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THE

COMMON SPIDERS

OF THE

UNITED STATES


By JAMES H. EMERTON




BOSTON, U.S.A., AND LONDON

GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS

The Athenaeum Press




ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL

COPYRIGHT, 1902, BY

JAMES H. EMERTON

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

24.12




PREFACE


There are few books on the American spiders, and these are either large
and expensive works or else special papers published by scientific
societies, and so little known to the public. Since publishing my papers
on the New England and Canadian spiders in the _Transactions of the
Connecticut Academy_ from 1882 to 1894, I have had frequent calls for a
smaller and simpler book to meet the wants of readers who, without
making a special study of the subject, want to know a little about
spiders in general and especially those species that they often meet
with. It is hoped this book will answer the purpose and help to lessen
the prejudice against spiders, and lead to a more general acquaintance
with them, like the popular knowledge of birds and butterflies. The
characters used in the descriptions are, as far as possible, those that
can be seen without microscopic examination and without much experience
in the handling of small animals. The illustrations, which show the form
and markings of every species, are from my own drawings and photographs,
a large part of them made new for this book.

J. H. EMERTON.

APRIL, 1902.




CONTENTS


 INTRODUCTION                                  PAGE
   NUMBER AND NAMES OF SPIDERS                  vii
   ANATOMY                                     viii
   SILK AND SPINNING ORGANS                       x
   COLORS AND MARKINGS                           xi
   HABITATS OF COMMON SPIDERS               xii-xiv
   COBWEBS                                      xvi
   CATCHING AND PRESERVING SPIDERS             xvii
 THE DRASSIDAE                                  1-21
   CLUBIONA                                      15
 THE DYSDERIDAE                                   22
 THE THOMISIDAE                                24-40
   MISUMENA                                      25
   XYSTICUS                                      30
   PHILODROMUS                                   35
 THE ATTIDAE                                   41-66
 THE LYCOSIDAE                                 67-90
   LYCOSA                                        68
   PARDOSA                                       78
   DOLOMEDES                                     85
   OCYALE                                        88
   OXYOPES                                       88
 THE AGALENIDAE                               91-106
 THE THERIDIDAE                               107-13
   THERIDIUM                                    110
   STEATODA                                     119
   PHOLCUS                                      128
   SCYTODES                                     131
 THE LINYPHIADAE                             134-153
   LINYPHIA                                     134
   ERIGONE                                      148
 THE EPEIRIDAE                               154-204
   ROUND WEBS OF THE EPEIRIDAE               155-159
   SPECIES OF EPEIRA                        160-181
   THE THREE SPECIES OF THE GENUS ZILLA         184
     ACROSOMA                                   188
     ARGIOPE                                192-198
     TETRAGNATHA                            198-204
 THE CINIFLONIDAE, OR CRIBELLATA             205-220
   DICTYNA                                      205
   AMAUROBIUS                                   213
   ULOBORUS                                     216
   HYPTIOTES                                    218
   FILISTATA                                    220




INTRODUCTION


This book is designed to make the reader acquainted with the common
spiders most likely to be found over a large part of the United States
as far south as Georgia and as far west as the Rocky Mountains. Local
collections show that in the neighborhood of any city in the country
there are at least three or four hundred species of spiders; but few
such collections have been made, and it is not yet possible to tell all
the kinds of spiders that live in any particular place, or how far any
species extends over the country. The species which are here described
and figured are all of them well known and have been described in other
books. Rare and doubtful species are omitted, though some of these may
in time prove to be among the most common. A large number of spiders are
too small to be easily seen, and most of these are omitted, only a few
representative species being described. Spiders have, unfortunately, no
common names, except such indefinite ones as "the garden spider," "the
black spider," "the jumping spider," and the like. Even "tarantula" has
become only a nickname for any large spider. The names of spiders, like
those of other animals, have been given to them independently by
different persons, so that many of them have more than one name, and the
more common the spider the larger the number of names. In this book only
one name is usually given to each species, and the name used is one that
has been published with a description of the species in some other
well-known book. Readers who are interested in the names of species and
in comparing the classifications of different naturalists are referred
to a "Catalogue of the Described Araneae Of Temperate North America," by
George Marx, in the _Proceedings of the United States National Museum_,
1890, which is a useful index to what has been published on American
spiders.

The front half of a spider's body, called the cephalothorax, contains in
one piece the head and thorax, the only outward division between them
being shallow grooves from the middle of the back to the front legs. In
the middle of the cephalothorax is usually a groove or depression, under
which, inside, is a muscle that moves the sucking apparatus by which
food is drawn into the mouth. At the sides of the thoracic part are four
pairs of legs, and on the head part are a pair of palpi and a pair of
mandibles. The legs have seven joints: (1) the coxa, the thick basal
joint, having little motion; (2) the trochanter, a short joint moving
very freely on the end of the coxa; (3) the femur, the largest joint of
the leg, moving with the trochanter in all directions; (4) the patella,
moving up and down on the end of the femur; (5) the tibia, joined
closely to the patella and moving with it up and down; (6) the
metatarsus; and (7) the tarsus, moving together on the end of the tibia.
The palpi are like small legs and have one less joint than the walking
legs. The mandibles are close together at the front of the head (fig.
2). They are two-jointed, the basal joint stout and the end joint or
claw slender and sharp-pointed. The claw has near its point a small
hole, which is the outlet of the poison gland. The poison kills or
disables the insects which are captured by the spider. Its effect on the
human skin varies in different persons; sometimes it has no effect at
all; oftener it causes some soreness and itching like the stings of
mosquitoes and bees, and cases have been known in which it caused
serious inflammation which lasted a long time. Spiders seldom bite, and
only in defense, the bites so commonly charged to them being often the
work of other animals.

[Illustration: FIG. 1. Diagram of the under side of a spider, with the
legs removed except one.]

[Illustration: FIG. 2. Front of head, showing the eyes and mandibles.]

On the front of the head are the eyes, usually eight in number,
differing in size and arrangement according to the kind of spider. The
sight of spiders is distinct for only short distances. Spiders of middle
size can see each other, and the insects which they eat, at a distance
of four or five inches, but beyond that do not seem to see anything
clearly. At the ends of the feet are two claws, curved and with teeth
along the inner edge, and in many spiders there is a third shorter claw
between them (fig. 212). The claws are sometimes surrounded by a brush
of flattened hairs (figs. 104, 114). The basal joints of the palpi are
flattened and have their inner edges extended forward so that they can
be used as jaws to press or chew the food. These are called the maxillae.
Between the maxillae is a small piece called the labium, and between the
legs is a larger oval piece called the sternum.

The hinder half of the body, the abdomen, is connected with the
cephalothorax by a narrow stem (fig. 1). It has at the hinder end the
spinnerets, three pairs of appendages having at their ends a great
number of microscopic tubes through which the thread is drawn out. When
not in use the spinnerets are folded together, so that the smaller inner
pair are concealed.

The thread of spiders resembles that spun by caterpillars in making
their cocoons, and can be manufactured in the same way into silk cloth.
The spider's thread is composed of a great number of finer threads
passing from the body through separate tubes and uniting into one before
they have time to dry. This can be seen by examining the attachments of
spiders' threads to glass. All the spinning tubes are not alike, but on
certain parts of the spinnerets are larger or differently shaped tubes,
and these are the outlets of glands of different kinds in the spider's
abdomen, and are used in making different kinds of threads for certain
parts of the webs, nests, or cocoons.

In front of the spinnerets on the under side is a small opening to the
tracheae, or air-tubes (fig. 1). At the front of the abdomen on the under
side is a transverse fold of the skin, at the ends of which are the
openings of the air-sacs or lungs, and between them the opening of the
reproductive organs (fig. 1). The latter is covered in females by an
apparatus, sometimes large and complicated, called the epigynum. Its
presence shows that the female is full grown. Young spiders do not have
it. Male spiders have the ends of the palpi enlarged, and under the
terminal joint what is known as the palpal organ, sometimes very
complicated in shape. The presence of these organs shows that the male
is full grown. Young males that have nearly reached maturity have the
ends of the palpi simply enlarged. Male spiders almost always have the
body smaller and the legs longer than females of the same species.

The colors of spiders are partly in the skin itself and partly in the
hairs and scales that cover it. Almost all spiders are covered with hair
of some kind, but in some species it is so fine and short that it has
little effect on the color. In others the skin is entirely covered with
hairs of various lengths and sometimes with scales somewhat like those
of butterflies, flattened and feathered or toothed on the edges. The
colors of spiders are very varied, and in many species, especially of
the jumping spiders, as brilliant as those of butterflies. The most
common colors are grays and browns, resembling the ground or plants and
stones among which the spiders live. Sometimes the color is uniform all
over the body, except that it is a little darker toward the head and the
ends of the feet. The most common marking is a spot on the front of the
abdomen over the spider's heart, sometimes merely a translucent part of
the skin and sometimes a definite color spot darker in the middle and
outlined with a lighter shade or white. The hinder half of the abdomen
is often marked with several pairs of spots, becoming smaller toward the
end, and these spots may be united into a pair of stripes or a more
complicated pattern. (See figures.) The legs are often marked with rings
of color, almost always at the ends of the joints. Besides these common
markings there are in some spiders strong contrasts of color, such as
bright red or yellow spots on a black ground. In the males, especially
among the Attidae, there are often shining scales that reflect different
colors in a bright light, and tufts of black or white hairs about the
head and front legs.

Spiders live in all kinds of places. Certain species are attached to
houses and seldom found far from them, and many of these occur over a
large part of the world. The light webs in the corners of rooms are
chiefly the work of _Theridium tepidariorum_ (p. 112), occasionally of
_Steatoda borealis_ (p. 119) and _Steatoda triangulosa_ (p. 121). In
cellars the thin webs about the stairs and shelves are those of the
long-legged _Pholcus phalangioides_ (p. 129) or of _Linyphia nebulosa_
or _minuta_ (pp. 144, 145), and the thick flat webs in corners and
between the beams are those of _Tegenaria derhamii_ (p. 96). On the
outside of houses live two jumping spiders, the most common being
_Epiblemum scenicum_ (p. 60), a small gray species the color of
weathered wood, and the other, _Marptusa familiaris_ (p. 61). Some of
the round-web spiders live in great numbers about houses. The three
brown species, _Epeira sclopetaria_ (p. 160), _patagiata_, and _strix_,
hide in cracks and at night make their round webs in porches, barns, and
bridges. In the northern part of the country _Epeira cinerea_ (p. 165)
has the same habit. _Epeira globosa_ (p. 174) is often found on the
outside of houses, and so are _Zilla atrica_ and _Zilla x-notata_ (p.
185). _Amaurobius ferox_ (p. 215), a large imported species, is
sometimes found in cellars, and several Dictyna (p. 206) live in great
numbers on the outside of houses, in corners of windows, under the edges
of shingles, or in cracks of walls, spreading their webs wherever there
is room for them and gathering dust so that they often make a distinct
spot on the wall. In the southern states _Filistata hibernalis_ (p. 220)
is one of the most common spiders about houses. Its webs often make a
round spot of dust a foot or more in diameter. Stones and sticks lying
on the ground furnish shelter for a great number of spiders. _Steatoda
borealis_ (p. 119), _marmorata_ (p. 121), and _guttata_ (p. 120) and
_Asagena americana_ (p. 122) are found in such places, and so,
especially in the South, is _Latrodectus mactans_ (p. 122). The large
jumping spiders, _Phidippus mystaceus_ (p. 50) and _tripunctatus_ (p.
51), make large nests of white silk under stones near the ground. The
ground spiders, _Drassus saccatus_ (p. 6), _Gnaphosa conspersa_ (p. 2),
and _Prosthesima atra_ (p. 5), run on the ground and hide under stones.
_Lycosa nidicola_ (p. 69), _Lycosa communis_ (p. 75), _Lycosa pratensis_
(p. 69), _polita_ (p. 70), and _cinerea_ (p. 74) are often found under
shelters of this kind. The crab spiders of the genus Xysticus live under
stones, but oftener under bark farther from the ground.

In the summer, plants of all kinds from grass to trees are full of
spiders. The Lycosas (pp. 68 to 84) run among the short grass. The small
species of Linyphia (p. 134) and Erigone (p. 148) make their flat webs
close to the ground among small plants. _Linyphia marginata_,
_communis_, _coccinea_, and _phrygiana_ make theirs among plants and
rocks, a foot or two above the ground. The Theridiums (p. 110) live
between leaves and on the ends of twigs, covering them with webs that
only show when the dew is on them. _Agalena naevia_ (pp. 91 to 95) makes
its flat webs on the grass and anywhere else where it can find a place
to fasten them. The jumping spiders (p. 41) run about for their prey on
plants, and some of them have silk nests among the leaves. The Misumenas
(p. 25) live among flowers and wait for insects to alight within reach.
The webs of Dictyna (p. 206) are commonest on the ends of grass and
twigs, and are known by the dust that they gather. The round-web spiders
mature in the middle of the summer, and then _Epeira trivittata_ (p.
166) is found on all kinds of bushes and grass, and later _Epeira
insularis_ (p. 169) and _Epeira trifolium_ (p. 171) in hidden nests near
their webs. _Epeira angulata_, _sylvatica_, and _nordmanni_ (p. 162)
live among bushes and trees. _Cyclosa conica_ (p. 183), _Acrosoma
spinea_ (p. 190), and Uloborus (p. 216) live among low bushes in
openings of the woods. Hyptiotes (p. 218) lives among the lower dead
branches of pines, perching on the end of a twig which it exactly
matches in color.

The marshes are the home of great numbers of spiders. The Tetragnathas
(p. 198) live there, especially along the streams and ditches. _Epeira
gibberosa_ (p. 175) and _placida_ (p. 176) make their horizontal and
oblique webs among the tall grass in open places. The two species of
Argiope (pp. 193 to 198) swarm in marshes and open fields and in autumn
become conspicuous by their size and bright colors, and when they
disappear leave over winter their brown cocoons (pp. 197, 200) fastened
to the grass.

The moss and dead leaves in the woods are alive with spiders; even in
summer some species always live there, and in winter the young of those
that in warm weather live among the bushes find shelter where they can
remain torpid through the cold season without freezing.

The eggs of spiders are covered with silk, forming a cocoon which varies
much in shape and color in different species. Some spiders hang it in
the web, others attach it to plants or stones, and others carry it about
with them either in the mandibles or attached behind to the spinnerets.
The young remain in the cocoon until they are able to run about, and
after coming out of the cocoon keep together for a short time, sometimes
in a web which they make in common, sometimes in a nest made by the
mother, and in some species on the mother's back, but they soon scatter
and hunt their own food or make cobwebs, according to the habits of the
species.

Different kinds of spiders mature and breed at different times of the
year, most of them living only one season. Those that mature late, like
_Agalena naevia_ and Argiope, pass the winter as eggs, while those that
mature early, like _Epeira sclopetaria_ and _Lycosa nidicola_, pass the
winter half grown. Some species, like _Theridium tepidariorum_ (p. 112),
breed several times in the year, and old and young are found at all
seasons.

The spiders are naturally divided into two groups of families: (1) the
hunting spiders, which run on the ground or on plants, catching insects
wherever they find them, or waiting among leaves and flowers until
insects come within their reach; (2) the cobweb spiders, which make webs
to catch insects and live all the time in the web or in a nest near it.

The hunting spiders include: (1) the Dysderidae (p. 22), a few species
with six eyes only and with four breathing holes at the front end of the
abdomen; (2) the Drassidae (p. 1), or ground spiders, which live among
stones and dead leaves or among plants, making tubular nests and flat
egg cocoons but no cobwebs; (3) the Thomisidae (p. 24), the flat and
crab-like spiders living on plants or under bark and stones; (4) the
Attidae (p. 41), the jumping spiders, with wide heads and large front
eyes, many of them brightly  and active in their habits; (5) the
Lycosidae (p. 67), the long-legged running spiders, living on the ground
and, a few of them, in holes and carrying about their round egg cocoons
attached to the spinnerets.

The cobweb spiders include: (1) the Agalenidae (p. 91), making flat webs
on grass or in corners of houses, with a tube at one side in which the
spider lives; (2) the Therididae (p. 107), round spiders with flat or
irregular webs in corners and on plants; (3) the Linyphiadae (p. 134),
with flat webs, small spiders of a great number of species living near
the ground and in shady places; (4) the Epeiridae (p. 154), the round
web spiders; (5) the Cribellata, having a calamistrum (see p. 205) on
the hind legs and making rough webs that gather dust.


Cobwebs are of four principal kinds:

1. The flat webs, closely woven of long threads crossed by finer ones in
all directions and connected with a tubular nest where the spider hides,
and from which it runs out on the upper side of the web after insects
that may fall upon it. These are made by Agalena and Tegenaria (pp. 91
to 104).

2. The net-like webs, made of smooth threads in large meshes, sometimes
in a flat or curved sheet held out by threads in all directions. The
spider lives on the under side, back downward. These are made by
Therididae and Linyphiadae (pp. 107, 134).

3. The round webs, made of threads radiating from a common center and
crossed by circular loops and spirals, part of which are adhesive.

4. The webs of the Ciniflonidae, composed in part of loose bands of silk
(p. 205).

The simplest and best way to preserve spiders for examination is to put
them in alcohol. It kills them immediately and keeps their form and
markings and, to a great extent, their colors. They may be kept alive
for a few days in glass bottles or jars. It is not necessary to make
holes in the covers, or to feed the spiders often. They need water, and
this can be furnished them conveniently by putting a piece of wet paper
or rag in the bottle.

If one wishes to find what spiders live in his neighborhood, they must
be looked for at all times and in all kinds of places. The house and
cellar should be looked over and the spiders watched until they are
fully grown. The outside of the house and fences should be looked over
occasionally in the same way, only those spiders being taken that are
full grown, unless they are of new or rare kinds. A great many spiders
may be found on the garden fences of a shady street, especially in the
early summer and again in the autumn. At both seasons they are more
active in the middle of the day and more likely then to be wandering
about. The writer always carries two small bottles, one a common
homeopathic medicine vial, holding one or two drams and half full of
alcohol, the other a straight tube vial, without any neck and about the
same size, that is kept always dry and occasionally wiped out to remove
the threads that are made in it. The dry bottle is placed quickly over
the spider and moved about until the spider is coaxed to go into it. The
bottle is then turned up and closed with a finger until the other bottle
can be uncorked and the spider shaken into the alcohol. In the fields
and along the country roads the stones and sticks that have been lying
for some time on the ground should be carefully lifted and searched,
both on the under surface and on the ground below. The stones and sticks
should be turned back into the same places so that other spiders may
find at once comfortable places to hide under. If they are dropped on
new ground, it may be a year before they are fit to use again. Among
trees and shrubs the best things are to be found by moving slowly about
and watching for spiders, nests, and cobwebs without disturbing them.
The webs can be best seen when moving toward the light. The greatest
number of spiders can usually be found along paths and the edges of
woods, and paths through the woods are the best places for many ground
spiders.

Spiders should be looked for in the same way in grass, by creeping along
on the ground or by sitting down and watching until something walks into
view; or the grass and weeds may be swept with a cotton bag, fastened on
a hoop like a dip net, with a short handle, and the spiders picked out
with a dry bottle from among the leaves and insects that will be
gathered with them. Bushes may be swept in the same way, or may be
shaken over an open umbrella, or a piece of cloth or paper. In winter,
when spiders are torpid, great numbers can be found by sifting the dead
leaves that have been lying for some years in the woods. A common coal
sieve is fine enough to hold the leaves while the spiders and sticks and
dirt pass through, and may be picked over on a cloth or carried home in
a bag and examined in the house. The sifting should be repeated several
times, as many of the spiders hold to threads among the leaves and
become loosened only after much shaking.

In the following pages a general description is given of each family,
followed by descriptions of the species belonging to it, with a figure
of each species placed as near as possible to the description. In some
cases, where the genera are large and well defined, separate
descriptions are given of each genus, but where the genus is not easy to
distinguish or represented by only a few species, there is no separate
generic description, and the species are placed next to those of other
genera to which they are most closely related. If the names of spiders
are known, they can readily be found by the index at the end of the
book. If information is sought about an unknown spider, the
illustrations through the book furnish the most convenient index, as the
general form and proportions of spiders and the arrangement of their
eyes usually show to what family they belong. The ground spiders and
those without cobwebs are described first, and the sedentary species
living in webs in the last half of the book. Readers unfamiliar with the
subject are advised to read first the descriptions of the families and
compare with them the spiders that they find in their own neighborhoods.
The figures are in most cases enlarged for the sake of distinctness, and
spiders of much smaller size must be looked for.




THE COMMON SPIDERS




THE DRASSIDAE


The Drassidae, like the Lycosidae (p. 67), are ground spiders, though some
genera, like Anyphaena (p. 12) and Clubiona (p. 15), are equally common
in summer on bushes. They make nests in the form of a bag or flattened
tube, but no cobwebs for catching insects, and are commonly found
running about among dead leaves and short grass and sometimes even on
bare ground and sand. In form they are usually two or three times as
long as they are wide, like the Lycosidae (p. 67), but more often
flattened on the back. The legs differ but little in length, and the
first and second pairs are directed forward, the third and fourth
backward. Their hairs and spines are short, giving them a smooth,
velvet-like appearance. The feet have two claws, with a brush of
flattened hairs under them, like the Thomisidae and Attidae (p. 41), but
unlike the Lycosidae (p. 67), which have three claws. The mandibles are
large and strong and are together as wide as the head. The eyes are all
about the same size and arranged in two rows of about the same length
and not far apart, but between different species there are slight
differences in their arrangement. The colors are usually dull gray,
brown, and black, with few markings or none. A few species are very
brightly marked, as in Micaria (p. 9) and Poecilochroa (p. 4).

There are three groups among the Drassidae:

1. Prosthesima, Gnaphosa, Poecilochroa, Pythonissa, and Drassus, which
are generally dark in color and flattened above, with the cephalothorax
narrow in front and the eyes covering about half the width of the head
and differing in their relative positions among the different genera.
The labium is long and the maxillae slightly widened at the end, or with
the outer corners rounded off and sometimes a crease or depression in
the middle. The joints of the first legs are sometimes thickened in the
middle. The lower spinnerets are longer than the others and flat on the
end.

2. Micaria, Geotrecha, Phrurolithus, Agroeca, and Anyphaena, in which
the body is less flattened, the legs longer, and the movements quicker.
The colors are lighter and more varied. The labium is short and the
maxillae with straight sides.

3. Clubiona, Chiracanthium, and Trachelas, in which the colors are plain
and light, the eyes spread over more than half the front of the head and
close to its front edge. The labium is as long as it is in Drassus, but
contracted at the base. The maxillae are narrow in the middle and flat
and wide at the ends.

[Illustration: FIGS. 3, 4, 5. Gnaphosa conspersa.--4, female enlarged
four times. 3, the eyes seen from in front. 5, the maxillae, labium, and
ends of the mandibles from below.]

$Gnaphosa conspersa.$--Half an inch long and rusty black in color. In
alcohol the legs and cephalothorax are dark reddish brown and the
abdomen gray. The whole body is covered with fine black hairs. The
cephalothorax and abdomen are about the same size and a little
flattened. The legs are stout and all nearly the same length. The upper
row of eyes is nearly straight and the lateral eyes much farther from
the middle pair than these are from each other (fig. 3). The middle eyes
are oval and oblique, diverging toward the front. The maxillae are large,
and rounded on the outer corners. The mandibles are large and strong,
with a wide, flat, serrated tooth (fig. 5) under the claw. The cocoon is
white and flat, with a diameter as great as the length of the spider.
The female, as far as I have observed, makes no nest, but partly lines
with silk a shallow hole, in which she nurses her cocoon. It lives under
stones and leaves as far north as the White Mountains and west to the
Rocky Mountains in British Columbia, and on the Pacific coast in Oregon.
A smaller and similar species, _Gnaphosa brumalis_, lives on the top of
Mount Washington and as far north as Labrador.

$Pythonissa imbecilla.$--About quarter of an inch long, bright orange
brown on the cephalothorax and legs and blue black on the abdomen, with
a few white hairs around the muscular spots. The legs are covered with
fine long hairs a little darker in color than the skin. The
cephalothorax is wide behind and more narrowed in front than in
Gnaphosa. The eyes (fig. 6) are close together, and the lateral eyes of
both rows are larger than the middle pairs and a little farther back on
the head. The maxillae (fig. 8) are short and wide, and bent toward each
other so that they nearly meet in front of the labium. The front edges
are nearly straight and the outer corners only slightly rounded. The
sternum is wide and almost circular. The tarsus of the female palpi
tapers from the base to the tip.

[Illustration: FIGS. 6, 7, 8. Pythonissa imbecilla.--7, female enlarged
four times. 6, the eyes seen from in front. 8, the maxillae, labium, and
ends of mandibles from below.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 9, 10, 11. Poecilochroa variegata.--11, female
enlarged four times. 9, eyes from in front. 10, maxillae, labium, and
ends of mandibles from below.]

$Poecilochroa variegata.$--This is one of the most brightly  of
the family. The cephalothorax is bright orange, a little darker toward
the eyes. The abdomen is black, with three transverse white stripes and
a T-shaped white mark between the first and second stripes. On the front
of the abdomen the white stripes are sometimes tinged with orange. The
femora of the first and second legs are black. The distal end of the
femur and both ends of the tibia of the fourth legs are black. Other
parts of the legs are orange-. The female is quarter of an inch
long. The cephalothorax is narrower than in _Prosthesima atra_ and
_Gnaphosa conspersa_, and the sternum longer and narrower. The maxillae
(fig. 10) are long and widened at the outer corners. The two rows of
eyes (fig. 9) are almost straight, the upper one longer than the lower.

[Illustration: FIG. 12. FIG. 13. Poecilochroa bilineata.--Upper and
under views of female without the legs, enlarged four times.]

$Poecilochroa bilineata.$--A little smaller than _P. variegata_, but
with the abdomen longer. Cephalothorax and abdomen both white at the
sides and in the middle, with two black stripes from the eyes nearly to
the spinnerets. The abdomen is covered with long hairs, black in the
stripes and silvery white in the light portions. The legs are gray, with
white hairs. The under side is light gray, with two black stripes at the
sides of the abdomen that do not quite reach the spinnerets. The
spinnerets are unusually long. The eyes are arranged as in _variegata_,
the middle eyes being even more distinctly farther apart than they are
from the lateral eyes.

[Illustration: FIGS. 14, 15, 16. Prosthesima atra.--16, female enlarged
four times. 14, eyes seen from in front. 15, maxillae, labium, and ends
of mandibles from below.]

$Prosthesima atra.$--Black, and less than a third of an inch long. It
may be mistaken for a small _Gnaphosa conspersa_, but, besides the small
size, the abdomen is usually longer in proportion and the head is
narrower than in Gnaphosa. The color is usually a deeper black and less
likely to be gray in the young and rusty in the old, but the feet and
under side of the abdomen are sometimes yellowish in the young. The eyes
(fig. 14) are closer together and the two rows more nearly of the same
length. In alcohol the cephalothorax and legs are blacker than in
Gnaphosa and less brown. The maxillae (fig. 15) are a little longer and
less rounded at the outer corners than in Gnaphosa or Pythonissa. The
mandibles (fig. 15) are without the large teeth under the claw that
Gnaphosa and Pythonissa have, and they are turned forward more than in
those genera. It lives on the ground and under stones. The cocoon is
white or pink, attached by the under surface, with the upper side convex
and thickened in the middle, sometimes with a little dirt attached to
it.

[Illustration: FIG. 17. FIG. 18. Prosthesima ecclesiastica.--Upper and
under views of female enlarged four times.]

$Prosthesima ecclesiastica.$--Black, with white markings along the
middle of the back. One-third of an inch long, a little larger than _P.
atra_ and smaller than _Gnaphosa conspersa_. The cephalothorax is
proportionally longer and narrower and the sternum narrower and less
round than in _P. atra_ (fig. 18). The cephalothorax is dull black at
the sides, with a whitish stripe in the middle. The legs are also dull
black and, like the cephalothorax, turn brown in alcohol. The abdomen is
black, with a bright white stripe in the middle that extends from the
front end about two-thirds its length; and at the hinder end, just over
the spinnerets, is another white mark (fig. 17). The under side of the
abdomen is dark at the sides and light in the middle. The eyes and
maxillae are as in _P. atra_, the maxillae a little less rounded at the
ends.

[Illustration: FIG. 19. Drassus saccatus.--Female enlarged three times.
For eyes and mouth parts see figs. 1 and 2 in Introduction.]

$Drassus saccatus.$--Four-fifths of an inch long, and pale, without
markings. The head is shorter and wider than in _Gnaphosa conspersa_ and
_Prosthesima atra_, and the eyes cover a larger part of the head. Both
rows of eyes (figs. 2, 19) are curved, with the middle highest. The
middle upper pair are oval and turned apart toward the front. The
lateral eyes are twice their diameter from the middle pair. The maxillae
(fig. 1) are widened at the ends on both sides. The labium is as wide as
it is long, narrowed toward the end but truncated at the tip. The color
is light gray, with short fine hairs all over the body. The front of the
head, the feet, and the mandibles and maxillae are darker and browner.
The abdomen is marked only with the usual four muscular spots and
sometimes a few transverse dark markings toward the hinder end. The
legs are long and tapering in both sexes. The male is smaller and more
slender than the female, and the male palpi are long, with the end very
little enlarged. They live under stones, and make a large transparent
bag of silk in which the female makes her cocoon of eggs, and stays with
it until the young come out. Early in the summer a male and female often
live together in the nest, even before the female is mature.

[Illustration: FIGS. 20, 21, 22. Geotrecha crocata.--22, female enlarged
four times. 20, eyes seen from in front. 21, maxillae, labium, and ends
of mandibles from below.]

$Geotrecha crocata.$--Black, with the ends of the legs light yellow and
a bright red spot on the end of the abdomen. It is about a third of an
inch long. The legs are slender and the body is not at all flattened.
The cephalothorax is two-thirds as wide as long, oval behind and
narrowed in front of the legs, where the sides of the head are nearly
parallel. The abdomen is oval and nearly twice as long as wide. The
spinnerets are so far under the body that they show but little from
above. At the front end of the abdomen is a spot larger below than
above, where the skin is thicker and harder and browner in color than
the rest. The cephalothorax is dark brown or black, as are also the
femora of all the legs and of the palpi. The ends of the third and
fourth legs are a lighter brown and the ends of the first and second
legs and palpi light yellow. The abdomen is deep black except a bright
red spot at the hinder end, which varies in size, is sometimes broken
into several spots, or is sometimes wanting altogether. The eyes (fig.
20) are near together, the upper row curved down at the ends. The
maxillae are straight, with the sides nearly parallel, and the labium is
shorter than wide. The males are usually smaller than the females and
have the red spot larger. These spiders live among stones in dry open
places. They are easily alarmed and move very rapidly. The flat,
parchment-like cocoons found on stones are probably made by this
species.

[Illustration: FIG. 23. FIG. 24. Geotrecha bivittata.--Upper and under
views of female enlarged four times.]

$Geotrecha bivittata.$--The same size as _G. crocata_ but much lighter
, and with two white stripes across the abdomen (fig. 23). The
cephalothorax is a little narrower behind than it is in _crocata_. Its
color varies from orange to dark brown. The femora of all the legs are
striped lengthwise with brown and yellow. The hind legs are brown, with
a little yellow on the upper side of the patella and tibia. The other
legs are yellow, sometimes with brown stripes on the under side. The
white marks on the abdomen extend underneath halfway to the middle line.
The sternum and under side are light brown. It lives under leaves at all
seasons.

[Illustration: FIGS. 25, 26, 27, 28. Micaria longipes.--28, Male
enlarged four times. 25, eyes seen from in front. 26, maxillae, labium,
and ends of mandibles from below. 27, Southern variety, Micaria aurata.
 orange, with black and white markings.]

$Micaria longipes$ or $aurata.$--A quarter of an inch long or less, and
resembling an ant both in size and color (fig. 28). The cephalothorax is
twice as long as wide, and only a little widened in the middle. It is
highest in the middle, curving downward at both ends. The front row of
eyes (fig. 25) is nearly straight and the upper row curved, with the
middle eyes highest and the eyes all farther apart than in the lower
row. The abdomen is one-half longer than the cephalothorax and about as
wide, blunt at both ends and drawn in a little at the sides and above at
a point a third of its length from the front. The legs are long and
slender, the fourth pair longest. The colors are light yellow brown,
with gray hairs and scales which on the abdomen have green and red
metallic reflections. The legs are darker from before backward, the
front pair all light yellow except the femur, and the third and fourth
pairs with longitudinal brown stripes that nearly cover the tarsal
joints. The abdomen has a pair of transverse white stripes near the
constricted part and another pair less distinct at the front end. The
under side is as dark as the upper. The white markings extend underneath
halfway to the middle line. The maxillae are nearly straight on the outer
edge and a little widened toward each other at the ends. The labium is
narrowed at the end and a little longer than wide (fig. 26).

There is an orange- Micaria from Long Island, N.Y., and farther
south (probably what is described by Hentz under the name _Herpyllus
auratus_), that seems to belong to this species (fig. 27). Its size and
markings are the same, and the epigynum is like that of _longipes_. The
cephalothorax, abdomen, and femora of all the legs are bright orange
color, with brilliant yellow and green reflections. The spinnerets are
black, and there are five or six transverse black marks on the hinder
half of the abdomen and some irregular black spots around the white
bands.

[Illustration: FIGS. 29, 30, 31, 32. Phrurolithus alarius.--31, female
in a natural position, with legs drawn up over the back, enlarged eight
times. 29, one of the front legs to show spines. 30, eyes from in front.
32, maxillae, labium, and ends of mandibles.]

$Phrurolithus alarius.$--A small and very active spider marked with gray
and white and having on the abdomen iridescent green scales (fig. 31).
The cephalothorax is nearly as wide behind as it is long. The head is
about half as wide as the thorax. The eyes (fig. 30) are large for so
small a spider, and cover more than half the width of the head. The
middle eyes of the upper row are oval and turned obliquely, diverging
toward the front. The labium is short and the maxillae straight, as in
Agroeca and Anyphaena, but wider at the base (fig. 32). The legs are
long and slender, except the tibia and metatarsus of the first and
second pairs, which are twice as thick as the same joints of the other
legs and have on the under side two rows of strong spines (fig. 29). The
cephalothorax is light yellowish, with a black line on the edge each
side, and two light gray stripes. The abdomen is gray, with transverse
white markings that vary greatly in size and shape in different
individuals. The abdomen is covered with scales that change from grayish
green to pink with the motions of the spider. The legs are pale, except
the patella and tibia of the first pair, which are black or dark gray,
with the tip of the tibia white. The tibia and patella of the second
pair are marked with lighter gray in the same way. It lives among stones
in open ground, and runs short distances with great swiftness. When
still it lies close to a stone, with the tibiae drawn up over the back.

[Illustration: FIGS. 33, 34, 35, 36. Agroeca pratensis.--33, eyes from
in front. 34, maxillae, labium, and ends of mandibles. 35, back of female
enlarged four times. 36, under side of female as far back as the
epigynum.]

