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               [Illustration: Henry M. Stanley Signature

                                 1890]

               COPYRIGHT 1890 BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS




                           IN DARKEST AFRICA

                                 OR THE

                   QUEST, RESCUE, AND RETREAT OF EMIN
                         GOVERNOR OF EQUATORIA

                                   BY

                            HENRY M. STANLEY

             WITH TWO STEEL ENGRAVINGS, AND ONE HUNDRED AND
                      FIFTY ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS

                             IN TWO VOLUMES

                                VOL. II

            "I will not cease to go forward until I come to
                   the place where the two seas meet,
      though I travel ninety years."--KORAN, chap. xviii., v. 62.

                                NEW YORK
                        CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

                                  1890

                        [_All rights reserved_]

                          COPYRIGHT, 1890, BY
                        CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

                      Press of J. J. Little & Co.,
                         Astor Place, New York.




CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.


CHAPTER XXI.

WE START OUR THIRD JOURNEY TO THE NYANZA.

                                                                    PAGE


Mr. Bonny and the Zanzibaris--The Zanzibaris' complaints--Poison of the
Manioc--Conversations with Ferajji and Salim--We tell the rear column of
the rich plenty of the Nyanza--We wait for Tippu-Tib at Bungangeta
Island--Muster of our second journey to the Albert--Mr. Jameson's letter
from Stanley Falls dated August 12th--The flotilla of canoes starts--The
Mariri Rapids--Ugarrowwa and Salim bin Mohammed visit me--Tippu-Tib,
Major Barttelot and the carriers--Salim bin Mohammed--My answer to
Tippu-Tib--Salim and the Manyuema--The settlement of the
Batundu--Small-pox among the Madi carriers and the Manyuema--Two insane
women--Two more Zanzibari raiders slain--Breach of promises in the
Expedition--The Ababua tribe--Wasp Rapids--Ten of our men killed and
eaten by natives--Canoe accident at Manginni--Lakki's raiding party at
Mambanga--Feruzi and the bush antelope--Our cook, Jabu, shot dead by a
poisoned arrow--Panga Falls--Further casualties by the natives--Nejambi
Rapids--The poisoned arrows--Mabengu Rapids--Child-birth on the
road--Our sick list--Native affection--A tornado at Little Rapids--Mr.
Bonny discovers the village of Bavikai--Remarks about Malaria--Emin
Pasha and mosquito curtain--Encounter with the Bavikai natives--A cloud
of moths at Hippo Broads--Death of the boy Soudi--Incident at
Avaiyabu--Result of vaccinating the Zanzibaris--Zanzibari stung by
wasps--Misfortunes at Amiri Rapids--Our casualities--Collecting food
prior to march to Avatiko                                              1


CHAPTER XXII.

ARRIVAL AT FORT BODO.


Ugarrowwa's old station once more--March to Bunda--We cross the Ituri
River--Note written by me opposite the mouth of the Lenda River--We
reach the Avatiko plantations--Mr. Bonny measures a pigmy--History and
dress of the pigmies--A conversation by gesture--The pigmy's
wife--Monkeys and other animals in the forest--The clearing of
Andaki--Our tattered clothes--The Ihuru River--Scarcity of food; Amani's
meals--Uledi searches for food--Missing provisions--We reach
Kilonga-Longa's village again--More deaths--The forest improves for
travelling--Skirmish near Andikumu--Story of the pigmies and the box of
ammunition--We pass Kakwa Hill--Defeat of a caravan--The last of the
Somalis--A heavy shower of rain--Welcome food discovery at Indemau--We
bridge the Dui River--A rough muster of the people--A stray goat at our
Ngwetza camp--Further capture of dwarfs--We send back to Ngwetza for
plantains--Loss of my boy Saburi in the forest--We wonder what has
become of the Ngwetza party--My boy Saburi turns up--Starvation Camp--We
go in search of the absentees, and meet them in the forest--The Ihuru
River--And subsequent arrival at Fort Bodo                            37


CHAPTER XXIII.

THE GREAT CENTRAL AFRICAN FOREST.


Professor Drummond's statements respecting Africa--Dimensions of the
great forest--Vegetation--Insect life--Description of the trees,
&c.--Tribes and their food--The primaeval forest--The bush proper--The
clearings: wonders of vegetable life--The queer feeling of loneliness--A
forest tempest--Tropical vegetation along the banks of the
Aruwimi--Wasps' nests--The forest typical of human life--A few secrets
of the woods--Game in the forest--Reasons why we did not hunt the
animals--Birds--The Simian tribe--Reptiles and insects--The small bees
and the beetles--The "jigger"--Night disturbances by falling trees,
&c.--The Chimpanzee--The rainiest zone of the earth--The Ituri or Upper
Aruwimi--The different tribes and their languages--Their features and
customs--Their complexion--Conversation with some captives at
Engwedde--The Wambutti dwarfs: their dwellings and mode of living--The
Batwa dwarfs--Life in the forest villages--Two Egyptians captured by the
dwarfs at Fort Bodo--The poisons used for the arrows--Our treatment for
wounds by the arrows--The wild fruits of the forest--Domestic
animals--Ailments of the Madis and Zanzibaris--The Congo Railway and the
forest products                                                       73


CHAPTER XXIV.

IMPRISONMENT OF EMIN PASHA AND MR. JEPHSON.


Our reception at Fort Bodo--Lieut. Stairs' report of what took place at
the Fort during our relief of the rear column--No news of
Jephson--Muster of our men--We burn the Fort and advance to find Emin
and Jephson--Camp at Kandekore--Parting words to Lieut. Stairs and
Surgeon Parke, who are left in charge of the sick--Mazamboni gives us
news of Emin and Jephson--Old Gavira escorts us--Two Wahuma messengers
bring letters from Emin and Jephson--Their contents--My replies to the
same handed to Chief Mogo for delivery--The Balegga attack us, but, with
the help of the Bavira, are repulsed--Mr. Jephson turns up--We talk of
Emin--Jephson's report bearing upon the revolt of the troops of
Equatoria, also his views respecting the invasion of the province by the
Mahdists, and its results--Emin Pasha sends through Mr. Jephson an
answer to my last letter                                             112


CHAPTER XXV.

EMIN PASHA AND HIS OFFICERS REACH OUR CAMP AT KAVALLI.


Lieut. Stairs and his caravan are sent for--Plans regarding the release
of Emin from Tunguru--Conversations with Jephson by which I acquire a
pretty correct idea of the state of affairs--The rebel officers at
Wadelai--They release Emin, and proceed in the s.s. _Khedive_ and
_Nyanza_ to our camp at Kavalli--Emin Pasha's arrival--Stairs and his
caravan arrive at Mazamboni's--Characteristic letter from Jephson, who
is sent to bring Emin and his officers from the Lake to Kavalli--Short
note from the Pasha--Arrival of Emin Pasha's caravan--We make a grand
display outside our camp--At the grand divan: Selim Bey--Stairs' column
rolls into camp with piles of wealth--Mr. Bonny despatched to the Nyanza
to bring up baggage--Text of my message to the rest of the revolted
officers at Wadelai--Note from Mr. Bonny--The Greek merchant, Signor
Marco, arrives--Suicide of Zanzibari named Mrima--Neighbouring chiefs
supply us with carriers--Captain Nelson brings in Emin's
baggage--Arrangements with the chiefs from the Ituri River to the
Nyanza--The chief Kabba-Rega--Emin Pasha's daughter--Selim Bey receives
a letter from Fadl-el-Mulla--The Pasha appointed naturalist and
meteorologist to the Expedition--The Pasha a Materialist--Dr. Hassan's
arrival--My inspection over the camp--Capt. Casati arrives--Mr. Bonny
appears with Awash Effendi and his baggage--The rarest doctor in the
world--Discovery of some chimpanzees--The Pasha in his vocation of
"collecting"--Measurements of the dwarfs--Why I differ with Emin in the
judgment of his men--Various journeys from the camp to the Lake for men
and baggage--The Zanzibaris' complaints of the ringleaders--Hassan
Bakari--The Egyptian officers--Interview with Shukri Agha--The flora on
the Baregga Hills--The chief of Usiri joins our
confederacy--Conversation with Emin regarding Selim Bey and Shukri
Agha--Address by me to Stairs, Nelson, Jephson and Parke before Emin
Pasha--Their replies--Notices to Selim Bey and Shukri Agha           139


CHAPTER XXVI.

WE START HOMEWARD FOR ZANZIBAR.


False reports of strangers at Mazamboni's--Some of the Pasha's
ivory--Osman Latif Effendi gives me his opinions on the Wadelai
officers--My boy Sali as spy in the camp--Capt. Casati's views of Emin's
departure from his province--Lieut. Stairs makes the first move
homeward--Weights of my officers at various places--Ruwenzori
visible--The little girl reared by Casati--I act as mediator between
Mohammed Effendi, his wife, and Emin--Bilal and Serour--Attempts to
steal rifles from the Zanzibari's huts--We hear of disorder and distress
at Wadelai and Mswa--Two propositions made to Emin Pasha--Signal for
general muster under arms sounded--Emin's Arabs are driven to muster by
the Zanzibaris--Address to the Egyptians and Soudanese--Lieut. Stairs
brings the Pasha's servants into the square--Serour and three others,
being the principal conspirators, placed under guard--Muster of Emin
Pasha's followers--Osman Latif Effendi and his mother--Casati and Emin
not on speaking terms--Preparing for the march--Fight with clubs between
the Nubian, Omar, and the Zanzibaris--My judgments on the combatants--We
leave Kavalli for Zanzibar--The number of our column--Halt in
Mazamboni's territory--I am taken ill with inflammation of the
stomach--Dr. Parke's skilful nursing--I plan in my mind the homeward
march--Frequent reports to me of plots in the camp--Lieut. Stairs and
forty men capture Rehan and twenty-two deserters who left with our
rifles--At a holding of the court it is agreed to hang Rehan--Illness of
Surgeon Parke and Mr. Jephson--A packet of letters intended for Wadelai
falls into my hands, and from which we learn of an important plot
concocted by Emin's officers--Conversation with Emin Pasha about the
same--Shukri Agha arrives in our camp with two followers--Lieut. Stairs
buries some ammunition--We continue our march and camp at
Bunyambiri--Mazamboni's services and hospitality--Three soldiers appear
with letters from Selim Bey--Their contents--Conversation with the
soldiers--They take a letter to Selim Bey from Emin--Ali Effendi and his
servants accompany the soldiers back to Selim Bey                    182


CHAPTER XXVII.

EMIN PASHA--A STUDY.


The Relief of David Livingstone compared with the Relief of Emin
Pasha--Outline of the journey of the Expedition to the first meeting
with Emin--Some few points relating to Emin on which we had been
misinformed--Our high conception of Emin Pasha--Loyalty of the troops,
and Emin's extreme indecision--Surprise at finding Emin a prisoner on
our third return to the Nyanza--What might have been averted by the
exercise of a little frankness and less reticence on Emin's part--Emin's
virtues and noble desires--The Pasha from our point of view--Emin's rank
and position in Khartoum, and gradual rise to Governor of
Equatoria--Gordon's trouble in the Soudan--Emin's consideration and
patience--After 1883 Emin left to his own resources--Emin's small
explorations--Correctness of what the Emperor Hadrian wrote of the
Egyptians--The story of Emin's struggles with the Mahdi's forces from
1883 to 1885--Dr. Junker takes Emin's despatches to Zanzibar in
1886--Kabba Rega a declared enemy of Emin--The true position of Emin
Pasha prior to his relief by us, showing that good government was
impossible--Two documents (one from Osman Digna, and the other from Omar
Saleh) received from Sir Francis Grenfell, the Sirdar                228


CHAPTER XXVIII.

TO THE ALBERT EDWARD NYANZA.


Description of the road from Bundegunda--We get a good view of the twin
peaks in the Ruwenzori range--March to Utinda--The Pasha's officers
abuse the officer in command: which compels a severe order--Kaibuga
urges hostilities against Uhobo--Brush with the enemy: Casati's servant,
Akili, killed--Description of the Ruwenzori range as seen from
Mboga--Mr. Jephson still an invalid--The little stowaway named
Tukabi--Captain Nelson examines the Semliki for a suitable ferry--We
reach the Semliki river: description of the same--Uledi and Saat Tato
swim across the river for a canoe--A band of Wara Sura attack us--All
safely ferried across the river--In the Awamba forest--Our progress to
Baki-kundi--We come across a few Baundwe, forest aborigines--the
Egyptians and their followers--Conversation with Emin Pasha--Unexplored
parts of Africa--Abundance of food--Ruwenzori from the spur of
Ugarama--Two native women give us local information--We find an old man
at Batuma--At Bukoko we encounter some Manyuema raiders: their
explanation--From Bakokoro we arrive at Mtarega, the foot of the
Ruwenzori range--Lieutenant Stairs with some men explore the Mountains
of the Moon--Report of Lieutenant Stairs' experiences--The Semliki
valley--The Rami-lulu valley--The perfection of a tropical
forest--Villages in the clearing of Ulegga--Submission of a Ukonju
chief--Local knowledge from our friends the Wakonju--Description of the
Wakonju tribe--The Semliki river--View of Ruwenzori from Mtsora--We
enter Muhamba, and next day camp at Karimi--Capture of some fat cattle
of Rukara's--the Zeriba of Rusesse--Our first view of Lake Albert Edward
Nyanza                                                               250


CHAPTER XXIX.

THE SOURCES OF THE NILE--THE MOUNTAINS OF THE MOON, AND THE FOUNTAINS OF
THE NILE.


Pere Jerome Lobo and the Nile--The chartographers of Homer's
time--Hekataeus's ideas of Africa--Africa after Hipparchus--The great
Ptolemy's map--Edrisi's map--Map of the Margarita Philosophica--Map of
John Ruysch--Sylvannus' map--Sebastian Cabot's map--The arbitrariness of
the modern map maker--Map of Constable, Edinburgh--What Hugh Murray says
in his book published in 1818--A fine dissertation on the Nile by Father
Lobo--Extracts from part of a MS. in the possession of H. E. Ali Pasha
Moubarek--Plan of Mount Gumr--A good description of Africa by
Scheabeddin--The Nile according to Abdul Hassen Ali--Abu Abd Allah
Mohammed on the Nile river                                           291


CHAPTER XXX.

RUWENZORI: THE CLOUD KING.


Recent travellers who have failed to see this range--Its classical
history--The range of mountains viewed from Pisgah by us in 1887--The
twin cones and snowy mountain viewed by us in 1888 and January
1889--Description of the range--The Semliki valley--A fair figurative
description of Ruwenzori--The principal drainage of the snowy range--The
luxurious productive region known as Awamba forest or the Semliki
valley--Shelter from the winds--Curious novelties in plants in Awamba
forest--The plains between Mtsora and Muhamba--Changes of climate and
vegetation on nearing the hills constituting the southern flank of
Ruwenzori--The north-west and west side of Ruwenzori--Emotions raised in
us at the sight of Ruwenzori--The reason why so much snow is retained on
Ruwenzori--The ascending fields of snow and great tracts of
_debris_--Brief views of the superb Rain Creator or Cloud
King--Impression made on all of us by the skyey crests and snowy breasts
of Ruwenzori                                                         313


CHAPTER XXXI.

RUWENZORI AND LAKE ALBERT EDWARD.


Importance of maps in books of travels--The time spent over my maps--The
dry bed of a lake discovered near Karimi; its computed size--Lessons
acquired in this wonderful region--What we learn by observation from the
Semliki valley to the basin of the twin lakes--Extensive plain between
Rusesse and Katwe--The Zeribas of euphorbia of Wasongora--The raid of
the Waganda made eighteen years ago--The grass and water on the wide
expanses of flats--The last view and southern face of Ruwenzori--The
town of Katwe--The Albert Edward Nyanza--Analysis of the brine obtained
from the Salt Lake at Katwe--Surroundings of the Salt Lake--The blood
tints of its waters--The larger Salt Lake of Katwe, sometimes called
Lake of Mkiyo--The great repute of the Katwe salt--The Lakists of the
Albert Edward--Bevwa, on our behalf, makes friends with the
natives--Kakuri appears with some Wasongora chiefs--Exploration of the
large Katwe lake--Kaiyura's settlement--Katwe Bay--A black leopard--The
native huts at Mukungu--We round an arm of the lake called Beatrice
Gulf, and halt at Muhokya--Ambuscade by some of the Wara-Sura, near the
Rukoki: we put them to flight--And capture a Mhuma woman--Captain Nelson
and men follow up the rear guard of Rukara--Halt at Buruli: our Wakonju
and Wasongora friends leave us--Sickness amongst us through bad
water--The Nsongi River crossed--Capture of a Wara-Sura--Illness and
death among the Egyptians and blacks--Our last engagement with the
Wara-Sura at Kavandare pass--Bulemo-Ruigi places his country at our
disposal--The Pasha's muster roll--Myself and others are smitten down
with fever at Katari Settlement--The south side of Lake Albert Edward
and rivers feeding the Lake--Our first and last view, also colour of the
Lake--What we might have seen if the day had been clearer            334


CHAPTER XXXII.

THROUGH ANKORI TO THE ALEXANDRA NILE.


The routes to the sea, _via_ Uganda, through Ankori, to Ruanda and
thence to Tanganika--We decide on the Ankori route--We halt at Kitete,
and are welcomed in the name of King Antari--Entertained by Masakuma and
his women--A glad message from King Antari's mother--Two Waganda
Christians, named Samuel and Zachariah, appear in camp: Zachariah
relates a narrative of astounding events which had occurred in
Uganda--Mwanga, King of Uganda; his behaviour--Our people recovering
from the fever epidemic--March up the valley between Iwanda and Denny
Range--We camp at Wamaganga--Its inhabitants--The Rwizi River
crossed--Present from the king's mother--The feelings of the natives
provoked by scandalous practices of some of my men--An incident
illustrating the different views men take of things--Halt at the valley
of Rusussu--Extract from my diary--We continue our journey down Namianja
Valley--The peaceful natives turn on us, but are punished by Prince
Uchunku's men--I go through the rite of blood-brotherhood with Prince
Uchunku--The Prince's wonder at the Maxim gun--A second deputation from
the Waganda Christians: my long cross-examination of them: extract from
my journal--My answer to the Christians--We enter the valley of
Mavona--And come in sight of the Alexandra Valley--The Alexandra
Nile                                                                 358


CHAPTER XXXIII.

THE TRIBES OF THE GRASS-LAND.


The Wahuma: the exact opposite of the Dwarfs: their descendants--Tribes
nearly allied to the true <DW64> type--Tribes of the Nilotic basin--The
Herdsmen--The traditions of Unyoro--My experiences of the Wahuma gained
while at Kavalli--View of the surrounding country from Kavalli
camp--Chiefs Kavalli, Katto, and Gavira, unbosom their wrongs to me--Old
Ruguji's reminiscences--The pasture-land lying between Lake Albert and
the forest--The cattle in the district round Kavalli: their
milk-yield--Three cases referring to cattle which I am called upon to
adjudicate--Household duties of the women--Dress among the Wahuma--Old
Egyptian and Ethiopian characteristics preserved among the tribes of the
grass-land--Customs, habits, and religion of the tribes--Poor Gaddo
suspected of conspiracy against his chief, Kavalli: his death--Diet of
the Wahuma--The climate of the region of the grass-land              384


CHAPTER XXXIV.

TO THE ENGLISH MISSION STATION, SOUTH END OF VICTORIA NYANZA.


Ankori and Karagwe under two aspects--Karagwe; and the Alexandra
Nile--Mtagata Hot Springs--A baby rhinoceros, captured by the Nubians,
shows fight in camp--Disappearance of Wadi Asmani--The Pasha's opinion
of Capt. Casati--Surgeon Parke and the pigmy damsel--Conduct of a boy
pigmy--Kibbo-bora loses his wife at the Hot Springs--Arrival at
Kufurro--Recent kings of Karagwe--Kiengo and Captain Nelson's
resemblance to "Speke"--The King of Uganda greatly dreaded in
Karagwe--Ndagara refuses to let our sick stay in his country--Camp at
Uthenga: loss of men through the cold--We throw superfluous articles in
Lake Urigi in order to carry the sick--We enter the district of
Ihangiro: henceforward our food has to be purchased--the Lake of
Urigi--At the village of Mutara, Fath-el-Mullah runs amuck with the
natives, and is delivered over to them--The Unyamatundu plateau--Halt at
Ngoti: Mwengi their chief--Kajumba's territory--We obtain a good view of
Lake Victoria--The country round Kisaho--Lions and human skulls in the
vicinity of our camp--The events of 1888 cleared our track for a
peaceful march to the sea--We reach Amranda and Bwanga--The French
missionaries and their stations at Usambiro--Arrival at Mr. Mackay's,
the English Mission station--Mr. Mackay and his books--We rest, and
replenish our stores, etc.--Messrs. Mackay and Deakes give us a
sumptuous dinner previous to our departure--The last letter from Mr. A.
M. Mackay, dated January 5, 1890                                     404


CHAPTER XXXV.

FROM THE VICTORIA NYANZA TO ZANZIBAR.


Missionary work along the shores of the Victoria Nyanza and along the
Congo river--The road from Mackay's Mission--The country at
Genge--Considerable difficulty at preserving the peace at Kungu--Rupture
of peace at Ikoma--Capture and release of Monangwa--The Wasukuma
warriors attack us, but finally retire--Treachery--The natives follow us
from Nera to Seke--We enter the district of Sinyanga; friendship between
the natives and our men--Continued aggression of the natives--Heavy
tributes--Massacre of caravan--The district of Usongo, and its chief
Mittinginya--His surroundings and neighbours--Two French missionaries
overtake us--Human skulls at Ikungu--We meet one of Tippu-Tib's caravans
from Zanzibar--Troubled Ugogo--Lieutenant Schmidt welcomes us at the
German station of Mpwapwa--Emin Pasha visits the Peres of the French
Mission of San Esprit--The Fathers unacquainted with Emin's repute--Our
mails in Africa continually going astray--Contents of some newspaper
clippings--Baron von Gravenreuth and others meet us at Msua--Arrival of
an Expedition with European provisions, clothing and boots for us--Major
Wissman--He and Schmidt take Emin and myself on to Bagamoyo--Dinner and
guests at the German officer's mess house--Major Wissman proposes the
healths of the guests; Emin's and my reply to the same--Emin's
accident--I visit Emin in the hospital--Surgeon Parke's report--The
feeling at Bagamoyo--Embark for Zanzibar--Parting words with Emin
Pasha--Illness of Doctor Parke--Emin Pasha enters the service of the
German Government--Emin Pasha's letter to Sir John Kirk--Sudden
termination of Emin's acquaintance with me--Three occasions when I
apparently offended Emin--Emin's fears that he would be unemployed--The
British East African Company and Emin--Courtesy and hospitality at
Zanzibar--Monies due to the survivors of the Relief
Expedition--Tippu-Tib's agent at Zanzibar, Jaffar Tarya--The Consular
Judge grants me an injunction against Jaffar Tarya--At
Cairo--Conclusion                                                    432




APPENDICES.


A.--CONGRATULATIONS BY CABLE RECEIVED AT ZANZIBAR           481

B.--COMPARATIVE TABLES OF FOREST AND GRASS-LAND LANGUAGES   490

C.--ITINERARY OF THE JOURNEYS MADE IN 1887, 1888, 1889      496

D.--BALANCE SHEET, &C., OF THE RELIEF EXPEDITION            513

GENERAL INDEX                                               515




LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

VOLUME II.


_STEEL ENGRAVING._

PORTRAIT OF HENRY M. STANLEY      _Frontispiece._

(From a Photograph taken at Cairo, March, 1890.)

_FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS._

                                                                  Facing
                                                                    page

SWORDS AND KNIVES OF THE ABABUA                                       22

ENTERING ANDIKUMU                                                     50

THE SCOUTS DISCOVER THE PIGMIES CARRYING AWAY THE CASE OF
AMMUNITION                                                            54

STARVATION CAMP: SERVING OUT MILK AND BUTTER FOR BROTH                66

A PAGE FROM MR. STANLEY'S NOTE-BOOK--SKETCH-MAPS                      94

THE PIGMIES AT HOME--A ZANZIBAR SCOUT TAKING NOTES                   104

ADDRESS TO REBEL OFFICERS AT KAVALLI                                 148

THE PIGMIES AS COMPARED WITH THE ENGLISH OFFICERS, SOUDANESE,
AND ZANZIBARIS                                                       152

THE PIGMIES UNDER THE LENS, AS COMPARED TO CAPTAIN CASATI'S
SERVANT OKILI                                                        164

CLIMBING THE PLATEAU <DW72>s                                          170

RESCUED EGYPTIANS AND THEIR FAMILIES                                 220

RUWENZORI, FROM KAVALLI'S                                            252

RUWENZORI, FROM MTSORA                                               286

BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF RUWENZORI, LAKE ALBERT EDWARD, AND LAKE
ALBERT                                                               318

RUWENZORI, FROM KARIMI                                               328

EXPEDITION WINDING UP THE GORGE OF KARYA-MUHORO                      362

A PAGE FROM MR. STANLEY'S NOTE-BOOK--MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS             396

WEAPONS OF THE BALEGGA AND WAHUMA TRIBES                             400

BABY RHINOCEROS SHOWING FIGHT IN CAMP                                406

SOUTH-WEST EXTREMITY OF LAKE VICTORIA NYANZA                         419

STANLEY, EMIN, AND OFFICERS AT USAMBIRO                              425

EXPERIENCES IN USUKUMA                                               438

BANQUET AT MSUA                                                      450

UNDER THE PALMS AT BAGAMOYO                                          454

THE RELIEF EXPEDITION RETURNING TO ZANZIBAR                          462

THE FAITHFULS AT ZANZIBAR                                            474

_OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS._

A SWIMMING RACE AFTER A BUSH ANTELOPE                                 25

DWARF CAPTIVE AT AVITAKO                                              41

BRIDGING THE DUI RIVER                                                60

TWO-EDGED SPEARS                                                      99

PLAY-TABLE                                                            99

BACK-REST AND STOOL                                                   99

DECORATED EARTHEN POT                                                 99

ARROWS OF THE DWARFS                                                 101

ELEPHANT TRAP                                                        102

A BELLE OF BAVIRA                                                    130

VIEW OF CAMP AT KAVALLI                                              140

SHUKRI AGHA, COMMANDANT OF MSWA STATION                              173

SALI, HEAD-BOY                                                       185

AN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN LADY                                             207

ATTACK BY THE WANYORO AT SEMLIKI FERRY                               260

HOUSES ON THE EDGE OF THE FOREST                                     264

EGYPTIAN WOMEN AND CHILDREN                                          266

THE TALLEST PEAK OF RUWENZORI, FROM AWAMBA FOREST                    274

SOUTH-WEST TWIN CONES OF RUWENZORI--SKETCH. BY LIEUT. STAIRS         278

[1]AFRICA IN HOMER'S WORLD                                           293

     "       MAP OF HEKATAEUS                                         294

     "       HIPPARCHUS, 100 B.C.                                    295

PTOLEMY'S MAP OF AFRICA, A.D. 150                                    295

CENTRAL AFRICA ACCORDING TO EDRISI, A.D. 1154                        296

MAP OF THE MARGARITA PHILOSOPHICA, A.D. 1503                         296

  "          JOHN RUYSCH, A.D. 1508                                  297

MAP, SYLVANUS', A.D. 1511                                            297

HIERONIMUS DE VERRAZANO'S MAP, A.D. 1529                             298

SEBASTIAN CABOT'S MAP OF THE WORLD, 16TH CENTURY                     298

THE NILE'S SOURCES ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHERS OF THE 16TH AND
17TH CENTURIES                                                       299

MAP OF THE NILE BASIN, A.D. 1819                                     301

MOUNTAINS OF THE MOON--MASSOUDI, 11TH CENTURY                        308

MAP OF NILE BASIN TO-DAY FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN TO S. LAT. 4 deg.        311

VIEW OF RUWENZORI FROM BAKOKORO WESTERN CONES                        326

THE LITTLE SALT LAKE AT KATWE                                        342

SECTION OF A HOUSE NEAR LAKE ALBERT NYANZA                           348

A VILLAGE IN ANKORI                                                  361

EXPEDITION CLIMBING THE ROCK IN THE VALLEY OF ANKORI                 362

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE BALEGGA                                   399

A HOT SPRING, MTAGATA                                                406

LAKE URIGI                                                           415
VIEW FROM MACKAY'S MISSION, LAKE VICTORIA                            428

ROCK HILLS, USAMBIRO                                                 437

HOUSE AND BALCONY FROM WHICH EMIN FELL                               454

SKETCH OF CASKET CONTAINING THE FREEDOM OF THE CITY OF LONDON        488

SKETCH OF CASKET, THE GIFT OF KING LEOPOLD                           489


_MAPS._

A MAP OF THE ROUTE OF THE EMIN PASHA
RELIEF EXPEDITION THROUGH AFRICA.                           _In Pocket._

A MAP OF EMIN PASHA'S PROVINCE.                             _In Pocket._

PROFILE SKETCH OF RUWENZORI AND THE VALLEY OF THE SEMLIKI.
                                                       _Facing page 335_




IN DARKEST AFRICA.




CHAPTER XXI.

WE START OUR THIRD JOURNEY TO THE NYANZA.

     Mr. Bonny and the Zanzibaris--The Zanzibaris' complaints--Poison of
     the Manioc--Conversations with Ferajji and Salim--We tell the rear
     column of the rich plenty of the Nyanza--We wait for Tippu-Tib at
     Bungangeta Island--Muster of our second journey to the Albert--Mr.
     Jameson's letter from Stanley Falls dated August 12th--The flotilla
     of canoes starts--The Mariri rapids--Ugarrowwa and Salim bin
     Mohammed visit me--Tippu-Tib, Major Barttelot, and the
     carriers--Salim bin Mohammed--My answer to Tippu-Tib--Salim and the
     Manyuema--The settlement of the Batundu--Small-pox among the Madi
     carriers and the Manyuema--Two insane women--Two more Zanzibari
     raiders slain--Breach of promises in the Expedition--The Ababua
     tribe--Wasp Rapids--Ten of our men killed and eaten by
     natives--Canoe accident at Manginni--Lakki's raiding party at
     Mambanga--Feruzi and the bush antelope--Our cook, Jabu, shot dead
     by a poisoned arrow--Panga Falls--Further casualties by the
     natives--Nejambi Rapids--The poisoned arrows--Mabengu
     Rapids--Child-birth on the road--Our sick list--Native affection--A
     tornado at Little Rapids--Mr. Bonny discovers the village of
     Bavikai--Remarks about Malaria--Emin Pasha and mosquito
     curtain--Encounter with the Bavikai natives--A cloud of moths at
     Hippo Broads--Death of the boy Soudi--Incident at Avaiyabu--Result
     of vaccinating the Zanzibaris--Zanzibari stung by
     wasps--Misfortunes at Amiri Rapids--Our casualties--Collecting food
     prior to march to Avatiko.

[Sidenote: 1888. Aug. 21. Bavabya.]

That uncanny concurrence of circumstances, illustrated by the contents
of the last chapter, was recalled to my mind again on the next morning
which dawned on us after the arrival of the advance column at Bavabya.

[Sidenote: 1888. Aug. 21. Forest.]

In Mr. Bonny's entry in the log-book will be found mentioned that the
Soudanese and Zanzibaris mustered of their own accord to lay their
complaints before me. Mr. Bonny, in his official report, had stated it
was his intention, "under God's help, to make the Expedition more
successful than it had been hitherto." By his written report, and his
oral accounts, by the brave deliberation of his conduct during the
terrible hours of the 19th July, and by the touching fidelity to his
duties, as though every circumstance of his life was precisely what it
ought to be, Mr. Bonny had leaped at a bound, in my estimation, to a
most admiring height. I was sure, also, that Major Barttelot must have
discovered remarkable elements of power in him, which, unfortunately for
my credit, had been unseen by me. But no sooner had permission been
given to the men to speak, than I was amazed at finding himself
listening to a confession that the first day's march to the eastward
under Mr. Bonny was to be the signal for his total abandonment by the
Zanzibaris.

I gave them a patient hearing. Only sixty seemed in any way likely to
survive the trials they had endured out of the 101 or 102 remaining.
They all appeared unutterably miserable, many seemed heart-broken, but
there were several whose looks suggested a fixed hate, malice, and
spite.

"Well, sit down, children," said I, "and let us talk this matter
quietly," and when they had seated themselves in a semi-circle before
me, and our own robust people from the Nyanza had crowded about behind,
I addressed them thus:--

"Ah, my poor men, the days of weeping and grieving are over. Dry your
tears and be glad. See those stout fellows behind you. They have seen
the white Pasha, they have shared his bounties of meat, and milk and
millet, and have heard him praise their manliness. They are the people
who should weep, but weep for gladness, for every step hence is one step
nearer to Zanzibar. We came back from the Nyanza to seek you who were so
long lost to us. We have found you, thanks be to God! Now, let bygones
be bygones. I cannot restore the dead, but I can rejoice the hearts of
the living. Think no more of your sufferings, but live in hope of a
brighter future. It was necessary for us to go before you, to clear the
road and assist the white man before he perished. We told you all this
before we departed from you. You should have remembered our promise that
as soon as we had found him whom we sought we should come back with the
good news to you. We have kept our word--have you kept yours?

"No, you lost your faith in us. When the runaways from our party
returned to you, and they, with gaping mouths, told you what was false
to hide their crime of desertion, you listened with wide-open ears, and
accepted their tales as truths. Did they bring a letter from any of us?
No! but you found silver watches, and Arab cloaks striped with gold in
their baggage. Do common carriers find such things in the forest? If
they do, then you should have said to them, 'Come, turn back with us,
and show us the place where we may also find such wealth.' Those
carriers had stolen those things from us, and had run away with their
booty. You saw these things, and yet you believed that we were all
destroyed, that I was shot in seventeen places, and all the white men
except one had been killed, and the one remaining had gone to Ujiji! Oh,
men of little wit!

"What, nearly 400 Zanzibaris, and six white men, all lost except a few,
and those few gone to Ujiji instead of coming to you, their brothers and
friends! That is too much for belief. I thought Zanzibaris were wiser
men, for truly I have seen wise ones in my time.

"And if I were not dead, how came you to believe that I would forget
you, and my white sons whom I left with you. Whither could I go, except
to my own children if I were distressed or unable to go on? Was not the
fact of our long absence a proof that we were still going on doing our
work, since even deserters and thieves had nowhere to flee except back
to you?

"Aye, I see well how it has happened unto you. You lay on your backs
rotting in camp, and have been brooding and thinking until the jiggers
have burrowed into your brains, and Shaitan has caused you to dream of
evil and death. You became hardened in mind, and cruel to your own
bodies. Instead of going to the little masters, and telling them of your
griefs and fears, you have said Mambu Kwa Mungu--it is God's trouble.
Our masters don't care for us, and we don't care for them.

"Now, Ferajji, you are a head man, tell me what cause of complaint in
particular you have. Did the white men ill-treat you?"

"No, they treated me well; but they were hard on some of the men."

"How hard, and on whom?"

"On the Zanzibaris, and if they were not _chap-a-chap_ (active)."

"But what did they wish to be _chap-a-chap_ for? Had you important work
to do?"

"No, for when the steamer went away there was little to do. Only fixing
the earth work, sweep camp, cut fuel, and stand guard at night. But the
_goee-goees_ (lazy or useless) would not come when called. Then the
white men got impatient, and would call again louder. Then the
_goee-goees_ would come slowly--lazily--little by little, and say they
had pains in the head, or in the body, back, chest, or feet. Then the
masters would get angry, and say it was shamming. Every day it was the
same thing."

"But how could sweeping camp, getting fuel, and standing guard be hard
work for 250 people?"

"It was no work at all."

"Was anybody else punished except the _goee goees_?"

"No one except the thieves."

"Did you have many of them?"

"I think all the thieves of Zanzibar joined the 'journey-makers' this
time."

"That cannot be, Ferajji, because we had some thieves with us, and there
must have been a few left on the coast."

The audience laugh. Ferajji replied, "That is indeed truth, but we had a
great many. Brass rods, cowries, and garments were lost daily.
Zanzibaris accused Soudanese, Soudanese accused Somalis, Somalis accused
Zanzibaris, and so it went round. Nothing was safe. Put anything under
your pillow, roll it under the sleeping-mat, bind it tight, and make it
into a headrest, and lo! in the morning it was gone! Indeed, I became
afraid my teeth would be stolen next."

"But those white teeth of yours are not purchased, are they, Ferajji?"

"No, thank Allah, they were born with me, but those who thrive on
thieving may well be feared."

"That is true, Ferajji; but why should they have stolen all the time?"

"Hunger made them steal. Hunger killed the strong lion in the fable, and
hunger will kill the best man."

"Hunger! what are you talking of. Hunger, with all those fields of
manioc near here?"

"Manioc, master! Manioc will do for a time, but manioc with sauce is
better."

"Sauce! I don't understand you, Ferajji?"

"Why, dry manioc--that is manioc with nothing but itself--manioc in the
morning, and at noon, and at the sunset meal, and nothing but eternal
manioc, with neither salt, nor fish, nor meat, nor oil, nor butter, nor
fat of any kind to assist its passage down the gullet, is apt to cloy.
Give the appetite something now and then new to smell, or see with the
manioc, and the Zanzibari is satisfied. Without that the stomach
by-and-by shuts the door, and won't take anything, and men die."

"I see, but I left salt in the storeroom. It was to purchase fish,
bananas and palm oil that the brass rods, cowries and beads were for."

"Ah, now you are drawing near the point, master. Sometimes--nay, we were
a long time without either."

"But if they were in the store, surely there must be some reason why
they were not given out?"

"We come to the thieves again, who became so active that they sold our
axes and bill-hooks, and sold them to the natives for fish. Those who
shared in the fish refused to tell who the thieves were, and our rations
of cowries and brass rods were stopped."

"After all, Ferajji, though manioc by itself is very dry eating, it is
very good food. Think of it, all the blacks from Banana to Stanley
Falls live on it, why should not Zanzibaris of this expedition live on
it as they lived during six years on the Congo with me. I cannot see any
reason for manioc to kill 100 men in eleven months. Tell me when did the
people begin to sicken."

"There were about a dozen sick when you left, sick of ulcers, bowel and
chest complaints. A few recovered; then, in about four weeks, many got
very feeble, and some sank lower and thinner until they died, and we
buried them. When our friends came up from Bolobo, we thought they
looked very different from us at Yambuya. They were stout and strong--we
were thin and dying. Then, in another month, the men from Bolobo began
to sicken and die, and every few days we buried one, or two, or even
three at a time. There was no difference after a while between the
Yambuya and Bolobo men."

"Had you any cholera, small-pox, fever, or dysentery among you?"

"No, the men did not die of any of those things. Perhaps the Somalis and
Soudanese did not take kindly to the climate, but it was not the climate
that killed the Zanzibaris. Oh---- "

"And you say it was not by the stick, or hard work, or cholera,
small-pox, fever, dysentery or climate?"

"Nothing of any of those things killed the Zanzibaris."

"Were they shot, or hanged, poisoned, or drowned?"

"Neither was any of those things done unto them, and a proper and good
man was never punished, and we had one day out of seven in the week to
ourselves."

"Now in the name of the Prophet Mohammed--throw your eyesight on these
forty men here who sit apart. Look at those big eyes, hollow cheeks,
thin necks, and every rib bare to the view. You see them? What has
caused those men to be thus?"

"God knows!"

"Yet they are wasting away, man, and they will die."

"It is true."

"Well, then, give me some idea--of what is killing them?"

"I cannot tell you, master; may be it is their fate to be thus."

"Bah! God has done His best for you. He has given you eyes, hands to
feel, feet to walk, a good stomach to digest your food, and a sense to
pilot your path through the world. Don't say that God made strong men to
wither them away in this manner. I must and will find the reason of this
out.

"Now, you Salim, the son of Rashid, speak to me. The son of a wise
father should know a few wise things. There is Death among you, and I
want to find out why. Say, how you and your comrades living in camp for
a year can lose more lives than we did during all our journey, through
this big forest, despite all the hunger and hard work we met?"

Salim thus urged, replied modestly: "I am not wise, and all the world
knows it. I am but a youth, and a porter, who for a little wage has come
to gather a little money by carrying my load through Pagan lands. What
strength I have I give freely to the owner of the caravan. Bitter things
have happened to us while you were away. I have lost a brother since I
came here. You must know, sir, that dry manioc and water is not good for
a son of Adam. If our friends and relatives have sickened, and died--it
must surely be that the manioc has had something to do with it. Thank
God, I am well, and still strong, but I have seen the days when I would
willingly have sold my freedom for a full meal. Whatsoever tended to
fill the void of the stomach I have sought out and have continued to
live on day after day, until, praise be to God and the Prophet--you have
come back to us. But, sir, all men are not the same--the sense of all
men is not equal, and it may be that white men differ one from the other
as much as we blacks; for I see that some of them are rich, and some are
poor, some attend the engines down in the belly of the ship, and some
walk the quarter deck and command."

"Aye, Salim has the gift of speech," murmured the crowd.

This encouraged Salim, who, clearing his throat, resumed: "There is no
doubt that the main fault lies in the manioc. It is a most bitter kind,
and the effects of eating it we all know. We know the sickness, the
retching, the quaking of the legs, the softening of the muscles, the
pain in the head as if it were bound with iron and the earth swimming
round the place whereon we stand, and the fall into a deadly faint. I
say we have felt all this, and have seen it in others. Some of us have
picked up the knack of making it eatable; but there are others who are
already too feeble or too lazy to try, or try to care how to live.

"For some time we have been thinking that in every camp of ours there is
nothing but graves, and dying and burying. There has been no meat, nor
salt, nor dripping, nor gravy. There has been manioc, always manioc, and
no more. But if the gullet be dry, what will drive the food down the
passage? If the stomach is filled with loathing it requires a little
gravy or dripping to make the food palatable.

"We knew that in a few weeks we were to leave here for Stanley Falls, or
for up the river, and we had made up our minds to leave the white men's
service--every one of us. There has been death among us, it is here
still, and no one knows what is the cause of it. I myself don't quite
believe that it is because we are working for white men, but there are
some of us who do. But we were all agreed until you came that we had
seen enough of it. There is another thing I wished to say, and that
is--we have wondered why we who belong to the Continent should die, and
white men who are strangers to it should live. When we were on the Congo
and on other journeys it was the white men who died, and not we. Now it
is we who die, a hundred blacks for one white. No, master, the cause of
death is in the food. The white men had meat of goat, and fowls, and
fish; we have had nothing but manioc and therefore died. I have spoken
my say."

"Well, it is my turn to talk. I have been listening, and thinking, and
everything seems clear to me. You say that manioc was your food at
Yambuya, and that it made you sick and your men died?"

"Yes."

"And you say that the men of Bolobo when they come to Yambuya were in
good condition?"

"Yes."

"But that afterwards they became sick and died also?"

"Yes."

"What did the men of Bolobo eat when there?"

"Chikwanga."

"Well, what is chikwanga but bread made out of manioc?"

"That is true."

"Did you make it into bread?"

"Some of us."

"And some of you have lived. Now the truth of the matter is this. You
went out into the fields, and gathered the manioc tubers, the finest and
best. And you cut some leaves of manioc and brought them in, to bruise
them and make greens. This manioc is of the bitter kind. This bitterness
which you taste in it is poison. It would not only kill a few hundreds.
It would kill a whole race.

"As you peeled the tubers, you cut raw slices and ate them, you pounded
your greens and as 'kitoweo,' you ate them also. These are two instances
in which you took poison.

"Now the men from Bolobo had bought the manioc bread from the native
women. They had steeped the tubers in the river for four or five or six
days until the poison had all been washed away, they had then picked the
fibres out, dried the mush, and when dry they had made it into good
bread. That was what fed the Bolobo men, and fattened them. But the men
of Yambuya had scraped their manioc, and cut the roots for drying in the
sun, and as they did so they ate many a piece raw, and before the slices
were well dried they had eaten some, because they had no reserve of
food, and hunger forced them. Even those of you who put your roots to
soak in the water ate many a nice-looking bit, and you bruised and
cooked your greens to serve with your badly-prepared bread, and men
naturally sickened and died of the poison; and the men of Bolobo, when
they came up, did like the men of Yambuya, and by-and-by they fell ill
and died also. That is the reason why there are a hundred graves at
Yambuya, and that is what ails these sick men here. Not one of the white
men died, because they had rice, beans, biscuits and meat of fowl and
goat. If it were the climate that had killed your friends, the white men
less adapted for it would have died first, as they have done on the
lower Congo; but neither the climate nor the camp had anything to do
with your mortal sickness--the retching, and quaking of the limbs, the
vertigo and pain in the head, the weakening of the knees, and the
softening of the muscles, the final loathing, and indifference to
life--nothing else than the poison of the bitter manioc.

"What you should have done was to have sent two or three daily out of
each mess to gather in the manioc in sufficient quantities and steep it
in the river, and have always plenty of prepared flour on hand to make
porridge or dumplings when hungry. Had you done so, I should have about
200 sleek and strong men ready for travel with me to Zanzibar.

"Now follow what I say to you now. Eat as little of this manioc as you
can. Go, gather plenty of it, put it in the river to steep, and while it
is soaking eat your fill of bananas and plantains. In a day or two I
will move away from here. The sick shall be carried to a big island a
few hours distant, and there you will prepare twenty days' provisions of
flour. Those who cannot get sufficient bananas make gratings over the
fire, slice your manioc thin, and let them dry till morning; then pound,
and make into flour, and eat what is good for white man as well as
black. To-morrow, all of you come back again to me, and you will throw
away those filthy rags of clothing into the river, and I shall clothe
you anew. Meantime, rejoice, and thank God that we have come to save you
from the grave."

We had brought with us a saving salve for all the despair and discontent
that wrought confusion in the minds of those who were herded within the
pen of Banalya. The influence of the beauty of the grass-land, its
wealth of grains and vegetables, and its stores of food had been
impressed so vividly upon the minds of our men of the advance column,
that the subject-matter of their revelations excited the dullest mind to
a lively hope that good times were come again. The men who had feasted
their eyes and glutted their appetites in that glorious land were never
tired of relating those details which have such a charm for those who
know from bitter experience what it is to hunger. As vivid as the word
pictures describing the happy region was the rapture of attention paid
to them by the poor emaciates who bore on their faces the unhealthy
stain of anaemia. To these it seemed an Eden filled with all manner of
pleasant things--abundance of food, grain and meat for strength, milk
and millet for nourishment. Slight regard was paid by the narrators to
the miserable months to be endured before the Eden could be reached, nor
did the eager listeners seem to care to sift the narratives. Their
imagination was so engrossed with the bright scenes that quite obscured
the stern realities to be borne before they could be attained. I
listened to the artless prattle of these adult children, sympathised
with their enthusiasm, and pitied them with all my soul. "Inshallah!"
said the boys from the Nyanza, with fervid emotion, "We shall feast on
beef once again, then you will laugh at the days you fed on manioc roots
and greens."

Was it to be doubted that these seductive visions would lead the sickly
ones of Banalya from erring thoughts of desertion? Milk and honey, meat
and millet, with wages and bounties, were stronger attractions than the
dried fish of Stanley Falls, the cane of the Arab master, and a doubtful
future.

The cloud that had weighed down the spirits of the men of the rear
column so long was now about to be uplifted. But first it was necessary
to remove every one from the immediate vicinity of Banalya, the scene of
the tragedy and nursery of vicious moods and mischiefs. The couriers
sent on the 17th of August with notice of our arrival to Tippu-Tib must
have reached him on the 24th of August. I had stated I should wait for
him ten days, and even that period was begrudged by the impatient Nyanza
men, who had heard with scorn of his calculating dilatoriness. But this
delay was not only needed to give another opportunity to Tippu-Tib, but
also to enable Mr. Jameson, who was reported to be at Stanley Falls, to
join us, and also to reorganise the Expedition, and re-arrange the
goods, which had become terribly deranged by the demands of Tippu-Tib,
that they should be reduced to suit mere boy carriers.

[Sidenote: 1888. Aug. 21. Bungangeta.]

After three days' halt at the camp we embarked all the sick and goods in
the canoes, and proceeded to Bungangeta Island, which we reached in
three hours. All the Manyuema carriers proceeded by land to a camp
opposite the island. During our stay at Banalya, Ugarrowwa had descended
the river from Wasp Rapids and occupied the larger island; we therefore
paddled to another higher up, which in some respects was more suitable
for us. The land column straggled into the camp opposite during three
successive days, but the rear guard, driving the stragglers, did not
reach the landing-place until the evening of the 24th, though the
distance was but six miles. Mr. Bonny did not reach until the 22nd. The
advance column in 1887 had covered the distance in four hours, but
meantime the Arabs had destroyed the large settlements, and the
marvellously thriving bush had buried ruins, fields, and plantations
under accumulated layers of leafy parasites. This short march,
protracted over three days, emphasised the necessity that existed for a
complete reorganization and thorough overhaul. We had also lost four
half-loads and two rifles through absconding Manyuema. On the whole it
was a capital test march, and proves, if any further proof was needed
beyond the log-book, the utter unruliness of this mob of slaves, which
had half-maddened the officers of the rear column. Without Tippu-Tib, or
one of his nephews, such a column could not be taken through the broad
extents of wildernesses ahead. At this rate of marching we should be 450
days reaching the Albert Nyanza. Messrs. Jameson and Bonny had been
forty-three days going ninety miles. The difficulties which our officers
met on the road are but slightly glanced at in the log-book, but the
patience with which they had met them was never more manifest. We stayed
on our breezy island until the 31st August. Cloth, beads, cowries, and
brass rods had been distributed at the rate of five doti or twenty
yards, three pounds cowries, one pound beads, and fifteen brass rods per
man of the Nyanza force, and half as much to the men of the rear column,
equal in value to L760 to the Nyanza force, and L283 to the Banalya men.
They all deserved equally, but the latter had already a pretty fair kit,
whereas the Nyanza men had been clad in goat skins and strips of
bark-cloth. This "pocket-money" to each would enable our men to enjoy
perfect rest while Ugarrowwa's 600 people would only be too happy in
preparing flour, making manioc cakes and bread--as reserve
provisions--for a fair portion of cloth and other articles.

Besides the work of restoring the baggage into order, which needed my
personal supervision, I had to write my reports to the Relief Committee,
to the London Royal, and Royal Scottish Geographical Societies, who were
contributories to the Relief Fund, to hold my palaver with the Manyuema
headmen, who one day vowed strictest fidelity, and the next burdened my
ear with complaints of their moody-mad men, losses by disease,
desertion, thefts of goods, menaces, &c., &c. But my answer to them all
was almost similar in terms to that used in my note to Tippu-Tib on the
17th: "If you decline the journey it is well, if you proceed with me it
is well also. Exercise your own free will. I do not need you, but if you
like to follow me I can make use of you, and will pay you according to
the number of loads you carry." Some of them understood this as
implying leave to proceed upon their own business--that of ravaging and
marauding--but three head men volunteered to accompany me. I engaged
them on the condition that if they followed me of their own will for
thirty days I would after that time trust them with loads.

At the muster of the Expedition, August 29th, the roll was made out as
follows:--

                                           Men. Carriers.

  Zanzibaris capable of carrying goods     165}
    Madi carriers                           57}= 283
    Manyuema carriers                       61}
  Soudanese and officers                    21
    Sick, &c. (Zanzibaris)                  45
  Somali                                     1
  Emin Pasha's soldiers                      4
  Manyuema chiefs, women and followers     108
  Officers and servant                       3
                                         ___________
                                           465   283

List of loads to be carried on 2nd Journey to the Albert:--

  Gunpowder             37 cases
  Remington ammunition  83   "
  Winchester            11   "
  Maxim                  9   "
  Beads in sacks        19   "
  Cowries                6   "
  Brass wire coils       4   "
  Cloth in bales        17   "
  Percussion caps        4   "
  Miscellaneous         40   "
                      ____
                       230 loads for 283 carriers.

There were besides a few extra loads of miscellanea, which, so long as
all were carried in canoes, were useful and necessary, such as service
ammunition, native provisions, rope, &c., but the above formed the
indispensable baggage, when we should start overland. Though we had
fifty-three carriers in excess of loads, sickness, wounds, and death
would naturally, from the nature of the country and the present physical
condition of the rear column, decrease the number greatly, and the time
would arrive no doubt when the carriers would only be equal to the
loads, and the head men would have to relieve the sick porters. But
meantime a very fair chance of life was offered to the sick. For
something like sixty days they would be carried in canoes, and fed on
plantain flour and garden herbs. Goats and fowls were very scarce, for
Ugarrowwa had despoiled both banks. Also the porters would not be called
upon to exert their strength in the transport of any burdens. It only
remained for individuals to abstain from wild and reckless looting, and
seeking untimely fate by excess of zeal and imprudence, to assure us a
greater immunity from loss of life on this final journey to the Albert
Nyanza than we enjoyed on our first journey.

[Sidenote: 1888 Aug. 30 Lower Mariri]

During our stay out at Bungangeta Island Mr. Jameson's letter from
Stanley Falls arrived dated August 12th. Though the letter stated he
purposed to descend to Bangala, the messenger reported that he was
likely to proceed to Banana Point, but whether Banana Point or Bangala
mattered very little. When he descended from Stanley Falls he
deliberately severed himself from the Expedition, and no inducement
would tempt me to remain in the neighbourhood of Banalya. I had given my
word to the officers at Fort Bodo and to Emin Pasha and the Egyptians
that on December 22nd, or thereabouts, I should be in the neighbourhood
of Fort Bodo, and by January 16th, or near that date, on the Nyanza. It
was natural that we should grieve and deplore the loss of Mr. Jameson to
the Expedition, for the log-book entries pleaded powerfully for him, but
the fatality that attached itself to the rear column was not to deplete
our numbers also, nor should the garrison at Fort Bodo wonder and bewail
our long absence, and lose their wits in consequence of our breach of
promise. I wrote a letter, however, to Mr. Jameson, wherein I suggested
that if he could muster sixty men, and immediately follow our blazed
path, which was too broad to be mistaken, he might easily overtake our
large column marching in single file through the forest along a road,
bristling with obstacles, of sloughs, marshes, creeks and rivers. But,
as the reader is aware, though we were ignorant of it, Mr. Jameson had
been dead twelve days before my letter was written.

On the 30th August I sent the entire flotilla of canoes--twenty-nine in
number, with twelve of Ugarrowwa's--to transport Mr. Bonny, 239 men and
their personal kit, provisions and cooking pots, five miles up river to
the landing-place above the Rendi River, with orders to the land column
to continue along our track to the next village, and the canoes having
discharged their passengers returned to the island.

The next day--thirteen days having elapsed since Tippu-Tib had been
communicated with and no reply having been received--we departed from
Bungangeta Island on our final journey through the forest land, east. We
embarked 225 men, inclusive of canoe crews, feeble and sick, and 275
full loads of between sixty and sixty-five pounds each of expeditionary
property, provisions of flour, private kits of the people, &c., and
despite a burning sun, which made extempore awnings very necessary,
pressed on up river for six hours until we arrived at our old camp below
Lower Mariri. On the 1st of September we reached the foot of Mariri
Rapids to find that Bonny's column had passed on to South Mupe. As the
unsophisticated Zanzibaris and Manyuema had quite overlooked the device
of portage opposite rapids, we had to despatch couriers to South Mupe
for men to assist in the transport of loads overland.

On the 2nd we were engaged in poling the canoes through the dangerous
river, and in the operation two were capsized. The next day we poled
through the upper Mariri Rapids, and at noon we were all assembled at
South Mupe.

[Sidenote: 1888. Sept. 4. Mupe.]

Ugarrowwa had followed us up with his flotilla to collect a little more
ivory, and was encamped at Upper Mariri Village. I had finished my
hastily written letters to the Royal and Scottish Geographical
Societies, and availed myself of his visit to me to request him to see
that they were forwarded to England, but during our halt on the 4th
September at South Mupe he re-visited me with Salim bin Mohammed, the
nephew of Tippu-Tib, so often mentioned in connection with Major
Barttelot and Mr. Jameson. This man was of medium height and of slender
build, with good and regular Arab features, much marred by the
small-pox, and a face that reflected courage and audacity.

Mr. Bonny's story of him and his malevolence to Major Barttelot
personally had led me to imagine that I had misjudged his character, but
at this interview I was confirmed in my previous impressions of him and
of Tippu-Tib. It was simply this, that both Arabs were quite capable of
shedding pagan blood without concern as to its guilt, but would not plan
out any cold-blooded conspiracy to murder Arabs or white men for a less
cause than revenge. Now as neither had cause to plot the murder of
Barttelot, or to conspire for the destruction of the rear column, there
ought absolutely to be no grounds for supposing that they had ever
imagined such mischiefs. I am not disposed to doubt that Tippu-Tib did
send or lead a contingent of carriers in person to the Aruwimi. His
excuses for his early return--on the plea that he could not find the
camp--may be told to the "Marines." They prove that he was lukewarm,
that he did not care sufficiently for the promised reward, and he ought
to have been dropped out of mind. When, however, the young officers
pleaded, and entreated, and coaxed him, both he and his nephew saw
clearly that the service so eagerly and earnestly desired was worth
money, and they raised their price; not out of ill-will, but out of an
uncontrollable desire to make more profit. The obligations Tippu was
under by contract, the gratitude due me for my assistance, were all
forgotten in the keen and sharpened appetite for money. The Major
possessed no resources to meet their demands, the worthy uncle and
nephew believed that both he and Jameson were rich, and the Expedition
to be under the patronage of wealthy men. "Why, then," say they both
with smug complacency, "if they want us so badly, let them pay. Stanley
has been good to us, that is true (see the Major's report), but a man
can't work for his friend for nothing--friendship is too dear at the
price"--and so they took another turn of the screw. It was done
effectively I admit. If Tippu-Tib appeared a trifle indifferent he knew
how to assume it, he knew he would be coaxed to good humour with gifts.
If Salim bin Mohammed appeared a little vexed, sour, or talked of
wounded susceptibilities, the Major opened his boxes and chose a gay
uniform jacket, or sent a forty-five guinea rifle, or a bale of cloth,
or a pair of ivory handled revolvers; if Salim bin Massoud his
brother-in-law talked a little big, his condescending kindness was
secured and stimulated by a rich bounty.

Salim had come in person, he said, to give a verbal reply to my note of
the 17th, and he was ordered by his uncle to send couriers immediately
back to him with my words.

The Arab's inability to comprehend the meaning of a legal contract, his
litigious and wavering spirit, his settled forgetfulness of words
spoken, his facility for breaking promises, and tampering with
agreements, his general inveracity, insincerity and dissimulation, as
well as his gift of pouring a stream of compliments amid a rain of
Mashallahs and Inshallahs, were never better displayed than at this
interview. Salim said that Tippu-Tib had sent him to ask what we should
do. This, after six letters, one in English and five in Arabic and
Swahili, on the 17th!

"Now Salim," said I, "listen. If I thought you or Tippu-Tib were in any
way implicated in the murder of my friend, you would never leave this
camp alive. You have only seen hitherto one side of me. But I know and
believe from my soul that it was neither you nor Tippu-Tib who caused
the death of the Major. Therefore we can speak together as formerly
without anger. Tippu-Tib has not injured me beyond what the consul and
the Seyyid of Zanzibar can settle easily between them. Into their hands
I will commit the case. Tell your uncle that the passage of himself and
his ninety-six followers from Zanzibar to Stanley Falls must be paid,
that the loss of goods, rifles, powder, and ammunition, the loss of time
of this entire expedition will have to be made good. Tell him to do
what he likes, but in the end I shall win. He cannot hurt me, but I can
hurt him. Tell him to consider these things, and then say whether it
would not be better to prove at the last that he was sorry, and that in
future he would try to do better. If he would like to try, say, that if
he gathers his men, and overtakes me before I cross the expedition over
the Ituri in about fifty days hence, he shall have a chance of
retrieving my good opinion, and quashing all legal proceedings."

"Very well, I hear all you say. I shall return to-night to Banalya;
Ugarrowwa will lend me canoes. I shall be with Tippu-Tib in eight days,
and on the 17th day I shall be back here, on your track. I shall
overhaul you before forty days."

"Good, then," I said, "we had better utter our last farewells, for we
shall not meet again unless we meet at Zanzibar, about eighteen months
hence."

"Why?"

"Because neither you nor Tippu-Tib have the least intention of keeping
your word. Your business here has been to order the Manyuema who are
with me back to Stanley Falls. But it is perfectly immaterial. Take them
back, for once more I say, it is not in your power to hurt me."

"Inshallah, Inshallah, let your heart rest in peace, we meet in less
than forty days, I swear to you."

Poor Salim! he proceeded straight from my presence to the quarters of
the Manyuema headmen, and tempted them to return with him, which,
singular to relate, they obstinately declined to do. Salim waxing
wrathful, employed menaces, upon hearing which they came to me demanding
protection.

Smiling, I said to Salim, "What you promised me just now is true; you
have seen me in less than forty days! But what is the meaning of this?
These are independent Manyuema chiefs, who were sent by Tippu-Tib to
follow us. They are obeying Tippu-Tib in doing so. Let them alone,
Salim, there will be less people for you to look after on the road, you
know, because you also will follow us. Don't you see? There, that will
do. Come and get into your canoe, otherwise we shall make two marches
before you leave here--and you have promised to catch me, you know, in
forty days."

Our move on the 5th was to the large settlement of the Batundu, who
owned a flourishing crop of Indian corn, and a splendid plantation of
bananas, as yet untouched by any caravan. The rear column men required
good feeding to restore them to health, and though meat was
unprocurable, bananas and corn were not amiss. Here we halted two days,
during which we became aware of certain serious disadvantages resulting
from contact with the Manyuema. For these people had contracted the
small-pox, and had communicated it to the Madi carriers. Our Zanzibaris
were proof against this frightful disease, for we had taken the
precautions to vaccinate every member of the expedition on board the
_Madura_, in March, 1887. But on the Madis it began to develop with
alarming rapidity. Among the Manyuema were two insane women, or rather,
to be quite correct, two women subject to spasms of hysterical
exaltation, possessed by "devils," according to their chiefs, who
prevented sleep by their perpetual singing during the night. Probably
some such mania for singing at untimely hours was the cause of the
Major's death. If the poor Major had any ear for harmony, their
inharmonious and excited madhouse uproar might well have exasperated
him.

The female sympathisers of these afflicted ones frequently broke out
into strange chorus with them, in the belief that this method had a
soothing effect, while any coercive measures for silencing them only
exaggerated their curious malady. Whatever influence the chorus may have
had on the nerves of the sufferers, on us, who were more tranquil, it
was most distressing.

[Sidenote: 1888. Sept. 5. Batundu.]

At this settlement two Zanzibaris, exceedingly useful, and reckoned
among the elect of the force, secretly left camp to make a raid on the
Batundu, and were ambushed and slain. This was the manner our most
enterprising men became lost to us. One of these two was the leader of
the van, and had acted in that capacity since we had departed from
Yambuya, June 1887. The sad occasion was an opportunity to impress on
the infatuated men for the hundredth time the absurd folly they were
guilty of in sacrificing their lives for a goat, in nobly working for
months to earn pay and honour by manliness and fidelity, and then bury
all in the entrails of cannibals. I had bestowed on them cattle, sheep,
goats, fowls, handfuls of silver, and a thousand pounds' worth of
clothes, but none, no, not one, had offered his throat to me to be cut.
But for the sake of a goat, at any time day or night the cannibal might
kill and then eat them. What monstrous ingratitude! They were instantly
penitential. Again they promised to me by Allah! that they would not do
so again, and, of course, in a day or two they would forget their
promise. It is their way.

But any person who has travelled with the writer thus far will have
observed that almost every fatal accident hitherto in this Expedition
has been the consequence of a breach of promise. How to adhere to a
promise seems to me to be the most difficult of all tasks for every
999,999 men out of every million whom I meet. I confess that these black
people who broke their promises so wantonly were the bane of my life,
and the cause of continued mental disquietude, and that I condemned them
to their own hearing as supremest idiots. Indeed, I have been able to
drive from one to three hundred cattle a five hundred mile journey with
less trouble and anxiety than as many black men. If we had strung them
neck and neck along a lengthy slave-chain they would certainly have
suffered a little inconvenience, but then they themselves would be the
first to accuse us of cruelty. Not possessing chains, or even rope
enough, we had to rely on their promises that they would not break out
of camp into the bush on these mad individual enterprises, which
invariably resulted in death, but never a promise was kept longer than
two days.

[Sidenote: 1888. Sept. 8. Elephant Playground.]

"Elephant Playground" Camp was our next halting-place, and thence we
moved to Wasp Rapids.

I learned from some of Ugarrowwa's men that inland from Bwamburi are the
Ababua tribe, among whom a different style of architecture prevails, the
huts being more commodious and comfortable, and plastered, and that to
the dwellings are attached wide verandahs. I was also told that their
blacksmith's art was carried to a high standard, and that on every blade
of spear, sword, knife, or arrow, considerable decorations were
lavished. Some of the tri-bladed and four-bladed knives were shown to
me, and they were recognised as characteristic of the Monbuttu and
Nyam-Nyam as described by Schweinfurth in his "Artes Africanae."

On leaving Wasp Rapids, on the 12th, our canoes carried 198; the land
column under Mr. Bonny numbered 262. Being unladen, the trained men
arrived in camp before the advance canoe of the flotilla. The road was
now distinct and well trodden like ordinary African footpaths.

[Sidenote: 1888. Sept. 12. Manginni.]

[Illustration: SWORDS AND KNIVES. (_From a photograph._)]

On reaching camp, however, the men, under pretence of cutting phrynia
leaves to roof their huts, vanished into the forest, eluding the guards,
and escaped along a path leading inland. Some of these managed to gain a
few fowls, a sheaf or two of sugar-cane, and an abundance of mature
plantains, but there were others who met only misfortune. Three Manyuema
were killed, and a Lado soldier of the irregulars of Emin Pasha received
a broad and sharp spear through his body, which, glancing past the
vertebrae, caused a ghastly wound, but fortunately uninjured a vital
part. The wounds were sewn up and bandages applied. The rear guard
reported that on the road five Manyuema, three Zanzibaris, and one
Soudanese were killed and eaten by ghoulish natives who had been hiding
while the column was passing, and that these men belonging to the
Banalya party had been resting near their hiding-place, when they were
suddenly set upon and despatched. It was only five days previously that
I had addressed the people publicly on the danger they were incurring
by these useless and wholly unnecessary raids. When food was really
required, which was once in five days, a foraging party would be sent to
cut plantains in such abundance that they sufficed for several days, and
twelve hours' drying over a fire rendered the provisions portable. Their
absolute inability to keep their promise, and the absolute impossibility
of compelling them to do so, had been the cause of twelve deaths, and
the thirteenth person was so seriously wounded that he was in imminent
danger of dying. We had the small-pox raging among the Manyuema and
Madis, and daily creating havoc among their numbers, and we had this
fatal want of discipline, which was utterly irremediable in the forest
region. The more vehemently I laboured to correct this disorder in the
mob, the more conscious I became that only a death penalty on the raider
would stop him; but then when the natives themselves executed infallibly
the sentence, there was no necessity for me to do it.

Just above Manginni a canoe was capsized through pure carelessness. With
our best divers we proceeded to the scene and recovered every article
excepting a box of gunpowder and one of beads. The canoe was broken.

Passing by Mugwye's, we reached Mambanga, and halted two days to prepare
food for the uninhabited wilderness that stretches thence to Engwedde.
At this camp Lakki or a "Hundred thousand," a veritable Jack Cade, loud,
noisy, blustering--the courier who in the midst of the midnight fray at
Bandeya shouted to his comrades: "These fellows want meat, and meat they
shall have, but it will be their own!"--heading a secret raiding party
made up of choice friends, and returned twenty-four hours later with a
curious and most singular wound from a poisoned arrow. Carbonate of
ammonium was injected into the wound, and he was saved, but Lakki was
firmly of the opinion that he was indebted to the green tobacco leaves
employed to cover it.

[Sidenote: 1888. Sept. 14. Mambanga.]

[Illustration: A SWIMMING RACE AFTER A BUSH ANTELOPE.]

[Sidenote: 1888. Sept. 17. Ngula River.]

While preparing our forest camps we were frequently startled at the
sudden rush of some small animal resembling a wild goat, which often
waited in his covert until almost trodden upon, and then bounded swiftly
away, running the gauntlet among hundreds of excited and hungry people,
who with gesture, voice, and action attempted to catch it. This time,
however, the animal took a flying leap over several canoes lying abreast
into the river, and dived under. In an instant there was a desperate
pursuit. Man after man leaped head foremost into the river, until its
face was darkly dotted with the heads of the frantic swimmers. This
mania for meat had approached madness. The poisoned arrow, the
razor-sharp spear, and the pot of the cannibal failed to deter them from
such raids; they dared all things, and in this instance an entire
company had leaped into the river to fight and struggle, and perhaps be
drowned, because there was a chance that a small animal that two men
would consider as insufficient for a full meal, might be obtained by one
man out of fifty. Five canoes were therefore ordered out to assist the
madmen. About half a mile below, despite the manoeuvres of the animal
which dived and swam with all the cunning of savage man, a young fellow
named Feruzi clutched it by the neck, and at the same time he was
clutched by half-a-dozen fellows, and all must assuredly have been
drowned had not the canoes arrived in time, and rescued the tired
swimmers. But, alas! for Feruzi, the bush antelope, for such it was, no
sooner was slaughtered than a savage rush was made on the meat, and he
received only a tiny morsel, which he thrust into his mouth for
security.

During the next journey it was the river column that suffered. We were
near our old camp at the confluence of the Ngula and the Ituri. A man in
the advance canoe was shot in the back with a poisoned arrow. The wound
was treated instantly with an injection of carbonate of ammonia, and no
ill-effects followed.

The day following, the river column again suffered, and this time the
case was as fatal as that caused by a bullet, and almost instantaneous.
Jabu, our cook, somewhat indisposed, was sitting in the stern of a canoe
while the crew was on shore about forty feet from him, hauling it past a
bit of rapids. A bold and crafty native, with fixed arrow before him,
steadily approached the vessel and shot a poisoned wooden dart, which
penetrated the arm near the shoulders and pierced the base of the
throat. The wound was a mere needle-hole puncture, but Jabu had barely
time to say "Mahommed!" when he fell back dead.

Our next move was to Panga Falls. On the following day, 20th September,
we made a road past the Falls, hauled twenty-seven canoes to the
landing-place above, in view of Fort Island and then conveyed all goods
and baggage to the camp.

[Sidenote: 1888. Sept. 21. Nejambi Rapids.]

During our first journey through the neighbourhood we had lost no person
through native weapons, but since our first passage the natives had been
stimulated into aggressive efforts by the ease with which the reckless
improvident black when not controlled by a white man, could be
butchered. The deserters from the advance column had furnished the
wretches with several meals; the stupid, dense-headed Bakusu under
Ugarrowwa had supplied them with victims until the cannibal had
discovered that by his woodcraft he could creep upon the unsuspecting
men and drive his spear through them as easily as through so many goats.
We had lost fourteen men in thirty days. A silly Madi strayed into the
bush on the 20th, to collect fuel. A native confronted him and drove his
weapon clean through his body. On the 21st a Manyuema woman, fifty paces
from our camp, was pierced with a poisoned arrow, and was dead before we
could reach her. And, to complete the casualties, a Zanzibari of the
rear column succumbed to manioc poison.

Nejambi Rapids was our next camp. As soon as we had arrived and stacked
goods, about a hundred men, driven by hunger, started in a body to
forage for plantains. We, who remained in camp, had our hands full of
work. The twenty-seven canoes required to be hauled, on the next day,
past the rapids, and a road had to be cleared, and rattan cables were
wanted for each vessel for hauling.

By sunset several of the foragers had returned well rewarded for their
enterprise, but many were belated, and, till long past midnight, guns
were fired as signals, and the great ivory horns sounded loud blasts
which travelled through the glades with continued rolling echoes. About
nine p.m., tidings came that two Zanzibaris had been killed by poisoned
arrows. An hour later a dead body, that of Ferajji, the humorous
head-man, who was cross-examined at Banalya, was brought in. On
inspection, the corpse was found studded with beads of perspiration. The
arrow wound was a mere pin-hole puncture in upper left arm, but it had
proved quite enough. It was said that he walked about an hour after
being struck, towards camp, but then cried out for a little rest, as he
was faint. During the ten minutes' rest he died.

Young Hussein bin Juma, of a respectable parentage at Zanzibar, was soon
after carried in, and brought to me, not dead, as reported, but in an
extremely low condition. I discovered that the arrow had pierced the
outer flesh of the right arm, and had entered an inch above the third
rib. The arrow was hastily withdrawn and shown to me. It was smeared
over with a dark substance like thick coal tar, and emitted a most
peculiar odour. The arm was not swollen, but the body wound had caused a
considerable tumour, soft to the touch. He said that he had felt
exceedingly faint at one time, and that he perspired greatly, but had
felt great relief after retching. At present he was languid, and
suffered from thirst. After washing well both wounds, five grains of
carbonate ammonia were injected into each wound, and a good dose of
strong medical brandy was administered.

In ten days young Hussein was quite restored, and went about performing
his accustomed duties.

A squad of men returned long after midnight with fowls, plantains, and
fortunately without accident. But early in the morning, Tam, a native of
Johanna, raving from small-pox, threw himself into the rapids and was
drowned. He had declined being vaccinated.

After hauling our canoes overland three-quarters of a mile, we halted a
day above the rapids to prepare five days' rations of flour. The strain
of hauling the rotten craft had reduced our flotilla to twenty-two
vessels.

Engwedde's long series of rapids was passed without accident, and thence
we moved to Avisibba, and a good march brought us to the camp below
Mabengu Rapids, where we had waited so long for the lost column under
Jephson in August, 1887.

The next day was a halt, and a strong foraging party was sent over to
Itiri to collect food. In the afternoon it returned, bringing several
days' supply of plantains with a few goats and fowls, and for the first
time we were able to make soup and distribute meat to the Banalya sick.
It was reported to me that the Manyuema had carved a woman most
butcherly to allay their strong craving for meat, but the headman
assured me that it was utterly false, and I am inclined to believe him,
for the Zanzibaris, if they had really detected such a monstrous habit
in people who might at any time contaminate their cooking-pots, would
have insisted on making a severe example.

[Sidenote: 1888. Sept. 30. Avugadu.]

On the last day of September we moved up to above upper rapids of
Avugadu, at which camp we discovered wild oranges. There were also wild
mango-trees, if we may trust the flowering and foliage. Red figs of a
sweetish flavour were very common, but as their shrunk pedicels
possessed no saccharine secretions they were uneatable.

A native woman was delivered of a child on the road. She was seen
standing over the tiny atom. The Zanzibaris as they came up crowded
around the unusual sight, and one said, "throw the thing into the river
out of the way." "But why should you do that when the infant is alive?"
asked another. "Why don't you see that it is white? it must be some
terrible disease I am sure." "Oh Ignorance, how many evils transpire
under thy dark shade." "Father, forgive them, for they know not what
they do," rushed to my mind, as I looked in wonder at the speakers, who,
utterly unconscious that they were committing murder, would have
extinguished the little spark of life there and then.

Our anxieties at this period were mainly on the account of those
suffering from ulcers. There was one wise little boy of about thirteen
called Soudi, who formerly attended on the Major. An injury he had
received had caused about four inches of the leg bone to be exposed. We
had also fifteen cases of small-pox, who mingled in the freest manner
possible with our Zanzibaris, and only the suicide, Tam, had thus far
been attacked.

[Sidenote: 1888. Oct. 1. Avejeli.]

On arriving at Avejeli, opposite the Nepoko, the wife of the Manyuema
drummer, a prepossessing lassie, went out to the gardens close by to
collect herbs. A band of natives were in hiding, and they pierced her
with arrows. Seven of them quivered in her body. Her screams attracted
attention, and she was hastily brought in, but even as we were about to
inject the ammonium she rolled over, raised her arms, and embraced her
young husband in the most touching manner, gave a long sigh, and died.
"Oh, ye travellers! who belong to that clique who say the Africans know
neither love, affection, nor jealousy. What would you have said to this
pitiful death-scene?" We had also a Manyuema woman who was a hideous
object, a mass of loathsome pustules, emitting an almost unbearable
stench, but her husband tended and served her with a surpassing and
devoted tenderness. Death, death everywhere, and on every day, and in
every shape; but love, supreme love stood like a guardian angel to make
death beautiful! Poor unlettered, meek creatures, the humblest of
humanity, yet here unseen, and unknown of those who sing of noble
sacrifices, of constancy and devotion, proving your brotherhood with us
amid the sternest realities by lulling your loved ones to rest with the
choicest flowers of love!

On the 2nd of October we moved up to Little Rapids below the confluence
of the Ngaiyu with the Ituri, where a tornado visited us, churned up the
generally waveless river into careering rollers, that stretched from
bank to bank, with a power and force that disturbed the very bed and
muddied the stream until it resembled a wild strip of shallow
wind-driven sea, beating on an alluvial shore. Our canoes were dashed
one against the other until they promised to become matchwood, while the
great forest groaned and roared with the agony of the strife, but in
half-an-hour the river had resumed its placid and tender face, and the
forest stood still as though petrified.

During a halt on the 3rd, Mr. Jameson's box, containing various trifles
belonging to an industrial naturalist, was opened. Books, diaries, and
such articles as were worth preserving, were sealed up for transport
athwart the continent; the others, unnecessary to a person in
civilization, were discarded.

[Sidenote: 1888. Oct. 3. Bavikai.]

Mr. Bonny was despatched with twenty-eight men past the Ngaiyu, to
verify my hope that a landing-place I had observed in passing and
repassing would lead to the discovery of a road by which I could avoid
the devastated wilderness that stretched for nearly 200 miles along the
south bank between the Basopo Rapids and Ibwiri. Mr. Bonny, after
returning, was pleased to express his surprise at the marvellous
dexterity and agility of the scouts, who sprang with the lightness of
springing bush antelopes over every kind of impediment, and who in
almost every thousand paces gained five hundred ahead of him. A mile and
a half from the landing-place on the north bank he had found a fine
village surrounded by rich groves of plantains. To this village, called
Bavikai, we proceeded more in the hope that we could utilize some road
going north-easterly, whence, after sixty miles or so, we could strike
on a bee-line course for the Albert.

As the men were being transported across the river opposite the
landing-place of the Bavikai on the 4th, I saw a dozen Madis in a
terrible condition from the ravages of the small-pox, and crowding them,
until they jostled them in admirable unconcern, were some two dozen of
the tribe as yet unaffected by the disease. This little fact put me on a
line of reflections which, had a first-class shorthand writer been near,
might have been of value to other thoughtless persons. Never did
ignorance appear to me so foolish. Its utter unsuspectingness was
pitiful. Over these human animals I saw the shadow of Death, in the act
to strike. But I said to myself, I see the terrible shade over them
ready to smite them with the disease which will make them a horror, and
finally kill them. When I fall also it will probably be from some
momentary thoughtlessness, when I shall either be too absorbed, or too
confident to observe the dark shadow impending over me. However, _Mambu
Kwa Mungu_, neither they nor I can avoid our fate.

Among my notes on the 5th of October I find a few remarks about Malaria.

While we have travelled through the forest region we have suffered less
from African fevers, than we did in the open country between Mataddi and
Stanley Pool.

A long halt in the forest clearings soon reminds us that we are not yet
so acclimated as to utterly escape the effects of malaria. But when
within the inclosed woods our agues are of a very mild form, soon
extinguished by a timely dose of quinine.

On the plateau of Kavalli and Undussuma, Messrs. Jephson, Parke, and
myself were successively prostrated by fever, and the average level of
the land was over 4500 feet above the sea.

On descending to the Nyanza plain, 2500 feet lower, we were again laid
up with fierce attacks.

At Banana Point, which is at sea-level, ague is only too common.

At Boma, 80 feet higher, the ague is more common still.

At Vivi, there were more cases than elsewhere, and the station was about
250 feet higher than Boma, and not a swamp was near it.

At Stanley Pool, about 1100 feet above sea level, fever of a pernicious
form was prevalent.

While ascending the Congo with the wind astern we were unusually
exempted from ague.

But descending the Upper Congo, facing the wind, we were smitten with
most severe forms of it.

While ascending the Aruwimi we seldom thought of African fever, but
descending it in canoes, meeting the wind currents, and carried towards
it by river-flow and paddle, we were speedily made aware that
acclimatisation is slow.

Therefore it is proved that from 0 to 5000 feet above the sea there is
no immunity from fever and ague, that over forty miles of lake water
between a camp and the other shore are no positive protection; that a
thousand miles of river course may serve as a flue to convey malaria in
a concentrated form; that if there is a thick screen of primeval forest,
or a grove of plantains between the dwelling-place and a large clearing
or open country there is only danger of the local malaria around the
dwelling, which might be rendered harmless by the slightest attention to
the system; but in the open country neither a house nor a tent are
sufficient protection, since the air enters by the doors of the house,
and under the flaps, and through the ventilators to poison the inmates.

Hence we may infer that trees, tall shrubbery, a high wall or close
screen interposed between the dwelling-place and the wind currents will
mitigate their malarial influence, and the inmate will only be
subjected to local exhalations.

Emin Pasha informed me that he always took a mosquito curtain with him,
as he believed that it was an excellent protector against miasmatic
exhalations of the night.

Question, might not a respirator attached to a veil, or face screen of
muslin, assist in mitigating malarious effects when the traveller finds
himself in open regions?

Three companies of forty men each were sent in three different
directions to follow the tracks leading from Bavikai. The first soon got
entangled in the thick woods bordering the Ngaiyu, and had an engagement
with the natives of Bavikai, who were temporarily encamped in the dark
recesses, the second followed a path that ran E. by N., and soon met a
large force of natives coming from three different villages. One of our
men was wounded in the head with a poisoned arrow. The third was
perplexed by a network of paths, and tried several of them, but all
ended in plantations of plantains and thin bush of late growth, and in
the search these men encountered savages well armed and prepared with
poisoned darts. We were therefore compelled to recross the river to the
south bank, to try again higher up, to avoid the trying labour of
tunnelling through the forest.

[Sidenote: 1888. Oct. 10. Hippo Broads.]

On the 10th the Expedition reached Hippo Broads. On this date we saw a
cloud of moths sailing up river, which reached from the water's face to
the topmost height of the forest, say 180 feet, so dense, that before it
overtook us we thought that it was a fog, or, as was scarcely possible,
a thick fall of lavender- snow. The rate of flight was about
three knots an hour. In the dead calm morning air they maintained an
even flight, but the slightest breeze from the banks whirled them
confusedly about, like light snow particles on a gusty day. Every now
and then the countless close packed myriads met a cloud of moth migrants
from above river, and the sunbeams glinting and shining on their
transparent wing caused them to resemble fire sparks.

Bits of turfy green, cropped close by hippo, which favours this fine
reach of river, distinguish the banks near this locality. Many oil
palms, some raphia, arums, phrynia, amoma, pepper bushes, &c., denote a
very ancient site of a human settlement. My tent was pitched under a
small branching fig-tree, which protected it from a glowing Equatorial
sun, but the heat reflected from the river's face mounted up to 87 deg. in
the shade at 3 P.M. This unusual heat preceded a tempest, with
lightning, startling thunder, and deluging rain.

At the Bafaido Cataract, a woman who fell into our hands informed us
that the Medze tribe lived on the other side of the Ngaiyu River and
that the Babandi were found on its left bank.

Near Avaiyabu, a lurking native who had been standing behind a leafy
screen of parasites depending from the branches of a big tree, suddenly
stepped into the path, snatched a little girl belonging to the Manyuema,
and drove his double-edged dagger from breast to back, and holding his
weapon above his head uttered a furious cry, which might well have been
"Death to the invader!"

And at the next camp, Avamberri landing-place, Soudi the wise little boy
who had served the Major, while being carried past the rapids to the
canoes waiting above, died on the carriers' shoulders. The enamel
covering of the leg-bone had been all destroyed by the virulent ulcer.
Since we had left Bungangeta Island, Soudi had been carried and nursed,
but want of exercise, and exposure to sun in the canoe and constant rain
had weakened his digestion. His constitution had been originally healthy
and sound. The little fellow had borne his sufferings bravely, but the
reserve medicines were at Bangala, and we could do nothing for him.

On the 18th of October we were at Amiri Rapids, and the second Zanzibari
showed symptoms of small-pox. So far we had been remarkably free of the
disease, despite the fact that there were from ten to twenty sufferers
daily in the camp since arriving at the settlement of the Batundu. Out
of 620 Zanzibaris who were ordered to be vaccinated, some few
constitutions might possibly have resisted the vaccine; but no more
decided proof of the benefits resulting to humanity could be obtained
from Jenner's discovery than were furnished by our Expedition. Among the
Manyuema, Madis, and native followers, the epidemic had taken deadly
hold, and many a victim had already been tossed into the river weighted
with rocks. For this was also a strange necessity we had to resort to,
to avoid subsequent exhumation by the natives whom we discovered to be
following our tracks for the purpose of feeding on the dead.

One of the Zanzibari headmen while acting as coxswain of a canoe was so
stung by wasps at this camp that he despaired of his life, and insisted
that his will should be written, wherein he made his brother, then with
us, his sole legatee. I conformed to his wish in a clerkly fashion that
pleased him well, but I also administered a ten-grain dose of carbonate
of ammonium hypodermically, and told him he should reach Zanzibar in
spite of the vicious wasps who had so punished him. The next day he was
a new man, and boasted that the white man's medicines could cure
everything except death.

[Sidenote: 1888. Oct. 18. Amiri Falls.]

After moving to the top of Amiri Rapids, a series of misfortunes met us.
Some few of the flighty-headed untrained men of the rear-column rushed
off to the plantain plantations without a leader or authority, and
conducted themselves like children. The natives surrounded them and
punished them, wounding three. Two others, one suffering from a
palpitation of the heart, and another feeble youth, had left the trail
to hide from the rear-guard.

Up to date, we had lost since 1st of September, nine Zanzibaris killed,
one from suicide, one from ulcers, and two were missing. Of the Manyuema
contingent, fifteen had been killed or had died from small pox, and
eighteen Madis had either been killed or had perished from the pest.
Total loss, forty-four deaths within forty-nine days.

[Sidenote: 1888. Oct. 19.

Amiri Falls.]

From Amiri Falls to Avatiko was a seven-days' march through a
depopulated country, through a land wholly empty of food. Beyond Avatiko
by the new route I proposed to follow, two days would probably transpire
before another supply of food could be obtained. This was my estimate,
at which with the Zanzibaris of the advance column who were now trained
in forest life, we might perform these journeys. If we could obtain no
food at Avatiko, then our lot would be hard indeed. Up to within a day's
march of Avatiko, we could employ the canoes in carrying an extra supply
of provisions. It would not be impossible to take twenty days' rations
of flour per capita; but a leader to perform such a work must be obeyed.
He performs his duties by enjoining on all his followers to remember his
words, to take heed of his advice, and do their utmost to conform to his
instructions.

On the 20th at dawn, 160 rifles were despatched to the plantations five
miles inland from Amiri Falls. The men were told how many days Avatiko
was distant, and that they should employ one day in collecting food, in
peeling, slicing and drying their plantains in the plantation, so that
they could bring from sixty to seventy pounds of food, which when
distributed would supply each person with over twenty pounds, equal to
ten days' rations. Experience of them proved to me that the enterprising
would carry sufficient to satisfy them with fifteen days' unstinted
food; others, again, despite the warning of death rung in their ears,
would not carry more than would suffice them for four days.

On the afternoon of the 21st I was gratified to see that the people had
been very successful. How many had followed my advice it was impossible
to state. The messes had sent half their numbers to gather the food, and
every man had to contribute two handfuls for the officers and sick. It
only remained now for the chiefs of the messes to be economical of the
food, and the dreaded wilderness might be safely crossed.




CHAPTER XXII.

ARRIVAL AT FORT BODO.

     Ugarrowwa's old station once more--March to Bunda--We cross the
     Ituri River--Note written by me opposite the mouth of the Lenda
     River--We reach the Avatiko plantations--Mr. Bonny measures a
     pigmy--History and dress of the pigmies--A conversation by
     gesture--The pigmy's wife--Monkeys and other animals in the
     forest--The clearing of Andaki--Our tattered clothes--The Ihuru
     River--Scarcity of food; Amani's meals--Uledi searches for
     food--Missing provisions--We reach Kilonga-Longa's village
     again--More deaths--The forest improves for travelling--Skirmish
     near Andikumu--Story of the pigmies and the box of ammunition--We
     pass Kakwa Hill--Defeat of a caravan--The last of the Somalis--A
     heavy shower of rain--Welcome food discovery at Indemau--We bridge
     the Dui River--A rough muster of the people--A stray goat at our
     Ngwetza camp--Further capture of dwarfs--We send back to Ngwetza
     for plantains--Loss of my boy Saburi in the forest--We wonder what
     has become of the Ngwetza party--My boy Saburi turns up--Starvation
     Camp--We go in search of the absentees, and meet them in the
     forest--The Ihuru River--And subsequent arrival at Fort Bodo.


[Sidenote: 1888. Oct. 23. Ugarrowwa's Station.]

The Expedition reached Ugarrowwa's old station on the 23rd of October,
and slept within its deserted huts. In the court of the great house of
the chief of the raiders, a crop of rice had grown up, but the birds had
picked every grain. Over one hundred people found comfortable shelter in
the spacious passages; and had supplies been procurable within a
respectable distance, it would not have ill-suited us for a halt of a
week; but it was too risky altogether to consume our rations because of
the comfort of shelter. It was the centre of a great desolate area,
which we were bound by fear of famine to travel through with the utmost
speed.

[Sidenote: 1888. Oct. 24. Bunda.]

The following day we marched to Bunda. The river column received
attention from Ugarrowwa's old subjects, and the Manyuema sprang
overboard to avoid the arrows; but the Zanzibaris from the canoe behind
leaped ashore, and by a flank attack assisted us to save the bewildered
Manyuema, who in their careless happy attitudes in the canoe had offered
such tempting targets for the natives.

The Ituri River was now in full flood, for the rains fell daily in
copious tropical showers. The streams and creeks flowing into the Ituri
from the right bank were deep, which caused the land party excessive
worry and distress. No sooner had they crossed one creek up to the
waist, than in a few moments another of equal or greater depth had to be
waded through. They were perpetually wringing their clothes, and
declaiming against the vexatious interruptions. Across the mouths of
deeper tributaries the canoes were aligned, and served as floating
bridges for the party to cross, while each man was the subject of some
jest at his bedraggled appearance. The foremost men were sure to have
some wet mud or soapy clay on the boards; the garments of others would
be dripping with water, and presently fall after fall would testify to
the exceeding slipperiness of the bridge, and would be hailed with
uproarious chaff and fun. On this day thirty-two streams were crossed by
the land party.

On the 25th, we moved up to a camp, opposite the mouth of the Lenda
River. We were making progress, but I came across the following note
written that evening. It will be seen later that such congratulations
could only have been the outcome of a feeling of temporary pleasure that
the day was not far distant when we should see the end to our harder
labours.

[Sidenote: 1888. Oct. 25. Lenda River.]

"I desire to render most hearty thanks that our laborious travels
through the forest are drawing to a close. We are about 160 miles
to-night from the grass-land; but we shall reduce this figure quickly
enough, I hope. Meantime we live in anticipation. We bear the rainy
season without a murmur, for after the rain the harvest will be ready
for us in the grass-land. We do not curse the mud and reek of this humid
land now, though we crossed thirty-two streams yesterday, and the mud
banks and flats were sorely trying to the patience. We have a number of
minor pleasures in store. It will be a great relief to be delivered from
the invasions of the red ants, and to be perfectly secure from their
assaults by day and by night. When we have finally dried the soles of
our boots and wiped the mildew of the forest off their tops, our dreams
will be undisturbed by one enemy at least. While we smart under the
bites of the ferocious small bees, and start at the sting of small ants,
and writhe under the venom of a hornet, or groan by reason of the sting
of a fiendish wasp, or flap away the ever-intrusive butterfly, or dash
aside the hurtful tiger slug, or stamp with nervous haste on the
advancing greenish centipede, we remind ourselves that these miseries
will not be for many days now. A little more patience and then merrier
times. We have had four goats since August 17th for meat. We have
subsisted mainly on roast plantains. They have served to maintain the
soul attached to the body. We are grateful even for this, though our
strength is not to be boasted of. We complacently think of the beef, and
veal, and mutton diet ahead, garnished with a variety of edibles such as
the sweet potato and beans, and millet flour for porridge with milk, and
sesamum oil for cooking. Relief also from the constant suspicion,
provoked by an animal instinct, that a savage with a sheaf of poisoned
arrows is lurking within a few feet of one will be something to be
grateful for. The ceaseless anxiety, the tension of watchfulness, to
provide food, and guard the people from the dangers that meet their
frolics, will be relaxed; and I shall be glad to be able to think better
of the world and its inhabitants than the doubtful love I entertain for
mankind in the forest."

[Sidenote: 1888. Oct. 27.

Lenda

River.]

We found our camp at Umeni on the 26th, but there were only two small
bunches of miniature plantains discovered here, and a raging tornado
roared like a legion of demons through the forest, and shook the ancient
tree giants to their base, while the dark Ituri was so beswept that it
became pallid under the whistling, screaming fury of the squalls.

On the next day we rowed up to below Big Cataract, unloaded the goods,
left the canoes in the bushes, shouldered our loads, and marched away
after half an hour's halt only, for five miles inland. We had left the
Ituri navigation for the last time.

We entered the Avatiko plantations after three hours' march on the 28th,
and just while the majority of the people was perilously near
starvation. They spread over the plantations with the eagerness of
famished wolves after prey. Here we stayed two days in foraging and
preparing a supply of food.

We had not been long at Avatiko before a couple of pigmies were brought
to me. What relation the pair were to one another is not known. The man
was young, probably twenty-one. Mr. Bonny conscientiously measured him,
and I recorded the notes.

Height, 4 ft.; round head, 20-1/4 in.; from chin to back top of head, 24-1/4
in.; round chest, 25-1/2 in.; round abdomen, 27-3/4 in.; round hips, 22-1/2 in.;
round wrist, 4-1/4 in.; round muscle of left arm, 7-1/2 in.; round ankle, 7
in.; round calf of leg, 7-3/4 in.; length of index finger, 2 in.; length of
right hand, 4 in.; length of foot, 6-1/4 in.; length of leg, 22 in.; length
of back, 18-1/2 in.; arm to tip of finger, 19-3/4 in.

This was the first full-grown man we had seen. His colour was coppery,
the fell over the body was almost furry, being nearly half an inch in
length. His head-dress was a bonnet of a priestly form, decorated with a
bunch of parrot feathers; it was either a gift or had been stolen. A
broad strip of bark cloth covered his nakedness. His hands were very
delicate, and attracted attention by their unwashed appearance. He had
evidently been employed in peeling plantains.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Oct. 28.

Avatiko.]

Not one London editor could guess the feelings with which I regarded
this mannikin from the solitudes of the vast central African forest. To
me he was far more venerable than the Memnonium of Thebes. That little
body of his represented the oldest types of primeval man, descended from
the outcasts of the earliest ages, the Ishmaels of the primitive race,
for ever shunning the haunts of the workers, deprived of the joy and
delight of the home hearth, eternally exiled by their vice, to live the
life of human beasts in morass and fen and jungle wild. Think of it!
Twenty-six centuries ago his ancestors captured the five young
Nassamonian explorers, and made merry with them at their villages on the
banks of the Niger. Even as long as forty centuries ago they were known
as pigmies, and the famous battle between them and the storks was
rendered into song. On every map since Hekataeus' time, 500 years B.C.,
they have been located in the region of the Mountains of the Moon. When
Mesu led the children of Jacob out of Goshen, they reigned over Darkest
Africa undisputed lords; they are there yet, while countless dynasties
of Egypt and Assyria, Persia, Greece and Rome, have flourished for
comparatively brief periods, and expired. And these little people have
roamed far and wide during the elapsed centuries. From the Niger banks,
with successive waves of larger migrants, they have come hither to pitch
their leafy huts in the unknown recesses of the forest. Their kinsmen
are known as Bushmen in Cape Colony, as Watwa in the basin of the
Lulungu, as Akka in Monbuttu, as Balia by the Mabode, as Wambutti in the
Ihuru basin, and as Batwa under the shadows of the Lunae Montes.

[Illustration: DWARF CAPTIVE AT AVATIKO.]

As the gigantic Madis, and tall Soudanese, and tallest Zanzibaris
towered above the little man, it was delightful to observe the thoughts
within him express themselves with lightning rapidity on his face. The
wonderment that filled him, the quick shifting and chilling fears as to
his fate, the anxious doubts that possessed him, the hopes that sprang
up as he noted humour on the faces, the momentary shades of anxiety,
curiosity to know whence these human monsters had come from, what they
would do with him eventually; would they kill him, how? by roasting him
alive, or plunging him screaming into a vat-like cooking pot? Ach Gott!
I hope not, and a slight shake of the head, with a more pallid colour on
the lips and a nervous twitch showed what distress he was in. He would
do anything to deserve the favour of these big men, just as the young
Nassamonians were willing to do 2600 years ago, when his pigmy
forefathers pointed their fingers and jabbered at them in the old
Nigritian village. So we took him to sit by us, and stroked him on the
back, gave him some roast bananas to put into that distended aldermanic
abdomen of his, and the pigmy smiled his gratitude. What a cunning rogue
he was! how quick-witted! He spoke so eloquently by gesture that he was
understood by the dullest of us.

"How far is it to the next village where we can procure food?"

He placed the side of his right hand across the left wrist. (More than
two days' march.)

"In what direction?"

He pointed east.

"How far is it to the Ihuru?"

"Oh!" He brought his right hand across his elbow joint--that is double
the distance, four days.

"Is there any food north?"

He shook his head.

"Is there any west or north-west?"

He shook his head, and made a motion with his hand as though he were
brushing a heap of sand away.

"Why?"

He made the motion with his two hands as though he were holding a gun,
and said "Doooo!"

"To be sure the Manyuema have destroyed everything."

"Are there any 'Doooo' in the neighbourhood, now?"

He looked up and smiled with a gush as artful as a London coquette, as
if to say, "You know best! Oh! naughty man, why do you chaff me?"

"Will you show us the road to the village where we can get food?"

He nodded his head rapidly, patted his full-moon belly, which meant,
"Yes, for there I shall get a full meal; for here"--he smiled
disdainfully as he pressed his thumb nail on the first joint of his left
index finger--"are plantains only so big, but there they are as big as
this," and he clasped the calf of his leg with two hands.

"Oh, Paradise!" cried the men, "bananas as big as a man's leg!" The
pigmy had contrived to ingratiate himself into every man's affection. My
authority was gone until the story of the monstrous bananas would be
disproved. Some of them looked as if they would embrace him, and his
face mimicked artless innocence, though he knew perfectly well that, in
their opinion, he was only a little lower than an angel.

And all this time, the coppery face of the nut-brown little maid was
eloquent with sympathy in the emotions of the male pigmy. Her eyes
flashed joy, a subtle spirit glided over her features with the
transition of lightning. There were the same tricks of by-play; the same
doubts, the same hopes, the same curiosity, the same chilling fear, was
felt by the impressionable soul as she divined what feelings moved her
kinsman. She was as plump as a thanksgiving turkey or a Christmas goose;
her breasts glistened with the sheen of old ivory, and as she stood with
clasped hands drooping below--though her body was nude--she was the very
picture of young modesty.

The pair were undoubtedly man and woman. In him was a mimicked dignity,
as of Adam; in her the womanliness of a miniature Eve. Though their
souls were secreted under abnormally thick folds of animalism, and the
finer feelings inert and torpid through disuse, they were there for all
that. And they suited the wild Eden of Avatiko well enough.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Oct. 28.

Forest.]

Burdened with fresh supplies of dried plantains, and guided by the
pigmies, we set out from the abandoned grove of Avatiko E.N.E., crossed
the clear stream of Ngoki at noon, and at 3 P.M. were encamped by the
brook Epeni. We observed numerous traces of the dwarfs in the wilds
which we had traversed, in temporary camps, in the crimson skins of the
amoma, which they had flung away after eating the acid fruit, in the
cracked shells of nuts, in broken twigs that served as guides to the
initiated in their mysteries of woodcraft, in bow-traps by the wayside,
in the game-pits sunk here and there at the crossings of game-tracks.
The land appeared more romantic than anything we had seen. We had wound
around wild amphitheatral basins, foliage rising in terraces one above
another, painted in different shades of green, and variegated with
masses of crimson flowers, and glistening russet, and the snowdrop
flowerets of wild mangoes, or the creamy silk floss of the bombax, and
as we looked under a layer of foliage that drooped heavily above us, we
saw the sunken basin below, an impervious mass of leafage grouped crown
to crown like heaped hills of soft satin cushions, promising luxurious
rest. Now and then troops of monkeys bounded with prodigious leaps
through the branches, others swinging by long tails a hundred feet above
our heads, and with marvellous agility hurling their tiny bodies through
the air across yawning chasms, and catching an opposite branch, resting
for an instant to take a last survey of our line before burying
themselves out of sight in the leafy depths. Ibises screamed to their
mates to hurry up to view the column of strangers, and touracos argued
with one another with all the guttural harshness of a group of Egyptian
fellahs, plantain-eaters, sunbirds, grey parrots, green parroquets, and
a few white-collared eagles either darted by or sailed across the leafy
gulf, or sat drowsily perched in the haze upon aspiring branches. There
was an odour of musk, a fragrance of flowers, perfume of lilies mixed
with the acrid scent of tusky boars in the air; there were heaps of
elephant refuse, the droppings of bush antelopes, the pungent dung of
civets, and simians along the tracks, and we were never long away from
the sound of rushing rivulets or falling cascades, sunlight streamed in
slanting silver lines and shone over the undergrowth and the thick crops
of phrynia, arum, and amoma, until their damp leaves glistened, and the
dewdrops were brilliant with light.

And the next day our march underneath the eternal shades was through
just such a land, and on the morning of the 1st of November we emerged
into the clearing of Andaki, to refresh our souls with the promised
fruit of its groves. The plantains were not very large, but they were
mature and full, and before an hour had elapsed, the wooden grates were
up, and the fruit lay in heaps of slices on the bars over the fire. The
word was passed that the first and second day of the month should be
employed in preparing as much provisions as every man could carry. We
were in N. Lat. 1 deg. 16-1/2'. Kilonga-Longa's station was in 1 deg. 6', and Fort
Bodo in 1 deg. 20', so that our course was good.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Nov. 2.

Audaki.]

On the second some scouts hunting up the various tracks extending
eastward came across two women, one of whom said she knew of a great
village to the north where there was food. Another said that Andari lay
E.N.E., four days' march, where there was such a stock of food that
Andaki was a mere handful compared with it.

Soon after leaving Andaki, and crossing a broad ridge, we came upon a
vast abandoned clearing. Probably a year had elapsed since the people
had fled, and their settlements had been consumed with fire, for the
banana plants were choked by the voracious undergrowth and wild plants,
and the elephants had trampled through and through, and sported for
months among the wasted groves, and over the crushed Musa plants,
through phrynia flourishing two fathoms deep, and where the stumps of
cut trees had sprouted and grown until their tufted tops were joined to
one another in one great thick carpet of bush. Through this we carved
our way with brandished billhooks and cutlasses; the native women had
lost the track, and were bewildered by the wildly luxuriant shrubbery,
under which we sweated in the damp hot-house heat, and ploughed our way
through the deep green sea, until after ten hours we came to a babbling
rillet, and must perforce camp from sheer exhaustion, though we had made
but five miles.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Nov. 4.

Forest.]

On the morning of the fourth we resumed the task, to slash, cut, creep
and crawl, bore through, in and out, to clamber over logs, tread
carefully over gaping rifts in the reeking compost, bend under logs, to
tunnel away with might and main, to drive through--a hungry column of
men was behind, a wilderness before us--to crash headlong through the
plants, veer to the left, and now to the right, to press on and on, to
sharpen the weapons on the stones of the brook; to take a hasty drink to
satisfy our thirst, and again to the work. Cleave away merrily, boys;
sever those creepers; cut those saplings down! No way now? then widen
that game hole in the bush clump! Come, strike with billhook and sword,
axe and cutlass! We must not die like fools in this demon world! This
way and that, through and through, until after sixteen hours we had cut
a crooked channel through the awful waste, and stood once more under the
lordly crowns of the primeval forest.

Paddy's traditional patchy clothes was a dress suit compared to mine, as
I stood woefully regarding the rents and tatters and threads waving in
tassels from my breeches and shirt; and the men smiled, and one said we
looked like rats dragged through the teeth of traps, which I thought was
not a bad simile. But we had no time for talk; we ate a couple of roast
plantains for lunch, and continued our journey, and by 3 P.M. were
within half-an-hour of the Ihuru River.

The next day, before it was full daylight, we were filing along an
elephant track that ran parallel with the Ihuru, which was at this time
one raging series of rapids its whole length, and sounding its unceasing
uproar in our ears. Numbers of deep tributaries were waded through; but
we maintained a quick pace, owing to the broad track of the elephants,
and by the usual hour of the afternoon nine miles had been covered.

Thirteen Zanzibaris of the rear column, and one of the Danagla soldiers
of Emin Pasha, had succumbed during the last few days, and I do not know
how many Madis and Manyuema.

On the evening of the sixth, after a march of eight miles, I became
impressed with the necessity of finding food shortly, unless we were to
witness wholesale mortality. Starvation is hard to bear, but when loads
must be carried upon empty stomachs, and the marches are long, the least
break in the continuity of supply brings with it a train of diseases
which soon thins the ranks. Our Nyanza people were provident, and eked
their stores with mushrooms and wild fruit; but the feeble
manioc-poisoned men of the rear column, Madis and Manyuema, were utterly
heedless of advice and example.

A youth named Amani, who looked rather faint, was adjured to tell me the
truth about what he had eaten the last two days.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Nov. 6.

Forest.]

"I will," he said. "My mess had a fair provision of plantain flour that
would have kept us with ease two days longer; but Sulimani, who carried
it, put it down by the roadside while he went to gather mushrooms. When
he returned the food was gone. He says the Manyuema had stolen it. Each
one of us then on reaching camp last night set out to hunt for
mushrooms, out of which we made a gruel. That is what we had to eat last
night for supper. This morning we have fasted, but we are going to hunt
up mushrooms again."

"And what will you eat to-morrow?"

"To-morrow is in the hands of God. I will live in hopes that I shall
find something."

This youth, he was only nineteen, had carried sixty pound of cartridges
in the meantime, and would carry it again to-morrow, and the next day,
until he dropped, and measured his length with eyes upturned to the dark
cope of leaves above, to be left there to mildew and rot; for out of
nothing, nothing can be extracted to feed hungry men. He was only a
solitary instance of over 400 people.

We reached a Manyuema Camp, and Uledi recognised it as being a place
where he had halted during a forage tour to the west of the Ihuru, while
he was waiting for Messrs. Jephson and Nelson at Ipoto, and the advance
column was journeying to Ibwiri in November, 1887.

On the 7th a halt was ordered, that a column might be sent under Uledi
to search the clearing of Andari, six miles N.N.W. of the camp, but over
a hundred were so weak that they were unable to go, whereupon the messes
were ordered to bring their pots up, and three handfuls of flour were
placed in each to make gruel with, that they might have strength to
reach the plantation.

On the 8th, about 200 remained silent in camp awaiting the foragers. In
the afternoon, perceiving that it was too long a fast to wait for them
we served out more plantain flour.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Nov. 9.

Forest.]

On the 9th, the foragers had not arrived. Two men had died in camp. One
reeled from the effects of a poisonous fungus, as they came to get
another ration of flour for their gruel; their steps were more feeble;
the bones of the sternum were fearfully apparent. Three days would find
us all perished, but we were hopeful that every minute we should hear
the murmur of the returning column.

On the morning of the 10th, anxious for the European provisions which we
were carrying for the officers at Fort Bodo, I had them examined, and
discovered to my consternation that fifty-seven tins of meat, teas,
coffees, milks, were short--had been eaten by the Manyuema. If a look
had potency sufficient to blast them, they would have speedily been
reduced to ashes. "Dear me, how could the tins have vanished?" asked the
chief Sadi. Ah, how? But the provision boxes were taken from his party,
and Winchester and Maxim ammunition cases were served instead to them as
freight.

At 2 P.M. the column of foragers returned, bringing from three to six
days' provisions, which they had gathered from an abandoned plantation.
The bearers had refreshed themselves previous to gathering. Now, in
return for my gruel, each member had to refund me one pound of flour, as
my reserve store, and one pound for the sick, who were deprived of the
power to forage, and who were rejected by the messes. So that in this
manner the sick received about eight pounds of flour, or dried
plantains, and I owned a reserve of 200 pounds for future use.

Within an hour-and-a-half on the 11th we had reached Kilonga-Longa's
ferry. The natives, fearing a repetition of his raids to the west of the
Ihuru, had destroyed every canoe, and thus prevented me from crossing to
pay Kilonga-Longa another visit, and to settle some accounts with him.
The river was also in flood, and a gaunt and hungry wilderness stretched
all round us. There was no other way for it than to follow the Ihuru
upward until we could find means to cross to the east, or left side. Our
course was now N.E. by N.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Nov. 12.

Forest.]

On the 12th, we followed a track, along which quite a tribe of pigmies
must have passed. It was lined with amoma fruit-skins, and shells of
nuts, and the crimson rinds of phrynia berries. No wood-beans, or
fenessi, or mabungu, are to be found in this region, as on the south
bank of Ituri River. On reaching camp, I found that at the ferry, near
the native camp at which we starved four days, six people had
succumbed--a Madi, from a poisonous fungus, the Lado soldier, who was
speared above Wasp Rapids, two Soudanese of the rear-column, a Manyuema
boy in the service of Mr. Bonny, and Ibrahim, a fine young Zanzibari,
from a poisoned skewer in the foot.

During the 13th the great forest was perceptibly improved for travel.
Our elephant and game track had brought us across another track leading
easterly from Andari, and both joined presently, developing to a highway
much patronised by the pigmy tribes. This we followed for two hours. We
could tell where they had stopped to light their pipes, and to crack
nuts, and trap game, and halt to gossip. The twigs were broken three
feet from the ground, showing that they were snapped by dwarfs. Where it
was a little muddy the path showed high delicate insteps, proving their
ancient ancestry and aristocratic descent, and small feet not larger
than those of young English misses of eight years old. The path improved
as we tramped along; it grew a highway of promise. Camps of the dwarfs
were numerous. The soil was ochreous, the trees were larger, and towered
to magnificent heights.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Nov. 13.

Forest.]

[Illustration: ENTERING ANDIKUMU.]

I observed as we filed into camp that it was time to obtain a further
supply of food, and rest somewhere, the bearing of the people lacked
confidence, their forms were shrinking under the terrible task, and
perpetual daily toil and round of marching and hunger. I could have wept
at the excess of misfortunes which weighed us daily lower towards the
grave; but we had been for so long strained to bear violent
vicissitudes, and so frequently afflicted with sights of anguish and
suffering, that we were reduced to hear each day's tale of calamity in
sorrowful silence. What losses we had already borne were beyond power
of plaint and tear to restore. The morrow's grief awaited us, as certain
as the morrow's sun; and to dwell upon the sorrowful past was to unfit
us for what we had yet to bear.

To make 230 loads equal to the daily lessening number of carriers was a
most aggravating task. Not one out of twenty men but made some complaint
of a severe ulcer, a headache, or threatened rupture, undefined bodily
pains, a whitlow, a thorn in the foot, rheumatism, fever, &c. The loads
remained always the same, but the carriers died.

On the 14th, the Expedition, after a six hours' march, approached Anduta
and Andikumu. As the advance guard was pressing in over the logs and
debris of the prostrated forest, some arrows flew, and two men fell
wounded, and immediately boxes and bales were dropped, and quite a
lively skirmish with the tall-hatted natives occurred; but in
half-an-hour the main body of the caravan filed in, to find such a store
of abnormally large plantains that the ravenous men were in ecstacies.

In extent the clearing was equal to the famous one of Ibwiri. It was
situate in the bosom of hills which rose to the east, west and south.
Along one of the tracks we saw the blazings of the Manyuema on the
trees, and one of the villages was in ruins; but the size of the
clearing had baffled the ravaging horde in their attempt to destroy the
splendid plantain groves.

On examining the boxes of ammunition before stacking them for the night,
it was found that Corporal Dayn Mohammed had not brought his load in,
and we ascertained that he had laid it at the base of a big tree near
the path. Four headmen were at once ordered to return with the Soudanese
Corporal to recover the box.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Nov. 14.

Andikumu.]

Arriving near the spot, they saw quite a tribe of pigmies, men, women
and children, gathered around two pigmy warriors, who were trying to
test the weight of the box by the grummet at each end. Our headmen,
curious to see what they would do with the box, lay hidden closely, for
the eyes of the little people are exceedingly sharp. Every member of the
tribe seemed to have some device to suggest, and the little boys hopped
about on one leg, spanking their hips in irrepressible delight at the
find, and the tiny women carrying their tinier babies at their backs
vociferated the traditional wise woman's counsel. Then a doughty man put
a light pole, and laid it through the grummets, and all the small people
cheered shrilly with joy at the genius displayed by them in inventing a
method for heaving along the weighty case of Remington ammunition. The
Hercules and the Milo of the tribe put forth their utmost strength, and
raised the box up level with their shoulders, and staggered away into
the bush. But just then a harmless shot was fired, and the big men
rushed forward with loud shouts, and then began a chase; and one
over-fat young fellow of about seventeen was captured and brought to our
camp as a prize. We saw the little Jack Horner, too fat by many pounds;
but the story belongs to the headmen, who delivered it with infinite
humour.

Mr. Bonny was sent to the Ihuru River on the 17th, to examine an old
ferry reported to be there, but returned unsuccessful in finding a
canoe, but with the information that the river appeared to flow from
E.N.E., and was about sixty yards wide, with quiet current, and good
depth.

The afternoon of the 14th, 15th and 16th of November, were spent by the
people in making amends for their past abstinence. What with boiled,
roasted plantains and porridge, they must have consumed an immense
number. Probably each man had eaten 140 plantains during the three days.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Nov. 19.

Anduta.]

[Illustration: THE SCOUTS DISCOVER THE PYGMIES CARRYING AWAY THE CASE OF
AMMUNITION.]

Within a short time after leaving Andikumu on the 19th, we passed
through Anduta; and then the column passed by a picturesque hill called
Kakwa, over a rough country bristling with immense rock fragments and
boulders thickly covered, and surrounded with depths of ferns. Among the
rocks near our camp on this date was found a store of corn and
bananas, which no doubt belonged to the dwarfs. Had the find occurred
a few days previously, there would have been a riotous scramble for
them; but now each man was so burdened with his private stores that they
regarded it with supreme indifference. The men also so suffered from
indigestion after their revel at Andikumu that they were unfit for
travel.

A five-mile march was made on the 20th. Since striking the dwarfs'
highway, unlike the loamy soils which absorbed the perpetual rains
nearer the Ituri, the path now led through a stiff red clayey country,
which retained the rain in pools, and made it soapy and slippery.

At the noonday halt the leader of the van wandered a few hundred yards
ahead on the path and encountered a native caravan from Anditoke, N. The
natives uttered a howl of surprise at perceiving him, but seeing that he
had no weapon, quickly advanced towards him with uplifted spears. But
the howl they had raised had been heard by all at the halting-place, and
the savages were met in time to save the Zanzibari leader. A skirmish
took place, two of the natives were wounded and one was killed, and the
effects of the caravan were captured. These effects consisted of iron
rings, knobs, bracelets, and anklets, and calamus fibre leg-rings, a few
native smith's tools, and, most singular of all, several unfired
Remington cartridges.

The first thought that was suggested was that Fort Bodo had either been
evacuated or captured, or that some patrols had been waylaid; but on
reflection we settled on the conviction that these cartridges had
belonged to some raiding parties of Manyuema, but that originally they
were our property.

The travelling powers of the men was noticeably low on the 21st; they
still suffered from their late debauch. At noon of this day we were in
N. lat. 1 deg. 43', which proved that, despite every effort to find a path
leading eastward we were advancing north.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Nov. 21.

Forest.]

Chama Issa, the last of the Somalis, was reported dead on this day, but
at the noon halt I was greatly gratified to see him; his case, being as
he was the last of the Somalis, excited great interest. A portion from
my own table went to him daily, and two Soudanese were detailed for
extra pay to serve, feed, and carry him. Up to the evening of this day
thirty-two out of the Banalya rear column had perished. At Banalya I had
estimated that about half of the number would not survive. While they
were being carried in the canoes there was no call for exertion, but the
march overland had been most fatal to the unfortunates.

On the 22nd, soon after the advance had reached camp, a cold and heavy
shower of rain fell, which demoralized many in the column; their failing
energies and their impoverished systems were not proof against cold.
Madis and Zanzibaris dropped their loads in the road, and rushed
helter-skelter for the camp. One Madi managed to crawl near my tent,
wherein a candle was lit, for in a rainstorm the forest, even in
daylight, is as dark as on an ordinary night in the grass-land. Hearing
him groan, I issued out with the candle, and found the naked body rigid
in the mud, unable to move. As he saw the candle flame his eyes dilated
widely, and he attempted to grasp it with his hands. He was at once
borne to a fire, and laid within a few inches of it, and with the
addition of a pint of hot broth made from the Liebig Company's extract
of meat we restored him to his senses. On the road in front of the rear
guard two Madis died, and also one Zanzibari of the rear column stricken
instantaneously to death by the intensely cold rain.

We made a march of two hours the next day, and then despatched
forty-five choice men ahead to try and obtain meal for the salvation of
the Banalya men and the Madis, whose powers were too weak for further
effort. The scouts returned within twenty-four hours with a goat, which
was at once slaughtered to make thirty gallons of soup. When thickened
with two pounds of wheaten flour, the soup made a most welcome meal for
over sixty men. We reached Indemau by 10 A.M. on the 25th. The village
was situated in a hollow at the base of a mount, and was distant from
the Dui branch of the Ihuru six miles.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Nov. 25.

Indemau.]

At Indemau the long-enduring members of the Expedition received another
respite from total annihilation. The plantain groves were extensive and
laden with fruit, and especially with ripe mellow plantains whose
fragrance was delicious. But in the same manner that it was impossible
to teach these big children to economise their rations, so it was
impossible to teach them moderation when they found themselves in the
midst of plenty. At Andikumu an army might have been supplied with good
wholesome food, but the inordinate voracity of the famished people had
been followed by severe indigestion, and at Indemau their intemperate
appetites brought on such sickening repletion that we were engaged every
morning in listening to their complaints and administering enemata to
relieve the congested bodies.

A path from Indemau was discovered, leading across the Dui River; there
was another leading to Indeperri, a large settlement about fifteen miles
N.E. from Fort Bodo. It had been my original purpose to steer a course
through the forest which would take us direct to the grass-land, along a
more northerly route than the line of Ipoto and Fort Bodo, after sending
a detachment to settle accounts with Kilonga-Longa; but in our endeavour
to find a ford or ferry across the Ihuru we had been compelled by the
high flood to continue parallel with the river until now. Observation
proved us to be in N. lat. 1 deg. 47' and E. long. 29 deg. 7' 45". But the
discovery of Remington cartridges among the stores of a native caravan
in these unknown parts, and yet within a reasonable distance of Fort
Bodo, notwithstanding a rational assurance that Fort Bodo was
impregnable and the garrison were now safe with Emin Pasha on the
Nyanza, had intruded doubts in my mind which I thought would best be
resolved by deflecting our course southward, and sweeping past the old
Fort, and seeing with our own eyes what had really occurred. Mr. Bonny
was therefore sent with the chief Rashid and sixty men, to build a
bridge across the Dui River.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Dec. 1.

Dui River.]

After a halt of five days the Expedition marched from Indemau on the
1st of December for the Dui. Mr. Bonny and old Rashid, with their
assistants, were putting the finishing touches to the bridge, a work
which reflected great credit on all concerned in its construction, but
especially on Mr. Bonny. Without halting an instant the column marched
across the five branches of the Dui, over a length of rough but
substantial woodwork, which measured in the aggregate eighty yards,
without a single accident.

[Illustration: BRIDGING THE DUI RIVER.]

On the other side of the Dui we made a rough muster of the people, and
discovered that thirty-four of the rear column had died, and that out of
sixteen Zanzibaris on the sick list, fourteen were of the Yambuya party,
and they all appeared to be in such a condition that a few days only
would decide their fate. Every goat and fowl that we could procure were
distributed to these poor people in the hope of saving them. We cooked
for them; Mr. Bonny was directed to administer medicines daily; we
relieved them of every article, excepting their own rations, and yet so
wrecked were their systems by what they had endured at Yambuya and
Banalya, that a slight abrasion from plants, branches or creepers,
developed into a raging ulcer, which in three or four days would be
several inches across. Nothing but the comforts and rest obtained in a
metropolitan hospital would have arrested this rapid decline.

We made a short march to the small village of Andiuba, and from thence
we reached in three hours the large settlement of Addiguhha. On the 4th
we reached Ngwetza in four-and-a-half hours, and formed camp outside of
the plantain-grove. We had passed through ten villages of the pigmies,
but without having seen one of them. The woods were dense, and the
undergrowth flourishing. Belts of sloughy mud, disparted by small
streams, divided one village from another. It was in just such a
locality our camp was pitched on the 4th of December. Presently into the
centre of the camp a full uddered goat, with two fine kids four months
old, walked, and after a short stare of undisguised surprise at the
family, we sprang upon them and secured the undoubted gift of the gods,
and sacrificed them. Half-an-hour later we were told that one of the
Uchu natives attached to Mr. Bonny had received an arrow in his body,
and that the dwarfs had attacked and killed a Manyuema boy. A party was
sent to convey the boy's body into the woods, where it could be buried
by his friends, but in the morning the meat had been carried away.

The criers were instructed to proceed through the camp to prepare five
days' provisions of food. Their cries were heard ringing from end to
end, and huge loads of material for the wooden grates were brought in,
and throughout the 5th the people devoted themselves to the preparation
of flour.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Dec. 5.

Ngwetza.]

