives of from 1,500
to 2,000 Templars, who were wandering about as fugitives and outlaws in
the neighbourhood of Lyons. Monsieur Raynouard has fortunately brought
to light a letter from the pope to king Philip, which states this fact,
and also informs us how the holy pontiff acted when he heard that these
defenders of the order had presented themselves. Clement caused them to
be thrown into prison, where they languished and died. He affected to
believe that his life was in danger from the number of the Templars at
large, and he immediately took measures to provide for the security of
his person.

The assembled fathers, to their honour, expressed their disapprobation
of this flagrant act of injustice, and the entire council, with the
exception of an Italian prelate, nephew of the pope, and the three
French bishops of Rheims, Sens, and Rouen, all creatures of Philip,
who had severally condemned large bodies of Templars to be burnt at
the stake in their respective dioceses, were unanimously of opinion,
that before the suppression of so celebrated and illustrious an order,
which had rendered such great and signal services to the christian
faith, the members belonging to it ought to be heard in their own
defence.[163] Such a proceeding, however did not suit the views of the
pope and king Philip, and the assembly was abruptly dismissed by the
holy pontiff, who declared that since they were unwilling to adopt
the necessary measures, he himself, out of the plenitude of the papal
authority, would supply every defect. Accordingly, at the commencement
of the following year, the pope summoned a private consistory; and
several cardinals and French bishops having been gained over, the holy
pontiff abolished the order by an apostolical ordinance, perpetually
prohibiting every one from thenceforth entering into it, or accepting
or wearing the habit thereof, or representing themselves to be
Templars, on pain of excommunication.[164]

On the 3rd of April, the second session of the council was opened
by the pope at Vienne. King Philip and his three sons were present,
accompanied by a large body of troops, and the papal decree abolishing
the order was published before the assembly. The members of the council
appear to have been called together merely to hear the decree read.
History does not inform us of any discussion with reference to it,
nor of any suffrages having been taken. A few months after the close
of these proceedings, Brother William de la More, the Master of the
Temple in England, died of a broken heart in his solitary dungeon in
the Tower, persisting with his last breath in the maintenance of the
innocence of his order. King Edward, in pity for his misfortunes,
directed the constable of the Tower to hand over his goods and
chattels, valued at the sum of 4_l._ 19_s._ 11_d._, to his executors,
to be employed in the liquidation of his debts, and he commanded
Geoffrey de la Lee, guardian of the lands of the Templars, to pay the
arrears of his prison pay (2_s._ per diem) to the executor, Roger
Hunsingon.

Among the Cotton MS. is a list of the Masters of the Temple, otherwise
the Grand Priors or Grand Preceptors of England, compiled under the
direction of the prior of the Hospital of Saint John at Clerkenwell,
to the intent that the brethren of that fraternity might remember
the ancient Masters of the Temple in their prayers.[165] A few names
have been omitted which are here supplied. Magister R. de Pointon.
Rocelinus de Fossa. Richard de Hastings, (A. D. 1160). Richard
Mallebeench. Geoffrey, son of Stephen, (A. D. 1180). Thomas Berard,
(A. D. 1200). Amaric de St. Maur, (A. D. 1203). Alan Marcel, (A. D.
1224). Amberaldus, (A. D. 1229). Robert Mountforde, (A. D. 1234). Robert
Sanford, (A. D. 1241). Amadeus de Morestello, (A. D. 1254). Himbert
Peraut, (A. D. 1270). Robert Turvile, (A. D. 1290). Guido de Foresta,
(A. D. 1292). James de Molay, (A. D. 1293). Brian le Jay, (A. D. 1295).
WILLIAM DE LA MORE THE MARTYR.[166]

The only other Templar in England whose fate merits particular
attention is Brother Himbert Blanke, the Grand Preceptor of Auvergne.
He appears to have been a knight of high honour and of stern unbending
pride. From first to last he had boldly protested against the violent
proceedings of the inquisitors, and had fearlessly maintained, amid all
his trials, his own innocence and that of his order. This illustrious
Templar had fought under four successive Grand Masters in defence of
the christian faith in Palestine, and, after the fall of Acre, had led
in person several daring expeditions against the infidels. For these
meritorious services he was rewarded in the following manner:--After
having been tortured and half-starved in the English prisons for the
space of five years, he was condemned, as he would make no confession
of guilt, to be shut up in a loathsome dungeon, to be loaded with
double chains, and to be occasionally visited by the agents of the
Inquisition, to see if he would confess _nothing further_.[167] In this
miserable situation he remained until death at last put an end to his
sufferings.

James de Molay, the Grand Master of the Temple, Guy, the Grand
Preceptor, a nobleman of illustrious birth, brother to the prince of
Dauphiny, Hugh de Peralt, the Visitor-general of the order, and the
Grand Preceptor of Aquitaine, had now languished in the prisons of
France for the space of five years and a half. The secrets of their
dark dungeons were never brought to light, but on the 18th of March,
A. D. 1313, a public scaffold was erected before the cathedral church of
Notre Dame, at Paris, and the citizens were summoned to hear the order
of the Temple convicted by the mouths of its chief officers, of the
sins and iniquities charged against it. The four knights, loaded with
chains and surrounded by guards, were then brought upon the scaffold
by the provost, and the bishop of Alba read their confessions aloud in
the presence of the assembled populace. The papal legate then, turning
towards the Grand Master and his companions, called upon them to renew,
in the hearing of the people, the avowals which they had previously
made of the guilt of their order. Hugh de Peralt, the Visitor-general,
and the Preceptor of the Temple of Aquitaine, signified their assent
to whatever was demanded of them, but the Grand Master, raising his
arms bound with chains towards heaven, and advancing to the edge of
the scaffold, declared in a loud voice, that to say that which was
untrue was a crime, both in the sight of God and man. "I do," said
he, "confess my guilt, which consists in having, to my shame and
dishonour, suffered myself, through the pain of torture and the fear of
death, to give utterance to falsehoods, imputing scandalous sins and
iniquities to an illustrious order, which hath nobly served the cause
of Christianity. I disdain to seek a wretched and disgraceful existence
by engrafting another lie upon the original falsehood." He was here
interrupted by the provost and his officers, and Guy, the Grand
Preceptor, having commenced with strong asseverations of his innocence,
they were both hurried back to prison.

King Philip was no sooner informed of the result, than, upon the first
impulse of his indignation, without consulting either pope, or bishop,
or ecclesiastical council, he commanded the instant execution of both
these gallant noblemen. The same day at dusk they were led out of their
dungeons, and were burned to death in a slow and lingering manner upon
small fires of charcoal which were kindled on the little island in the
Seine, between the king's garden and the convent of Saint Augustine,
close to the spot where now stands the equestrian statue of Henri
IV.[168] Thus perished the last Grand Master of the Temple.

The fate of the persecutors of the order is not unworthy of notice.

A year and one month after the above horrible execution, the pope
was attacked by a dysentery, and speedily hurried to his grave. The
dead body was transported to Carpentras, where the court of Rome then
resided; it was placed at night in a church which caught fire, and the
mortal remains of the holy pontiff were almost entirely consumed. His
relations quarrelled over the immense treasures he left behind him, and
a vast sum of money, which had been deposited for safety in a church at
Lucca, was stolen by a daring band of German and Italian freebooters.
Before the close of the same year, king Philip died of a lingering
disease which had baffled all the art of his medical attendants,
and the condemned criminal, upon the strength of whose information
the Templars were originally arrested, was hanged for fresh crimes.
"History attests," says Monsieur Raynouard, "that all those who were
foremost in the persecution of the Templars, came to an untimely and
miserable death. The last days of Philip were embittered by misfortune;
his nobles and clergy leagued against him to resist his exactions; the
wives of his three sons were accused of adultery, and two of them were
publicly convicted of that crime. The misfortunes of Edward the Second,
king of England, and his horrible death in Berkeley Castle, are too
well known to be further alluded to."

"The chief cause of the ruin of the Templars," justly remarks Fuller,
"was their extraordinary wealth. As Naboth's vineyard was the chiefest
ground of his blasphemy, and as in England Sir John Cornwall Lord
Fanhope said merrily, not he, but his stately house at Ampthill, in
Bedfordshire, was guilty of high treason, so certainly their wealth was
the principal cause of their overthrow.... We may believe that king
Philip would never have taken away their lives if he might have taken
their lands without putting them to death, but the mischief was, he
could not get the honey unless he burnt the bees." King Philip, the
pope, and the European sovereigns, appear to have disposed of all the
personalty of the Templars, the ornaments, jewels, and treasures of
their churches and chapels, and during the period of five years, over
which the proceedings against the order extended, they remained in the
actual receipt of the vast rents and revenues of the fraternity. King
Philip put forward a claim upon their lands in France to the extent
of two hundred thousand pounds for the expenses of the prosecution,
and Louis, his son, claimed a further sum of sixty thousand pounds:
"J'ignore," says Voltaire, "ce qui revint au pape, mais je vois
evidemment que les frais des cardinaux, des inquisiteurs delegues
pour faire ce proces epouvantable monterent a des sommes immenses."
The holy pontiff, according to his own account, received only a _small
portion_ of the personalty of the order, but others make him a large
participator in the good things of the fraternity.[169]