$Agroeca pratensis.$--A little light- spider, resembling the
next species, _Anyphaena incerta_. It is about a fifth of an inch long.
The cephalothorax is wide behind and low in front and highest near the
dorsal groove. The head is contracted in front of the legs more than it
is in _incerta_. The front row of eyes is nearly straight, the middle
pair only a little the higher (fig. 33). The upper row is longer and
more curved, with all the eyes about the same distance apart, the middle
pair not so much separated as in _incerta_. The abdomen is widest
behind, but not as wide as in _incerta_. The spinnerets are two-jointed,
as in Anyphaena. The legs are long, the fourth pair longest, and are a
little thicker than those of _incerta_. The coxae of the hind legs almost
touch, and the sternum is short and nearly round (fig. 36). The labium
is short and the maxillae straight, as in Anyphaena. The cephalothorax,
legs, and mouth parts are light brownish yellow. The cephalothorax has a
fine dark line on each side and two broken longitudinal stripes made up
of gray marks radiating from the dorsal groove. The abdomen has two rows
of gray oblique markings on a light ground. The general appearance is
like a small Lycosa. It lives among leaves and short grass. There is
little difference between male and female.

[Illustration: FIGS. 37, 38, 39, 40, 41. Anyphaena incerta.--37, palpus
of male. 38, under side of female as far forward as end of sternum. 39,
eyes from in front. 40, female enlarged four times. 41, maxillae, labium,
and ends of mandibles.]

$Anyphaena incerta.$--About a fifth of an inch long, light yellow, with
gray markings. The cephalothorax is three-quarters as wide as long,
rounded at the sides and highest in the middle. The front of the head is
very low, so that the eyes nearly touch the mandibles. The front row of
eyes is nearly straight. The upper row is longer and more curved, with
the middle eyes highest and farthest apart (fig. 39). The abdomen is
large in the female, widest behind the middle, and a little pointed
behind. The labium is not longer than wide, and the maxillae are
straight, with the sides parallel. The sternum is oval, not so short and
wide as in _pratensis_. The opening of the air-tubes is halfway between
the epigynum and spinnerets (fig. 38), instead of just in front of the
spinnerets, as it is in most spiders. The spinnerets are two-jointed.
The legs are slender and tapering, the fourth longest in females and the
first in males. The cephalothorax has two longitudinal broken gray
bands. The abdomen has a double row of spots in the middle and oblique
rows of smaller spots each side. The oblique lines of spots extend under
the abdomen halfway to the middle.

[Illustration: FIGS. 42, 43. Anyphaena calcarata.--42, under side of
cephalothorax of female. 43, palpus of male.]

$Anyphaena calcarata.$--The same size and color as _A. incerta_, with
longer legs. The markings are the same in both species. The plainest
difference between the females is in the epigynum, the hard and dark
parts of which are larger and longer in _incerta_. Another slight
difference is in the shape of the sternum, which in _calcarata_ extends
farther between the hind legs (fig. 42). In _incerta_ it is more pointed
at the hinder end and shorter (fig. 38). The difference between the
length of the legs in the two species, which is slight in the females,
is greater in the males, the legs of _calcarata_ being the longer. The
palpi of the males differ considerably. In _incerta_ (fig. 37) the tibia
of the palpus has a large process on the outer side close to the tarsus
and extending along its edge a third of its length. In _calcarata_ (fig.
43) the corresponding process is small and does not lap over the tarsus.
The coxae of the third and fourth legs of the male _calcarata_ have
little processes on the under side (fig. 42), one on the fourth and two
on the third. These do not occur in _incerta_. It lives on plants like
_saltabunda_ (p. 14).

[Illustration: FIGS. 44, 45. Anyphaena rubra.--44, female without the
legs, enlarged four times. 45, under side of abdomen, showing position
of air-tubes.]

$Anyphaena rubra.$--Larger than the other species, with the legs shorter.
The female is about a third of an inch long, with the abdomen longer and
narrower than in _incerta_ or _saltabunda_. The opening of the air-tubes
(fig. 45) is farther forward than usual, twice as far from the
spinnerets as from the epigynum. The legs are comparatively short, the
longest, the fourth, being about as long as the body. The maxillae are a
little widened at the end. The sternum is widest at the second legs and
narrows to a point behind. The head is a little wider than usual, and
the whole appearance more like Clubiona than the other species. The
color is the usual pale yellow, a little brownish on the head and legs,
and with two longitudinal stripes on the cephalothorax. The abdomen is
nearly white, with two stripes made up of gray spots, and scattered
spots at the sides. The spots turn red in alcohol.

[Illustration: FIGS. 46, 47. Anyphaena saltabunda.--46, female enlarged
six times. 47, palpus of male.]

$Anyphaena saltabunda.$--A pale short spider, with long and slender legs
(fig. 46). The body is an eighth to a sixth of an inch long. The abdomen
is oval, two-thirds as wide as long, and nearly as high as it is wide.
The cephalothorax is three-fourths as wide as long, widest across the
dorsal groove and narrowing gradually to half as wide in front. The eyes
of the upper row are twice as large as those of the front row. The first
legs are longest in both sexes, measuring in the female over twice the
length of the body and in the males three times. The spines are very
long on the legs and palpi but only a little darker in color. The
general color is pale yellow or white, with two broken gray stripes on
the cephalothorax and two middle and several lateral rows of light gray
spots on the abdomen. The spinnerets are slender and two-jointed. The
opening of the air-tubes is halfway between the spinnerets and the
epigynum. The palpi of the male (fig. 47) are long and slender, and the
tibia is slightly curved and has a large thin process on the outer
side.


THE GENUS CLUBIONA

These spiders are all pale and most of them without markings. The eyes
are close to the front edge of the head and cover more than half its
width (figs. 50, 54, 56). The upper row is longer and the eyes larger
and the middle pair farthest apart. The distance between this pair
varies according to the species. In _crassipalpis_ and _canadensis_ it
is little more than that between the middle and lateral eyes, while in
_rubra_ it is nearly twice as great. The mandibles of the females are
swelled at the base in front, and this swelling is greatest in
_canadensis_ (fig. 55). The mandibles of the males are longer and are
shaped in a variety of ways according to the species. The shape of the
epigynum is indistinct and variable, and females of different species
are difficult to distinguish. The females of _ornata_ and _excepta_ are
known by their markings and those of _rubra_ by their size and
resemblance to the male. The females of _crassipalpis_ and _tibialis_
are doubtful. The palpal organs and male palpi are of great variety and
distinguish the males of all species without much difficulty.

[Illustration: FIG. 48. Female Clubiona crassipalpis, enlarged four
times.]

The Clubionas live in flat tubes of silk on leaves of low plants in
summer and under bark and stones at all seasons.

$Clubiona crassipalpis.$--A quarter of an inch long and pale, without
markings. The head is sometimes a little darker than the rest of the
body, and the mandibles and ends of the male palpi are always darker.
The eyes of the upper row are almost equidistant, the middle pair only a
little farther apart than they are from the lateral eyes. The mandibles
of the male (figs. 49, 50) are elongated as usual, narrowed toward the
end, and thickened in front just above the middle. On the outer side in
front is a sharp ridge that extends from the base of the claw halfway up
the mandible. The inner edges of the mandibles are thin and inclined
backward toward the mouth, but there is no line or ridge between the
thick and thin portions as in some other species. The palpi of the male
(fig. 51) have the patella and tibia both short. The tibia is widened on
the outer side and laps over the tarsus, extending in a blunt hook for
half its length.

[Illustration: FIGS. 49, 50, 51, 52. Clubiona crassipalpis.--49, head
and mandibles of male from the left side. 50, head and mandibles of male
from in front. 51, palpus of male. 52, maxillae, labium, and ends of
mandibles.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 53, 54. Clubiona tibialis.--53, end of palpus of
male, showing large tibia. 54, head and mandibles of male.]

$Clubiona tibialis.$--Quarter of an inch long, the same size and color
as _crassipalpis_, with no markings and no dark color except on the
mandibles and male palpi. The middle eyes are a little farther apart
than in _crassipalpis_. The male mandibles (fig. 54) are narrower than
in _crassipalpis_ and without the sharp ridge on the outer side, but on
the inside they are sharply hollowed out with a ridge between the thick
outer and thin inner portions. The male palpi (fig. 53) have the patella
about as long as wide, as it is in _crassipalpis_ and _canadensis_, but
the tibia is very large, with a hook in the usual place on the outer
side and a much larger process, which extends forward over the tarsus.
The tarsus is long and thickened in the middle where it rests against
the process of the tibia.

[Illustration: FIGS. 55, 56, 57. Clubiona canadensis.--55, head of
female, showing the swelled mandibles. 56, head and mandibles of male.
57, palpus of male.]

$Clubiona canadensis.$--Quarter of an inch long and without markings.
The upper eyes are nearly equidistant, as they are in _crassipalpis_,
but the legs and palpi are shorter. The male mandibles (fig. 56) are
much like those of _crassipalpis_, but have not so sharp a ridge on the
outer side. The male palpi (fig. 57) have the patella longer than wide
and the tibia wider than long, with two processes on the outer side. The
upper tibial process is a simple point extending along the outer side of
the tarsus for a quarter of its length. The under process is twice as
long, with a projecting corner at its base and running forward to a
sharp point, with a round notch halfway between the point and base. The
female has the head wider and the mandibles very much swelled in front
at the base (fig. 55). The fourth leg is longest and about as long as
the body.

[Illustration: FIGS. 58, 59. Clubiona rubra.--58, front of head and
mandibles of male. 59, palpus of male.]

$Clubiona rubra.$--Smaller than the other species, a sixth to a fifth of
an inch long. Cephalothorax light yellow brown, darker toward the front.
Abdomen pale in front and darkened with brownish red at the sides and
behind and along the middle of the back. The hind middle eyes are nearly
twice as far apart as they are from the lateral eyes. The fourth legs
are longest in both sexes, and there is little difference in the length
of the legs of the two sexes. The mandibles of the female are but little
swelled in front, not much more than those of the male, and the male
mandibles (fig. 58) are only a little narrowed at the ends. The male
palpi (fig. 59) have the tibia very much widened on the outer side, with
a short tooth in the middle and two larger short processes on the outer
side. The palpal organ has a large dark- process in the middle.
The epigynum is pointed behind, with a notch in the middle and two black
spots under the skin toward the front of the abdomen.

[Illustration: FIGS. 60, 61, 62. Clubiona ornata.--60, back of female
enlarged four times to show markings. 61, palpus of male. 62, front of
head and mandibles of male.]

$Clubiona ornata.$--This is one of the few Clubionas that have markings
on the abdomen. The general color is pale as usual, but the abdomen has
a dark stripe in the middle, broken into spots behind and bordered by
pale yellow. At the sides are oblique dark and light transverse
markings. These marks are of different sizes in different individuals
and connected in different ways. The length is from a third to half an
inch. The abdomen is wide across the middle and more pointed behind than
in most species. The front middle eyes are about as far apart as in
_tibialis_ and nearer than in _rubra_. The mandibles are not much
swelled in front. The legs of the male are longer than those of the
female, with the first pair longest, while in the female the fourth pair
is longest. The male mandibles (fig. 62) are narrow at the end and
hollowed on the inner edges as in _tibialis_, with a sharp ridge between
the thick and the thin portions. The male palpi (fig. 61) have two
processes on the outer side of the tibia longer than in _rubra_ and
shorter than in _canadensis_. The tibia is a little widened toward the
end and curved outward.

[Illustration: FIGS. 63, 64, 65. Clubiona excepta.--63, front of head
and mandibles of male. 64, palpus of male. 65, back of female enlarged
four times to show markings.]

$Clubiona excepta.$--A third of an inch long and with very distinct gray
markings on the abdomen. The cephalothorax is light yellow brown, and
the legs are more deeply  with yellow than in most species. The
abdomen is white, with sometimes a yellow mark on the front of the
abdomen, and on the hinder half of the abdomen is a middle row of gray
spots and a row of larger transverse spots on each side. The fourth legs
are longest in both sexes. The male palpi have the tibia longer than
usual and patella and tibia about the same length. The tibia has a small
process with two teeth (fig. 64). The tarsus is oval and narrow and the
palpal organ small.

[Illustration: FIG. 66. Trachelas ruber, enlarged four times.]

$Trachelas ruber.$--One-third of an inch long, with the cephalothorax
short and wide like Clubiona, and the deep orange-brown color of
Dysdera. The cephalothorax is almost as wide as long, and widest
opposite the second legs. The head is three-quarters as wide as the
thorax and as high in the middle halfway between the eyes and the dorsal
groove. The front of the head is low, as in Clubiona. The front row of
eyes is a little curved, so that the middle pair are half their diameter
higher than the lateral. The upper row is much longer and the lateral
eyes are farther from the middle than these are from each other. The
labium and maxillae are like those of Clubiona and the palpi very
slender. The first pair of legs are thicker than the others and as long
as the fourth. The second pair are also somewhat thickened. The legs are
orange brown, darkest on the front pair. The cephalothorax is dark brown
and finely roughened over the whole surface, without hairs except in
front. The abdomen is pale, with no markings except over the dorsal
vessel and the muscular spots. Some light- individuals have all
the colors paler. Under stones and leaves.

[Illustration: FIGS. 67, 68, 69. Chiracanthium viride.--67, female
enlarged four times. 68, eyes from in front. 69, maxillae, labium, and
mandibles from below.]

$Chiracanthium viride.$--This has the color and general appearance of
the Clubionas, but the legs are longer and the first legs are
considerably longer than the fourth. The body is shorter and the abdomen
is wider and thicker in the middle. The female (fig. 67) is a third of
an inch long and the front legs two-fifths of an inch. The eyes (fig.
68) are arranged as in Clubiona. The maxillae and labium are like those
of Clubiona, but the sternum is shorter and rounder. The head is but
little narrowed and the eyes cover almost its whole width. The upper
spinnerets are longer than the lower and distinctly two-jointed. The
spines of the legs are small and inconspicuous. The color in life is
greenish white, the mandibles brown, and the stripe over the dorsal
vessel darker than the rest of the abdomen.

The male has the front legs nearly three times as long as the body,
though the other legs are not much longer than in the female. The
mandibles are also elongated, as in the males of Clubiona. The male
palpi have the tarsus long, with a pointed process that extends backward
over the tibia between two processes on that joint.




THE DYSDERIDAE


The Dysderidae are a small family of spiders resembling in their general
appearance the Drassidae, but differing from them in several important
characters. They have only six eyes instead of the usual eight, and they
have four breathing holes in the front of the abdomen, two of them
leading to the usual lungs and the others to the air-tubes, which in
most spiders open just in front of the spinnerets.

[Illustration: FIGS. 70, 71, 72. Dysdera interrita.--70, enlarged four
times. 71, head and eyes from in front. 72, under side enlarged six
times.]

$Dysdera interrita.$--Six eyes close together on the front of the head.
Length half an inch, with the abdomen a little longer than the
cephalothorax. The coxae and patellae are unusually long, especially on
the front legs, and the tarsi are unusually short (fig. 70). The
mandibles are long and inclined forward. The maxillae are long, a little
widened in the middle and pointed at the ends. The labium is long and
narrow, and forked at the end (fig. 72). The skin around the base of the
legs is thick and hard, so that the sternum appears to extend between
them (fig. 72). There are two tracheal openings just behind the
openings of the lungs. The cephalothorax and legs are orange brown,
darker toward the front. The abdomen is the same color, but so pale as
to be almost white.

[Illustration: FIGS. 73, 74. Ariadne bicolor.--73, upper side enlarged
four times. 74, under side.]

$Ariadne bicolor.$--Six eyes in three pairs, the side pairs separated by
their diameter from the middle pair. The length is about a third of an
inch, the cephalothorax and abdomen about the same length. The
cephalothorax is long and the head wide. The maxillae are long and
narrow. The sternum is widest opposite the third legs (fig. 74), and
ends behind in a blunt point. The first, second, and third legs are
directed forward, the first pair longest and stoutest. The tibiae of the
first and second legs are a little thickened in the middle and have four
pairs of spines on the under side, and the metatarsus of the same legs
eight pairs. The hinder pairs of spinnerets are very small. The
cephalothorax and legs are yellow brown, darker toward the front. The
abdomen is purplish brown, darker in the middle and toward the front. In
the male the head is more narrowed and the front legs longer. The front
metatarsi are curved at the base and have a tooth each side, the inner
one farthest from the tibia. The palpal organ is outside the tarsal
joint, as it is in the Mygales.




THE THOMISIDAE


The Thomisidae are generally flat, short, and widened behind, and have a
sidewise gait and crab-like appearance. The first and second legs are
often much larger than the third and fourth, and all the legs extend
sidewise from the thorax and not forward and backward, as they do in the
Drassidae (pp. 1-21). The feet have two claws and a thick brush of hairs.
They are generally smooth or covered with very short and fine hair, and
often have coarser hairs scattered at considerable distances from each
other over the back. The eyes are small and in two slightly curved rows,
the upper one longest and often much longer than the front row. The
mandibles are small and narrowed toward the end. The maxillae are narrow
at the end and slant inward. Most of the species belong to the three
following genera:

Xysticus (p. 30) is flat, with short legs, and marked with gray and
brown, like bark and stones.

Misumena (p. 25) is white or brightly . The first and second legs
are much longer than the third and fourth, and there is great difference
between the sexes, the females being large and light , while the
males are small, and yellow or green, with red and brown markings.

Philodromus (p. 35) is generally small, with long slender legs, the
second pair longest. The colors are generally light gray and brown,
sometimes with iridescent scales.

Besides the larger genera are several other spiders belonging to this
family. _Tmarus caudatus_ (p. 38) resembles Philodromus in color and
outline, but has besides the caudate abdomen a very different head and
thorax, and the hind legs much shorter than the first and second. _Ebo
latithorax_ (p. 38) is a small Philodromus, with a wide body and
exaggerated second legs. _Thanatus lycosoides_ (p. 40) is like a stout
Philodromus, with rough hairs and markings, resembling some Lycosidae.
_Tibellus duttonii_ (p. 39) is a long straw- spider, resembling
Philodromus in its feet and head, but having a long slender abdomen,
with two black spots.


THE GENUS MISUMENA

[Illustration: FIG. 75. Misumena aleatoria.--Natural size, among flowers
of thoroughwort, holding a fly in her mouth.]

The Misumenas are the most conspicuous spiders of their family, and are
among the few that are popularly noticed. They grow to a large size and
are white or brightly , and live in open places on flowers. The
males and females differ widely. The males mature early and remain
small, and are marked with a variety of colors in spots and bands, while
the females grow several times as large, lose in great part their
markings, and become white or yellow. In both sexes the two front pairs
of legs are much longer than the two hinder pairs, and often differently
. In the young the colors are variable and there is less
difference between the sexes. The Misumenas live on plants, among the
flowers, especially on large flat clusters, like those of carrot and
thoroughwort. They stand among the flowers, holding by the hind legs,
with the front legs extended or bent in stiff and awkward positions, and
wait for insects to alight on the flowers within their reach. Whether
spiders prefer flowers  like themselves is an unsettled question;
at any rate, Misumenas of all colors and both sexes have been found on
white flowers. Occasionally individuals are found on flowers of exactly
the same color as themselves; for example, deep yellow _M. aleatoria_ on
the wild indigo, _Baptisia tinctoria_, and the reddish _M. asperata_ on
the flowers of sorrel, _Rumex acetosella_. The adult females of _vatia_
and _aleatoria_ are easily mistaken for each other. Both vary in color
from white to deep yellow, and grow to a large size, but they can be
distinguished by the difference in the shape of the head. _Asperata_ is
perhaps the most common species. The female seldom grows as large as the
others, and does not lose entirely the red markings of the abdomen and
legs. The scattered stiff hairs also distinguish it from the others. The
males of the different species are distinct enough one from the other,
though they differ widely from the females. The shape of the head and
the markings around the eyes are much the same in both sexes, and by
these males and females of the same species may be recognized.

[Illustration: FIGS. 76, 77, 78. Misumena vatia.--76, head and eyes seen
from in front. 77, female enlarged four times. 78, male enlarged four
times.]

$Misumena vatia$ is the largest species and lives all over this country
and Europe. It is sometimes half an inch long, and the first legs spread
an inch and a half (fig. 77). It is white, with sometimes a crimson spot
on each side of the abdomen and another on the front of the head between
the upper eyes. The sides of the thorax are a little darkened with
yellow or brown, which extends around the head to a distinct opaque
white spot under and between the eyes (fig. 76). This white spot widens
below over the mandibles and above under the eyes and around the eyes of
the upper row. The shape of this mark and the greater height of the head
distinguish this species from _aleatoria_ (figs. 79, 80). On the back of
the thorax is also a distinct opaque white spot. The first and second
legs have usually a light brown mark on the upper side, but this is
sometimes absent.

The male (fig. 78) is only a quarter or a third as long as the adult
female. The front legs are proportionally longer than in the female, and
the abdomen smaller and more pointed behind. The males are strongly
marked with reddish brown on a light ground. The thorax is dark at the
sides, while the front of the head is white like that of the female.

[Illustration: FIGS. 79, 80, 81, 82. Misumena aleatoria.--79, front of
head and eyes. 80, female enlarged four times. 81, female with dark
markings. 82, male enlarged four times.]

$Misumena aleatoria.$--The female of this species grows nearly as large
as _vatia_, and in some places is much more common. It is white or
yellow, but does not have the crimson markings at the sides of the
abdomen or between the eyes. The head (fig. 79) is rounder than in
_vatia_ and much lower in front, and there is a narrow white stripe
under the eyes that divides at the sides, one branch passing around over
the mandibles and the other close under the eyes. The sides of the
cephalothorax are gray or green. The abdomen usually has no markings
except a little gray color in the middle, but sometimes it has two rows
of dark brown spots (fig. 81), and in such individuals the legs are also
marked with brown at the ends of the joints. The males are very small
and strikingly  (fig. 82). The two front pairs of legs are brown,
the cephalothorax green, and the abdomen yellow. The shape of the head
and the white under the eyes are the same as in the female.

[Illustration: FIGS. 83, 84. Misumena asperata.--83, female enlarged
four times. 84, male enlarged four times.]

$Misumena asperata.$--The males and females of this spider are more
alike than in _vatia_ and _aleatoria_. The adult females are always pale
and sometimes white, but seldom lose entirely the reddish bands around
the legs. Both sexes are covered with short stiff hairs about their
length apart all over the upper part of the body and legs. The usual
color is pale yellow, with dull red markings. The thorax is reddish at
the sides. The abdomen has two red bands or rows of spots on the hinder
half, meeting behind. In front are a middle pair of spots and two side
bands that spread apart in the middle and meet again at the spinnerets.
The tibia and tarsus of the front legs are marked with a narrow red ring
at the base and a wider ring near the end of each joint. The female is a
quarter of an inch long and the male about half that length. The
markings of the male are like those of the female, but the spots are
larger and more deeply . The male palpi are larger than in the
other species.

The male _M. spinosa_ of Georgia resembles _asperata_, but the legs are
much longer and the ends of the palpi smaller.

[Illustration: FIGS. 85, 86. Synema parvula.--Enlarged eight times. 85,
upper side. 86, under side.]

$Synema parvula.$--A common species in the South. Length about
one-eighth of an inch. The thorax is as wide as long, round and high in
the middle. The abdomen is as wide as long, widest across the middle,
and a little pointed behind. The third and fourth legs are not more than
two-thirds as long as the first and second, and lighter . The
thorax is orange-, a little darker at the sides, and with a dark
brown line on the edges over the legs. There are light rings around the
eyes. The abdomen is white or light yellow in front, and has a wide
black or brown band across the hinder half, not reaching back to the
spinnerets, and sometimes partly divided by a notch in front. On the
front half of the abdomen are some small dark spots and usually several
opaque white marks. On the under side of the abdomen there is a dark
band on each side extending back to and partly surrounding the
spinnerets. The front legs are orange brown, with the femora darker on
the front and rear edges. The other joints are a little darker at the
ends. The males are a little smaller and darker in color, but differ
little from the females.


THE GENUS XYSTICUS

In these spiders the general appearance is crab-like. The abdomen is not
much larger than the thorax, and both are flat and wide. The first and
second legs are a third longer than the third and fourth. The colors are
usually various shades of brown and gray, in small spots and bands. On
the upper side of each leg is usually a light line, with dark lines on
each side of it. The gait is often sidewise, the legs kept close to the
ground, so that the spider can move in a narrow crack. They live under
stones and bark and leaves, and some, like _triguttatus_, on low plants.
The males have longer legs and smaller abdomen and all the dark markings
larger and darker than the females. In _triguttatus_ there is great
difference between the sexes, but in most species very little, as in
_limbatus_ and _stomachosus_. The head is generally low, and the four
middle eyes form a rectangle a little wider than high (fig. 97).

[Illustration: FIGS. 87, 88. Xysticus stomachosus.--87, female. 88,
male. Both enlarged four times.]

$Xysticus stomachosus.$--A middle-sized and light-<DW52> species, with
gray markings on a light ground, the markings most distinct on the
hinder legs and abdomen. The middle of the thorax is lighter than the
sides, and there is a small dark spot in the middle and a larger one on
each side toward the hinder end (figs. 87, 88). The third and fourth
legs have a distinct dark spot at the ends of femur, patella, and
tibia. The abdomen is light, with a few small spots at the front end and
three pairs of dark transverse bands on the hinder half. The hairs are
short and fine. The male has longer legs and is marked in the same way,
with the spots on the abdomen larger and extended farther forward.

[Illustration: FIGS. 89, 90. Xysticus limbatus.--89, female. 90, male.
Both enlarged four times.]

$Xysticus limbatus.$--This is one of the largest species, the females
reaching a length of a third to half an inch (figs. 89, 90). The thorax
is one-eighth of an inch wide and nearly as long. The abdomen is a
little wider at the hinder end. The legs are short, the longest about
half an inch in length. The whole body is hairy. The color is brown, the
markings dark on a light ground, best shown by the figures. The middle
of the head and thorax is more fully covered by the dark markings than
in other species. There is great variation in the color, and young
spiders are usually lighter than adults. Adult males and females in June
and July.

[Illustration: FIGS. 91, 92. Xysticus gulosus.--91, female. 92, male.
Both enlarged four times.]

$Xysticus gulosus.$--This is a very distinct species and less variable
in markings than _limbatus_ and _stomachosus_. The color is brown or
gray, with indistinct darker markings (figs. 91, 92). The whole body is
covered with fine brown spots and has at the hinder end of the thorax
and on the legs traces of the same markings that show more distinctly in
_stomachosus_. There are a few transverse dark lines on the hinder half
of the abdomen and less distinct longitudinal lines at the sides of the
front half.

The male is a fourth smaller than the female, with a smaller abdomen and
more slender legs, but the same colors and markings. It is usually found
under bark or stones which it closely resembles in color.

[Illustration: FIGS. 93, 94. Xysticus nervosus.--93, female. 94, male.
Both enlarged four times.]

$Xysticus nervosus.$--This is a pale species, the females of which are
nearly as large as _limbatus_. The color is light brownish yellow, with
small spots of lighter and darker color scattered all over the body, and
there are traces of the markings which are more distinct in other
species (figs. 93, 94). On the hinder half of the abdomen are three or
four pairs of very indistinct transverse markings. The legs are marked
with irregular dark and light spots, without any distinct rings or
markings, and the first and second pairs are darker than the others. In
the male the first and second legs are twice as long as the third and
longer and more slender than in the other species. It lives on fences
and under bark.

[Illustration: FIGS. 95, 96, 97. Xysticus triguttatus.--95, female. 96,
male. Both enlarged four times. 97, front of head much enlarged to show
eyes and mandibles].

$Xysticus triguttatus.$--This is a small and very common spider living
on grass and low bushes. The female is about a fifth of an inch long and
the male as large but with a smaller abdomen. The difference in the
color of the sexes is so great that they may easily be mistaken for
different species. The females (fig. 95) are straw-, the abdomen
almost white, and the thorax and legs brownish yellow. There are three
black spots at the back of the thorax and indistinct darker bands at the
sides. On the abdomen are two black spots near the front end and three
pairs of broken transverse stripes behind. The male (fig. 96) has the
femora of the two front legs dark brown, the rest like the female or a
little darker. The thorax is dark brown, except in the middle, where it
is a little lighter, as in the female. The abdomen of the male is
strongly marked with transverse black and white stripes, irregular
toward the front end.

[Illustration: FIG. 98. Xysticus quadrilineatus, enlarged four times.]

$Xysticus quadrilineatus.$--Quarter of an inch long, with the thorax a
tenth of an inch wide and the head unusually wide in front. The color is
light yellow, with light brown markings and black spots. The
cephalothorax has four narrow brown stripes, one on each side close to
the edge and the others running back from the lateral eyes (fig. 98);
there are also two fine brown lines sometimes extending from the middle
eyes to the dorsal groove, but usually broken in the middle. There is a
brown spot just behind the dorsal groove and two others in the middle of
the cephalothorax. On the abdomen there are two black spots at the front
end, two in the middle and two near the hind end, besides several
smaller ones along the sides. There are four light brown lines across
the hinder half, each with a white line behind it, and at the sides are
oblique brown lines alternating with white. The legs have a distinct
light line along the dorsal side and are covered with fine brown spots
without any other markings.

[Illustration: FIGS. 99, 100. Xysticus versicolor.--99, female. 100,
male. Both enlarged four times.]

$Xysticus (Coriarachne) versicolor.$--The thorax, abdomen, and legs are
all much flattened, the head is low, and the upper and lower eyes nearer
together than in the other species. The colors are black and gray in
irregular spots on a light ground (figs. 99, 100). On bark or unpainted
wood these spiders can hardly be seen. Light individuals have black
spots on the legs at the end of each joint and the usual three pairs of
dark marks on the abdomen. On the thorax is a white spot in the middle
under the front of the abdomen. Around this spot and behind the eyes is
black extending in spots along the sides. In dark females and in most
males the dark spots are so large that the whole spider is nearly black.

This is a common spider, and a similar species, _Coriarachne depressa_,
is equally common in Europe.


THE GENUS PHILODROMUS

In these spiders there is less difference in length between the front
and hind legs than in Misumena or Xysticus. The legs are long and
slender, the second pair longest, and the body is small and flat, and
the abdomen pointed behind. The colors are brown and gray, and the whole
body is often covered with fine flattened hairs that in the males are
iridescent. _Philodromus vulgaris_ lives usually on houses and fences,
but the other species on plants.

[Illustration: FIGS. 101, 102, 103, 104. Philodromus vulgaris.--101,
male. 102, female. Both enlarged four times. 103, tibia of the male
palpus. 104, one of the feet.]

$Philodromus vulgaris.$--About quarter of an inch long, the legs of the
female spreading over an inch and those of the male an inch and a
quarter (figs. 101, 102). They often stand with all the legs extended
sidewise, flat against a wall or fence which they closely resemble in
color. When freshly molted they are covered with fine gray hairs of the
color of weathered boards, that obscure most of the markings. Older
spiders or those wet with alcohol are covered with small gray spots
forming a stripe in the middle of the front of the abdomen and a
herringbone pattern on the hinder half. The edges of the back of the
abdomen are dark and form a sharp line against the light color of the
under surface. The thorax is darker in the middle and at the sides in
irregular spots of gray. The legs are spotted and darker toward the ends
of the joints. The under side of body and legs is light .

[Illustration: FIG. 105. Philodromus ornatus.--Female enlarged six
times.]

$Philodromus ornatus.$--This is a small species about one-eighth of an
inch long. The female is very distinctly marked with dark brown on a
white ground (fig. 105). The middle of the thorax is white and the sides
brown nearly to the edge. The abdomen is white, with a distinct brown
band on each side from the front more than half its length backward.
Sometimes there is also an indistinct brownish pattern in the middle,
but this is usually absent in adults, and the middle is entirely white.
Under the abdomen the lateral brown bands extend backward and meet
around the spinnerets. The abdomen is wider than in most
species,--nearly as wide as it is long across the hinder half. The male
is very differently . The legs and thorax are orange brown,
darker at the sides of the thorax and toward the ends of the legs. The
abdomen is darker brown and strongly iridescent with red and green in a
bright light. In alcohol it shows indistinctly the same markings as the
female. The legs are longer and the abdomen narrower, as in males of
other species.

[Illustration: FIGS. 106, 107. Philodromus lineatus.--106, female. 107,
male. Both enlarged six times.]

$Philodromus lineatus.$--The female of this species is a little larger
than _ornatus_, the brown markings are lighter, and, in life or when
freshly killed, purplish in the lighter parts. The markings are less
distinct than in _ornatus_, the brown and white running into each other.
The abdomen has a brown band each side, often broken into several spots,
and a brown band in the middle extending back half its length, behind
which are several lighter marks (figs. 106, 107). Between these are
several oblique lighter markings and rows of spots. The legs are light
gray, darker toward the ends of the joints.

[Illustration: FIGS. 108, 109, 110. Philodromus pictus.--110, adult
female. 109, male without the legs. 108, markings of the abdomen of a
young female. All enlarged six times.]

$Philodromus pictus.$--Female about one-fifth of an inch long, the
abdomen nearly twice as long as the thorax, with the widest part across
the middle farther forward than in most species (fig. 110). Legs and
palpi pale yellow with fine brown spots. Thorax light yellow in the
middle and reddish brown at the sides, covered with fine spots. Abdomen
dull red at the sides and bright yellow in the middle, with a dark mark
in the middle of the front half and two dark marks behind it on the
hinder half. The eyes are surrounded by distinct light rings. In some
specimens, usually immature, the abdomen has a more distinct yellow and
red pattern (fig. 108). The male (fig. 109) has the thorax and legs
darker and the abdomen less bright red and yellow than the female,
sometimes gray and iridescent.

[Illustration: FIG. 111. Ebo latithorax, enlarged twelve times.]

$Ebo latithorax.$--In color and general appearance this resembles
Philodromus, but is at once distinguished by the length Of the second
legs, which are more than twice as long as any of the others (fig. 111).
The thorax is wider than long, and the abdomen is wider than in
Philodromus. The head is narrow and rounded in front. The front middle
eyes are largest and farthest forward. The colors are gray and white,
with black spots in the darker parts, as in Philodromus. The length is
not much over an eighth of an inch and the length of the longest legs
quarter of an inch.

[Illustration: FIGS. 112, 113. Tmarus caudatus.--112, female enlarged
six times. 113, left side of the abdomen.]

$Tmarus caudatus.$--This spider is about as large as _Philodromus
vulgaris_ and similarly , but may be distinguished from it by the
height of its abdomen and the short tail or projection over the
spinnerets (fig. 113). The thorax is round at the sides and square in
front, and the mandibles are inclined forward so that they can be seen
from above. The two rows of eyes are farther apart than in Philodromus,
and the lateral eyes of both rows are raised on tubercles. Among the
eyes are several black spots that may be mistaken for extra eyes, and
there are similar spots on the legs, most thickly on the front pairs. On
the back of the thorax are radiating white lines. The abdomen is light
in front and marked behind with two or three pairs of indistinct
transverse lines (fig. 112). On the under side the whole body and legs
are pale, without spots except a wide middle band of gray under the
abdomen. The third and fourth legs are shorter than the first and
second, the difference being greater than in Philodromus and less than
in Misumena.