The next day, as we marched southerly, it was observed that we were
following a gradual <DW72> to the river Ihuru. We crossed six broad and
sluggish streams, with breadths of mud  red by iron; banked by
dense nurseries of Raphia Palm and rattan. About 3 P.M. the
advance-guard stumbled upon several families of dwarfs, and a capture
was made of an old woman, a girl, and a boy of eighteen, besides a stock
of bananas, and some fowls. The "old" lady was as strong as a horse
apparently, and to the manner of carrying a load of bananas she appeared
to be quite accustomed.

The family of little people intimated that they knew the forest well,
but they had a strong inclination for an E.N.E. course, which would have
taken us away from Fort Bodo. They were therefore sent to the rear, and
we swung along S., and by E., sometimes S.S.E., traversed six streams on
the 7th, and a similar number on the 8th.

Soon after the headquarters' tent had been pitched, and the undergrowth
of leafy plants had been cleared somewhat, I observed a young fellow
stagger; and going up to him I questioned him as to the cause. I was
astonished to be told that it was from weakness, and want of food. Have
you eaten all your five days' rations already? No, he had thrown it away
because the dwarf captives had said that in one day they would reach a
famous place for plantains, the "biggest in the world."

Upon extending my inquiries it was found that there were at least 150
people in the camp who had likewise followed his example, and discarded
superfluous food, and on that day, the 8th, they had nothing. The
headmen were called that night to a council, and after being reproached
for their reckless conduct, it was resolved that on the next day almost
every able-bodied person should return to Ngwetza which we had left on
the morning of the 6th. The distance was 19-1/2 hours for the caravan, but
as much time was necessarily lost in cutting through the jungly
undergrowth, and even now and then in laying a course, the forage party
would be able to return to Ngwetza in eleven hours' travel.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Dec. 9.

Starvation

Camp.]

On the morning of the 9th, about 200 people started for the plantain
groves of Ngwetza, but before departing they contributed about 200 lbs.
of plantain flour as a reserve for the sickly ones, and guards of the
camp. We were about 130 in number, men, women and pigmies, the majority
of whom were already distressed. I gave half-a-cupful of flour to each
person for the day, then despatched Mr. Bonny with ten men to find the
Ihuru River. According to my calculations, the camp was in N. lat. 1 deg.
27' 15", and E. long. 29 deg. 21' 30", about nine geographical miles in an
air-line north of Fort Bodo, but it was useless to show the chart to men
dreading that starvation was again imminent. All they saw was the
eternal myriads of trees with a dead black unknown environing the camp
round about, shutting out all hope, and a viewless and stern prospect of
rigid wood with a dark cope of leaves burying them out of sight of sky
and sunshine, as though they lived under a pall. But they knew that the
Ihuru was not far from Fort Bodo, and if Mr. Bonny and his men
discovered it, some little encouragement would be gained. Mr. Bonny
succeeded in finding the river, and blazed a path to it.

For employment's sake I sat down to recalculate all my observations with
exactitude, to correct certain discrepancies that our journeys over the
same ground had enabled me to detect; and buried in my Norie, and
figures and charts, my mind was fully occupied. But on the 14th my work
was done. I lived in hope the next day, with my hearing on the strain
for the sound of voices. The people looked miserable, but hopeful. A box
of European provisions was opened, a pot of butter and milk were taken
out, and a table-spoonful of each dropped into the earthenware pots that
were already filled with boiling water. In this manner a thin broth was
made which would serve to protract the agony of existence. On the sixth
day the pots were again ranged round me in a semi-circle, and in
rotation, each cook brought his vessel of hot water to receive his
butter and milk, and after being well stirred, marched off with his
group to distribute the broth according to measure. A little heartened
by the warm liquid they scattered through the woods to hunt up the red
berries of the phrynia, and pick up now and then the amomum, whose
sour-sweet pulp appeared to quiet the gnawing of the stomach. A
mushroom in the course of several hundred yards' rambling would perhaps
fall to the lot of the seeker. But when 130 men have wandered about and
about, to and fro, searching for the edibles, the circle widens, and day
by day the people had to penetrate further and further away from the
camp. And it happened that while searching with eagerness, impelled on
and on by the eager stomach, that they were carried some miles away, and
they had paid no regard to the course they were going; and when they
wished to return to camp they knew not which way to seek it, and two
full-grown men and Saburi, a little boy of eight years, did not return.
I had a peculiar liking for the small child. His duty was to carry my
Winchester, and cartridge pouch. He was usually a dark cherub, round as
a roller, strong and sturdy, with an old man's wisdom within his little
boy's head, and frequently when the caravan was on its mettle, and a
fair road before it, I looked back often and often to see how little
Saburi trotted steadily after me. Being the rifle-bearer, trained to be
at my heels at any strange sound, I deprived myself of many a choice bit
to nourish Saburi with, so that his round stomach had drawn a smile from
all who looked at him. He looked like a little boy with a keg under his
frock. But, alas! in the last few days the keg had collapsed, and he,
like all the others, had penetrated into the wilderness of phrynia to
search for berries. On this day he was lost.

In the dark the muzzle-loaders of the Manyuema were employed to fire
signals. About 9 P.M. we thought we heard the little boy's voice. The
halloo was sounded, and a reply came from the other end of the camp. One
of the great ivory horns boomed out its deep sound. Then the cry came
from the opposite side. Some of the men said that it must be Saburi's
ghost wailing his death. The picture of the little fellow seeing the
dark night come down upon him with its thick darkness in those eerie
wilds, with fierce dwarfs prowling about, and wild boar and huge
chimpanzee, leopards and cheetahs, with troops of elephants trampling
and crashing the crisp phrynia, and great baboons beating hollow
trees--everything terrifying, in fact, round about him--depressed us
exceedingly. We gave him up for lost.

It had been an awful day. In the afternoon a boy had died. Three persons
were lost. The condition of the majority was most disheartening. Some
could not stand, but fell down in the effort. These sights began to act
on my nerves, until I began to feel not only moral sympathy, but
physical as well, as though bodily weakness was infectious.

On my bed that night the thought of the absent men troubled me; but
however distasteful was the idea that a terrible misfortune--such as
being lost in the woods, or collapsing from hunger before they reached
the groves--it became impossible not to regard the darkest view and
expect the worst, in order, if possible, to save a remnant of the
Expedition that the news might be carried to the Pasha and thence to
civilisation some day. I pictured the entire column perished here in
this camp, and the Pasha wondering month after month what had become of
us, and we corrupting and decaying in this unknown corner in the great
forest, and every blaze on the trees healed up, and every trail
obliterated within a year, and our burial-place remaining unknown until
the end of time. Indeed, it appeared to me as if we were drifting
steadily towards just such a fate. Here were about 200 men without food
going thirty-five miles to seek it. Not 150 would perhaps reach it; the
others would throw themselves, like the Madis, to the ground, to wait,
to beg from others, if perchance they returned. If an accident to the 50
bravest men happen, what then? Some are shot down by dwarfs; the larger
aborigines attack the others in a body. The men have no leader; they
scatter about, they become bewildered, lose their way, or are speared
one after another. While we are waiting, ever waiting for people who
cannot return, those with me die first by threes, sixes, tens, twenties,
and then, like a candle extinguished, we are gone. Nay, something had to
be done.

On the sixth day we made the broth as usual, a pot of butter and a pot
of milk for 130 people, and the headmen and Mr. Bonny were called to
council. On proposing a reverse to the foragers of such a nature as to
cause an utter loss of all, they appeared unable to comprehend such a
possibility, though folly after folly, madness after madness, had marked
every day of my acquaintance with them. The departure of men secretly on
raids, and never returning, the leaping of fifty men into the river
after a bush antelope, the throwing away of their rations after fifteen
months' experiences of the forest, the reckless rush into guarded
plantations, skewering their feet, the inattention they paid to
abrasions leaving them to develope into rabid ulcers; the sale of their
rifles to men who would have enslaved them all, follies practised by
blockheads day after day, week after week; and then to say they could
not comprehend the possibility of a fearful disaster. Were not 300 men
with three officers lost in the wood for six days? Were not three
persons lost close to this camp yesterday and they have not returned?
Did I not tell these men that we should all die if they were not back on
the fourth day? Was not this the sixth day of their absence? Were there
not fifty people close to death now? and much else of the same kind?

By-and-by, the conviction stole on their minds that if by accident we
were to remain in camp inactive for three days, we should then be too
weak to seek food; and they agreed with me that it would be a wise thing
to bury the goods, and set out on our return to Ngwetza to procure food
for ourselves. But there was one difficulty. If we buried the goods, and
fifty sick men preferred to remain in the camp to following us, should
we return to the _cache_, we should find that the sick had exhumed the
goods, and wrecked everything out of pure mischief.

[Illustration: STARVATION CAMP: SERVING OUT MILK AND BUTTER FOR BROTH.]

Mr. Bonny then came to the rescue, and offered to stay with ten men in
camp, if I provided food for him and the garrison for ten days, the time
we decided we should be absent. Food to make a light gruel for so
small a number for ten days was not difficult to find. Half a cupful of
cornflour per man for thirteen men for ten days was measured, with the
addition of four milk biscuits per man each day. A few tins of butter
and condensed milk were also set apart to assist the gruel. For those
unwilling or unable to follow us to the plantains we could do nothing.
What might sustain a small garrison of thirteen men for many days would
not save the lives of fifty when they were already so far gone, that
only an abundance of digestive plantain flour could possibly save them.

On this morning little Saburi walked into camp quite unconcerned, and
fresh as from a happy outing. "Why Saburi! where have you been?" "I lost
my way while picking berries, and I wandered about, and near night I
came to a track. I saw the marks of the axes, and I said--Lo! this is
our road, and I followed it thinking I was coming to camp. But, instead
of that, I saw only a big river. It was the Ihuru! Then I found a big
hollow tree, and I went into it and slept; and then I came back along
the road, and so and so, until I walked in here. That is all."

We mustered every soul alive in the camp on the morning of the 15th.
Sadi, the Manyuema headman, reported fourteen of his people unable to
travel; Kibbobora reported his sick brother as being the only person of
his party too sick to move; Fundi had a wife and a little boy too weak
for the journey. The Expedition was obliged to leave 26. 43 persons
verging on dissolution unless food could be procured within twenty-four
hours. Assuming a cheery tone, though my heart was well-nigh breaking, I
told them to be of good courage, that I was going to hunt up the
absentees, who no doubt were gorging themselves; most likely I should
find them on the road, in which case they would have to run all the way.
"Meantime, pray for my success. God is the only one who can help you!"

[Sidenote: 1888.

Dec. 15.

Starvation

Camp.]

We set out 1 P.M. on our return journey towards Ngwetza, thirty-five
miles distant, with sixty-five men and boys and twelve women. We
travelled until night, and then threw ourselves on the ground,
scattered about in groups, or singly, each under his own clump of bush,
silent and sad, and communing with his own thoughts. Vain was it for me
to seek for that sleep which is the "balm of hurt minds." Too many
memories crowded about me; too many dying forms haunted me in the
darkness; my lively fancies were too distorted by dread, which painted
them with dismal colours; the stark forms lying in links along the path,
which we had seen that afternoon in our tramp, were things too solemn
for sudden oblivion. The stars could not be seen to seek comfort in
their twinkling; the poor hearts around me were too heavy to utter
naught but groans of despair; the fires were not lit, for there was no
food to cook--my grief was great. Out of the pall-black darkness came
out the eerie shapes that haunt the fever-land, that jibe and mock the
lonely man, and weave figures of flame, and draw fiery forms in the
mantle of the night; and whispers breathed through the heavy air of
graves and worms, and forgetfulness; and a demon hinted in the dazed
brain that 'twere better to rest than to think with a sickening heart;
and the sough of the wind through the crowns of the thick-black bush
seemed to sigh and moan "Lost! lost! lost! Thy labour and grief are in
vain. Comfortless days upon days; brave lives are sobbing their last;
man after man roll down to the death, to mildew and rot, and thou wilt
be left alone!"

"Allah ho Akbar," was the cry that rang through the gloom, from a man
with a breaking heart. The words went pealing along through the dark,
and they roused the echoes of "God is great" within me. Why should a
Moslem recall a Christian to thoughts of his God? "Ye fools, when will
ye be wise? He that planted the ear, shall He not hear? He that formed
the eye, shall He not see?" And, lo! worthier thoughts possess the mind,
the straining of the eyes through the darkness is relaxed, and the sight
is inverted to see dumb witnesses of past mercies on this or that
forgotten occasion; one memory begets another, until the stubborn heart
is melted, and our needs are laid as upon a tablet before the Great
Deliverer.

Towards morning I dozed, to spring up a few hours later as the darkness
was fading, and a ghostly light showed the still groups of my
companions.

"Up, boys, up! to the plantains! up! Please God we shall have plantains
to-day!" This was uttered to cheer the sad hearts. Within a few minutes
we had filed away from our earthy couches, and were on the track in the
cheerless light of the morning, some hobbling from sores, some limping
from ulcers, some staggering from weakness. We had commenced to feel
warmed up with the motion of the march, when, hark! I heard a murmur of
voices ahead. Little Saburi held the rifle ready, observant of the least
sign of the hand, when I saw a great pile of green fruit rising above
the broad leaves of the phrynia that obstructed a clear view, and
intuitively one divined that this must be the column of foragers
advancing to meet us, and in a second of time, the weak, the lame, and
the <DW36>, the limping and moaning people forgot their griefs and
their woes, and shouted the grateful chant which goes up of its own
accord towards the skies out of the full and sensitive hearts, "Thanks
be to God." Englishman and African, Christian and Pagan, all alike
confess Him. He is not here, or there, but everywhere, and the heart of
the grateful man confesseth Him.

It needed only one view of the foremost men to have told what the
heedless, thoughtless herd had been doing. It was no time for
reproaches, however, but to light fires, sit down and roast the green
fruit, and get strength for the return, and in an hour we were swinging
away back again to Starvation Camp, where we arrived at 2.30 P.M., to be
welcomed as only dying men can welcome those who lend the right hand to
help them. And all that afternoon young and old, Zanzibari and Manyuema,
Soudanese and Madi, forgot their sorrows of the past in the pleasures of
the present, and each vowed to be more provident in the future--until
the next time.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Dec. 17.

Ihuru

River.]

On the 17th we reached the Ihuru, and the next day forded the river, and
from thence we cut our way through the forest, through bush and plants
which were the undergrowth, and early in the afternoon of the 19th we
emerged out of the trackless bush, and presently were on the outskirts
of the plantations of Fort Bodo, at which all the people admired
greatly.

On the 20th we cut a track through the deserted plantations, and after
an hour's hard work reached our well-known road, which had been so often
patrolled by us. We soon discovered traces of recent travel, and late
foraging in piles of plantain skins near the track; but we could not
discover by whom these were made. Probably the natives had retired to
their settlements; perhaps the dwarfs were now banqueting on the fat of
the land. We approached the end of our broad western military road, and
at the turning met some Zanzibari patrols who were as much astonished as
we were ourselves at the sudden encounter. Volley after volley soon rang
through the silence of the clearing. The fort soon responded, and a
stream of frantic men, wild with joy, advanced by leaps and bounds to
meet us; and among the first was my dear friend the Doctor, who
announced, with eyes dancing with pleasure, "All is well at Fort Bodo."




CHAPTER XXIII.

THE GREAT CENTRAL AFRICAN FOREST.

     Professor Drummond's statements respecting Africa--Dimensions of
     the great forest--Vegetation--Insect life--Description of the
     trees, &c.--Tribes and their food--The primaeval forest--The bush
     proper--The clearings: wonders of vegetable life--The queer feeling
     of loneliness--A forest tempest--Tropical vegetation along the
     banks of the Aruwimi--Wasps' nests--The forest typical of human
     life--A few secrets of the woods--Game in the forest--Reasons why
     we did not hunt the animals--Birds--The Simian tribe--Reptiles and
     insects--The small bees and the beetles--The "jigger"--Night
     disturbances by falling trees, &c.--The Chimpanzee--The rainiest
     zone of the earth--The Ituri or Upper Aruwimi--The different tribes
     and their languages--Their features and customs--Their
     complexion--Conversation with some captives at Engwedde--The
     Wambutti dwarfs: their dwellings and mode of living--The Batwa
     dwarfs--Life in the forest villages--Two Egyptians captured by the
     dwarfs at Fort Bodo--The poisons used for the arrows--Our treatment
     for wounds by the arrows--The wild fruits of the forest--Domestic
     animals--Ailments of the Madis and Zanzibaris--The Congo Railway
     and the forest products.


[Sidenote: 1888.

Dec.

Forest.]

An English Professor, qualified to write F.R.S.E., F.G.S., after his
name, who is a talented writer, and gifted with first-class descriptive
powers, while confessing that he was but a "minor traveller, possessing
but few assets," ventured upon the following bold statements respecting
Africa:--

"Cover the coast belt with rank yellow grass, dot here and there a palm,
scatter through it a few demoralised villages, and stock it with the
leopard, the hyena, the crocodile, and the hippopotamus; clothe the
mountainous plateaux next, both of them with endless forest, not grand
umbrageous forest, like the forests of South America, nor matted jungle
like the forests of India, but with thin, rather weak forest, with
forest of low trees, whose half-grown trunks and scanty leaves offer no
shade from the tropical sun,"--but you will find nothing in all these
trees to remind you that you are in the tropics. "Day after day you may
wander through these forests with nothing except the climate to remind
you where you are * * * * *." "The fairy labyrinth of ferns and palms,
the festoons of climbing plants blocking the paths and scenting the
forests with their resplendent flowers, the gorgeous clouds of insects,
the gaily plumaged birds, the parraquets, the monkey swinging from his
trapeze in the shaded bowers--these are unknown to Africa."

"Once a week you will see a palm; once in three months the monkeys will
cross your path; the flowers on the whole are few, the trees are poor,
and, to be honest"--but enough; if this is honest description, the
reader had better toss my books aside, for this chapter goes to prove
that I differ in toto with the learned Professor's views respecting
tropical Africa.

We have travelled together thus far 1670 miles through the great central
African forest, and we can vouch that the above description by Professor
Drummond bears no more resemblance to tropical Africa than the tors of
Devon, or the moors of Yorkshire, or the downs of Dover represent the
smiling scenes of England, of leafy Warwickshire, the gardens of Kent,
and the glorious vales of the isle. Nyassaland is not Africa, but
itself. Neither can we call the wilderness of Masai Land, or the
scrub-covered deserts of Kalahari, or the rolling grass land of Usukuma,
or the thin forests of Unyamwezi, or, the ochreous acacia-covered area
of Ugogo, anything but sections of a continent that boasts many zones.
Africa is about three times greater than Europe in its extent, and is
infinitely more varied. You have the desert of deserts in the Sahara,
you have the steppes of Eastern Russia in Masai Land and parts of South
Africa, you have the Castilian uplands in Unyamwezi, you have the best
parts of France represented by Egypt, you have Switzerland in Ukonju and
Toro, the Alps in Ruwenzori--you have Brazil in the Congo basin, the
Amazon in the Congo River, and its immense forests rivalled by the
Central African forest which I am about to describe.

The greatest length of this forest, that is from near Kabambarre in
South Manyuema to Bagbomo on the Welle-Makua in West Niam-niam, is 621
miles; its average breadth is 517 miles, which makes a compact square
area of 321,057 square miles. This is exclusive of the forest areas
separated or penetrated into by campo-like reaches of grass land, or of
the broad belts of timber which fill the lower levels of each great
river basin like the Lumani, Lulungu, Welle-Mubangi, and the parent
river from Bolobo to the Loika River.

The Congo and the Aruwimi rivers enabled us to penetrate this vast area
of primeval woods a considerable length. I only mean to treat,
therefore, of that portion which extends from Yambuya in 25 deg. 3-1/2' E. L.
to Indesura, 29 deg. 59' = 326-1/2 English miles in a straight line.

Now let us look at this great forest, not for a scientific analysis of
its woods and productions, but to get a real idea of what it is like. It
covers such a vast area, it is so varied and yet so uniform in its
features, that it would require many books to treat of it properly. Nay,
if we regard it too closely, a legion of specialists would be needed. We
have no time to examine the buds and the flowers or the fruit, and the
many marvels of vegetation, or to regard the fine differences between
bark and leaf in the various towering trees around us, or to compare the
different exudations in the viscous or vitrified gums, or which drip in
milky tears or amber globules, or opaline pastils, or to observe the
industrious ants which ascend and descend up and down the tree shafts,
whose deep wrinkles of bark are as valleys and ridges to the insect
armies, or to wait for the furious struggle which will surely ensue
between them and yonder army of red ants. Nor at this time do we care to
probe into that mighty mass of dead tree, brown and porous as a sponge,
for already it is a mere semblance of a prostrate log. Within it is
alive with minute tribes. It would charm an entomologist. Put your ear
to it, and you hear a distinct murmurous hum. It is the stir and
movement of insect life in many forms, matchless in size, glorious in
colour, radiant in livery, rejoicing in their occupations, exultant in
their fierce but brief life, most insatiate of their kind, ravaging,
foraging, fighting, destroying, building, and swarming everywhere and
exploring everything. Lean but your hand on a tree, measure but your
length on the ground, seat yourself on a fallen branch, and you will
then understand what venom, fury, voracity, and activity breathes around
you. Open your notebook, the page attracts a dozen butterflies, a
honey-bee hovers over your hand; other forms of bees dash for your eyes;
a wasp buzzes in your ear, a huge hornet menaces your face, an army of
pismires come marching to your feet. Some are already crawling up, and
will presently be digging their scissor-like mandibles in your neck.
Woe! woe!

And yet it is all beautiful--but there must be no sitting or lying down
on this seething earth. It is not like your pine groves and your dainty
woods in England. It is a tropic world, and to enjoy it you must keep
slowly moving.

Imagine the whole of France and the Iberian peninsula closely packed
with trees varying from 20 to 180 feet high, whose crowns of foliage
interlace and prevent any view of sky and sun, and each tree from a few
inches to four feet in diameter. Then from tree to tree run cables from
two inches to fifteen inches in diameter, up and down in loops and
festoons and W's and badly-formed M's; fold them round the trees in
great tight coils, until they have run up the entire height, like
endless anacondas; let them flower and leaf luxuriantly, and mix up
above with the foliage of the trees to hide the sun, then from the
highest branches let fall the ends of the cables reaching near to the
ground by hundreds with frayed extremities, for these represent the air
roots of the Epiphytes; let slender cords hang down also in tassels
with open thread-work at the ends. Work others through and through these
as confusedly as possible, and pendent from branch to branch--with
absolute disregard of material, and at every fork and on every
horizontal branch plant cabbage-like lichens of the largest kind, and
broad spear-leaved plants--these would represent the elephant-eared
plant--and orchids and clusters of vegetable marvels, and a drapery of
delicate ferns which abound. Now cover tree, branch, twig, and creeper
with a thick moss like a green fur. Where the forest is compact as
described above, we may not do more than cover the ground closely with a
thick crop of phrynia, and amoma, and dwarf bush; but if the lightning,
as frequently happens, has severed the crown of a proud tree, and let in
the sunlight, or split a giant down to its roots, or scorched it dead,
or a tornado has been uprooting a few trees, then the race for air and
light has caused a multitude of baby trees to rush upward--crowded,
crushing, and treading upon and strangling one another, until the whole
is one impervious bush.

But the average forest is a mixture of these scenes. There will probably
be groups of fifty trees standing like columns of a cathedral, grey and
solemn in the twilight, and in the midst there will be a naked and gaunt
patriarch, bleached white, and around it will have grown a young
community, each young tree clambering upward to become heir to the area
of light and sunshine once occupied by the sire. The law of
primogeniture reigns here also.

There is also death from wounds, sickness, decay, hereditary disease and
old age, and various accidents thinning the forest, removing the unfit,
the weakly, the unadaptable, as among humanity. Let us suppose a tall
chief among the giants, like an insolent son of Anak. By a head he lifts
himself above his fellows--the monarch of all he surveys; but his pride
attracts the lightning, and he becomes shivered to the roots, he
topples, declines, and wounds half a dozen other trees in his fall. This
is why we see so many tumorous excrescences, great goitrous swellings,
and deformed trunks. The parasites again have frequently been outlived
by the trees they had half strangled, and the deep marks of their
forceful pressure may be traced up to the forks. Some have sickened by
intense rivalry of other kinds, and have perished at an immature age;
some have grown with a deep crook in their stems, by a prostrate log
which had fallen and pressed them obliquely. Some have been injured by
branches, fallen during a storm, and dwarfed untimely. Some have been
gnawed by rodents, or have been sprained by elephants leaning on them to
rub their prurient hides, and ants of all kinds have done infinite
mischief. Some have been pecked at by birds, until we see ulcerous sores
exuding great globules of gum, and frequently tall and short nomads have
tried their axes, spears, and knives, on the trees, and hence we see
that decay and death are busy here as with us.

To complete the mental picture of this ruthless forest, the ground
should be strewn thickly with half formed humus of rotting twigs,
leaves, branches; every few yards there should be a prostrate giant, a
reeking compost of rotten fibres, and departed generations of insects,
and colonies of ants, half veiled with masses of vines and shrouded by
the leafage of a multitude of baby saplings, lengthy briars and calamus
in many fathom lengths, and every mile or so there should be muddy
streams, stagnant creeks, and shallow pools, green with duckweed, leaves
of lotus and lilies, and a greasy green scum composed of millions of
finite growths. Then people this vast region of woods with numberless
fragments of tribes, who are at war with each other and who live apart
from ten to fifty miles in the midst of a prostrate forest, amongst
whose ruins they have planted the plantain, banana, manioc, beans,
tobacco, colocassia, gourds, melons, &c., and who, in order to make
their villages inaccessible, have resorted to every means of defence
suggested to wild men by the nature of their lives. They have planted
skewers along their paths, and cunningly hidden them under an apparently
stray leaf, or on the lee side of a log, by striding over which the
naked foot is pierced, and the intruder is either killed from the poison
smeared on the tops of the skewers, or lamed for months. They have piled
up branches, and have formed abattis of great trees, and they lie in
wait behind with sheaves of poisoned arrows, wooden spears hardened in
fire, and smeared with poison.

The primeval forest, that is that old growth untouched by man, and left
since the earliest time to thrive and die, one age after another, is
easily distinguishable from that part which at some time or another
afforded shelter for man. The trees are taller and straighter, and of
more colossal girth. It has frequently glades presenting little
difficulty for travel, the invariable obstructions being the arum,
phrynia, and amoma. The ground is firmer and more compact, and the
favourite camping ground for the pigmy nomads are located in such
places. When the plants and small bushes are cut down, we have an airy,
sylvan, and cool temple, delightful for a dwelling.

Then comes the forest which during a few generations has obliterated all
evidences of former husbandry. A few of the trees, especially of the
soft-wooded kind, have grown to equal height with the ancient
patriarchs, but as soon as man abandoned the clearing, hosts of nameless
trees, shrubs, and plants have riotously hastened to avail themselves of
his absence, and the race for air and light is continued for many years;
consequently the undergrowth by the larger quantity of sunshine becomes
luxuriant, and there are few places penetrable in it without infinite
labour. Among these a variety of palms will be found, especially the
Elais and Raphia vinifera.

And after this comes the bush proper, the growth of a few years, which
admits no ingress whatever within its shade. We are therefore obliged to
tunnel through stifling masses of young vegetation, so matted and
tangled together that one fancies it would be easier to travel over the
top were it of equal and consistent thickness and level. Vigorous young
trees are found imbedded in these solid and compact masses of
vegetation, and these support the climbing plants, the vines, and
creepers. Under these, after a pathway has been scooped out, the unshod
feet are in danger from the thorns, and the sharp cut stalks, which are
apt to pierce the feet and lacerate the legs.

This last was the character of the bush mostly near the river. Both
banks presented numberless old clearings and abandoned sites; and as the
stream was the only means of communication employed by the tribes, the
only way of effecting any progress was by laborious cutting.

The clearings which had been abandoned within a year exhibited veritable
wonders of vegetable life, of unsurpassed fecundity, and bewildering
variety of species. The charred poles of the huts became the supports of
climbers whose vivid green leaves soon shrouded the ugliness of
desolation, and every upright and stump assumed the appearance of a
miniature bower, or a massive piece of columned ruin. As the stumps were
frequently twenty feet high, and were often seen in twins, the plants
had gravitated across the space between, and after embracing had
continued their growth along the length of one another, and had formed
in this manner an umbrageous arch, and had twisted themselves in endless
lengths around the supports until it became difficult to find what
supported such masses of delicate vines. In some instances they had
formed lofty twin towers with an arched gateway between, resembling a
great ruin of an old castle, and the whole was gay with purple and white
flowers. The silvered boles of ancient primeval giants long ago ringed
by the axe and doomed to canker and decay, and the great gaunt
far-spreading arms and branchlets had been clothed by vines a
hundred-fold until they seemed like clouds of vivid green, which, under
the influence of sudden gusts, streamed with countless tendrils, or
swayed like immense curtains.

When marching along with the column, or encamped for the night, the
murmur of voices was not congenial to nourishing any fine sentiments
about the forest. We suffered too much hunger, and sustained such
protracted misery; we were preyed upon too often in patience, and
temper, and forbearance. Our clothes, suited well enough for open
country, were no protection against the hostilities of the bush. But if
once we absented ourselves from camp, and the voices of the men died
away, and we forgot our miseries, and were not absorbed by the sense of
the many inconveniences, an awe of the forest rushed upon the soul and
filled the mind. The voice sounded with rolling echoes, as in a
cathedral. One became conscious of its eerie strangeness, the absence of
sunshine, its subdued light, and marvelled at the queer feeling of
loneliness, while inquiringly looking around to be assured that this
loneliness was no delusion. It was as if one stood amid the inhabitants
of another world. We enjoyed life--the one vegetable, the other human.
Standing there so massive and colossal, so silent and still, and yet
with such solemn severity of majesty, it did seem curious that the two
lives, so like in some sense, were yet so incommunicable. It would have
suited the fitness of things, I thought, had a wrinkled old patriarch
addressed me with the gravity and seriousness of a Methuselah, or an
Achillean and powerful bombax, with his buttressed feet planted firm in
the ground, had disdainfully demanded my business in that assembly of
stately forest kings.

But what thoughts were kindled as we peeped out from an opening in the
woods and looked across the darkening river which reflected the
advancing tempest, and caught a view of the mighty army of trees--their
heights as various as their kind, all rigid in the gloaming, awaiting in
stern array the war with the storm. The coming wind has concentrated its
terrors for destruction, the forked lightning is seen darting its spears
of white flame across the front of infinite hosts of clouds. Out of
their depths issues the thunderbolt, and the march of the winds is heard
coming to the onset. Suddenly the trees, which have stood still--as in
a painted canvas--awaiting the shock with secure tranquillity, are seen
to bow their tops in unison, followed by universal swaying and straining
as though a wild panic had seized them. They reel this way and that, but
they are restrained from flight by sturdy stems and fixed roots, and the
strong buttresses which maintain them upright. Pressed backward to a
perilous length they recover from the first blow, and dart their heads
in furious waves forward, and the glory of the war between the forest
and the storm is at its height. Legion after legion of clouds ride over
the wind-tost crests, there is a crashing and roaring, a loud soughing
and moaning, shrill screaming of squalls, and groaning of countless
woods. There are mighty sweeps from the great tree-kings, as though
mighty strokes were being dealt; there is a world-wide rustling of
foliage, as though in gleeful approval of the vast strength of their
sires; there are flashes of pale green light, as the lesser battalions
are roused up to the fight by the example of their brave ancients. Our
own spirits are aroused by the grand conflict--the Berserker rage is
contagious. In our souls we applaud the rush and levelling force of the
wind, and for a second are ready to hail the victor; but the magnificent
array of the forest champions, with streaming locks, the firmness with
which the vast army of trees rise in unison with their leaders, the
rapturous quiver of the bush below inspire a belief that they will win
if they but persevere. The lightning darts here and there with splendour
of light and scathing flame, the thunders explode with deafening
crashes, reverberating with terrible sounds among the army of woods, the
black clouds roll over and darken the prospect; and as cloud becomes
involved within cloud, in the shifting pale light, we have a last view
of the wild war, we are stunned by the fury of the tempest, and the
royal rage of the forest, when down comes the deluge of tropic
rain--which in a short time extinguishes the white heat wrath of the
elements, and soothes to stillness the noble anger of the woods.

Along the banks of the Aruwimi, a better idea of tropical vegetation
may be obtained than in any part of Africa, outside of the eastern half
of the Congo basin. The banks are for the most part low, though no one
could guess what height they were, because of the lofty hedges of
creeping plants, which cover every inch of ground from the water's edge
to as high as fifty feet above in some places, while immediately behind
them rises the black-green forest to the towering height of from 150 to
200 feet above the river. The aspects of the banks vary considerably
however. Abandoned sites of human dwellings possess their own peculiar
wilderness appearance, the virgin forest its own, and as the soil varies
so do its growths.

Lately abandoned clearings will show, besides inordinate density of
vegetation, gorgeous flowering sections. Above these will probably rise
a few trees with masses of thick, shining leaves, and a profusion of
blood-red flowers, whose petals have been showered on the impervious
mass of leguminous vines of creepers and shrubs below, and strongly
contrast to their own light purple, yellow, or white flowerets. The
amoma show snowy flower-goblets, edged with pink; a wild vine will have
its light purple; a creeper, with pinnate leaves, though flowerless at
the time, will have its foliage tinted auburn; a pepper bush with its
red pods, or a wild mango, attracts attention by myriads of bead-like
flowerets; or an acacia effuses overpowering fragrance from its snowy
buds, or a mimosa with its sweet-smelling yellow blossoms. Different
shades of green are presented by ferns, protruding leaves of sword
grass, a young Elais palm, or the broad and useful leaf of the phrynium.
A young fig-tree, with silver stem, and branching widely, mixes its
leaves with those of the tender leaflets of the sensitive plant and the
palmate calamus; below is a multitude of nettles, and nettle-leafed
plants with stalks and leaves, making a mass of vegetation at once
curious and delightful. Perhaps the base of all this intricate and
inextricable confusion of plants and impervious hill of verdure and
beauty, is a prostrate tree, long ago fallen, fast decaying, black with
mould, spread thinly with humus, fungous parasites abounding, and every
crack, cranny, and flaw in it nesting all kinds of insatiable insects,
from the tiny termite to the black centipede or mammoth beetle.

Further on we see something different. Numberless giant trees, pressing
right up to the edge of the river bank, have caused some to grow
horizontally to the length of fifty feet over the river. Under their
shade a hundred canoes find shelter from a scorching sun. The wood is
yellow and hard as iron. To cut one of these trees would require a score
of American axes. It bears clusters of fruit which when unripe are
russet, and afterwards resemble beautiful damsons. Others of the same
species produce a fruit like ripe dates, but neither are edible.

These widely-spreading trees are favourites with the black wasps, to
which they attach their pensile nests. Externally the nests are like
fancifully cut brown-paper sacks, or a series of such sacks arranged one
above another, with frills and ornate cuttings, like the fancy paper
grate-covers in English parlours in summer time.

We avoided such trees religiously, and when there was no such terror as
a big nest of wasps near, we could rest in comfort and examine the
forest at leisure. We first saw besides countless grey columns,
thousands of pendent slender threads and wavy lines, loops, festoons,
clustered groups and broad breadths of grey mingled with more than
studied disorder with darkest depths of green, lightened only by broad
damp leaves reflecting stray glints of sunshine or sprays, and a magic
dust of softened light perpetually shifting and playing, profound spaces
of darkness relieved by a breadth of grey tree trunk, silvered rods of
parasites, or fancy grey filigree of vine stems. As we surveyed the
whole, the eye caught various crimson dots of phrynia berries, or red
knots of amoma fruit, outer fringes of auburn leaves, a cap of a
mushroom staring white out of a loose sheaf of delicate ferns, or snowy
bits of hard fungi clinging like barnacles to a deeply-wrinkled log; the
bright green of orchid leaves, the grey green face of a pendent leaf of
an elephant-eared plant--films of moss, tumorous lumps on trees exuding
tears of gum, which swarmed with ants, length after length of whiplike
calamus--squirming and twisting lianes, and great serpent-like
convolvuli, winding in and out by mazy galleries of dark shadows, and
emerging triumphant far above to lean their weight on branches, running
coils at one place, forming loops at another place, and then stretching
loosely their interminable lengths out of sight.

As I have already said, the forest is typical of the life of humanity.
No single glance can be taken of it without becoming conscious that
decay, and death, and life, are at work there as with us. I never could
cast a leisurely look at it but I found myself, unconsciously, wondering
at some feature which reminded me of some scene in the civilised world.
It has suggested a morning when I went to see the human tide flowing
into the city over London Bridge between half-past seven and half-past
eight, where I saw the pale, overworked, dwarfed, stoop-shouldered, on
their way to their dismal struggle for existence. They were represented
here faithfully, in all their youth, vigour, and decrepitude; one is
prematurely aged and blanched, another is goitrous, another is
organically weak, another is a hunchback, another suffers from poor
nutrition, many are pallid from want of air and sunshine, many are
supported by their neighbours because of constitutional infirmity, many
of them are toppling one over another, as though they were the
incurables of a hospital, and you wonder how they exist at all. Some are
already dead, and lie buried under heaps of leaves, or are nurseries of
bush families and parasites, or are colonised by hordes of destructive
insects; some are bleached white by the palsying thunderbolt, or
shivered by the levin brand, or quite decapitated; or some old veteran,
centuries old, which was born before ever a Christian sailed south of
the Equator, is decaying in core and vitals; but the majority have the
assurance of insolent youth, with all its grace and elegance of form,
the mighty strength of prime life, and the tranquil and silent pride of
hoary old aristocrats; and you gather from a view of the whole one
indisputable fact--that they are resolved to struggle for existence as
long as they may. We see all characters of humanity here, except the
martyr and suicide. For sacrifice is not within tree nature, and it may
be that they only heard two precepts, "Obedience is better than
sacrifice," and "Live and multiply."

And as there is nothing so ugly and distasteful to me as the mob of a
Derby day, so there is nothing so ugly in forest nature as when I am
reminded of it by the visible selfish rush towards the sky in a
clearing, after it has been abandoned a few years. Hark! the bell
strikes, the race is about to begin. I seem to hear the uproar of the
rush, the fierce, heartless jostling and trampling, the cry, "Self for
self, the devil take the weakest!" To see the white-hot excitement, the
noisy fume and flutter, the curious inequalities of vigour, and the
shameless disregard for order and decency!

It is worth pausing also to ask why small incidents in such an out of
the way place as the trackless depths of a primeval forest should remind
one of thoughts of friends and their homes in England. The melancholy
sound of the wind fluttering the leafy world aloft, and the sad rustle
of the foliage reminded me vividly of a night spent at--- House, where I
passed half the time listening to the dreadful sighing of the rooky
grove, which filled my mind with forlornness and discomfort. Here again,
as I lay in my tent, were suggested memories of ocean gales, and general
cold, pitiful wretchedness, and when the rain fell in an earnest shower
and the heavy fall of raindrops roused the deep and funereal dirge that
sounded round about me, it seemed to me I heard sad and doleful echoes
of sad and unsatisfied longings, and crowds of unworded thoughts, and
past aspirations, unbreathed sentiments of love, friendship, and
unuttered sympathies advancing with awful distinctness to the sharpened
imagination, until one seemed ready to dissolve in tears and gasp
sobbingly, "Oh, my friends, the good God is above all, and knows all
things!"

These are a few secrets of the woods that one learns in time, even
without a mentor in forestry. To know that the Elais palm while
requiring moisture requires plenty of sunshine to flourish, that the
Raphia palm flourishes best by the sedge-lined swamp and stenchful
sewery ooze, that the Calamus palm requires a thick bush for its
support, that the Phoenix spinosa thrives best by the waterside, and that
the Fan palm is killed by excessive moisture, is not difficult to learn.
But for a stranger in tropic woods, accustomed to oak, beech, poplar,
and pine, he is somewhat mazed at the unfamiliar leafage above him.
By-and-by, however, he can tell at a glance which are the soft and hard
woods. There are several families of soft woods, which stand in place of
the pine and fir in the tropics, and these have invariably large leaves.
It seems to be a rule that the soft woods shall have large leaves, and
the hard woods shall have smaller leaves, though they vary according to
their degrees of strength and durability. The trees of the Rubiaceae
order, for instance, have leaves almost similar in form and size to the
castor-oil plant. The wood is most useful and workable, fit to build
fleets of wooden vessels, or to be turned into beautiful domestic
utensils--trays, benches, stools, troughs, wooden milk-pots, platters,
mugs, spoons, drums, &c. It serves for boarding, ceiling, doors, fences,
and palisades. Though it is brittle as cedar it will stand any amount of
weather without splitting. There are more than one species of what is
known as cotton-wood, but you may know them all by the magnificent
buttresses, and their unsurpassed height, by the silver grey of their
bark, and by the stiff thorns on their stems, by the white floss of
their flowering and grey-green leaves.

Then there is the strong African teak, the camwood, the African
mahogany, the green-heart, the lignum vitae, the everlasting iron-wood,
the no less hard yellow wood by the riverside, infinitely harder than an
oak; the stink-wood, the ebony, the copal-wood tree with its glossy and
burnished foliage, the arborescent wild mango, the small-leaved wild
orange, the silver-boled wild fig, the butter tree, the acacia tribes,
the stately mpafu, and the thousands of wild fruit-trees, most of which
are unknown to me. Therefore, to understand what this truly tropical
forest is like you must imagine all these confusedly mixed together, and
lashed together by millions of vines, creepers, and giant convolvuli,
until a perfect tangle has been formed, and sunshine quite shut out,
except a little flickering dust of light here and there to tell you that
the sun is out in the sky like a burning lustrous orb.

Considering how many months we were in the forest, the hundreds of miles
we travelled through and through it, it is not the least wonder that an
accident never befell one of the Expedition from the beginning to the
end of our life in it, from the fall of a branch or a tree. Trees have
fallen immediately before the van, and directly after the rear guard had
passed; they have suddenly crashed to the earth on our flanks, and near
the camps, by night as well as by day. The nearest escape we had was
soon after we had landed from our boat one day, when a great ruin
dropped into the river close to the stern, raising the boat up high with
the mound of water raised by it, and spraying the crew who were at work.

Many people have already questioned me respecting the game in the
forest. Elephant, buffalo, wild pig, bush antelopes, coneys, gazelles,
chimpanzees, baboons, monkeys of all kinds, squirrels, civets, wild
cats, genets, zebra--ichneumons, large rodents, are among the few we
know to exist within the woods. The branches swarm with birds and bats,
the air is alive with their sailing and soaring forms, the river teems
with fish and bivalves, oysters and clams; there are few crocodiles and
hippopotami also. But we must remember that all the tribes of the forest
are naturally the most vicious and degraded of the human race on the
face of the earth, though in my opinion they are quite as capable of
improvement as the wild Caledonian, and susceptible of transformation
into orderly and law-abiding peoples. The forest, however, does not
admit of amicable intercourse. Strangers cannot see one another until
they suddenly encounter, and are mutually paralysed with surprise at the
fact. Instinctively they raise their weapons. One has a sheaf of arrows
to kill game, and a poison as deadly as prussic acid; the other has a
gun which sends a bullet with such force that the frontal bone is
instantly smashed. Supposing that one at least of the parties is so
amiable as to allow the other to kill him; his friends would dub him a
fool, and nothing has been gained. The dead man's friends must feel
called upon to avenge him, and will hunt the murderer too. Fortunately,
these buried peoples contrive to learn news of any strangers, and
disappear generally in time before their villages are reached. But how
far they have retreated, or how near they may be, is unknown;
consequently as they are in the habit of eating what they kill it would
not be safe for a small hunting party to set out to search for game.
That is one reason why there were no animals hunted.

Secondly, it is not every person who has the gift of finding his way in
a forest. A dozen times on a day's march I had to correct the course of
the van. Even such a grand landmark as a river was not sufficient to
serve as a guide to the course. Within 200 yards any man in the
Expedition, if he were turned about a little, would be bewildered to
find his way back to the place whence he started.

Thirdly, a small party would make too much noise in breaking of twigs,
in treading upon crisp leaves, in brushing against bush, or in cutting a
vine or a creeper to make headway. A wild animal is warned long before
the hunters know that it is near them, and bounds away to distant
coverts. We have suddenly come across elephants, but when they were
within ten yards of us they have crashed their way through a jungle that
was impervious to pursuers. As for buffalo and other game, their tracks
were very common, but it would have been madness to have pursued them
for the above three reasons alone.

Fourthly, we had too serious an object in view, which was to discover
food and where we were most likely to get it--not for a small party, but
for all.

As for birds, they made clatter enough overhead, but we were in the
basement, and they were on the roof of a fifteen-storey house. They
could not be seen at all, though their whistlings, warblings,
screamings, and hootings were heard everywhere. There were parrots,
ibis, touracos, parraquets, sunbirds, swifts, finches, shrikes,
whip-poor-wills, hoopoes, owls, guinea fowl, blackbirds, weavers,
kingfishers, divers, fish eagles, kites, wagtails, bee-eaters, pipits,
sandpipers, cockatoos, hornbills, jays, barbets, woodpeckers, pigeons,
and unknown minute tribes, and millions of large and small bats.

The Simian tribe was well represented. I have caught sight of more than
a dozen species. I have seen the colobus, dark and grey furred baboons,
small black monkeys, galagos and flying squirrels, and others, but not
nearer than a hundred yards. Long before we could reach them they had
been alarmed by the murmur of the caravan, and commenced the retreat.

We came across a number of reptiles. The Ituri swarms with water snakes
of various lengths. They continued to drop frequently very close to our
boat, slender green whip-snakes, others lead colour of formidable size;
others green, gold and black, six feet long. We saw pythons, puff
adders, horned and fanged snakes, while small bush snakes about two feet
long often fell victims during the preparation of camps.

Insects would require a whole book. Never have I seen such countless
armies and species as during my various marches through this forest. I
should consider it _infra dig._ to refer to those minute creatures after
the lavish abuses I, in common with others of the Expedition, have
bestowed on them. I recollect but few hours of daylight that I did not
express myself unkindly towards them. Those bees, large and small, the
wasps, the hordes of moths by night, the house-flies, tsetse, gadflies,
gnats, and butterflies by day, the giant beetles, attracted by the
light in the tent, sailing through the darkness, and dashing frantically
against the canvas, rebounding in their rage from side to side, and all
the time hoarsely booming, finally with roars of fury dashing themselves
against my book or face, as though they would wreak vengeance on me for
some reason; then the swarms of ants peering into my plate, intruding
into my washy soup, crawling over my bananas, the crickets that sprang
like demons, and fixed themselves in my scalp, or on my forehead; the
shrill cicadae that drove one mad, worse than the peppo-inspired Manyuema
women. The Pasha professes to love these tribes, and I confess I have
done as much mischief to them as possible.

The small bees of the size of gnats were the most tormenting of all the
species; we became acquainted with four. They are of the Mellipona. To
read, write, or eat required the devoted services of an attendant to
drive them away. The eyes were their favourite points of attack; but the
ears and nostrils also were sensitive objects to which they invariably
reverted. The donkeys' legs were stripped bare of hair, because of these
pests. The death of one left an odour of bitter almonds on the hand.

The beetles, again, varied from the size of a monstrous two-and-a-half
inches in length to an insect that would have bored through the eye of a
tailor's needle. This last when examined through a magnifying glass
seemed to be efficiently equipped for troubling humanity. It burrowed
into the skin. It could not be discovered by the eyes unless attention
was directed by giving a cross rub with the hand, when a pain like the
prick of a pin was felt. The natives' huts were infested with three
peculiar species. One burrowed into one's body, another bored into the
rafters and dropped fine sawdust into the soup, another explored among
the crisp leaves of the roof and gave one a creeping fear that there
were snakes about; a fourth, which was a roaring lion of a beetle,
waited until night and then made it impossible to keep a candle lit for
a quiet pipe and meditation.

[Sidenote: 1888. Dec. Forest.]

Among the minor unpleasantnesses which we had to endure we may mention
the "jigger," which deposited its eggs under the toenails of the most
active men, but which attacked the body of a "goee-goee" and made him a
mass of living corruption; the little beetle that dived underneath the
skin and pricked one as with a needle; the mellipona bee, that troubled
the eyes, and made one almost frantic some days; the small and large
ticks that insidiously sucked one's small store of blood; the wasps,
which stung one into a raging fever if some careless idiot touched the
tree, or shouted near their haunts; the wild honey-bees, which one day
scattered two canoe crews, and punished them so that we had to send a
detachment of men to rescue them; the tiger-slug, that dropped from the
branches and left his poisonous fur in the pores of the body until one
raved from the pain; the red ants, that invaded the camp by night and
disturbed our sleep, and attacked the caravan half a score of times on
the march, and made the men run faster than if pursued by so many
pigmies; the black ants, which infested the trumpet tree, and dropped on
us when passing underneath, and gave us all a foretaste of the Inferno;
the small ants that invaded every particle of food, which required great
care lest we might swallow half a dozen inadvertently, and have the
stomach membranes perforated or blistered--small as they were, they were
the most troublesome, for in every tunnel made through the bush
thousands of them housed themselves upon us, and so bit and stung us
that I have seen the pioneers covered with blisters as from nettles;
and, of course, there were our old friends the mosquitos in numbers in
the greater clearings.

But if we were bitten and stung by pismires and numberless tribes of
insects by day, which every one will confess is as bad as being whipped
with nettles, the night had also its alarms, terrors, and anxieties. In
the dead of night, when the entire caravan was wrapped in slumber, a
series of explosions would wake every one. Some tree or another was
nightly struck by lightning, and there was a danger that half the camp
might be mangled by the fall of one; the sound of the branches during a
storm was like the roar of breakers, or the rolling of a surge on the
shore. When the rain fell no voice could be heard in the camp, it was
like a cataract with its din of falling waters. Each night almost a dead
tree fell with startling crackle, and rending and rushing, ending with
the sound which shook the earth.

There were trees parting with a decayed member, and the fall of it made
the forest echo with its crash as though it were a fusillade of
musketry. The night winds swayed the branches and hurled them against
each other, amid a chorus of creaking stems, and swinging cables and
rustle of leaves. Then there was the never-failing crick of the cricket,
and the shriller but not less monotonous piping call of the cicadae, and
the perpetual chorus of frogs; there was the doleful cry of the lemur to
his mate, a harsh, rasping cry which made night hideous, and loneliness
and darkness repulsive. There was a chimpanzee at solitary exercise
amusing himself with striking upon a tree like the little boys at home
rattle a stick against the area railings. There were the midnight troops
of elephants, who no doubt were only prevented from marching right over
us by the scores of fires scattered about the camp.

Considering the number of sokos or chimpanzees in this great forest, it
is rather a curious fact that not one of the Expedition saw one alive.
My terrier "Randy" hunted them almost every day between Ipoto and
Ibwiri, and one time was severely handled. I have heard their notes four
several times, and have possessed a couple of their skulls, one of which
I gave to the Pasha; the other, that I was obliged to leave at the time,
was monstrously large.

In 1887 rain fell during eight days in July, ten days in August,
fourteen days in September, fifteen days in October, seventeen days in
November, and seven days in December, = seventy-one days. From the 1st
of June, 1887, to the 31st of May, 1888, there were 138 days, or 569
hours of rain. We could not measure the rain in the forest in any other
way than by time. We shall not be far wrong if we estimate this forest
to be the rainiest zone on the earth.

For nine months of the year the winds blow from the South Atlantic along
the course of the Congo, and up the Aruwimi. They bear the moisture of
the sea, and the vapours exhaled by a course of 1400 miles of a river
which spreads from half-a-mile to sixteen miles wide, and meeting on
their easterly course the cold atmosphere prevailing at the high
altitude they descend upon the forest almost every alternate day in
copious showers of rain. This forest is also favourably situated to
receive the vapours exhaled by Lakes Tanganika, the Albert Edward, and
Albert Lakes. While standing in the plain on the verge of the forest, I
have seen the two rain clouds, one from the westward and one from the
eastward, collide and dissolve in a deluge of rain on Pisgah Mount and
the surrounding country. Besides the rains, which lasted ten or twelve
hours at a time during our march from Yambuya to Fort Bodo, we had
frequent local showers of short duration. When these latter fell we were
sure that some lofty hill was in the neighbourhood, which had
intercepted a portion of the vapour drifting easterly, and liquified it
for the benefit of the neighbourhood. The rear-guard of the caravan was
sometimes plunged in misery by a heavy rainfall while the pioneers were
enjoying the effects of sunshine above their heads. It occurred at
Mabengu Rapids, and at Engwedde. Being in the depths of the forest we
could not see any sign of a hill, but such sudden showers betrayed the
presence of one in the vicinity. When well away from these localities we
would sometimes look behind down a straight stretch of river, and hilly
masses 500 feet above the river were revealed to us.

[Illustration: A PAGE FROM MR. STANLEY'S NOTE-BOOK.]

The Ituri or Upper Aruwimi is therefore seldom very low. We have seen it
in July about six feet below high-water mark. In October one night it
rose a foot; it is highest in November, and lowest in December. But
it is a stream that constantly fluctuates, and pours an immense
volume of water into the Congo. In length of course it is about 700
miles, rising to the south of that group of hills known as the
Travellers' Group, and called Mounts Speke, Schweinfurth, and Junker.
Its basin covers an area of 67,000 square miles.

On the north side of the basin we have heard of the Ababua, Mabode,
Momvu, and the Balesse, to the south are the Bakumu and Baburu. These
are the principal tribes, which are subdivided into hundreds of smaller
tribes. The language of the Bakumu which is to be found inland east of
Stanley Falls, is known as far as Panga Falls, with slight dialectic
variations among the Baburu. The language of Momvu is spoken between
Panga Falls and the Ngaiyu. East of that we found that the language of
the Balesse took us as far as Indenduru, beyond that was a separate and
distinct language spoken by the Babusesse. But we found sub-tribes in
each section who professed not to understand what was said to them from
natives two camps removed from them.

All the tribes from the Atlantic Ocean to East Longitude 30 deg. in the
Equatorial region have a distant resemblance of features and customs,
but I should place East Longitude 18 deg. as the divisional line of
longitude between two families of one original parent race. Across
twelve degrees of longitude, we have hundreds of tribes bearing a most
close resemblance to one another. What Schweinfurth and Junker, Emin and
Casati, have said about the Monbuttu, Niam Niam, and Momvu, may with a
few fine shades of difference, be said about the Bangala, the Wyyanzi,
the Batomba, the Basoko, the Baburu, the Bakumu, and Balesse. One tribe
more compact in organisation may possess a few superior characteristics
to one which has suffered misfortunes, and been oppressed by more
powerful neighbours, but in the main I see no difference whatever. They
own no cattle, but possess sheep, goats, and domestic fowls. One tribe
may be more partial to manioc, but they all cultivate the plantain and
banana. Their dresses all alike are of bark cloth, their headdresses
are nearly similar, though one tribe may be more elaborate in the mode
of dressing theirs than another. Some of them practise circumcision, and
they are addicted to eating the flesh of their enemies. Their weapons
are nearly the same--the broad razor-sharp spear, the double-edged and
pointed knife, the curious two-or four-bladed knives, their curved
swords; their small bows and short arrows; their stools, benches, and
back-rests; their ear-rings, bracelets, armlets and leglets; their great
war-drums and little tom-toms, their war-horns; their blacksmiths' and
carpenters' tools.

In the architecture of their houses there is a great difference; in the
tattooing, facial marks, and their upper lip ornaments they also differ;
but these are often due to the desire to distinguish tribes, though they
do not show a difference of race. If one could travel in a steamer from
Equatorville on the Congo to Indesura on the Upper Ituri, and see the
various communities on the river banks from the deck, the passengers
would be struck, not only by the similarity of dress and equipments, but
also of complexion; whereas were a colony of Soudanese, Zanzibaris,
Wanyamwezi to be seen accidentally among those communities, the stranger
might easily distinguish them as being foreign to the soil.

This region, which embraces twelve degrees of longitude, is mainly
forest, though to the west it has several reaches of grass-land, and
this fact modifies the complexion considerably. The inhabitants of the
true forest are much lighter in colour than those of the grass-land.
They are inclined normally to be coppery, while some are as light as
Arabs, and others are dark brown, but they are all purely negroid in
character. Probably this lightness of colour may be due to a long
residence through generations in the forest shades, though it is likely
to have been the result of an amalgamation of an originally black and
light <DW52> race. When we cross the limits of the forest and enter
the grass-land we at once remark, however, that the tribes are much
darker in colour.

[Illustration: SPEARS.]

[Illustration: POT.]

[Illustration: STOOL.]

[Illustration: PLAY-TABLE.]

[Illustration: STOOL.]

Among these forest tribes we have observed some singularly prepossessing
faces, and we have observed others uncommonly low and degraded. However
incorrigibly fierce in temper, detestable in their disposition, and
bestial in habits these wild tribes may be to-day, there is not one of
them which does not contain germs, and by whose means at some future
date civilisation may spread, and with it those manifold blessings
inseparable from it. I was much struck with the personal appearance and
replies of some captives of Engwedde, with whom, as they knew the
language of Momvu, I was able to converse. I asked them if they were in
the habit of fighting strangers always. Said they, "What do strangers
want from us? we have nothing. We have only plantains, palms, and fish."
"But supposing strangers wished to buy plantains, palm oil, and fish
from you, would you sell them?" "We have never seen any strangers
before. Each tribe keeps to its own place until it comes to fight with
us for some reason." "Do you always fight your neighbours?" "No; some of
our young men go into the woods to hunt game, and they are surprised by
our neighbours; then we go to them, and they come to fight us until one
party is tired, or one is beaten." "Well, will you be friends with me if
I send you back to your village?" They looked incredulous, and when they
were actually escorted out of the camp with cowries in their hands, they
simply stood still and refused to go fearing some trap. It seemed
incredible to them that they should not be sacrificed. One returned to
my tent, and was greeted kindly as an old acquaintance, received a few
bananas, deliberately went to a fire and roasted them, weighing in his
mind, I suppose, meanwhile, what it all meant; after refreshing himself,
he lit his pipe, and walked away with an assumed composure. Three trips
past that settlement, and their confidence would have been gained for
ever.

Scattered among the Balesse, between Ipoto and Mount Pisgah, and
inhabiting the land situated between the Ngaiyu and Ituri Rivers, a
region equal in area to about two-thirds of Scotland, are the Wambutti,
variously called Batwa, Akka, and Bazungu. These people are undersized
nomads, dwarfs, or pigmies, who live in the uncleared virgin forest, and
support themselves on game, which they are very expert in catching. They
vary in height from three feet to four feet six inches. A full-grown
adult male may weigh ninety pounds. They plant their village camps at a
distance of from two to three miles around a tribe of agricultural
aborigines, the majority of whom are fine stalwart people. A large
clearing may have as many as eight, ten, or twelve separate communities
of these little people settled around them, numbering in the aggregate
from 2,000 to 2,500 souls. With their weapons, little bows and arrows,
the points of which are covered thickly with poison, and spears, they
kill elephants, buffalo, and antelope. They sink pits, and cunningly
cover them with light sticks and leaves, over which they sprinkle earth
to disguise from the unsuspecting animals the danger below them. They
build a shed-like structure, the roof being suspended with a vine, and
spread nuts or ripe plantains underneath, to tempt the chimpanzees,
baboons, and other simians within, and by a slight movement, the shed
falls, and the animals are captured. Along the tracks of civets,
mephitis, ichneumons, and rodents are bow traps fixed, which, in the
scurry of the little animals, are snapped and strangle them. Besides the
meat and hides to make shields, and furs, and ivory of the slaughtered
game, they catch birds to obtain their feathers; they collect honey from
the woods, and make poison, all of which they sell to the larger
aborigines for plantains, potatoes, tobacco, spears, knives, and arrows.
The forest would soon be denuded of game if the pigmies confined
themselves to the few square miles around a clearing; they are therefore
compelled to move, as soon as it becomes scarce, to other settlements.

[Illustration: ARROWS OF THE DWARFS.]

[Illustration: ELEPHANT TRAP.]

They perform other services to the agricultural and larger class of
aborigines. They are perfect scouts, and contrive, by their better
knowledge of the intricacies of the forest, to obtain early intelligence
of the coming of strangers, and to send information to their settled
friends. They are thus like voluntary picquets guarding the clearings
and settlements. Every road from any direction runs through their camps.
Their villages command every cross-way. Against any strange natives,
disposed to be aggressive, they would combine with their taller
neighbours, and they are by no means despicable allies. When arrows are
arrayed against arrows, poison against poison, and craft against craft,
probably the party assisted by the pigmies would prevail. Their
diminutive size, superior wood-craft, their greater malice, would make
formidable opponents. This the agricultural natives thoroughly
understand. They would no doubt wish on many occasions that the little
people would betake themselves elsewhere, for the settlements are
frequently outnumbered by the nomad communities. For small and often
inadequate returns of fur and meat, they must allow the pigmies free
access to their plantains, groves, and gardens. In a word, no nation on
the earth is free from human parasites, and the tribes of the Central
African forest have much to bear from these little fierce people who
glue themselves to their clearings, flatter them when well fed, but
oppress them with their extortions and robberies.

The pigmies arrange their dwellings--low structures of the shape of an
oval figure cut lengthways; the doors are from two feet to three feet
high, placed at the ends--in a rough circle, the centre of which is left
cleared for the residence of the chief and his family, and as a common.
About 100 yards in advance of the camp, along every track leading out of
it, is placed the sentry-house, just large enough for two little men,
with the doorway looking up the track. If we assumed that native
caravans ever travelled between Ipoto and Ibwiri, for instance, we
should imagine, from our knowledge of these forest people, that the
caravan would be mulcted of much of its property by these nomads, whom
they would meet in front and rear of each settlement, and as there are
ten settlements between the two points, they would have to pay toll
twenty times, in tobacco, salt, iron, and rattan, cane ornaments, axes,
knives, spears, arrows, adzes, rings, &c. We therefore see how utterly
impossible it would be for the Ipoto people to have even heard of
Ibwiri, owing to the heavy turnpike tolls and octroi duties that would
be demanded of them if they ventured to undertake a long journey of
eighty miles. It will also be seen why there is such a diversity of
dialects, why captives were utterly ignorant of settlements only twenty
miles away from them.

As I have said, there are two species of these pigmies, utterly
dissimilar in complexion, conformation of the head, and facial
characteristics. Whether Batwa forms one nation and Wambutti another we
do not know, but they differ as much from each other as a Turk would
from a Scandinavian. The Batwa have longish heads and long narrow faces,
reddish, small eyes, set close together, which give them a somewhat
ferrety look, sour, anxious, and querulous. The Wambutti have round
faces, gazelle-like eyes, set far apart, open foreheads, which give one
an impression of undisguised frankness, and are of a rich yellow, ivory
complexion. The Wambutti occupy the southern half of the district
described, the Batwa the northern, and extend south-easterly to the
Awamba forests on both banks of the Semliki River, and east of the
Ituri.

The life in their forest villages partakes of the character of the
agricultural classes. The women perform all the work of collecting fuel
and provisions, and cooking, and the transport of the goods of the
community. The men hunt, and fight, and smoke, and conduct the tribal
politics. There is always some game in the camp, besides furs and
feathers and hides. They have nets for fish and traps for small game to
make. The youngsters must always be practising with the bow and arrow,
for we have never come across one of their villages without finding
several miniature bows and blunt-headed arrows. There must be free use
of axes also, for the trees about bear many a mark which could only have
been done to try their edge. In every camp we have seen deep incisions
in a tree several inches deep, and perhaps 500 yards from the camp a
series of diamond cuttings in a root of a tree across the track, which,
when seen, informed us that we were approaching a village of the
Wambutti pigmies.

[Illustration: A DWARF VILLAGE.]

Two Egyptians, a corporal and a Cairo boy of fifteen, both light
complexioned, were captured near Fort Bodo during my absence, and no
one discovered what became of them. It is supposed they were made
prisoners, like young Nassamonians of old. I have often wondered what
was done to them, and what the feelings of both were--they were devout
Mussulmans--after they were taken to the Wambutti's camp. I fancy they
must have been something similar to those of Robert Baker, a sailor, in
1562--

    "If cannibals they be
       In kind, we do not know,
     But if they be, then welcome we,
       To pot straightway we goe.
     They naked goe likewise,
       For shame, we cannot so;
     We cannot live after their guise,
       Thus naked for to go.
     By roots and leaves they live,
       As beasts do in the wood:
     Among these heathen who can thrive,
       On this so wilde a food?"

One of the poisons employed by the tribes of the forest to smear their
weapons, in order to make them more deadly, is a dark substance of the
colour and consistency of pitch. It is supposed--if native women may be
trusted--to be made out of a species of arum, a very common plant, with
large leaves, found in any quantity between Fort Bodo and Indesura. Its
smell, when fresh, reminds one of the old blister plaster. That it is
deadly there can be no doubt. They kill the elephants and other big game
with it, as certainly as these animals could be slain with bone-crushing
rifles. That they do kill elephants is proved by the vast stores of
ivory collected by Ugarrowwa, Kilonga-Longa, and Tippu-Tib, and each
adult warrior has a waist-belt, or a shoulder-belt, to suspend his
dagger and skinning-knife, and every mother who carries her child and
every wife who carries a basket has need of broad forehead-straps, made
out of buffalo hide, to bear her load on her back.

[Sidenote: 1888. Dec. Forest.]

The poison is not permitted to be manufactured in a village. It seems to
be a necessity, to prevent fatal accidents, that the poison should be
prepared in the bush. It is then laid on the iron arrows thickly, and
into the splints of the hard wooden arrows.

Another poison is of a pale gluey colour. At Avisibba we discovered
several baskets of dried red ants among the rafters, and I conjectured,
from their resemblance in colour to the deadly poison which the
Avisibbas used, that it must have been made by crushing them into a fine
powder, and mixing it with palm oil. If one of these insects can raise a
blister on the skin of the size of a groat, what may not the powder of
mummied insects of the same species effect? If this pale poison be of
this material, one must confess that, in the forest, they possess
endless supplies of other insects still worse, such as the long black
ants which infest the trumpet tree, a bite from one of which can only be
compared to cautery from a red hot iron. But whatever it be, we have
great faith in a strong hypodermic injection of carbonate of ammonium,
and it may be that stronger doses of morphia than any that I ventured
upon might succeed in conquering the fatal tetanic spasms which followed
every puncture and preceded death.

When one of these poisons is fresh its consequences are rapid. There is
excessive faintness, palpitation of the heart, nausea, pallor, and beads
of perspiration break out over the body, and death ensues. One man died
within one minute from a mere pin-hole, which pierced the right arm and
right breast. A headman died within an hour and a quarter after being
shot. A woman died during the time that she was carried a distance of
one hundred paces; another woman died within twenty minutes; one man
died within three hours; two others died after one hundred hours had
elapsed. These various periods indicate that some poisons were fresh and
others had become dry. Most of these wounds were sucked and washed and
syringed, but evidently some of the poison was left, and caused death.

To render the poison ineffective, a strong emetic should be given,
sucking and syringing should be resorted to, and a heavy solution of
carbonate of ammonium should be injected into the wound, assuming that
the native antidote was unknown.

As there is no grass throughout the forest region, the natives would be
put to hard shifts to cover their houses were it not for the invaluable
phrynia leaves, which grow everywhere, but most abundantly in the
primeval woods. These leaves are from a foot to twenty inches in
diameter, are attached to slender straight stalks from three to seven
feet high. Both stalks and leaves are useful in the construction of
native huts and camps. The fruit is like red cherries, but the rinds are
not eaten, though the kernels are often eaten to "deceive the stomach."

The wild fruits of the forest are various, and having been sustained
through so many days of awful famine, it would be well to describe such
as we found useful. We owe most to a fine stately tree with small
leaves, which grows in large numbers along the south banks of the Ituri
between East Long. 28 deg. and 29 deg.. Its fruit lies in pods about ten inches
long, and which contain four heart-shaped beans called "makweme," an
inch and a quarter long by an inch broad and half an inch thick. It has
a tough dove-<DW52> skin which when cut shows a reddish inner skin.
When this latter is scraped away the bean may be bruised, mashed, or
boiled whole. It is better bruised, because, as the bean is rather
leathery, it has a better chance of being cooked to be digestible. The
pigmies taught us the art, and it may be well conceived that they have
had often need of it to support life during their forest wanderings.

In the neighbourhood of these wood-bean trees grew a bastard bread-fruit
called _fenessi_ by the Zanzibaris, the fruit of which is as large as a
water-melon. When ripe we found it delightful and wholesome.

On a higher level, as we followed the Ituri up from 1 deg. 6' to Lat. 1 deg.
47', we found the _spondia_ or hog-plums, a yellow, fragrant fruit with
a large stone. An india-rubber vine produced a pear-shaped fruit which,
though of delicious odour, was the cause of much nausea; a fruit also of
the size of a crab-apple, with an insipid sweetness about it, assisted
to maintain life. Then there were some nuts like horse-chestnuts which
we found the pigmies partial to, but we cannot speak very highly of
them. Besides the cherry-like berries of the phrynia, the kernels of
which were industriously sought after, were the rich red fruit of the
amoma, within whose husks is found an acid sweet pulp, and the grains of
paradise which were first introduced to England in the year 1815. The
berries of the calamus, or rattan, were also eaten, but they were
difficult to get. Figs also were tried, but they were not very tempting,
though anything to disguise hunger and to "deceive the stomach" found
favour. Even the cola nuts were eaten, but more for the sake of
expectoration than for the sake of pandering to the digestive organs.

Among other articles to which we were reduced were white ants,
slugs--not the tiger-slug--snails, crabs, tortoises, roast field-rats,
and the siluroids of the streams.

The domestic animals of the natives were principally confined to a fine
breed of goats, dogs--of the usual pariah order, but vari-. We
saw only one domestic cat, and that was a brindled animal, and very
tame, but kept in a cage.

It struck me as curious that while nearly all the Madis were attacked
with guinea worms, which rendered them utterly unfit for work, not one
Zanzibari suffered from them. The Madis' medicine for these was simply
oil or fat rubbed over the inflammation, which served to cause the worm
to withdraw from the leg. At one time, however, we had fifteen cases of
mumps among the Zanzibaris, but they used no medicine except rubbing the
swollen face with flour and water. Numbers of Manyuema, natives, and
Madis, unvaccinated and uninoculated, fell victims to variola; but only
four Zanzibaris were attacked with the disease, only one of which was
fatal, and two of them were not so much indisposed as to plead being
relieved from duties.

Respecting the productions of the forest I have written at such length
in "The Congo and the Founding of its Free State" that it is unnecessary
to add any more here. I will only say that when the Congo Railway has
been constructed, the products of the great forest will not be the
least valuable of the exports of the Congo Independent State. The
natives, beginning at Yambuya, will easily be induced to collect the
rubber, and when one sensible European has succeeded in teaching them
what the countless vines, creepers, and tendrils of their forest can
produce, it will not be long before other competitors will invade the
silent river, and invoke the aid of other tribes to follow the example
of the Baburu.




CHAPTER XXIV.

IMPRISONMENT OF EMIN PASHA AND MR. JEPHSON.

     Our reception at Fort Bodo--Lieut. Stairs' report of what took
     place at the Fort during our relief of the rear column--No news of
     Jephson--Muster of our men--We burn the Fort and advance to find
     Emin and Jephson--Camp at Kandekore--Parting words to Lieut. Stairs
     and Surgeon Parke, who are left in charge of the sick--Mazamboni
     gives us news of Emin and Jephson--Old Gavira escorts us--Two
     Wahuma messengers bring letters from Emin and Jephson--Their
     contents--My replies to the same handed to Chief Mogo for
     delivery--The Balegga attack us, but, with the help of the Bavira,
     are repulsed--Mr. Jephson turns up--We talk of Emin--Jephson's
     report bearing upon the revolt of the troops of Equatoria, also his
     views respecting the invasion of the province by the Mahdists, and
     its results--Emin Pasha sends through Mr. Jephson an answer to my
     last letter.

[Sidenote: 1888.

Dec. 20.

Fort Bodo.]

Those who have read the pitiful tale of the rear column will no doubt be
curious to know how we re-entered Fort Bodo, which was only garrisoned
with fifty-nine rifles, after six months' absence. With my heart filled
with joy and gratitude I was escorted up the western avenue, glad men
leaping around me like spaniels, the Doctor imparting the most cheery
news; prosperous fields of corn on either hand, and goodly crops
everywhere; fenced squares, a neat village, clean streets, and every one
I met--white and black--in perfect health, except a few incurables.
Nelson was quite recovered, the dark shadow of the starvation camp was
entirely gone, and the former martial tread and manly bearing had been
regained; and Stairs, the officer _par excellence_, was precisely what
he ought to have been--the one who always obeyed and meant to obey.

Lieutenant Stairs possessed 24,000 ears of corn in his granary, the
plantation was still bearing plantains and sweet potatoes and beans,
there was a good crop of tobacco; the stream in the neighbourhood
supplied fish--siluroids--and between officers and men there existed the
very best of feeling. He had not been free from trouble; troops of
elephants had invaded the fort, native plunderers by night had robbed
him of stores of tobacco, a mild benevolence had brought on the
plantation a host of pygmies, but at once alertness and firmness had
made him respected and feared by pigmies, aborigines, and Zanzibaris,
and in every wise suggestion his comrades had concurred and aided him.
The admirable and welcome letter herewith given speaks for itself--

Fort Bodo, Ibwiri, Central Africa,
_21st December, 1888_.

H. M. STANLEY, ESQ.,
Command of Emin Pasha Relief Expedition.

     SIR,

     I have the honour to report that, in accordance with your letter of
     instructions, dated Fort Bodo, June 13th, 1888, I took over the
     charge of Fort Bodo and its garrison.

     The strength of the garrison was then as follows:--Officers, 3;
     Zanzibaris, 51; Soudanese, 5; Madis, 5; total, 64.

     Soon after your departure from Yambuya, the natives in the
     immediate vicinity became excessively bold and aggressive; gangs of
     them would come into the plantations nearly every day searching for
     plantains, and at last a party of them came into the gardens east
     of the Fort at night-time and made off with a quantity of tobacco
     and beans. On the night of the 21st August they again attempted to
     steal more tobacco; this time, however, the sentries were on the
     alert. The lesson they received had the effect of making the
     natives less bold, but still our bananas were being taken at a
     great rate. I now found it necessary to send out three parties of
     patrols per week; these had as much as they could do to keep out
     the natives and elephants. If fires were not made every few days
     the elephants came into the bananas, and would destroy in a single
     night some acres of plantation.

     By November 1st we had got the natives well in hand, and at this
     time I do not believe a single native camp exists within eight
     miles of the Fort. Those natives to the S.S.E. of the Fort gave us
     the most trouble, and were the last to move away from our
     plantations.

     At the end of July we all expected the arrival of Mr. Mounteney
     Jephson from the Albert Nyanza to relieve the garrison, and convey
     our goods on to the Lake shore. Day after day, however, passed
     away, and no sign of him or news from him reaching us made many of
     the men more and more restless as each day passed. Though most of
     the men wished to remain at the Fort till relief turned up, either
     in the shape of Mr. Jephson or yourself, still some eight or ten
     discontented ones, desirous of reaching the Lake and partaking of
     the plenty there, were quite ready at any time to desert the loads,
     the white men, and sick.

     Seeing how things stood I treated the men at all times with the
     greatest leniency, and did whatever I could to make their life at
     the Fort as easy for them as was possible.

     Shortly after the time of Mr. Jephson's expected arrival, some of
     the men came to me and asked for a "shauri;" this I granted. At
     this shauri the following propositions were made by one of the men
     (Ali Juma), and assented to by almost every one of the Zanzibaris
     present.

     I. To leave the Fort, march on to the Lake by way of Mazamboni's
     country, making double trips, and so get on all the loads to the
     Lake and have plenty of food.

     II. Or, to send say fifteen couriers with a letter to the edge of
     the plain, there to learn if the Bandusuma were still our friends
     or no; if unfriendly, then to return to the Fort; if friendly, then
     the couriers would take on the letter to Mr. Jephson, and relief
     would come.

     To the first proposal I replied:--

     (1.) Mr. Stanley told me not to move across the plain, whatever
     else I did, without outside aid.

     (2.) Did not Mr. Stanley tell Emin Pasha it was not safe to cross
     the plains, even should the natives be friendly, without sixty
     guns?

     (3.) We had only thirty strong men, the rest were sick; we should
     lose our loads and sick men.

     We all lived on the best of terms after I had told them we could
     not desert the Fort. We went on hoeing up the ground and planting
     corn and other crops, as if we expected a prolonged occupation. On
     the 1st September a severe hurricane accompanied by hail passed
     over the Fort, destroying fully 60 per cent. of the standing corn,
     and wrecking the banana plantations to such an extent that at least
     a month passed before the trees commenced to send up young shoots.
     Had it not been for this we should have had great quantities of
     corn; but as it was I was only able to give each man ten corns per
     week. The weakly ones, recommended by Dr. Parke, got one cup of
     shelled corn each per day. At one time we had over thirty men
     suffering from ulcers, but, through the exertion of Dr. Parke, all
     their ulcers on your arrival had healed up with the exception of
     some four.

     Eight deaths occurred from the time of your departure up to the
     20th December, two were killed by arrows, and two were captured by
     natives.

     In all matters where deliberation was necessary the other officers
     and myself took part. We were unanimous in our determination to
     await your arrival, knowing that you were using every endeavour to
     bring relief to us as speedily as possible.

     On the 20th December I handed over the charge of the Fort to you,
     and on the 21st the goods entrusted to my care.

I have the honour to be, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
(Signed) W. G. STAIRS, Lieut. R.E.




[Sidenote: 1888.

Dec. 21.

Fort Bodo.]

We were now left to conjecture what had become of the energetic Jephson,
the man of action, who had been nick-named _Buburika_, or the Cheetah,
because he was so quick and eager, and strained at the leash. No small
matter would have detained him, even if the Pasha after all thought
that a long journey to Fort Bodo was unnecessary.

But the fact that neither had been heard of placed us in a dilemma. We
had fifty-five extra loads to carry, over and above the number of
carriers, of absolutely necessary property. After a little midnight
mental deliberation I resolved to make double marches between Fort Bodo
and the Ituri River on the edge of the plains, leave Lieutenant Stairs
and officers and sick at the well-furnished clearing of Kandekore, and
march to the Nyanza to search for Emin Pasha and Mr. Mounteney Jephson.
This would probably cause me to exceed my original estimate of time by
ten days. But what can one do when every plan is thwarted by some
unlucky accident or another? Fort Bodo had been reached two days before
the stipulated time. If I arrived at the Nyanza by January 26 I should
be ten days behind time.

On the 21st of December all this was explained to the men, and that
fifty-five men must volunteer to do double duty, but for every camp made
by them twice over I should pay for the extra work in cloth. Volunteers
responded readily at this, and the difficulty of carrying the extra
fifty-five loads of ammunition vanished.

At the muster on the 22nd of December there were present in the
Fort--209 Zanzibaris, 17 Soudanese, 1 Somali, 151 Manyuema and
followers, 26 Madis, 2 Lados, 6 whites; total 412. Therefore the journey
from Banalya to Fort Bodo had cost 106 lives, of whom 38 belonged to the
rear column.

On the 23rd we set out from Fort Bodo, and on the next day Captain
Nelson, having buried the Pasha's big demijohn, some broken rifles, &c.,
set fire to the Fort and joined us.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Jan. 2.

Indenduru.]

Christmas Day and the day after we foraged for the double journeys, and
on the 27th Stairs was pushed forward with one hundred rifles to occupy
the ferry at the Ituri River, with orders, after making himself snug, to
send back fifty-five men to our Cross Roads camp. Meantime, being very
dilapidated in clothing, the Doctor and I tailored to make ourselves
respectable for the grass-land.

On the 2nd of January, while waiting for the contingent from Stairs, a
Soudanese, gathering fuel only 150 yards from camp, received five arrows
in his back, which were extracted after tremendous exertion by the
Doctor--two of the arrows being so deeply fixed in bone and muscle that
the wounded man was almost raised from the ground. A sixth arrow was
found two months later. The man ultimately recovered, to die close to
Bagamoyo nearly a year later.

On the next day the fifty-five men returned from Stairs with a note
reporting all was well at Ituri, and that he was hopeful of a pacific
conclusion to the negotiations with the natives of Kandokore, and on the
4th of the month at noon we moved from Cross Roads Camp. Six hours'
march on the 5th brought us to West Indenduru. The 6th we reached
Central Indenduru, and on the 7th we were in the Bakwuru village at the
foot of Pisgah, in view of the grass-land, at which the men of the rear
column and the Manyuema were never tired of gazing and wondering. On the
9th we crossed the Ituri River and established a camp in the village of
Kandekore on the east side.

The next day all hands were set to work to make a camp, to clear the
bush around, for natives are accustomed to let it grow right up to the
eaves of their huts to enable them to retreat unperceived in case of
danger.

In the evening after dinner Lieutenant Stairs and Surgeon Parke were
called to my tent, and I addressed them as to their duties during my
absence. Said I--

     "Gentlemen, I have called you to give you a few parting words.

     "You know as well as I do that there is a constant unseen influence
     at work creating an anxiety which has sometimes tempted us to
     despair. No plan, however clear and intelligible it may be, but is
     thwarted and reversed. No promises are fulfilled, instructions are
     disregarded, suggestions are unavailing, and so we are constantly
     labouring to correct and make amends for this general waywardness
     which pursues us. We are no sooner out of one difficulty than we
     are face to face with another, and we are subjected to everlasting
     stress and strains of appalling physical miseries, and absolute
     decimation. It is as clear to you as to me why these things are
     so. They will go on and continue so, unless I can gather the
     fragments of this Expedition together once and for all, and keep it
     together, never to be separated again. But each time I have wished
     to do so, the inability of the men to march, the necessity of
     hurrying to one place and then to another, keep us eternally
     detached. After bringing the rear column, and uniting it with the
     advance, and collecting your garrison at Fort Bodo, we are
     astonished at this total absence of news from Jephson and the
     Pasha. Now I cannot manoeuvre with a hospital in tow, such as we
     have with us. At the muster of to-day, after inspection, there were
     124 men suffering from ulcers, debility, weakness, dysentery, and
     much else. They cannot march, they cannot carry. Jephson and the
     Pasha are perhaps waiting for me. It is now January 10th, I
     promised to be on the Nyanza again, even if I went as far as
     Yambuya, by the 16th, I have six days before me. You see how I am
     pulled this way and that way. If I could trust you to obey me, obey
     every word literally, that you would not swerve one iota from the
     path laid down, I could depart from you with confidence, and find
     out what is the matter with Jephson and the Pasha."

     [Sidenote: 1889.

     Jan. 10.

     Kandekore.]

     "I don't see why you should doubt us. I am sure we have always
     tried to do our very best to please and satisfy you," replied
     Stairs.

     "That is strictly true, and I am most grateful to you for it. The
     case of Yambuya seems to be repeated. Our friend Jephson is absent,
     perhaps dead from fever or from some accident; but why do we not
     hear from the Pasha? Therefore we surmise that some other trouble
     has overtaken both. Well, I set out for the Nyanza, and either send
     or cause to hear the news, or cut my way through Melindwa to behind
     Mswa Station to discover the cause of this strange silence. Have
     the Mahdists come up river, and annihilated everybody, or has
     another Expedition reached them from the East, and they are all too
     busy attending to them to think of their promise to us? Which is
     it? No one can answer, but because of this mystery we cannot sit
     down to let the mystery unfold itself, and I can do nothing towards
     penetrating it with 124 men, who require a long rest to recover
     from their fatigues and sicknesses. Therefore I am compelled to
     trust to you and the doctor, that you will stay here until I know
     what has happened, whether for one month or two months. I want you
     to stay here and look after the camp alertly, and I want the doctor
     to attend to these sick men and cure them, not to stint medicines,
     but nurse them with good food from morning until night. Do you
     promise this faithfully, on your words as gentlemen?"

     "We do," replied both warmly.

     "Now Doctor, I particularly address myself to you. Stairs will
     perform all that is required as Superintendent and Governor of the
     camp, but I look to you mostly. These 124 men are on the sick list,
     some are but slightly indisposed, and some are in a dreadful state.
     But they all require attention, and you must give it devotedly. You
     must see that your worst cases are fed regularly. Three times a day
     see that their food is prepared, and that it is given to them;
     trust no man's word, see to it yourself in person; we want these
     men to reach home. I warn you solemnly that your 'flood-tide of
     opportunity' has come. Are you ambitious of distinction? Here is
     your chance; seize it. Your task is clear before you, and you are
     required to save these men, who will be the means of taking you
     home, and of your receiving the esteem of all who shall hear of
     your deeds.

     [Sidenote: 1889.

     Jan. 10.

     Kandekore.]

     "Gentlemen, the causes of failure in this world are that men are
     unable to see the thing that lies ready at their hands. They look
     over their work and forget their tasks, in attempting to do what is
     not wanted. Before I left England I received some hundreds of
     applications from volunteers to serve with me on this Expedition.
     They at least believed that they could win what men vulgarly call
     'kudos,' though I do not believe that one in a thousand of them
     knew what is the true way to glory. For instance, there are only
     six whites here in this camp, yet one of the six sought me the
     other night to request permission to explore the Welle-Mubangi
     River--of all places in Africa! His duty was clearly before him,
     and yet he did not see it. His opportunities were unheeded. He cast
     yearning looks over and above what was right at his feet. He seemed
     as if wakened out of a dream when I told him that to escort
     refugees to their homes was a far nobler task than any number of
     discoveries. On this Expedition there was a man who received a
     salary for being loyal and devoted to me, yet when there were
     opportunities for distinguishing himself, he allowed his employer's
     baggage to be sent away before his very eyes, and his own rations
     to be boxed up, and sent out of camp, and he never knew until told
     that he had lost his opportunities to gain credit, increase of
     salary, and promotion. I point out your opportunities, therefore
     hold fast to them with a firm grip; do all you can with might and
     main to make the most of them. Don't think of 'kudos,' or 'glory,'
     but of your work. All your capital is in that; it will give you
     great or little profit, as you perform it. Good-night. To-morrow I
     go to do something, I know not what, and do not care until I hear
     what it is I have to do. As I will do mine, do yours."

The next morning, after encouraging remarks to the invalids, we set out
from Kandekore in the territory of the Bakuba, and in forty-five minutes
we had emerged out of the bush, to the immense delight and wonder of
such of the rear column and Manyuema as had not seen the glorious land
before.

On the 12th we reached Besse, and were well received by our native
friends. They informed us that the Pasha was building big houses at
Nyamsassi, and the rumour was that he and many followers intended to
pass through the land. As we had been very anxious, this piece of good
news was hailed with great satisfaction.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Jan. 14.

Undussuma.]

We camped the day following in a vale a little north of Mukangi, and on
the 14th we reached our old camp in Mazamboni's country. It was not long
before Mazamboni, and Katto his brother, and his inseparable cousin
Kalenge, appeared, and in reply to our eager questioning, informed us
that Jephson had reached Kavalli's the day before yesterday (12th); that
Hailallah, a boy deserter, was in charge of Kavalli, and had grown as
tall as a spear. We were also told that _Maleju_ (the Pasha) had
despatched ten men to Kavalli's to obtain news of us, and that he had
caused some fields to be cultivated near the lake, and had planted corn
for our use. "What a good, thoughtful, kind man he must be!" we mentally
remarked.

As Mazamboni presented us with two fat beeves, it was essential that the
Zanzibaris, and the Manyuema should be indulged a little after long
abstinence from flesh. We accordingly halted on the 15th, and during the
day Chief Gavira came in and imparted the intelligence that Jephson had
arrived at Katonza's village three days before with seventeen soldiers;
and our people, who were now well supplied with cloth for extra labour,
and five doti each from Banalya, besides beads, cowries, and wire, were
able to invest in luxuries to their hearts' content. The Manyuema smiled
blandly, and the Zanzibaris had contracted a habit, as they had scented
the grass-lands, of crowing, which when once started was imitated by
nearly 300 people.

Old Gavira escorted us the next day, on the 16th, the date I should have
been on the Nyanza, and by the afternoon we were in one of the old
villages which was once burned by us, and which was again clean and new
and prosperous, and we welcome and honoured guests, only one long day's
march from the Lake.

Now that we were actually out of the forest, and only one thing more to
do--since both the Pasha and Mr. Jephson were on the Lake shore just
below us, according to the native--viz., to deliver the ammunition into
the Pasha's hands, and escort a few Egyptians home, Old Gavira had
reason to suppose that afternoon that "Bula Matari" was a very amiable
person.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Jan. 16.

Gavira's.]

But at 5 P.M. two Wahuma messengers came with letters from Kavalli's,
and as I read them a creeping feeling came over me which was a complete
mental paralysis for the time, and deadened all the sensations except
that of unmitigated surprise. When I recovered myself the ears of
Jephson and the Pasha must certainly have tingled. I need not criminate
myself, however, and any person of any imagination may conceive what I
must have felt after he has read the following letters:--

                           LETTER FROM EMIN.

Duffle, _2nd September, 1888_.

     DEAR SIR,

     Mr. Jephson having been obliged to accompany some officers who
     start to see you, I profit of the occasion to tender you with my
     best wishes, hearty congratulations for the safe arrival of your
     Expedition, of which we have heard only by our boys, our letters
     being rigorously withheld from us. Mr. Jephson, who has been of
     good help to me, under very trying circumstances, will tell you
     what has happened, and is likewise able to give you the benefit of
     his experience, and to make some suggestions, should you decide to
     come here as people wish. In the case of your coming, you will
     greatly oblige me by taking measures for the safety of my little
     girl, about whom I feel most anxious.

     Should, however, you decide not to come, that I can only wish you a
     good and safe return to your country, and at the same time I may be
     permitted to request you to tender my cordial thanks to your
     officers and your people, and my heartfelt acknowledgment to those
     kind hearted benefactors in England by whose generosity the
     Expedition was started.

Believe me, Dear Sir, to be,
Yours very sincerely,
(Signed) DR. EMIN.




       *       *       *       *       *

                         2ND LETTER FROM EMIN.

     Duffle, 6, 11, 88.--Since the foregoing was written I have been
     always a prisoner here. Twice we heard you had come in, but it was
     not true. Now, the Mahdi's people having come up, and Rejaf Station
     having been taken, we may be attacked some day or other, and there
     seems only a few hours of our escaping. However, we hope yet.
     To-day I have heard the soldiers from Muggi started yesterday for
     Rejaf, and if they are defeated, as without any doubt they will be,
     the Khartoum people will be here very quickly.

     Mr. Jephson has acquainted me with the letter he wrote to you, and
     I think there is nothing to be joined to it.[2]

Yours very sincerely,
(Signed) DR. EMIN.




       *       *       *       *       *

                         3RD LETTER FROM EMIN.

Tunguru, _21st December, 1888_.

DEAR MR. STANLEY,

     Mr. Jephson having told to you whatever has happened here after we
     left Duffle, I refrain from repeating the narrative.[3] Although
     for a moment there happened a movement in my favour, the officers,
     elated with their victory, soon were just as bad as they were in
     the beginning of this comedy. Everyone is now fully decided to
     leave the country for finding a shelter somewhere. Nobody thinks,
     however, of going to Egypt, except, perhaps, a few officers and
     men. I am, nevertheless, not without hope of better days; but I
     join my entreaties with those of Mr. Jephson asking you to stay
     where you are, viz., at Kavalli's, and to send only word of your
     arrival as quickly as you can.

     Chief Mogo, the bearer of this and Mr. Jephson's letter, has my
     orders to remain at Kavalli's until you arrive. He is a good and
     true fellow, and you will oblige me by looking after him.

     With the best wishes for you and all your people,

I am,
Yours very sincerely,
(Signed) DR. EMIN.




       *       *       *       *       *

                        LETTERS OF MR. JEPHSON.

Duffle, _7th November, 1888_.

DEAR SIR,

     I am writing to tell you of the position of affairs in this
     country, and I trust Shukri Aga will be able by some means to
     deliver this letter to Kavalli in time to warn you to be careful.

     On August 18th a rebellion broke out here, and the Pasha and I were
     made prisoners. The Pasha is a complete prisoner, but I am allowed
     to go about the station, though my movements are watched. The
     rebellion has been got up by some half dozen officers and clerks,
     chiefly Egyptians, and gradually others have joined; some through
     inclination, but most through fear; the soldiers, with the
     exception of those at Labore, have never taken part in it, but have
     quietly given in to their officers. The two prime promoters of the
     rebellion were two Egyptians, who we heard afterwards had gone and
     complained to you at Nsabe. One was the Pasha's adjutant, Abdul
     Vaal Effendi, who was formerly concerned in Arabi's rebellion; the
     other was Achmet Effendi Mahmoud, a one-eyed clerk. These two and
     some others, when the Pasha and I were on our way to Rejaf, went
     about and told the people they had seen you, and that you were only
     an adventurer, and had not come from Egypt; that the letters you
     had brought from the Khedive and Nubar Pasha were forgeries; that
     it was untrue that Khartoum had fallen, and that the Pasha and you
     had made a plot to take them, their wives and children out of the
     country, and hand them over to slaves to the English. Such words,
     in an ignorant and fanatical country like this, acted like fire
     amongst the people, and the result was a general rebellion, and we
     were made prisoners.

     The rebels then collected officers from the different stations, and
     held a large meeting here to determine what measures they should
     take, and all those who did not join in the movement were so
     insulted and abused, that they were obliged for their own safety to
     acquiesce in what was done. The Pasha was deposed, and those
     officers who were suspected of being friendly to him were removed
     from their posts, and those friendly to the rebels were put in
     their places. It was decided to take the Pasha away as a prisoner
     to Rejaf, and some of the worst rebels were even for putting him in
     irons, but the officers were afraid to put these plans into
     execution, as the soldiers said they would never permit any one to
     lay a hand on him. Plans were also made to entrap you when you
     returned, and strip you of all you had.

     Things were in this condition when we were startled by the news
     that the Mahdi's people had arrived at Lado with three steamers
     and nine sandals and nuggars, and had established themselves on the
     site of the old station. Omar Sale, their general, sent down three
     peacock dervishes with a letter to the Pasha demanding the instant
     surrender of the country. The rebel officers seized them and put
     them in prison, and decided on war. After a few days the Donagla
     attacked and captured Rejaf, killing five officers and numbers of
     soldiers, and taking many women and children prisoners, and all the
     stores and ammunition in the station were lost. The result of this
     was a general stampede of people from the stations of Bidden,
     Kirri, and Muggi, who fled with their women and children to Labore,
     abandoning almost everything. At Kirri the ammunition was
     abandoned, and was at once seized by the natives. The Pasha reckons
     that the Donagla numbers about 1,500.

     The officers and a large number of soldiers have returned to Muggi,
     and intend to make a stand against the Donagla. Our position here
     is extremely unpleasant, for since this rebellion all is chaos and
     confusion; there is no head, and half a dozen conflicting orders
     are given every day, and no one obeys; the rebel officers are
     wholly unable to control the soldiers. We are daily expecting some
     catastrophe to happen, for the Baris have joined the Donagla, and
     if they come down here with a rush nothing can save us. After the
     fall of Rejaf, the soldiers cursed their officers and said, "If we
     had obeyed our Governor, and had done what he told us, we should
     now be safe; he has been a father and a mother to us all these
     years; but instead of listening to him we listened to you, and now
     we are lost."

     The officers are all very much frightened at what has happened, and
     we are now anxiously awaiting your arrival, and desire to leave the
     country with you, for they are now really persuaded that Khartoum
     has fallen, and that you have come from the Khedive. The greater
     part of the officers and all the soldiers wish to reinstate the
     Pasha in his place, but the Egyptians are afraid that if he is
     reinstated vengeance will fall on their heads, so they have
     persuaded the Soudanese officers not to do so. The soldiers refuse
     to act with their officers, so everything is at a standstill, and
     nothing is being done for the safety of the station, either in the
     way of fortifying or provisioning it. We are like rats in a trap;
     they will neither let us act nor retire, and I fear unless you come
     very soon you will be too late, and our fate will be like that of
     the rest of the garrisons of the Soudan. Had this rebellion not
     happened, the Pasha could have kept the Donagla in check for some
     time, but as it is he is powerless to act.

     I would make the following suggestions concerning your movements
     when you arrive at Kavalli's, which, of course, you will only adopt
     if you think fit.

     On your arrival at Kavalli's, if you have a sufficient force with
     you, leave all unnecessary loads in charge of some officers and men
     there, and you yourself come to Nsabe, bringing with you as many
     men as you can; bring the Soudanese officers, but not the soldiers,
     with you.

     Despatch natives in a canoe to Mswa with a letter in Arabic to
     Shukri Aga, telling him of your arrival, and telling him you wish
     to see the Pasha and myself, and write also to the Pasha or myself
     telling us number of men you have with you; it would, perhaps, be
     better to write to me, as a letter to him might be confiscated.

     On no account have anything to do with people who come to you
     unaccompanied by either the Pasha or myself, whoever they are, or
     however fair their words may be. Neither the Pasha nor I think
     there is the slightest danger now of any attempt to capture you
     being made, for the people are now fully persuaded you come from
     Egypt, and they look to you to get them out of their difficulties;
     still it would be well for you to make your camp strong.

     If we are not able to get out of the country, please remember me to
     my friends. With kindest wishes to yourself and all with you,

I am,
Yours faithfully,
(Signed) A. J. MOUNTENEY JEPHSON.
TO H. M. STANLEY, ESQ.,
Commander of the Relief Expedition.




       *       *       *       *       *

[Sidenote: 1889.

Jan. 16.

Nyanza.]

Wadelai, _November 24th, 1888_.

     My messenger having not yet left Wadelai, I add this postscript, as
     the Pasha wishes me to send my former letter to you in its
     entirety, as it gives a fair description of our position at the
     time I wrote, when we hardly expected to be ever able to get out of
     the country. Shortly after I had written to you, the soldiers were
     led by their officers to attempt to retake Rejaf, but the Donagla
     defeated them, and killed six officers and a large number of
     soldiers; amongst the officers killed were some of the Pasha's
     worst enemies. The soldiers in all the stations were so
     panic-stricken and angry at what had happened that they declared
     they would not attempt to fight unless the Pasha was set at
     liberty; so the rebel officers were obliged to free him and sent us
     to Wadelai, where he is free to do as he pleases, but at present he
     has not resumed his authority in the country; he is, I believe, by
     no means anxious to do so. We hope in a few days to be at Tunguru,
     a station on the Lake two days by steamer from Nsabe, and I trust
     when we hear of your arrival that the Pasha himself will be able to
     come down with me to see you.

     Shukri Aga tells us he has everything ready against your arrival,
     in the shape of cattle, goats, chickens, corn, etc.; he has behaved
     capitally throughout this rebellion, and is the only chief of
     station who has been able to stand against the rebels.

     Our danger, as far as the Donagla are concerned, is, of course,
     increased by this last defeat, but our position is in one way
     better now, for we are further removed from them, and we have now
     the option of retiring if we please, which we had not before when
     we were prisoners. We hear that the Donagla have sent steamers down
     to Khartoum for reinforcements; if so, they cannot be up for
     another six weeks; meantime I hope that until the reinforcements
     arrive they will not care to come so far from their base as Wadelai
     or Tunguru. If they do, it will be all up with us, for the soldiers
     will never stand against them, and it will be a mere walk over.

     These people are not the same sort that the soldiers fought three
     years ago, but are regular fanatics, and come on with a rush,
     cutting down men with their long sharp swords and broad spears.
     Every one is anxiously looking for your arrival, the coming of the
     Donagla has completely cowed them. Everything now rests on what the
     Donagla decided on doing. If they follow up their victories and
     come after us, we are lost, as I said before, for I do not think
     the people will allow us to retire from the country; but if the
     Donagla have sent down to Khartoum for reinforcements, and have
     decided to wait for the arrival of their reinforcements, then we
     may just manage to get out if you do not come later than the end of
     December, but it is utterly impossible to foresee what will happen.

A. J. M. J.




Tunguru, _December 18th, 1888_.

     DEAR SIR,--

     Mogo not having yet started I send a second postscript in order to
     give you the latest news I can. We are now at Tunguru. On November
     25th the Donagla surrounded Duffle and besieged it for four days,
     but the soldiers, of whom there were some 500 in the station,
     managed at last to repulse them, and they retired to Rejaf, which
     is their headquarters. They have sent down to Khartoum for
     reinforcements, and doubtless will again attack and take the
     country when they are strengthened. In our flight from Wadelai I
     was asked by the officers to destroy our boat lest it should fall
     into the hands of the Donagla; I therefore broke it up, as we were
     unable to save it.

     Duffle is being evacuated as fast as possible, and it is the
     intention of the officers to collect at Wadelai, and to decide on
     what steps they shall next take. The Pasha is unable to move hand
     or foot, as there is still a very strong party against him, and the
     officers are no longer in immediate fear of the Mahdi's people.

     Do not on any account come down to Nsabe, but make your camp at
     Kavalli's; send a letter directly you arrive, and as soon as we
     hear of your arrival I will come down to you. I will not disguise
     the fact from you that you will have a difficult and dangerous task
     before you in dealing with the Pasha's people. I trust you will
     arrive before the Donagla return, or our case will be desperate.

I am, yours faithfully,
(Signed) A. J. MOUNTENEY JEPHSON.




       *       *       *       *       *

                        MY REPLY TO MR. JEPHSON.

Camp at Gavira's, one day from Nyanza, and one day's march east
of Mazamboni's.

_January 17th, 1889._

     MY DEAR JEPHSON,--

     Your letter of November 7th, 1888, with two postscripts, one dated
     November 24th, and the other dated December 18th, is to hand and
     contents noted.

     I will not criticise your letter nor discuss any of its contents. I
     wish to be brief, and promptly act; with that view I present you
     with a _precis_ of events connected with our journey.

     We separated from the Pasha on the 23rd of May last, with the
     understanding that in about two months you, with or without the
     Pasha, would start for Fort Bodo with sufficient porters to take
     the goods at the Fort and convey them to the Nyanza, the Pasha
     expressing himself anxious to see Mt. Pisgah and our Fort, and, if
     words may be relied on, he was anxious to assist us in his own
     relief. We somewhat doubted whether his affairs would permit the
     Pasha's absence, but we were assured you would not remain inactive.

     It was also understood that the Pasha would erect a small station
     on Nyamsassi Island as a provision depot, in order that our
     Expedition might find means of subsistence on arrival at the Lake.

     Eight months have elapsed, and not one single promise has been
     performed.

     On the other hand, we, faithful to our promise, departed from the
     Nyanza Plain May 25th, arrived at Fort Bodo June 8th--fifteen days
     from the Nyanza. Conveying to Lieutenant Stairs and Captain Nelson
     your comforting assurances that you would be there in two months,
     and giving written permission to Stairs and Nelson to evacuate the
     Fort and accompany you to the Nyanza with the garrison, which, with
     the Pasha's soldiers, would have made a strong depot of Nyamsassi
     Island, I set out from Fort Bodo on the 16th June to hunt up the
     Major and his column.

     On the morning of the 17th August at 10 A.M., we sighted the rear
     column at Banalya, ninety miles (English) from Yambuya--592 miles
     from the Nyanza on the sixty-third day from Fort Bodo, and the
     eighty-fifth from the Nyanza shore.

     I sent my despatches to Stanley Falls and thence to Europe, and on
     the 31st August commenced my return towards the Nyanza. Two days
     before the date stated I was at Fort Bodo--December 20th. On the
     24th December we moved from Fort Bodo towards the Ituri Ferry. But
     as your non-arrival at Fort Bodo had left us with a larger number
     of goods than our force could carry at one time, we had to make
     double journeys to Fort Bodo and back to the Ituri Ferry, but by
     the 10th January all that remained of the Expedition, with all its
     effects, were on this side of the Ituri River, encamped half a mile
     from the ferry, with abundance of food assured for months. On the
     12th January I left Stairs; your absence from the Fort, and the
     absolute silence respecting you all, made us suspect that serious
     trouble had broken out. Yesterday your letter, as above stated,
     came to hand, and its contents explained the trouble.

     The difficulties I met at Banalya, are repeated to-day, near the
     Albert Lake, and nothing can save us now from being overwhelmed by
     them but a calm and clear decision. If I had hesitated at Banalya
     very likely I should still be there waiting for Jameson and Ward,
     with my own men dying by dozens.

     Are the Pasha, Casati and yourself to share the same fate? If you
     are still victims of indecision, then a long good-night to you all.
     But, while I retain my senses, I must save my Expedition; you may
     be saved also if you are wise.

     In the "High Order" of the Khedive, dated 1st February, 1887, No.
     3, to Emin Pasha, a translation of which was handed to me, I find
     the following words:--

     "And since it is our sincerest desire to relieve you with your
     officers and soldiers from the difficult position you are in, our
     Government have made up their minds about the manner by which
     relief from these troubles may be obtained. A mission for the
     relief has been found, and the command of it given to Mr. Stanley,
     the famous, &c., &c., &c., and he intends to set out on it with all
     the necessary provisions for you, so that he may bring you, with
     your officers and men, to Cairo by the route he may think proper to
     take. Consequently we have issued this 'High Order' to you, and it
     is sent to you by the hand of Mr. Stanley, to let you know what was
     being done. As soon as it reaches you convey my best wishes to the
     officers and men, and you are at full liberty with regard to your
     leaving for Cairo or your stay there with officers and men.

     "Our Government has given a decision for paying your salaries, with
     that of the officers and men.

     "Those who wish to stay there of the officers and men may do so on
     their own responsibility, and they may not expect any assistance
     from the Government.

     "Try to understand the contents well, and make them well known to
     all the officers and men, that they may be fully aware of what they
     are going to do."

     It is precisely what the Khedive says that I wish to say to you.
     Try and understand all this thoroughly that you may be saved from
     the effect of indecision, which will be fatal to you all if
     unheeded.

     The first instalment of relief was handed to Emin Pasha on or about
     the 1st of May, 1888. The second and final instalment of relief is
     at this camp with us, ready for delivery at any place the Pasha
     designates, or to any person charged by the Pasha to receive it. If
     the Pasha fails to receive it, or to decide what shall be done with
     it I must then decide briefly what I must do.

     Our second object in coming here was to receive such at our camp as
     were disposed to leave Africa, and conduct them home by the nearest
     and safest route. If there are none disposed to leave Africa our
     Expedition has no further business in these regions, and will at
     once retire. Try and understand what all this means. Try and see
     the utter and final abandonment of all further relief, and the
     bitter end and fate of those obstinate and misguided people who
     decline assistance when tendered to them. From the 1st May, 1888,
     to January 1889, are nine months--so long a time to consider a
     simple proposition of leaving Africa or staying here!

     Therefore, in this official and formal letter accompanying this
     explanatory note to you, I designate Kavalli's village as the
     rendezvous where I am willing to receive those who are desirous of
     leaving Africa, subject, of course, to any new light thrown upon
     the complication by a personal interview or a second letter from
     you.

     And now I address myself to you personally. If you consider
     yourself still a member of the Expedition subject to my orders,
     then, upon receipt of this letter, you will at once leave for
     Kavalli's with such of my men--Binza and the Soudanese--as are
     willing to obey you, and bring to me the final decision of Emin
     Pasha and Signor Casati respecting their personal intentions. If I
     am not at Kavalli's then, stay there, and send word by letter by
     means of Kavalli's messengers to Mpinga, Chief of Gavira, who will
     transmit the same to Mazamboni's, when probably I shall receive it.
     You will understand that it will be a severe strain on Kavalli's
     resources to maintain us with provisions longer than six days, and
     if you are longer than this period we must retire to Mazamboni's,
     and finally to our camp on the Ituri Ferry. Otherwise we must seize
     provisions by force, and any act of violence would cut off and
     close native communication. This difficulty might have been avoided
     had the Pasha followed my suggestion of making a depot at
     Nyamsassi. The fact that there are provisions at Mswa does not help
     us at all. There are provisions in Europe also. But unfortunately
     they are as inaccessible as those of Mswa. We have no boat now to
     communicate by lake, and you do not mention what has become of the
     steamers, the _Khedive_ and _Nyanza_.

     I understand that the Pasha has been deposed and is a prisoner.
     Who, then, is to communicate with me respecting what is to be done?
     I have no authority to receive communications from the
     officers--mutineers. It was Emin Pasha and his people I was
     supposed to relieve. If Emin Pasha was dead, then to his lawful
     successor in authority. Emin Pasha being alive prevents my
     receiving a communication from any other person, unless he be
     designated by the Pasha. Therefore the Pasha, if he be unable to
     come in person to me at Kavalli's with a sufficient escort of
     faithful men, or be unable to appoint some person authorised to
     receive this relief, it will remain for me to destroy the
     ammunition so laboriously brought here, and return home.

     Finally, if the Pasha's people are desirous of leaving this part of
     Africa, and settle in some country not far remote from here, or
     anywhere bordering the Nyanza (Victoria), or along the route to
     Zanzibar, I am perfectly ready to assist, besides escorting those
     willing to go home to

     Cairo safely; but I must have clear and definite assertions,
     followed by prompt action, according to such orders as I shall give
     for effecting this purpose, or a clear and definite refusal, as we
     cannot stay here all our lives awaiting people who seem to be not
     very clear as to what they wish.

     Give my best wishes to the Pasha and Signor Casati, and I hope and
     pray that wisdom may guide them both before it is too late. I long
     to see you, my dear fellow, and hear from your own lip your story.

Yours very sincerely,
(Signed) HENRY M. STANLEY.
To A. J. MOUNTENEY JEPHSON, Esq.




       *       *       *       *       *

                          PRIVATE POSTSCRIPT.

Kavalli, _January 18th, 1889 3 p.m._

     MY DEAR JEPHSON,--

     I now send thirty rifles and three of Kavalli's men down to the
     Lake with my letters, with urgent instructions that a canoe should
     set off and the bearers be rewarded.

     I may be able to stay longer than six days here, perhaps for ten
     days. I will do my best to prolong my stay until you arrive,
     without rupturing the peace. Our people have a good store of beads,
     cowries, and cloth, and I notice that the natives trade very
     readily, which will assist Kavalli's resources should he get uneasy
     under our prolonged visit.

     Be wise, be quick, and waste no hour of time, and bring Binza and
     your own Soudanese with you. I have read your letters half-a-dozen
     times over, but I fail to grasp the situation thoroughly, because
     in some important details one letter seems to contradict the other.
     In one you say the Pasha is a close prisoner, while you are allowed
     a certain amount of liberty; in the other you say that you will
     come to me as soon as you hear of our arrival here, and "I trust,"
     you say, "the Pasha will be able to accompany me." Being prisoners,
     I fail to see how you could leave Tunguru at all. All this is not
     very clear to us who are fresh from the bush.

     If the Pasha can come, send a courier on your arrival at our old
     camp on the Lake below here to announce the fact, and I will send a
     strong detachment to escort him up to the plateau, even to carry
     him, if he needs it. I feel too exhausted, after my thirteen
     hundred miles of travel since I parted from you last May, to go
     down to the Lake again. The Pasha must have some pity on me.

     Don't be alarmed or uneasy on our account; nothing hostile can
     approach us within twelve miles without my knowing it. I am in the
     midst of a friendly population, and if I sound the war-note, within
     four hours I can have two thousand warriors to assist to repel any
     force disposed to violence. And if it is to be a war of wits, why
     then I am ready for the cunningest Arab alive.

     I wrote above that I read your letters half-a-dozen times, and my
     opinion of you varies with each reading. Sometimes I fancy you are
     half Mahdist or Arabist, and then Eminist. I shall be wiser when I
     see you.

     Now don't you be perverse, but obey; and let my order to you be as
     a frontlet between the eyes, and all, with God's gracious help,
     will end well.

     I want to help the Pasha somehow, but he must also help me and
     credit me. If he wishes to get out of this trouble, I am his most
     devoted servant and friend; but if he hesitates again, I shall be
     plunged in wonder and perplexity. I could save a dozen Pashas if
     they were willing to be saved. I would go on my knees to implore
     the Pasha to be sensible in his own case. He is wise enough in all
     things else, except in his own interest. Be kind and good to him
     for many virtues, but do not you be drawn into that fatal
     fascination which Soudan territory seems to have for all Europeans
     of late years. As soon as they touch its ground, they seem to be
     drawn into a whirlpool, which sucks them in and covers them with
     its waves. The only way to avoid it is to obey blindly, devotedly,
     and unquestioningly, all orders from the outside.

     The Committee said, "Relieve Emin Pasha with this ammunition. If he
     wishes to come out, the ammunition will enable him to do so; if he
     elects to stay, it will be of service to him." The Khedive said the
     same thing, and added, "But if the Pasha and his officers wish to
     stay, they do so on their own responsibility." Sir Evelyn Baring
     said the same thing, in clear and decided words; and here I am,
     after 4,100 miles of travel, with the last instalment of relief.
     Let him who is authorised to take it, take it. Come; I am ready to
     lend him all my strength and wit to assist him. But this time there
     must be no hesitation, but positive yea or nay, and home we go.

Yours very sincerely,
HENRY M. STANLEY.
A. J. MOUNTENEY JEPHSON, Esq.




       *       *       *       *       *

Camp at Mpinga's, one long march
from the Nyanza, and 10 miles east of Mazamboni's.

_January 17th, 1889._

To His Excellency EMIN PASHA,
  Governor of the Equatorial Province.

     SIR,

     I have the honour to inform you that the second instalment of
     relief which this Expedition was ordered to convey to you is now in
     this camp, ready for delivery to any person charged to receive it
     by you. If you prefer that we should deposit it at Kavalli or at
     Kyya Nkondo's, on the Lake, we shall be ready to do so on the
     receipt of your instructions.

     This second instalment of relief consists of sixty-three cases
     Remington cartridges, twenty-six cases of gunpowder, each 45 lbs.
     weight; four cases of percussion caps, four bales of goods, one
     bale of goods for Signor Casati--a gift from myself; two pieces of
     blue serge, writing-paper, envelopes, blank books, &c.

     Having after great difficulty--greater than was
     anticipated--brought relief to you, I am constrained to officially
     demand from you receipts for the above goods and relief brought to
     you, and also a definite answer to the question if you propose to
     accept our escort and assistance to reach Zanzibar, or if Signor
     Casati proposes to do so, or whether there are any officers or men
     disposed to accept of our safe conduct to the sea. In the latter
     event, I would be obliged to you if you would kindly state how
     those persons desirous of leaving Africa can be communicated with.
     I would respectfully suggest that all persons desirous of leaving
     with me should proceed to and form camp either at Nsabe or at Kyya
     Nkondo's on the Lake, with sufficient stores of grain, &c., to
     support them one month, and that a note should be sent to me
     informing me of the same _via_ Kavalli, whence I soon may receive
     it. The person in charge of the people at this camp will inform me
     definitely whether the people are ready to accept of our safe
     conduct, and, upon being thus informed, I shall be pleased to
     assume all further charge of them.

     If, at the end of twenty days, no news has been heard from you or
     Mr. Jephson, I cannot hold myself responsible for what may happen.
     We should be glad to stay at Kavalli's if we were assured of food,
     but a large following cannot be maintained there except by exacting
     contributions by force, which would entirely close our intercourse
     with the natives, and prevent us from being able to communicate
     with you.

     If grain could be landed at Kyya Nkondo's by steamer, and left in
     charge of six or seven of your men, I could, upon being informed of
     the fact, send a detachment of men to convey it to the plateau. It
     is only the question of food that creates anxiety. Hence you will
     perceive that I am under the necessity of requesting you to be very
     definite and prompt, if you have the power.

     If within this period of twenty days you will be able to
     communicate with me, and inform or suggest to me any way I can make
     myself useful, or lend effective aid, I promise to strain every
     effort to perform service to you. Meantime, awaiting your steamer
     with great anxiety,[4]

I am, your obedient servant,
(Signed) HENRY M. STANLEY,
Commanding Relief Expedition.




The second day after reaching Kavalli's, thirty rifles were despatched
to the Lake shore with my replies to Emin Pasha and Mr. Jephson. The men
delivered the letters to Chief Mogo, and on their return to our camp
reported that the chief had departed from Nsabe for Mswa station. During
these few days we had received five beeves, six goats, and five days'
rations of Indian corn, beans, sweet potatoes and millet, and further
contributions were on the way to camp from the surrounding chiefs.

On the evening of the 21st, notice was brought to me that the Balegga
were collecting to attack us, and early the following morning sixty
rifles, with 1,500 Bavira and Wahuma were sent to meet them. The forces
met on the crest of the mountains overlooking the Lake, and the Balegga,
after a sharp resistance, were driven to their countrymen among the
subjects of Melindwa, who was the ally of Kabba Rega.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Jan. 23.

Nyanza.]

The 23rd was spent by all the people of the plain country as a
thanksgiving day, and the Bavira women met at the camp to relieve their
joy at their deliverance from their inveterate enemy, with dancing and
singing, which lasted from 9 A.M. until 3 P.M. Each woman and child in
the dance circles was decked with bunches of green leaves in front and
rear and was painted with red clay, while their bodies were well smeared
with butter. The dance was excellent and exciting and not ungraceful,
but the healthy vocal harmony was better. The young warriors circled
around the female dancers, and exhibited their dexterity with the spear.

[Illustration: A BELLE OF BAVIRA.]

During the following days we had rest and quiet. Contributions of
cattle, sheep, goats, fowls and provisions were supplied daily with
great regularity, but on the 5th of February a note came from Jephson,
stating that he had arrived on the Lake shore, and a detachment of
Zanzibaris was at once sent to escort him to the plateau, the distance
being about thirteen miles.

The next day Mr. Jephson himself arrived, and after dinner, in
conversing about the Pasha, he summed up, after nine months' residence
with him, all he had learned, in the following words:--

"Sentiment is the Pasha's worst enemy. No one keeps Emin Pasha back but
Emin Pasha himself." He further said, "I know no more about Emin Pasha's
intentions this minute than you do yourself, and yet we have talked
together every day during your absence." I then asked him to write me a
full report of what had taken place, bearing upon the revolt of the
troops of Equatoria, and his views respecting the invasion of the
Province by the Mahdists, and its results. Mr. Jephson readily complied,
and wrote the following:--

Kavalli's Village, Albert Nyanza,
_February 7th, 1889._

     DEAR SIR,

     I have the honour to submit to you the following report of my stay,
     from May 24th, 1888, up to the present time, with his Excellency
     Emin Pacha, Mudir of the Equatorial Province.

     According to your orders I visited nearly all the stations in the
     Province, and read the letters from His Highness the Khedive and
     from His Excellency Nubar Pasha, before all the officers, soldiers,
     and Egyptian employes in each station and also your own address to
     the soldiers. After having read, I spoke to the people, and after
     giving them sufficient time to talk it over amongst themselves,
     invited them to give me their decision as to whether they elected
     to accept our safe-conduct to Egypt, or remain in this country.

     In every station, with the exception of Labore, their unanimous
     answer was "We will follow our mudir wherever he goes." They all
     seemed glad that we had come to help them, and said many things
     indicating their good opinion of their mudir, and spoke in the
     highest terms of his justice and kindness to them, and of his
     devotion to them all these years. During the whole of my stay in
     his country the Pasha has left me perfect liberty to mix with his
     officers and people, and I was free to converse with them as I
     pleased.

     On reaching Kirri, which is the last station occupied by the
     soldiers of the 2nd Battalion, we stayed before going further, to
     hear news from Rejaf. The country to the north and west of Kirri is
     occupied by the soldiers of the 1st Battalion, who have been in
     open rebellion against the Pasha's authority for nearly four years.
     Here the Pasha received a letter from Hamid Aga, the major of the
     1st Battalion, begging him not to come on to Rejaf, as the rebels
     had formed a plan to seize us and take us down to Khartoum, as
     they believed Government still existed there, and that the news
     that it had fallen was false. We were therefore obliged to return
     without visiting the more northern stations.

     On our return, whilst reading the letters before the people at
     Labore, a soldier stepped out of the ranks and exclaimed, "All that
     you are saying is a lie, and these letters are forgeries. Khartoum
     has not fallen. That is the right road to Egypt. We will go by that
     road only, or will stay and die in this country."

     On the Pasha's ordering him to be put in prison, the soldiers broke
     from their ranks and surrounded us, and having loaded their rifles
     presented them at us. They were generally excited and the utmost
     uproar prevailed, and for some minutes we expected a general
     massacre of ourselves and the small number of people with us.
     However, they gradually cooled down, and asked me afterwards to
     come and speak with them alone, which I did, and they expressed
     great regret at what had happened. We have since heard that Surur
     Aga, the Chief of the Station, had instigated them to act in this
     way.

     A few days afterwards, on our return to Duffle, August 18th, we
     found a mutiny had broken out, headed by Fadl el Mulla Aga, the
     Chief of Fabbo Station, and that the station was in the hands of
     the mutineers--on our entry we were at once made prisoners. It
     appears that during our absence certain Egyptians, chief amongst
     them Abdul Wahab Effendi and Mustapha Effendi el Adjemi, both of
     whom were sent up here for being concerned in Arabi's rebellion,
     together with the clerks Mustapha Effendi Achmet, Achmet Effendi
     Mahmoud, Sabri Effendi, Tybe Effendi, and several others had in our
     absence been speaking to the people and circulating letters amongst
     them, saying it was untrue that Khartoum had fallen, that the
     letters we had brought from His Highness the Khedive and his
     Excellency Nubar Pasha were forgeries, that you were only an
     adventurer and had not come from Egypt, but that you had formed a
     plot with the Pasha to take all the people out of the country and
     to hand them over, together with their wives and children, as
     slaves to the English. They added, in Egypt they had rebelled
     against His Highness the Khedive himself, so that it was no great
     matter to rebel against Emin Pasha.

     These words raised a storm in the country, and though the soldiers
     themselves took no active part in the mutiny beyond acting as
     sentries over us, they allowed their officers to do as they
     pleased. The head mutineers Fadl el Mulla Aga, Achmet Aga Dinkawi,
     and Abdul Aga el Opt had them marched to Duffle and joined the
     rebellious Egyptians who had invited him to act as their chief.
     They sent letters to all the stations, telling the officers they
     had put the mudir and myself in prison, as we had conspired to
     betray them, and ordered them to come up to Duffle and attend a
     meeting, when they would decide what further steps should be
     taken--they also invited the rebellious officers of the 1st
     Battalion to act with them.

