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CANOEING
IN THE
WILDERNESS

HENRY D. THOREAU

By Clifton Johnson


BATTLEGROUND ADVENTURES. Illustrated.
A BOOK OF FAIRY-TALE FOXES. Illustrated.
A BOOK OF FAIRY-TALE BEARS. Illustrated.

HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
BOSTON AND NEW YORK




CANOEING IN THE
WILDERNESS

[Illustration: _The Indian Guide's Evening Prayer_ (_page 59_)]




CANOEING IN THE
WILDERNESS

BY HENRY D. THOREAU

EDITED BY
CLIFTON JOHNSON

ILLUSTRATED BY
WILL HAMMELL

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
The Riverside Press Cambridge
1916

COPYRIGHT, 1906, BY HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.
COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

_Published April 1916_




ILLUSTRATIONS


THE INDIAN GUIDE'S EVENING PRAYER        _Frontispiece_

THE STAGE ON THE ROAD TO MOOSEHEAD LAKE               8

MAKING A CAMP IN THE STREAMSIDE WOODLAND             52

FISHING                                              72

THE RED SQUIRREL                                     78

COMING DOWN THE RAPIDS                              132

SHOOTING THE MOOSE                                  154

CARRYING ROUND THE FALLS                            180




INTRODUCTION


Thoreau was born at Concord, Massachusetts, July 12, 1817, and at the
time he made this wilderness canoe trip he was forty years old. The
record of the journey is the latter half of his _The Maine Woods_, which
is perhaps the finest idyl of the forest ever written. It is
particularly charming in its blending of meditative and poetic fancies
with the minute description of the voyager's experiences.

The chief attraction that inspired Thoreau to make the trip was the
primitiveness of the region. Here was a vast tract of almost virgin
woodland, peopled only with a few loggers and pioneer farmers, Indians,
and wild animals. No one could have been better fitted than Thoreau to
enjoy such a region and to transmit his enjoyment of it to others. For
though he was a person of culture and refinement, with a college
education, and had for an intimate friend so rare a man as Ralph Waldo
Emerson, he was half wild in many of his tastes and impatient of the
restraints and artificiality of the ordinary social life of the towns
and cities.

He liked especially the companionship of men who were in close contact
with nature, and in this book we find him deeply interested in his
Indian guide and lingering fondly over the man's characteristics and
casual remarks. The Indian retained many of his aboriginal instincts and
ways, though his tribe was in most respects civilized. His home was in
an Indian village on an island in the Penobscot River at Oldtown, a few
miles above Bangor.

Thoreau was one of the world's greatest nature writers, and as the years
pass, his fame steadily increases. He was a careful and accurate
observer, more at home in the fields and woods than in village and town,
and with a gift of piquant originality in recording his impressions. The
play of his imagination is keen and nimble, yet his fancy is so well
balanced by his native common sense that it does not run away with him.
There is never any doubt about his genuineness, or that what he states
is free from bias and romantic exaggeration.

It is to be noted that he was no hunter. His inquisitiveness into the
ways of the wild creatures carried with it no desire to shoot them, and
to his mind the killing of game for mere sport was akin to butchery. The
kindly and sympathetic spirit constantly manifest in his pages is very
attractive, and the fellowship one gains with him through his written
words is both delightful and wholesome. He stimulates not only a love
for nature, but a love for simple ways of living, and for all that is
sincere and unaffected in human life, wherever found.

In the present volume various details and digressions that are not of
interest to most readers have been omitted, but except for such
elimination Thoreau's text has been retained throughout. It is believed
that nothing essential has been sacrificed, and that the narrative in
this form will be found lively, informing, and thoroughly enjoyable.

CLIFTON JOHNSON.

HADLEY, MASSACHUSETTS.




CANOEING IN THE
WILDERNESS




CANOEING IN THE WILDERNESS




I

MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY JULY 20-23, 1857


I started on my third excursion to the Maine woods Monday, July 20,
1857, with one companion, arriving at Bangor the next day at noon. The
succeeding morning, a relative of mine who is well acquainted with the
Penobscot Indians took me in his wagon to Oldtown to assist me in
obtaining an Indian for this expedition. We were ferried across to the
Indian Island in a bateau. The ferryman's boy had the key to it, but the
father, who was a blacksmith, after a little hesitation, cut the chain
with a cold chisel on the rock. He told me that the Indians were nearly
all gone to the seaboard and to Massachusetts, partly on account of the
smallpox, of which they are very much afraid, having broken out in
Oldtown. The old chief Neptune, however, was there still.