$Tibellus duttonii.$--This is a very common spider on bushes and grass.
The body is slender, from a third to half an inch long, and a tenth of
an inch wide (fig. 115). The thorax is an eighth of an inch long, widest
across the hinder half and narrowed toward the front, where it is cut
off nearly straight over the mandibles. Both rows of eyes are strongly
curved (fig. 116). The hinder row is twice as long as the front row and
all the eyes larger. The abdomen is straight at the sides and a little
pointed behind. The color is light gray or yellow, with a darker gray
line in the middle, divided into two toward the eyes. At the sides of
the thorax are other longitudinal lines. On the abdomen, one-third its
length from the hinder end, is a pair of small round or oval black
spots. The legs are light gray, with no markings except a few black
hairs.

[Illustration: FIGS. 114, 115, 116. Tibellus duttonii.--115, female
enlarged four times. 114, one of the feet. 116, front of head, showing
eyes and mandibles.]

[Illustration: FIG. 117. Thanatus coloradensis, enlarged four times.]

$Thanatus coloradensis$ or $lycosoides.$--In color and general
appearance this resembles Philodromus, but is not as flat, and the legs
are not as long and slender. The general color is light gray, with a
distinct wide light stripe in the middle of the thorax, and a dark brown
pointed stripe with white edges in the middle of the front half of the
abdomen (fig. 117). The head is a little longer and higher than in most
Thomisidae, and the abdomen is a little longer and not so much widened
behind. The eyes are much as in Philodromus, but larger and nearer
together. The whole body is hairy, with longer and darker hairs
scattered among the short ones. The males differ but little from the
females except in having a little longer hairs and darker color. They
live on plants and may be mistaken for Philodromus (p. 35) or for
_Ocyale undata_ (p. 88).




THE ATTIDAE


The Attidae are jumping spiders, many of them brightly  and quick
in their movements and living in open places among the tops of low
plants. They are usually short and stout spiders, with a large
cephalothorax, which is wide in front, where the eyes have a peculiar
arrangement in three rows (fig. 118), somewhat as in the Lycosidae, but
with the middle eyes of the front row much the largest, so that at first
sight many of them appear to have only two eyes. The eyes of the second
row are very small and hard to see, and those of the third row are far
back on the head and usually turned a little backward. The front legs
are usually thicker than the others, especially in the males. The
relative length of the legs is variable, the first pair being commonly
the longest, but sometimes the fourth and even in some species the third
pair. The feet have two claws, with many fine teeth and a thick brush of
hairs. The Attidae are usually thickly covered with hair or scales, often
brightly  or iridescent, and their appearance is often entirely
changed by rubbing or wetting.

[Illustration: FIG. 118. Front of head of Phidippus mystaceus, showing
eyes and mandibles.]

They walk backward or sidewise as well as forward, and many of them jump
great distances. They make no cobwebs, but some species make silk tubes
or bags on plants or under stones in which they hide to molt or lay
their eggs or to pass the winter. There are often great differences in
color and markings between the sexes, and the males have peculiar
bunches of hairs and color spots on the legs and head. At the mating
time some of the males have peculiar ways of approaching the female,
holding their legs extended sidewise or over their heads in such ways as
to display their ornaments. These mating habits have been well described
by G. W. Peckham, who has made a special study of this family, in the
_Occasional Papers of the Wisconsin Natural History Society_, of
Milwaukee, in 1889. This family is largely represented in more southern
countries, and our species belong to a great number of genera most of
whose members live farther south.

[Illustration: FIG. 119. Attus palustris, enlarged six times.]

$Attus palustris.$--Large females are quarter of an inch long, the males
a little smaller. The cephalothorax is a quarter longer than wide,
shorter in proportion to its width than in the next species, _Saitis
pulex_, which it much resembles. The two sexes resemble each other in
markings, but the females are lighter and browner and the males darker
and grayer. The cephalothorax has a narrow white middle line, widened
opposite the dorsal eyes, and a shorter white line just below the eyes
on the sides (fig. 119). The edge of the cephalothorax is also white. On
the abdomen the front middle spot is not so distinct as in _pulex_, but
in place of it are two white spots. Behind these is a large transverse
light marking, sometimes broken into two spots. The legs are dark or
light gray, without any distinct markings. The male palpi are smaller
than in _pulex_, though the males are larger. _Palustris_ lives on
plants and makes nests among the leaves.

[Illustration: FIGS. 120, 121. Saitis pulex.--120, female. 121, male.
Both enlarged six times.]

$Saitis pulex.$--This is one of the smallest of the family. It is about
a sixth of an inch long, sometimes even smaller. The colors are various
shades of gray like the ground, and when still it is hard to find, but
it is an active spider and exposes itself by jumping in open places. The
cephalothorax is half longer than wide, longer and narrower than in
Habrocestum and Attus. The abdomen is usually shorter than the
cephalothorax and wider (figs. 120, 121). The cephalothorax has a large
light- triangle in the middle, covering the head between the eyes
in front and ending in a point behind. In alcohol this spot disappears,
especially in the males, and the head appears black between the eyes and
light behind and at the sides. The front half of the abdomen has a light
middle stripe, lightest at the edges and darker gray in the middle.
Behind this is a transverse white spot nearly the whole width of the
abdomen and behind it several smaller light markings. In the male these
markings are brighter and the surrounding dark color blacker than in the
females. The legs are marked with indefinite spots of dark gray on a
lighter ground, the contrast stronger in the males. The hairs all over
the body are short and fine and the spines on the legs distinct,
especially in the males.

[Illustration: FIGS. 122, 123. Habrocestum auratum.--122, male. 123,
female. Both enlarged eight times.]

$Habrocestum auratum.$--In life this spider is covered with bluish white
hairs that give it a light gray color and obscure the markings. The
markings of the male are so much stronger that those of both sexes can
be best understood by describing the male first (fig. 122). The
cephalothorax has a white middle stripe for a short distance back from
the front eyes and two distinct white stripes from the lateral front
eyes back the whole length. In the middle of the head are two small
white spots and just behind them between the posterior eyes two curved
white lines. The latter marks show indistinctly in the females. Down at
the sides of the cephalothorax are white stripes meeting in front under
the eyes. The abdomen has a white line extending entirely around it and
a middle stripe of varying width.

[Illustration: FIGS. 124, 125. Third and first legs of male Habrocestum
auratum to show differences between this species and the next.--124,
third leg. 125, first leg.]

The female (fig. 123) has only faint indications of the markings of the
cephalothorax, usually a little lighter color in the middle and at the
sides below the eyes. The white stripe around the abdomen is broken into
three pairs of oblique white markings and the middle stripe into several
spots or pairs of spots. There is nothing distinctive in the markings
of the under side or of the legs except the ornaments of the male.

The front legs of the male (fig. 125) in this species are much
ornamented. The femur has long black hairs on the under side. The
patella has long black hairs beneath, a spot of short black hairs on the
inner side, and a crest of long white hairs mixed with shorter black on
the upper side. The tibia is covered with long black hairs except at the
tip, where they are white. There is nothing peculiar about the third leg
(fig. 124). The form and general appearance can best be understood from
the figures.

At the mating time the males, as they approach the females, hold the
front legs extended sidewise and lifted a little from the ground, with
the tibia nearly horizontal and the tarsus turned downward. In this
position they advance slowly, at the same time running rapidly sidewise
from one side to the other and at short intervals jerking the abdomen
and the front legs slightly upward. They go almost close enough to touch
the female and then quickly retreat.

[Illustration: FIGS. 126, 127, 128. Habrocestum peregrinum.--128, female
enlarged six times. 126, third leg. 127, first leg.]

$Habrocestum peregrinum.$--This is about the same size as _auratum_ and
looks very much like it. The female, at any rate in alcohol, has a more
distinct light mark in the middle of the cephalothorax, curving under
the eyes and pointing forward in the middle (fig. 128). The abdomen has
light markings in the middle similar to those of _auratum_, but those at
the sides are less distinct.

The male has the white stripes in the middle and around the abdomen like
_auratum_. The cephalothorax has the same white lines at the sides under
the eyes and at the posterior end. It does not have a middle white
stripe on the head between the eyes or two white spots just behind it,
as _auratum_ has, but the marking behind the eyes is more distinct, as
it is in the female. The front legs of the male (fig. 127) are not
ornamented with long hairs like _auratum_, but the third legs have a
very peculiar shape, the patella being wide and flat, with a dark spot
in the middle of the front side (fig. 126). The shape of this joint is
best shown by the figure. When approaching the female he holds up the
front legs and draws in the third pair so that the ornamented patellae
show from in front.

[Illustration: FIG. 129. Habrocestum splendens.--Male enlarged eight
times.]

$Habrocestum splendens.$--A little larger than the other species, with
the female distinctly marked with black and white and the male with
brilliant red and iridescent scales. The females are about a quarter of
an inch long, sometimes longer, and the males are a little smaller. The
cephalothorax of the female is covered with brown scales mixed with
black hairs. Across the middle, just behind the dorsal eyes, is a light
band that curves behind the eyes and extends forward in the middle. The
abdomen has a white band in front, one on each side, and one in the
middle, the rest being deep black. The shape of these markings varies
and the black parts are often broken into two rows of spots. The
cephalothorax of the male is covered with dark iridescent scales, with
blue, green, and purple reflections. The abdomen is covered with bright
red shiny scales mixed with fine black hairs. It is lighter in front and
at the sides, and in the middle shows indistinctly through the scales
dark markings like those of the female (fig. 129). The legs are dark
like the cephalothorax.

Mr. Peckham says that when the male approaches the female he lifts his
abdomen into an almost vertical position so that the red color shows
from in front. Then he rises on the tips of his feet and, with the front
legs off the ground and pointing forward, he dances back and forth
sidewise in front of her, gradually drawing nearer. At intervals he
stops and turns his back to her, then faces her and dances again.

[Illustration: FIGS. 130, 131. Neon nellii.--131, female enlarged
sixteen times. 130, side of cephalothorax, showing position of eyes.]

$Neon nellii.$--This is one of the smallest spiders of the family, only
a tenth of an inch in length. The general color is dark gray, darkest
toward the head. The cephalothorax is high, the highest part being a
little behind the middle, from which it curves downward to the front
eyes and <DW72>s abruptly backward (fig. 130). The eyes are large and
prominent, the front row nearly straight and as wide as the widest part
of the cephalothorax. The posterior eyes are nearly as large as the
front middle pair and are in the middle of the cephalothorax. The
abdomen is a little longer and wider than the cephalothorax (fig. 131).
The cephalothorax is smoky gray, darker toward the front and darker in
males than females. The abdomen is gray, with yellowish markings in a
herringbone pattern through the middle. Common under stones and leaves
at all seasons.

[Illustration: FIG. 132. Zygoballus bettini.--Female enlarged eight
times.]

$Zygoballus bettini.$--This is a very beautifully  spider, having
in life spots of white hairs and shining scales of the color of copper
and bronze. The cephalothorax of both sexes is high and wide in the
middle and <DW72>s down steeply from the posterior eyes under the front
of the abdomen (fig. 132). The top of the cephalothorax between the eyes
is nearly square. The posterior eyes are almost the full width of the
cephalothorax apart, and the front row of eyes is nearly as long. The
cephalothorax is dark brown covered with iridescent scales. The legs are
pale, except the dark femora of the first pair and dark spots on the
ends of the joints of the fourth pair. In the male all the legs are a
little darker than in the female and without the spots on the fourth
leg. The abdomen of the female is light brown, marked with white in a
row of irregular spots. In the male the abdomen is brown, covered with
shining scales and with a white band around the front and two white
spots on each side. The mandibles of the male are much elongated and
bent apart at the ends to make room for the long claw. At the inner
angle is a large tooth, and there is another one of complicated shape on
the middle of the under side.

[Illustration: FIG. 133. Phidippus multiformis.--Female enlarged six
times.]

$Phidippus multiformis.$--This is a very common spider on plants
throughout the summer. It matures in July, and the males and females are
so little alike as to be taken for different species. The males (fig.
134) are black, with white and orange markings on the abdomen, while the
females are brown mixed with black, white, and yellow scales and small
white spots.

[Illustration: FIG. 134. Phidippus multiformis.--Male enlarged six
times.]

The usual length is about a third of an inch in both sexes. The
cephalothorax is nearly as broad as long, and the abdomen of the female
as wide as the thorax and a little longer.

The general color of the adult female is yellowish brown, with black and
white markings (fig. 133). Around the front of the abdomen is a white
band, and on the back are two indistinct longitudinal black stripes in
which are four pairs of white spots. The general brown color is produced
by a mixture of scales and hairs of various colors. The females are most
brightly  just before reaching maturity, and then there is a
large proportion of yellow and orange scales in their covering and the
black stripes and white spots are more distinct. The hairs and scales
are of various shapes, the most common being that of slightly flattened
hairs. The yellow and orange scales are wider and less pointed, and the
white spots have short and wide scales. Under the abdomen the color is
light gray, with two parallel darker stripes. The legs are pale in the
middle of the joints and dark toward the ends and covered with gray and
black hairs. The palpi are light yellow.

In alcohol the orange color disappears almost entirely, the black and
white markings become less distinct, and all the colors browner. The
colors of the male (fig. 134) are entirely different. The cephalothorax
and legs to the end of the tibia are black. The palpi are black, with a
stripe of white scales on the upper side. Around the front end of the
abdomen is a white stripe; the sides are bright orange red and the
middle black. Between the orange and black are three pairs of white
spots. They make a bag of white silk among leaves, in which in the early
summer a male and female may sometimes be found together and in which
the female later makes a cocoon of eggs. The young hatch soon and become
half grown before winter.

[Illustration: FIG. 135. Phidippus mystaceus, enlarged six times.]

$Phidippus mystaceus.$--A stout species half an inch long, gray and
hairy, in alcohol turning brown. The abdomen is light gray at the sides
and dark in the middle, with four pairs of white spots, the third pair
largest (fig. 135). The cephalothorax is round and nearly as wide as
long. The front row of eyes is little longer than half the greatest
width of the cephalothorax. The cephalothorax is flat on top for almost
its whole length and in front about twice the diameter of the largest
eyes in height. The mandibles are large and bright metallic green in
front (fig. 118). The legs are stout and short, the fourth pair
extending little beyond the spinnerets. The first and fourth pairs are
of the same length, but the first are twice as thick as the fourth. The
legs are without markings and darker toward the head. The abdomen is
longer than the cephalothorax and as wide or wider. There is little
difference between the sexes, the males being only a little darker
 and larger in front. Usually found under stones in a thick silk
nest.

[Illustration: FIG. 136. Phidippus tripunctatus, enlarged six times.]

$Phidippus tripunctatus.$--Black, with three bright white spots on the
back of the abdomen (fig. 136). Large females are half an inch long and
the males a little smaller. Though the general color is black, it is
modified, especially in fresh specimens, by white hairs on parts of the
body. The joints of the legs are grayish in the middle and black toward
the ends. There are white hairs on the front of the head and upper side
of the palpi and a white band around the front of the abdomen, plainest
in the males. The three large white spots on the abdomen correspond to
the second and third pairs in _mystaceus_ (fig. 135) and _multiformis_
(fig. 133), and the other pairs, though generally present, are small and
inconspicuous. On the under side of the abdomen are usually two gray
stripes. This is a common spider all over the country. It lives under
stones and sticks and passes the winter half grown in a thick silk bag.

[Illustration: FIG. 137. Plexippus puerperus.--Female enlarged six
times.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 138, 139. Plexippus puerperus.--138, male enlarged
six times. 139, front of head of male.]

$Plexippus puerperus.$--Very variable in size, from a third to half an
inch in length. The females (fig. 137) are pale, light yellow, or almost
white, with a few black spots, while the males (fig. 138) have the
cephalothorax and legs brown, sometimes almost black. In both sexes the
mandibles are large and the cephalothorax high and flat on the top as
far back as the hinder eyes. The front middle eyes nearly touch each
other. The lateral eyes are half their diameter higher than the front
ones. The middle eyes are nearer the lateral than the dorsal. In the
males the front eyes are nearly their diameter above the mandibles, and
below them is a white band and a line of white hairs from the middle of
the head down to the base of the first legs. The legs are rather slender
in both sexes and long in the males. The fourth pair are longest in
females, and in males the first and fourth are the same length. The
markings of the abdomen are much alike in both sexes, with two light
stripes, more definite in the males, bordered by a few small black spots
irregularly arranged. The stem of the abdomen is long, and the abdomen
and thorax appear farther apart than in many species. In the females the
cephalothorax is pale, with a few gray spots from the middle toward the
sides. In the males the legs are dark brown except the inner half of the
femur of the third and fourth, which is light like the abdomen. The male
cephalothorax is dark and has a square white spot between the eyes, two
white lines pointing up from the third and fourth legs each side, and
two short white lines under the dorsal eyes. The under side of the
thorax and legs is dark or light like the upper side. The underside of
the abdomen is usually darker in the middle and sometimes has a few
black spots each side. This is a common spider in the southern states
and has been found as far south as Brazil.

[Illustration: FIGS. 140, 141. Dendryphantes militaris.--140, female.
141, male. Both enlarged six times.]

$Dendryphantes militaris.$--This spider resembles in many ways the next
species, _Dendryphantes aestivalis_, but is one-half larger and has a
shorter and wider cephalothorax. The general color is brown, covered
with gray and black hairs. The abdomen of the female is brown, with
white at the front end and four pairs of oblique white marks in the
middle and four at the sides (fig. 140). In the male the cephalothorax
has a white band on each side under the eyes and a white band around the
abdomen, with a dark middle area (fig. 141). The dark parts of the legs
and cephalothorax are darker than the same parts in the female. The
palpi are slender in both sexes, and in the male the palpal organs are
small for so large a spider. The mandibles of the male are widened at
the end and have a strong projection with two teeth on the inner
corners.

[Illustration: FIGS. 142, 143, 144. Dendryphantes aestivalis.--142, male.
143, dark variety of female. 144, light variety of female. All enlarged
six times.]

$Dendryphantes aestivalis.$--One of the most common Attidae, on all kinds
of bushes and small trees, and one of the most variable in size and
color. Large females are from a fifth to a quarter of an inch long, and
the males are smaller. The females are of two varieties, which run into
each other. The light variety (fig. 144) has the light parts white or
light yellow and the dark parts dark brown covered with white hairs and
scales. The cephalothorax is dark brown, thinly covered with scales, so
that the dark color shows between them in places. The legs are light
yellow and translucent, indistinctly ringed with brown at the base and,
near the tip of each joint, all covered with greenish white hairs. The
palpi are light and without rings except on the femur and patella. The
abdomen is brighter yellow than the thorax, with four pairs of purplish
brown spots, the second pair largest, connected with a paler brown
middle marking. The abdomen has beneath a purple brown stripe in the
middle and oblique brown marks at the sides. Sternum, maxillae, and
mandibles light brown. The dark variety (fig. 143) is generally smaller
and covered with longer hairs and scales. The legs and palpi are more
distinctly ringed with brown. The dark spots on the abdomen are larger
and more closely connected, so that the markings appear as light spots
on a dark ground.

In alcohol they become bright red and afterward fade to a dull red color
that remains for a long time, both varieties in this condition looking
much alike.

The males (fig. 142) differ, at first sight, extremely from the females.
The legs are ringed as in the female and the brown parts are wider and
less obscured by white hairs, while the white parts are whiter. The
cephalothorax is dark brown, with a white stripe on each side under the
eyes bending toward each other but not connected. The front of the head
is also white and covered with long white hairs. The palpi have the
femur dark brown at the base and white at the end. The patella and tibia
are brown, and the tarsus is brown, with white hairs on the upper side.
The abdomen is white in front and around the sides. The middle is dark
brown, with a few yellow and greenish scales. The brown area is often
notched at the sides in four points and sometimes indistinctly divided
into four pairs of spots, as in the female. The male palpi are large for
the size of the spider, and the palpal organ extends back beyond the
tibia.

[Illustration: FIGS. 145, 146, 147, 148. Icius palmarum.--145, male.
146, female. Both enlarged six times. 147, front of head of male. 148,
abdomen of female to show a variety of marking.]

$Icius palmarum.$--This is very common on trees and bushes, and may be
mistaken for _Dendryphantes aestivalis_, which it much resembles. It
differs from _aestivalis_ in both sexes in being a little smaller and
more slender and in the females lighter . In the males the head
is wider, the front legs longer and darker  than in _aestivalis_,
and the mandibles longer and more nearly horizontal.

The living female has the legs and palpi transparent white, sometimes a
little darker at the ends of the joints. The whole body is covered with
light gray or white scales mixed with fine black hairs. The abdomen has
a row of darker triangular spots in the middle and oblique rows of small
spots at the sides. In alcohol the legs become yellow and the rest of
the body red, as in _aestivalis_, afterward fading to a dirty yellow. The
markings of the abdomen become more distinct and in some individuals
form four large dark brown spots.

The males have the front legs very dark brown. The other legs are
transparent white. The cephalothorax and abdomen are dark reddish brown
mixed with shining greenish white scales and sometimes copper red around
the eyes. On each side is a white stripe the whole length of the body,
the two meeting in front below the eyes. The mandibles, maxillae, and
palpi are dark brown. Some males show indistinctly dorsal markings of
the abdomen like the female. The mandibles of the male are longer than
those of the female and more or less turned forward according to their
length. In some the mandibles are only a little longer than those of the
female, and in these the patella and tibia of the front legs are not
much longer than the femur. In others, usually larger spiders, the
mandibles are nearly as long as the cephalothorax and extend forward
horizontally, the maxillae are longer, and the first pair of legs have
the patella and tibia one and a half times as long as the femur. The
female is longer in proportion to its width than in _aestivalis_ and has
the front legs stouter. The epigynum has two small anterior openings
directed forward instead of toward each other, as in _aestivalis_. This
and the next species live on low bushes all summer.

[Illustration: FIG. 149. Icius mitratus.--Male enlarged six times.]

$Icius mitratus.$--This species closely resembles _Icius palmarum_,
differing mainly in color. The legs are all white in both sexes, and the
mandibles of the male are white and not long and horizontal, as in
_palmarum_. The females resemble _palmarum_ so closely that it is
difficult to tell them apart. The cephalothorax is a trifle wider, and
the abdomen narrower, and the front legs longer than in _palmarum_. The
general color is whiter, and the spots on the abdomen are more distinct,
as in fig. 148. The male has the legs white or a little greenish, with
long white hairs, those on the front legs longer than the diameter of
the legs. The rest of the body is white, except a light brown stripe in
the middle of the cephalothorax and abdomen, covered with light yellow
hairs, through which three or four dark spots show indistinctly on the
abdomen (fig. 149). When fighting with other males, or when approaching
the female, the hairy front legs are straightened and extended sidewise.

[Illustration: FIGS. 150, 151. Icius elegans.--150, female. 151, male.
Both enlarged six times.]

$Icius elegans.$--A little bronze green spider, from a sixth to a
quarter of an inch long. The cephalothorax is two-thirds as wide as
long, with the sides nearly straight and parallel in the female but
widened behind the middle in the male. The abdomen of the female is oval
and nearly twice as long as wide. The color is bronze green, changing in
some lights to copper red. The legs are yellow, with longitudinal dark
stripes, except the front femora, which are dark brown. The males are
much more brightly . The legs are orange, darker toward the ends,
with fine dark longitudinal stripes. The ends of the front tibiae are
dark brown and have long brown hairs on the inner and upper side. The
palpi are orange, darker toward the end. The sides and hinder part of
the cephalothorax are orange, and there is a white line over the coxae.
The upper part of the cephalothorax and abdomen is covered with greenish
yellow scales. On the front of the head are two tufts of long hairs,
yellow mixed with black, pointing forward and a little inward between
the middle and lateral eyes. On the hinder end of the abdomen is an
iridescent purple spot. The abdomen is green on the under side, and the
sternum and coxae are orange. In alcohol all the colors become dull. The
mandibles are slender, and the claw short and strongly curved inward
toward the point. In the male the mandibles are a little longer and
hollowed a little on the inner side. The male has the first pair of legs
much longer and larger than the others. In the female the fourth legs
are longest.

[Illustration: FIG. 152. Maevia vittata.--Female enlarged six times.]

$Maevia vittata.$--This is a brightly  spider about a third of an
inch long and with unusually long legs for this family,--the fourth pair
longest in the females and the first and fourth of equal length in the
males. The female (fig. 152) has the legs and palpi translucent yellow
or greenish white. They are marked with indistinct light gray rings and
black spots at the base of the hairs and spines. The cephalothorax is
dark brown between the eyes and translucent like the legs in the
thoracic part. There is a fine black line in the middle and one on each
side and a few gray marks radiating from the dorsal groove. The whole
top of the cephalothorax is covered with greenish yellow scales mixed
with gray hairs. The eyes are black, and sometimes there is a red stripe
under the eyes at the sides. The abdomen is covered with scales which in
the middle and at the sides are gray and mixed with black hairs. There
are two longitudinal bands of light red and indistinct angular marks of
the same color in the middle of the hinder half. On the under side the
colors are light gray and yellow, with spots of darker gray on the
abdomen.

[Illustration: FIGS. 153, 154. Maevia vittata.--Males enlarged six times.
153, dark variety with long hairs on front of head. 154, light variety
 like the female.]

The males are of two very different colors. One kind (fig. 154)
resembles the female. The red bands on the abdomen are broken up into
rows of spots connected with the middle angular markings. The gray and
black spots on the legs and cephalothorax are larger, and there are
several black marks on the front of the abdomen. The palpi are bright
orange yellow, with the tibial hook black and a black spot on the inner
side of each joint. The size of the black spots varies in different
individuals, and so this passes into the other variety (fig. 153), in
which the cephalothorax and abdomen are entirely black and the palpi
black, except a few orange hairs on the outer side. The black
cephalothorax and abdomen are covered with dark greenish shining scales.
The legs in this variety are transparent white except the hairs, and on
the front of the head are three tufts of long hairs which are wanting in
the light- males.

[Illustration: FIGS. 155, 156. Epiblemum scenicum.--155, female. 156,
male. Both enlarged six times.]

$Epiblemum scenicum.$--This is the common gray and white spider that
lives on houses and fences (fig. 155). It is about quarter of an inch
long, the cephalothorax half longer than wide, and the abdomen a little
wider and longer. The front of the head around and above the eyes is
white. There is a white stripe on each side of the cephalothorax, and in
the middle two white spots, one each side of the dorsal groove. On the
abdomen there is a white stripe across the anterior end, and two oblique
marks on each side. The legs are gray, with white rings not very
distinctly marked, and the palpi white. On some individuals the white
marks are more definite than on others, the gray ground having but few
white scales mixed with it. In others yellow and white scales are
largely mixed with the gray, and so the contrast with the white spots is
less. The males (fig. 156) differ but little in size, color, or markings
from the females, but the male mandibles are much larger and extend
horizontally in front of the head, sometimes two-thirds as long as the
cephalothorax. This is a common European, as well as American, spider.
It is occasionally found on the ground or on plants, but commonly on and
about houses.

[Illustration: FIG. 157. Marptusa familiaris.--Female enlarged six
times.]

$Marptusa familiaris.$--This is another common species on fences and the
outside of houses (fig. 157). When full grown it is half an inch long.
The whole body is much flattened, and both the cephalothorax and abdomen
are widened in the middle. The cephalothorax is rounded at the sides and
three-quarters as wide as long, and the abdomen is half as wide as it is
long. The legs are long and stout, the fourth pair one-half longer than
the abdomen.

The general color is gray, with long gray and white hairs. The
cephalothorax has a dark brown band along the edge on each side, which
is larger and darker in the males. The abdomen has in the middle a
yellowish white marking covering half its width, the front half straight
and the hinder half notched at the sides. The legs are darker at the
ends of the joints and light in the middle. The under side of the
abdomen has a dark middle stripe.

[Illustration: FIG. 158.--Hyctia pikei, enlarged eight times.]

$Hyctia pikei.$--A slender species a quarter to a third of an inch in
length, with the abdomen twice as long as the cephalothorax, and in
general appearance like a seed or piece of straw (fig. 158). The whole
body is covered with silvery white hairs mixed with a few longer black
ones. The markings of the back in the male are a dark middle stripe on
the abdomen, partly divided by notches into four spots and a fine middle
line and two less distinct side lines on the cephalothorax. In the
female the stripe on the abdomen is less definite and is broken up into
spots, and in young spiders the whole body is pale yellow or greenish.
The front legs are as long as the abdomen in both sexes,  brown,
and with the middle joints thickened. They are not much used in walking,
being extended straight forward and raised enough to clear the ground
while the spider walks with the other six. The other legs are pale and
slender.

The elongated shape of this spider distinguishes it from all the other
common Attidae. The markings and the position of the legs, two pairs
pointing forward and two backward, increase the long appearance. The
basal joints of the fourth legs are brought close together, and those of
the first pair almost as close. The labium and maxillae are a little
longer than usual and are partly covered by the first legs.

I have found this spider common on sand grass, where nothing else grows,
and the young lying lengthwise on the leaves could hardly be seen. They
mature in the middle of the summer. When the male approaches the female
he raises the front legs at an angle of sixty degrees with each other,
raises the abdomen a little, and advances by short runs, twitching the
front legs and abdomen every few moments.

[Illustration: FIGS. 159, 160. Cyrba taeniola.--159, female enlarged
eight times. 160, profile to show flatness of the back.]

$Cyrba taeniola.$--A small flat spider, nearly black, the females quarter
of an inch long, and the males a sixth of an inch (fig. 159). The
cephalothorax is one-half longer than wide, very low and flat, with the
sides parallel for half its length. The front middle eyes are large and
close together, the lateral eyes half as large and a little separated
from them. The first legs are twice as thick as the others and have the
femora flattened, but in the female the fourth legs are longest. The
abdomen is as wide as the cephalothorax and a little longer. The hairs
all over the body are short. The cephalothorax is black, smooth, and
without markings. The abdomen is dark gray, with two rows of white spots
often indistinct and perhaps sometimes absent. The legs have the femora
and patella and tibia of first and second pairs black or dark brown and
the other joints light and black at the ends. The under side is black.
The sternum is very short, so that the basal joints of the front legs
touch each other.

[Illustration: FIGS. 161, 162. Hasarius hoyi.--161, young female enlarged
six times. 162, abdomen of adult female to show difference in markings.]

$Hasarius hoyi.$--This species may be known by its peculiar colors,--the
dark portions brown or black and the light parts white and orange brown
(figs. 161, 162). These colors are, as usual, brighter and the markings
more distinct in the males. In front around the eyes the cephalothorax
is covered with white hairs. At the sides a white band extends backward
under the eyes, turning inward but not reaching the middle line. There
is a light band, part white and part orange, around the abdomen and
several angular marks in the middle, two of them in the hinder half,
sometimes united into a large spot. In alcohol, and less plainly seen
when alive, is a light band under the hairs, extending across the middle
of the cephalothorax and forward on the sides under the eyes.

In females all these markings are less distinct, but traces of them can
be found in most individuals. The colors are more brownish, and the
markings of the abdomen smaller and more uniform in shape. The markings
of the legs are dark on the middle joints and light at the base and on
the tarsi, with strong contrasts in color in the males and little in the
females. The length of this species is about a quarter of an inch for
large females. The males are smaller.

[Illustration: FIGS. 163, 164. Synemosyna formica.--163, female enlarged
eight times. 164, side of female.]

$Synemosyna formica.$--A small spider so much like an ant as to be often
mistaken for one (fig. 163). It is about quarter of an inch long and
very slender. The cephalothorax is narrowed behind and the abdomen in
front, and each has a deep depression in the middle. The stem of the
abdomen is flat, and widened behind so that it is nearly as wide as the
ends of the thorax and abdomen, which it connects. The front middle eyes
are large and cover two-thirds of the width of the front of the head,
and the rest of the eyes are small. The legs are all slender, the hind
pair longest. The general color is black, with yellowish or orange-white
markings. There is a triangular white spot in front of the dorsal
groove, and one on each side widening downward under the posterior eyes.
On the abdomen there is a white stripe extending downward from the
dorsal depression on each side and uniting in a large white patch
underneath (fig. 164). In pale individuals the whole front half of the
abdomen is light yellow or orange brown. The second legs are entirely
white, the others partly black. The male has the head higher and is
darker  and more slender.

This spider not only resembles an ant in form and color but moves like
an ant. It does not jump like most Attidae, though it can do so, but
walks and runs irregularly about and lifts its first legs high like the
antennae of ants.

[Illustration: FIG. 165. Lyssomanes viridis, enlarged six times.]

$Lyssomanes viridis.$--A bright green spider common in the southern
states. The arrangement of the eyes differs from that usual in the
Attidae by the front lateral eyes being higher and closer together, so
that they are over and behind the front middle pair (fig. 165). The
cephalothorax is narrow in front,--not much more than half as wide as it
is across the middle. The abdomen is narrower than the thorax and more
than twice as long as wide. The female is a third of an inch in length,
and the male quarter of an inch. The legs are long and slender, the
first pair longest and thickest, in the male half an inch in length and
in the female a little shorter. In the female the mandibles are vertical
and about as long as the height of the head. In the male they are as
long as the cephalothorax, curved apart, and extended almost
horizontally in front of the head. The color is light transparent green,
sometimes without any markings. Usually there are four pairs of small
black spots on the abdomen, and there are black spots around the eyes,
except around the front pair, where there is a little orange color. They
live on low bushes and mature early in the summer.




THE LYCOSIDAE


The Lycosidae are among the commonest spiders, or, at any rate, those
most often seen. Most of them live near the ground and move actively
about without attempting to conceal themselves. Their colors are black
and white or the colors of the ground, stones, and dead leaves,
sometimes nearly uniform all over the body, in other kinds arranged in a
distinct pattern, with strong contrasts between the light and dark
parts. In some species the markings are brighter and more characteristic
on the under side than on the back. The legs are long, the fourth pair
longest. The spines on the legs are long and often darker  than
the skin, and when the spider is active they stand out from the legs and
make them appear larger. The first and second legs are more covered with
fine short hairs and have the spines shorter and less easily seen than
the third and fourth. The feet have three claws, the under one small and
covered by the surrounding hairs. The eyes have a peculiar arrangement,
the front row being small and nearly straight, the middle pair of the
upper row just above them and much larger, while the lateral eyes of
this row are carried back and upward on the sides of the head so that
the eyes are really in three rows of four, two, and two (fig. 170). In
those species with low heads, like Dolomedes, the upper row of eyes is
less curved and smaller, and the whole arrangement resembles that in
Tibellus and others of the Thomisidae. The body is usually long and the
head high, the abdomen about as long and as wide as the cephalothorax
and as thick as it is wide.

Our largest spiders belong to this family. The females carry their eggs
in round cocoons attached to their spinnerets, and the young for a
short time after coming out are carried about on the back of the mother.
Dolomedes and Ocyale carry their cocoons in the mandibles and spin a
loose web in bushes, where the young live for a time after leaving the
cocoon. The young of most species pass the winter half grown and mature
the next summer. Most of the little spiders seen spinning their threads
on the tops of plants and fences in the Indian summer are young
Lycosidae.