     I was brought up before the mutineers and questioned about the
     Expedition, and the letter from His Highness was examined and
     declared by the clerks to be a forgery. The mutineers then proposed
     to depose the Pasha, and all those who were averse to such a
     measure were by intimidation at last forced to give in. A letter
     was handed to him informing him of his deposition, and it was
     decided that he should be kept a prisoner at Rejaf. I was declared
     to be free, but to all intents and purposes I was a prisoner, as I
     was not allowed to leave the station, and all my movements were
     closely watched. A plan was also formed to entice you into the
     country, and to rob you of all your guns, ammunition, stores, etc.,
     and then to turn you adrift.

     The mutineers then proceeded to form a new Government, and all
     those officers who were suspected of being friendly to the Pasha
     were removed from their posts. Soon, however, jealousy and
     dissensions began to arise amongst them, and after the Pasha's
     house and the houses of two or three people supposed to be friendly
     to him had been looted, things came pretty much to a standstill.

     Whilst things were in this state, we suddenly heard, on October
     15th, that the Mahdi's people had arrived in three steamers, and
     nine sandals and nuggars, at Lado; and on the 17th three dervishes,
     under a flag of truce, brought a letter from Omar Sale, the
     commander of the Mahdi's forces, addressed to the Pasha, promising
     him a free pardon should he and his people surrender. The letter
     was opened by the mutineers who decided to fight. On October 21st
     we heard that the Mahdi's people, who had been joined by many
     <DW64>s of the Bari tribe, had attacked and taken Rejaf, and three
     officers, two clerks, and a great many men had been killed, and all
     the women and children in the station had been captured. This
     created a panic, and the officers and soldiers, together with their
     women and children, abandoned the stations of Bidden, Kirri, and
     Muggi, and fled in disorder to Labore; at Kirri they even left the
     ammunition behind them.

     The mutineers on hearing of this disaster determined to send down
     large reinforcements to Muggi, and soldiers were sent down from all
     the southern stations to collect there. On October 31st we heard
     that there were great dissensions amongst the officers at Muggi,
     and the soldiers had declared they would not fight unless their
     mudir was set at liberty. On November 15th we heard that the
     soldiers had marched down to Rejaf, but that on their approaching
     the station the Mahdi's people had sallied out and attacked them
     with a rush; the soldiers made no attempt to fight, but turned at
     once and fled, leaving their officers behind them. Six officers,
     and the newly-made Governor of the Province, and some of the worst
     of the rebels were killed, two more officers were missing, and many
     soldiers were killed as they fell down exhausted in the flight.

     Upon hearing the news, the officers who were friendly to the Pasha,
     at once pressed the rebel officers to set him at liberty; and they
     being afraid of the people, set him free and sent us to Wadelai,
     where the Pasha was most enthusiastically received by the faithful
     part of the population there--he had been a close prisoner just
     three months. At last the people believed that Khartoum had fallen
     and that we had come from Egypt.

     After remaining some days at Wadelai and hearing no news from
     Duffle, people became very uneasy, and messengers were sent down to
     Duffle, on the east bank of the river, to carry letters and to
     ascertain the reason of the long silence, as we had heard that a
     large body of the Mahdi's people were advancing from the west on
     Wadelai and were only four days distant.

     On December 4th, an officer in command of Bora, a small station
     between Wadelai and Duffle, came in with his soldiers in great
     haste, saying they had abandoned their post at Duffle, Fabbo and
     all the northern station had fallen, and that the steamers also had
     been captured and were in the hands of the Mahdi's people, the
     natives round the stations had all risen and joined the enemy and
     had killed our messengers. On hearing this news a council was held,
     and the officers and soldiers at once decided to abandon and retire
     to Tunguru, from which place they would ascend the mountains and
     try to join you at Fort Bodo. I was desired at the council to
     destroy our boat the _Advance_, to prevent her falling into the
     hands of the Mahdi, and, as there was no prospect of saving her, I
     was reluctantly obliged to do so. On the next day, December 5th, we
     had all ready for an early start, taking with us only a few bundles
     of the most necessary things and abandoning everything else. All
     the ammunition in the storehouses was divided among the soldiers,
     who at the last moment declared, as they now had plenty of
     ammunition, they preferred to retire to their own
     countries--Makraka and the countries round--where they would
     disperse and live amongst their own people, and that they would
     desert the Pasha and their officers.

     Things, however, seemed desperate, and we hurried on without
     them--a long, straggling procession, consisting chiefly of Egyptian
     employes with their wives and families; we were accompanied only by
     some seven or eight soldiers who remained faithful. Some of our
     servants were armed with percussion-guns, and we may have mustered
     some thirty guns amongst us. Immediately on our quitting the
     station the soldiers entered the houses and looted them.

     On December 6th a steamer was seen coming up the river after us,
     and our people prepared to fire on her; but it turned out that
     there were some of our own people from Duffle on board with letters
     from the Pasha. The letters contained the news that Fabbo had been
     evacuated, and that the refugees had been able to reach Duffle in
     spite of the <DW64>s who had attacked them. Duffle had been
     besieged by the Mahdi's people for four days, and the station
     itself had been taken and held for some time by a small body of the
     enemy, who had entered it at night and they had also captured the
     steamers. They had driven the soldiers, of whom there were some
     500, actually out of the station; but they, finding themselves
     between two fires, had with the energy of despair responded to the
     entreaties of their officers. Selim Aga Mator, Bellal Aga, Bachil
     Aga, Burgont, and Suleiman Aga, had re-entered the station and
     retaken it, and after making a sally, had so punished the enemy
     that they retired to Rejaf and sent down two steamers to Khartoum
     for reinforcements.

     From all accounts we have since heard the soldiers acted with great
     cowardice, except at last when they were rendered desperate. In
     this affray at Duffle, fourteen officers and a large number of
     soldiers were killed, and Suleiman Aga was shot by his own men, and
     has since died. The losses of the enemy were estimated at 250, but
     probably a third of that number would be nearer the mark, even
     though the Mahdi's people fought almost entirely with spears and
     swords, and the soldiers were armed with Remingtons, and fought
     behind a ditch and earthworks, but they are such bad shots that
     their shooting had not much effect.

     The officers and soldiers at Wadelai were anxious for the Pasha to
     return, but after the faithless example the soldiers had shown,
     when he believed things to be desperate, he preferred to proceed to
     Tunguru. After this retreat from Wadelai, lasting only two days, I
     am better able to understand what a difficult and almost impossible
     task getting the people to Zanzibar will be, should they elect to
     go with us.

     After this retreat from Wadelai, the party against the Pasha, which
     is again in the ascendant, now that the immediate fear of the
     Mahdi's people is removed, have accused him of having invented the
     whole story of the fall of Duffle, in order to cut off their
     retreat and hand them over to the Mahdi, whilst he and the people
     with him escaped from the country and joined you. They sentenced
     the Pasha, Casati and myself to death for treachery.

     During the Council held eventually at Wadelai by all the officers
     and soldiers, there was a great amount of quarrelling and
     discussion, some wishing to stay in the country, and some wishing
     to follow the Pasha, words ran high, and the contending parties
     even came to blows. Fadl el Mulla Aga and his party wished to take
     the Pasha and myself prisoners, and the other party, headed by
     Selim Aga Mator, wished to join the Pasha and leave the country
     with him; but though they profess to wish to leave the country,
     they make no effort whatever to get things ready for the start. If
     you intend to take them with you, you will have to wait many months
     before they are ready. Meanwhile the Pasha, Signor Casati and I
     were waiting at Tunguru, the mutineers having given strict
     injunctions to the chief of the station to detain us there until
     further orders.

     On January the 26th the Pasha and I got letters from you, dated
     January 17th and 18th, and obeying the strict order you give me in
     your letters to start for Kavalli's immediately on receipt of them,
     I got ready to start the next day, bringing with me the Pasha's
     answer to your letter. Owing to the treachery of some of the
     Pasha's people, I was delayed two days in the earlier stage of my
     journey; but thanks to Shukri Agha, the Chief of Mswa Station, who
     has remained faithful to the Pasha, and of whose conduct throughout
     the whole of the last unfortunate five months I cannot speak too
     highly, I was enabled to induce the natives to bring me in a canoe
     to Nyamsassi, but as the Lake is so rough and dangerous at this
     time of the year, it has taken me five days from Mswa to Nyamsassi.

     It is impossible to give you any true idea of the state of the
     country at the present. Sometimes the mutineers are in the
     ascendant, and sometimes the party for the Pasha. One steamer full
     of reinforcements for the Mahdi's people has already arrived at
     Rejaf, and two more steamers full are shortly expected,
     reinforcements will also probably soon come in from Bahr el Ghazal,
     when the Mahdi's people, turning to revenge their defeat at Duffle,
     will most certainly descend on Wadelai with an overpowering force,
     and will surprise the people in the midst of their quarrels and
     uncertainty. Tunguru is but two days distant from Wadelai, and the
     Pasha's position there, surrounded by people in whom he can place
     no trust, is dangerous in the extreme, and it is of the utmost
     importance that he should be relieved with as little delay as
     possible.

     In your letter to me dated January 17th and 18th, you speak rather
     bitterly of the Pasha and myself having failed to carry out our
     promises of building a station at Nsabe, garrisoning it and storing
     it with provisions ready for you on your return to the Nyanza, of
     having failed to relieve Fort Bodo, and to carry the loads and
     garrison to the station at Nsabe, and of not having such people as
     wished to avail themselves of our escort ready at Nsabe, to start
     with you on your return. The reason we were unable to do so was as
     follows:--After being away from his country for nearly a month with
     you at Nsabe, the Pasha had naturally much business to attend to on
     his return to Wadelai, the seat of Government, and I myself was for
     nearly a month constantly prostrated by fever, and we were not able
     to start from Wadelai to visit the northern stations till July.[5]

     Having done our work to the north, we were returning with the
     intention of carrying out our promises to you, when on August 18th,
     we were taken prisoners, and all authority was taken out of the
     Pasha's hands, and we were rendered absolutely powerless to fulfil
     those promises. We had tried before leaving Wadelai, to start a
     party to Nsabe to build a station, but the soldiers had refused to
     obey the order, until they had heard what their brethren in the
     Northern stations had decided to do. It is very lucky that a
     station was not built, and the goods and garrison of Fort Bodo
     removed there, for the rebels would most certainly have seized all
     our goods, and made the Europeans in charge prisoners.

     And this leads me now to say a few words concerning the position of
     affairs in this country when I entered it on 21st April, 1888. The
     first battalion had long been in open rebellion against the Pasha's
     authority, and had twice attempted to make him prisoner; the second
     battalion, though professedly loyal, was insubordinate and almost
     unmanageable, the Pasha possessed only a semblance, a mere rag of
     authority--and if he required anything of importance to be done he
     could no longer order, he was obliged to beg his officers to do it.

     Now when we were at Nsabe in May '88, though the Pasha hinted that
     things were a little difficult in this country, he never revealed
     to us the true state of things, which was actually desperate; and
     we had not the slightest idea that any mutiny or discontent was
     likely to arise amongst his people. We thought--as we and most
     people in Europe and Egypt had been taught to believe, by the
     Pasha's own letters and Dr. Junker's later information--that all
     these difficulties arose from events outside his country, whereas
     in point of fact, his real danger arose from internal dissensions.
     Thus we were led to place our trust in people who were utterly
     unworthy of our confidence and help, and who instead of being
     grateful to us for wishing to help them, have from the very first
     conspired to plunder the Expedition, and turn us adrift; and had
     the mutineers in their highly excited state been able to prove one
     single case of injustice, cruelty or neglect of his people against
     the Pasha, he would most assuredly have lost his life in this
     rebellion.

     There are of course some people who have remained faithful to the
     Pasha, and many who have remained neutral, and these chiefly are
     the people who are willing to come out with us. There are also a
     great number of Egyptian clerks, many of whom have behaved very
     badly, but the coming of the Mahdi's people has so frightened them
     that they too now wish to come out with us; but in spite of my
     constant advice to them to move forward, they seem incapable of
     making any effort to leave the country and concentrate at Nsabe, at
     which place they would be within our reach--there is absolutely
     nothing to prevent their doing so, but their own laziness.

     The greater part of the people, a large number of Egyptians and
     most of the Soudanese, are decidedly averse to going to Egypt, and
     do not wish to leave the country. Most of them have never been to
     Egypt, but have been recruited from the countries round here. Here
     they can support a large household, many of the officers have as
     many as from eighteen to one hundred people, women, children and
     servants, in their houses, and it is the great ambition of every
     Soudanese to have as many people as possible in his house, but in
     Egypt they could only afford to support three or four people on
     their pay. These things being considered, it is quite natural that
     they should prefer to remain in their own country.

     As to the Pasha's wish to leave the country, I can say decidedly he
     is most anxious to go out with us, but under what condition he will
     consent to come out I can hardly understand. I do not think he
     quite knows himself, his ideas seem to me to vary so much on the
     subject; to-day he is ready to start up and go, to-morrow some new
     idea holds him back. I have had many conversations with him about
     it, but have never been able to get his unchanging opinion on the
     subject. After this rebellion I remarked to him, "I presume now
     that your people have deposed you and put you aside, you do not
     consider that you have any longer any responsibility or obligation
     concerning them," and he answered, "Had they not deposed me I
     should have felt bound to stand by them and help them in any way I
     could, but now, I consider I am absolutely free to think only of my
     personal safety and welfare, and if I get the chance, I shall go
     out regardless of everything;" and yet only a few days before I
     left him, he said to me, "I know I am not in any way responsible
     for these people, but I cannot bear to go out myself first and
     leave anyone behind me who is desirous of quitting the country. It
     is mere sentiment I know, and perhaps a sentiment you will not
     sympathize with, but my enemies at Wadelai would point at me and
     say to the people, 'You see he has deserted you.'" These are merely
     two examples of what passed between us on the subject of his going
     out with us, but I could quote numbers of things he said, all
     equally contradictory. Again, too, being somewhat impatient after
     one of these unsatisfactory conversations, I said, "If even the
     Expedition does reach any place near you, I shall advise Mr.
     Stanley to arrest you and carry you off, whether you will or no;"
     to which he replied, "Well, I shall do nothing to prevent his doing
     that." It seems to me, if we are to save him, we must first save
     him from himself.

     Before closing this report, I must bear witness to the fact that in
     my frequent conversations with all sorts and conditions of the
     Pasha's people, most of them spoke of his justice and generosity to
     them, but they also said, and what I have seen confirms it, that he
     did not hold his people with a sufficiently firm hand.

     The three Soudanese soldiers you left with me as orderlies and my
     servant Binza return with me, but Mabruki Kassim, the man who was
     wounded by the buffalo at Nsabe, died two days after you left for
     Fort Bodo.

I am, dear Sir,
Your obedient servant,
(Signed) A. J. MOUNTENEY JEPHSON.

To H. M. STANLEY, Esq.,
Commanding the Relief Expedition.




Mr. Jephson also handed me an official receipt to my formal letter of
January 18th, written by Emin Pasha.

Tunguru,
_January 27th, 1889_.

To H. M. STANLEY, Esq.,
Commanding the Relief Expedition.

     SIR,

     I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your note of January
     14th, Camp Undussuma, and of your official letter of January 17th,
     which came to hand yesterday afternoon. I beg at the same time to
     be allowed to express my sincere congratulations to you and to your
     party for the work you performed.

     I take note of your offer to deliver to me, or any person appointed
     by me, the second instalment of goods brought by you, consisting of
     sixty-three cases of Remington cartridges, twenty-six cases of
     gunpowder, each 45 lbs. weight, four cases percussion caps, four
     bales of goods, one bale of goods for Signor Casati--a gift from
     yourself; two pieces of serge, writing-paper, envelopes,
     blank-books, &c. As soon as the officers I am awaiting from Wadelai
     come here, I shall appoint one of them to take charge of these
     goods, and I shall at the same time instruct him to give you formal
     receipt for them.

     The thirty-one cases of Remington cartridges, which formed the
     first instalment of goods, have been duly deposited in Government
     stores.

     Concerning your question if Signor Casati and myself propose to
     accept your escort and assistance to reach Zanzibar, and if there
     are any officers and men disposed to accept of your safe-conduct to
     the sea, I have to state that not only Signor Casati and myself
     would gladly avail us of your help, but that there are lots of
     people desirous of going out from the far Egypt, as well as for any
     other convenient place. As these people have been delayed by the
     deplorable events which have happened during your absence, and as
     only from a few days they begin to come in, I should entreat you to
     kindly assist them. I propose to send them to Nyamsassi, and a
     first party start to-day with Mr. Jephson. Every one of them has
     provisions enough to last at least for a month.

     I beg to tender my thanks for the statement of your movements. As
     from the day you fixed your movements until the arrival of your
     letter elapsed nine days; the remainder of the time you kindly gave
     us, viz., eleven days, will scarcely be sufficient. I cannot,
     therefore, but thank you for your good intentions, and those of the
     people who sent you, and I must leave it to you if you can await
     us, and prefer to start after the twenty days have elapsed.

     I fully understand the difficulties of getting food and provisions
     for your people, and I am very sorry that the short time you have
     to give me will not be sufficient to send you stores from here.

     As Mr. Jephson starts by this steamer, and has kindly promised to
     hand you this note, I avail myself of the occasion to bear witness
     to the great help and assistance his presence afforded to me. Under
     the most trying circumstances he has shown so splendid courage,
     such unfaltering kindness and patience, that I cannot but wish him
     every success in life, and thank him for all his forbearance. As
     probably I shall not see you any more,[6] you will be pleased to
     inform his relations of my thanks to him and them.

     Before concluding, I beg to be permitted to tender anew my most
     heartfelt thanks to you and to your officers and men, and to ask
     you to transmit my everlasting gratitude to the kind people who
     sent you to help us. May God protect you and your party, and give
     you a happy and speedy homeward march.

I am, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
(Signed) Dr. EMIN PASHA.







CHAPTER XXV.

EMIN PASHA AND HIS OFFICERS REACH OUR CAMP AT KAVALLI.

     Lieut. Stairs and his caravan are sent for--Plans regarding the
     release of Emin from Tunguru--Conversations with Jephson by which I
     acquire a pretty correct idea of the state of affairs--The rebel
     officers at Wadelai--They release Emin, and proceed in the s.s.
     _Khedive_ and _Nyanza_ to our camp at Kavalli--Emin Pasha's
     arrival--Stairs and his caravan arrive at
     Mazamboni's--Characteristic letter from Jephson, who is sent to
     bring Emin and his officers from the Lake to Kavalli--Short note
     from the Pasha--Arrival of Emin Pasha's caravan--We make a grand
     display outside our camp--At the grand divan: Selim Bey--Stairs'
     column rolls into camp with piles of wealth--Mr. Bonny despatched
     to the Nyanza to bring up baggage--Text of my message to the rest
     of the revolted officers at Wadelai--Note from Mr. Bonny--The Greek
     merchant, Signor Marco, arrives--Suicide of Zanzibari named
     Mrima--Neighbouring chiefs supply us with carriers--Captain Nelson
     brings in Emin's baggage--Arrangements with the chiefs from the
     Ituri River to the Nyanza--The chief Kabba-Rega--Emin Pasha's
     daughter--Selim Bey receives a letter from Fadl-el-Mulla--The Pasha
     appointed naturalist and meteorologist to the Expedition--The Pasha
     a Materialist--Dr. Hassan's arrival--My inspection over the
     camp--Capt. Casati arrives--Mr. Bonny appears with Awash Effendi
     and his baggage--The rarest doctor in the world--Discovery of some
     chimpanzees--The Pasha in his vocation of
     "collecting"--Measurements of the dwarfs--Why I differ with Emin in
     the judgment of his men--Various journeys from the camp to the Lake
     for men and baggage--The Zanzibaris' complaints--The
     ringleaders--Hassan Bakari--The Egyptian officers--Interview with
     Shukri Agha--The flora on the Baregga Hills--The chief of Usiri
     joins our confederacy--Conversation with Emin regarding Selim Bey
     and Shukri Agha--Address by me to Stairs, Nelson, Jephson and Parke
     before Emin Pasha--Their replies--Notices to Selim Bey and Shukri
     Agha.


[Sidenote: 1889.

Feb. 7.

Kavalli's.]

On February 7th I decided to send for Lieutenant Stairs and his caravan,
and despatched Rashid with thirty-five men to obtain a hundred carriers
from Mazamboni to assist the convalescents. My object was to collect the
expedition at Kavalli, and send letters in the meantime to Emin Pasha
proposing that he should: 1st. Seize a steamer and embark such people
as chose to leave Tunguru, and sail for our Lake shore camp. After which
we could man her with Zanzibaris, and perform with despatch any further
transport service necessary. If this was not practicable, then--

2nd. To march to Mswa station overland, and on arrival to report by
canoe that he had done so. If this was not possible.

3rd. Stay at Tunguru, and let me know by Chief Mogo whether he needed a
force of rescue.

[Illustration: VIEW OF CAMP AT KAVALLI.]

In which case, on arrival of Lieutenant Stairs, I proposed to march with
300 rifles and 2,000 native auxiliaries through Melindwa to Mswa
station, and thence to Tunguru, to employ force for the relief of the
Pasha. But it was absolutely necessary that I should be clearly told
what the Pasha wished. In his letter of the 27th January there was a
disposition to be somewhat lachrymose and melancholic, quite contrary to
what was expected in answer to the definite question given in the formal
letter of January 17th, "Was he disposed to accept our escort and
assistance to reach Zanzibar, or suggest to me any way by which I could
make myself useful or lend effective aid." If he stated his wish
decisively then, then I promised "to strain every effort to perform
service to him."

Perceiving that neither my letter to Mr. Jephson--which was intended to
be read to the Pasha--nor that my formal letter to himself was
understood by him, I proceeded to write one after a purely business
style, which I thought the dullest private in his army might understand,
but when Jephson heard it read he affected to be aghast at it.

As there was no intention to wound the most super-sensitive
susceptibilities of any person--least of all the Pasha--I wrote one
after a style which probably Chesterfield himself would have admitted
was the proper thing, which my friend Jephson pronounced was "charming,"
and "nice," and "exquisitely sweet," and on the 8th sent the couriers
down to the Lake with it.

Day by day, during conversation with Mr. Jephson--who was, "by the bye,"
a pronounced Eminist--I acquired a pretty correct idea of the state of
affairs. There was one confirmed habit I observed that Mr. Jephson had
contracted during his compulsory residence with the Pasha which provoked
a smile, and that was, while saying several crushing things about the
Province, he interlarded his clever remarks with--"Well, you know, the
poor, dear Pasha! He is a dear old fellow, you know. 'Pon my word, I
can't help but sympathise with the Pasha, he's such a dear good man,"
&c., &c. They served to illuminate traits of character, and showed that,
at all events, Jephson had a kindly heart, and what he had seen and
heard only made him esteem the Pasha the more; but when he spoke of the
Egyptians, the most portentous vocabulary was requisitioned to load them
with abuse--"unmitigated scoundrels, depraved villains, treacherous
dogs, unscrupulously vile," &c., &c. The Egyptians were "animals with
foxy natures," the Soudanese were "brutishly stupid." One chief clerk
had falsified accounts at the Khartoum Arsenal, and had been the
recipient of 1,500 stripes with the kourbash; another had been detected
making huge profits by mixing powdered charcoal with the gunpowder, and
filling Remington cartridges with it. A major had been convicted of
trading in Government stores; others had been sent to the Siberia of the
Equator as convicts, guilty of various felonies, arson, murder, &c.;
others were transported thither for being concerned in Arabi's
rebellion, &c., &c.; and it became clear that whatever sanguine hopes
the Pasha had cherished, he must often have distrusted his powers during
his constrained intercourse with the penal outcasts placed under him.
While there was a reserve of dominating power, and an overshadowing
personality of stern justice in the figure of Gordon at Khartoum, the
penal serfs were under some control, though Gessi Pasha, even as far
back as 1879, was copious in complaints of Emin to Gordon, but when the
news spread throughout the Province that Khartoum was taken, and the
Governor-General slain, and all traces of Egyptian Government had
vanished, the native unruliness of the Egyptians, and brutish
stubbornness of the Soudanese found vent, and was manifested in utter
disregard to orders, and perverse misconduct. Emin was now a Pasha in
name and title only. Government was petrified, order was dead. Some men,
in Emin's place, would have become so disgusted, that after arming
themselves with excuses for retreat by overt proofs of contempt of his
authority, would have collected a few faithful men, or have retired to
some small post like Mswa station at the remote South, reported frankly
the events, and have applied for relief and instructions. Others, again,
would have exacted performance of duty and discipline to the very end,
regardless of consequences. Others, again, would have removed with such
as were willing from the arena of perpetual discord, founded an empire
or a kingdom, and have applied for assistance from the civilized world,
which they would certainly have obtained. Others, like Emin did, would
have temporised and hoped. Men, however, reap only what they have sown;
as the seed is sown, so will be the harvest.

But while we were discussing the probable decision of the Pasha, and
awaiting the arrival of Stairs's column, events unknown to us were
occurring, which decided the matter for us as well as for Emin.

The rebel officers, who were concentrated at Wadelai, while Jephson was
on his way to us South of Tunguru, heard of our arrival on the Lake.
Report had magnified our forces. We had several hundred Zanzibaris and
allies, and we were armed with machine guns and repeating rifles. The
Egyptian Government at Khartoum was dead, and in its place was a Khalif,
with resistless armies fully established. There were Mahdist agents and
traitors among them, the rest were indifferent. Emin was deposed, and a
prisoner. To him who hath shall be given. Like a rolling snowball,
power, when once established, attracts and grows; an isolated snowdrop
melts. Emin was the snowdrop, the Khalif of Khartoum was the growing
snowball.

It is easy, therefore, to understand the motives of the officers, who
are declared rebels, who have traitors and Mahdists among them to
influence their councils, and to predict what the natural outcome will
be. They will curry favour with the Khalif by betraying their would-be
rescuers and their former Pasha and his white companions into his hands,
and win honour and glory by so doing. For the machine guns, repeating
rifles and Remingtons, and a batch of white prisoners, the Khalif would
reward them handsomely, and promote those chiefly concerned in their
delivery to him to honourable and lucrative offices, and endow them with
robes of honour. But there is a difficulty. How will they gain access to
the camp of their rescuers when they have heard of the Pasha being
imprisoned and their friend Jephson having been treated so cruelly?
"Nothing easier," says one; "let us send a deputation to the Pasha to
humbly ask forgiveness, and promise to reinstate him in power, and Emin
is so good-natured that he will readily condone our offences, and offer
to introduce us to his friends as penitents, who, wearied with trouble,
only now seek to prove their obedience and loyalty to their great
Government. Once in the stranger's camp, we may see for ourselves what
further can be done, and if we then agree to capture the gang of whites
and their followers, nothing will be easier, for all white men are
soft-headed duffers. At any rate, it is wise to have two ways from which
to choose. If the Khalif is relentless, and his Donagla pursue us with
that fierceness so characteristic of them, and the door to his mercy is
closed, we can fall back upon the camp of the white men, and by apparent
obedience disarm all suspicion, make use of them to find us a land of
plenty, and suddenly possess ourselves of their arms and ammunition, and
either send them adrift as beggars, or slay the whites and make their
followers our slaves."

We can imagine the thunders of applause that greeted this Egyptian son
of Beelzebub as he ended his oration. But whether such a speech was made
or not, the officers despatched a deputation to the Pasha, of fourteen
officers. They kissed Emin's hands, they expressed humble contrition for
their offences, they offered to reinstate him in power as Governor, and
they implored him to accompany them to Stanley's Camp at Kavalli, and to
speak for them, and the Pasha gladly acceded to their request. He
embarked on board the steamer _Khedive_; refugees crowded on board with
their goods and baggage, and Captain Casati was with them with his
following, and the _Nyanza_ likewise was freighted, and with every show
of honour the Pasha was brought to Mswa. At this station he met my
messengers with my last letter, and having read it, he resumed his
voyage to our Lake shore Camp.

While Jephson and I were at dinner on the evening of February 13th,
messengers came to us and delivered to us a letter from Emin Pasha.

Camp,
_February 13th_, 1889.

TO HENRY M. STANLEY, Esq., Commanding the Relief Expedition.

     SIR,--

     In answer to your letter of the 7th instant, for which I beg to
     tender my best thanks, I have the honour to inform you that
     yesterday, at 3 P.M., I arrived here with my two steamers, carrying
     a first lot of people desirous to leave this country under your
     escort. As soon as I have arranged for cover of my people, the
     steamships have to start for Mswa station, to bring on another lot
     of people awaiting transport.

     With me there are some twelve officers anxious to see you, and only
     forty soldiers. They have come under my orders to request you to
     give them some time to bring their brothers--at least, such as are
     willing to leave--from Wadelai, and I promised them to do my best
     to assist them. Things having to some extent now changed, you will
     be able to make them undergo whatever conditions you see fit to
     impose upon them. To arrange these I shall start from here with the
     officers for your camp, after having provided for the camp, and if
     you send carriers I could avail me of some of them.

     I hope sincerely that the great difficulties you have had to
     undergo, and the great sacrifices made by your Expedition in its
     way to assist us, may be rewarded by a full success in bringing out
     my people. The wave of insanity which overran the country has
     subsided, and of such people as are now coming with me we may be
     sure.

     Signor Casati requests me to give his best thanks for your kind
     remembrance of him.

     Permit me to express to you once more my cordial thanks for
     whatever you have done for us until now, and believe me to be,

Yours very faithfully,
Dr. EMIN.




The Pasha evidently believes that his men are still faithful to him. He
says: "You will be able to make them undergo whatever conditions you see
fit to impose upon them...." "Of such people as are now coming with me
you may be sure."

I hope so, but if one-half of what Jephson says is true, the Pasha must
have greater confidence in them than I can command. However, if the
"wave of insanity has subsided," so much the better. All is well that
ends well. Jephson will go down to the Lake to-morrow with fifty rifles,
to escort the Pasha and his officers to the Plateau. I shall send
couriers also to Stairs at Mazamboni's to bring up his force quickly,
that we may be all at hand to impress our rebel friends by the way our
wild fantastic warrior-carriers deploy at the word of command.

_February 16th_.--Received note from Stairs announcing arrival at
Mazamboni's, which states he may arrive on the 17th or 18th instant. He
writes: "We were all delighted at the Ituri River Camp at the arrival of
your couriers with Chief Rashid, bringing the news that Jephson was with
you; but the news about Emin Pasha seemed very black. However, your
letter this morning dispels every foreboding, and now we all hope we
shall be able to move on with speed towards Zanzibar."

Goodness, how impatient young men are! I wonder if we shall get away
within three months!

Another courier has arrived from Jephson with one of Jephson's
characteristic letters.

Were Camp, Albert Nyanza, _February 15th_, 1889.

     DEAR SIR,--

     I reached this camp yesterday, but owing to the natives leading us
     by a very long road we did not arrive till morning.

     We found the Pasha, Casati, Marco, Vita, the apothecary, and
     several officers and clerks, who had made their camp in a very nice
     spot about two miles north of our old camp, where we first met the
     Pasha.

     On arriving, after having delivered your letter, and having told
     and heard the news, I asked the Pasha when he proposed moving. He
     said he must speak to his officers first. This morning a meeting
     was called, and it was decided that we should start to-morrow for
     Kavalli's, taking two days on the road.

     The Pasha will come to see you, will perhaps stay a few days in
     your camp, and then return and bring up his daughter and the rest
     of his loads, which amount to about 200, which consist of millet,
     salt, sesame, &c. The officers will only bring twenty loads, as
     they are merely coming up to talk with you for bringing up their
     troops and goods. The clerks bring up all their loads and remain
     with us.

     Both the steamers return to Mswa on the 18th, to bring up the rest
     of the people and goods from that station, as well as to bring up
     corn for the supply of the Lake camp.

     On the arrival of the steamers at Mswa, the irregulars (some fifty
     guns) will march overhead to Kavalli's with such women as are able
     to walk well, and the steamers, on their return here, will at once
     take the officers down to Wadelai.

     The Pasha has brought sixty tusks of ivory; the surplus will
     doubtless be useful. Though there is a day's delay, I do not regret
     it, as both the Zanzibaris and myself were fairly worn out when we
     reached here yesterday, and had we started to-day there would, I
     fear, have been many sore feet. In spite, however, of our fatigue,
     the Zanzibaris rushed madly into the camp, howling like demons.
     They went through the usual mad exercises with imaginary enemies,
     and then drew up in line before the Pasha. The soldiers drew up in
     correct form and saluted him also. He was very pleased, and asked
     me to say a few words to them, expressing his thanks to them for
     all the trials they have gone through to help him, which I did, as
     well as I was able, in my broken Ki-swa-hili. The Pasha set all the
     women to grind corn, and I served out two cups apiece to them, the
     Soudanese, Manyuema, and natives. To-day Saat Tato, the hunter, and
     another, have brought in two kudu, and a springbok, so that they
     have plenty to eat. I was much amused to see how the slothful ugly
     Soudanese stared at the mad antics of the Zanzibaris, with the sort
     of expression that said, What sort of people can these boisterous,
     unruly Zanzibaris be?

     I find Casati more impossible than ever. I asked him whether he
     would go with us to-morrow, and he replied he would rather wait. I
     then asked, "How many loads have you?"

     "Oh," he answered, "you know I have very few things. All my things
     were taken by Kabba-Rega; perhaps I may want eighty carriers."

     Vita, the apothecary, wants forty carriers, and Marco, the Greek
     trader, wants sixty, so at this rate our Zanzibaris will be killed
     between here and Kavalli's. The Pasha remonstrated with Casati for
     taking all his grinding-stones, earthen jars, bedsteads for his
     boys and women, &c., upon which he said:--

     "Mr. Stanley has offered to take all our loads."

     These people have no conscience, and would rather load down our
     long-suffering people than throw away a single load of rubbish
     which they will eventually be obliged to discard.

     Casati, so the Pasha tells me, was averse to their leaving Tunguru,
     in spite of Shukri Aga's offer of carriers, and my urgent letter,
     and did all he could to prevent his coming down here, as he
     considered it "impolitic." One internally fumes at the selfishness
     of these people, and at their inability or aversion from seeing
     things as they really are.

     The rumour of the "white man's" expedition to Fallibeg has turned
     out to be, as Clerk Jopson says, "all a bam," and nothing more has
     been heard of it.

     Casati refuses to move until he has sufficient carriers to take him
     and all his goods away together. The Pasha is very irritated about
     it.

     The boat (_Advance_) has been very well mended with bolts just like
     our own. I am going on board the steamer this evening to get some
     spanners, and, if possible, some spare bolts. The Pasha has also
     brought the light oars, which belonged to Gordon's india-rubber
     boat, so that we have now the full complement.

     The Pasha, Casati, and the officers desire me to send you their
     greetings.

I am, &c., &c., &c.,
A. J. MOUNTENEY JEPHSON.




The Pasha, 200 loads! Casati, who has lost everything, eighty loads!
Vita, the apothecary, forty loads! Marco, the Greek, sixty loads! = 380
loads for four persons! True, I promised to convey everything up to the
Plateau Camp but grinding stones! Well, if I gave such a promise, we
must keep it, I suppose. However, there is no harm in Mr. Jephson fuming
a little.

From the Pasha the following note was received:--

DEAR SIR,--

     Mr. Jephson with your people have arrived yesterday, and we
     propose to start to-morrow morning; I shall therefore have the
     pleasure to see you the day after to-morrow. My men are very
     anxious to hear from your own lips that their foolish behaviour in
     the past will not prevent you from guiding them.

     I am greatly obliged for your kindly letter,[7] handed to me by Mr.
     Jephson, and I hope that my being somewhat African in my moods may
     not interfere with our friendly relations.

Agree, dear Sir, my best wishes, and believe me to be,
Yours very faithfully,
Dr. EMIN.




_February 17th_.--Emin Pasha's caravan, consisting of about sixty-five
persons, reached this camp about noon. The officers, who are a
deputation from the revolted troops at Wadelai, are headed by Selim
Bey--promoted to Bey by the Pasha. He is six feet high, large of girth,
about fifty years old, black as coal: I am rather inclined to like him.
The malignant and deadly conspirator is always lean. I read in this
man's face, indolence, a tendency to pet his animalism. He is a man to
be led, not to conspire. Feed him with good things to eat, and plenty to
drink, Selim Bey would be faithful. Ah, the sleepy eye of the
full-stomached man! This is a man to eat, and sleep, and snore, and play
the sluggard in bed, to dawdle slip-shod in the bed-chamber, to call for
coffee fifty times a day, and native beer by the gallon; to sip and sip
and smile and then to sleep again; and so and so to his grave. The
others are lean, of Cassius' make. Three of them were Egyptians,
something of Arabi in their facial mould; the others are black
Soudanese.

We made a grand display outside the camp, banners waving, the Zanzibari
veterans like a wall of iron on each side of the pathway, the Manyuema
auxiliaries with a rough-and-ready look about them, the natives of
Kavalli and the neighbourhood in hundreds, banking the formation.

Through the centre of the twin lines the Pasha, small and wiry of
figure, like a Professor of Jurisprudence in appearance, despite his
fez and white clothes, was escorted to the great square of the camp, and
straight to the Barzah.

[Illustration: ADDRESS TO REBEL OFFICERS AT KAVALLI.]

The officers, in brand new uniforms, rarely aired, evidently created a
great sensation. The natives hungrily looked at them, and looked with
gaping lips and projected eyes.

At the Barzah house, the Pasha formally introduced these officers. We
mutually saluted. We enquired anxiously about each other's healths, and
expressed ourselves mutually gratified that there was no fear of
consumption, diabetes, or dysentery troubling us, and that possibly,
without fear of these ailments, we might meet on the morrow at a grand
divan, whereat each one would be pleased to express his heart's secret
desire.

_February 18th._--The grand divan was held to-day. Each person present
was arrayed in his best uniform. After an interchange of elegant
compliments and coffee had been served, the Pasha was requested to be
good enough to enquire of the deputation if they would be pleased to
state their errand, or whether they would prefer that I should disclose
the object of this gathering from twenty lands near the shores of their
Lake.

They expressed through the Pasha, who is admirable as a translator, and
who has the art of softening any rigour of speech that a plain
Anglo-Saxon might naturally use, that they would be greatly gratified to
hear me first.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Feb. 18.

Kavalli's.]

Well, I said, open your ears that the words of truth may enter. The
English people, hearing from your late guest, Dr. Junker, that you were
in sore distress here, and sadly in need of ammunition to defend
yourselves against the infidels and the followers of the false prophet,
have collected money, which they entrusted to me to purchase ammunition,
and to convey it to you for your needs. But as I was going through
Egypt, the Khedive asked me to say to you, if you so desired you might
accompany us, but that if you elected to stay here, you were free to
act as you thought best; if you chose the latter, he disclaimed all
intention of forcing you in any manner. Therefore you will please
consult your own wishes entirely, and speak whatever lies hidden in your
hearts.

After the Pasha had translated there was a general murmur of
"Khweis"--good.

Then Selim Bey, the superior officer, said--

"The Khedive is most gracious and kind. We are His Highness's most
devoted and loyal subjects. We cannot wish to stay here. We hail from
Cairo, and we desire nothing better than to visit the land of our
breeding again. Far be it from us to wish to stay here. What gain can be
obtained here? We are officers and soldiers of His Highness. He has but
to command, and we will obey. Those who choose to live among the pagans
here will do so. If they are left behind, it is their own fault. We have
been deputed by our brothers and friends at Wadelai to ask you to give
us only time to embark our families, so that we may assemble together in
your camp, and start for home."

They then produced the following document, the translation of which is
as follows:--

     "To His Excellency the Envoy of our Great Government, Mr. Stanley.

     "When Selim Bey Mator, commander of the troops of this province,
     came here and told us of the news of your coming, we were greatly
     rejoiced to learn of your safe arrival in this Province, and our
     desire to reach our Government has been greatly augmented, and
     therefore we hope, with the help of God, to be very soon with you,
     and to inform you of this we have written this letter.

                                                           Wadelai.

  Mabruk Shereef,    Lieutenant.  Ali el Kurdi,      Lieutenant.
  Noor Abd el bein       "        Ahmed Sultan           "
  Mustapha Ahmed         "        Fadl el Mula Bakhit    "
  Halid Abdallah         "        Dais el Bint Abdallah  "
  Faraj Sid Hamed        "        Said Ibrahim           "
  Mursal Sudan           "        Hussein Mohamed,    Captain.
  Murjan Ndeen           "        Murjan Idris           "
  Sabah el Hami          "        Mustapha el Adjemi     "
  Bakhit Mohamed         "        Kher Yusuf es Said     "
  Adeen Ahmed            "        Marjan Bakhit          "
  Ismail Hussein         "        Surur Sudan            "
  Mohamed Abdu           "        Abdallah Mauzal        "
  Halid Majib            "        Fadl el Mulla el Emin  "
  Ahmed Idris            "        Ahmed el Dinkani       "
  Rehan Rashid           "        Kadi Ahmed             "
  Rikas Hamed en Nil     "        Said Abd es Sid        "
  Halil Sid Ahmed        "        Bakhit Bergoot, Adjutant Major.
  Feraj Mohamed          "        Bilal Dinkani          "



[Illustration: DWARFS AND SOUDANESE, WITH OFFICERS.]

I then said: "I have heard with attention what you have spoken. I shall
give you a written promise to the effect that you are granted a
sufficient time to proceed from here to Wadelai to collect your troops
and embark them with your families on board the steamers. It takes five
days for a steamer to proceed to Wadelai, and five days to return. I
shall give you a reasonable time for this work, and if I see that you
are really serious in your intentions, I shall be quite willing to
extend the time in order that we may proceed homeward in comfort."

Selim Bey and his officers answered simultaneously, "We are serious in
our intentions, and there is no occasion for delay." To which I, wholly
convinced, readily assented. The meeting terminated. An ox was presented
to them and their followers for meat rations; and ten gallons of beer,
with loads of sweet potatoes and bananas, were dispatched to their
quarters for their entertainment.

At noon, Stairs' column rolled into camp with piles of
wealth--Remington, Maxim and Winchester fixed ammunition, gunpowder,
percussion caps, bales of handkerchiefs, white cottons, blue cutch
cloths, royal striped robes, beads of all colours, coils of bright wire,
&c. &c. There were Zanzibaris, Madis, Lados, Soudanese, Manyuema,
Baregga, Bandusuma, dwarfs and giants; in all, 312 carriers.

The stay on the Ituri River had benefited the men greatly. As Surgeon
Parke came in, I mentally blessed him, for to this fine display of
convalescents he had largely contributed by his devotion.

The camp numbers now over 500 people, and the huts extend on each side
of a great open square, 200 yards long by 60 wide. As a fire would be
most destructive, a liberal space is preserved between each hut.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Feb. 19.

Kavalli's.]

_February 19th._--I have despatched Mr. William Bonny to the Nyanza with
thirty rifles and sixty-four Bavira natives, to bring up the baggage of
Captain Casati, Signor Marco, the Greek, and Dr. Vita Hassan. I propose
sending at intervals a company of men from our camp (which is on top of
the plateau, 4,800 feet above the sea level) to the Lake shore, which is
about 2,400 above the sea. The journey is a long and tiring day's march,
but the round trip is made within three days. The plateau <DW72> is very
steep and stony. I have vowed not to descend it again for any idle
purpose. I have already been up and down four times; would as soon
undergo shot-drill or the treadmill as undertake it again. Bonny, of
course, will be curious to see the Lake, as this is his first visit.

Called Selim Bey and his officers to the Barzah house, and delivered to
him my message to the revolted officers at Wadelai.

     SALAAMS!

     The officers, Selim Bey, and others, having requested Mr. Stanley
     to await the arrival of their friends from Wadelai, Mr. Stanley
     causes his answer to be written down in order to prevent
     misunderstanding.

     Mr. Stanley and his officers having been specially sent by the
     Khedive as guides to show the road to such people as desired to
     leave the Equatorial province for Cairo, cannot do otherwise than
     consent to give such reasonable time as may be required for the
     assembling of all people willing to depart with him.

     It must, however, be positively understood that all men proposing
     to depart with Mr. Stanley must provide their own means of carriage
     for themselves, their families, and baggage. No exception can be
     made except for the Pasha, Captain Casati, and the Greek merchant
     named Marco, the two last being strangers and not in the Egyptian
     service.

     Therefore all officers and men proposing to depart from this
     country with Mr. Stanley will be careful to provide such animals
     and porters as they may need for the transport of their children
     and goods.

     They will also be careful not to burden themselves with superfluous
     articles; arms, clothing, ammunition, cooking pots, and provisions
     being the only necessaries needed.

     The reserve ammunition, which has been brought from Egypt for the
     service of the Pasha and his people, is of course at the
     disposition of the Pasha only, according to the orders of His
     Highness the Khedive.

     Mr. Stanley wishes it to be distinctly understood that he is
     responsible only for finding the right road, and for provisioning
     all the people according to the nature of the country.

     Mr. Stanley, however, holds himself in honor bound to do all in his
     power for the comfort, safety, and welfare of Emin Pasha and his
     people, and to assist his friends in all things to the best of his
     ability.

     On the arrival of this answer before the officers at Wadelai, the
     officers responsible for the direction of the people will do well
     to hold a general council, and consider this answer before moving.
     Such people as believe in their hearts that they have the courage
     and means to depart from the Equatorial Province will prepare to
     proceed to this camp as directed by the Pasha. Such people as are
     doubtful of their power and ability to move, will act as the
     superiors of the party will decide.

     Mr. Stanley, in the meanwhile, will form an advance camp to make
     ready for the reception of such people as are going out.

  At Kavalli's,                             HENRY M. STANLEY,
  _February 19th, 1889._           Commanding the Relief Expedition.


[Sidenote: 1889.

Feb. 21.

Kavalli's.]

_February 21st_.--Chief Katonza on the Lake shore has been sending
messengers to the Lake camp to inform Captain Casati that Kabba Regga,
King of Unyoro, had seized his cattle on the 19th inst., and that his
next objective was Casati's camp.

What followed may be gleaned from the following note just received from
Mr. W. Bonny:--

     "At the wish of Signor Casati I send you this note. He is writing
     his own views to the Pasha. He states that Kabba Regga's general
     has a strong force somewhere near, and wishes me to remain another
     day that you may reinforce me. I have agreed to send a messenger,
     but decline to remain. I have pointed out to him, that if there is
     danger, I cannot risk my men unnecessarily. My men will leave with
     the loads this morning. I have endeavoured to persuade Casati that
     if he wishes to avoid danger, he can march under our escort to the
     Plateau. If Kabba Regga's people meet me on the road I hope to make
     them learn that they have met some of Stanley's men.

"Yours, &c.,
"W. BONNY."




The native courier arrived with this news at 2 P.M. The Pasha and
officers started immediately for the Lake camp with sixty rifles and
sixty natives of the plateau. I do not think there will be any irruption
of the Wanyoro into territory protected by us, but it is better to be on
the safe side.

_February 22nd._--The Greek merchant Signor Marco, a fine manly-looking
man much browned by tropic heat, arrived to-day, escorted by Mr. Bonny.
Marco has an eye to comfort I see. In his train are domestics bearing
parrots, pigeons, bedsteads for himself and harem, heavy Persian
carpets, ox-hide mats and enormous baskets, and, oh horror! he has
actually brought three hundredweight of stone to serve as grinding
stones to reduce his grain to flour, as though the natives here could
not lend us any number of grinding stones. He has brought, besides, ten
gallon pots to make beer, and to use as water vessels. If all the
refugees are similarly encumbered, we shall, I fear, be employed here
for months. That was a rash promise of mine to convey all their
property. I will wait a little to note if all the officers, clerks, and
soldiers expect me to regard stone as baggage.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Feb. 23.

Kavalli's.]

_Feb. 23rd._--One of our Zanzibaris named Mrima, impatient at the slow
progress towards recovery from a large and painful ulcer, shot himself
with a Remington rifle to-day. Poor fellow, I remember him as a cheery,
willing, and quick boy.

The Pasha writes me that all is well at the Lake camp.

_Feb. 24th._--Sent twenty-five rifles, under headman Wadi Khamis, to
escort fifty of Mpinga's natives as carriers.

I have notified all the chiefs of the various tribes on the plateau that
they must supply carriers varying from fifty to one hundred each,
according to their strength, to assist me in the transport of the
baggage of our guests. Eleven have consented to proceed to the Lake in
rotation, provided I protect their people from the brutality of the
strangers, who, they say, have been beating their people in the most
cruel manner, and making them carry "stones" of too heavy a weight for a
man. This is the first time I have heard of this, and will make
inquiries immediately.

_Feb. 25th._--Captain Nelson, who escorted the Pasha to the Lake the
other day, brought in sixty loads of baggage, mostly belonging to the
Pasha. I observe an immense number of articles that must necessarily be
thrown away. There is an old Saratoga trunk, which was borne by two men.
I tried to lift one end of it, and from its weight I should say it
contains stones or treasure. What a story that old trunk could tell
since it left Cairo. How many poor natives has it killed? How much
anguish has it caused? The Zanzibaris smile grimly at the preposterously
large size of the boxes they have to carry. They declare there are
thousands of such cumbrous articles yet, and that they will be kept here
for ten years. The square is littered with sea-chests and clumsy
coffin-like coffers, the ten-gallon jars increase in number, and the
baskets look bigger and ominously heavy.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Feb. 25.

Kavalli's.]

One man, an Egyptian, named Achmet Effendi, who came up, is about
fifty-five years old, bent, thin, feeble, and sick. He is unable to ride
a donkey without assistance.

I foresee a terrible mortality, if only sick and feeble men and women
propose to undertake the 1,400 miles journey to the sea. Already a large
number of small children, from one to eight years old, have arrived.
These will have to be carried. By whom?

A Soudanese woman gave birth to a child on the road. Another child is so
ill that it cannot survive long.

Lieut. Stairs was despatched with Chief Mwite to stir up his refractory
people, who for the last four days have sent us no food.

We have formed a confederacy on the plateau, embracing all the region
from the Ituri River to the Nyanza. For protection granted them against
marauding Balegga of the mountains and the Warasura Kabba Rega, the
chiefs agree to supply us with contributions of grain and cattle, and to
surrender the government of the country into my hands, to raise fighting
men whenever ordered, and to assist me in invading Unyoro should
retaliation for invasion of their soil by the Warasura render it
necessary.

_Feb. 26th._--An ally of Kabba Rega was attacked this morning, and 125
head of cattle were captured. Much mischief has been done by this man,
and already he occupies the country between here and the Pasha's
province, and Kabba Rega relied on him for assistance when the grand
struggle between him and the Pasha should begin. Communication is made
across the Lake in canoes, and Kabba Rega is well informed of our
movements. When we retire from here we shall have to reckon with Kabba
Rega. He possesses 1,500 guns; mostly rifles and double-barrelled shot
guns, Jocelyn and Starr, Sharp, Henry-Martini, and Snider rifles, and
carbines. Having undertaken the serious work of protecting these
hundreds of refugees to the sea, I shall enter on the affair with a
clear conscience. We will not seek a struggle; the opposing forces are
not matched, but there is only one road, and that runs through a portion
of Unyoro.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Feb. 27.

Kavalli's.]

_Feb. 27th_.--Our cattle were driven to pasture this morning, but the
calves were most intractable, and created great fun and not a little
trouble. We have milk and meat for our sick now.

I hear that Selim Bey and the Egyptian officers departed on the 26th
inst. by the steamers _Khedive_ and _Nyanza_, which brought to the Lake
camp from Mswa a large cargo of baggage and several score of fresh
refugees.

Emin Pasha reached camp this morning from the Lake. He was accompanied
by his daughter, a little girl of six years old, named Ferida, the
offspring of an Abyssinian woman. She is extremely pretty, with large,
beautiful black eyes.

104 carriers conveyed the Pasha's luggage and stores of flour, millet,
sesamum, honey, and salt.

The head man, Wadi Khamis, who escorted this caravan, reports that one
of Selim Bey's officers stole a Remington rifle and took it with him.
This is odd. If these people meditate returning here they should be
aware that theft of arms is severely punished.

The Pasha informs me that another mail arrived from Wadelai on the 25th,
and that an official letter was handed to Selim Bey from the rebel
officers headed by Fadl-el-Mulla, announcing to him that he was deposed
from his position as Chief Commander of the Troops, and that he, the
Pasha and Casati, were sentenced to death by court-martial. Captain
Fadl-el-Mulla has promoted himself on assuming authority to the rank of
Bey or Colonel. This is quite in Jack Cade's style. We must now call him
Fadl-el-Mulla Bey.

_Feb. 28th_.--Sent fifty rifles and seventy-two natives of the Wabiaasi
and Ruguji tribes under Lieut. Stairs to the Lake camp to escort another
contingent of refugees and convey baggage up to the plateau.

_March 1st_.--The Pasha, with his own consent, and indeed on his own
proposal, has been appointed naturalist and meteorologist to the
Expedition. He has accordingly received one aneroid, one max. and min.
thermometer, one Bath thermometer, one standard thermometer, two
boiling-point thermometers, which, added to his own instruments, equip
him completely. No expedition could be so well served as ours will be.
He is the most industrious and exact observer that I know.[8]

[Sidenote: 1889.

March 1.

Kavalli's.]

The Pasha is in his proper element as naturalist and meteorologist. He
is of the school of Schweinfurth and Holub. His love of science borders
on fanaticism. I have attempted to discover during our daily chats
whether he was Christian or Moslem, Jew or Pagan, and I rather suspect
that he is nothing more than a Materialist. Who can say why votaries of
science, though eminently kindly in their social relations, are so
angular of character? In my analysis of the scientific nature I am
constrained to associate with it, as compared with that of men who are
more Christians than scientists, a certain hardness, or rather
indelicacy of feeling. They strike me as being somewhat unsympathetic,
and capable of only cold friendship, coolly indifferent to the warmer
human feelings. I may best express what I mean by saying that I think
they are more apt to feel an affection for one's bleached skull and
frame of unsightly bones, than for what is divine within a man. If one
talks about the inner beauty, which to some of us is the only beauty
worth anything, they are apt to yawn, and to return an apologetic and
compassionate smile. They seem to wish you to infer that they have
explored the body through and through, and that it is waste of time to
discuss what only exists in the imagination.

Sent seventy-two natives of Mpigwa's tribe under twelve Zanzibaris to
Lake camp for baggage.

Up to date 514 loads of baggage have been conveyed from the Lake shore
to our camp on the plateau.

_March 2nd_.--Dr. Vita Hassan, of Tunis, has arrived in charge of
Lieut. Stairs, with 122 carriers.

_March 3rd_.--Mr. Bonny descended to the Nyanza to-day with fifty-two
Zanzibaris and forty natives of the tribe of Malai and Mabise.

[Sidenote: 1889.

March 3.

Kavalli's.]

I went over the camp on an inspection. I find that we have here
representatives of Germany, Greece, Tunis, England, Ireland, Italy,
America, Egypt, Nubia, Madiland, Monbuttu, Langgo, Bari, Shuli,
Zanzibar, Usagara, Useguhha, Udoe, Unyamwezi, Uganda, Unyoro, Bavira,
Wahuma, Marungu, Manyuema, Basoko, Usongora, Congo, Arabia, Johanna,
Comoro, Madagascar, Somali, Circassia, Turkey!!! besides pigmies from
the Great Forest, and giants from the Blue Nile.

The camp is rapidly spreading out into a town. Order is maintained
without any trouble. Eighty gallons of milk are served out daily to the
sick, and six pounds of beef per week per man, besides flour, sweet
potatoes, peas, beans, and bananas with liberal measure.

There must be a fearful consumption of food in the Soudanese camp if one
may judge from the quantity of flour that is being ground. From the
early morning until late in the afternoon the sound of the grinding
stones and the sweet voices of the grinders are heard.

The tribe of Mpigwa arrived with seventy loads from the Lake shore.
These came up with Capt. Casati, to whom the baggage belongs.

_March 5th_.--Mr. Bonny appeared this morning with ninety-four loads of
luggage from below. He was accompanied by the Major of the 2nd
Battalion, Awash Effendi. I am told all this monstrous pile belongs to
him alone. Ninety-four loads represent a weight of 2-1/3 tons.

Mr. Mounteney Jephson started for the Nyanza this morning with forty-two
Zanzibaris and Manyuema.

During the six weeks we have been here three men and a baby have died.

This Expedition possesses the rarest doctor in the world. No country in
Europe can produce his equal in my opinion. There may be many more
learned perhaps, more skilful, older, or younger, as the case may be,
but the best of them have something to learn from our doctor. He is such
a combination of sweetness and simplicity. So unostentatious, so
genuinely unobtrusive. We are all bound to him with cords of love. We
have seen him do so much out of pure love for his "cases," that human
nature becomes ennobled by this gem. He is tenderness itself. He has
saved many lives by his devoted nursing. We see him each day at 8 A.M..
and 5 P.M. with his selectest circle of "sick" around him. None with
tender stomach dare approach it. He sits in the centre as though it were
a rare perfume. The sloughing ulcers are exposed to view, some fearful
to behold, and presenting a spectacle of horror. The doctor smiles and
sweetly sniffs the tainted air, handles the swollen limbs, cleanses them
from impurity, pours the soothing lotion, cheers the sufferers, binds up
the painful wounds, and sends the patient away with a hopeful and
gratified look. May the kindly angels record this nobleness and
obliterate all else. I greatly honour what is divine in man. This gift
of gentleness and exquisite sensibility appeal to the dullest. At
Abu-Klea our doctor was great; the wounded had cause to bless him; on
the green sward of Kavalli, daily ministering to these suffering blacks,
unknowing and unheeding whether any regarded him, our doctor was greater
still.

[Sidenote: 1889.

March 5.

Kavalli's.]

_March 6th_.--Some chimpanzees have been discovered in a grove which
fills a deep hollow in the Baregga Hills. The Pasha has shown me a
carefully prepared skull of one which he procured near Mswa. It exactly
resembles one I picked up at Addiguhha, a village between the two
branches of the Ihuru River. The chimpanzee is the "soko" of
Livingstone, though he grows to an unusual size in the Congo forest.

During the few days we have been here the Pasha has been indefatigable
in adding to his collection of birds, larks, thrushes, finches,
bee-eaters, plantain eaters, sunbirds, &c., &c.

The Pasha appears to be extraordinarily happy in this vocation of
"collecting." I have ordered the Zanzibaris to carry every strange
insect, bird, and reptile to him. Even vermin do not appear amiss to
him. We are rewarded by seeing him happy.

Each morning his clerk Rajab roams around to murder every winged fowl of
the air, and every victim of his aim he brings to his master, and then
after lovingly patting the dead object he coolly gives the order to skin
it. By night we see it suspended, with a stuffing of cotton within, to
be in a day or two packed up as a treasure for the British Museum!

[Sidenote: 1889.

March 6.

Kavalli's.]

These "collectors" strike me as being a rare race. Schweinfurth boiled
the heads of the slain in Monbuttu once to prepare the skulls for a
Berlin museum. Emin Pasha proposes to do the same should we have a brush
with the Wanyoro. I suggested to him that the idea was shocking; that
possibly the Zanzibaris might object to it. He smiled: "All for
science."

This trait in the scientific man casts some light upon a mystery. I have
been attempting to discover the reasons why we two, he and I, differ in
our judgments of his men. We have some dwarfs in the camp. The Pasha
wished to measure their skulls; I devoted my observations to their inner
nature. He proceeded to fold his tape round the circumference of the
chest; I wished to study the face. The Pasha wondered at the feel of the
body; I marvelled at the quick play of the feelings as revealed in
lightning movements of the facial muscles. The Pasha admired the breadth
of the frontal bone;[9] I studied the tones of the voice, and watched
how beautifully a slight flash of the eye coincided with the slightest
twitch of a lip. The Pasha might know to a grain what the body of the
pigmy weighed, but I only cared to know what the inner capacity was.

[Illustration: THE PYGMIES UNDER THE LENS, AS COMPARED TO CAPTAIN
CASATI'S SERVANT OKILI.]

And this is the reason the Pasha and I differ about the characters of
his men. He knows their names, their families, their tribes, their
customs; and little as I have been with them, I think I know their
natures. The Pasha says they are faithful; I declare they are false. He
believes that the day he leaves Kavalli they will all follow him to a
man; I imagine he will be wofully deceived. He argues that he has known
them for thirteen years, and he ought to know better than I who have not
known them as many weeks. Very well, let it be so. Time will decide.
Nevertheless, these discussions make the days at Kavalli pass smoothly,
for the Pasha is an accomplished conversationalist.

_March 7th_.--Mr. Mounteney Jephson arrived from the Lake shore with
Mohammed Emin and family, an Egyptian widow, and four orphan children.

Surgeon Parke was permitted a holiday, to be devoted to leading to the
Nyanza fifty-two Zanzibaris, thirty natives, and nineteen Manyuema for
conveyance of luggage here.

_March 8th_.--Uledi, the hero of old days, was despatched with
twenty-one carriers to carry loads from the Lake to this camp.

_March 9th_.--Surgeon Parke has returned with his caravan. "Well,
doctor," said I, "how did you like your holiday?" He smiled. "It may be
agreeable as a change, but it is fearful work. I see that the best men
are pulled down by that steep long climb up the plateau <DW72>. I hear a
great deal of grumbling."

"I am aware," I replied, "of what is going on. But what can we do?
These people are our guests. We are bound to help them as much as
possible. We indeed came here for that purpose. I wish, however, they
would leave those stones behind, for even the carriers laugh at the
absurd idea of carrying an 80lb. rock such a fearful height. However,
when the Zanzibaris are tired of it, they will let me know in some way.
Meantime, let us see to how far a point they will push our patience."

[Sidenote: 1889.

March 9.

Kavalli's.]

_March 10th_.--This morning as the Zanzibaris mustered for the detail to
be picked out for the usual caravan to the Nyanza, they demanded to
speak to me. The speaker was applauded every few minutes by the
companies as they stood under their respective officers.

"Sir," said he, "we are tired of this work of carrying rocks, and great
double-load boxes, and wooden bedsteads. If we did not think it were a
waste of labour we would not speak. Whither can they take the rubbish we
have been obliged to carry up here? Will any one man undertake to carry
one of those huge coffins a day's march through the bush? The strongest
man in the world would be killed under it. For whom are we doing it? For
a set of thankless, heartless people, who profess God with their lips,
and know nothing of Him or of the prophet Mohammed--blessed be his name!
Besides, what do they think of us? They call us _abid_--slaves. They
think that any one of them can lick ten of us. They say that some day
they will take our rifles from us, and make us their slaves. We know
enough Arabic to know what they mean, bad as their slang Arabic is. We
have come to ask you how long this is to last? If you mean to kill us,
who were saved out of the forest, with this ungrateful work, please tell
us. We are your servants, and we must do your bidding."

"It is well," I replied. "I have heard your speech. I knew you would
come to this. But you must have some faith in me. Trust to me. Go on to
the Nyanza to-day, and when you return I will explain further."

Captain Nelson was appointed leader of the caravan of 81 Zanzibaris,
Soudanese, and Manyuema, and marched away with them.

I observed that the people declined their rations for the journey, and
that they were unmistakably discontented and in an evil mood. Fearing
trouble, I sent messengers after Captain Nelson to send me the two who
seemed to be the principals under guard back to camp. The Captain on
receipt of the order commanded the Soudanese to take them, upon which
the fifty Zanzibaris set up a loud yell of defiance, and some cried,
"Shoot them all, and let us go to Mazamboni."

[Sidenote: 1889.

March 10.

Kavalli's.]

The Captain, however, was firm, and insisted on sending them to me,
whereupon they said they would all return to camp to protect their
friends.

Seeing the caravan return, the signal to muster under arms was given,
and the companies were drawn up in position to prevent any sudden
manoeuvre.

The malcontents were formed in line in the centre, and on looking at
them I saw that little was needed to provoke strife. I sympathised with
them secretly, but could not overlook such a serious breach of
discipline.

"Now, my men," I said, "obey me at once, and to the letter. He who
hesitates is lost. Open your ears and be sharp. 'Ground arms!' It was
done promptly. 'Retire four paces to the rear!' They withdrew quietly.
'Now, Captain Stairs, march your company to the front, and take
possession of the rifles," which was done.

Captain Nelson was then ordered to make his report as to the cause of
the caravan's return. He pointed out the ringleaders concerned in the
outbreak, and those who had cried, "Shoot them all, and let us run to
Mazamboni." These were at once seized and punished. The ringleaders were
tied to the flag-staff. The caravan was again entrusted to Captain
Nelson, but without arms, and was marched away to its duty.

Near sunset, Hassan Bakari having absented himself without permission,
was lightly punished with a cane by the captain of his company. On being
released, he rushed in a furious temper to his hut, vowing he would
shoot himself. He was caught in the act of preparing his rifle for the
deed. Five men were required to restrain him. Hearing the news, I
proceeded to the scene, and gently asked the reason of this outburst. He
declaimed against the shame which had been put on him, as he was a
freeman of good family and was not accustomed to be struck like a slave.
Remarks appropriate to his wounded feelings were addressed to him, to
which he gratefully responded. His rifle was restored to him with a
smile. He did not use it.

_March 11th_.--Forty-one natives descended to the Nyanza to-day for more
baggage. These make a total of 928 men sent down for the same purpose up
to date.

_March 12th_.--"Three O'clock," the hunter, took a caravan to the
Nyanza, consisting of thirty-four Zanzibaris and twenty-five natives.

_March 13th_.--Lieut. Stairs, R.E., took down to the Lake sixty-three
Zanzibaris and Manyuema.

The forty-one natives who left on the 11th inst. returned to-day,
bringing with them absolute rubbish--wooden bedsteads, twenty gallon
copper pots, and some more flat rocks, which the Soudanese call
grinding-stones. They complained that when they objected to carry these
heavy, useless weights they were cruelly beaten.

As I have informed the Pasha several times that I cannot allow such
rubbish to be carried, and as the Pasha has written to that effect to
Osman Latif Effendi, the commander of the Lake shore camp, and his
orders are not obeyed, I shall presently have to stop this cruel work.

_March 14th_.--Twenty-one of the Balegga have offered their services,
and have been sent down to the Lake to carry baggage. Total loads up to
date, 1,037.

I consider this carrier work to which I have subjected myself, officers,
and men, as an essential part of my duty to my guests. They may not be
deserving of this sacrifice on our part, but that makes no difference.
What I regret is that such severe labour should be incurred uselessly.
If any one of them were to express a concern that we were put to so much
trouble, most of us would regard it as some compensation. But I have
heard nothing which would lead me to believe that they regard this
assistance as anything more than their due.

[Illustration: CLIMBING THE PLATEAU-<DW72>s.]

I see the Egyptian officers congregating in special and select groups
each day, seated on their mats, smoking cigarettes, and discussing our
absolute slavishness. They have an idea that any one of them is better
than ten Zanzibaris, but I have not seen any ten of them that could be
so useful in Africa as one Zanzibari.

[Sidenote: 1889.

March 14.

Kavalli's.]

_March 15th_.--Lieut. Stairs appeared with his caravan to-day. He
reports that there are 100 people still at the Nyanza Camp, with an
immense pile of baggage of the usual useless kind just arrived from Mswa
station.

[Illustration: SHUKRI AGHA, COMMANDANT OF MSWA STATION.]

Shukri Agha, commandant of Mswa, has also arrived. At an interview with
him, in the presence of the Pasha, I informed him in plain terms that if
he expected to retire to the coast he would have to set about it
immediately. I told him that I had been amazed at many things since my
arrival the third time at the Lake, but the most wonderful thing of all
was the utter disregard to instructions and orders manifested by
everybody. In May last, ten months ago, they had all been informed of
the cause of our coming. They had promised to be ready, and now he,
Shukri Agha, had come to us to ask us for instructions, just as though
he had never heard anything of the matter. If he, a commandant of a
station, and commander of troops, appeared to be so slow to comprehend,
how ever was it possible to convey it into the sense of the Soudanese
soldier. All I had to say now was, that unless he, Shukri Agha, paid
attention to what I said, he would be left behind to take the
consequences.

[Sidenote: 1889.

March 15.

Kavalli's.]

"Ah," says Shukri, "I will go back to Mswa, and the very next day I
shall embark the women and children on the steamers, and I shall march
with our cattle through Melindwa overland, and we shall all be here in
seven days."

"I shall expect you on the tenth day from this, with your families,
soldiers, and cattle."

The Pasha said to me in the evening, "Shukri Agha has given me his
solemn promise that he will obey the orders I have given him to depart
from Mswa at once."

"Did you write them firmly, Pasha, in such a manner that there can be no
doubt!"

"Surely, I did so."

"Do you think he will obey them?"

"Most certainly. What, Shukri Agha! He will be here in ten days without
fail, and all his soldiers with him."

_March 16th_.--Shukri Agha descended to the Nyanza to-day; also 108
carriers, natives, for baggage.

_March 17th_.--Twenty-nine natives of Malai's tribe, and sixteen natives
of Bugombi, have been sent to the Nyanza Camp. Total, 1,190 carriers up
to date.

The Pasha proceeded this morning to the Baregga Hills for a picnic, and
to increase his ornithological and entomological collections. A goat was
taken up also to be slaughtered for the lunch. Lieut. Stairs, Mr.
Jephson, Captain Nelson, Surgeon Parke, and Mr. Bonny have gone up with
quite a following to encourage him to do his best and keep him company.

[Sidenote: 1889.

March 17.

Kavalli's.]

Yesterday Jephson and I had examined the summits of the hills, and in
one of the hollows we had discovered tree ferns, standing eight feet
high, with stalks eight inches in diameter. We also brought with us a
few purple flowering heliotropes, aloes, and rock ferns for the Pasha.
All this has inspired him with a desire to investigate the flora for
himself.

These hills have an altitude varying from 5,400 to 5,600 feet above the
sea. The folds and hollows between these hills are here and there
somewhat picturesque, though on account of late grass burnings they are
not at their best just now. Each of the hollows has its own clear water
rillet, and along their courses are bamboos, tree ferns, small palms,
and bush, much of which is in flower. From the lively singing of the
birds I heard yesterday, it was thought likely this insatiable collector
might be able to add to his store of stuffed giant-larks, thrushes,
bee-eaters, sun-birds, large pigeons, &c. Only four specimens were
obtained, and the Pasha is not happy.

In a bowl-like basin, rimmed around by rugged and bare rocks, I saw a
level terrace a mile and a half long by a mile wide, green as a tennis
lawn. Round about the foot of this terrace ran a clear rivulet, through
a thick bank of woods, the tops of which just came to the level of the
terrace. It has been the nicest site for a mission or a community of
white men that I have seen for a long time. The altitude was 5,500 feet
above the sea. From the crest of the rocky hills encircling it we may
obtain a view covering 3,000 square miles of one of the most gloriously
beautiful lands in the world. Pisgah, sixty miles westward, dominates
all eminences and ridges in the direction of the forest world;
Ruwenzori, 18,000 to 19,000, white with perpetual snow, eighty miles
off, bounds the view south; to the east the eye looks far over the
country of Unyoro; and north-east lies the length of the Albert Nyanza.
On the terrace the picnic was held.

[Sidenote: 1889.

March 18.

Kavalli's.]

_March 18th_.--The redoubtable Rudimi, chief of Usiri, has at last
joined our confederacy. Besides seven head of cattle, seven goats, and
an ample store of millet flour and sweet potatoes, he brought me
thirty-one carriers. They were immediately sent to the Lake shore camp.

We can now trust these natives to handle any property unguarded.
Altogether fifteen chiefs have submitted to our stipulation that they
shall cease fighting with one another; that they shall submit all causes
of complaint to us, and agree to our decisions. The result is that the
Wavira shake hands with the Wasiri, the Balegga, and the Wahuma. The
cases are frequently very trivial, but so far our decisions have given
satisfaction.

The camp now consists of 339 huts and five tents, exclusive of Kavalli's
village, on the southern side of which our town has grown. There are
sometimes as many as 2,000 people in it.

_March 21st_.--The natives of Melindwa, having made a descent upon
Ruguji's, one of our Wahuma allies, and captured forty head of his
cattle, Lieut. Stairs and Mr. Jephson were despatched with Companies 1
and 2, and returned with 310 head of cattle. Ruguji recognised his
cattle and received them. The Wahuma are all herdsmen and shepherds. The
Wavira devote themselves to agriculture.

_March 22nd_.--The Pasha, with Mr. Marco, paid a visit to Mpigwa, chief
of Nyamsassi, and were well received, returning with large gifts of
food.

_March 23rd_.--Contributions of provisions have come in from many chiefs
to-day as an expression of gratitude for the retaliatory raid on
Melindwa.

_March 26th_.--Yesterday afternoon the steamer _Nyanza_ came in with the
mails from Wadelai, and carriers came in this morning with them.

Selim Bey writes from Wadelai to the Pasha that he is sure all the
rebels will follow him, and that they may be expected at our camp. The
Pasha, beaming with joy, came to me and imparted this news, and said,
"What did I tell you? You see I was right? I was sure they would all
come."

[Sidenote: 1889.

March 26.

Kavalli's.]

Let us see what this good news amounts to.

Selim Bey left our camp on the 26th February with a promise that I
should wait "a reasonable time." Though the distance is only five days,
we will give him eight days. He arrives at Wadelai on the 4th March. He
promised solemnly to begin embarking as soon as possible. We will grant
him five days for this, considering that such people have no idea of
time, and eight days for the voyage from Wadelai to our Lake camp. He
should then have arrived on the 17th inst. He has not appeared yet, and
in his letters to the Pasha he only states that his intentions are what
they were on the 26th February last, viz., to start.

On the 14th of March Shukri Agha, commandant of Mswa, appeared to obtain
instructions from the Pasha, and on the 17th Shukri Agha was back again
at Mswa station, having received an order to abandon that station and to
be here on the 27th. We are now told that Shukri Agha is still at Mswa,
and Selim Bey still at Wadelai, and that every order issued by the Pasha
has been disregarded, and every promise broken.

I replied to the Pasha that I was only aware of our folly in relying on
any promise made by such people, that neither Selim Bey nor probably
Shukri Agha had any intention of accompanying us anywhere. Days had
passed into weeks, and weeks had grown into months, and years would
doubtless elapse before we should leave Africa.

"I must beg leave, Pasha, to impress on you that, besides my duty to you
and to your people, I have a duty to perform to the Relief Committee.
Every month I stay in Africa costs about L400. I have a duty to perform
to my officers. They have their careers in the army to think of--their
leave of absence has long ago expired. Then we must think of the
Zanzibaris. They will want to return to their homes; they are already
waxing impatient. If we had only some proof that Selim Bey and his men
had any real intention of leaving Africa, and would furnish this proof
by sending a couple of companies of soldiers, and I could see that the
soldiers were under control, there would be no difficulty in staying
some months more. But if you think that from the 1st of May, 1888, to
the end of March, 1889, are eleven months, and that we have been only
able to get about forty officers and clerks and their families, and that
the baggage of these has required all the carriers on this plateau one
month to carry it two days' march, you will perceive that I have no
reason to share in your joy.

"I pray you also to remember, that I have been at great pains to get at
the correct state of mind which those officers at Wadelai are in. I have
been told most curious things. Major Awash Effendi, of the 2nd
Battalion, Osman Latif Effendi, Mohamed the engineer, have told me
secretly that neither Selim Bey or Fadl-el-Mulla Bey will leave for
Egypt. The former may perhaps come as far as here and settle in this
district. But whatever the Wadelai officers may profess to be desirous
of doing, I have been warned that I must be on my guard. Nobody places
any faith in them except yourself. While believing that you may perhaps
be right after all, you must admit that I have the best of reasons for
doubting their good intentions. They have revolted three times against
you. They captured Mr. Jephson, and in menacing him with rifles they
insulted me. They have made it known widely enough that they intended to
capture me on my return here. But, Pasha, let me tell you this much: it
is not in the power of all the troops of the province to capture me, and
before they arrive within rifle-shot of this camp, every officer will be
in my power."

"But what answer shall I give them?" asked the Pasha.

"You had better hear it from the officers yourself. Come, without
saying a word to them. I will call them here and ask them in your
presence, because they are involved in the question as much as I am
myself."

"Very well," he replied.

[Sidenote: 1889.

March 26.

Kavalli's.]

A messenger was sent to summon the officers, Stairs, Nelson, Jephson,
and Parke, and when they were seated I addressed them:--

     "Gentlemen,--Before giving me the benefit of your advice at this
     important period, let me sum up some facts as they have transpired.

     "Emin Pasha has received a mail from Wadelai. Selim Bey, who left
     the post below here on the 26th February last, with a promise that
     he would hurry up such people as wished to go to Egypt, writes from
     Wadelai that the steamers are engaged in transporting some people
     from Duffle to Wadelai, that the work of transport between Wadelai
     and Tunguru will be resumed upon the accomplishment of the other
     task. When he went away from here, we were informed that he was
     deposed, and that Emin Pasha and he were sentenced to death by the
     rebel officers. We now learn that the rebel officers, ten in
     number, and all their faction, are desirous of proceeding to Egypt;
     we may suppose, therefore, that Selim Bey's party is in the
     ascendant again.

     "Shukri Agha, the chief of the Mswa Station--the station nearest to
     us--paid us a visit there in the middle of March. He was informed
     on the 16th of March, the day that he departed, that our departure
     for Zanzibar would positively begin on the 10th of April. He took
     with him urgent letters for Selim Bey, announcing that fact in
     unmistakable terms.

     "Eight days later we hear that Shukri Agha is still at Mswa, having
     only sent a few women and children to the Nyanza Camp; yet he and
     his people might have been here by this if they intended to
     accompany us.

     "Thirty days ago Selim Bey left us with a promise of a reasonable
     time. The Pasha thought once that twenty days would be a reasonable
     time. However, we have extended it to forty-four days. Judging by
     the length of time Selim Bey has already taken, only reaching
     Tunguru with one-sixteenth of the expected force, I personally am
     quite prepared to give the Pasha my decision. For you must know,
     gentlemen, that the Pasha having heard from Selim Bey 'intelligence
     so encouraging,' wishes to know my decision, but I have preferred
     to call you to answer for me.

     "You are aware that our instructions were to carry relief to Emin
     Pasha, and to escort such as were willing to accompany us to Egypt.
     We arrived at the Nyanza, and met Emin Pasha in the latter part of
     April, 1888, just twelve months ago. We handed him his letters from
     the Khedive and his Government, and also the first instalment of
     relief, and asked him whether we were to have the pleasure of his
     company to Zanzibar. He replied that his decision depended on that
     of his people.

     "This was the first adverse news that we received. Instead of
     meeting with a number of people only too anxious to leave Africa,
     it was questionable whether there would be any except a few
     Egyptian clerks. With Major Barttelot so far distant in the rear,
     we could not wait at the Nyanza for his decision, as that might
     possibly require months; it would be more profitable to seek and
     assist the rear column, and by the time we arrived here again,
     those willing to go to Egypt would be probably impatient to start.
     We, therefore, leaving Mr. Jephson to convey our message to the
     Pasha's troops, returned to the forest region for the rear column,
     and in nine months were back again on the Nyanza. But instead of
     discovering a camp of people anxious and ready to depart from
     Africa, we found no camp at all, but hear that both the Pasha and
     Mr. Jephson are prisoners, that the Pasha has been in imminent
     danger of his life from the rebels, and at another time is in
     danger of being bound on his bedstead and taken to the interior of
     Makkaraka country. It has been current talk in the Province that we
     were only a party of conspirators and adventurers, that the letters
     of the Khedive and Nubar Pasha were forgeries, concocted by the
     vile Christians, Stanley and Casati, assisted by Mohammed Emin
     Pasha. So elated have the rebels been by their bloodless victory
     over the Pasha and Mr. Jephson, that they have confidently boasted
     of their purpose to entrap me by cajoling words, and strip our
     Expedition of every article belonging to it, and send us adrift
     into the wilds to perish. We need not dwell on the ingratitude of
     these men, or on their intense ignorance and evil natures, but you
     must bear in mind the facts to guide you to a clear decision.

     "We believed when we volunteered for this work that we should be
     met with open arms. We were received with indifference, until we
     were lead to doubt whether any people wished to depart. My
     representative was made a prisoner, menaced with rifles, threats
     were freely used. The Pasha was deposed, and for three months was a
     close prisoner. I am told this is the third revolt in the Province.
     Well, in the face of all this, we have waited nearly twelve months
     to obtain the few hundreds of unarmed men, women, and children in
     this camp. As I promised Selim Bey and his officers that I would
     give a reasonable time, Selim Bey and his officers repeatedly
     promised to us there should be no delay. The Pasha has already
     fixed April 10th, which extended their time to forty-four days,
     sufficient for three round voyages for each steamer. The news
     brought to-day is not that Selim Bey is close to here, but that he
     has not started from Wadelai yet.

     "In addition to his own friends, who are said to be loyal and
     obedient to him, he brings the ten rebel officers, and some six
     hundred or seven hundred soldiers, their faction.

     "Remembering the three revolts which these same officers have
     inspired, their pronounced intentions against this Expedition,
     their plots and counterplots, the life of conspiracy and smiling
     treachery they have led, we may well pause to consider what object
     principally animates them now--that from being ungovernably
     rebellious against all constituted authority, they have suddenly
     become obedient and loyal soldiers of the Khedive and his 'Great
     Government.' You must be aware that, exclusive of the thirty-one
     boxes of ammunition delivered to the Pasha by us in May, 1888, the
     rebels possess ammunition of the Provincial Government equal to
     twenty of our cases. We are bound to credit them with intelligence
     enough to perceive that such a small supply would be fired in an
     hour's fighting among so many rifles, and that only a show of
     submission and apparent loyalty will ensure a further supply from
     us. Though the Pasha brightens up each time he obtains a plausible
     letter from these people, strangers like we are may also be
     forgiven for not readily trusting those men whom they have such
     good cause to mistrust. Could we have some guarantee of good faith,
     there could be no objection to delivering to them all they
     required: that is, with the permission of the Pasha. Can we be
     certain, however, that if we admit them into this camp as good
     friends and loyal soldiers of Egypt, they will not rise up some
     night and possess themselves of all the ammunition, and so deprive
     us of the power of returning to Zanzibar? It would be a very easy
     matter for them to do so, after they had acquired the knowledge of
     the rules of the camp. With our minds filled with Mr. Jephson's
     extraordinary revelations of what has been going on in the Province
     since the closing of the Nile route, beholding the Pasha here
     before my very eyes, who was lately supposed to have several
     thousands of people under him, but now without any important
     following, and bearing in mind the 'cajoling' and 'wiles' by which
     we were to be entrapped, I ask you, would we be wise in extending
     the time of delay beyond the date fixed, that is, the 10th of
     April?"

The officers one after another replied in the negative.

"There, Pasha," I said, "you have your answer. We march on the 10th of
April."

The Pasha then asked if we could "in our conscience acquit him of having
abandoned his people," supposing they had not arrived by the 10th of
April. We replied, "Most certainly."

_March 27th_.--The couriers have left to embark for Wadelai.

They bore the following:

              Notice to Selim Bey and the Rebel Officers.

Camp at Kavalli,
_March 26th_, 1889.

     "Salaams,--The Commander of the Relief Expedition having promised
     to grant a reasonable time for the arrival of such people at this
     camp as were desirous to quit the country, notifies Selim Bey and
     his brother officers that this is the 30th day since they departed
     from the Nyanza Camp for Wadelai to assemble their people.

     "The 'reasonable time' promised to them has expired to-day.

     "However, as the Pasha has requested an extension of time, it is
     hereby notified to all concerned that the Expedition will make a
     further halt at this camp of fourteen days from this date, or, in
     other words, that the Expedition will positively commence the march
     toward Zanzibar on the morning of the TENTH OF APRIL next. All
     those people not arriving by that date must abide the consequences
     of their absence on the day of our departure.

"HENRY M. STANLEY."




                Notice to Shukri Agha, Commanding Mswa.

     "The Commander of the Relief Expedition hereby announces to the
     good and loyal officer Shukri Agha, that in order to allow him
     sufficient time to reach this camp, the Expedition will make a
     further halt of fourteen days from this date, at this camp, but
     that on the morning of the tenth day of April next, no matter who
     or who may not be ready to march on that date, positively no
     further delay will be granted.

     "The Commander of the Expedition, out of sincere affection for
     Shukri Agha, begs that he will take this last notice into his
     earnest consideration, and act accordingly,

"HENRY M. STANLEY."







CHAPTER XXVI.

WE START HOMEWARD FOR ZANZIBAR.


     False reports of strangers at Mazamboni's--Some of the Pasha's
     ivory--Osman Latiff Effendi gives me his opinions on the Wadelai
     officers--My boy Sali as spy in the camp--Capt. Casati's views of
     Emin's departure from his province--Lieut. Stairs makes the first
     move homeward--Weights of my officers at various places--Ruwenzori
     visible--The little girl reared by Casati--I act as mediator
     between Mohammed Effendi, his wife, and Emin--Bilal and
     Serour--Attempts to steal rifles from the Zanzibari's huts--We hear
     of disorder and distress at Wadelai and Mswa--Two propositions made
     to Emin Pasha--Signal for general muster under arms sounded--Emin's
     Arabs are driven to muster by the Zanzibaris--Address to the
     Egyptians and Soudanese--Lieut. Stairs brings the Pasha's servants
     into the square--Seroor and three others, being the principal
     conspirators, placed under guard--Muster of Emin Pasha's
     followers--Osman Latif Effendi and his mother--Casati and Emin not
     on speaking terms--Preparing for the march--Fight with clubs
     between the Nubian, Omar, and the Zanzibaris--My judgments on the
     combatants--We leave Kavalli for Zanzibar--The number of our
     column--Halt in Mazamboni's territory--I am taken ill with
     inflammation of the stomach--Dr. Parke's skilful nursing--I plan in
     my mind the homeward march--Frequent reports to me of plots in the
     camp--Lieut. Stairs and forty men capture Rehan and twenty-two
     deserters who left with our rifles--At a holding of the court it is
     agreed to hang Rehan--Illness of Surgeon Parke and Mr. Jephson--A
     packet of letters intended for Wadelai falls into my hands, and
     from which we learn of an important plot concocted by Emin's
     officers--Conversation with Emin Pasha about the same--Shukri Agha
     arrives in our camp with two followers--Lieut. Stairs buries some
     ammunition--We continue our march and camp at
     Bunyambiri--Mazamboni's services and hospitality--Three soldiers
     appear with letters from Selim Bey--Their contents--Conversation
     with the soldiers--They take a letter to Selim Bey from Emin--Ali
     Effendi and his servants accompany the soldiers back to Selim Bey.

[Sidenote: 1889.

March 27.

Kavalli's.]

_March 27th._--I heard to-day that strangers, supposed to be Zanzibaris,
had arrived at Mazamboni's. I accordingly despatched Jephson with
forty-three rifles to ascertain the truth of this report, for it may be
Jameson, accompanied by Salim bin Mohamed and people.

[Sidenote: 1889.

March 29.

Kavalli's.]

_March 29th._--Mr. Jephson returned from Undussuma, bringing fifty-six
native carriers. There were no strangers. It was a false report. Alas!
for Jameson. We all wonder what course he adopted upon receiving my
letters.

_March 31st._--Captain Nelson arrived in camp from Lake shore, bringing
132 loads. These bring up the total of loads carried from the Lake shore
to this camp to 1355. I am told there is nothing left except some large
ivories, weighing about 150 pounds each, which we cannot carry. The
Pasha brought with him sixty-five tusks, forty-five of which I proposed
paying to the Manyuema for their services, but they have declined taking
it, as they would prefer the monthly pay paid in goods to them on
arriving at the C. M. S. Mission at Msalala.

Osman Latif Effendi, the Lieut.-Governor of the Equatorial Province,
came to me this afternoon, and gave me his opinions on the Wadelai
officers. He says: "Selim Bey may join us. He is not a bad man. He is
fond of beer and indolent. If he comes, he will have about 350 soldiers
and officers with him, who form his party. Fadl-el-Mulla Bey is chief of
the opposite party. Since they received news that Khartoum had fallen
they have cast off all allegiance to the Pasha. That was just before Dr.
Junker left. Believing that perhaps they would change their minds upon
hearing of you, Emin Pasha proceeded to see them with Mr. Jephson, and
both were immediately arrested. Fadl-el-Mulla Bey and his clerk are
Mahdists. They hoped to get great honour from the Khalifa for delivering
the Pasha up to them. They have had an idea of getting you to visit
them, and by sweet words and promising everything, to catch you and send
you to Khartoum. If Fadl-el-Mulla Bey comes here with his party, all I
can say is that you must be very careful. I am tired of the land and
wish to go to Cairo. I want nothing to do with them."

"What do you think of the people here, Osman Latif?"

[Sidenote: 1889.

March 31.

Kavalli's.]

"Awash Effendi would not dare to be left behind. As the Major of the 2nd
Battalion he was said to be very severe. They hate him, and would kill
him; almost all the others, if Selim Bey came here, and advised them to
stop, would prefer living here to going with the Pasha. I and Awash
Effendi will follow you. If we died on the road that is the end of it.
We should be sure to die here if we stayed."

"Why do they dislike the Pasha?"

"I do not know, except that Shaitan (the Devil) instigates them. He has
been very just, and good to them all, but the more he allows them to do
as they please the further their hearts are from him. They say, 'Oh, let
him go on collecting beetles and birds. We don't want him.' The Pasha is
very happy when he travels, and is able to collect things, and does not
trouble himself about the men."

"Do you think they would have liked him better if he had hanged a few?"

"Perhaps. God knows."

"Do you think you would have liked him better if he had been severe to
you?"

"No, but I should have been more afraid of him."

"Ah! Yes, of course."

"But please don't tell the Pasha I said anything, otherwise he would not
forgive me."

"Have no fear. If you hear what is going on in the camp let me know."

"Myself and my son are at your service. We shall hear all that goes on,
and will let you know."

I saw Osman Latif proceed soon after to the Pasha's quarters, and kiss
his hands, and bend reverently before him, and immediately I followed,
curious to observe. The Pasha sat gravely on his chair, and delivered
his orders to Osman Latif with the air of power, and Osman Latif bowed
obsequiously after hearing each order, and an innocent stranger might
have imagined that one embodied kingly authority and the other slavish
obedience. Soon after I departed absorbed in my own thoughts.

[Illustration: SALI, HEAD BOY.]

[Sidenote: 1889.

March 31.

Kavalli's.]

Sali, my boy, is the cleverest spy in the camp. How he obtains his
information I do not know. But he appears to know a great deal more than
Osman Latif or Awash Effendi, or any of the young Egyptians. He is in
the counsels of the captains. He is intimate with Mohammed, the
engineer. He is apparently adored by Capt. Ibrahim Effendi Elham, and
his father-in-law, Ali Effendi. Of course he has many subordinate
informers to assist. The Zanzibaris are inveterate traders: they always
possess something to bargain with. During the preliminaries they shuffle
the affairs of the camp, and as they are detailed the traders piece this
and that together and pass it over when well digested to Sali, after
which I receive the benefit of it. Much naturally is pure gossip, but on
the whole it amounts to a sum of solid and valuable information.

I discover that there is a plot to break away completely from the
Pasha's authority. The number of those actually faithful to-day in camp
is nine. I am told that they know the Pasha is so unsuspecting that they
have but to kiss his hand, and plead forgiveness, and he becomes pliant
to any schemer.

When a man becomes the jest of such rogues authority is weak indeed.

Dr. Vita Hassan and Mohammed the engineer say that the Pasha pays great
respect to Captain Casati's opinion. I consider it is a very natural
thing that he should respect the opinion of the only European who has
been with him between Dr. Junker's departure and our arrival. When
Casati is inclined to presume upon kindness, Mr. Jephson reports that
the Pasha knows exactly when to assume the governor.

The Pasha appeared this morning at my tent and informed me that Captain
Casati was not well pleased with his departure from the Equatorial
Province; that he thought it was his duty to stay.

"Where, Pasha?"

"With my people."

"What people, please?"

"Why, with my soldiers."

"Well now, really, I was under the impression that you wrote me some
time ago, with your own hand, besides endorsing Mr. Jephson's letter,
that you were a prisoner to your own soldiers, that they had deposed
you, that they had threatened to take you in irons, strapped on your
bedstead, to Khartoum, and I am sure you know as well as I do what that
means."

"That is true. But you must not think that I am about to change my mind.
As I said to you, I leave with you on the 10th of April next. That is
settled. I wish, however, you would see Casati about this and talk to
him."

"I should be most happy to do so, but my French is wretched, and his is
still worse."

"Oh, if you will send a boy to call me I will come in and be your
interpreter."

What we have gleaned of Casati's character is generally regarded as a
reflection of the Pasha himself. He has not been averse to declaring
that he would prefer Africa to Europe. There is some reason in the Pasha
seeking an excuse to remain here, but I can find none for Casati, though
he has a right to express his preference. But what good purpose can
influence either to stay here now I fail to see. When the Pasha
possessed force he declined the salary of L1500 a year and L12,000
annual subsidy for the government of his Province: he deferred accepting
a somewhat similar post under British auspices until it was too late.
The proposal to return home was so displeasing to him that he elected to
leave it unanswered until he could learn the wishes of his troops, in
the attempt to ascertain which he was deposed, and imprisoned, and is
now--let us speak the truth--a fugitive from their power.

But when these two men get together for a social chat, the result is
that the Pasha feels depressed, and vexes himself unnecessarily with
fears that he may be charged by his rebellious troops with deserting
them. Casati feels elated somewhat at having caused these doubts. What
Casati's object is, more than to secure a companion in misery, is to me
unknown.

I proceeded to Captain Casati's quarters, and presently, after an
ineffectual effort to be intelligible to him, sent a boy to request the
Pasha's good offices. At once Casati commenced to lecture the Pasha in
the name of honour and duty, and to persuade him that he was
_moralement_ wrong in abandoning his troops, referring of course to the
Pasha's declared intention of leaving with us on the 10th of April.

"But the Pasha, Captain Casati," I said, "never had an intention of
abandoning his troops, as no person knows better than you. It is these
troops who have deposed him, and made him a prisoner from August 18th to
February 8th, or thereabouts, nearly six months. They have three times
revolted, they have said repeatedly they do not want him, nor will obey
him, and they have threatened to kill him. They would probably have sent
him to Khartoum before this, had not the mad Danaglas shown what little
mercy would have been shown to them."

"The governor of a fort should never surrender his charge," replied
Casati.

"I quite agree with you in that, if his troops remain faithful to him;
but if his troops arrest him, haul down the flag, and open the gates,
what can the poor governor do?"

"A captain of a warship should fight his guns to the last."

"Quite so, but if the crew seize the captain, and put him into the hold
in irons, and haul down the flag, what then?"

"No, I do not agree with you," said the Captain, with emphasis. "The
Pasha should remain with his people."

"But where are his people? The rebels refuse to have anything to do with
him except as a prisoner to them. Do you mean to say that the Pasha
should return as a prisoner, and be content with that humiliating
position?"

"No, certainly not."

"Perhaps you think that they would relent, and elevate him again to the
post of Governor?"

"I cannot say."

"Do you think they would?"

"It may be."

"Would you advise the Pasha to trust himself into the power of
Fadl-el-Mulla Bey and his officers again?"

"No."

"Now, here are your servants. Supposing they lay hold of you one night,
and were going to kill you, and you were only saved because your cries
attracted your deliverers to the scene. Would you trust your life in
their hands again?"

"No."

"Supposing your servants came to you this afternoon and told you they
would not obey you in the future, and if you insisted on their obedience
would shoot you, would you consider yourself as morally bound to command
them?"

"No."

"Then, my dear Casati, you have answered the Pasha, and what you would
not do, the Pasha is not bound to do. Emin Pasha had two duties to
perform, one to the Khedive and one to his soldiers. It is because he
performed his duty nobly and patiently towards the Khedive that I and my
young friends volunteered to help him. The Khedive commands him to
abandon the Province, and forwards assistance to him for that purpose.
He appeals to his troops and requests them to express their views,
whereupon they seize him, menace him with death, and finally imprison
him for six months. His answer is given him, which is, 'For the last
time, we have nothing to do with you.'"

Casati was not convinced, and I see that the Pasha is much troubled in
mind. They will meet again to-night, and argue the moral aspect of the
case again. God knows what their intentions will be to-morrow. Neither
of them realise the true state of affairs. I am convinced that their
minds are in a bewildered state, as their position would be desperate if
we left them to themselves for a few days.

Before retiring for the night the Pasha came to my tent and assured me
that he would leave on the 10th of April; that he is certain all the
Egyptians in this camp, numbering with their followers about 600, will
leave with him. But reports from other quarters prove to me that the
Pasha is grossly mistaken. How they will undeceive him I do not know. So
far I have not exchanged many words with any of the party, and I have
certainly not pretended to have any authority over them. I consider the
Pasha as my guest, and the Egyptians as his followers. I supply the
whole party with meat and grain, and Surgeon Parke attends to the sick
each morning and afternoon.

[Sidenote: 1889.

April 1.

Kavalli's.]

_April 1st_.--The first move homeward has been made to-day. Lieut.
Stairs has been despatched with his company, sixty-one effective rifles,
to form advance camp at Mazamboni's to store contributions, &c., ready
for the huge column that will leave here on the 10th instant.

Accompanying him were Major Awash Effendi, Rushti Effendi, and two or
three other Egyptians and their followers, also fifty-seven of
Mazamboni's, twenty-nine of Usiri's, and thirty of Mpinga's natives.
Besides loads of No. 2 Company, these carriers took eighty-eight loads
of ammunition, Remington, Winchester, and gunpowder.

Here is a curious table for medical men:

                        WEIGHTS OF OFFICERS AT

                    Banana     Fort Bodo in   Kavalli's    After
                     Point,      the Forest,   Camp,       sickness,
                     1887.          1888.      1889.       1889.[10]
  Stanley           168 lbs.      135 lbs.    145   lbs.     132 lbs.
  Jephson           168  "        132  "      150-1/2 "      132   "
  Dr. Parke         162  "        148  "      170     "
  Major Barttelot   144  "         --          --
  Lt. Stairs        164  "        143  "       --
  Capt. Nelson      176  "        140  "      146     "
  Emin Pasha         --            --         130     "

_April 2nd_.--Ruwenzori has been visible the last three days. That
snow-covered range has been a most attractive and beautiful sight--pure,
dazzling, varying in colours with the hours, with infinite depth of
opaline blue all round it, until the sun set and dark night covered the
earth. The natives declared it could not be seen because the south hill
of the Baregga obstructed the view, but by our levels and triangulations
we knew it ought to be seen; and it has been seen. We pointed it out to
the natives. They turned and asked, "How did you know it could be seen
from here?"

[Sidenote: 1889.

April 3.

Kavalli's.]

_April 3rd_.--The Pasha is slowly opening his eyes. He came to me this
afternoon and related that he had assembled his household of fifty-one
souls--servants, guards, orderlies, who have hitherto been attached to
him--and had asked them who were willing to accompany him on the 10th of
April. All but four declined. The rest say they will wait for their
"brethren."

One of these four faithfuls is one who bluntly stated that he only
followed to seize a little girl whom Captain Casati was detaining by
force from him, and that after getting possession of her he would return
to Kavalli to await his "brethren."

Upon asking the Pasha what claims Casati had upon the girl--who is
intensely black and about five years old--he said that Casati a few
years ago had applied to him for a female cook. She had accompanied him
to Unyoro while he had represented him in that country. During her
service with Casati the female cook gave birth to this child, who was
the offspring of a Soudanese soldier. For three years the child was
reared by Casati in his house. She became a pet, and with her artless
prattle and childish ways she relieved the solitary man's tedious life.
On his expulsion from Unyoro by Rabba Rega and return to the province,
the woman was claimed by her husband, and likewise the child, but at the
same time he disclaimed paternity. Casati refused to deliver the child
up, and has obstinately refused to do so to this day.

The Pasha thinks it possible that the soldier has some sinister
intentions respecting Casati, and deplores Casati's morbid attachment to
his servants, male and female. He is disinclined to exercise his
authority on Casati, who has been his guest and true friend for many
years, but he regrets that his friend will not be advised by him. This
conversation occurred between 5.30 to 6.30 P.M.

One hour later, while taking a short stroll before my tent in the
moonlight, I heard a fierce brawling voice uttering in Arabic guttural
imprecations. Amid the loud, strenuous, and voluble abuse, I
distinguished my name and the Pasha's frequently, with determined
splutterings of "Enough--enough--enough!" I heard other voices coaxingly
crying, "For the Prophet's sake." "Have a little patience." "Ease your
wrath," and such like, and presently the Pasha's voice rang out deep and
strong "What is the matter there? Peace, I charge you; peace,
then,--Well, go and tell Mr. Stanley; his tent is not far off. Go!"

Presently, one Mohammed Effendi, the engineer, a light skinned and not
unprepossessing Egyptian, thus challenged, rushed up to me, followed by
a large crowd, and poured--that is the term--a story strongly 
by jealousy and bitter with angry denunciations. His wife, he said, to
whom he had been lawfully married at Khartoum, had been allowed by him,
on the death of the Abyssinian mother of Ferida, to become nurse to the
child. This was thirty months ago. At first his wife could find time not
only to perform duty by the child, but also to him, but during the last
six months she had become estranged from him, and abused him violently
upon every occasion they met. During the last twenty-four hours he had
sent over a score of messages to her, each of which she had rejected
with increasing scorn. Was this right? Was there no justice for him?

"Really, my friend Mohammed," I replied, "I have no authority to settle
such delicate questions. Have you been to the Pasha? Have you asked him
to try and exercise his authority? Seeing that she is a nurse in his
household, he is the person you should apply to; not me."

"Go to him! Why should I go to him? Nay, then, if you will not do me
justice, I will either kill myself, or my wife, or the Pasha. I will do
one thing sure."

He departed, storming loudly, so that the entire camp heard his threats.

I had scarcely ceased wondering what all this meant, when a white-robed
figure stole up rapidly towards my tent, evidently a female by her
dress.

"Who is this?" I asked.

"The wife of Mohammed Effendi."

"In the name of God why do you choose to come here?"

"You must listen to my story, having heard that of Mohammed," she
answered.

"Have you the Pasha's permission to visit me?"

The permission being granted, the woman was shown into my tent by Mr.
Jephson and Dr. Parke.

"Well, speak; my ears are opened."

The fair one crouched down, and made a mass of white in the darkest
corner of the tent, lit as it was by a single candle. A subtle fragrance
of Shiraz, or Stamboul oil filled the tent, and a perfectly pure and
delightful voice uttered such clear-cut Arabic that I imagined I
understood every word. A fortnight's experience with such a voice would
make me an Arabic scholar.

The fair one's story was to the effect that she disliked her husband
most heartily--yea, hated him altogether. He was simply a heathen brute.
He was too low to be worthy of her regard. He had robbed, torn her
clothes, beaten her, had half split her head one time. No; she would
never, never--no, never, &c., &c., have anything to do with him in
future.

"Have you finished your story?"

"Yes."

"Serur! Take her back to the Pasha's house."

A few seconds elapsed, and the Pasha advanced to the tent and craved an
interview. He related that the woman with the husband's consent had
become nurse to his little daughter, for which she received a liberal
wage in cloth, which was no sooner paid to her than her husband snatched
it away, and shamefully beat her. At her entreaties she obtained the
Pasha's protection even against the husband. He had heard no objections
made, and knew nothing of this fury of jealousy until this evening when
he heard the wrathy voice of Mohammed denouncing him, and threatening to
shoot him. Thereupon he was obliged to ask for my protection, as the
fellow might in a fit of madness kill somebody.

"Do you leave this affair in my hands, Pasha?"

"Certainly."

"Very well. I will ask you to retire to your quarters, guards will be
placed at every entrance leading to them, and I will guarantee the
safety of all within. I will call Mohammed and hear his story patiently,
and will let you know what arrangements have been made before you
sleep."

The Pasha retired and Mohammed was called.

His story was that having given his wife permission to be nurse to
little Ferida, he had no intention of depriving the little girl of her
services; he simply wished that his wife should visit him occasionally
and prove herself amenable to marital duty.

"If you will conform to a few simple conditions, I will do my best to
bring your wife to her senses, but it is necessary you should meet me at
the Pasha's house to-morrow morning and apologise to him for your
shocking violence to-night. Now, don't interrupt me," I said; "you have
been urged to this rude behaviour by your friends, Dr. Vita Hassan,
Bassili Effendi, and others to make a scene. Go to your house quietly,
and beware you utter no more words to-night. To-morrow morning we shall
meet again."

This evening a mail has arrived from Wadelai, and the letters announce
the utmost disorder and the most extraordinary confusion at that
station.

_April 4th_.--At 8 A.M. I proceeded to the Pasha's house and informed
him that I desired to call Mohammed to his presence. He consented, and
the man made a most submissive apology, though his angry features belied
his professions of penitence. He was then told to state to the Pasha
before me upon what conditions he was willing to let the woman continue
as nurse. He said he wished his wife to attend on Ferida until she was
put to sleep, from the first hour of the morning, that was all, to which
the Pasha expressed himself agreeable.

"On the following conditions only, Mohammed, do I agree:--

"1st. Your wife shall attend on Ferida during the daytime.

"2nd. Your wife shall return to your house after sunset.

"3rd. Your wife is not to be beaten or bruised.

"4th. Your wife's personal property shall remain with the Pasha.

"5th. You shall assist, protect, and watch over your wife while on the
march, and allow her on reaching camp to serve Ferida.

"6th. You shall not trouble your wife and distract her with your demands
during the day--except in case of your illness.

"7th. The Pasha, in consideration of your wife's service, shall feed and
clothe her, and see that she is carried on the march."

Both the Pasha and Mohammed agreed.

The woman was then called, and the Pasha translated word for word the
above conditions. As she heard them she swept the white muslin from her
face, and in the absence of any superior attraction she appeared to me
to possess considerable beauty, with splendid large black eyes--a
distinctively fine Cairene face. The hut was filled with perfume from
her spotless white muslin robe. Under this overdress, she wore a scarlet
dress. In the wilds of Africa I never met anything approaching her.

After the conditions had been translated, she interjected a vigorous
"Never, never, no, never!" coupled with a free abuse of Mohammed, who
stood looking ridiculously angry and jealous. He appealed to me to
listen to her.

"Take her to you, Mohammed."

The man gave the order to her to proceed to his house, which order she
contemptuously disregarded.

"She must go to your house now," I said.

Again Mohammed extended his hand towards her, which she angrily pushed
aside. "Never, never, no, never!" she cried fiercely, with flashes of
anger from her beautiful gazelle eyes.

"Please to command her departure, Pasha."

The Pasha delivered the order in his usual deep voice. She remained
immovable.

"You see she refuses to go," said the Pasha. "What can be done?"

"My dear Pasha, we were prepared for a scene. This is exactly what we
both knew would happen. Despite her obstinacy, she must--she absolutely
must depart with her husband, and we must forbear, whatever happens,
unless the man strikes her. Please to command once more, Pasha, that she
accompany her own proper husband, or she shall be carried bodily to her
home."

The Pasha did so, and after a second's hesitation, during which it was
clear that she was measuring the strength of two wills, she walked out,
taking the sweet fragrance and loveliness of her presence with her.

"After her, Mohammed! but if you strike her with even a feather, she
shall become as a stranger to you until you reach Cairo. Let her scold
on, man, even until she faints with weariness. Does a man like you fear
wind? Be considerate with her for three or four days. She will come
round, never fear."

Ten minutes later Mohammed again made his appearance, and anxiously
cried out that she was possessed of a devil and unmanageable, tearing
her robes, and pulling at her face as though she would destroy its
beauty for ever, &c., &c.

"Quite so, quite so, Mohammed; just what we expected she would do. Go
tie her up by the wrists, her hands behind her back, Mohammed. Do it
with a smile of confidence, and with soothing words, Mohammed. I know no
law to prevent you, Mohammed. She is your own lawful wife, Mohammed. But
beware of striking her, for if you do it you are a beast!"

The man went, and, in a matter-of-fact way, tied up the shrewish beauty.
Then she shrieked and wailed for half an hour, and the neighbours' wives
came in to comfort her, and begged her to be submissive to her lord, and
promised her that her husband would become at once tender and kind if
she but showed due obedience. "It is the excess of his love for you,"
they said, "that makes him so fierce and angry. If you were only wise,
he would become the most docile slave." Wise wives!

But their combined advice, and the cunning suggestions thrown in, had
not so much influence in subduing that raging temper, in my opinion, as
her bonds, which made the proud woman appear absurdly helpless before
the sneering husband.

At 3 P.M. she sent a pitiful message to me that I would cause her
release, but she was sternly told that her voice had no power, nor her
beauty any charms for me; that she must appeal to her husband.
Accordingly she turned to Mohammed, and meekly implored her lord to go
and plead for her, that her bonds pained her, and that she would in
future obey him devotedly.

Then Mohammed came, with his face radiant with triumphant emotions, and
relieved of those jealous wrinkles which had so disfigured it, and
interceded for her release. This was granted, with an advice not to let
his fondness become folly; to be commanding in tone, and austerely
distant for a few days, otherwise she would regain her lost advantages.

She was permitted to resume her duties in the Pasha's household. At
night she meekly returned to her husband's house of her own accord. Let
us hope that peace will spread her wings over the disturbed family for
the future. Amen!

_April 5th_.--This morning Serour, a boy of Monbuttu land, belonging to
the Pasha's household, informed me that only two of the Pasha's servants
intended to follow him out of this camp. He stated that after the Pasha
had questioned his servants, the day before yesterday, they had gone
apart and consulted among themselves, and that they had finally resolved
to let him depart without them--orderlies, guards, clerks, and servants,
all except Bilal and he, Serour.

"But are you sure that you will go with him?"

"I don't know. If all my friends remain behind, what shall I do alone?"

"Well, then, only Bilal is certain of going?"

"Yes."

[Sidenote: 1889.

April 5.

Kavalli's.]

At 10.30, after the usual morning muster, Sali reported to me that the
Zanzibaris were talking of several attempts having been made, in various
parts of the camp, to steal rifles from their huts, but that on each
occasion the attempt was thwarted by the prompt wakefulness of the
people. I was glad to hear that at last the Zanzibaris had learned the
importance of securing their rifles close by them at night. There is a
general feeling in the camp that something is about to happen. The
whispering circles observed each day, the care they take that no
outsiders approach too near them, the discovery that the Pasha's
servants had actually informed the Pasha plainly that they would not
accompany him, the huge packets of letters that were despatched by the
Egyptians to the ever-dilatory Egyptians at Wadelai, the heavy mails
that came from Wadelai in return, the insidious warnings of others not
to trust in the Egyptians, coupled with the former theft of a rifle by
the returning officers, and these bold attempts to steal a few more
rifles, all conspired to prove conclusively that between this date and
the 10th of April some daring scheme is about to be tried.

Up to this date I have regarded the Pasha and the people as our guests,
to be treated with all politeness and consideration, and myself as host
and guide merely, except when any matter was thrust and put into my
management. For the Pasha personally all of us entertained great respect
and sympathy. Not a day has passed without an exhibition of this feeling
from myself and officers, but we have been none the less aware that the
Pasha's method fails utterly to constrain obedience. There has not been
a single order of any importance obeyed, nor any request regarded. As
often as we have observed this we have chafed and regretted that each
time we have been emboldened to speak to him he has believed himself
infallible in his judgment, from his thirteen years' experience of them.
But now that the Egyptians had begun, from our quiet inoffensive manner,
to conceive that the whites were similar to their Pasha, and proposed to
accomplish some project involving our rights and liberties, the time was
come to act.

I proceeded to the Pasha's house.

The Pasha, who was putting the final touches to some birds just stuffed
by his secretary, pulled himself up with his usual dignity, and gravely
prepared himself to listen.

"Emin Pasha," I said, "last evening couriers arrived from Wadelai and
Mswa. They brought a large packet of letters from Selim Bey, Egyptian
clerks, and others, and each letter which you received described
disorder and distress. There are now half a dozen factions there, each
arrayed against the other. One Coptic clerk wrote you that no one seemed
to know what he was about, that the soldiers broke into the Government
magazines and took out whatever pleased them, that the officers were
unable to restrain them, and that Wadelai was like a settlement
consisting wholly of madmen; that Selim Bey had not begun to embark his
own family yet, that he had but few followers, and that these were
altogether unruly.

"Your people here also received many letters from their brethren, and,
as though in accordance with this fact, there was an attempt made last
night to appropriate our arms. Three separate times they entered the
Zanzibari huts and tried to abstract the rifles; but, acting after my
instructions, the Zanzibaris tied their rifles to their waists, and when
they were pulled, they were wakened, and the intending thieves decamped.
While you have been engaged with your collections and studies, I have
been observing.

"They have yet five nights before our departure on the 10th inst. The
attempt to rob us of our arms of defence failed last night. They will
try again, and perhaps succeed, for I credit them with being clever
enough, and it is quite clear that they have a design of some kind. Of
course, if they succeed in appropriating even one rifle, the punishment
will be summary, for I shall then forget what is due to them as your
people and my guests. But this is what I wish to avoid. I should be loth
to shed their blood, and create scenes of violence, when a better way
of safeguarding our arms and ammunition, and effecting a quiet and
peaceable departure from here, can be found.

"I propose to you one of two things. Sound the signal to muster all the
Arabs and Soudanese with you, and then find out gently who is willing to
leave with you. Those who are not willing, I shall order to leave the
camp. If they do not obey, then it will be for me to employ compulsion.
But as these people despise our Zanzibaris, they may very probably
attempt resistance. Well, in a land where there is no appeal but to our
fire-arms, it will certainly end violently, and we shall both regret it
afterwards.

"The other proposal is much more effective and more bloodless. Do you
order your baggage to be packed up quietly, and at dawn my people shall
all be ready to escort you to a camp about three miles from here. From
that camp we shall issue a request that those who intend following you
shall come in and be welcome, but no other person shall approach without
permission on pain of death."

"Hum! May I inform Casati of this?" demanded the Pasha.

"No, sir. Casati is in no danger; they will not hurt him, because he is
not their governor or officer. He is only a traveller. He can come the
next day, or whenever he is inclined. If he is detained, I will attack
the rebel camp and rescue Casati quickly enough."

The Pasha, while I spoke, shook his head in that melancholy, resigned
manner peculiar to him, which has always seemed to me to betray pitiable
irresolution.

"You do not like either plan, Pasha, I see. Will you, then, suggest some
plan by which I can avoid coming into conflict with these wretched,
misguided people, for as certain as daylight, it is impending? In my
camp indiscipline and unruliness shall not prevail."

The Pasha, after a while, replied, "Your plan is not bad, but there is
not sufficient time."

"Why, Pasha, you have told me you have been packing up for the last
fifteen days. Do you mean to say that between now and to-morrow morning
you cannot finish packing your baggage? In thirty minutes our Expedition
can start. If you cannot be awakened to the danger of bloodshed, and you
will not accept my plan, nor suggest anything that will relieve us of
the necessity of destroying one another, I must at once take measures
for the general safety; and should a drop of blood be spilled, it must
be upon your head that the guilt of it will lie. Adieu."

I rose and sounded the signal for general muster under arms. Myself and
officers armed, and the Zanzibaris, Manyuema, Soudanese, and natives,
seeing us assume our weapons, knew that the case was urgent, and
hastened to the square with wonderful celerity. The natives of Kavalli
passed the alarm, and some hundreds came rushing up to take their share
in what they believed was a coming struggle.

Within five minutes the companies were under arms, and stood attentive
along three sides of the great square. The Pasha, seeing that I was in
earnest, came out, and begged me to listen to one word.

"Certainly; what is it?" I asked.

"Only tell me what I have to do now."

"It is too late, Pasha, to adopt the pacific course I suggested to you.
The alarm is general now, and therefore I propose to discover for myself
this danger, and face it here. Sound the signal, please, for muster of
your Arabs before me."

"Very good," replied the Pasha, and gave the order to his trumpeter.

We waited ten minutes in silence. Then, perceiving that not much
attention was paid to the signal, I requested Mr. Jephson to take No. 1
company, arm the men with clubs and sticks, and drive every Arab,
Egyptian, and Soudanese into the square, without regard to rank, to
search every house, and drag out every male found within.

The Zanzibaris were deployed across the camp, and, advancing on the
run, began to shower blows upon every laggard and dawdler they came
across, until the most sceptical was constrained to admit that, when
commanded, the Zanzibaris were fit for something better than working as
a hamal for a lazy Egyptian and his slave.

For the first time the Egyptians and Soudanese formed a decent line. Not
until they had formed it with military exactitude and precision was a
word said to them. It was most amusing to see an ordinary Zanzibari
carrier straighten with his staff--which he flourished with a grim
face--the line of majors, Vakeels, captains, lieutenants, clerks, and
storekeepers.

When the line was satisfactory, I stepped up to them and informed them
that I heard they wished to fight, that they were eager to try what kind
of men the Zanzibaris were. They had seen how well they could work; it
would be a pity if they were not able to see how well they could fight.

The Vakeel--Lieutenant-Governor--replied, "But we don't wish to fight."

"Then what is this I hear, that one of you is as good as ten of my men,
of rifles being stolen, of plots and counterplots each day that you have
been here, of your resolve not to follow the Pasha after making us build
your houses and collect food for you, and carrying hundreds of loads the
last two months up this mountain from the lake, and last night three of
our houses were entered, and you laid your hands upon our arms. Speak,
and say what it all means."

"Ah, Pasha, no one of us wishes to fight, and let the thieves, if found,
die."

"If found! Will any thief confess his theft and deliver himself to be
shot. Will you, who are all of one mind, betray one another, and submit
yourselves to punishment? Do you intend to follow your Pasha?"

"We all do," they answered.

"Stay. Those who intend following the Pasha form rank on that other
side, like soldiers, each in his place."

At once there was a general and quick movement in regular order; they
then turned about and faced me again.

"So! Is there none desirous of staying in this fair land with Selim Bey,
where you will be able to make these natives do your work for you, cook,
and feed you?"

"None, not one. La il Allah il Allah!"

"Why, Pasha, you have been misinformed, surely? These people vow they
are all faithful. There is not a traitor here."

"I do not see my servants and orderlies here," replied the Pasha.

"Ah, Lieutenant Stairs, please take a party and roust every man out. On
the least resistance you know what to do."

"Right, sir."

Lieutenant Stairs took his company, gave his orders, and in a few
minutes the Pasha's servants were brought into the square; they were
deprived of their rifles and accoutrements.

"Now, Pasha, please ask them severally before me what they intend
doing."

Upon the Pasha asking them, they all replied they were willing to follow
their master to the end of the world, excepting one, Seroor.

The Pasha, pointing out Seroor, said, "That is the chief conspirator in
my household."

"Oh, it will only take one cartridge to settle his business."

"But I hope, for God's sake, that you will try him first, and not take
my word for it."

"Undoubtedly, my dear Pasha. We invariably give such people a fair
trial."

Seroor was placed under guard with three others whom the Pasha pointed
out.

"Now, Pasha, this business having been satisfactorily ended, will you be
good enough to tell these officers that the tricks of Wadelai must
absolutely cease here, and that in future they are under my command. If
I discover any treacherous tricks I shall be compelled to exterminate
them utterly. No Mahdist, Arabist, or rebel can breathe in my camp.
Those who behave themselves and are obedient to orders will suffer no
harm from their fellows or from us. My duty is to lead them to Egypt,
and until they arrive in Cairo I will not leave them. Whatever I can do
to make them comfortable I will do, but for sedition, and theft of arms,
there is only death."

         MUSTER OF EMIN PASHA'S FOLLOWERS, APRIL 5th, 1889.

  ------------------------------------+------+------+---------+-----+------+--------+--------
               NAME.                  |      |      |         |     |      |        |Total of
                                      |Loads.|Wives.|Children.|Men. |Women.|Infants.|People.
  ------------------------------------+------+------+---------+-----+------+--------+--------
  Emin Pasha, Governor                |  51  |      |    1    | 16  |  15  |    9   |   42
  Captain Casati, traveller           |  10  |      |         |  3  |   8  |    1   |   13
  Signor Marco, merchant              |  13  |   5  |    4    |  5  |   5  |    3   |   23
  Vita Hassan, apothecary             |  11  |      |    2    |  7  |   7  |    2   |   19
  Osman Effendi Latif, Vakeel        }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
       His mother                    }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
    " Abdul Rahman, his son, 17 years}|      |      |         |     |      |        |
    " Achmed          "      10   "  }|  11  |   2  |    4    |  3  |   5  |    1   |   17
    " Rejab           "       5   "  }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
    " Sadi-eddeen     "       4   "  }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
  Ayoub Effendi (absent), clerk       |   4  |      |         |  1  |      |        |    1
  Achmet Effendi Ibrahim, captain     |   9  |   3  |         |  3  |   5  |    2   |   14
  Abdul Wahid Effendi, captain        |   8  |   1  |         |  4  |   3  |    1   |   10
  Ibrahim Effendi                     |      |      |         |     |      |        |    1
  Assinaka, clerk                     |   7  |      |         |  3  |   7  |        |   11
  Ali Agha Shamruk, captain           |   6  |   1  |         |  2  |   1  |        |    5
  Rushdi Effendi, clerk               |   5  |   2  |    1    |  3  |   4  |        |   11
  Ibrahim Effendi Telbass, lieutenant |   9  |   2  |         |     |   4  |        |    7
  Abu Zehr Achmed                     |   5  |      |         |     |   2  |    1   |    4
  Ali Effendi, captain               }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
    Mohammed, his son, 14 years      }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
    Ibrahim      "     11  "         }|  20  |   1  |    3    |  9  |   9  |        |   23
    Abdul Hamed  "      6  "         }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
  Mohammed Mutlook, soldier           |   3  |      |         |     |   1  |        |    2
  Awash Effendi, major                |  17  |      |         |  4  |   9  |    1   |   15
  Hamdam, soldier                     |   2  |      |     1   |     |      |        |    2
  Mohammed el Arabi, soldier          |   4  |      |         |     |   3  |        |    4
  Sulieman Effendi, 1st lieutenant    |  12  |      |     3   |  5  |   5  |    2   |   16
  Faratch Ago, lieutenant             |  20  |   4  |     5   |  5  |  12  |        |   27
  Mohammed Sulieman, soldier          |   3  |   1  |         |     |      |        |    2
  Bakheet, soldier                    |   2  |   1  |    1    |     |      |        |    3
  Azra Effendi, clerk                }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
    His mother                       }|   8  |   3  |    2    |  2  |   4  |        |   13
  Rafael Effendi, clerk               |   5  |   2  |    1    |     |   1  |        |    5
  Wasuf Effendi, clerk                |   6  |   2  |         |  1  |   2  |    2   |    8
  Michael Effendi (deceased)         }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
    His children--                   }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
      Awab     boy, 6 years          }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
      Bushara   "   4   "            }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
      Girghis   "   2   "            }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
      Fullah  girl, 7   "            }|  10  |      |    8    |  4  |   8  |        |   20
      Mustafia  "  10   "            }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
      Mushtara  "   4   "            }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
      Hamma     "   2   "            }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
      Beheri    "   4   "            }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
  Abrian Effendi, clerk               |   9  |   3  |    2    |  7  |   8  |    1   |   22
  Awad Effendi, clerk                 |  10  |   4  |    5    |  2  |   3  |        |   15
  Abdul Fettah (deceased)             |   5  |   1  |    3    |     |   1  |        |    6

    MUSTER OF EMIN PASHA'S FOLLOWERS, APRIL 5th, 1889--_continued_.