On the imprisonment of the Templars in England, the Temple at London,
and all the preceptories dependent upon it, with the manors, farms,
houses, lands, and revenues of the order, were placed under the survey
of the Court of Exchequer, and extents were directed to be taken of the
same, after which they were confided to the care of certain trustworthy
persons, styled "Guardians of the lands of the Templars," who were
to account for the rents and profits to the king's exchequer. These
guardians were directed to pay various pensions to the old servants and
retainers of the Templars dwelling in the different preceptories, also
the expenses of the prosecution against the order; and they were at
different times required to victual the king's castles and strongholds.
In the month of February, A. D. 1312, the king gave the Temple manors
of Etton and Cave to David, earl of Athol, directing the guardians of
the lands and tenements of the Templars in the county of York to hand
over to the said earl all the corn in those manors, the oxen, calves,
ploughs, and all the goods and chattels of the Templars existing
therein, together with the ornaments and utensils of the chapel of the
Temple. But on the 16th of May the pope addressed bulls to the king,
and to all the earls and barons of the kingdom, setting forth the
proceedings of the council of Vienne, and the publication of a papal
decree, vesting the property late belonging to the Templars in the
brethren of the Hospital of St. John, and he commands them forthwith
to place the members of that order in possession thereof. Bulls were
also addressed to the archbishops of Canterbury and York and their
suffragans, commanding them to enforce by ecclesiastical censures
the execution of the papal commands. King Edward and his nobles very
properly resisted this decree, and on the 21st of August the king wrote
to the Prior of the Hospital of St. John at Clerkenwell, telling him
that the pretensions of the pope to dispose of property within the
realm of England, without the consent of parliament, were derogatory to
the dignity of the crown and the royal authority. The following year
the king granted the Temple at London, with the church and all the
buildings therein, to Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke; and on the
5th of May of the same year, he caused several merchants, from whom he
had borrowed money, to be placed in possession of many of the manors of
the Templars.[170]

Yielding, however, at last to the exhortations and menaces of the pope,
the king, on the 21st of Nov., A. D. 1313, granted the property to the
Hospitallers, and sent orders to the guardians of the lands of the
Templars, and to various powerful barons who were in possession of the
estates, commanding them to deliver them up to certain parties deputed
by the Grand Master and chapter of the Hospital of St. John to receive
them. At this period many of the heirs of the donors, whose title had
been recognised by the law, were in possession of the lands, and the
judges held that the king had no power of his own sole authority to
transfer them to the order of the Hospital. The thunders of the Vatican
were consequently vigorously made use of, and all the detainers of the
property were doomed by the Roman pontiff to everlasting damnation.
Pope John, in one of his bulls, dated A. D. 1322, bitterly complains
of the disregard by all the king's subjects of the papal commands. He
laments that they had hardened their hearts and despised the sentence
of excommunication fulminated against them, and declares that his heart
was riven with grief to find that even the ecclesiastics, who ought to
have been as a wall of defence to the Hospitallers, had themselves been
heinously guilty in the premises.[171]

At last (A. D. 1324) the pope, the bishops, and the Hospitallers, by
their united exertions, succeeded in obtaining an act of parliament,
vesting all the property late belonging to the Templars in the brethren
of the Hospital of St. John, in order that the intentions of the donors
might be carried into effect by the appropriation of it to the defence
of the Holy Land and the succour of the christian cause in the East.
This statute gave rise to the greatest discontent. The heirs of the
donors petitioned parliament for its repeal, alleging that it had been
made against law, and against reason, and contrary to the opinion of
the judges; and many of the great barons who held the property by a
title recognised by the common law, successfully resisted the claims
of the order of the Hospital, maintaining that the parliament had no
right to interfere with the tenure of private property, and to dispose
of their possessions without their consent. This struggle between the
heirs of the donors on the one hand, and the Hospitallers on the other,
continued for a lengthened period; and in the reign of Edward the Third
it was found necessary to pass another act of parliament, confirming
the previous statute in their favour, and writs were sent to the
sheriffs (A. D. 1334) commanding them to enforce the execution of the
acts of the legislature, and to take possession, in the king's name, of
all the property unjustly detained from the brethren of the Hospital of
St. John.[172]

Whilst the vast possessions, late belonging to the Templars, thus
continued to be the subject of contention, the surviving brethren
of that dissolved order continued to be treated with the utmost
inhumanity and neglect. The ecclesiastical council had assigned to each
of them a pension of fourpence a day for subsistence, but this small
pittance was not paid, and they were consequently in great danger of
dying of hunger. The king, pitying their miserable situation, wrote
to the prior of the hospital of St. John at Clerkenwell, earnestly
requesting him to take their hard lot into his serious consideration,
and not suffer them to come to beggary in the streets. The archbishop
of Canterbury also exerted himself in their behalf, and sent letters
to the possessors of the property, reproving them for the non-payment
of the allotted stipends. "This inhumanity," says he, "awakens our
compassion, and penetrates us with the most lively grief. We pray
and conjure you in kindness to furnish them, for the love of God and
for charity, with the means of subsistence." The archbishop of York
caused many of them to be supported in the different monasteries of his
diocese.[173]

We have already seen (ante, p. 298) that the Temple at London, the
chief house of the English province of the order, had been granted
(A. D. 1313) by king Edward the Second to Aymer de Valence, earl of
Pembroke. As Thomas earl of Lancaster, the king's cousin and first
prince of the blood, however, claimed the Temple by escheat, as the
immediate lord of the fee, the earl of Pembroke, on the 3rd of October,
A. D. 1315, at the request of the king, and in consideration of the
grant to him by his sovereign of other land, gave up the property to
the earl of Lancaster. This earl of Lancaster was president of the
council, and the most powerful and opulent subject of the kingdom,
and we are told that the students and professors of the common law
made interest with him for a lodging in the Temple, and first gained a
footing therein as his _lessees_. They took possession of the old Hall
and the gloomy cells of the military monks, and converted them into
the great and most ancient Common Law University in England. From that
period to the present time the retreats of the religious warriors have
been devoted to "the studious and eloquent pleaders of causes," a new
kind of TEMPLARS, who, as Fuller quaintly observes, now "defend one
Christian from another, as the old ones did Christians from Pagans."

Subsequently to this event the fee simple or inheritance of the
place passed successively through various hands. On the memorable
attainder and ignominious execution before his own castle of the earl
of Lancaster it reverted to the crown, and was again granted to Aymer
de Valence, earl of Pembroke, who was shortly afterwards murdered at
Paris. He died without issue, and the Temple accordingly once more
vested in the crown.[174] It was then granted to the royal favourite,
Hugh le Despenser the younger, and on his attainder and execution by
the Lancastrian faction, it came into the hands of the young king
Edward the Third, who had just then ascended the throne, and was
committed by him to the keeping of the Mayor of London, his escheator
in the city. The mayor closed the gate leading to the waterside, which
stood at the bottom of the present Middle Temple Lane, whereby the
lawyers were much incommoded in their progress backwards and forwards
from the Temple to Westminster. Complaints were made to the king on
the subject, who, on the 2nd day of November, in the third year of
his reign, (A. D. 1330,) wrote as follows to the mayor:--"The king
to the mayor of London, his escheator in the same city. Since we
have been given to understand that there ought to be a free passage
through the court of the New Temple at London to the river Thames,
for our justices, clerks, and others, who may wish to pass by water
to Westminster to transact their business, and that you keep the gate
of the Temple shut by day, and so prevent those same justices, clerks
of ours, and other persons, from passing through the midst of the
said court to the waterside, whereby as well our own affairs as those
of our people in general are oftentimes greatly delayed, we command
you, that you keep the gates of the said Temple open by day, so that
our justices and clerks, and other persons who wish to go by water to
Westminster may be able so to do by the way to which they have hitherto
been accustomed." The following year (A. D. 1331) the king wrote to
the mayor, his escheator in the city of London, informing him that
he had been given to understand that the pier in the said court of
the Temple, leading to the river, was so broken and decayed, that his
clerks and law officers, and others, could no longer get across it, and
were consequently prevented from passing by water to Westminster. "We
therefore," he proceeds, "being desirous of providing such a remedy
as we ought for this evil, command you to do whatever repairs are
necessary to the said pier, and to defray the cost thereof out of the
proceeds of the lands and rents appertaining to the said Temple now in
your custody; and when we shall have been informed of the things done
in the matter, the expense shall be allowed you in your account of the
same proceeds."[175]

Two years afterwards (6 E. III., A. D. 1333) the king committed the
custody of the Temple to "his beloved clerk," William de Langford,
"and farmed out the rents and proceeds thereof to him for the term of
ten years, at a rent of 24_l._ per annum, the said William undertaking
to keep all the houses and tenements in good order and repair, and so
deliver them up at the end of the term." In the mean time, however, the
pope and the bishops had been vigorously exerting themselves to obtain
a transfer of the property to the order of the Knights Hospitallers of
Saint John. The Hospitallers petitioned the king, setting forth that
the church, the cloisters, and other places within the Temple, were
consecrated and dedicated to the service of God, that they had been
unjustly occupied and detained from them by Hugh le Despenser the
younger, and, through his attainder, had lately come into the king's
hands, and they besought the king to deliver up to them possession
thereof. King Edward accordingly commanded the mayor of London, his
escheator in that city, to take inquisition concerning the premises.