Most of these spiders belong to two genera, Lycosa and Pardosa, the
first including the larger species, with the eyes covering only a small
part of the front of the head and the front row about the same length as
the second; the other, Pardosa, consisting of comparatively small
species, with the four upper eyes very large and covering the whole top
of the head and the front row much shorter than the second.


THE GENUS LYCOSA

The genus Lycosa includes spiders that differ greatly in the proportions
of different parts of their bodies. In general, they are large and stout
and their legs short compared to those of Pardosa and Dolomedes, the
front legs being not much longer than the body. In the short and stout
species, like _pratensis_ (fig. 170), the eyes cover only a small part
of the head, while in the longer legged and more slender species, like
_communis_ (fig. 181), they are larger and spread farther apart. The
head is highest behind and rounded downward in front, but less so in
those species with large eyes. The spines of the legs are comparatively
small and on the two front pairs concealed by the surrounding hairs. The
fine flattened hairs on the front feet sometimes form a thick brush on
the under side, extending up from the claws as far as the tibia. The
colors are all shades of brown and gray.

[Illustration: FIGS. 166, 167. Lycosa nidicola.--166, female enlarged
twice. 167, under side of abdomen.]

$Lycosa nidicola.$--When full grown three-quarters of an inch long; the
legs short, the longest an inch in length. The color is dull yellow or
greenish brown. On the cephalothorax there is a narrow yellow stripe in
the middle and one on each side (fig. 166), and on the front of the
abdomen the usual pointed stripe, dark at the edges and bordered by
lighter bands. On the hinder half of the abdomen are indistinct cross
marks. The legs are without markings, and the spines short and hardly
visible. The under side of the abdomen (fig. 167) is light in the middle
and darker at the sides and marked with small brown spots. The males and
young are lighter and more plainly marked than the adult females. This
spider lives under stones and other shelters in the woods in a shallow
nest, lined with silk, where the female may be found with her cocoon of
eggs early in the summer.

[Illustration: FIGS. 168, 169, 170. Lycosa pratensis.--168, female
enlarged three times. 169, side of cephalothorax. 170, front of head and
mandibles.]

$Lycosa pratensis.$--A small species, four-fifths to half an inch long,
yellowish brown, with indistinct light and dark markings. The
cephalothorax has a middle light band as wide as the eyes, narrowed a
little in front of the dorsal groove and broken in the middle by two
brown spots (fig. 168). The sides of the cephalothorax near the edge
are faintly lighter than the rest. The abdomen has a pointed middle
stripe, dark at the edges, extending back half its length, and behind
this four or five dark cross stripes. The legs are darker toward the
ends; the femora are marked with two broken dark bands, and the patella
and tibia of the third and fourth legs have faint dark rings. The spines
are small and, on the two front pairs of legs, hardly visible among the
other hairs. The under side is light , with the ends of the legs
darker. The epigynum is short and wide. The males differ little from the
females. This does not seem to be a very active spider and is commonly
found under stones.

[Illustration: FIG. 171. Lycosa polita, enlarged three times.]

$Lycosa polita.$--This is a short-legged species resembling in size and
color _Lycosa pratensis_. The hairs are very short and often entirely
absent from the cephalothorax, which is smooth and shining. The eyes are
very close together, especially the two of the middle row, which is much
shorter than the front row (fig. 171). The cephalothorax and legs are
often light brown without any markings, but in some individuals there
are irregular dark marks along the sides of the thorax and broken rings
on the legs. The abdomen is gray, light in the middle, with dark
transverse marks behind and closely placed dark spots at the sides, much
as in _Tegenaria medicinalis_ and Amaurobius. The abdomen is light
underneath, with a darker middle line and irregular oblique rows of
spots at the sides.

[Illustration: FIG. 172. Mouth of hole of Lycosa nidifex in sand, and
footprints of the spider where it ran out from the hole and back again.
One-third the real size.]

$Lycosa nidifex.$--This spider lives in sandy regions,--the females in
holes ten or twelve inches deep, the adult males on the surface of the
ground. The males (fig. 174) are half or five-eighths of an inch long
and spread two inches. They are  like the sand,--a little redder
sometimes in the middle spots and on the femora, and gray at the sides.
There is a spot in the middle of the abdomen edged with black and a
black band on each side of the head divided in front, the branches
extending to the lateral eyes of both rows. The ends of the palpi and
the spinnerets are black. The mandibles are black, except in the middle,
where they are covered with bright yellow hairs. On the under side (fig.
175) the two front pairs of legs, sternum, and mouth parts are black,
the hinder legs and abdomen light sand color, like the back. The female
(fig. 173) is larger,--three-quarters of an inch or more in length. The
color is more gray or slate color, darker in front and lighter behind,
as in the male. The cephalothorax has a light gray band in the middle,
and the abdomen a middle dark band broken at the sides by three or four
pairs of light spots. The front two pairs of legs are thicker than the
others and more closely covered with hair in both sexes.

[Illustration: FIG. 173. Lycosa nidifex.--Female enlarged twice.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 174, 175. Lycosa nidifex.--174, back of male. 175,
under side of male. Both enlarged twice.]

In August the males wander about on the sand and are easily caught.
Though their color is much like the sand, the marks of the back and legs
make them more easily seen than _L. cinerea_ (fig. 177) and other sand
spiders. The females live in holes three-quarters of an inch wide and
ten inches or more deep. The sand is held together by silk, which is
very thin below but thicker toward the opening. Sometimes bits of sticks
and straw are fastened around the hole, but as often it is entirely
clean and not concealed in any way. The females keep near their holes
and drop into them at the least fright. As one walks across the
neighborhood no spiders are to be seen, only open holes. After a short
time they come to the surface, at first slowly, but sometimes, as they
see the place clear, with a sudden jump, and stand over the hole ready
to drop back into it. The color of the females is more gray or slate
color than that of the males. The markings of the abdomen are larger and
more distinct, but the black on the thorax and front legs is less marked
than in the males.

[Illustration: FIG. 176. Lycosa carolinensis.--Under side of female to
show the black markings.]

$Lycosa carolinensis.$--This is one of the largest spiders living in the
northern states, and it resembles in size and color the famous Tarantula
of southern Europe (fig. 175). The female is sometimes over an inch in
length, with the fourth legs an inch and a half long, so that it spreads
over three inches. The males have the legs as long but more slender, and
the body is smaller, measuring three-quarters of an inch. The color is
gray mixed with brown, like the fur of a mouse, the males lighter than
the females.

On the under side the whole body is black, including the first and
second joints of the legs and the maxillae. The legs are light gray, with
dark bands at the ends of the joints. The mandibles are brown, with
orange-yellow hairs on the front. There is sometimes a little yellow on
the ends of the first and second legs and palpi of the male.

The female makes a hole, but not a deep one, and hides in it with her
eggs, but is often found running about on the ground.

[Illustration: FIGS. 177, 178. Lycosa cinerea.--177, female enlarged
four times. 178, maxillae.]

$Lycosa cinerea.$--A common spider on beaches and sandy fields all over
this country and in Europe (fig. 177) The general color is dirty white
covered with small black and gray marks, so that, when it lies flat on
the sand, it can hardly be distinguished from it. The body is half an
inch long, and the fourth legs nearly an inch. The under side is white
or gray, and the whole body covered with white and gray hairs. The legs
are marked with indistinct dark rings, two or three to each joint. On
the cephalothorax the spots radiate irregularly from the dorsal groove;
the space between the eyes is dark, and the mandibles are dark brown.
The markings of the abdomen are broken up into small spots, so that
there is little of the usual figures. The male palpi are long and
slender and the ends very small.

[Illustration: FIGS. 179, 180. Lycosa kochii.--179, female enlarged
twice. 180, epigynum.]

$Lycosa kochii.$--This is a common species in the woods, and is 
brown and gray, like dead leaves (fig. 179). It is half an inch long
when full grown, and the fourth legs three-quarters of an inch. The
upper eyes are larger than in _pratensis_ and _nidicola_, and cover half
the width of the head, as in _communis_. The cephalothorax is light gray
in the middle and dark at the sides and around the front of the head.
The legs are gray, lighter toward the body and darker toward the ends,
marked with indistinct rings, two or three to each joint. The abdomen is
gray, with broken darker gray markings forming indistinctly a row of
transverse marks in the middle. The sides are darkest toward the front
end, where there are two black spots. The under side is lighter than the
back. The epigynum (fig. 180) differs from that of the related species,
having the middle lobe narrow in front and wide and triangular at the
end.

[Illustration: FIGS. 181, 182. Lycosa communis.--181, female enlarged
three times. 182, front of head showing eyes.]

$Lycosa communis.$--This is a common spider in pastures, running in
grass or hiding under stones. It varies in color from light gray to
almost black, but the markings are almost always the same and distinct.
On the thorax there is a middle stripe extending forward to the eyes,
and a narrower one between the eyes to the front of the head (fig. 181).
At the sides are light stripes nearly as wide as the middle one
extending under the eyes to the front of the head. On the abdomen the
front pointed stripe is large. The light stripes at the side of it are
wide and distinct, uniting on the hinder half of the abdomen into a
middle stripe, broken sometimes into a row of four or five spots. In
dark individuals this light marking is yellow and more strongly defined
than in lighter ones. On the thorax, especially in light
-spiders, there are usually two or three light marks radiating
from the dorsal groove. The legs, except the ends of the first and
second, are marked with rings at the ends and middle of the joints,
indistinct in light spiders and brighter in dark ones.

The length is two-fifths to half an inch. The legs are long, the fourth
pair three-quarters of an inch in length. The second row of eyes is a
little wider than the first, and the second eyes are large and their
diameter apart (fig. 182). On the under side of the abdomen are two dark
stripes meeting at the spinnerets so as to form a horseshoe-shaped
figure, but in some very dark individuals the whole under side of the
abdomen behind the epigynum is dark . There is little difference
between the sexes. The females carry eggs in June and July.

[Illustration: FIG. 183. Lycosa scutulata.--Female enlarged twice.]

$Lycosa scutulata.$--This is a large and well-marked species, over half
an inch in length and with hind legs over an inch long (fig. 183). The
legs are yellowish gray without markings. The cephalothorax is dark
gray, with a light middle stripe and one on each side extending under
the eyes to the front of the head. There is also a narrow light line on
the edge of the thorax at the sides. In the middle of the abdomen is a
dark stripe, with five or six pairs of light spots, those of the front
pair being only partly inclosed by the stripe. At the sides of the
middle stripe are narrower light bands, and beyond these fine light and
dark oblique lines. On the under side the whole body is light gray.

In the males the front legs are a little longer and much darker 
than the others. The male palpi are slender, and the tarsi small for so
large a spider. The second row of eyes is a little wider than the front
row.

[Illustration: FIGS. 184, 185. Lycosa ocreata.--184, female enlarged
eight times. 185, cephalothorax and front legs of male.]

$Lycosa ocreata.$--The female may easily be mistaken for young _L.
kochii_ (fig. 179) or _communis_ (fig. 181), but the male is conspicuous
on account of the dark head and front legs and especially the thick
covering of black hairs on the tibiae of the first pair. The
cephalothorax has a distinct light middle stripe, narrower and
straighter in the male (figs. 184, 185). The middle of the abdomen is
yellow, with the pointed stripe only a little darker and marked with
black spots around the edges. At the sides the abdomen is brown, broken
in spots, and in the middle of the hinder half are three or four cross
marks. The legs are yellowish and ringed with gray in the females. In
the males the femora and the sides of the thorax are much darker brown,
and the tibiae of the front pair dark and thickly covered with hairs. The
male palpi have the patella and tibia thickened and about as wide as
long. The front legs are plainly thicker than the second in both sexes.
The second row of eyes is wider than the first. The length of either sex
is a little over quarter of an inch. The legs are slender and thinly
covered with long fine hairs. The longest leg is about half an inch.


THE GENUS PARDOSA

Pardosa consists of comparatively small spiders, all of them long legged
and slender. The head is high in front, and the four upper eyes large
and spread over the whole front of the head (fig. 200). The front row of
eyes is plainly shorter than the second row. The colors are generally
dark, often black, and with white markings. The spines of the legs are
long, even on the front pairs, and the whole body is often covered with
long hairs. To show the comparative size of the different species of
this genus, all the figures are made on the same scale, four times the
real size.

[Illustration: FIGS. 186, 187, 188. Pardosa lapidicina.--186, female
enlarged four times. 187, side of cephalothorax. 188, epigynum.]

$Pardosa lapidicina.$--Four-fifths of an inch long and with long legs,
the fourth pair three-quarters of an inch long. The color is black, the
whole body being covered with black hairs that obscure the few light
markings (fig. 186). When looked at closely, especially after being wet,
the legs appear a little lighter  toward the ends, and the
femora faintly marked with light rings. In the middle of the
cephalothorax there is a large light spot, widest just in front of the
dorsal groove, and at the sides are rows of irregular light spots. On
the abdomen are three or four pairs of light spots near together in the
front half, and behind are two rows of spots meeting over the
spinnerets. On the under side the color is a lighter gray than on the
back. The color, as in all spiders, varies according to age, the young
and freshly molted having a deeper black color, while older ones are
gray. The epigynum is shown in the figure (fig. 188), and is quite
constant in shape. It distinguishes this species from _greenlandica_
(fig. 189), for which it is most likely to be mistaken. The male differs
little from the female. This spider lives among gray stones in the
hottest and driest places from Connecticut to Labrador.

[Illustration: FIGS. 189, 190. Pardosa greenlandica.--189, female
enlarged four times. 190, epigynum.]

$Pardosa albomaculata$ or $greenlandica.$--This species resembles
_lapidicina_ (fig. 186), but is a little larger and not quite as long
legged. It has longer hairs and is marked with bright white spots on a
black ground. There are two rows of white spots on the abdomen, and
others along the sides of the cephalothorax and on the legs (fig. 189).
Wet in alcohol it shows similar irregular markings on the abdomen as
_lapidicina_, but the light spots on the thorax are smaller, the middle
one extending forward only to the dorsal groove. The epigynum (fig. 190)
is large and distinct. Its outline has been compared to that of a
decanter, narrow in front and rounded out at the sides behind. There is
a long narrow middle lobe, generally widened at the end, but varying
much in shape. At the front end of the epigynum are two small
depressions. It resembles the epigynum of _glacialis_ (fig. 192), but is
always longer and narrower and has the middle lobe straighter and more
distinct. White Mountains, on bare stones. Rocky Mountains, Canada, and
Greenland.

[Illustration: FIGS. 191, 192. Pardosa glacialis.--191, Female enlarged
four times. 192, epigynum.]

$Pardosa glacialis$ or $brunnea.$--One-third of an inch long. Color dark
brown with some light markings. In the middle of the cephalothorax is a
light stripe, widening and fading out toward the eyes and divided by a
dark middle line, widest in front and extending back as far as the
dorsal groove (fig. 191). On each side is a light stripe extending under
the eyes to the front of the head. The abdomen has the middle pointed
stripe light , and sometimes there are four or five pairs of
small spots of white hairs on the hinder half. In alcohol there are
obscure cross markings and black spots. The legs are marked with
longitudinal dark and light lines. On the under side there is usually a
light middle stripe on the front of the sternum, and the middle of the
abdomen is lighter than the rest. The whole body is hairy; there are
long black hairs on the front of the head, and the spines are long and
 like the legs. The epigynum (fig. 192) has a narrow middle lobe
transparent at the end so that it is difficult to see, and dark brown
pieces at the sides, with the outer ends turned forward. The shape can
best be understood from the figure. The epigynum varies, but
distinguishes this species plainly from _greenlandica_ (fig. 190), with
which it is likely to be associated. The male palpi are large and black
at the ends, the tarsus oval and pointed, and the tibia short and as
thick as long. This spider has been found all over Canada and as far
north as Greenland. It is common in the White Mountains and has been
found as far south as Connecticut.

[Illustration: FIGS. 193, 194, 195, 196. Pardosa tachypoda.--193, female
enlarged four times. 194, cephalothorax and palpus of male. 195,
epigynum. 196, palpus of male.]

$Pardosa tachypoda$ or $montana.$--This is a Canadian and White Mountain
spider found as far south as Massachusetts (fig. 193). It is smaller
than either _greenlandica_ or _glacialis_ and larger than _nigropalpis_
and _albopatella_. The colors are more like the last two species, but
the legs are darker and more distinctly ringed. The light markings of
the cephalothorax and abdomen are less distinct and more broken and
irregular. The epigynum (fig. 195) has a characteristic shape different
from any of the allied species, the two anterior depressions being wide
apart and the middle ridge narrow and rounded at the end. The male palpi
(fig. 196) are rather slender, as in _lapidicina_, and uniformly
, and all the differences between the sexes are less strongly
marked than in _nigropalpis_ and _albopatella_.

[Illustration: FIGS. 197, 198, 199, 200, 201. Pardosa pallida.--197,
female enlarged four times. 198, under side of female. 199, back of
male. 200, front of head. 201, end of palpus of male.]

$Pardosa pallida.$--One-fifth of an inch long and brightly marked with
black and brown on a light yellow ground (figs. 197, 199). The
cephalothorax is narrower than in most species. The cephalothorax has
two wide gray stripes and a fine black line on the edge at each side.
The abdomen has the middle pointed stripe light brown with a broken
black edge. On each side is a black band, made up of spots closer toward
the middle and more scattered toward the sides. The legs are light
yellow, with a few black spots near the body. The spines of the legs are
long but not dark . On the under side there are dark spots on the
sternum near the base of each leg, and sometimes two rows of spots or
two bands nearer the middle. On the under side of the abdomen are two
black stripes, sometimes connected behind. In the males (fig. 199) the
colors are darker and the dark markings larger. The ends of the palpi
are large and covered with black hairs.

In one freshly molted young male there was hardly any trace of the spots
on the sternum. The male palpi were dark gray with black hairs, except
the tarsus, which was light , with a dark spot in the middle and
a few black hairs. The markings of the abdomen were very indistinct, and
the light color brownish, while the thorax and legs are slightly green.
The first femora were black toward the end.

[Illustration: FIGS. 202, 203, 204. Pardosa nigropalpis.--202, female.
203, male. Both enlarged four times. 204, end of palpus of male.]

$Pardosa nigropalpis.$--About quarter of an inch long. Black and gray.
The male with head and palpi black (fig. 203). In the female the
cephalothorax has a large light middle stripe, widest between the eyes
and the dorsal groove, and a narrow light stripe on each side (fig.
202). The abdomen is light in the middle for its whole length in an
irregular stripe partly divided by faint cross lines of gray. The sides
are darker and spotted with black. The legs are faintly marked with
darker rings. In the male the contrast between the light and dark
markings is greater, the markings of the cephalothorax are smaller and
brighter, and the head and palpi are black and covered with black hairs.

[Illustration: FIGS. 205, 206, 207. Pardosa albopatella.--205, female.
206, male. Both enlarged four times. 207, end of palpus of male.]

$Pardosa albopatella.$--Smaller than _P. nigropalpis_, but resembling it
in shape and color (figs. 205, 206). The middle stripe of the
cephalothorax is narrower. The middle stripe of the abdomen is narrower
and brighter at the front end. The femora are distinctly marked with
four rings, and the other joints less plainly. In the male the ends of
the legs are pale, without rings, and the rings of the femora are broken
into spots except on the front legs, where the femora are black. The
palpi (fig. 206) have the femora black and the patella white. The tibia
is dark, and the tarsus is dark at the base and white toward the tip.

[Illustration: FIGS. 208, 209. Pirata piraticus.--208, female enlarged
three times. 209, front of head.]

$Pirata piraticus.$--A small and active spider living in short grass in
summer and under leaves in winter. The colors and shape of the body are
much like _Lycosa pratensis_ (fig. 168), but the legs are proportionally
larger and longer, and the colors brighter. The length is about a
quarter of an inch. The front and second rows of eyes are of the same
length, those of the second row large and their diameter apart (fig.
209). The eyes of the upper row are nearly as large as those of the
second, and twice as far apart. The color is pale yellow, with gray or
black markings. The cephalothorax has a narrow light line in the middle
and one on each side (fig. 208). In the middle of the front of the
abdomen is a light stripe with dark edges, which tapers into a line or
row of spots behind the middle. At the sides of this are light stripes
that unite behind, and outside of these are dark markings becoming
smaller behind. The legs have conspicuous dark spines, especially the
hinder pair, and are faintly marked with rings or sometimes are without
markings.

Dolomedes and Ocyale differ in many respects from the other Lycosidae.
They are more flattened, have the head lower, and the eyes all more
nearly of the same size. The front row of eyes are small and near
together. The upper row is about twice as long and strongly curved, and
the eyes are nearly equal in size and twice as large as those of the
front row (figs. 214, 216). In Dolomedes the lower eyes are about half
as high as the top of the head. In Ocyale they are lower and farther
apart, and the head resembles still more Tibellus of the Thomisidae. Both
Ocyale and Dolomedes resemble this family in their flattened body and
wide thorax.

[Illustration: FIGS. 210, 211, 212. Dolomedes sexpunctatus.--210, female
enlarged twice. 211, under side of cephalothorax. 212, one of the feet,
showing three claws.]

$Dolomedes sexpunctatus.$--Dark greenish gray or, in young spiders,
yellow, with a silvery white line each side the whole length of the
body, meeting in front under the eyes and reaching back to the
spinnerets (fig. 210). In the middle of the cephalothorax is a narrow
light line. On the hinder half of the abdomen are four pairs of small
white spots, and sometimes another pair near the front end. On the under
side the general color is lighter, and there are six dark spots on the
sternum (fig. 211). The cephalothorax is three-quarters as wide as long,
but looks narrower on account of the white stripes. The abdomen is
proportionally longer than in _tenebrosus_ (fig. 213). The full-grown
female is six-tenths of an inch long, with a spread of an inch and
three-quarters. In winter and spring the half-grown young are very
common everywhere. It lives near water and runs easily on it, each foot
making a depression on the surface without becoming wet.

[Illustration: FIGS. 213, 214. Dolomedes tenebrosus.--213, female
enlarged twice. 214, front of head.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 215, 216. Ocyale undata.--215, female enlarged
twice. 216, front of head.]

[Illustration: FIG. 217. Nest of the young of Ocyale undata in a
wild-rose bush. One-third the real size.]

$Dolomedes tenebrosus.$--This is one of our largest spiders, spreading
its legs over four inches. The color is light and dark gray. The legs
are indistinctly marked with light and dark rings and have long dark
spines (fig. 213). The thorax is dark in the middle and lighter toward
the eyes. On each side are light bands that extend around under the eyes
and meet in front. The abdomen has three pairs of transverse dark
stripes, each with a light border on the hinder edge. The cephalothorax
is four-tenths of an inch long and three-tenths wide, half as wide in
front, and nearly straight on the front edge. It is rounded in the
middle, but not very high, and just behind the eyes is nearly flat. The
under side of the thorax and legs is light , without markings,
the abdomen a little darker. The abdomen is as long as the thorax,
widest across the middle, and a little pointed behind. The male has
longer legs and is more slender and strongly marked; under the fourth
femora near the end is a bunch of stiff hairs. The male palpi are long,
with large tarsi and palpal organs and a long hook on the outer side of
the tarsus. They live near water, on the ground or low bushes. The
female carries her cocoon in her mandibles and makes a large bunch of
silk in the bushes, in which the young live for some time after
hatching.

$Ocyale undata.$--When full grown over half an inch long, the thorax
quarter of an inch, and the first and fourth legs an inch long. The
thorax is almost as wide as long, and the head not much more than half
as wide (fig. 215). The abdomen is long and narrower than the thorax and
a little pointed behind. The color is a light brownish yellow, with a
wide darker and browner band on the middle of both thorax and abdomen.
This band is bordered by a white line a little curved in and out toward
the tail. In younger spiders the color is lighter and yellower; the
middle stripe has the edges more undulating, and in very young ones it
is serrated or even broken up into spots. The legs, which are plain in
adults, are sometimes marked with rings in the young. The front end of
the stripe is sometimes divided into two. These spiders live on bushes,
without any web, until they have young. In the latter part of summer the
females carry their flat cocoons under them, holding on with the
mandibles. When the young are about to hatch the female builds a mass of
web (fig. 217) three or four inches through, in which she leaves the
cocoon, and the young come out and live for a time together in the web.

[Illustration: FIGS. 218, 219. Oxyopes salticus.--218, female enlarged
six times. 219, front of head.]

$Oxyopes salticus.$--The eyes are in three rows, the front one of two
small eyes, the second of four eyes, and the upper of two. The head is
wide and less separated from the thorax than in Lycosa and very high in
front. The cephalothorax is two-thirds as wide as long and rounded both
in front and behind (fig. 218). The abdomen of the male is smaller than
the cephalothorax, but that of the female is wider and longer. It is
widest in the middle, rounded in front, and pointed behind. The legs are
slender, the first pair longest, but all nearly of the same length and
with very long spines. The colors and markings are very variable. The
legs are white or pale yellow, with black spines. The light parts of the
body are the same color, with brown and black markings. There are
usually four brown stripes on the cephalothorax from the eyes backward,
and two black lines in front from the lower eyes down the front of the
mandibles (fig. 219). The most constant mark of the abdomen is a pointed
middle spot extending as far as the middle of the back. This is
generally surrounded by light color, and at the sides are narrow oblique
brown marks. There are sometimes fine black lines on the under sides of
the femora and a wide black middle stripe under the abdomen. The males
are sometimes  like the female, and vary from this to black
abdomen and palpi, with the rest of the body pale. A very common species
in the southern states in the early summer, running on low bushes. There
is another Oxyopes about the same size that has been found a few times
as far north as New England.

[Illustration: FIG. 220. Oxyopes viridans.--Young female enlarged four
times.]

$Oxyopes (Peucetia) viridans.$--This is a common and conspicuous spider
in the South. It is a bright transparent green, with red spots and black
spines. It grows to a length of three-quarters of an inch, but is found
in great numbers early in the summer, when it is only a quarter of this
size (fig. 220). The head is narrower than in _O. salticus_, and the
lateral eyes so high that they appear to belong to the upper rather than
the middle row. The abdomen is the same width as the back part of the
cephalothorax and tapers a little toward the spinnerets. The first pair
of legs is longest and the second next. The general color is green, with
the space between the eyes red, red spots and black spines on the legs,
and two rows of red spots on the abdomen, sometimes united into a
stripe, with pairs of white spots surrounded by red.




THE AGALENIDAE


[Illustration: FIG. 221. Web of Agalena naevia in long grass, seen from
above. One-third the real size.]

[Illustration: FIG. 222. Web of Agalena naevia in short grass on the side
of a hill, seen from the side. The spider stands in its usual place at
the mouth of its tube. Half the real size.]

The larger Agalenidae are the makers of the flat wide cobwebs that are so
common on the grass and in the corners of barns and cellars. They
resemble some of the Drassidae, especially Agroeca and Anyphaena (pp.
1-14). The head is large and marked off by shallow grooves from the
thorax, and is often contracted behind the eyes, so that it is narrower
there than in the front. The mandibles are large and, in the females,
much swelled at the base in front. The arrangement of the eyes differs
little from that in the Drassidae. The upper spinnerets are longer than
the others and have the terminal joint narrowed toward the end, with the
spinning tubes on the inner side. The feet have three claws, like the
Lycosidae, and do not have the brush of hairs common in the Drassidae. The
males and females differ little in size, but the males have longer legs
and smaller abdomen and large and complicated palpi.

[Illustration: FIGS. 223, 234. Agalena naevia.--223, female enlarged
twice. 224, front of head.]

[Illustration: FIG. 225. End of palpus of male Agalena naevia.]

[Illustration: FIG. 226. Newly made edge of web of Agalena naevia,
showing arrangement of the threads.]

[Illustration: FIG. 227. Web of Agalena naevia in a plant of golden-rod
two feet above the ground, showing upper threads. One-fourth the real
size.]

$Agalena naevia.$--This spider is known everywhere by its web, which it
makes on grass, among stones and weeds, and in houses (figs. 221, 222).
It varies greatly in size and color. Large females may be three-quarters
of an inch long, with legs measuring an inch and a quarter, while others
may be full grown at half that size. In color some are pale yellow with
gray markings, and others reddish brown with the markings almost black.
Whatever the color, they are thickly covered with fine gray hairs. The
cephalothorax has two longitudinal gray stripes and a black line along
the edge on each side (fig. 223). The head is high and a little darker
in front. Both rows of eyes are strongly curved, with the middle eyes
highest, so that the middle eyes of the lower row and the lateral of the
upper row form a nearly straight line (fig. 224). The mandibles are
stout, not much swelled in front, and covered with hair. The abdomen is
gray or black at the sides and lighter brown in the middle, with two
rows of white or light- spots. The upper spinnerets are more than
twice as long as the others, and the terminal joint much longer than the
basal. The legs are large and long, the fourth pair almost twice as
long as the body. The legs are marked with dark rings at the ends of the
joints and lighter rings in the middle of femur and tibia. On the under
side the coxae are light  and the sternum dark, and there is a
broad dark middle band on the abdomen from the hinder legs to the
spinnerets. The males are as large as the females, with longer legs and
smaller abdomen. The male palpi have a very large black tube coiled one
and a half turns under the tarsus (fig. 225). The web (fig. 222) is flat
and shaped according to the surrounding objects to which it is fastened,
with a tube at one side in which the spider hides. The eggs are laid in
August and September in a flat cocoon, attached by one side in some
sheltered place and covered with silk, often mixed with dirt. Most of
the adult spiders die before winter, and females are often found dead on
or near their cocoons. The young hatch in the winter and leave the
cocoon early in the spring, and soon begin to build their webs among the
short grass. The webs become more distinct when covered with dew, but,
though too transparent to be seen at other times, they remain in the
same places throughout the summer and are repaired and enlarged as the
spider grows. If, however, the web should be destroyed, the spider is
able in one day to make a new one as large as the old, but thin and
transparent. The web contains many long threads crossing it from one
side to the other and nearly parallel, and these are crossed in all
directions by finer threads (fig. 226). The long threads are spun from
the lower spinnerets, the upper pair being held up over the back, out of
the way. The fine threads are spun from the upper spinnerets, which are
swung from side to side as the spider moves along. There is nothing
adhesive about the web. It serves merely as a clearing where insects may
alight to rest and the spider may have a good chance to run after them.
Where the web is made under plants or rocks a great number of threads
are carried upward from it, which may help in stopping insects (fig.
227), as they do in the webs of Linyphia. (See p. 135.)

[Illustration: FIGS. 228, 229. Tegenaria derhamii.--228, female enlarged
four times. 229, front of head.]

$Tegenaria derhamii.$--This is a common species in barns and cellars,
and has probably been imported from Europe, where it is even more
common. The head is high and wide, as in _T. medicinalis_. The mandibles
are less swelled in front and the eyes are closer together than in that
species, and cover more than half the width of the head (fig. 229). The
cephalothorax is shorter and wider across the hinder half and the
abdomen shorter than in _medicinalis_, and the legs are longer and more
hairy. The colors are lighter and the hairs of the whole body longer.
The female is two-fifths of an inch long. The cephalothorax is pale,
with two gray stripes. The abdomen is marked with a series of gray
spots, formed of a middle row more or less connected with two side rows;
the front of the abdomen often pale, with the markings faint (fig. 228).
The legs are long, the first and fourth pairs nearly twice the length
of the body. They are marked with faint gray rings at the ends and two
in the middle of each joint. The palpi are long and slender in both
sexes, and those of the male have the patella and tibia of about the
same length and each nearly twice as long as wide. There are no
processes on the patella, but two small teeth on the tibia near its end.
The tarsus is small and narrow, not as long as the patella and tibia.

[Illustration: FIG. 230. Web of Tegenaria derhamii in corner of cellar.]

[Illustration: FIG. 231. Web of Tegenaria derhamii with spider in mouth
of tube. Old cocoons hanging at the left.]

[Illustration: FIG. 232. Web of Tegenaria derhamii curving downward on
each side.]

The webs are made in all parts of cellars and unswept buildings,
sometimes forming a shelf in the corner, not as large or as flat as
those of _A. naevia_, but with a similar tube on the most sheltered side
(fig. 230) The webs more often spread under beams and floors fastened up
by threads at the sides and edges, and, as they gather dust, hang down
by its weight and become torn and tangled. Old webs are repaired and
extended until they become as thick as cloth with silk and dirt. The
tube is generally smaller and less funnel shaped where it enters the web
than that of Agalena. The web is not as flat as that of Agalena, curving
usually down from the tube and up in front of it, often turning up
abruptly at the edge. Sometimes it is fastened up in the middle of the
front edge and curves downward each side (fig. 232).

Fig. 231 shows a web of the most common form in the corner of a cellar,
with the spider standing at the mouth of the tube, and the remains of
egg cocoons hung up at the left. This web was at least a year old, and
the front edge had just been extended with clear and transparent silk,
while the middle was black with coal dust.

Fig. 232 is another web in the same cellar, with the front edge fastened
up to the boards above. It is drawn tightest in the middle and curves
down on each side.

[Illustration: FIGS. 233, 234. Tegenaria medicinalis.--233, adult female
enlarged four times. 234, cephalothorax of young female to show spots.]

$Tegenaria (Caelotes) medicinalis.$--A large gray spider living in the
woods, among rocks, in hollow trees, and under loose bark. It is half an
inch long, with the legs of the female not much longer (fig. 233). The
head is large and wide, and the eyes cover a little more than half its
width. It is a little constricted in front of the legs and raised above
the thorax as far back as the dorsal groove. The abdomen of the females
is large and oval, widest across the hinder half. The spinnerets are
small, but plainly two-jointed, and the upper pair longest. The general
color is light yellow brown, covered with gray hairs, the cephalothorax
browner, and the abdomen grayer, than the legs. The cephalothorax has
two indistinct gray stripes. The abdomen is marked with a series of gray
spots of irregular shape, smallest toward the front and larger and
darker toward the end. The legs are faintly ringed with gray, more
distinctly in the young.

[Illustration: FIG. 235. Palpus of male Tegenaria medicinalis.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 236, 237. Two forms of epigynum of Tegenaria
medicinalis.]

The males are as large as the females, with smaller abdomen and longer
legs. The palpi have the patella and tibia short, not much longer than
wide (fig. 235). The patella has a short process on the outer side near
the end. The tibia is of complicated shape, as shown in the figure. The
tarsus is twice as long as the tibia and patella together, with a long
narrow tip. The palpal organ is large and complicated, with a long fine
tube that can be seen from above, where it curves around the base of the
tarsus.

[Illustration: FIG. 238. Web of Tegenaria medicinalis in a hollow of a
rock, the front edge held up by threads running across the hollow, and
the mouth of the tube showing behind it.]