  ------------------------------------+------+------+---------+-----+------+--------+--------
               NAME.                  |      |      |         |     |      |        |Total of
                                      |Loads.|Wives.|Children.|Men. |Women.|Infants.|People.
  ------------------------------------+------+------+---------+-----+------+--------+--------
  Mohammed Kher, clerk                |   5  |   6  |    3    |  2  |   5  |        |   17
  Ibrahim Effendi, lieutenant         |   5  |   1  |    1    |     |      |        |    3
  Mohammed Effendi Emin, soldier      |   8  |   4  |         |     |      |    3   |    8
  Hamid Mohammed, soldier             |   3  |   1  |         |     |   1  |    2   |    5
  Yusuf Effendi                      }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
    Mohammed, his son, 12 years      }|  12  |   4  |    4    | 10  |  12  |        |   32
    Kahlil       "     11   "        }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
    Ibrahim, his brother             }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
  Rajah Effendi, Pasha's secretary    |   7  |   2  |    2    |  2  |   3  |        |   10
  Arif Effendi, Pasha's clerk         |   5  |   2  |         |  2  |   3  |        |    8
  Mabu, soldier                       |   2  |   1  |    1    |     |      |        |    3
  Merjan, soldier                     |   1  |      |         |     |      |        |    1
  Children of Mohammed Osman--        |      |      |         |     |      |        |
    Ismail, son, 12 years            }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
    Bukra, girl, 13   "              }|   4  |   3  |    3    |  2  |   2  |        |   10
    Fatima   "   10   "              }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
  Kur, sergeant                       |   2  |      |         |  2  |   2  |        |    5
  Feruzi, trumpeter                   |   2  |   1  |         |     |      |        |    2
  Seeroor Adam, soldier               |   5  |   3  |    2    |  3  |   3  |        |   12
  Ahmed Effendi Reif, storekeeper     |   3  |      |         |  1  |   1  |        |    3
  Ahmed Effendi Ibrahim, clerk        |   4  |   1  |    1    |     |   1  |        |    4
  Abu Scherag, soldier                |   4  |   1  |         |  1  |      |        |    3
  Basili Effendi}                    }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
  Toma Effendi  } three Coptic       }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
  Daoud Effendi } brothers, clerks   }|  11  |      |         |  7  |  10  |        |   22
    and two sisters, captains        }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
  Awari, soldier                      |   3  |   2  |         |     |      |    2   |    5
  Farag Hashin, soldier               |   3  |   1  |    1    |     |      |        |    3
  Fathel Mullah, soldier              |   2  |   1  |         |     |      |        |    2
  Ibrahim, soldier                    |   3  |      |         |     |      |        |    1
  Shukri Aga (absent), captain       }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
  His children--                     }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
    Achmed, his son, 13 years        }|  15  |   6  |    4    |  4  |   7  |    3   |   24
    Juma      "      12   "          }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
     Adam      "      14   "         }|      |      |         |     |      |        |
  Matyera, interpreter                |   3  |   4  |    1    |  1  |      |        |    7
                                      +------+------+---------+-----+------+--------+------
                                      | 397  |  82  |   69    |126  | 182  |   36   |  551[11]
  ------------------------------------+------+------+---------+-----+------+--------+--------

The Pasha translated, and the Arabs bowed their assent, and through the
Vakeel and two captains, vowed that they would obey their father
religiously.

"Good," I replied; "and now that I assume command, I want to have a list
of your names and exact number of your families, and carriers will be
allotted to you according to your number, and on the fifth day we
leave."

Poor Pasha! It was as clear as the noonday sun why 10,000 followers had
dwindled in number to Bilal, the solitary ONE! After a patient and
scrupulous analysis of the why and wherefore of these events, the result
is manifest, and we see the utter unfitness of the scientific student
and the man of unsuspecting heart to oppose these fawning, crafty
rogues, who have made fraud and perfidy their profession. At the same
time, it is not so clear that, had he penetrated their dissimulating
wiles, and grappled with these evil men boldly, and crushed the heads of
these veterans in falsehood and craft, that his position would have been
safer than it was. Each man, however, follows his own nature, and must
abide the consequences of his judgment and acts. But all must admit,
that what is so far written does infinite credit to his heart.

_April 6th._--Sixty-five natives have arrived here, sent by the chief
Mazamboni as carriers, to be ready for the 10th instant.

Osman Latif Effendi, the Lieutenant-Governor of the Province, was once
much addicted to inebriety, but of late years he has become a rigid
abstainer, and such an absorbed reader of the Koran that not long ago
his clothes were aflame before he was aware of it.

[Sidenote: 1889.

April 6.

Kavalli's.]

During the sudden muster of the day before yesterday, and the fierce
declaration of my intentions, he became energetic himself, and I found
that energy, as well as disease, becomes contagious. He had prepared for
an immediate start after us. His mother, an old lady, seventy-five
years old, with a million of wrinkles in her ghastly white face, was not
very fortunate in her introduction to me, for, while almost at white
heat, she threw herself before me in the middle of the square, jabbering
in Arabic to me, upon which, with an impatient wave of the hand, I
cried, "Get out of this; this is not the place for old women." She
lifted her hands and eyes up skyward, gave a little shriek, and cried,
"O Allah!" in such tragic tones that almost destroyed my character.
Every one in the square witnessed the limp and shrunk figure, and
laughed loudly at the poor old thing as she beat a hasty retreat.

While arranging his eleven loads, consisting of baskets of provisions,
carpets, and cooking pots and family bedding, Osman Latif Effendi held
the Koran between thumb and finger, and alternately appealed to the
Arabic lines, and to the Arab lares and penates in the baskets.

[Illustration: AN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN LADY.]

Among the people yesterday I found forty-nine young fellows without
arms. As they drew up in line they preferred a request to be armed with
rifles. Not knowing their character, I sent to the Pasha to be good
enough to give me a list of the most deserving, that they might assist
in the defence of the column while on the march, but he begged to be
excused, as he did not feel well enough. Poor Casati is not on speaking
terms with the Pasha, because of his judgment against him in the matter
of the little black girl of the other day, and I suppose the Pasha will
not be on speaking terms with me, because of the shock of yesterday.

The march will do them all good. When the Pasha is in presence of
Ruwenzori--the Mountains of the Moon--he will recover tone.

_April 7th._--The Egyptians are now earnestly preparing for the march. I
have ordered every family to have a reserve of at least six days'
provisions on hand at all times, irrespective of the plenty that may be
in the vicinity. The Zanzibaris have become at last impressed with the
necessity of this, though it required eighteen months most woeful
experience and constant instruction to teach them this secret of African
travel.

_April 8th._--Mazamboni's natives, who have been gathering here ready
for our departure, danced nearly the whole day. The women of the Bavira
turned out _en masse_ to exhibit a farewell performance. My vanity
induces me to publish the fact that the songs were merely extemporaneous
effusions in our honour for having as they say "fixed the country in
order."

This afternoon Omar, sergeant of our Soudanese, created a scene because
of some supposed insult to his wife by the Zanzibaris. As the affair
waxed serious, the intending combatants were brought to the square and
requested, if they would not disperse, to fight the matter out before me
as umpire. Now Omar is a splendid specimen of manhood, an excellent
soldier and officer, but both he and the cantankerous Zanzibaris were
elated above reason by native beer. Omar and his Zanzibari antagonists
loudly clamoured for a fight. "With fists or clubs?" "Clubs for men,"
shouted the Zanzibaris--a very unfortunate choice for them, as it turned
out.

Omar stood like a colossus, with his coat sleeve rolled up. A Zanzibari
sprang to the front calling out, "I am Asmani, of Muscati; behold how I
will lay low this Nubian!" They made two passes, and Asmani was struck
to the ground senseless. He was taken up and placed in charge of Dr.
Parke.

[Sidenote: 1889.

April 8.

Kavalli's.]

"Next of ye who feel aggrieved by Omar." Hajji, a tall Zanzibari,
responded, flourished his club, struck deftly one side, but the blow was
cleverly caught by Omar, and before he could recover his guard Hajji had
measured his length on the greensward. The applause was terrific. There
were some 900 people present. Hajji was dragged away like the gored
horse in the Plaza de Toros, and sent to the Doctor to be cured of his
skull-crack.

"Next;" and at the call bounded a sturdy, active little fellow named
Ulaiya--or England. "Ho, my lads, I am England--this Turki soldier shall
die!" In his brave confidence he flung his turban away, and exposed his
bare head. One, two, three! and, alas, for Ulaiya, the baton of Omar
came down on his unprotected cranium with a blow which would have killed
a white man, but only caused him to collapse and become too confused for
further effort. The sight of the blood streaming down his face
infuriated his comrades, and a general rush was made upon Omar, who,
before he was rescued, received an extremely sore back from the
multitude of blows showered on him, so that victor and vanquished had
received adequate punishment, and declared themselves perfectly
satisfied that each of their honours had been gratified by the display.
After their wounds, they were, however, taken to the guardhouse.

[Sidenote: 1889.

April 9.

Kavalli's.]

_April 9th._--This morning the combatants of yesterday were brought
before me at muster. Sergeant Omar was informed that, whereas he, being
an officer, had allowed himself to indulge in drink, his sentence was
that he should carry a box of ammunition while on the march until the
Zanzibaris' heads were healed, and during their retirement from the
active list, he, being in the meanwhile, disrated. Three other Soudanese
were sentenced to do porter's duty for a similar period for having
drawn steel weapons during the fight with intent to do deadly injury,
and one Soudanese received a dozen for putting a cartridge with intent
to shoot. Serur, the Monbuttu, servant of the Pasha, with his master's
permission, received two dozen for employing a shovel to strike the
combatants, having been inspired by malice for the events of the 5th
instant.

Notice was also given that the march towards Zanzibar would commence
next morning, which announcement was received with "frantic applause."

Mpinga, Msiri, Mwite, Malai, Wabiassi, Mazamboni, and Balegga have
furnished 350 carriers. They are assembled this evening, dancing,
singing, and feasting.

Shukri Agha, Commandant of Mswa, has not arrived yet, though he has sent
his children and women.

_April 10th._--March from Kavalli's to Mpinga's, four hours.

At 7.30 A.M. the column streamed out of camp led by No. 1 company, then
followed the Pasha and his people, with their allotted number of
carriers.

Roughly the number was as follows--

  Expedition               230
  Manyuema                 130
  Plateau natives          350
  Kavallis                 200
  Pasha and people         600
                         -----
                  Total  1,510
                         -----

There was no disorder or disturbance. The column kept as close order as
though it was composed of veterans. The ridges and swells of land were
lined with women and children, who sang their farewells to us. Every one
was animated and happy.

Captain Nelson, in charge of the rear guard, set fire to the straw town
which had seen so many anxious weeks of our life. The fire was splendid;
the fearful flames seemed to lick the very sky from where we stood, and
the great cloud of black smoke announced to the country round about,
even as far as Pisgah, that the Expedition was homeward bound.

_April 11th._--Halt.

_April 12th._--March to Mazamboni's, four and a half hours.

[Sidenote: 1889.

April 12.

Mazamboni's.]

Continued our journey to the territory of our good friend Mazamboni, but
the compact order was much broken. The Pasha's people straggled over
many miles of the road. This will have to be corrected to avoid
wholesale casualities. There is no fear in this country, for this is our
own, and the natives are in a fair way of becoming civilized.

Lieutenant Stairs was discovered, having made ample provision for the
wants of the column, and had nothing but grateful news to deliver to us.

_April 13th._--Halt. I write this in bed, am in great pain; Dr. Parke
informs me I suffer from sub-acute gastritis, which I judge to be
something of an inflammation of the stomach; am under the influence of
morphia. Last night about 2 A.M. the first symptoms attacked me. A halt
has been ordered, which I fear will be a long one. This compulsory pause
will be a forced extension of time to those misguided people of the
Equatorial Province who may hear of our departure from Kavalli, and who
may take this halt as a further grace offered to them.

[Sidenote: 1889.

April 13.

Mazamboni's.]

Now followed, one day after another, days of excessive pain and almost
utter weariness of life. The body pined for want of the nourishment that
the excoriated stomach invariably rejected. Nothing but milk and water
could be taken, and the agony caused by the digestion had to be eased by
hypodermic injections of morphia. For the first few days the devoted
surgeon enabled me to hope that, through his skilful nursing, I might
soon recover, and my mind became active in planning the homeward march,
and conceiving every unhappy circumstance attending it, and the
necessary measures that should be taken. I supposed Kabba Rega was aware
of the retreat of the Pasha and his people, and would do his utmost to
oppose our progress, conceded to him in imagination hundreds of rifles,
and thousands of spearmen with his allies, who use the long bows of the
Wahuma, and fancied that after him we should meet the brave and warlike
Wasongora, of whom I had heard in 1875, and then the Wanyankori, with
their king named the "Lion," persecuting the column night and day, and
victim after victim dropping from among our living ranks; and then the
passage of the Alexandra Nile amid a rain of arrows, to encounter the no
less hostile people of Karagwe, assisted by the Waganda, and the column
daily decreasing in strength and numbers, until some day, a few, after
infinite struggles, would reach Msalala, and tell Mackay, the
missionary, the horrible scenes of disaster that had dogged us and
finally destroyed us; and lying helpless on my bed, with the murmur of
the great camp round about me, all these difficulties, arrayed by the
vividness of my imagination, had to be struggled against in some way,
and forthwith I lost myself in imaginary scenes of endless fights and
strategies along the base of the snowy range, seizing every point of
vantage, rushing into a palisaded village, and answering every shot with
two of most deadly aim; climbing a hill <DW72> and repelling the enemy
with such spleen that they would be glad to cease the persecution. Or at
crossing of broad rivers, after a troublous search for the means, the
ambuscades protecting the ferry, or forming zeribas with frantic energy,
every man and woman assisting, the sharpshooters' rifles keeping up the
incessant and venomous fire; Stairs, Nelson, Jephson, Parke halloing
their men with cheering voice, and every one aflame with desire to
defend the people entrusted to our charge. Or scenes of combat in the
underwood of the tropic forest, utterly heedless of the divine beauty of
tropic flowering, cool shades and merry streamlets, and absorbed only in
the sanguinary necessities of the moment. I sometimes worked myself into
such a pitch of exaltation that a fever came and clouded all, and caused
me to babble confusedly, and the Doctor, gently shaking his head, would
have to administer an opiate.

Nor were these the only bugbears raised in my dazed mind. Morning after
morning came the reports as usual of plots, and seditious circles of men
drawing new nets of craft to gain something I knew not what, and
pleasing their cruel hearts with foretelling the most ominous events.
Many a rumour seemed to be afloat that the rebels were advancing with a
soldiery bent on destruction, and the number of those deserting the camp
by night grew greater and greater, until I had counted eighty. And then
it was told me that someone was most active in disseminating falsehoods
and inventions of terrible scenes of starvation wherein nothing but
grass would be eaten, and that there was a grand effort to be made,
because the effect of these tales was so widespread that something like
a panic had seized the people.

The Pasha discovered one of his men as being most industrious at this
evil work, and had had him tried and convicted, and sent for a detail of
men to shoot him as an example. "No detail of Zanzibaris can be sent," I
managed to whisper to Stairs. "Let the Pasha shoot his guilty man with
his own people. If he needs a guard for protection, let him have the
men, but we came to save life, not to destroy it." And as his own people
could not be trusted to execute such an order, the man's life was
spared.

Then it was told me that one of the Lieutenant-Governor's men had shot a
friendly native through the head, because the poor fellow had not been
quick enough in collecting fuel to please the hard-hearted slave. "Put
him in chains," I said, "but do not kill him. Feed him and fatten him
ready for the march. He will do to carry a reserve of ammunition."

"In a few days there will be few officers left," said Nelson. "They are
all going fast, and our labour has been in vain." "Let them go," I
replied. "If they do not wish to follow their Pasha, let them alone."

Then came a report that Rehan had taken with him twenty-two people, with
several rifles belonging to us.

"Ah well, Stairs, my dear fellow, pick out forty good men, march to the
Nyanza. You will find the rendezvous of these fellows at the Lake Shore
camp. Be very wary, and let your capture of them be sudden and thorough,
and bring them back. By taking our rifles they have made themselves
liable."

[Sidenote: 1889.

April 17.

Mazamboni's.]

On the fourth day later Lieutenant Stairs returned, having made an
excellent haul of carefully guarded prisoners, among whom was Rehan, the
ringleader.

A court of officers was convened, the witnesses were summoned, and from
their evidence it was ascertained that his flight was to precede by two
days a general exodus of the Soudanese men, women, and children; that it
was a part of a deliberate plan to arm themselves at our expense, so
that, on the arrival of Selim Bey, who was daily expected, we should be
unable to make any prolonged defence. It was proved that he had
commenced his seditious practices soon after it was known that I was
seriously ill; that he had begun his intrigues by publishing the most
audacious statements respecting our cruelties when on the march; how
every officer and Soudanese would be laden with crushing loads on their
heads, that food would be denied them, and they would be told to feed on
grass. The final fall of the Equatorial Government resulted from the
scandalous falsehoods of an Egyptian clerk and lieutenant. Officers and
soldiers of the Pasha were summoned to bear witness to what they had
heard emanating from this man, and a mass of evidence, complete and
conclusive, was furnished to prove that Rehan had been guilty of most
atrocious practices, subversive of all discipline, and endangering the
safety of the Expedition and its charge. It was also proved that Rehan
had appropriated several rifles from the Expedition, with the intention
of joining Selim Bey, and finally employing our weapons and ammunition
against people who had done naught but good and kindness to him and his
friends. Thirdly, he was convicted of absconding with several women
belonging to the harems of the Egyptian officers. Fourthly, of
desertion; and fifthly, of having shot some friendly natives between our
camp and the Nyanza, after his flight from camp. The Court resolved
that on each specification the man Rehan deserved death.

To my suggestion, that possibly a milder sentence, such as chaining him,
or putting him in a forked pole, with a box of ammunition on his head,
would be preferable, the Court was immovable; and, reviewing the case
carefully, I concurred in the sentence, and ordered that all should
assemble to hear the charges, the finding, and the sentence.

I was borne out of my bed into the presence of the people, and though to
all present I seemed to be fast drifting into that dark and unknown
world whence none return who enter, I found strength to address the
doomed man.

"Rehan, we are both before God; but it is written in the book of Fate
that you shall precede me to the grave. You are a wicked man, unfit to
breathe the air among men. I found you the slave of Awash Effendi, and I
made you a freeman, and the equal of any soldier here. I remember when,
in the forest, our friends were dying daily from weakness and hunger, I
asked you to assist in carrying the ammunition for your Pasha; you
freely consented to do so for wages. When the men recovered their
strength you were relieved of your load. When you were ill, I looked
after you, and supplied you with that which made you well. You knew that
all our sufferings were undergone while carrying ammunition for you and
your friends. When the work was done, your heart became black, and you
have daily sought to do us harm. You have wished to rob us of the means
of returning home; you have tried your best, in the malice of your
heart, to wrong us; you have vilified us; you have entered the houses of
the Egyptians and stolen their women, and you have murdered our native
friends who have given us food gratuitously for the last three months;
for all of which you deserve death by suspension from that tree. A
number of men, who were your friends at one time, have tried your case
patiently and fairly, and they answer me with one voice that you shall
die.

"Now, I will give you one more chance for life. Look around on these men
with whom you have eaten and drunk. If there is any one of them who will
plead for you, your life is yours.

"What say you, Soudanese and Zanzibaris? Shall this man have life or
death?"

"Death!" came from every voice unanimously.

"Then _Yallah rabuna_! Depart to God!"

The Soudanese with whom he had gossipped and fraternally lived in the
forest briskly stepped forward and seized him, and the Zanzibaris flung
the fatal noose around his neck. A man climbed the tree, and tossed the
rope to a hundred pair of willing hands, and at the signal marched away,
and Rehan was a silent figure hanging between earth and heaven.

"Pass the word, Mr. Stairs, throughout the camp among the Pasha's
people, and bid them come and look at the dead Rehan, that they may
think of this serious scene, and please God mend their ways."

I had a relapse that night, and for days afterwards it appeared to me
that little hope was left for me. Then my good doctor was stricken
sorely with a pernicious type of fever which has so often proved fatal
on the African seaboard of the Atlantic. For many a day he was also an
object of anxiety, and the Pasha being a medical practitioner in past
times most kindly bestirred himself to assist his friend. Then Mr.
Mounteney Jephson fell so seriously ill that one night his life was
despaired of. He was said to be in a state of collapse, and our
priceless doctor rose from his sick bed and hastened with his men
supporting him to the side of his sick comrade, and applied
restoratives, and relieved our intense anxieties, and before retiring,
he called upon me to relieve my spasms. Thus passed these dreadful days.

On the 29th of April I was able to sit up in bed, and from this date to
the 7th of May there was a steady but sure improvement, though the
tongue which indicated the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
stomach appeared to be obstinately unpromising.

[Sidenote: 1889.

May 3.

Mazamboni's.]

_May 3rd._--Two packets of letters were brought to me by natives in the
neighbourhood of the Lake shore, and as they were in Arabic I sent them
to the Pasha. Presently the Pasha appeared and demanded an interview.
When he was seated he informed me that there had been a mistake, for one
of the packets was a mail for Wadelai despatched some days ago from our
camp, while the other packet was the mail from Wadelai.

As I was not aware of any mail having been sent away since we had
arrived at Mazamboni's, such a packet must have been sent secretly, and
most probably with sinister intentions to us. "Therefore, Pasha, as we
are evidently in a state of war with your evil-minded people, I beg you
will be good enough to open the packet and read a few of those letters
to me, for you know everything is fair in war."

The first letter was from Shukri Agha, and was a kindly letter to his
friend Selim Bey. There was not a syllable in it that was otherwise than
sterling honesty, and honest hopes of an early meeting.

The second was from Ibrahim Effendi Elham, a captain who was in the
camp. It said, "I hope you will send us fifty soldiers as soon as you
receive this letter. We have started, and are now waiting for a few days
here. _I pray you, in the name of God, not to delay sending these men,
because if we have them to help us, we can delay the march of the
Expedition in many ways, but if you came yourself with 200 soldiers we
could obtain all you and I wish._ Our friends are anxiously expecting
news from you every day. The necessity is urgent."

"That is a discovery, Pasha! Now are you satisfied that these people are
incorrigible traitors?"

"Well, I should not have expected this of Ibrahim Effendi Elham. I have
been constantly kind to him. As for Selim Bey, I cannot see what he can
want."

"It is this, Pasha. In reality few of these men wish to go to Egypt.
Even Selim Bey, despite all his promises, never intended to proceed to
Egypt. They were willing to accompany you until they reached some
promising land, where there was abundance of food and cattle, and
removed from all fear of the Mahdists; they then would tell you that
they were tired of the march, that they would die if they proceeded any
farther, and you, after conferring with me, would grant them ammunition,
and promise to send some more to them by-and-by. But this ammunition
would not be sufficient in their eyes, however liberal you were. Their
rifles would be too few, nothing would satisfy them but all the rifles
and ammunition and everything we possessed. Wait a moment, Pasha, and I
will reveal the whole plot to you.

"After Mr. Jephson received my order last January, of course the news
soon spread as far north as your farthest station that I had arrived
with all my people and stores. They knew, though they affected to
disbelieve it, that the Khedive had sent ammunition to you. But they
were clever enough to perceive that they could get nothing from me
without an order from you. But as Jephson had fled and conveyed the news
of your deposition and imprisonment to me, even an order would scarcely
suffice. They therefore, knowing your forgiving disposition, come to
you, a deputation of them, to profess regret and penitence; they kiss
your hand and promise greatly, which you accept, and as a sign of amity
and forgiveness of the past accompany them, and introduce them to me.
You ask for a reasonable time for them, and it is granted. But so strong
was the temptation, they could not resist stealing a rifle. If they
intend to go with us, what do they wish to do with this rifle while
steaming on the Lake? Is it not a useless incumbrance to them? I suppose
that the varying strength and influence of the factions have delayed
them longer than they thought, and we have been saved from proceeding to
extremes by their dissensions.

"Since I have heard Mr. Jephson's story, and your own account which
differs but little from his, and the different versions of Awash
Effendi, Osman Latif Effendi, and the Zanzibaris, I have long ago made
up my mind what to do. These people are not those to whom you may
preach and reason with effect, their heads are too dense, and their
hearts are too hardened with lying. They can understand only what they
feel, and to make such as these feel they must receive hard knocks. When
I had thoroughly sounded the depths of their natures my mind began to
discover by what method I could master these men. There were half a
dozen methods apparently feasible, but at the end of each there was an
obstacle in my way.

"You could not guess what that obstacle was, Pasha?"

"No, I cannot."

"This obstacle that presented itself constantly, at the end of every
well-digested method, was yourself."

"I! How was that?"

"On the 5th of April you ceased to be so, but until then, I could not
carry any scheme into execution without reference to you. You were in
our eyes the Pasha still. You were the Governor and Commander of these
people. I could not propose to you to fight them. You believed in them
constantly. Each day you said, 'They will come, but it never came across
your mind to ask yourself, 'What will they do after they do come, if
they find they outnumber us three to one?' Had they come before the 5th
of April, my plan was to separate from you and leave you with them, and
form camp, with every detail of defence considered, seven or eight miles
from you. All communications were to be by letter, and guides were to be
furnished after we had gone in the advance a day's march, to show you
the road to our last camp. No force of any magnitude would be permitted
to approach my camp without a fight.

"But after the 5th of April this method was altered. I should have been
wrong were I to separate from you, because I had a proof sufficient for
myself and officers that you had no people, neither soldiers nor
servants; that you were alone. I proposed then as I propose now; should
Selim Bey reach us, not to allow Selim Bey, or one single soldier of his
force, to approach my camp with arms. Long before they approach us we
shall be in position along the track, and if they do not ground arms at
command--why, then the consequences will be on their heads. Thus you see
that since the 5th of April I have been rather wishing that they would
come. I should like nothing better than to bring this unruly mob to the
same state of order and discipline they were in before they became
infatuated with Arabi, Mahdism, and chronic rebellion. But if they come
here they must first be disarmed; their rifles will be packed up into
loads, and carried by us. Their camp shall be at least 500 yards from
us. Each march that removes them further from Wadelai will assist us in
bringing them into a proper frame of mind, and by-and-by their arms will
be restored to them, and they will be useful to themselves as well as to
us."

The day following our arrival at Mazamboni's, Shukri Agha, Commandant of
Mswa, had at length appeared. He had started from his station with
twenty soldiers. Arriving at Kavalli on the plateau, he had but ten
left; on reaching our camp he had but two, his trumpeter and
flag-bearer. All the rest had deserted their captain. It is needless to
comment on it.

It is now the 7th of May. I hear this evening that there is quite a
force at Lake Shore Camp. Preparations for departure have been made
during the last four days. We will start to-morrow. We have been in this
country since the 18th of January--110 days. If this force proposes to
follow us, they can easily overtake such a column as ours, and if they
impress me that they are really desirous of accompanying us, we will not
be adverse to granting them some more time.

On the 7th of May I requested Lieutenant Stairs to bury twenty-five
cases of ammunition in the ground-floor of his house, in order that if
the rebel officers appeared and expressed earnest penitence, and begged
to be permitted to stay at Mazamboni's, they might have means of
defence. Mr. Stairs performed this duty thoroughly and secretly.

[Sidenote: 1889.

May 8.

Bunyambiri.]

[Illustration: RESCUED EGYPTIANS AND THEIR FAMILIES.]

_May 8th._--As I was too weak to walk more than fifty yards, I was
placed in a hammock, and was borne to the front to guide the column.
We advanced westward a few miles; then, abandoning our old route to the
forest, turned southwards by a well-trodden track, and travelled along
the base of the western <DW72> of the group of hills known as Undussuma.
We were presently amongst the luxuriant fields, plantain and banana
plantations of the village of Bundegunda. The Indian corn and beans were
very flourishing, and these extended far into the fields and hollows of
the hills, a perfect marvel of exuberant plenty. It made a great and
favourable impression upon the Egyptians and their followers, and we
even wondered at the prodigious fertility of the soil and the happy
condition of the district. One reason for all this extraordinary
abundance was the protection and shelter from the cold winds blowing
from the Lake.

An hour's march beyond the limits of the cultivation of Bundegunda,
through other fields of equal fertility and productiveness, we formed
camp, or rather located ourselves, in the village of Bunyambiri, which
Mazamboni had caused to be abandoned for our necessities.

As Mazamboni escorted us with 300 of his own men, and was with us in
person, free permission was given to each member of the column to range
at will among the plantations and fields. The people thus literally
feasted on the ripe fruit of the banana, and the new beans, yams, sweet
potatoes, colocassia, &c. In return for his services and hospitality,
Mazamboni received forty head of cattle and sixteen tusks of ivory,
averaging 52 lbs. each. To my shame, however, the chief complained that
his people were being detained as slaves, and Lieutenant Stairs and his
brother officers had to escort him round the villages, to discover and
restore them to him. This was so very Egyptian, however, to consider
every service performed as their due, for some virtues and graces which,
though possibly innate in them, remained hidden so long.

In the afternoon three soldiers, accompanied by Ayoub Effendi, an
Egyptian clerk, made their appearance with letters from Selim Bey. They
bring an extraordinary budget of news, which will bear being related, as
it is only one more final proof of how utterly lost to all sense and
reason were the officers and soldiers of the Equatorial Province, and
how utterly incapable they were to appreciate the nature of their late
Pasha and Governor.

They say that Fadl el Mulla Bey and his party appeared for a time to be
consenting to all orders received from Emin Pasha and myself through
Selim Bey Mator, and apparently busied themselves with the preparations
for departure. Selim Bey had transported all the garrison of Duffle to
Wadelai by the steamers _Khedive_ and _Nyanza_, in doing which he had
broken his promise to us, and disregarded the orders to which, when
delivered to him, he swore obedience to the letter. It will be
remembered that he had been instructed to begin the transport of the
people from Wadelai to our Lake Shore camp, that we might assist the
people with the luggage to the plateau, while the transport on the Lake
by steamers would continue, and at the same time the garrisons of the
northernmost stations could march with their families and concentrate at
Wadelai. Thus we had idly waited from the 25th February until the 8th
May in the neighbourhood of the Lake, a period of ninety-two days, for
the appearance of some of them, as a proof that they were really in
earnest in their wish to depart with us.

While Selim Bey was thus carrying the troops and their families from the
lower stations to Wadelai, he was unwittingly strengthening the force of
the opposite faction, that of Fadl el Mulla Bey, and they had no sooner
joined their numbers to him than he resolved to throw off the mask. In
the dead of night he marched his troops to the magazines, and,
possessing himself of all the ammunition stored there, left Wadelai and
proceeded north-west to the country of the Makkaraka. When Selim Bey
woke next morning, he found his following to consist of 200 officers,
soldiers, and clerks, the magazines empty, and no ammunition remaining
but the forty rounds per head which had been distributed to his soldiers
a few days previously. Bitterly cursing his fate and his misfortune, he
commenced embarking his people on board the steamers, and then departed
for Mswa, where he arrived on the 22nd of April, to remove south as far
as possible from all danger of the Mahdists. He had still abundance of
time, if his crass mind could only realise his position. In an hour he
could have obtained fuel sufficient from the abandoned station, and
might easily have arrived at our Lake Shore camp in nine hours'
steaming. On the 7th May he bethinks himself of our Expedition and of
his Pasha, and dictates one letter to us, which when read by us, only
provokes a smile.

It says, "We wish to know why you convert Egyptian officers and soldiers
into beasts of burden. It has been reported to us that you have cruelly
laden all with baggage, and that you convert the soldiers into porters.
This is most shameful, and we shall strictly inquire into it."

Another letter was of very different tenor. It related the treachery of
Fadl el Mulla, by whom he had been duped and abandoned, and begging us
to wait for him and his people, as absolute ruin stared them in the
face. They had but forty cartridges each, and if Kabba Rega attacked
them, they must be inevitably destroyed.

The soldiers were called, and they gave us the details. Twenty soldiers
had arrived at Mazamboni's, but only these three had volunteered to
follow us. They also pleaded most abjectly for a further delay. The
Pasha and I exchanged looks.

"But, my friends," I asked, "how can we be sure that Selim Bey intends
coming after all?"

"He will be sure to do so this time."

"But why is he waiting at Mswa? Why not have come himself with his
steamer to the Lake Shore camp? It is only nine hours' journey."

"He heard through some deserters that you had gone on."

"It might have been easy for him to have overtaken such a big caravan
as this, with the few people whom he leads."

"But everything is going wrong. There are too many counsellors with
Selim Bey, and the Egyptian clerks fill his ears with all kinds of
stories. He is honest in his wishes to leave the land, but the others
bewilder us all with their falsehoods."

"Well, we cannot stay here to await Selim Bey. I will go on slowly--a
couple of hours a day. I must keep these people marching, otherwise the
Pasha will be left alone. When we have crossed the Semliki River, we
will choose a place on the other side a few days, and then move slowly
again for a day or two, and halt. If Selim Bey is serious in his
intentions, he will soon overhaul us; and, besides, when we reach the
river we will send him a guide that will enable him to travel in four
days what will take us twelve days. You will carry a letter from the
Pasha to him explaining all this. But you must take care to be kind to
the natives, otherwise they will not help you."

Among our Egyptians there was one called Ali Effendi, a captain, who
complained of heart disease. He had been ailing for months. He had nine
men and nine women servants, and, in addition to these, twelve carriers
were allotted to him. His baggage numbered twenty loads. He could not
travel 100 yards; he had also a child of six years that was too small to
walk. He required six carriers more, and there was not one to be
obtained, unless I authorised levying carriers by force from the
natives, an act that would have to be repeated day by day. We persuaded
this man to return, as a few days' march would finish him. As he would
not return without his family of fifteen persons, we consigned them to
the charge of the couriers of Selim Bey, who would escort him back to
their chief.

The guides promised to this dilatory and obtuse Soudanese colonel were
despatched, according to promise, with a letter from the Pasha; and
though we loitered, and halted, and made short journeys of between one
and three hours' march for a month longer, this was the last
communication we had with Selim Bey. What became of him we never
discovered, and it is useless to try to conjecture. He was one of those
men with whom it was impossible to reason, and upon whose understanding
sense has no effect. He was not wicked nor designing, but so stupid
that he could only comprehend an order when followed by a menace and
weighted with force; but to a man of his rank and native courage, no
such order could be given. He was therefore abandoned as a man whom it
was impossible to persuade, and still less compel.




CHAPTER XXVII.

EMIN PASHA.--A STUDY.


     The Relief of David Livingstone compared with the Relief of Emin
     Pasha--Outline of the journey of the Expedition to the first
     meeting with Emin--Some few points relating to Emin on which we had
     been misinformed--Our high conception of Emin Pasha--Loyalty of the
     troops, and Emin's extreme indecision--Surprise at finding Emin a
     prisoner on our third return to the Nyanza--What might have been
     averted by the exercise of a little frankness and less reticence on
     Emin's part--Emin's virtue and noble desires--The Pasha from our
     point of view--Emin's rank and position in Khartoum, and gradual
     rise to Governor of Equatoria--Gordon's trouble in the
     Soudan--Emin's consideration and patience--After 1883 Emin left to
     his own resources--Emin's small explorations--Correctness of what
     the Emperor Hadrian wrote of the Egyptians--The story of Emin's
     struggles with the Mahdi's forces from 1883 to 1885--Dr. Junker
     takes Emin's despatches to Zanzibar in 1886--Kabba Rega a declared
     enemy of Emin--The true position of Emin Pasha prior to his relief
     by us, showing that good government was impossible--Two documents
     (one from Osman Digna, and the other from Omar Saleh) received from
     Sir Francis Grenfell, the Sirdar.

Now that we have actually turned our backs to the Equatoria, and are
"homeward bound" with Emin Pasha, Captain Casati, and a few hundreds of
fugitives in company, let us look back upon the late events, and try to
discover the causes of them, and in what light we may truthfully regard
the late governor.

When I was commissioned, while yet a very young man, for the relief of
David Livingstone, the missionary, I had no very fixed idea as to what
manner of man he was. The newspapers described him as worthy of the
Christian world's best regard; privately men whispered strange things of
him. One, that he had married an African princess, and was comfortably
domiciled in Africa; another, that he was something of a misanthrope,
and would take care to maintain a discreet distance from any European
who might be tempted to visit him. Not knowing whom to believe, I
proceeded to him with indifference, ready to take umbrage, but I parted
from him in tears. The newspapers were right in his case.

In the instance of Emin Pasha, the newspapers, inspired by travellers
who were supposed to know him, described a hero, a second Gordon, a
tall, military-looking figure, austere in manners, an amateur in many
sciences, who, despite the universal misfortune hovering over a large
part of North-Central Africa, maintained evenness of mind, tranquillity
of soul, and governed men and things so well that he was able to keep
the Mahdi and his furious hordes at bay; that he had defeated his
generals several times, but that so severe and desperate had been his
resistance that he had almost exhausted his means. Like my personal
friends, who so generously subscribed the money for this expedition, it
filled me with pity to hear all this, as it filled the hearts of such
men as Stairs, Jephson, Nelson, Parke, Barttelot, Jameson, and many
hundreds of eager applicants for membership. Junker said his danger was
imminent; that the Pasha must yield before the overwhelming forces
arrayed against him, if not soon relieved. We seemed to feel that it was
true. On board the steamer while at sea, and during our journey up the
Congo, within the camp at Yambuya, while pressing on through the sullen
shades of the endless forest, until we stood on the verge of the
plateau--nay, until we stood on the shore of the Nyanza, the one fear
that had possessed us was that, notwithstanding every effort, we should
be also too late. Then only, when the natives on the Lake side averred,
to our eager and insistent enquiries, that they knew of no white man or
steamer being on the Lake, were we tempted to utter our suspicions. But
it was yet too early to declaim; the overland couriers from Zanzibar
might have been delayed, the steamer may have foundered soon after
Junker's departure, and Emin may have been unable to reach the
south-west end of the Lake.

After an absence of nearly four months we were again on the Lake shore.
There were letters awaiting us from him. He had heard a rumour by
accident of our arrival, and had steamed down to the south-west end of
the Lake to verify it. It was only nine hours distant from his
southernmost station, and this had been his first visit. The effect was
excellent, but it was a great pity that he had not conformed to the
request sent by couriers at so much expense from Zanzibar. For the mere
number of lives saved it would have been better; we will say nothing of
the fatigue and suffering endured by us during the four months, for we
were vowed to that, and to the uttermost that he would demand and our
mission would exact. Still we said nothing.

We were twenty-six days together after the meeting. During this period
we discovered that on some few points we had been misinformed. The Pasha
was not a tall military figure, nor was he by any means a Gordon. He was
simply Emin Pasha, with a greatness peculiar to himself. He was like
unto none that we had met before, but he was like unto some, perhaps,
that we had read of.

We knew nothing positively detracting from our high conception of him.
What we saw was entirely in his favour. We witnessed what we conceived
to be a high state of discipline among the troops; we saw the steamers,
and the admirable state they were in; we thought we saw evidences of a
strong civilising and ruling influence; we obtained specimens of the
cloth his people had manufactured out of cotton grown by themselves; we
had a plentiful supply of liquor distilled from fermented millet; he was
exquisitely clean in person; prim, precise, withal courteous in manner;
he was extremely kind and affable, accomplished in literature, an
entertaining conversationalist, a devoted physician, an altogether
gentle man, whom to know was to admire. Had we parted with him at this
time we should have come away from his presence simply charmed with him.
No, decidedly he was not a Gordon; he differed greatly from Gordon in
some things--as, for example, in his devotion to science, in his careful
attention to details, in his liberal and charitable views of men and
things, in his high desire to elevate and instruct men in practical
usefulness, and his noble hopefulness of the land which was the scene of
his efforts.

But while we admired him, a suspicion fixed itself in our minds that
there was something inexplicable about him. He sent a clerk and an
Egyptian lieutenant to speak with me. To my amazement they roundly
abused him. Each word they uttered they emphasized with hate and
indescribable scorn.

Then a Soudanese captain related to me the story of a revolt of the 1st
Battalion which had taken place soon after Dr. Junker had parted from
him. He had fled from their neighbourhood, and had never been near them
since. But the 2nd Battalion, 650 rifles, was faithful to him, it was
said, so were the irregulars, 3000 in number. These formed a very
respectable force. So long as the 2nd Battalion and the irregulars were
loyal his position was still firm.

Then the major and several captains of the 2nd Battalion were introduced
by him to me. After a while he said to the major, "Now, promise me,
before Mr. Stanley, that you will grant me forty men for this little
station that Mr. Stanley advises us ought to be built." That is curious,
too, for a Governor, I thought, and, try how I might to avoid reflecting
upon it as a trifle, its strangeness reverted often to my mind. But, in
the absence of frank information, it remained inexplicable.

Then, again, it struck us all that an extreme indecision marked the
Pasha's conduct. Of course, as we were unable to explain it, our
sympathies undoubtedly were with him. We did not consider the 1st
Battalion, but if the 2nd Battalion and the irregulars were all loyal to
him, and were yet firm in their resolution to remain in the country, it
would have required a heart of stone to have abandoned them. That the
few Egyptians who were involved in restless intrigue against him wished
to go home was of no importance. The Pasha led us to believe that he
would be glad of their departure. But if the majority of the troops were
loyal, and preferred Equatoria to Egypt, and he loved his work, where
then was the cause of indecision?

If Egypt intended to cast him off, what matter need it be to him? Here
was this offer of L12,000 annual subsidy, and L1500 salary to reimplace
Egypt.

Or if Egypt only was objectionable, and another portion of Equatoria
under English auspices would be preferable, there was the alternative
with superior advantages of regular communication and certain support.

When speaking of the troops--the 2nd Battalion and irregulars--Emin
Pasha was confident in their loyalty, and always stout in his
declarations that they would follow him if he elected to serve under
English auspices in Equatoria. He also said that it was by far the most
preferable offer made to him. Well, then, admitting that the troops are
loyal to him, that they would follow him anywhere, and that the offer is
agreeable to himself--why this indecision?

We were compelled to retrace that weary journey to Banalya, and
returning to Fort Bodo to make double marches thence to the Ituri, and
arriving at the Nyanza for the third time, after an absence of eight and
a half months, we discovered that the object of our solicitude was a
prisoner, and that all the troops reputed loyal, and in whom he had such
implicit faith, were rebels, and had deposed him! This news was a
painful shock and a grievous surprise to us. But was it a surprise to
him?

When we come to glance over his letters, and study them with the
knowledge we now have, it transpires that in many of them he hints at
troubles and dissensions among his troops, but led by his sanguine
optimistic nature they were regarded too slightingly by us. People at
home believed that they were but temporary ebullitions of discontent. We
in Africa knew only that the 1st Battalion were implicated. Dr. Junker
had not even deemed them of sufficient importance to mention--he only
expressed a doubt that Emin would abandon his civilising mission and
relegate himself to a useless life in Egypt as a retired Pasha, hence
the doubt implied in the Khedive's letter: "You may take advantage of
Mr. Stanley's escort, if you please; if you decline doing so, you remain
in Africa on your own responsibility." But Mr. Jephson, who is
associated with Emin during our absence, no sooner finds himself within
the military circles of the Province than it strikes him that the Pasha
has kept us in ignorance of the "true state of affairs." The
dissatisfaction of Mr. Jephson culminates when he finds himself a
prisoner, and finds leisure to ponder upon the unhappy prospect of being
paraded through the streets of Khartoum as the Khalifa's syce, or slave,
and my own may be forgiven when I find by indisputable proofs that this
might have been averted by the exercise of a little frankness and less
reticence on the Pasha's part.

For had the Pasha informed me that he could not lead his troops to
Egypt, nor accept the subsidy and pay offered him, nor accept the
position under English auspices, because his troops had long ago cast
off all allegiance and had become chronically disloyal, and that he
really could not depend upon any one company of them, something else
might have been proposed. It could not have been a difficult matter to
have attacked every station in detail and reduced one after another to a
wholesome dread of authority. It needed only firmness and resolution on
the part of the Pasha. Had we begun at Mswa we should have found sixty
soldiers led by Shukri Agha, who has as yet not been implicated in any
disloyal act. These could have been embarked with our 300 on board the
steamer, and we could have advanced upon Tunguru. In thirty minutes that
station might have been settled, the disobedient shot, and marching with
the prestige of authority and victory, Wadelai would have succumbed
without the loss of a man except the ringleaders; and the other
stations, hearing of these successive measures, would soon have been so
terrified that we should have heard of nothing but capitulation
everywhere. The Madhi's troops being at one end of the line of stations
and a resolute column advancing from the other end, these rebels would
have had no other option than surrender to one or the other.

But supposing that such a course had been adopted, of what avail, we may
well ask, would all this have been? Emin Pasha has been reinstalled in
his power and we must of necessity retire. What, then? In a few months
he is again in terrible straits for want of resources, and another call
for L30,000 and a new expedition is made to be repeated year after year,
at immense cost of life and immense sacrifices; for a land so distant
from the sea, and surrounded by warlike peoples and other disadvantages,
that were its soil of silver dust it would scarcely pay the transport.
Yet if Emin Pasha had expressed his desire to embark upon such an
enterprise, and been firm in his resolution, it was not for us to
question the wisdom of his proceeding, but to lend the right hand and
act with good-will.

Was it a delusion on the Pasha's part, or was it his intention to
mislead us? I believe it was the former, caused by his extraordinary
optimism and his ready faith in the external show or affectation of
obedience. Even the crafty Egyptians had become penetrated with a high
sense of their power by the facility with which they gained pardon for
offences by ostentatious and obsequious penitence. Is this too harshly
worded? Then let me say in plain Anglo-Saxon, that I think his good
nature was too prone to forgive, whenever his inordinate self-esteem was
gratified. The cunning people knew they had but to express sorrow and
grief to make him relent, and to kiss his hands to cause him to forget
every wrong. There was therefore too little punishing and too much
forgiving. This amiability was extremely susceptible and tender, and the
Egyptians made the most of it. The Yakeel had cause to bless it. Awash
Effendi, major of the 2nd Battalion, suggested to the rebels, by a
letter which I believe the Pasha still possesses, that he should be made
the Mudir instead Emin, yet the Pasha never even reproached him. Azra
Effendi declared the Khedive's letter to be forgery, but never a rebuke
passed the lips of the Pasha, and Azra was conducted to the sea safely.

The virtues and noble desires for which we must in strict justice
commend the man are as great and as creditable to him as those which we
cannot attribute to him. Any man striving for the sake of goodness to do
what in him lies to deserve the sweet approval of conscience becomes
armoured with a happy indifference of all else, and herein lies the
Pasha's merit, and which made his company so grateful to us when the
necessity for violent action ceased to vex him. We learned more of his
character from his manner than from words. That melancholy shake of the
head, the uplifted hand, the composed calm gravity of features, the
upturning eyes, and the little shrug, seemed to say to us, "What is the
use? You see I am resigned. I am adverse to violence; let it be. Why
force them? They surely ought to have seen during these many years that
I sought only their welfare. If they reject me, ought I to impose myself
and my ideas on them against their will?" He never admitted so much, but
we are free to construe these symptoms according to our lights.

It is probable that his steady and loving devotion to certain pursuits
tending to increase of knowledge, and the injured eyesight, unfitted him
for the exercise of those sterner duties which appeared to us the
circumstances of his sphere demanded. But then we cannot blame him
because he loved scientific studies more than the duties of government,
or because his tastes led him to value the title of M.D. higher than the
rank of Pasha, or because he was in danger through a cataract of losing
his eyesight altogether. If the page of a book had to be brought within
two inches of his face it was physically impossible for him to observe
the moods on a man's face, or to judge whether the eyes flashed scorn or
illumined loyalty.

Whatever may have been our own views of what ought to have been done we
have always a high respect for him. We cannot, at a moment when his own
fate lies trembling on the balance, but admire him when we see him
availing himself of every opportunity to increase his store of
lacustrine shells, or tropic plants, eager for the possession of a
strange bird without regard to its colour or beauty, as ready to examine
with interest a new species of rat as he is in the measurements of a
human skull. If a great hawk-moth or a strange longicorn, or a typhlops
be brought to him, he forthwith forgets the court-martial that is to
decide his sentence, and seems to be indifferent whether he is to be
summoned to be shot by his soldiery or to be strapped on his _angarep_
to be deported as a prize to the Khalifa at Khartoum. When we learn all
this about him, and begin to understand him, though wondering at these
strange vagaries of human nature, we are only conscious that the man is
worth every sacrifice on our part.

We cannot proceed by force to save him from himself, and rudely awake
him out of his dream, without his permission. His position forbids
it--our commission does not require it. To us he is only an honoured
guest expectant, to whom rudeness is out of place. Without request for
help, we are helpless.

From our point of view we observe the Pasha, serene and tranquil,
encircled by wrangling rebels, and yet all along apparently unconscious
of the atmosphere of perfidy in which he lives--at least more inclined
to resignation than resistance. We feel that were we in his place, we
would speedily upset every combination against us, and are confident
that only one short resolute struggle is necessary to gain freedom and
power. But regarding him absorbed in his delusion that the fawning
obsequiousness of his perfidious followers and troops means devotion,
and seeing him enmeshed by treachery and fraud, and yet so credulous as
to believe this to be fidelity, we are struck dumb with amazement, and
can but turn our eyes towards one another, questioning and wondering.
For it was our misfortune, that, say what we would, we could not inspire
in him a sense of our conviction that his case was hopeless, and that
his people had cast him off utterly. We could not tell him that his men
looked down on him with contempt as a "bird collector," that they
thought he showed more interest in beetles than in men; that they only
paid him the externals of homage because they thought he was pleased and
satisfied. We could not tell him all this; but Nelson, who hated deceit,
would tell him in plain, blunt terms, that he was wrong in his beliefs,
and Parke would discourage them; and Jephson would argue with him, and
Stairs would give him open proof. But as often as these energetic young
Englishmen, out of pure friendship and pity, would attempt to warn him,
the Pasha was prompt to extenuate their offences, and excuse the malice
exhibited by his officers, and discouraged the efforts of his friends.
What each felt on returning from one of these profitless interviews had
better be left unwritten.

He would say, "But I know my people better than you can possibly know
them. I have thirteen years' acquaintance with them, against as many
weeks that you have."

The retort which we might have given to him was crushed under a silent
fuming, for he was still the Pasha! We might have said, "Aye; but,
Pasha, you know, you find more interest in insects than in men. You are
interested in the anatomy of a man, we in the soul. You know something
of his skull, but we can feel the pulse, and we are certain that your
faith in these men is misplaced, and that in the excess of this faith
lies folly."

Yet in the fervour of his belief in their imaginary fidelity, and the
warmth of his manner, there was a certain nobility which deterred us
from argument. His unwarying trustfulness was not convincing; but it
deepened our regard for him, and it may be that he imbued us with a hope
that, though invisible to us, there remained some good in them.

We dare not treat these features of a trustful, loving nature like that
of Emin Pasha with an insolent levity. He is a man, as I have said,
eminently lovable, and were it only for the pleasure we have oftentimes
received in his society, he deserves that what may be said of him shall
be delivered with charity at least. For the high though impossible hopes
entertained by him, and for the strenuous industry with which he
endeavoured to realize them, he deserves the greatest honour and
respect.

If we will only consider the accident which brought him to Khartoum, and
the rank and position he then filled, and the manner he rose from doctor
to storekeeper at Lado, to that of Governor of African Equatoria, we
need not wonder that his nature and taste remained unchanged. The story
of Gordon's trouble in the Soudan has never been written, and it never
will be. Gordon is a name that English people do not care to examine and
define too closely. Otherwise, I should like to know why there were so
few English officers with him. I should be curious to discover why such
as had an opportunity of working with him did not care to protract their
stay in the Soudan. I am inclined to believe by my own troubles on the
Congo that his must have been great--perhaps greater; that not one of
the least of his troubles must have been the difficulty of finding good,
fit, serviceable, and willing men. In Emin Pasha he meets with a man
who, though a German and a doctor of medicine, is industrious, civil,
ready, and obliging. Had I met Emin on the Congo, those qualities would
have endeared him to me, as they must have been appreciated by Gordon.
Those qualities are much rarer than editors of newspapers imagine. Out
of three hundred officers on the Congo, I can only count ten who
possessed them, who by mere request would seize on their duties with
goodwill, and perform them. How many did Gordon have? Emin was one of
the best and truest.

Now Emin loved botanizing, ornithology, entomology, studied geology,
made notes upon ethnology, and meteorology, and filled note-book after
note-book with his observations, and at the same time did not neglect
his correspondence. I know the courtesy with which he would write to
the Governor-General. I can imagine how the latter would be pleased with
receiving these letters--precise, careful, methodical, and polite.
Therefore Emin is pushed on in his African career from storekeeper to
chief of station, then envoy to Uganda, then offered a secretaryship,
then envoy of Gordon, then vice-king to the astute and subtle Kabba
Rega, and finally Governor of Equatoria.

In the course of his promotions, Emin shows he is ambitious. He wants
seeds for the fields; he applies to Gordon for them, and his reply is,
"I don't want you for a gardener; I sent you to govern. If you don't
like it, come away." A proud young Englishman would have taken him at
his word, descended the Nile, and parted with Gordon sulkily. Emin sent
an apology, and wrote, "Very good, sir." Later, Emin sent for a
photograph apparatus, and receives, "I sent you to the Equatorial
Provinces as governor, not as photographer." Emin says in reply, "Very
well, sir. I thank you, sir. I will do my duty." Nor does he bother the
Governor-General with complaints that he never gets his mails in due
time, or of the provisions sent there to him. What a valuable man he
was! He showed consideration and patience, and Gordon appreciated all
this.

By-and-by came trouble. After 1883 he is left to his own resources. The
people obey the Governor mechanically, and stations are building, and a
quiet progress is evident. They do not know yet how soon that Cromwell
at Khartoum may not ascend the Nile to Lado, and examine into the state
of affairs with his own eyes. Emin Bey, their Governor, is a very mild
ruler; that other one at Khartoum is in the habit of shooting mutineers.
Therefore, though there are many Arabists, and many inclined to that new
prophet, the Mahdi, among the troops of Emin, they are quiet. But
presently news leak that Khartoum is fallen, and Gordon slain, and all
power and stern authority prostrate; then comes the upheaval--the revolt
of the First Battalion and the flight of Emin to his more faithful
Irregulars and the Second Battalion, and finally universal dissolution
of the government. But Emin's tastes and nature remain unchanged.

There are some things, however, I have wondered at in Emin. I have
already observed that he was earnest and industrious in making
observations upon plants, insects, birds, manners and customs, so that
he was well equipped for geographical exploration; but I was somewhat
staggered when I learned that he had not explored Lake Albert. He
possessed two steamers and two life-boats, and one station at the
north-west end of the Lake called Tunguru, and another called Mswa,
half-way up the west side; and yet he had never visited the southern end
of the Lake, examined the affluent at the south side, sounded the Lake
from the north to south and east to west; never visited the Ituri River,
which was only two days' good marching from Mswa. Had he done so he
would probably have seen the snowy range and left very little for us to
discover in that district. He had been to Monbuttu Land on business of
his province, where he had vast stores of ivory treasured; he had sent
soldiers to the edge of Turkan territory; he had been twice to Uganda
and once to Unyoro; but he had never stepped on board his steamer for a
visit to the south end of the Lake until March, 1888, when he came to
enquire into a report concerning our arrival, and then he had steamed
back again to his stations.

The Emperor Hadrian wrote of the Egyptians that he found them "frivolous
and untrustworthy, fluttering at every wave of rumour, and were the most
revolutionary, excitable and criminal race in existence."

Had he been present in our camp during our tedious sojourn at Kavalli's,
could he have written differently? The revolutionary character disclosed
to us compel us to endorse this description as perfect truth.
"Frivolous" we know them to be to our cost. "Untrustworthy:" were ever
men so faithless as these? "Fluttering at every wave of rumour:" our
camp bred rumours as the ground bred flies; there were as many as the
chirpings of an aviary; the least trifle caused them to flutter like a
brood from under the mother bird. A mail from Wadelai caused them to run
gadding from one circle to another, from hut to hut, from the highest to
the lowest, emulating the cackle of many hens. "Revolutionary:"--"Up
with Arabi!" "Vive le Mahdi!" "Hurrah for Fadl el Mullah Bey!" "More
power to the elbow of Selim Bey Mator!" and "Down with all Governments!"
And thus they proved themselves an excitable, frivolous, untrustworthy,
and criminal race which required government by stern force, not by
sentiment and love.

But relieved from the dread of due penalty and the coercive arm of the
law by the fall of Khartoum and the death of the Governor-General, and
recognising that their isolation from Egypt gave them scope to follow
their vain imaginings, they were not long before they disclosed their
true characters, and revolted against every semblance of authority.
Happy was the Pasha, then, that the good record he had won in the
memories of his soldiers pleaded against the excesses to which their
unprincipled chiefs were inclined, which generally follows the ruin of
government.

These were the people--practised in dissimulation, adepts in deceit, and
pastured in vice--which this mild-mannered man, this student of science,
governed for several years all alone, before any outbreak among them
occurred. During this portion of his career as Governor of Equatoria
only unqualified praise can be given. The troops were not all seized
with the mania prevalent in the Soudan, to uproot every vestige of
authority.

To the north, west, and east gathered the Mahdists, barring all escape
by the Nile and cutting off all communication with Khartoum. On the 7th
of May, 1883, the first disaster occurs. Seventy soldiers are massacred
at El-del station who have been sent to reinforce the beleaguered
garrison, which, in its turn, is totally destroyed. On the 27th of
February, 1884, Lupton, the Governor of Bahr-el-Ghazal, informs him that
the rest of the inhabitants had rebelled, and on the 28th of the
following month he receives the news of the destruction of General
Hicks's army. On the 8th of April, the news is brought that the tribes
of Waddiafen, Elyat, Eofen, Euknah, Kanel, and Fakam were in open
rebellion. On the 30th of May he is informed by Lupton Bey, Governor of
the Bahr-el-Ghazal, that the Mahdi is within six hours of his
headquarters, and had summoned him to surrender his authority and
province, and warning him to take immediate steps for his defence. Four
days later, Karamalla--who in the meantime, had been appointed Governor
of Equatoria by the Mahdi to fill his place--wrote to him to deliver up
his province to him. Lupton Bey had already been vanquished. A committee
of six officers having debated this serious matter, came to the
conclusion that Emin had no other option open to him than to surrender.
In order to gain time he expressed his willingness to conform with their
decision, and despatched the judge of their province with some other
officers with the declaration of his readiness to yield.[12]

But on the departure of the Commission, he set about fortifying the
stations in his charge, and prepared for resistance against Karamalla,
then fresh from the conquest of the Bahr-el-Ghazal. He concentrated
troops from the petty stations in the vicinity at Amadi station, and
strengthened that place against the expected attack of that proud chief,
and also gathered at headquarters a formidable force. At this critical
period he was able to weed out the most forward in their desire for
submission to the Mahdi, and to separate the loyal from the disloyal,
and vigorous orders were issued that traitors would meet with no mercy
at his hands if found communicating with the enemy. Arbeek, Ayak, and
Wafi Stations are abandoned, and the troops are gathered at Amadi. The
month following witnesses the struggle proceeding. Some of the principal
stations are so well defended that the Mahdists suffer repeated losses
of chiefs and men, while many of the Government officers have basely
abandoned their posts, and take service with Karamalla; but on the 27th
February, 1885, a month after the fall of Khartoum, the enemy has
surrounded Amadi on all sides, and a brisk siege is maintained. On the
first of April, after extraordinary efforts, the fall of Amadi is
announced, with great loss of life, ammunition, cannon, small arms, and
rockets. After hearing of this disaster, measures are taken for the
concentration of the force of the Province along the Nile, in order to
secure means of communication with Egypt _via_ Zanzibar, and Birri,
Kirri, Bedden and Rejaf stations are founded, and out of the soldiers
who have managed to escape with life from the many skirmishes and fights
in which they were engaged, during 1883, 1884, to this date (April 1885)
eight companies of eighty men each are formed, and called the First
Battalion, under the command of Major Rehan Agha Ibrahim. On the 1st of
June, after the small outlying stations have been abandoned, a
sufficient number of officers have been collected to form a second
Battalion, under the command of Major Awash Effendi Montazir, to whom
was given the command of the southern stations. In his despatch of 1st
September, 1885, to the Government of Egypt, we observe near the close
of it the first note of discontent with the Major of the First
Battalion. He says:

     "The other thing that this major has done is his sending 200
     soldiers when it was too late and when everything was finished,
     which thing he did from want of decision and without asking my
     permission to do so; for if the rebels were strong at first before
     their capture of guns and ammunition, how much more so were they
     after that. _But these disobediences have become a nature to these
     persons, &c., &c._ But by the help of our merciful and great God,
     and by the influence of our Government, and by the name of our
     honourable Sovereign his Highness the Khedive, we were able to
     preserve the honour of our Government flag up to this date."

Yes, the honour of the Egyptian flag has been maintained, after the
shedding of "rivers of blood," after the exhibition of noble
stout-heartedness, unabated courage, and a prudent Fabian generalship,
which dispirited the enemy and animated his troops; he has been able to
align his troops in stations well fenced and fortified, so that the
struggle may be prolonged until he can hear the wishes of his Highness
the Khedive, and sound his plaint in the ears of Europe _via_ Zanzibar.
It is the story of this brave struggle that enlisted the sympathy of
myself and companions, and caused us to press on by the back door of
Africa to lend a helping hand, to rescue him if necessary, or to supply
him with the means of defence if needed.

In April 1885 he learns "from the poor slave of God, Mohammed El Mahdi,
the son of Abdallah," in a letter to his friend and Governor Karamalla,
the son of Sheik Mohammed, to whom may God grant etc., of the death of
"that enemy to God--Gordon," and of the assault and capture of Khartoum,
and that all the Soudan from Lado down to Abu Hamad Cataract, is in the
hands of the Mahdists, and that from the north no hope of relief may be
expected. He examines his prospects and position to the south, east and
west. To the east is Kabba Rega, the King of Unyoro, and his tributary
chiefs. To him he sends Captain Casati as his representative or
ambassador. It is the policy of Kabba Rega to be kind to the Governor.
He knew him in past years as an officer of that active vice-king at
Khartoum, and was hospitable and friendly to him. He knows not as yet of
the wonderful changes that have come over that region of Africa, and is
ignorant of the ruin that had overtaken that proud Government which had
dictated laws to him. His African mind is too dense to grasp the meaning
of this new movement abreast of his territory, and therefore, fearing to
displease the Governor, he receives Captain Casati generously and with a
grand display of hospitality. By-and-by deserters approach him, cunning
Egyptians and treacherous Soudanese, with their arms and ammunition, and
bit by bit he discovers the meaning of that fierce struggle, and begins
to understand that the Government which he dreaded was a wreck.

On the 2nd of January, 1886, Dr. Junker is taken across the Albert Lake
to Kibiro, a port of Unyoro. He is on his way home after years of travel
in Monbuttu and the Welle basin. He succeeds in reaching Uganda, and
because of his poverty is permitted to embark in a mission boat and
proceeds to Usambiro, at the south end of Lake Victoria, and thence to
Zanzibar, taking with him the despatches of Emin. It is through this
traveller we first learn the real straits that the Pasha is in, and the
distresses in prospect for him.

Kabba Rega meanwhile is patient, like an heir-expectant. He knows that
eventually he must win. Day by day, week by week, he sits waiting. He
affects generosity to the Governor, permits letters to pass and repass
between Zanzibar and Equatoria, treats the Ambassador with due
consideration, and ostensibly he is a firm friend; so much so, that Emin
has "nothing but hearty praises of Kabba Rega." But about the 13th
February, 1888, Kabba Rega wakes up. He hears of an Expedition close to
the Nyanza, and native exaggeration has magnified its means and numbers.
On or about the same date that the Relief Expedition is looking up and
down the waters of the Nyanza for evidences of a white man's presence in
the region, Captain Casati is seized, his house robbed, and himself
expelled with every mark of ignominy and almost naked, and from this
time forth Kabba Rega is a declared enemy, having first sealed his
enmity in the blood of Mohammed Biri, who had been a trusted messenger
between Emin and the C.M.S. Mission in Uganda.

To the west there is a great broad white blank, extending from his
Province to the Congo, of which absolutely nothing is known. To the
south there is a region marked on the map by the same white emptiness,
and turn which way he will, with a people unequal to the task of cutting
their way out and dreading the unknown, he has no other option than
waiting to see the effect of the disclosures of Junker and his own
despatches.

But in the meantime he is not idle. By the defeat of the rebels and
Mahdists in Makkaraka he has compelled a truce, and is left undisturbed
by Karamalla. Beyond Wadelai he has established Tunguru and Mswa
stations, and though the First Battalion has long ago cast off his
authority, the Second Battalion and the Native Irregulars acknowledge,
after their way, his authority. He superintends agriculture, the
planting, raising, and manufacture of cotton, travels between station
and station, establishes friendship with the surrounding tribes, and by
his tact maintains the semblance of good government.

There are some things, however, he cannot do: he cannot undo the evil
already done; he cannot eradicate the evil dispositions of his men, nor
can he, by only the exercise of temperate justice, appease the evil
passions roused by the revolution in the Soudan. He can only postpone
the hour of revolt. For against his sole influence are arrayed the
influences of the officers of the First Battalion, of the hundreds of
Egyptian employes scattered over the whole length of the Province, who,
by their insidious counsels, reverse the effect of every measure taken
by the Pasha, and palsy every effort made by him. He cannot inaugurate,
by the expression of his wish, a new system of dealing with the natives.
The system has been established throughout the Soudan of exacting from
the natives every species of contribution--herds, flocks, grain, and
servants; or, whenever there is scarcity, of proceeding by force of arms
and taking what they need from the aborigines. And this need,
unfortunately, is insatiable; it has no limit. The officers cannot be
limited to a certain number; each has three or four wives, besides
concubines, and these require domestic servants for their households.
Fadl el Mulla Bey's household requires a hundred slaves--men, women,
boys, and girls. The soldiers require wives, and these also must have
servants; and with the growth of the boys into manhood there grows new
needs, which the natives must satisfy with their women and children of
both sexes.

There are 650 men and officers in the First Battalion, and as many in
the Second Battalion. There are about 3,000 Irregulars; there is a
little army of clerks, storekeepers, artisans, engineers, captains, and
sailors. These must be wived, concubined, and fed by the natives, and in
return there is nothing given to them. We hear of 8,000 head of cattle
being collected on a raid; the Pasha admitted that 1,600 beeves and cows
was the greatest number during his government. But these raids are
frequent; each station must have herds of its own, and there are
fourteen stations. Shukri Agha, Commandant of Mswa, was indefatigable in
making these raids. Of course the Pasha found this state of things in
his Province. It was an old-established custom, a custom that weighs
with all the weight of fearful oppression on the natives; and,
embarrassed as he was by the advance of Karamalla and the disease of
rebellion that raged like an epidemic in the hearts of his own subjects,
he was powerless to restrain them. But we can understand why the
natives, who had been for so many years under Egyptian government,
hailed the appearance of the Mahdists, and joined them to exterminate
the panic-stricken fugitives from the captured forts of the Province.
When the Congo State forgets its duties to its subjects, and sanctions
rapine and raiding, we may rest assured that its fall will be as sudden
and as certain as that of the Egyptian Government in the Soudan.

I am not concerned in writing the history of this unhappy region, which
has been given up for years to be the prey of the vilest passions that
human nature is capable of feeling, but by these allusions to what I
personally know I am able to interest the reader in the true position of
Emin Pasha. This solitary man was engaged in as impossible a task as was
that of Gordon when he undertook and set out for Khartoum, in 1884, to
rescue the garrisons of the Soudan. He did brave things, but the bravest
portion of his story is when this earnest-minded man lives among these
lost people, and has to endure seeing his subjects robbed and despoiled
whenever any officer apprehends scarcity and resolves upon a raiding
expedition. He knows exactly what will happen; he knows there will be
indiscriminate shooting and looting, he knows there will be destruction
of villages and decimation of the owners; that with the captive herds
there will be long files of captive women and children, and a
distribution of the spoil; and yet he dares do nothing to thwart these
cruel and hard proceedings. How can he? He has no cloth or money to buy
food for all his people. What answer can he make when they demand of him
what they must do to live? Though the soil is gracious and repays
labour, it is useless for him to point to it. They will grow cotton to
clothe themselves, and cultivate gardens for kitchen vegetables, because
no native understands these things; but grain for bread, and cattle for
beef, the natives must yield to people nobler than themselves. He is the
only man who can think of this work as a wrong, and as he has no force
to compel men to think otherwise, he must needs endure this evil as he
endures many others. Good government was therefore impossible. It was
founded on blood and spoliation from the very beginning, and, like all
other Governments which preceded it, that were created with similar
views, it was decreed that it should perish utterly.

As a fitting conclusion to this chapter, I append the following
documents received from Sir Francis Grenfell, the Sirdar of Egypt. Those
who love to trace effects to causes may find in these documents
criminating proofs of that intercourse with the enemy which was
maintained by the rebel officers. They explain what I have asserted.
They prove conclusively that their object in proceeding to the Pasha at
Tunguru, and imploring his forgiveness, promising to reinstate him in
power, and begging him to introduce them to me, was for the purpose
consummating the vile plot of betraying us into the hands of the
Mahdists. Thanks to Jephson, who was "a chiel takin' notes," and to the
clumsiness of their acts, Omar Saleh did not have the satisfaction of
conveying that "other traveller who had come to Emin," and whom he was
so anxious to catch, for exhibition at Khartoum--which he may possibly
regret more than I.

        LETTER FROM OSMAN DIGNA TO THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL, SUAKIM.

     "In the name of the Great God, &c.

     "This is from Osman Digna to the Christian who is Governor of
     Suakim. Let me inform you that some time ago Rundle sent me a
     letter asking me of the man who was Governor in the Equatorial
     Provinces. On the arrival of the said letter in our hands I sent it
     at once to the Khalifa, on whom be peace, &c. The Khalifa has sent
     me the answer, and has informed me that the said Governor of the
     Equator has fallen into our hands, and is now one of the followers
     of the Mahdi. The Khalifa sent steamers to the Equator, commanded
     by one of our chiefs, named Omar Saleh. They reached Lado, and on
     their arrival they found that the troops of the said Governor, who
     were composed of military men and officers, had seized the
     Governor, with a traveller who was with him. They put them in
     chains and delivered them into the hands of our chief. Now all the
     province is in our hands, and the inhabitants have submitted to the
     Mahdi. We have taken the arms and ammunition which were there; we
     also brought the officers and chief clerk to the Khalifa, who
     received them kindly, and now they are staying with him. They have
     handed to him all their banners.

     "Therefore, as Rundle wishes to know what has become of this
     Governor, you tell him of this message.

     "I enclose a copy of the letter which our chief in the Equator sent
     to the Khalifa, and also a copy of that which Tewfik had sent to
     the said Governor.

     "I also send you a dozen rounds of the ammunition, which were
     brought from the Equator. I praise God for the defeat of the
     unbeliever, and defeat of the infidels.

"Sealed"




"The ammunition sent was Snider ammunition, marked 1869, and is in very
good condition. Two letters were enclosed. The first of these is
recognised by his Excellency the Sirdar as being the one given to Mr.
Stanley by his Highness the Khedive on his departure from Cairo."

"The second is a copy of a letter of Omar Saleh to the Khalifa, dated
15th October, 1888, and is as follows:--

     "We proceeded with the steamers and army, and reached the town of
     Lado, where Emin, the Mudir of the Equator, is staying, on the 5th
     Safar, 1306 (10th October, 1888). We must thank the officers and
     men who made this conquest easy, for they had seized Emin and a
     traveller who was staying with him, and put them both in chains,
     refusing to go to Egypt with the Turks.

     "Tewfik had sent to Emin one of the travellers; his name is Mr.
     Stanley. This Mr. Stanley brought with him a letter from Tewfik to
     Emin, dated 8th Gamad Awal (the date of the Khedive's letter),
     telling him to come with Mr. Stanley, and give the rest of the
     force the option of coming with him or remaining here, as they
     please.

     "The force refused the Turkish orders, and received us gladly. I
     have found a great deal of ivory and feathers. I am sending with
     this the officers and Chief Clerk on board the _Bordein_, commanded
     by Mohammed Kheir. I am also sending the letter which came from
     Tewfik to Emin, together with the banners we took from the Turks.

     "I have heard that there is another traveller who came to Emin. I
     am looking out for him, and if he returns I am sure to catch him.

     "All the chiefs of the Province, with the inhabitants, are
     delighted to see us. I have taken all the arms and ammunition. When
     you have seen the officers and Chief Clerk, and given them the
     necessary instructions, please send them back, as they will be of
     great use to me."

     True copy.

(Sd.) T. R. WINGATE.
Kaim.
A. A. G. Intell.

W. O.
15/1/90.







CHAPTER XXVIII.

TO THE ALBERT EDWARD NYANZA.


     Description of the road from Bundegunda--We get a good view of the
     twin peaks in the Ruwenzori range--March to Utinda--The Pasha's
     officers abuse the officer in command: which compels a severe
     order--Kaibuga urges hostilities against Uhobo--Brush with the
     enemy: Casati's servant, Akili, killed--Description of the
     Ruwenzori range as seen from Nboga--Mr. Jephson still an
     invalid--The little stowaway named Tukabi--Captain Nelson examines
     the Semliki for a suitable ferry--We reach the Semliki river:
     description of the same--Uledi and Saat Tato swim across the river
     for a canoe--A band of Wara Sura attack us--All safely ferried
     across the river--In the Awamba forest--Our progress to
     Baki-kundi--We come across a few Baundwe, forest aborigines--The
     Egyptians and their followers--Conversation with Emin
     Pasha--Unexplored parts of Africa--Abundance of food--Ruwenzori
     from the spur of Ugarama--Two native women give us local
     information--We find an old man at Batuma--At Bukoko we encounter
     some Manyuema raiders: their explanation--From Bakokoro we arrive
     at Mtarega, the foot of the Ruwenzori range--Lieut. Stairs with
     some men explore the Mountains of the Moon--Report of Lieut.
     Stairs' experiences--The Semliki valley--The Rami-lulu valley--The
     perfection of a tropical forest--Villages in the clearing of
     Ulegga--Submission of a Ukonju chief--Local knowledge from our
     friends the Wakonju--Description of the Wakonju tribe--The Semliki
     river--View of Ruwenzori from Mtsora--We enter Muhamba, and next
     day camp at Karimi--Capture of some fat cattle of Rukara's--The
     Zeriba of Rusesse--Our first view of Lake Albert Edward Nyanza.

[Sidenote: 1889.

May 9.

Bundegunda.]

The road to the south, which we now pursued on moving from Bundegunda on
the 9th May, skirted the western base of that great bulk of mountain
land inhabited by the Balegga, and the Bandussuma of Mazamboni. It
crosses cultivated tracts devoted to beans and luxuriant sweet potatoes,
yams, colocassia, and sugar-cane; it is hedged thickly with glorious
plantains; it is flanked by humble villages, with cone roofs; it is
buried under miniature wildernesses of reedy cane; it dips down to
clear, limpid rillets, just escaped from the bosom of the tall mountains
soaring above; it winds in snaky curves over rich flats of pasture; it
runs close to the foot of steep <DW72>s, and then starts off along
smoothly-descending spurs. About five miles off to the westward, or on
our right hand, the forest, black as night, keeps company with us. We
are seldom out of sight of the advancing capes and receding bays of the
dark, eternal mass. On our left, in intimate neighbourhood, rise the
mighty <DW72>s, steeply receding upward into the greyish blue of an
uncertain sky, and far away, in solemn lines, like a colossal battalion
of mountains, is ranged the series between each of which are deep
ravines, narrow and far-reaching recessions, formed by
ceaselessly-murmuring streams.

[Sidenote: 1889.

May 10.

Utinda.]

On the morning of this day, Ruwenzori came out from its mantle of clouds
and vapours, and showed its groups of peaks and spiny ridges resplendent
with shining white snow; the blue beyond was as that of ocean--a
purified and spotless translucence. Far to the west, like huge double
epaulettes, rose the twin peaks which I had seen in December, 1887, and
from the sunk ridge below the easternmost rose sharply the dominating
and unsurpassed heights of Ruwenzori proper, a congregation of hoary
heads, brilliant in white raiment; and away to the east extended a
roughened ridge, like a great vertebra--peak and saddle, isolated mount
and hollow, until it passed out of sight behind the distant extremities
of the range we were then skirting. And while in constant view of it, as
I sat up in the hide hammock suspended between two men, my plan of our
future route was sketched. For to the west of the twin peaks, Ruwenzori
range either dropped suddenly into a plain or sheered away S.S.W. What I
saw was either an angle of a mass or the western extremity. We would
aim for the base of the twin peaks, and pursue our course southerly to
lands unknown, along the base-line. The guides--for we had many
now--pointed with their spears vaguely, and cried out "Ukonju" and
(giving a little dab into the air with their spear-points) "Usongora,"
meaning that Ukonju was what we saw, and beyond it lay Usongora,
invisible.

After halting at Ujungwa we rose next day to march to Utinda, seven
miles off. The valley between the Balegga Mountains and the forest
seemed to narrow, and the path threatened to take us into troublous
depths of spear-grass brakes and fens nourishing reed-cane, when, after
crossing the Chai and Aturo streams, and several gushing rivulets, it
ran up a lengthy spur of the Balegga Mountains, and took us to a height
of 500 feet above the valley.

From this altitude we observed that we had narrowly escaped being buried
in the forest again, for it had advanced behind the spur right across
the valley, and occupied every inch of lowland. Within its sombre depths
the Chai and Aturo rivers and other streams united their currents to
form a respectable tributary of the Ituri river.

A little to our left, as we looked south, was a deep basin parted into
numerous small arable plots, appertaining to the district of Utinda.
Every ravine and hollow seemed choked by long, straggling plantations of
plantain and banana. The beans and Indian corn were late, for they were
not more than five inches high, while at Bundegunda the crops were quite
four feet high and in flower.

The Egyptians reached camp four hours after the advance guard, and the
officer in charge of the rear complained bitterly of the abuse that he
had received from the Pasha's officers, some of them jeering at him,
making mouths, and daring him to drive them along, which compelled me to
issue the following order:--

     "Whereas the Expedition must necessarily proceed slowly, and
     shorten its marches, owing to the promise that we have given Selim
     Bey, and to the fact that the Egyptians, the Soudanese and their
     followers are as yet unaccustomed to hard travel and fatigue, and
     to the fact that I, their guide, am physically too weak to endure
     more than two or three hours' exertion of any kind, the officers
     will please exercise the greatest patience and forbearance, but
     they must on no account forget the duties peculiar to the
     rear-guard. They will permit no straggling by the wayside, no
     looting of villages, no indiscriminate pillaging of plantations, no
     marauding upon any excuse; and upon any insolence, whether from
     Egyptian officer, private soldier, or follower, the officer in
     charge will call his guard and bind the offender, and bring him to
     me for punishment. If any violence is offered it must be met by
     such violence as will instantly crush it."

[Illustration: RUWENZORI, FROM KAVALLI'S.]

From the basin of Utinda we ascended past a few cones dominating a ridge
which enclosed it on the south and south-east, and, after surmounting
two other ridges separated by well-watered valleys, we arrived on the
airy upland of grassy Uhobo, 4,900 feet above sea-level. A little later
Kaibuga entered into our camp. This chief was of the Wahuma settled
among the Balegga, whose grounds overlooked the plain of Kavalli and the
south end of the Nyanza, and whose territory extended to the debouchure
of the Semliki. He urged active hostilities, as Uhobo belonged to Kabba
Rega. Naturally we smiled at this, as we had not seen the semblance of a
single enemy, though it is true that the Uhobo natives had disappeared
from view at our approach. At this instant a picquet signalled the
advance of a column of Kabba Rega's people armed with guns, and two
companies of Zanzibaris were mustered by Lieutenant Stairs and Captain
Nelson, the latter of whom had so improved by the diet of Kavalli and
Mazamboni that he was fit for any work.

After proceeding about two miles they met the small party of the Pasha's
people carrying the dead body of Captain Casati's faithful servant
Okili, for whom Casati entertained deep affection. He had been shot
through the forehead by a rifle-ball. It appears that while the
Soudanese had been bathing in a stream south of Uhobo, the column of the
Wara Sura happened to be observed marching in a pretty disciplined
manner with two flags towards them, and a few minutes later would have
surprised them, but the whole party hastily dressed, and, snatching
their rifles, opened fire on them. Three of the enemy fell dead, and
Okili was shot by the fire that was returned. On the approach of the
Zanzibaris the Wara Sura fled, and were pursued for three miles, but no
further casualties occurred.

[Sidenote: 1889.

May 12.

Mboga.]

A severe rainstorm, lasting seven hours, fell during the night, and in
the morning when marching to Mboga we were involved in cloud and mist.
As the day advanced, however, Ruwenzori thrust its immense body into
view far above the vapours rising from the low Semliki Valley, and every
now and then the topmost cones gathered the cloudy fleeces and veiled
their white heads from view. As we advanced nearer each day to the range
we were surprised that we were not able to discover so much snow as we
had seen at Kavalli, but on reflection it became evident that the line
of snow became obscured from view by an advanced ridge, which the nearer
we approached impeded the view the more. We observed also that the lofty
mountain range assumed the form of a crescent; Ajif Mountain forming the
northern end and the Twin Peak shoulder to the west the other end; and
further, that beyond Ajif, which I estimated at about 6,000 feet above
the sea, there was a steady and perceptible rise to the snow line, and
then a sudden uplift to the proud height of from 2,000 to 5,000 feet
higher, most of which was under snow.

This place of Mboga, were it in any other country than under the Equator
in Mid Africa, would afford a splendid view of this unique range. From
the Twin Peak angle and up to thirty miles N.N.E. of Ajif the whole of
it ought to be in sight in any other clime, but the mist escapes in
continuous series or strata from the valley beneath, and floats in
fleeting evanescent masses, quite obscuring every other minute the
entire outlines. Between this point and the Ruwenzori range lies the
deep sunken valley of the Semliki, from twelve to twenty-five miles
wide. From a point abreast of Mboga to the edge of the Lake the first
glance of it suggests a lake. Indeed, the officers supposed it to be the
Albert Lake, and the Soudanese women were immoderately joyous at the
sight, and relieved their feelings by shrill lu-lu-lus; but a binocular
revealed pale brown grass in its sere, with tiny bushes dotting the
plain. To our right, as we looked down the depth of 2,500 feet, there
was a dark tongue of acacia bushes deepening into blackness as the
forest, which we had left near the Chai River, usurped the entire
breadth of the valley.

Mr. Jephson was still an invalid, with a fever which varied from 102 deg. to
105 deg. temperature, ever since the 23rd of April, and at this time he was
in rather an anxious state of mind. Like myself, he was much shrunk, and
we both looked ill. We halted on the 13th to give rest to invalids and
the little children.

To Kiryama, on the 14th, a village situated near the mouth of a deep and
narrow valley, and which in old times, when Lake Albert covered the
grassy plain and must have been a somewhat picturesque inlet, we made a
continuous descent by declining spurs. The soil of the valley was
extremely rich, and a copious stream coursed through it to the Semliki.
We obtained, at brief intervals, glimpses of Ruwenzori; but had the mist
not been so tantalising it would not have been deemed an unwelcome view
that we should have had of the magnificent and imposing altitude of
15,500 feet above us.

In the camp of the immense caravan a little boy about eleven years old,
named Tukabi, was found. He was what is termed "a stowaway." While we
were at Mazamboni, his father, a subject of Kavalli, had come to appeal
for help to recover him. He had attached himself to some Zanzibaris. The
boy was delivered up, and his father was charged to observe the young
truant carefully. He had disguised himself with some cloth to cover his
face, but as he passed my tent I recognised him. He was asked why he
deserted his father to join strangers who might be unkind to him.
"Because," he answered, "I prefer my friend to my father." "Does your
father beat you?" "No, but I wish to see the place where these guns come
from, and where the thunder medicine (gunpowder) is made." It was the
first time in my experience that an African boy of such a tender age was
known to voluntarily abandon his parents. He was a singularly bright
little fellow, with very intelligent eyes, and belonged to the Wahuma
race.

[Sidenote: 1889.

May 14.

Kiryama.]

Captain Nelson was despatched to proceed to the Semliki River with 80
rifles, to examine what opportunities there might be for crossing the
river. He returned after a brilliant march, and reported that the
Semliki at the ferry was about eighty or ninety yards wide, swift and
deep, with steep banks of from ten to twenty feet high, much subject to
undermining by the river; that the canoes had all been removed by
Ravidongo, the General of Kabba Rega, who was said to have gathered a
large force to oppose our crossing, and also that all the natives of
Uhobo, Mboga, and Kiryama districts, were collected across the Semliki
River with him, and that it was clear a stout resistance would be made,
as the opposite banks were carefully watched; that while they were
examining the river a volley had been fired at them, which was
fortunately harmless.

[Sidenote: 1889.

May 17.

Awamba.]

After a two days' rest at Kiryama we marched south across the grassy
plain to another ferry led by Kaibuga. That which some of us had assumed
to be a lake was very firm alluvium and lacustrine deposit, growing a
thin crop of innutritious grass, about 18 inches high. As we advanced up
the river it sensibly improved; and at the third hour from Kiryama an
acacia tree was seen; a little later there were five, then a dozen, wide
apart and stunted. At the fourth hour it was quite a thin forest on the
left side of the Semliki, while to the right it was a thick impervious
and umbrageous tropic forest, and suddenly we were on the bank of the
Semliki. At the point we touched the river it was sixty yards wide, with
between a four and five-knot current. A little below it widened into 100
yards, a fine, deep, and promising river. Up and down, and opposite,
there were broad signs of recent land falls. Its banks consisted of
sediment and gravelly debris which could offer no resistance to the
strong current when it surged against the base. It washed away great
masses from underneath. There was a continual falling of dissolving
lumps, as though it was so much snow; then a sudden fall of a two-ton
fragment of the superincumbent bank. It was a loopy, and twisting,
crooked stream, forming a wide-stretching S in every mile of its course,
and its water was of a whitey-brown colour, and weighted with sediment.
Out of a tumblerful of the liquid, a fourth of an inch of fine earth
would be deposited.

By a good aneroid the altitude of the bank, which was about twenty feet
above the river, was 2,388 feet above the sea. Lake Albert by the same
aneroid was 2,350 feet. There was a difference indicated of 38 feet. I
estimated that we were about thirty English miles from the lake.

As we arrived at the river a canoe was observed floating down rapidly.
The alarm had been given, probably, by some natives who had heard our
voices, and in their hurry to escape had either purposely cast off their
canoe, or had feared to be detained through the necessity of securing
it. The village of the Awamba, whence it had floated adrift, was in
sight. Men were sent up and down the banks to discover a canoe, and
Uledi--always Uledi--sent up soon the good news that he had found one.
The caravan proceeded in his direction, and camped in a large but
abandoned banana plantation. The canoe was across the river in a small
creek, opposite the camping place. By some method it was necessary to
obtain it, as one canoe at this time was priceless. The men with the
bill-hooks were ordered up to clear twenty yards of bush, and to leave a
thin screen between the sharpshooters and the river. Then three or four
volleys scoured the position around the canoe, and in the meantime the
bold Uledi and Saat Tato, the hunter, swam across, and when near the
vessel the firing ceased. In a few seconds they had cut the canoe loose,
and were in it, paddling across to our side with all energy. They had
gained the centre of the river when the archers rose up and shot the
hunter, and at the same time the rifles blazed across. But the canoe was
obtained, and Saat Tato, streaming with blood, was attended by Dr.
Parke. Fortunately, the broad-bladed arrow had struck the shoulder
blade, which saved the vitals. Both the brave fellows were rewarded with
$20 worth of cloth on the spot.

[Sidenote: 1889.

May 18.

Awamba.]

At 5 P.M. Mr. Bonny performed signal service. He accepted the mission of
leading five Soudanese across the Semliki as the vanguard of the
Expedition. By sunset there were fifty rifles across the river.

[Illustration: ATTACK BY THE WANYORO AT SEMLIKI FERRY.]

On the 18th the ferriage was resumed at dawn. By noon two more canoes
had been discovered by scouts. Staits and Jephson were both very ill of
fever, and I was a prematurely old man of ninety in strength and
appearance and just able to walk at this time about one hundred yards.
Captain Nelson and Surgeon Parke therefore superintended the work of
transporting the Expedition across the Semliki. At two o'clock in the
afternoon, while the ferrying was briskly proceeding, a body of fifty of
the Wara Sura stole up to within 250 yards of the ferry, and fired a
volley at the canoes while in mid-river. Iron slugs and lead bullets
screamed over the heads of the passengers, and flew along the face of
the water, but fortunately there was no harm done. Notwithstanding our
admiration at their impudent audacity, a second volley might be more
effective, but Captain Nelson sprang from the river-side, and a hundred
rifles gathered around him and a chase began. We heard a good deal of
volleying, but the chase and retreat were so hot that not a bullet found
its purposed billet. However, the Wara Sura discovered that, whatever
our intentions might be, we were in strong force, and we understood that
they were capable of contriving mischief. In their hurried flight they
dropped several as well-made cartridges as could be prepared at
Woolwich; and here was a proof also what a nest of traitors there was in
the Equatorial Province, for all these articles were of course furnished
by the scores of deserters.

By night of the 18th, 669 people had been ferried across. At 3 o'clock
of the 19th, 1,168 men, women and children, 610 loads of baggage, 3
canoe loads of sheep and goats, and 235 head of cattle had been taken
across. The only loss sustained was a calf, which was drowned. It may he
imagined how pleased I was at the brilliant services, activity and care
shown by Captain Nelson and Dr. Parke.

A few hours later one of the Pasha's followers was taken to the surgeon
with a fatal arrow-wound. It reminded me of the anxious times I
suffered, during the first eighteen months' experiences with the equally
thoughtless Zanzibaris.

On the 20th the Expedition moved through the thick forest, along an
extremely sloughy path to a little village removed one and a half hours
from the river. We arrived just as the intolerable pests of gnats were
at their liveliest. They swarmed into the eyes, nostrils, and ears, in
myriads. We thought the uninhabited forest was preferable, but at 9
o'clock the minute tribes retired to rest, and ceased to vex us. There
was an odour of stale banana wine and ripe banana refuse, and these
probably had attracted the gnats. Two large troughs--equal in size to
small canoes--were stationed in the village, in which the natives
pressed the ripe fruit and manufactured their wine.

[Sidenote: 1889.

May 20.

Awamba.]

For the first time we discovered that the Awamba, whose territory we
were now in, understood the art of drying bananas over wooden gratings,
for the purpose of making flour. We had often wondered, during our life
in the forest region, that natives did not appear to have discovered
what invaluable, nourishing, and easily digestible food they possessed
in the plantain and banana. All banana lands--Cuba, Brazil, West
Indies--seem to me to have been specially remiss on this point. If only
the virtues of the flour were publicly known, it is not to be doubted
but it would be largely consumed in Europe. For infants, persons of
delicate digestion, dyspeptics, and those suffering from temporary
derangements of the stomach, the flour, properly prepared, would be of
universal demand. During my two attacks of gastritis, a light gruel of
this, mixed with milk, was the only matter that could be digested.

On the 22nd we were obliged to march for six hours through quagmire and
reeking mud before we were enabled to find a resting-place. The dense
forest, while as purely tropical in its luxuriance as any we had
travelled, was more discomforting owing to its greater heat and
over-abundant moisture. The excessive humidity revealed itself in a
thin, opaque, damp haze just above us. In the tree-tops it had already
gathered into a mist; above them it was a cloud; so that between us and
sunshine we had clouds several miles in thickness, the thick, dark,
matted foliage of the forest, then thickening layers of mist, and
finally a haze of warm vapour. We therefore picked our way through
shallow pool and gluey black mud, under a perpetual dropping of
condensed vapour, and by a leaden light that would encourage thoughts of
suicide, while bodily distress was evinced by trickling rillets of
perspiration.

Emerging into a ruined village, the result of some late raid of the Wara
Sura, we threw looks towards Ruwenzori, but the old mountain had
disappeared under blue-black clouds that reminded one of brooding
tempests. The heights of Mboga were dimly visible, though they were
further from us than the stupendous mass behind which the thunder
muttered, and whence rain seemed imminent. We began to realize that we
were in the centre of a great fermenting vat, and that the exhalations
growing out of it concentrated themselves into clouds, and that the
latter hung in ever-thickening folds until they floated against the face
of Ruwenzori; that they languidly ascended the slants and clung to the
summits, until a draught of wind over the snow-crests blew them away and
cleared the view.

We passed through an extremely populous district the next day, and
travelled only two and a quarter hours to reach Baki Kundi. Flanking the
path were familiar features, such as several camps of pigmies, who were
here called Watwa.

The distance from the Semliki to these villages wherein we were now
encamped is 15-1/2 English miles, which we had taken three days to travel,
and two days' halt in consequence. But slow as this was, and supplied as
was the caravan with running streams of good water and unlimited
quantities of meat and grain, potatoes, plantains, and ripe fruit, the
misery of African travel had been realised to its depths. Mothers had
left their little children on the road, and one Egyptian soldier, named
Hamdan, had laid down by the wayside and stubbornly refused to move,
unwilling to pursue the journey of life further. He had no load to
carry, he was not sick, but he--what can be said? He belonged to the
donkey breed of humanity; he could not travel, but he could die, and the
rear-guard were obliged to leave him. This started a rumour through the
camp that the commander of the rear-guard had quietly despatched him.

[Sidenote: 1889.

May 24.

Baki-Kundi.]

The 24th of May was a halt, and we availed ourselves of it to despatch
two companies to trace the paths, that I might obtain a general idea
which would best suit our purposes. One company took a road leading
slightly east of south, and suddenly came across a few Baundwe, whom we
knew for real forest aborigines. This was in itself a discovery, for we
had supposed we were still in Utuku, as the east side of the Semliki is
called, and which is under Kabba Rega's rule. The language of the
Baundwe was new, but they understood a little Kinyoro, and by this means
we learned that Ruwenzori was known to them as Bugombowa, and that the
Watwa pigmies and the Wara Sura were their worst enemies, and that the
former were scattered through the woods to the W.S.W.

The other company travelled in a S. by W. direction, reached the thin
line of open country that divided the immediate base-line of Ruwenzori
from the forest. They spoke in raptures of the abundance of food, but
stated that the people were hostile and warlike. The arms of the men
were similar to those of other forest people, but the women were
distinguished for iron collars, to which were suspended small
phial-shaped pendants of hollow iron, besides those ending in fine
spiral coils at the extremities.

[Illustration: HOUSES ON THE EDGE OF THE FOREST.]

Another short march of two and a quarter hours brought us to a village
of thirty-nine round, conical huts, which possessed elaborate doorways,
here and there ornamented with triangles painted red and black. The
_Elais gunieensis_ palm was very numerous near the village.

[Sidenote: 1889.

May 25.

Ugarama.]

On the next day we emerged out of the forest, and camped in the strip
of grass-land in the village of Ugarama, in N. lat. 0 deg. 45' 49" and E.
long. 30 deg. 14' 45". The path had led along the crests of a narrow, wooded
spur, with ravines 200 feet deep on either hand, buried by giant trees.
The grass-land here did not produce that short nutritive quality which
made Kavalli so pleasant, but was of gigantic spear-grasses, from 6 to
15 feet high.

The Egyptian Hamdan made his reappearance at this camp. Left to himself
he had probably discovered it hard to die alone in the lonely woods, and
had repented of his folly. By this time we had become fully sensible of
the difficulty we should meet each day while these people were under our
charge. Low as was my estimation of them before, it had descended far
below zero now. Words availed nothing, reason could not penetrate their
dense heads. Their custom was to rush at early dawn along the path, and
after an hour's spurt sit down, dawdle, light a fire, and cook, and
smoke, and gossip; then, when the rear-guard came up to urge them along,
assume sour and discontented looks, and mutter to themselves of the
cruelty of the infidels. Almost every day complaints reached me from
them respecting Captain Nelson and Lieutenant Stairs. Either one or the
other was reported for being exacting and too peremptory. It was tedious
work to get them to comprehend that they were obeying orders; that their
sole anxiety was to save them from being killed by the natives, or from
losing their way; that the earlier they reached camp the better for
everybody; that marches of two or three hours would not kill a child
even; that while it was our duty to be careful of their lives, it was
also our duty to have some regard for the Zanzibaris, who, instead of
being two or three hours on the road were obliged to be ten hours, with
boxes on their heads; that it was my duty also to see that the white
officers were not worn out by being exposed to the rain, and mud, and
shivering damp, waiting on people who would not see the benefit of
walking four or five miles quickly to camp to enjoy twenty to twenty-one
hours' rest out of the twenty-four. These whining people, who were
unable to walk empty-handed two and a half or three hours per day, were
yellow Egyptians; a man with a little black pigment in his skin seldom
complained, the extreme black and the extreme white never.

The Egyptians and their followers had such a number of infants and young
children that when the camp space was at all limited, as on a narrow
spur, sleep was scarcely possible. These wee creatures must have
possessed irascible natures, for such obstinate and persistent
caterwauling never tormented me before. The tiny blacks and sallow
yellows rivalled one another with force of lung until long past
midnight, then about 3 or 4 A.M. started afresh, woke everyone from
slumber, while grunts of discontent at the meeawing chorus would be
heard from every quarter.

[Illustration: EGYPTIAN WOMEN AND CHILDREN.]

Our Zanzibaris concluded that though the people of Equatoria might be
excellent breeders, they were very poor soldiers. The Egyptians had been
so long accustomed to overawe the natives of the Province by their
numbers and superior arms, that now their number was somewhat reduced
and overmatched by natives, they appeared to be doubtful of reaching
peaceful countries; but they were so undisciplined, and yet so
imperious, they would speedily convert the most peaceful natives to
rancorous foes.

With the Pasha I had a conversation on this date, and I became fully
aware that, though polite, he yet smarted under resentment for the
explosion of April 5th. But the truth is that the explosion was
necessary and unavoidable. Our natures were diametrically opposed. So
long as there was no imperative action in prospect we should have been
both capable of fully enjoying one another's society. He was learned and
industrious and a gentleman, and I could admire and appreciate his
merits. But the conditions of our existence prohibited a too prolonged
indulgence in these pleasures. We had not been commissioned to pass our
days in Equatoria in scientific talk, nor to hold a protracted
conversazione on Lake Albert. The time had come, as appointed, to begin
a forward movement. It was not effected without that episode in the
square at Kavalli. Now that we were on the journey I discovered to my
regret that there were other causes for friction. The Pasha was devoured
with a desire to augment his bird collections, and thought that, having
come so far to help him, we might "take it easy." "But we are taking it
easy for manifold reasons. The little children, the large number of
women burdened with infants, the incapable Egyptians, the hope that
Selim Bey will overtake us, the feeble condition of Jephson and myself,
and Stairs is far from strong." "Well, then, take it more easy." "We
have done so; a mile and a half per day is surely easy going." "Then be
easier still." "Heavens, Pasha, do you wish us to stay here altogether?
Then let us make our wills, and resign ourselves to die with our work
undone." The thunder was muttering again, as behind the dark clouds on
Ruwenzori, and another explosion was imminent.

[Sidenote: 1889.

May 26.

Ugarama.]

I knew he was an ardent collector of birds and reptiles and insects, but
I did not know that it was a mania with him. He would slay every bird in
Africa; he would collect ugly reptiles, and every hideous insect; he
would gather every skull until we should become a travelling museum and
cemetery, if only carriers could be obtained. But then his people were
already developing those rabid ulcers, syphilis had weakened their
constitutions, a puncture of a thorn in the face grew into a horrid and
sloughy sore; they had pastured on vice and were reaping the
consequences. The camps soon became so filthy that they would breed a
pestilence, and we should soon become a moving sight to gods and men.
Carriers were dying--they were not well treated--and then, why then, we
could not move at all by-and-by. He was in Heaven when his secretary,
Rajab Effendi, brought him new species; he looked grateful when there
was to be a two days' rest, sad when he heard we should march; and when
we should reach a nice place near Ruwenzori, we should stay a week, oh,
splendid!

Now, all this made me feel as if we were engaged in a most ungrateful
task. As long as life lasts, he will hold me in aversion, and his
friends, the Felkins, the Junkers, and Schweinfurths will listen to
querulous complaints, but they will never reflect that work in this
world must not consist entirely of the storage in museums of skulls, and
birds, and insects; that the continent of Africa was never meant by the
all-bounteous Creator to be merely a botanical reserve, or an
entomological museum.

Every man I saw, giant or dwarf, only deepened the belief that Africa
had other claims on man, and every feature of the glorious land only
impressed me the more that there was a crying need for immediate relief
and assistance from civilisation; that first of all, roads of iron must
be built, and that fire and water were essential agencies for transport,
more especially on this long-troubled continent than on any other.

Alas! alas! With this grand mountain range within a stone's throw of our
camp--not yet outlined on my map--that other lake we heard so much about
from Kaibuga, our Mhuma chief, not yet discovered, the Semliki Valley,
with its treasures of woods and vegetable productions, not yet explored,
and the Semliki River, which was said to connect the upper with the
lower lake, not yet traced. To hear about wonderful salt lakes that
might supply the world with salt; of large-bodied Wazongora, and numbers
of amiable tribes; of the mysterious Wanyavingi, who were said to be
descended from white men; to be in the neighbourhood of colossal
mountains topped with snow, which I believed to be the lost Mountains of
the Moon; to be in a land which could boast of possessing the fabulous
fountains de la lune, a veritable land of marvel and mystery, a land of
pigmies and tall men reported from of old, and not feel a glad desire to
search into the truth of these sayings. He--the Maker who raised those
eternal mountains and tapestried their <DW72>s with the mosses, and
lichens, and tender herbs, and divided them by myriads of watercourses
for the melted snow to run into the fruitful valley, and caused that
mighty, limitless forest to clothe it, and its foliage to shine with
unfading lustre--surely intended that it should be reserved until the
fulness of time for something higher than a nursery for birds and a
store-place for reptiles.

The abundance of food in this region was one of the most remarkable
features in it. Ten battalions would have needed no commissary to
provide their provisions. We had but to pluck and eat. Our scouts
reported that on every hand lay plantations abounding in the heaviest
clusters of fruit. The native granaries were full of red millet, the
huts were stored with Indian corn; in the neighbouring garden plots were
yams, sweet potatoes, colocassia, tobacco.

[Sidenote: 1889.

May 27.

Ugarama.]

From the spur of Ugarama, where we halted on the 27th, we could see that
up to 8,000 feet of the <DW72>s they were dotted with several scores of
cultivated plots, and that the crooked lines of ravines were green with
lengthy banana groves, and that upland and lowland teemed with
population and food, and other products. Through a glass we were able to
note that a thick forest covered the upper <DW72>s and ridges, with an
elevation of 9,000 up to 12,000 feet; and that where there was no
cultivation the woods continued down to the base. The wild banana was
seen flourishing up to a lofty limit, and graced the <DW72>s denuded of
trees, and towered over the tallest grass. The Ruwenzori peaks appeared
shrouded by leaden clouds, and the lower mountain ranges played at
hide-and-seek under the drifting and shifting masses of white vapour. By
aneroid, Ugarama is 2,994 feet; and by boiling point, 2,942 feet above
the sea. The immediate range, under whose lee the spur ran out to
Ugarama village, was, by triangulation, discovered to be of an altitude
of 9,147 feet.

Two women--light-complexioned and very pleasing--who were found in the
woods near the village, were able to speak the Kinyoro language. It was
from them we learned that we were in Ugarama, in the country of Awamba;
that Utuku was a name given to the open country up to the Mississi River
and the Lake; that the next district we should reach southerly was
Bukoko, where the principal Chief, Sibaliki, of the Awamba, lived; and
beyond Bukoko was Butama. That from Ugarama to the north extremity of
Bukonju or Ukonju, was one day's march; that two days thence would take
us to Toro, but we should have to cross the mountains; that the king of
N. Ukonju was called Ruhandika; that the Wakonju formerly owned vast
herds of cattle, but the Wara Sura had swept the herds away. We were
also told that if we followed the base line of the big mountains, three
days' march would enable us to reach a country of short grass, wherein
goats and sheep were plentiful, and wherein there were a few herds of
cattle; but the Wara Sura had raided so many times there that cattle
could not be kept. The enemies of the Awamba, who cut down the woods and
tilled the ground, were the vicious Watwa pigmies, who made their lives
miserable by robbing their plantations, and destroying small parties
while at work, or proceeding to market in adjoining districts, while
the Wara Sura devastated far and near, and they were in the service of
Kabba Rega.

When asked if they ever enjoyed days of sunshine and the snow mountains
could be seen clear and bright for three or four days, or a week, or a
month, they replied that they had never witnessed so much rain as at
this time; and they believed that we had purposely caused this in order
the more easily to detect people by the tracks along the paths. They
also said that at first they had taken us for Wara Sura; but the large
herd of cattle with us disproved that we had taken them from the Awamba,
for they possessed none. When we informed them that we had seized them
from people who acknowledged Kabba Rega as their chief, they said: "Oh,
if our people but knew that, they would bring you everything." "Well,
then, you shall go and tell them that we are friends to everyone who
will not close the road. We are going to a far country, and, as we
cannot fly, we must use the path; but we never hurt those who do not
raise the spear and draw the bow."

On the 28th we advanced five miles over a series of spurs, and across
deep ravines, continuous descents of 200 feet to ravines a few yards
across, and opposite ascensions, to a similar height. They were so steep
that we were either sliding, or climbing by means of the trees and
creepers depending from them; and all this under an unceasing, drizzly
rain. The rotting banana stalks and refuse of the fruit created a
sickening stench.

The next day's march of four miles enabled us to reach Butama, after an
experience as opposite to the sloughs, mud, rock, descents and ascents
of the day before, as a fine path, broad enough for an European's
wide-stepping feet, could well be in Africa. The sandy loam quickly
absorbed the rain; the rank reed-grass, except at rare intervals,
afforded a sufficient space between, and troops of elephants had tramped
the ground hard.

[Sidenote: 1889.

May 29.

Butama.]

An old man, with white hair, and too feeble to flee, had awaited his
fate at Butama. On being questioned, he replied that the name of the
snow mountains that now were immediately above us at an appalling
height, was "Avirika, Aviruka, Avrika, Avruka, Avirika, and Avuruka!" so
he rang the changes by pressure of eager questions which he had excited
by its relation to Afrika. Upon the Watwa pigmies he was most severe. He
charged them with being exceedingly treacherous; that they were in the
habit of making friends with chiefs of rich districts by fraudful arts
and false professions, and, despite blood-brotherhood, and plighted
faith, of suddenly turning upon them and destroying them.

On the 30th we reached Bukoko in four hours' easy travel, for we marched
over a smooth graduated terrace formed by the debris rolled down the
<DW72>s of the snow mountain, and scoured by repeated falls of rain to a
gentle <DW72>, luxuriant with reed-grass, and wonderfully prolific in
edibles, where cultivated. Here and there cropped out a monster boulder,
half imbedded in the loam and gravelly soil, which had rolled and
thundered wildly down when displaced by some landslip, or detached from
its resting-place by a torrential shower.

Bukoko was a large and powerful settlement and an important cluster of
villages; but it struck us as we entered it that it had been for several
days abandoned, probably as long ago as a month. Its groves seemed
endless and most thriving, and weighted with fruit, and tomatoes grew in
prodigious plenty.

The scouts, as usual, soon after stacking goods and arranging camp, set
out to explore, and in a short time met some people in cotton dresses
who were armed with guns, and who fired upon them. We heard the loud
boom of percussion muskets, and the sharper crack of rifles, and then
there was quiet. Presently the scouts returned to report, and they
brought me an Enfield rifle which had been thrown away by the defeated
band, two of the men were supposed to be fatally wounded, one was said
to be dead. They also brought with them a woman and a boy, who were
evidently natives of the country, and could say nothing intelligible.

[Sidenote: 1889.

May 30.

Bukoko.]

A company of seventy rifles was immediately despatched to reconnoitre
further, and in ten minutes there was quite a sustained fusillade, deep
booming of muskets against sharp volleys of Remingtons and Winchesters.
Soon after two of our men were carried to camp wounded, who reported
that the enemy were Wara Sura. The rifles appeared to have pressed the
strangers hard; the firing was getting more distant, but in an hour's
time we had two more wounded, and a Zanzibari youth, and a Manyuema
youth killed, and almost immediately, as I thought of preparing a strong
reinforcement, Uledi and the rifles walked into camp accompanied by the
chiefs of the enemy, who turned out to be Manyuema raiders, the
followers of Kilonga-Longa!

Their story was that a band of fifty gunmen, accompanied by about 100
spearmen, had crossed the Ituri River, and pushing east had arrived
about twenty days ago near the edge of the forest, having crossed the
Semliki River, and had, with their usual tactics, commenced raiding when
they caught sight of some men with guns whom they guessed to be Wara
Sura, and had fired upon them. The strangers had fired in return and
killed one of them, wounded another mortally, and four others severely.
The rest had fled to their settlement, crying out, "We are finished,"
whereupon they had then sent men to be in ambush along the route, while
the community at the settlement was repairing its defences. On seeing
the head of the party coming along the road, they had fired, killing two
and wounding four slightly, but when their friends began to rain bullets
on them, they cried out "Who are you?" and were answered that they were
Stanley's men, and firing at once ceased, and an acquaintance ever
disastrous to us was then renewed. Though we should have wished to have
had a legitimate excuse for annihilating one band of the unconscionable
raiders, we could not but accept their apologies for what had clearly
been an accident, and gifts were exchanged.

We were told that they had met gangs of the Wara Sura, but had met "bad
luck," and only one small tusk of ivory rewarded their efforts. Ipoto,
according to them, was twenty days' march through the forest from
Bukoko.

Ruwenzori was now known as Virika by the Awamba of this district.

Since emerging from the Awamba forest near Ugarama, we had journeyed
along a narrow strip, covered with prodigious growth of cane-grass
reaching as high as fifteen feet. From eminences it appears to be from
three to eight miles wide, separating the deep, dark forest. From the
immediate vicinity of the mountain, notwithstanding that the grass was
of the height and thickness of bamboo, the path was infinitely better,
and we had but to cross one or two ravines and watercourses during a
march. A feature of it was the parachute-shaped acacia, which in the
neighbourhood of the Nyanza was the only tree visible. Near the forest
line this tree disappears, and the vegetation, riotously luxuriant and
purely tropical, occupied the rest of the valley.

[Illustration: THE TALLEST PEAK OF RUWENZORI, FROM AWAMBA FOREST.]

The streams we had lately crossed were cold mountain torrents with
fairly wide beds, showing gravel, sand, cobble stones, specimens of the
rocks above, gneiss, porphyry, hornblende, sandstone, steatite,
hematite, and granite, with several pumice lumps. Three of the principal
rivers, called the Rami, Rubutu, and Singiri, were respectively of the
temperatures 68 deg., 62 deg., and 65 deg. Fahrenheit.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 2.

Banzombe.]

After a halt of two days at Bukoko we marched a distance of eight miles
to the village of Banzombe, situate on a narrow, level-topped spur
between two deep ravines, on the edge of the forest, which here had
crept up to the base-line of the snow mountains. As usual, Ruwenzori was
invisible, and I feared we should have little chance of photographing
it, or employ any of its lofty peaks to take bearings.

The vapours issuing from the Semliki Valley appeared to be weighed down
by pressure from above, judging by the long time required for a mass of
ascending vapour to each the summit. The smoke of the camp hung over us
like a fog until we were nearly blinded and suffocated.

Our cattle showed signs of fagging out. We now possessed 104 head, and
30 sheep and goats.

On the 3rd of June we reached the little village of Bakokoro, in N. Lat.
0 deg. 37', and here a Copt, one of four brothers, breathed his last. Three
considerable streams had been traversed during the short march of three
miles. The temperature of one was 62 deg. Fahrenheit.

Unable to trace a path beyond Bakokoro, trending in the direction we
required, we halted on the 4th. Jephson was in a high fever; temperature
105 deg.. Mr. Bonny was also suffering; Stairs had recovered. Captain Nelson
was robust and strong, and during these days was doing double duty to
endeavour to make up for the long months he had been invalided, from
October, 1887, to October, 1888.

Some plantains measured here were seventeen and a half inches in length,
and as thick as the fore-arm.

After a short march of two and a half hours, we arrived at Mtarega,
situated near the deep gorge of the Rami-Lulu river, as it issued from a
deep chasm in the mountains.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 3.

Bakokoro.]

We had all we desired to possess at this camp. We were within 200 yards
from the foot of the Ruwenzori range. Paths were seen leading up the
steep <DW72>s; a fine cool river was 200 feet below, rushing through the
gorge fresh from the snow tops, 61 deg. Fahrenheit temperature. Bananas,
plantains, and yams, and corn and sugar-cane were in the plantations and
fields, 200 yards away. Now was the period of exploration, and to make
botanical collections. Accordingly I sounded the note to prepare to win
immortal renown by scaling the heights of the famous Mountains of the
Moon. My strength was so far recovered that I could walk 200 yards. Mr.
Jephson regretted to say that the fever had conquered and subdued his
sanguine spirit; Captain Nelson was sorry, but really, if there was any
practical use in climbing such ruthlessly tall mountains--and he took a
solemn look at them, and said, "No, thanks!" Surgeon Parke's line was
amid suffering humanity; Mr. Bonny was in bad luck--an obstinate fever
had gripped him, and reduced his limbs to mere sticks. Captain Casati
smiled mournfully, and seemed to say, "Look at me, and imagine how far I
could go." But the Pasha's honour was at stake; he had at all times
expressed rapture at the very thought, and this was the critical period
in the march of the Expedition, and Stairs took a sly glance at the
grim, unconquered heights, and said, "I'll go, like a shot." It only
remained for me to advise him, to furnish him with instruments, to
compare his aneroids with a standard one in camp, and supply the men
with many anxious counsels to avoid the cold, and to beware of chills
after an ascent.

The night was an agreeable one. The altitude of the camp above the sea
was 3,860 feet, and a gentle, cool wind blew all night from the gap of
the Rumi-Lulu river. In the morning Stairs departed, and the Pasha
accompanied him. But, alas! the Pasha had to yield after a thousand
feet, and returned to camp, while Stairs held on his way. The following
is the report of his experiences:--

Expedition Camp,
_June 8th, 1889_.

SIR,--

     Early on the morning of the 6th June, accompanied by some forty
     Zanzibaris, we made a start from the Expedition Camp at the
     foot-hills of the range, crossed the stream close to a camp, and
     commenced the ascent of the mountain.

     With me I had two aneroids, which together we had previously noted
     and compared with a standard aneroid remaining in camp under your
     immediate observation; also a Fahrenheit thermometer.

     For the first 900 feet above camp the climbing was fairly good, and
     our progress was greatly aided by a native track which led up to
     some huts in the hills. These huts we found to be of the ordinary
     circular type so common on the plain, but with the difference that
     bamboo was largely used in their interior construction. Here we
     found the food of the natives to be maize, bananas, and colocassia
     roots. On moving away from these huts, we soon left behind us the
     long rank grass, and entered a patch of low scrubby bush,
     intermixed with bracken and thorns, making the journey more
     difficult.

     At 8.30 A.M. we came upon some more huts of the same type, and
     found that the natives had decamped from them some days previously.
     Here the barometer read 23.58 and 22.85; the thermometer 75 deg. F. On
     all sides of us we could see Dracaenas, and here and there an
     occasional tree-fern and palm: and, tangled in all shapes on either
     side of the track, were masses of long bracken. The natives now
     appeared at different hill-tops and points near by, and did their
     best to frighten us back down the mountain, by shouting and blowing
     horns. We, however, kept on our way up the <DW72>, and in a short
     time they disappeared and gave us very little further trouble.

     Of the forest plains, stretching far away below us, we could see
     nothing, owing to the thick haze; we were thus prevented from
     seeing the hills to the west and north-west.

     At 10 30 A.M., after some sharp climbing, we reached the last
     settlement of the natives, the cultivation consisting of beans and
     colocassias, but no bananas. Here the barometer read 22.36;
     thermometer 84 deg. F. Beyond this settlement was a rough track leading
     up the spur to the forest; this we followed, but in many places, to
     get along at all, we had to crawl on our hands and knees, so steep
     were the <DW72>s.

     At 11 A.M. we reached this forest and found it to be one of
     bamboos, at first open, and then getting denser as we ascended. We
     had noticed a complete and sudden change in the air from that we
     had just passed through. It became much cooler and more pure and
     refreshing, and all went along at a faster rate and with lighter
     hearts. Now that the Zanzibaris had come so far, they all appeared
     anxious to ascend as high as possible, and began to chaff each
     other as to who should bring down the biggest load of the "white
     stuff" on the top of the mountain. At 12.40 P.M. we emerged from
     the bamboos and sat down on a grassy spot to eat our lunch.
     Barometers, 21.10 and 27.95/100. Thermometer, 70 deg. F. Ahead of us,
     and rising in one even <DW72>, stood a peak, in altitude 1200 feet
     higher than we were. This we now started to climb, and after going
     up it a short distance, came upon the tree-heaths. Some of these
     bushes must have been 20 feet high, and, as we had to cut our way
     foot by foot through them, our progress was necessarily slow and
     very fatiguing to those ahead.

     At 3.15 P.M. we halted among the heaths for a few moments to regain
     our breath. Here and there were patches of inferior bamboos, almost
     every stem having holes in it, made by some boring insect and quite
     destroying its usefulness. Under foot was a thick spongy carpet of
     wet moss, and the heaths on all sides of us, we noticed, were
     covered with "old man's beard" (_Usnea_). We found great numbers of
     blue violets and lichens, and from this spot I brought away some
     specimens of plants for the Pasha to classify. A general feeling of
     cold dampness prevailed: in spite of our exertions in climbing, we
     all felt the cold mist very much. It is this continual mist
     clinging to the hill-tops that no doubt causes all the vegetation
     to be so heavily charged with moisture and makes the ground under
     foot somewhat slippery.

     Shortly after 4 P.M. we halted among some high heaths for camp.
     Breaking down the largest bushes we made rough shelters for
     ourselves, collected what firewood we could find, and in other ways
     made ready for the night. Firewood, however, was scarce, owing to
     the wood being so wet that it would not burn. In consequence of
     this, the lightly-clad Zanzibaris felt the cold very much, though
     the altitude was only about 8,500 feet. On turning in the
     thermometer registered 60 deg. F. From camp I got a view of the peaks
     ahead, and it was now that I began to fear that we should not be
     able to reach the snow. Ahead of us, lying directly in our path,
     were three enormous ravines; at the bottom of at least two of these
     there was dense bush. Over these we should have to travel and cut
     our way through the bush. It would then resolve itself into a
     question of time as to whether we could reach the summit or not. I
     determined to go on in the morning, and see exactly what
     difficulties lay before us, and if these could be surmounted in a
     reasonable time, to go on as far as we possibly could.

[Illustration: S.W. TWIN CONES OF RUWENZORI, BY LIEUT. STAIRS.]

     On the morning of the 7th, selecting some of the best men, and
     sending the others down the mountain, we started off again upwards,
     the climbing being similar to that we experienced yesterday
     afternoon. The night had been bitterly cold, and some of the men
     complained of fever, but all were in good spirits, and quite ready
     to go on. About 10 A.M. we were stopped by the first of the ravines
     mentioned above. On looking at this I saw that it would take a
     long time to cross, and there were ahead of it still two others. We
     now got our first glimpse of a snow peak, distance about two and a
     half miles, and I judged it would take us still a day and a half to
     reach this, the nearest snow. To attempt it, therefore, would only
     end disastrously, unprovided as we were with food and some better
     clothing for two of the men. I therefore decided to return,
     trusting all the time that at some future camp a better opportunity
     of making an ascent would present itself, and the summit be
     reached. Across this ravine was a bare rocky peak, very clearly
     defined and known to us as the south-west of the "Twin Cones." The
     upper part of this was devoid of vegetation, the steep beds of rock
     only allowing a few grasses and heaths in one or two spots to
     exist.

     The greatest altitude reached by us, after being worked out and all
     connections applied, was about 10,677 feet above the sea. The
     altitude of the snow peak above this would probably be about 6,000
     feet, making the mountain, say, 16,600 feet high. This, though, is
     not the highest peak in the Ruwenzori cluster. With the aid of a
     field-glass I could make out the form of the mountain-top
     perfectly. The extreme top of the peak is crowned with an irregular
     mass of jagged and precipitous rock, and has a distinct crater-like
     form. I could see through a gap in the near side a corresponding
     rim or edge on the farther of the same formation and altitude. From
     this crown of rock, the big peak <DW72>s to the eastward at a <DW72>
     of about 25 deg. until shut out from view by an intervening peak; but
     to the west the <DW72> is much steeper. Of the snow, the greater
     mass lay on that <DW72> directly nearest us, covering the <DW72>
     wherever its inclination was not too great. The largest bed of snow
     would cover a space measuring about 600 by 300 feet, and of such a
     depth that in only two spots did the black rock crop out above its
     surface. Smaller patches of snow extended well down into the
     ravine; the height from the lowest snow to the summit of the peak
     would be about 1200 feet or 1000 feet. To the E.N.E. our horizon
     was bounded by the spur which, standing directly behind our main
     camp, and mounting abruptly, takes a curve in a horizontal plane
     and centres on to the snow peak. Again that spur which lay south of
     us also radiated from the two highest peaks. This would seem to be
     the general form of the mountain, namely, that the large spurs
     radiate from the snow-peaks as a centre, and spread out to the
     plains below. This formation on the west side of the mountain would
     cause the streams to flow from the centre, and flow on, gradually
     separating from each other until they reached the plains below.
     Thence they turn to W.N.W., or trace their courses along the bottom
     spurs of the range and run into the Semliki River, and on to the
     Albert Nyanza. Of the second snow-peak, which we have seen on
     former occasions, I could see nothing, owing to the "Twin Cones"
     intervening. This peak is merely the termination, I should think,
     of the snowy range we saw when at Kavalli, and has a greater
     elevation, if so, than the peak we endeavoured to ascend. Many
     things go to show that the existence of these peaks is due to
     volcanic causes. The greatest proof that this is so lies in the
     numbers of conical peaks clustering round the central mass on the
     western side. These minor cones have been formed by the central
     volcano getting blocked in its crater, owing to the pressure of its
     gases not being sufficient to throw out the rock and lava from its
     interior; and consequently the gases, seeking for weak spots, have
     burst through the earth's crust and thus been the means of forming
     these minor cones that now exist. Of animal life on the mountain we
     saw almost nothing. That game of some sort exists is plain from the
     number of pitfalls we saw on the road-sides, and from the fact of
     our finding small nooses in the natives' huts, such as those used
     for taking ground game.