The first man we saw on the island was an Indian named Joseph Polis,
whom my relative addressed familiarly as "Joe." He was dressing a
deerskin in his yard. The skin was spread over a slanting log, and he
was scraping it with a stick held by both hands. He was stoutly built,
perhaps a little above the middle height, with a broad face, and, as
others said, perfect Indian features and complexion. His house was a
two-story white one with blinds, the best-looking that I noticed there,
and as good as an average one on a New England village street. It was
surrounded by a garden and fruit trees, single cornstalks standing
thinly amid the beans. We asked him if he knew any good Indian who would
like to go into the woods with us, that is, to the Allegash Lakes by way
of Moosehead, and return by the East Branch of the Penobscot.

To which he answered out of that strange remoteness in which the Indian
ever dwells to the white man, "Me like to go myself; me want to get some
moose"; and kept on scraping the skin.

The ferryman had told us that all the best Indians were gone except
Polis, who was one of the aristocracy. He, to be sure, would be the best
man we could have, but if he went at all would want a great price. Polis
asked at first two dollars a day but agreed to go for a dollar and a
half, and fifty cents a week for his canoe. He would come to Bangor with
his canoe by the seven o'clock train that evening--we might depend on
him. We thought ourselves lucky to secure the services of this man, who
was known to be particularly steady and trustworthy.

I spent the afternoon with my companion, who had remained in Bangor, in
preparing for our expedition, purchasing provisions, hard-bread,[1]
pork, coffee, sugar, etc., and some india-rubber clothing.

At evening the Indian arrived in the cars, and I led the way, while he
followed me, three quarters of a mile to my friend's house, with the
canoe on his head. I did not know the exact route, but steered by the
lay of the land, as I do in Boston. I tried to enter into conversation
with him, but as he was puffing under the weight of his canoe, not
having the usual apparatus for carrying it, but, above all, as he was an
Indian, I might as well have been thumping on the bottom of his birch
the while. In answer to the various observations that I made he only
grunted vaguely from beneath his canoe once or twice, so that I knew he
was there.

Early the next morning the stage called for us. My companion and I had
each a large knapsack as full as it would hold, and we had two large
rubber bags which held our provisions and utensils. As for the Indian,
all the baggage he had, beside his axe and gun, was a blanket, which he
brought loose in his hand. However, he had laid in a store of tobacco
and a new pipe for the excursion. The canoe was securely lashed
diagonally across the top of the stage, with bits of carpet tucked under
the edge to prevent its chafing. The driver appeared as much accustomed
to carrying canoes in this way as bandboxes.

At the Bangor House we took in four men bound on a hunting excursion,
one of the men going as cook. They had a dog, a middling-sized brindled
cur, which ran by the side of the stage, his master showing his head and
whistling from time to time. But after we had gone about three miles the
dog was suddenly missing, and two of the party went back for him, while
the stage, which was full of passengers, waited. At length one man came
back, while the other kept on. This whole party of hunters declared
their intention to stop till the dog was found, but the very obliging
driver was ready to wait a spell longer. He was evidently unwilling to
lose so many passengers, who would have taken a private conveyance, or
perhaps the other line of stages, the next day. Such progress did we
make, with a journey of over sixty miles to be accomplished that day,
and a rainstorm just setting in. We discussed the subject of dogs and
their instincts till it was threadbare, while we waited there, and the
scenery of the suburbs of Bangor is still distinctly impressed on my
memory.

[Illustration: _The Stage on the Road to Moosehead Lake_]

After full half an hour the man returned, leading the dog by a rope. He
had overtaken him just as he was entering the Bangor House. He was then
tied on the top of the stage, but, being wet and cold, several times in
the course of the journey he jumped off, and I saw him dangling by his
neck. This dog was depended on to stop bears. He had already stopped one
somewhere in New Hampshire, and I can testify that he stopped a stage in
Maine. This party of four probably paid nothing for the dog's ride,
nor for his run, while our party of three paid two dollars--and were
charged four--for the light canoe which lay still on the top.