From this inquisition, and the return thereof, it appears that many
of the founders of the Temple Church, and many of the brethren of the
order of Knights Templars, then lay buried in the church and cemetery
of the Temple; that the bishop of Ely had his lodging in the Temple,
known by the name of the bishop of Ely's chamber; that there was a
chapel dedicated to St. Thomas-a-Becket, which extended from the door
of the TEMPLE HALL as far as the ancient gate of the Temple; also a
cloister which began at the bishop of Ely's chamber, and ran in an
easterly direction; and that there was a wall which ran in a northerly
direction as far as the said king's highway; that in the front part of
the cemetery towards the north, bordering on the king's highway, were
thirteen houses formerly erected, with the assent and permission of
the Master and brethren of the Temple, by Roger Blom, a messenger of
the Temple, for the purpose of holding the lights and ornaments of the
church; that the land whereon these houses were built, the cemetery,
the church, and all the space enclosed between St. Thomas's chapel, the
church, the cloisters, and the wall running in a northerly direction,
and all the buildings erected thereon, together with the hall,
cloisters, and St. Thomas' chapel, were sanctified places dedicated to
God; that Hugh le Despenser occupied and detained them unjustly, and
that through his attainder and forfeiture, and not otherwise, they came
into the king's hands.[176]

After the return of this inquisition, the said sanctified places were
assigned to the prior and brethren of the Hospital of Saint John; and
the king, on the 11th of January, in the tenth year of his reign, A. D.
1337, directed his writ to the barons of the Exchequer, commanding
them to take inquisition of the value of the said sanctified places,
so given up to the Hospitallers, and of the residue of the Temple,
and certify the same under their seals to the king, in order that a
reasonable abatement might be made in William de Langford's rent. From
the inquiry made in pursuance of this writ before John de Shoreditch,
a baron of the Exchequer, it further appears that on the said residue
of the Temple upon the land then remaining in the custody of William
de Langford, and withinside the great gate of the Temple, were another
HALL and four chambers connected therewith, a kitchen, a garden, a
stable, and a chamber beyond the great gate; also eight shops, seven of
which stood in Fleet Street, and the eighth in the suburb of London,
without the bar of the New Temple; that the annual value of these shops
varied from ten to thirteen, fifteen, and sixteen shillings; that the
fruit out of the garden of the Temple sold for sixty shillings per
annum in the gross, that seven out of the thirteen houses erected by
Roger Blom were each of the annual value of eleven shillings; and that
the eighth, situated beyond the gate of entrance to the church, was
worth four marks per annum. It appears, moreover, that the total annual
revenue of the Temple then amounted to 73_l._ 6_s._ 11_d._, equal to
about 1,000_l._ of our present money, and that William de Langford was
abated 12_l._ 4_s._ 2_d._ of the said rent.[177]

Three years after the taking of this inquisition, and in the
thirteenth year of his reign, A. D. 1340, king Edward the Third, in
consideration of the sum of one hundred pounds, which the prior of
the Knights Hospitallers promised to pay him towards the expense of
his expedition into France, granted to the said prior all the residue
of the Temple then remaining in the king's hands, to hold, together
with the cemetery, cloisters, and the other sanctified places, to the
said prior and his brethren, and their successors, of the king and his
heirs, for charitable purposes, for ever. From this grant it appears
that the porter of the Temple received sixty shillings and tenpence
per annum, and twopence a day wages, which were to be paid him by the
Hospitallers. At this period Philip Thane was prior of the Hospital;
and he exerted himself to impart to the celebration of divine service
in the Temple Church, the dignity and the splendour it possessed in the
time of the Templars. He, with the unanimous consent and approbation
of the whole chapter of the Hospital, granted to Hugh de Lichefield,
priest, and to his successors, guardians of the Temple Church, towards
the improvement of the lights and the celebration of divine service
therein, all the land called Ficketzfeld, and the garden called
Cotterell Garden; and two years afterwards he made a further grant, to
the said Hugh and his successors, of a thousand fagots a year to be cut
out of the wood of Lilleston, and carried to the New Temple to keep up
the fire in the said church.[178]

King Edward III., in the thirty-fifth year of his reign, A. D. 1362,
notwithstanding the grant of the Temple to the Hospitallers, exercised
the right of appointing to the porter's office, and by his letter
patent he promoted Roger Small to that post for the term of his
life, in return for the good service rendered him by the said Roger
Small.[179]

It appears that the lawyers in the Temple had at this period their
purveyor of provisions as at present, and were then keeping commons
or dining together in the hall. The poet Chaucer, who was born at the
close of the reign of Edward II., A. D. 1327, and was in high favour at
court in the reign of Edward III., thus speaks of the MANCIPLE, or the
purveyor of provisions of the lawyers in the Temple:--

    "A gentil Manciple was there of the TEMPLE,
    Of whom achatours mighten take ensample,
    For to ben wise in bying of vitaille.
    For whether that he paid or toke by taille,
    Algate he waited so in his achate,
    That he was aye before in good estate.
    Now is not that of God a full fayre grace,
    That swiche a lewed mannes wit shal pace,
    The wisdome of an hepe of lerned men?"
    "Of maisters had he mo than thries ten,
    THAT WERE OF LAWE EXPERT AND CURIOUS;
    Of which there was a dosein in that hous
    Worthy to ben stewardes of rent and lond
    Of any lord that is in Englelond,
    To maken him live by his propre good,
    In honour detteles, but if he were wood,
    Or live as scarsly, as him list desire;
    And able for to helpen all a shire,
    In any cas that mighte fallen or happe;
    And yet this manciple sette hir aller cappe."[180]

At the period of the dissolution of the order of the Templars many
of the retainers of the ancient knights were residing in the Temple,
supported by pensions from the crown. These were of the class of free
servants of office, they held their posts for life, and not having
been members of the order, they were not included in the general
proscription of the fraternity. On the seizure by the sheriffs and
royal officers of the property of their ancient masters, they had
been reduced to great distress, and had petitioned the king to be
allowed their customary stipends. Edward II. had accordingly granted
to Robert Styfford clerk, chaplain of the Temple Church, two deniers a
day for his maintenance in the house of the Temple at London, and five
shillings a year for necessaries, provided he did service in the Temple
Church; and when unable to do so, he was to receive only his food
and lodging. Geoffrey Talaver, Geoffrey de Cave, clerk, and John de
Shelton, were also, each of them, to receive for their good services,
annual pensions for the term of their lives. Some of these retainers,
in addition to their various stipends, were to have a gown of the class
of free-serving brethren of the order of the Temple each year; one old
garment out of the stock of old garments belonging to the brethren; one
mark a year for their shoes, &c.; their sons also received so much _per
diem_, on condition that they did the daily work of the house.[181]
These domestics and retainers of the ancient brotherhood of the Knights
Templars, appear to have transferred their services to the learned
society of lawyers established in the Temple, and to have continued and
kept alive amongst them many of the ancient customs and observances of
the old Knights. The chaplain of the Temple Church took his meals in
the hall with the lawyers as he had been wont to do with the Knights
Templars; and the rule of their order requiring "two and two to eat
together," and "all the fragments to be given in brotherly charity to
the domestics," continued to be observed, and prevails to this day;
whilst the attendants at table continued to be, and are still called
_paniers_, as in the days of the Knights Templars.[182]

In the sixth year of the reign of Edward III., (A. D. 1333,) a few
years after the lawyers had established themselves in the convent
of the Temple, the judges of the Court of Common Pleas were made
KNIGHTS,[183] being the earliest instance on record of the grant of the
honour of knighthood for services purely civil, and the professors
of the common law, who had the exclusive privilege of practising
in that court, assumed the title or degree of FRERES SERJENS or
FRATRES SERVIENTES, so that an order of knights and serving-brethren
was most curiously revived in the Temple, and introduced into the
profession of the law. It is true that the word _serviens_, _serjen_,
or serjeant, was applied to the professors of the law long before the
reign of Edward III., but not to denote a _privileged brotherhood_.
It was applied to lawyers in common with all persons who did any
description of work for another, from the _serviens domini regis ad
legem_, who prosecuted the pleas of the crown in the county court,
to the _serviens_ or _serjen_ who walked with his cane before the
concubine of the patriarch Heraclius in the streets of Jerusalem.
The priest who worked for the Lord was called _serjen de Dieu_, and
the lover who served the lady of his affections _serjen d'amour_.
It was in the order of the Temple that the word _freres_ serjens or
_fratres_ servientes first signified an honorary title or degree,
and denoted a powerful privileged class of brethren. The _fratres
servientes armigeri_ or _freres serjens des armes_, of the chivalry of
the Temple, were of the rank of gentlemen. They united in their own
persons the monastic and the military character, they were allotted one
horse each, they wore the cross of the order of the Temple on their
breasts, they participated in all the privileges of the brotherhood,
and were eligible to the dignity of Preceptor. Large sums of money
were frequently given by seculars who had not been advanced to the
honour of knighthood, to be admitted amongst this highly esteemed
order of men. These _freres serjens_ of the Temple wore linen _coifs_,
and red caps close over them.[184] At the ceremony of their admission
into the fraternity, the Master of the Temple placed the coif upon
their heads, and threw over their shoulders the white mantle of the
Temple; he then caused them to sit down on the ground, and gave them a
solemn admonition concerning the duties and responsibilities of their
profession. The knights and Serjeants of the common law, on the other
hand, have ever constituted a privileged _fraternity_, and always
address one another by the endearing term _brother_. The religious
character of the ancient ceremony of admission into this legal
brotherhood, which took place in the Temple Church, and its striking
similarity to the ancient mode of reception into the fraternity of the
Temple, are curious and remarkable. "Capitalis Justitiarius," says an
ancient MS. account of the creation of serjeants-at-law, "monstrabat
eis plura bona exempla de eorum praedecessoribus, et tunc. posuit
les _coyfes_ super eorum capitibus, et induebat eos singulariter de
capital de skarletto, et sic creati fuerunt _servientes ad legem_."
In his admonitory exhortation, the chief-justice displays to them the
moral and religious duties of their profession. "Ambulate in vocatione
in qua vocati estis.... Disce cultum Dei, _reverentiam superioris,
misericordiam pauperi_." He tells them the coif is sicut vestis
_candida_ et immaculata, the emblem of purity and virtue, and he
commences a portion of his discourse in the scriptural language used
by the popes in the famous bull conceding to the Templars their vast
spiritual and temporal privileges, "_Omne datum optimum et omne donum
perfectum desursum est descendens a patre luminum_," &c. &c.[185] It
has been supposed that the coif was first introduced by the clerical
practitioners of the common law to hide the _tonsure_ of those priests
who practised in the Court of Common Pleas, notwithstanding the
ecclesiastical prohibition. This was not the case. The early portraits
of our judges exhibit them with a coif of very much larger dimensions
than the coifs now worn by the serjeants-at-law, very much larger than
would be necessary to hide the _mere clerical tonsure_. A covering for
that purpose indeed would be absurd.