     We heard the cries of an ape in a ravine, and saw several dull,
     greyish-brown birds like stonechats, but beyond these nothing.

     We found blueberries and blackberries at an altitude of 10,000 feet
     and over, and I have been able to hand over to the Pasha some
     specimens for his collections, the generic names of which he has
     kindly given me, and which are attached below. That I could not
     manage to reach the snow and bring back some as evidence of our
     work, I regret very much; but to have proceeded onwards to the
     mountain under the conditions in which we were situated, I felt
     would be worse than useless, and though all of us were keen and
     ready to go on, I gave the order to return. I then read off the
     large aneroid, and found the hand stood at 19.90. I set the
     index-pin directly opposite to the hand, and we started down hill.
     At 3 P.M. on the 7th, I reached you, it having taken four and a
     half hours of marching from the "Twin Cones."

I have the honour to be, &c.,
(Signed)  W. G. STAIRS, Lieut. R.E.

     P.S.--The following are the generic names of the plants collected
     by me, as named by the Pasha:--


  1. Clematis.     14. Sonchus.       27. Asplenium.
  2. Viola.        15. Erica arborea. 28. Aspidium.
  3. Hibiscus.     16. Landolphia.    29. Polypodium.
  4. Impatiens.    17. Heliotropium.  30. Lycopodium.
  5. Tephorsia.    18. Lantana.       31. Selaginella.
  6. Elycina (?).  19. Mochosma.      32. Marchantia.
  7. Rubus.        20. Lissochilus.   33. Parmelia.
  8. Vaccinium.    21. Luzula.        34. Dracoena.
  9. Begonia.      22. Carex.         35. Usnea.
  10. Pencedanum.  23. Anthistiria.   36. Tree fern      }
  11. Gnaphalium.  24. Adiantum.      37. One fern       } unknown.
  12. Helichrysum. 25. Pellia.        38. One polypodium }
  13. Senecio.     26. Pteris aquilina.

Might we have been able to obtain a view over the Semliki Valley we
should have enjoyed one of exceeding interest. But we were unable to see
more through the thick sluggish mist than that, wide as it may be, it is
covered with a deep forest. The mist soared over the whole in irregular
streams or in one heavy mass, which gave it the aspect of an inverted
sky. Sometimes for a brief period a faint image of endless woods loomed
out, but the mist streamed upward through the foliage as though a
multitude of great geysers emitted vapours of hot steam. In the
immediate foreground it was not difficult to distinguish elevations and
depressions, or round basin-like hollows filled with the light-green
forests of banana groves.

One of the Twin Cones was visible a few hundred yards from camp, and
after a careful measurement with alta-azimuth it was found to be 12,070
feet.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 5.

Mtarego.]

After a halt of three days we struck camp, descended the precipitous
walls of the gorge of the Rami-lulu, and, traversing the narrow level,
shortly ascended up the equally wall-like <DW72> on the other side,
discovering a fact which, but for the ascent and descent, we might not
have thought of, namely, that the Rami-lulu had channelled this deep
ditch through a terrace formed of the washings and scourings of soil off
the <DW72>s. It was a debris, consisting of earth, rock, boulders, and
gravel, which had been washed down the gap and accompanied by landslips
of so great a magnitude as to have choked up the course of the river and
formed quite an extensive and elevated tract, but the Rami-lulu had
eventually furrowed and grooved itself deeply through, and so the great
bank of material lies cut in two, to the depth of 200 feet, sufficiently
instructive.

At early dawn a Madi chief was speared by a bold native. About a mile
from Mtarega the grassy strip to which we had clung in preference was
ended, the forest had marched across the breadth of the Semliki Valley,
and had absorbed the Ruwenzori <DW72>s to a height of seven thousand feet
above us, and whether we would or no, we had to enter the doleful shades
again. But then the perfection of a tropical forest was around us. It
even eclipsed the Ituri Valley in the variety of plants and general
sappiness. There were clumps of palms, there were giant tree-ferns,
there were wild bananas, and tall, stately trees all coated with thick
green moss from top to root, impenetrable thickets of broad-leafed
plants, and beads of moisture everywhere, besides tiny rillets oozing
out every few yards from under the matted tangle of vivid green and
bedewed undergrowth. It was the best specimen of a tropical conservatory
I had ever seen. It could not be excelled if art had lent its aid to
improve nature. In every tree-fork and along the great horizontal
branches grew the loveliest ferns and lichens; the elephant ear by the
dozen, the orchids in close fellowship, and the bright green moss had
formed soft circular cushions about them, and on almost every fibre
there trembled a clear water-drop, and everything was bathed by a most
humid atmosphere. The reason of all this was not far to seek; there were
three hot-water springs, the temperature of which was 102 deg.. This tract
of forest was also in the cosiest fold of the snow mountains, and
whatever heat a hot sun furnished on this place was long retained.

We camped in a dry spot in this forest, and the next day, after marching
a distance of six and a quarter miles, we emerged out of it into the
superb clearing of Ulegga, and sought shelter in a straggling village
within a bow-shot reach of the mountains. Banana groves clothed the
<DW72>s and ran up the ravines, and were ranged along the base line, and
extended out in deep frondiose groves far into the Semliki Valley. There
were bananas everywhere; and there was no lack of tobacco, or of Indian
corn, or of two kinds of beans, or of yams, and colocassia.

We entered into this district suspicious and suspecting; the death of
the Madi chief had impressed us that we should not be too confident, and
that vigilance was necessary day and night. At the first village the
advance guard encountered men who unhesitatingly resented their
intrusion, and began hostilities, and this had created an impression
that an important effort would be made. Wherever we looked there were
villages, and if courage aided numbers the people were capable of an
obstinate resistance. So we pressed bands of armed men up to the
mountains, and the skirmishing was brisk, but at 4 P.M. Matyera, a Bari
interpreter among the Pasha's followers, managed to get speech of a few
natives, and succeeded in inducing the chief to consent to peace. He
came in and said that he had come to throw himself at our feet to be
slain or saved. The trumpeters sounded to cease firing, and within two
minutes there was a dead silence.

This chief and his friends were the first representatives of Ukonju we
had seen, and the devoted mission of the chief instantly won our
sympathy and admiration. I was rather disappointed in their appearance,
however, though needlessly upon reflection. There is no reason, save a
fancy, why I should have expected those mountaineers familiar with
mountain altitudes to be lighter in complexion than the people in the
Semliki and Ituri Valley forests; but the truth is, they are much darker
than even the Zanzibaris. Supposing a people dwelt around a base line of
the Swiss Alps, and an irresistible army of Scandinavians swept up to
them, the aboriginal inhabitants would naturally take refuge up the
mountains, and in the same manner these dark-complexioned people of the
true negroid type found themselves unable to resist the invasions of the
Indo-African Wachwezi and the coppery-faced tribes of the forest, and
sought shelter in the hills, and recesses of the Equatorial Alps, and
round about them ebbed and flowed the paler tribes, and so the Wakonju
were confined to their mountains.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 10.

Ulegga.]

During our march to Mtsora on the next day we crossed five streams,
which, descending from the mountains, flowed to the Semliki. One of
these was of considerable volume and called the Butahu River, the
temperature of which was 57 deg. Fahrenheit.

At Mtsora we received in a short time a good local knowledge from the
Wakonju who were now our friends. I learned the following items of
interest.

We were told that a few miles north of here was an arm of the upper lake
which we had heard so much about, and which I discovered in January,
1876. They call it the Ingezi, which in Kinyoro, means river, swamp, or
small lake. The Ruweru, or lake, was two days' march south.

They also called it the Nyanza; and when I asked its name, they replied,
Muta-Nzige, and some of them knew of three Muta-Nziges--the
"Muta-Nzige," of Unyoro, the "Muta-Nzige," of Usongora, the
"Muta-Nzige," of Uganda.

As for Nyanzas, the number became perplexing. There is the Nyanza of
Unyoro, the Nyanza of Usongora; the Nyanza of Unyampaka; the Nyanza of
Toro; the Nyanza Semliki; the Nyanza Unyavingi; the Nyanza of Karagwe;
and the Nyanza of Uganda. So that a river of any importance feeding a
lake, becomes a Nyanza, a large bay becomes a Nyanza; a small lake, or a
greater, is known as a Nyanza, or Ruweru.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 11.

Mtsora.]

Those semi-Ethiopic peoples who were known to us at Kavalli, as the
Wahuma, Waima, Wawitu, Wachwezi, were now called Waiyana, Wanyavingi,
Wasongora, and Wanyankori.

Ruwenzori, called already Bugombowa, Avirika, and Viruka, by the forest
tribes, became now known as the Ruwenzu-ru-ru, or Ruwenjura, according
as a native might be able to articulate.

The Butahu River separates Ulegga from Uringa.

The Wara-Sura were gathered under Rukara, a general of Kabba Rega, King
of Unyoro. Some of these ferocious raiders were said to be stationed at
the ferry of Waiyana, a few miles north of here. The Wakonju offered to
assist us to drive them out of the land.

We were told that Rukara's headquarters were at Katwe, a town near the
Salt Lakes, which are somewhat to the south.

That on the western bank of the Semliki are the tribes Wakovi and
Wasoki, and that there are also Watwa pigmies.

We were informed that Usongora and Toro had submitted to Kabba Rega; but
the inhabitants of the lake islands refused to promise allegiance, and
it was said Kakuri, the chief, had applied to the Wanyavingi and
Wanyankori for assistance against Kabba Rega. We were promised the
submission of all the Wakonju and Wasangora if we entered into treaty or
agreement with them, and I accepted the offer.

The Wakonju people are round-headed, broad faced, and of medium size.
They affect circlets manufactured of calamus fibre, very slender, and
covering the ankles by hundreds. They also wear a large number on the
upper arm. The chiefs also are distinguished by heavy copper or brass
wristlets. The women's neck decorations consist of heavy iron rings
coiled spirally at the ends. On the <DW72>s of the mountain, I am told,
is found much fine crystal quartz.

At the entrance of almost every village in Ukonju may be seen a
miniature tent, with a very small doorway, before which the natives
place a banana or an egg. A tradition exists that Mikonju, the founder
of the tribe who first cleared the forest, and planted bananas,
initiated this custom to prevent theft. It is a tithe offered to the
fetish or spirit to remind it that they wish their banana groves, or the
eggs whence issue fowls, protected.

On the 12th of June I despatched Lieutenant Stairs, with sixty rifles
and a number of Wakonju guides, to proceed to the Semliki, and satisfy
all doubts about it; and on the next day he returned, having been
favourably received by the natives, who tendered their submission, and
accompanied our officer to the river explaining to him every matter of
interest. He found it forty-two yards wide, and ten feet deep, sunk
between banks of fifty and sixty feet high, and with a current of three
miles per hour. After tasting and looking at it, and questioning all the
natives who could impart information, he concluded that:--I. Because of
the unbroken appearance of the range westward, which has faced the
Ruwenzori range ever since leaving the Albert; II. Because of the
peculiar grey, muddy colour; III. Because of the peculiar flavour, which
is slightly saline, and "unsatisfying," like that of the Albert Lake;
IV. Because of the unanimous statement of the natives that it flows a
little west of north, then north, then north-easterly to the Lake of
Unyoro, which is the Albert; V. Because of the positive assurance of one
native traveller, who is acquainted with the river along its course,
from its exit out of one lake to its entering into the other; the
Semliki river leaves the upper lake, takes a winding course, with a
strong inclination to the western range, when, after turning to the
north-east, it gradually draws nearer the Ruwenzori range, flows through
Awamba forest and Utuku into the Albert Nyanza.

From an anthill near Mtsora, I observed that from W.N.W., a mile away,
commenced a plain, which was a duplicate of that which had so deceived
the Egyptians, and caused them to hail it as their lake, and that it
extended southerly, and appeared as though it were the bed of a lake
from which the waters had recently receded. The Semliki, which had
drained it dry, was now from 50 to 60 feet below the crest of its banks.
The <DW72>s, consisting of lacustrine deposits, grey loam, and sand,
could offer no resistance to a three-mile current, and if it were not
for certain reefs, formed by the bed-rock under the surface of the
lacustrine deposit, it is not to be doubted that such a river would soon
drain the upper lake. The forest ran across from side to side of the
valley, a dark barrier, in very opposite contrast to the bleached grass
which the nitrous old bed of the lake nourished.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 12.

Mtsora.]

We had a magnificent view of Ruwenzori just before sunset one evening
during our halt in Mtsora. A large field of snow, and snow-peaks beyond
the foremost line, appeared in view. During the whole day our eyes had
rested on a long line of dark and solemn spurs, their summits buried in
leaden mist; but soon after 5 P.M. the upper extremities of those spurs
loomed up one after another, and a great line of mountain shoulders
stood out; then peak after peak struggled from behind night-black clouds
into sight, until at last the snowy range, immense and beautiful, a
perfect picture of beautiful and majestic desolateness, drew all eyes
and riveted attention, while every face seemed awed. The natives told us
that the meaning of the word Ruwenzori means the Rain-Maker, or Cloud
King.

On the 14th of June, escorted by a large following of Wakonju, we
marched four and a half hours, and entered Muhamba, in Usongora. Soon
after leaving Mtsora we had descended into the grassy plains, which had
been within a calculable period a portion of the bed of the lake we were
now approaching. About half way, we passed a respectable tributary of
the Semliki, called the Rwimi, which separates Ukonju from Usongora. One
of the streams we crossed soon after issued from a hot-spring.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 15.

Karimi.]

[Illustration: RUWENZORI, FROM MTSORA.]

The next day, an hour's march from Muhamba, we left the plain and
commenced the ascent of the mountains, as the range declining towards
the south forms a lengthened hilly promontory, dividing Usongora into
western and eastern divisions, lying on either side of it, and both
being in past times covered by the lake. After an ascent of about 1,500
feet, a world of hills rose before us, and a view worthy of memory would
have been obtained but for the eternal mist covering the grander ranges.
Still, it was a fascinating sight, and one that in the time to come will
be often painted and sketched and described. It reminded me greatly of
the lower Alps, as viewed from Berne, though these successive ranges of
African Alps are much higher; but the white-headed mountain kings rose
far above these even, and at this time were hidden in the murky clouds.
Having crossed the promontory, we descended 300 feet, and, crossing a
profound and narrow valley, camped at Karimi.

At 5.15 P.M. the mists and fogs were blown away from the crowns of
Ruwenzori, and for once we enjoyed the best view obtained yet, a
description of which must be referred to in another chapter. The
photographic apparatus was up in a short time, to perpetuate one of the
rarest sights in the world, of one of the grandest views that Africa can
furnish.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 16.

Rusesse.]

On the 16th June, after a long march of four and three-quarter hours, we
arrived at the zeriba of Rusesse. We descended from Karimi about 700
feet to the plain of Eastern Usongora, and an hour later we came to
Ruverahi River, 40 feet wide, and a foot deep; an ice-cold stream, clear
as crystal and fresh from the snows. Ruwenzori was all the morning in
sight, a bright vision of mountain beauty and glory. As we approached
Rusesse a Msongora herdsman, in the employ of Rukara, the General of the
Wara-Sura, came across the plain, and informed us that he could direct
us to one of Rukara's herds. We availed ourselves of his kind offices,
which he was performing as a patriot son of the soil tyrannised over and
devastated by Rukara; and fifty rifles were sent with him, and in
fifteen minutes we were in possession of a fine herd of twenty-five fat
cattle, which we drove without incident with our one hundred head to the
zeriba of Rusesse. From a bank of cattle-dung, so high as to be like a
great earthwork round about the village, we gained our first view of the
Albert Edward Nyanza, at a distance of three miles.




CHAPTER XXIX.

THE SOURCES OF THE NILE--THE MOUNTAINS OF THE MOON, AND THE FOUNTAINS OF
THE NILE.

     Pere Jerome Lobo and the Nile--The chartographers of Homer's
     time--Hekataeus's ideas of Africa--Africa after Hipparchus--The
     great Ptolemy's map--Edrisi's map--Map of the Margarita
     Philosophica--Map of John Ruysch--Sylvannus' Map--Sebastian Cabot's
     map--The arbitrariness of the modern map-maker--Map of Constable,
     Edinburgh--What Hugh Murray says in his book published in 1818--A
     fine dissertation on the Nile by Father Lobo--Extracts from part of
     a MS. in the possession of H. E. Ali Pasha Moubarek--Plan of Mount
     Gumr--A good description of Africa by Scheabeddin--The Nile
     according to Abdul Hassen Ali--Abu Abd Allah Mohammed on the Nile
     river.


[Sidenote: 1889.

June.

The Nile.]

Every reader of this chapter will agree with Pere Jerome Lobo, of the
Company of Jesus, who wrote in the 16th century, that "it is not
difficult, after having found the sources of the Nile, and of the rivers
that run into it, to resolve the question as to its origin--a question
that has caused so much anxiety to ancient and modern authors, because
they were looking for that which could not be discovered in their heads,
by which they were lost in vain thoughts and reasonings."

For the complacent satisfaction of those who have not undergone the
harassing anxieties attending the exploration of the countries in the
region of the Nile sources, and who would prefer to content themselves
with reading about them at home before a sparkling fire and under the
light of the parlour lamp, I beg to present them with a few copies of
ancient maps, from Homer's time, forty centuries ago, down to those
whence we derived instruction in African geography. They will observe
with pleasure that we have not much to boast of; that the ancient
travellers, geographers, and authors had a very fair idea whence the
Nile issued, that they had heard of the Lunae Montes, and the triple
lakes, and of the springs which gave birth to the famous river of Egypt.
We only claim to have barred for a time the periodic flights of these
interesting features of Africa, from 10 deg. north latitude to as far as 20 deg.
south latitude, and from east to west Africa, and to have located with
reasonable precision the grand old Mountains of the Moon, and the
Albertine and Victorine sources of the Nile. And for a time only! For
"what profit hath a man of all his labour which he taketh under the sun?
One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh. The thing
that hath been, it is that which shall be; and that which is done is
that which shall be done: and there is no new thing under the sun. Is
there anything whereof it may be said, See, this is new? it hath been
already of old time, which was before us. There is no remembrance of
former things; neither shall there be any remembrance of things that are
to come with those that shall come after."

What the chartographers of Homer's time illustrated of geographical
knowledge succeeding chartographers effaced, and what they in their turn
sketched was expunged by those who came after them. In vain explorers
sweated under the burning sun, and endured the fatigues and privations
of arduous travel: in vain did they endeavour to give form to their
discoveries, for in a few years the ruthless map-maker obliterated all
away. Cast your eyes over these series of small maps, and witness for
yourselves what this tribe has done to destroy every discovery, and to
render labour and knowledge vain. There _is_ a chartographer living, the
chiefest sinner alive. In 1875, I found a bay at the north-east end of
Lake Victoria. A large and mountainous island, capacious enough to
supply 20,000 people with its products of food, blocked the entrance
from the lake into it, but there is a winding strait at either end of
sufficient depth and width to enable an Atlantic liner to steam in
boldly. The bay has been wiped out, the great island has been shifted
elsewhere, and the picturesque channels are not in existence on his
latest maps, and they will not be restored until some other traveller,
years hence, replaces them as they stood in 1875. And young travellers
are known to chuckle with malicious pleasure at all this, forgetful of
what old Solomon said in the olden time: "There is no remembrance of
former things; neither shall there be any remembrance of things that are
to come with those that shall come after."

[Illustration: AFRICA IN HOMER'S WORLD.]

So, though it is some satisfaction to be able to vindicate the more
ancient geographers to some extent, I publish at the end of the series
of old maps the small chart which illustrates what we have verified
during our late travels. I do it with the painful consciousness that
some stupid English or German map-maker within the next ten years may,
from spleen and ignorance, shift the basin 300 or 400 miles farther east
or west, north or south, and entirely expunge our labours. However, I am
comforted that on some shelf of the British Museum will be found a copy
of 'In Darkest Africa,' which shall contain these maps, and that I have
a chance of being brought forth as an honest witness of the truth, in
the same manner as I cite the learned geographers of the olden time to
the confusion of the map-makers of the nineteenth century.

In the little sketch of 'Homer's World,' which I have taken the liberty
of copying, with a few others, from Judge Daly's[13] learned and
valuable contribution to the knowledge of ancient geography, it will be
seen that the Nile is traced up to an immense range of mountains, beyond
which are located the pigmies.

Five centuries later a celebrated traveller called Hekataeus illustrates
his ideas of Africa in a map given below. Though he had visited Egypt,
it is quite clear that not many new discoveries had been made. According
to him the great Egyptian river takes its rise at the southern extremity
of Africa, where the pigmies live.

[Illustration: AFRICA IN MAP OF HEKATAEUS. 500 B.C.]

The next map of Africa that I wish to introduce for inspection is by the
"greatest astronomer of antiquity," Hipparchus, who lived 100 years B.C.
His sketch contains three distinct lakes, but situate far north of the
equator.

Here follows the great Ptolemy, the Ravenstein or Justas Perthes of his
period. Some new light has been thrown by his predecessors, and he has
revised and embellished what was known. He has removed the sources of
the Nile, with scientific confidence, far south of the equator, and
given to the easternmost lake the name of Coloe Palus.

[Illustration: HIPPARCHUS. 100 B.C.]

A thousand years elapse, and bring us to Edrisi, an Arab geographer,
1154 A.D. Some little information has been gained in the meanwhile of
the Dark Interior. The Mountains of the Moon are prominent now, but
several degrees south of the equator. Two of the lakes discharge their
surplus waters to a third lake, which is north, whence the Nile issues,
flowing northward towards Egypt. We see in it the results of
geographical conferences, and many inquiries from ivory traders.

[Illustration: PTOLEMY'S MAP. A.D. 150.]

Four centuries later we see, by the following map, that the lakes have
changed their position. Ambitious chartographers have been eliciting
information from the latest traveller. They do not seem to be so well
acquainted with the distant region around the Nile sources as those
ancients preceding Edrisi. Nevertheless, the latest travellers must know
best.

[Illustration: CENTRAL AFRICA _according to_ EDRISI. 1154 A.D.]

But in the short space of five years new light has been thrown again, or
is it the mere vagary of a chartographer? Lo! the "Mountains of the
Moon" are restored many degrees below the equator, but there are only
two lakes south of the equator, while the third has travelled to an
immense distance north of the line.

[Illustration: MAP OF THE MARGARITA PHILOSOPHICA A.D. 1503]

Within three years Africa seems to have been battered out of shape
somewhat. The three lakes have been attracted to one another; between
two of the lakes the Mountains of the Moon begin to take form and rank.
The Mons Lunae are evidently increasing in height and length. As Topsy
might have said, "specs they have grown some."

[Illustration: JOHN RUYSCH A.D. 1508.]

[Illustration: SYLVANNUS' MAP A.D. 1511]

[Illustration: HIERONIMUS DE VERRAZANO 1529]

[Illustration: SEBASTIAN CABOT'S MAP OF THE WORLD 16th Century]

In the following map we see a reproduction of Sebastian Cabot's map in
the sixteenth century. I have omitted the pictures of elephants and
crocodiles, great emperors and dwarfs, which are freely scattered over
the map with somewhat odd taste. The three lakes have arranged
themselves in line again, and the Mountains of the Moon are
picturesquely banked at the top head of all the streams, but the
continent evidently suggests unsteadiness generally, judging from the
form of it.

That from the sixteenth to the middle of the nineteenth century very
little further knowledge respecting the sources of the Nile was known
may be proved by the map of my school-days, which follows. There is a
distinct retrogression by the determined stupidity of the map-maker. All
that we had gathered since the days of old Homer down to the seventeenth
century--all the lakes are swept away--the Mountains of the Moon run
from about 5 deg. to about 10 deg. north of the equator, and extend from Long.
20 deg. to the Gulf of Aden. We simply owe our ignorance to the map-makers.
We no sooner discover some natural feature than it is removed in a next
issue.

[Illustration: THE NILE SOURCES ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHERS OF THE 16^{TH}
& 17^{TH} CENTURIES]

[Sidenote:1889. June.

The Nile.]

The arbitrariness of the modern map-maker is as bad as that of his
predecessors. In a late German map, for instance, considered to be the
best in Germany, there is a large bay removed altogether from the
Victoria Nyanza, and a straight line, drawn by pure caprice, usurps the
place of a very interesting and much indented coastline, explored by me
in 1875. Speke's Lake Urigi is jostled to the east, shunted to the
north; Ukerewe is utterly out of order, and the Tanganika has a great
bay named after a person who had followed in the steps of six preceding
investigators. Lake Leopold II. narrowly escaped being sponged out
because two Germans, Kund (?) and Tappenbeck, had lost their way, and
could not find it; but in the meantime an English missionary visited it,
and it was left in peace. English map-makers are quite as capricious.

This map, for instance, which has made such cruel and wicked changes of
Homer, Hipparchus, Ptolemy, and others, was published by Constable in
1819, in a fit of aggravated biliousness no doubt.

Hugh Murray, a compiler of African travels, published in London, 1818, a
book called an 'Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in
Africa,' and as he has been an industrious collator of testimony which
the best authors of twenty centuries could furnish, I avail myself of
his assistance. He says:

     "Herodotus shows himself to have known the course of the Nile
     higher probably than it has been traced by any modern European.

     "From Elephantine at the southern extremity of Egypt (Assouan) to
     Meroe, the capital of Ethiopia, was a journey of fifty-two days,
     and from thence an equal distance to the country of _Automolos_, or
     exiles,[14] making in all a hundred and four days' journey. The
     regions deeper in the interior were known to him only by the very
     short narrative of the 'Excursion of the Nassamones.' The river to
     which the travellers were carried flowing to the eastward is
     believed to have been the Niger, though Herodotus conceived it to
     be the Nile. As it was proved by this data to proceed from the
     west, it appeared natural that this river was one of the main
     branches.

     "Eratosthenes compared Africa to a trapezium, of which the
     Mediterranean coast formed one side, the Nile another, the southern
     coast the longest side, and the western coast the shortest side. So
     little were the ancients aware of its extent that Pliny pronounced
     it to be the least of the continents, and inferior to Europe. Upon
     the Nile, therefore, they measured the habitable world of Africa,
     and fixed its limit at the highest known point to which that river
     had been ascended. This is assigned about three thousand stadia
     (three or four hundred miles) beyond Meroe. They seem to have been
     fully aware of two great rivers rising from lakes and called the
     Astaboras and Astapus, of which the latter (White Nile) flows from
     the lake to the south, is swelled to a great height by summer rains
     and forms then almost the main body of the Nile.

     [Illustration: MAP OF THE NILE BASIN. 1819. A.D.]

     "Equal in fame with the Geographical School of Eratosthenes was
     that of Ptolemy. This school displays an increase of actual
     knowledge which was not, however, always accompanied by sounder
     views respecting undiscovered regions. Ptolemy appears to have been
     the first who formed a correct idea of the whole course of the
     Nile, and assigns to its fountains a place in the vast range of the
     Mountains of the Moon. But he places his Ethiopia interior much
     further south beyond the equator, nearly in the latitude of Raptum"
     (Kilwa?).

The Prior of Neuville les Dames et de Prevessin, who published extracts
from Father Lobo, the Portuguese Jesuit, launches into a fine
dissertation on the Nile, some portions of which are as follows:--

     "The greatest men of antiquity have passionately endeavoured to
     discover the sources of the Nile, imagining, after a career of
     conquest, that this discovery was only needed to consummate their
     glory. Cambyses lost many people and much time in this search."

     "When Alexander the Great consulted the oracle of Jupiter of Ammon
     the first thing he desired to know was whence the Nile sprang, and
     having camped on the Indus he believed that he had at last
     succeeded."

     "Ptolemy Philadelphia waged war on Ethiopia with a view to ascend
     the Nile. He took the town of Axum, as may be seen by the
     inscriptions that Cosmos Indoplustes has preserved, which he copied
     during the reign of Emperor Justin I."

     "Lucan makes Caesar say in his 'Pharsalia,' that he would readily
     abandon the design of warring against his country could he be happy
     enough to see the primal fountains of the Nile:

      "'Nihil est quod noscere malim,
    Quam fluvii causas per saecula tanta latentes,
    Ignotumque caput: spes sit mihi certa videndi
    Niliacos fontes; bellum civile relinquam.'"

     "Nero was animated by the same thirst for glory, for he despatched
     armies to make this discovery, but the report submitted to him
     removed all hope of success."

     "The ancients therefore, searching in vain for the sources of the
     Nile, attempted to conceal their ignorance by mysteries, and they
     related them in fables. Even the interpreters of Holy Scripture
     were not exempt from this defect, as they knew no other lands on
     Ethiopia than that of Africa; they thought that Gihon, mentioned in
     Genesis, was the Nile, not being able to go against the Scriptures,
     where it is said that the Gihon has its spring in the terrestrial
     paradise, and it waters the land of Chus; it passes through under
     the seas and under the earth to reappear in Ethiopia. How many
     clever men have endeavoured to clear up these fables? and how many
     different systems were got up? The Bishop of Avranches supports, in
     his 'Treatise of the Terrestrial Paradise,' that the Gihon is an
     easternly branch of the Euphrates, which flows from the country of
     Eden and passes along the country of Chus, now the Cheezeslam. He
     adds that Homer makes out that it descends from Jupiter, and calls
     it [Greek: Detete]; this is what has caused Plautus to say,
     in speaking of a river, which he does not name, that it has its
     source in heaven and under the throne of Jupiter. The Egyptians,
     Ethiopians, Abyssinians, Gymnosophists, after making out this river
     to be a divinity, have thought themselves obliged to maintain the
     old errors--even the most absurd ones. Therefore we should not be
     astonished, after the poets having attributed a heavenly origin to
     the Nile, if the Egyptians, who owe the fertility of their country
     to it, have built temples, have erected altars, have established
     festivals in its honour, finally, if they have adored it under the
     name of Osiris."

     "The Jews and the Mohammedans, who are far from each other in
     idolatry, have thought that the waters of the Nile were holy and
     blessed, and the Agaus, who live in the environs of the sources of
     this river, although instructed in the Christian religion, still
     offer sacrifices; so that obstinacy and vanity support the
     superstitions and the idolatries that ignorance has introduced."

     "The Nile has changed its name, according to the times and places: 'Nec
     ante Nilus, quam se totum aquis concordibus rursus junxit. Sic quoque
     etiamnum Siris, ut ante, nominatus per aliquos in totum Homero AEgyptus,
     aliisque Triton.' Pliny does not say, as some others have said, that
     it was the Nile which at first had the name of 'Egypt,' but it has
     given it to the countries it watered while running into the sea, or it
     is called so after the name of the country, as rivers are ordinarily
     called after the name of the countries they pass through. Hesychius
     pretends that the Nile was at first called Egypt, and that it is this
     river which has given its name to the country: [Greek: Aigyptos, ho
     Neilos ho potamos ach' ou kai e chara hypo tous neoterous Aigyptos
     eponomasmenos] (AEgyptus, Nilus fluvius a quo regio a recentioribus
     AEgyptus est appellata). Egypt, nevertheless, is not the first name
     under which it was known; before it was called Oceanus, afterwards
     Aetus or Aquila, then AEgyptus, and from thence it was called Triton,
     on account of these three names; finally, it is known now by the
     Greeks as well as the Latins by the name of Nile. According to Pliny
     it takes the name of Syris by passing through the country of Syene.
     The Egyptians, who think themselves indebted to it for the fecundity
     of their country and for all its products, have called it the Saviour,
     the Sun, the God, sometimes the Father. In the Ethiopian language, as
     used by the learned, it is called GEJON, and he believes that it may
     have been called so after the name of Gihon, of which Moses speaks
     in his description of the terrestrial paradise, where he says, 'Et
     nomen fluvii fecundi Gihon: ipse qui circumit omnem terram AEthiopiae.'
     Vatable, in explaining the word Kuseh or AEthiopia, says that this must
     mean the Eastern Ethiopia, 'de AEthiopia Orientali intelligit.' The
     Nile or the Gejon do not environ the whole of Ethiopia or the whole of
     Abyssinia, but merely a portion, which is the kingdom of Goyam."

     "It will easily be seen shortly how many false hypotheses, how many
     false reasonings, have been made on the subject; however, there are
     still people so obstinate of the antiquity, that they will not put
     faith in those who have been on the spot, and who, having witnessed
     with their own eyes, could efface what the ancients had written
     about them. It was difficult and even impossible in following the
     course of the Nile to go up to its source; those who undertook it
     were always stopped by the cataracts, and despairing that neither
     they themselves or others could succeed, they invented a thousand
     stories. Let us add that neither the Greeks nor the Romans, who are
     the only ones from whom we have borrowed all our knowledge, have
     ever carried their arms to that side; who have not even heard
     spoken of so many barbarous nations who live along this great
     river; that the land where the Nile springs from, and all those in
     its environs, are only inhabited by savage and barbarous people;
     that to arrive there terrible mountains will have to be crossed,
     impenetrable forests, deserts full of wild beasts, who hardly find
     there anything to live on. If, however, those who have made so many
     attempts to discover the source of the Nile had gone though the Red
     Sea they might with less trouble and expense found what they were
     looking for."


After hearing what the ancients said and thought of the sources of the
Nile, let us see what we are able to gather from the Arabs:

The following are extracts from part of a manuscript, in the possession
of H. E. Ali Pasha Moubarek, the present Minister of Public Instruction,
Egypt. The name of the compiler is not given; only the date, 1098 A.H. =
1686 A.D. They are translated by Mr. Vandyck, teacher of English in the
Government Schools, Cairo.

     "Abu el Fadel, son of Kadama, says in his book, 'that all rivers in
     inhabited countries are 228 in number. Some flow like the Nile,
     from south to north, some flow from east to west, and some flow
     from north to south, and some flow in more than one of these
     directions, like the Euphrates and the Gihon.' He further says, 'As
     for the Nile, it starts from the Mountains of Gumr (Kamar) beyond
     the equator, from a source from which flow ten rivers, every five
     of these flowing into a separate lake, then from each one of these
     two lakes two rivers flow out; then all four of these rivers flow
     into one great lake in the first zone, and from this great lake
     flows out the Nile."

     "The author of the book called 'The Explorer's Desire,' says that
     'this lake is called the Lake of Likuri,[15] from the name of a
     tribe in the Soudan who live around the lake, and are very
     barbarous, and cannibals. From this lake flows out the river Garna,
     and the Abyssinian river. After leaving this lake, the Nile
     traverses the country of Likuri, then the country of
     Mennan--another Soudanese tribe--between Khartoum and Nubia.'"

     "On reaching Dongola, the metropolis of Nubia, it goes to the west,
     and then reaches the second zone. Here the banks are inhabited by
     the Nuba, and the river has many large cultivated islands with
     cities and villages, and the boats of the Nuba reach to this point
     coming downward, whilst the boats of Upper Egypt reach that far
     going upwards. There are there rugged rocks which prevent the ships
     from passing except at high Nile. It then flows northward, and
     passes east of Assouan, in Upper Egypt. It then passes between two
     mountain chains which border Egyptian territory, east and west,
     until it reaches Fostat; thence it flows a day's journey, and then
     divides into two branches, the one emptying into the Mediterranean
     at Damietta, and is called the eastern river, and the other, which
     is the main Nile, passes on, and empties into the Mediterranean at
     Rosetta, and is called the western branch."

     "The length of the Nile from its source is 3,748 parasangs. It is
     said that it flows through uninhabited country for four months, and
     through the Soudanese territory two months, and through Moslem
     territory one month. No other river goes on increasing while the
     other rivers are at their lowest, except the Nile, for it rises in
     the dry season, when the sun is in the constellation Cancer, Leo
     and Ceres."

     "It is said that this river has tributaries. Some say that its rise
     is caused by snows melted in summer, and according to the quantity
     of snowfall will be the greater or lesser rise. Others say that
     the rise is caused by the different direction of the winds; that is
     to say, that when the north wind blows strongly, it stirs up the
     Mediterranean, and pushes the waters thereof backwards so that it
     overflows the land; and when the south wind blows the Mediterranean
     ceases to storm, and the waters that were dammed up flow away
     again."

     "Others say that the rise is caused by fountains upon its banks,
     that have been seen by travellers who have reached to the highest
     point."

     "Others say that the Nile flows from snowy mountains, and they are
     the mountains called Kaf. That it passes through the Green Sea, and
     over gold and silver and emerald and ruby mines, flowing on _ad
     infinitum_ until it reaches the lake of the Zingh (Zanzibar), and
     they say were it not to enter into the salt sea and be mixed up
     with the waters thereof, it could not be drunk for great
     sweetness."

     "There is a difference of opinion as to the derivation of the word
     'Gumr.' Some say it ought to be pronounced 'Kamar,' which means the
     moon, but the traveller, Ti Tarshi, says that it was called by that
     name because 'the eye is dazzled by the great brightness.' This
     mountain, the Gumr, extends eastward and westward into uninhabited
     territory on both sides. Indeed, this whole chain is uninhabited on
     the southern <DW72>. This chain has peaks rising up into the air,
     and other peaks lower. Some have said that certain people have
     reached these mountains, and ascended them and looked over to the
     other side, where they saw a sea with troubled waters, dark as
     night, this sea being traversed by a white stream, bright as day,
     which enters the mountains from the north, and passes by the grave
     of the Great Hermes, and Hermes is the prophet Idrisi (Enoch)."

     "It is said that Idrisi there built a dome. Some say that people
     have ascended the mountain, and one of them began to laugh and clap
     his hands,[16] and threw himself down on the further side of the
     mountain. The others were afraid of being seized with the same fit,
     and so came back. It is said that those who saw it, saw bright
     snows like white silver glistening with light.[17] Whoever looked
     at them became attracted, and stuck to them until they died, and
     this science is called 'Human Magnetism.'"

     "It is said that a certain king sent an expedition to discover the
     Nile sources, and they reached copper mountains, and when the sun
     rose, the rays reflected were so strong that they were burnt.
     Others say that these people arrived at bright mountains like
     crystal, and when the rays of the sun were reflected they burnt
     them. Others say that Mount Gumr is a mountain on an island which
     is called by this same name. Opposite to it is the land of
     Serendib,[18] four months' journey in length and twenty days'
     journey in breadth, and that from this mountain comes the bird
     called gimre."

     "The author of the book called the 'Mirror of Ages,' says, 'Hameed,
     son of Biktiari, has stated that the fountain which is the first of
     all the fountains is in Mount Gumr. From this fountain start ten
     rivers, one of which is the Nile. They say that the Nile traverses
     the first zone, then passes into the second zone, and that the
     length of it from the source to the Mediterranean is 3,000
     parasangs. Some have thought that these fountains are the cause of
     the rise, whereas others say--and this is the most probable--that
     the cause is the abundance of rain and torrents in Abyssinia and
     Nubia, and that the delay in the rise reaching Egypt is on account
     of the great distance. All other rivers flow to the south, whereas
     it flows northward, and like it, Orontes in North Syria near
     Hamath.'

     "Ti Farshi says that 'some astronomers state that the Nile comes
     from beyond the equator 11-1/2 deg., and then flows on to Damietta and
     Alexandria at 30 deg. lat. N. They say from its source to its mouth are
     142-1/3 deg. nearly, hence the length would be 8614-1/3 miles with all its
     meanderings. It meanders eastward and westward greatly.'

     "Achmed, son of Ti Farshi, in his book of the description of the
     Nile, says, 'historians relate that Adam bequeathed the Nile unto
     Seth his son, and it remained in the possession of these children
     of prophecy and of religion, and they came down to Egypt (or Cairo)
     and it was then called Lul, so they came and dwelt upon the
     mountains. After them came a son Kinaan, then his son Mahaleel, and
     then his son Yaoud, and then his son Hamu and his son Hermes--that
     is Idrisi the prophet.[19] Idrisi began to reduce the land to law
     and order. The Nile used to come flowing down upon them, and they
     would escape from it to the high mountains and to elevated land
     until the river fell, then they would plant whatever country was
     left bare. Idrisi gathered the people of Egypt and went with them
     to the first stream of the Nile,[20] and there adjusted the
     levelling of the land and of the water by lowering the high land
     and raising the low land and other things according to the science
     of astronomy and surveying. Idrisi was the first person who spoke
     and wrote books upon these sciences. He then went to the land of
     Abyssinia and Nubia, and gathered the people, and extended the
     distance of the flow of the Nile, or reduced it according to the
     swiftness or sluggishness of the stream. He even calculated the
     volume of the water and the rate of flow. He is the first man who
     regulated the flow of the Nile to Egypt. It is said that in the
     days of Am Kaam, one of the Kings of Egypt, Idrisi was taken up to
     Heaven, and he prophesied the coming of the flood, so he remained
     the other side of the equator and there built a palace on the
     <DW72>s of Mount Gumr.[21] He built it of copper, and made
     eighty-five statues of copper, the waters of the Nile flowing out
     through the mouths of these statues and then flowing into a great
     lake and thence to Egypt.'

     "Idyar el Wadi says, 'the length of the Nile is two months' journey
     in Moslem territory, and four months' journey in uninhabited
     country. That its source is from Mount Gumr beyond the equator, and
     that it flows to the light coming out of the river of darkness, and
     flows by the base of Mount Gumr.'

     "Mohammed, the Prophet of God, says:--

     "'The Nile comes out of the Garden of Paradise, and if you were to
     examine it when it comes out, you would find in it leaves of
     Paradise.'

     "King Am Kaam, mentioned above, is Hermes I. The devils carried him
     to this mountain, which is called Gumr, and there he saw how the
     Nile flows out of the Black Sea and enters into the mountain of
     Gumr. King Am Kaam built on the <DW72>s of the mountain a palace
     having eighty-five statues, to which he collected all the water
     that flows from this mountain, conducting it in vaulted conduits
     until the water reaches the statues and flows out of their mouths
     in measured quantities and calculated cubic contents. It thence
     flows in many rivers until it reaches the Great Central Lake.[22]
     Round this lake is the country of the Soudan and their great city
     Garma. In this great lake is a mountain which traverses it, going
     out of the lake and extending north-west.[23] From this mountain
     the Nile flows on a month's journey and then it divides in the land
     of Nubia, one division going to the far west, and in this branch is
     the greater part of the country called the Soudan--whilst the other
     is the branch which flows down to the land of Egypt, and beyond
     Assouan it divides into four branches and thus flows into the sea
     at Damietta and Alexandria. It is said that three of these branches
     flow into the Mediterranean, whereas the fourth branch flows into
     the Salt Lake and thence to Alexandria.

     "It is said that the rivers Sihon, Gihon, the Nile and the
     Euphrates, all start from a green jasper dome from a mountain, and
     that this mountain is near the Dark Sea.[24] That the waters are
     sweeter than honey, and more fragrant than musk, but that the
     waters are changed in the course of the flow.

     "Sheikh Izz Edin, son of Ibn Gamar, says in his book on medicine
     (and I have copied from the autograph manuscript), that the source
     of the Nile is from Mount Gumr beyond the equator by 11 deg. and 20'.
     From this mountain start ten rivers from various sources, each five
     of which flow into a great round lake, which is distant from the
     extreme uninhabited country of the west by 57 deg., and from the
     equator 7 deg. and 31' to the south, and these two lakes are equal, the
     diameter of each being 5 deg.. Out of each one of these two lakes flow
     two rivers which empty into one great lake in the first zone. It is
     distant from the uninhabited country of the west by 53 deg. and 30'. It
     is distant north of the equator 2 deg.. Each one of these four rivers
     empties itself separately into this great lake, and from it comes
     out one single river, and this is the Nile. It passes through the
     country to Nubia, and joins another river, whose source is from
     another part near the equator, from a great round lake whose
     diameter is 3 deg., and which is distant from the confines of inhabited
     country on the west of 71 deg..

     "After it has passed the city of Cairo, it reaches a town called
     Shatanuf, where it divides into two rivers, both of which flow into
     the salt sea, one of these branches being called the Rosetta River,
     and the other the Damietta River. This river reaches to Mansoura,
     and there branches off from it the river called Ashmun, which
     empties into a lake there, and the remainder flows into the salt
     sea near Damietta, and here I give a plan of Mount Gumr.

     "The historian El Gahez, in his description of countries, says that
     'the source of the river of Sindh[25] and the river Nile is from
     one place,' and that he came to this conclusion because 'the two
     rivers rise at the same time, and because the crocodile is found in
     them both,' and that 'the kind of land-cultivation upon both is the
     same.' The historian Mashi, in his 'History of Egypt,' says that in
     the country of Tegala is a Soudanese tribe of the same name in
     whose land gold crops up, and that in their land the Nile splits
     and becomes two rivers, the one branch being the Nile of Egypt, and
     the other being green, which flows eastward and traverses the salt
     sea to the landing of Sindh, and this is the river called Meharaam.

     "The lake into which the water flows is called Biliha.[26] Part of
     the Nile flows to the Soudan country, then passes to the east of
     Kussed, and then flows along one of the mountains of this country
     and comes out at the equator. Then it passes out from a lake there,
     and continues going westward to the country of Laknur, and thence
     northwards until it flows into the great ocean. Then it flows to
     the country of Abyssinia, and thence to the country of the Soudan,
     and then to the east of Dongola, until it comes upon the cataracts
     of Assouan, thence it flows into the Mediterranean.

[Illustration: MOUNTAINS OF THE MOON.--MASSOUDI, 11TH CENTURY.]

     "Makrisi says, 'There is no difference of opinion. The Nile comes
     from Mount Gumr.' Makrisi also says that 'Merka-Eel, the son of
     Doobar-Eel, the son of Garabat, the son of Asfusan, the son of
     Adam, on coming to Egypt with a number of the tribe of Arabat,
     settled in Egypt and there built the city of Assus and other
     cities, and they dug the Nile until they led the water down to
     them, because, before that time, it did not flow regularly, but
     used to spread out over the land unto the country of King Mekronse
     of Nuba. They regulated the course of the Nile and drew from it
     various streams to their different cities which they had built.
     They also led one stream to the city of Susan, then after the world
     came out of the flood, and when time rolled on until the days of
     Berdashir, the son of Bzar, the son of Ham, the son of Noah, the
     flow of the Nile was again regulated a second time, after it had
     been completely ruined by the flood.' But the historian Ibn
     Wasifsha says, 'when Berdashir ruled--and he is the first who
     became a priest and who practised magic and used to render himself
     invisible--he sent the Prince Hermes to the great Lake,[27] whence
     the waters of the Nile flow. It is also said that he regulated the
     stream, because formerly it used to overflow in some places and not
     in others.'

     "As for the place where are the copper statues, it contains
     fifty-eight figures, and Hermes collected to these figures the
     water that flows out of the Nile, conducting the water to them by
     vaulted conduits and aqueducts, so that the water would flow to the
     figures and then come out from Mount Gumr, and thence flow from
     under the wall, and then pass out through the mouths of these
     figures. He regulated and measured the quantity of water flowing
     out, so as to allow to flow out that amount which is required for
     the land of Egypt, viz., that it should rise only to eighteen
     cubits, each cubit having thirty-two digits. Were it not for this
     the Nile would swamp all the countries that it passes through.

     "El Welid, the son of Romah the Amalekite, was enabled to go to
     discover the sources of the Nile. He occupied three years in
     preparing for his expedition, and then started with a large army,
     destroying every tribe he came upon. He passed through the tribes
     of the Soudan, and through the gold country, and there he saw
     golden sticks sprouting out. He continued journeying until he
     reached the great Lake,[28] unto which the Nile flows coming from
     the rivers which flow out from under Mount Gumr. He went on until
     he reached the Temple of the Sun, and passed it until he reached
     Mount Gumr or Kamar, which is a high mountain. He says that it is
     called Mount Gumr because the moon does not shine except upon it
     because it is outside of the Equator.[29] He saw the Nile flowing
     out from under Mount Gumr and coming down from the rivers of Mount
     Kaf. After the river traverses the Equator it is joined by waters
     from a stream coming from the region of Tekraan[30] in India, and
     this fountain starts from under Mount Gumr and flows in that
     direction. It is said that the river Tekraan is like the Nile. It
     rises and falls at the same time, and has in it crocodiles and
     fishes resembling those in the Nile.

     "Some people have said that when they were there they saw neither
     sun nor moon, but the only light was the light of the most merciful
     God like the light of the sun.

     "Other explorers have said that the four rivers, Gihon, Sihon, the
     Euphrates, and the Nile arise from one source--from a dome in the
     gold country, which is beyond the dark sea, and that that country
     is a part of the regions of Paradise, and that the dome is of
     jasper. They also say that Hyad, one of the children of Ees, prayed
     God to show him the extreme end of the Nile. God gave him power to
     do this, and he traversed the dark river, walking upon it with his
     feet over the water which did not stick to his feet, until he
     entered that dome. This legend I have taken from El Makrisi's
     book."

The best description that I have been able to discover is by
Scheabeddin, an Arab geographer who wrote about 1400 A.D. He says:--

     "The Isle of Mogreb (Africa) is in the midst of the seas which
     water it on all sides. To the east it is bounded by the sea of
     Kulzum (Red Sea); to the south and west by the ocean of which God
     only knows the extent and limits; to the north it has for limits
     the sea of Kharz, which is that by which the Franks came into the
     Holy Land, by landing on the coast of Syria.

     "In the midst of the Isle of Mogreb are the deserts of the <DW64>s,
     which separate the country of the <DW64>s from that of the Berbers.
     In this isle is also the source of that great river which has not
     its equal upon the earth. It comes from the mountain of the moon
     which lies beyond the equator. Many sources come from this mountain
     and unite in a great lake. From this lake comes the Nile, the
     greatest and most beautiful of the rivers of all the earth. Many
     rivers derived from this great river water Nubia, and the country
     of the Djenawa. This river cuts horizontally the equator, traverses
     Abyssinia, the country of Kuku, comes to Syene, cuts Egypt
     throughout its whole length and throws itself into the sea between
     Tunis and Damietta."

Abdul Hassan Ali, ibu el Hasseyn, ibu Ali el Massoude, born at Baghdad,
and who came to Egypt 955 A.D., where he closed his accounts with the
world, and brought his many travels to an end, writes:--

     "I have seen in a geography a plan of the Nile flowing from the
     Mountains of the Moon--Jebel Kumr.

     "The waters burst forth from twelve springs and flow into two lakes
     like unto the ponds of Bussora. After leaving these lakes, the
     waters re-unite, and flow down through a sandy and mountainous
     country.

     "The course of the Nile is through that part of the Soudan near the
     country of the Zenj (Zanzibar)."

As I finished the transcription of these interesting old legends, I said
in my heart: "As it happened unto the ancient authors, so it will happen
unto me. Why was I then more wise? I considered all travail, and every
right work--that for this a man is envied of his neighbour. Therefore I
hated life, because the work that is done under the sun is grievous unto
me--for all is vanity and vexation of spirit."

The following was kindly translated by His Excellency Count de Landburg,
the Consul-General at Cairo for Sweden and Norway.

[Illustration: MAP OF NILE BASIN TO-DAY, FROM MEDITERRANEAN TO S. LAT
4.]

     "Chams ed-din Abu Abd Allah Mohammed ed Dimachge (born 1256 A.D.,
     Dec. 1336 (31)), in his geography, _Mukhbat ed-dahr fe Ajaib
     al-barr walbahr_, edited by Professor Mehren, St. Petersburg, 1866,
     says (p. 88), in the chapter dealing with the four rivers of
     Paradise:--

     The scholars say about this, that the Egyptian river called the
     Nile is the river of Nubia. Its springs are in the Mountains of the
     Moon, which divide the inhabited land to the south of the equator,
     and that on the outside from the southern unknown countries,
     whereof there is no information. The number of its springs are ten
     rivers, running with haste in ten valleys between high trees and
     compact sands. The distance between the longest off situated
     occidental is about fifteen days, and they all together flow into
     two large lakes, the distance between these being four days. The
     extension of the oriental lake with all its islands and mountains
     is rather four days to him that passes around it, and the extension
     of the occidental is about five days to him that passes around it,
     and in both these lakes, and in the land that lies between the
     streams above mentioned, are the wild Sudan tribes, whose nature
     resembles to that of the beasts. They do eat whomsoever they
     assault, and he that catches anybody of another tribe, kills him
     and eats him, as the game eaten. The situation of these lakes is
     from 50-56 deg. longitude from the springs of the river, and from 6-7 deg.
     latitude on the south of the equator. The Oriental lake is called
     _Kuku_ and _Tamim es-Sudanese_, and the occidental _Damadim_ and
     _Galjur_ and _Hajami_. Farther issue from each of these two lakes
     four rivers, running through populated valleys, where the Sudanese
     have their settlements. These rivers are flowing near the equator
     until 7 deg. latitude, and flow all together into one long and large
     lake, which is called _Jawas_ and _el Jamia_ (Arab: the
     'Collector'), and which is called also _Kuri_[31] _of the
     Sudanese_. Its circuit is about six days with the islands _Jawas_
     and _Kuri_, inhabited by the Sudanese. From this lake issue three
     big rivers. The one flows towards the west, and is called Rhana;
     another, turning to the south, flows to the east, and is called _ed
     Damadim_, or the _Magid Shu of the Negroes_, and the third is the
     river of Nubia, and is called _the Nile_. Its course is to the
     north until it flows into the Mediterranean, as the river Damadim
     flows into the Southern Sea, and the Rhana river into the Western
     Ocean."




CHAPTER XXX.

RUWENZORI: THE CLOUD-KING.

     Recent travellers who have failed to see this range--Its classical
     history--The range of mountains viewed from Pisgah by us in
     1887--The twin cones and snowy mountain viewed by us in 1888 and
     January 1889--Description of the range--The Semliki valley--A fair
     figurative description of Ruwenzori--The principal drainage of the
     snowy range--The luxurious productive region known as Awamba forest
     or the Semliki valley--Shelter from the winds--Curious novelties in
     plants in Awamba forest--The plains between Mtsora and
     Muhamba--Changes of climate and vegetation on nearing the hills
     constituting the southern flank of Ruwenzori--The north-west and
     west side of Ruwenzori--Emotions raised in us at the sight of
     Ruwenzori--The reason why so much snow is retained on
     Ruwenzori--The ascending fields of snow and great tracts of
     _debris_--Brief views of the superb Rain-Creator or
     Cloud-King--Impression made on all of us by the skyey crests and
     snowy breasts of Ruwenzori.


[Sidenote: 1889.

June.

Ruwenzori.]

After the stories of the days of old, let us proceed to depict the
Ruwenzori range--which is the modern African term among the principal
tribes of the Lake regions for what was called Montes Lunae or Mons Lune
by the classical and European geographers, and by the Arab compilers of
travels as Jebel Kumr--Gumr, or Kammar--the Mountains of the Moon--as it
was seen by us. Several centuries have passed away since it was last
seen by any one capable of communicating an intelligent account of his
travels, and it may be many years will elapse before it is again seen by
any English-speaking explorer. The Nile route is closed for many a day
to come: the advance of the Manyuema, already spreading out far along
the West like an immense line of skirmishers, destroying and slaying as
they march eastward and northward, renders it very doubtful whether
subsistence would be found for an Expedition from the west; the ferocity
and number of the Wara Sura, and the treacherous character of the
Wanyoro, make it very certain that only a powerful force can ever be
able to pass through Toro; and the shifting events transpiring in
Uganda, which influence Uddu and Ankori, suggest a doubt, whether, in
defiance of Uganda, the south-east route would be practicable; and the
eastern route also presents serious difficulties. For these, as well as
for other reasons, such as the failure of so many modern travellers--Sir
Samuel and Lady Baker, Gessi Pasha, Mason Bey in 1877, our own
Expedition in 1887, and Emin Pasha in 1888--to see what ought to have
been seen, it is quite necessary that a more detailed description should
be given of this range.

It is quite a mysterious fact that from the localities reached by Sir
Samuel Baker, Ruwenzori ought to have been as visible as St. Paul's dome
from Westminster Bridge. And any person steaming round the Lake Albert,
as Gessi Pasha and Mason Bey did, would be within easy view of the snow
mountains--provided, of course, that they were not obscured by the dense
clouds and depths of mist under which for about 300 days of the year the
great mountain range veils its colossal crown.

Then, again, its classical history: the fables that have been woven
about it; its relation to the dear old Nile, the time-honoured Nile--the
Nile of the Pharaohs, of Joseph, Moses, and the Prophets; its being the
source whence so many springs of the Nile issue--its being the creator
of the "Sea of Darkness," Lake Albert Edward, from whose bosom the
Semliki--Nile to the West, and the infant Kafur to the East--emerge, to
feed the Albert on one hand and the Victoria Nile on the other; the very
mountain before whose shrine Alexander and Caesar would have
worshipped--if the poets may be believed; its rare appearance out of the
night-black clouds; its sudden and mysterious apparition on a large
portion of that "illimitable lake" of a modern traveller; its quaint
title--the Mountains of the Moon, so often sought in vain; its massive
and rugged grandeur, and immense altitude: all these explain why
Ruwenzori demands more than a brief notice. Who that has gazed on the
Bernese Oberland for the first time will ever forget the impression? In
my twenty-two years of African travel both discovery and spectacle were
unique, and its total unexpectedness of appearance, as well as its own
interesting character and history, appeal to me to describe as clearly
as possible, and with some detail, what we saw.

While proceeding towards Lake Albert, in December, 1887, we obtained a
view from Pisgah of a long range of mountains, wooded to the summits,
which we estimated to be about 7,000 to 8,000 feet in height. It lay
from S.E. to S. On returning from the Lake, the same month, two enormous
truncate cones suddenly appeared into view, bearing S. -1/2. They might, we
believed, be between 10,000 and 12,000 feet high. They were called the
Twin Cones, and we thought them remarkable features. The sight of them
suggested that in their neighbourhood, or between them and the Gordon
Bennett Mountain, would be found an interesting country.

When returning to the Nyanza for the second time in April, 1888, the
Twin Cones were invisible; but on the 25th of May, 1888, when scarcely
two hours' march from the Lake beach, lo! a stupendous snowy mountain
appeared, bearing 215 deg. magnetic--an almost square-browed central
mass--about thirty miles in length, and quite covered with snow; situate
between two great ridges of about 5,000 feet less elevation, which
extended to about thirty miles on either side of it. On that day it was
visible for hours. On surmounting the table-land, the next day or so, it
had disappeared. Not a trace of either Twin Cones or Snowy Mountain was
in view.

On returning for the third time to the Nyanza, in January, 1889, and
during our long stay at Kavalli for two and a half months, it was
unseen, until suddenly casting our eyes, as usual, towards that point
where it ought to be visible, the entire length of the range burst out
of the cloudy darkness, and gratified over a thousand pairs of anxious
eyes that fixed their gaze upon the singular and magnificent scene.

The upper part of the range, now divided distinctly into many
square-browed peaks, seemed poised aloft in a void of surprising
clearness, domed by a dark blue heaven as clear and spotless as crystal,
and a broad zone of milk-white mist enfolding it in the middle caused it
to resemble a spectral mountain isle sailing in mid-air--to realize a
dream of an Isle of the Blest. As the sun descended westerly the misty
zone drifted away, and the floating apparition became fixed to nether
regions of mountain <DW72>s, and the sharply-cut outlines and broader
details might be easily traced through the binoculars. Though we were
nearly eighty miles off, we could even see ridgy fringes and tufted
clumps of trees, resting on broad ledges, or on mountain spires, or
coping some turret-like crag, which leaned over profound depths below.
We even agreed that the colour of the bare rock casques fronting the
glare of the sun, and which were aligned against the lucent blue beyond,
were of a purplish brown. We saw that the side presented to our view was
singularly steep and probably unscaleable, and that though the snowy
fields seemed to be mere patches, yet many feathery stretches descended
far below the summit of a bare ridge which intervened between the
central range and the Balegga Hills, twelve miles from us, over whose
summit, Ruwenzori, sixty-five miles further, loomed large and grand.

It will then be understood that a transparent atmosphere is very rare in
this region, and that had our stay been as short as that of previous
travellers, Ruwenzori might have remained longer unknown.

While we were advancing southward along the western flanks of
Mazamboni's, and the Balegga Hills, during the month of May, 1889, the
great snowy range was frequently, almost daily, visible--not in its
entirety, but by fits and starts, a peak here, a mountain shoulder
there, with sometimes only a dim visage of the crowns, and at other
times the lower parts only in view. The snow gleamed white out of a dark
and cloudy frame, or the flanks, dark as night, loomed like
storm-clouds, boding rain and squalls. At rare periods the whole
appeared with a brilliant sharp-cut clearness that was very useful to us
to map our future route.

Yet all this time we scarcely understood its character, and not until we
had crossed the Semliki river, and had traversed a great portion of the
dense and tall woods, which thrive in the hothouse atmosphere of the
Semliki Valley, had we any intelligent comprehension of it.

The average European reader will perfectly understand the character of
the Semliki Valley and the flanking ranges, if I were to say that its
average breadth is about the distance from Dover to Calais, and that in
length it would cover the distance between Dover and Plymouth, or from
Dunkirk to St. Malo in France. For the English side we have the Balegga
hills and rolling plateau from 3,000 to 3,500 feet above the valley. On
the opposite side we have heights ranging from 3,000 to 15,500 feet
above it. Now, Ruwenzori occupies about ninety miles of the eastern line
of mountains, and projects like an enormous bastion of an unconquerable
fortress, commanding on the north-east the approaches by the Albert
Nyanza and Semliki Valley, and on its southern side the whole basin of
the Albert Edward Lake. To a passenger on board one of the Lake Albert
steamers proceeding south, this great bastion, on a clear day, would
seem to be a range running east and west; to a traveller from the south
it would appear as barring all passage north. To one looking at it from
the Balegga, or western plateau, it would appear as if the slowly rising
table-land of Unyoro was but the glacis of the mountain range. Its
western face appears to be so precipitous as to be unscaleable, and its
southern side to be a series of traverses and ridges descending one
below the other to the Albert Edward Lake. While its eastern face
presents a rugged and more broken aspect, lesser bastions project out of
the range, and is further defended by isolated outlying forts like
Gordon Bennett Mountain, 14,000 to 15,000 feet high, and the Mackinnon
Mountain of similar height. That would be a fair figurative description
of Ruwenzori.

The principal drainage of the snowy range is to the west, down into the
Semliki River, and south to the Albert Edward Lake. The Katonga flowing
into Lake Victoria, and the Kafur into the Victoria Nile, are both fed
from the eastern face of Ruwenzori. The Mississi River, emptying into
Lake Albert direct, rises from the northern extremity of the mountains.

During our journey southward, through the Semliki Valley and along the
shores of the Albert Edward, I counted sixty-two streams which descended
from Ruwenzori alone, the most important being the Rami, Rubutu,
Singiri, Ramilulu, Butahu, Rusirubi, Rwimi rivers, descending to the
Semliki River; and the Ruverahi, Nyamagasani, Unyamwambi, Rukoki, Nsongi
and Rusango rivers, pouring into the Albert Edward.

By boiling point the upper lake was ascertained to be at an altitude of
3,307 feet, and Lake Albert at 2,350 feet above the sea; thus making a
difference of level of 957 feet for about 150 miles of river. Therefore,
besides a strong current which we observed, and rapids, the Semliki
River must have a considerable number of great cataracts in its course
from lake to lake.

The Semliki Valley is noted for its hot-house character only for some
forty miles. That portion of it exposed to the sweep of the gales from
Lake Albert seems to have but a sour soil, for the yield of it is an
acrid grass, rejected by cattle, and thin forests of acacia; but between
this and the portion of exposed lake to the upper end is a soil so rich
and so productive that would rival the best soils in the world. The
natives have long ago discovered this fact, for they have gathered in
multitudes of small tribes to clear the thick forest and plant their
banana and plantain stalks. One can scarcely travel a mile in any
direction without coming across a luxuriant, heavy-fruited plantain
grove. In no part of Africa may be seen such abundance of food, not even
in Uganda. Ten such columns as I led might have revelled in abundance.
The plantain fruit, when mature, measured from twelve to eighteen inches
in length, and thick as the fore-arm of an ordinary man.

[Illustration: BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF RUWENZORI, LAKE ALBERT EDWARD AND LAKE
ALBERT.]

It occupied us sixteen days to traverse this rich forest region,
generally distinguished by the name of Awamba, after the tribe, and
during that time we had ten separate rainfalls, several of them lasting
over nine hours, while it thundered daily. Besides this, when we issued
out of the forest, and clung to the grassy foot of the range, at a few
hundred feet of altitude above it, we observed that, as far as we could
see, the forest extended unbroken, except by the numerous banana
plantations. There were many lateral depressions, marking the courses of
the streams, but few elevations of any importance, but over the whole
slowly sailed the snow-white mist in broad, irregular streams; these, in
a few moments, became joined into a universal mass, which to us, looking
down upon it, resembled an inverted sky. All this was very annoying to
us as curious sightseers, anxious to know the strange world we were in;
but it furnished suggestions as to the reason why this part was so
especially prolific, and why Ruwenzori was so coy. No winds could cool
this portion of the valley, or waft the vapours away and clear the
atmosphere from an entire corner of the compass, owing to the extent and
great height of Ruwenzori. The great mountain intercepted every breeze
from east round to south, and prevented the everlasting exhalations of
the valley from being blown in that direction, but, on their reaching
the intense cold above, distilled them, and rediffused them in copious
showers of rain. From north to west the northern range of mountains
obstructed the free passage of the winds, and assisted to maintain that
equable heat of the valley that was necessary for the fostering of that
marvellous vegetation. In every camp of this region the smoke hung over
us like a pall, smarting the eyes and half suffocating us. In such a
Nature's conservatory as the Semliki Valley, buried under its own
perpetual warm exhalations, vegetation, as a matter of course, finding
every favourable element therein necessary for its growth and
nourishment, grows in riotous profusion. Where the humus is deep we find
a tall and stately forest, with an impervious underwood of young trees,
bound together and sometimes altogether hidden by countless climbing
vines and robust plants; where the humus is thinner, as near the foot of
the range, dense crops of cane-grass, from ten to fifteen feet in
height, flourish luxuriant and impenetrable. Every tree-stem has its
green robe of soft moss, dripping with dew, and each tree-fern or
horizontal branch has its orchids, or broad elephant-eared plant. Every
rock is clothed with lichens, and if but the slightest hollow is found
in it, there will be seen a multitude of tropic plants crowding every
inch. In short, everywhere, except upon the perpendicular face of a
late-moved boulder, vegetation thrives of every variety of greenness,
form, and character.

About a day before we finally issued out of the forest region we were
made still further aware what curious novelties in plants a natural
conservatory can produce. Between Mtarega and Ulegga we were astonished
at the huge girth of the wild banana plant, some of them being eighteen
inches in diameter two feet above the ground. The fronds were gathered
at the top of the stalk like an artificial bouquet, but presently spread
out, two feet wide and ten feet in length, forming graceful curves and a
most cooling shade, the leaves circling the flowers, which were like
great rosettes with drooping tassels. There seemed to be no limit to the
altitude at which these wild bananas grew, though we observed that their
number on the mountain <DW72>s became more limited above 8,000 feet. The
tree-ferns, reaching as high as thirty feet from the ground, presented
themselves in a series of narrow groves along the moist hollows or near
banks of streamlets, while an untold variety of smaller ferns grew in
their neighbourhood, as though they were determined to prove their
relationship to the giants of the fern family. Then the calamus,
climbing from one tall tree to another with resolute grasp, next
attracted our attention. In the neighbourhood of such fern-groves the
trees were veritable giants, the orchids in their forks were most
numerous, and the elephant-eared lichen studded the horizontal branches,
while every tree was draped with soft green moss, beaded with dew, and
seemed sodden through excess of moisture.

Though the forest region ends as we enter Ulegga, the interval between
it and Mtsora is so devoted to cultivation by the natives that it is
only at the latter place that we become fully aware that we have entered
a new region. Looking towards the W.N.W. we see the commencement of a
brown grassy plain, the very duplicate of that extending round the
southern end of Lake Albert. In appearance it is as flat as though the
level bottom of a lake had just appeared in view and continues thus to
the Albert Edward Nyanza.

Between Mtsora and Muhamha we travelled along the edge of the low plain
or ancient bed of the northern portion of the Southern Nyanza, but soon
after leaving the last village we began to breast the mountains in order
to avoid the circuitous route along the plain round the promontory of
Sangwe-Mirembe.

As we journeyed towards the south-west over these hills we observed that
in the same manner as a change had come over the character of the
Semliki Valley the <DW72>s of Ruwenzori had also undergone a similar
change. Instead of the thick forests which climbed up the lower <DW72>s
and covered the ravines, and wild bananas and wonderful ferneries, and
general sappiness and luxuriance of the various species of vegetation,
pastoral grass waved on every <DW72> and crest, while a healthful cool
breeze caused us to bless our fortune in having parted from the close,
heated and moist atmosphere of the Semliki.

But in two days' march we observed that there was another change. We
were in a much drier climate, and the superficial aspect of the country
was much as might be expected from a comparatively rainless district--it
was that of a worn-out and scorched country. The grass was void of
succulency and nutriment. The <DW72>s of the rounded hills presented
grooves of a brick-dust colour; here and there grew a stunted tree with
wrinkled and distorted branches and ugly olive-green leaves, too surely
denoting that the best of the soil had been scoured away or consumed by
annual conflagrations, that vegetable life was derived under precarious
circumstances despite the copious showers of the rainy season. As these
hills, which constitute the southern flank of Ruwenzori, present
themselves, the plains below, between their base and Lake Albert Edward,
share their meagre, famished, treeless, and uninteresting character.
Though the vegetation differs, the gum-trees, such as the acacia, the
rigid black euphorbia, the milk weed, are indications of a lean soil and
salt-effusing earth, and in reality such is the character of the bed of
the receded Nyanza.

In brief words, the north-west and west sides of Ruwenzori, blessed with
almost daily rains and with ever-fresh dews, enjoy perpetual spring and
are robed in eternal verdure; the south and south-west sides have their
well-defined seasons of rain and drought, and if seen during the dry
season, no greater contrast can be imagined than these opposing views of
nature's youth and nature's decay.

There are many doubtless, like myself, who, while gazing upon any
ancient work, be it an Egyptian Pyramid or Sphynx, be it an Athenian
Parthenon, Palmyrene sun temple, Persepolitan palace, or even an old
English castle, will readily confess to feeling a peculiar emotion at
the sight. The venerableness of it, which time only can give, its
associations with men long ago gathered to their fathers, the builders
and inhabiters now quite forgotten, appeal to a certain sympathy in the
living. For its history there is a vague yearning; its age awakens
something like exultation that we little mortals can build such
time-defying structures. But more powerful and higher is that emotion
which is roused at the sight of a hoary old mountain like this of
Ruwenzori, which we know to be countless thousands of years old. When we
think how long it required the melted snow to carve out these ravines,
hundreds of fathoms deep, through the rocky cone of the range, or the
ages required to spread out the debris from its sides and bosom to cover
the Semliki Valley and the Nyanza plains, we are struck dumb at the
immeasurableness of the interval between that age when Ruwenzori rose
aloft into being; and in reply to the still small voice which seems to
ask--"Where wast thou when the foundations of the earth were laid?
Declare if thou hast understanding," we become possessed with a
wholesome awe, and can but feel a cheerful faith that it was good for us
to have seen it.

Another emotion is that inspired by the thought that in one of the
darkest corners of the earth, shrouded by perpetual mist, brooding under
the eternal storm-clouds, surrounded by darkness and mystery, there has
been hidden to this day a giant among mountains, the melting snow of
whose tops has been for some fifty centuries most vital to the peoples
of Egypt. Imagine to what a God the reverently-inclined primal nations
would have exalted this mountain, which from such a far-away region as
this contributed so copiously to their beneficent and sacred Nile. And
this thought of the beneficent Nile brings on another. In fancy we look
down along that crooked silver vein to where it disports and spreads out
to infuse new life to Egypt near the Pyramids, some 4000 miles away,
where we beheld populous swarms of men--Arabs, Copts, Fellahs, <DW64>s,
Turks, Greeks, Italians, Frenchmen, English, Germans, and
Americans--bustling, jostling, or lounging; and we feel a pardonable
pride in being able to inform them for the first time that much of the
sweet water they drink, and whose virtues they so often exalt, issues
from the deep and extensive snow-beds of Ruwenzori or Ruwenjura--"the
Cloud-King."

[Illustration: VIEW OF RUWENZORI FROM BAKOKORO WESTERN CONES.]

Though from the nearest point to the central range we were distant
eight English miles in an air line, during the few brief clear views
obtained by us, especially that from Bakokoro, examination through a
good binocular informed us of the reason why so much snow was retained
on Ruwenzori. As will be seen from the various sketches of the profile,
the summit of the range is broken up into many sharp triangular casques
or narrow saddle-shaped ridges. Each casque, separately examined, seems
to be a miniature copy of the whole range, and dented by the elements,
time and weather, wind, rain, frost, and snow, and every side of
Ruwenzori appears to represent, though in an acuter degree, the
multitudinous irregularities of <DW72>s and crests so characteristic of
its mighty neighbours which lie nearest to us, and are fully exposed to
the naked eye. Mostly all these triangular casque-like tops of the range
are so precipitous that, despite the everlasting snowfalls hardened by
the icy winds blowing over their exposed sides and summits, very little
snow is seen; but about 300 feet below, as may be estimated, ground more
adapted for the retention of the snow is found, which in some parts is
so extensive as to represent a vast field. Below this, however, another
deep precipice exposes its brown walls, and at the foot of it spreads
out another great field of snow joined here and there by sloping ground,
and this explains why the side of the range presented to view is not
uniformly covered with snow, and why the fields are broken up by the
brown patches. For quite 3,000 feet from the summit, as may be seen most
clearly from the view obtained from Karimi, there is illustrated a great
snowy continent enclosing numerous brown islands.

Naturally where the crests are so steep and naked, and where the walls
of the precipices are so lofty, the rough weather to which they are
exposed contributes to their dismantling and ruinous crumbling.
Fragments of rock and tons of rocky dust and particles tumble from above
on the compressed snow-bed below, which imperceptibly moves through the
influence of thawing and undermining of the bed by the trickling water,
downwards towards the valley a league below. As it descends the thaw
increases, and the movement of the snow-bed is more rapid, until,
arriving in the neighbourhood of tropic heat, or buried in a great cloud
of tepid vapour from the valley beneath, there is a sudden dissolution
of the snow, and the rocky fragments, debris and dust, borne by the
snow, are hurled downward, crashing through the ravines and over the
<DW72>s, until they are arrested in the valley by some obstruction, and
form a bank near the debouchure of a ravine, or are scattered over many
an acre below the smooth <DW72> of a hill.

Sometimes these ascending fields of snow, by the velocity of their
movements, grinding and dragging power, weight and compactness of their
bodies, cause extensive landslips, when tracts of wood and bush are
borne sheer down, with all the soil which nourished them, to the bed
rock, from which it will be evident that enormous masses of material,
consisting of boulders, rock fragments, pebbles, gravel, sand trees,
plants, and soil, are precipitated from the countless mountain <DW72>s
and ravine sides into the valley of the Semliki.

In front of the Rami-lulu River from the mountain there has been at one
time some such disastrous pouring of the ruins of a mountain side, so
sudden that the river was blocked, the tract there covered about six
square miles. Since that time the Rami-lulu has ploughed down to the
former solid rock-bed, and now flows between two very steep banks 200
feet high, whence we can imagine the thickness of the debris.

Between Ugarama and Bukoko we discovered a very fertile tract close to
the base of the mountain <DW72>, prodigiously prolific in its melons,
pumpkins, sugar-cane and millet; the subsoil is principally gravel and
sand mixed with a rich dark loam, but the immense number of large
boulders imbedded and half buried in the earth is a striking feature,
and point to glacial influence.

Between Bukoko and the mountains three miles away, and stretching along
their base southward for five or six miles, is another great tract
consisting of just such debris as the side of a mountain would naturally
consist in, but being principally of loose matter, it has assumed
through a long period of rainfalls a tolerably smooth gradated surface.

If we consider these circumstances as occurring periodically since the
upheaval of the great range, and that mighty subsidence which created
the wide and deep gulf now embraced by the Albert Edward Nyanza, the
Semliki Valley, and Lake Albert, we need not greatly wonder that
Ruwenzori now is but the skeleton of what it was originally: "Dust thou
art, and unto dust shalt thou return." Its head has been shorn of much
of its glory of amplitude; its shoulders have been worn and abraded,
through its side scores of streams have channeled deep, and the ribs of
it now stand, not bare and denuded, but marking indisputably what
wearing and battering it has experienced since it was born out of fire.
Slowly but surely the mountain is retiring to the place whence it came.
A few ages hence the Albert Edward Nyanza will be a great plain, and at
a later period Lake Albert will share the same fate. Geographers of that
far-off epoch will then rub their eyes should they chance to discover
the outlines of the two Nyanzas and intervening valley as they were
described in 1889.

[Illustration: RUWENZORI, FROM KARIMI.]

On most days, the early hours of morning ushered into view a long,
solemn, and stupendous mass, dark as night, the summits of which
appeared to approach very closely to the cloudless grey sky. But as
toward the east the fast-coming day changed the grey to gold, faint bars
of white clouds became visible above, and simultaneously along the base
of the range there rose stealthily a long line of fleecy mist. This was
presently drawn within gaping valleys and fissures in the <DW72>s,
wherein it ascended with the upward draught in rolling masses along the
slants of their crooked windings, gathering consistency and density as
they ascended, yet changing their shapes every instant. Detached
portions floated to the right and left, to attract unto them the
straying and scattered mists issuing one by one from profound recesses
of the chasms. Then, united in a long swaying line, robing the legions
of hill shoulders, they issued into view from every flaw and gap in the
<DW72>, and ranged in order, it appeared as though the intention was to
rally round the immense white range above. As the mist, now dense and
deep, began to feel the movement of the air in the higher altitude, its
motion became quicker, more sudden in assuming new forms, and out of the
upper ravines a host of restless, rolling white companies joined the
main line, the foremost surging boldly ahead and leading the way,
irresistibly, skyward.

By the time the sun is but a fourth of an hour above the eastern
horizon, and is beginning to expose the beauties that lie hid in
snow-beds upon high mountain-tops, and is playfully lavishing rainbow
colours around their borders and valances, lo! insensibly, as it were,
the mist, now formidably thick and broad, with bold and numerous
vanguards, has approached the snow, and rivals it in dazzling whiteness;
and presently, receiving full in its front the clear and strong
sunshine, excels it in glory of colour and gilding, and soon after rides
over the snow and the purple pinnacles of the range in splendid triumph.
But as minute after minute adds more mass to the mist, and the
fermenting Semliki Valley, with exhaustless power, pours forth army
after army, which hasten to join the upper ranks extended motionless
along the <DW72>s and over every proud alpine crest, the mist loses its
beauty and splendour of colouring, and becomes like a leaden-
fog, until finally, so great has been the accumulation, it becomes black
and terrible as a tempest cloud, and thus rests during the entire day,
and frequently until far into the night. Sometimes, however, a half-hour
or so before sunset, the cloud is blown away, and peak after peak, crest
after crest, snowy fields and mountain shoulders emerge in full glory
into light, and again we have a short but glorious view before night
falls and covers Ruwenzori with a still darker mantle.

These brief--too brief--views of the superb Rain-Creator or Cloud-King,
as the Wakonju fondly termed their mist-shrouded mountains, fill the
gazer with a feeling as though a glimpse of celestial splendour was
obtained. While it lasted, I have observed the rapt faces of whites and
blacks set fixed and uplifted in speechless wonder towards that upper
region of cold brightness and perfect peace, so high above mortal reach,
so holily tranquil and restful, of such immaculate and stainless purity,
that thought and desire of expression were altogether too deep for
utterance. What stranger contrast could there be than our own nether
world of torrid temperature, eternally green sappy plants, and
never-fading luxuriance and verdure, with its savagery and war-alarms,
and deep stains of blood-red sin, to that lofty mountain king, clad in
its pure white raiment of snow, surrounded by myriads of dark
mountains, low as bending worshippers before the throne of a monarch, on
whose cold white face were inscribed "Infinity and Everlasting!" These
moments of supreme feeling are memorable for the utter abstraction of
the mind from all that is sordid and ignoble, and its utter absorption
in the presence of unreachable loftiness, indescribable majesty, and
constraining it not only to reverentially admire, but to adore in
silence, the image of the Eternal. Never can a man be so fit for Heaven
as during such moments, for however scornful and insolent he may have
been at other times, he now has become as a little child, filled with
wonder and reverence before what he has conceived to be sublime and
Divine. We had been strangers for many months to the indulgence of any
thought of this character. Our senses, between the hours of sleeping and
waking, had been occupied by the imperious and imminent necessities of
each hour, which required unrelaxing vigilance and forethought. It is
true we had been touched with the view from the mount called Pisgah of
that universal extent of forest, spreading out on all sides but one, to
many hundreds of miles; we had been elated into hysteria when, after
five months' immurement in the depths of forest wilds, we once again
trod upon green grass, and enjoyed open and unlimited views of our
surroundings--luxuriant vales, varying hill-forms on all sides, rolling
plains over which the long spring grass seemed to race and leap in
gladness before the cooling gale; we had admired the broad sweep and the
silvered face of Lake Albert, and enjoyed a period of intense rejoicing
when we knew we had reached, after infinite trials, the bourne and limit
of our journeyings; but the desire and involuntary act of worship were
never provoked, nor the emotions stirred so deeply, as when we suddenly
looked up and beheld the skyey crests and snowy breasts of Ruwenzori
uplifted into an inaccessible altitude, so like what our conceptions
might be of a celestial castle, with dominating battlement, and leagues
upon leagues of unscaleable walls.




CHAPTER XXXI.

RUWENZORI AND LAKE ALBERT EDWARD.

     Importance of maps in books of travels--The time spent over my
     maps--The dry bed of a lake discovered near Karimi; its computed
     size--Lessons acquired in this wonderful region--What we learn by
     observation from the Semliki valley to the basin of the twin
     lakes--Extensive plain between Rusesse and Katwe--The Zeribas of
     euphorbia of Wasongora--The raid of the Waganda made eighteen years
     ago--The grass and water on the wide expanses of flats--The last
     view and southern face of Ruwenzori--The town of Katwe--The Albert
     Edward Nyanza--Analysis of the brine obtained from the Salt Lake at
     Katwe--Surroundings of the Salt Lake--The blood tints of its
     waters--The larger Salt Lake of Katwe, sometimes called Lake of
     Mkiyo--The great repute of Katwe salt--The Lakists of the Albert
     Edward: Bevwa, on our behalf, makes friends with the
     natives--Kakuri appears with some Wasongora chiefs--Exploration of
     the large Katwe lake--Kaiyura's settlement--Katwe Bay--A black
     leopard--The native huts at Mukungu--We round an arm of the lake,
     called Beatrice Gulf, and halt at Muhokya--Ambuscade by some of the
     Wara-Sura near the Rukoki: we put them to flight--And capture a
     Mhuma woman--Captain Nelson and men follow up the rearguard of
     Rukara--Halt at Buruli: our Wakonju and Wasongora friends leave
     us--Sickness amongst us through bad water--The Nsongi river
     crossed--Capture of a Wara-Sura--Illness and death among the
     Egyptians and blacks--Our last engagement with the Wara-Sura at
     Kavandare pass--Bulemo-Ruigi places his country at our
     disposal--The Pasha's muster-roll--Myself and others are smitten
     down with fever at Katari Settlement--The south side of Lake Albert
     Edward and rivers feeding the Lake--Our first and last view, also
     colour of the Lake--What we might have seen if the day had been
     clearer.


[Sidenote: 1889.

June 15.

Karimi.]

[Illustration: PROFILE SKETCH OF RUWENZORI AND THE VALLEY OF THE
SEMLIKI.]

Critics are in the habit of omitting almost all mention of maps when
attached to books of travel. This is not quite fair. Mine have cost me
more labour than the note-taking, literary work, sketching, and
photographing combined. In the aggregate, the winding of the three
chronometers daily for nearly three years, the 300 sets of observations,
the calculation of all these observations, the mapping of the positions,
tracing of rivers, and shading of mountain ranges, the number of
compassbearings taken, the boiling of the thermometers, the records of
the varying of the aneroids, the computing of heights, and the notes of
temperature, all of which are necessary for a good map, have cost me no
less than 780 hours of honest work, which, say at six hours per day,
would make 130 working days. If there were no maps accompanying books of
this kind it would scarcely be possible to comprehend what was
described, and the narrative would become intolerably dry. I relegate
the dryness to the maps, by which I am relieved from tedious
description, at the same time that they minister to my desire of being
clear, and are beautiful, necessary, and interesting features of the
book; and I am firmly convinced that with a glance at the profile map of
Ruwenzori, the Semliki Valley, and Lakes Albert Edward and Albert, the
reader will know more of the grand physical features of this region than
he knew of the surroundings of Lake Michigan.

As we descend from Karimi to the basin of the Albert Edward the first
thing we become conscious of is that we are treading the dry bed of a
lake. We do not require a gifted geologist to tell us that. Five feet of
rise to the lake would increase its extent five miles to the north and
five miles to the south. Fifty feet of rise would restore the lake to
its old time-honoured condition, when its waves rolled over the pebbled
beach under the shadows of the forest near Mtsora. We find that we
really needed to pay this visit to the shores of the Albert Edward to
thoroughly understand the physical changes which have, within the last
few hundred years, diminished the former spacious lake to its present
circumscribed limits. We should be liable to censure and severe
criticism if we attempted to fix a hard and fast date to the period when
Lake Albert extended to the forest of Awamba from the north, and Lake
Albert Edward extended from the south over the plain of Makara to the
southern edge of the forest. But it does not need a clever mathematician
to calculate the number of years which have elapsed since the Semliki
channeled its bed deep enough to drain the Makara plain. It is easily
computable. The nitrous, saline, and acrid properties deposited over the
plain by the receding lake have not been thoroughly scoured out yet. The
grass is nutritious enough for the hardy cattle, the dark euphorbia, the
acacia, and thorn-bush find along the edges of the plain a little thin
humus of decayed grass; but nine-tenths of it is grassy plain, and the
tropic forest of Awamba cannot advance its borders. The case is the same
on the southern plain of the Albert. We find there a stretch of plain
twenty miles long devoted to poor grass, fatal to cattle; then we find
eight miles crossed with a thin forest of parachute acacias, with here
and there an euphorbia, and then we are in the old, old forest.

At every leisure hour my mind reverted to the lessons which I was
acquiring in this wonderful region. Time was when Ruwenzori did not
exist. It was grassy upland, extending from Unyoro to the Balegga
plateau. Then came the upheaval at a remote period; Ruwenzori was raised
to the clouds, and a yawning abyss 250 miles long and thirty miles broad
lay S.W. and N.E. The tropic rains fell for ages; they filled the abyss
to overflowing with water, and in time it found an outlet through what
is known under the modern name of Equatoria. The outflowing water washed
the earth away along its course, down to the bed-rock, and for countless
ages, through every second of time, it has been scouring it away, atom
by atom, to form Lower Egypt and fill the Mediterranean, and in the
meantime the bottom of the abyss has been silting up with the sediment
and debris of Ruwenzori, with the remains of uncountable generations of
fish, with unnumbered centuries of dead vegetation, until now, with the
wearing away of the <DW18>s of rock and reefs in the course of the White
Nile, two lakes have been formed; and other <DW18>s of rock appeared
between the lakes, first as clusters of islets, then covered with
grass; finally, they caught the soil brought down by glaciers, moraines
have connected rock to rock, and have formed a valley marvellous in its
growth of tropic forest, and on each side of this forest there are
plains undergoing the slow process of crystalline transformation, and on
their lake borders you see yet an intermediate stage in the daily
increasing mud, and animal and vegetable life add to the height of it,
and presently it will be firm dry ground. Now dip a punting-pole into
the shallows at the south end of Lake Albert, and the pole drops into
five feet of ooze. It is the sediment borne down from the <DW72>s of
Ruwenzori by the tributaries into the Semliki, and thence by the Semliki
into the still waters of the lake. And if we sound the depths of Lake
Albert Edward, the pole drops through four or five feet of grey mud, to
which are attached thousands of mica flakes and comminuted scales and
pulverized bones of fish, which emit an overpowering stench. And atom by
atom the bed-rock between the forest of Awamba and the Lake Albert
Edward is being eroded and scoured away, until, by-and-by, the lake will
have become dry land, and through the centre of it will meander the
Semliki, having gathered the tributaries from Ruwenzori, the Ankori, and
Ruanda uplands, to itself; and in the course of time, when the nitrous
and acrid properties have been well scoured off the plain, and the humus
has thickened, the forest of Awamba will advance by degrees, and its
trees will exude oil and gum, and bear goodly fruit for the uses of man.
That is, in brief, what we learn by observation from the Semliki Valley
and the basin of the twin lakes, and what will be confirmed during our
journey over the tracts of lake-bed between Rusesse and Unyampaka.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 16.

Rusesse.]

Between Rusesse and Katwe is an extensive plain, dipping down in a
succession of low terraces to the Nyama-gazani River, and covered with
pasture grass. This terraced plain is remarkable for its growth of
euphorbia, which have been planted by generations of Wasongora to form
zeribas to protect their herds from beasts of prey and for defence
against the archers and spearmen of predatory tribes, and which thickly
dot the plains everywhere. Many of these euphorbia, that stood in
circles round the clustered huts, were venerable patriarchs, quite five
centuries old; hence we assume that the Wasongora have been established
in this region for a long time, and that they formed a powerful nation
until the Waganda and Wanyoro, furnished with guns and rifles by Arabs,
came sweeping through the land on their periodic raids. Readers of
'Through the Dark Continent' will remember the story of the Katekiro's
raid, that must have occurred about eighteen years ago, and of the
reported marvels said to have been met by the host, as they travelled
through a great plain where there were geysers spouting mud, hot
springs, intolerable thirst, immense loss of life, ruthless conflicts
between the native tribe and the Waganda, and bad water that killed
hundreds. We are now on the land which witnessed the raid of the
Waganda, and which then despoiled of its splendid herds of cattle. Since
that time Kabba Rega, with the aid of his musket-armed Wara-Sura, has
occupied the land, usurped the government of the country, and has
possessed himself of every cow. Captain Casati has informed me that he
once witnessed the return of the raiders from Wasongora, and saw the
many thousands of cattle which they had taken.

The wide expanses of flats, white with efflorescing natron, teeming with
hot springs and muddy geysers, turned out to be pure exaggerations of an
imaginative boy, and nothing of all the horrors expected have we seen
except perhaps a dreary monotony of level and uniformity of surface
features, grass fallen into the sere through drought, and tufts of rigid
euphorbia, so characteristic of poor soil. The silence of the plain is
due to the wholesale expatriation of the tribe; thirst, because, as we
near the Lake borders, the tributaries lie far apart; sickness, from the
habit of people drinking the stagnant liquid found in pits.

The grass of the plain grieved us sorely while travelling through it.
The stalks grew to the height of three feet, and its spikelets pierced
through the thickest clothing, and clung to every garment as we passed
by, and became very irritating and troublesome.

The two best views obtained of Ruwenzori have been those obtained from
Karimi, up a long, narrow valley, and from the plain near the
Nyama-gazani River. The last was the farewell view, the great mountain
having suddenly cast its cloudy garments aside to gratify us once more.
In rank above rank the mountainous ridges rose until they culminated in
Ruwenzori. From the south it looks like a range of about thirty miles in
length, with as many blunt-topped peaks, separated from each other by
deep hollows. Up to this time we had estimated the height as about
17,000 feet, but the revelation of the southern face, shrouded with
far-descending fields of deep and pure snow, exalted it 1,500 feet
higher in the general opinion. I seized this opportunity to photograph
the scene, that other eyes might view the most characteristic image of
Ruwenzori. Here and there may be seen, as in the pencil sketches, the
dark patches, showing the more precipitous portions of the <DW72>s, which
are too steep for the accumulation of snow. The greater exhibition of
snow on the southern face is due to the lesser height of the intervening
ridges, which on the north side shut out from view the snowy range.

A few miles beyond the Nyama-gazani River, which is forty feet wide and
a foot deep, clear as crystal and beautifully cool, we entered the town
of Katwe, the headquarters of Rukara, the commanding chief of the
Wara-Sura. He and his troops had left the town the night before, and
evidently in such haste that he was unable to transport the grain away.

The town of Katwe must have contained a large population, probably
2,000. As the surrounding country was only adapted for the rearing of
cattle, the population was supported by the sale of the salt of the two
salt lakes near it. It was quite a congeries of zeribas of euphorbia,
connected one with another by mazy lanes of cane hedges and inclosures.


It is situated on a narrow grassy ridge between the salt lake of Katwe
and a spacious bay of the Albert Edward Nyanza. In length the ridge is
about two miles, and in breadth half a mile from the shore of one lake
to the other.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 17.

Katwe.]

By boiling point the Albert Edward Nyanza is 3,307 feet, the crest of
the grassy ridge of Katwe is 3,461 feet, and the Salt Lake is 3,265 feet
above the sea. So that the summit of the ridge was 154 feet above the
Salt Lake and 112 feet higher than the Albert Edward Lake, and the
difference of level between the two lakes was 42 feet. The town is
situated 0 deg. 8' 15" south of the Equator.

[Illustration: THE LITTLE SALT LAKE AT KATWE.]

After seeing to the distribution of corn, I proceeded across the ridge,
and descending a stiff <DW72>, almost cliffy in its upper part, after 154
feet of a descent, came to the dark sandy shore of the Salt Lake of
Katwe, at a place where there were piles of salt-cakes lying about. The
temperature of the water was 78.4 deg. Fahrenheit; a narrow thread of
sulphurous water indicated 84 deg.. Its flavour was that of very strong
brine.[32] Where the sand had been scooped cut into hollow beds, and the
water of the lake had been permitted to flow in, evaporation had left a
bed of crystal salt of rocky hardness, compacted and cemented together
like coarse quartz. The appearance of these beds at a distance was like
frozen pools. When not disturbed by the salt-gatherers, the shore is
ringed around with _Ukindu_ palms, scrubby bush, reedy cane, euphorbia,
aloetic plants; and at Mkiyo, a small village inhabited by salt-workers,
there is a small grove of bananas, and a few fields of Indian corn and
Eleusine coracana. Thus, though the lake has a singularly dead and
lonely appearance, the narrow belt of verdure below the cliffy walls
which encompass it, is a relief. Immediately behind this greenness of
plants and bush, the precipitous <DW72>s rise in a series of horizontal
beds of grey compacted deposit, whitened at various places by thin
incrustations of salt. There are also chalky-looking patches here and
there, one of which, on being examined, proved to be of stalagmite. In
one of these I found a large tusk of ivory, bones of small animals,
teeth, and shells of about the size of cockles. There were several of
these stalagmite beds around the lake.

One remarkable peculiarity of the lake was the blood tints of its water,
or of some deposit in it. On looking into the water I saw that this
deposit floated, like congealed blood, on and below the surface. A man
at my request stepped in, and at random; the water was up to his knees,
and bending down soon brought up a solid cake of coarse-grained
crystallised salt, and underneath it was a blood-red tinge. This reddish
viscous stuff gives the lake, when looked at from the crest of Katwe
ridge, a purple appearance, as though a crimson dye had been mixed with
it.

Hundreds of dead butterflies of various colours strewed the beach. There
was not a fish seen in its waters, though its border seems to be a
favourite haunt for herons, storks, pelican, egrets.

The larger Salt Lake of Katwe, sometimes called Lake of Mkiyo, from the
village of that name, is about three miles long, and ranges from half to
three-quarters of a mile in width, and about three feet deep. The
smaller lake is in a round grassy basin about two miles east, and is a
round shallow pool half-a-mile across.

Every one acquainted with the above facts will at once perceive that
these salt basins are portions of the original lake occupying sunken
hollows, which were left isolated by the recession of the waters of the
Albert Edward Lake, and that evaporation has reduced the former sweet
waters into this strong brine.

Salt is a valuable article, eagerly sought after by the tribes round
about. The reputation of this deposit had reached Kavalli, where I first
heard of the greater Salt Lake as "Katto." Flotillas of canoes come from
Makara, Ukonju, Unyampaka, Ankori and Ruanda, loaded with grain, to
barter for this article. Caravans arrive from eastern Ukonju, north
Usongora, Toro and Uhaiyana, to trade millet, bark cloth, beans, peas,
tullabun or eleusine, sesame, iron tools, weapons, &c., for it. The
islanders of Lake Albert Edward freight their little vessels with the
commodity, and with dried fish make voyages to the western and southern
shores, and find it profitable to carry on this exchange of produce. The
possession of Katwe town, which commands the lakes, is a cause of great
jealousy. The Wasongora owned it formerly, then Antari of Ankori.
Kakuri, the island chief, became heir to it, when finally Kabba Rega
heard of the rich deposits, and despatched Rukara to occupy the town.

Our march into Ukonju had instantly caused the Wara-Sura to evacuate the
plain of Makara, and our approach to Katwe had caused a speedy flight of
Rukara and his army of musketeers and spearmen. Wakonju, to the number
of 150 men in our camp, and Wasongora were joining, and supplying us
with information gratuitously.

In the afternoon of the first day's arrival at Katwe we saw a flotilla
of canoes approaching from an island distant about three miles from the
shore. The crews were cautious enough to keep just within hail. We were
told that they had been sent by Kakuri to ascertain what strangers were
those who had frightened Rukara and his Wara-Sura from the land, for
they had done good service to Kakuri and "all the world" by their acts.
We replied in a suitable manner, but they professed to disbelieve us.
They finally said that if we "burned the town of Katwe they would accept
it as a proof that we were not Wara-Sura." Accordingly, the villages
near the shore were fired, and the crews cheered the act loudly.

The speaker said "I believe you to be of the Wanyavingi now. Sleep in
peace, and to-morrow Kakuri shall come with gifts to give you welcome."

Then Bevwa, chief of our Wakonju, stood on a canoe which was in the lake
and asked, "Ah, you children of Kakuri, the great chief of the sea, do
you remember Kwaru-Kwanzi, who lent Kakuri's sons the spears to defend
the land from the Wara-Sura robbers. Lo! Kwara-Kwanzi, a true son of the
Wanyavingi, is here again. Rejoice, my friends, Rukara and his thieves
have fled, and all the land will rise as one man to follow in pursuit of
them."

The crews clapped hands, applauding, and half-a-dozen little drums were
beaten. Then the principal speaker of the islanders said, "Kakuri is a
man who has not had a tooth drawn yet, and he is not going to have one
drawn by any Mrasura alive. We have caught a dozen Wara Sura as they
were flying from Makara because of these strangers. Kakuri will see that
they die before the sun sets, and to-morrow he will see the chief of the
strangers face to face."

When they had paddled away, Bevwa was questioned as to these Wanyavingi.
What were they? Were they a tribe?

Then Bevwa looked hard at me and said--

"Why do you ask? Do you not know that we believe you to be of the
Wanyavingi? Who but the Wanyavingi and Wachwezi are of your colour?

"What, are they white people like us?"

"They have no clothes like you, nor do they wear anything on their feet
like you, but they are tall big men, with long noses and a pale colour,
who came, as I heard from our old men, from somewhere beyond Ruwenzori,
and you came from that direction; therefore must be of the Wanyavingi."

"But where do they live?"

"Ruanda, and Ruanda is a great country, stretching round from east of
south to S.S.W. Their spears are innumerable, and their bows stand
higher than I. The king of Usongora, Nyika, was an Myavingi. There are
some men in these parts whom Kabba Rega cannot conquer, and those are in
Ruanda; even the King of Uganda will not venture there."

When Kakuri appeared next morning he brought us gifts, several fish,
goats, bananas and beans. Some Wasongora chiefs were with him, who
offered to accompany us, in the hope that we should fall in with some
of the bands, as we journeyed towards Toro and Uhaiyana. The island
chief was a physically fine man, but not differing in complexion from
the dark Wakonju; while the Wasongora were as like in features to the
finest of the Somali types and Wa-galla as though they were of the same
race.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 18.

Katwe.]

Kakuri was requested to bring his canoe in the afternoon, and freight
them with salt to deposit on his island, as I would have to continue my
journey eastward in a day or two. Therefore all the afternoon about 100
islanders were busy transporting salt to Kakuri Island, and the Wakonju
who followed us did a good business by assisting them. They walked into
the lake to a distance of 100 yards, the depth being up to their knees,
and stooping down, conveyed great cakes of the crystallized salt to the
shore, and across the ridge to the canoes in the Albert Edward Lake.

Having found a cumbrous and heavy canoe, but somewhat large, on the
19th, it was manned with twelve men, and I set out to explore. At about
11 A.M. I had got to a distance of eight miles, and halted in front of
Kaiyura's settlement, which consisted of eighty-one large huts, and was
rich in goats and sheep. Kaiyura is a Msongora, who so far remained
unconquered by the Wara-Sura. The craft that we were voyaging was too
clumsy and lopsided to venture far out into the lake, for with the
slightest breeze the water leaped in, but I was quite a mile from the
shore during most of the trip, and the lead was cast every few minutes,
but the deepest water I obtained was fifteen feet, while it sank over
three feet in a soft ooze. About 400 yards from the shore a long
sounding pole was used, and each time it dropped four feet into the
ooze, which emitted a most horrible stench, like that of a sewer, when
it came out.

In the early part of the day the face of the Lake was as smooth as a
mirror, of a grey-green colour. The shore was remarkable for the great
number of butterflies, and many floated dead on the surface of the
water.

There were two islands standing in the middle of Katwe Bay, and rising
about 100 feet above the water. One of them was distinguished for a
chalky- cliff. They contained large settlements, and were
evidently well populated.

On returning to Katwe I saw a great black leopard about 250 yards off,
just retreating from the Lake side, where he had been slaking his
thirst. He disappeared before we could paddle the unwieldy craft nearer
the shore.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 19.

Katwe.]

The only advantage I derived from my day's exploration was the complete
survey of the bay, and obtaining a view beyond the headland of Kaiyura
into the chaotic and formless void. The haze was as thick as a fog, and
nothing could be distinguished further than three miles.

On the 20th of June the Expedition marched out from Katwe, and escorted
by a large number of Wasongora chiefs and herdsmen, and our Wakonju
friends, filed to the eastward, along a path that skirted the greater
Salt Lake, and dipped down into the grassy round basin of the lesser
briny lake. Surmounting the ridge eastward of the basin, we descended
into a great plain, which evidently had but recently been covered with
the waters of the Albert Edward. Pools still existed, and narrowed
tongues of swamp, until, after a march of eighteen and a half miles, we
arrived at Mukungu, in Unyampaka, of Toro, Chief Kassesse, whose name
was made familiar to me in January 1876.

Opposite the half-dozen zeribas of Mukungu was the long low island
called Irangara. The narrow arm of the Lake, about 150 yards across,
wound around it, and between the Islands of Katero, Kateribba, and four
or five others east of Irangara, with great floating masses of pistia
plants. Far across through the mist over the islands loomed the
highlands of Uhaiyana, and to the south we had the faintest image of
Kitagwenda, Chief Ruigi, and I knew then that we stood west of the arm
of the Lake we had called Beatrice Gulf.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 20.

Mukungu.]

The cattle had been driven across into the Island of Irangara,
everything of value had been deported away, and a monstrous herd had but
lately left Mukungu for Buruli, urged to fast travel by the retreating
Rukara and his army. The huts of the chiefs showed that these people of
Mukungu were advanced in the arts of ornamental architecture. A house
which the Pasha occupied was one of the most ornate I had seen. The hut
was twenty feet in height and about twenty-five feet in diameter, with a
doorway brilliant in colouring like a rude imitation of the stucco work
of primitive Egyptians. The doorway was ample--six feet high and six
feet wide, with a neat arched approach. Plastered partitions divided the
interiors into segments of circles, in which were sunk triangles and
diamond figures, lines of triangles surmounting lines of diamonds, the
whole pointed in red and black. One division before the wide doorway was
intended as a hall of audience--behind the gaily-decorated partition was
the family bed-chamber; to the right were segments of the circle devoted
to the children.

[Illustration: SECTION OF A HOUSE NEAR LAKE ALBERT NYANZA.]

Every zeriba, besides being protected by an impenetrable hedge of
thorn-bush, had within a circular <DW18> of cow-dung, rising five feet
high. These great circular heaps of refuse and dung were frequently met
in Usongora, and will remain for a century to indicate the site of the
settlements, when village and generation after generation have
disappeared.

The river-like arms of the Lake, now narrowing and broadening, swarmed
with egrets, ducks, geese, ibis, heron, storks, pelicans, snipes,
kingfishers, divers, and other water-birds.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 21.

Muhokya.]

The next day we followed the track of Rukara and his army and droves,
and made a westerly and then northerly course to round the prolonged arm
of the Lake called Beatrice Gulf. A few years ago it must have spread to
a great distance. The plain was perfectly flat, and long reaching,
shallow, tongues of water projected far inland, which we had to cross.
As we advanced north, the hills of Toro appeared in view, and having
approached them we turned north-easterly, and after a march of eleven
miles, halted at Muhokya, a small village, equidistant from the Lake and
Mountain. The scouts in ranging around the outskirts, captured a
deserter from Rukara's army, who informed us that the Wara Sura were at
Buruli.

On the 22nd we continued our march, a plain, level as a billiard table,
lay spread to our right, about forty feet below a terrace, over which we
were travelling, and the south-eastern flank of Ruwenzori range lay to
our left, projected into capes, terminated mostly by conical hills, with
spacious land bays, reaching far inland, between. We crossed these
little streams and two considerable rivers, the Unyamwambi and Rukoki,
the first being plentifully strewn with large round cobblestones, smooth
and polished from the powerful rolling they had received by the
impetuous torrent.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 22.

Buruli.]

Arriving near the Rukoki, whose banks were hidden by a tall growth of
reedy cane, the vanguard suddenly received a volley from a large number
of musketeers, hidden in the thick brake. The Wasongora and Wakonju
were, unfortunately, in the van, leading the way, and these fell into a
heap in the river, their sharp spears as they frantically struggled in
their fright, more dangerous to us than the concealed enemy. However,
the loads were dropped, and in a few minutes we had two full companies
charging through the brake with admirable unconcern, just in time to see
the rear guard of the Wara-Sura breaking out of their coverts. Some
lively firing followed, but wars with natives require cavalry, for
every person seems to be on the perpetual run, either advancing or in
retreat. Some of the Wara-Sura fled south, some ran up the mountains to
avoid the pellets of our rifles. After seeing them all in full flight,
the companies returned, and we lifted our loads and resumed our march to
Buruli, whose extensive groves of banana plantations soon appeared in
view, and promised a rare supply of food.

Just before reaching the ambuscade we had passed a slaughtered goat,
that had been laid across the path, around which had been placed a score
or so of yellow tomato-like fruit, the product of a very common bush. We
all knew that it implied we had better beware of vengeance, but the
natives, confident in us, had not hesitated to advance; nevertheless the
ambuscade was a great shock to them.

In the afternoon the Wara-Sura were pursued by scouts, and ascertained
to be joining their scattered parties, and proceeding on an E.N.E.
course across the plain. The scouts, unable to contain themselves, sent
a few bullets after them, lending an impulsion to their flight. Their
baggage was thrown away; the sticks were seen being applied to their
prisoners, until several, frantic with fear and pain, threw their loads
away, and deserted to the arms of the scouts. Many articles were picked
up of great use that were discarded by the fugitives, and among the
prisoners was an Mhuma woman, of very pleasing appearance, who gave us
much information respecting Rukara and his vast herds of cattle.

Early next morning Captain Nelson was despatched with one hundred
rifles, and fifty Wakonju and Wasongora spearmen to follow up the
rear-guard of Rukara, and if possible overtake the enemy. He followed
them for twelve miles, and perceiving no signs of them returned again to
Buruli, which we reached well after sunset, after a most brilliant
march.

I was told of two hot springs being some miles off, one being near a
place called Iwanda, N. by E. from Buruli, the other, "hot enough to
cook bananas," N. E. near Luajimba.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 25.

Nsongi

River.]

We halted two days at Buruli, as we had performed some splendid marching
on the plains. The paths were good, broad, clear of thorns, stones,
roots, red ants, and all obstructions. At the same time, when abundant
food offered, it was unwise to press the people. Before leaving this
prosperous settlement, our Wakonju and Wasongora friends begged
permission to retire. Each chief and elder received our gifts, and
departed to our regret. Bevwa and his Wakonju were now eighty-five miles
distant from their homes, and their good nature, and their willingness
and unobtrusiveness, had quite won our hearts.

A march of twelve miles took us on the 25th across a very flat plain,
level as a bowling-green, intersected by five streams, and broad tongues
of swamp, until about half-way it heaved up in gentle undulations,
alternated by breadths of grassy plain. Thick forests of acacia crested
these land swells, and on the edges of the subsident flats grew three
species of euphorbia, stout fan palms, a few borassus, and _Ukindu_
palms. A little after noon we camped in a forest an hour's march from
the Nsongi River.

It had evidently been often used as camping ground by Wara-Sura bands
and Toro caravans bound for the Salt Lakes, and as water was far, the
tired cooks used the water from some pits that had been excavated by
thirsty native travellers. This water created terrible sickness amongst
us.

The next day we crossed the Nsongi, a river fifty feet wide and thirty
inches deep, and immediately after we began to ascend to the lofty
uplands of Uhaiyana, which form, with Eastern Toro, Kitagwenda, and
Ankori, the eastern wall of the basin of the Lake Albert Edward. We
encamped near noon on a broad plainlike terrace at Kawandare in
Uhaiyana, 3,990 feet above the sea, and about 680 feet above the Lake.

The Wara-Sura were on the alert, and commenced from the hill-tops, but
as the advance rushed to attack they decamped, leaving one stout
prisoner in our hands, who was captured in the act of throwing a spear
by one of the scouts who had crept behind him.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 26.

Karamulli.]

On first reaching the terrace we had passed through Kakonya and its
prosperous fields of white millet, sesamum, beans, and sweet potatoes.
Karamulli, a most important settlement lies E. by N. an hour's journey
from Kakonya.

Soon after arriving in camp Yusuf Effendi, an Egyptian officer, died
from an indurated liver. This, I believe, was the sixth death among the
Egyptians. They had led such a fearful life of debauchery and licence in
their province that few of them had any stamina remaining, and they
broke down under what was only a moderate exercise to the Zanzibaris.

The effects of the water drank from the pits the day before commenced to
be manifested on reaching the camp--that is, in twenty-four hours. Over
thirty cases of ague had been developed among the Zanzibaris, two of the
European officers were prostrated, and I myself felt approaching
symptoms. The Pasha's followers were reeling with sickness, and it was
reported that several were missing besides Manyuema.

On the 27th a halt was ordered. Lieutenant Stairs was sent back with his
company to endeavour to recover some of the lost people. Some passed him
on the road attempting to overtake the column. One woman belonging to
one of the Pasha's followers was found speared through the body. He
arrived in time to save a Manyuema from sharing the same fate. These
utterly reckless people had acquired the art of evading the rear column
by throwing themselves into the grass and lying still until the officer
and his party had passed.

Altogether the sick cases had increased to 200. Egyptians, blacks of
Zanzibar, Soudan, and Manyuema were moaning and sorrowing over their
sufferings. The Pasha, Dr. Parke, and Mr. Jephson had also succumbed to
severe attacks.

On the 28th, led by one of the Wara-Sura prisoners, we made a short
march past the range of Kavandare. The advance and main body of the
column filed through the pass unmolested, but the rear guard was
fiercely attacked, though the enemy turned to flight when the repeating
rifles began to respond in earnest, and this proved our last engagement
with Kabba Rega's rovers called Wara-Sura.

[Sidenote: 1889.

June 29.

Chamlirikwa.]

We reached Chamlirikwa the next day, having meantime descended to the
level terrace at the foot of the eastern walls of the Albert Edward
basin, and on July 1st arrived at Kasunga-Nyanza in Eastern Unyampaka, a
place known to us in January, 1876, when I sent a body of Waganda to
search for canoes for the purpose of crossing the Lake then discovered.
Bulemo-Ruigi, the king, having heard our praises sounded by the
islanders of Kakuri, who had meanwhile crossed the Lake before us,
despatched messengers to place his country at our disposal with free
privileges of eating whatever gardens, fields, or plantations offered,
only asking that we would be good enough not to cut down banana stalks,
to which moderate request we willingly consented.

The Pasha on this day sent me his muster-roll for the beginning of the
month, which was as follows:--

    44 officers, heads of families, and clerks.
    90 married women and concubines.
   107 children.
   223 guards, soldiers, orderlies, and servants.
    91 followers.
  ----
   555
  ----

On the 3rd of July we entered Katari settlement, in Ankori, on the
borders of the Lake. At the camp of the 28th of June symptoms of fever
developed, and numbered me among those smitten down with the sickness,
which raged like a pest through all ranks, regardless of age, colour, or
sex, and I remained till the 2nd of July as prostrated with it as any
person. Having laid every one low, it then attacked Captain Nelson, who
now was the hardiest amongst us. It took its course of shivering,
nausea, and high fever, irrespective of medicine, and after three or
four days of grievous suffering, left us dazed and bewildered. But
though nearly every person had suffered, not one fatal case had
occurred.

[Sidenote: 1889.

July 3.

Katari.]

From the camp of the 28th, above which was visible Mt. Edwin Arnold, we
skirted the base of the upland, and two days later entered the country
of Kitagwenda. By Unyampaka E. is intended the Lake shore of Kitagwenda.
The entire distance thence to Katari in Ankori is an almost unbroken
line of banana plantations skirting the shore of the Lake, and fields of
Indian corn, sugar-cane, eleusine, and holcus, which lie behind them
inland, which are the properties of the owners of the half-dozen salt
markets dotting the coast. The mountainous upland looms parallel with
the Lake with many a bold headland at the distance, varying from three
to six miles.

We have thus travelled along the north, the north-west, and eastern
coasts of Lake Albert Edward. We have had abundant opportunities of
hearing about the south and western sides, but we have illustrated our
information on the carefully-prepared map accompanying these volumes.
The south side of the Lake, much of which we have viewed from commanding
heights such as Kitete, is of the same character as the flat plains of
Usongora, and extends between twenty and thirty miles to the base of the
uplands of Mpororo and Usongora. Kakuri's canoe-men have been frequent
voyagers to the various ports belonging to Ruanda and to the western
countries, and all around the Lake, and they inform me that the shores
are very flat, more extensive to the south than even to the north, and
more to the west than to the east. No rivers of any great importance
feed the Albert Edward Lake, though there are several which are from
twenty to fifty feet wide and two feet deep. The largest is said to be
the Mpanga and the Nsongi. This being so, the most important river from
the south cannot have a winding course of more than sixty miles, so that
the farthest reach of the Albertine sources of the Nile cannot extend
further than 1 deg. 10' south latitude.

Our first view, as well as the last, of Lake Albert Edward, was utterly
unlike any view we ever had before of land or water of a new region. For
all other virgin scenes were seen through a more or less clear
atmosphere, and we saw the various effects of sunshine, and were
delighted with the charms which distance lends. On this, however, we
gazed through fluffy, slightly waving strata of vapours of unknown
depth, and through this thick opaque veil the lake appeared like dusty
quicksilver, or a sheet of lustreless silver, bounded by vague shadowy
outlines of a tawny-faced land. It was most unsatisfying in every way.
We could neither define distance, form, or figure, estimate height of
land-crests above the water, or depth of lake; we could ascribe no just
limit to the extent of the expanse, nor venture to say whether it was an
inland ocean or a shallow pond. The haze, or rather cloud, hung over it
like a grey pall. We sighed for rain to clear the atmosphere, and the
rain fell; but, instead of thickened haze, there came a fog as dark as
that which distracts London on a November day.

The natural colour of the lake is of a light sea-green colour, but at a
short distance from the shore it is converted by the unfriendly mist
into that of pallid grey, or sackcloth. There is neither sunshine nor
sparkle, but a dead opacity, struggling through a measureless depth of
mist. If we attempted to peer under or through it, to get a peep at the
mysterious water, we were struck with the suggestion of chaos at the
sight of the pallid surface, brooding under the trembling and seething
atmosphere. It realised perfectly the description that "in the beginning
the earth was without form and void, and darkness was upon the face of
the deep." This idea was strengthened when we looked up to examine the
composition of this vaporous mist, and to ascertain whether we might
call it haze, mist, or fog. The eyes were fascinated with the clouds of
fantastic and formless phantasms, the eerie figures, flakes, films,
globules, and frayed or wormlike threads, swimming and floating and
drifting in such numberless multitudes that one fancied he could catch a
handful. In the delirium of fevers I have seen such shapes, like
wriggling animalculae, shifting their forms with the rapidity of
thought, and swiftly evolving into strange amorphous figures before the
dazed senses. More generally, and speaking plainly, the atmosphere
seemed crowded with shadowy, elongated organisms, the most frequent
bearing a rough resemblance to squirming tadpoles. While looking at the
dim image of an island about three miles from the shore, it was observed
that the image deepened, or got more befogged, as a thinner or thicker
horizontal stratum of these atmospheric shapes subsided downward or
floated upward; and following this with a fixed sight, I could see a
vibration of it as clearly as of a stream of sunbeams. From the crest of
a grassy ridge and the crown of a tall hill, and the sad grey beach, I
tried to resolve what was imaged but three miles away, and to ascertain
whether it was tawny land, or grey water, or ashen sky, but all in vain.
I needed but to hear the distant strains of a dirge to cause me to
imagine that one of Kakuri's canoes out yonder on the windless lake was
a funereal barge, slowly gliding with its freight of dead explorers to
the gloomy bourne from whence never an explorer returned.

And oh! what might have been seen had we but known one of those
marvellously clear days, with the deep purified azure and that dazzling
transparency of ether so common to New York! We might have set some
picture before the world from these never-known lands as never painter
painted. We might have been able to show the lake, with its tender blue
colour, here broadening nobly, there enfolding with its sparkling white
arms clusters of tropic isles, or projecting long silvery tongues of
blazing water into the spacious meadowy flats, curving everywhere in
rounded bays, or extending along flowing shore-lines, under the shadows
of impending plateau walls, and flotillas of canoes gliding over its
bright bosom to give it life, and broad green bands of marsh grasses,
palms, plantains, waving crops of sugar-cane, and umbrageous globes of
foliage, to give beauty to its borders. And from point to point round
about the compass we could have shown the irregularly circular line of
lofty uplands, their proud hill bosses rising high into the clear air,
and their mountainous promontories, with their domed crowns projected
far into the basin, or receding into deep folds half enclosing fair
valleys, and the silver threads of streams shooting in arrowy flights
down the cliffy steeps; broad bands of vivid green grass, and spaces of
deep green forest, alternating with frowning grey or white precipices,
and far northward the horizon bounded by the Alps of Ruwenzori, a league
in height above the lake, beautiful in their pure white garments of
snow, entrancingly picturesque in their congregation of peaks and
battalions of mountain satellites ranged gloriously against the
crystalline sky.

But alas! alas! In vain we turned our yearning eyes and longing looks in
their direction. The Mountains of the Moon lay ever slumbering in their
cloudy tents, and the lake which gave birth to the Albertine Nile
remained ever brooding under the impenetrable and loveless mist.




CHAPTER XXXII.

THROUGH ANKORI TO THE ALEXANDRA NILE.


     The routes to the sea, _via_ Uganda, through Ankori, to Ruanda, and
     thence to Tanganika--We decide on the Ankori route--We halt at
     Kitete, and are welcomed in the name of King Antari--Entertained by
     Masakuma and his women--A glad message from King Antari's
     mother--Two Waganda Christians, named Samuel and Zachariah, appear
     in camp: Zachariah relates a narrative of astounding events which
     had occurred in Uganda--Mwanga, King of Uganda; his behaviour--Our
     people recovering from the fever epidemic--March up the valley
     between Iwanda and Denny Range--We camp at Wamaganga--Its
     inhabitants--The Rwizi Eiver crossed--Present from the king's
     mother--The feelings of the natives provoked by scandalous
     practices of some of my men--An incident illustrating the different
     views men take of things--Halt at the valley of Rusussu--Extract
     from my diary--We continue our journey down Namianja Valley--The
     peaceful natives turn on us, but are punished by Prince Uchunku's
     men--I go through the rite of blood-brotherhood with Prince
     Uchunku--The Prince's wonder at the Maxim gun--A second deputation
     from the Waganda Christians: my long cross-examination of them:
     extract from my journal--My answer to the Christians--We enter the
     valley of Mavona--And come in sight of the Alexandra Valley--The
     Alexandra Nile.

On the evening of July 3rd the officers of the Expedition were summoned
to my friend to assist me in the decision as to which of the following
routes we should adopt for our seaward march. They were told thus:--

"Gentlemen,--We are met to decide which route we shall choose to travel
to reach the sea. You deserve to have a voice in the decision. I will
give you impartially what may be said for or against each.

[Sidenote: 1889.

July 3.

Ankori.]

"I. As to the route _via_ Uganda along my old road to the mouth of the
Katonga. If, as in the old days, the king was friendly, I could take the
Expedition to Dumo, on the Victoria Lake, and I would find means to
borrow his canoes to transport us to Kavirondo, whence, after preparing
live stock and grain, we could start for Kikuyu, and thence to Mombasa.
But Mwanga is not Mtesa; the murderer of Bishop Hannington can be no
friend of ours. If we proceeded to Uganda, we should have two
alternatives before us; to fight, or give up our arms. If we did either
we should only have undergone all this trouble to uselessly sacrifice
those whom we have in our charge.