The stage was crowded all the way. If you had looked inside you would
have thought that we were prepared to run the gantlet of a band of
robbers, for there were four or five guns on the front seat and one or
two on the back one, each man holding his darling in his arms. It
appeared that this party of hunters was going our way, but much farther.
Their leader was a handsome man about thirty years old, of good height,
but not apparently robust, of gentlemanly address and faultless toilet.
He had a fair white complexion as if he had always lived in the shade,
and an intellectual face, and with his quiet manners might have passed
for a divinity student who had seen something of the world. I was
surprised to find that he was probably the chief white hunter of Maine
and was known all along the road. I afterwards heard him spoken of as
one who could endure a great deal of exposure and fatigue without
showing the effect of it; and he could not only use guns, but make them,
being himself a gunsmith. In the spring he had saved a stage-driver and
two passengers from drowning in the backwater of the Piscataquis on this
road, having swum ashore in the freezing water and made a raft and got
them off--though the horses were drowned--at great risk to himself,
while the only other man who could swim withdrew to the nearest house to
prevent freezing. He knew our man, and remarked that we had a good
Indian there, a good hunter; adding that he was said to be worth six
thousand dollars. The Indian also knew him, and said to me, "The great
hunter."

The Indian sat on the front seat with a stolid expression of face as if
barely awake to what was going on. Again I was struck by the peculiar
vagueness of his replies when addressed in the stage or at the taverns.
He really never said anything on such occasions. He was merely stirred
up like a wild beast, and passively muttered some insignificant
response. His answer, in such cases, was vague as a puff of smoke,
suggesting no _responsibility_, and if you considered it you would find
that you had got nothing out of him. This was instead of the
conventional palaver and smartness of the white man, and equally
profitable. Most get no more than this out of the Indian, and pronounce
him stolid accordingly. I was surprised to see what a foolish and
impertinent style a Maine man, a passenger, used in addressing him, as
if he were a child, which only made his eyes glisten a little. A tipsy
Canadian asked him at a tavern, in a drawling tone, if he smoked, to
which he answered with an indefinite "Yes."

"Won't you lend me your pipe a little while?" asked the other.

He replied, looking straight by the man's head, with a face singularly
vacant to all neighboring interests, "Me got no pipe"; yet I had seen
him put a new one, with a supply of tobacco, into his pocket that
morning.

Our little canoe, so neat and strong, drew a favorable criticism from
all the wiseacres among the tavern loungers along the road. By the
roadside, close to the wheels, I noticed a splendid great purple fringed
orchis which I would fain have stopped the stage to pluck, but as this
had never been known to stop a bear, like the cur on the stage, the
driver would probably have thought it a waste of time.

When we reached the lake, about half past eight in the evening, it was
still steadily raining, and in that fresh, cool atmosphere the hylas
were peeping and the toads ringing about the lake. It was as if the
season had revolved backward two or three months, or I had arrived at
the abode of perpetual spring.

We had expected to go upon the lake at once, and, after paddling up two
or three miles, to camp on one of its islands, but on account of the
rain we decided to go to one of the taverns for the night.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Hard-bread or ship-bread is a kind of hard biscuit commonly baked in
large cakes and much used by sailors and soldiers.




II

FRIDAY, JULY 24.


About four o'clock the next morning, though it was quite cloudy,
accompanied by the landlord to the water's edge, in the twilight, we
launched our canoe from a rock on Moosehead Lake. We had a rather small
canoe for three persons, eighteen and one fourth feet long by two feet
six and one half inches wide in the middle, and one foot deep within. I
judged that it would weigh not far from eighty pounds. The Indian had
recently made it himself, and its smallness was partly compensated for
by its newness, as well as stanchness and solidity, it being made of
very thick bark and ribs. Our baggage weighed about one hundred and
sixty-six pounds. The principal part of the baggage was, as usual,
placed in the middle of the broadest part, while we stowed ourselves in
the chinks and crannies that were left before and behind it, where there
was no room to extend our legs, the loose articles being tucked into the
ends. The canoe was thus as closely packed as a market basket. The
Indian sat on a crossbar in the stern, but we flat on the bottom with a
splint or chip behind our backs to protect them from the crossbar, and
one of us commonly paddled with the Indian.