From the inquisition into the state of the Temple, taken 10 E. III.,
A. D. 1337, it appears, as we have already seen, that in the time of the
Knights Templars there were TWO HALLS in the Temple, the one being the
hall of the knights, and the other the hall of the _freres serjens_, or
serving-brethren of the order. One of these halls, the present Inner
Temple Hall, had been assigned, the year previous to the taking of
that inquisition, to the prior and brethren of the Hospital of Saint
John, together with the church, cloisters, &c., as before mentioned,
whilst the other hall remained in the hands of the crown, and was
not granted to the Hospitallers until 13 E. III., A. D. 1340. It was
probably soon after this period that the Hospitallers conceded the use
of _both halls_ to the professors of the law, and these last, from
dining apart and being attached to different halls, at last separated
into two societies. When the lawyers originally came into the Temple as
lessees of the earl of Lancaster, they found engraved upon the ancient
buildings the armorial bearings of the order of the Temple, which were,
on a shield argent, a plain cross gules, and (_brochant sur le tout_)
the holy lamb bearing the banner of the order, surmounted by a red
cross. These arms remained the emblem of the Temple until the fifth
year of the reign of queen Elizabeth, when unfortunately the society
of the Inner Temple, yielding to the advice and persuasion of Master
Gerard Leigh, a member of the College of Heralds, abandoned the ancient
and honourable device of the Knights Templars, and assumed in its place
a galloping winged horse called a Pegasus, or, as it has been explained
to us, "a horse striking the earth with its hoof, or _Pegasus luna on
a field argent_!" Master Gerard Leigh, we are told, "emblazoned them
with precious stones and planets, and by these strange arms he intended
to signify that the knowledge acquired at the learned seminary of the
Inner Temple would raise the professors of the law to the highest
honours, adding, by way of motto, _volat ad aethera virtus_, and he
intended to allude to what are esteemed the more liberal sciences, by
giving them Pegasus forming the fountain of Hippocrene, by striking his
hoof against the rock, as a proper emblem of lawyers becoming poets, as
Chaucer and Gower, who were both of the Temple!"

The Society of the Middle Temple, with better taste, still preserves,
in that part of the Temple over which its sway extends, the
widely-renowned and time-honoured badge of the ancient order of the
Temple.

On the dissolution of the order of the Hospital of Saint John, (32
Hen. 8,) the Temple once more reverted to the crown, and the lawyers
again became the immediate lessees of the sovereign. In the reign of
James I., however, some Scotchman attempted to obtain from his majesty
a grant of the fee simple or inheritance of the Temple, which being
brought to the knowledge of the two law societies, they forthwith made
"humble suit" to the king, and obtained a grant of the property to
themselves. By letters patent, bearing date at Westminster the 13th
of August, in the sixth year of his reign, A. D. 1609, king James
granted the Temple to the Benchers of the two societies, their heirs
and assigns for ever, for the lodging, reception, and education of
the professors and students of the laws of England, the said Benchers
yielding and paying to the said king, his heirs and successors, ten
pounds yearly for the mansion called the Inner Temple, and ten pounds
yearly for the Middle Temple.[186]

There are but few remains of the ancient Knights Templars now existing
in the Temple beyond the CHURCH. The present Inner Temple Hall was
the ancient HALL OF THE KNIGHTS, but it has at different periods
been so altered and repaired as to have lost almost every trace and
vestige of antiquity. In the year 1816 it was nearly rebuilt, and the
following extract from "The Report and Observations of the Treasurer
on the late Repairs of the Inner Temple Hall," may prove interesting,
as showing the state of the edifice previous to that period. "From
the proportions, the state of decay, the materials of the eastern and
southern walls, the buttresses of the southern front, the pointed
form of the roof and arches, and the rude sculpture on the two doors
of public entrance, the hall is evidently of very great antiquity....
The northern wall appears to have been rebuilt, except at its two
extremities, in modern times, but on the old foundations.... The roof
was found to be in a very decayed and precarious state. It appeared to
have undergone reparation at three separate periods of time, at each of
which timber had been unnecessarily added, so as finally to accumulate
a weight which had protruded the northern and southern walls. It
became, therefore, indispensable to remove all the timber of the roof,
and to replace it in a lighter form. On removing the old wainscoting
of the western wall, a perpendicular crack of considerable height and
width was discovered, which threatened at any moment the fall of that
extremity of the building with its superincumbent roof.... The turret
of the clock and the southern front of the hall are only cased with
stone; this was done in the year 1741, and very ill executed. The
structure of the turret, composed of chalk, ragstone, and rubble, (the
same material as the walls of the church,) seems to be very ancient....
The wooden cupola of the bell was so decayed as to let in the rain, and
was obliged to be renewed in a form to agree with the other parts of
the southern front."

"Notwithstanding the Gothic character of the building, in the year
1680, during the treasurership of Sir Thomas Robinson, prothonotary of
C. B., a Grecian screen of the Doric order was erected, surmounted by
lions' heads, cones, and other incongruous devices. In the year 1741,
during the treasurership of John Blencowe, esq., low windows of Roman
architecture were formed in the southern front. The dates of such
innovations appear from inscriptions with the respective treasurers'
names."

This ancient hall formed the far-famed refectory of the Knights
Templars, and was the scene of their proud and sumptuous hospitality.
Within its venerable walls they at different periods entertained king
John, king Henry the Third, the haughty legates of the Roman pontiffs,
and the ambassadors of foreign powers. The old custom, alluded to by
Matthew Paris, (ante, p. 203,) of hanging around the walls the shields
and armorial devices of the ancient knights, is still preserved, and
each succeeding treasurer of the Temple still continues to hoist his
coat of arms on the wall, as in the high and palmy days of the warlike
monks of old. Here, in the time of the Knights Templars, the discipline
was administered to disobedient brethren, who were scourged upon their
bare backs with leathern thongs. Here also was kept, according to
the depositions of the witnesses who brought such dark and terrible
accusations against the Templars before the ecclesiastical tribunal
assembled in London, the famous black idol with shining eyes, and the
gilded head, which the Templars worshipped! and from hence was taken
the refractory knight, who having refused to spit upon the cross, was
plunged into the well which stood in the middle of the Temple court!
The general chapters of the Templars were frequently held in the Temple
Hall, and the vicar of the church of St. Clements at Sandwich, swore
before the Papal inquisitors assembled at London, that he had heard
that a boy had been murdered by the Templars in the Temple, because he
had crept by stealth into the Hall to witness the proceedings of the
assembled brethren.

At the west end of the hall are considerable remains of the ancient
convent of the Knights. A groined Gothic arch of the same style of
architecture as the oldest part of the Temple Church forms the roof of
the present buttery, and in the apartment beyond is a groined vaulted
ceiling of great beauty. The ribs of the arches in both rooms are
elegantly moulded, but are sadly disfigured with a thick coating of
plaster and barbarous whitewash. In the cellars underneath these rooms
are some old walls of immense thickness, the remains of an ancient
window, a curious fireplace, and some elegant pointed Gothic arches
corresponding with the ceilings above; but they are now, alas! shrouded
in darkness, choked with modern brick partitions and staircases, and
soiled with the damp and dust of many centuries. These interesting
remains form an upper and an under story, the floor of the upper story
being on a level with the floor of the hall, and the floor of the
under story on a level with the terrace on the south side thereof.
They were formerly connected with the church by means of a covered way
or cloister, which ran at right angles with them over the site of the
present cloister-chambers, and communicated with the upper and under
story of the chapel of St. Anne, which formerly stood on the south side
of the church. By means of this corridor and chapel the brethren of the
Temple had private access to the church for the performance of their
strict religious duties, and of their secret ceremonies of admitting
novices to the vows of the order. In 9 Jac. I., A. D. 1612, some brick
buildings three stories high were erected over this ancient cloister by
Francis Tate, esq., and being burnt down a few years afterwards, the
interesting covered way which connected the church with the ancient
convent was involved in the general destruction, as appears from
the following inscription upon the present buildings:--VETUSTISSIMA
TEMPLARIORUM PORTICU IGNE CONSUMPTA, ANNO 1678, NOVA HAEC, SUMPTIBUS
MEDII TEMPLI EXTRUCTA, ANNO 1681, GULIELMO WHITELOCKE ARMIGERO,
THESAURARIO. "The very ancient portico of the Templars being consumed
by fire in the year 1678, these new buildings were erected at the
expense of the Middle Temple in the year 1681, during the treasurership
of William Whitelocke, esq."