"II. As to the route southerly direct through Ankori. In 1876 Antari,
the king, paid tribute to the King of Uganda. He pays it still, no
doubt. Scores of Waganda must be at the capital. They are clever enough
to hope that they would win favour of Mwanga if they could get a few
hundred rifles and ammunition for him. What they may not be able to
effect by fraud they may attempt to do by force. Long before we reached
the Alexandra Nile, a force of Waganda and Wanyankori would have
arrested our flight, and a decisive struggle would take place. Antari
himself is well able to prevent us marching through his territory, for
by my estimate he must be able to muster 200,000 spears, in case of an
invasion. 10,000 spears would be quite enough to stop our little force.
What he will do no one knows. With fifty Zanzibaris I could find my way
through the wilderness. With 600 such people as the Pasha has with him
attached to us the wilderness is impossible. We must, therefore, be
prepared for the worst.

"III. The two first routes lead up those plateau walls that you see
close by. The third and last skirts for a day's march the base, and then
proceeds south to Ruanda, and through it to Uzige and the Tanganika,
whence we could send messengers to Ujiji, or to Kavalla, to bring canoes
or boats to us. We could then proceed homeward from Ujiji _via_
Unyanyembe to Zanzibar, or to the south end of the Lake Tanganika, and
thence to Nyassa, and so down the Shire and Zambezi to Quilimane. But
long before we could reach the Tanganika every art that we know will
have been well tested. I know that it is almost a proverb with the Arab
that it is easier to get into Ruanda than to get out of it. An Arab
caravan went there about eighteen years ago, and never returned.
Mohammed, the brother of Tippu-Tib, has tried to penetrate Ruanda with
600 guns, and failed. I do not think there is force enough in Ruanda to
stop us, and if there were no other road, of course there would be no
debating as to what we should do, but go straight ahead. It is an
interesting country, and I should like to see its interesting king and
people. But it is a long journey.

"Thus you have the shortest road _via_ Lake Victoria and Kavirondo, but
with the Waganda, with whom we must reckon. You have the next shortest
road, _via_ Ankori and Karagwe, but with Waganda and Ankori combined.
You have the longest route through Ruanda."

After an animated discussion it was concluded to refer it to me, upon
which the Ankori route was elected.

Accordingly instructions were issued to prepare five days' provisions,
that from the free provisions obtained from the Nyanza we might be well
into Ankori before beginning the distribution of beads and cloth to
about 1000 people, and also permission to assist themselves gratuitously
was withdrawn, and the criers were sent through the camp proclaiming in
the several languages that any person detected robbing plantations, or
convicted of looting villages, would be made a public example.

[Sidenote: 1889.

July 4.

Kitete.]

On the morning of the 4th we turned our backs to the Albert Edward
Nyanza, and followed a road leading east of south over the plain. In
about an hour the level flat assumed a rolling character freely
sprinkled over with bush clumps and a few trees. An hour's experience
of this kind brought us to the base of the first line of hills, thence
up one ascent after another until noon, when we halted at Kitete, having
gained a thousand feet of altitude. We were received kindly, and
welcomed in the name of the King Antari. Messengers had arrived almost
simultaneously from Masakuma, the Governor of the Lake Province of
Ankori, that we should be received with all hospitality and honour, and
brought by degrees to him. Consequently, such is the power of emissaries
from authority, the villagers were ordered out of their houses with
cries of "Room for the guests of Antari! Room for the friends of
Masukuma! Ha, villains, don't you hear? Out with you, bag and baggage!"
and so forth, the messengers every now and then taking sly glances at us
to note if we admired the style of the thing. We had not been long in
Ankori before we grasped the situation thoroughly. Ankori was the king's
property. The people we should have to deal with were only the
governors, called Wakungu, and the king, his mother, brothers, sisters,
uncles, aunts, &c. Ankori was a copy of Uganda.

[Illustration: A VILLAGE IN ANKORI.]

From Kitete a considerable portion of the south-east extremity of Lake
Albert Edward appeared in view. We were a thousand feet above it. The
sun shone strongly, and for once we obtained about a ten-mile view
through the mist. From 312-1/2 deg. to 324 deg. magnetic, the flats below were
penetrated with long-reaching inlets of the lake, surrounding numbers of
little low islets. To 17-1/2 deg. magnetic rose Nsinda Mountain, 2500 feet
above the lake; and behind, at the distance of three miles, rose the
range of Kinya-magara; and on the eastern side of a deep valley
separating it from the uplands of Ankori rose the western face,
precipitous and gray, the frowning walls of the Denny range.

[Illustration: EXPEDITION CLIMBING THE ROCK IN THE VALLEY OF ANKORI.]

Our course on the 5th was a steady ascent, E.N.E., to Kibwiga, at the
foot of the Denny range, Nsinda Mountain now bearing N.N.W. Opposite to
the village was Kinya-magara mountain. In the triangular valley between
these mountains the first herds of the Wanyankori were discovered.

[Illustration: EXPEDITION WINDING UP THE GORGE OF KARYA-MUHORO.]

[Sidenote: 1889.

July 7.

Kibwiga.]

We travelled in very close and compact order on the 7th up the pass
between the ranges of Kinya-magara and Denny, and having gained the
altitude of 6160 feet, the summit of Kinya-magara, and felt uncommonly
chilled by the cold winds, we descended 800 feet down the eastern <DW72>
of the range to the chief village of Masakuma, the Governor of the Lake
Province of Ankori.

We found Masakuma to be a genial old fellow. With all our doings with
the Wara-Sura he was well acquainted, and at a great and ceremonious
meeting in the afternoon he insisted that we should tell our story, that
his sub-chiefs and elders might hear how the Wanyoro were beaten at
Mboga, Utuku, Awamba, Ukonju, Usongora, and were clean swept from Toro.
"There," said he, "that is the way the thieves of Unyoro should be
driven from all the lands which they have plundered. Ah, if we had only
known what brave work was being done we should have gone as far as Mruli
with you," which sentiment was loudly applauded.

The women of the chief then came out dressed with bead-worked caps and
bead tassels, and a thick roll of necklaces and broad breast-ornaments
of neat bead-work, and paid us the visit of ceremony. We had to undergo
many fine compliments for the good work we had accomplished, and they
begged us to accept their expressions of gratitude. "Ankori is your own
country in future. No subject of Antari will refuse the right hand of
fellowship, for you proved yourselves to be true Wanyavingi."

[Sidenote: 1889.

July 8.

Kibwiga.]

Then the elders, grey-haired, feeble men, smitten with age, and in their
dotage advanced, and said, with the two hands spread out, palm upward,
"We greet you gladly. We see to-day, for the first time, what our
fathers never saw, the real Wachwezi, and the true Wanyavingi. Look on
them, oh people; they are those who made Kabba Rega run. These are they
of whom we heard that the Wara-Sura at the sight of them showed their
backs, and fled as though they had wings to their feet."

Little did we anticipate such a reception as this from Ankori when we
debated, on the evening of July 3rd, what road we should take. And
though the terms Wachwezi and Wanyavingi did not seem to be very
euphonious, they were clearly titles of honour, and were accompanied
with an admiring regard from the chief Masakuma to the half-nude slave
women, who carried water and performed chores all day.

On the following day over 300 bunches of bananas and several pots of
banana wine were brought us as our rations during our stay. Deputations
from the neighbouring settlements also came, and the story of the chase
of the Wara-Sura, and the deliverance of the Salt Lakes were retold them
by Masakuma, and we were publicly thanked again for our services.
Indeed, considering how many tribes were affected by our interference,
we were not surprised at the general joy manifested. The story was the
"open sesame" to the riveted attention and affection of the Wanyankori.

Near sunset the runners despatched to the capital reappeared with a
message from the king's mother, which, though diplomatic, was well
understood by us. It ran as follows:--

"Masakuma will furnish you with guides to show you the road to Karagwe.
Food will be given you at every camp so long as you are in Ankori. Goats
and cattle will be freely given to you. Travel in peace. The king's
mother is ill now, but she hopes she will be well enough to receive you
when you again revisit the land. For from to-day the land is yours, and
all that is in it. Antari, the king, is absent on a war, and as the
king's mother is ill and confined to her bed, there is none worthy to
receive you."

[Sidenote: 1889.

July 10.

Katara.]

It appeared that at the capital our prowess and numbers had been
exaggerated, from the reports of Bevwa and Kakuri; our long column in
single file was also imposing. The terrible Maxim machine gun also
contributed a moral influence, and the fact that the Wanyoro, or
Wara-Sura, had been chased out of so many countries, and that Ruigi,
King of Kitagwenda, had also spoken in our favour, coupled with the
nature of the service which had caused so many canoe cargoes of salt to
be disposed of at small cost; and, therefore, though the royal family
were disposed to be cordial and kind, they were not wholly without fear
that the party which had marched through southern Unyoro might in some
manner be a danger to Ankori.

Poor king's mother; had she known how secretly glad I was with the best
message that I received in all Africa, she need not have entertained any
anxiety respecting the manner in which her message would be received.
For though we were tolerably well supplied with native cloth and beads,
we were poor in gifts worthy of royalty of such pretensions as those of
Ankori.

The country is said to be infested with lions and leopards, but we had
heard nothing of them during the night. A hyaena, however, broke into our
campfold on the first night at Masakuma's, and dragged away a goat.

Two days' short marches of four and three-quarters and three hours
respectively, enabled us to reach Katara on the 11th of July. Our road
had led through a long winding valley, the Denny range on our right and
the Ivanda on our left. The streamlets we now crossed were the sources
of the Rusango, which, flowing north towards the Edwin Arnold Mt., meet
the Mpanga flowing south from the Gordon Bennett and Mackinnon Cones.
The Mpanga we crossed as we marched parallel with the eastern shore of
the Lake Albert Edward.

Soon after arrival in camp two Waganda Christians named Samuel and
Zachariah, with an important following, appeared by the permission of
Antari. After greeting us, they said they wished to impart some
information if I could grant them a quiet hour. Expectant of the usual
praises of their king Mwanga, which every loyal Mganda, as I knew him,
was very prone to utter, we deferred the interview until evening. They
delivered a packet of gunpowder and percussion caps, the property of a
Manyuema, to me, which they had picked up on the road. This act was in
their favour, and I laid it down near my chair, but within a few minutes
it had been abstracted by a light-fingered Moslem.

When evening came Zachariah took upon himself to relate a narrative of
astonishing events which had occurred in Uganda last year. King Mwanga,
the son of Mtesa, had proceeded from bad to worse, until the native
Mohammedans had united with the Christians, who are called "Amasia," to
depose the cruel tyrant because of his ruthless executions. The
Christians were induced to join the Mohammedans--proselytes of the Arab
traders--unanimously, not only because of Mwanga's butcheries of their
co-religionists, but because he had recently meditated a wholesale
massacre of them. He had ordered a large number of goats to be carried
on an island, and he had invited the Christians to embark in his canoes
for their capture. Had they accepted his invitation, his intention had
been to withdraw the vessels after the disembarkation, and to allow them
to subsist on the goats, and afterwards starve. But one of the pages
betrayed his purposes, and warned the Christian chiefs of the king's
design. Consequently they declined to be present.

The union of these two parties in the kingdom of Uganda was soon
followed by a successful attempt to depose him. Mwanga resisted for a
time with such as were faithful to him, but as his capitals, Rubaga and
Ulagalla, were taken, he was constrained to leave the country. He
departed in canoes to the south of Lake Victoria, and took refuge with
Said bin Saif _alias_ Kipanda, a trader, and an old acquaintance of mine
in 1871, who was settled in Usukuma. Said, the Arab, however,
ill-treated the dethroned king, and he secretly fled again, and sought
the protection of the French missionaries at Bukumbi. Previous to this
it appears that both English and French missionaries had been expelled
from Uganda by Mwanga, and deprived of all their property except their
underclothing. The French settled themselves at Bukumbi, and the English
at Makolo's, in Usambiro, at the extreme south end of Lake Victoria.

After Mwanga's departure from Uganda, the victorious Moslem and
Christian proselytes elected Kiwewa for their king. Matters proceeded
smoothly for a time, until it was discovered that the Moslem party were
endeavouring to excite hostility against the Christians in the mind of
the new King. They were heard to insinuate that, as England was ruled by
a queen, that the Christians intended to elevate one of Mtesa's
daughters on the throne occupied by Kiwewa. This king then leaned to the
Moslems, and abandoned the Christians, but they were pleased to express
their doubts of his attachment to them and their faith, and would not be
assured of it unless he formally underwent the ceremony of circumcision.
The necessity of this Kiwewa affected not to understand, and it was then
resolved by the Moslems to operate on him by force, and twelve Watongoli
(colonels) were chosen to perform the operation. Among these colonels
was my gossip, Sabadu, to whom I was indebted for the traditional
history of Uganda. Kiwewa was informed of their purpose, and filled his
house with armed men, who, as the colonels entered the house, were
seized and speared one by one. The alarm soon spread through the
capital, and an assault was instantly made on the palace and its court,
and in the strife Kiwewa was taken and slain.

The rebels then elected Karema to be King of Uganda, who was a brother
of the slain Kiwewa and the deposed Mwanga, and he was the present
occupant of the throne.

The Christians had repeatedly attacked Karema's forces, and had
maintained their cause well, sometimes successfully; but at the fourth
battle they were sorely defeated, and the survivors had fled to Ankori
to seek refuge with Antari, who, it was thought, would not disdain the
assistance of such a force of fighting men in his various troubles with
Mpororo and Ruanda. There were now about 2,500 Christians at Ankori's
capital, and about 2,000 scattered in Uddu.

Having heard that Mwanga had become a Christian, and been baptised by
the French missionaries during his stay with them in Bukumbi, the
Christians tendered their allegiance to him, and he came to Uddu to see
them, in company with an English trader named Stokes; but, as the means
of retaking the throne were small, Mwanga took possession of an island
not far from the Murchison Bay, and there he remains with about 250
guns, while Stokes, it is believed, had returned to the coast with ivory
to purchase rifles and ammunition at Zanzibar in the cause of Mwanga. Up
to this date the mainland of Uganda was under Karema, while the islands
recognised Mwanga, and the entire flotilla of Uganda, mustering several
hundred canoes, was at the disposition of the latter.

They then informed me that their appearance in my camp was due to the
fact that while at the capital they had heard of the arrival of white
men, and they had been sent by their compatriots to solicit our
assistance to recover the throne of Uganda for Mwanga.

Now, as this king had won an unenviable reputation for his excesses,
debaucheries, his executions of Christians in the most vile and
barbarous manner, and as he was guilty of causing Luba, of Usoga, to
murder Bishop Hannington and massacre over sixty of his poor Zanzibari
followers, though the story of Zachariah and Samuel was clear enough,
and no doubt true, there were strong reasons why I could not at once
place implicit credence in the conversion and penitence of Mwanga, or
even accept with perfect faith the revelations of the converts. I had
too intimate a knowledge of the fraudulent duplicity of Waganda, and
their remarkable gifts for dissimulation, to rush at this prospective
adventure; and even if I were inclined to accept the mission of
reinstating Mwanga, the unfulfilled duties of escorting the Pasha, and
his friend Casati, and the Egyptians, and their followers to the sea
prohibited all thoughts of it. But to African natives it is not so easy
to explain why their impulsive wishes cannot be gratified; and if
Kiganda nature remained anything similar to what I was acquainted with
in 1876, the Waganda were quite capable of intriguing with Antari to
interrupt my march. No readers of my chapters on the Waganda in 'Through
the Dark Continent' will doubt this statement. I therefore informed
Zachariah and Samuel that I should think of the matter, and give them my
final answer on reaching some place near the Alexandra Nile, where
supplies of food could be found sufficient for the party which I should
be obliged to leave behind in the event of my conforming to their wish,
and that it would be well for them to go back to the Waganda, ascertain
where Mwanga was at that time, and whether there was any news of Mr.
Stokes.

At Katara, Mohammed Kher, an Egyptian officer, died. Abdul Wahid Effendi
had chosen to remain behind at Kitega, and Ibrahim Telbass and his
followers had, after starting from Kitega, vanished into the tall grass,
and, it may be presumed, had returned to remain with his sick
countryman.

Our people were now recovered somewhat from that epidemic of fevers
which had prostrated so many of us. But the Pasha, Captain Casati,
Lieutenant Stairs, and Mr. Jephson were the principal sufferers during
these days. The night before we had slept at an altitude of 5,750 feet
above the sea. The long Denny Range was 700 feet higher, and on this
morning I observed that there was hoar frost on the ground, and during
this day's march we had discovered blackberries on the road bushes, a
fruit I had not seen for two decades.

[Sidenote: 1889.

July 11.

Wamaganga.]

On a third march up the valley we had followed between Iwanda and Denny
Range; we reached its extremity, and, crossing a narrow neck of land,
descended into the basin of the Rwizi. By degrees the misty atmosphere
of this region was clearing, and we could now see about five miles
distance, and the contour of the pastoral plateau of Ankori. It was not
by any means at its best. It was well into the droughty season. The dry
season had commenced two months previously. Hilly range, steep cone,
hummock, and plain were clothed with grass ripe for fire. The herds were
numerous, and all as fat as prize cattle. In the valley between the
Denny and Iwanda ranges, we had passed over 4,000 cattle of the
long-horned species. The basin of the Rwizi, which we were now in, and
which was the heart of Ankori, possessed scores of herds.

We camped at Wamaganga on the 11th. Its inhabitants consist of Watusi
herdsmen and Wanyankori agriculturists. They represent the two classes
into which the people of Ankori are divided, and, indeed, all the tribes
of the pastoral regions, from the Ituri grass-land to Unyanyembe, and
from the western shores of the Victoria Lake to the Tanganika. The
Watusi women wore necklaces of copper bells, and to their ankles were
attached circlets of small iron bells. The language was that of Unyoro,
but there was a slight dialectic difference, and in their vocabulary
they had an expressive word for gratitude. "Kasingi" was frequently used
in this sense.

One of our men, whom we greatly regretted, died at this place of illness
which ended in paralysis, and another, a Nubian, disappeared into the
tall grass and was lost.

On the 12th we marched along the Rwizi, and after an hour and a half
crossed the stream, which had now spread into a swamp a mile wide,
overgrown with a flourishing jungle of papyrus. Our drove of cattle was
lessened by twenty-four head in crossing this swamp. An hour's distance
from the terrible swamp we camped in the settlement of Kasari.

The King's mother sent us four head, and the King three head of cattle
and a splendid tusk of ivory, with a kindly message that he hoped he and
I would become allied by blood-brotherhood. Among the messengers
employed was a prince of the blood-royal of Usongora, a son of King
Nyika, as pure a specimen of Ethiopic descent as could be wished. The
messengers were charged to escort us with all honour, and to provide for
our hospitable entertainment on the way.

[Sidenote: 1889.

July 12.

Kasari.]

Though it is very economical to be the guest of a powerful African king,
it has its disadvantages, for the subjects become sour and discontented
at the great tax on their resources. They contrive to vex us with
complaints, some of which are fabricated. Our men also, emboldened by
their privileges, assume far more than they deserve, or are entitled to
in strict justice. They seized the milk of the Wanyankori, and it is
considered to be a great offence for a person who is accustomed to eat
vegetables to put his lips to a milk vessel, and a person who cooks his
food is regarded as unfit to touch one, as it causes the death of cattle
and other ill effects. Seven of our men were charged with these awful
crimes, and the herdsmen, who are as litigious as the Aden Somalis, came
in a white heat to prefer their complaints. It cost me some
inconvenience to judge the people and soothe the wounded feelings
provoked by such scandalous practices.

On the 14th we arrived at Nyamatoso, a large and prosperous settlement,
situated at the northern base of the Ruampara range, when orders were
issued to provide seven days' rations of banana flour, because of the
abundance of this fruit in the vicinity.

Mpororo is S.S.W. from this place. A few years ago Antari advanced and
invaded it, and after several sanguinary encounters the people and their
king became tributary to him. Ruanda begins from a line drawn to the
W.S.W., and is ruled over by King Kigeri. Not much information could be
gleaned respecting it, excepting that it was a large country, described
as equal from Nyamatoso to Kafurro. The people were reported to be
numerous and warlike, allowing no strangers to enter, or if they enter
are not allowed to depart.

[Sidenote: 1889.

July 14.

Nyamatoso.]

One of our officers, feeble from many fever attacks, animadverted
fiercely against the Wanyankori on this day, and I repeat this incident
to illustrate the different views men take of things, and how small
events prejudice them against a race. He said, "Yesterday you know the
sun was scorchingly hot, and the heat, the long march, and a slight
fever, made me feel as if I would give anything for a drink of cool
water. I came to that little village on the plain, and I asked a man,
who was insolently regarding us, and standing before the door of his
hut, to give me a little water to drink. Do you think he did so? He
pointed to the swamp, and with his spear to the black ooze, as if to
say, 'There you are, help yourself to what you want!' How can you call
these people a fine race? I don't understand where you get your ideas
from. Is that fine, to refuse a man a drink of water? If that man had
what he deserved--ah, well, it is no use talking."

"My dear good fellow," I answered, "have a little patience, and I will
show you another view that might be taken of that man. Have you lost
your pocket mirror? If you have, I will lend you mine, and you will see
a most ungracious face, garnished with bristles, something like a thin
copy of William de la Marck unshaved, half starved, and sick. Your eyes
appear smaller than ever, and look lustreless and dead. Your lanky body
is clothed in rags. When you were in London I was charmed with your
appearance. Adonis was nothing to you, but now, alas! excuse me, we have
all a most disgraceful appearance; but you, when you have a fever! Well,
look in a glass, and examine yourself! Now this native saw such a man,
with such an unlovely aspect, coming to him. How did you ask him? Did
you give him one of your charming smiles, that would make a buffalo
pause in his charge; I doubt it. You were tired, feverish, thirsty--you
said imperiously, 'Give me a drink of water,'--and your manner
added--'instantly or----.' Why should he, a freeman, before his own
doorway obey such a command? He did not know you from Adam, and probably
your appearance suggested it would not be pleasant to cultivate your
acquaintance. Are you going to join the clique of travellers who can
never recognise the good that is in Africa and the Africans? To your
utter confusion, unfortunate man, let me tell you the story of an
occurrence that happened yesterday to one of your own personal friends.
The man of whom he tells the story was probably a brother or a cousin of
this same individual who has incurred your severe displeasure.

"This officer had a bad attack of fever; he was seized with a vertigo,
he reeled, and sank in the grass by the wayside. The rear guard
commander saw him not, and passed him by, little thinking a sick comrade
lay fainting and almost unconscious near him. By-and-by a native warrior
came armed with spear, bow, and arrows. He saw there was something in
the grass. He went to the spot and saw one of our officers, helplessly
lying before him. If he were a brute he might have driven that sharp
spear of his into him, and we should have lost one of our number. But
this man, listen, did nothing of the kind; and though he had never heard
the story of the kindly Samaritan, went away, and in half-an-hour
returned with a half-gallon, gourd filled with fresh and cool milk, and
gave it to him to drink, and in a short time our friend rose up
strengthened, and marched to camp to tell me the kindly story. No Red
Cross official he; to the kindly sentiments of charity and mercy dinned
into the ears of the English race for sixteen centuries he was an utter
stranger. This is not like that English missionary who refused that
Dutch captain, of whom we have heard, the drink of water, and therefore
the race that can show one instance of such human kindness deserves to
be called a fine race. Do you doubt the story? Here is our friend; ask
him yourself.

"Besides, think of the hospitality we receive from them. A thousand men
subsisting freely and gratuitously on the produce of their plantations,
and their fields; plantains, beans, millet, sweet potatoes for food,
tobacco to smoke, and a free road, without levy of tax or blackmail!
How do you know that that man had not been vexed by many things before
you came? Perhaps some of our men had gibed at him in scorn, or looted
his house, or threatened his family just before you came. Come, try
again. Go into any of these villages about here. Ask kindly and
smilingly for anything--milk, butter, or tobacco--and I will guarantee
you will not be refused.

"And remember again, this country has only lately been conquered by
Antari. I am told that the king took forty women belonging to the chiefs
hereabouts, and distributed them as gifts to his bravest warriors, and
that all the principal chiefs were afterwards killed, and I do not
wonder that they resent the king laying such a tax upon them as the
provisioning of this multitude with us, and if you will observe the
conduct of the king's messengers you will find that it is very
tyrannical and overbearing, and very little calculated to increase their
estimation of us."

The Expedition proceeded up a pass in the pastoral range of mountains
called Ruampara, the western end of which I think abuts the line of
hills that bound the Albert Edward basin, and divides the basin of the
Rwizi from the Alexandra Nile, and after crossing several airy mountain
tops, descended into the bowl-like valley of Rusussu, whence rises the
stream Namianja. Here we halted three days to refresh the people.

Under date the 20th of July I find the following note in my diary:--

     "This morning the fever that laid me low passed away. I have been a
     little premature in saying that we were recovering from the ill
     effects of that Usongora pit-water. No sooner is one of us well
     than another is prostrated. The Pasha and I have been now three
     times down with severe fever at the same time. Stairs' fever left
     him yesterday. Bonny's temperature has been normal the last two
     days. Casati fell ill on the 17th, was abed all day on the 18th,
     and was up on the 19th. This is the way we exist now. There are
     constant relapses into fever, with two or three days of insecure
     health in the interval. Khamis Wadi Nassib has also died of
     paralysis; and a Nubian has disappeared.

     "Four Egyptian officers have begged me, on account of their
     increasing ulcers, to be permitted to stay in Ankori. As we are
     already loaded with sick whites and other Egyptians, feeble old
     women and children, I am obliged to yield to their entreaties, and
     they and their families will therefore stay here. As I expect the
     Heir-apparent of Ankori daily to go through the process of
     blood-brotherhood, I will be able to provide for their comfort.

     [Sidenote: 1889.

     July 20.

     Rusussu.]

     "It is a peculiar climate, this of Ankori. The cold gusty winds
     sweeping from E. to S.E., and then N.E., create chest affections;
     there is universal coughing, catarrhs, headaches; the great
     variation between maximum and minimum temperature makes us all
     unusually feverish. Yet I remember, in Jan., 1876, my followers and
     myself were healthy and vigorous while crossing North Ankori, and
     my private journals contain no notes like these I jot down daily.
     Perhaps this excessive sickness is owing to the season, or to that
     deadly pit-water, or it may be our cooks employ the black water of
     the Rwizi, which drains a putrefying compost. It is the winter
     season now, whereas January is spring.

     "Dangers have less charms for the ear than distance creates for the
     eye. The former is too often exaggerated out of all proportion to
     the reality by the unrestrained tongue, while the latter, though
     often hiding the hideousness of ravines, and the inaccessibility of
     mountains or abysmal depths, glozes the whole with grace, flowing
     contours, and smooth lines. We have frequently found it to be so on
     this Expedition, and I fear the Egyptians who have disappeared from
     the column, un-recommended by us, will find the dangers far more
     real than they imagined would be the case as we repeated our
     frequent warnings."

On the 21st we resumed our march, and proceeded to follow a road that
ran down the valley parallel with the Namianja. Thistles of unusual
size, some sunflowers, and blackberry bushes lined the path. The stream
has three sources, a tiny thread of sweet water rising from a ferny
recess, a pool of nitrous and sulphurous water, and a little pond of
strong alkaline water. At the end of three hours' march the stream was 5
feet wide, but its flavour was not much improved. Banana plantations
alternated with cattle-folds along the path.

The next day we started at dawn to continue our journey down the
Namianja Valley, which is narrow and winding, with spacious plats in the
crooked lines of mountains. In an hour we turned sharply from E. by N.
to S.E. by S. down another valley. Herd after herd of the finest and
fattest cattle met us as they were driven from their zeribas to graze on
the rich hay-like grass, which was green in moist places. After a short
time the course deflected more eastward, until we gained the entrance of
a defile, which we entered, to ascend in half an hour the bare breast of
a rocky hill. Surmounting the naked hill, we crossed its narrow summit,
and descended at once its southerly side, into a basin prosperous with
banana plantations, pasture, and herds, and took refuge from the glaring
and scorching sun in Viaruha village.

[Sidenote: 1889.

July 21.

Namianja.]

The rear-guard were disconcerted on leaving Namianja Valley by the
hitherto peaceful natives turning out suddenly _en masse_ with
war-cries, and with very menacing gestures. They advanced to the attack
twice, without, however, doing more than levelling their spears and
threatening to launch them. On the third advance, conceiving that the
guard must be terribly frightened by their numbers, they shot some eight
or ten arrows, at which the Commander ordered a few harmless shots to be
fired, and this sufficed to send them scampering with loud cries up the
hills.

Close behind the rear-guard, but unknown to them, were advancing
Uchunku, the Prince Royal of Ankori, and his escort of musketeers and
spearmen, and a second deputation from the Waganda Christians. The
Prince, in obedience to his father, was on his way to our camp to
exchange blood and form a treaty with me. The Prince, hearing the shots,
demanded to know the reason, and some of the Wahuma herdsmen, who had
been spectators of the hostile play, explained, upon which the
musketeers were sent in chase, killed two of the Wanyankori, and
disarmed twenty of them.

At 2 P.M. Prince Uchunku and escort reached Viaruha, and instantly
requested an interview. He was a sweet-faced, gentle looking boy of
about thirteen or fourteen years old, a true Mhuma with the Abyssinian
features. He was accompanied by his governor, or guardian, an officer in
command of the spearmen and carbine-armed guards of the Prince. He gave
us two large steers; one had such massive and long horns, that made it
but a poor traveller, and had to be slaughtered for beef. The usual
friendly speeches were exchanged, and after he had fairly satisfied his
curiosity with viewing the strange sights in camp, it was arranged that
the ceremony should take place on the next day.

On the 23rd the ceremony passed off with considerable eclat. The
Zanzibaris, Soudanese, and Manyuemas were all under arms ready to salute
the Prince with a few discharges from their rifles, at the face of the
hill, about 400 yards away. The Maxim was also in order to assist with
its automatic action.

[Sidenote: 1889.

July 23.

Viaruha.]

The rite of blood brotherhood began with the laying of a Persian carpet,
upon which the Prince and I took our seats cross-legged, with left hands
clasped across the knees. The Professors of the Art advanced, and made
an incision in each left arm, and then each Professor took a small
portion of butter, and two leaflets, which served as platters, mixed it
with our blood, and then exchanging the leaves, our foreheads were
rubbed with the mixture. The ceremony was thus relieved of the
repulsiveness which accompanies it when performed among the Congo
tribes. Then the Prince, who was now my young brother, took me by the
hand into my hut to smile and to look pleased. His young heart was made
glad with some choice Cairene cloths, a necklace contributed by the
Egyptian women and the Pasha, of fine large beads, which captured his
affection by storm. His governor received a cow, and the guardsmen
received an ox to feast themselves with beef, and the Prince had, in his
turn, to give a fine goat to our Professor, for these offices, even in
Congo land, are in high honour, and must receive handsome fees.

The rifles then fired five rounds each, to the boy's great admiration,
but the showers of the Maxim and the cloud of dust raised by the bullets
on the face of the opposite hill simply sent him into ecstasies, and to
prevent him crying his soul out in rapture, he laid his hand firmly over
his mouth. Opinions differed as to the reason of his covering his mouth,
and even in jest it is not good to be untruthful, but some said that he
feared his fine teeth would be snapped in pieces by excessive chattering
in terror, but I firmly maintain that it was from childlike wonder and
pleasure.

At any rate, I was publicly recognised as a son of Ankori, to be
hereafter permitted to range at will throughout the dominions of Antari,
with right of residence, and free access to every plantation in the
kingdom. Furthermore, the Prince swore in his father's name, for so he
was commanded, that all white men entering Ankori must have a
recommendation from me, and then such kindness would be shown to them as
would be shown to me personally. Only the cattle, goats, and weapons
were exempted as private property, over which the king even has no
right, except when they belong to criminals.

With the Prince of Ankori was a second deputation from the Waganda
Christians. The result of my long cross-examination of them I embodied
in the following entry in my journal:--

     "I feared I first heard of the expulsion of the missionaries from
     Uganda that they had been inconsiderate, and impulsive, and acted
     regardless of consequences, that though their conduct was strictly
     upright and according to their code, their narrowness and want of
     sympathy had caused them to commit errors of judgment; but the
     Christian converts gave them an excellent character, and repeated
     much of the good advice Mr. Mackay had bestowed on them, which were
     undoubted proofs that though the yoke of Mwanga was exceedingly
     heavy to them, the missionaries had in this abstained from meddling
     in the politics of the country. Something like L50,000 must have
     been expended on this mission since it was established. Were the
     story of it truthfully written it would contain in itself all that
     is needed to guide those interested in it. The tragic deaths of
     Smith, O'Neil, Penrose, and Bishop Hannington, the mortal diseases
     which cut off Dr. Smith, and, as Zachariah tells me, two more, one
     of whom is called Bishop, the almost fruitless residence in Uganda
     of Messrs. Wilson, Pearson, and Felkin, the splendid successes of
     Mackay, and the industry and devotion of Ashe and Gordon. The
     history of these gentlemen's labours, successes, and failures could
     not be penned without immediate comprehensiveness of the causes
     which led some to triumph, where wisdom was exhibited, and rashness
     failed.

     "No man having put his hand to the plough and looking back is fit
     for the kingdom of heaven. No man having accepted trust can in
     honour do otherwise than continue in that trust until victory is
     assured. I suppose, as the note of retreat had been sounded before
     I left Africa, the council of the Christian Mission Society will
     order Mr. Mackay to withdraw now. I hope not. The expulsion of the
     missionaries and the dispersion of their Christian flocks would
     strike any one else, looking at it from a layman's point of view,
     as the dawn of the day of victory. The shouts of triumph uttered by
     the Mohammedans now in power should not dishearten, but should
     inspire them to nobler and wiser efforts, to persevere patiently
     and unremittingly. No great cause, no great work, or great
     enterprise was ever successful without perfect faith that it was
     worthy of unwearying effort and strenuous striving.

     "Out of the 4,000 or 5,000 converts reported by Zachariah and
     Samuel now in Ankori and Uddu, let us assume as 2,000 being due to
     the labours of Mackay and his worthy associates. At L50,000, each
     convert would appear to have cost L25. I am not one of those who
     would always appeal to the state for help in such a crisis as this,
     but to those able to spare out of great wealth, and who yet answer
     that they must attend to those at home first, I would give the
     reply of the wise Gentile woman--'True, Lord, but the dogs pick up
     crumbs that fall from their master's table.'

     "The success of the mission to Nyanza is proved by the sacrifices
     of the converts, by their determined resistance to the tyrant, by
     their successful deposition of him. I have read somewhere that the
     recognition of belligerents is not permissible until it is proved
     that they can hold their own. If this be so the Waganda converts
     have proved that the mission was a success, and a most remarkable
     success. The missionaries were compelled to bore deep down, and
     after that the element sprang up spontaneously. After years of
     baffling and unpromising work the converts flocked spontaneously to
     the new church of Equatorial Africa. Princes and peasants, chiefs
     and warriors came forward to be instructed in the Christian
     religion, and to be taught the arts of reading and writing, and to
     be the proud possessors of printed books in their own language,
     treating of the Author of salvation and His sufferings on behalf of
     humanity.

     "The progress of this religion became alarming to the Mohammedans
     and their native sympathisers, but it was not until the death of
     the politic Mtesa that they could venture upon any plan to thwart
     its growth. The accession of a boy-prince to the throne, and the
     vices, banghi-smoking, drunkenness, and licentiousness, disclosed
     the means whereby the Christians might be suppressed, and the
     Moslems with a low, mean craftiness, and charged with concentrated
     malice, were not slow to avail themselves of their opportunities.
     The young king, despite the reputable character the whites had won
     from all classes of the people, now regarded them with thoughts
     foully perverted by unmeasured slander. To his distorted view the
     missionaries were men banded together for the undermining of his
     authority, for sapping the affections and loyalty of his subjects,
     and for presently occupying the whole of Uganda. These various
     expeditions, which as every one knew were roaming over the country,
     now in Masai-land, presently in Usoga, then again in Usukuma and
     Unyamwezi, the quarrels on the coast between Seyyid Barghash and
     the Germans, the presence of war-ships at Zanzibar, the little
     colonies of Germans studding the coast lands--what else could all
     these movements aim at but the forcible conquest of Africa? Hence
     an era of persecution was initiated by the order to burn and slay;
     hence the _auto-da-fe_ in Uganda, the murder of Bishop Hannington,
     and the massacre of his caravan in Usogo, the doom that ever seemed
     to be imminent over the head of the faithful and patient Mackay,
     and the menaced suspension of mission work. When the Christians had
     scattered into their hiding places, and the jealousy of the Moslems
     had cooled, the young King merged into an intolerable despot, and
     murdered indiscriminately. Many an eminent person in the land fell
     a victim to his suspicions, and was ordered to be either clubbed to
      death or strangled. It was then the Mohammedans, fearing for
     their own lives, solicited the aid of the Christians, and the
     tyrant was compelled to flee the kingdom to find leisure to repent
     during his Lake voyages, and finally to submit to be baptised."[33]

Zachariah and Samuel were now informed that, owing to the impossibility
of leaving my charge, they had better trust to Mr. Stokes and Mr.
Mackay, and that if I could explain matters to their English friends I
would surely do so. Then, seeing that I was resolved on departure, five
of the Christians begged to be permitted to accompany me to the sea,
which permission was readily granted.

On the 24th, after winding in and out of several valleys, between
various pastoral ranges, which were black from recent fires, as the
grass everywhere was white with age and drought, we entered the valley
of Mavona, to descend gradually amid a thin forest of acacia sprinkled
with euphorbia, milkweed, thistles, and tall aloetic plants. The
settlement of Mavona produced abundantly quite a variety of garden
produce, such as peas, beans, tomatoes, potatoes, manioc, cucumbers,
banigalls, bananas, and plantain.

The next day, continuing down the Mavona valley for four and a half
hours, we suddenly came in sight of the Alexandra valley, and found that
the long line of hills which winded S.S.E. was on the Karagwe side of
the river. At this season the features of the land on both sides are
very forbidding, and unrelieved by any patch of cultivation, and
rendered more so by the fires, which have transformed every valley and
hill into wastes of black ashes and desolateness.

During the 26th and 27th we were ferried across the river in four double
sets of most uncouth canoes, and then the Ankori escort, the Waganda
converts, were dismissed, having satisfied Antari, and each of our
friends with such gifts as won their professions of gratitude.

The Alexandra Nile at this place was about 125 yards wide, and an
average depth of nine feet, flowing three knots per hour in the centre.




CHAPTER XXXIII.

THE TRIBES OF THE GRASS-LAND.

     The Wahuma: the exact opposite of the Dwarfs: their
     descendants--Tribes nearly allied to the true <DW64> type--Tribes of
     the Nilotic basin--The Herdsmen--The traditions of Unyoro--My
     experiences of the Wahuma gained while at Kavalli--View of the
     surrounding country from Kavalli camp--Chiefs Kavalli, Katto, and
     Gavira unbosom their wrongs to me--Old Ruguji's reminiscences--The
     pasture-land lying between Lake Albert and the forest--The cattle
     in the district round Kavalli: their milk-yield--Three cases
     referring to cattle which I am called upon to adjudicate--Household
     duties of the women--Dress among the Wahuma--Old Egyptian and
     Ethiopian characteristics preserved among the tribes of the
     grass-land--Customs, habits, and religion of the tribes--Poor Gaddo
     suspected of conspiracy against his chief, Kavalli: his death--Diet
     of the Wahuma--The climate of the region of the grass-land.

[Sidenote: 1889.

July.

The

Wahuma]


The Wahuma are the most interesting people, next to the Pigmies in all
Central Africa. Some philological _nidderings_ have classed them under
the generic name Bantu, and every traveller ambitious of being
comprehended among the scientific, adds his testimony and influence to
perpetuate this most unscientific term. _Bantu_ is an Inner African word
of which the translation is Men. We are therefore asked seriously to
accept it as a solemn fact, upon scientific authority, that the Wahuma,
like the Pigmies, are men.

The Wahuma are the exact opposite of the dwarfs. The latter are
undersized nomads, adapted by their habits to forest life; the former
are tall, finely-formed men, with almost European features, adapted from
immemorial custom and second nature to life in pastoral lands only.
Reverse their localities, and they pine and die. Take the Pigmies out of
their arboreal recesses and perpetual twilight, and from their vegetable
diet, and plant them on a grass-land open to the winds and the sunshine,
feed them on beef and grain, and milk as you may, and they shrink with
the cold and exposure, refuse their meat, and droop to death. On the
other hand, deport the Wahuma into the woods, and supply them with the
finest vegetables, and always with plenty of food, and the result is,
that they get depressed, their fine brown-black colour changes into
ashen gray, the proud haughty carriage is lost, they contract an aspect
of misery, and die in despair and weariness. Yet these two opposites of
humanity are called Bantu, or men, a term which is perfectly
meaningless, and yet as old as the story of the Creation. In North
America we see to-day Esquimaux, English, Irish, German, French and
Spanish Americans, and Indians, and, after the scientific manner, we
should call them Bantu. Interest in the various human families is not
roused by comprehending them under such unphilosophical terms.

The Wahuma are true descendants of the Semitic tribes, or communities,
which emigrated from Asia across the Red Sea and settled on the coast,
and in the uplands of Abyssinia, once known as Ethiopia. From this great
centre more than a third of the inhabitants of Inner Africa have had
their origin. As they pressed southward and conquered the <DW64> tribes,
miscegenation produced a mixture of races; the Semitic became tainted
with <DW64> blood, the half-caste tribes inter-married again with the
primitive race, and became still more degraded in feature and form, and
in the course of ages lost almost all traces of their extraction from
the Asiatic peoples. If a traveller only bears this fact in mind, and
commences his researches from the Cape of Good Hope, he will be able
easily, as he marches northward, to separate the less adulterated
tribes from those who are so nearly allied to the true <DW64> type as to
bear classification as negroid. The kinky, woolly hair is common to all;
but even in this there are shades of difference from that which is
coarse almost as horse-hair, to that which rivals silken floss for
fineness. The study of the hair may, however, be left; the great and
engrossing study being the Caucasian faces under the <DW64> hair. From
among the Kaffirs, Zulus, Matabeles, Basutos, Bechuanas, or any other of
the fierce South African tribes, select an ordinary specimen of those
splendidly-formed tribes so ruthlessly denominated as <DW64>s, and plant
him near a West African, or Congoese, or Gabonese type, and place a
Hindu between them, and having been once started on the right trail of
discovery, you will at once perceive that the features of the Kaffir are
a subtle amalgamation of the Hindu and West African types; but if we
take a Mhuma of mature age, the relation to the Hindu will still more
readily appear. Advancing across the Zambezi towards the watershed of
the Congo and Loangwa, we observe among the tribes a confusion of types,
which may be classed indifferently as being an intermediate family
between the West African and the Kaffir; an improvement on the former,
but not quite up to the standard of the latter. If we extend our travels
east or west we will find this to be a far-spreading type. It embraces
the Babisa, Barua, Balunda, and the tribes of the entire Congo basin;
and to the eastward, Wachunga, Wafipa, Wakawendi, Wakonongo, Wanyamwezi,
and Wasukuma. Among them, every now and then, we will be struck with the
close resemblance of minor tribal communities to the finest Zulus, and
near the eastern littoral we will see negroid West Africans reproduced
in the Waiau, Wasagara, Wangindo, and the blacks of Zanzibar. When we
return from the East Coast to the uplands bordering the Tanganika, and
advance north as far as Ujiji, we will see the stature and facial type
much improved. Through Ujiji we enter Urundi, and there is again a
visible improvement. If we go east a few days we enter Uhha, and we are
in the presence of twin-brothers of Zululand--tall, warlike creatures,
with Caucasian heads and faces, but dyed darkly with the sable pigment.
If we go east a little further, among those mixtures of pure <DW64>s,
with Kaffir type of ancient Ukalaganza, now called Usumbwa, we see a
tall, graceful-looking herdsman with European features, but dark in
colour. If we ask him what he is, he will tell us his occupation is
herding cattle, and that he is a Mtusi, of the Watusi tribe. "Is there
any country, then, called Utusi?" and he will answer "No; but he came
from the north." We advance to the north, and we find ourselves
travelling along the spine of pastoral upland. We are in the Nilotic
basin. Every streamlet trends easterly to a great inland sea called now
the Victoria Nyanza, or westerly to the Albert Edward Nyanza. This
upland embraces Ruanda, Karagwe, Mpororo, Ankori, Ihangiro, Uhaiya, and
Uzongora, and all these tribes inhabiting those countries possess
cattle; but the people are not all herdsmen. Many among them are devoted
to agriculture. After journeying hither and thither, we are impressed
with the fact that all those occupied with tending cattle are similar to
that graceful Mtusi whom we met in Usumbwa, and who vaguely pointed to
the north as his original home, and that all the agriculturists are as
negroid in feature as any thick-lipped West Coast African. By dwelling
among them, we also learn that the herdsmen regard those who till the
soil with as much contempt as a London banking clerk would view the farm
labourer. Still advancing to the north we behold an immense snowy range.
It is an impassable barrier; we deflect our march to the west, and find
this Mtusi type numerous, and stretching up to the foot of the
mountains, and to dense, impenetrable forests unfit for the herding of
cattle; and at once the Caucasian type ceases, and the negroid features,
either coppery, black, or mixed complexion--the flat nose, the sunken
ridge, and the projecting of the lower part of the face--are dumb
witnesses that here the wave of superior races was arrested. We retrace
our steps, ascend to the upland and skirt the snowy range eastward, and
over a splendid grazing country called Toro, Uhaiyana, and Unyoro, we
see the fine-featured herdsmen again in numbers attending their vast
herds, and the dark flat-nosed negroid tilling the land with hoes, as we
saw them further south. After passing the snowy range on its northern
extremity, we proceed west across the flat grassy valley of the Semliki
to other grassy uplands parallel with Unyoro, but separated from it by
the Albert Nyanza; and over this pastoral region are living together,
but each strictly adhering to his own pursuit, the herdsmen and the
tillers of the soil. During our travels from Usumbwa the herdsmen have
changed their names from Watusi to Wanyambu, Wahuma, Waima, Wawitu, and
Wachwezi. That is, they have accepted these titles in the main from the
agricultural class, but whether in Ankori, or among the Balegga and
Bavira, or dwelling with the Waganda or in Unyoro, they call themselves
Watusi, Wahuma, or Wachwezi. In Karagwe, Ankori, or Usongora, they are
the dominating classes. Their descendants sit in the seat of power in
Ihangiro, Uhaiya, Uganda, and Unyoro; but the people of these countries
are an admixture of the Zulu and West African tribes, and therefore they
are more devoted to agriculture. When, as for instance, tribes such as
Waganda, Wasoga, and Wakuri have been left to grow up and increase in
power and prosperity, we have but to look at the sea-like expanse of the
Victoria Nyanza, and we see the reason of it. No further progress was
possible, and the wave of migration passed westward and eastward, and
overlapped these tribes, and in their progress southward dropped a few
members by the way, to become absorbed by the members of the
agricultural class, and to lose their distinctive characteristics.

As the traditions of Unyoro report that the Wachwezi came from the
eastern bank of the Victoria Nile, we will cross that river, and we find
that between us and Abyssinia there are no grand physical features such
as great lakes or continuous ranges to bar the migration to the south of
barbarous multitudes; that the soil is poor and the climate dry, and
pasture unpromising, and that all the tribes are devoted to the rearing
of cattle; that the indigenous races, such as we see in the Congo basin
and near the littoral of east Africa, disparted by the waves of
migrating peoples on their course south, have been so thoroughly
extinguished by the superior Indo-African race that the vast area of the
upland from the Victoria Nile to the Gulf of Aden simply repeats its
long-established types, which we may call Galla, Abyssinian, Ethiopic,
or Indo-African.[34] This too brief outline will serve to prepare the
reader for knowing something more of the Wahuma, the true descendants of
these Ethiopians, who have for fifty centuries been pouring over the
continent of Africa east and west of the Victoria Nyanza in search of
pasture, and while doing so have formed superior tribes and nations
along their course, from the Gulf of Aden to the Cape of Good Hope--a
vast improvement on the old primitive races of Africa.

I propose to illustrate the Wahuma by our experiences with those who
recognised Kavalli as chief.

Looking westward from Kavalli's we had a prospect of over 1,000 square
miles. Though fairly populous in parts, the view was so immense that it
suggested little of human presence except in the immediate foreground.
Compared to the mountainous ridges and great swells of land, what were a
few clusters of straw- cotes, with generous spaces between
showing the small arable plots of the Bavira soil-tillers? During the
earlier days of our residence at Kavalli we enjoyed the free,
uninterrupted, limitless view of pasture-land, swelling ridge, bold
mountain, isolated hill, subsiding valleys, and extending levels.
Undisturbed by anxiety from want of food, and satisfied with our diet of
grass-land esculents and nourishing meat, it was exhilarating to the
nerves to watch the countless grass blades stoop in broad waves before
the gusty winds from the Nyanza, and see them roll and swerve in
currents of varying green, after our long forest life.

Kavalli's zeriba, wherein he herded his cattle and flocks every night,
was in the centre of a gentle <DW72> of turfy green. Constant browsing by
the swarming herds of himself and Wahuma neighbours kept the grass
short, and gave us unobstructed views and walks over delicious pasture.
Even the tiny chicklings attendant on the mother hen might be numbered
at a bowshot's distance. Every few yards or so there rose an ant-hill
from 3 to 12 feet high. They served happily enough for the herdsmen to
keep watch over their herds and flocks of sheep and goats, and those
near the kraals were the resort of the elders and gossips to discuss the
events of the period. There at such times, in low converse with Kavalli
and his aged men, I gained large insight into the local histories of the
villages and tribes about him. Indeed, no more suitable spot could be
found, for before us were mapped out nearly threescore districts.

Far to the west rose Pisgah, throned high above a hundred leagues of
dark forest-land, and every yard of its contour distinct in delineation
against the reddening sky. Lifted in lone majesty, a sombre mass, it
attracted the attention in every pause of the conversation. From Pisgah,
which to Kavalli was the end of the world, all beyond being fable and
night, he would direct our gaze to Kimberri's cones, a day's march
N.N.W. to the lofty peak of Kuka seen just behind, and then to the massy
square-browed mount of Duki, and the flats below occupied by the
Balungwa, of whose numerous herds he had much to say; and to Kavalli, be
it remembered, there was no subject so worthy of talk as cattle. To the
south of west a range of grassy mountains rose in Mazamboni's country,
and extending in a seemingly unbroken line to the verge of the gulf
occupied by the Albert Lake, and its bordering plains, valleys, and
terraces. The westerly portion is governed by Mazamboni, the easterly by
Chief Komubi. The plain extending from the mountains as far as Kavalli
is called Uzanza, and is occupied by the agricultural Bavira, who came
originally from behind Duki, in the neighbourhood of Kuka Peak. Between
Kavalli and Kimberri a great cantle of the plain is owned by warlike
Musiri and his people.

Having dealt with the main feature of the land, Kavalli proceeds to
unbosom himself. He is in danger of his life from Kadongo, who is an
ally of Kabba-Rega, and he has an enemy in Katonza. Some years ago
Kavalli possessed a village near the Nyanza, where his fishermen lived.
Kadongo envied him the fine possession, and with Katonza and some
raiders of Unyoro set upon Kavalli, burned his village, slew many of his
people, and despoiled him of all his cattle in one night. Kavalli fled
to Melindwa, and after awhile he returned to live with the Bavira, and
by scraping a bit here and there, and making good bargains, he can show
about eighty head of cattle to-day. He has received warning, however,
that Kadongo will attack him again.

No sooner has Kavalli ceased his graphic recital wrongs endured, than
Katto and Kalenge--Mazamboni's brother and cousin--begin to detail the
wrongs inflicted on them by Musiri. A brother and a sister, several
relatives, and many friends have been slaughtered by relentless Musiri.
The stories are given circumstantially with expressive action, and
heighten the atrocious conduct of Musiri.

Then Gavira begins to relate how the Balegga of Mutundu, and Musiri,
have ill-treated him. According to him, what few herds escaped the
rapacious Wara-Sura during their periodic raids have been often thinned
by the nocturnal cattle-lifters of Mutundu and Musiri, who steal
alternately from him. "Ah," says Gavira, "to-day it is the Wara-Sura,
to-morrow it is Musiri, the day after Mutundu; we are continually flying
to the hills from somebody."

Yet, gazing on the wonderfully pleasant scene of green grass-land before
us, with not a cloud in the sky, and a drowsy restfulness everywhere,
who could have supposed this Arcadia-like land was disturbed by
contentions, enmities, and wars?

Most of the Wahuma now west of the Albert came from Unyoro, as they fled
from the avaricious tyranny and avarice of its kings.

Old Ruguji, for instance, who is next neighbour to Kavalli, and whose
forty head of cattle we rescued for him from Melindwa, was born in
Unyoro, and remembers his great-grandfather, who must have been born
about 1750 A.D. When he was ten years old (1829) Kuguji remembered
Chowambi, father of Kamrasi, the father of Kabba Rega, sending to his
great-grandfather for cattle. "At that time the Semliki River flowed
into a large lagoon, called Katera, on the south-east side of the Lake.
The Waganda were often prevented from crossing over to the Balegga
countries because of those lagoons, but since the lagoons have been
filled with mud, and the Semliki falls into the Lake, and as Kamrasi
wanted cattle continually, and one day he took all, I took my women and
children, when I was a young man, and came over here."

"Have you had peace here, Ruguji?"

"See my scars; I have things to remind me of the Balegga and Melindwa,
Musiri and the Wara-Sura. The Bavira also came from Kukaland, and they
asked our permission while we were feeding our herds to come and live
with us, but they have the big head also, and some day there will be
trouble with them."

The pasture-land lying between Lake Albert and the forest was subjected
to much denudation by rain. Though the bosses of hills, ridges, <DW18>s,
bear an approximately uniform level, the intermediate ground varies
greatly--it is highest of course as it approaches the Albert, and lowest
towards the Ituri river, which drains nearly the whole of the area. It
would be difficult, however, to find an absolutely level tract of any
respectable extent, though a cursory view of it might decide otherwise.
It is a complicated system of <DW72> and counter-<DW72>, supplying scores
of tributary rivulets, brooks and stream, belonging to some main feeder
of the Ituri.

The nature of the soil, being a loose sandy loam--loosened still more by
hosts of burrowing beetles, which do the office of moles and
earthworms--offers no resistance to the perpetual denuding of the
surface by frequent furious and long-lasting rainstorms, despite its
rich crops of grass. A visit to one of the streams after a rainstorm
reveals how rapid is the process of destruction; and if we follow one of
these smaller streams to the confluence with the main tributary, we
shall see yet greater proofs of the havoc created in the face of the
apparently smooth swells of land than would appear at first possible by
a few hours' heavy rain.

In the district in view from Kavalli I have estimated that the entire
number of cattle cannot exceed 4,000 head. They are almost equal in size
to English oxen, and are of a humpless breed, very different from the
species south and east of Lake Victoria. The horns are of medium length,
though there are some few distinguished for unusual length of their
horns. The bulls, however, were well developed in the hump. The cattle
of Usongora and Unyoro are mostly all of a hornless and humpless breed,
and principally of a fawn colour; while those of Ankori have immensely
long horns, and their hides are of variegated hue. It is said that the
cattle are made hornless by burning them with fire, with a view to
enable them to penetrate jungles. The owners mark their cattle on the
ears with one or several cuts, by piercing or excision at the ends.

Kavalli informed me that large numbers of cattle are sometimes poisoned
by plants, if they happened to be driven somewhere not generally haunted
by them. Repeated burnings of the grass, however, render the herbage
innocuous. The plains in the neighbourhood of the Lake are very fatal to
the herds. In fifteen days a disease develops, with a running at the
nostrils; the milk dries up, the coats begin to stare, the animal
refuses to eat, and dies.

The old Wahuma have good veterinary knowledge perhaps, but many of their
practices would not bear repeating. I wished to have some butter made
with my ration of milk, and sent to borrow a churning gourd, and after
the operation directed the servants to wash the vessel; but this
produced a storm of reproaches. They believed water in the vessel to
injure the cattle. Nor will they permit a person who eats cooked food to
put his lips to any pot, basin, or gourd that is used in contact with
their cows.

The sound of the churning was heard daily in a hut near my tent, and the
operation was performed in a somewhat similar style to agitating a
punkah, the milk gourd being suspended to the rafter of a house.

The milk yield of the cattle is very small considering the size of the
cattle and the abundance of pasturage. The best milker does not furnish
more than half a gallon per diem. Kavalli's boys and young men were
employed in milking our cattle. They invariably lashed the hind legs
together, and brought the calf to its mother's head; one hand held the
wooden vessel and the other milked, and they appeared to leave but
little for the hungry calves. The goats often gave us as much milk as an
ordinary cow, but I have never observed that the natives cared for the
fair supply they might have obtained from these useful animals.

Though a woman is as much a chattel in these lands as any article their
lords may own, and is priced at from one to five head of cattle, she is
held in honour and esteem, and she possesses rights which may not be
overlooked with impunity. The dower stock may have been surrendered to
the father, but if she be ill used she can easily contrive at some time
to return to her parents, and before she be restored the husband must
repurchase her, and as cattle are valuable, he is likely to bridle his
temper. Besides, there is the discomfort of the cold hearth, and the
chilly arrangement of the household, which soon serve to subdue the
tyrant.

I was requested to adjudicate a case relating to marriage custom,
between Kavalli on the one hand, owner of a slave girl, and Katonza, a
Mhuma chief. The latter had sought Kavalli's girl in marriage, and had
paid two cows for her out of three that had been fixed as the price.
Kavalli therefore detained the bride of Katonza, and this detention was
the cause of his grievance. The price was not denied, and Katonza
offered a plea that he feared the girl might not be surrendered by
Kavalli if he paid the third cow. He was requested to put the cow into
court, and in this manner the bride was forthcoming.

Kavalli brought another case to me for consideration. He was already
five times married, and he desired a sixth wife. He had purchased her
from the tribe of Bugombi, and her parents, having heard something to
his prejudice, wished to compel a double payment, and would not deliver
her to him. Whereupon I suggested to Kavalli that by giving another cow
and a calf the matter might be arranged.

The next case that I had to judge was somewhat difficult. Chief Mpigwa
having appeared at the Barza (Durbar), a man stepped up to complain of
him, because he withheld two cows that belonged to his tribe. Mpigwa
explained that the man had married a girl belonging to his tribe and had
paid two cows for her, that she had gone to his house, and in course of
time had become a mother, and had borne three children to her husband.
The man died, whereupon his tribe accused the woman of having contrived
his death by witchcraft, and drove her home to her parents. Mpigwa
received her into the tribe with her children, and now the object of
complaint was the restoration of the two cows to the husband's tribe.
"Was it fair," asked Mpigwa, "after a woman had become the mother of
three children in the tribe to demand the cattle back again after the
husband's death, when they had sent the woman and her infants away of
their own accord?" The decision upheld Mpigwa in his views, as such
conduct was not only heartless and mean, but tended to bring the
honoured custom of marriage contracts into contempt.

The women have control within the house, and over the products of the
dairy and the field. It is the man's duty to build the house, tend and
milk the cattle, repair the fence, and provide the clothing, which is
naturally scanty; but it is the woman who cultivates the field, makes
the butter, and does the marketing. Butter and milk must be purchased
from her, as well as the provisions. It is an universal custom in
Africa.

The dress of the men consists generally of a single goat-skin, which
depends from the left shoulder. It is varied with antelope-hide with the
hair scraped off, excepting a margin of three or four inches wide round
the borders. The wives are clothed with cow-hides, which are often
beautifully tanned and soft: slave women, in the absence of a goat-skin,
wear a strip of leather round the waist, from which a narrow piece of
bark cloth depends in front and back, or a very limited apron. Girls up
to a marriageable age travel about publicly in complete nudity, while
boys over ten years old are rarely seen without a kid-skin, aping the
adult: on occasions of rejoicing each woman bears in her girdle at the
back a bunch of green leaves, corn or sugar-cane leaves, or a piece of
banana frond.

The favourite wives of chiefs, or "medicine women," "witches," are also
entitled like the great chiefs to wear a leopard-skin, or in lieu of
that, cat or monkey-skins. It seems to be a pretty general idea that
leopard or lion skins prove rank and dignity. If a stranger expresses a
doubt that a chief is only a person of low rank, he points to his
leopard-skin and asks, "How can I possess this, then?"

[Illustration: A PAGE FROM MR. STANLEY'S NOTE-BOOK.]

[Illustration: MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE BALEGGA.]

In looking over Wilkinson's 'Ancient Egyptians' the other day I was much
struck with the conservative character of the African, for among the
engravings I recognize in plate 459 the form of dress most common among
the Wahuma, Watusi, Wanyambu, Wahha, Warundi, and Wanyavingi, and which
were in vogue thirty-five centuries ago among the black peoples who paid
tribute to the Pharaohs. The musical instruments also, such as are
figured in plates 135, 136--a specimen of which is in the British
Museum--we discovered among the Balegga and Wahuma, and in 1876 among
the Basoga. The hafts of knives, the grooves in the blades and their
form, the triangular decorations in plaster in their houses, or on their
shields, bark clothes, boxes, cooking utensils, and in their weapons,
spears, bows, and clubs; in their _mundus_, which are similar in form to
the old pole-axe of the Egyptians, in the curved head-rests, their
ivory and wooden spoons; in their eared sandals, which no Mhuma would
travel without; in their partiality to certain colours, such as red,
black, and yellow; in their baskets for carrying their infants; in their
reed flutes; in the long walking-staffs; in the mode of expressing their
grief, by wailing, beating their breasts, and their gestures expressive
of being inconsolable; in their sad, melancholy songs; and in a hundred
other customs and habits, I see that old Egyptian and Ethiopian
characteristics are faithfully preserved among the tribes of the
grass-land.

The boys have games similar to those of "marbles" and ball and
backgammon with us. As the ancients bore their watering-pots for
irrigating their fields, so the Wahuma convey the milk to their chiefs;
and the oil of their castor berries, and butter, serve to perpetuate the
custom of old antiquity in their ablutions; and in the respect paid to
the elders and their chiefs by the modern youth of Inner Africa may be
observed that reverence which was so often inculcated in the olden time.
These people, having no literature, and undisturbed by advent of
superior influences among them, have only learned what has been
communicated to them by their parents, who had received from their
progenitors such few functions and customs as were necessary for
existence and preservation of their particular tribal distinctions. Thus
the unlettered tribes of these long unknown regions are discovered to be
practising such customs, habits and precepts, as must have distinguished
the ancestors of the founders of the Pyramids in the dark prehistoric
ages of Egypt.

No traces of any religion can be found among the Wahuma. They believe
most thoroughly in the existence of an evil influence in the form of a
man, who exists in uninhabited places as a wooded, darksome gorge, or
large extent of reedy brake, but that he can be propitiated by gifts;
therefore the lucky hunter leaves a portion of the meat, which he
tosses, however, as he would to a dog, or he places an egg, or a small
banana, or a kid-skin, at the door of the miniature dwelling which is
always found at the entrance to the zeriba.

Every person wears a charm around the neck, or arm, or waist. They
believe in "evil eyes" and omens, but are not so superstitious as the
Waganda, probably because they are so scattered. Witchcraft is dreaded,
and the punishment of a suspected person follows swiftly.

[Illustration: WEAPONS OF THE BALEGGA AND WAHUMA TRIBES.]

Poor Gaddo, a good-looking, faithful young fellow who accompanied Mr.
Jephson as lake pilot to Mswa Station soon after his return to Kavalli's
village, was suspected of conspiring against his chief. Gaddo came to me
and reported that he was in danger, and he was advised to remain in my
camp until we should leave. The elders proceeded with a fowl to a
distance of about a hundred yards beyond the camp, and opened the
breast. They were seen whispering together over what they had
discovered, and it was presently known that the jury had found Gaddo
guilty of evil practices against Kavalli, and this was doom. As Gaddo
was as guiltless as the babe unborn, a messenger was sent to the chief
to say that if he were injured Kavalli would be held responsible. Yet
Gaddo felt so uncomfortable in the vicinity of the village, as public
opinion had already condemned him, that he sought to escape to Katonza's
by the lake, but on the brow of the plateau fate found him. It was
reported circumstantially that while standing on a rock he had fallen
over and broken his neck. It was very sad to hear the young wife and
children and sisters wailing for the dead, and Kavalli was markedly good
and amiable in those days.

The diet of the Wahuma is principally milk. The sale of their butter and
hides now and then enables them to purchase sweet potatoes, millet, and
bananas, but it is with a peculiar pride they say they are not "hoemen."
The sorghum of the tribes around them is of the red variety. The Indian
corn, or maize, is of an inferior quality. It is planted in the latter
part of February at the same period as the beans. In two months the
latter are fit to be eaten. A month later the corn comes into ear, and
in the fourth month it is mature. In September the millet is sown and
is ripe for cutting in February. Every village owns extensive tracts
planted with sweet potatoes, and along the edges of their plantain
groves they grow _colocassia_, or _helmia_; but the latter are not
favourites with strangers, as ignorance in the art of cooking them
leaves them nauseous.

The "malwa," or beer, is from fermented millet and ripe bananas. It is
in great demand, and a chief's greatest business in life appears to be
paying visits to his friends round about, for the purpose of exhausting
their malwa pots. Fortunately, it is not very potent, and is scarcely
strong enough to do more than inspire a happy convivial feeling.

The climate of the region is agreeable. Five hours' work per day can be
performed, even out-door, without discomfort from excessive heat, and
three days out of seven during the whole of daylight, because of the
frequent clouded state of the sky. When, however, the sky is exposed,
the sun shines with a burning fervour that makes men seek the shelter of
their cool huts. The higher portions of the grass-land--as at Kavalli's,
in the Balegga Hills, and on the summit of the Ankori pastoral
ranges--range from 4,500 to 6,500 feet above the sea, and large extents
of Toro and Southern Unyoro as high as 10,000, and promise to be
agreeable lands for European settlers when means are provided to convey
them there. When that time arrives they will find amiable, quiet, and
friendly neighbours in that fine-featured race, of which the best type
are the Wahuma, with whom we have never exchanged angry words, and who
bring up vividly to the mind the traits of those blameless people with
whom the gods deigned to banquet once a year upon the heights of
Ethiopia.




CHAPTER XXXIV.

TO THE ENGLISH MISSION STATION, SOUTH END OF VICTORIA NYANZA.

     Ankori and Karagwe under two aspects--Karagwe; and the Alexandra
     Nile--Mtagata Hot Springs--A baby rhinoceros, captured by the
     Nubians, shows fight in camp--Disappearance of Wadi Asmani--The
     Pasha's opinion of Captain Casati--Surgeon Parke and the pigmy
     damsel--Conduct of a boy pigmy--Kibbo-bora loses his wife at the
     Hot Springs--Arrival at Kufarro--Recent kings of Karagwe--Kiengo
     and Captain Nelson's resemblance to "Speke"--The King of Uganda
     greatly dreaded in Karagwe--Ndagara refuses to let our sick stay in
     his country--Camp at Uthenga: loss of men through the cold--We
     throw superfluous articles in Lake Urigi in order to carry the
     sick--We enter the district of Ihangiro: henceforward our food has
     to be purchased--The Lake of Urigi--At the village of Mutara,
     Fath-el-Mullah runs amuck with the natives, and is delivered over
     to them--The Unyamatundu plateau--Halt at Ngoti: Mwengi their
     chief--Kajumba's territory--We obtain a good view of Lake
     Victoria--The country round Kisaho--Lions and human skulls in the
     vicinity of our camp--The events of 1888 cleared our track for a
     peaceful march to the sea--We reach Amranda and Bwanga--The French
     missionaries and their stations at Usambiro--Arrival at Mr.
     Mackay's, the English Mission station--Mr. Mackay and his books--We
     rest, and replenish our stores, etc.--Messrs. Mackay and Deakes
     give us a sumptuous dinner previous to our departure--The last
     letter from Mr. A. M. Mackay, dated January 5, 1890.

[Sidenote: 1889.

July 28.

Karagwe.]

A stranger entering Ankori or Karagwe in the dry season, and taking a
casual view around, and seeing only vast spaces made black with fire,
and lines and massive outcroppings of grey rock, long mountainous ridges
heaving one after another, all burnt up, and scorched to seeming
desolateness, would be apt to exclaim impatiently, "Show me one beauty
spot on the face of it!" This man is an old acquaintance of mine. He is
a spleeny, querulous, joyless fellow, of thin blood and aching liver. He
will go to the Congo, or to East Africa, or to Bechuanaland, and
standing on an ant-heap, he will ask with a sneer, "Do you call this
Africa? Pho!" Nevertheless, within three weeks after the fire which
burnt the sere grass, and gave the land an aspect of desolation, the
young grass is waving merrily, exulting in its youth, and beauty, and
greenness over mountain summit, <DW72>, and valley, and these two
pasture-lands, renowned for the breeding of their cattle, really look
beautiful. I have seen them now under two aspects. To Ankori I give the
preference. In it are mighty extents of plain stretching in a hazy,
billowy manner, broken up here and there by humpy eminences, pap-like
hills, and dwarfish mounts, divided by tributaries of the Alexandra like
the Rwizi, or by feeders of the Albert Edward like the Rusango, and all
within curving lines of grand grass-covered ranges, which separate one
broad river basin from another. It seems as though all this was arranged
after some cunning plan, to meet the exigencies of exclusive tribes. The
plan has been defeated, however, for Antari reigns over the basins of
the Rwizi, the Namianja, the Rusango, and many another stream, despite
the mountainous <DW18>, and of late years he has annexed Mpororo country,
and if his power were equal to his ambition he would probably annex
Karagwe, and Koki, and Uddu, down to the Victoria Lake.

We are now in Karagwe. The Alexandra Nile--drawing its waters from
Ruanda, Mpororo, to the west; and from north, Uhha; and north-east,
Urundi and Kishakka--runs north along the western frontier of Karagwe,
and reaching Ankori, turns sharply round to eastward to empty into the
Victorian Sea; and as we leave its narrow valley, and ascend gradually
upward, along one of those sloping narrow troughs so characteristic of
this part of Central Africa, we camp at Unyakatera, below a mountain
ridge of that name, and like the view obtained from that summit two
score of times repeated, is all Karagwe. It is a system of deep narrow
valleys running between long narrow ranges as far as the eye can reach.
In the north of Karagwe they are drained by small streams which flow
into the Alexandra.

[Sidenote: 1889.

July 29.

Mtagata.]

The second day's travel was terminated when we reached Mtagata hot
springs, which I have already described in 'Through the Dark Continent.'

[Illustration: A HOT SPRING, MTAGATA. _(From a Photograph.)_]

[Illustration: BABY RHINOCEROS SHOWING FIGHT IN CAMP.]

Soon after reaching the camp our Nubians set out to hunt, for the land
is famous for rhinoceros, and being good shots, they dropped four of
these huge beasts, and captured a baby, which they brought to us. We
tied the baby, which was as large as a prize boar, to a tree, and he
fully showed what combativeness there was in his nature. Sometimes he
mistook the tree for an enemy, and rushed to the attack, battering it
with its horny nose until, perceiving that the tree obstinately resisted
him, he would halt to reconnoitre it, as though he had the intention of
assaulting it by another method; but at such times some wicked Zanzibari
boys prodded him in the hams with a reed cane, and uttering a startling
squeal of rage he would dash at the offenders to the length of his
tether. He seemed to me to be the stupidest, most ireful, intractable
little beastie that ever I had met. Feeling himself restrained by the
cord, he felt sure it must be the tree that was teasing him, and he
would make another dash at it with such vehemence that sent him on his
haunches; prodded, pricked in the rear, he squealed again, and swinging
round with wonderful activity, he would start headlong, to be flung on
his back by the rope; until at last, feeling that it would be only
misery to him to be carried to the coast, he was consigned to the
butcher and his assistants.

On the march of July 31st to Kirurumo, Wadi Asmani, a Zanzibari headman,
laid his rifle and box on the path, and disappeared without a word of
parting or warning to any person, with nearly thirty months' pay due to
him, while in perfect condition of body and at peace with all the world.

[Sidenote: 1889.

July 31.

Kirurumo.]

Captain Casati was placed in a hammock and carried on account of
increasing weakness. The Pasha visited me, and related his opinion that
Casati was a curious man. Said he: "I have just come from seeing my
friend Casati; I found him lying on some grass, and the sunshine pouring
on his bare head with such heat that, even with my topee, I suffered
inconvenience. He has four women, besides two Manyuema and his young man
from our province. I asked him why he did not make his people build him
a shelter with banana leaves, for there were some within forty yards of
him. He replied, 'I have no servants.' I then said to him, 'Why did you
not send for the bath-tub I promised you? You should avail yourself of
these hot springs.' 'True,'he replied, 'but I have no people.' 'But you
have four stout female servants that I know of.' 'Yes,' said he, 'but I
don't like to ask them to do anything lest they should say I work them
like slaves. They are widows, you know, and their husbands are dead,
etc.'"

The young pigmy damsel who had been with us for over a year began to
show symptoms of chronic ill health, and was left with the chief of
Kirurumo. The little thing had performed devoted service to Surgeon
Parke, who had quite won her heart with those soft gentle tones of his
that made everybody smile affectionately on the Doctor. She used to be
the guardian of his tent, and whenever the Doctor had to absent himself
for his duties she crouched at the door, faithful as a spaniel, and
would permit no intruder to approach the doorway. She performed her work
in the most unobtrusive manner, and she was the only one of her sex who
did not abuse the privileges we generally concede to women in the camp.
On the road she carried the Doctor's satchel, and on nearing the
resting-place she was as industrious as a bee in collecting fuel, and
preparing the Surgeon's cheering cup of tea, which after patient
teaching she learned was necessary for his well-being. There was a
little fellow of her tribe attached to another of the officers, who
never spoke a word to mortal being except to his master, was one of the
first to gain camp, collect the fuel, and make his fire. Though loaded
on the march he never appeared fatigued or worried, and never gave any
trouble. Sometimes when by his industry he had collected a stock of
fuel, and a big callous-hearted ruffian took it from the boy, he would
show his distress by his looks, but presently gathering courage he would
abandon it and collect another pile, as though time was too precious to
waste in useless argument over the inevitable. And thus the Pigmies
showed by their conduct that they were related to all that was best and
noble in human nature.

Kibbo-bora, a headman of the Manyuema, lost his wife at the Hot
Springs, and so great was his grief that he had to be restrained lest he
should commit suicide. Sitting apart in the gorge of Mtagata he howled
his laments during twenty-four hours, and his followers formed a chorus
to respond to his mournful cries. None of us had much sleep that night,
and thus we became involuntarily partakers of his woe. It was several
days before the poor fellow recovered from the shock.

Continuing our journey along those grassy ridges which run parallel to
deep narrow valleys in a S.S.E. and N.N.W. direction, almost invariably
across the breadth of Karagwe and Ruanda to the westward, in three
marches we arrived at Kafurro, a settlement that was once a favourite
resort of Arab traders.

As in Uganda, changes have taken place in Karagwe. Mtesa, first made
known to us by Captains Speke and Grant, has departed to the great
majority, and within fourteen years Mwanga, Kiwewa, Karema, and again
Mwanga, have sat on Mtesa's throne. Rumanika, the gentle pagan, a
characteristic Mhuma, has gone too, to sleep only a little more
peacefully than he had lived. And after him came Kyensi, his eldest son,
who reigned only nine months. Then followed Kakoko, another son, who
usurped the throne and reigned for three years, and during that time
slew seventeen brothers, and put out the eyes of Luajumba, his youngest
brother. Then Ka-chikonju went in unto Kakoko as he lay on his bedstead
sodden with _malwa_, and drove his sharp spear twice through his breast,
and relieved the land of the tyrant. The same month Hamed bin Ibrahim,
who had lived in Karagwe many years trading in ivory, was murdered by
his son, Syed bin Hamed. The successor of Kakoko to the rights and
prerogatives of King of Karagwe is Ndagara, or Unyagumbwa, for he has
two names, who was now in his sixteenth year, and as the son of Kyensi
was the rightful heir.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Aug. 3.

Kafurro.]

The welcome extended to us through Ankori was extended to the Expedition
in our journey through Karagwe. On the road to Kafurro we had been
permitted to help ourselves to bananas and plantains, and as soon as
Ndagara was officially informed of our arrival, he despatched to camp a
sufficient supply of bananas, an ox, fowls, _malwa_, and some loads of
beans, sweet potatoes, and grain. In return I made him a present of a
Winchester, and a couple of coils of wire.

Kiengo, also the old guide of Speke and Grant, who accompanied them from
Unyanyembe to Unyoro, sent us an ox, bananas, fowls, and milk; and to
Captain Nelson, because he bore some resemblance to "Speki," he gave a
fat broad-tailed sheep, and the only tax we had to pay was that on our
patience while listening to his reminiscences of "Speki," which he was
never tired of repeating.

The King of Uganda is greatly dreaded in Karagwe. Before Mwanga was
deposed no stranger could pass through the land without obtaining his
sanction. The Waganda, after the death of Rumanika, had carried matters
with such a high hand that they also taxed Ndagara's Arab guests with
the same freedom as they would have exacted toll in Uganda. Two years
before our arrival the Waganda were in force at Ndagara's capital, and
at Kitangule to command the ferries across the Alexandra Nile. They
found Bakari, a coast trader, occupying the place of Hamed Ibrahim at
Kafurro, and demanded from him twenty guns and twenty kegs of powder,
which he refused on the ground that he was a guest of the King of
Karagwe, and not of the King of Uganda; whereupon he and his principal
men were shot forthwith. Considering these things it is not likely we
should have had a peaceful passage through Karagwe had we adopted this
route for the relief of Emin, with such quantities of ammunition and
rifles as would have made Uganda so intractable that nothing but a great
military force would have been able to bring its king to reason.

It was clearly demonstrated what hold Uganda maintained in Karagwe, when
in obedience to a request from twenty-six of the Pasha's people that I
should obtain permission of Ndagara for them to remain in the land
until they were cured of their ulcers, I sent word to the king that we
had several men and women unable to travel through excessive illness.
Ndagara returned a reply stating that on no consideration would he
permit the people to stay, as if it once reached the ears of the King of
Uganda that he allowed strangers to stay in his country, he would be so
exasperated that he would not only send a force to kill the strangers,
but that Karagwe would be ruined. His reply was given to the Pasha, and
he explained and argued with his wearied and sick followers, but, as he
said, they were resolved to stay, as they had only a choice of deaths,
and as we were already cruelly loaded, there was no help for it.

From Kafurro we moved to Rozaka on the 7th, and the next day marched
over dreary wastes of sere grass, in valley and on mountain. The morning
was very gloomy and threatened rain, and after we had filed along a tall
ridge in the face of a bitter and chilly wind, a drizzly sleet commenced
to fall, which paralysed the Pasha's followers. The rearguard advancing
after the column saw symptoms of collapse among many cases, and its
commander, Captain Nelson, ordered a halt, and directed his men to make
fires, but before the freezing people could reach the warmth, many fell
down and stiffened, and becoming powerless had to be carried to the
fires and shampooed by the Zanzibaris, when they soon recovered. Five,
however, had perished from the cold before the hard-worked rearguard
could reach them. The head of the column, five miles ahead of the
rearguard, had spurred forward to gain shelter in the banana groves of
Uthenga basin, utterly beyond recall, as the habit of the Egyptians and
their followers was to dawdle along the road and place as much as a mile
or two between them and the porters, who by long experience had learned
that it was best to hurry to camp and be relieved of their burdens.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Aug. 10.

Urigi Lake.]

On the 10th we left Uthenga, and crossing two mountain ridges descended
800 feet to the narrow basin at the head of Urigi Lake, then traversed
the ancient bed, and winding along a road followed the east shore line
of the lake. On reaching camp, opposite to where the lake was about a
mile wide, we slaughtered nine head of cattle for meat rations, and
tossed two boxes of Remington ammunition into the water. We had already
relieved ourselves of African curios from the forest lands, and of every
superfluous article. We were now beginning to relieve ourselves of the
ammunition, to carry the sick refugees from the Equatorial Province.

On the 11th we passed out of Karagwe territory, and because of the
complimentary introductions from Ndagara we were welcomed in Ihangiro,
and were escorted from village to village until we halted at Kavari. But
here was the end of the free living. Every grain and banana would have
to be purchased henceforward. From the Albert Nyanza to this first
important district in Ihangiro, nearly 600 miles, the Expedition had
been supplied gratuitously and abundantly. It now behoved us to
distribute to each man, woman, and child in the Expedition supplies of
beads of various colours, red, white, blue, brown, and pink, of
porcelain and glass, and each person would barter these currencies for
food as he or she pleased. To people who were accustomed to eat five
days' provisions in one day, it was imprudent to give more than four or
five days' ration beads at a time. Had we given each person a month's
allowance, which would have been a vast relief to our burdened carriers,
and a saving of some sick people's lives--as we should have been enabled
to have carried more of them in hammocks--nine-tenths of our followers
would have expended their ration monies in purchasing only a little
grain, but vast quantities of _malwa_, fowls, and goats, and in ten days
they would have applied for more beads or cloth, and the Expedition
would have been halted, completely beggared.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Aug. 11.

Urigi Lake.]

The Lake of Urigi is pretty when seen from Useni or Kavari. At this
season its hilly frame is all brown, with little dots of dark green bush
scattered here and there; the water was of a light blue owing to a
bright blue sky. Its receding waters have left great extents of flat
plain on the sides and around the bays running far inland into valleys.
Its shores and waters are favourite haunts of birds, from cranes,
herons, and pelicans, to the small black _Parra Africana_, egrets and
waders, which find excellent feeding over the large spaces near the
extremities and shore line of bays, covered with close-packed growths of
_Pistia stratiotes_ plants, until they resemble green lawns from a
little distance off. Hippos abound, and, unfortunately, armies of black
mosquitoes. The eastern shore we found to be littered with bones of
slain animals, for the lions and hyenas, it is said, kill much game. A
large supply of fish is found in the lake, but they are infested with
guinea worm--at least those which we purchased were deemed quite
uneatable from that cause. The lake measures about twenty-five miles in
length by from one to three miles wide, and is sunk about 1200 feet
below the average level of the bare grassy hills around it.

[Illustration: LAKE URIGI.]

[Sidenote: 1889.

Aug. 12.

Mutara.]

From Kavari we journeyed along the lake shore to Mutara. No sooner had
we arrived than native men, women, and children visited us to barter
their surplus provisions of grain, honey, fish, malwa, fowls, and
bananas. The hard-headed Soudanese proceeded to the village of Mutara, a
mile off, and, unduly oblivious of the orders given the day before when
the beads were distributed, commenced to loot the village, more
especially for _malwa_ and beans. In a country where not the least
obstacle is placed in the way of travellers, and where they might
purchase anything of the product of the land for cash value, as much
surprise would be manifested as in Cairo or London at the sight of a mob
of men looting stores and markets. Consequently the natives
expostulated, and demanded to know what this conduct implied. For
answer, a Soudanese, Fathel Mullah, loaded his Remington and shot one
man dead, another in the jaw, and another in the leg. As this was
perfectly inexplicable to the natives, instead of avenging themselves
there and then, a body of fifty of them came to the camp as an orderly
deputation, to demand an explanation of me. The story appeared so
incredible that I sent an officer with them to see the dead man and
wounded, and the officer on his return reported that the story was true.
Then every man in the Expedition was mustered, the rolls were called,
Zanzibaris, Soudanese, Manyuema, Egyptians, and their followers, and the
natives were requested to walk all round the rude square, and point out
the man who had entered their village to run amuck while the women were
bartering in the camp, and after going searchingly about, five of them
pointed at Fathel Mullah. As this was not sufficient evidence even, the
question was addressed to the Soudanese, and his comrade Sururu stepped
out and described the circumstance that a native had tried to prevent
him taking a pot of _malwa_, whereupon, calling him _Abid_ and
_Kelb_--slave and dog--he shot him dead, and fired three or four times
at others indiscriminately.

"The man is yours--you can take him; but if you will sell him for
cattle, cloth, wire, beads, or anything else, I will buy him."

"No, no, no, no; we don't sell our people; not for a hundred cattle
would we part with him."

"But what good will his blood be to you? You can't eat him; he will not
work for you. Take five cattle for him."

[Sidenote: 1889.

Aug. 13.

Ngoti.]

"No, no, no, no. We want him, for he has slain a chief man in our
village, and perhaps the others will die also. We will take him."

"Take him, then; he does not belong to me, and has no right in my camp."

He was marched away, and we never knew what became of him.

On the next day we struck away more easterly from Lake Urigi, over rough
stony ground, which was waterless and uninhabited, with numerous
ant-hills covered with sickly and dwarfed bush, a thin forest of
miserable acacia spreading out on either hand, leafless, decaying, and
dead. Within two hours we reached the base of Unya-Matundu plateau, and,
as the morning was yet early, we ascended to the summit, 1,200 feet
above Lake Urigi, travelled an hour over a rolling surface of pasture
land, through prosperous fields and scattered settlements, and halted at
Ngoti after four and a half hours' march.

Mwengi, the chief, was a gigantic young Mhuma, tall as a guardsman, but
quiet and possessed, and his people obeyed him with alacrity. We
therefore halted to do a day's bartering. A fine bunch of bananas could
be purchased for ten cowries, and as eight cowries constituted a day's
ration allowance, no one could possibly complain of insufficient food.

An hour's march beyond Ngoti we began to descend the eastern face of the
plateau, and 900 feet below reached a rolling plain covered with
leafless and sickly acacia, and were in the country of Uzinja.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Aug. 15.

Kimwani.]

We halted after five hours in Kimwani or Kizinga--Chief Kajumba's
territory. The chief was another tall person of the Wahuma breed, at the
time suffering from ophthalmia. When the Waganda invaded his territory a
year ago he fled to Unya-Ruwamba, the Urigi district of Ihangiro, and
hid himself on an island in the lake, whence, after paying a tribute of
cattle to Uganda, he was permitted to return to his own land as a
subject of Mwanga, but to find his banana groves cut down and the land
well cleaned of every product. For the protection afforded him in his
distress, Ihangiro claims Kimwani as a district attached to it.
Kassasura, King of Usui, having invaded Kimwani and captured Kajumba and
held him a prisoner for two months, also lays claim to his allegiance.

Kajumba, was liberal to us, as he sent us eighty-one bunches of bananas,
one goat, and two pots of _malwa_. As he was on the verge of senility,
he was inclined to be despotic and querulous, and it may be imagined
that perhaps a small caravan would be differently treated.

Accompanied by guides from Kimwani we set out southward, and three miles
beyond Kajumba's we obtained a charming view of Lake Victoria and the
islands Ikuta, Majinga, Soswa, Rumondo, and distant Mysome, and near
noon we camped at Nyamagoju, at the south-west extremity of an arm of
the lake which receives the Lohugati, a periodical stream draining East
Usui.

The next day's march was along a plain which extended from Nyamagoju to
another lake arm, at whose extremity we camped at a village called
Kisaho. Our route each day now was across flat extents of land, from
which the Lake had within twenty-five years or so receded. They are
covered over with low bush, which at this season is leafless. The ground
is dry, streamless, hard-baked and cracked, and shows a nitrous
efflorescence in many places. To our right, as the land rises, on ridges
over fifty feet above the Lake, we find a thin dwarf forest; at a
hundred feet elevation we see respectable trees, and grasses become more
nutritious.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Aug. 20.

Itari.]

[Illustration: SOUTHWEST EXTREMITY OF LAKE VICTORIA NYANZA.]

We cut across a broad cape-like formation of land and passed from the
bay of Kisaho to a bay near Itari on the 20th, and from the summit of a
high ridge near the latter place I perceived by compass bearings and
solar observation, that we were much south of the south-west coast line,
as marked on my map in "Through the Dark Continent." From this elevated
ridge could be seen the long series of islands overlapping one another,
which, in our flight from the ferocious natives of Bumbire in 1875,
without oars, had been left unexplored, and which, therefore, I had
sketched as mainland.

We find that the Wazinja call the Victoria Nyanza Muta Nzige, as the
Wanyoro call the Albert Lake Muta Nzige, and the Wasongora and
Wanyankori call the Albert Edward by the same name.

On leaving Itari we were made aware of lions having paid the vicinity of
our camp a visit by a dead zebra which had just been killed. We were
also astonished at the number of human skulls about, and when we asked
the guides the cause, we were informed that at Itari the Wazinja
endeavoured to oppose the Waganda during their late invasion. It may be
that the Wazinja deserved the cruel visitation. It is well known that
Usui needs a lesson like it. The last caprice of Kasasura has been to
halt a caravan of 150 guns.

As we reflected on the various events which appear to have occurred in
this region in 1887, the Waganda in force in Karagwe, audacious and
insolent, and shooting Arab traders, and invading Uzinja, and from
Kishakka to the Victoria Lake the land one seething area of strife and
bloodshed, it struck us that the events of 1888, the deposition of
Mwanga, the revolution and counter-revolution, were simply clearing our
track for a peaceful march to the sea.

It became impressed on us as we travelled over these dry, waterless
plains, with their nakedness scarcely hidden by dwarf acacia, and hardy
euphorbias, that the forest people were utterly unfit to be taken out of
their arboreal homes. Half of those who had accompanied us we had been
obliged to leave behind, and yet there had been no want of either food
or water. In the same manner the Somalis, Soudanese, Madis, or Baris,
when taken into the forest, soon became joyless, dull, and moping, and
died. And yet I have read in affectedly learned books that Africa was
only fit for the Africans!

[Sidenote: 1889.

Aug. 21.

Amranda.]

To my great surprise, and indeed delight, the Lake extended to 2 deg. 48'
south latitude, which we ascertained on reaching Amranda on the 21st.
The highest elevation reached since leaving Nyamaagoju has not been
higher than 50 feet above the Lake, while immense tracts of as yet poor
flat country have been left bare by the recession of its waters, and
until many a season yet of rains has scoured the nitre out of these
plains they must remain mean and unproductive.

By a gradual rise from Amranda southward we escape after a few miles out
of the unlovely plains to older land producing a better quality of
timber. Before we were 100 feet above the Lake a visible improvement had
taken place, the acacia had disappeared, and the myombo, a tree whose
bark is useful for native cloth and for boxes, and which might be
adapted for canoes, flourished everywhere. At Bwanga, the next village,
the language of the Wahuma, which we had heard continually since leaving
the Albert Nyanza, ceases, and the Unyamwezi interpreters had now to be
employed, which fact the sceptical Zanzibaris hailed as being evidence
that we were approaching _Pwani_ (the coast).

And now we had to turn east, straight for the Mission House, which we
began to hear of as being in Usambiro. From Bwanga to Uyombi is a march
of 6-3/4 hours, thence another, Kamwaga, of 5 hours, thence to Umpete, 5
hours, and from thence to the abandoned French Mission Station in
Usambiro in 6 hours. In the centre of the circular palisade was a neat
church, and above the roof of it was a simple cross, which instantly
suggested CHRIST and CIVILIZATION, words and thoughts to which I fear
most of us had been strangers for many months.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Aug. 27.

Usambiro.]

The French Missionaries, we must admit, are not to be excelled in the
art of building Stations and developing an appearance of comfort and
prettiness out of the most unpromising materials. Those who have
travelled the last three or four hundred miles with us will have seen
that I have been almost indifferent to the face of the land. We had
traversed it during the dry season, when it is difficult to find one
acre out of a million worth looking at, and yet equal to the unloveliest
of all was that occupied by this handsome Mission Station. There were
three rows of low earth-covered structures, forming three sides of a
spacious square, and in each row were four or five chambers neatly
plastered within and without with grey clay. Midway between the houses
were the church, excellently built out of materials in the vicinity; an
inner circle of palisades surrounded the civilized quarters, and an
outer circle protected the village of the proselytes. Nothing could be
better, considering that the myombo forest close by, and the soil around
them, furnished the materials, than the plan and execution of it. One
realised how patiently and with what love they must have laboured. There
were two faults in the place, however, which, had their faith not been
so great, they would have known before building. The natives were
cantankerous, hard-hearted, worldly Wanyamwezi, and there was no water,
and before they had quite completed the Station, the signal for retreat
and abandonment was given.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Aug. 28.

Victoria

Nyanza.]

The next day, having already sent messengers ahead, that we might not
take Mr. Mackay, of the Church Missionary Society, by surprise, we
arrived in view of the English Mission, which was built in the middle of
what appeared to be no better than a grey waste, on ground gently
sloping from curious heaps of big boulders, or enormous blocks thrown
higgledy-piggledy to the height of a respectable hill down to a marshy
flat green with its dense crops of papyrus, beyond which we saw a gleam
of a line of water produced from an inlet of the Victoria Nyanza. We
were approaching the Mission by a waggon track, and presently we came to
the waggon itself, a simple thing on wooden wheels, for carrying timber
for building. There was not a green thing in view except in the marsh;
the aspect was cheerless and melancholy, grass all dead, trees either
shrunk, withered, or dead, at least there was not the promise of a bud
anywhere, which was of course entirely due to the dry season. When we
were about half a mile off a gentleman of small stature, with a rich
brown beard and brown hair, dressed in white linen and a grey Tyrolese
hat, advanced to meet us.

"And so you are Mr. Mackay? Mwanga did not get you, then, this time?
What experiences you must have had with that man. But you look so well
one would say you had been to England lately."

"Oh, no, this is my twelfth year. Mwanga permitted me to leave, and the
Rev. Cyril Gordon took my place, but not for long, since they were all
shortly after expelled from Uganda."

Talking thus we entered the circle of tall poles within which the
Mission Station was built. There were signs of labour, and constant
unwearying patience, sweating under a hot sun, a steadfast determination
to do something to keep the mind employed, and never let idleness find
them with folded hands brooding over the unloveliness, lest despair
might seize them, and cause them to avail themselves of the speediest
means of ending their misery. There was a big, solid workshop in the
yard filled with machinery and tools, a launch's boiler was being
prepared by the blacksmiths, a big canoe was outside repairing; there
were sawpits, and large logs of hard timber, there were great stacks of
palisade poles, in a corner of an outer yard was a cattle-fold and a
goat-pen, fowls by the score pecked at microscopic grains, and out of
the European quarter there trooped out a number of little boys and big
boys looking uncommonly sleek and happy; and quiet labourers came up to
bid us, with hats off, "Good Morning." Now if there is anything on God's
earth better calculated than work to make men happy, it must be with
some peculiar dispositions the knowledge that their work is ended.
Hence, when I entered the Mission House my soul was possessed with some
such feeling as this; at any rate before my mission was terminated the
welcome we received promised rest and relief.

[Illustration: STANLEY, EMIN, AND OFFICERS AT USAMBIRO.]

I was ushered into the room of a substantial clay structure, the walls
about two feet thick, evenly plastered, and garnished with missionary
pictures and placards. There were four separate ranges of shelves filled
with choice, useful books. "Allah ho Akbar," replied Hassan, his
Zanzibari head-man, to me; "books! Mackay has thousands of books, in the
dining-room, bedroom, the church, everywhere. Books! ah, loads upon
loads of them!" And while I was sipping real coffee, and eating
home-made bread and butter for the first time for thirty months, I
thoroughly sympathised with Mackay's love of books. But it becomes quite
clear why, amongst so many books, and children, and outdoor work, Mackay
cannot find leisure to brood and become morbid, and think of
"drearinesses, wildernesses, despair and loneliness." A clever writer
lately wrote a book about a man who spent much time in Africa, which
from beginning to end is a long-drawn wail. It would have cured both
writer and hero of all moping to have seen the manner of Mackay's life.
He has no time to fret and groan and weep, and God knows if ever man had
reason to think of "graves and worms and oblivion," and to be doleful
and lonely and sad, Mackay had, when, after murdering his Bishop, and
burning his pupils, and strangling his converts, and clubbing to death
his dark friends, Mwanga turned his eye of death on him. And yet the
little man met it with calm blue eyes that never winked. To see one man
of this kind, working day after day for twelve years bravely, and
without a syllable of complaint or a moan amid the "wildernesses," and
to hear him lead his little flock to show forth God's loving kindness in
the morning, and His faithfulness every night, is worth going a long
journey, for the moral courage and contentment that one derives from it.

We stayed at the Mission Station from the 28th of August to the morning
of the 17th of September, and on the Europeans of the Expedition the
effect of regular diet and well-cooked food, of amiable society and
perfect restfulness, was marvellous.

We were rich in goods of all kinds, for in Mr. Mackay's keeping since
Mr. Stokes brought them from the coast in 1888, we possessed about 200
loads of bulky currency and forty loads of preserved provisions. Thirty
loads of cloth were instantly distributed among the people on account,
at cost price, that each man might make amends during our rest for any
late privations. We had also fourteen pack-donkeys, which were delivered
to the Pasha's followers, and the Pasha, Casati, and myself, were able
to purchase riding asses from the French Missionaries at Bukumbi, who
were good enough to visit us with valuable gifts of garden produce. From
their stores our officers were enabled to purchase very necessary
outfits, such as boots, slippers, shirts, and hats, which made them
presentable once more.

[Illustration: VIEW FROM MACKAY'S MISSION, LAKE VICTORIA (_from a
photograph_).]

We were also able to obtain about twenty carriers, to assist in the
carriage of goods, that more of our Zanzibaris might be detailed for
hammock service; and yet after a stay of nineteen days, with as much
food as they could eat, and as great a variety as the country--by no
means badly stocked--could provide, when they were mustered for the
march the day before leaving Makolo's, there were over one hundred
people who complained of asthma, chest, spleen, liver, or lumbar pains,
and declared they could not travel.

The evening before the day we resumed our journey for the sea Messrs.
Mackay and Deakes, the only two members of the Mission at present at
Makolo's (Messrs. Gordon and Walker having just departed for Uganda
before we arrived) gave us a sumptuous dinner, roast beef, roast fowl,
stews, rice and curry, plum-pudding, and a bottle of medical wine. And
as is the custom in civilised lands, speeches terminated the banquet. It
fell to my share to propose the health of Emin Pasha, and to Mr. Mackay
to propose mine, and there was no member then present who was not the
recipient of most friendly wishes on the part of everybody else,
delivered, as I thoroughly believe, in perfect sincerity.

                _The last letter from_ MR. A. M. MACKAY.

"USAMBIRO,
"_January 5th, 1890._

"MY VERY DEAR SIR,

     "I have no less than three valuable letters from you, viz., two
     dated Usongo, and one from Ugogo. The last arrived here on 1st
     December.

     "Since the French priests passed this way to overtake your
     Expedition, I have not sent off a post to the coast.

     "I was most pleased to hear of your satisfactory progress; and
     doubtless you are, by this time, comfortably housed in civilized
     territory, and enjoying a more than well-earned rest after the
     fatigues and privations of African travel. If any man merits the
     congratulations of Europe, certainly you do. But you will likely
     soon be sick of being feted everywhere, and in disgust, retire into
     some out-of-the-way corner to write the full account of your
     remarkable adventures. What a strange loneliness hung about this
     place--physically and mentally--after you left, goes without
     saying. The looked-for mail did not come; only the carriers
     returned from Kisokwe, on October 23rd, without any letters from
     the coast. Although on December 1st we got a batch of letters, but
     no papers or magazines. These will come some time.

     "Deakes has been a good deal unwell, but now fully recovered, while
     the commencement of the rains has laid up nearly all my colony of
     Baganda with protracted low fever. Your man, Ali bin Said, died on
     September 27th, and one of the Pasha's whites, Mohammed Arabi, died
     on October 20th. The others, eight in number, have all fully
     recovered, and are at work.

     "I have fitted up my steam engine, and find pumps complete, and
     also riveted the boiler, both outer shell and firebox. The boiler
     has been a serious job, as fourteen years of knocking about have
     thrown every plate out of shape, besides turning the iron,
     originally of 'Best' brand, with a brittle, steely sort of thing,
     which determined to crack on the first touch of a hammer. But by
     carefully annealing the whole, I have succeeded. I am now rigging
     up a steam saw-mill, to cut up the planks for the new boat. The
     rough boat, or transformed canoe, which you saw here in progress,
     is now nearly finished, and should have been completed some time
     ago; but I have not been able to look after it, owing to occupation
     at other work, including printing for Buganda.

     "You will have heard that, after severe fighting, the Christians
     defeated Kalema and his Arab party, and have replaced Mwanga on the
     throne. They have taken possession of all the chieftainships for
     themselves, equally dividing them between the Roman Catholics and
     the Protestants. An active young fellow named Kagwa Apollo, a pupil
     of my own, is now the Katekiro.

     "Mwanga is altogether in the hands of the new Christian chiefs, and
     they do not seem likely to allow him to have his own way any more.
     Five of the Frenchmen, including their Bishops, are now there,
     while our Mission is represented by only Walker and Gordon.

     "I can hear nothing of the I. B. E. A. Co., except the old report
     of February from Zanzibar, that they were at Ulu. They seem to
     require a man of determination and pluck at their head; and my joy
     will be great when I hear of your undertaking to put their affairs
     on a sound footing. I am glad to hear of Mr. Mackinnon being
     knighted. He well deserves the honour. I have written to his agents
     in Zanzibar, explaining the absurdity of their acceding to
     Germany's wish to draw the boundary-line west of this Lake, along
     the 1st parallel of S. Lat., as that would cut the kingdom of
     Buganda into two halves; for Karagwe, Usui, and Usinja, as far
     south as Serombo, are actually part of Buganda, being tributary to
     it. No _paper_ delimitation, made in Berlin or London, can ever
     remove these states from their allegiance to Buganda. Therefore,
     there need be little jealousy about the matter. The only fair
     boundary-line that I can see would be from this end of the long
     creek (Smith Sound) diagonally S.W. to the intersection of the 4th
     parallel with the 32nd degree of E. long., and then straight west
     to Bikani on the Tanganika.

     "Many chiefs to the S.W. have been visiting here personally, and
     others sending; and I mean to send these letters their way to Uyin,
     as the wretched Nindo people are too grasping for my taste.

     "I sent cloth, etc., to Nindo, to redeem your rifle taken from your
     messenger; but the rascally Mwanangwa has stuck to both ransom and
     rifle, under pretext of some quarrel with Stokes; so I give that
     crew a wide berth.

     "I hear, on good authority, that the Banyoro, whom you fought, were
     not a chance raiding gang, but Kabba-Rega's own army, which he sent
     expressly to check your advance. He was so terrified at the defeat
     of his troops that he took refuge on an island in the Albert Lake.
     Mwanga sent here a deputation, a month after you left, craving your
     assistance.

     "The Arabs seem now completely discomfited, and have fled from
     Nagu. Said bin Saif's (Kipanda) dhow, with a cargo of guns and kegs
     of powder, was captured by Mwanga's people, and the vessel
     destroyed. Sunguru's likewise. Stokes' boat is, at this moment, the
     only one on the Lake. The _Eleanor_ I have cut up, as being too
     rotten for further use, but hope soon to launch the other boat,
     which may do good service till I get the steam launch afloat.

     "I have no definite news of the coast. I only heard of the
     re-establishment of the Germans at Mpwapwa. Surely, they will learn
     wisdom in time, but hitherto, they have made a sorry hash of
     matters. I only hope they and the English will keep the gunpowder
     out. In no other way will they ever be able to exercise any control
     on the chiefs in the Interior.

     "'To be, or not to be; that is the question.' Is it to be a track
     to the Lake or not? I see in you the only hope for this region, in
     your getting Sir W. Mackinnon to see the matter in its true light.
     I would not give sixpence for all the Company will do in half a
     century to come, unless they join the Lake with the coast by a
     line, let it be at first ever so rough. When they have got that,
     they will have broken the backbone of native cantankerousness.

     "Very many thanks for your kindness in proposing to leave the
     theodolite for me at Kisokwe. I hope it will come this far in
     safety. I shall value it doubly as a souvenir from your hands.

"With very best wishes,
"Believe me ever,
"My dear Sir,
"Yours faithfully,
(Signed)   "A. M. MACKAY.

     "H. M. STANLEY, Esq."


To my great grief, I learn that Mr. Mackay, the best missionary since
Livingstone, died about the beginning of February. Like Livingstone, he
declined to return, though I strongly urged him to accompany us to the
coast.




CHAPTER XXXV.

FROM THE VICTORIA NYANZA TO ZANZIBAR.

     Missionary work along the shores of the Victoria Nyanza and along
     the Congo River--The road from Mackay's Mission--The country at
     Genge--Considerable difficulty at preserving the peace at
     Kungu--Rupture of peace at Ikoma--Capture and release of
     Monangwa--The Wasukuma warriors attack us, but finally
     retire--Treachery--The natives follow us from Nera to Seke--We
     enter the district of Sinyanga: friendship between the natives and
     our men--Continued aggression of the natives--Heavy
     tributes--Massacre of a caravan--The district of Usongo, and its
     chief Mittinginya--His surroundings and neighbours--Two French
     missionaries overtake us--Human skulls at Ikungu--We meet one of
     Tippu-Tib's caravans from Zanzibar--Troubled Ugogo--Lieut. Schmidt
     welcomes us at the German station of Mpwapwa--Emin Pasha visits the
     Peres of the French mission of San Esprit--The Fathers unacquainted
     with Emin's repute--Our mails in Africa continually going
     astray--Contents of some newspaper clippings--Baron von Gravenreuth
     and others meet us at Msua--Arrival of an Expedition with European
     provisions, clothing and boots for us--Major Wissman--He and
     Schmidt take Emin and myself on to Bagamoyo--Dinner and guests at
     the German officers' mess-house--Major Wissman proposes the healths
     of the guests; Emin's and my reply to the same--Emin's accident--I
     visit Emin in the hospital--Surgeon Parke's report--The feeling at
     Bagamoyo--Embark for Zanzibar--Parting words with Emin
     Pasha--Illness of Doctor Parke--Emin Pasha enters the service of
     the German Government--Emin Pasha's letter to Sir John Kirk--Sudden
     termination of Emin's acquaintance with me--Three occasions when I
     apparently offended Emin--Emin's fears that he would be
     unemployed--The British East African Company and Emin--Courtesy and
     hospitality at Zanzibar--Moneys due to the survivors of the Relief
     Expedition--Tippu-Tib's agent at Zanzibar, Jaffar Tarya--The
     Consular Judge grants me an injunction against Jaffar Tarya--At
     Cairo--Conclusion.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Sept. 16.

Victoria

Nyanza.]

[Sidenote: 1889.

Sept. 17.

Victoria

Nyanza.]

It is fifteen years ago this month since I first saw this Victorian Sea,
and launched my boat on its waters, and sailed along the shores, peering
into the bays and creeks, and mapping out the area. Six months later
those two journals, the "Daily Telegraph" and "New York Herald"
published the fact to every person who could afford the small sum of one
penny, that the greatest Lake of Africa had been explored, and that at
the north end of the Lake there was an African King ruling three
millions of cleanly people, who cried out that he was in darkness and
required light. And some good men heard the cry, and responded to it
nobly. They sent missionaries to the King, and for years they taught him
and his people, at first with little success, but by-and-by some of the
seed fell upon good soil, and it took root and flourished, and despite
the tares and the thistles and rank grasses that grew in the virgin
soil, there was a good harvest.

In turning towards the sea, the thought came across my mind that
elsewhere on the Congo, for 1400 miles from the western ocean, it had
been permitted to me to float the steamers along that river, and build
the Stations on its banks, which in 1887 were to be of great service to
me to carry myself and my followers along the great river, and to offer
shelter where we should meet with welcome and hospitality in the same
manner, as this Missionary Station, which we were about to leave, had
received us in 1889 with honour and regard. Truly I felt inclined to use
the metaphor of the Preacher, and to admit that the bread I had cast
upon the waters had returned to me abundantly after many days.

I do not propose to linger long over the lands intervening between Lake
Victoria and Bagamoyo. I have already described them, and it is needless
to repeat what is already written.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Sept. 18.

Genge]

The road from Mackay's Mission takes a south-easterly direction in order
to cross the little stream, which as it approaches the creek at the
south-eastward of Lake Victoria forms a swamp about five yards wide. It
then turns northerly, runs parallel with the creek a little way, and
then strikes easterly over a low plain, where the soil seems to be so
poor as to grow a grass not much higher than rock moss. The 500 yards
wide swamp reminded me that the French missionaries, since their
settlement near the Lake at Bukumbi, have ascertained that the Lake is
now three feet lower than when they first settled here--that is about
eleven years ago--that Ukerewe is no longer an island but is a
peninsula. If this be true, and there is no reason to doubt it, and
assuming that the decrease of the Lake has been uniform, a decrease of
fifty feet in the Lake has required 183 years. At the time when
Frederick the Great was crowned King of Prussia Lake Victoria must have
been over 40,000 square miles in extent. It covers now, by this last
discovery at the south-western extremity of the Lake, as near as I am
able to measure it 26,900 square miles.

The appearance of the country at Genge, which had steadily improved
since leaving the neighbourhood of Makolo inlet, suggested to our
<DW52> people that the missionaries had not made a wise choice in
settling in Usambiro. They did not reflect that the more populous a
district in Usukuma, or Unyamwezi is, it becomes less tenable to poor
missionaries, that the taxes, demands, and blackmail of the headstrong
and bumptious chief would soon be so onerous that starvation would be
imminent and the oppression unbearable.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Sept. 20.

Ikoma.]

As, for instance, we reached Ikoma on the 20th. At Genge and at Kungu we
had considerable difficulty in preserving the peace. The path was beset
by howling mobs, who came up dancing and uttering war-cries. This
mattered very little, but some demon of a youth was mischievous enough
to push both parties into a wordy war about whether we were cannibals or
not. They took the cicatrices on the Soudanese's features as proof that
they were maneaters, and maneaters had no business in their country. But
while something like a camp was being formed, though bush was scarce,
and grass was not to be discovered, there came a follower of the
Egyptians, a sinister-looking object; an arrow had pierced his arm, his
head was gashed with an axe, he had been robbed of his clothes and
allowance of cloth at Zanzibar, and his rifle. Two words were only
needed to have amply revenged him. We pocketed it, and many another
insult that day, and the next we marched to Ikoma, the residential
district of the chief, and naturally, being the seat of power, it was
four times more populous.

Our business at Ikoma was very simple. Mr. Mackay had informed us that
Mr. Stokes, the English ivory trader, had a station there, that the
principal chief, Malissa, was his friend, and that at this station Mr.
Stokes had a supply of European provisions--biscuits, butter, ham,
bacon, &c.--that he wished to dispose of. Well, we were ten Europeans in
number, every one of whom was blessed with devouring appetites. We
agreed to call that way and purchase them at any cost, and Mr. Mackay
furnished us with two Zanzibari guides. Therefore, though the Kungu
natives had been dangerously insolent, we thought that at Malissa's, the
friend of Stokes, we should be asked to overlook the matter, as being
mere noisy ebullitions of a few intractable youths.

Before us, in the centre of a plain which three or four centuries ago,
perhaps, was covered with the waters of Lake Victoria, there rose what
must have been once a hilly island, but now the soil had been thoroughly
scoured away, and left the frame of the island only in ridges of grey
gneissic rock, and ruined heaps of monoliths and boulders and vast rock
fragments, and under the shadow, and between these in narrow levels,
were grouped a population of about 5000 people; and within sound of
musket-shot, or blare of horn, or ringing cries, were congeries of
hamlets out on the plain round about this natural fortress, and each
hamlet surrounded by its own milk-weed hedge. In the plain west of the
isleted rock-heaps, I counted twenty-three separate herds of cattle,
besides flocks of sheep and goats, and we concluded that Ikoma was
prosperous, and secure in its vast population and its impregnable
rock-piles.

As we drew near there came scores of sleek and merry youths and girls,
who kept laughing and giggling and romping about us like healthy,
guileless young creatures, enjoying their youth and life. We travelled
up a smooth easy pass flanked by piles of rocks rising to 200 feet above
us, which narrowed somewhat as we approached the chief's village.
Presently a multitude of warriors came forward on the double quick
towards us, making a brave display of feathers, shining spears, and
floating robes, and drew up in front of the column to drive it back.
They were heard shrilly screaming and sputtering their orders to the
guides, who were telling them that we were only a caravan--friends of
Stokes and Malissa; but the madmen drowned every word with storms of
cries, and menaced the guides and men of the advance. I walked up to
ascertain what was the matter, and I became an object to some fellows,
who raced at me with levelled spears. One man seized my rifle; two
Zanzibaris came up to my assistance, and tore the rifle from his hands;
bows were drawn, and spears were lifted; two of our men were wounded,
and in a second we were engaged in clearing the crowd away. In this
close _melee_ about ten lives were lost, and a Monangwa was captured.
After this burst of hostility there would be no chance of purchasing
provisions, and as the rocks had already begun to be lined with
musketeers and bowmen, we had to withdraw as quickly as possible from
the pass, and form camp somewhere before we should be overwhelmed.

We found a pool of water near the end of the loose rock ridges; a huge
monolith or two stood upright like Druids' stones outside. We completed
the circle with bales and boxes, and grassy huts, and camped to wait the
upshot.

From our camp we could see the ancient bed of the Lake spreading out for
a distance of many miles. Every half-mile or so there was a large
cluster of hamlets, each separated from the other by hedges of
milk-weed. The plain separating these clusters was common pasture
ground, and had been cropped by hungry herds as low as stone moss. On
our way to the camp a herd of cattle had been captured, but they had
been released; we had a Monangwa in our hands, and we asked him what all
this was about. He could not, or he would not, answer. We clothed him in
fine cloths, and sent him away to tell Malissa that we were white men,
friends of Stokes, that we had many Wasukuma porters in our caravan, and
that we had no intention of fighting anybody, but of going to the coast
as quickly as possible. The chief was escorted within a quarter of a
mile of Malissa's village, and released. He did not return, but during
the day there were several efforts made to annoy us, until at 4 P.M.,
from the north, east and south, appeared three separate multitudes, for
a great effort. It was then the machine-gun was prepared.

[Illustration: ROCK HILLS, USAMBIRO.]

The Wasukuma swayed closer up, but cautiously, and, it appeared to me,
reluctantly. In front of the mob coming from the south were several
skirmishers, who pranced forward to within 300 yards. One of the
skirmishers was dropped, and the machine showered about a hundred and
fifty rounds in their direction. Not one of the natives was hit, but the
great range and bullet shower was enough. They fled; a company was sent
out to meet the eastern mob, another was sent to threaten the crowd to
the north, and the Wasukuma yielded and finally retired. Only one native
was killed out of this demonstration made by probably 2000 warriors.

We had other things to do than fight Wasukuma, and therefore on the 21st
we resumed the coastward march. We had been disappointed in obtaining
those provisions of ham and bacon, and Malissa had lost his gifts of
cloth which we had made ready for him.

We were not long on the march before the entire population of Urima
seemed to be gathering on our flanks, and at 8 A.M. a dash was made on
the column. There was not much necessity of telling the Egyptians and
their followers to keep close together. Nothing could be better than
their behaviour for our purpose. They were gathered in a close packed
mob. In front of them were two companies, and in rear was the rearguard,
Bonny's Soudanese, and Shukri Agha's company. The Wasukuma could make no
impression whatever on the column had they been treble their number, and
yet they seemed to be so sure that in some manner they would be able to
do something. But we continued on our way, pursued on flank and in rear
until noon, when we reached Muanza, on the edge of Jordan's Nullah,
which was a crooked rift in the old lacustrine deposit forty yards wide
and thirty feet deep, whence water was obtained from pits in the sand.

[Illustration: OUR EXPERIENCES IN USUKUMA.]

As the natives hovered round us we thought that we should make another
trial to cause them to abate their fierce rancour, and we sent
Poli-Poli, the chief Wasukuma guide, to talk to him. Poli-Poli literally
means, "Go gently, gently." An hour's crying out from a distance
succeeded in inducing a Monangwa and four of his men to approach and
enter our camp, and the camp was so absorbed with this arrival and
prospect of a happy termination to the "war." While we were exchanging
tokens of good will and professions of peace, and cutting out some cloth
for them, as an earnest of our intentions, the Wasukuma had been allowed
to approach. The Monangwa, and his friends had left my tent about five
minutes, perfectly satisfied apparently, when I heard about fifty rifle
shots fired in volleys. Running out I found that the enemy was right
among us. One of our men was dying from a spear wound, our goats were in
full flight, being driven away on the run, the bottom of the nullah was
covered with leaping forms. We had a very narrow escape from serious
loss; but seven natives were killed within ten yards of the camp, the
treacherous Monangwa received a bullet in the shoulder and lost his
cloth, and we recovered our goats.

We marched on the next morning at the usual hour; the villages were
arranged on each side of our track in one continued series, and the
population of S. Nera turned out _en masse_. But the natives confined
themselves to following us in a dense column stretching for quite two
miles, every now and then firing at us from heavily loaded muskets. For
three hours we continued in this manner, until as we were about leaving
Nera, and entering Mamara, they uttered a series of war-cries, and made
another effort. Dropping our loads we raced towards them, and in a
minute's time they were on the full trot in retreat. We lifted our loads
and resumed our journey; but the natives presently re-collected, and
followed us on the flanks as far as Seke--a fatiguing march of six
hours.

On the 23rd we proceeded from N. Seke to Seke Kwikuru, or Seke the
capital, vast crowds hanging on our flanks as before. Though we knew
that trifling mercies, such as we were able to show, seldom made any
impression on tribes quivering under extraordinary excitement and rage
for battle, nevertheless we abstained from needlessly augmenting this
causeless madness against us, and only halted a few minutes to repel a
rush.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Sept. 22.

Seke.]

We were all in sad want of water and rest. Our cattle and riding animals
had not been watered for two days, and at Seke the water was brackish
and scarce. The sun was at its hottest. Our faces were baked and
cracking. The grass was so short that the cattle were feeding upon the
roots to obtain subsistence.

The next day was a halt. The natives appeared to within 800 yards of our
camp; but after a few shots they dispersed, and we were left to enjoy
the first rest gained after seven days' continuous travel and fighting.

Entering Sinyanga on the 25th, we were welcomed with "lu-lu-lus" by the
women, and as they had heard all about our "little war" with Usukuma,
every elder we met expressed a hope that we had cleared the wicked
people out, for they were always a cursed lot, bothering travellers and
strangers.

As we marched from one petty district to another, each independent from
the other, governed by its own chief and council of elders, exclusive
from its own peculiar customs, habits, or passion, varying differently
from the other according to the age, intelligence, and disposition of
the chief, our duties and rule of conduct varied. We moved through petty
spheres, wherein our duties varied according to the demands made upon
us. Here was the small district of Sinyanga with a population not
exceeding 2000. The chief and his headmen were as proud of their little
state as any monarch and his senate might be of an empire. The chief was
conscious of weakness, and that imprudent aggressiveness would prove
speedy ruin; but he exacted his dues all the same. We paid them freely
and with kindly words. The chief reciprocated the kindness, returned a
gift to mark his pleasure, then his people flocked to the camp to
exchange their grain and produce for cloth and beads, during which many
a friendship and brotherly act was formed between the natives and our
men.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Sept. 25.

Sinyanga.]

In Urima and Nera again, even on its frontiers, they pounced down on us
like wolves, with war-cries and insulting by-plays. Our flanks were
thronged with hooting warriors and jeering youths and fleering girls;
they annoyed us by gestures, wounded our sense of hearing by shrill
insolent screams and savage taunts. All this may be borne with
equanimity. Words do not hurt, but it makes us circumspect and reticent.
When we arrive in camp the mobs are greater; a knot of lusty long-legged
youths hang about the tents, flourish their weapons, blow their shrill
war-flutes, and artfully pursue a cunning system of annoyance. All this
is due to the belief that our forbearance means fear. They look around
and see their numbers fourfold more than our own. They whisper to one
another like village louts and bullies, "What a pity that we can't kick
up a row. Ah, if there was, I would soon make myself master of that
cloth, or that gun, or the things in those boxes, &c., &c." The chief is
carried away by this consuming desire, and relying upon the assurances
that it would be an easy matter to make a row and find an excuse, he
commits himself to some imprudent scheme, and, when too late, mourns the
failure but not the event. They cannot plead ignorance as the new tribes
can. Fifteen years ago I travelled through Usukuma, paying no more than
ten or twelve cloths to any chief, and receiving a good ox or a couple
of goats in return. Since that time, however, missionary after
missionary, both English and French, and Arab caravans have made Usukuma
a highway to the Victoria Lake. The tributes have been raised by the
chief to 300 doti--L90 per petty district. To three petty districts the
French missionaries were compelled to pay 900 doti of cloth--L270. L270
sterling on three days' journey! These cloths will purchase guns which
will make them still more formidable to missionaries, and the result
will be in a few years that a small tribal chief will demand every scrap
of cloth in the caravan, and will halt it until it is paid, as Usui
stopped a caravan of 150 guns.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Sept. 25.

Sinyanga.]

Khambi Mbya--a nickname of an Arab who camped in Nera two years
ago--was homeward bound from Uganda with his ivory. The tribute had been
paid. A little personal dispute followed soon after between a woman of
the camp, and a herdsman at a pool, as to whether the woman should take
water first, or the cattle. The herdsman raised the war-cry, which
resulted in the massacre of every man, woman, and child in the caravan.

Messrs. Ashe and Walker, C.M.S. missionaries, were seized, I am told, by
one of these petty chiefs, and detained until they were ransomed by
Mackay. Mr. Stokes, who is compelled by his business of trading in
ivory, like many an Arab trader before him, to be patient and
long-suffering, must have experienced many unhappy moments when he saw
his carriers dropping their bales and flying before a noisy mob of
bullies. The French missionaries have abandoned Usambiro Station, and
taken their residence in Bukumbi. Mr. Mackay has left Msalala, and built
a station at Makolo's. If these natives possessed any sense, or could
have been touched by shame after being so generously treated and
honoured by these missionaries, they would not drive them away by
extortion and oppression.

On the 4th of October we arrived at Stokes' boma, in the country of his
friend Mittinginya. The king's capital lies about three-fourths of a
mile to the south-east, and is a square enclosure of wattle and mud.
Bullets might be rained against the walls for weeks without disastrous
effects to those within, and provided the defenders had fuel, food, and
water sufficient, and were properly vigilant, these fort-like structures
would be impregnable except against cannon. The district of Usongo, of
which Mittinginya is chief, is studded pretty thickly with these
structures, and excepting the stubborn old baobab no bush or plant
obstructs the view between each tembe.