The epigynum varies in appearance according to the thickness and color
of different parts. The two figures show common varieties (figs. 236,
237). This species and _longitarsus_ are both easily mistaken for
_Amaurobius sylvestris_ and _ferox_, which are of the same size and
color and live in the same situations. Amaurobius does not have the long
upper spinnerets like Tegenaria, the eyes are lower on the front of the
head, and there are larger light- markings on the front of the
abdomen. The young of _Tegenaria medicinalis_ are pale, with light gray
markings, and the cephalothorax is marked with spots radiating from the
dorsal groove (fig. 234). The web of this spider is not flat like that
of Agalena, but curved in various shapes according to the place where it
is built. If there is an open level place near the nest, the web spreads
across it, but usually curves upward at the edges and is fastened to
surrounding stones and weeds. Where the spider lives in the cracks of a
wall or rock, the net spreads along the surface of the rock, held away
from it a short distance by threads fastened to projecting points on the
stone (figs. 239, 240). This species is sometimes mistaken for the
longer legged and more hairy _Tegenaria derhamii_ (fig. 228), that makes
similar webs in barns and cellars.

$Tegenaria (Caelotes) longitarsus.$--Smaller than _medicinalis_; about
two-fifths of an inch in length. The head is very wide, and the
mandibles of the female more swelled in front than in _medicinalis_, and
the eyes are smaller and cover less than half the width of the head
(figs. 244, 245). The cephalothorax is darker  in front and does
not have the two longitudinal stripes seen in _medicinalis_ (fig. 241).
The legs are only faintly marked with gray in the middle of the joints.
The abdomen is marked with gray, in a series of dark and light spots, as
in other species, and of more regular shape than in _medicinalis_. The
epigynum is light , with a middle bar covered with hair and
slightly forked at the hinder end (fig. 242). The male differs in the
usual way from the female and has the palpi shorter than _medicinalis_.
The tarsus has a projection at the base that covers the tibia. The
patella has a short process on the outer side that points directly
forward (fig. 243).

[Illustration: FIG. 239. Sections of webs of Tegenaria and
Agalena.--_a_, Agalena naevia; _b_, common form of Tegenaria derhamii,
with the edge lower than the tube; _c_, Tegenaria, with the edge higher
than the tube; _d_, Tegenaria, with the edge carried up along the face
of a rock; _e_, Tegenaria, with the edge carried down as well as up.]

[Illustration: FIG. 240. Web of Tegenaria medicinalis, with the front
edge carried up along the face of a rock. See diagram (fig. 239, _d_).]

[Illustration: FIGS. 241, 242, 243, 244, 245. Tegenaria
longitarsus.--241, back of female. 242, epigynum. 243, palpus of male
seen from above. 244, head of Tegenaria medicinalis. 245, head of
Tegenaria longitarsus.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 246, 247, 248, 249. Tegenaria complicata.--246,
female enlarged four times. 247, epigynum. 248, 249, male palpus.]

$Tegenaria (Cicurina) complicata.$--A small spider, resembling the young
of the larger species of Tegenaria, found usually under dead leaves in
woods (fig. 246). It is a fifth to a quarter of an inch long, with the
longest legs one and one-half times as long as the body. The spines of
the third and fourth legs are long and stout, and there are long fine
hairs on all the legs and the abdomen. The color is pale yellowish
brown, lighter on the abdomen, which has faint gray markings. The sexes
are much alike, and both vary in size. The palpi of the males are very
large and conspicuous (figs. 248, 249). The patella is short and wide,
and the tibia is narrower at the end and wide toward the base, where it
has a short process on the outer side. On the under side of the tibia is
a long thin appendage of irregular shape that is nearly as long as the
tarsus. The tarsus itself is long and narrow, and the palpal organ
large and complicated, with a long fine tube that extends from the base
along the outer side and back to the hard appendages in the middle. The
epigynum (fig. 247) has a small, transverse, oval opening at the hinder
end, in front of which the coils of long tubes can be seen through the
skin.

In New England Agalenidae Pl. VII, fig. 2 is the epigynum of this species
and not of _Caelotes longitarsus_.

[Illustration: FIGS. 250, 251. Hahnia bimaculata.--250, female enlarged
twelve times. 251, under side showing the peculiar arrangement of the
spinnerets.]

$Hahnia bimaculata.$--The Hahnias resemble Tegenaria, but are much
smaller and have the spinnerets extended in a line across the under side
of the abdomen (fig. 251). _Hahnia bimaculata_ is about one-eighth of an
inch long, with the abdomen large and oval, widest behind, as it is in
Caelotes (fig. 250). The cephalothorax is bright orange brown, and the
legs and abdomen pale yellowish with gray markings. The legs are ringed
with gray, the longer joints having two rings, and the abdomen has a
pattern of light yellow and gray spots. The spinnerets are all long and
in a nearly straight line, half as long as the width of the abdomen. The
outer or upper pair are half as long as the abdomen, and the two joints
are nearly of equal length. The tracheal opening is in the middle of the
abdomen, nearer the epigynum than the spinnerets. The sternum is as wide
as long, widest opposite the second legs. The maxillae are straight in
front and have a slight projection at the outer corners, where there are
two or three stiff hairs. In some other species there is a longer
process at these corners.

This spider is common in winter under stones and under leaves. In summer
it makes webs close to the ground, among short and thin grass and moss.

[Illustration: FIG. 252. Hahnia cinerea, enlarged sixteen times.]

$Hahnia cinerea.$--About a twelfth of an inch long; much smaller than
_bimaculata_ (fig. 251). The color is dark gray, the cephalothorax and
legs brownish, and the legs a little lighter at the ends of the joints.
The abdomen has a row of angular light spots in the middle. The
spinnerets are in not quite as straight a line as in _bimaculata_, the
outer pair being a little higher and farther behind the next. The
tracheal opening is not as far forward as in _bimaculata_, being nearer
the spinnerets than the epigynum. The male palpi have the appendages of
patella and tibia longer than in _bimaculata_, and softer and more
curved. They are found under stones and leaves.




THE THERIDIDAE


[Illustration: FIG. 253. Webs of Theridium in a fog, on the tops of
burnt bushes. Half the real size. These webs are too fine to be noticed
in dry weather.]

[Illustration: FIG. 254. Webs of Theridium in a fog, on the tops of
golden-rod. One-third the real size.]

The Therididae are the builders of the loose and apparently irregular
webs in the upper corners of rooms, in fences and among rocks, and
between the leaves and branches of low trees and bushes. They are
generally small, soft, and light- spiders, with the abdomen large
and round and the legs slender and usually without spines. The eyes are
all about the same size and in two rows across the front of the head,
with the lateral eyes of the two rows near together and often touching
each other. The mandibles are weak and without teeth at the end. The
maxillae are pointed at the end and turned inward toward each other. Most
of the Therididae live always in their webs, hanging by their feet, back
downward. The webs have in some part a more closely woven place under
which the spider stands, sometimes in the middle of the web, sometimes
in a corner out of sight. Where the spider's usual standing place is
without other shelter, it is often concealed by pieces of leaves or sand
carried into the web by the spider, and sometimes made into a tent. The
outer part of the web is usually loosely made in large meshes, but is
sometimes in a distinct sheet spreading from the nest and held out by
threads in all directions. The cocoons are round and soft and hang in
the web, several being made in the same season by one spider.

[Illustration: FIG. 255. Web of Theridium tepidariorum in a dark corner.
Half the real size.]

Several of this family, like Spintharus and Euryopis, have the abdomen
smaller and flatter than usual and the fourth legs longer, so that they
are better fitted for walking. They are found on plants, and little is
known about their webs.


THE GENUS THERIDIUM

[Illustration: FIG. 256. Web of young Theridium tepidariorum in a corner
of a trellis. A little less than the real size. The spider stood in the
close part near the middle.]

The Theridiums are small soft-bodied spiders, making large and loose
webs without any large flat sheet of silk, but only a slightly closer
portion where the spider stands, or a nest or tent connected with the
web. _Theridium tepidariorum_ (fig. 258) and _rupicola_ (fig. 261) live
in houses or among rocks, making large loose webs, in which the spider
often stands without any covering. They have the abdomen high in front
and tapering a little toward the spinnerets. _Theridium globosum_ (fig.
262) has the abdomen of the same shape. The other species are all small
and have the abdomen round and brightly . They live in more open
places on plants, where they make nests in which they are partly hidden,
and carry their webs over the neighboring leaves and twigs (figs. 253,
254).

[Illustration: FIG. 257. Web of young Theridium tepidariorum in a crack
of a rock. Half the real size. The spider stood in the middle under the
closely woven part.]

$Theridium tepidariorum.$--This is one of the most common house spiders,
and is often found in its webs among rocks, but seldom on plants. The
females (fig. 258) measure sometimes over a quarter of an inch in
length, but may mature much smaller. The legs of the first pair are
nearly three times the length of the body. The male (fig. 259) is
shorter and has longer legs. The color varies from dirty white to almost
black. The cephalothorax is yellow brown, and the legs light yellow,
with brown or gray rings at the ends and the middle of the joints. In
the males the legs are orange brown, darker at the ends of the joints.
The abdomen is high in front and narrows toward the spinnerets. In dark
and well-marked specimens the abdomen has, on the hinder part, six
transverse black marks curved upward, thicker in the middle, and partly
connected by black spots at the ends (fig. 260). These marks are most
sharply defined on the hinder edge, where they are bordered by silver
white. The upper mark often forms a conspicuous black and white spot in
the center of the abdomen. In light individuals all the markings are
smaller and less definite.

[Illustration: FIGS. 258, 259, 260. Theridium tepidariorum.--258,
female. 259, male. 260, abdomen of female seen from behind.]

It makes a large web in the corners of rooms, under furniture, and in
the angles of fences and between stones (fig. 255). It usually stands in
the most sheltered part of the web, where a part of it is more closely
woven than the rest, but not enough so to conceal the spider. It
occasionally makes the web in an open place where there is no shelter
above, and then it sometimes carries a piece of leaf into the web and
hides under it, as is the usual habit with some allied species. The webs
of the young are usually more regular in form than those of adults
(figs. 256, 257). A male and female often occupy the same web for a long
time. The eggs are laid in brownish pear-shaped cocoons, several of
which are made in the same season by one spider and hang in the web.
This species is found all over the world.

[Illustration: FIG. 261. Theridium rupicola, enlarged eight times.]

$Theridium rupicola.$--This resembles closely _tepidariorum_ and is
easily mistaken for the young of that species. It does not grow larger
than an eighth of an inch long. The colors are like _tepidariorum_,
usually dark gray with black spots, the back of the abdomen sometimes
almost white. The legs are distinctly ringed with light and dark. In the
middle of the abdomen is a pointed hump, the front part generally black
and the hinder part white (fig. 261).

It lives under stones and among rocks, in webs like those of
_tepidariorum_, often containing grains of sand which look as if placed
there by the spider, as sand falling into such a web would go through
without sticking to the threads.

[Illustration: FIG. 262. Theridium globosum, enlarged eight times.]

$Theridium globosum.$--This is another species with a high abdomen like
_tepidariorum_. It is about a twelfth of an inch long and almost as high
(fig. 262). The abdomen is a little flattened behind and pointed toward
the spinnerets. The hinder part is white, with a large black spot in the
middle, below which is sometimes a smaller black spot. Sometimes there
is a bright white line around the light area. The front upper part of
the abdomen is yellowish gray, and the under part brown. The
cephalothorax is orange brown, except a black spot between the eyes. The
legs are orange brown.

[Illustration: FIG. 263. Web of Theridium differens in the top of a
young pine tree. Half the real size.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 264, 265, 266. Theridium differens.--264, female
enlarged eight times. 265, male enlarged eight times. 266, end of palpus
of male.]

$Theridium differens.$--Female about one-eighth of an inch long, and the
male smaller. The abdomen is round, and the middle stripe often very
brightly , with white or yellow at the edges and red in the
middle (fig. 264). The rest of the abdomen is reddish brown, darkest
next to the white edge of the stripe. There are no distinct marks on the
under side. In males the stripe on the abdomen is obscure, and the whole
abdomen dark reddish brown (fig. 265). Sometimes, especially in young
spiders, the abdomen is entirely yellow, with indistinct brown markings.
The cephalothorax is orange brown, often darker in the middle, but with
no distinct stripe. The legs and palpi are yellow in females and orange
brown in males, slightly darker at the ends of the joints. The epigynum
has no openings in sight. They are on the inner side in the transverse
fold across the abdomen. The palpal organ (fig. 266) has two appendages
at the end, one hard and roughened and the other soft. The web is on low
plants of all kinds, usually two or three feet from the ground (fig.
263). There is sometimes a small tent, often hardly deep enough to cover
the spider, from which the web spreads two or three inches, according to
the shape of the plant. The cocoons of eggs are white and nearly as
large as the spider, and are attached in the nest.

[Illustration: FIGS. 267, 268, 269. Theridium murarium.--267, female
enlarged eight times. 268, end of palpus of male. 269, epigynum.]

$Theridium murarium.$--Length about one-eighth of an inch, with the
abdomen nearly spherical. The general color is gray. The legs are pale,
with dark bands at the end and middle of each joint. The cephalothorax
is pale, with a dark line in the middle and one on each side, the middle
line sometimes divided into two near the eyes (fig. 267). On the abdomen
there is an undulated middle stripe, white at the edges and the front
end, and reddish in the middle. On both sides of this stripe the abdomen
is nearly black and becomes gradually lighter toward the sides. The
sternum is pale, with a black edge and black stripe in the middle. The
under side of the abdomen is gray, with a long black spot in the middle
and a smaller one over the epigynum. There is little difference in size
or color between the sexes. The epigynum (fig. 269) has two round holes,
wide apart, near the thickened edge. The palpal organ (fig. 268) is
shorter and simpler than it is in _differens_.

[Illustration: FIGS. 270, 271, 272, 273. Theridium spirale.--270, male.
271, female. Both enlarged eight times. 272, end of palpus of male. 273,
epigynum.]

$Theridium spirale.$--This is a round-bodied spider of the same size as
_differens_ and _murarium_. The cephalothorax is orange brown above and
below, with an indistinct dark stripe as wide in front as the eyes and
narrowed behind. The abdomen has a middle stripe like _differens_,
nearly as wide in front as it is in the middle (fig. 271). The rest of
the abdomen is gray, darkest toward the stripe. The legs are pale,
sometimes with faint gray rings at the ends and middle of each joint.
The middle stripe of the abdomen is sometimes reddish as in _murarium_,
but oftener gray, with a dark spot near the front end. The males (fig.
270) have the same color and markings as the female and are sometimes
more distinctly marked. The male palpi (fig. 272) are very large, and
the palpal organ has a long tube coiled on the under and outer side. The
openings of the epigynum (fig. 273) are about their diameter apart.

[Illustration: FIG. 274. Theridium frondeum.--Varieties of marking,
enlarged four times.]

$Theridium frondeum.$--White, light yellow, or greenish white, with
black markings that are very variable (fig. 274). Usually the
cephalothorax has two fine black lines running back from the eyes and
uniting behind the dorsal groove, and black edges. The legs are usually
darkened with brown at the ends of the joints. The abdomen is large and
round, and has on the back a light undulated band bordered by brownish
translucent spaces, with two black spots just over the spinnerets.
Sometimes there are black spots in the translucent spaces, especially
toward the hinder end, and these may be united into two long black
stripes. In some individuals of either sex the black on the
cephalothorax forms a wide band in the middle, almost covering the back,
and a black stripe of similar width extends backwards on the abdomen for
half its length. These black-striped individuals have all the other
variations of color and markings. The males have all the colors and
spots brighter and the legs longer than the females. The mandibles of
the male are longer than those of the female and have at the base, in
front, a low conical point.

This species is found from the White Mountains to Alabama. In New
England it matures in July and is found on bushes all summer.

[Illustration: FIG. 275. Theridium unimaculatum, enlarged eight times.]

$Theridium unimaculatum.$--This little species differs in color and
markings from all the others, and may almost always be distinguished by
the white abdomen, with a black spot in the center of the back. The
females are a twelfth of an inch long and the males smaller. The
cephalothorax is orange yellow, with a black spot around the eyes,
extending back in a point as far as the dorsal groove, and there is also
a fine black line along the edges. The legs are orange, lighter in the
female and darker in the male, with the first and second pairs in the
male much stouter. The sternum is orange, with black edges. This spider
makes a web, like the other small species, among small leaves and
winters under dead leaves on the ground.


THE GENUS STEATODA

[Illustration: FIG. 276. Web of Steatoda borealis on the face of a
conglomerate rock in the cavity from which a pebble has dropped out.
Half the real size.]

Steatoda has the legs shorter and stouter than Theridium. The abdomen is
oval and often a little flattened on the back. It is smooth and shining,
the hairs being fine and scattered so as to be hardly visible. The
thorax is thick and hard, and in some species marked with hard
projections and depressions. The head is generally narrow, and the front
middle eyes are in several species larger than the others and farther
forward and wider apart. In other species all the eyes are about the
same size. The webs consist of a flat sheet supported and held down by
threads.

[Illustration: FIGS. 277, 278, 279. Steatoda borealis.--277, female.
278, male. Both enlarged four times. 279, eyes.]

$Steatoda borealis.$--This is a dark reddish-brown spider, quarter of an
inch long, living among stones or in the corners of fences and window
frames, generally well concealed by its web or nest. The cephalothorax
is orange brown and covered with short stiff brown hairs. The head is
one-third as wide as the thorax and a little higher, the eyes near
together, with the front middle pair projecting forward beyond the
mandibles (fig. 279). The legs are brown, with faint darker rings, and
are thickly covered with hairs. The abdomen is dark chocolate brown,
sometimes without any light marks on the upper side, but usually there
is a light line running around the front half and another in the middle,
extending back half the length of the abdomen and usually broken into
several spots. The four depressed spots on the abdomen are distinctly
marked. On the under side there is a light stripe on each side, meeting
behind the spinnerets. The sexes are much alike in size and color, but
the palpi of the male (fig. 278) are longer than the cephalothorax, and
the terminal joint is very large and complicated. The web consists of a
flat sheet, held out by threads in all directions, but is often so
crowded into a corner that its structure is hard to understand (fig.
276).

[Illustration: FIGS. 280, 281. Steatoda guttata.--280, female enlarged
eight times. 281, head and eyes.]

$Steatoda guttata.$--Only one-tenth of an inch long. The cephalothorax
is high, with scattered hairs, at the base of each of which is a horny
ridge. The cephalothorax is dark brown, with the legs lighter and more
yellow. The abdomen is nearly spherical and hard at the front end, where
there is a ring around its attachment to the thorax. Sometimes the
abdomen is bright yellow or orange, without markings on the back, but
oftener it is partly brown, with two or three pairs of silvery white
spots (fig. 280). The males and females are alike in size and color, and
the palpi of the males are very large, as in _borealis_. They live under
stones at all seasons and mature in April and May.

[Illustration: FIGS. 282, 283, 284. Steatoda marmorata.--282, 283,
markings of the abdomen of the female enlarged twice. 284, head of the
male.]

$Steatoda marmorata.$--About a quarter of an inch long. The
cephalothorax and legs yellowish brown. Cephalothorax smooth, with a few
hairs. Legs covered with fine hair. The abdomen is usually nearly
covered by an oblong dark spot darkened at the edges, where it is
bordered by silvery white (fig. 283). The middle is lighter, with a
central dark stripe. In some individuals the dark markings are broken up
into four pairs of black spots partly connected with a middle line
(fig. 282). The head is wider and the eyes smaller and farther apart
than in the other species, and the front middle eyes are the smallest.
The head is wider in males (fig. 284) than in females, and the mandibles
larger. It lives under stones and leaves at all seasons and occasionally
on bushes.

[Illustration: FIG. 285. Steatoda corollata.--Back of a small female
enlarged four times.]

$Steatoda corollata.$--This, when full grown, is a little larger than
_marmorata_ and darker , and the legs are shorter and stouter.
The cephalothorax is dark brown, and the legs lighter brown, with dark
rings at the ends of the joints. The abdomen is yellowish at the sides
and has four or five irregular yellow spots, or pairs of spots, along
the middle of a dark brown oval patch which nearly covers the middle of
the back. In young specimens the abdomen is lighter, with several pairs
of dark spots. The eyes are all nearly the same size, the front middle
pair slightly larger and farther forward than the others. It lives under
stones, like the other species.

[Illustration: FIG. 286. Steatoda triangulosa.--Back of female enlarged
four times.]

$Steatoda triangulosa.$--The female is a fifth of an inch to a quarter
of an inch long. The legs are longer and more slender than in the other
species, the first pair twice as long as the body. The cephalothorax is
orange brown, slightly rough in females and with short ridges at the
base of the hairs in males. The front middle eyes are not larger than
the others and are not as far forward as in _borealis_. The legs are
light yellow, with slightly darker rings at the ends of the joints.
There are thickened brown spots at the base of the hairs all over the
body. The abdomen is light yellow, with two irregular brown stripes
partly broken into spots and sometimes connected together (fig. 286).
The palpi of the male are as long as the femur of the second legs and
are small at the end. This spider lives in houses, around window frames
and similar places, like _borealis_. The egg cocoons are white and hang
in the web.

[Illustration: FIG. 287. Asagena americana.--Back of female enlarged
eight times.]

$Asagena americana.$--This resembles Steatoda, but the abdomen is longer
and flatter, and the whole appearance more like some of the Drassidae.
Like Steatoda, it is usually found with its web under stones. It is
about a sixth of an inch long. The cephalothorax is dark reddish brown,
slightly rough in the females and with sharp points along the sides in
the males. The legs are yellow brown and in the males have two rows of
small teeth under each femur. They are stout, as in _Steatoda
marmorata_, and differ little in length. The abdomen is oval and dark
brown in color, with two white spots across the middle (fig. 287). The
front of the head is rounded and a third as wide as the thorax. The eyes
are close together and all about the same size. The males have the
cephalothorax larger and rougher, but in size and color resemble the
females.

[Illustration: FIGS. 288, 289, 290, 291. Latrodectus mactans.--288,
female enlarged twice. 289, under side of abdomen. 290, back of abdomen
of young female, with four red spots. 291, markings of abdomen of male.]

$Latrodectus mactans.$--This is the largest spider of the family. It is
sometimes half an inch long, with the abdomen round and the whole body
black, except a bright red spot underneath and one or more red spots
over the spinnerets and along the middle of the back (figs. 289, 290).
The spots turn yellow or white in alcohol. The cephalothorax is about as
wide as long, and the grooves between the head and thorax are deep. The
lateral eyes are farther apart than usual in this family. The legs of
the male are much larger than those of the female, and each joint is
orange brown in the middle and black at the ends. The abdomen of the
male has a row of red and white spots in the middle line, as some
females do, and across the front end, and along the sides four pairs of
stripes, red in the middle and white at the edges (fig. 291). The young
of both sexes are  somewhat like the male and, when very small,
have very little black on them. The males vary much in size, some being
only a quarter as large as the female. This spider makes its nest among
loose stones, on plants, or in houses. Around its hiding place it spins
a large funnel-shaped tent that widens into a flat or curved sheet of
web, closer in texture toward the tube and more open toward the edges,
spreading two or three feet over plants and stones. It is found all over
the United States, as far north as Massachusetts and New Hampshire and
south through Florida, the West Indies, and South America, as far as
Chile. It is everywhere feared as poisonous and dangerous, probably on
account of its large size and conspicuous colors, as there is no good
reason for considering it more poisonous than other spiders.

[Illustration: FIGS. 292, 293, 294, 295. Argyrodes trigonum.--292, side
of female enlarged eight times, the dotted line showing the abdomen bent
downward. 293, tip of abdomen seen from above. 294, top of
cephalothorax. 295, cephalothorax of male.]

[Illustration: FIG. 296. Web of Argyrodes trigonum between two maple
leaves. In the middle of the web are two egg cocoons and above them the
spider.]

$Argyrodes trigonum.$--A little yellow triangular spider, with a high,
pointed abdomen (fig. 292). Large females measure an eighth of an inch
from the head to the spinnerets and nearly as much from the spinnerets
to the tip of the abdomen. Seen from above, the end of the abdomen is a
little flattened and notched in the middle (fig. 293). In the female the
part of the head around the eyes is slightly raised and the lower part
of the front of the head carried forward a little beyond it (fig. 294).
In the males there are two horns on the head, one between the eyes and
one below them (fig. 295). The color is light yellow, sometimes with a
metallic luster, as though gilded. On the back of the cephalothorax are
three light brown stripes, and sometimes there are dark spots at the
sides of the abdomen and over the spinnerets. The legs are slender,
without markings, the front pair longer than the others. The point of
the abdomen is movable and is sometimes curved downward when the spider
is disturbed in the web, as shown by the dotted line in fig. 292. They
make webs like those of Theridium, between branches of shrubs (fig. 296)
and also among the upper threads of the webs of larger spiders. They
have been found in the webs of Agalena, Theridium, and Linyphia, in the
looser parts, out of reach of the maker of the web. Hanging in the web,
they look like straws or the scales of pine buds that have fallen into
it. The cocoons of eggs hang in the web and have a peculiar shape (fig.
296), the upper part conical and the lower part contracted into a narrow
neck. The species is common in New England and is found all over the
country as far south as Florida.

[Illustration: FIGS. 297, 298, 299. Argyrodes nephilae.--297, female.
298, male. Both enlarged eight times. 299, head of male.]

$Argyrodes nephilae.$--This is about as large as _Argyrodes trigonum_,
with the hump silver white and the under side of the body black or dark
brown (fig. 297). The hump ends in a blunt round point. The front of the
head is more nearly vertical than in _trigonum_, and the upper part
projects forward, carrying with it the front middle eyes. In the male
there are two horns in front of the eyes, the upper one carrying the
middle eyes of both rows (fig. 299). The cephalothorax is black or dark
brown above and below. The abdomen is black on the under side, including
the spinnerets, and there is a black middle stripe extending back to the
tip of the hump. The basal joints of all the legs are white. The third
and fourth legs are light , with a little brown at the ends of
the joints. The second legs are darker, and the first pair are almost
black, except at the ends. The males are  like the females, but
have the abdomen not much larger than the cephalothorax (fig. 298), and
the hump rounded. This is a southern species and is said to live among
the outer threads of webs of large Epeiridae. It does, however, make webs
of its own, and I have seen the adults of both sexes at Charleston,
S.C., in these webs away from any other spiders.

[Illustration: FIGS. 300, 301. Argyrodes fictilium.--300, female
enlarged eight times. 301, top of the cephalothorax.]

$Argyrodes fictilium.$--In this species the pointed hump on the abdomen
is much more elongated than in _trigonum_, in some spiders to eight or
nine times the length of the cephalothorax (fig. 300). The tip is
rounded in young specimens and sharp pointed in the larger ones. The
front of the head is more inclined than that of _trigonum_ (fig. 301).
The colors are light yellow and silvery white, with three darker lines
on the cephalothorax and a faint middle line on the abdomen. The legs
are very slender and long in proportion to the long abdomen. Found
rarely from New England to Alabama.

[Illustration: FIG. 302. Spintharus flavidus, enlarged four times.]

$Spintharus flavidus.$--A sixth to a quarter of an inch long. The
cephalothorax is nearly circular, and the head small and narrow like
that of Argyrodes, with the hinder middle eyes very far apart. The
abdomen is widest across the front third, where it is two thirds as wide
as it is long, and from here it tapers to a blunt point over the
spinnerets (fig. 302). On the back the abdomen is flat and marked with
white stripes each side, and between them a large pattern in black and
red, lighter toward the middle, where there are two or three pairs of
white spots. The legs are slender like those of Argyrodes, the first and
fourth pairs the same length and twice as long as the second pair. The
tibiae of the first and second legs are bright orange color, and the
rest, like the cephalothorax, pale yellow. The male has longer legs and
more slender abdomen. They live on low plants, and the web is unknown.
They have been found from Massachusetts to Alabama.

[Illustration: FIG. 303. Euryopis funebris, enlarged four times.]

$Euryopis funebris.$--A little dark- spider, with a flat abdomen
pointed behind and bordered with a silver-white stripe. It is almost an
eighth of an inch long. The cephalothorax is small and as wide as it is
long, with the sides rounded. The head is half as wide as the thorax, a
little raised and extended forward over the mandibles (fig. 303). The
front middle eyes are largest and are farther apart and farther forward
than the others. The abdomen is flat and nearly as wide in the middle
as it is long, and tapers to a point behind. The general color is black
or dark gray. The cephalothorax is yellowish under the abdomen and black
in front. The abdomen has a bright silvery stripe around the hinder
half, and inside this the color is black, broken by light spots in the
middle. The legs and palpi are light yellow, with dark rings on the ends
of the joints. The fourth legs are longest. It is shaken from bushes in
summer, or from dead leaves on the ground in winter, and its web is
unknown. It is found from the White Mountains to Alabama.

[Illustration: FIG. 304. Theridula sphaerula, enlarged four times.]

$Theridula sphaerula.$--This is a very distinct and easily recognized
species, although it is less than a tenth of an inch long (fig. 304).
The cephalothorax is yellow, with a wide black stripe in the middle. The
abdomen is high and round and wider than it is long; it is yellowish
gray, with a greenish white spot in the middle and a black spot on a
slight elevation at each side. There is also a black spot around the
spinnerets. The legs are light yellow. In the male the light parts of
the cephalothorax and legs are orange color, and the markings of the
abdomen less distinct than in the female. It lives on bushes all over
the country.

[Illustration: FIG. 305. Pholcus phalangioides.--A young female in a
natural position hanging in its web.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 306, 307. Pholcus phalangioides.--306, female and
male natural size, and cephalothorax of female much enlarged. 307,
mandibles of male.]

[Illustration: FIG. 308. Web of Pholcus phalangioides between two
shelves in a cellar.]

$Pholcus phalangioides.$--This is a large pale spider, with legs so long
that it is often confounded with Phalangium, under the nickname of
"daddy longlegs." The body is quarter of an inch long, and the longest
legs two inches. The abdomen is about three times as long as wide and
nearly straight at the sides unless full of eggs. The cephalothorax is
nearly round and flat behind. Around the eyes the head is raised and in
the males separated at the sides from the rest of the head. The middle
pair of eyes are not higher than the tops of the lower lateral eyes. The
mandibles are nearly as high as the front of the head, and in the males
they have a small conical tooth near the base. The color is pale brown,
covered with fine gray hairs, and the whole body and legs are
translucent. The head is a little darker around the eyes, and there is a
large gray patch in the middle of the cephalothorax. The abdomen is
marked only by a translucent middle line over the dorsal vessel. This is
a house spider, common in America and Europe, and probably imported. It
lives in cellars where there is but little light and makes large, loose,
flat webs, horizontal where there is a convenient place, or irregular to
fit into surrounding objects (fig. 308). The spider hangs in the web
with the abdomen directed upward, and when alarmed swings itself around
rapidly so that it can hardly be seen. The egg cocoon is so thin that it
does not conceal the eggs and is carried about in the spider's mandibles
until the young hatch out.

[Illustration: FIGS. 309, 310, 311. Pholcus cornutus.--309, side of
female enlarged four times. 310, back of female. 311, front of mandibles
of male, showing the curved horns.]

$Pholcus cornutus.$--A small species from the southern states, with a
body about a tenth of an inch long and the legs from half to
three-quarters of an inch. The abdomen is humped on the back and short
on the under side, so that seen from the side it is nearly triangular
(fig. 309). The cephalothorax is as wide as long and nearly circular.
The head is small and marked by a shallow groove on each side. In front
it is higher than wide and inclined a little forward toward the
mandibles. The eyes (fig. 310) are raised a little from the head, three
large eyes almost touching each other in a group on each side, and a
small pair between them just above the lower eyes of the larger groups.
The mandibles are three-quarters as high as the head, with a small tooth
on the inner corners and, in the males, a long curved horn projecting
forward near the base of each mandible (fig. 311). The legs are very
slender and transparent, slightly  brown, with darker rings at
the ends of the femur and tibia. There is a dark mark around the eyes
and head, forming behind them a middle line that widens toward the
hinder end of the cephalothorax. The abdomen is gray, marked on the
upper side with three or four pairs of darker spots and behind with
lighter spots, somewhat like _Theridium tepidariorum_.

[Illustration: FIGS. 312, 313. Scytodes thoracica.--312, female enlarged
eight times. 313, Side of cephalothorax.]

$Scytodes thoracica.$--This is a very peculiar spider, probably imported
from Europe, and found in cellars and closets. It is about quarter of an
inch long when full grown. The cephalothorax and abdomen are both round
and nearly of the same size. The cephalothorax is low and narrow in
front and <DW72>s upward to the highest point opposite the third legs
(fig. 313), and from there falls abruptly behind. The eyes are six in
number, in three pairs, the middle pair lowest and the lateral pairs
wide apart at the sides of the head (fig. 312). The front of the head
below the eyes projects forward beyond the mandibles. The legs are
slender and tapering, the tarsus and metatarsus not more than half as
thick as the tibia. The color is pale yellow or white, with black or
gray spots, in a regular pattern on the cephalothorax and abdomen, and
in rings on the legs.

[Illustration: FIGS. 314, 315. Mimetus interfector, enlarged four times,
showing markings of two different individuals.]

$Mimetus interfector.$--This is about the same size and color as
_Theridium tepidariorum_, but it has a round and Epeira-like abdomen and
spiny legs like Epeira or Linyphia. The length is nearly a quarter of an
inch. The cephalothorax is one and a half times as long as wide, widest
behind and narrow in front (fig. 314). The mandibles are long and dark
, except a spot near the base. The cephalothorax is whitish, with
a stripe of brown from the eyes to the dorsal groove. The abdomen is
small, widest in front, like that of _Epeira angulata_, with two
prominent corners. The markings are also like Epeira,--a central stripe,
with dark spots along the edges (figs. 314, 315). The color is gray and
brown in the darker parts. The legs are light yellow, with dark rings at
the ends of the joints. It lives on bushes and occasionally on houses
and fences, where it has been found in webs among those of _Theridium
tepidariorum_.

[Illustration: FIGS. 316, 317. Ero thoracica.--316, back of female
enlarged eight times. 317, side of female.]

$Ero thoracica.$--This spider resembles the young of _Theridium
tepidariorum_, but the colors are brighter, and the hairs longer and
coarser. It is an eighth to a sixth of an inch long. The cephalothorax
is nearly as high in the middle as it is long and <DW72>s at a sharp
angle under the front of the abdomen (fig. 317). The head is lower than
the middle of the thorax, and the front middle eyes project beyond the
mandibles. The abdomen is as high as long and has a pair of humps on the
highest part. The cephalothorax is light yellow, with a dark irregular
stripe on each side and a middle line crossed by a crescent-shaped mark
on the highest part. The abdomen is white, with brown spots of various
shapes. The front half of each hump is dark brown, and a dark line
extends from there down the sides (fig. 316). At the back of the abdomen
are several transverse stripes, which are sometimes reddish. Stiff brown
hairs are scattered all over the abdomen. The legs are ringed with brown
and yellow, and have coarse brown hairs and long spines on the tibia and
tarsus, which is unusual in this family. It is found under stones and in
winter under leaves in woods. It lives also in Europe.




THE LINYPHIADAE


The Linyphiadae consist of a great number of species of small spiders
living, for the most part, in shady woods, among the lower branches of
plants, under leaves, and in caves and cellars. They differ from the
Therididae generally in having the body more elongated, the legs stouter
and with more spines, the mandibles larger and stronger and furnished
with teeth around the claw, and the maxillae straighter and not inclined
inward toward the labium. There are two groups among them,--Linyphia and
its allies, which are comparatively large and some of which live in the
open woods, with large cobwebs, and Erigone and its allies, which are
all very small spiders, living mostly in short grass, dead leaves, and
moss. The latter usually have narrower bodies and stouter legs,
resembling the Drassidae. Their colors are generally plain and dull, and
the females are difficult to distinguish from each other, while the
males often have peculiar modifications of the head and proportionally
very large and complicated palpi.