The cloisters of the Templars formed the medium of communication
between the halls, of the church, and the cells of the serving brethren
of the order. During the formation of the present new entrance into
the Temple, by the church, at the bottom of the Inner Temple lane,
a considerable portion of the brickwork of the old houses was pulled
down, and an ancient wall of great thickness was disclosed. It was
composed of chalk, ragstone, and rubble, exactly resembling the walls
of the church. It ran in a direction east and west, and appeared to
have formed the extreme northern boundary of the old convent. The exact
site of the remaining buildings of the ancient Temple cannot now be
determined with certainty.

Among the many interesting objects to be seen in the ancient church
of the Knights Templars which still exists in a wonderful state of
preservation, is the PENITENTIAL CELL, a dreary place of solitary
confinement formed within the thick wall of the building, only four
feet six inches long and two feet six inches wide, so narrow and
small that a grown person cannot lie down within it.[187] In this
narrow prison the disobedient brethren of the ancient Templars were
temporarily confined in chains and fetters, "in order that their
souls might be saved from the eternal prison of hell." The hinges and
catch of a door firmly attached to the doorway of this dreary chamber
still remain, and at the bottom of the staircase is a stone recess or
cupboard, where bread and water were placed for the prisoner. In this
cell Brother Walter le Bachelor, Knight, Grand Preceptor of Ireland, is
said to have been starved to death.


                               THE END.


                                LONDON:
                  G. J. PALMER, SAVOY STREET, STRAND.


FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Will. Tyr._ lib. i. cap. 2, lib. viii. cap. 3. _Jac. de Vitr.
Hist. Hierosol._ cap. lxii. p. 1080. _D'Herbelot Bib. Orient._ p. 270,
687, ed. 1697.

[2] _Procopius_ de aedificiis Justiniani, lib. 5.

[3] _Will. Tyr._ lib. xii. cap. 7, lib. viii. cap. 3. _Hist. Orient.
Jac. de Vitr. apud Thesaur. Nov. Anecd. Martene_, tom. iii. col. 277.
_Phocae descript. Terr. Sanct._ cap. 14, col. 1653.

[4] _Chrysost. Henriq. de Priv. Cist._ p. 477.

[5] See also Hoveden apud X script. page 479. Hen. Hunting. ib. page
384.

[6] _Will. Tyr._ lib. xiii. cap. 26; _Anselmus_, lib. iii. epistolarum,
epist. 43, 63, 66, 67.

[7] _Reg. Cart. S. Joh. Jerus. in Bib. Cotton. Nero E. b._ No. xx. fo.
118.

[8] _Odo de Diogilo de Ludov._ vii. _profectione in Orientem_, p. 67.

[9] _Duchesne hist. franc. scrip._ tom. iv. p. 512; epist. 58, 59.

[10] _Dugd. Monast._ vol. vii. p. 838; vol. ii. p. 820, 843, ed. 1830.
Baronage, tom. i. p. 122.

[11] _Will. Tyr._ lib. xvii. cap. 21, cap. 9.

[12] _Registr. epist._ apud _Martene_, tom. ii. col. 647.

[13] _Will. Tyr._ lib. xvii. cap. 27; lib. xviii. cap. 14; lib. xix.
cap. 8.

[14] Keightley's Crusaders. The virtues of Noureddin are celebrated
by the Arabic Historian _Ben-Schunah_, by _Azzeddin Ebn-al-athir_,
by _Khondemir_, and in the work entitled, "The flowers of the two
gardens," by _Omaddeddin Kateb_. See also _Will. Tyr._ lib. xx. cap. 33.

[15] _Alwakidi_, translated by Ockley, _Hist. Saracen._ _Cinnamus_,
lib. iv. num. 22.

[16] His. de Saladin, per _M. Marin_, tome i. p. 120, 1. _Gibbon_, cap.
59.

[17] _Hist. Franc. Script._ tom. iv. p. 692, 693. _Gesta Dei_, epist.
xiv. p. 1178, 9.

[18] _Martene_, vet. Script., tom. ii. col. 846, 847, 883. _Gesta Dei_,
tom. i. p. 1181-1184. _Duchesne._ Hist. Franc. script. p. 698.

[19] _Will. Tyr._ lib. xxii. cap. 5.

[20] _Will. Tyr._ lib. xviii. cap. 4, 5. lib. xx. cap. 5. _Hoveden_ in
Hen. 2, p. 622. _De Vertot_, Hist. des Chevaliers de Malte, liv. ii. p.
150 to 161, ed. 1726.

[21] _Will. Tyr._ lib. xxi. cap. 29.

[22] Academie des Inscriptions, tom. xvii. p. 127, 170.

[23] Adjecit etiam et alia _a spiritu superbiae_, quo ipse plurimum
abundabat, dictata, quae praesenti narrationi non multum necessarium est
interserere.--_Will. Tyr._ lib. xx. cap. 32.

[24] _Will. Tyr._ lib. xx. xxi. xxii.

[25] _Will. Tyr._ lib. xx-xxii. _Abulpharadge_ Chron. Syr. p. 379-381.

[26] _Hemingford_, cap. 33. _Hoveden_, ad ann. 1185; _Radulph de
Diceto_, p. 622-626. Concil. Mag. Brit. tom. iv, p. 788. _Matt. West._
ad ann. 185; _Guill. Neubr._ tom. i. lib. iii. cap. 12, 13.

[27] _Speed._ Hist. Britain, p. 506. A. D. 1185.

[28] _Stowe's_ Survey. _Tanner_, Notit. Monast. _Dugd._ Orig. Jurid.
_Herbert_, Antiq. Inns of Court.

[29] _Dugd._ Monast. Angl. vol vi. part ii. p. 820.

[30] _Will. Tyr._ lib. xii. cap. 7.

[31] _Will. Tyr._ lib. xx. cap. 21. _Rob. de Monte_, appen. ad chron.
Sig. p. 631. _Marin_, _Sanut._ p. 221. _Bernard_, Thesaur. p. 768.
_Matt. Par._ p. 142.

[32] _Roccus Pyrrhus_, Sicil. Antiq. tom. iii. col. 1000, 1093, 4, 5,
6, 7, &c.

[33] _Mariana_, de. reb. Hist. lib. ii. cap. 23.

[34] Script. rer. Germ. tom. ii. col. 584.

[35] Constantinop. Christ. lib. iv. p. 157.

[36] Hist. Gen. de Languedoc. Hist. de la ville de Paris, tom. i. p.
174. Gall. christ. nov. tom. vi., tom. vii. col. 853.

[37] _Dugd._ Monast. Angl. vol. vi. part 2, p. 800 to 817. Concil.
Magnae Britanniae, tom. iii. p. 333 to 382. Acta _Rymeri_, tom iii. p.
279, 288, 291, 295, &c.

[38] _Nichol's_ Hist. of Leicestershire.

[39] _Clutterbuck's_ Hist. of Hertfordshire. Acta _Rymeri_, tom. iii.
p. 133, 134. _Dodsworth_, MS. vol. xxxv.

[40] _Morant's_ Hist. Essex. _Rymer_, tom. iii. p. 290 to 294.

[41] Inquis. terrar. ut sup. _Peck's_ MS. in Musseo Britannico, vol.
iv. fol. 95. _Dodsworth_, MS. vol. xx. p. 65, 67. _Dugd._ Baron, tom.
i. p. 70.

[42] Monast. Angl. _Hasted._ Hist. Kent. _Manning's_ Surrey. _Atkyn's_
Gloucestershire; and see the references in _Tanner_. _Nash's_
Worcestershire. _Bridge's_ Northamptonshire, vol. ii. p. 100.

[43] _Thoroton's_ Nottinghamshire. _Burn and Nicholson's_ Westmoreland.
_Worsley's_ Isle of Wight. _Mat. Par._ p. 615, ed. Lond. 1640.

[44] _Dugd._ Monast. Angl. p. 838.

[45] _Dugd._ Monast. p. 844.

[46] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. i. p. 30-32, 54, 298, 574, 575.

[47] 2 Inst. p. 432, 465.

[48] Stat. Westr. 2, cap. 43, 13 Ed. I.

[49] Concil. Mag. Brit. tom. ii. p. 335, 339, 340, 355, 356. Monast.
Angl. p. 818.

[50] _Peck's_ MS. in Museo Brittannico, vol. iv. p. 65.

[51] _Nicholl's_ Hist. Leicestershire, vol. iii. pl. cxxvii. fig. 947,
p. 943; vol. ii. pl. v. fig. 13.

[52] Rot. claus. 49. H. III. m. xi. d. Acta _Rymeri_, tom. iii. p. 802.

[53] L'Histoire des Cisteaux, _Chrisost Henriques_, p. 479.

[54] _Lord Littleton's_ Life of Henry II. tom. ii. p. 356. _Hoveden_,
453. _Chron. Gervasii_, p. 1386, apud X. script.