[Sidenote: 1889

Oct. 4.

Usongo.]

The chief has the faculty of getting embroiled with his neighbours, or
his neighbours must be unusually quarrelsome, or they mutually suffer
from an innate restlessness which drives them one against the other
with angry muskets. To the north is a chief called Simba, to the west he
has the people of Uyogu, behind these he has Kapera and his allies the
Watuta or Wangoni,--Equatorial Zulus; to the south the predatory
Wataturu, descendants of Somalis; to the north-east Wandui; and we
accidentally stumbled into this hornet's nest of angry tribes, led to do
it by reports of Mittinginya's good nature, and in the hope that we
should be able to obtain a few carriers for our ever-wailing Egyptians.

To emphasize the visible unrest here, the chief has invited a horde of
wild Masai from the district of Lyteri, west of Kilima-Njaro, to assist
him in his ambitious projects. The Masai had already distinguished
themselves against the Watuta-Zulus; the Wanduis had become as
dumb-dogs. Seeing quiet strangers owning donkeys, the Masai quietly made
themselves masters of four, which however they were compelled to return,
and after eight days' halt we were able to leave Stokes's friend with
his hornets humming round him, with twenty fresh carriers to carry the
ulcerous Egyptians without being implicated in any feud.

On the 17th we entered Ikungu, where we were overtaken by two French
missionaries, Peres Girault and Schintze,[35] who were invalids--it was
said, homeward bound and were desirous of availing themselves of our
escort to the sea.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Oct. 17.

Ikungu.]

Around the milk-weed hedges that surrounded the chief's village were
over a hundred human skulls, while innumerable fragments strewed the
vicinity. Inquiring what calamity had occurred, I was told they were the
remains of a tribe of Wanyaturu, over 400 strong, who had fled to Ikungu
from Ituru, in the hope of saving themselves from famine. What articles
they had brought with them were soon sold for food which they consumed,
and then they sold their children and their wives, and when they had
nothing left they died. The children were of mulatto colour, and very
superior to the sable urchins of Unyamwezi.

We met a caravan from Zanzibar at this place belonging to Tippu-Tib, and
the Manyuema reported that the coast war between the Germans and Coast
Arabs was still proceeding, but that the Germans had commenced to be
victorious.

On the 26th we entered Muhalala, and by the 8th of November we had
passed through Ugogo. There is no country in Africa that has excited
greater interest in me than this. It is a ferment of trouble and
distraction, and a vermin of petty annoyances beset the travellers from
day to day while in it. No natives know so well how to aggrieve and be
unpleasant to travellers. One would think there was a school somewhere
in Ugogo to teach low cunning and vicious malice to the chiefs, who are
masters in foxy-craft. Nineteen years ago I looked at this land and
people with desiring eyes. I saw in it a field worth some effort to
reclaim. In six months I felt sure Ugogo could be made lovely and
orderly, a blessing to the inhabitants and to strangers, without any
very great expense or trouble; it would become a pleasant highway of
human intercourse with far-away peoples, productive of wealth to the
natives, and comfort to caravans. I learned on arrival in Ugogo that I
was for ever debarred from the hope. It is to be the destiny of the
Germans to carry out this work, and I envy them. It is the worst news of
all that I shall never be able to drain this cesspool of iniquitous
passion, and extinguish the insolence of Wagogo chiefs, and make the
land clean, healthy, and even beautiful of view. While my best wishes
will accompany German efforts, my mind is clouded with a doubt that it
ever will be that fair land of rest and welcome I had dreamed of making
it.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Oct. 26.

Ugogo.]

Two days beyond Ugogo we entered the German Station of Mpwapwa, and were
welcomed by Lieutenant Rochus Schmidt, who had arrived about a month
previous, escorted by Major Wissman, who was said to be the Imperial
Commissary of German East Africa. He had already erected a stone
breastwork around his little camp, which contained 100 Zulus, on a
commanding but windy spot that must needs be fatal to many a white
officer whose misfortune it may be to be appointed Military Commandant
of Mpwapwa.

The Rev. Mr. Price paid us a visit, and among other benefits resulting
from his presence we obtained a year's issue of the 'Weekly Times.' In
turning over the pages of the voluminous history of the past year, I was
impressed by nothing more than by the smoothness and easy groove in
which events were running, without jar or sensible vibration. The hum of
their travel seemed to be like that which we hear on a drowsy summer's
day at a country house in England, remote from the roll of street
traffic and the thundering rush of express trains. A distant murmuring
sound of railway waggons gliding over a pair of rails impresses the dull
ear, amid the quiet and repose, that the world is spinning safely along
without rack or tear. England was still at anchor amidst the silver
seas; the Empire was where it ought to be; Europe was amusing herself
with peaceful drill, and America was gathering her splendid harvests,
and filling the Treasury cellars with gold ingots and silver bricks.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Nov. 18.

Muini

Usagara.]

On the 13th, accompanied by Lieutenant Schmidt, the Expedition, about
700 strong, moved from Mpwapwa towards the coast, and five days later
exchanged the parched aspect of the thorny wilderness of the interior
for one that was fragrant with the perfume of lilies, and pleasant with
the verdure of spring. After a two hours' march from Muini Usagara, we
defiled out of the Mukondokwa Valley, and emerged into the plain of the
Makata, the sight of which, with its green grass and pleasant shady
trees and many groups of villages, after four months of droughty views,
roused the enthusiasm of each of our officers. A Pere from the French
Mission near Ferahani, established near the base of the mountains,
brought us a few welcome articles with their compliments and good
wishes.

At Vianzi, two marches later, supplies reached us from Major Wissman.
They consisted of such assortments of provisions that only an explorer
of experience would have known would be most appreciated, and in such
prodigal abundance that our camp tables hence to the coast were loaded
with luxuries.

On the 23rd we arrived at Simbamwenni, which is a town surrounded with a
mud wall enclosing about 400 conical houses. During the next day's halt
Lieut. Schmidt escorted Emin Pasha to see the good Peres of the French
Mission of San Esprit, who have commenced to work at Morogoro with the
same earnest thoroughness that has made their establishment at Bagamoyo
so famous. They have planted oranges, mangoes, plantains, vanilla,
cinnamon and coffee, and almost all fruits known in tropical lands, and
have led a clear and bounteous stream of water through their little
estate.

Lieutenant Schmidt informed me that he was somewhat taken aback at the
fact that the Fathers, in their intense devotion to their own religious
duties, were unacquainted with the repute of his illustrious companion.
A Pere had asked him in a whisper, after eyeing the Pasha in wonder,
"Can he speak anything but Arabic?" and was astounded when he heard,
with that warmth so characteristic of young straightforward German
officers, that he could not only speak Arabic, but could speak French,
English, German, Turkish, Italian and Greek, with easy fluency, and that
he was German by birth.

"Indeed! And is his expedition commercial, scientific, or military?"

Then Lieutenant Schmidt, all amazed at the extraordinary seclusion of
the pious recluse, had to relate the whole story, and for the first time
he knew what business had brought me on my third visit to this region.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Nov. 24.

Simbawenni.]

The Pasha, who enjoyed the relation of the story, was asked to be
comforted, and for his solace I related how I had been introduced by a
Canon of Westminster Abbey to a well-known bishop--as one who had done
some good work on the Congo. The bishop hesitated a minute, and then
said blandly, "Ah, indeed, how very interesting! But pray tell me where
is the Congo." But sometimes laymen were found to be as ignorant of
Africa as bishops, as for instance the British Cabinet Minister, who,
receiving a commercial deputation from Manchester, relating to some
grievances on the Niger, calmly pointed the speaker to a map of Africa,
and asked him to be good enough to show the river in which the great
city of Manchester appeared to be so interested.

On the 27th we arrived at Ungerengeri, and for the first time we
received a few letters. Never had any such fatality attended mails in
Africa as had attended ours. Three several times I had requested our
friends to despatch our letters to Msalala, south end of Lake Victoria,
bearing legibly a superscription to the effect that they were "to be
left until called for." Bushels of mails had been sent, and every packet
but one, containing three letters, had been lost in Unyoro, Uganda, and
Bushiri, an opponent of Major Wissman, had captured others.

Among many newspaper clippings received, was one which was a tissue of
perverted truths. It appeared to have been sent from Zanzibar by a
native clerk in a telegram. It read as follows:

Zanzibar, June 12th, 1889.

     "Stanley is reported to have arrived in Ururi, where he rested a
     few days. He returned to Lake Victoria, leaving behind him
     fifty-six sick men and forty-four rifles. Many of the sick had
     died. Shortly after Mitchell arrived and took away the rifles.
     Stanley was reported to have suffered serious losses from sickness
     and want of food. Later Stanley came himself. Emin Pasha is
     reported to be in Unyara, north-east of Lake Victoria, fifteen
     days' march. Stanley having picked up all the men who were left,
     returned to Emin after having given a letter to the writer to
     convey to the Agent-General of the Company."

[Sidenote: 1889.

Nov. 27.

Ungerengeri.]

The precis of the intelligence received having been doctored by a writer
at Zanzibar, rendered the message still more unintelligible. The
intelligence was received at Zanzibar by an agent of the ivory raider,
Ugarrowwa, and was intended to read thus:

     "Stanley has arrived on the Ituri (River). He proceeded on his way
     to Lake Albert after leaving fifty-six sick men and forty-four
     rifles with me. Most of these sick men died a short time
     afterwards.

     "Mazinga (Lieut. Stairs) came here and took away the rifles. I was
     informed that Stanley suffered serious losses from sickness and
     famine. Finally Stanley came here in person.

     "Emin Pasha is reported to be in Unyoro, north-east, a
     fifteen-days' march from here (Ugarrowwa's Station). Stanley having
     picked up all the men who were left (of the rear column), returned
     to Emin, having given a letter to me to give the Consul-General.
     (Ugarrowwa was anxious to obtain a letter of introduction to the
     Consul, he being known at Zanzibar as Uledi Balyuz, or the Consul's
     Uledi, in contradistinction to other Uledis, who are as common as
     Smiths in England.")

What with atrocities on the Aruwimi; Stanley's death by seventeen
arrows; communications from an officer of the Congo Free State; letters
from missionaries and engineers; Osman Digna's report of the capture of
Emin Pasha and another white man; invasions of the Soudan by a white
Pasha, &c., there is a good reason why English editors should be not a
little perplexed. However, "All is well that ends well."

While halting at Msua, the Baron von Gravenreuth arrived, with 100
soldiers. The Baron is a dashing soldier, fond of the excitement of
battle-strife, and in his attacks on the zeribas of the coast Arabs has
displayed considerable skill. It was most amusing to hear him remind me
how he had once applied to me for advice respecting equipment and
conduct in Africa, and that I had paternally advised him to read 'The
Congo and the Founding of its Free State,' "an advice--I may tell you
now--I followed, and I am glad of it."

[Sidenote: 1889.

Nov. 28.

Msua.]

[Illustration: BANQUET AT MSUA.]

Soon after appeared two correspondents of American newspapers, one of
whom was Mr. Thomas Stevens, and the other Mr. Edmund Vizetelly,
representing the 'New York Herald.' The last-named gentleman brought
us quite a number of well-selected articles for personal comfort and
some provisions, by request of Mr. James Gordon Bennett, the proprietor
of the Journal in whose service I had undertaken two previous
expeditions into Africa, and had accompanied Sir Robert Napier into
Abyssinia in 1867 and 1868, and Sir Garnet Wolseley into Ashantee in
1873 and 1874.

Two marches from Msua an expedition from the Imperial British East
African Company arrived in our camp, conveying for our use 170
porter-loads of rice, and twenty-five cases of European provisions,
clothing and boots, so that each person in the column received
twenty-two pounds of rice, besides rations of salt, sugar, jams and
biscuits.

The evening of December 3rd, as we were conversing in the moonlight, the
sound of a cannon was heard. It was the evening gun at Zanzibar, and the
Zanzibaris set up ear-piercing cries of joy at that which announced to
them that the long journey across the Continent was drawing near its
close, and the Egyptians and their followers echoed the shouts as the
conviction dawned on them that within the next twenty-four hours they
should see the ocean, on which with all comfort and leisure they would
be borne to the land of Egypt and to their future homes.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Dec. 4.

Bagamoyo.]

On arriving at the ferry of the Kingani River, Major Wissman came across
to meet us, and for the first time I had the honour of being introduced
to a colleague who had first distinguished himself, at the headquarters
of the Kasai River, in the service of the International Association,
while I was building stations along the main river. On reaching the
right bank of the Kingani we found some horses saddled, and turning over
the command of the column to Lieut. Stairs, Emin Pasha and myself were
conducted by Major Wissman and Lieut. Schmidt to Bagamoyo. Within the
coast-town we found the streets decorated handsomely with palm branches,
and received the congratulations of Banian and Hindu citizens, and of
many a brave German officer who had shared the fatigues and dangers of
the arduous campaign, which Wissman was prosecuting with such well
deserved success, against the Arab malcontents of German East Africa.
Presently rounding a corner of the street we came in view of the battery
square in front of Wissman's headquarters, and on our left, close at
hand, was the softly undulating Indian Sea, one great expanse of
purified blue. "There, Pasha," I said. "We are at home!"

[Illustration: HOUSE AND BALCONY FROM WHICH EMIN FELL.]

[Illustration: UNDER THE PALMS AT BAGAMOYO.]

"Yes, thank God," he replied. At the same time, the battery thundered
the salute in his honour, and announced to the war-ships at anchor that
Emin, the Governor of Equatoria, had arrived at Bagamoyo.

We dismounted at the door of the mess-house of the German officers, and
were conducted upstairs to a long and broad verandah about forty-five by
twenty-five feet, which had been converted into a palmy bower, gaily
decorated with palm branches and German flags. Several round tables were
spread, and on a wide buffet was arranged a sumptuous lunch, of which
our appetites enabled us to partake fearlessly; but dubious of the
effects of fine champagne after such long absence, I diluted it largely
with Sauerbrunn water. The Pasha was never gayer than on this afternoon,
when surrounded by his friends and countrymen he replied to their
thousand eager questions respecting the life he had endured during his
long exile in Africa.

At four o'clock the column filed in, making a brave show. The people
were conducted to huts ready constructed near the beach, and as the
carriers dropped their loads and the long train of hammocks deposited
their grievous burdens of sick men and women, and poor children for the
last time on the ground, they, like myself, must have felt profound
relief and understood to the full what this arrival by the shore of the
sea meant.

At 7.30 P.M. the banquet was to take place. As we mounted the stairs to
the broad verandah, the Pasha was met, having just left the lunch table
to dress for dinner. We assembled in the palmy bower, thirty-four
persons all told--English Vice-Consul, Mr. Churchill, German Consul, and
Italian Consul, Captain Brackenbury, of H.M.S. _Turquoise_, and
Commander T. Mackenzie Fraser, of H.M.S. _Somali_; the Consular Judge,
Captains Foss and Hirschberg, of the German warships _Sperber_ and
_Schwalbe_, Officers of the Imperial Commissary's Staff, Emin Pasha,
Captain Casati, Captain Nelson, Lieutenant Stairs, Surgeon Parke, Mr.
Jephson, Mr. Bonny, Peres Etienne and Schmidt of the Bagamoyo Mission,
Peres Girault and Schinze of the Algerian Mission, Officers of the
German East Africa Co., Baron St. Paul Illaire, and others; Mr. W. H. W.
Nicoll of the Imperial British East Africa, Captain of the Commissary's
Flotilla, &c. &c. The band of the _Schwalbe_ was in attendance to give
_eclat_ to what was a very superb affair for Bagamoyo.

The guests having assembled, Major Wissman led the way to the long
banqueting-room, into which the central room of the house had been
converted on the occasion. While we were feasting within, the
Zanzibaris--tireless creatures--were celebrating the close of a
troublous period in the street just below the verandah, with animal
energy vented in active dance and hearty chorus. The banquet included
the usual number of dishes. I am utterly powerless to describe it. To me
it appeared wonderful for Bagamoyo. From extreme sensitive delicacy I
omitted to inquire of Wissman where he obtained his chef, and how it all
was managed. Without a particle of exaggeration the dinner was a
triumph. The wines were choice and well selected and iced, and had it
not been for the Sauerbrunn close at hand in unstinted quantity, which
rendered them innocuous by liberal dilution, I should soon have been
incompetent to speak of their merits. I had almost forgotten the
ceremony which follows banquets; but as the time drew near 9 o'clock,
and the music was hushed and Major Wissman rose to his feet, a
presentiment possessed me, that with benevolent tolerance of any
untowardness manifest during our late mission, he aimed at proposing to
the company that they should join him in drinking, to the good healths
of the guests Emin Pasha, Captain Casati, Mr. Stanley and the officers
of the Expedition which had concluded its labours by its arrival in the
port of German East Africa that day. As I supposed, so the gallant Major
spoke, in well-measured phrases, with genuine kindness and incomparable
cordiality; and the company rose to their feet to emphasize the
sentiments with hearty hurrahs.

The principles of my reply were first, that I was unaware that Emin
Pasha was a German when I offered my services to carry relief to him;
that our thoughts were mainly of a brave Governor in difficulties,
guarding his province with a tenacity, courage and wisdom, against the
assaults of ferocious fanatics who had already eradicated every vestige
of civilization from the Soudan. Secondly, that as it had been proved by
former expeditions that success was only gained by hearty good will,
unwearied effort, and uttermost striving, my companions and myself, like
men animated with one mind, had devoted ungrudgingly every fibre, and
all our strength, morally and physically, to accomplish the purpose for
which we set out. And thirdly, that as the world educated men to become
indifferent to its praise or censure, that as neither perfection nor
devotion ensured its favour, as misfortune insured its contempt, success
its envy or hate, and that as an individual might be won by sacrifice,
but that no individual possessed merit or could command fortune enough
to win the admiration of all--the safest plan was to seek the approval
of one's conscience; and fourthly, that though we had but proposed, it
was God who had disposed events as He saw fit. "Emin is here, Casati is
here. I and my friends are all here; wherefore we confess that we have a
perfect and wholesome joy in knowing that, for a season at least, the
daily march and its fatigues are at an end."

The Pasha's speech, delivered with finished elocution,--clear, distinct,
and grammatical--and a deep, resonant voice, took the company with an
agreeable surprise, and was mainly an outpouring of gratitude to the
generous English people who had thought of him, to his German countrymen
for their kind reception of him, and to His Imperial Majesty Wilhelm II.
for his gracious message of welcome and congratulation.

An effusive gladness pervaded the company. If there were several whose
hearts overflowed with undisguised pleasure at the thought that a
period of restfulness was to begin with the morning's sun--others
rejoiced from a pure and generous sympathy. But the Pasha was supremely
gay and happy. He was seen wandering from one end of the table to the
other, now bending over Pere Etienne; then exchanging innocent gaiety
with Surgeon Parke, and many others; while I was absorbed in listening
to Wissman's oral account of the events of the East Coast War. Presently
Sali, my boy-steward, suddenly whispered in my ear that the Pasha had
fallen down, which I took to mean "stumbled over a chair," but
perceiving that I did not accept it as a serious incident, he added, "he
has fallen over the verandah wall into the street and is dangerously
hurt."

The banquet was forgotten. Sali led me down the stairs to the street,
and at a spot removed about twenty feet from the place where he had
fallen there were two little pools of blood. The accident seems to have
occurred within fifteen minutes after the delivery of his speech, and
some minutes must have elapsed before I was informed, for the Pasha had
been dragged away, and water had been poured over the head of the
unconscious man, and then he had been borne to the German Hospital, and
the native dance and song had continued undisturbed.

Hastening after my guide, with my mind oppressed by this sudden
transition from gaiety to gloom, from joy to grief, from the upright
figure glowing with pleasure, and radiant with joy to the silent form on
the verge of the grave, I reached the hospital, and at the door met a
German officer who with uplifted hands revealed the impressions gathered
from his view of the unfortunate man. Guided upstairs, I was shown to a
bed surrounded by an anxious-looking group. On obtaining a view, I saw
the Pasha's form half undressed extended on the bed, wet bandages passed
over the right side of the head and right eye. A corner of the wetted
lint was lifted up, and I saw that the right eye was closed by a great
lump formed by swollen tissues, and discovered that the lint was
crimson with blood oozing from the ear. No one seemed to be able to give
an exact account of how the accident happened, but the general
impression seemed to be that the Pasha, who was half-blind, and had been
so for the last two years, had moved somewhat too briskly towards the
verandah, or balcony wall of that "palmy bower" wherein we had lunched,
to look at the happy natives dancing in the moonlight, and misjudging
its height, had leaned over suddenly and too far, and before he had
recovered his balance had toppled on to the zinc shed, over the sidewalk
and into the street, a fall of about fourteen feet from the edge of the
shed. Lieut. Rochus Schmidt had instantly been informed, and hurrying
into the street, found the Pasha unconscious, and had attempted to rouse
him by pouring cold water over his head, and failing in this had him
conveyed to the hospital.

Next morning Surgeon Parke reported to me that the Pasha had remained
completely unconscious until near dawn, and that though the accident was
undoubtedly a serious one, it need not be considered dangerous, as he
had examined him, and could discover no fracture of the skull, the blood
from the ear having issued from injured arteries, and that provided no
inflammation supervened he might be easily removed within ten days. The
Pasha was much bruised on his right side and back, and was in a most
painful condition.

Two German surgeons from the war-ships, however, announced that after a
careful examination they had come to the conclusion that the Pasha's
condition was most dangerous, that there was an unmistakable fracture
near the base of the skull, and that only 20 per cent. of such cases
ever recovered.

There was not one European at Bagamoyo but felt extremely grieved at the
sad event that had wrecked the general joy. The feeling was much deeper
than soldiers will permit themselves to manifest. Outwardly there was no
manifestation; inwardly men were shocked that his first day's greeting
among his countrymen and friends should have proved so disastrous to
him after fourteen years' absence from them. What the Emir Karamallah
and his fanatics, a hundred barbarous <DW64> tribes, conspirators, and
rebel soldiery, and fourteen years of Equatorial heat had failed to
effect, an innocent hospitality had nearly succeeded in doing. At the
very moment he might well have said, Soul, enjoy thyself! behold, the
shadow of the grave is thrust across their vision. This extremely dismal
prospect and immediate blighting of joy made men chary of speech, and
solemnly wonder at the mishap.

On the 6th of December our people were embarked on board H.M.S. _Somali_
and three of Major Wissmann's steamers, and at 9 A.M. a fleet,
consisting of H.M.S. _Turquoise_, Capt. Brackenbury, with Lieut. Stairs,
Major Wissmann, Messrs. Jephson and Bonny on board, the _Sperber_, Capt.
Foss, with myself, Capt. Nelson, and four Algerian Peres, the
_Schwalbe_, Capt. Hirschberg, H.M.S. _Somali_, Commander Fraser, and
three vessels of Wissmann's steam flotilla, after lifting anchor, formed
line, and proceeded towards the island of Zanzibar. The sea a clear
blue, paling into a diluted green over reefs which flanked the course,
was lovely, and as the gentle wind met us, we respired deep draughts of
air free from taint and miasma. Oh! the deep relief I felt that this was
the end of that continual rising in the morning with a hundred moaning
and despairing invalids wailing their helplessness and imploring for
help, of those daily scenes of disease, suffering, and unmitigable
misery, and of the diurnal torture to which the long-enduring caravan
had been subjected during what seemed now to have been an age of hideous
troubles far beyond the range of anything we had anticipated when we so
lightheartedly accepted the mission of relieving the Governor of
Equatoria.

[Sidenote: 1889.

Dec. 6.

Zanzibar.]

[Illustration: THE RELIEF EXPEDITION RETURNING TO ZANZIBAR.]

Now let me for a moment speak proudly. Knowing what my companions and I
know, we have this certain satisfaction, that let envy, malice, and
jealousy provoke men to say what they will, the acutest
cross-examination of witnesses in a court of justice would elicit
nothing more, so far as we are concerned, than a fuller recognition
and higher appreciation of the sacrifice and earnestness of the
endeavour which we freely and gratuitously gave to assist Emin Pasha and
Captain Casati, and their few hundreds of followers. Money time, years,
strength, health, life, anything and everything--freely, kindly, and
devotedly--without even giving one thought to a reward, which, whatever
its character might be, would be utterly inadequate as compensation. To
one like me, what are banquets? A crust of bread, a chop, and a cup of
tea, is a feast to one who, for the best part of twenty-three years, has
had the satisfaction of eating a shilling's worth of food a day.
Receptions! they are the very honours I would wish to fly from, as I
profess myself slow of speech, and Nature has not fitted me with a
disposition to enjoy them. Medals! I cannot wear them; the pleasure of
looking at them is even denied me by my continual absence. What then?
Nothing. No honour or reward, however great, can be equal to that subtle
satisfaction that a man feels when he can point to his work and say,
"See, now, the task I promised you to perform with all loyalty and
honesty, with might and main, to the utmost of my ability, and God
willing, is to-day finished." Say, is it well and truly done? And when
the employer shall confess that "it is well and done," can there be any
recompense higher than that to one's inward self?

In the morning I had paid a visit to Emin Pasha. He was in great trouble
and pain. "Well, Pasha," I said. "I hope you don't mean to admit the
possibility that you are to die here, do you?" "Oh! no. I am not so bad
as that," and he shook his head.

"By what I have seen, Pasha, I am entirely of same opinion. A person
with a fractured head could not move his head after that manner.[36]
Good-bye. Dr. Parke will remain with you until dismissed by you, and I
hope to hear good news from him daily." We shook hands and I withdrew.

It may be curious, but it is true. Emin Pasha, who breathed a
cosmopolitan spirit while he was in the Interior, and who professed
broad views, became different in a few days. Only one day before we
reached Bagamoyo I had said to him, "Within a short time, Pasha, you
will be among your countrymen; but while you glow with pride and
pleasure at being once more amongst them, do not forget that they were
English people who first heard your cries in the days of gloom; that it
was English money which enabled these young English gentlemen to rescue
you from Khartoum."

"Never; have no fear of that," replied the Pasha.

Dr. Parke bore up, I am told, against much unpleasantness. But finally,
falling ill himself, to the peril of his life he was conveyed to the
French hospital in Zanzibar, where he lay as hopeless a case almost as
Emin Pasha immediately after his accident. Happily he recovered from the
severe illness that he had incurred while watching at the Pasha's
bedside.

The reports were more and more unsatisfactory from Bagamoyo, and finally
I despatched my boy-steward Sali, who returned from his visit to the
Pasha protesting that he had been threatened with a short shrift if he
ever visited Bagamoyo again; and never message or note did I receive
from Emin, the late Governor of Equatoria.

While writing this concluding chapter there appeared the announcement
that Emin Pasha had entered the service of the German Government in East
Africa. It was the conviction that he would do this that had caused me
to remind him on the 4th of December, that it was English money which
had enabled our Expedition to proceed to his relief and rescue. That he
has ultimately elected to serve Germany in preference to England appears
perfectly natural, and yet the mere announcement surprised a great many
of his warmest and most disinterested friends, among whom we may number
ourselves.

For among the copies of letters relating to Emin Pasha, and the objects
of our Expedition supplied to me by the British Foreign Office, was a
copy of one purporting to have been written by Emin himself to Sir John
Kirk, offering to surrender his province to England before even he had
obtained authority from the Khedive to part with it. The appearance of
this letter in print vexed him greatly, as it seemed to accuse him of
seeking to betray the interests of the Government he was supposed to
have served so faithfully. Instead, however, of meeting with an agent of
England, empowered to treat with him for the delivery of the province to
the British Government, and to appoint him as the Governor of the
Province under British auspices, he was informed that the Egyptian
Government, acting under the advice of the British representative at
Cairo, had only availed themselves of our Expedition to convey to him
their wish that he would retire from Equatoria with such troops as were
willing to accompany him, failing which he was to be left to stay in the
land on his own responsibility. Those who are interested in motives will
not find it difficult, therefore, to understand the apparent hesitation
and indecision that he seemed to labour under when questioned by me as
to his intentions. For nothing could have been more unexpected and
unwelcome than the official letters from the Khedive and Nubar Pasha
which declared their resolve to abandon the province, except the
absolute silence of British officials, or British philanthropists, or
commercial companies, respecting the future of the country wherein he
had spent so many years of his life in contentment, if not in peace. In
lieu of what he had expected, I had only the offer of the King of the
Belgians to make to him, to which were attached certain conditions, that
appeared to him to render the offer of no value. He could not guarantee
a revenue--possibly because he knew better than any one else that there
was neither government nor province, and that, therefore, revenue could
not be collected. It was then I proposed to him, solely on my own
responsibility, that he should take service with the British East
African Association, because the copy of his letter to Sir John Kirk
informed me that it approached nearer to his own proposition than the
other. As I could not guarantee the engagement without authority, and
could only promise that I would do my utmost to realise my ideas, I
could but extract a declaration of his preference that the second offer
was more congenial to him than retreat to Egypt, or service with the
Congo State. Yet, as we know, he could definitely accept neither,
inasmuch as he did not know whether his rebellious officers would
consent to depart from the province, even as far as the Victoria Nyanza.
As my mission to Emin was solely to convey ammunition to him, or to
assist him in any way desirable and convenient to him, I was as free to
carry offers to him from Italy, Germany, Russia, Portugal, or Greece as
I was to carry that from Belgium. But as Emin was disinclined to return
to Egypt, and declined to accept King Leopold's generous offer of
employment, and dared pledge himself to accept service with the English
company until he had ascertained whether any of his people were willing
to accompany him, he was compelled to return to his province to consult
the inclinations of his officers, in doing which he was deposed from his
authority and made a prisoner. When permitted to visit our camp by his
rebellious officers, he placed himself under our escort, and accompanied
us to the sea, with servants as we compelled to serve him during the
journey.

Therefore, having accomplished our mission toward him faithfully, with
every consideration and respect while he acted as the Governor of an
important province, with every kindness and tender solicitude for
himself and family during a journey of 1,400 miles, until he was in the
arms of his countrymen, we have some reason for being more than
surprised that the accident at the banquet at Bagamoyo should have so
suddenly terminated our acquaintance without the smallest
acknowledgment. Three several times I am aware I offended Emin. The
first time was on April 5th, when, finding him utterly unable to
decide, or to suggest anything, or accept suggestion from me, my
patience, after fifty-two days' restraint, gave way. Even now the very
thought of it upsets me. If the Pasha had a whipping-boy, I fear the
poor fellow would have had a severe time of it. Secondly, my judgment in
the affair of Mohammed's wife was contrary to his wishes, but had he
been my brother, or benefactor, I could not have done otherwise than
render strict justice. Third was at Mtsora, when Emin came to apologise
for certain intemperate words he had used, and when I seized the
opportunity of giving him a little lecture upon the mode of conduct
becoming a Pasha and a gentleman. "I frankly accept your apology,
Pasha," I said, "but I do hope that from here to the coast you will
allow us to remember that you are still the Governor of the Equatorial
Province, and not a vain and spoiled child. We can but grieve to see you
exhibiting childish pettishness, when we cannot forget that you are he
for whom we were all ready to fling away our lives at a moment's notice.
The method of showing resentment for imaginary offences which we see in
vogue with you and Casati is new to us. We do not understand why every
little misunderstanding should be followed by suspension of intercourse.
We have been in the habit of expressing frankly our opinions, but never
above a minute nourishing resentment, and brooding over fancied wrongs.
If you could bear this in mind you would be convinced that this forced
seclusion in your tent cannot appear otherwise than absurd, and
infantile to us."

"Ah, Mr. Stanley, I am sorry I ever came on with you, and, if you will
allow me, on reaching Mr. Mackay's, I will ask you to let me remain with
him," said he.

"But why, Pasha?" I asked. "Tell me why, and what is it you wish. Has
any person offended you? I know of everything that transpires in this
camp, but I confess that I am ignorant of any offence being done towards
you intentionally by any person. Down to the smallest Zanzibari boy I
can only see a sincere desire to serve you. Now, Pasha, let me show you
in few words for the first time how strange your conduct has appeared to
us. When we volunteered to convey relief to you, you were a kind of hero
to us; you were Gordon's last lieutenant, who was in danger of being
overcome by the fate which seemed to overtake every person connected
with the Soudan, and we resolved to employ every faculty to extricate
you from what appeared to be the common doom. We did not ask what
country gave you birth, we did not inquire into your antecedents; you
were Emin, the heroic Governor of Equatoria to us. Felkin, and Junker,
and Allen, of the Anti-Slavery Society, had by their letters and
speeches created a keen sympathy in every breast for Emin, the last
lieutenant of Gordon. We were told that all you needed was ammunition,
and from the day when I left New York to take command of this
Expedition, I had only one thought, and that was to reach you before it
was too late. I wrote you from Zanzibar that we intended to take the
Congo route, and that we should march for Kavalli at the south-west end
of the Albert Lake, and I begged you to prepare the natives for our
coming, for you had two steamers, and life-boats, besides canoes. Well,
we reached Kavalli on the 14th December, 1887. You did not reach Kavalli
before March, 1888. That omission on your part cost us the life of a
gallant Englishman, and the lives of over a hundred of our brave and
faithful followers, and caused a delay of four months. We had to return
to Fort Bodo, and bring our boat to search for you. During twenty-six
days' stay with you, we were not certain of any one thing, except that
you would wait for the arrival of the Major and rear column. We hastened
back to hunt up the rear column to find the Major was dead, and the rear
column a wreck. Now all this might have been avoided if you had visited
Kavalli, and assisted in your own relief. When we returned to you in
January, 1889, you were deposed, a helpless prisoner, and in danger of
being taken to Khartoum; and yet, though you had written to me that you
and Casati and many Egyptians were resolved to depart if I would give
you a little time, after fifty-six days' patient waiting you were still
undecided what to do. My illness gave you an additional twenty-eight
days' delay, and I find you still hankering for something that I cannot
guess, and which you will not name. Up to this date we have lost Major
Barttelot, and 300 lives; we are here to lose our own lives if they are
required. What more can we do for you? Write out in plain words your
needs, and you shall then judge for yourself whether our professions are
mere empty words."

From this time to the hour I bade him my farewell at the hospital on the
6th December nothing occurred to mar a pleasant intercourse. There was
one difficulty, however, under which I laboured, and that was to write
my letters to the Emin Relief Committee, without betraying our surprise
at the extraordinary vacillation which marked the Governor's conduct. It
would have been a more agreeable task to have maintained the illusions
under which we had set out from England, but it was impossible. What
transpired at Kavalli was visible to every officer in the Expedition,
and at some indiscreet moment the mask under which friendship may have
attempted to disguise the eccentricities of the Pasha would surely have
been brushed aside. It was, therefore, necessary that I should state the
truth as charitably as possible, so that whatever may have been deduced
by critics, the worst charge would have been no more than that his
apparent vacillation was due to excess of amiability.

But the Pasha's conduct at Bagamoyo, from the moment he entered the
German Hospital, will not even permit me the privilege of exhibiting him
in such an amiable light. The ungrateful treatment which the poor boy
Sali received, the making of my letters common property among the German
officers, all of which were urging him to have regard for his own good
name and fair reputation, the strange ingratitude shown to Dr. Parke,
who ought not to have an enemy in the wide world, the sudden and
inexplicable cessation of intercourse with any member of our Expedition,
render it necessary that we should not close this book without reference
to these things.

In Africa Emin Pasha expressed his fears that if he returned to Egypt he
would be unemployed. Within half-an-hour of my arrival in Cairo, I took
the liberty of urging upon the Khedive that Emin Pasha should be
assured, as early as possible, that he would be certain of employment.
The Khedive at once consented, and in thirty-six hours Emin replied,
"Thanks, my kind master."

Four weeks later he cabled to the Khedive requiring that a credit for
L400 should be given to him at Zanzibar. Col. Euan-Smith, at Zanzibar,
was requested by the Government of Egypt to pay that amount to Emin,
whereupon he cabled back, "Since you cannot treat me better than that, I
send you my resignation."

As he had offered his services to England, the British East African
Company were induced to listen to his overtures, and I was aware while
at Cairo that a very liberal engagement was open to his acceptance; but
suddenly everybody was shocked to hear that he had accepted service with
the Germans in East Africa, and naturally one of his first duties would
be to inform his new employers of the high estimate placed on his genius
for administration by the directors of the British East Africa Company.
I understand that he had agreed to serve Germany one month previous to
his offer of service to the British Company. It is clear, therefore, why
he was negotiating with the latter.

As has been stated above, his desire to serve the Germans has not been a
surprise to me; but this reckless indifference to his own reputation,
and his disregard of the finer human feelings certainly are calculated
to diminish admiration. While most readers of this book would be
indifferent to his employment by his own Emperor, and would consider it
perfectly natural and right that he should show preference for his own
natal land and countrymen, it will not appear so natural to them that
the flag which he had stated at Kavalli he had served for thirty years,
should have been so disdainfully cast aside, or that the "kind master,"
the Khedive of Egypt, who had given L14,000 towards his rescue, should
have been parted with so unceremoniously; or that Sir William Mackinnon
and his English friends, who had subscribed L16,000 for sending to him
the assistance he had requested, should have been subjected to such a
sudden chilling of their kindly sympathies. Nor will it appear quite
natural to us that he should so soon forget his "dear people" for whom
he pleaded so nobly in May, 1888, and February and March, 1889, as to
leave them in Cairo for four months without a word. Dr. Vita Hassan, the
apothecary, his most devoted follower, received a letter from him a few
days before I left Cairo, which announced to him that he and the others
must look out for themselves, that as he had severed his connection with
Egypt he could not be troubled any more with them. Poor Shukri Agha,
faithful to the last, with tears in his eyes came to me to ask what it
all meant? What had he done to be treated with such neglect? With eight
years' arrears of pay due to them, the Pasha's followers remain
wondering why their late chief has so utterly cast them away.

We were the recipients at Zanzibar of so much courtesy and hospitality
that pages might be filled with the mere mention of them. To Major
Wissmann, I am vastly indebted for large and unstinted hospitality, and
I feel honoured with the acquaintance of this noble and brave German
centurion. To the gallant Captains Foss and Hirschberg we owe great
gratitude for their unremitting kindness. To Consul-General Col.
Euan-Smith and his charming wife, to whom I am indebted for courtesies
past counting, and a hospitality as ungrudging as it was princely and
thoroughly disinterested, besides favours and honours without number, I
am too poor in aught to do more than make this simple record of a
goodness which cannot be recompensed. And indeed there was not a German,
or English, or Italian, or Indian resident at Zanzibar who did not show
to myself and companions in some form or another, either by substantial
dinners and choice wines their--what was called--appreciation of our
services in behalf of Emin Pasha, Captain Casati, and their followers.

The Agent of the East African Company, in company with Lieut. Stairs,
having completed their labours, of calculating the sums due to the
survivors of the Relief Expedition, and having paid them accordingly, a
purse of 10,000 rupees was subscribed thus: 3000 rupees from the Khedive
of Egypt; 3000 rupees from the Emin Relief Fund; 3000 rupees from myself
personally; 1000 rupees from the Seyyid Khalifa of Zanzibar, which
enabled the payees to deliver from 40 to 60 rupees extra to each
survivor according to desert. General Lloyd Mathews gave them also a
grand banquet, and in the name of the kind-hearted Sultan in various
ways showed how merit should be rewarded. An extra sum of 10,000 rupees
set apart from the Relief Fund is to be distributed also among the
widows and orphans of those who perished in the Yambuya Camp, and with
the Advance Column. [Illustration: THE FAITHFULS AT ZANZIBAR.]

Among my visitors at Zanzibar was a Mohammedan East Indian, named Jaffar
Tarya, who is a wealthy Bombay merchant, and acts as agent for many Arab
and Zanzibari caravan owners in Africa. Among others he acts as agent
for Hamed bin Mohammed, _alias_ Tippu-Tib. He informed me that he held
the sum of L10,600 in gold, which was paid to him for and in behalf of
Tippu-Tib by the Government of the Congo Free State for ivory purchased
by Lieut. Becker from Tippu-Tib in its name. Jaffar Tarya had thus
unwittingly put the means in my hands to enable me to bring Tippu-Tib
some day before the Consular Court at Zanzibar to be judged for alleged
offences committed against British subjects--the gentlemen of the Emin
Relief Committee--and to refund certain expenses which had been incurred
by the declarations he had made before Acting Consul-General Holmwood,
that he would assist the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition with carriers.
Thus, in consideration of his signed agreement that he would furnish
the Expedition with 600 carriers, he had been granted free passage and
board for himself and ninety-six of his followers from Zanzibar to
Banana Point, River Congo=L1940, and from Banana Point to Stanley
Falls=L1940. At Yambuya he had received forty-seven bales of cloth,
about fifty cases of gunpowder, as many cases of fixed ammunition,
Remington rifles, elephant guns, revolvers, and L128 worth of stores for
his sub-chief, Muini Sumai, on the promise that he would supply carriers
to escort Major Barttelot until the Major would either meet me or Emin
Pasha, which he did not do further than for about ninety miles, and
therefore caused us a delay of nearly a year, and a further expense of
nearly twelve months' pay extra to about 250 Zanzibaris. The bill of
claims that we could legitimately present amounted in the aggregate to
L10,000. Whereupon I pleaded for an injunction that such moneys should
not depart from the hands of the British subject Jaffar Tarya until an
English court of justice should decide whether the Emin Relief Committee
was not entitled in equity to have these expenses and moneys refunded.
After hearing the evidence the Consular Judge granted the injunction.
There is not a doubt, then, that, if strict justice be dealt to this
arch offender, the Emin Relief Committee may find itself in possession
of funds sufficient to pay each Zanzibari survivor a bonus of 300
rupees, and each of our officers the sum of L1000 cash, a consummation
devoutly to be wished.

[Sidenote: 1890.

Jan. 16.

Cairo.]

After arriving at Cairo on the 16th of January, 1890, and delivering the
260 refugees to the Egyptian authorities, I sought a retired house
wherein I might proceed to write this record of three years' experiences
"In Darkest Africa, and the Story of our Quest, Rescue, and Retreat of
Emin, the Governor of Equatoria." I discovered such a house in the Villa
Victoria, and on January 25th I seized my pen to do a day's work. But I
knew not how to begin. Like Elihu, my memory was full of matter, and I
desired to write that I might be refreshed; but there was no vent. My
right hand had forgotten its cunning, and the art of composition was
lost by long disuse. Wherefore, putting firm restraint against the
crowds of reminiscences that clamoured for issue, I let slip one after
another with painful deliberation into the light, and thus, while one
day my pen would fairly race over the paper at the rate of nine folios
an hour, at other times it could scarcely frame 100 words. But finally,
after fifty days' close labour, in obedience to an irresistible impulse
I have succeeded in reaching this page 903 of foolscap manuscript,
besides writing 400 letters and about 100 telegrams, and am compelled
from over-weariness to beg the reader's permission to conclude.

Some scenes of the wonderful land of Inner Africa, through which we have
travelled together, must for ever cling to our memories. Wherever we go
some thought of some one of the many scenes in that great forest will
intrude itself into the mind. The eternal woods will stand in their
far-away loneliness for ever. As in the past, so they will flourish and
fall for countless ages in the future, in dumb and still multitudes,
shadowy as ghosts in the twilight, yet silently creeping upward and
higher into the air and sunshine. In fancy we shall often hear the
thunder crashing and rushing in rolling echoes through the silence and
the darkness; we shall see the leaden mists of the morning, and in the
sunshine the lustre of bedewed verdure and the sheen of wet foliage, and
inhale the fragrance of flowers.

And now and then--oh, the misery of it!--athwart the memory will glide
spectres of men cowering in the rainy gloom, shivering with cold, gaunt
and sad-eyed through hunger, despairing in the midst of the unknown; we
shall hear the moaning of dying men, see the stark forms of the dead,
and shrink again with the hopelessness of our state. Then like gleams of
fair morning will rise to view the prospects of the grass-land, the
vistas of green bossy hills, the swirling swathes of young grass
waltzing merrily with the gale, the flowing lines of boscage darkening
the hollows, the receding view of uplifting and subsiding land waves
rolling to the distance where the mountains loom in faint image through
the undefined blue. And often thought will wing itself lighter than a
swift, and soar in aerial heights over sere plain, blue water, vivid
green land and silver lake, and sail along the lengthy line of colossal
mountain shoulders turned towards the Semliki, and around the
congregation of white heads seated in glory far above the Afric world,
and listen to the dropping waters as they tumble down along the winding
grooves of Ruwenzori in sheaves of silver arrows, and speed through the
impending rain-clouds, and the floating globes of white mist over
unexplored abysses, through the eternal haze of Usongora, and up with a
joyous leap into the cool atmosphere over Ankori and Karagwe, and
straight away over 300 leagues of pastoral plains, and thin thorn
forest, back again to marvel at the delightful azure of the Indian
Ocean.

Good-night, Pasha, and you, Captain Casati! You will know better when
you have read these pages, what the saving of you cost in human life and
suffering. I have nothing to regret. What I have given that I have given
freely and with utmost good will; and so say we all.

Good-night, Gentlemen of the Relief Committee! Three years are past
since your benevolence commissioned us to relieve the distressed and
rescue the weak. 260 all told have been returned to their homes; about
150 more are in safety.

Good night, oh! my Companions! May honours such as you deserve be
showered upon you. To the warm hearts of your countrymen I consign you.
Should one doubt be thrown upon your manhood, or upon your loyalty or
honour, within these pages, the record of your faithfulness during a
period which I doubt will ever be excelled for its gloom and
hopelessness, will be found to show with what noble fortitude you bore
all. Good-night, Stairs, Jephson, Nelson, Parke, and you, Bonny, a long
good-night to you all!

    You who never turned your backs,
        But marched breast forward,
    Never doubted clouds would break,
    Never dreamed, though right were worsted,
        Wrong would triumph.
    Held we fall to rise, are baffled to
        Fight better,
    Sleep to wake.

    No, at noonday, in the bustle of
        Man's work-time,
    Greet the Unseen with a cheer!
    Bid them forward, breast and bark, as
        Either should be.
    "Strive and thrive!" cry, "speed, fight
        On, for ever,
    There as here."

THE THANKS BE TO GOD FOR EVER AND EVER. AMEN.




APPENDICES.


APPENDIX A.

CONGRATULATIONS BY CABLE

RECEIVED AT ZANZIBAR.


WINDSOR, 10 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. My thoughts are often with you and your brave
followers, whose dangers and hardships are now at an end. Once more I
heartily congratulate all, including the survivors of the gallant
Zanzibaris who displayed such devotion and fortitude during your
marvellous Expedition. Trust Emin progresses favourably.

V. R. I.

       *       *       *       *       *

BERLIN, 4 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Thanks to your tenacity of purpose and indomitable
courage, you have now, after having repeatedly crossed the Dark
Continent, achieved a new long journey full of fearful dangers and
almost unbearable hardship; that you have overcome it all, and that your
way home led you through territories placed under my flag, gives me
great satisfaction, and I welcome you heartily on your return to
civilization and safety.

WILHELM IMPERATOR REX.
GRAF BISMARCK.

       *       *       *       *       *

BRUSSELS, 23 _November_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Many greetings and warmest congratulations on your
marvellous and heroic expedition.

LEOPOLD.

       *       *       *       *       *

WASHINGTON, 15 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. I am directed by the President of the United States
to tender his congratulations to you upon the success which has attended
your long tour of discovery through Africa, and upon the advantages
which may accrue therefrom to the civilized world.

BLAINE.

       *       *       *       *       *

CAIRE, 7 _Decembre_, 1889.

MONSIEUR STANLEY, ESQ., _Zanzibar_. Je vous adresse mes sinceres et
cordiales felicitations sur votre arrivee a Zanzibar apres toutes les
peripeties de votre remarquable Expedition pour aller au secours d'Emin
Pasha et de ses braves compagnons. Je vous ai envoye un de mes bateaux,
le Mansourah, pour vous ramener et j'attends avec impatience le plaisir
de vous recevoir tous.

MEHEMET THEWFIK, _Khedive of Egypt_.

       *       *       *       *       *

CAIRO ABDIN, 12 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. You are authorised to pay 200 pounds as a
gratification to your Zanzibar men in recognition of their services. The
British Consul-General has been asked to pay you the amount on behalf of
the Egyptian Government.

MEHEMET THEWFIK, _Khedive_.

       *       *       *       *       *

LONDON, 12 _December_, 1889.

Stanley, Zanzibar. Corporation London invite you to reception Guildhall.

BRAND, _Guildhall_.

       *       *       *       *       *

BRUXELLES, 11 _Decembre_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Societe Geographie Bruxelles felicite invite.

       *       *       *       *       *

MELBOURNE, 11 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Geographic Society, Victoria, congratulate you.
Convey Emin Pasha deep sympathy.

MACDONALD, _Secretary_.

       *       *       *       *       *

BRUXELLES, 8 _Decembre_, 1889.

MONSIEUR STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. La Conference de Bruxelles justement emue
des souffrances et des perils que vous avez braves avec vos compagnons
et admirant l'energie que vous avez deployee dans l'accomplissement
d'une noble mission, vous adresse ses sinceres felicitations; elle
connait et apprecie les nouveaux et grands services que vous avez rendus
a la science et a l'humanite; elle vous prie d'exprimer ses sympathies a
Emin Pasha, qui fidele au devoir a si longtemps garde un poste
dangereux, a de lui faire part des voeux qu'elle forme pour son complet
retablissement au nom de la Conference.

LE PRESIDENT BARON LAMBERMONT.

       *       *       *       *       *

LONDON, 11 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Sir Julian Goldsmid, Sir Edwin Arnold, Alfred
Rothschild, Earl Wharncliffe, Prince Gluca, Sir Arthur Sullivan, Beatty
Kingston, Charles Wyndham, Colonel FitzGeorge, Lord Ronald Gower, Lord
Ernest Hamilton, Sir James Linton, Count Lutzow, Sir Morell Mackenzie,
General Sir Roger Palmer, D'Oyly Carte, Fred Cowen, Anderson, Critchett,
Sutherland Edwards, John Pettie, Robson, Rowe, Frank Lockwood, Farjeon,
Professor Herkomer, constituting Committee of Arts and Letters Club,
heartily congratulate you on brilliant success, safe return
civilization, invite you to banquet your honour.

       *       *       *       *       *

LONDON, 2 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Council Royal Geographical Society congratulate you
heartily on success of journey and great discoveries.

GRANT DUFF, _President_.

       *       *       *       *       *

EDINBURGH, 30 _November_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Hearty congratulations thanks.

SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHIC.

       *       *       *       *       *

MANCHESTER, 5 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Manchester Geographical Society sends cordial
greeting to yourself and brave companions, trusting your health may be
spared.

GREENWOOD, STEINTHAL AND SOWERBUTTS.

       *       *       *       *       *

BERLIN, 5 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, EMIN, _Zanzibar_. Geographical Society sends hearty welcome.

       *       *       *       *       *

LONDON, 4 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. I must be first to offer you my warmest hearty
congratulations on the completion of your herculean task. Inform me as
soon as possible of your movements and telegraph general state of health
of your staff. I congratulate them upon their success.

(SIR WILLIAM) MACKINNON (Bart.).

       *       *       *       *       *

LONDON, 25 _November_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. My wife and I thankfully rejoice to learn of your
safety and success, and anxiously await further information. Accept our
most hearty congratulations. We are longing to see you. Offer our
kindest sympathy to Emin Pacha and all your companions. All the
Company's officers have been instructed to do everything they can to
meet your wishes.

(SIR WILLIAM) MACKINNON (Bart.).

       *       *       *       *       *

     _From_ the Emin Pasha Relief Committee and the Directors of the
     Imperial British East African Company _to_ H. M. STANLEY, Esq., and
     EMIN PASHA--

21 _November_, 1889.

Most cordial hearty congratulations.

       *       *       *       *       *

ADEN, 24 _November_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Myself and George Mackenzie hope to organise proper
reception for you, which I consider both fitting and necessary.

Col. EUAN-SMITH.

       *       *       *       *       *

ADEN, 24 _November_, 1889.

Heartiest welcome and sincerest congratulations on your safe return. I
hope to come and meet you at Bagamoyo if you do not reach there before
5th December. I only reach Zanzibar 2nd from England. Of course you will
stay with us on arrival. My wife joins me in heartiest good wishes.

GEORGE S. MACKENZIE.

       *       *       *       *       *

STANLEY. Heartiest congratulations yourself and Emin. Am bearer of
several letters from friends. It is absolutely necessary must remain
Mombasa four days. Must proceed with all haste, greet you as special
representative Relief Committee.

G. S. MACKENZIE, _Aden_.

       *       *       *       *       *

LONDON, 25 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Balinakill sends you united kindest heartiest good
wishes for a merry Christmas and a happy New Year. They rejoice that at
this season you are enjoying your well-earned repose after your
hardships and dangers.

MACKINNON.

       *       *       *       *       *

EMBEKELWENI, 3 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Safe again, thank God!

Col. DE WINTON, _Swazieland_.

       *       *       *       *       *

LONDON, 3 _December_.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Thousand welcomes! Your old friend,

(J. R.) ROBINSON, _Daily News_.

       *       *       *       *       *

LONDON, 14 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. The Fishmongers Company send their congratulations
and wish to present Mr. H. M. Stanley with their Honorary Freedom. If
Mr. Stanley is willing to accept this, they request him to give them the
pleasure of his company at dinner during the month of February, or at
any other time he may find it more convenient.

       *       *       *       *       *

BRUSSELS, 7 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. The Burgomaster of Brussels sends in the name of
the Administration Communale his warmest felicitations to Henry Stanley
for the happy issue of his admirable enterprise, and hopes to welcome
him at the Town Hall.

BULS.

       *       *       *       *       *

LONDON, 22 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Applauds hero; tenders welcoming dinner.

SAVAGE CLUB.

       *       *       *       *       *

LONDON, 13 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. George Club felicitate.

       *       *       *       *       *

LONDON, 6 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. The Turners Company gave a dinner to the Lord Mayor
at which many old friends were present. After receiving a generous
telegram from His Majesty King Leopold, an honorary Turner, your health
was drunk with stirring enthusiasm. The Company send you hearty
congratulations on your splendid achievement and cordially welcome you
home.

BURDETT COUTTS, _Chairman_.

       *       *       *       *       *

LONDON, 19 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Best Christmas wishes. Congratulations from all.

LAWSON, _Daily Telegraph_.

       *       *       *       *       *

LONDON, 18 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Americans, London, applaud heroic achievement in
cause of humanity, science, and invite you dinner. Minister Lincoln
presides, name probable date.

WELLCOME, _Snowhill_.

       *       *       *       *       *

PARIS, 6 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Let me first congratulate you upon your great
success, let me secondly thank you for letter, and your kindly treatment
of my correspondent. Hoping to see you soon, I am your great admirer,

JAMES GORDON BENNETT, _New York Herald_.

       *       *       *       *       *

EDINBURGH, 29 _November_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Thousand welcomes, congratulations on safety and
brilliant achievement.

BRUCE (Livingstone's son-in-law).

       *       *       *       *       *

ZANZIBAR, 7 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Pierce says, several congratulations Society of
Arts. Elliot says, going to Cairo to-morrow, hopes to entertain you
there on New Year's day. Everybody says you are a phenomenally great
man; to myself your success truly wonderful, beats romance. Sorry about
Emin, hope your able doctor will pull him through, due to you he should
be landed safe at home.

          From MANAGING DIRECTOR, _Eastern Telegraph Company_.

       *       *       *       *       *

4 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. You will have many congratulations on the
successful termination of your most heroic work; but none can be more
sincere and earnest than those of your friend.

(Sir) JOHN PENDER.

       *       *       *       *       *

30 _November_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Affectionate congratulations from your oldest
London friend on happy return and splendid achievements transcending all
that has gone before. Your name on every tongue on Sunday 22 December;
Robinson, Sala, Irving, Toole, Yates, Lawson, Wingfield, my guests at
Reform Club, when your health and glorious career was only toast of
evening.

(J. C.) PARKINSON.

VIENNA, 28 _November_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Again welcome back from still another perilous
African Expedition.

DOUGLAS GIBBS.

       *       *       *       *       *

LEIPZIG, 5 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Heartiest congratulations.

BROCKHAUS.

       *       *       *       *       *

BRUSSELS, 4 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Warm congratulations.

INDEPENDENCE BELGE AND GERALD HARRY.

       *       *       *       *       *

NEW YORK, 5 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. H. M. Stanley Africanus.

(J. B.) POND.

       *       *       *       *       *

LONDON, 5 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Sincerest congratulations.

GLAVE, WARD.

       *       *       *       *       *

LONDON, 4 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar_. Bravo! welcome home.

SHELDON, MAY, WELCOME.

       *       *       *       *       *

NEW YORK, 6 _December_, 1889.

STANLEY, _Zanzibar. Century Magazine_ sends congratulations.

&c. &c. &c. &c. &c. &c.

       *       *       *       *       *

                              (BY LETTER.)

PARIS, _le_ 8 _Decembre_, 1889.

MONSIEUR ET CHER COLLEGUE,--La Societe de Geographie de Paris nous
charge de vous feliciter de votre retour. Elle a pris le plus vif
interet aux perilleux voyages que vous venez d'accomplir et tout
particulierement aux decouvertes geographiques qui auront ete le
resultat.

La Societe espere que vous voudrez bien la mettre a meme d'en apprecier
toute l'importance.

Veuillez agreer, Monsieur et cher Collegue, avec nos felicitations
personnelles l'expression de nos sentiments les plus distingues.

_Le Secretaire general_,
C. MAUNOIR.

    _Le President de la Commission Centrale, Membre de l'Institut_,

J. Milne-Edwards.

          _Le President de la Societe, Membre de l'Institut_,

COMTE DE LESSEPS.

        A. Monsieur Henry M. Stanley, Membre Correspondant de la
                    Societe de Geographie de Paris.

       *       *       *       *       *

[Illustration: THE CASKET CONTAINING THE HONORARY FREEDOM OF THE CITY OF
LONDON, PRESENTED TO THE AUTHOR BEFORE SETTING OUT FOR THE RESCUE OF
EMIN, JAN. 1887.]

     GOLD CASKET PRESENTED TO MR. HENRY MORTON STANLEY WITH THE HONORARY
     FREEDOM OF THE CITY.

[Illustration: A CASKET, THE GIFT OF KING LEOPOLD II., KING OF THE
BELGIANS, CONTAINING THE STAR OF AFRICA, AND THE STAR OF SERVICE.]

The design of the casket is Arabesque, and it stands upon a base of
Algerine onyx, surmounted by a plinth of ebony, the corners of which
project and are rounded. On each of these, at the angle of the casket,
stands an ostrich carved in ivory; behind each bird and curving over it
projects an elephant's tusk, which is looped to three spears placed in
the panelled angle of the casket, the pillars of which are of
crocidolite, resting in basal sockets of gold, and surmounted by
capitals of the same metal. The panels of the casket and also the roof
are of ivory richly overlaid with ornamental work in fine gold of
various colours. The back panel bears the City arms emblazoned in the
proper heraldic colours. Of the end panels, one bears the tricoloured
monogram "H.M.S." surrounded by a wreath-emblem of victory, and the
other that of the Lord Mayor of London. The front panel, which is also
the door of the casket, bears a miniature map of Africa surmounting the
tablet bearing the inscription: "Presented to Henry Morton Stanley with
the freedom of the City." Above both the front and back panels on the
roof are the standards of America and Great Britain, and, surmounting
the whole, on an oval platform is an allegorical figure of the Congo
Free State, seated by the source of the river from which it derives its
name, and holding the horn of plenty, which is overflowing with native
products. The design was selected from among a large number submitted by
the leading London goldsmiths, and reflects great credit upon the taste
and workmanship of the designers and makers, Messrs. George Edward &
Son, Glasgow, and Poultry, London.




APPENDIX B.

NOTES.


The Wambutti knew a donkey and called it "atti." They say that they
sometimes catch them in pits. What they can find to eat is a wonder.
They eat leaves.

Bakiokwa language of Indekaru.

Wambutti call their language Ku-mbutti, or that of Bakwa, pronounced
_Bakkvwa_. I fancy Schweinfurth may have been unable to detect the
subtle sound of v-w and called his dwarfs Akka.

The Ku-mbutti or Bakkwa, the Bakiokwa or Bukumu, and the Babira, between
Kinnena and Kabonge on the Congo, we perceive speak three dialects
closely resembling one another, especially the first and last are
remarkably similar, yet there is a distance of forest between them of
several hundred miles, and the Lindi, Lenda and Ituri rivers separate
them.

The Bavira and Babusesse, separated only by the Ituri, both countries
being grass land, speak a dialect remarkably alike. Formerly it was one
language; but in two generations the Baviras have become corrupted by
using daily the Rukobe, or that of the Wahuma. They migrated from the
banks of the Ituri, crossed the Ruki, and dwelt among the Wahuma, who
are an exclusive and proud people.

The Rukobe or Wahuma have no single word for thanks, but yo
simire-kurungi literally means, "I take it to be good of you," or "I
accept it kindly."

Wahuma, when children, call their father "baba," equal to our papa; when
adults, "tata."

Wahuma, when children, call their mother "mama," equal to our mamma;
when adults, "man."

Wahuma, on the other side of the lake, are called Wachwezi.

The number three is the most universally similar. Take from Zanzibar on
to the East Coast to Banana on to the West Coast there is but little
variation, and through the forest region to Lake Albert, water is almost
pretty near alike, especially on the Western half, varying from riba,
liba, libu, libo, ibo, rubu.

  Chicken = kuku, kokko, ngokko, bukoko.}
  Spear = ikunga, kunga.                }    These words seem
  Goat = me-me.                         }  most popular across
  Ten = kumi.                           }  Africa.
  Dog = mbwa, mbua.                     }

One would imagine a confusion of languages, as for instance:--

      Hottentot    Babusesse    Kumbutti    Mandingo.
  Eye = mu     Head = mu    Head = mo   Man = mo

        Wahuma         Galla
  Milk = mata    Head = matta

      Danakil    Arabic.
  Cow = la    la = no

        Tuarik.       Kikongo
  Hair = zau    Elephant = nzau

        Kiyanzi.      Bakiokwa.
  Friend = koi    Eye = koi

      Kisawahili.          East Manyuema.
  Bana or Bwana = Master    Bana = four

        Kisawahili.       Bavira
  Kiboko = Hippo    Head, hand, finger = Kiboko

  Somali.        }   is in Swahili a vile slang word; and country
  Boro, mountain }   in Niam Niam.

Semme in Hurrur is sky; in Soudanese Arabic it means good.

Kuba in Bavira is sky; is dog in Adaiel, big in Swahili.

Barra in Adaiel is woman; is continent in Swahili.

Ina in Kiyanzi is four; in Yoruba means fire.

Afi in Babira means road; in Ku-mbutti means river.

A-e in Somali means dog, but means mother in Hurrur; so that son of a
female dog in Somali, would in Hurrur be a mother's son.

Ariho in Wahuma, or, are you here, is sky in Niam Niam.

Happa, here, in Swahili, becomes yes in Monbuttu.

The ibuka of the forest, approaches the ebbugu of Monbuttu (Banana).

The Niam Niam have no words for numerals higher than five; six becomes
the second one battisa; seven the second two battiuwi, &c., &c.

The Wabarukuru likewise.

Posyo, meat in Niam Niam, approaches the Posho, rations, Swahili, and
podzio, Russian for hurry.

Rubu, rain, of the Adaiel is a common name for perhaps a score of
African rivers. Lufu, Ruvu, Rufu. The Danakil word for rain, robe, is as
nearly related to libo (water). Monbutti, ruba of Mbarukukaru; ibo of
the Babira; libu Babusesse.

The ba (father) of the Niam Niam becomes mother in Mandingo.

While De, woman of the Niam Niam, is the same as the Jalif to the W.N.W.
for far, but de is four in Dinka.


APPENDIX B.

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF FOREST AND GRASSLAND LANGUAGES.


  English. |Ku-mbutti or |Bakiokwa or  |Pigmy Language    |
           |   Bakwa.    |  Bakumu.    |Near Indekaru, =  |
           |   Forest.   |  Forest.    | Mbarukukaru.     |
           |             |             |    Forest.       |
  ----------------------------------------------------------
  One.     | Kadi.       |  do.        |  Ujju.
  Two.     | Ibari.      |  do.        |  Ibari.
  Three.   | Saro.       |  do.        |  ikaro.
  Four.    | Zinna.      |  do.        |  ikwanganya.
  Five.    | itano.      |   ..        |  bumuti.
  Six.     | mutuba.     |  do.        |  ijju.
  Seven.   | Kitanai.    |  do.        |  bumutti-na-ibali.
  Eight.   | Kibbe.      |   ..        |  bumutti-na-iharo.
  Nine.    | ellalo.     |  do.        |  bumutti-na-ikwanganya.
  Ten.     | mukko.      |   ..        |  mabo.
  Twenty.  | mukko ibali.|  do.        |  mabo ibari.
  Thirty.  | mukko saro. |  do.        |   &c.
  Forty.   |     ..      |   ..        |   &c.
  Fifty.   |     ..      |   ..        |   &c.
  Sixty.   |     ..      |   ..        |   &c.
  Seventy. |     ..      |   ..        |   &c.
  Eighty.  |     ..      |   ..        |   &c.
  Ninety.  |     ..      |   ..        |   &c.
  Hundred. |     ..      |   ..        |   &c.
  Man.     | moku.       | mogo.       |   mabo-mabo.
  Woman.   | kali.       | kali.       |   muttu.
  Cow.     | Banzari.    | ikuma.      |   nkali.
           |             |             |
  Dog.     | ibu.        | ibu.        |   mbua.
  Donkey.  | atti.       | makabo.     |   ..
  Goat.    | samanga.    | meme-apabay.|   me-me.
  Foot.    | itindi.     | itindi.     |   maguru.
  Finger.  | Bukanzigu.  | kerro.      |   iheu.
  Head.    | mo.         | mabongo.    |   moru.
  Stool.   | mbata.      | mbata.      |   pumburu.
  Canoe.   | kuku.       | kungi.      |   bwato.
  Tree.    | mi.         | buo.        |   mpaho.
  House.   | Imlu.       | kurunbo.    |   bangwari.
  Arrow.   | mukwari.    | appi.       |   bahura.
  Knife.   | ngwu.       | tambi.      |   mbako.
  Spear.   | Ikunga.     | murupa.     |   ikunga.
  Chicken. | indumbi.    | kokko.      |   Kokko.
  River.   | afi.        | afi.        |   Faruba or Ruba.
  Water.   | libo.       | akko.       |   Ruba.
  Fire.    | mosa.       | musa.       |   ritta.
  Tobacco. | ..          |   ..        |    ..
  Sun.     | Kupa.       | mani.       |   Hehwahi.
  Moon.    | Sungi.      | burugwurru. |   Timba.
  Stars.   | Bibi.       | Passi.      |   Antongera.
  Sky.     | Iku.        | Iku.        |   ligaliki.
  Rain.    | mbua.       | mbu.        |   maneri.
  Elephant.| mbungu      | uku.        |   mbungu.
  Leopard. | mapiranga.  | mapilougo.  |   Biukabui.
  Hyena.   | mdondate.   |   ..        |   kio.
  Fish.    | nsu-mbungi. | mbungi.     |   Bahi.
  Meat.    | nimbu.      | kupa.       |   ngai.
  Bird.    | ndiya.      | mbabu.      |   banori.
  Country. | Imbanda.    |   ..        |   ..

  Babira.     |Balegga,
   Near       |Near Lake
  Kinenna.    | Albert.
   Forest.    |
  ------------+--------------
   moti.      | anderre.
   Ibari.     | andrekwa.
   isaro.     | undichikwa.
    ..        | goruchi.
   itano.     | andekaro.
   mutuba.    | zabandu.
    ..        | karubaro.
    ..        | kaibandu.
    ..        | bangewada-una.
   mukko.     | Boga or zadichi.
    ..        | makibo za.
    ..        |    ..
    ..        |    ..
    ..        |    ..
    ..        |    ..
    ..        |    ..
    ..        |    ..
    ..        |    ..
    ..        |    ..
   mkwa.      |  mbissa.
    ..        |    ..
   inki.      |  adthe.
   mbo.       |  atche.
    ..        |    ..
   me-me.     |  ndiri.
   itindi.    |  jokoloro.
   njaga.     |  nethagwa.
   mo.        |  nejjo.
   mbuta.     |    ..
    ..        |  achu.
   mi.        |  achugwaro.
   indu.      |  adza.
   nsoh.      |  mburr.
   mbago.[37] |  adyo.
   ikunga.    |  alle.
   kokko.     |  'n-o.
   ibo.       |  adda.
   ibo.       |  addchissi.
   nsa.       |  kazi.
    ..        |    ..
   mani.      |  ajje.
   Sungi.     |  apiro.
   barerengwa.|  bibiro.
   kupa.      |  abiro.
   mbua.      |  ajesi.
   mbungu.    |  addy apesiabbe.
   mabianga.  |  ngoro.
     ..       |  nyiuhu.
   Su.        |  abbe.
   abore.     |  aza.
   mbu.       |  are.
     ..       |  ango.


  -----------------------------------------------
    RUKOBE OR    |               |              |
     WAHUMA.     |   BAVIRA.     |  BABUSESSE   |==>
    GRASSLAND.   |  GRASSLAND.   |  GRASSLAND.  |
  ---------------|---------------|--------------|
  Kimu.          | buigiri.      | ngilini.     |
  Kabili.        | bala.         | ball.        |
  asato.         | isaro.        | isaro.       |
  Kane.          | ine.          | aini.        |
  Katano.        | bitano.       | five atano.  |
  mitkaga.       | madya.        | kiboko-bari. |
  musansa.       | lalodu.       |       ..     |
  mnani.         | lalo.         |       ..     |
  nuvenda.       | sobya.        |       ..     |
  ikumi.         | kumi.         | ten-kumi.    |
  ikumu nakimu.  |      ..       | kumi-bali.   |
    "   nabili.  |      ..       |       ..     |
    "   navato.  |      ..       |       ..     |
    "   navine.  |      ..       |       ..     |
    "   navitano.|      ..       |       ..     |
  namukaga.      |      ..       |       ..     |
  na musansu.    |      ..       |       ..     |
  na minami.     |      ..       |       ..     |
  na mvenda.     |      ..       |       ..     |
  igana.         | igana bingiri.|       ..     |
  muntu.         | augirini.     | mbu.         |
  mkazi.         | mkali.        | mkali.       |
                 |               |              |
  mbwa.          | nmbwa.        | ba-umbwa.    |
        ..       |      ..       |       ..     |
  mbusi.         | me-me.        | me-me.       |
  kigere.        | bata.         | subugwata.   |
  mkumo.         | kiboko.       | buki kiboko. |
  kiganza.       | kiboko.       | mu.          |
  ketebe.        | mbata.        | mbata.       |
  uwato.         | bwato.        | zabo.        |
  viti.          | miri.         | apobau.      |
  enju.          | ndabo.        | ndabo.       |
  engowe.        | mara.         | mara.        |
  muyo.          | mbako.        | mbago.       |
  ichumu.        | kunga.        | kunga.       |
  ngoko.         | bukoko.       | bukokuki.    |
  mgera.         | ntongoro.     | purupuru.    |
  mije-zi.       | libo.         | libu.        |
  muro.          | musa.         | musa.        |
        ..       |      ..       | imbazi.      |
  usana.         | mwani.        | mwani.       |
  ukwezi.        | Sungi.        | Sungi.       |
  nyezi.         | tanga-tanga.  | nzoga.       |
  iguru.         | Kuba.         | uguru.       |
  njiro.         | mbura.        | mbula.       |
  njoju.         | mbungu.       | mbongu.      |
  engwe.         | ungwi.        | ungwi.       |
  mpissi.        | mpiti.        | usu.         |
  enchu.         | bausu.        | nyama.       |
  nyama.         | nyama.        |       ..     |
  nyonyi.        | mburu.        | mburu.       |
  ensi.          | nkungu.       | para. ..     |
  -----------------------------------------------

    -----------------------------------------------
                   |                 |
 ==>               |                 |
         DINKA.    |    MONBUTTU.    | NIAM NIAM.
    ---------------|-----------------|-------------
     Tog.          | Ona.            | Sa.
     Rog.          | Orwi.           | uwi.
     ndiya.        | Otta.           | Biata.
     De.           | Oswa.           | Biama.
     duman.        | Zerna.          | Biswi.
     ndoro.        | Tengwi Kanna.   | Batissa.
     Bet.          | Tororwi.        | Batiwwi.
     Deyarkuman.   | Gwanda.         | Batti-biata.
     Hityaro.      | Tengirigi Kanna.| Batti-biama.
             ..    | Tekkewe.        | Bauwe.
             ..    |       ..        | Bolologowi.
             ..    |       ..        |        ..
             ..    |       ..        |        ..
             ..    |       ..        |        ..
             ..    |       ..        |        ..
             ..    |       ..        |        ..
             ..    |       ..        |        ..
             ..    |       ..        |        ..
             ..    |       ..        |        ..
             ..    | naberu.         | Borro.
     kyyakot.      | nandro.         | De.
     aiinir.       | Eyti.           |        ..
                   | (imported name).|
     edju.         | nessi.          | Ango.
             ..    |       ..        |        ..
     etto.         | name-me.        | Vusende.
     edjok.        | nekonso.        | Gwendwe.
     ityin.        | nette.          | uribbe.
     errano.       | nedru.          | li.
     etotch.       | nebara.         | mbata.
     ichorya.      | nekoko.         | kurumba.
     ethim.        | nekirri.        | unguwa.
     ichalotu.     | nejji.          | dima.
             ..    | nembangu.       | Gonza.
     ewelu.        | nsape.          | Sappe.
     ijultar.      | norru.          | bassa.
     ejjid.        | nale.           | kondo.
             ..    | nedda.          | di.
     aypu.         | eggu.           | imme.
     icholmatch.   | nakagu.         | we.
             ..    |        ..       |        ..
     Echolokolo.   | Neggu.          | Uru.
     echolpe.      | Naugwe.         | diwi.
     gulpyatuil.   | Etturu.         |
     echolnyalit.  | Norro.          | ariho.
     eddun.        | Nekuma.         | mai.
     Hakkon.       | Nokko.          | mbana.
     ekkor.        | Nokondo.        | moma.
     etchoretch.   |                 |
     etchorin.     | Neugere.        | tiya.
             ..    | Neri.           | posyo.
     ter (Arabic). | Nari.           | zelle.
             ..    | Nebba.          | Boro.
    -----------------------------------------------

  COMPARATIVE TABLE OF FOREST AND

  ------------------+---------------+---------------
       ENGLISH.     |  KU-MBUTTI.   |     BAKIOKWA. ==>
                    |               |
  ------------------+---------------+---------------
  Hill or Mountain. | mambu.        | Ibiko.
  Food.             | Ilyapa.       | Liari.
  Stick.            | mbembe.       | mbeketti.
  Wood.             | kakala.       |         ..
  Cloth.            | nangombe.     | bongo.
  Potatoes.         | mburebbo.     |         ..
  Banana.           | masaba.       | Ibuki.
  Salt.             | kua.          | mabwari.
  Flour.            | keke.         | amamatubitubi
  Road.             | apende.       | nzi.
  Road to water.    | mbungu-a-libo |         ..
  Stone.            | Itari.        | mukuku.
  Eye.              | mbukesu.      | koi.
  Nose.             | Erro.         | mbemberro.
  Mouth.            | medari.       | medari.
  Teeth.            | minyo.        | minyo.
  Lips.             | pasanioko.    | basanioko.
  Ears.             | kitu.         | kitoi.
  Tongue.           | idakka.       | iddakako.
  Hand.             | ekkakanzikka. | ekkaki.
  Hide or Skin.     | koko.         | kosso.
  Run.              | mbango.       |         ..
  Sleep.            | toro.         | bulangi.
  Thanks.           | batori.       |         ..
                    |               |
  Father.           | aupa.         | aypa.
  Mother.           | ioyma.        | eyma.
  Brother.          | Baruku.       | aiyapa.
  Dead.             | kukwa.        | ikussa.
  No.               | kimakari.     |         ..
  Yes.              | Ruki.         |         ..
  Good-day.         | Kundana.      |         ..
  ------------------+---------------+---------------

    +--------------+-----------------+--------------
==> |    PIGMY'S   |     BABIRA      |  BALEGGA.
    |   LANGUAGE.  |  (NEAR KUMINA). |
    +--------------+-----------------+--------------
    | ligungu.     | mambu.          | abero.
    | matanja.     | pikisavia.      | gussa.
    | mbau.        | lenda.          | achu.
    |         ..   |            ..   | akari.
    | ngombe.      | bongo.          | abbo.
    |         ..   |            ..   | lali.
    | bogu.        | ibnku.          | Setza.
    | appa.        | kua.            | ako.
    |         ..   | simbo.          | usaro-u.
    | hambi.       | afi.            | adzu.
    |         ..   |            ..   |         ..
    | libuku.      | ite.            | achu.
    | liho.        | isu.            | ndenyo.
    | hongo.       | erro.           | loro.
    | uchi.        | afenogo.        | kangaroro.
    | minyo.       | mino.           | nekuro.
    | mbuchuki.    | mututu.         | necho.
    | matewu.      | kitui.          | neppe.
    | limi.        | iddaka.         | nechuro.
    | rabegi.      | njaga.          | nethora.
    | eddippa.     | mbogo.          | kura.
    | mbangu.      | kutiya.         | akoro-lele.
    | toro.        | toro.           | manduga-yigu.
    | hek-heh.     |            ..   |         ..
    |              |                 |
    | Abba.        | abbe.           | abbu.
    | amma.        | amme.           | azha.
    | Dadi mwami.  | manema.         | ja-jaugwa.
    | mutwapwa.    | kukwa.          | doro.
    | agh-agh.     |            ..   |         ..
    | ibba.        |            ..   |         ..
    | ubalya.      | Kisa.           | apobangaro.
    +--------------+-----------------+--------------


GRASSLAND LANGUAGES (_Continued_).

    WAHUMA.           BAVIRA.        WASUMBURU AND    DINKA.==>
                                      BABUSESSE.
    rusossi.          bimba.          bimba.          Ekgur.
    viakulya.         leri.           lissa.          benekuu epichar.
    mwigo.            mwigo.          miri.           etchortim.
    enku.             kubuna musa.    bau.             ..
    rubuku.           kibugu.         bongo.          Ebwam.
    viyata.           kiatta.         kafetta.          ..
    vitoke.           didi.           nderi.            ..
    kisura.           mukwa.          gokoi.            ..
    nsano.            mtubu.          ntubu.          etyolabib.
    muhanda.          siyo.           sha, midende.   ekgwera.
    rubengu.          tari.           tari.           makweguru.
    lisu.             iso.            isu.            enyer.
    nindu.            ruru.           ruru.           ewum.
    mkanwa.           noko.           daka.           ketok.
    meno.             minyo.          mino.           eyalesa.
    munwa.            noko.           gubono.         ettok.
    mato.             kitoi.          kitui.          ayit.
    arimi.            daka.           daga.           eleb.
    kiganza.          kiboko.         kibogo.         etchini.
    mbirri or ruhu.   mburu.          ngufu.            ..
    chuiruki.         kite-teha.        ..              ..
    viame.            kisi-niyha.     toro.             ..
    yosimire,         kusimiya mali.  mtagako.        nyapoto.
    kurungi.
    baba and Tata.    baba.           baba.           etcha lur.
    mana and mau.     ma-me.          mamaki.         etcholmar.
    mwana-mau.        mikima-mama.    namako.           ..
    afwiri.           atyaku.         kukwa.          kojjajitor.
    nga.              kari.           atingani.         ..
    kiniha.           kimasoni.       apongi.           ..
    kississi.         kuramichi.      lala binzoni.     ..

==> MONBUTTU.        NIAM NIAM.
    Nouru.           Gaugara.
    Anyo.            Niya.
    Nekkirri.        Negua.
    Ekkirre.         Nyake.
    Noggi.           Lokki.
    Namanzingi.      Abaugwe.
    Ebbugu.          Bu.
    Nagangu.         Tikwo.
    Nekkim-bappu.    Ngunga.
    Neyi.            Jine.
    Nekoppi.         Mbia.
    Nengo.           Bunglise.
    Namu.            Omno.
    Nettiko.         Ng waiy.
    Ekki.            Lindise.
    Andwitiki.       Ngwa.
    Ebbi.            Turu.
    Nekkadr.         Milalo.
    Ette.            Bebeyo.
    Nerikeppi.       Kwotto.
    Kurwengo.        Moro.
    Eyeye.           Lammi.
         No such word.
    Papa.            Ba.
    Iyangwe.         Na.
    Iyandegwa.       Uriwemi.
    Nunsi.           Kupi.
    Kai.             Wotte.
    Kappa.           Sudu.
    Ingasije.        Muyekonno.




APPENDIX C.--FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE INDIAN OCEAN.

ITINERARY OF THE JOURNEYS MADE IN 1887, 1888, 1889.




APPENDIX C.--FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE INDIAN OCEAN.

ITINERARY OF THE JOURNEYS MADE IN 1887, 1888, 1889.

+-------------+-----------------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------------+-------+
|             |                                         |Distance |    Time   |  Rain |           |             | Above |
|   Date.     |         Name of Place or Camp.          |   in    |occupied in| during|  E. Long. |  Latitude.  |  Sea  |
|             |                                         | Miles.  | Hrs.|Min. | Month.|           |             | Level.|
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+---------+-----+-----+-------+-----------+-------------+-------+
|    1887.    |                                         |         |     |     |       |           |             | Feet. |
|March 19 & 20|{From the Atlantic Ocean up to the Lower}|         |     |     |       |           |             |       |
|             |{  Congo to Mataddi                     }|  108    |  14 |     |       |           |             |       |
| March 24 to}| March overland from Mataddi to         }|         |     |     |       |           |             |       |
|    April 21}|   Leopoldville on Upper Congo.         }|  235    |  74 |     |       |           |             |       |
|    May 1 to}| By steamer up the Congo from           }|         |     |     |       |           |             |       |
|     June 15}|   Leopoldville to Yambuya              }| 1050    |     |     |       |25 deg.  3' 30"|N. 1 deg. 17' 24"|       |
|     June 28 | Yambuya to Yankonde            Forest   |   10    |   6 |     |       |           |             |  1210 |
|          29 | Bahungi                           "     |    4    |   2 |     |       |25 deg. 13' 30"|N. 1 deg. 20'    |       |
|          30 | Burnt Village                     "     |   10    |   7 |     |       |           |N. 1 deg. 14' 35"|       |
|      July 1 | Camp                                "   |    8    |   5 |     |       |25 deg. 27'    |N. 1 deg. 14'    |       |
|           2 |  "                                  "   |    3    |   1 |  45 |       |           |             |       |
|           3 |  "                                  "   |    6    |   7 |  45 |       |           |             |       |
|           4 | Camp by Aruwimi Elver               "   |    5    |   4 |  45 |       |           |             |       |
|           5 | Bukanda                             "   |    6-1/2|   6 |  45 |       |25 deg. 33'    |N. 1 deg. 17'    |       |
|           6 | Camp                                "   |    2    |   1 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|           7 | Bakuti Village                      "   |    6    |   5 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|           8 | Bakoka Village                      "   |    6    |   5 |  45 |       |           |             |       |
|           9 | Village                             "   |    8    |   6 |     |       |25 deg. 37' 45"|N. 1 deg. 28' 38"|       |
|          10 |    "                                "   |    7    |   5 |  45 |       |25 deg. 42' 30"|N. 1 deg. 29'    |       |
|          11 | Gwengwere                           "   |    5    |   4 |  30 |       |           |N. 1 deg. 28' 30"|       |
|          12 | Lower Banalya                       "   |    8    |   6 |     |       |25 deg. 51' 45"|N. 1 deg. 28' 45"|       |
|          13 | Upper Banalya                       "   |    8    |   6 |     |       |25 deg. 58' 45"|N. 1 deg. 31'    |       |
|          15 | Bungangeta                          "   |    6    |   4 |  30 |       |26 deg.  2' 15"|N. 1 deg. 33'    |       |
|          16 | Lower Mariri                        "   |    7    |   5 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|          17 | Central Mariri                      "   |    5    |   5 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|          18 | Camp                                "   |    8    |   5 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|          19 | Upper Mariri                   Forest   |    2    |   2 |     |       |           |             |       |
|          20 |   "                               "     |    2    |   2 |     |       |26 deg. 22' 45"|N. 1 deg. 46'    |       |
|          21 | S. Mupe                           "     |    5    |   4 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|          22 | N. Mupe                           "     |    5    |   5 |  30 |       |           |N. 1 deg. 50' 48"|       |
|          23 | Above Bumbwa                      "     |    7    |   5 |  30 |       |26 deg. 22' 15"|N. 1 deg. 56'    |       |
|          24 | Elephant Playground               "     |    9    |   6 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|          25 | Bandeya (Wasp Rapids)             "     |    8    |   7 |     |       |           |             |       |
|          27 | Camp                              "     |    6    |   5 |  30 |       |26 deg. 37'    |N. 1 deg. 56'    |       |
|          28 | Below Mukupi                      "     |    7    |   5 |  30 |       |26 deg. 45'    |N. 1 deg. 58'    |       |
|          29 | Opposite Myyui                    "     |    6    |   4 |  15 |56-1/2 |26 deg. 46' 30"|N. 1 deg. 58' 30"|       |
|             |                                         |         |     |     |  hrs. |           |             |       |
|    August 1 | Opposite Mambanga                 "     |    9    |   6 |     |       |26 deg. 48' 45"|N. 1 deg. 57'    |       |
|           2 | Opposite Ngula R                  "     |    9    |   6 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|           3 | Below Panga Falls                 "     |    7    |   5 |  30 |       |26 deg. 50' 45"|N. 1 deg. 54'    |       |
|           4 | Panga Falls                       "     |    4    |   4 |     |       |27 deg.  1' 30"|N. 1 deg. 53'    |       |
|           6 | Above Falls                       "     |    1-1/2|     |  45 |       |           |             |       |
|           7 | Nejambi Rapids                    "     |    4    |   4 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|           8 | Above Rapids                      "     |    1    |     |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|           9 | Utiri                             "     |    7    |   4 |     |       |27 deg.  9' 45"|N. 1 deg. 51'    |       |
|          11 | Engwedde                          "     |   10    |   5 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|          13 | Avisibba                          "     |    7    |   3 |  45 |       |27 deg. 16'  O"|N. 1 deg. 41' 16"|       |
|          15 | Camp                              "     |    3    |   2 |  45 |       |           |             |       |
|          16 | Lower Mabengu Rapids              "     |    6    |   3 |  45 |       |           |             |       |
|          22 | Upper Mabengu Rapids              "     |    2-1/2|   2 |  45 |       |           |N. 1 deg. 45'    |       |
|          23 | Avu-gadu                          "     |    6-1/2|   3 |  30 |       |           |N. 1 deg. 40'    |       |
|          24 | Avu-gadu Rapids                   "     |    4    |   5 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|          25 | Fisher's Camp                     "     |    9    |   5 |  30 |       |27 deg. 27' 30"|N. 1 deg. 40'    |       |
|          26 | Ave-jeli                          "     |    8    |   4 |  30 |       |27 deg. 31' 45"|N. 1 deg. 37'    |       |
|          28 | Little Village                    "     |    4-1/2|   5 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|          29 | Camp                              "     |    4    |   5 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|          30 | Foot of Basopo Cataract           "     |    4    |   4 |     |       |27 deg. 35' 30'|N. 1 deg. 40'    |       |
|          31 | Basopo Cataract                   "     |    2-1/2|   1 |  30 |56 HRS.|           |             |       |
| September 1 | Foot of Rapids                    "     |    6    |   4 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+---------+-----+-----+-------+-----------+-------------+-------+
|             |             Carried forward             | 1698    |     |     |       |           |             |       |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+---------+-----+-----+-------+-----------+-------------+-------+

-------------+----------------------------------------+--------+----------+---------+-------------+-------------+-------+
|   Date.    |      Name of Place or Camp.            |Distance|   Time    |  Rain  |   E Long.   | Latitude.   | Above |
|            |                                        |  in    |occupied in| during |             |             |  Sea  |
|            |                                        |Miles.  | Hrs.| Min.|  Month.|             |             | Level.|
|------------|----------------------------------------|--------|-----|-----|--------|-------------|-------------|-------|
|            |   BY ARUWIMI RIVER--_continued_.       |        |     |     |        |             |             | Feet. |
|    1887    |          Brought forward               |1698    |     |     |        |             |             |       |
|September 3 | Camp                       Forest      |   3    |  3  |  30 |        |             |             |       |
|          4 | Top of Cataract               "        |   4    |  2  |  45 |        |             |             |       |
|          5 | Hippo Broads Camp             "        |   3    |  1  |  30 |   ..   |      ..     |  N 1 deg. 40'   | 1916  |
|          6 | Foot of Bafaido Cataract      "        |   8    |  5  |  .. |   ..   |      ..     |     ..      | 1964  |
|          8 | Aveyabu                       "        |   9    |  5  |  .. |   ..   |      ..     |  N 1 deg. 29'   |       |
|          9 | Navaiya Rapids                "        |   7    |  4  |  30 |   ..   | 27 deg. 54' 30" |  N 1 deg. 30'   |       |
|         10 | Navaiya Cataract              "        |   3-1/2|  3  |  30 |        |             |             |       |
|         11 | Navabi Village                "        |   4    |  3  |  30 |   ..   | 27 deg. 56'     |  N 1 deg. 26'   |       |
|         12 | Camp                          "        |   6    |  5  |     |        |             |             |       |
|         13 | Amiri Falls                   "        |   6-1/2|  4  |  .. |   ..   |      ..     |  N 1 deg. 24'   |       |
|         15 | Rapids                        "        |   5-1/2|  5  |     |        |             |             |       |
|         16 | Below Ugarrowwa's Station     "        |   5-1/2|  5  |     |        |             |             |       |
|         17 | Opposite Ugarrowwa's Station  "        |   1-1/2|  1  |  .. |        | 28 deg. 0' 45"  |  N 1 deg. 23'   |       |
|         19 | Camp below Bunda Village      "        |   7    |  4  |  30 |        |             |             |       |
|         20 | Near Lenda R.                 "        |   9    |  6  |  .. |   ..   | 28 deg. 5'      |  N 1 deg. 20'   |       |
|         21 | Above Lenda R.                "        |   2    |  1  |  30 |        |             |             |       |
|         22 | Umeni                         "        |   5    |  3  |  .. |   ..   | 28 deg. 18'     |  N 1 deg. 18'   |       |
|         23 | Near Cataract                 "        |   6-1/2|  4  |     |        |             |             |       |
|         25 | Old Arab Camp                 "        |   3    |  4  |     |        |             |             |       |
|         26 | Opposite Avetiko              "        |   3    |  5  |  .. |   ..   | 28 deg. 20' 45" |  N 1 deg. 16'   | 2548  |
|         28 | Opposite island               "        |   7    |  5  |  .. |   ..   | 28 deg. 24'     |  N 1 deg. 13'   |       |
|         30 | Native Camp at Ferry          "        |   8    |  6  |  .. | 65 hrs.| 28 deg. 25'     |  N 1 deg. 11'   |       |
|  October 3 | Narrows                       "        |   4    |  5  |     |        |             |             |       |
|          4 | Crossed River to right bank   "        |   1-1/2|  1  |     |        |             |             |       |
|          5 | Nelson's Starvation Camp      "        |   2    |  1  |  .. |   ..   | 28 deg. 30'     |  N 1 deg. 10'   |       |
|            |   (recrossed to left bank)             |        |     |     |        |             |             |       |
|          6 | Camp (Inland)                 "        |   4-1/2|  4  |  30 |        |             |             |       |
|          7 | Camp on island                "        |   7    |  7  |     |        |             |             |       |
|          8 | Camp opposite island            Forest |   2    |  2 |      |        |28 deg. 37' 45"  |N. 1 deg. 10'    |       |
|         11 | Camp                              "    |   7    |  6 |      |        |             |             |       |
|         12 | Camp                              "    |   4-1/2|  3 |      |        |             |N. 1 deg.  4' 26"|       |
|         14 | Crossed Aruwimi River to N. bank  "    |        |    |      |        |28 deg. 43' 30"  |N. 1 deg.  4' 45"| 2340  |
|         15 | Camp (Inland)                     "    |   4-1/2|  4 |      |        |28 deg. 44'      |N. 1 deg.  9'    |       |
|         16 | Camp                              "    |   7    |  5 |      |        |             |             |       |
|         17 | Camp                              "    |   7    |  5 | 30   |        |             |             |       |
|         18 | Ipoto. Kilonga-Longa's Station    "    |   2    |  2 | 30   |        |28 deg. 51'      |N. 1 deg. 6' 11" | 2935  |
|         28 | Yumbu                             "    |   5    |  3 | 30   |        |             |             |       |
|         29 | Busindi                           "    |   6    |  4 | 30   |        |28 deg. 54' 45"  |N. 1 deg. 9'     | 2889  |
|         31 | Camp                              "    |   8    |  5 | 15   |51-1/2  |             |             |       |
|            |                                        |        |    |      |  hrs.  |             |             |       |
| November 1 | Mambungu's                        "    |   9    |  5 | 45   |        |28 deg. 58' 45"  |N. 1 deg. 13' 22"| 2560  |
|          3 | Camp                              "    |   8-1/2|  5 | 45   |        |             |             |       |
|          4 | Ndugubisha                        "    |   5-1/4|  3 | 30   |        |29 deg. 10' 45"  |N. 1 deg. 14' 28"| 3607  |
|          5 | West Inde-karu                    "    |   9-3/4|  5 | 45   |        |29 deg. 14'      |N. 1 deg. 19'    |       |
|          6 | Inde-karu on Hill                 "    |   2-1/2|  1 | 30   |        |29 deg. 15'      |N. 1 deg. 20' 15"| 3810  |
|          8 | Camp                              "    |  11    |  7 |      |        |             |             |       |
|          9 | Camp                              "    |   9-1/2|  6 | 15   |        |             |             |       |
|         10 | W. Ibwiri (site of Fort Bodo)     "    |   4-1/4|  2 | 45   |        |29 deg. 25'      |N. 1 deg. 20'    | 3503  |
|         24 | Camp                              "    |   9    |  5 | 15   |        |             |             |       |
|         25 | Inde-mwani                        "    |   8-1/2|  4 | 30   |        |             |             | 3510  |
|         26 | W. Inde-nduru                     "    |  11-1/4|  5 | 30   |        |29 deg. 39' 15"  |N. 1 deg. 22'    | 3610  |
|         27 | E. Inde-nduru                     "    |   7    |  3 | 15   |        |29 deg. 41'      |N. 1 deg. 22' 23"| 3470  |
|         29 | Baburu                            "    |  10    |  5 | 15   |        |             |             | 3758  |
|         30 | Bakwuru (Mount Pisgah, 4600 ft.)  "    |   3-1/4|  2 | 15   |64-1/4  |29 deg. 46'      |N. 1 deg. 21' 40"| 4350  |
|            |                                        |        |    |      |  hrs.  |             |             |       |
| December 1 | Three Hut Village                 "    |  10-1/2|  6 | 15   |        |             |N. 1 deg. 26'    | 3814  |
|          2 | Inde-sura                         "    |   7    |  4 | 15   |        |29 deg. 51' 45"  |N. 1 deg. 24'    |       |
|            |   (End of the Forest)                  |        |    |      |        |             |             |       |
|          4 | Camp. Cross W. Ituri River             |   8-1/2|  5 |      |        |             |             | 2950  |
|            |   (First in the Grass Land)            |        |    |      |        |             |             |       |
|          5 | Babusesse Villages                     |   7    |  5 | 30   |        |30 deg.  0'  0"  |N. 1 deg. 28'    |       |
|          6 | Crossed Ituri or Aruwimi River         |        |    |      |        |             |             | 3470  |
+------------+----------------------------------------+--------+----+------+--------+-------------+-------------+-------+
|            |             Carried forward            |2028-3/4|    |      |        |             |             |       |
+------------+----------------------------------------+--------+----+------+--------+-------------+-------------+-------+

+----------+------------------------------------+--------+-----------+--------+----------+-----------+------+
|          |                                    |Distance|    Time   |  Rain  |          |           |Above |
|  Date.   |      Name of Place or Camp.        |   in   |occupied in| during | E. Long. | Latitude  | Sea  |
|          |                                    | Miles. | Hrs.| Min.|  Month.|          |           |Level.|
+----------+------------------------------------+--------+-----+-----+--------+----------+-----------+------+
|          | INLAND--_continued_.               |        |     |     |        |          |           | Feet.|
| 1887.    |        Brought forward             |2028-3/4|     |     |        |          |           |      |
|December 7|Crossed East Ituri River            |   4    |  2  | 30  |        |          |           |      |
|         8|Undussuma. (Mazamboni's)            |  13    |  6  | 45  |        |30 deg. 10'45"|N.1 deg. 25'15"|4235  |
|        12|Uzanza or Gavira's                  |   9    |  5  |     |        |          |           |4657  |
|          |  (Brow of Plateau overlooking Lake)|        |     |     |        |          |           |5282  |
|        13|Lake Plain                          |  13    |  8  |     |        |          |           |      |
|        14|Shore of the Albert Nyanza          |   5    |  2  | 30  |        |30 deg. 29'   |N.1 deg. 19' 6"|2400  |
|          |                 { By Aneroid No. 1}|        |     |     |        |          |           |2235  |
|          |Altitude of Lake {      "     No. 2}|        |     |     |        |          |           |2400  |
|          | above sea.      {      "     No. 3}|        |     |     |        |          |           |2400  |
|          |                 { By Hypsometer   }|        |     |     |        |          |           |2245  |
|          |  Balegga Hills above Lake          |        |     |     |        |          |           |5353  |
|          |                                    |        |     |     |        |          |           |      |
|          |   (_Returning from Lake._)         |        |     |     |        |          |           |      |
|          |                                    |        |     |     |        |          |           |      |
|        16|To foot of Plateau                  |   9    |  6  |     |        |          |           |      |
|        17|Uzanzu (Gavira's)                   |  10    |  4  | 45  |        |          |           |4657  |
|        19|E. Undussuma                        |  12    |  6  |     |        |          |           |4235  |
|        20|W. Urumangwa                        |  12    |  6  |     |        |          |           |      |
|        21|East Ituri River                    |   5-1/2|  2  | 30  |        |          |           |      |
|        23|Main Ituri River                    |   4    |  2  |     |        |          |           |      |
|        24|To Bridge across River              |   2    |  1  |     |        |          |           |      |
|        28|Village W. of Mbiri                 |  11    |  5  |     |        |          |           |      |
|        29|Inde-sura           Edge of Forest  |   8    |  4  | 30  |        |          |           |      |
|        30|Three Hut Village.       "          |   7    |  5  |     |        |          |           |      |
|        31|Imburun                  "          |   9    |  5  | 45  | 31-3/4 |          |           |      |
| 1888.    |                                    |        |     |     |   hrs  |          |           |      |
|January  1|Inde-tongo               "          |   5-1/2|  3  | 30  |        |29 deg. 42'   |N.1 deg. 29'   |      |
+----------+------------------------------------+--------+-----------+--------+----------+-----------+------+

+--------------+-----------------------------------------+--------+-----------+---------+-----------+---------------+------+
|              |                                         |Distance|    Time   |   Rain  |           |               |Above |
|  Date.       |      Name of Place or Camp.             |   in   |occupied in|  during | E. Long.  | Latitude      | Sea  |
|              |                                         | Miles. | Hrs.| Min.|   Month.|           |               |Level.|
+--------------+-----------------------------------------+--------+-----+-----+---------+-----------+---------------+------+
|            2 | Inde-sedi                Edge of Forest |   5    |  3 |    |           |            |              |      |
|            3 | Barikunga                      "        |   7    |  5 |    |           |            |              |      |
|            5 | Inde-mwani                     "        |   9    |  4 | 45 |           |            |              |      |
|            6 | Pigmies' Camp                  "        |   8-1/4|  5 |  5 |           |            |              |      |
|            7 | FORT BODO             "                 |   7-1/2|  4 | 15 |29-1/4 hrs.|            |              | 3503 |
|January 16 to{| During Building of Fort Bodo Lt. Stairs}| 157-1/2|    |    |43-1/2 hrs.|            |              |      |
|   April 26  {|   proceeds to Ipoto and returns        }|        |    |    |           |            |              |      |
|             {| Then proceeds to Ugarrowwa and back     | 400    |    |    |60-1/2 hrs.|            |              |      |
|              |                                         |        |    |    |           |            |              |      |
|              |SECOND JOURNEY TO ALBERT NYANZA.         |        |    |    |           |            |              |      |
|              |                                         |        |    |    |           |            |              |      |
|      April 2 | Camp                                    |   4    |  2 | 30 |           |            |              |      |
|            3 | Pigmies' Cross Roads Camp        Forest |   8-1/2|  6 | 10 |           |            |              |      |
|            4 | Inde-mwani                         "    |   5-1/2|  3 | 20 |           |            |              | 3510 |
|            5 | Pigmies' Camp                      "    |   6-1/2|  4 | 20 |           |            |              |      |
|            6 | W. Inde-nduru                      "    |   5    |  3 |    |           |            |              | 3610 |
|            7 | E. Inde-nduru                      "    |   7    |  3 | 45 |           |            |              | 3470 |
|            8 | Baburu                             "    |  10    |  5 | 30 |           |            |              | 3758 |
|            9 | W. Mande                           "    |   9    |  5 |    |           |            |              |      |
|           10 | Ituri River Ferry                  "    |   3-1/2|  2 | 30 |           |            |              | 3000 |
|           11 | First Camp                   Grass land |   7-1/2|  4 | 30 |           |            |              |      |
|           12 | Besse                             "     |   7    |  3 | 30 |           |            |              | 3565 |
|           13 | Near Mukangi                      "     |   7    |  4 | 30 |           |            |              | 3718 |
|           14 | Undussuma                         "     |  12    |  6 |    |           |            |              | 4235 |
|           16 | Uzanza (Gavira's)                 "     |   9    |  5 | 45 |           |            |              | 4657 |
|           18 | Kavalli's                         "     |   9    |  5 |    |           |            | N. 1 deg. 28'    | 4803 |
|           25 | Bundi                             "     |   6    |  3 |    |           |            | N. 1 deg. 25' 33"|      |
|           26 | Badzwa. Nyanza Plain              "     |   3    |  2 | 45 |           | 30 deg. 24'    | N. 1 deg. 25'    |      |
|           29 | Albert Nyanza. Meeting with Emin.       |   7    |  3 | 30 |           |            |              | 2400 |
|           30 | Nsabe--Along Lake shore                 |   5    |  3 |    |48-1/2 hrs.| 30 deg. 33' 45"| N. 1 deg. 30' 15"|      |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------+--------+----+----+-----------+------------+--------------+------+
|              |             Carried forward             |2893-1/2|    |    |           |            |              |      |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------+--------+----+----+-----------+------------+--------------+------+

+-------------+-----------------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------------+-------+
|             |                                         |Distance |    Time   |  Rain |           |             | Above |
|   Date.     |         Name of Place or Camp.          |   in    |occupied in| during|  E. Long. |  Latitude.  |  Sea  |
|             |                                         | Miles.  | Hrs.|Min. | Month.|           |             | Level.|
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+---------+-----+-----+-------+-----------+-------------+-------+
|             |                                         |         |     |     |       |           |             | Feet. |
|             |        IN SEARCH OF REAR COLUMN.        |         |     |     |       |           |             |       |
|             |                                         |         |     |     |       |           |             |       |
|    1888.    |              Brought forward            | 2893-1/2|     |     |       |           |             |       |
|      May 24 | Badzwa                                  |   10    |   4 |     |       |           |             |       |
|          26 | Bundi                                   |    3    |   3 |     |       |           |             |       |
|          27 | Uzanza (Gavira's)                       |    8    |   3 |  30 |       |           |             |  4657 |
|          29 | Usiri                                   |    5    |   3 |     |       |           |             |       |
|          30 | Undussuma                               |    6-1/2|   3 |     |29 hrs.|           |             |  4235 |
|      June 1 | Mukangi                                 |   12    |   5 |     |       |           |             |  3718 |
|           2 | Ukuba, Besse                            |    8    |   4 |  30 |       |           |             |  3565 |
|           3 | Ituri River Ferry                       |   14-1/2|   6 |     |       |           |             |  3000 |
|           4 | W. Mande                       Forest   |    3-1/2|   1 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|           5 | E. Indepessu                      "     |   13    |   6 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|           6 | W. Inde-nduru                     "     |   13    |   6 |  30 |       |           |             |  3610 |
|           7 | Pigmies' Cross Roads Camp         "     |   13    |   7 |  20 |       |           |             |       |
|           8 | Fort Bodo                         "     |   12    |   7 |     |       |           |             |  3503 |
|          16 | Camp                              "     |   11-1/2|   7 |     |       |           |             |       |
|          17 | Inde-karu on Hill                 "     |   12-1/2|   8 |     |       |           |             |  3810 |
|          19 | Ndugubisha                        "     |   12-1/4|   7 |  15 |       |           |             |  3607 |
|          20 | Nzalli's                          "     |   11-1/2|   5 |  45 |       |           |             |  2560 |
|          21 | Camp of 31st October              "     |   12    |   7 |  20 |       |           |             |       |
|          22 | Busindi                           "     |   12    |   7 |  20 |       |           |             |  2889 |
|          23 | Ipoto (Arab settlement)           "     |    7    |   4 |  50 |       |           |             |  2935 |
|          25 | Ituri River Ferry                 "     |    4    |   2 |  15 |       |           |             |       |
|          26 | Camp of October 14th, 1887        "     |    5-1/2|   2 |  45 |       |           |             |       |
|          27 | Camp                              "     |   11    |   8 |     |       |           |             |       |
|          28 | Nelson's Starvation Camp          "     |   10    |   6 |  55 |       |           |             |       |
|          29 | Iyuku                             "     |    8-1/2|   7 |  20 |       |           |             |       |
|          30 | Camp                              "     |    9    |   7 |  45 |43 hrs.|           |             |       |
|      July 1 |  "                                "     |    4    |   3 |  45 |       |           |             |       |
|           2 | Camp on Lenda River               "     |    9    |   7 |  50 |       |           |             |       |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+---------+-----+-----+-------+-----------+-------------+-------+


+----------+---------------------------------------+--------+--------+-------+-----------+-------------+------+
|          |                                       |Distance|Time in |  Rain |           |             |Above |
|   Date.  |         Name of Place or Camp.        |   in   |occupied| during|  E. Long. |  Latitude.  | Sea  |
|          |                                       | Miles. | Hrs.|Min. | Month.|        |             |Level.|
+----------+---------------------------------------+--------+---+----+-------+-----------+-------------+------+
|        3 | Camp on Lenda River            Forest |   6    | 4 | 10 |       |           |             |      |
|        5 | Crossed Lenda River to Camp       "   |   7    | 5 | 30 |       |           |             |      |
|        6 | Village                           "   |   7    | 5 | 30 |       |           |             |      |
|        7 | Camp                              "   |   8    | 6 | 15 |       |           |             |      |
|        8 | Bandeya                           "   |   8    | 6 | 15 |       |           |             |      |
|        9 | Ujangwa                           "   |   2-3/4| 2 | 45 |       |           |             |      |
|       10 | Camp                              "   |   6    | 4 | 30 |       |           |             |      |
|       11 | Beyond Nuyo                       "   |   3-3/4| 3 | 45 |       |           |             |      |
|       12 | Camp                              "   |   4    | 3 | 30 |       |           |             |      |
|       13 | Below Ugarrowwa's Camp            "   |   8    | 4 |    |       |           |             |      |
|       14 | Amiri Falls                       "   |  11    | 5 | 30 |       |           |             |      |
|       16 | Camp of 12th Sept. 1887           "   |  16-1/2| 7 | 30 |       |           |             |      |
|       17 | Navaiya Rapids                    "   |  10-1/2| 3 | 45 |       |           |             |      |
|       20 | Ave-yabu (near Bafaido Cataract)  "   |  13    | 7 | 30 |       |           |             |      |
|       21 | Bafaido Cataract                  "   |   4    | 2 |    |       |           |             | 1964 |
|       22 | Foot of Cataract                  "   |  15    | 8 |    |       |           |             |      |
|       23 | Basopo Cataract                   "   |   8-1/2| 6 | 15 |       |           |             |      |
|       25 | Camp at Rapids                    "   |   4    | 4 |    |       |           |             |      |
|       26 | Ave-jeli                          "   |   8-1/2| 5 | 30 |       |           |             |      |
|       28 | Near Avu-gadu Rapids              "   |  13    | 7 | 30 |       |           |             |      |
|       29 | Avu-gadu                          "   |   6    | 4 | 30 |       |           |             |      |
|       30 | M[=a]bengu Village                "   |  11    | 6 | 30 |       |           |             |      |
|       31 | Avisibba                          "   |   8    | 7 | 30 |61-1/2 |           |             |      |
|          |                                       |        |   |    |  hrs. |           |             |      |
| August 2 | Camp below Engwedde               "   |  13    | 5 | 30 |       |           |             |      |
|        3 | Opposite Bapaiya Island           "   |   9    | 7 | 30 |       |           |             |      |
|        4 | Panga Falls                       "   |   8-1/2| 8 | 30 |       |           |             |      |
|        7 | Opposite Ngula R. mouth           "   |  11    | 8 |    |       |           |             |      |
|        8 |    "      Mambanga                "   |   9    | 6 | 30 |       |           |             |      |
|        9 |    "      Myyui                   "   |   9    | 6 | 30 |       |           |             |      |
|       10 | Camp                              "   |  10    | 8 |    |       |           |             |      |
|       11 | Bandeya                           "   |   9    | 7 |    |       |           |             |      |
|       12 | Batundu (by canoes)               "   |  16    | 6 |    |       |           |             |      |
+----------+---------------------------------------+--------+---+----+-------+-----------+-------------+------+
|          |             Carried forward           |3438-3/4|   |    |       |           |             |      |
+----------+---------------------------------------+--------+---+----+-------+-----------+-------------+------+

+------------+------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+----------+------------+---------------+------+
|            |                                          |Distance|    Time   |  Rain    |            |               |Above |
|   Date.    |              Name of Place or Camp.      |   in   |occupied in| during   | E. Long.   | Latitude      | Sea  |
|            |                                          | Miles. | Hrs.| Min.|  Month.  |            |               |Level.|
+------------+------------------------------------------+--------+-----+-----+-------- -+------------+---------------+------+
|            |IN SEARCH OF REAR COLUMN--_continued._    |        |     |     |          |            |               | Feet.|
|            |                                          |        |     |     |          |            |               |      |
|  1888.     |                   Brought forward        |3438-3/4|     |     |          |            |               |      |
|  August 13 | S. Mupe                           Forest |  11    |   4 |  30 |          |            |               |      |
|         15 | Below Mariri Rapids                 "    |   9    |  10 |     |          |            |               |      |
|         16 | Bungangeta Island                   "    |  20    |   7 |     |          |            |               |      |
|         17 | Banalya. Discovery of Rear Column        |   7    |   1 |  30 |          |            |               |      |
|            |                                          |        |     |     |          |            |               |      |
|            | THIRD JOURNEY TO ALBERT NYANZA.          |        |     |     |          |            |               |      |
|            |                                          |        |     |     |          |            |               |      |
|         21 | Bungangeta Island                 Forest |   7    |   3 |     |          |            |               |      |
|         31 | Opposite Central Mariri             "    |  12    |   6 |     | 47 hrs.  |            |               |      |
|September 1 | Mariri Rapids                       "    |   8    |   3 |     |          |            |               |      |
|          2 | Upper Mariri                        "    |   4    |   4 |     |          |            |               |      |
|          3 | S. Mupe                             "    |   5    |   3 |     |          |            |               |      |
|          5 | Batundu                             "    |  11    |   7 |     |          |            |               |      |
|          8 | Elephant Playground                 "    |  10    |   6 |  30 |          |            |               |      |
|          9 | Below Bandeya                       "    |   5    |   5 |  30 |          |            |               |      |
|         10 | Bandeya                             "    |   3    |   3 |  45 |          |            |               |      |
|         12 | Opposite Manginni                   "    |  10    |   6 |  30 |          |            |               |      |
|         13 |     "    Myyui                      "    |   9    |   7 |     |          |            |               |      |
|         14 |     "    Mambanga                   "    |   9    |   5 |     |          |            |               |      |
|         17 |     "    Ngula R. mouth             "    |   9    |   5 |  30 |          |            |               |      |
|         18 |     "    Island                     "    |   7    |   4 |  45 |          |            |               |      |
|         19 | Panga Falls                         "    |   4    |   4 |  30 |          |            |               |      |
|         20 | Camp above Falls                    "    |   1-1/2|   1 |     |          |            |               |      |
|         21 | Nejambi Rapids                      "    |   4    |   4 |     |          |            |               |      |
|         24 | Camp above Utiri                    "    |   9    |   5 |  15 |          |            |               |      |
|         25 | Engwedde                            "    |   9    |   6 |  45 |          |            |               |      |
|         26 | Avisibba                            "    |   7    |   3 |  30 |          |            |               |      |
|         27 | Foot of Mabengu Rapids    Forest         |   9    | 6   | 30  |          |            |               |      |
|         29 | Upper Mabengu Rapids        "            |   2-1/2| 4   |     |          |            |               |      |
|         30 | Upper Rapids of Avu-gadu    "            |  10-1/2|10   |     |10-1/2hrs.|            |               |      |
|  October 1 | Ave-jeli                    "            |  17    | 7   | 30  |          |            |               |      |
|          2 | Little Rapids               "            |   8-1/2| 5   | 30  |          |            |               |      |
|          4 | Bavikai, N. bank            "            |   6    | 4   |     |          | 27 deg. 34'    | N. 1 deg. 38'     |      |
|          7 | Basopo Cataract, S. Bank    "            |   4    | 3   |     |          |            |               |      |
|          8 | Foot of Cataract            "            |   6    | 4   |     |          |            |               |      |
|          9 | Top of Rapids               "            |   4    | 3   | 15  |          |            |               |  1980|
|         10 | Hippo Broads                "            |   3    | 1   | 30  |          |            |               |  1916|
|         11 | Bafaido Cataract            "            |   8    | 5   | 30  |          |            |               |  1964|
|         13 | Ave-yabu                    "            |   9    | 5   |     |          |            |               |      |
|         14 | Navaiya Rapids              "            |   7    | 4   | 30  |          |            |               |      |
|         16 | Navabi Cataract             "            |   3-1/2| 3   | 30  |          |            |               |      |
|         17 | Above Navabi Village        "            |   6    | 4   | 30  |          |            |               |      |
|         18 | Foot of Amiri Falls         "            |   6-1/2| 5   | 30  |          |            |               |      |
|         19 | Top of Amiri Falls          "            |   1    |     | 30  |          |            |               |      |
|         22 | Rapids                      "            |   5-1/2| 3   |     |          |            |               |      |
|         23 | Ugarrowwa's.     N. bank    "            |   8    | 6   |     |          |            |               |      |
|         24 | Bunda               "       "            |   9    | 6   | 30  |          |            |               |      |
|         25 | Opposite Lenda R.   "       "            |  10    | 5   |     |          |            |               |      |
|         26 | Big Rapids          "       "            |   7-1/2| 5   | 30  |          |            |               |      |
|         27 | Above Cataract      "       "            |   8    | 4   |     |          |            |               |      |
|         28 | W. Ave-tiko         "       "            |   5-1/2| 3   |     |          |            |               |  2548|
|         30 | Camp (inland)               "            |   7    | 5   |     |          |            |               |      |
|         31 |   "  near Epeni R.          "            |   6    | 5   | 30  | 39 hrs.  |            |               |  2815|
| November 1 |  Andaki                     "            |   5    | 3   | 45  |          | 28 deg. 25'    | N. 1 deg. 16' 35" |  2907|
|          3 |  Camp                       "            |   7    | 5   |     |          |            |               |      |
|          4 |   "                         "            |   8    | 5   | 45  |          |            | N. 1 deg. 16' 38" |  3051|
|          5 |   "                         "            |   9-1/4| 6   | 45  |          |            | N. 1 deg. 19'  0" |      |
|          6 |   "                         "            |   8    | 6   | 30  |          |            |               |      |
|         11 |   "                         "            |   3-1/2| 2   | 30  |          | 28 deg. 42' 15"| N. 1 deg. 17' 30" |      |
+------------+------------------------------------------+--------+---  +---- +----------+------------+---------------+------+
|            |         Carried forward                  |3848    |     |     |          |            |               |      |
+------------+------------------------------------------+--------+---  +---- +----------+------------+---------------+------+

+------------+----------------------------------------+--------+-----------+----------+-----------+-------------+------+
|            |                                        |Distance|    Time   |   Rain   |           |             |Above |
|    Date.   |        Name of Place or Camp.          |   in   |occupied in|  during  |  E. Long. |  Latitude.  | Sea  |
|            |                                        | Miles. |Hrs. |Min. |  Month.  |           |             |Level.|
+------------+----------------------------------------+--------+-----+-----+----------+-----------+-------------+------+
|            |                                        |        |     |     |          |           |             | Feet.|
|            |                                        |        |     |     |          |           |             |      |
|    1888.   |                    Brought forward     |3848    |     |     |          |           |             |      |
|November 12 | Camp                          Forest   |   9    |   6 |     |          |           |             |      |
|         13 |   "                              "     |   8-1/2|   6 |     |          |           |             |      |
|         14 | Andikumu                         "     |   6-1/2|   4 |     |          |28 deg. 54'    |N. 1 deg. 29' 15"| 3414 |
|         19 | Camp                             "     |   4-1/2|   3 |  45 |          |           |             |      |
|         20 |   "                              "     |   5    |   4 |     |          |           |             |      |
|         21 |   "                              "     |   7-1/2|   5 |  30 |          |           |             |      |
|         22 |   "                              "     |   8-1/4|   6 |     |          |29 deg.  2'    |N. 1 deg. 44'    |      |
|         23 |   "                              "     |   3-1/2|   2 |  30 |          |           |             |      |
|         25 | Inde-mau                         "     |   6-1/4|   3 |  30 |35-3/4hrs.|29 deg.  7' 45"|N. 1 deg. 47' 16"| 3635 |
| December 1 | Dui River                        "     |   9    |   5 |  30 |          |           |             | 3296 |
|          2 | Andi-uba                         "     |   9    |   5 |  30 |          |           |             | 3360 |
|          3 | Addi-guhha                       "     |   6    |   3 |     |          |29 deg. 18' 30"|N. 1 deg. 39'    | 3462 |
|          4 | Ngwetza                          "     |   7-3/4|   4 |  30 |          |           |             | 3565 |
|          6 | Camp                             "     |   7-1/2|   6 |  30 |          |           |             |      |
|          7 |   "                              "     |   7    |   5 |  30 |          |           |             | 3600 |
|          8 | Starvation Camp                  "     |   8-1/2|   6 |  15 |          |29 deg. 21' 30"|N. 1 deg. 27' 15"| 3472 |
|         15 | Camp of 7th December             "     |   8-1/2|   5 |  30 |          |           |             |      |
|         16 | Starvation Camp                  "     |   8-1/2|   5 |  30 |          |           |             |      |
|         17 | Ihuru River                      "     |   5    |   3 |  30 |          |           |             | 3380 |
|         18 | Camp                             "     |   5    |   3 |  45 |          |           |             |      |
|         19 | Plantations of Fort Bodo         "     |   6    |   5 |     |          |           |             |      |
|         20 | Fort Bodo                        "     |   3    |   2 |     |          |           |             | 3503 |
|         23 | Pigmies' Cross Roads Camp        "     |   9    |   5 |  30 |          |           |             | 3683 |
|         24 | Pigmies' Camp                    "     |   5    |   2 |  30 |          |           |             | 3865 |
|            | (A portion of the Column proceeds}     |        |     |     |          |           |             |      |
|            | from Fort Bodo to Ituri River  }       | 106-1/2|  52 |     |  16-1/2  |           |             |      |
|            | and returns to Pigmies' Camp)  }       |        |     |     |   hrs.   |           |             |      |
|  1889.     |                                        |        |     |     |           |           |             |      |
| January 4  | Inde-mwani                       Forest|   5    |   3 |     |           |           |             | 3510 |
|         5  | Near W. Inde-nduru                  "  |  10    |   5 | 50  |           |           |             | 3610 |
|         6  | Beyond E. Inde-nduru                "  |   8    |   3 | 55  |           |           |             | 3470 |
|         7  | Mount Pisgah                        "  |   9-1/2|   4 | 40  |           |           |             | 4600 |
|         9  | Ituri River Ferry                   "  |        |   7 |     |     3  45 |           |             | 3000 |
|        10  | Kandekore                           "  |     1/2|     | 15  |           |           |             | 3464 |
|        11  | First Camp                   Grass Land|   6-1/4|   3 | 10  |           |           |             | 3718 |
|        12  | Besse                             "    |   6    |   2 | 50  |           |           |             | 3565 |
|        13  | Near Mukangi                      "    |   9-3/4|   4 | 50  |           |           |             |      |
|        14  | Undussuma                         "    |   8    |   3 | 50  |           |           |             | 4235 |
|        16  | Uzanza. (Gavira's)                "    |   9    |   4 | 30  |           |           |             | 4657 |
|        18  | KAVALLI'S. RESCUE OF EMIN PASHA        |   8    |   4 | 10  |    9 hrs. |           |             | 4803 |
|            |      Height of Balegga Hills           |        |     |     |           |           |             | 5591 |
|            |{To Nyanza and back (26 miles),        }|        |     |     |Feb. 11hrs.|           |             |      |
|            |{performed 19 separate times           }| 494    |     |     |           |           |             |      |
|            | Journey to Ituri River and back        |  94    |     |     |Mar.10-1/2"|           |             |      |
|            |                                        |        |     |     |           |           |             |      |
|            |                                        |        |     |     |           |           |             |      |
|            |        RETREAT TO THE SEA.             |        |     |     |           |           |             |      |
|            |                                        |        |     |     |           |           |             |      |
|  April 10  | To Gavira's from Kavalli               |   8    |   4 | 10  |           |           |             | 4657 |
|        12  | Undussuma                              |   9    |   4 | 30  |    43 hrs |           |             | 4235 |
|     May 8  | Buryambiri                             |   7    |   3 | 45  |           |           |             |      |
|         9  | Ujungwa, central                       |   6-1/2|   4 | 15  |           |           |             | 4100 |
|        10  | Utinda                                 |   7    |   4 | 30  |           |           |             |      |
|        11  | Buhobo                                 |   6-1/2|   4 | 15  |           |30 deg.  8' 30"|N. 1 deg. 11'    | 4966 |
|        12  | Mboga                                  |   5    |   3 |     |           |30 deg.  8' 15"|N. 1 deg.  3'    |      |
|        14  | Kiryama                                |   6    |   3 | 45  |           |30 deg. 11' 45"|N. 1 deg.  0' 30"| 2900 |
|        17  | Awamba Ferry. Semliki R.               |  10    |   4 | 45  |           |30 deg. 11' 45"|N. 0 deg. 53' 45"| 2450 |
|        20  | Large Village. AWAMBA   Forest         |   2-1/2|   1 | 30  |           |           |             |      |
|        22  | Small Village                      "   |   8    |   6 |     |           |           |             |      |
+------------+----------------------------------------+--------+-----+-----+-----------+-----------+-------------+------+
|            |             Carried forward            |4861-3/4|     |     |           |           |             |      |
+------------+----------------------------------------+--------+-----+-----+-----------+-----------+-------------+------+