The webs usually have a large flat sheet, supported by threads above and
below, under which the spider lives. Some species have the sheet of web
curved upward or downward. _Linyphia marginata_ forms a dome-shaped web
four or five inches in diameter.


THE GENUS LINYPHIA

These spiders vary in size like the species of Theridium, from a quarter
of an inch to a tenth of an inch long. In appearance they differ greatly
from Theridium; the cephalothorax is longer and higher in front, the
legs are long and slender, with distinct spines, and the abdomen is
sometimes a little flattened on the back as in Steatoda, but oftener
high in front and a little pointed toward the spinnerets. The sexes
differ little in size, but often in color and markings. The palpal
organs and the terminal joints of the palpi of the males are very large
and complicated, and in the smaller species form the best means of
distinguishing them. There are a great number of minute species of
Microneta, Bathyphantes, and other allied genera, but only the larger
and more common are here described.

[Illustration: FIG. 318. Web of Linyphia marginata. Half the real size.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 319, 320. Linyphia marginata.--319, female enlarged
eight times, showing markings of the back. 320, side of abdomen.]

$Linyphia marginata.$--This is one of the most common web spiders in
shady woods all through the summer. It is a sixth of an inch long, with
slender legs, the longest of which are usually half an inch. The
cephalothorax is two-thirds as wide as long, the middle of it brown and
the edges light. The abdomen is flat on top and widest and thickest
behind, the colors light yellow and purplish brown (fig. 319). In the
middle there is a dark stripe, consisting usually of three parts united
by a narrow line, and behind this is another dark spot. At the sides are
several dark stripes, the front ones lengthwise and the hinder vertical,
all connected with the dark color of the under side. The legs are light
yellow without markings, and the hairs and spines fine and not easily
seen. In the males all the colors are darker and the abdomen narrower,
with only a few light marks at the sides. This spider has no nest, but
lives all the time in the middle of its web. It matures in June, and the
young brood are common in their small webs in August and September.

[Illustration: FIG. 321. Beginning of a web of Linyphia marginata.]

The web of _L. marginata_ (fig. 318) is in the form of a dome four or
five inches in diameter, hung between rocks and plants, seldom much
concealed by leaves. The threads are fine, and the web so transparent
that it easily escapes notice unless the sun shines upon it. The meshes
are larger than in _L. phrygiana_ and other flat web-making species. The
depth and width of the dome depend somewhat on the shape of the opening
in which it is made, and the number and length of the supporting threads
vary according to the surroundings. The spider stands apparently all the
time under the top of the dome. Insects flying near touch the threads
above the dome and, their flight being broken, drop down among closer
threads and, finally, to the dome itself, where they are caught by the
spider and taken through the meshes. Remains of insects and other
rubbish are cut loose from the web and dropped. The webs seem to be used
for a long time, but if they are injured a new one is soon made, either
in the night or day, and the remains of several old webs are often seen
hanging flat and torn below a new one. The dome is begun at the top and
extended downward by inclined threads, an inch or two long, which are
crossed by shorter threads in all directions (fig. 321). The spider
works very rapidly, but I have never seen a dome finished, the spider
always working a few minutes and then resting a long time.

[Illustration: FIG. 322. Web of Linyphia communis between the branches
of a spruce tree. Half the real size.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 323, 324. Linyphia communis.--323, back of female
enlarged eight times. 324, profile of male.]

$Linyphia communis.$--A little smaller than _marginata_, with legs a
little shorter. The colors are the same light yellow and purplish brown,
but the markings are distinctly different. The cephalothorax is uniform
light brownish yellow. The middle stripe of the abdomen extends the
whole length of the upper side and connects with several narrow brown
stripes that extend down the sides (fig. 323). The abdomen is more
regularly oval and less enlarged behind than in _marginata_, but the
upper part extends back farther over the spinnerets. The under side is
dark brown. The male is smaller than the female, with the head higher
and the abdomen narrower. The palpi of the male are unusually small for
the genus (fig. 324). The web of _communis_ (fig. 322) consists of a
horizontal sheet, convex below and supported by threads above. Below
this, about an inch distant, is another sheet of web. Insects flying
between the upper threads fall down to the sheet below and are taken
through by the spider, as they are in the dome of _marginata_.

[Illustration: FIG. 325. Web of young Linyphia mandibulata in short
grass near the ground. About the real size.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 326, 327, 328, 329. Linyphia mandibulata.--326,
markings of abdomen of female enlarged eight times. 327, side of
abdomen. 328, cephalothorax and palpus of male. 329, mandibles of male.]

$Linyphia mandibulata.$--A little larger than _L. communis_ and
_marginata_, with the head longer and more distinct from the thorax, and
the abdomen larger and flattened on the top (figs. 326, 327). The length
is about a sixth of an inch. The cephalothorax is dark orange brown, and
the legs a lighter shade of the same color. The length of the legs is
about as in _communis_, shorter than _marginata_ and _phrygiana_. The
abdomen is dark brown, often almost black, with several white spots,
usually two across the front end and several others around the sides
(fig. 326), sometimes forming a complete light stripe around the middle.
In the males the abdomen is narrow, and the only markings are usually
the two spots on the front end. The cephalothorax of the male is long
and narrow; the head is extended forward, and the mandibles inclined
backward toward the maxillae. The mandibles are more than half as long as
the cephalothorax and widened at the ends, with four teeth on the inner
corner (fig. 329). On the inner side of the mandibles, near the middle,
is a large blunt tooth.

The webs are flat and near the ground, on short grass and leaves and
across little hollows in the sod (fig. 325). The webs are not as large
as those of _phrygiana_, and the spider has no nest, but stands always
in the web and drops suddenly when alarmed. It lives all over the
eastern part of the country and resembles closely the _Linyphia pusilla_
of Europe.

[Illustration: FIGS. 330, 331. Linyphia coccinea.--330, female. 331,
male enlarged twelve times.]

$Linyphia coccinea.$--About a sixth of an inch long and bright red and
orange color. The size and length of legs are about the same as in
_communis_. The legs are light orange, the cephalothorax a deeper shade
of the same color, and the abdomen light red. The palpi have the ends
black, and the legs are sometimes streaked with black. The hinder middle
eyes are twice as large as the others and twice as far apart as the
front middle pair. The space between and around the middle eyes is
black. The top of the abdomen is a little flattened and extended back in
a blunt black point over the spinnerets (fig. 330). The male (fig. 331)
differs little from the female except in the more slender abdomen and
longer legs. The male palpi are as long as those of the female and only
a little thickened at the ends. The blackened point on the end of the
abdomen is less distinct in the male than the female. The web is a
little concave, not as deep as that of _marginata_ and with smaller
meshes. It is made among low plants. This is a common species in the
South.

[Illustration: FIG. 332. Web of Linyphia phrygiana in a barberry bush.
The spider stood under the upper part of the inclined sheet close to the
stem.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 333, 334. Linyphia phrygiana.--333, markings of
abdomen enlarged eight times. 334, palpus of male.]

$Linyphia phrygiana.$--This is one of the most common species and lives
both in the woods and around houses. It is larger than _marginata_ and
_communis_, measuring a fifth of an inch in length. The cephalothorax is
light yellow, with a black line in the middle, forked at the front end,
and another at the sides near the edge of the thorax. The legs are light
yellow, with a dark ring at the end of each joint and at the middle of
each tibia and metatarsus. The legs are also marked with dark spots,
especially on the femora, and the spines are black and conspicuous. The
abdomen is yellowish, with brown spots at the sides and beneath, and
along the middle of the back is a dark brown or red herring-bone stripe
(fig. 333). The head of the male is higher than that of the female and
has a crest of stiff hairs. The male palpi (fig. 334) have a long spur
on the patella and have the end small, like _communis_. The web (fig.
332) is a large flat sheet, sometimes over a foot across. A corner of it
usually runs under a stone or other hiding place, and here the spider
stands, often making a little tent in connection with the web.

[Illustration: FIG. 335. Linyphia trilineata.--Markings of abdomen
enlarged eight times.]

$Linyphia (Stemonyphantes) trilineata.$--About a quarter of an inch
long, with a large oval abdomen and comparatively short legs. The color
is light yellowish gray, the cephalothorax with three dark lines, and
the abdomen with three rows of dark spots partly connected in lines. The
legs are marked with dark rings on the ends and middle of the joints,
more distinctly on the under than on the upper side. The sternum is
light in the middle and black around the edge, and the abdomen has
irregular black spots at the sides and beneath. The male has longer legs
and wider thorax and smaller abdomen. It lives under stones and logs and
winters under leaves in the woods. It is common both in this country and
Europe.

[Illustration: FIGS. 336, 337, 338. Linyphia nebulosa.--336, male. 337,
female enlarged twelve times. 338, markings of back of abdomen.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 339, 340, 341. Linyphia nebulosa.--339, palpus of
male. 340, epigynum from below. 341, epigynum from the right side.]

$Linyphia (Bathyphantes) nebulosa.$--Length a sixth of an inch. Color
light brownish yellow, with gray markings (fig. 338). Some are almost
white, and others are dark, with the black spots covering a large part
of the body. The cephalothorax is dark on the edges and has a dark
middle stripe, forked toward the eyes. The abdomen has six or seven
pairs of irregular dark spots, more or less connected with a dark middle
line. The under side of abdomen and sternum have black spots which, in
dark individuals, run together, making these parts entirely black. The
legs have dark rings on the ends and middle of the femora and tibiae.
The spines are long and darker than the skin. The epigynum is folded
twice, so that only part of it is seen extending out from the under side
of the abdomen (figs. 340, 341). The palpus of the male (fig. 339) has
large and complicated appendages at the end. In general shape it is
rounder than in the next species, and the angle at the base of the
tarsus is less prominent. This spider is common in cellars and other
damp and shady places about houses. It is common in Europe and is
perhaps imported. The web is flat, like that of _L. phrygiana_, and
often large for the size of the spider, sometimes covering a pail or box
a foot wide.

[Illustration: FIGS. 342, 343, 344. Linyphia minuta.--342, side of
abdomen of female. 343, epigynum. 344, end of palpus of male.]

$Linyphia (Bathyphantes) minuta.$--One-eighth of an inch long, a little
smaller than _nebulosa_. The cephalothorax is yellowish brown, darker at
the edges, but without any middle line. The dark markings of the abdomen
nearly cover it, so that it appears dark gray with light markings
instead of light with dark markings, as in _nebulosa_. The legs are
light brownish yellow, with dark rings on the ends and middle of the
femora and tibiae. The epigynum is folded twice, as in _nebulosa_ (fig.
343). The male palpi (fig. 344) have a general resemblance to those of
_nebulosa_, but there are some distinct differences. The tarsal hook is
very large and has a longer and narrower point than _nebulosa_. The
tarsus has on the outer side near the base a conical point roughened
with short ridges. This is more prominent in this species than in
_nebulosa_. It lives in cellars and similar places often in company with
_nebulosa_.

[Illustration: FIGS. 345, 346, 347. Linyphia socialis.--345, markings of
back of abdomen enlarged eight times. 346, side of female. 347, front of
female showing eyes, mandibles, and palpi.]

$Linyphia (Drapetisca) socialis.$--This very distinct species is marked
with gray and white and is often found on the bark of trees without any
web. It is a tenth to an eighth of an inch in length. The cephalothorax
is white with black edges, a black spot in front under the eyes, and a
black mark in the middle, from which indistinct lines radiate toward the
edge. The abdomen is widest just behind the middle (fig. 345). It is
white, mottled with gray, and has a black stripe on each side and
several pairs of black spots in the middle, connected with a middle
line. The legs are white, with a gray ring at the end and middle of each
joint. The spines are long on the legs and palpi (fig. 347). The
mandibles have an oblique dark stripe and several long hairs in front
and a row of teeth in front of the claw. The epigynum (fig. 346) is
large and extends obliquely backward away from the abdomen and curves
inward again at the end. It lives all over the northern part of this
country and Europe, under leaves and sometimes on trees, where it is
occasionally found on the bark without any web.

[Illustration: FIGS. 348, 349, 350. Linyphia insignis.--348, female
enlarged twelve times. 349, side of abdomen of female. 350, epigynum.]

$Linyphia (Helophora) insignis.$--An eighth of an inch long, as long as
_socialis_, but more slender. The cephalothorax and legs are light
yellow, and the abdomen gray or white, sometimes without markings and
sometimes with gray stripes at the sides and two or three pairs of gray
marks across the hinder half (fig. 348). The cephalothorax of the male
is twice as wide across the middle as at the head. The legs are without
markings. The epigynum (fig. 350) is long and straight, extending
backward close to the abdomen for half its length. The tibia of the
palpal organ has a short, pointed process, extending directly outward
from the side (fig. 348). They live in flat webs among low plants.

[Illustration: FIGS. 351, 352, 353. Linyphia concolor.--351, end of
palpus of male. 352, side of epigynum. 353, epigynum from below.]

$Linyphia (Diplostyla) concolor.$--About a twelfth of an inch long, a
little smaller than _nigrina_, with long slender legs, and the abdomen
slightly pointed toward the spinnerets and not much larger than the
cephalothorax. The color is light yellow brown, the abdomen gray without
any markings. The epigynum (figs. 352, 353) has a long, slender,
flexible process on the outer edge that extends backward to the middle
of the abdomen, and under it is another shorter one not easily seen. The
tarsus of the male palpus (fig. 351) is longer and more tapering than
that of _nigrina_. Adults of both sexes are common under leaves in
winter all over the northern part of the country.

[Illustration: FIGS. 354, 355, 356, 357, 358. Linyphia nigrina.--354,
side of male. 355, markings of back of female. 356, end of palpus of
male. 357, 358, epigynum.]

$Linyphia (Diplostyla) nigrina.$--A tenth of an inch long. Cephalothorax
and legs light yellow brown. Abdomen dark gray or black, with five or
six transverse light markings, usually in the male and often in the
female broken into pairs of spots (fig. 355). The abdomen is high in
front and a little pointed behind (fig. 354). The epigynum (figs. 356,
357) has two flexible processes, one over the other, extending backward,
the tip of the inner one extending beyond the outer. The tarsus of the
male palpus (fig. 356) is short and truncated, with its tube twisted in
a circle around the end. It lives under leaves in winter.


THE GENUS ERIGONE

[Illustration: FIG. 359. Web of Erigone dentigera among stems of grass
close to the ground. About the real size.]

The Erigones are all very small spiders, and for this reason few of them
will be described. They live, for the most part, near the ground in
grass, moss, and dead leaves, with small webs like those of Linyphia,
and are seldom seen unless carefully searched for. There is one season
of the year, however, when the Erigones appear in immense numbers. This
is during the fine weather that comes after the first frosts in October
and November, when they, in company with the young of many larger kinds
of spiders, come to the tops of posts and fences and, turning their
spinnerets upward, allow threads to be drawn out by ascending currents
of air, until sometimes the spiders are lifted off their feet and
carried long distances. Though not so easily seen, the same performance
is going on at the tops of grass and bushes, and at times the whole
country is covered with threads of silk, and the threads in the air
tangle together into flakes, which at length fall, sometimes from great
heights. This appearance is called in England "gossamer" and in Germany
the "flying summer" and the "old woman's summer." Why the spiders spin
the thread and what use it is to them to be blown about are unknown. At
the time of the autumn flights great numbers of these spiders may be
seen on fences and doorsteps in city streets wherever there is a
neighboring park or grass plat, and the spiders probably live the rest
of the year among this grass near the ground.

[Illustration: FIG. 360. Erigone dentigera trying to fly. Enlarged eight
times. From a photograph on Boston Common.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 361, 362, 363, 364, 365. Erigone dentigera.--361,
side of male. 362, back of cephalothorax of male enlarged sixteen times.
363, female. 364, mandible of male. 365, maxilla of male.]

$Erigone longipalpis$ and $dentigera.$--These spiders are a tenth of an
inch to a twentieth of an inch long and generally dark brown in color,
with the cephalothorax smooth and shining. In some, especially the
larger males, the cephalothorax is bright orange and the legs partly of
the same color. The females vary considerably in size, but are otherwise
much alike. The peculiarities are in the males. The head is about half
the length of the cephalothorax and abruptly raised and rounded on the
top (fig. 361). Along the sides of the thorax are small pointed teeth of
various sizes in a single irregular row (fig. 362). The mandibles are
very much thickened in the middle and have a row of teeth on the front
outer side (fig. 364). The palpi of the males are sometimes as long as
the whole body and of a complicated shape. The femur is curved upward
and forward and has a row of little teeth on the under side. The patella
and tibia are together about as long as the femur. The patella has at
the end a straight tooth directed downward with a short point (fig.
361). The tibia is widened at the end, where it spreads around the base
of the tarsus. The maxillae are much thickened and the bases of the palpi
spread wide apart (fig. 365). The palpi are usually carried doubled up
in front of the head, with the curved ends of the femora just below the
eyes and the palpal organs over the ends of the mandibles. The legs of
Erigone are only moderately long, and they walk easily, like the small
Drassidae. They move slowly and are not easily frightened, so that at the
time of flying they can be closely watched.

[Illustration: FIGS. 366, 367. Erigone autumnalis.--366, under side of
cephalothorax of male. 367, palpus of male.]

$Erigone autumnalis.$--This is one of the few species of Erigone that
can be distinctly separated from the others. It lives in the same places
and is found with _longipalpis_ in the autumn flights. It is only a
twentieth of an inch long, but can be distinguished by its light color
and bright yellow head. The palpi of the males have the tibia shorter
than the patella and the tooth on the patella turned more forward than
in _longipalpis_, with a longer and sharper point tapering from the base
to the tip (fig. 367).

[Illustration: FIGS. 368, 369, 370. Ceratinella laetabilis.--368, outline
of side of female enlarged sixteen times. 369, 370, end of male palpus.]

$Ceratinella laetabilis.$--This is about the same size as _fissiceps_,--a
sixteenth of an inch long,--but much darker , and the males do
not have horns or humps on the head. The cephalothorax and sternum are
dark brown, and the legs dark orange. The thickened circle on the
abdomen (fig. 368) is dark orange brown and the thinner parts gray. In
the female the thick circle is usually wanting and the whole abdomen
dark gray, with lighter spots around the muscular marks. There are also
hardened spots around the stem of the abdomen and under the spinnerets
in both sexes. The head is slightly elevated behind the eyes, a little
more in the male than in the female. The male palpi (figs. 369, 370)
are shorter and stouter than those of _fissiceps_. It lives in dead
leaves and moss, sometimes under stones, and is sometimes found flying
in the autumn.

[Illustration: FIGS. 371, 372, 373. Ceratinella fissiceps.--371,
varieties in the form of the head. 372, 373, palpus of male.]

$Ceratinella fissiceps.$--These little spiders are among the smallest
species, measuring only a sixteenth of an inch in length. The
cephalothorax and abdomen are short and round, and the abdomen has a
round thickened spot on the back, more deeply orange  than the
part around it. The head is black around the eyes, and a black line
extends backward half the length of the cephalothorax. The head of the
male extends forward over the mandibles, carrying with it the front
middle eyes, and above it is a rounded hump with the hind middle eyes.
The pairs of lateral eyes are opposite the crease between the humps
(figs. 371). The female has at the same point a slight crease across the
head and an elevation before and behind it. They are very common on low
bushes in summer and under leaves in winter, and are occasionally seen
in the autumn flights.

[Illustration: FIGS. 374, 375, 376. Cornicularia directa.--374, male
enlarged sixteen times. 375, head of male showing the double horn. 376,
head of male from above.]

$Cornicularia directa.$--The males and females are of the same size and
about a twelfth of an inch long. The cephalothorax is brown, varying in
different individuals. The abdomen is gray, with the muscular spots
lighter than the rest. The cephalothorax is long, narrowing gradually
toward the head. In the males there is a slender horn extending forward
between the eyes, a little thickened at the end and covered on the upper
side with stiff hairs in rows (fig. 376). Under this horn is a smaller
one about half as long and close against it (fig. 375). In females the
horns are absent, but the shape of the head and arrangement of the eyes
are the same, except that the eyes are closer together. There are
several other species of Cornicularia, some with similar horns and
others with single horns on the heads of the males. They are found under
leaves in winter, on plants and fences, and among the flying spiders in
autumn.

[Illustration: FIGS. 377, 378. Ceratinopsis interpres.--377, head of
male. 378, end of palpus of male.]

$Ceratinopsis interpres.$--Length about a tenth of an inch. Color bright
orange, with a little black around the eyes and the spinnerets. In the
female the height of the head equals the length of the mandibles, and in
males it is greater. The size of the sexes is about the same. The upper
middle eyes are a little larger and farther apart than the front middle
pair, and between them is a flattened space covered with stiff black
hairs, longer in the male than in the female (fig. 377). The male palpi
have the femur as thick as the femur of the first leg and the tibia very
short and wide, with a little recurved point on the front edge. They
live on low bushes in summer and under leaves in winter.




THE EPEIRIDAE


The Epeiridae are the makers of the familiar round cobwebs. Like the
Therididae and the Linyphiadae, they live always in their webs or nests
back downward or, when in the round web, head downward. The
cephalothorax is generally short, as in Therididae, and low and wide in
front, with the eyes near the front edge, the lateral pairs close
together and farther from the middle eyes than the latter are from each
other. The mandibles are large and strong. The maxillae are short, often
as short as wide, and parallel or a little divergent and rounded at the
ends, never pointed or turned inward. The labium is shorter than wide
and rounded or slightly pointed at the end. The legs are usually long
and, more commonly than in the other cobweb spiders, stout and furnished
with spines.

Most of the common species belong to the genus Epeira and its allies,
having rounded abdomens and stout legs, some of them with humps and
spines and peculiar angular forms of the abdomen. The colors are often
bright, and those of the abdomen arranged in a triangular or leaf-shaped
pattern. In Meta (p. 190) and Argyroepeira (p. 191) the abdomen is
more elongated and the form and marking more like Linyphia. In
Tetragnatha (p. 201) the whole body is long and slender, the abdomen
several times as long as the cephalothorax, and the maxillae and
mandibles, especially in the males, much elongated. The colors are more
uniform and the markings faint, usually light gray, yellow, or green,
like the plants among which they live. The round webs of the Epeiridae
consist of a number of radiating lines, varying in different species
from a dozen to seventy, crossed by two spirals,--an inner spiral that
begins in the center and winds outward, and an outer spiral that begins
at the edge of the web and winds inward. The inner spiral is made of
smooth thread like the rays, and dust will not stick to it. The outer
spiral is made of more elastic and sticky thread, which, when it is
fresh, is covered with fine drops of a sticky liquid. In the finished
web (figs. 379, 380) the outer spiral covers three-quarters or more of
the diameter and the inner spiral a quarter or less, but in the
unfinished web (fig. 381), before the sticky thread is put in, the inner
spiral covers nearly the whole of it and is cut out, piece by piece, to
make room for the outer spiral.

[Illustration: FIG. 379. Web of Epeira strix covered with dew hanging
between the rails of a fence. One-third the real size.]

[Illustration: FIG. 380. Finished web of Epeira sclopetaria with
unusually small number of rays. The spider hangs in the center, head
downward, in its customary position. The lower half of the web is wider
than the upper half, as it usually is. The cross threads with triangles
at the ends are caused by two or more threads sticking together in the
middle.]


In beginning a web, after the radiating threads are finished, the spider
fastens them more firmly at the center and corrects the distances
between them by several short, irregular threads (fig. 379) and then
begins the inner spiral with the turns, at first close together and then
widening, in some species gradually, in others suddenly, until they are
as far apart as the spider can reach with the spinnerets on one and the
front feet on the next, and so goes on nearly to the outside of the web,
where it stops abruptly (fig. 381). The spider usually rests a moment
and then begins, sometimes at another part of the web, the outer sticky
spiral. In the outermost parts of the web it usually forms several loops
(fig. 381, _b_ to _f_), filling in the corners until it approaches the
inner spiral and finds room to pass completely around the web. As soon
as the inner spiral is found in the way a part of it is cut out, and by
the time the outer spiral is finished the inner is reduced to the small
and close portion near the center.

[Illustration: FIG. 381. Unfinished web of Epeira sclopetaria showing
the completed inner spiral ending at _a_. The outer spiral began at _b_,
went to _c_, and returned to _d_; turned and went to _e_, and then to
_f_; and from there nearly around the web to _g_. From _g_ it returned
to the lower part of the web and made loops at _i_ and _j_, and then
started around the web until it was stopped at _k_.]

While the temporary spirals are made as far apart as possible, the
threads of the outer spiral are placed as close together as they can be
without danger of their sticking to each other, and usually a little
closer together toward the center of the web than they are at the
outside. In fastening this thread to the rays of the web the spider
first feels for the last thread with the first and second feet, and,
having found it, turns the body slightly around and grasps the ray with
the nearest foot of the fourth pair at a short distance from the point
where the last thread crosses. After taking hold of the ray with the
fourth foot, the spider turns down the abdomen so as to place the
spinnerets against the ray and fastens the thread to it, at the same
time holding the thread off with the other fourth foot to prevent its
sticking to anything around it. The whole making of the web seems to be
done entirely by feeling and is done as well in the dark as in daylight.

When the spider is active and the food supply good, a fresh web is made
every day, the old one being torn down and thrown away. In tearing down
a web (fig. 382) the spider walks out from the center on one of the rays
and gathers in what web he can reach with the front feet, chews it into
a ball, and drops it; then, having put in new rays in the cleared space,
he goes to another part of the web and tears down another piece.

The variations between the webs of different species are chiefly in the
central portion. In the webs of _hortorum_ (p. 191), _gibberosa_ (p.
177), and _placida_ (p. 178), which spend most of their time in the web,
the close part of the inner spiral is very large, circular, and finely
finished, usually showing no trace of the wide temporary spirals. The
number of rays is very large, and there is a wide clear space between
the inner and outer spirals. In Argiope the inner spiral is very large
and widens gradually until it almost touches the outer spiral. It has a
closely woven mat in the center and two zigzag bands of white silk
extending up and down.

The webs of Tetragnatha, Meta, and Acrosoma have a hole in the middle,
the irregular center being entirely removed. _Insularis_ and _trifolium_
live always in tent-shaped nests, with a thread, or several threads,
leading to the center of the web. _Globosa_, _labyrinthea_, and Zilla
have a similar thread from nest to web, and leave open a segment of the
web through which it passes.

[Illustration: FIG. 382. Epeira sclopetaria tearing down an old web and
beginning a new one. Five new rays have been made and a quarter of the
old web remains at the right.]

Insects flying through the web strike the sticky threads and, trying to
free themselves, fall against others. The spider at the center of the
web feels the movements of the insect and goes toward it by the nearest
ray and, drawing out silk from the spinnerets, throws it around the
insect until it is tied fast. Adult male Epeiridae are seldom seen in
webs of their own, but some of them do occasionally make webs. The male
_E. sclopetaria_, for instance, sometimes makes a web nearly as large as
that of the female and stands in it waiting for insects to be caught.

[Illustration: FIGS. 383, 384, 385.--383, Epeira sclopetaria. 384,
Epeira patagiata. 385, Epeira strix.]

$The Three House Epeiras: E. sclopetaria, patagiata,$ and
$strix.$--These are the round-web spiders most commonly found about
houses, barns, and fences. They are all about the same size, a third of
an inch in length, and of various shades of brown, with a distinct
scalloped middle stripe on the abdomen. _Sclopetaria_ (fig. 383) has the
middle stripe broken at the edges just in front of the middle of each
side, so as to form two separate figures, one covering the front and the
other the hinder half of the abdomen. In _patagiata_ (fig. 384) and
_strix_ the edges of the stripe are usually entire for their whole
length. In _strix_ (fig. 385) the middle stripe is narrower than in the
others and usually lighter in color. The color of _sclopetaria_ inclines
to black, with the light marks yellow. _Patagiata_ is oftener reddish
brown, especially in alcohol, and the middle stripe is often dark and
uniform in color, less broken by spots and transverse marks than in the
others. The front legs of _sclopetaria_ are longer than those of the
other species, and the front legs of _strix_ shorter and stouter. The
cephalothorax of _strix_ is more plainly marked than the others, with
three longitudinal stripes. There is not much difference in the markings
of the under side. The epigynum has two hard brown prominences at each
side, with a soft finger-like appendage between. In _sclopetaria_ and
_strix_ this finger is slender and tapers slightly toward the end. In
_patagiata_ it is wide at the end and flattened. In the palpi of the
males there is a similar difference. Those of _sclopetaria_ and _strix_
are much alike, but that of _patagiata_ has the forked hook at the base
much thicker and more curved. _Patagiata_ is a northern species, common
in Canada and found occasionally as far south as Massachusetts and New
York. It is also common in the north of Europe. _Sclopetaria_ is also a
European species, and is seldom found far from houses. It is more common
north, but has been found as far south as Norfolk, Va. _Strix_ is common
all over the country, both around houses and in bushes.

The webs of these spiders have usually from twelve to twenty rays, and
the inner spiral is small and carelessly finished (figs. 379, 380). The
webs are made usually at nightfall, very young individuals beginning to
spin soon after sunset, and larger ones beginning later, those that are
full grown often waiting until dark, but some of them will occasionally
spin their webs at any time of day. They stand in the web during the
night, but seldom during the daytime, going then to their usual nests or
hiding places, sometimes, especially with _Epeira strix_, a long
distance from the web. As a rule, they have no special thread by which
to enter or leave the web, but use any one of the rays which may be
convenient, always injuring the web more or less; but occasionally, if
_Epeira sclopetaria_ has a nest in a convenient situation, he will make
the web near it and have a thread direct from the nest to the center of
the web, as is the usual habit in some other species. The eggs of
_sclopetaria_ are laid in the early summer in large, round, white
cocoons (fig. 386), fastened in sheltered places on the walls of houses
and covered with a loose mass of silk threads.

[Illustration: FIG. 386. Egg cocoon of Epeira sclopetaria under the edge
of a clapboard. Natural size.]

$The Angulate Epeiras.$--_E. angulata_ (fig. 389), _silvatica_ (fig.
390), _nordmanni_ (fig. 387), _cinerea_ (fig. 391), and _corticaria_
(fig. 392) all have the humps on the front of the abdomen, and in young
spiders this is the widest part. _Angulata_, _silvatica_, and _cinerea_
grow to a large size. _Cinerea_ is light  and lives in great
numbers about houses and barns in northern New England. _Angulata_ and
_silvatica_ are found among trees and are dark  like bark.
_Angulata_ has a yellow stripe on the sternum and yellow spots under
the abdomen between the spinnerets and epigynum. _Silvatica_ has the
sternum and under side of the abdomen brown, without any distinct
markings. The male _angulata_ has the thickened tibia of the second leg
nearly as long as the tibia of the first leg. The male _silvatica_ has
the second tibia less thickened and a fourth shorter than the first
tibia. The male _angulata_ has a pair of long spines under the coxae of
the second legs, but in _silvatica_ these spines are so small as to be
hardly visible. _E. nordmanni_ is a smaller species, about as large as
_sclopetaria_ and _strix_, with light gray colors and generally distinct
marking both above and below. _E. corticaria_ is not more than half as
large as _silvatica_ and might be mistaken for the young of that
species, but the colors are lighter and the rings on the legs narrower
and more numerous. The epigynum of _corticaria_ is nearly as large as
that of _silvatica_, and the middle appendage is often wanting as if
broken off.

[Illustration: FIGS. 387, 388. Epeira nordmanni.--Upper and under
markings of female enlarged twice.]

$Epeira nordmanni.$--This is a little smaller and a little longer legged
than _cinerea_ and _angulata_. The abdomen is longer than in those
species and has two similar humps in front (fig. 387). The female is not
more than half an inch long. The colors are white and gray or black. The
cephalothorax is light gray, darkest at the sides, but without stripes.
The legs have a dark ring at the ends and a lighter one in the middle of
each joint. The abdomen has a distinct middle stripe on the hinder half.
In front there is an indistinct dark area extending to the top of the
humps and, in the middle, inclosing a bright, long, white spot, with a
round spot on each side sometimes united with it. The sternum is dark
brown, without any stripe. The under side of the abdomen has a middle
dark area in which are four yellow spots, two just behind the
respiratory openings and two farther back, halfway to the spinnerets.

[Illustration: FIGS. 389, 390.--389, Epeira angulata. 390, Epeira
silvatica. Both enlarged twice.]

$Epeira angulata$ and $silvatica.$--These spiders, which are perhaps
varieties of the same species, live usually among large trees and grow
to over half an inch in length. The abdomen has two slight humps on the
front. The colors are dark, like the bark of trees. The cephalothorax is
dark brown, with traces of darker lines in the middle and at its sides.
The legs are brown, with darker rings at the ends of the joints and less
distinct rings in the middle. The abdomen has a bright yellow spot in
front. The middle stripe is darker brown than the rest and has a
scalloped edge marked by a dark and light line, which may be entire or
broken into lines of spots. The under side of the abdomen is black or
brown, with sometimes several yellow spots. The sternum is uniform brown
in _silvatica_ and has a yellow middle stripe in _angulata_. The males
are  like the females and are about half as large, with the legs
longer, especially the front pairs. The tibia of the second legs is
twice as thick as that of the first pair, a little bent, with the spines
stouter and more numerous than in the female. In the male of the
_angulata_ variety the tibia of the second pair is nearly as long as
that of the first, but in _silvatica_ it is distinctly shorter. On the
under side of the coxae of the second legs is a conical spine, which is
longest in the _angulata_ variety. The epigynum is small for so large a
spider and has a long slender finger in the middle. These spiders are
found singly or in small numbers, usually in the woods, sometimes in
webs hung between trees high above the ground.

[Illustration: FIG. 391. Epeira cinerea.--Back of female enlarged
twice.]

$Epeira cinerea.$--This large spider is common in the northern part of
New England, from Maine to New York, where it lives in great numbers
about barns and houses. It grows to three-quarters of an inch in length,
with the abdomen proportionally larger than _angulata_ and with two
small humps on the front part (fig. 391). The color is dirty white, with
grayish markings and long white hairs scattered all over the body. The
cephalothorax is a little darkened at the sides, but has no distinct
stripes. The legs have gray rings at the ends and middle of each joint,
which are hardly visible in some individuals and almost black in others.
The markings are like those of _angulata_, but paler and often
indistinct. The sternum is brown, and the under side of the abdomen has
a central dark stripe bordered by curved yellow markings. The epigynum
is small, as in _angulata_, but the finger is flattened and turned up at
the end. The male is  like the female, with the hairs on the legs
coarser and darker. The tibia of the second legs of the male is not
thickened or modified as it is in _angulata_. The webs resemble those of
_E. sclopetaria_, and the spider has similar habits, standing in the web
at night and usually leaving it in the daytime; and it has no special
thread from the web to the nest.

[Illustration: FIG. 392. Epeira corticaria.--Back of female enlarged
eight times.]