[55] _Lansdowne_ MS. 207 E. fol. 467. Ibid. fol. 201.

[56] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. i. p. 442, 4, 5. _Wilkins_. Concilia, tom. ii.
p. 230.

[57] _Matt. Par._ p. 381.

[58] _Matt. Par._ p. 253, 645.

[59] _Wilkins_. Concilia Magnae Britanniae, tom. ii. p. 19, 26, 93, 239,
253, 272, 292.

[60] _Muratori_ script. rer. Ital. p. 792. _Cotton_ MS. Nero E. vi. p.
60, fol. 466.

[61] _Radulph de Diceto_, p. 626. _Matt. Par._ ad ann. 1185. _Hoveden_,
p. 636, 637.

[62] The above passage is almost literally translated from the _Chron.
Joan. Bromton_, abbatis Jornalensis, script. X. p. 1144, ad ann. 1185.

[63] Contin. hist. apud _Martene_, tom. v. col. 606.

[64] Contin. Hist. _Will. Tyr._ apud _Martene_, tom. v. col. 585,
593-596. This valuable old chronicle appears to have been written by a
resident in Palestine. It was translated into Latin by Francis Piper
and published by Muratori inter rer Italicar. script. tom. vii. as the
chronicle of Bernard the treasurer. Assizes de Jerusalem, cap. 287, 288.

[65] _Rad. Cogg._ apud _Martene_, tom. v. col. 550-552. Contin. Hist.,
ib. col. 599, 600.

[66] _Bohadin ib'n Sjeddadi_, apud _Schultens_, ex. MS. Arab. Pref.

[67] _Rad. Cogg._ col. 552, 553. _Abulfed._ Chron. Hejir. 582.

[68] _Muhammed_, _F. Muhammed_, _N. Koreisg. Ispahan_, apud _Schultens_,
p. 18.

[69] _Omad'eddin Kateb_, in the book called Fatah. Extraits Arabes,
_Michaud. Radulph Coggleshale_. Chron. Terr. Sanct. apud _Martene_,
tom. v. col. 552 to 559. Contin. Hist. ib. col. 602--608. _Bohadin_,
p. 70. _Jac. de Vitr._ cap. xciv. _Abulfeda_, cap. 27. _Abulpharag._
Chron. Syr. p. 399, 401, 402. Gesta Dei, tom. i. p. 1150, 1.
_Vinisauf._ apud _Gale_, p. 15.

[70] _Hoveden_, rer. Angl. script. post Bedam, p. 636, 637. Chron.
_Gervas._ ib. col. 1562.

[71] Contin. Hist. col. 611. _Jac. de Vitr._ cap. xc. _Vinisauf_, p.
257. _Michaud_, Extr.

[72] _Rad. Cogg._ col. 567, 568.

[73] _Ibn-Alatsyr._ Extraits par _M. Michaud_. Bib. des Croisaides, p.
464.

[74] _Rad. Cogg._ col. 570-573. Contin. Hist. Bell. Sacr. col.
614, 615, 621. _Bohadin_, cap. xxxvi. and the Arab Extracts, apud
_Schultens_, cap. xxvii. p. 42, 43.

[75] _Hoveden_, Rer. Angl. script. post Bedam, p. 645, 646.

[76] _Bohadin_ apud _Schultens_, cap. 36. _Abulfeda_, ib. cap. xxvii.
p. 43. _Wilken_ Comment. p. 148.

[77] Khotbeh, or sermon of _Mohammed Ben Zeky_.--_Michaud_, Extraits
Arabes.

[78] _Michaud_, Pieces justificatives, No. ix. 485.

[79] _Hoveden_, p. 646. Contin. Hist. col. 623. _Ibn-Alatsyr_, p.
474-477.

[80] Ipse meis vidi oculis, uno eorum cadente, alter mox eundem locum
occuparet, immotique, perstarent ad instar muri. _Bohadin_ apud
_Schultens_, p. 85. _Michaud_, Extraits, p. 487, 488.

[81] _Ibn Alatsyr_, ut sup. p. 479-484, 492. _Bohadin_, cap. 41-44, 48,
49.

[82] _Radulph de Diceto_, apud X. script. p. 642.

[83] _Vinisauf_ apud _Gale_ XV. script, vol. 2. p. 270. _Rad. Cogg._
col. 574. Gesta Dei, tom. 1, part 2, p. 1165. _Radulph de Diceto_ col.
649.

[84] _Ducange_, Gloss, tom. vi. p. 1036. Cotton MS. Nero E. vi. p. 60,
fol. 466.

[85] _Bohadin_, cap. 55-58, 75-84. _Ibn Alat_. ut sup. p. 499, 500,
510-514. _Vinisauf_, apud _Gale_ XV. script. cap. 58-60. _D'Herbelot_,
Bib. Orient, p. 743.

[86] _Rad. Cogg_. col. 557. _Vinisauf_, cap. 64, 74. L'Art de Verif.
tom. 4, p. 59, ed. 1818.

[87] Hist. de la maison de Sable, liv. vi. chap. 5. p. 174, 175.
Cotton MS. Nero, E. vi. p. 60. folio 466, where he is called Robert de
Sambell. L'Art de Verif. tom. v. p. 347.

[88] _Jac. de Vitr._ Gesta Dei, cap. 65.

[89] _Michaud_, Hist. des Croisades, tom. ii. p. 383, 384.

[90] _Bohadin_, cap. 95-110, 112. _I'Bn Alat._ p. 520. _Bohadin_, cap.
115. Contin. Hist. col. 634, 635.

[91] Contin. Hist. col. 633. _Trivet_ ad ann. 1191. Chron. de S. Denis,
lib. ii. cap. 7.

[92] Itinerarium regis Anglorum Ricardi et aliorum in terram
Hierosolymorum auctore _Gaufrido de Vinisauf_. _Gale's_ scriptores
Historiae Anglicanae, tom. ii. p. 247-429.

[93] Erat autem perelegans ea et per sane venusta, validissimis
moenibus, celsissimis aedificiis, ita ut terrorem quendam gravitate et
firmitate incuteret. _Bohadin_, apud _Schultens_, pp. 100-201. _Ibn
Alat._ p. 523-525. _Vinisauf_, lib. iv.

[94] _Bohadin_, apud _Schultens_, cap. 156, p. 235, 236.

[95] _Vinisauf_, lib. vi. _Bohadin_, p. 238. _Abulfeda_, p. 51. Contin.
Hist. col. 638, 641.

[96] _Cotton_ MS. Nero E. VI. 23, i.

[97] _Jac. de Vitry_, Gest. Dei, tom i. pars. 9, p. 1113.

[98] _Michaud_, Hist. des Croisades, tom. iii. p. 39.

[99] _Othonis de S. Blazio_, apud _Martene_, tom. vi. p. 886. Contin.
Hist. ib. tom. v.

[100] Lib. i. ii. epistolarum. _Inn. III._, epist. 138, 567.

[101] _Cotton_ MS. Nero E. VI., p. 60, fol. 466. _Ducange_, Gloss. tom.
vi. p. 1036.

[102] _Bernardus_ Thesaurarius, Script, rer. Italicar. tom. vii. cap.
187. p. 823.

[103] _Cotton_, MS. Nero E. VI. fol. 23 i.--p. 60, fol. 466. _Ducange_,
Gloss. tom. vi. col. 1036.

[104] _Bern_ Thesaur. cap. 190-200, Script. Ital. tom. viii. _Jac. de
Vitr._ p. 1135-1143. _Martene._ Thesaur. anec. tom. iii. col. 294, &c.
_Ibn Ferat_ p. 770. _Ibn Alat._ p. 538. _Oliverii_, Hist. Damiatana,
tom. ii. cap. 31.

[105] Epist. apud _Matt. Par._ p. 312, 313. _Martene_, tom. v. col.
1480.

[106] _Matt. Par._ p. 314. See also another letter, p. 313.

[107] _Ibn Schunah_, ad ann. Hejir 626. _Tyr._ Contin. Hist. col.
695-699. _Marin Sanut._ p. 213.

[108] _Od Rainald_, ad ann. 1229.

[109] _Cotton_ MS. Nero E. VI. 23 i. p. 60, fol. 466. L'Art de Verif.
tom. v. p. 351.

[110] _Matt. Par._ p. 615. _Tyr._ Contin. Hist. col. 722-725. _Marin
Sanut._ cap. 15. _Michaud_, Extr. p. 549. _Ibn Schunah_, Hejir. 638.

[111] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. i. p. 134, 165, 170, 194, 195, 208, 209.
_Matt. Par._ p. 234-237, 253. _Matt. West._ p. 271.

[112] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. i. p. 234, 258, 270, 275, 311, 373, 380.

[113] _Addison's_ Temple Church.

[114] Cart. 11, _Hen._ 3, m. 33. _Dugd._ Monast. Angl. vol. vi. part 2.
p. 844.

[115] _Plac. de Quo Warranto_ temp. EDW. 1, rot. 4, d. p. 191.
_Spelman_, Gloss p. 251.

[116] _Djemal'eddeen_, ad ann. Hejir. 841. _Michaud_, Extraits Arabes,
p. 549.

[117] _Steph. Baluz_, Miscell. lib. vi. p. 357, de constructione Castri
SAPHET.

[118] _Conder's_ Modern Traveller.--Palestine, p. 335, 337-339.