+-------+------------------------------------+--------+-----------+----------+-----------+-------------+------+
|       |                                    |Distance|   Time    |   Rain   |  E. Long. |  Latitude.  |Above |
| Date. |          Name of Place or Camp.    |   in   |occupied in|  during  |           |             | Sea  |
|       |                                    | Miles. |Hrs. |Min. |  Month.  |           |             |Level.|
+-------+------------------------------------+--------+-----+-----+----------+-----------+-------------+------+
|       |                                    |        |     |     |          |           |             | Feet.|
|       |RETREAT TO THE SEA--_continued._    |        |     |     |          |           |             |      |
|       |                                    |        |     |     |          |           |             |      |
|  1889.|                 Brought forward    |4861-3/4|     |     |          |           |             |      |
| May 23| Baki Kundi                Forest   |   4    |  2  |  15 |          |30 deg. 11' 45"|N. 0 deg. 47'  3"|      |
|     25| Village                      "     |   4    |  2  |  30 |          |           |             |      |
|     26| Ugarania. Edge of Forest     "     |   5    |  3  |     |          |30 deg. 14' 45"|N. 0 deg. 45' 49"|  2942|
|     29| Butama                             |   4    |  2  |  30 |          |           |N. 0 deg. 38' 48"|      |
|     30| Bukoko                             |   7    |  4  |     |64-3/4hrs.|           |N. 0 deg. 40'    |  3345|
| June 2| Banzombe                           |   8    |  5  |     |          |           |N. 0 deg. 38'    |  3050|
|      3| Bakokoro                           |   3    |  3  |     |          |           |N. 0 deg. 37'    |      |
|      5| Mtarega                            |   4    |  2  |  30 |          |           |N. 0 deg. 29'    |  3864|
|       |  Stairs's Highest ascent to below  |        |     |     |          |           |             |      |
|       |  Twin Cones                        |        |     |     |          |           |             |10,677|
|      9| Forest Camp                        |   7    |  4  |  45 |          |           |             |  3200|
|     10| Ulegga. UKONJU                     |   6-1/4|  5  |     |          |           |N. 0 deg. 20' 39"|  4500|
|     11| Mtsora                             |   7    |  4  |  30 |          |29 deg. 46' 45"|N. 0 deg. 15'    |  3990|
|       |Plain, Ancient bed of Lake below    |        |     |     |          |           |             |  3643|
|       | Mtsora                             |        |     |     |          |           |             |      |
|     14| Muhamba. USONGORA                  |  10    |  4  |  30 |          |           |             |      |
|       | Upper Semliki River nearly opposite|        |     |     |          |           |             |  3401|
|     15| Karimi                             |   8-1/2|  4  |     |          |29 deg. 49'    |N. 0 deg.  4' 30"|  4850|
|     16| Rusesse. ALBERT EDW. LAKE--USONGORA|  11    |  4  |  45 |          |29 deg. 53' 30"|N. 0 deg.  2' 30"|  3710|
|     17| Katwe                              |  12    |  4  |  20 |          |30 deg.  1' 30"|S. 0 deg.  8' 15"|  3461|
|       |   Lake Albert Edward               |        |     |     |          |           |             |  3307|
|       |   Salt Lake                        |        |     |     |          |           |             |  3265|
|     20| Mukungu                            |  18-1/2|  6  |  45 |          |30 deg. 11' 30"|S. 0 deg.  1' 30"|      |
|     21| Muhokya                            |  11    |  4  |     |          |30 deg. 11' 30"|N. 0 deg.  8'    |      |
|     22| Buruli. ALBERT EDWARD LAKE--TORO.  |  10-1/4|  4  |  15 |          |30 deg. 16' 15"|N. 0 deg. 13'    |  3320|
|     25| Nsongi River                       |  12    |  5  |  45 |          |30 deg. 20' 30"|N. 0 deg. 19'    |  3320|
|     26| Kavandare                          |   7-1/2|  4  |     |          |30 deg. 24' 45"|N. 0 deg. 15' 30"|  3875|
|     28| Camp                               |   6-1/2|  3  |  45 |          |           |N. 0 deg. 12'    |      |
|     29| Chaml[=e]rikwa                     |   6-1/2|  3  |  45 |7-1/2 hrs.|           |             |      |
| July 1| Kasunga-Nyanza                     |   6    |  3  |     |          |30 deg. 22' 30"|N. 0 deg.  0' 45"|      |
|      3| Katari. ANKORI                     |   9    |  4  | 15  |          |           |             |      |
|      4| Kitete                             |   8    |  4  | 45  |          |30 deg. 19' 45"|S. 0 deg. 11' 45"|  4329|
|      5| Kibwiga                            |   5    |  3  |     |          |           |             |  5260|
|       |   Kinya magara ridge               |        |     |     |          |           |             |  6160|
|      6| Buzimba                            |   5    |  2  | 30  |          |30 deg. 28'    |S. 0 deg. 10'    |  5002|
|      9| Kitega                             |   9    |  4  | 45  |          |30 deg. 31' 30"|S. 0 deg. 16'    |  5750|
|     10| Katara                             |   6    |  3  |     |          |30 deg. 31'    |S. 0 deg. 23' 15"|  5355|
|     11| Wamaganga                          |   5-1/2|  2  | 45  |          |           |S. 0 deg. 32' 15"|  4960|
|     12| Kasari                             |   7    |  3  | 30  |          |           |             |  4860|
|     14| Nyamatoso                          |  10-1/2|  4  |     |          |30 deg. 42' 30"|S. 0 deg. 36' 30"|  4860|
|     17| Kasussu                            |  10    |  4  | 45  |          |           |S. 0 deg. 41'    |  5300|
|     21| Namianja                           |   6    |  3  | 15  |          |30 deg. 47' 30"|S. 0 deg. 43'    |  4890|
|     22| Viaruha                            |   6    |  3  | 15  |          |30 deg. 51'    |S. 0 deg. 45' 15"|  4835|
|     24| Mavona                             |   8    |  4  | 15  |          |30 deg. 54'    |S. 0 deg. 46' 45"|      |
|     25| Alexandra Nile                     |  11    |  5  |     |          |           |             |      |
|     26| Ferry across River (Alexandra Nile)|   1-1/2|     | 45  |          |30 deg. 56' 30"|S. 0 deg. 57' 45"|  4150|
|     28| Unya Katera. KARAGWE               |   6    |  2  | 50  |          |30 deg. 58' 15"|S. 1 deg.  5' 45"|  4460|
|     29| Hot Springs, Mtagata               |  11    |  5  |     |          |31 deg.  0'    |S. 1 deg.  9' 10"|      |
|     31| Kirurumo                           |   9    |  4  |     |          |           |             |  4890|
|August1| Butete                             |  10    |  4  |     |          |31 deg.  7' 15"|S. 1 deg. 23'    |      |
|      2| Kivona                             |  11    |  5  |     |          |31 deg. 11'    |S. 1 deg. 30' 15"|      |
|      3| Kafurro                            |  12    |  6  |     |          |           |S. 1 deg. 39' 45"|  4720|
|      7| Rozaka                             |  10    |  5  |     |          |           |             |  5160|
|      8| Utenga                             |   7    |  3  |     |          |           |             |  5000|
|     10| Urigi Lake                         |   9    |  4  | 30  |          |31 deg. 25' 45"|S. 1 deg. 55' 15"|  3930|
|     11| Urigi Lake, Kavari. IHANGIRO       |   9-1/2|  4  | 45  |          |31 deg. 29'    |S. 2 deg.  0'    |  3930|
|     12| Urigi Lake, Mutara                 |   7    |  3  | 30  |          |31 deg. 31' 45"|S. 2 deg.  7' 15"|      |
|     13| Ngoti                              |  10    |  4  | 30  |          |           |S. 2 deg. 11' 30"|      |
|     15| Kimwani, Victoria Nyanza. UZINJA   |  10    |  5  |     |          |31 deg. 48' 45"|S. 2 deg. 17' 30"|  4220|
|     18| Nyamagoju, Victoria Nyanza         |  12    |  4  | 45  |          |31 deg. 46' 30"|S. 2 deg. 19' 30"|  3900|
|     19| Kisaho, Victoria Nyanza. UZINJA,   |  13    |  4  | 45  |          |31 deg. 51' 45"|S. 2 deg. 30'    |  3900|
+-------+------------------------------------+--------+-----+-----+----------+-----------+-------------+------+
|       |             Carried forward        |5294-3/4|     |     |          |           |             |      |
+-------+------------------------------------+--------+-----+-----+----------+-----------+-------------+------+

+------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+--------+-----------+-------------+------+
|            |                                           |Distance   |   Time    |  Rain  |           |             |Above |
|    Date.   |         Name of Place or Camp.            |   in      |occupied in| during |  E. Long. |  Latitude.  | Sea  |
|            |                                           | Miles.    | Hrs.| Min.| Month. |           |             |Level.|
+------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------+-----+-----+--------+-----------+-------------+------+
|            |                                           |           |     |     |        |           |             | Feet.|
|            | RETREAT TO THE SEA--_continued._          |           |     |     |        |           |             |      |
|            |                                           |           |     |     |        |           |             |      |
|    1889.   |               Brought forward             |  5294-3/4 |     |     |        |           |             |      |
|   August 20| Itari, Victoria Nyanza                    |    13-1/2 |   5 |     |        |31 deg. 54'    |S. 2 deg. 37' 30"|      |
|          21| Amranda, Victoria Nyanza                  |    12-1/2 |   4 |  30 |        |31 deg. 56' 30"|S. 2 deg. 48'    | 3860 |
|          22| Bwanga                                    |    11     |   4 |     |        |31 deg. 58' 15"|S. 2 deg. 56'    | 3960 |
|          23| Uyombi                                    |    18     |   6 |  45 |        |32 deg. 12' 15"|S. 3 deg.  0'    | 4190 |
|          25| Kamwaga                                   |    12-1/2 |   5 |     |        |32 deg. 22' 15"|S. 3 deg.  0'    | 4560 |
|          26| Umpeke                                    |    13     |   5 |     |        |32 deg. 30' 45"|S. 3 deg.  2'    | 4660 |
|          27| French Mission. USAMBIRO                  |    15     |   6 |     |        |32 deg. 42' 45"|S. 2 deg. 59' 15"| 4410 |
|          28|English Mission, Victoria Nyanza (Makolo's)|    13     |   4 |  45 | 15 min.|32 deg. 48' 45"|S. 3 deg.  1' 45"| 4010 |
|September 17| Muzimu, Victoria Nyanza                   |     7-1/2 |   3 |     |        |           |             |      |
|          18| Genge, near Victoria Nyanza               |     8-1/2 |   3 |  30 |        |32 deg. 56' 45"|S. 2 deg. 53' 45"|      |
|          19| Kungu, Urima. USUKUMA                     |    10-1/2 |   4 |     |        |           |             |      |
|          20| Ikoma, Urima                              |     8-1/2 |   3 |  30 |        |           |S. 3 deg.  6' 30"|      |
|          21| Muanza, Nera                              |     9     |   4 |  30 |        |33 deg. 16' 15"|S. 3 deg. 12'    |      |
|          22| Seke, Nera                                |    13     |   6 |     |        |           |             | 4160 |
|          23| Seke Kwikuru                              |     6-1/2 |   3 |  30 |        |33 deg. 28' 30"|S. 3 deg. 24'    | 4410 |
|          25| Sinyanga                                  |    12     |   5 |     |        |33 deg. 25' 45"|S. 3 deg. 31' 30"| 4035 |
|          26| Sinyanga Kwikuru                          |     3     |   1 |  30 |        |           |             |      |
|          27| Kizumbu                                   |    11-1/2 |   4 |  30 |        |           |             |      |
|          28| Masari's                                  |    10     |   4 |     |        |33 deg. 24' 45"|S. 3 deg. 32' 54"| 3810 |
|          29| Usongo N.                                 |    22     |   9 |     |        |           |             | 4660 |
|  October  1| Usongo Central                            |     3     |   1 |  30 |        |33 deg. 26'    |S. 4 deg.  5'    |      |
|           9| Nyawa                                     |    11     |   4 |  15 |        |           |             |      |
|          10| Simgwizi                                  |     8     |   3 |     |        |           |             |      |
|          11| Mana Tombolo                              |    11-1/2 |   3 |  45 |        |           |S. 4 deg. 35'    |      |
|          13| Camp in Wilderness        Water in pits   |    11-1/2 |   3 |  45 |        |           |             |      |
|          14|   "        "                   "          |    10     |   3 |  15 |        |           |             | 4110 |
|          15|   "        "                   "          |    16     |   6 |  15 |        |           |             | 3810 |
|          16| N. Ikungu                      "          |    12     |   4 |  30 |        |33 deg. 56' 30"|S. 5 deg. 14' 30"|      |
|          17| Ikungu Kwikuru        Water in pits       |   4       |  1  |  45 |        |           |             |      |
|          20| Camp in Wilderness          "             |  18       |  7  |  10 |        |           |             |      |
|          21|    "       "                "             |   7-1/2   |  3  |     |        |           |S. 5 deg. 26'    |      |
|          22|    "       "                "             |   6       |  2  |  10 |        |           |             |      |
|          23| Makomero (Utaturu)                        |  15-1/2   |  6  |  15 |        |           |             |      |
|          24| Camp in Wilderness                        |  14       |  5  |  30 |        |           |             |      |
|          25| Kapalata                                  |   3       |  1  |  10 |        |34 deg. 42'    |S. 5 deg. 40' 30"|  4398|
|          26| Muhalala. UGOGO                           |  12-1/2   |  5  |     |        |           |             |  3770|
|          28| Mtiwi                  (Unyangwira)       |  11       |  4  |  15 |        |           |             |  3050|
|          29| Makenge's                    "            |   8       |  3  |  15 |        |           |             |  2900|
|          30| Kitinku                      "            |   5       |  2  |     |        |           |             |      |
|          31| Camp near Water Pits                      |   6-1/2   |  2  |  45 |        |           |             |      |
|  November 1| Magombya                                  |  13-1/2   |  5  |  30 |        |           |             |      |
|           2| Camp near Water Pits                      |  15       |  6  |     |        |           |             |  3900|
|           3| Njassa                                    |  10-1/2   |  4  |     |        |           |             |  3600|
|           4| Ipala                                     |   7-1/2   |  2  |  45 |        |           |             |      |
|           5| Massanga                                  |  10-1/2   |  3  |  45 |        |           |             |  3600|
|           8| Camp near Water Pits         Desert       |   5       |  2  |     |        |           |             |      |
|           9| Khambi                      Usagara       |  18       |  6  |  50 |        |           |             |  2900|
|          10| Mpwapwa. GERMAN E. AFRICA.     "          |  11-1/2   |  4  |  30 |        |           |             |      |
|          13| Tubugwe                        "          |  11       |  4  |  15 |        |           |             |  3350|
|          14| Mtoni                          "          |   8       |  3  |  15 |        |           |             |      |
|          15| Kidete                         "          |  10       |  4  |  15 |        |           |             |  2400|
|          16| Kirassa                        "          |   9       |  3  |  45 |        |           |             |      |
|          17| Muinyi                         "          |   6-1/2   |  2  |  30 |        |           |             |  1900|
|          19| Ferahani                       "          |  14       |  5  |  45 |        |           |             |      |
|          20| Waziri                     Useguhha       |   7       |  2  |  30 |        |           |             |  1425|
|          21| Makata River                   "          |  15       |  6  |     |        |           |             |      |
|          22| Vianzi                         "          |   9       |  3  |  45 |        |           |             |      |
|          23| Simbamwenni                    "          |  11-1/2   |  4  |  30 |        |           |             |  1750|
|          25| E. Simbamwenni                 "          |   7       |  2  |  30 |        |           |             |      |
+------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------+-----+-----+------  +-----------+-------------+------+
|            |          Carried forward                  |5918-1/4   |     |     |        |           |             |      |
+------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------+-----+-----+------  +-----------+-------------+------+

+-------------+-----------------------------------------+---------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------------+-------+
|             |                                         |Distance |    Time   |  Rain |           |             | Above |
|   Date.     |         Name of Place or Camp.          |   in    |occupied in| during|  E. Long. |  Latitude.  |  Sea  |
|             |                                         | Miles.  | Hrs.|Min. | Month.|           |             | Level.|
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+---------+-----+-----+-------+-----------+-------------+-------+
|             |                                         |         |     |     |       |           |             | Feet. |
|             |      RETREAT TO THE SEA--_continued_.   |         |     |     |       |           |             |       |
|             |                                         |         |     |     |       |           |             |       |
|    1889.    |             Brought forward             | 5918-1/4|     |     |       |           |             |       |
| November 26 | Mikesse                        Useguhha |   13    |   5 |     |       |           |             |       |
|          27 | Ungerengeri River                  "    |   14-1/2|   5 |  30 |       |           |             |   500 |
|          28 | Msua                               "    |   17    |   6 |  45 |       |           |             |   350 |
|  December 1 | Mbiki                                   |   15    |   6 |     |       |           |             |   250 |
|           2 | Mbuyuni                                 |    6-1/2|   2 |  30 |       |           |             |       |
|           3 | Kibiro                                  |   12-1/2|   5 |     |       |           |             |       |
|           4 | Bagamoyo                                |   10-1/2|   4 |  15 |       |           |             |       |
|           6 | Zanzibar Island by Sea                  |   25    |     |     |       |           |             |       |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+---------+-----+-----+-------+-----------+-------------+-------+
|             |                        TOTAL MILES      | 6032-1/4|     |     |       |           |             |       |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+---------+-----+-----+-------+-----------+-------------+-------+


STATEMENT OF THE EMIN PASHA RELIEF FUND.

                 RECEIPTS FROM SUBSCRIBERS.             L   s. d.
    Egyptian Government                             14,000  0  0
    Sir William Mackinnon, Bart.                     3,000  0  0
    Peter Mackinnon, Esq.                            1,500  0  0
    Peter Bonny, Esq., of Dumbarton                  1,500  0  0
    Baroness Burdett-Coutts                            100  0  0
    James Sligo Jameson, Esq.                        1,000  0  0
    Countess de Noailles                             1,000  0  0
    Gray, Dawes & Co., London                        1,500  0  0
    J. Mackinnon, Esq.                                 450  0  0
    H. T. Younger, Esq., of Benmore                    500  0  0
    Duncan MacNeil, Esq.                             1,050  0  0
    Alexander L. Bruce, Esq., Edinburgh                750  0  0
    James F. Hutton, Esq., Manchester                  250  0  0
    Royal Geographical Society                       1,000  0  0
    W. Burdett-Coutts, Esq.                            400  0  0
    J. M. Hall, Esq.                                   375  0  0
    N. MacMichael, Esq.                                375  0  0
    J. Siltzer, Esq.                                   100  0  0
    Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton                           250  0  0
    Col. J. A. Grant                                   100  0  0
    W. P. Alexander, Esq.                              250  0  0
    A. F. Walter, Esq., of the _Times_                 500  0  0

    Received from newspapers on account of letters from H. M. Stanley:
    _Daily News_, London       L500  0  0
    _Standard_, London          250  0  0
    _Daily Telegraph_, London   200  0  0
    _Manchester Guardian_       200  0  0
    _Scotsman_, Edinburgh       200  0  0
                                     ---------              1,350  0  0

    H. M. Stanley, refund of cash received from Boyts & Co., Suez      597  4  1
    Eastern Telegraph Co., refund of half rates on Zanzibar Telegrams  167  4  6
    Interest on deposits, Ransome & Co.                                171  6  4
    Gray, Dawes & Co., refund of Transport                             489  0 11
    B. Edgington, refund from bills                                      5  6 10
    Messrs. S. Allnatt                                                   3  0  0
    Rev. S. Stevenson                                                    2  2  0
    African Trading Company (sale of Stores)                           152 12  2
    Gray, Dawes & Co., amount refunded                                  30 15  2
    Lord Kinnaird                                                      100  0  0
    Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, Limited                  250  0  0
                                                                   -------------
                                                                   L33,268 12  0
                                                                   -------------

                  EXPENSES.                      L   _s._ _d._

    Transport and Travelling Expenses         7,202   3    5
    Stores                                    5,046   8    4
    Expedition Equipment                      2,307  15    7
    Wages advanced to Porters                 2,027  15    4
    Salaries and Commissions                    636  16    8
    Telegrams                                   518  18    0
    Insurance                                    30   2   10
    Medical Attendance                           96   4    9
    Special Messenger to Khartoum                65   0    0
    Two drafts drawn in Africa for Goods        225   0    0
    Petty expenses in London                     97  14   10
    Eastern Telegraph Co                         35   4    1
    Printing                                      1   7    9
    Petty Cash                                   10   0    0
    Wages of Soudanese (Suez Draft)           1,200   0    0
    Edinburgh Draft                               0   5    0
    William Bonny's balance of Salary           242   0    0
    Captain Nelson's Expenses                    30   9    4
    Passage, Stairs and Jephson                  44  13    6
    Expenses on "Katoria" and "Rewa"             24  11    2
    Smith, Mackenzie & Co.'s Draft for
      Payment of Expedition                   6,066  18   10
    1st Donation to Lieut. W. G. Stairs         400   0    0
        "        to A. Mounteney Jephson, Esq.  400   0    0
        "        to Capt. R. H. Nelson          400   0    0
        "        to Surgeon T. H. Parke         400   0    0
        "        to William Bonny, Esq.         200   0    0
                                            -----------------
                                            L27,709   9    5
                                            -----------------

    To contribution to Widows and Orphans
      of deceased Zanzibaris                 10,000 rupees.
                                            -----------------




GENERAL INDEX.


Ababua tribe, i. 165; ii. 22, 97.

Abbate Pasha, i. 58.

Abdallah Karoni, i. 517-18, 524.

Abdul Aziz, Sultan of Turkey, i. 443.

Abdul Hassan Ali and River Nile, ii. 310.

Abdul Kader Pasha and Emin, i. 444-5.

Abdul Vaal Effendi, ii. 121.

Abu Klea, battle of, i. 24.

Abunguma, i. 298, 302-4, 347.

Achmet Effendi, ii. 121, 158-9.

Achmet, the Somali, i. 201.

Addiguhha, ii. 61;
  skull at, 163.

Aden, i. 59.

Advance column, memorandum for officers of, i. 129-31;
  numbers of, 133.

_Advance_ steel boat, i. 80, 85, 92, 146, 195-6, 373, 390, 427;
  ii. 133-147.

Africa, dancing, music, and jewels in, i. 436;
  ornaments, 477;
  Professor Drummond on, ii. 73-4;
  Great Central Forest of, 74-5;
  in Homer's time, 291-4;
  in Ptolemy's, Hekataeus', &c., time, 294-312;
  tribes of Central, 384-403.

_A. I. A._ steamer, i. 77, 120, 516, 527, 532.

Ajif Mountain, ii. 256.

Akka tribe of dwarfs, i. 374-5, 385;
  ii. 42, 100-109.

Albert Nyanza Lake, i. 64, 112, 122, 125, 129, 192, 295, 313, 324, 327;
  Mason's chart of, 328;
  shores of, 339-40, 393.

Albert Lake, ii. 175;
  Emin and, 240-257, 259;
  rivers into, 318, 323, 328, 331, 333, 335-7.

Albert Edward Nyanza, first view of, ii. 290;
  rivers into, 317-18, 323, 328-31;
  basin of, 335-6;
  islands of, 343-4, 346-8, 351, 353;
  last view of, 354-7, 360-1.

_Albuquerque_, s.s., i. 76.

Alesse, dwarfs of, i. 367.

Alexandra Nile, _see_ "Nile."

Ali bin Said, ii. 429.

Ali Effendi, ii. 226.

Ali Pasha Moubarek, ii. 304.

Allen, Mr., i. 26;
  and Emin, ii. 470.

Amadi Station, ii. 242-3.

Amani (youth), ii. 47-8.

Amari boy, i. 474.

Amelot and Stanley Falls Station, i. 70.

Amiri Falls, i. 204, 476;
  ii. 34-6.

Amranda, ii. 422.

Andari clearing, ii. 45, 46, 48, 50.

Anderson, Sir Percy, i. 44, 45, 47.

Anderson, Sir James, i. 66.

Andikumu clearing, ii. 53, 54, 59.

Anditoke, ii. 57.

Andiuba village, ii. 61.

Anduta, ii. 53, 54.

Ankori, ii. 314, 343-4, 351;
  route, 360-7, 371-2;
  climate of, 376-7, 380;
  cattle of, 393, 404-5, 411.

Antari, King of Ankori, ii. 359-61, 365;
  mother of, 366-7, 372-3, 379.

Antelope, i. 218.

Ants, i. 150;
  at Fort Bodo, 356-7, 469;
  in forest, 479-80.

Arabs, _see_ "Kilonga Longa," "Manyuema," and "Ugarrowwa."

Arab legends about the River Nile, ii. 303-12.

Arms--poisoned skewers, i. 139, 142, 374, 469, 477;
  ii. 78;
  assegais and arrows, i. 140;
  poisoned arrows, i. 173, 179-81, 190-1;
  ii. 27-8, 33, 79, 101-8, 116;
  a strange arrow, i. 285;
  weapons of the edge of the forest, i. 297;
  ii. 264;
  barrel of carbine at Usiri, i. 435;
  of Ababua tribe, ii. 22;
  tribes of the forest, 98;
  weapons of Balegga and Wahuma, ii. 399-401.

Arthington, Robert, and the steamer _Peace_, i. 47.

Aruwimi River, i. 108, 110;
  ii. 32, 75;
  banks of, i. 150; ii. 82-3;
  (called Lui River), i. 154;
  (called Luhali River), 155-6;
  bed of, 159;
  paddles of natives by the, 160-1, 193;
  (called the Nevva), 184, 192;
  large island in, 491;
  _see_ also "Ituri River;"
  source of, ii. 94-7.

Ashe, Rev. R. P., ii. 380, 444.

Asmani, of Muscati, ii. 208.

Asmani, Wadi, i. 227-28.

Ass, Zanzibar, i. 205, 230-1.

Assad Farran, i. 528-9.

Aturo River, ii. 252.

Avaiyabu, ii. 34.

Avakubi Rapids, i. 201-2.

Avamberri (or Avamburi), i. 477;
  ii. 34.

Avatiko, i. 217;
  ii. 35-6, 40, 44.

Avejeli tribe, villages of, i. 193-5, 209, 479, 481;
  ii. 29.

Avisibba, i. 173-4, 178;
  ii. 28;
  head-dress of, i. 178, 481-2;
  arrows of, ii. 108.

Avugadu rapids, i. 192-3, 481;
  ii. 28.

Awamba, ii. 261, 270-1;
  forest, 274, 281-3, 285-6.

Awash Effendi, Major, i. 423;
  ii. 162, 178, 184, 220, 234, 243.

Ayoub Effendi, ii. 223.

Azra Effendi, ii. 234.


Babali tribe, i. 143.

Babanda tribe, i. 143.

Babandi tribe, ii. 34.

Babe tribe, i. 159.

Babesse, i. 377.

Ba-biassi tribe, i. 386, 389.

Babisa tribe, ii. 386.

Babukwa tribe, i. 143.

Babunda natives, i. 206.

Baburu tribes, i. 114, 154-5, 280, 535;
  ii. 97, 111.

Babusesse, i. 298;
  ii. 97;
  language, 490;
  hut construction, i. 298-9;
  natives, 303, 342, 348.

Badzwa village, i. 394, 428;
  road towards, 424, 426.

Baert, Mons., of the Congo State, i. 519, 543.

Bafaido cataract, i. 201-2, 477-8;
  ii. 34.

Bagamoyo, French Mission, ii. 448-453;
  arrival and dinner at, 453-461;
  Emin's accident at, 461-2, 471.

Bahunga village, i. 141.

Bakandi tribe, i. 289.

Baker, Sir Samuel, i. 12, 13, 17;
  and Albert Nyanza, 328;
  and Unyoro plateau, 400, 412;
  and Ruwenzori, 430;
  ii. 314.

Bakhit Bey's cattle-raids, i. 423.

Baki Kundi, ii. 263.

Bakiokwa language, ii. 490.

Bakoka, villages of, i. 151.

Bakokoro village, ii. 275;
  Ruwenzori from, 325-6.

Bakuba territory, i. 376;
  ii. 118.

Bakula, i. 152-55, 158, 161.

Bakumu tribe, ii. 97.

Bakusu tribe, i. 204, 207, 238, 510;
  ii. 26.

Bakuti, villages of, i. 150.

Bakwuru, villages of the, i. 283;
  ii. 116.

Balegga tribe, i. 238, 324, 346, 389;
  ii. 129, 159, 170, 176, 210, 250, 391;
  chief of Eastern, i. 393;
  country, 321;
  musical instruments of, ii. 399.

Balegga Hills, i. 346, 386;
  ii. 163, 174-5, 190, 252, 316-8, 403;
  raid on villages, i. 346, 386.

Balesse, country of, i. 255-6;
  clearings of, 257;
  chief of, 267;
  manners and customs, 278-9, 360;
  tribe, ii. 97, 100.

Balia village, i. 474;
  tribe, ii. 42.

Balunda tribe, ii. 386.

Balungwa, ii. 390.

Bambi, Chief, i. 155.

Banalya, tribe, i. 153, 155;
  curve, 492;
  arrival at, 493-97, 517-26, 534-47;
  rear column, ii. 11-12, 58, 115, 125, 232.

Banana Point, i. 75, 79;
  ii. 15, 32.

Bandangi village, i. 153;
  islands near, 154.

Bandekiya village, i. 485.

Bandeya, i. 165, 474, 485, 487.

Bandussuma, i. 436;
  ii. 114, 250.

Bangala Station, i. 107-8, 502, 510, 515;
  ii. 15, 34;
  tribe, 84, 91, 97.

Bantu, the term, ii. 384-5.

Banyoro, ii. 430.

Banza Manteka, i. 85.

Banzanza tribe, i. 289.

Banzombe village, ii. 275.

Bapai (or Bavaiya), i. 206;
  fishermen, 482.

Baptist Mission, i. 86.

Barghash, Sultan of Zanzibar, _see_ "Seyyid Barghash."

Bari tribe, ii. 133.

Baring, Sir Evelyn, ii. 128;
  and Hicks Pasha, i. 16;
  and General Gordon, 20-1, 22, 46;
  conversation regarding route at Cairo, 49-51, 56, 58.

Barttelot, Major, ii. 2;
  Preface, i. 5-7;
  and Tippu-Tib, ii. 17-20;
  engaged for the relief staff, i. 42;
  at Aden, 59;
  sketch of, 73;
  and Soudanese, 88;
  and s.s. _Peace_, 92-4;
  and s.s. _Stanley_, 95;
  orders to and duties of, 97-8, 103, 105;
  selected for command of the rear column, 105-6;
  to proceed to Stanley Falls, 108, 115-16;
  letter of instructions to, 117-19;
  conversation with--referring to Tippu-Tib, 119-28;
  at Yambuya, 128;
  blood-brother with a Yambuya chief, 132;
  farewell to, 136, 209;
  weight of, ii. 190, 470-1;
  return to assistance of, i. 344, 351;
  couriers sent to, 364, 366, 370, 372, 380, 422;
  Lieut. Stairs and, 463-5;
  descriptive letter to, from Surgeon Parke, 490, 494;
  and sad story of the rear column, 498-526;
  report of, 527-8;
  log of rear column, 533-47.

Barua tribe, ii. 386.

Baruti (black boy), i. 48;
  at Suez, 58;
  and brother, 108-10.

Barzah House, the, ii. 148-156;
  and Mpigwa at, 395-6.

Basoga tribe, ii. 399.

Basoko tribe, ii. 97;
  villages, i. 108-10.

Basongora tribe, i. 204, 207, 238, 510.

Basopo Cataract, i. 235, 269, 478;
  rapids, ii. 30.

Batomba tribe, ii. 97.

Bats, army of, i. 481.

Batundu natives, i. 491;
  settlement, ii. 20, 34.

Batwa dwarfs, ii. 42, 100-9.

Baundwe, forest aborigines, ii. 263.

Bavabya, ii. 1-2.

Bavikai rapids, i. 479;
  village, ii. 31-3.

Bavira, villages and chief, i. 320-1, 324, 346, 380, 384-5;
  and Wahuma, 385;
  huts of, 389;
  tribe, ii. 129;
  women, 130, 208, 391;
  language, 490.

Bazungu tribe, ii. 100-109.

Beatrice Gulf, ii. 347, 349.

Becker, Lieutenant, ii. 474.

Bedden Station, ii. 122, 133, 243.

Bees, i. 143-4.

Bemberri, i. 386.

Bembezi Ford, i. 84.

Bentley, Rev. Mr., and s.s. _Peace_, i. 86, 90-1, 92-4.

Berber, i. 412, 415.

Besse, ii. 118;
  village, i. 377, 378;
  skirmish of, 424, 453.

Bevwa, Chief of Wakonju, ii. 344-5, 351, 366.

Beyts, Captain (agent B.I.S.N. Co.), i. 58.

Bible, reading the, i. 311-2.

Big Cataract, ii. 40.

Bilal, ii. 197.

Billington, Mr., and s.s. _Henry Reed_, i. 86, 90, 92-4.

Binnie, Mr., and Stanley Falls Station, i. 65.

Binza (Dr. Junker's boy), i. 90, 194, 427; ii. 126, 127, 137.

Birds, _see_ "Ornithology."

Blood-brotherhood, with a Yambuya chief, i. 132;
  with Ismaili, 253-4;
  with Mazamboni, 382-3;
  with Uchunku, ii. 378-9.

Bolobo, i. 103, 105, 111; ii. 6, 9, 10;
  contingent at, i. 133.

Boma, i. 76; ii. 32.

Bonny, Wm., Preface, i. 4, 5-7;
  engaged for the relief staff, 41;
  and Baruti, 48;
  at Suez, 58;
  Soudanese and Zanzibaris, 73;
  sketch of, 74;
  orders to, and duties of, 97-8;
  and rear column, 106, 372, 380;
  meeting with, at Banalya, 493-497;
  and sad story of the rear column, 501, 526;
  official written narrative, 512-19;
  report and log of rear column, 527-47;
  action of, ii. 1-2, 12, 13, 16, 17, 30;
  and dwarfs, 40, 54, 59-60, 63, 66, 155-6;
  note from, 157, 161-2, 259-60, 275, 276, 376, 479.

Bora Station, ii. 133.

Borchgrave, Comte de, i. 44, 45.

Boryo (chief of Balesse), i. 267-8, 271, 274, 276-7, 282, 349, 351.

Botany, i, 229-31;
  raphia palms, 453;
  of the forest, ii. 44-5;
  Emin and, 238;
  musa plants, &c., 46;
  flora on Ruwenzori, 277-80;
  manioc, 5-11;
  phrynia, 22, 45, 63, 77, 83-5, 109;
  tobacco leaves, 24, 269;
  palms, 34, 79, 87, 264, 281, 341-2, 351;
  wood beans, &c., 50, 61, 109;
  ferns, 54, 175, 281;
  flora, &c., of African forest, 75-7;
  of the clearings, 83-4;
  epiphytes, 76-7;
  flora of Balegga Hills, 175;
  Awamba Forest and Semliki Valley, 318-23, 335-7;
  spear grasses, 265;
  of the plain, 338-9, 351;
  acacia, 274, 336, 351, 421;
  beans, &c., 39, 78, 250, 269, 289;
  mushrooms, 64;
  makweme, 109;
  Indian corn, &c., 354;
  euphorbia, 337-9, 351, 421;
  papyrus, 372;
  thistles, 377;
  baobab, 444.

Brackenbury, Captain of H.M.S. _Turquoise_, ii. 457, 462.

Brackenbury, General, i. 48.

British Congo Company's Steamers, i. 75-6.

British East African Company, ii. 430, 453;
  and Emin, 467, 472.

British Government, and Emin's Province, i. 417.

Bruce, Alex. L., i. 35.

Buganda, ii. 430.

Bugombi natives, ii. 174, 395.

Bukanda, village, i. 146-149.

Bukiri (or Myyulu's), i. 258.

Bukoko, ii. 270, 272, 274, 328.

Bukumbi, French missionaries at, ii. 368-9, 371, 428.

Bumbire, i. 223.

Bunda, ii. 37.

Bundegunda village, ii. 223, 250;
  crops at, 252.

Bundi, i. 206, 393, 433.

Bungangeta, villages, i. 155.

Bungangeta, island, i. 492; ii. 12, 15-16, 34.

Bunyambiri village, ii. 223.

Burdett Coutts, Baroness and W., i. 35, 46.

Burroughs and Welcome, i. 38.

Buruli, ii. 347, 349-50.

Bushiri, ii. 449.

Busindi, i. 255.

Butahu River, ii. 284, 318.

Butama, ii. 270.

Butterflies at Katwe, ii. 343.

Buxton, Sir Thomas F., i. 35.

Bwamburi, villages of, i. 165; ii. 22.

Bwanga village, ii. 422.

Bwessa, chief of, i. 384, 441.


CABOT'S (SEBASTIAN) map of Africa, ii. 298-9.

Camps, _see_ "Itinerary" in Appendix, ii. 496-512.

Canoe accidents, ii. 16, 24, 28, 30.

Cape Town, i. 74.

Casati, Captain, i. 118, 334, 396; ii. 125-6, 128, 138, 144, 147, 155-7, 160, 162;
  and Monbuttu, i. 400, 419;
  and return to the Coast, 406;
  experiences in Unyoro, 407-9;
  and Emin, 419; ii. 186-9, 191, 200, 207-8, 244-5;
  servant, 255, 276;
  and cattle raids, 338;
  illness of, 371, 376;
  Emin and, 409-10, 479.

Castor Oil Plant, i. 291.

Casualties and desertions, ii. 20, 22, 26-8, 33, 35, 47-9, 50, 53, 57, 61, 65, 116, 259, 281.

Cataracts, rapids, falls, &c., _see_ Amiri, Bafaido, Basopo, Mabengu, Mariri, Panga, Nejambi, Wasps, &c.

Cattle, of the Dinka tribe, i. 450;
  raids, 423-4; ii. 246;
  Rukara's, 289-90, 350;
  raids of Wasongora, 338, 347, 372.

Chai river, ii. 252, 257.

Chama Issa, ii. 57-8.

Chamlirikwa, ii. 353.

Charters, Mr. David, and s.s. _Peace_, i. 102;
  and repair of s.s. _Stanley_, 103-4, 115.

Cherif Pasha, i. 16.

Chimpanzees, or "soko," i. 262;
  in forest of Msongwa, 449.
  _See_ "Zoology."

Chongo, camp at, i. 441.

Chowambi, ii. 392.

Christian Mission Society, ii. 380.

Chumbiri, and s.s. _Stanley_, i. 103.

Clarke, Mr., of the L. I. Mission, i. 83.

Clearings, ii. 46, 80-4;
  of dwarfs, 101.
  _See_ "Andaki."

Congo-la-Lemba, i. 84-5.

Congo Railway, ii. 110-11.

Congo River, work on the, i. 19-20;
  the Congo route for Emin's relief, 33, 34, 43-5, 75, 77, 78;
  Upper, scenery, 99-101;
  miniature Congo canyon, 219;
  raiders in Upper Basin, 238;
  ague and, ii. 32, 75;
  banks of, 82-3.

Congo Free State, and Tippu-Tib, i. 121;
  and Emin, 411;
  compared to Soudan, 414-15.

Congo Mission Stations, ii. 433, 449;
  State, 247;
  Emin and, 468.

Congratulations by cable received at Zanzibar, ii. 481-8.

Constable's map of Africa, ii. 300-1.

Consul of Zanzibar, ii. 18, 474, 477.

Cross roads camp, ii. 115-16.


D'Abren, Senor J. F., i. 79.

Daly, Judge, work on Africa, ii. 294.

Dawnay, Hon. Guy, i. 46, 50.

Deakes, Mr., ii. 429.

Deane, Captain, and Stanley Falls Station, i. 65, 70, 72, 107, 120, 520.

Denny, Peter, i. 35.

Denny range, ii. 362, 365, 367, 371-2.

Dessauer, Monsieur, i. 87.

Dinka tribe, and their cattle, i. 450;
  and snakes, 450.

Diseases, ii. 6, 29, 34, 53, 61, 114, 158, 268, 376, 412;
  ulcers through poisoned skewer, i. 151;
  of the Madi carriers, 479;
  small-pox, ii. 20, 24, 28, 29, 31, 34-5;
  wounds from poisoned arrows, 27-8;
  pustules, 30;
  guinea worms, 110;
  malaria, 31-3;
  variola, 110.

Domestic animals of the Dwarfs, ii. 110.

Donagla. _See_ "Mahdi."

Drummond, Professor, on Africa, ii. 73-4.

Dualla, Somali, i. 455, 456.

Duffle Station, ii. 132-7;
  troops at, i. 405.

Dui River, ii. 58-60.

Duki Mountain, ii. 390-1.

Dwarfs, first specimen of the tribe of, i. 207-8;
  first village of, 261;
  camp, 265; ii. 79, 263;
  dwellings of, 103-4;
  village of, i. 278, 374;
  camp of, near Fort Bodo, 356;
  a Queen of, 367-8;
  colour of, 374;
  features of, 375;
  measurement and colour of, ii. 40-2, 164, 167;
  conversation by gesture, 42-4;
  woman, 44;
  woodcraft of, 44, 49-50;
  and ammunition, 53-4, 61-2;
  tribe of, 100-9;
  at Fort Bodo, 113;
  the opposite of the Wahuma, 384-5;
  damsel and boy, 410.


East African Association's offer to Emin Pasha, i. 411-12.

Eastern Telegraph Company, i. 66.

Edgington, J. and Company, i. 38.

Edrisi and Central Africa, ii. 295-6, 305-6.

Edwin Arnold Mountain, ii. 353, 367.

Egypt, and England, i. 11, 12, 15;
  and the Soudan, 12;
  Ministry and Gordon, 21;
  Egyptian Government, Relief Fund, 35;
  Government and Emin's ivory, 52;
  and Equatorial Provinces, 401, 410-17;
  and Emin Pasha, ii. 232;
  Egyptian Government in the Soudan, 247.

Egyptians, ii. 141;
  officers, 170, 173;
  muster of, and Soudanese, 198-206, 208, 214-16, 231;
  Emperor Hadrian and, 240, 252, 255, 265-6, 352, 371, 376, 377.

El-del Station, ii. 241.

Elephant Playground Camp, i. 491; ii. 22.

Elephants at Memberri, i. 204;
  at Ituri, 213;
  bones of, at Lake Albert, 339;
  troops of, 359;
  spear, 376.

Elliot, Captain Grant, i. 39-40.

Emin Pasha, Preface, i. 7-9;
  and General Gordon, 19;
  birth and early days, 18-19, 442-3;
  letters to Mr. Mackay, 25-6;
  letter to Mr. C. H. Allen, 26;
  letter to Dr. Felkin, 26-7;
  his views, 28;
  letters relating to Emin from Messrs. Mackay, Holmwood, &c., 29-31;
  ----'s troops, 31, 54-6;
  estimated and actual time occupied for relief of, 36;
  and store of ivory, 52, 64;
  High Order from the Khedive to, 56-8;
  Stanley's letter to, 62-3;
  ivory and Tippu-Tib, 71;
  false report of Emin Pasha's arrival, 196, 199;
  and Dr. Junker _re_ Lake Albert, 333;
  no news of, 362-3;
  second attempt to find, 373;
  first news of "Malleju" or the "Bearded One," 379, 381, 386;
  "Malleju's" letter, 389-90;
  at Kavalli camp, 396;
  description of, 396;
  Drs. Felkin and Junker's description of, 400;
  and Monbuttu, 400;
  and Kabba Rega, 401;
  conversation about leaving the province, 401-6;
  brings provisions, 408;
  and Captain Casati, 408;
  conversation between Stanley and, relating to Equatorial Province, 410-17;
  and Casati, 419;
  and Lake Ibrahim, 419;
  presents of clothing by, 422;
  Emin Pasha's officers, 423;
  and cattle-raids, 423-4;
  and use of the sextant, 425, 426;
  good-bye to, 428-9;
  and Ruwenzori, 430, 432;
  two letters from, 431-2;
  and Unyoro, 432-3;
  and General Gordon, 443-4;
  and Mackay's library, 445;
  Emin Pasha's abilities, capacity, and industry, 445-7;
  some of Emin Pasha's troubles, 447-9;
  and natural history, 449-51;
  and malaria, ii. 33, 59;
  and insects, 91;
  news of, 118-19;
  three letters from, 120-1;
  Jephson and, 121-4, 124-7;
  Stanley's letter to, 128-9;
  Jephson and, 131-8, 140-4;
  letter from, 144-5, 147-8;
  officers, 151, 155;
  baggage, 158;
  daughter, 160;
  as naturalist, 160-7, 174-5;
  and Shukri Agha, 174, 176;
  and Selim Bey, 176-81;
  Osman Latif Effendi and, 183-4;
  and Captain Casati, 186-9, 191, 207-8, 213, 409-10;
  weight of, 190;
  illness of, 352, 371, 376;
  and Mohammed Effendi's wife, 192-7;
  and Stanley, 198-206;
  followers, 204-5;
  and Wadelai mails, 216, 226;
  a study of his province, 228-49;
  and troops, 267-8;
  and Ruwenzori, 276, 314;
  muster-roll, 353;
  Pere Schintze and, 445;
  and Peres of French Mission, 448-9;
  at Bagamoyo, 454, 457;
  the dinner and accident to, 458-62;
  Stanley and, 465-6, 468-73;
  and German Government, 466-8, 479-80.

Emin Pasha Relief Committee, telegram from, i. 507, 514-15;
  report to, 527-34; ii. 13, 128, 177, 471;
  and Jaffar Tarya, 477.

Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, ii. muster of, 14, 115, 155;
  at Kavalli, 210.

Emin Pasha Relief Fund, ii. 474;
  statement of receipts and expenses, 513-14.

_En Avant_, s.s., i. 77, 85, 90, 525.

England's work in Africa, i. 69.

Engwedde tribe, i. 170, 173, 174, 482; ii. 24;
  rapids, 28;
  rain at, 94;
  captives of, 100.

Entomology:
  Insects and flies, i. 152, 359;
    of the great African forest, 479-80; ii. 90-3;
    fleas of Ibwiri, i. 270;
    mosquitoes, gnats, &c., of Upper Congo, 101;
    at Fort Bodo, 356-7;
    Emin and, ii. 267-8;
    jiggers, 3, 92;
    ants, i. 150, 357-8, 469, 479-80; ii. 39, 75-6, 78, 84, 91, 92;
    dried ants for poison, 108;
    white ants, 110;
    black mosquitoes, 415;
    moths, cloud of, 33;
    wasps, 35;
    and bees, 39, 76, 84, 90-2;
    beetles, 91, 92, 393;
    gnats, pest of, 261;
    butterflies at Katwe, 343.

Epeni brook, ii. 44.

Equatorial Province, i. 410-17;
  stations in, 418;
  rebellion in, ii. 121-4;
  Jephson's report of, 131-7, 143-4;
  officers of, 151-6, 160, 176-7, 179-81, 188, 213, 223-6;
  history of, 231-49, 261.

Equator Station, i. 85, 107, 115.

Ethnology, i. 385;
  forest tribes, ii. 88-9, 97-104;
  of Central and South Africa, 384-9.

Etienne, Pere, ii. 457, 459.

Express rifles, i. 213.


FABBO Station, ii. 133-4.

Fadl el Mulla Aga, ii. 132, 134, 160, 178, 183, 188, 224-6, 246.

Fane, Mr., i. 52.

Farag Pasha, i. 24.

Farishi Station, i. 455, 456.

Farjalla, the slave of, i. 212-13.

Fathel Mullah, ii. 416-17.

Felkin, Dr. R. W., missionary, ii. 268, 380, 470;
  letter from Emin Bey, i. 26-7;
  route for Emin's relief, 31;
  description of Emin, 400.

Ferahani, ii. 447-8.

Ferajji, headman, ii. 4-7, 27.

Ferida, Emin's daughter, ii. 160;
  the nurse of, 192, 194-5.

Ferney, Mr. Lafontaine, i. 75.

Feruzi, i. 228;
  and the bush antelope, ii. 25-6.

Fetteh (of Unyoro), i. 312-14, 377.

Fights of Expedition, _see_ Avisibba, Mazamboni, &c.;
  with the Balegga, ii. 129;
  with Wara Sura, 255, 260, 349-50, 352;
  with Wasakuma, 436-8.

Fischer, Dr., and relief of Junker, i. 29, 30;
  and Emin, 30, 35.

Fish in Lake Urigi, ii. 415.

_Florida_, s.s., shaft, i. 84;
  launching of, 95-6;
  departure for Yambuya, 101-7, 462-3.

Foreign Office, despatches, i. 417;
  and Emin, ii. 466-7.

Forests:
  of the Upper Congo river, i. 99-101;
    our mode of marching through, 135-8;
    160 days in the, 138;
    slow progress through the, 144, 229-30;
    a forest tempest, 144-5, 233;
    abandoned clearings, 222;
    our food in the, 222-3;
    beans, 225;
    pears, 226;
    limit of the great, 281;
    woods, 284, 357;
    forest-craft, 374;
    of Msongwa, 449;
    clearings, 474-5;
    evils of forest marching, 479-80;
    Forest, Great Central African, description of, ii. 74-111;
    Awamba, 262, 269-70.
  Table of--and Grass-land languages. _See_ Appendix.

Forrest & Son, and steel boat, i. 38, 77.

Fort Bodo, i. 349; ii. 15, 57, 59, 72, 104-7, 112-15, 124-5, 232, 470;
  construction of, i. 351-2;
  stockade of, 352-3;
  officers' house at, 354-5;
  garrison of, 354;
  road construction at, 349;
  distance from Ipoto, 363;
  cornfields at, 369-70, 456-7;
  labour about, 370-1;
  roads from, 371;
  life at, 371-2;
  arrival at, 453;
  condition of garrison at, 456-7;
  state of, 459-60;
  improvements to be made in, 466;
  departure from, 468;
  progress from, 491.

Fort Island, near Panga Falls, i. 171; ii. 26.

Fortnum & Mason, i. 39.

Foss, Captain, ii. 462, 473.

France, territory in West Africa, i. 69,
  and East Africa, 77.

Francqui, Mons., i. 87.

Fraser, Commander T. M., ii. 457.

French missionaries at Usambiro, ii. 422, 428;
  at Bukumbi, 433-4, 444;
  tributes of, 443, 445, 447;
  Emin and, 448-9.

Fruit: fenessi, i. 225, 229; ii. 109;
  plantains and bananas, i. 266, 299, 476; ii. 10, 20, 28, 31, 36, 39, 43, 45, 53, 59, 61, 62, 78-9, 97, 261-2, 275-6, 417;
  wild oranges and mango-trees, 29;
  figs, 29, 110;
  fig-tree, 34, 83;
  wild fruit of the forest, 88, 109-10;
  melons, &c., 328;
  blackberries, 371, 377.

Fundi, ii. 69.


Gaddo (the lake pilot), ii. 402.

Game in the forest, ii. 88-9.

Gavira, chief of Bavira (_see_ "Mpigwa"), i. 320, 384, 386, 388, 390, 434-5; ii. 119, 391-2.

Genge, ii. 434.

Geology:
  Forest at Andari, ii. 50;
   at Andikumu, 57;
   of river beds, 274;
   bed of Semliki River, 286;
   bed of Albert Edward Nyanza, 335-6.

German Government and Emin, ii. 438-42, 472-3.

Germans at Mpwapwa, ii. 430-1, 446;
  and coast Arabs, 446;
  and Ugogo, 446;
  at Bagamoyo, 457-61.

Germany and territory east of Zanzibar, i. 68-9, 77.

Gessi Pasha, i. 14, 430, 444; ii. 141;
  and Ruwenzori, 314.

Giegler Pasha, i. 58.

Girault, Pere, ii. 445.

Gladstone, Mr., i. 16, 23, 240.

Glave, at Equator Station, i. 85, 107.

Gleerup, Mr., and Stanley Falls Station, i. 70.

Goats, ii. 15, 24, 28, 39, 58, 61, 97;
  of Wara Sura, 350;
  and fowls of Nepanga, i. 169.

Goods of the Expedition, i. 37-9, 547; ii. 155.

Gondokoro, i. 412.


Gordon, General, and the slave trade, i. 14, 17;
  and the Upper Soudan, 17-19;
  and the Congo River, 20;
  and Khartoum, 20-25, 404, 427;
  at Khartoum, ii. 141;
  death, i. 24;
  Nubar Pasha and, 52, 240, 412;
  and Lake Ibrahim, 419;
  and Emin Pasha, 27, 443-4.

Gordon, Rev. Cyril, ii. 380, 424, 429.

Gordon-Bennett, Mr. J., ii. 450.

Gordon-Bennett Mountain, ii. 315, 317;
  cove, 367.

Grant, Capt., i. 12.

Grant, Col. J. A., i. 45-7;
  and Baruti, 48, 50;
  and Mtesa, ii. 411, 412.

Granville, Lord, and the Soudan, i. 16;
  and General Gordon, 20-2.

Grass-land and Forest languages, comparative table of. _See_ Appendix.

Gravenreuth, Baron von, ii. 450.

Gray, Dawes & Co., i. 35, 46, 48.

Grenfell, General, i. 56, 58.

Grenfell, Mr., and Mobangi River, i. 107.

Grenfell, Sir Francis, ii. 248-9.

Greshoff, Mr. A., i. 96, 399, 462-3.

Gunda village, i. 441.

Gwengwere, rapids and villages, i. 151, 152.


Hailallah, ii. 118.

Hajji, Zanzibari, ii. 209.

Hall, Jas., i. 35.

Hamdan, Egyptian soldier, ii. 263, 265.

Hamed bin Ibrahim, ii. 411.

Hamid Aga, ii. 131.


Hannington, Bishop, i. 53;
  murder of, ii. 359, 370, 380-1.

Hassan, our cook, i. 474.

Hassan, Bakari, ii. 169.

Hassan, Vita, apothecary, i. 399, 424.

Hassan, Dr., ii. 473.

Hekataeus, ii. 41, and Africa, 294.

_Henry Reed_, mission steamer, i. 76-7, 85, 86, 90;
  Jephson and, 93, 95;
  departure for Yambuya, 101-7, 115-16.

_Heron_, steamer, i. 76, 79.

Hicks Pasha, i. 14-17;
  Army, ii. 241.

Hilallah, boy, i. 261.

Hipparchus' map of Africa, ii. 294-5, 300.

Hippo Broads, ii. 33;
  camp, i. 201, 478.

Hippopotami, i. 101, 104, 201;
  bones of, 339.

Hirschberg, Capt., ii. 462, 473.

Holmwood, Consul-General F., and Emin, i. 28-9;
  despatch to Foreign Office, Sept., 1886, 29-30; 60, 71, 531-2.

Homer's time, Africa in, ii. 291-4, 300,
  and Nile, 302.

Hot springs, ii. 282;
  near Iwanda, 350;
  Mtagata, 406, 410.

Houssas, i. 91, 107.

Hutton, Mr. James F., i. 31, 35.


Ibina River, i. 207, 246.

Ibrahim Effendi Elham, ii. 217.

Ibrahim, Lake (or Gita Nzige), i. 419.

Ibwiri, village of, i. 265-70; ii. 30, 48;
  clearing of, 53, 103;
  fleas of, i. 270, 274-5, 303, 337-8, 350-1.

Iddesleigh, Lord, and Uganda route, i. 45;
  death of, 46;
  despatches  furnished  by, 417.

Ihangiro, ii. 387-8, 414, 418.

Ihuru River, i. 207, 219, 263; ii. 43, 47, 49, 54, 58, 61, 63, 69, 72.

Ikoma, ii. 434-5.

Ikungu, ii. 445-6.

Ikuta Island, ii. 418.

Indekaru, villages of East and West, i. 263, 265, 367-8, 375, 468.

Indemau, ii. 58-60.

Indemwani village, i. 277, 349, 374.

Indenduru, villages of East and West, i. 277-9, 453;
  West and Central, ii. 116.

Indeperri, ii. 59.

Indepessu, i. 280, 375.

Indepuya, natives of, i. 374.

Indesura, i. 286, 290-2, 349.

Indetonga camp, i. 349.

Ingham and Congo carriers, i. 47, 80.

Inkissi River, i. 89.

Ipoto, settlement of, i. 219, 234-5; ii. 103, 273;
  ivory hunters at, i. 236-41, 364, 469-70.

Irangara Island, ii. 347.

Islands, _see_ Bungangeta, Fort, Ikuta, Kakuri, Kasenya, Mysome, Nepanga, Rumondo, &c.

Ismail, the Khedive of Egypt, i. 12-14;
  and Gordon, 19.

Ismail Hakki Pasha and E. Schnitzler, i. 18, 442.

Ismaili, chief, i. 238, 249-54, 261, 361.

Itari, ii. 418-21.

Itinerary of Journeys made in 1887, 1888, 1889; ii. 496-512.

Itiri settlement, i. 184-7; ii. 28.

Ituri River, i. 53, 207, 213, 216-17, 219-21, 223, 282, 289, 291-2, 301-2, 304, 306, 319, 320, 347-8, 376, 393, 453, 466, 470-1, 476;
  twin peak near, 431; ii. 26, 30, 38, 39-40;
  source of, 94-7; 115, 125, 145;
  Emin and, 240; valley, 281;
  tributaries of, 252, 273, 393;
  _see_ also Aruwimi River.

Ivory, ii. 107, 146;
  Emin's, 183, 240;
  gift to Mazamboni, 223;
  at Katwe, 342;
  _see_ Emin Pasha, Ipoto, &c., i.

Iwanda, ii. 350, 366, 371-2.

Iyugu village, i. 283, 349.


Jabu (our cook), ii. 26.

Jaffar, son of Tarya Topan, i. 60; ii. 474-7.

Jameson, James S., Preface, i. 5-7, 36;
  engaged for the relief staff, 43, 58;
  sketch of, 74;
  and hippopotami, 93;
  orders to, and duties of, 97-8;
  selected for second in command of rear column, 106;
  letter of instructions to, 117-19, 128;
  farewell to, 136;
  and butterflies, 150, 372, 380, 494;
  and sad story of the rear column, 500-26;
  report and log of rear column, 527-47;
  mention of, ii. 12, 13, 15-66;
  box, 30, 182-3.

Jephson, A. J. Mounteney (_Buburika_), Preface, i. 7-9;
  engaged for the relief staff, 43;
  departure of, 48;
  Soudanese and Zanzibaris, 73;
  sketch of, 73;
  and steel boat, 85;
  and Congo, 89;
  and Salim, 89-90;
  and steamer _Peace_, 92-4;
  orders to, and duties of, 97-8;
  at Yambuya, 128;
  memorandum for advance column officers, 129-31, 146, 149, 161-2, 180, 182-4, 192, 224-5;
  fanciful menus, 226-28, 232;
  report of Nelson's relief, 248-9, 272, 471;
  and Mazamboni's people, 315-17;
  and Katonza's, 224-5, 347;
  at Fort Bodo, 354, 367;
  and blood-brotherhood with Mazamboni, 382-3;
  and steel boat, 390;
  conveys letter to Emin Pasha, 391-2;
  note from, 395;
  at Kavalli, 396, 410, 422, 427;
  Message for Emin's troops, 427-8, 430-1;
  and Fort Bodo, 466; ii. 28, 31-2, 113-15, 117-19;
  and Emin, 120-1, 138;
  letters from, 121-4;
  Stanley's letter to, 124-8;
  return of, 130-1;
  report of the revolt in the Equatorial Province, 131-7, 141, 145;
  letter from, 146-7, 162, 167;
  and Balegga Hills, 175, 176, 178, 179-83;
  weight of, 190, 201-18;
  illness of, 216, 257, 260, 275, 352, 371;
  and Emin, 233, 237, 248, 276;
  and Gaddo, 402, 479.

Jordan's Nullah, ii. 438.

Juma, i. 243-4, 249, 454, 478-9;
  son of Nassib, 487-8.

Juma, Hussein bin, ii. 27-8.

Juma, Ali, ii. 114.

Juma Waziri, i. 291.

Junker, Dr., ii. 151, 183, 229, 232;
  and Emin, i. 29-31, 54, 58, 77, 400, 402; ii. 244-5, 268, 470;
  and Congo route, i. 50, 52-4;
  and Emin's troops, 55;
  and Emin's ivory, 64, 71;
  and Nepoko River, 193;
  and Monbuttu, 400;
  letter from, 447.


Kabba Rega, i. 332; ii. 129, 147, 157, 159, 191, 239, 244-5, 255, 270-1, 338;
  and Katwe, 344-5, 352, 382;
  father of, 392, 430;
  and Komubi, i. 393-4;
  and Emin, 401, 431;
  and Capt. Casati, 507-8;
  and Katonza, 425;
  and Musiri, 435-6.

Kabindas, party of, i. 84, 91.

_Kacongo_ gunboat, i. 79.

Kadongo's village, i. 433-4; ii. 391.

Kafur River, ii. 432.

Kafurro settlement, ii. 373, 411-13.

Kaibuga, chief, ii. 255, 258, 268.

Kaiyura's settlement, ii. 346-7.

Kajumba, chief, ii. 417-18.

Kakoko, ii. 411, 429.

Kakonya, ii. 351-2.

Kakuri, chief, ii. 284, 344-6.

Kakuri Island, ii. 346, 353, 354, 366.

Kakwa Hill, ii. 54.

Kalema, ii. 430.

Kalenge, Katto's cousin, i. 437; ii. 118, 391.

Kamette, chief of, i. 452.

Kamrasi, ii. 392.

Kamwaga, ii. 422.

Kamwaiya, i. 367.

Kandekore clearings, i, 376; ii. 115-16, 118.

Kanji, the Vakeel of Tarya, i. 60.

Kapera, ii. 444.

Karagwe, route through, i. 32-3, 53;
  armlets, &c., of, 258;
  spears of, 318;
  mention of, ii. 360, 382, 387, 404-5, 411-14.

Karamulli settlement, ii. 352.

Karema, King of Uganda, ii. 369, 382, 411.

Karema and Baruti, i. 108.

Karimi camp, ii. 289;
  Ruwenzori from, 327, 335, 339.

Karramalla, ii. 242, 244, 247.

Kasai River, ii. 453.

Kasari settlement, ii. 372.


Kasenya Island, i. 334-8.

Kassasura, ii. 418.

Kassesse, chief, ii. 347.

Kassololo Hill, i. 206.

Kasunga Nyanza, ii. 353.

Katara, ii. 371.

Katari settlement, ii. 353-4, 366.

Katekiro's raid, ii. 338.

Katera lagoon, ii. 392.

Kateribba Island, ii. 347.

Katero Island, ii. 347.

Katonga River, ii. 318, 358.

Katonza, chief, i. 331-7, 379, 394, 338, 425, 431-2; ii. 119, 157, 391;
  and Kava lli, 395.

Katto, Mazamboni's brother, i. 434-5;
  phalanx dance, 436-8; ii. 118, 391.

Katwe town, ii. 284, 337, 339-40;
  salt lake of, 340-4;
  colour of, 343; bay, 346-7.

Kavalli, i. 63, 118, 129;
  and Kasenya Island, 337, 386, 393 (_see_ "Mbiassi"), 389-90, 392, 395, 409-10;
  and Kabba Rega, 431-2;
  plateau of, ii. 31;
  camp, 118-19, 122, 126, 128-9, 140, 162, 201, 210;
  Egyptians at, 240, 315;
  and Katwe salt, 343, 359;
  chief, 389-92;
  and cattle, 393-4;
  and Katonza, 395;
  and Gaddo, 402;
  and Emin, 470-1.

Kavari, ii. 414.

Kavirondo, ii. 359-60.

Kawandare, ii. 351, 352.

Keltie, J. S., i. 47.

Khalfan, i. 173, 187, 189-90.

Khalif of Khartoum, ii. 143-4;
  letter to, 249.

Khambi Mbya, ii. 443.

Khamis bin Athman, i. 86;
  headman, 238, 261;
  and "Three O'clock," 264-5;
  and Zanzibaris, 266-7;
  and Boryo, 268, 271-2, 361.

Khartoum, and General Gordon, i. 20-5, 404, 427;
  Emin at, ii. 238; fall of, 121, 239, 241, 244.

Khedive of Egypt, ii. 151, 152;
  letter from the, 121, 125, 128, 131-2, 180;
  and Emin, 189, 232-4, 243, 249, 467, 471-2.

_Khedive_, s.s., on Lake Albert, i. 399, 407, 409, 422, 424, 426, 431; ii. 126, 144, 146, 160.

Kibbo-bora, headman, ii. 69, 410-11.

Kibiro, ii. 244.

Kibwiga, ii. 362.

Kiengo (guide), ii. 412.

Kigeri, King, ii. 373.

Kikuyu, ii. 359.

Kilimani Hill, i. 455.

Kilolo, village of, i. 85.

Kilonga-Longa's (Uledi) settlement, i. 208, 218-19, 234-6, 247;
  charges against, 273, 360, 469-70;
  ferry of, ii. 49, 59, 107;
  followers of, 273.

Kimberri cones, ii. 390-1.

Kimpoko, i. 102.

Kimwani, or Kizinga, ii. 417-18.

Kingani River, ii. 453.

Kinnena on the Lindi, i. 236.

Kinshassa, i. 91, 95-6;
  and s.s. _Peace_, 102.

Kinya-magara Range, ii. 362-5.

Kirk, Sir John, Mr. Mackay's letter to, i. 30-1, 50, 67;
  Emin's letter to, 417; ii. 466-7.

Kirri, i. 447; ii. 122, 131, 243.

Kiruromo, ii. 409-10.

Kiryama village, ii. 257; natives, 258.

Kisaho village, ii. 418.

Kitagwenda, ii. 347, 351, 353-4.

Kitchener, Major, and Khartoum, i. 25.

Kites, i. 358;
  at Badzwa, 394.

Kitete heights of, ii. 354, 360-1.


Kiwewa, ii. 369, 411.

Knorr, Admiral, i. 60.

Komubi, chief, i. 393-4; ii. 391.

Kru-boys, i. 91.

Kuka Peak, ii. 390-1.

Kungu, ii. 434-5.

Kwamouth, i. 103, 105.

Kwara-Kwanzi, ii. 344.

Kwilu River, i. 85.

Kyensi, ii. 411.

Kynock & Co.'s cartridges, i. 38, 472.

Kyya Nkondo's, ii. 128-9.


Laboratoire Khedivial and Katwe salt, ii. 340-1.

Labore Station, ii. 122, 131-3.

Lado, i. 412-13, 415; ii. 133, 244.

Lake Shore Camp, ii. 160-1, 220, 224-5.

Lakki (or a "Hundred Thousand"), ii. 24.

Lakkin (Zanzibari), i. 487.

Lamu, i. 59;
  Dr. Lenz at, 127.

Landburg, Count de, ii. 310-12.

Lando villages, i. 424.

Langa Langa, i. 107.

Lavigerie, crusade preached by Cardinal, i. 240.

Lemur, i. 357.

Lenda River, i. 206-7, 213, 216, 236-7, 472-3; ii. 38.

Lenz, Dr., the Austrian traveller, i. 59, 127, 428.

Leopold, King, and the Congo River, i. 20;
  and the Congo route, 33-4, 43-5;
  visit to, 47-8;
  and Stanley Falls, 64-65;
  and Free State, 69;
  and Tippu-Tib, 70, 121;
  proposition to Emin, 411-17;
  and Emin, ii. 467-8.

Leopold II. Lake, ii. 300.

Leopoldville, i. 91-2, 111.


Liebig Company's Extract, i. 39, 89; ii. 58.

Liebricht, Lieut., of Stanley Pool, i. 90, 92-4, 115, 462, 531.

Linant Bey, i. 448.

Lindi River, i. 206.

Lions, i. 450-1.

Little Rapids, ii. 30.

Livingstone Inland Mission, i. 83, 85, 93.

Livingstone, relief of David, ii. 228-9, 431.

Lobo, Pere Jerome, and the Nile, ii. 291, 302-3.

Lohugati stream, ii. 418.

Luajimba, ii. 350, 411.

Luba, of Usoga, ii. 370.

Lufu River, i. 84.

Luila River, i. 91.

Lukolela Mission Station, i. 91, 107.

Lukungu Station, i. 80, 86, 87-8, 105, 120.

Lulu River, i. 206.

Lumami, the, i. 513, 520.

Lunionzo River, i. 85.

Lupton Bey, i. 19, 26; ii. 241.

Lutete, i. 89.


Mabengu Rapids, i. 192; ii. 28, 94;
  villages, i. 184, 187, 481.

Mabise tribe, ii. 161.

Mabode tribe, i. 165; ii. 97.

Mabruki, the hunter, i. 395, 409, 424-5, 481; ii. 137.

Mackay, Mr. A. M., the Uganda missionary, letters from Emin Bey, i. 25-30;
  letter to Sir John Kirk, 30-1;
  and spare books from Emin Pasha, 407;
  Emin and Mackay's library, 445;
  success of, ii. 380-2;
  and the Relief Expedition, 423-9;
  last letter of, 429-31, 433, 444.


Mackenzie, G. S., i. 37, 48, 59-60, 63, 65.

Mackinnon, John, i. 35.

Mackinnon, Peter, i. 35.

Mackinnon, Sir Wm., Prefatory to, i. 1-10;
  and relief to Emin, 31-5;
  and Congo route, 44-5;
  farewell banquet, 48;
  letter to the Sultan of Zanzibar, 61-2, 67, 118-19;
  Barttelot's report to, 527-33;
  Mackay and, ii. 431.

Mackinnon Mountain, ii. 317-18;
  cove, 367.

McMichael, N., i. 35.

MacNeil, D., i. 35.

Madi tribe, i. 426;
  carriers, 428-29, 433, 472-4, 476-92; ii. 20, 24, 27, 35, 47, 58, 110;
  chief, 281.

_Madura_, B.I.S.N. Co.'s s.s., i. 60, 63, 66, 75, 79-80.

Magungo, on Albert Nyanza, i. 444.

Mahdi (Mohamet Achmet), i. 14;
  at Khartoum, 25;
  at Rimo, 27, 413-14, 427;
  forces defeated by Shukri Agha, 448;
  forces, ii. 120, 122-4, 133, 135, 233, 241-4.

Majato, Manyuema headman, i. 513.

Majinga Island, ii. 418.

Makara Plain, ii. 335-6, 343-5.

Makata Plain, ii. 447.

Makkaraka, ii. 224, 245.

Makoko's village, i. 91.

Makolo, ii. 369, 434, 444.

Makraka cattle raids, i. 423.

Makrisi and the Nile, ii. 308-9.

Makubana, i. 492.

Makukuru village, i. 386.

Malai tribe, ii. 161, 174, 210.

Malaria, remarks about, ii. 31-32.

Malissa, chief, ii. 435-8.

"Malwa," or beer, ii. 403, 411, 416.


Mamara, ii. 441.

Mambanga, camp opposite, i. 167, 484; ii. 24.

Manbungu, i. 167, 261-3, 455-6, 469.

Mande, i. 268, 375;
  woman of, 453.

Mangola River, i. 84.

Manioc Zanzibaris and, ii. 5-11.

Manginni, ii. 24.

Manyanga, i. 85.

Manyuema, i. 141, 199;
  followers of Kilonga Longa, 218-19, 231-5;
  headmen at Ipoto, 238;
  morals of, 241-2;
  and our rifles, 244-5, 469-71;
  and relief of Nelson, 247, 261, 264-73, 350;
  and Fort Bodo, 352; ii. 12, 16, 22, 24, 27, 28, 35, 37-8, 47;
  girl, 34;
  headmen, 13, 19;
  insane women, 20;
  the wife of ----
  drummer, 29, 49, 64, 110, 119, 148;
  raiders, 273, 352, 378.

Map-makers, ii. 292-3, 299-300;
  in books of travel, 334-35.

Marco, Greek trader, ii. 147, 156, 157, 176.

Margarita Philosophica, map of, ii. 296.

Mariri, Lower and Upper, i. 157-8;
  rapids, 491;
  rapids and villages, ii. 16.

"Marwa" wine, i. 299.

Masai, a horde of, ii. 445.

Masai Land route, i. 32-4, 53.

Masakuma, ii. 361, 365-7.

Mason Bey, i. 51-2;
  and Albert Nyanza, 328, 444, 332, 334, 336;
  and Ruwenzori, 430; ii. 314.

Mataddi, i. 76, 79, 80, 90; ii. 31.

Mathews, General, i. 29, 60-1;
  mimicking, 371; ii. 474.

Matyera, interpreter, ii. 282.

Mavona Valley, ii. 382.


Maxim automatic gun, i. 38, 116;
  compared to Tippu-Tib, 127;
  ii. 306, 379, 437.

Maza Mankengi, i. 83.

Mazamba wood, i. 84.

Mazamboni's Peak, i. 303;
  range, 304-9;
  Chief, 313; ii. 118, 206, 208, 210-11; 223, 391;
  arms of, i. 318, 346-7, 378, 380-4;
  his guides, 386, 425, 452;
  and Musiri, 434-5;
  Phalanx dance by his warriors, 436-41.

Mbiassi, chief of Kavalli district, i. 386, 390, 392-4, 425.

Mbiri, millet fields of, i. 298;
  cataract near, 314.

Mboga, ii. 256;
  natives of, 258;
  height of, 262.

Mbutti village, i. 375.

Mbwenni, i. 60.

Medze tribe, ii. 34.

Melindwa, ii. 129, 140, 174, 176, 391.

Memberri, i. 205.

Meteorology: rain, i. 100-1, 156-7, 188-9, 338, 418-19;
  wind, 100-1, 144-5, 153, 262, 388-9, 409, 421-2;
  temperature, 149-50, 423, 425-6, 430-1;
  rain, ii. 34, 38-9;
  in the forest, 82, 86, 93-4, 255-6, 262, 271, 355;
  wind, 30, 39, 81-2;
  in the forest, 93-4, 318-21, 365, 376, 392, 413;
  temperature, 34.

Mhuma warrior, i. 384-5, 389.

Mikonju chief, ii. 285.

Missionary Station Usambiro, ii. 422-31, 433.

Mississi River, ii. 318.

Mittinginya, ii. 444-5.

Miwale River, i. 453.

Mkiyo village, ii. 342;
  lake of, 343.

Mobangi River, i. 107.

Mogo, Chief, ii. 121, 124, 129, 140.


Mohammed Arabi, ii. 429.

Mohammed Biri, ii. 245.

Mohammed, Corporal Dayn, ii. 53.

Mohammed Emin, ii. 167, 178, 186.

Mohammed Effendi, the engineer and wife, ii. 191-7;
  and Emin, 469.

Mohammedans, ii. 368, 381.

Mombasa, i. 59.

Momvu tribes, i. 194; ii. 97, 100.

Monangwa, capture of a, ii. 436, 441.

Monbuttu, visited by Emin, i. 400, 403;
  route, 419;
  tribe, arms of, ii. 22, 97;
  Emin and -- land, 240.

Monkeys, i. 262.

Mongoose, i. 449.

Morogoro, ii. 448.

Mosquito curtain, ii. 33.

Mountains of the Moon. _See_ "Ruwenzori."

Mpanga River, ii. 354, 367.

Mpigwa, chief of Nyamsassi, i. 386, 425, 431; ii. 126, 158, 161-2;
  and Emin, 176, 395-6.

Mpinga (_see_ "Gavira"), chief of Bavira, ii. 210.

Mpororo, ii. 354, 369, 373, 387, 405.

Mpozo River, i. 80.

Mpwapwa Station, ii. 446-7.

Mrima, Zanzibari, ii. 158.

Msalala, i. 73, 404, 408; ii. 449.

Msharasha (Zanzibari), i. 349.

Msongwa, forest of, i. 449.

Msua, ii. 450-3.

Mswa Station, i. 390, 395, 418, 424; ii. 140, 179, 199, 224-6, 233, 245;
  chimpanzees and fruit of, i. 449.

Mswata, i. 95, 103.

Mtagata hot springs, ii. 406, 410.


Mtarega, ii. 275, 281, 322-3.

Mtesa, King, ii. 381, 411.

Mtsora, ii. 283, 285-6, 323.

Muanza, ii. 438.

Muggi Station, ii. 122, 133.

Mugwye, chief of My-yui, i. 166; ii. 24.

Muhalala, ii. 446.

Muhamba, ii. 286, 323.

Muhokya Village, ii. 349.

Muini Somai, Sheik, i. 527-47; ii. 477.

Muini Usagara, ii. 447.

Mukangi, i. 452; ii. 118.

Mukondokwa Valley, ii. 447.

Mukungu, ii. 347;
  huts of, 347-8.

Mukupi camp, i. 165.

Mupe, North and South, villages, i. 158-9, 491;
  South, ii. 16.

Murabo, i. 266;
  our "medicine man," 382-3, 481.

Murchison Bay, island near, ii. 370.

Murray, Hugh, and the River Nile, ii. 300.

Musiri, Chief, i. 433-5, 441; ii. 391-2.

Muta Nzige, lakes so named by different tribes, ii. 421.

Mutara, ii. 415.

Mutundu, ii. 391-2.

Mwanga, King of Uganda, ii. 359, 367-71 (_see_ "Uganda"); 380-2, 411-13, 417, 421, 424-31.

Mwani, Chief, i. 258.

Mwembi, i. 86.

Mwengi, Chief, ii. 417.

Mwite, Chief, ii. 159.

Mysome Island, ii. 418.

My-yui (or Mugwe's) camp, i. 165-6, 484.


Namianja, River and Valley, ii. 376-8, 405.


Nassib (Zanzibari), i. 478-9.

Natural History, _see_ "Ornithology," "Zoology," "Botany," &c.

Navabi, i. 202-4; falls, 477.

_Navarino_, s.s., i. 46, 48, 58, 59.

Ndagara or Unyagumbwa, ii. 411-12, 414.

Nderi, dwarfs of, i. 367.

Ndugubisha, i. 263, 468.

Ndumba Village, i. 153.

Nebasse, i. 261.

Nejambi Rapids, i. 171-2, 482; ii. 27.

Nelson, Captain, i. 5, 7; ii. 112, 115, 158, 168-9, 179-81, 183;
  weight of, 190;
  and Emin, 237, 255, 257, 260-1, 265, 275, 276, 350;
  illness of, 353;
  Kiengo and, 412, 413, 479;
  engaged for the relief staff, i. 42;
  departure, 48;
  Soudanese and Zanzibaris, 73;
  sketch of, 74, 95;
  orders to and duties of, 96-8;
  at Yambuya, 128;
  memorandum for advance-column officers, 129-31;
  farewell to Barttelot, 136-7, 154, 161, 178, 182, 213;
  illness of, and other followers, 220-1;
  anxiety regarding, 241;
  relief of, arranged, 247-9;
  report, 249-53;
  at Ipoto, 272-3, 359, 362-3, 367;
  at Fort Bodo, 454, 458-9, 466;
  Starvation camp, 249, 253, 471.

Nepanga Island and Falls (_see_ Panga), i. 168-9.

Nepoko River, i. 165, 193, 209, 370; ii. 29.

Nera, ii. 441-2.

Nestor, i. 381-3.

Neuville, the Prior of, and the River Nile, ii. 302-3.

Ngaiyu River, i. 208; ii. 30, 33, 34, 100.


Ngalyema, i. 93-119.

Ngoki River, ii. 44.

Ngoti, ii. 417.

Ngula River, i. 167, 483;
  camp, ii. 26.

Ngwetza, ii. 61-71.

_Nieman_, s.s., i. 75-6.

Nile, sources of the river, ii. 291-312, 314-15, 325;
  White Nile, 336;
  Albertine Nile, 357;
  Alexandra, 359, 376, 405, 412; valley, 382.

Nindo people, ii. 430.

Njalis, i. 262.

Nkalama River, i. 90.

Noailles, Countess de, i. 35, 43.

Nsabe camp, i. 399, 418-27; ii. 122-4, 128, 135-7.

Nselo, i. 89.

Nsinda Mountain, ii. 362.

Nsona Mamba, of Lower Congo, i. 219.

Nsongi River, ii. 318, 351, 354.

Nubar Pasha, i. 17;
  and Congo route, 49, 51-2;
  letter to Emin, 58, 401-3;
  and Emin's pay, 406, 428;
  letter from, ii. 121, 131-2, 180, 467.

Nubians and rhinoceros, ii. 406-9.

Nyamatoso settlement, ii. 373.

Nyamagazani River, ii. 318, 337, 339.

Nyamagoju camp, ii. 418.

Nyam-Nyam tribe, arms of, ii. 22, 97;
  language of, 490.

Nyamsassi, i. 337, 386., 391-2, 395;
  island, 291;
  Baker and, 400, 423, 424; ii. 118, 124-7, 135, 137.

Nyangwe, i. 127, 527.

_Nyanza_, s.s., i. 426; ii. 126, 144, 146, 160, 176.

Nyanzas, the different, ii. 283-4.

Nyika, King of Usongora, ii. 345;
  son of, 372.

Nzalli's camp, i. 468.


Nzera Kum Hill, i. 309-10, 382, 441.


Okili, Captain Casati's servant, ii. 255.

Omar, Sergeant, of the Soudanese, ii. 208-10.

Omar Saleh, ii. 122, 133, 248-9.

Omar al Khattab, ii. 135.

_Oriental_, s.s., i. 59.

Ornithology:
  aquatic birds, i. 152;
  guinea fowl, 223;
  eagles, 358;
  black ibis, 358;
  herons, 358;
  kites at Badzwa, 394;
  wagtails and weaver birds, 359;
  Emin's bird studies, 451;
  fowls, ii. 15, 28, 62;
  ibises, 45;
  eagles, 45, 90;
  parrots and other birds, 45, 90;
  birds in the forest, 88, 90;
  bats, 88; Emin and birds, 163-4, 175, 267;
  cranes, herons, &c., 343, 348, 414-5.

Osman Digna, letter from, ii. 248-9.

Osman Latif Effendi, ii. 170, 178, 183-4, 202;
  and the Koran, 206-7, 220.

Oyster-shells, heaps of, i. 154.


Palaballa camp, i. 83.

Panga Falls, i. 154, 165, 168-9, 194, 483; ii. 26.

Parke, Surgeon T. H., i. 5-7; ii. 31-2, 72, 112, 114;
  Surgeon to Expedition, i. 49, 58;
  vaccinating the men, 73;
  and s.s. _Stanley_, 95;
  orders to, and duties of, 96-8, 103, 105, 128;
  memorandum for advance-column officers, 129-31;
  stung by bees, 143-4;
  and weaver birds, 151-2, 161;
  the good surgeon, 195, 218;
  fanciful menus, 226-7, 233;
  report, 250, 253, 272, 359;
  report of, 360-2;
  and Stanley's illness, 367, 371;
  first view of the grass-land, 376, 390, 420, 422, 430-1;
  at Fort Bodo, 458-9, 466, 468-70;
  letter to Major Barttelot, 490;
  address to, 116-18, 155, 162-3, 167-8, 179-81, 189;
  weight of, 190, 208-9, 211-12;
  illness of, 216, 352, 466;
  and Emin, 237, 260-1, 276;
  pigmy damsel and, 410, 460;
  and Emin's accident, 461, 465, 479.

Parrots, i. 262, 449.

Pauncefote, Sir J., i. 46.

_Peace_, Mission Steamer, letter from donor, i. 47, 85-6, 90-1, 92;
  Yambuya, 101-7, 112-16.

Pelly, Colonel Sir Lewis, i. 46, 50.

Pender, Sir John, i. 66.

Pfeil, Count, i. 59.

Phalanx Dance, a, i. 436-38.

Physical Geography, _see_" Rivers," "Cataracts," "Falls," "Islands," &c.

Piaggia, traveller, and Monbuttu, i. 400.

Pigmies, _see_ "Dwarfs."

Pisgah, Mount, i. 281-3, 375, 376; ii. 94, 116, 124, 175, 315, 333, 390.

Poisoned arrows, _see_ "Arms."

Poison used for arrows, ii. 107-8.

Poli-Poli, guide, ii. 438.

Ponta da Lenha, i. 76.

Portal, Mr., i. 29.

Portugal and Africa, i. 69.

Power, Mr., Consul of Khartoum, i. 21, 23.

Price, Rev. Mr., ii. 447.

Prout, Expedition under Colonel, i. 443-4.

Ptolemy's map of Africa, ii. 294, 300,
  and Nile, 301.

Purdy, Expedition under Colonel, i. 443-4.

Rajab, Emin's clerk, ii. 163, 268.

Raki, a kind of Russian Vodka, i. 426.

Rami River, ii. 274, 318.

Rami Lulu River gorge, ii. 275, 281, 318, 328.

"Randy," fox terrier and guinea fowl, i. 223;
  Randy's food, 232;
  and the rats, 355;
  the last of, 459; ii. 93.

Raouf Pasha and cattle raids, i. 423.

Rashid, Tippu-Tib's nephew, i. 70.

Rashid bin Omar, Head Chief, i. 213-5, 228, 247, 291, 347, 472-3, 484-5, 491.

Rashid, Chief, ii. 59-60, 139, 145.

Rats, at Fort Bodo, i. 355.

Ravidongo, a general of Kabba Rega's, i. 432; ii. 258.

Rear column, instructions to officers commanding, i. 117-9;
  garrison of, 133;
  start for relief of, 457-9;
  anxiety about, 460-1;
  Lieut. Stairs and, 464-5;
  no news of, 489-90;
  the sad story of the, 498-526;
  Barttelot's report of, 527-33;
  log of, 533-47.

Red Sea, and Stanley's servant, i. 58-9.

Refuse heaps of villages, ii. 348.

Rehan, ii. 213-16;
  Major--Agha Ibrahim, 243.

"Reilly" rifle, i. 213.

Rejaf Station, i. 447-8; ii. 120, 121, 123-4, 131-5, 243.

Rendi Creek, i. 162.

Rendi River, ii. 16.

Reptiles; snakes and, i. 357-8, 426; ii. 90;
  Emin and, 267-8;
  and pythons, i. 450.

Richards, Mr. and Mrs., of the L. I. Mission, i. 85.

Rivers, _see_ Aruwimi, Chai, Congo, Dui, Ihuru, Katonga, Lenda, Mpanga, Namianja, Nepoko, Ngaiyu, Ngula, Rami Lulu, Rwizi, Semliki, &c.

Rothkirch, Baron von, i. 84, 95.

Royal Geographical Society, London, i. 35; ii. 13, 16.

Royal Scottish Geographical Society, ii. 13, 16.

_Royal_, steamer, i. 77.

Royle, Mr., and Baker's defeat at Tokar, i. 17.

Rozaka, ii. 413.

Ruampara Range, ii. 373, 376.

Ruanda, i. 53, 63; ii. 343, 345, 354, 359-60, 373, 387, 405.

Rubutu River, ii. 274, 318.

Rudimi, Chief of Usiri, ii. 176.

Ruguji tribe, ii. 160, 176, 392.

Ruhandika, King, ii. 270.

Ruigi, King, ii. 347, 353, 366.

Rukara, ii. 284;
  cattle of, 289-90, 339;
  and Katwe, 344, 347-50.

Rukoki River, ii. 318, 349.

Ruku Creek, i. 173.

Rumanika, ii. 411-2.

Rumondo Island, ii. 418.

Rusango River, ii. 318, 367, 405.

Rusesse zeriba, ii. 289-90, 337.

Rusirubi River, ii. 318.

Rusussu Valley, ii. 376.

Ruverahi River, ii. 290, 318.

Ruwenzori, first view of, i. 429-30;
  the "Cloud King," ii. 175, 190, 208;
  "Ukonju," 251, 256, 257, 262-3;
  "Bugombowa," 263, 268-72, 274-6;
  Stair's ascent of, 276-80;
  names for, 284;
  view of, 286;
  from Karimi, 289;
  from Mtsora, 323;
  Mountains of the Moon in old maps (Mount Gumr), 291-313, 313-33, 336-9, 349, 357, 479.


Ruysch, John, map of Africa, ii. 297.

Rwimi River, ii. 286, 318.

Rwizi River, ii. 371-2, 376, 377, 405.


Saat Tato (or "Three O'clock," the hunter), i. 184, 200, 205, 213, 264-5, 302, 341, 345, 374, 395, 409; ii. 146, 170, 254.

Saadi, i. 187, 189-90, 204.

Sabadu, ii. 369.

Saburi (boy), ii. 64-5, 69, 71.

Sadi, Chief, ii. 49, 69.

Said bin Saif, _alias_ Kipanda, ii. 368.

Sali, the tent-boy, i. 273-4, 480-1; ii. 185-6, 197-8, 460, 466, 471.

Salim, son of Massoud, i. 89-90, 120, 301;
  Tippu-Tib's nephew, 513-14, 524.

Salim, the son of Rashid, ii. 7-11.

Salim bin Mohammed, ii. 16-20, 182.

Salt lakes of Katwe, ii. 340-4.

Salt, packet of native, i. 376.

Samuel, Waganda Christian, ii. 367-71, 380-2.

"Sanford" Exploring Company, i. 95, 107.

Sanga (Barttelot's assassin), i. 499, 518, 520, 545-6.

Sangarameni, headman, i. 238, 246, 361.

Sangwe-Mirembe Promontory, ii. 323.

Sarmini, i. 367.

Scheabeddin's description of the River Nile, ii. 310.

Schmidt, Lieutenant R., ii. 446-8, 453, 461.

Schintze, Pere, ii. 445.

Schnitzer, Edward, _see_ "Emin Pasha."


Schweinfurth, Professor, and Congo route, i. 49, 52-4, 58;
  and Monbuttu, 400;
  "Artes Africanae," ii. 22, 164, 268.

Seke, ii. 441-2.

Selim Bey, i. 423; ii. 134, 148, 152, 156, 160, 176-81, 183-4, 199-203, 214, 217-20;
  letters from, 223-7.

Semliki Valley, ii. 256, 268-9, 275, 280, 283;
  description of, 317-25, 328-32, 337, 479.

Semliki River, ii. 226, 258;
  ferrying, 260, 263, 269, 284-6, 317, 392.

Serour, a Monbuttu boy, ii. 197, 203, 209.

_Serpa Pinto_, paddle-boat, i. 76-7.

Seyyid Barghash, Sultan of Zanzibar, i. 37, 60, 61-3, 67, 69, 264; ii. 18;
  and the Germans, 381.

Shukri Agha, Commandant of Mswa Station, i. 395, 431, 447-9; ii. 121-3, 135, 147, 173-4, 177-8;
  notice to, 181, 210, 217;
  arrival, 220, 233, 246-7, 473.

Sibaliki, Chief, ii. 270.

Simba, i. 273-4; ii. 444.

Simbamwenni, ii. 448.

Sims, Dr., and s.s. _Peace_, i. 92-4.

Singiri River, ii. 274-318.

Sinyanga, ii. 442.

Smith, Dr., ii. 380.

Smith, Mr. Harrison, i. 31.

Smith, Colonel Euan, ii. 445, 472-3.

Smith, Mackenzie, and Company, i. 37, 48.

Somalis, i. 83, 126, 157, 164.

Somalis, the, ii. 4-11;
  last of, 57-8.

Soswa Island, ii. 418.

Soudan, the, i. 12, 15-17, 414.

Soudanese soldiers, i. 67-8, 72-3, 80, 85, 87-8, 120, 129, 194, 529;
  Emin's, 399, 450;
  the Soudanese, ii. 1-11, 22, 116, 126, 127, 141, 146, 159, 198-206, 208, 214-16, 378, 415-16, 434.

Soudi, Barttelot's boy, i. 518; ii. 29, 34.

Speke, Captain, i. 12, 50;
  and Mtsea, ii. 411-12.

Stairs, Lieutenant W. G., i. 5, 7, 42-3, 48, 74, 80;
  orders to, 97-8, 116, 128, 129-31, 132-3, 151, 161;
  wounded by a poisoned arrow, 174-9, 189, 217-18, 226-7, 232, 274, 313-14, 315-17, 336, 341, 347, 352-54, 363, 364, 365, 366, 453, 485;
  at Fort Bodo, 454, 458-9;
  report of, 454-6, 461-5, 465-7; ii. 112, 113-14, 115-18, 139-40;
  letter from, 145-6, 155, 159-60, 170-3, 176, 179-81;
  weight of, 190, 203, 211;
  and capture of Rehan, 213-16;
  and ammunition, 220;
  and Emin, 237, 255;
  illness of, 260, 265, 275, 371;
  report of ascent of Ruwenzori, 276-78, 352;
  and Semliki River, 297, 453, 473-4, 479.

Stanley, H. M., work on the Congo River, i. 19-20, 78;
  the Congo route, 33, 34;
  purchases, 37-9, 46-7;
  Sandringham, 48, 49, 58, 59;
  orders to officers, 97-8;
  the command of rear column, 106;
  Baruti, 110;
  instructions to Major Barttelot, 117-19;
  conversation with Major Barttelot referring to Tippu-Tib, 119-28;
  memorandum for advance column officers, 129-31, 136;
  officers, 161;
  Avisibba bow and arrows, 180, 192, 204, 209, 213-15, 223, 229, 230-1;
  and Bible, 311-12;
  prostrated by ague, 348, 366;
  and inflammation of the stomach, 367, 369;
  and Chief Mazamboni, 380-3;
  first letter from Emin, 389-90;
  and answer, 391-2;
  meeting with Emin, 396;
  conversation with Emin about leaving the Province, 401-6, 410-17, 420-3;
  Emin's officers, 423;
  cattle raids, 423-4;
  Emin and sextant, 425, 426;
  message to Emin's troops, 427-8;
  two letters from Emin, 431-2;
  Kadongo and, 434;
  visit from Shukri Agha, 447-9;
  natural history facts by Emin related to, 449-51;
  at Fort Bodo, 457-8;
  anxiety about rear column, 460-1, 492;
  conversation and instructions to Lieut. Stairs, 461-7;
  and forest marching, 479-80;
  rumors about, 502-3;
  and the story of the rear column, 526-50;
  Barttelot's report, 527-33;
  log of rear column, 533-47;
  (Bula Matari) and Zanzibaris, ii. 1-11;
  letter to Jameson, 15-16;
  and breaches of promise, 21;
  and fever, 31-2;
  clothes, 47;
  Starvation Camp, 48, 63-71;
  and Chimpanzee skulls, 93;
  address by, 116-18;
  letters from Emin and Jephson, 120-4;
  replies to the same, 124-9;
  Emin's letters to, 137-8, 144-5;
  letter to revolted officers, 156;
  Emin and the dwarfs, 164-7;
  and Egyptian baggage, 170-3;
  and Balegga Hills, 175;
  and Selim Bey, 177-8;
  address to officers re Selim Bey, 179-81;
  and Osman Latif Effendi, 183-4;
  and boy Sali, 185-6;
  and Captain Casati, 186-9;
  weight of, 190;
  and Emin Pasha and men, 198-206, 217-20;
  illness, 211-13, 216, 220, 260, 353, 376;
  and Rehan, 214-16;
  study of Emin Pasha, 228, 249;
  and Egyptians, 252-5;
  and Emin Pasha, 267-8;
  and maps, 292-3, 334-5;
  routes to the coast, 358-60;
  meeting with Mr. Mackay, 423-7;
  Mackay's last letter to, 429-31;
  letters and news clippings, 449-50;
  Gordon Bennett and, 450-3;
  at Bagamayo, 454-61;
  visit to Emin, 465-6;
  and Emin, 468-73;
  at Zanzibar, 473-7;
  at Cairo, 477-80.

_Stanley_, s.s., i. 75, 76, 85, 90, 92, 95, 101-10, 120-4, 128, 132, 461-3, 505, 512-16, 528, 532.

Stanley Falls, i. 63-5, 69-72, 120-4, 415, 511-26; ii. 15;
  Pool, 31.

Stanley Pool, i. 86, 103.

Starvation Camp, i. 3-4;
  _see_ "Nelson;" ii. 48, 63-71.

Stephenson, General, i. 56, 58.

Stevens, Mr. Thomas, ii. 450.

Stewart, Colonel, i. 20, 23.

Stewart, Sir Herbert, i. 23-5.

Stokes, Mr., ii. 370-1, 381-2, 427, 435, 444.

Stone Pasha and Gordon, i. 444.

Strauch, General, and Stanley Pool, i. 86.

Suez, i. 58.

Sulimani, ii. 48.

Sullivan, Admiral, i. 45.

Sultan of Zanzibar, _see_ "Seyyid Barghash."

Surur Aga, ii. 132.

Swinburne at Kinshassa, i. 85, 95-6, 462.

Sylvannus' Map of Africa, ii. 297.


Tam, native of Johanna, ii. 28, 29.

Tanganika Lake, i. 63, 65; ii. 300, 359;
  and party of 100 Swedes, i. 240.

Tempest, a forest, ii. 81-2.

Tewfik, Khedive, and Congo route, i. 49, 56;
  High Order handed me for Emin Pasha, 56-7, 401-3, 405;
  propositions to Emin from, 410-11, 427.

Thermometer readings, Ruwenzori, ii. 277.

Thomson, Mr. J., and Masai Land route, i. 31, 32, 35, 47.

"Three O'clock," the hunter, _see_ "Saat Tato."

Tigrane Pasha, i. 52, 58.

_Times_, letter to the, re Tippu-Tib, i. 127.

Tippu-Tib, i. 53, 63-5;
  and Emin's ivory, 64, 71;
  negotiations with, 65, 67-9;
  the Belgians and Stanley Falls, 69-71;
  and Cape Town, 74-5;
  proposed visit to England, 75;
  and Salim, 90;
  and Major Barttelot proceed to Stanley Falls, 108, 115-16;
  Major Barttelot and, 119-28, 239, 370, 463-5;
  and rear column, 498-526;
  Barttelot's report of, 527-33;
  log of rear column, 533-47; ii. 12-14, 16, 107; caravan of, 446;
  Jaffar Tarya and carriers, 474-7.

Tobacco, i. 290.

Toro, ii. 279, 284, 343, 345;
  hills of, 349, 351, 362, 403.

Trees, fallen, in the forest, ii. 92-3.

Tribes, _see_ "Ethnology."

Troup, John Rose, i. 6, 42, 80, 85;
  orders to, 97-8, 106, 372, 380, 462-3, 494;
  and story of the rear column, 500-26, 528.

Tukabi, boy, ii. 257.


Tunguru Station, ii. 123, 127, 134, 135, 140, 147, 179, 233, 245.

Turkan Land, ii. 240.

Twin Cones of Ruwenzori, ii. 315.


Uchu natives, ii. 61.

Uchunku, Prince Royal of Ankori, ii. 378-80.

Uddu, ii. 314, 369, 381-2.

Uganda, king of, i. 29, 30, 32, 53, 63, 64;
  shields, 318, 323;
  Kabba Rega and, 407, 417; ii. 314, 345;
  routes to coast, 358-60;
  events in, 368-71, 380-2, 411-13;
  _see_ also Mwanga, King of Uganda.

Ugarama village, ii. 264;
  spur of, 269-70, 328.

Ugarrowwa (called Uledi Balyuz), i. 199, 203-10, 211, 238, 363; ii. 12, 15, 16, 26;
  ----'s old stations, 37, 107;
  invalids in care of, i. 454-6, 475-82, 484, 485-90.

Ugogo, ii. 446.

Uhaiya, ii. 387-8.

Uhaiyana, ii. 343, 345, 347, 351, 387.

Uhha, armlets, &c., of, i. 258;
  spears of, 318; ii. 386, 405.

Uhobo, ii. 255; natives of, 258.

Ujangwa clearing, i. 444-5.

Ujiji, ii. 359.

Ujungwa, ii. 252.

Ukerewe, ii. 300, 434.

Ukonju, ii. 270, 282-5, 343-4.

Ukuba, i. 453.

Ulaiya, ii. 209.

Uledi, i. 164, 227-8, 229, 245, 249, 263, 274, 292, 315-17, 349;
  and queen of Pigmies, 367-8; ii. 48, 167, 254, 273.

Ulegga, ii. 282, 284, 322-3.

Umari (headman), i. 230, 240, 250, 275, 361.


Umeni, i. 216; camp, ii. 39.

Umpete, ii. 422.

Undussuma, i. 2, 313, 319, 321, 346, 378, 380, 383, 390, 401, 452; ii. 31, 183;
  hills, 220.

Ungerengeri, ii. 449.

Unyabongo, i. 452.

Unyakatera camp, ii. 405.

Unya-Kavalli range, i. 430-1.

Unya-Matundu plateau, ii. 421.

Unya-Matundu Ruwamba, ii. 421.

Unyampaka, ii. 337, 343, 347, 353.

Unyamwambi River, ii. 318, 349.

Unyamwezi, i. 53; ii. 434, 446.

Unyoro, dome hut of, i. 258;
  table-land of, 324, 329, 400; ii. 317, 387-9;
  language of, i. 332;
  Casati in, 407-8, 417, 432; ii. 159, 175, 191;
  cattle of, 393, 403.

Urigi, Lake, ii. 300, 413-15, 417.

Urima, ii. 438, 442.

Urindi, ii. 386, 405.

Uringa, ii. 284.

Urumangwa, i. 384, 441, 452.

Usambiro mission house, ii. 422-31.

Useni, ii. 414.

Usiri, i. 435, 543.

Usoga, ii. 381.

Usongo district, ii. 444.

Usongora, Casati and, i. 419; ii. 242, 284, 286, 289, 343, 345, 354;
  cattle of, 393;
  pit-water, 376-7, 479.

Usui, ii. 443; king of, 418-21.

Usukuma, ii. 434, 442-3.

Usumbwa herdsmen, ii. 387-8.

Uthenga, ii. 413.

Utinda, ii. 252-5.

Utiri villages, i. 172, 192.

Utuku, ii. 263, 270, 285.

Uyogu, people of, ii. 444.

Uyombi, ii. 422.


Uzanza plain, ii. 391.

Uzanzi, i. 105, 386, 388.

Uzinja, ii. 421.


Vaccination of Zanzibaris, ii. 34-5.

Valentine Baker Pasha, i. 16-17, 22;
  Nubar Pasha and, 52, 58.

Vandyck, Mr., of Cairo, i. 304.

Van Gele, Capt., i. 107, 532.

Van Kirkhoven of Bangala Station, i. 107, 503, 527-32.

Verrazano, H. de, map of Africa, ii. 298.

Vianzi, ii. 448.

Viaruha village, ii. 377-8.

Victoria Nile, i. 419.

Victoria Nyanza, and Emin, i. 416-18;
  march to, 423, 432;
  bay at N. E. end, ii. 292, 299-300, 304, 418-22, 432-6.

Villages, refuse heaps of the, i. 150;
  decaying, 469.

Vita Hassan, ii. 147, 155, 161, 186, 194.

Vombo, i. 86.

Vivi, ii. 32.

Vizetelly, Mr. E., ii. 450.


Wabiassi tribe, i. 324; ii. 160, 210.

Waburu, i. 280, 453.

Wachunga tribe, ii. 386.

Wachwezi or Wanyankori tribe, ii. 284, 345, 362-6, 388-9.

Wadelai, i. 64, 333, 424; ii. 123, 133-7, 143, 145, 155, 179, 199, 224, 233, 245.

Wadi Asmani, headman, ii. 409.

Wadi Halfa, i. 56, 415, 427.

Wadi Khamis, ii. 158, 160, 376.

Wafipa tribe, ii. 386.

Waganda, i. 33; ii. 338, 353, 359-60;
  and Kabba Rega, 401;
  Christians, 367, 371, 378, 380-2, 388, 392, 417, 421.

Wahha, the, i. 53.

Wahuma, i. 380, 385, 392;
  or Waiyana tribe, ii. 129, 176, 255, 284, 378;
  description of, 384-403, 422, 489.

Waiau tribe, ii. 386.

Waima or Wanyavingi tribe, ii. 284.

Waiyana or Wahuma tribe, ii. 284.

Wakanongo tribe, ii. 386.

Wakawendi tribe, ii. 386.

Wakonju people, ii. 283-6;
  and Ruwenzori, 332, 344-7, 349-51.

Wakovi tribe, ii. 284.

Wakungu, ii. 369.

Wakuri tribe, ii. 304, 312, 388.

Wales, T. R. H. Prince and Princess of, i. 48.

Walker, Mr., i. 79, 85, 95; ii. 429, 444;
  and s.s. _Stanley_, i. 103-4, 115.

Waller, Rev. H., i. 50.

Wamaganga, ii. 372.

Wambutti dwarfs, i. 375, 385, 457; ii. 42, 100-9;
  measurements of, 164-7;
  language of, 489.

Wampoko, i. 95.

Wandui, ii. 445.

Wanguido tribe, ii. 386.

Wanyamavezi, music of, i. 436;
  tribe, ii. 386, 423.

Wanyankori or Wachwezi tribe, ii. 284, 359, 362-6, 372;
  milk of, 372;
  one of our officers and, 373-6; 378.

Wanyaturu tribe, ii. 445-6.

Wanyavingi or Waima tribe, ii. 269, 284, 344-5.

Wanyoro, ii. 157, 314, 338;
  tribe and Capt. Casati, i. 408.

Wara Sura, tribe of, i. 286, 332, 379, 381; ii. 159, 255, 260-1;
  raid of, 262, 264, 270-1, 273, 284, 290, 313, 338, 339, 344-6, 349, 351-2, 362-5, 391-2.

Ward, Herbert, i. 6, 83, 104, 106, 372, 380, 494;
  and story of the rear column, 500-26;
  report, 524-26;
  log of rear column, 527-47.

Wasiri tribe, ii. 176.

Wasoki tribe, ii. 284.

Wasongora or Wawitu tribe, ii. 284, 337-8, 344, 345, 347, 349-51, 386, 388.

Wasp Rapids, i. 163, 210, 485; ii. 22.

Wasps, i. 163-4, 233.

Wasps and their nests, ii. 84.

Wasukuma tribe, ii. 386;
  fight with, 436-8.

Watson & Co., i. 38.

Watusi tribe, ii. 372, 387-8, 396, 399.

Watuta or Wangoni, ii. 444-5.

Watwa tribe of pigmies, ii. 42, 263, 264, 270, 272, 284.

Wavira tribe, ii. 176.

Wawitu or Wasongora tribe, ii. 284.

Wazinja, ii. 421.

Wazongora, ii. 269.

Wellcome, Henry S., and Katwe Salt, ii. 341-2.

Were Camp, ii. 146.

Wester, Lieut., and Stanley Falls Station, i. 65.

Whitley, Capt., and s.s. _Peace_, i. 92, 102.

Wilkinson's "Ancient Egyptians," ii. 396-9.

Wills, Mr. J. T., i. 31.

Wilson, Sir Chas., i. 24.

Winton, Col. Sir F. de, i. 39-40, 46-9, 108.

Wissman, Major, ii. 447-8, 453, 458, 485.

Wolseley, Lord, and Arabi Pasha, i. 14;
  and General Gordon, 20;
  and the relief of Khartoum, 23-5;
  and Lieut. Stairs, 41.

Wombola, chief of, i. 452.

Wood, Sir Evelyn, i. 14.

Woods, in the forest, ii. 84;
  secrets of, 87-8.

Woods, trees, &c., _see_ "Forests."

Wyyanzi natives, i. 159.

Wyyanzi tribe, ii. 97.


Yambuya, i. 110-14, 131-8;
  rapids of, 138, 158, 200-1;
  s.s. _Stanley_ at, 461-5;
  story of the rear column at, 502-6;
  log of rear column, 527-47.

Yankonde natives, i. 138-9.

Younger, Henry J., i. 35.

Yumbu, i. 255.

Yusuf Effendi, ii. 352.


Zachariah, Waganda Christian, ii. 367-71, 380-2.

Zanzibar, i. 60; ii. 473-7.

Zanzibar, Sultan of, _see_ "Seyyid Barghash."

Zanzibaris, i. 53, 72-3, 79, 84, 86, 88, 91, 94, 96, 123, 129, 169, 172, 182-3, 194-5, 210-15, 227, 364, 387, 399, 420, 426, 428, 460, 475;
  and Sali, 480-1, 482, 483, 484, 486-9, 497, 529.

Zanzibaris, the, ii. 1-11, 16, 20, 22, 27, 29, 34-5, 38, 47, 58, 60-1, 110, 119, 130-1, 146, 148, 158, 164, 168-9, 173, 197-202;
  and Omar, 208-10;
  and Rehan, 216, 220, 266-7, 276-80, 352, 378, 413, 428, 453, 458, 474.

Zoology:
  antelope, i. 218;
  buffalo, 358, 409, 425; ii. 89;
  crocodiles of Upper Congo, i. 101; ii. 88;
  claws of a, i. 419;
  chimpanzees, 262, 449; ii. 88, 90, 93, 101, 163, 279;
  lions, i. 450-1; ii. 367, 415, 421;
  monkeys, i. 262; ii. 45, 88, 90;
  mongoose, i. 449;
  lemur, i. 357; ii. 93;
  goats, i. 169;
  bush antelope, ii. 24-6, 88;
  elephants, 47, 78, 88, 89, 93, 113;
  squirrels, 90;
  hippopotami, 88, 415;
  rhinoceros, 406-9;
  donkeys, 91;
  cattle, 160, 275, 393;
  of Ikoma, 435;
  leopard, at Katwe, 346-7, 367;
  hyaena, 367, 415.


[Illustration: A MAP OF THE ROUTE OF THE EMIN PASHA RELIEF EXPEDITION
THROUGH AFRICA

Copyright, 1890, by Charles Scribner's Sons.]

[Illustration: A MAP OF EMIN PASHA'S PROVINCE.

Copyright, 1890, by Charles Scribner's Sons.]


FOOTNOTES:

[1] The Sketch Maps on pages 293 to 308 inclusive are from tracings from
ancient books in the Khedive's library at Cairo.

[2] This proves that the Pasha endorses what Mr. Jephson writes.

[3] The Pasha appears to admit that he has read Mr. Jephson's letters.

[4] I have read this letter scores of times, yet I fail to see how this
officially worded letter, which, as suggested by Mr. Jephson, might have
fallen into the rebel officers' hands, could have wounded the most
delicate susceptibilities, yet I was informed that the Pasha was very
much offended at it. Nothing was further from my mind than to affront a
friend, my sole object being to obtain a definite answer to the question
"Will you stay here, or accompany me?"

[5] Omar al Khattab, the second Caliph from Mohammed, said, "Four things
come not back; the spoken word; the sped arrow; the past life; and the
neglected opportunity." I accept Mr. Jephson's explanations, but I
nevertheless adhere to the belief that much suffering and anxiety would
have been avoided, and the imprisonment and danger would have been
impossible, had the promises been kept. July was the date they should
have started for Fort Bodo. The arrest took place August 18th.

[6] I do not know what induced the Pasha to write in this melancholy
strain, for as plain as tongue could speak, and pen could write, I had
been endeavouring to explain to him that we considered ourselves as his
servants, and bound to render any service in our power to him, provided
he but distinctly and definitely stated his wishes.

[7] This kindly letter was after the Chesterfield style so commended by
Mr. Jephson, whose sharp wits had perceived the Pasha's extremely
delicate susceptibilities. Oh dear! oh dear!

[8] The Pasha has, however, severely refrained from communicating
anything.

[9]

  LIST OF MEASUREMENTS TAKEN ON WAMBUTTI PIGMIES BELONGING
                TO MR. STANLEY'S EXPEDITION.

  Name of the Individuum ... .. {| Tokbali. |  A girl. | A woman. |  A boy.
                                {|  P. 20   |I.H.P. 15 |  P. 35   |  P. 15
  Height from vortex to the      |          |          |          |
  earth ... ... ... ... ... .... | 1.360 m. | 1.240 m. | 1.365 m. | 1.280 m.
  Height from shoulder ... ... . | 1.116 m. | 1.021 m. | 1.110 m. | 1.090 m.
  Height from navel ... ... .... | 0.835 m. | 0.725 m. | 0.785 m. | 0.970 m.
  Length of arm from shoulder    |          |          |          |
    to tip of middle finger .... | 0.707 m. | 0.571 m. | 0.580 m. | 0.540 m.
  Breadth from shoulder to       |          |          |          |
    shoulder ... ... ... ... ... | 0.320 m. | 0.304 m. | 0.295 m. | 0.260 m.
  Circumference below nipples .. | 0.710 m. | 0.660 m. | 0.710 m. | 0.640 m.
  Circumference under armpit ... | 0.720 m. | 0.660 m. | 0.710 m. | 0.630 m.
  Greatest longitudinal diameter |          |          |          |
    of head ... ... ... ... .... |  200 mm. |  176 mm. |  180 mm. |  175 mm.
  Smallest transversal diameter  |          |          |          |
    of head ... ... ... ... .... |  147 mm. |  150 mm. |  145 mm. |  140 mm.
  Breadth of the nose ... ... .. |  60 mm.  | 60.5 mm. |  65 mm.  |  65 mm.
  Circumference of skull ... ... |  530 mm. |  535 mm. |  510 mm. |  510 mm.
  Length of foot ... ... ... ... | 220.5 mm.|  190 mm. |  212 mm. |  190 mm.

        Bodies covered with stiffish, grey, short hair.--DR. EMIN.


[10] This is added to make the table more complete.

[11] This list is not complete, inasmuch as Moslems have a strong
disinclination to permit their women to appear in public, others
affected not to understand the necessity of the muster.

[12] Several of the officers informed me that Emin was alone responsible
for the offer to the Mahdi of the surrender of the province. He
certainly signed the document, but I am inclined to believe that he did
it for the purpose of deceiving Karamalla, and his subsequent acts seem
to prove this.

[13] Judge Charles P. Daly, President of the American Geographical
Society, New York.

[14] It was devoted to the same uses down to the time of Emin Pasha.

[15] Victoria Nyanza, Lake of Likuri, so called after a tribe named the
Wakuri, or Wakori, on the north shore of Lake Victoria, who still exist
there. See 'Life of Bishop Hannington.' This tribe of Wakuri may be the
remnant of what was once a powerful nation.

[16] I have not learned that Lieutenant Stairs in his ascent was guilty
of such extravagance.

[17] Extremely like the description of what was to be seen on Ruwenzori,
according to the Wahuma herdsmen.

[18] Madagascar.

[19] Enoch.

[20] I wonder if this renowned Idrisi is the same as the patriarch Kintu
in the legend of the Waganda. See 'Through the Dark Continent.'

[21] It is exceedingly like the legend of Kintu, only it possesses more
details.

[22] Lake Albert.

[23] Mount Ajif(?) if the lake was 50 feet higher--Ajif might be so
described.

[24] Lake Albert Edward(?).

[25] Perhaps he means Zing, or Eastern littoral called Zinghiber,
Zanjibar--Zanzibar.

[26] Batwa(?), from the pigmies.

[27] Lake Albert.

[28] Albert Nyanza.

[29] Because of the mist?

[30] Turkan?

[31] From the tribe Wakuri, or Bakuri, on the north shore of Lake
Victoria, where it exists to this day.

[32] I sent a bottle full of this brine to the Laboratoire Khedivial in
Cairo to be analysed by the Government chemists, and the following
report was made:--

                         LABORATOIRE KHEDIVIAL.

Le Cairo, _25th Mars, 1890_.

The composition of this water is as follows:--

  Potash, K_{9}O                        2.667
  Soda, N_{3}O                                    13.94
  Inhydrous sulphuric acid (combined), 5O_{3} 3.17
      "     carbonic   "   (   "    ), 8O_{2} 2.36
  Chlorine                 (   "    ), Cl         11.33
  Sulphuretted hydrogen    (   "    ), SH_{2}       .02
  Lime and magnesia                              traces
  Silica                                            .01
  Water                                           68.77
                                                  -----
                                                 102.26
     Deduct oxygen equivalent to chlorine          2.55
                                                  -----
                                                  99.71

Calculating the bases to the oxides, the composition is--

  Sodium chloride                                 18.67
  Sodium sulphate                                  5.63
  Sodium carbonate                                 2.72
  Potassium carbonate                              3.87
  Potassium sulphyrate                              .04
  Silica                                            .01
  Lime and magnesia                              traces
  Water                                           68.77
                                                 ------
                                                  99.71

The difference between the total found and 100 is probably accounted for
by small quantities of organic matter.

The density is 1.2702; using this figure, the results, as expressed in
grains per litre, are:--

  Sodium chloride             237.15
    "    sulphate              61.51
    "    carbonate             34.55
  Potassium carbonate          49.16
    "       sulphydrate          .51
  Silica                         .12
                               -------
      Total salts per litre   383.00 grains.

When received the sample had an odour of sulphuretted hydrogen, due to
the sulphides present, and a slight pink colour, caused by matter in
suspension. The quantity of the sample was too small to admit of an
examination of this or of the organic matter in the water.

This water, consisting as it does of a nearly saturated solution, is a
very remarkable one, and a natural water of this composition is very
rarely met with. The presence of sulphides is due to the action of
reducing organisms on the sulphates. The bottle in which the sample was
was quite full, and securely corked for several months.

A. PAPPE.           } _Les Chemistes._
H. DROOP RICHMOND.  }

"Snow Hill Buildings, London, E.C.
      "1st May, 1890.

"DEAR MR. STANLEY,--

"The following is the result of the quantitative analysis of the natural
crystalline salt you submitted to me:--

                                         Per cent.
  Water                                        .82
  Oxide of iron (Fe_{2}O_{3})                  .15
  Potash (K_{2}O)                             4.56
  Soda (Na_{2}O)                             47.68
  Carbonic acid (CO_{2})                      1.02
  Sulphurous acid (SO_{3})                    6.87
  Chlorine                                   50.42
                                            ------
                                            111.52
  Less oxygen equivalent to chlorine         11.36
                                            ------
                                            100.16

"It is quite impossible to say with certainty how the bases and acids
are combined, but, calculated in the order of their mutual affinities,
the following is the arrangement into which they would naturally fall:--

                      Per cent.
  Potassium sulphate     8.43
  Sodium sulphate        5.32
  Sodium carbonate       2.46
  Sodium chloride       82.71
  Oxide of iron           .15
  Water                   .82
                         ----
                        99.89

"Trusting this may be of service to you,
                                "I remain yours ever truly,
                                             "HENRY S. WELLCOME."

     "To H. M. Stanley, Esq."


[33] By a letter dated November 21st, 1889, written from Bukumbi, south
end of Lake Victoria, I learn from Mr. C. Stokes that he reached
Mwanga's island safely. On his arrival he found that, though in a
tolerably favourable position, food was scarce, and sickness was
troubling the camp. He resolved to make a bold advance to the capital,
and for this purpose requested the chief of the Christians in Uddu to
advance by land. On reaching within one day's march of the capital the
Christians were attacked and in great danger, but Mr. Stokes, Mwanga,
and his faithful followers hurried to their aid, and Karema and the
Mohammedan party were defeated. On the 4th of October another battle
took place close to the capital Rubaga, whereat Karema and his Arab
confederates were completely routed, and on the 5th, Mwanga and his
white friend entered the capital. Karema and his Arab auxiliaries
attempted to take refuge in Unyoro, but Kabba Rega, the King of Unyoro,
refused to admit him unless he parted from his Arab friends. He was
therefore compelled to seize a position near the northern frontier of
Uganda, where he remained at last accounts with 500 guns. So ends this
romantic history for the time. Mwanga is again on his throne, and the
English and French missionaries are again established in Uganda.

[34] It therefore appears necessary, when speaking of the <DW52> races
of Inner Africa, to bear in mind that they are now developed into five
distinct types, which may be called Pigmy, <DW64>, Semi-Ethiopic,
Ethiopic, and Berberine or Mauresque, and that among these types there
are found a number modified by amalgamation of one with another, such as
Pigmy with <DW64>--producing tribes whose adult males have an average
height of 5 feet 2 inches; <DW64> with Omani Arabs, as on the Eastern
sea-board; Ethiopic with Arab, as along the littoral in the
neighbourhood of the Jub; Berberine with <DW64>, as in Darfour, Kordofan,
the herdsmen of the Upper Nile, and east of Sierra Leone.

I regret that time does not permit me to illustrate what has been stated
above by a map, by which every reader would understand at a glance what
has been effected during fifty centuries by long successive waves of
migration from Asia into Africa.

[35] While the French priest Pere Girault has publicly and privately
acknowledged the kindness he received, Pere Schintze has, I regret to
say, assumed quite a hostile tone. We received them with open arms, we
supplied them and their people with meat rations daily to the coast. We
paid their tribute to the Wagogo. They were invited to every banquet of
which we partook at Bagamoyo and Zanzibar, and the British
Consul-General, Col. Euan Smith, honoured them with the kindliest
hospitalities. Meanwhile Pere Schintze, by his own account, was taking
advantage of the few querulous remarks of the Pasha, uttered during
moments of suffering from fatigue, to form a breach between the Pasha
and ourselves, by communicating to him certain criticisms reported to be
made by our officers on the character of the refugees, which Emin's
extremely susceptible nature took umbrage at. The impressions I received
from this person have thus been fully verified.

[36] The Pasha arrived at Zanzibar about the beginning of March, 1890,
perfectly recovered.

[37] Difficult to distinguish from borro, which translated is man


Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

voluntered=> volunteered {pg 180}







End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of In Darkest Africa, Vol. 2; or, The
quest, rescue and retreat of Emin, governor of Equatoria, by Henry Morton Stanley

*** 