$Epeira corticaria.$--This is a small species about quarter of an inch
in length, with the abdomen angular in front, where it is as wide as
long (fig. 392). The colors are generally lighter and brighter than in
_angulata_ or _silvatica_. The cephalothorax has the cephalic part brown
and the sides pale. The legs are marked with broken brown rings at the
ends and middle of each joint. The abdomen is brown of various shades,
with light markings on the front part that are often bright red or
yellow. There is a narrow light line across the abdomen from the middle
to each hump and around the outer side of it. In front of these light
lines the abdomen is generally darker, except a light spot, sometimes
cross shaped, in the middle. The hinder half of the abdomen has
sometimes an indistinct middle stripe. The under side of the abdomen has
the usual middle dark area, with a curved yellow mark each side of it.
The finger of the epigynum is usually absent, as if broken off.

[Illustration: FIGS. 393, 394, 395. Epeira trivittata, enlarged four
times.--393, female. 394, male. 395, markings of under side of abdomen.]

$Epeira trivittata$ and $domiciliorum.$--These spiders, which may be
considered varieties of one species, are among the most common Epeiridae,
at least in the northern part of the country, the smaller variety,
_trivittata_, quarter of an inch long, living in small bushes and marsh
grass, and the larger variety in trees and fences. The abdomen is only
a little longer than wide and is proportionally smaller than in
_insularis_ and _thaddeus_. The legs are long and slender, the first
pair being nearly twice as long as the body. The color is most commonly
light yellow, with brown markings. Sometimes the abdomen is thickly
spotted with red, especially toward the latter part of the summer, and
_domiciliorum_ has usually gray and even black markings. The
cephalothorax has three dark stripes not very sharply defined, and the
legs have brown or gray rings at the ends of the joints. The back of the
abdomen has a row of light spots in the middle, sometimes united into a
stripe, and on each side of this a row of dark spots nearly surrounded
by lighter color. The sternum is bright yellow in the middle, and the
under side of the abdomen has a dark center and two or three pairs of
yellow spots.

The males are usually smaller than the females, but resemble them in
color and markings. On the under side of each femur is a single row of
long spines. The tibia of the second legs is curved more in the small
than in the large variety and has a row of strong spines on the inner
side.

The webs are made usually just before dark, and the spider stands in
them more in the night than during the daytime. Sometimes they make a
thread from the center of the web to the nest, but this is not a regular
habit, as it is with _insularis_ (fig. 397).

Very young spiders make proportionally larger nests, often on the ends
of grasses, where their round webs are destroyed every day by the wind.
Some of them mature as early as June, and others, especially of the
_domiciliorum_ variety, as late as August.

[Illustration: FIG. 396. Epeira pratensis, enlarged four times.]

$Epeira pratensis.$--This is the same size and color as _Epeira
trivittata_, and lives, like that species, in grass and low bushes. The
cephalothorax and abdomen are both slightly longer than in _trivittata_,
and the color is more uniform. The cephalothorax is dull yellow, with a
middle and two lateral stripes, but these are often absent in light
specimens. The legs are  like the cephalothorax, sometimes a
little darker at the ends of the joints. The abdomen has a middle dark
stripe, at the sides of which are two narrow bright yellow lines, which
are sometimes bordered with red. Outside of the middle stripes are six
pairs of black spots partly surrounded by yellow. On the under side the
sternum has a yellow stripe in the middle, and the abdomen two curved
yellow marks, which may be broken into spots. In the male the body is
longer and narrower than in the female and longer than the male
_trivittata_, and the tibiae of the second legs are a little thickened
and curved as in _trivittata_.

[Illustration: FIG. 397. Web of Epeira insularis, with nest above
covered with leaves and several threads leading from the nest to the
center of the web. One-third the real size.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 398, 399. Epeira insularis, enlarged twice.--398,
female. 399, male.]

[Illustration: FIG. 400. Web of young Epeira insularis, showing the nest
above and the straight thread leading from the nest to the center of the
web. Half the real size.]

$Epeira insularis$ or $marmorea.$--The adult females are half to
three-quarters of an inch long, the abdomen large and oval, and bright
yellow or orange color, with brown or purple markings (fig. 398). The
cephalothorax is dull yellow, with slightly darker lines in the middle
and at the sides. The femur and patella of all the legs are bright
orange, darker toward the ends. The other joints are white, with brown
ends. The light parts of the abdomen are bright yellow marked with
brown. In the middle is a narrow deeply scalloped stripe, bordered by a
wide yellow line, outside of which are oblique yellow and brown
markings. In the middle of the stripe is a row of light spots, each
connected at the sides with two others, smaller and round, forming a
large figure at the anterior end. On the under side the sternum is brown
and bright yellow in the middle. The abdomen is dark brown, with two
semi-circular yellow spots. The males (fig. 399) are about half as long
as the females. The tibiae of the second legs are thickened, and the
spines on the inner side short and stout. The coxae of the second legs
have a conical spine near the base. This spider lives in bushes three or
four feet high. It makes a tent of leaves (fig. 397), in which it
usually stands out of sight, holding a thread which leads to the center
of the nest. Young spiders make larger tents in proportion to their size
and make them entirely of silk (fig. 400). In Massachusetts and
Connecticut it matures about the first of September. It is found all
over the country, and is probably a variety of the European _Epeira
marmorea_.

[Illustration: FIGS. 401, 401 _a_. Epeira thaddeus, enlarged four
times.]

$Epeira thaddeus.$--A small species resembling the young of _insularis_,
but with less distinct markings on the back. Full-grown females are
about quarter of an inch in length, with the abdomen large and round
(fig. 401). The colors are orange and light yellow like _insularis_. The
two front pairs of legs have the femur, patella, and tibia orange,
darker toward the ends. The third and fourth legs have the femur and
patella orange. The other joints are white, with dark rings at the ends.
The tibia of the fourth pair has a wide dark ring at the end. The
abdomen is white or light yellow on the upper side, and brown
underneath, the edge of the dark color coming far enough up to be seen
from above, around the sides and front (fig. 401). Under the middle of
the abdomen is a yellow spot just behind the epigynum (fig. 401 _a_). In
some individuals there is a trace of markings on the hinder part of the
abdomen, and the under side is sometimes light, so that there is a dark
ring around the middle of the abdomen. This spider makes a tent near the
web and lives in it like _insularis_.

[Illustration: FIG. 402. Epeira trifolium in its nest in a plant of
golden-rod. Natural size.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 403, 404. Epeira trifolium, enlarged twice.--403,
female. 404, male.]

$Epeira trifolium.$--This is one of the largest species of the family,
measuring from half to three-quarters of an inch long, with a large
round abdomen, usually of a purplish brown color, and legs strongly
marked with black rings (fig. 403). The cephalothorax is white, with
three wide black stripes. The legs are white, with a black ring at the
end of each joint and in the middle of the fourth femur. The back of the
abdomen varies in color from dark purplish brown to light gray or white,
or sometimes light yellow, and the same individual will change from
light color to dark. The usual markings are four white spots and a
middle row of smaller spots, with several oblique rows still smaller.
All trace of the usual middle stripe is wanting except in very young
individuals. The under side of the abdomen is dark brown, and the usual
semicircular yellow marks are absent except in the young. The males
(fig. 404) are not more than half as long as the females and slender and
light . The markings are like those of the female, but less
distinct. The tibiae of the second legs are not thickened or modified in
shape as they are in the male _insularis_. _Trifolium_ makes a large web
in bushes, but seldom stands in it. It has near by a tent above the web
(fig. 402) made of leaves, drawn together and lined with silk, connected
with the center of the web by a strong thread, and it usually remains in
this tent with one foot on the thread, so that it feels when anything is
caught. The spiders mature in September, when the males may sometimes be
seen about the nests of the females. In October they lay their eggs and
all die before winter.

[Illustration: FIG. 405. Epeira displicata, enlarged four times.]

$Epeira displicata.$--Large females are quarter of an inch long, but
they are usually smaller. The cephalothorax and legs are brownish
yellow, without markings. The abdomen is oval and light yellow or
crimson, the latter color more common in the young. Sometimes there are
two white lines in the middle. At the sides of the hinder half of the
abdomen are three pairs of round black spots surrounded by lighter rings
(fig. 405). The under side of the abdomen is a little darker than the
upper side, with no distinct markings.

The male has the legs and cephalothorax darker brown than the female,
and the black spots on the abdomen larger and surrounded more distinctly
with white, which sometimes forms a stripe on each side. The tibiae of
the second legs are not thickened. The webs are usually small and among
leaves.

[Illustration: FIG. 406. Web of Epeira globosa in the corner of a
doorway, showing the large tent at the top, from which a coarse thread
runs to the center of the round web.]

$Epeira globosa$ or $triaranea.$--Length about a quarter of an inch, the
male a third smaller. The abdomen is round and as wide as long, and in
the female large for the size of the spider. The front half of the
abdomen is nearly covered by four white, yellow, or pink spots, partly
united into a rectangular figure surrounded by an irregular black line
(fig. 407). The hinder half has three or four pairs of black spots. The
general color is light brownish yellow. The cephalothorax has a fine
middle line from the eyes to the dorsal groove and indistinct dark marks
at the sides of the head. The first and second legs have slightly darker
rings at the end and middle of each joint, the third and fourth pairs at
the ends of the joints only. The male is marked like the female and has
the tibia of the second legs slightly curved and thickened with large
spines on the inner side.

[Illustration: FIG. 407. Epeira globosa, enlarged four times.]

This spider makes a very large tent, out of which a strong thread runs
to the center of the round web (fig. 406). From the tent a loose and
irregular web extends downward, sometimes covering half of the round web
(fig. 406). Opposite the thread leading to the tent, a segment of the
round web is left open or partly open without any sticky threads.

[Illustration: FIG. 408. Epeira labyrinthea, enlarged four times.]

$Epeira labyrinthea.$--This spider makes a large irregular web in which
is a tent connected by a thread with the small round web below, much as
in _Epeira globosa_. The female is a fifth of an inch long. The abdomen
is oval and not unusually large, as it is in _globosa_ (fig. 408). The
cephalothorax is long, dark brown in the middle and lighter at the
sides, and almost white in front around and behind the eyes. The legs
are white, with narrow dark brown rings at the ends of the joints and
wider yellow rings on patella and femur of the first and second pairs.
The abdomen is marked with four long white spots in front and a dark
brown middle band behind. At the sides the abdomen is light brown or
yellow. On the under side the ends of the mandibles and the maxillae are
black. The sternum is black, with a white middle stripe. The abdomen has
a short middle white stripe surrounded by a large dark spot, and there
are several yellow spots along the sides and around the spinnerets.

[Illustration: FIG. 409. Web of Epeira labyrinthea with large irregular
web around the nest. One-third the real size.]

[Illustration: FIG. 410. Web of Epeira labyrinthea with string of
cocoons in the upper part over the spider's nest. One-third the real
size.]

The round web of this spider is not large, generally three or four
inches in diameter, but the irregular part above and partly covering it
may be much larger, sometimes as much as six inches across, where the
shape of the surrounding plants allows it (fig. 409). One segment at the
upper part of the round web is partly open, as in _globosa_ (p. 173) and
Zilla (p. 185), and here a strong thread passes to the nest, which is
often covered by a large spreading tent. In the last of the summer
several small, flat, brown cocoons are strung together in the irregular
web above the tent (fig. 410), which is then smaller and less regularly
made.

[Illustration: FIGS. 411, 412. Epeira gibberosa, enlarged eight
times.--411, back of female. 412, side view to show humps on the
cephalothorax.]

$Epeira gibberosa.$--A small and light-<DW52> species living among
grass and in bushes in open fields. The adult female is from a sixth to
a quarter of an inch long, and the male smaller. The cephalothorax and
legs are light greenish yellow, and the abdomen gray, or light yellow
covered with lighter spots and black and yellow markings (fig. 411).
The abdomen is marked with two parallel lines on the hinder half and
three smaller black spots in front, the latter often absent. The
parallel lines are sometimes broken up into rows of spots, and these may
form part of several transverse black and yellow marks. The
cephalothorax has a narrow black line in the middle from the dorsal
groove nearly to the eyes. The feet are black toward the claws, and the
spines of the legs are long and black. The first and second femora have
a longitudinal black line on the under side. The abdomen is oval, half
longer than wide. The cephalothorax is high in the middle and <DW72>s
forward toward the eyes almost as steeply as backward (fig. 412). The
web (fig. 413) is horizontal or inclined, with a round well-defined
central portion, in the middle of which is sometimes a round opaque
screen that nearly covers the spider. In the finished web there is
usually no trace of the temporary spiral, but sometimes, as in the
figure, a little of it is left, showing how it starts abruptly from the
closer spirals that form the center of the web. The outer spirals are
very fine and close together and the number of rays unusually large,
sometimes as many as sixty.

[Illustration: FIG. 413. Web of Epeira gibberosa, showing the round
center of the inner spiral, the great number of rays, and the closeness
of the spirals. Torn in several places by use. Half the real size.]

[Illustration: FIG. 414. Epeira placida, enlarged eight times.]

$Epeira placida.$--This is a small spider, about a fifth of an inch
long, with the longest legs about a quarter of an inch. The
cephalothorax is high in the middle where it rests against the abdomen
very much as it is in _gibberosa_ (fig. 412). The abdomen is oval, and
widest behind. The legs are comparatively short and tapering, and the
femora thick. The cephalothorax is brownish yellow, with three brown
stripes. The legs are the same color, a little darker at the ends of the
joints. The abdomen has a middle brown stripe, narrow in front and
widening to the middle, from which it extends to the spinnerets, keeping
about the same width, with a row of black spots on the edge at each side
and a pair of white spots in the middle (fig. 414). The sides of the
abdomen are white or yellow, and underneath it is brown, with two white
stripes in the middle and four white spots around the spinnerets. The
male is marked like the female and has no peculiar modifications of the
legs. This spider matures early, sometimes before the first of June in
Massachusetts, and half-grown young are found in the autumn. The web is
like that of _gibberosa_, with a large, round, and close inner spiral
from which, in the unfinished web, the temporary spiral starts abruptly.
The web is made in low bushes and may be vertical or inclined.

[Illustration: FIG. 415. Epeira scutulata, enlarged four times.]

$Epeira scutulata.$--A light yellow spider, a sixth to a fifth of an
inch long, with the abdomen angular behind and at the sides and as wide
as long (fig. 415). The cephalothorax is half as wide in front as it is
behind, and the lateral eyes are as far from the middle eyes as they are
from each other. The front legs are a fourth longer than the second. The
general color is light yellow, the legs darker at the ends of the
joints, with long black spines. The head has a few brown or red marks
behind the eyes and back to the dorsal groove, but these are often
entirely absent. The abdomen is lighter across the front between the two
corners, and there is sometimes a distinct white transverse stripe. In
front of each corner is a black spot, and there is generally a row of
small black spots around the front of the abdomen, and two rows behind
converging toward the spinnerets. In the hinder rows of spots the middle
pair are generally longest, and sometimes these are the only pair
present. The under side has no distinct markings. The epigynum is dark
at the sides, and the finger is short and flat at the end and turned a
little outward. The male has the legs longer, and the cephalothorax
wider behind. The abdomen is not much larger than the cephalothorax and
less angular than in the female. The colors are the same as in the
female, some individuals being light and some dark.

[Illustration: FIGS. 416, 417, 418. Markings of the abdomen of Epeira
parvula, enlarged twice.]

$Epeira parvula.$--A common spider all over the country, with the
abdomen wide in front and bluntly pointed behind, gray and brown colors
and a great variety of markings. The length is quarter to three-eighths
of an inch, with the abdomen two-thirds as long and as wide across the
front. The abdomen is as high behind as it is in front, and the pointed
end is sometimes turned a little upward, as it is in _conica_. The front
of the head is narrow, not more than half as wide as the back of the
thorax. The front legs are half longer than the body. The cephalothorax
is gray, darker at the sides, and sometimes with a few black spots. The
legs are irregularly marked with rings and spots, and the femora are
dark toward the end. The abdomen is commonly gray, with a tapering
scalloped middle stripe and a distinct dark middle spot and two large
light spots at the front end (fig. 416). Sometimes there is a middle
narrow dark stripe the whole length of the abdomen (fig. 418), and
sometimes all the middle is white or light yellow. The males have the
head a little narrower and more pointed, the legs longer, and the second
tibia slightly thickened, but not curved. The webs are in low bushes.

[Illustration: FIG. 419. Epeira stellata, enlarged four times.]

[Illustration: FIG. 420. Unfinished web of Epeira stellata with the
spider hanging near the center. Half the real size.]

$Epeira stellata.$--A brown spider, a quarter to a third of an inch long
and nearly as broad, with pointed humps around the abdomen. The
cephalothorax is wide in front, and the lateral eyes are on the outer
sharp corners. The legs are short and usually drawn up and partly
concealed under the abdomen. The abdomen has a sharp point in front
that extends over the cephalothorax as far as the base of the first
legs, and a large point behind, with a smaller one under it. At the
sides are five pairs of points, and over the first of these another pair
a little higher on the back. The cephalothorax is brown, lighter in the
middle and darker at the sides, and covered with short gray hairs. The
abdomen is marked with lighter and darker spots of brown, the front part
generally dark with a very light middle spot, and the hinder half
showing traces of the usual middle stripe of Epeira. The legs have dark
rings at the ends and middle of the joints. It lives among low bushes a
foot or two from the ground all over the country. This spider, as well
as several other species, often leaves a web unfinished with the inner
spiral still covering a large part of it, as in fig. 420.

[Illustration: FIGS. 421, 422, 423. Epeira verrucosa.--421, female
enlarged twice. 422, under side of female. 423, male enlarged twice.]

$Epeira verrucosa.$--Common in the South and as far north as Long
Island, N.Y. The body is about a quarter of an inch long. The abdomen is
narrow behind but not pointed, and in front nearly as wide as long. The
middle is nearly covered by a triangular light spot,--white, yellow, or
pink in different spiders,--surrounded by a darker color of various
shades of brown or gray. The cephalothorax is yellow or light gray, with
sometimes some darker spots in the middle. The legs are  like the
thorax, with darker rings at the ends of the joints and in the middle of
the first and second femora. The spines are slender and  like the
hairs. The abdomen has a prominent tubercle behind, at the end of the
light spot, and under it in the middle line two others. At the sides
near the posterior end are two pairs of tubercles, and sometimes two
other pairs farther forward, and two at the corners of the light spot.
The colors of the under side are as variable as those above,--sometimes
light without distinct markings, and sometimes almost black at the
sides, on the sternum, and around the spinnerets. The epigynum (fig.
422) has a slender pointed finger reaching halfway to the spinnerets.

The male (fig. 423) has the head narrower than the female, and the
abdomen as small as the cephalothorax. The legs are longer and more
slender, with the metatarsus of the second pair curved inward, and a
long forked spine on the inside of the tibia of the same legs.

[Illustration: FIGS. 424, 425, 426, 427. Larinia directa.--424, male
with one front leg to show its great length. 425, female with the legs
of one side drawn up in a natural position, showing the spots. 426,
female with four large spots on the back. 427, under side. All enlarged
four times.]

$Larinia directa.$--This resembles a much elongated _Epeira pratensis_
(p. 167). It is about as long as _pratensis_, a quarter to a third of an
inch, but very slender,--not much more than a quarter as wide as long
(fig. 425). The general color is yellowish but pale and translucent,
marked with very distinct black spots. The spots are usually in six
pairs on the abdomen, sometimes so small as to be hardly visible,
sometimes so large as to be the most distinct part of the spider. In
some individuals there is a row of black spots on the upper side of each
leg, so that when these are drawn up over the back hardly anything is
visible except the spots. In some individuals the first and third pairs
of spots on the abdomen are very large and the others very small (fig.
426). The sternum is nearly twice as long as wide, with the sides of the
front half parallel. It is darker at the sides. On the under side of the
abdomen are two parallel dark stripes. In the male (fig. 424) the front
legs are nearly three times the length of the body, but neither the
first nor the second pair is curved or thickened. It is found in South
Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama.

[Illustration: FIGS. 428, 429. Cyclosa conica, enlarged four times.]

$Cyclosa conica$ or $caudata.$--This spider may be known by the blunt
conical hump at the hinder end of the abdomen, extending upward and
backward over the spinnerets (figs. 428, 429). Full-grown females are
about quarter of an inch long. The color is a mixture of gray and white,
different individuals varying from almost white to almost black. The
cephalothorax is longer than wide, the front part narrow, and the top of
the front of the head extended forward beyond the base of the mandibles.
The hump on the abdomen varies considerably in size, and is generally
about half as long as the rest of the abdomen and <DW72>s gradually into
it. In light individuals the markings of the abdomen are obscure, but
usually there is a distinct dark middle stripe, widest near the base of
the hump. The under side is black, with a pair of very distinct light
spots across the middle. The cephalothorax is dark gray or black without
stripes, sometimes a little lighter around the eyes. The legs are white,
with dark rings at the end of each joint and in the middle of each
except the femora. On the first and second femora the dark rings are
very wide, covering sometimes more than half the joint. The males have
the cephalothorax darker and narrower in front, and the abdomen smaller,
with only a slight hump. The spider seems to live all the time in the
web. The inner spiral is large and widens gradually from the center
outward. There is usually a line of silk across the web, in which are
fastened parts of dead insects and other rubbish and, in the middle of
the summer, the cocoons of eggs. The spider, standing in the middle of
this band where it crosses the center of the web, looks like part of the
rubbish. When an old web is torn down this band of rubbish is left in
place, and the new web made across it. A peculiarity of the web of this
spider is that the inner spiral has one, and sometimes two, loops in it,
making it wider than it is high (fig. 430).

[Illustration: FIG. 430. Half-finished web of young Cyclosa conica,
showing sticks and rubbish across the lower half. The inner spiral has a
loop in the left side.]


THE THREE SPECIES OF THE GENUS ZILLA

[Illustration: FIG. 431. Female Zilla atrica, enlarged four times.]

[Illustration: FIG. 432. Middle of web of Zilla atrica with the open
segment and thread to the nest at the left.]

We have three species of Zilla, the females of which are so much alike
that it is almost impossible to tell them apart. The males also resemble
each other closely except in their palpi, which are distinctly different
in the different species. They are of moderate size, the largest about
three-eighths of an inch long, and in general appearance resemble the
genus Steatoda of the Therididae (p. 119). The abdomen is large and oval
and a little flattened. The legs are slender and of moderate length,
like those of Epeira. The head is rounded in front, and the lateral eyes
are not separated farther from the middle pairs than they are from each
other. The mandibles are large and thickened in the middle toward the
front. The epigynum and the spinnerets are both small. The color of all
the species is gray, with sometimes a little yellow or pink in the
lighter parts. The cephalothorax has usually, but not always, a dark
border at the sides and a middle dark line that widens and becomes
lighter toward the eyes. The abdomen has a wide middle stripe like
Epeira, scalloped at the sides and crossed at the hinder end by two or
three pairs of transverse spots. In front it is almost white or tinted
with pink or yellow, and narrows almost to a point, with a much darker
spot each side. The sides of the abdomen are marked with oblique dark
marks that extend underneath. The sternum has a light middle stripe.
Under the abdomen is a dark middle stripe, with light each side of it.
The legs are pale, with narrow gray rings at the end and middle of each
joint. These three species seem to be the same as three found in
Europe,--_Z. atrica_, _Z. x-notata_, and _Z. montana_. _Atrica_ is found
at Ipswich and Salem on the coast of Massachusetts, _x-notata_ at Woods
Hole on the south coast of Massachusetts, and _montana_ in the White
Mountains and Adirondacks. Wherever found they are in large numbers,
_atrica_ and _x-notata_ living on the outside of houses, and _montana_
in trees and rocks. The webs of Zilla (fig. 432) have a segment left
without cross threads, sometimes for its whole length, and sometimes
only the part of it nearest the center. Opposite this open segment a
thread leads from the center of the web to the nest (fig. 433), which is
a tube of silk open at both ends.

The differences between the palpi of the males are very plain. In
_atrica_ the palpi (fig. 434) are as long as the whole body, with the
femur and tibia both slightly curved and the tarsus and palpal organ
small and like that of _x-notata_. In _x-notata_ (fig. 435) the palpus
is as long as the cephalothorax, and the tarsus and palpal organ small
and round. The front legs are a fourth longer than in _atrica_. In
_montana_ (fig. 435_a_) the palpus is still shorter, the tibia thicker,
and the tarsus and palpal organ larger. There is little difference in
the shape of the epigynum of the different species, but that of
_montana_ is twice as large as that of _x-notata_ or _atrica_.

[Illustration: FIG. 433. Tubular nest of Zilla atrica.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 434, 435, 435_a_. Male palpi of Zilla.--434, Zilla
atrica. 435, Zilla x-notata. 435_a_, Zilla montana.]

$Singa pratensis.$--The Singas are small Epeiridae a sixth or fifth of an
inch long, with smooth bodies and bright colors. They live among grass
and other small plants in low open ground. When full grown the females
of _S. pratensis_ are a fifth of an inch long, with the abdomen oval and
marked with a double white stripe in the middle and a single one on each
side. The cephalothorax is yellow, with a little black between the
middle eyes not extending to the lateral pairs. The legs are yellow,
without rings or other markings. The abdomen is yellow brown, darker
toward the hinder end, with white or light yellow stripes. The under
side is the same yellow-brown color, darker in the middle, with two
narrow, curved, light lines from the spiracles to the spinnerets. The
males are marked in the same way and have a smaller abdomen and longer
spines on the legs.

[Illustration: FIG. 436. Markings of the back of Singa variabilis.]

$Singa variabilis.$--This is a little smaller than _pratensis_, usually
about a sixth of an inch long. The legs and cephalothorax are bright
orange color. The front of the head between the eyes is black. The
abdomen is usually entirely black, but occasionally has bright yellow
markings (fig. 436) arranged somewhat as in _pratensis_. Sometimes there
is a wide middle stripe, with narrower ones at the sides and two
underneath. Sometimes there are only the two lateral stripes, and there
are all variations between these markings. The males are  in the
same way and have the same varieties. They are smaller than the males of
_pratensis_, but have the palpal organs as large or larger.


THE GENUS ACROSOMA

[Illustration: FIG. 437. Web of Acrosoma spinea.]

These are small spiders, with the abdomen extended back half its length
beyond the spinnerets, brightly , flattened above, and furnished
with several pairs of pointed processes. The cephalothorax is longer
than in Epeira and Argiope and widest in the middle. The legs are
slender and have only fine and soft hairs. The webs (fig. 437) are
inclined and have a hole in the middle surrounded by several turns of
smooth thread; when hanging in it the spiders look like burrs or seeds.
At a slight alarm they will sometimes drop to the ground and hide under
the nearest shelter.

[Illustration: FIG. 438. Acrosoma mitrata, enlarged four times.]

$Acrosoma mitrata.$--This is a smaller species than _rugosa_ or
_spinea_. The abdomen does not extend as far backward as in the other
species, but comes farther forward so as to cover half the cephalothorax
(fig. 438). The abdomen is truncated behind, with two pairs of pointed
processes at the corners, one pair below the other. In front, the
abdomen is a little narrowed over the thorax. The legs and cephalothorax
are brown, as in the other species. The abdomen is light yellow, darker
behind, with two or three pairs of black spots along the middle and five
or six dark elongated spots along the sides. The under side is black
mixed with yellow spots, as in the other species. Common as far north as
Connecticut.

[Illustration: FIG. 439. Acrosoma rugosa, enlarged four times.]

$Acrosoma rugosa.$--This has five pairs of spines on the abdomen, three
pairs in the same places as those of _spinea_ and the other two pairs
behind and under the last of the three. All the humps and spines are
about the same size. The cephalothorax and legs resemble those of
_spinea_, but the legs are shorter. The colors are white, yellow, and
brown in spots and marks like those of _spinea_, some individuals being
almost white, and others as nearly black. The males have a long slender
abdomen without humps or spines. This is a common spider as far north as
Connecticut, where it is occasionally found.

[Illustration: FIGS. 440, 441, 442. Acrosoma spinea.--440, female
enlarged four times. 441, male enlarged four times. 442, young less than
half grown.]

$Acrosoma spinea.$--This spider is distinguished from all the common
species by the shape of its abdomen, which is narrow in front and has
two long spreading points behind (fig. 440). There is a pair of smaller
spines on the front of the abdomen and another near the middle of each
side. The middle of the abdomen is white or bright yellow. The spines
are black at the points and bright red at the base. There are several
black spots on the back, and gray marks at the sides. The under side of
the abdomen is darker than it is above and marked with black and yellow
spots. The cephalothorax and legs are light brown, the thorax with
lighter edges. The young have the abdomen longer, with the posterior
spines short and blunt. The third and fourth legs are whitish, with dark
longitudinal stripes. The males are smaller than the females and
resemble the young. The abdomen is a little widened behind and has in
place of the spines three pairs of low bumps. The front legs are dark,
and the hinder legs light, as in the young. The web (fig. 437) has a
hole in the middle, across which the spider hangs.

[Illustration: FIGS. 443, 444, 445. Meta menardi, enlarged four
times.--443, 444, half-grown young. 445, back of adult female.]

$Meta menardi.$--This spider lives in caves and similar cool and shady
places in various parts of this country and also in Europe. In general
appearance, especially when young, it reminds one of Linyphia. The
abdomen is longer than wide, high in front, and tapering a little behind
(fig. 445). The eyes are near together, the lateral eyes almost as near
the middle pairs as they are to each other. The mandibles are long,
thickened in front near the base, and slightly turned outward at the
ends and strongly toothed on the inner side about the claw. The maxillae
are also long and a little widened at the ends. The dorsal groove is
very deep. The legs are long, the front pair twice the length of the
body. The full-grown female is half an inch in length, the male a third
shorter, but with legs nearly as long. The general color is gray, the
lighter parts translucent and yellowish. The cephalothorax has three
gray stripes, more distinct in the young, a middle stripe from the eyes
to the dorsal groove, and one on each side of the thorax. In the young
(fig. 444) the markings of the abdomen are two large dark spots near the
front end and several other pairs, becoming smaller toward the hinder
end. In adults these markings unite into a middle stripe more like
Epeira, with a light middle spot in front and several middle spots and
pairs of spots diminishing backward. The legs have gray rings at the
ends and middle of the joints. The webs are horizontal or inclined,
according to the shape of the rocks on which they are built. They
resemble the webs of Tetragnatha, having a small central spiral with a
round hole in the middle, across which the spider holds herself. This
spider matures late in the autumn or early in the summer, and makes
large, loose, and transparent cocoons, hung near the webs.

[Illustration: FIGS. 446, 447. Argyroepeira hortorum, enlarged four
times.--446, under side of female. 447, back of female.]

[Illustration: FIG. 448. Argiope riparia in the middle of the web.
Natural size.]

$Argyroepeira hortorum.$--This is a green and silver-white spider,
with slender legs and a long abdomen resembling Tetragnatha. The body of
the female is about a quarter of an inch long, the abdomen twice as long
as wide, and blunt at both ends (fig. 447). The first pair of legs are
twice as long as the body, the second a fourth shorter (fig. 446). The
legs are bright green, darker toward the ends. The cephalothorax is
green, with a darker stripe in the middle and one on each side. The
upper part of the abdomen is silver white, with a dark line through the
middle, giving off four pairs of branches at the sides. At the sides of
the abdomen are yellow stripes extending downward, and toward the hinder
end two bright copper-red spots. The colors of the under side are as
bright as those above and are more plainly seen as the spider hangs in
its web. The basal joints of the legs are light in color, and the
sternum and mouth parts dark. The abdomen is green, darker from front to
back, where it is almost black around the spinnerets. In the middle is a
large double spot of bright copper red, and the red spots at the end of
the body show as plainly from below as from above, and around the middle
spot are several small spots of bright yellow. The hairs and spines of
the legs are so fine that they do not much affect the general color. On
the front side of the femur of the fourth leg there is a fringe of long
hairs extending half its length. The males are half as large as the
females, with longer and more slender legs and palpi, and the same
colors. The webs are nearly horizontal, with a small hole in the center,
and under the round web is often a large irregular web. The round web
may be a foot in diameter, or it may be so small as hardly to cover the
spider. The webs have a large number of rays, and the spirals are very
close together, as in the webs of _Epeira gibberosa_ (fig. 413). The
smooth central part of the web is circular and very regularly woven,
showing usually no trace of the beginning of the temporary spirals, and
between it and the sticky circles there is a wide space in which is
nothing but the bare rays.

[Illustration: FIGS. 449, 450. Argiope riparia.--449, female. 450, male
enlarged twice.]

[Illustration: FIG. 451. Middle of web of Argiope riparia, natural size.
The large inner spiral ends at _b_ and the outer spiral at _a_. At _c_,
_c_, are thickened spots on the rays where the inner spiral was attached
while the web was making.]

[Illustration: FIG. 452. Rudimentary web of male Argiope riparia of the
natural size. Part of the web of the female at the left shows the
difference between the webs of the two sexes.]

$Argiope riparia.$--This and the next species are among the largest and
most conspicuous of the round-web spiders. It lives among grass and low
bushes in open fields and meadows, especially along the borders of ponds
and ditches. It matures in the northern states about the first of
August. Large females are nearly an inch long, with the front legs
longer than the body (fig. 449). The cephalothorax is nearly as wide as
long and covered with silvery white hairs, except around the eyes. The
front legs are entirely black, and the others are black, except the
femora, which are light red or yellow. The abdomen is oval, a little
pointed behind and square in front, with two small humps at the corners.
There is a black stripe in the middle of the abdomen, narrowed between
the humps and widened in the middle, where it includes two pairs of
yellow spots. Along the sides are two bright yellow bands or rows of
irregular spots. The color underneath is black, with a yellow stripe on
the sternum and two wide yellow stripes on the abdomen, with small
yellow spots between and at the sides. The young differ considerably
from the adults. Until nearly full grown the legs are distinctly marked
with dark rings on the ends and middle of each joint. When very young
the abdomen is slender, the color is pale, and the markings gray,
without the strong black and yellow of the adult. The male (fig. 450) is
only a fourth as long as the female, similarly , but with the
markings less distinct and the palpi very large. In the middle of the
summer they live near the webs of the females, where they make small and
imperfect webs of their own (fig. 452). The females make webs, sometimes
two feet in diameter, with a zigzag band (fig. 448) of white silk up
and down across the middle, and a round thick spot where the spider
stands. The inner spiral of these webs is very large, covering a quarter
of their diameter (fig. 452). The outer spiral comes very near it, but
the spider sometimes passes through the narrow space between them from
one side of the web to the other. The web is usually a little inclined,
and on one or both sides sometimes has a screen of irregular threads two
or three inches distant from it (fig. 453), but these are often absent.
These spiders have no nest and stand all the time in the center of the
web (fig. 448). Sometimes the spider draws away the grass and leaves so
as to make an oval opening large enough for the web (fig. 453). In
September the eggs are laid in large pear-shaped cocoons with a brown
paper-like surface, hung by threads among the grass and bushes (fig.
454). The young hatch during the winter and remain in the cocoon until
May. The adult spiders disappear in October and probably all die before
winter.