[119] _Marin. Sanut._ p. 217. _Tyr._ Contin. Hist. col. 731, 732.
_Michaud_, Extraits, p. 551, 718. _Matt. Par._ 631, 632.

[120] _Matt. Par._ p. 631 to 633. _Abulpharag_, p. 486. _D'Herbelot_,
Bib. Orient. p. 357, 628.

[121] _Cotton_ MS. Nero E. VI. p. 60, fol. 466. L'Art de Verif. tom. v.
552. _Matt. Par._ p. 618-620.

[122] _Matt. Par._ p. 711.

[123] _Matt. Par._ p. 733.

[124] _Matt. Par._ p. 736, et in additamentis, p. 161, ad ann. 1247.

[125] _Matt. Par._ in additamentis, p. 168, 169.

[126] _Joinville_, p. 47.

[127] _Ibn Schunah_, ad ann. Hejir, 648.

[128] _Joinville_, p. 58. _Matt. Par._ Chron. Nan. p. 790.

[129] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. i. p. 473.

[130] Gal. Christ. nov. tom. ii. col. 1008. _Tyr._ Contin. col. 735.

[131] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. i. p. 474, 557, 558. _Matt. Par._ p. 899.

[132] Reg. et constit. ord. Cisterc. p. 480. Acta _Rymeri_, tom. i. p.
575-582.

[133] _Od. Rainald_, ad ann. 1257. _Tyr._ Contin. col. 732, 735-737.

[134] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. i. p. 698.

[135] Ib. p. 730, 878, 879.

[136] _Tyr._ Contin. Hist. col. 737, 742. _Sanut._ p. 220-222.
_Abulfeda_, apud _Wilkins_, p. 223. _Ibn Ferat_ Chron. Arab ad ann.
Hejir. 662, 664. _Mohieddin_, by _Schafi Ibn Ali Abbas_. _Michaud_
Extraits, 668, 669, 673, 674.

[137] _Ibn Ferat._ Hejir. 666. _Michaud_, Extr. 675-785. _Tyr._ Contin.
col. 743

[138] _Tyr._ Contin. col. 745. _Sanut_, p. 224. _Michaud_, p. 757.
_Trivet_, ad ann. 1272. _Walsingham_, p. 43. Acta _Rymeri_, tom. i. p.
885, 889; tom. ii. p. 2.

[139] _Tyr._ Contin. col. 746, 747. Acta _Rymeri_, tom. ii. p. 34.

[140] De excidio urbis Acconis apud _Martene_, tom. v. col. 757, 782.
_De Guignes_, Hist. des Huns, tom. iv. p. 162. _Abulfarag._ Chron. Syr.
p. 595. _Wilkens_, Comment. Abulfed. Hist. p. 231-234. _Marin. Sanut.
Torsell_, lib. iii. pars 12, cap. 21, 22. _Makrisi_, ad ann. Hejir.
689, 690. _Hermann Cornarius_, Collect. _d'Ekard Michaud_, Bib. des
Croisades, tom. ii.

[141] Concil. Mag. Brit. tom. ii. p. 350-352, 387, 388. _Cotton_ MS.
Nero E. VI. 23 i. p. 60, fol. 466. L'Art de Verif. tom. i. p. 523, ed.
1783. _Rainald_, tom. xiv. ad ann. 1294.

[142] _Haiton_, Hist. Tartar. cap. 43. Chron. de _Nangis Rainald_, ad
ann. 1299, 1300, n. 34. _Marin. Sanut._ p. 242. _De Guignes_, tom iv.
p. 184.

[143] _Ibn Ferat_, ad ann. Hejir. 690. _Sanut._ p. 232.

[144] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. i. p. 575-579, 582, tom. ii. p. 529.
_Martene_, tom. vii. col. 156.

[145] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. ii. p. 683. _Hemingford_, vol. i. p. 159,
244. Rolls of Parliament, vol. i. p. 2. Ib. No. 7.

[146] _Dupuy_, tom. ii. p. 309. Chron. St. Denis. Acta _Rymeri_, tom.
iii. p. 18.

[147] Ostendens duo ossa quod dicebat illa esse quae ceciderunt de talis
suis. _Processus contra Templarios._ _Raynouard_, Monumens Historiques,
p. 73, ed. 1813.

[148] Ponderibus appensis in genitalibus, usque ad exanimationem. Ib.
p. 35.

[149] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. iii. p. 35, 37.

[150] _Knyghton_, apud X. script. col. 2494, 2531. Acta _Rymeri_, tom.
iii. p. 30-32, 34, 35, 45.

[151] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. iii. p. 100-103, 111, 121, 122.

[152] Acta _Rymeri_, p. 168, 169.

[153] Concil. Mag. Brit. tom. ii. p. 346, 347. Acta _Rymeri_, tom. iii.
p. 174, 175, 178, 179.

[154] The original draft of these articles of accusation, with the
corrections and alterations, is preserved in the Tresor des Chartres.
_Raynouard_, Monumens Historiques, p. 50, 51. The proceedings against
the Templars in England are preserved in MS. in the British Museum,
Harl. No. 252, 62, f. p. 113; No. 247, 68, f. p. 144. Bib. Cotton.
Julius, b. xii. p. 70; and in the Bodleian Library and Ashmolean
Museum. The principal part of them has been published by _Wilkins_ in
the Concilia Magnae Britanniae, tom ii. p. 329-401, and by _Dugdale_, in
the Monast. Angl. vol. vi. part ii. p. 844-848.

[155] Concil. Mag. Brit. tom. ii. p. 350-383. Acta _Rymeri_, tom. iii.
p. 179, 180.

[156] _Raynouard_, p. 52, 57, 75, ed. 1813. _Dupuy_, p. 138, 139, 174,
ed. 1700.

[157] Chron. Cornel. _Zanfliet_ apud _Martene_, tom. v. col. 159.
_Bocat._ de cas. vir. illustr. lib. ix. cap. 21. _Joan. Can. Sti.
Vict._ Contin. de _Nangis_, ad ann. 1310. _Rayn._

[158] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. iii. p. 194, 195, 224, 225, 227, 230-235.
Concil. Mag. Brit. tom. ii. p. 305-314; tom. iii. p. 228, 229.

[159] AGNES LOVECOTE dixit quod ... fratres aperuerunt quandam voltam
et perduxerunt de illo loco monstrum quoddam ad formam seu imaginem
diaboli, habens loco oculorum lapides rutilantes et illuminantes
capitulum, cujus culum osculabantur omnes, primo Magister, et postea
alii, et postea ponebant unam crucen nigram ad culum dicti monstri, et
spuebant omnes in crucem...! Deponit se audivisse a quadam _domina_
Agnete, quae dicebat se audivisse a sorore cujusdam Templarii, quod cum
ipsa soror denudasset fratrem suum post mortem, credens invenire signa
salutis, invenit in braccis dicti Templarii fratis sui crucem pendentem
contra anum...! Concil. Mag. Brit. tom. ii. p. 350-364.

[160] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. iii. p. 290. MS. Bodl. F. 5, 2. Concil. p.
364, 365. Acta _Rymeri_, tom. iii. p. 228, 231, 232.

[161] Concil. Mag. Brit. tom. ii. p. 383-391, 394-401.

[162] Concilia Hispaniae, tom. v. p. 223. _Raynouard_, p. 199-204.

[163] Secund. vit. Clem. 5, p. 43. _Rainald_, ad ann. 1311, n. 55.
_Walsingham_, p. 99. Antiq. Britann. p. 210.

[164] _Maratorii_ collect. tom. iii. p. 448; tom. x. col. 377.
_Mariana_, tom. iii. p. 157. _Raynouard_, p. 191, 192.

[165] _Cotton_ MS. Nero E. vi. 23 i. Ib. p. 60, fol. 466. Acta
_Rymeri_, tom. iii. p. 380.

[166] _Lansdown_ MS. 207, E. vol. v. fol. 162, 163, 201, 284, 317, 467.
Acta _Rymeri_, tom. i. p. 134, 342, 344, 345, part 3, p. 104. _Matt.
Par._ p. 253-255, 258, 270, 314, 615, et in ad. p. 480. Concil. Mag.
Brit. tom. ii. p. 340; tom. xi. p. 335, 339, 341, 343, 344. _Prynne_,
collect. 3, 143.

[167] Concil. Mag. Brit. tom. ii. p. 393.

[168] _Villani_, lib. viii. cap. 92. _Dupuy_, ed. 1700, p. 71, 128,
139. _Raynouard_, p. 60, 209, 210.

[169] _Dupuy_, p. 179, 184. _Raynouard_, 197-199. _De Vertis_, liv. iii.

[170] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. iii. p. 130, 134, 139, 279-297, 321-327, 337,
409, 410. _Dodsworth_, MS. vol. xxxv. p. 65, 67.

[171] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. iii. p. 451, 454, 455, 457, 459-463, 956-959.
_Dugd._ Monast. Angl. vol. vi. part 2, p. 809, 849, 850. Rolls of
Parliament, vol. ii. p. 41. Concil. Mag. Brit. tom. ii. p. 499.

[172] Statutes at Large, vol. 9. Appendix, p. 23. Rolls of Parliament,
vol. ii. p. 41, No. 52. Monast. Angl. p. 880.

[173] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. iii. p. 472. Concil. Mag. Brit. tom. ii.
_Walsingham_, p. 99.

[174] Pat. 8, E. 2. m. 17. Ancient MS. account of the Temple, formerly
the property of lord Somers, and afterwards of Nicholls, the celebrated
antiquary. Acta _Rymeri_, tom. iii. p. 936, 940. _Lel._ coll. vol. i.
p. 668. Rot. Escaet. 1, E. 3. _Dugd._ baron. vol. i. p. 777, 778.

[175] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. iv. p. 406, 464.

[176] Rot. Escaet. 10, E. 3, 66. Claus. 4, E. 3, p. 1, m. 10.

[177] Sunt etiam ibidem claustrum, capella Sancti Thomae, et quaedam
platea terrae eidem capellae annexata, cum _una aula_ et camera supra
edificata, quae sunt loca sancta, et Deo dedicata, et dictae ecclesiae
annexata, et eidem Priori per idem breve liberata.... Item dicunt, quod
praeter ista, sunt ibidem in custodia Wilielmi de Langford, infra Magnam
Portam dicti Novi Templi, _extra metas et disjunctiones praedictas_ una
_aula_ et quatuor camerae, una coquina, unum gardinum, unum stabulum,
et una camera ultra Magnam Portam praedictam, &c. In memorandis
Scacc. inter recorda de Termino Sancti Hilarii. 11 E. 3, in officio
Remembratoris Thesaurarii.

[178] _Dugd._ Monast. vol. vii. p. 810, 811. Ib. tom. vi. part 2, p.
832.

[179] Pat. 35 E. 3, p. 2, m 33.

[180] Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. The wages of the Manciples of
the Temple, tomp. Henry VIII. were xxxvis. per annum. Bib. _Cotton_.
Vitellius, c. 9, f. 320, a.

[181] Acta _Rymeri_, tom. iii. p. 292, 294, 331, 332.

[182] Thomas of Wothrope, at the trial of the Templars in England, was
unable to give an account of the reception of some brethren into the
order, quia erat _panetarius_ et vacabat circa suum officium. Concil.
Mag. Brit. tom. ii. p. 355. Ita appellabant officialem domesticum, qui
mensae panem, mappas et manutergia subministrabat. _Ducange_, Gloss.
verb. PANETARIUS. Concil. Mag. Brit. tom. ii. p. 371-373. MS. Inner
Temple Library, <DW37>. 9, shelf 5, vol. xvii. fol. 393.

[183] _Dugd._ Orig. Jurid. cap. xxxix. p. 102.

[184] _Will. Tyr._ lib. i. p. 50, lib. xii. p. 814. _Dugd._ Hist.
Warwickshire, p. 704. Et tune Magister Templi dedit sibim antellum,
et imposuit pileum capiti suo, et tune fecit eum sedere ad terram,
injungens sibi, &c. Acta _contra Templarios_. Concil. Mag. Brit. tom.
ii. p. 300. See also p. 335.

[185] Ex cod. MS. apud sub-thesaurarium Hosp. Medii Templi, f. 4, a.
_Dugd._ Orig. Jurid. cap. 43, 46.

[186] _Hargrave_, MS. No. 19, 81, f. 5, fol. 46.

[187] For an account of the Temple Church and its antiquities, see
_Addison's_ "Temple Church."




      *      *      *      *      *      *




Transcriber's note:

    Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
    possible, including inconsistencies in Arabic transcription. Some
    changes have been made. They are listed below.

    References to footnotes [14] and  [71] were missing in the original.
    They have been added.

    The following is a list of changes made to the original.
    The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.

    Page vi:

    Henry II., king of England, visits the Temple at Paris
    Henry III., king of England, visits the Temple at Paris

    Page 3:

    but as cotemporary historians of Palestine, who describe the exploits
    but as contemporary historians of Palestine, who describe the exploits

    Page 8:

    themselves in various impregnable castles and strong holds,
    themselves in various impregnable castles and strongholds,

    Page 10:

    The crescent had been torn down by the crusders from the summit
    The crescent had been torn down by the crusaders from the summit

    Page 14:

    arranged by St Bernard, and sanctioned by the Holy Fathers
    arranged by St. Bernard, and sanctioned by the Holy Fathers

    Page 16:

    XLI. It is in no wise lawful for any of the brothers to receive
    "XLI. It is in no wise lawful for any of the brothers to receive

    Page 17:

    "LXVIII. Care must be taken that no brother, powerful or weak
    "LXVIII. Care must be taken that no brother, powerful or weak,

    Page 20:

    In such causes it is neither safe to slay nor to be slain."
    In such causes it is neither safe to slay nor to be slain.

    Page 23:

    and relate the wonderful things that are done in thee."
    and relate the wonderful things that are done in thee.

    Page 26:

    his minister and vicegerent, the famous Suger, abbot of St. Denis
    his minister and vicegerent, the famous Suger, abbot of St. Denis:

    Page 31:

    is of more avail than two two months of fasting and of prayer.
    is of more avail than two months of fasting and of prayer.

    Page 32:

    the vizier who conducted the ambassadors laid aside his scimetar,
    the vizier who conducted the ambassadors laid aside his scimitar,

    Page 35:

    had not put arms into their hands to make conquests; but the
    had not put arms into their hands to make conquests;" but the

    Page 39:

    On the death of Nourdedin, sultan of Damascus, (A. D. 1175,)
    On the death of Noureddin, sultan of Damascus, (A. D. 1175,)

    Page 52:

    In FRANCE the principal preceptories were at Besancon, Dole, Salins,
    In FRANCE the principal preceptories were at Besancon, Dole, Salins,

    Page 53:

    the immediate jnrisdiction of the Master of the Temple at Paris.
    the immediate jurisdiction of the Master of the Temple at Paris.

    Page 54 footnote:

    _Dudg._ Monast. Angl. vol. vi. part 2, p. 800 to 817.
    _Dugd._ Monast. Angl. vol. vi. part 2, p. 800 to 817.

    Page 58 footnote:

    _Dug._ Monast. Angl. p. 838.
    _Dugd._ Monast. Angl. p. 838.

    Page 66:

    better things, on pain of suspension and excommunication.
    better things, on pain of suspension and excommunication."

    Page 68:

    the royal penitent to fulfil his vow and and perform his penance;
    the royal penitent to fulfil his vow and perform his penance;

    Page 70:

    'No wonder.' sayde the patryarke, 'for of the deuyll they come,
    'No wonder,' sayde the patryarke, 'for of the deuyll they come,

    and returned in disgust and disappointment to the Holy Land
    and returned in disgust and disappointment to the Holy Land.

    Page 77:

    be became, through his gallant bearing and demeanour,
    he became, through his gallant bearing and demeanour,

    Page 86:

    now sweeping swifty across the landscape like the rainy clouds
    now sweeping swiftly across the landscape like the rainy clouds

    Page 87:

    every one of them excepting the Grand Master of the the Hospital,
    every one of them excepting the Grand Master of the Hospital,

    Page 89:

    and the blackened corses piled one upon another like the stones
    and the blackened corpses piled one upon another like the stones

    Page 98:

    The place surrrendered after a short siege; the fortifications
    The place surrendered after a short siege; the fortifications

    and on the spot were Abraham delivered the seven ewe lambs,
    and on the spot where Abraham delivered the seven ewe lambs,

    Page 108:

    He then descended from the pulpit, and prayed in the Mihrah.
    He then descended from the pulpit, and prayed in the Mihrab.

    Page 118:

    The Templars, manfully defended themselves, and their brethren
    The Templars manfully defended themselves, and their brethren

    Page 122:

    then to the centre, patiently enduring the severity of his pain.
    then to the centre, patiently enduring the severity of his pain."

    Page 156:

    to the summit of the castle of Taphnis, to dirct the Greek fire
    to the summit of the castle of Taphnis, to direct the Greek fire

    the structure near the water, threw out their grapling-irons,
    the structure near the water, threw out their grappling-irons,

    Page 174:

    employed by king Henry the Third in various important negociations.
    employed by king Henry the Third in various important negotiations.

    "This portion of the sacred edifice was of a lighter and more
    This portion of the sacred edifice was of a lighter and more

    Page 180:

    Henry II., king of England, visits the Temple at Paris
    Henry III., king of England, visits the Temple at Paris

    Page 186:

    and were extirminated in a bloody battle of two days' continuance.
    and were exterminated in a bloody battle of two days' continuance.

    Page 219:

    king Edward had borrowed of the Templars during his stay at Acre."
    king Edward had borrowed of the Templars during his stay at Acre.

    Page 221:

    The separate truces and treaties of peace which Bendocdor had
    The separate truces and treaties of peace which Bendocdar had

    Page 242:

    delares that the Templars had "un lieu creux ou cave en terre,
    declares that the Templars had "un lieu creux ou cave en terre,

    Page 278:

    que nous puissoms aver lez drettures de seinte eglise, comme
    que nous puissoms aver lez drettures de seinte eglise, comme

    Page 296:

    mischief was, he could not get the honey unless he burnt the bees.
    mischief was, he could not get the honey unless he burnt the bees."

    Page 307:

    fragments to be given in brotherly charity to the domestics,
    fragments to be given in brotherly charity to the domestics,"

    Page 310:

    It was brobably soon after this period that the Hospitallers
    It was probably soon after this period that the Hospitallers

    Page 320:

    "his beloved clerk," William de Langford," and farmed out the rents
    "his beloved clerk," William de Langford, "and farmed out the rents



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