[Illustration: FIG. 453. Web of Argiope riparia in an oval opening among
plants from which the leaves have been drawn away by the spider. At the
left of the web is a screen of irregular threads.]

[Illustration: FIG. 454. Egg cocoon of Argiope riparia in marsh grass.
Natural size.]

$Argiope transversa.$--This species is a little smaller than _riparia_.
It lives in the same places and matures a little later, about September
1. The abdomen is more pointed than that of _riparia_ (fig. 455). The
ground color is white or light yellow, and is crossed by a great number
of black transverse lines, which are sometimes obscured, especially in
young spiders, by a thick covering of silvery-white hairs. The
cephalothorax is covered with white hairs through which the dark
markings on the sides show indistinctly. The legs are light yellow, with
black bands at the ends and middle of each joint. The femora of the
first legs are sometimes entirely black. The young have the back
entirely white. The markings of the under side are similar to those of
_riparia_. The male (fig. 456) is  like the female, but is only a
fourth as large. The legs are yellow, marked with black spots, but have
no rings. It has the same habits as _riparia_. It remains in its web
later in the season, and makes a cocoon flattened on the top (fig. 458)
instead of narrowed to a neck, like those of _riparia_.

[Illustration: FIGS. 455, 456. Argiope transversa.--455, female. 456,
male. Both enlarged twice.]

[Illustration: FIG. 457. Web of Argiope transversa in an opening among
marsh grass, covered above by wilted ends of grass leaves.]

[Illustration: FIG. 458. Egg cocoon of Argiope transversa in marsh
grass.]

This species often makes its web in marsh grass, which it draws away and
fastens with silk (fig. 457). As the surrounding grass becomes long and
weak, it sometimes falls away, leaving the web in a basket of grass
fastened firmly enough together to remain standing.


THE GENUS TETRAGNATHA

The Tetragnathas are slender, usually straw- spiders, living in
their webs among the long grass in meadows and near water. The legs are
slender, the cephalothorax narrow, and the abdomen long and cylindrical.
The mandibles are large in both sexes, and in the males are very long
and furnished with long teeth at the end and along the inner margin.
When pairing, the male and female hold each other by the ends of the
mandibles. The eyes are in two rows nearly equal and parallel, and the
distance between the lateral pairs varies in different species. The
palpi are long and slender in both sexes, and in the males their
proportions differ according to the species. The legs are also long and
slender, and vary in length from _grallator_, where the female has the
first legs ten times as long as the cephalothorax, to _laboriosa_, in
which they are seven times as long. The webs are generally inclined and
may be nearly horizontal or nearly vertical, according to the place
where they are made (fig. 459). The inner spiral is small and has a hole
in the middle (fig. 460). The spider stands in the web with the legs
extended forward and backward close to each other, except at the ends,
where they are turned outward (fig. 459). On account of their similar
size and color, the species look at first sight much alike, but there
are differences in the arrangement of the lateral eyes and the length of
the legs, palpi, and mandibles.


$Tetragnatha grallator.$--This spider grows to be half an inch long,
with the first legs an inch and a half. The mandibles of the female are
as long as the cephalothorax, and those of the male longer (figs. 461,
465). In both sexes they are inclined forward, so as to be nearly
horizontal and spread apart at the ends. The lateral eyes are near
together, so that they almost touch, and the upper row when seen from
above is nearly straight. The palpi of both sexes are over one and a
half times as long as the cephalothorax, and in the males sometimes
twice as long (fig. 465). The patella and tibia together are nearly as
long as the femur. The color is sometimes light yellow, but often gray,
with a broken middle stripe of darker gray on the abdomen, and three
stripes on the cephalothorax. The abdomen is generally enlarged a little
in the front third (fig. 461). The males are smaller and more slender
than the females, with longer legs and mandibles.

[Illustration: FIG. 459. Web of Tetragnatha in tansy plants, showing the
spider in its usual position.]

$Tetragnatha extensa.$--Female a quarter to three-eighths of an inch
long, with the first leg three-quarters of an inch. The abdomen is
shorter than in _grallator_, about twice as long as the cephalothorax,
and not as much widened in front (fig. 462). The mandibles are
two-thirds as long as the cephalothorax and not much inclined forward.
The lateral eyes are near together. The colors are often dark, dull
yellow brown or gray, with three lines on the cephalothorax and a
middle dark stripe on the abdomen, with a light silvery stripe on each
side.

The male is smaller and more slender, with the legs longer. The male
palpi are one-half longer than the cephalothorax, the femur forming
nearly half its length (fig. 466).

[Illustration: FIG. 460. The same web shown in Fig. 459, treated so as
to show the inner spiral and the hole in the middle of the web.]

$Tetragnatha laboriosa.$--A little smaller than _extensa_, with shorter
legs and mandibles, the latter short enough in the female to be almost
vertical (fig. 463). The abdomen is proportionally longer than in
_extensa_, usually in the females three times as long as the
cephalothorax. The first legs are about seven times as long as the
cephalothorax. The upper row of eyes is a little curved, so that the
lateral pairs of eyes are as far apart as the middle ones (fig. 467).
The general color is light yellow. The abdomen is silvery white, with
some indistinct gray markings along the middle, and dark stripes on the
under side. In the males the mandibles (fig. 467) are short compared
with the other species, and are about two-thirds as long as the
cephalothorax, and the tibia is very little longer than the patella.

[Illustration: FIGS. 461, 462, 463, 464. Backs of females of four
species of Tetragnatha.--461, grallator. 462, extensa. 463, laboriosa.
464, straminea.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 465, 466. Cephalothorax, mandible, and palpus of
males.--465, Tetragnatha grallator. 466, Tetragnatha extensa.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 467, 468. Cephalothorax, mandibles, and palpus of
male.--467, Tetragnatha laboriosa. 468, Tetragnatha straminea.]

$Tetragnatha straminea.$--A quarter to three-eighths of an inch long,
about the same size as _laboriosa_, and the same color. The legs, palpi,
and mandibles are all a little longer than in _laboriosa_, and the
lateral eyes are farther apart than the middle pairs (fig. 464). In the
males the abdomen is shorter and smaller, and the legs longer. The male
palpi (fig. 468) are one and a half times the length of the
cephalothorax. In females the abdomen is usually three times as long as
the cephalothorax and more slender than in _laboriosa_.




THE CINIFLONIDAE, OR CRIBELLATA


[Illustration: FIGS. 469, 470.--469, cribellum. 470, calamistrum of
Amaurobius sylvestris.]

This group comprises several families that differ greatly in form and
habits, but agree in having peculiar spinning organs, different from
those of all the other spiders. They have the usual six spinnerets and
in addition the cribellum (fig. 469), a flat, wide spinning organ, close
in front of the other spinnerets and covered with finer spinning tubes.
Besides this additional spinning organ they have on the hind legs the
calamistrum (fig. 470), a row of hairs that is used to draw out a loose
band of silk from the spinnerets. Most of our species belong to the
genera Dictyna and Amaurobius and resemble Tegenaria (pp. 96-99) in
their feet with three claws, in the arrangement of the eyes, and in
their general form and color. The others belong to the small and
peculiar genera Filistata, Hyptiotes, and Uloborus.

[Illustration: FIG. 471. Webs of Dictyna on the side of a house. The
nests were in the groove between the boards, and the webs radiated
irregularly from them, crossing each other in all directions so as to
appear like parts of one web.]

[Illustration: FIG. 472. Web of Dictyna in the corner of a window pane.]


THE GENUS DICTYNA

The Dictynas are all small spiders, not more than a sixth of an inch in
length, but are brightly  and live in webs in open places, where
they cannot fail to be seen by any one who looks for spiders. They are
not easily frightened, and so their habits can be more easily watched
than those of many larger kinds. The heads are high, arching up from the
eyes to the highest part opposite the first legs (fig. 476). The eyes
are higher and the front of the head is more nearly vertical than in
Amaurobius (fig. 489). The head is about half as wide as the thorax and
distinctly marked off from it and usually lighter . The abdomen
is sometimes marked with light yellow on a gray ground, as in
Amaurobius, or with a light middle stripe of various shapes, bordered
with brown or gray (fig. 487). The whole body is covered with fine
hairs, and there are often long white hairs in rows on the
cephalothorax. The cribellum is large for the size of the spiders and
can generally be plainly seen just in front of the other spinnerets. The
calamistrum is not so easy to see, but it covers about half the length
of the fourth metatarsus. The peculiarities of the species of these
spiders are more strongly marked in the males. The mandibles of both
sexes are long and a little curved forward at the ends (fig. 476), but
in the males they are sometimes so long that the distance from the ends
of the mandibles to the top of the head is as great as the length of the
cephalothorax, and the lower ends are turned forward at a sharp angle
with the upper part. The mandibles of the males are curved apart in the
middle, and they have at the base a short tooth projecting forward (fig.
477). The palpi of the males have a process on the tibia, usually near
the base, on the end of which are two spines (fig. 478). There is not
much difference in size between the sexes, but they are often very
differently , and the males do not have the cribellum and
calamistrum, or have only rudiments of them.

[Illustration: FIG. 472. Web of Dictyna in the corner of a window pane.]

[Illustration: FIG. 473. Web of Dictyna on the end of a twig.]

Some species live on walls and fences, making large webs that become
conspicuous from the dust which they collect. Others prefer the tops of
plants like stiff grass and the tops of golden-rod and spiraea. Others,
like _volupis_ (fig. 474), prefer leaves and the ends of growing
branches. The webs are usually irregular, but sometimes are nearly round
and formed by threads radiating from the spider's hole, crossed
irregularly by other threads (fig. 471).

[Illustration: FIGS. 474, 475, 476, 477, 478. Dictyna volupis.--474,
female. 475, male. Both enlarged eight times. 476, side of male. 477,
front of head of male enlarged sixteen times, showing curved mandibles.
478, palpus of male.]

$Dictyna volupis.$--This species and _frondea_ are brighter  and
more slender than _muraria_ and _volucripes_ (fig. 484) and live among
the leaves of bushes. The female _volupis_ has the legs pale, almost
white, and the cephalothorax light brown, darker at the sides and light
on the head (fig. 474). The abdomen is yellow in the middle and brown,
sometimes red, at the sides. The middle yellow portion forms a regular
figure differing much in different individuals. The male is quite
differently . The cephalothorax, which is larger, is bright
orange brown, without much difference between the head and the sides
(fig. 475). The legs are light orange, darker than those of the female.
The abdomen is dark reddish brown, sometimes over the whole back, but
usually with a yellow irregular middle spot smaller than that of the
female. The ends of the male palpi are dark  and as large as the
spider's head (fig. 475). The hairs are very fine and light  and
do not modify the color as much as they do in the brown species. The
length of _volupis_ is not over an eighth of an inch. The abdomen is
oval and not as wide or high as in _volucripes_ and _muraria_. The head
of the male is high, and the mandibles almost as long as the
cephalothorax (fig. 476). The lower half is turned sharply forward and
flattened out at the end. The mandibles are light orange brown, so that
their shape is more readily seen than in the dark species. The tooth on
the front of the base of the mandibles is very large in this species
(fig. 477).

[Illustration: FIGS. 479, 480, 481. Dictyna frondea.--479, markings of
the abdomen enlarged eight times. 480, cephalothorax and palpus of male.
481, palpus of male.]

$Dictyna frondea.$--This resembles _volupis_ and is likely to be
mistaken for it. It is a little smaller, not over a tenth of an inch
long, and there is less difference between the sexes. The legs are pale,
and the cephalothorax light brown, lighter on the head. The abdomen is
gray at the sides, not as red as in _volupis_, and the middle light
stripe is narrower and not as bright yellow (fig. 479). The sternum and
under side of the abdomen are gray, as dark as the upper part and sides,
while in _volupis_ they are generally lighter. The males have the
cephalothorax larger, and that and the legs a little brighter 
than in the female, and the abdomen darker. The mandibles are not as
long as in the male _volupis_, and the ends of the male palpi are much
smaller and the tibia longer and straighter than in _volupis_ (fig.
481).

[Illustration: FIGS. 482, 483. Dictyna cruciata.--482, female enlarged
eight times. 483, cephalothorax and palpi.]

$Dictyna cruciata.$--About a tenth of an inch long, with the abdomen
large and oval, as in _muraria_. The cephalothorax is light brown above
and below, and the legs the same color, but still lighter. The abdomen
is gray beneath and at the sides, and silvery white on the back,
sometimes over the whole upper surface, but oftener in a stripe widened
in the middle so as to form a white cross on a gray ground (fig. 482).
The males are darker , with the light spot on the abdomen
smaller. The male palpi are short and slender, the ends large and
rounded and carried close to the head (fig. 483).

[Illustration: FIGS. 484, 485, 486. Dictyna volucripes.--484, female
enlarged eight times. 485, tibia of male palpus of Dictyna volucripes.
486, tibia of male palpus of Dictyna muraria.]

[Illustration: FIG. 487. Varieties of marking on the abdomen of Dictyna
muraria.]

$Dictyna volucripes and muraria.$--These two gray spiders are the common
Dictynas on walls and fences and on the ends of grass and weeds, where
they make webs shaped according to the places where they live, having
in some part of the web a hole in which the spider usually hides (fig.
473). Some allied species make nearly circular webs on walls, with the
hole near the center, and gather so much dust as to appear like a spot
of dirt (fig. 471). _Volucripes_ is about a sixth of an inch in length,
and _muraria_ an eighth of an inch. _Volucripes_ is browner in color and
more common on plants, and _muraria_ is grayer and more common on
fences. Both species are marked much alike. The cephalothorax is dark
brown, partly covered with light gray hairs, some of which form roughly
three stripes on the head. The abdomen is large and round, in some
females nearly as wide as long. The front half has a middle dark spot of
various shapes, and the hinder half two rows of spots connected in pairs
with a middle line, forming a figure much like the markings of several
species of Epeira (figs. 484, 487). The legs are dark gray or brown,
covered with fine hairs, the first pair not much longer than the body.
In the females the mandibles are a little thickened in the middle. In
the male they are elongated and turned forward at the ends and curved
apart in the middle, and have a small tooth on the front near the base.
The palpi of the males (figs. 485, 486) are short, with the patella as
wide as it is long and wider than the femur and tibia. The tarsus is
half longer than wide and pointed at the end. In the tibia there is a
little difference between the species that can be seen by looking at the
palpi from the side; in _volucripes_ there is a stout process at the
base as long as the tibia itself and pointing upward at a right angle
with it (fig. 485); in _muraria_ the corresponding process is short and
turned forward, and the tibia seems proportionally longer (fig. 486).
The cribellum in both these species is large and can easily be seen in
front of the other spinnerets. The calamistrum extends over half the
length of the fourth metatarsus, which in _volucripes_ is slightly
curved.

[Illustration: FIG. 488. Web of Amaurobius sylvestris on a rough
conglomerate rock. The spider had a nest in a crack at one side.]

[Illustration: FIGS. 489, 490. Amaurobius sylvestris.--489, female
enlarged four times. 490, male palpus without the terminal joint to show
the processes of the tibia.]

$Amaurobius sylvestris.$--This is the common Amaurobius all over the
northern part of the country. It resembles our species of Tegenaria
(figs. 228, 233) and may easily be mistaken for them. It does not have
long upper spinnerets like Tegenaria, and the eyes are lower on the
front of the head. The females (fig. 489) are two-fifths of an inch
long, and the males a third of an inch, but with much longer legs. The
head of the female is almost as wide as the middle of the thorax, and
the eyes cover half its width. The front row of eyes are within their
diameter of the front of the head. The head is low in front and higher
halfway between the eyes and the dorsal groove. The mandibles are much
swelled at the base in front, as they are in _Tegenaria medicinalis_.
The abdomen is oval, widest behind, and usually as long as the
cephalothorax or longer. The legs are not more than a fourth longer than
the body, and slender for so large a spider. The cephalothorax is dark
brown, darkest in front, and the legs are a little lighter brown,
without markings. The abdomen is gray, with a double row of oblique
yellow or white markings on the hinder half and two curved marks of the
same color on the front. These spots sometimes run together, so that the
whole middle of the abdomen is light . The males have the head
narrower and the thorax wider and all the legs longer than the female,
and the cephalothorax and mandibles are not so dark . The male
palpi have the patella as short as wide, and the tibia very short and
wide, with a short hook on the outer and a longer and more slender one
on the inner side, as shown in fig. 490. The epigynum has a small middle
lobe inclosed by two lateral lobes that meet behind, and by this the
female can be distinguished from the next species,--_Amaurobius ferox_.
The cribellum (fig. 469) is sometimes covered by a fold of the skin, so
that it is not readily seen. The calamistrum (fig. 470) is a close row
of curved hairs on the upper side of the fourth metatarsus, about half
its length. In the male the cribellum is rudimentary, and there is no
calamistrum.

[Illustration: FIG. 491. Fresh part of the web of Amaurobius
sylvestris.]

This spider makes a large loose web under stones and sticks (fig. 488).
In the parts freshly made the loose bands of silk can be seen running
irregularly about on the other threads (fig. 491).

[Illustration: FIG. 492. Tibial joint of male Amaurobius ferox for
comparison with that of Amaurobius sylvestris (fig. 490).]

$Amaurobius ferox.$--This lives in houses and is probably an imported
species, as it is more common in Europe. It grows a little larger than
_sylvestris_ (fig. 489), and the head is a little more narrowed in front
of the legs. The colors and markings are much as in _sylvestris_, but
the abdomen is often darker, and the middle light stripe on the front
more distinct. The epigynum has a larger middle lobe, and the lateral
lobes are straighter and do not meet in the middle. The males are
 like the females and have the thorax wider and the legs longer.
The palpi of the male have the tarsus short and round. The tibia (fig.
492) has only a small short hook on the inner side, and a large blunt
process on the outer side. The male palpi and the epigynum distinguish
these easily from the last species.

[Illustration: FIG. 493. Amaurobius americana, enlarged four times.]

[Illustration: FIG. 494. Female Uloborus plumipes, enlarged eight times,
showing the tuft of hairs on the front legs and the calamistrum on the
fourth legs.]

$Amaurobius (Titanoeca) americana.$--Quarter of an inch long and deep
black, except the cephalothorax, which is dull orange color, but
covered, like the rest of the body, with long black hairs (fig. 493).
Some individuals have a few light gray spots in pairs on the abdomen.
The shape of the cephalothorax and abdomen are like _Amaurobius
sylvestris_, and the legs are of the same proportional length and
stouter. The palpi of the female have the tibia and tarsus a little
thickened. The metatarsus of the fourth legs has the calamistrum more
distinct than in others of the family, and the metatarsus appears
thicker up and down than it is sidewise. The male has the legs longer,
particularly the first pair, of which the tibia and metatarsus are more
elongated than the other joints, and have many small spines on the under
side. The male palpi have the tarsus large and round, supported by a
wide and very complicated tibia. It lives under stones in the hottest
and dryest places.

[Illustration: FIG. 495. Horizontal web of Uloborus near the ground, one
side attached to a fallen tree. The outer spiral is finished over only
half the diameter of the web. A line of loose silk runs across the web,
and in the middle is a peculiar zigzag spiral. The figure is about the
real size.]

[Illustration: FIG. 496. Web of young Uloborus in a raspberry bush. The
lower half of the web is much wider than the upper. A band of silk runs
across the middle and draws up with it some of the lower spirals. Half
the real size.]

$Uloborus plumipes.$--Uloborus makes a round web, like those of the
Epeiridae, and when hanging in it resembles a Tetragnatha. The adult
female is about a quarter of an inch long, and narrow like Tetragnatha.
The cephalothorax is low in front and extends forward, in the middle,
beyond the mandibles, and the back part is widened and swelled up on
each side where the abdomen extends over it (fig. 494). The abdomen is
slightly notched in front and covers the cephalothorax a quarter of its
length. The abdomen is widest and thickest in the front third and has
there a pair of humps. The eyes are in two rows, those of the upper row
largest and on the top of the head, with the lateral pair farthest back.
The front row are on the edge of the head close to the mandibles. The
first pair of legs is the longest and is twice as long as the second. It
has at the end of the tibia a brush of long coarse hairs. The colors are
various shades of brown, from very light to almost black. The
cephalothorax has a light middle stripe. The legs have the joints light
in the middle and black at the ends, except the first leg, which
sometimes has the tarsus and metatarsus white, and the rest of the leg
dark brown. The fourth metatarsus is curved in on the outer side, where
the calamistrum is placed. The male is smaller than the female, the legs
are longer, the abdomen is smaller and less distinctly humped, the first
legs do not have the brushes on the tibia, and the fourth legs do not
have the calamistrum. The webs resemble those of Epeira and Tetragnatha,
and are horizontal or inclined. They are often left unfinished, with
several turns of the wide temporary spiral still in them (fig. 495).
Sometimes there are zigzag lines of loose silk across the center or in a
middle spiral, and when the eggs are laid the long cocoons are fastened
in a line of silk across the web (fig. 497). When this is done the
center of the radii of the web is usually at the upper part, instead of
in the middle, and the whole web is one-sided. It is found all over the
country, usually in shady woods, in bushes, or in the lower branches of
trees, especially in the lower dead branches of pines.

[Illustration: FIG. 497. Web of old Uloborus. The spider is in the
middle and at the left are three egg cocoons. One-third the real size.]

[Illustration: FIG. 498, 499. Hyptiotes cavatus.--498, female enlarged
eight times. 499, end of hind leg, showing calamistrum.]

$Hyptiotes cavatus.$--This peculiar spider resembles in shape and color
the end of one of the dead pine branches among which it lives. It is a
sixth of an inch long. The cephalothorax is as wide as long, highest in
the middle, and hollowed behind under the abdomen. The abdomen is oval,
thickest behind, and flattened in front, and has on the back four pairs
of slight elevations, on which are a few stiff hairs (fig. 498). The
legs are short and thickest in the middle, tapering toward the claws.
The hind metatarsi are curved in at the calamistrum (fig. 499). The eyes
are arranged as in Uloborus, but are farther apart and farther back on
the cephalothorax. The male is half as large as the female, the abdomen
smaller, and the humps lower.

[Illustration: FIG. 500. Webs of Hyptiotes in the top of a bush. Half
the real size.]

The web (fig. 500) consists of four rays crossed by a dozen or more
threads. The point where the rays meet is attached to a thread which
extends to the spider's roost, usually the end of a twig. Here it holds
on by the hind feet and draws the thread tight with the fore feet. When
an insect strikes the web the spider lets go with the hind feet and is
jerked forward by the contraction of the web, and slides along toward
its center, where it finds the prey and takes it out of the web to its
perch. The making of this web has been described by Wilder in the
_Popular Science Monthly_ in 1875. The cross threads are made
separately, beginning with the longest. They are begun on the upper ray,
the spider walking toward the center, combing out the threads with its
hind legs, until it reaches a point where it can cross to the next. It
is found all over the country, usually in the pine woods.

[Illustration: FIG. 501. Filistata hibernalis, enlarged twice.]

$Filistata hibernalis.$--One of the most common house spiders in the
southern states, making webs in corners and on walls and fences (fig.
501). The body is about half an inch long, but the legs are so long and
stout that it appears much larger. The first leg, which is the longest,
is about twice the length of the body. The palpi are as long as the
cephalothorax and thicker than in most spiders. The maxillae are inclined
toward each other so that they meet in front of the labium. The
cephalothorax is flat and narrowed in front between the palpi, and the
mandibles are small. The eyes are in one group, close together. The
color is dark gray, without any markings, and the whole body is covered
with fine short hairs. The calamistrum is very short, and near the base
of the fourth metatarsus, where it can easily be seen. The web is like
that of Dictyna, radiating irregularly from the spider's hiding place,
and when this is on a flat wall forms sometimes a circle a foot or more
in diameter, which becomes filled with dust and is enlarged and
thickened as the spider grows.




 INDEX


 Abdomen, the posterior half of the body, x.

 Acrosoma, 188.
   mitrata, 189.
   rugosa, 189.
   spinea, 190.

 Adult characters of spiders, xi.

 Agalena naevia, 93.

 Agalenidae, 91.

 Age of spiders, xv.

 Agroeca pratensis, 11.

 Air-sacs, x.

 Air-tubes, x.

 Amaurobius americana, 215.
   ferox, 215.
   sylvestris, 213.

 Anatomy of spiders, viii-xi.

 Anyphaena calcarata, 13.
   incerta, 12.
   rubra, 13.
   saltabunda, 14.

 Argiope, 194.
   cocoons of, 197, 200.
   riparia, 194.
   transversa, 198.
   webs of, 192, 194, 196, 199.

 Argyrodes, 123.
   fictilium, 126.
   nephilae, 125.
   trigonum, 124.

 Argyroepeira hortorum, 191.

 Ariadne bicolor, 123.

 Asagena americana, 122.

 Attidae, 41.

 Attus palustris, 42.


 Bathyphantes, see under Linyphia, 143, 145.

 Bites of spiders, viii.

 Breathing holes, x.


 Caelotes, see under Tegenaria, 99.

 Calamistrum, 205.

 Catalogue of American spiders, viii.

 Cephalothorax, viii.

 Ceratinalla fissiceps, 152.
   laetabilis, 151.

 Ceratinopsis interpres, 153.

 Chiracanthium viride, 21.

 Ciniflonidae, 205.

 Claws, x.

 Clubiona, 15.
   canadensis, 17.
   crassipalpis, 16.
   excepta, 19.
   ornata, 18.
   rubra, 18.
   tibialis, 16.

 Cobwebs, xvi.

 Cocoons, xiv.

 Colors, xi.

 Coriarachne depressa, 34.
   versicolor, 34.

 Cornicularia directa, 152.

 Coxa, the first joint of the leg, viii.

 Crab spiders, see Thomisidae, 24.

 Cribellata, 205.

 Cribellum, 205.

 Cyclosa conica, 183.

 Cyrba taeniola, 63.


 Daddy longlegs, see Pholcus, 128.

 Dendryphantes, 53, 54.
   aestivalis, 54.
   militaris, 53.

 Dew on cobwebs, 107, 108.

 Dictyna, 206-211.
   cruciata, 210.
   frondea, 210.
   volucripes, 211.
   volupis, 209.

 Diplostyla, see under Linyphia, 147.
   concolor = Linyphia concolor, 147.
   nigrina = Linyphia nigrina, 147.

 Dolomedes sexpunctatus, 85.
   tenebrosus, 87.

 Dorsal groove, viii.

 Drapetisca socialis = Linyphia socialis, 145.

 Drassidae, 1.

 Drassus saccatus, 6.

 Dysdera interrita, 22.

 Dysderidae, a family of spiders with six eyes, 22.


 Ebo latithorax, 37.

 Eggs of spiders, xiv.

 Epeira, 160-180. angulata, 164.
   caudata or conica, see Cyclosa, 183.
   cinerea, 165. corticaria, 165.
   directa, see Larinia directa, 182.
   displicata, 172.
   domiciliorum, see trivittata, 167.
   gibberosa, 175, 176.
   globosa, 173.
   insularis, 169.
   labyrinthea, 174.
   marmorea, see insularis, 169.
   nordmanni, 163.
   parvula, 179.
   patagiata, 160, 161.
   placida, 176.
   pratensis, 167.
   sclopetaria, 160, 161.
   scutulata, 178.
   silvatica, 164.
   stellata, 179.
   strix, 160, 161.
   thaddeus, 170.
   triaranea, see globosa, 173, 174.
   trifolium, 171, 172.
   trivittata, 166.
   verrucosa, 181.

 Epeiridae, 154.

 Epiblemum scenicum, 60.

 Epigynum, xi.

 Erigone, 148.
   autumnalis, 151.
   dentigera, 149.
   longipalpis, 149.

 Ero thoracica, 132.

 Euryopis funebris, 127.

 Eyes of spiders, ix.


 Feet, x.

 Femur, viii.

 Filistata hibernalis, 220.

 Flat webs, 134; see Agalenidae, 91;
   Linyphia, 100.

 Flower spiders, see Misumena, 25.

 Flying spiders, Erigone, 151.
   Lycosa, 68.


 Geotrecha bivittata, 8.
   crocata, 7.

 Gnaphosa brumalis, 3.
   conspersa, 2.

 Gossamer, 149.

 Ground spiders, Lycosidae, 67.
   Drassidae, 1.


 Habrocestum auratum, 43, 44.
   peregrinum, 45.
   splendens, 46.

 Hahnia bimaculata, 105.

 Hahnia cinerea, 106.

 Hairs, xi.

 Hasarius hoyi, 63, 64.

 Head, viii.

 Helophora insignis, see Linyphia insignis, 146.

 House spiders, xii.

 Hunting spiders, xv.

 Hyctia pikei, 62.

 Hyptiotes cavatus, 218.


 Icius elegans, 57, 58.
   mitratus, 57.
   palmarum, 56.


 Jumping spiders, see Attidae, 41.


 Labium, x.

 Larinia directa, 182.

 Latrodectus mactans, 122, 123.

 Legs, viii.

 Linyphia, 134.
   bucculenta = trilineata, 143.
   coccinea, 140. communis, 138.
   concolor, 147.
   insignis, 146.
   mandibulata, 139.
   marginata, 136.
   minuta, 144.
   nebulosa, 143.
   nigrina, 147.
   phrygiana, 141, 143.
   socialis, 145.
   trilineata, 143.

 Linyphiadae, 134.

 Lungs, x.

 Lycosa carolinensis, 73, 74.
   cinerea, 73, 74.
   communis, 75.
   kochii, 74.
   nidicola, 69.
   nidifex, 70, 72, 73.

 Lycosa ocreata, 77.
   polita, 70.
   pratensis, 69.
   scutulata, 76.

 Lycosidae, 67.

 Lyssomanes viridis, 65.


 Maevia vittata, 59.

 Male spiders, xi.

 Mandibles, viii.
   of Tetragnatha, 203, 204.

 Markings, xi.

 Marptusa familiaris, 61.

 Marx, George, list of spiders of North America, viii.

 Maxillae, x.

 Meta menardi, 190.

 Metatarsus, viii.

 Micaria aurata, 8.
   longipes, 8.

 Mimetus interfector, 132.

 Misumena, 25.


 Names of spiders, vii.

 Neon nellii, 47.

 Nests of spiders, xiv.

 Number of spiders, vii.


 Ocyale undata, 88.

 Oxyopes salticus, 88.
   viridans, 89, 90.


 Palpal organ, xi.

 Palpi, viii.

 Pardosa, 78.
   albomaculata = greenlandica, 79.
   albopatella, 83.
   brunnea = glacialis, 80.
   glacialis, 80.
   greenlandica, 79.
   lapidicina, 78.
   montana = tachypoda, 81.
   nigropalpis, 82.

 Pardosa pallida, 81.
   tachypoda, 81.

 Patella, viii.

 Pellenes, see Habrocestum, 44-46.

 Peucetia, see Oxyopes viridans, 89, 90.

 Phalangium, 128.

 Phidippus multiformis, 48, 49.
   mystaceus, 50.
   tripunctatus, 51.

 Philodromus, 35.
   lineatus, 37.
   ornatus, 36.
   pictus, 37.
   vulgaris, 35.

 Pholcus phalangioides, 128, 129.
   cornutus, 130.

 Phrurolithus alarius, 9, 10.

 Pirata piraticus, 84.

 Plexippus puerperus, 52.

 Poecilochroa variegata, 4.
   bilineata, 4.

 Poison of spiders, viii.

 Prosthesima atra, 5.
   ecclesiastica, 5.

 Pythonissa imbecilla, 3.


 Round cobwebs, 155-159.


 Saitis pulex, 43.

 Salticus scenicus, see Epiblemum scenicum, 60.

 Scales, xi.

 Scytodes thoracica, 131.

 Sight of spiders, ix.

 Singa pratensis, 186.
   variabilis, 187.

 Spinnerets, x.

 Spintharus flavidus, 127.

 Spiral threads of cobwebs, 155-159.

 Steatoda borealis, 119.
   corollata, 121.
   guttata, 120.
   marmorata, 120.
   triangulosa, 121.

 Stemonyphantes, see Linyphia trilineata, 143.

 Sternum, x.

 Synemosyna, 64.


 Tarantula, see Lycosa carolinensis, 73, 74.

 Tarsus, viii.

 Tegenaria, 96-103.
   complicata, 102.
   derhamii, 96-98.
   longitarsus, 102, 104.
   medicinalis, 99.

 Tetragnatha, 198-204.
   extensa, 201.
   grallator, 200.
   laboriosa, 202.
   straminea, 204.

 Thanatus coloradensis, 39, 40.
   lycosoides, 39, 40.

 Therididae, 107.

 Theridium, 110.
   differens, 114.
   frondeum, 116, 117.
   globosum, 113.
   murarium, 115.
   rupicola, 113.
   spirale, 116.
   tepidariorum, 111, 112.
   unimaculatum, 118.
   verecundum = Latrodectus mactans, 122.

 Theridula sphaerula, 127, 128.

 Thomisidae, 24.

 Thorax, viii.

 Tibellus duttonii, 39.

 Tibia, viii.

 Titanaeca, see Amaurobius americana, 215.

 Tmarus caudatus, 38.

 Tracheae, x.

 Trachelas ruber, 19, 20.

 Trochanter, viii.


 Uloborus plumipes, 216, 217.


 Winter habits of spiders, xv.


 Xysticus, 30.
   gulosus, 31.
   limbatus, 31.
   nervosus, 32.
   quadrilineatus, 33.
   stomachosus, 30.
   triguttatus, 33.
   versicolor, 34.


 Zilla, 184-186.
   atrica, 185.
   montana, 186.
   x-notata, 186.




Transcriber's Notes:


  Page xii.  Filistata hibernalis (p 220) is one of the most common....
             A period added to (p 220) so that it reads (p. 220) as all
             the other references of the original text.

  Page 17.   The upper tibial process is a simple point extending along
             the outer side of the tarsus for quarter of its length.
             Inserted "a" ... of the tarsus for a quarter of its length.

  Page 61.   The legs are long and stout, the fourth pair one-half
             longer than the abodmen. Abodmen changed to abdomen.

  Page 63.   Cyrba taeeniola. taeeniola changed to taeniola.

  Page 160.  Caption [Illustration: Figs. 383, 384, 385. 383, Epeira
             sclopetaria. 384.... Caption changed to: [Illustration:
             Figs. 383, 384, 385.--383, Epeira sclopetaria.
             384.... Added (--).


 HYPHENATION:
             All the end-of-line hyphenation that occured in the original
             text has been checked for usage within the body of the text
             and conformed to it. When only one instance of the word
             appeared at end-of-line a dictionary of the time period was
             consulted.


 ALTERNATE USAGE:

  Page 171. [Illustration: FIGS. 401, 401 a. Epeira thaddeus, enlarged
            four times.]

  Page 187. [Illustration: FIGS. 434, 435, 435a. Male palpi of
            Zilla.--434, Zilla atrica. 435, Zilla x-notata. 435a, Zilla
            montana.]

  Page 171. 401 a. space between 401 and a.--Page 187. 435a. No space
            between 435 and a.


 ALTERNATE SPELLING:

  Page 79. driest--Page 216. dryest





End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Common Spiders of the United States, by
James Henry Emerton

*** 