Paddling along the eastern side of the lake in the still of the morning,
we soon saw a few sheldrakes, which the Indian called _Shecorways_, and
some peetweets on the rocky shore. We also saw and heard loons. It was
inspiriting to hear the regular dip of the paddles, as if they were our
fins or flippers, and to realize that we were at length fairly embarked.

Having passed the small rocky isles within two or three miles of the
foot of the lake, we had a short consultation respecting our course, and
inclined to the western shore for the sake of its lee; for otherwise,
if the wind should rise, it would be impossible for us to reach Mount
Kineo, which is about midway up the lake on the east side, but at its
narrowest part, where probably we could recross if we took the western
side. The wind is the chief obstacle to crossing the lakes, especially
in so small a canoe. The Indian remarked several times that he did not
like to cross the lakes "in littlum canoe," but nevertheless, "just as
we say, it made no odds to him."

Moosehead Lake is twelve miles wide at the widest place, and thirty
miles long in a direct line, but longer as it lies. Paddling near the
shore, we frequently heard the _pe-pe_ of the olive-sided flycatcher,
also the wood pewee and the kingfisher. The Indian reminding us that he
could not work without eating, we stopped to breakfast on the main shore
southwest of Deer Island. We took out our bags, and the Indian made a
fire under a very large bleached log, using white pine bark from a
stump, though he said that hemlock was better, and kindling with canoe
birch bark. Our table was a large piece of freshly peeled birch bark,
laid wrong side up, and our breakfast consisted of hard-bread, fried
pork, and strong coffee well sweetened, in which we did not miss the
milk.

While we were getting breakfast a brood of twelve black dippers,[2] half
grown, came paddling by within three or four rods, not at all alarmed;
and they loitered about as long as we stayed, now huddled close
together, now moving off in a long line, very cunningly.

Looking northward from this place it appeared as if we were entering a
large bay, and we did not know whether we should be obliged to diverge
from our course and keep outside a point which we saw, or should find a
passage between this and the mainland. It was misty dog-day weather, and
we had already penetrated a smaller bay of the same kind, and knocked
the bottom out of it, though we had been obliged to pass over a bar
between an island and the shore, where there was but just breadth and
depth enough to float the canoe, and the Indian had observed, "Very easy
makum bridge here," but now it seemed that if we held on we should be
fairly embayed. Presently, however, the mist lifted somewhat and
revealed a break in the shore northward. The Indian immediately
remarked, "I guess you and I go there."

This was his common expression instead of saying "we." He never
addressed us by our names, though curious to know how they were spelled
and what they meant. We called him Polis. He had already guessed very
accurately at our ages, and said that he was forty-eight.

After breakfast I emptied the melted pork that was left into the lake,
making what the sailors call a "slick," and watching to see how much it
spread over and smoothed the agitated surface. The Indian looked at it
a moment and said, "That make hard paddlum through; hold 'em canoe. So
say old times."

We hastily reloaded, putting the dishes loose in the bows, that they
might be at hand when wanted, and set out again. The western shore, near
which we paddled along, rose gently to a considerable height and was
everywhere densely covered with the forest, in which was a large
proportion of hard wood to enliven and relieve the fir and spruce.

The Indian said that the lichen which we saw hanging from the trees was
called _chorchorque_. We asked him the names of several birds which we
heard this morning. The thrush, which was quite common, and whose note
he imitated, he said was called _Adelungquamooktum_; but sometimes he
could not tell the name of some small bird which I heard and knew, but
he said, "I tell all the birds about here; can't tell littlum noise, but
I see 'em, then I can tell."

I observed that I should like to go to school to him to learn his
language, living on the Indian island the while; could not that be done?

"Oh, yer," he replied, "good many do so."

I asked how long he thought it would take. He said one week. I told him
that in this voyage I would tell him all I knew, and he should tell me
all he knew, to which he readily agreed.

Mount Kineo, which was generally visible, though occasionally concealed
by islands or the mainland in front, had a level bar of cloud concealing
its summit, and all the mountain-tops about the lake were cut off at the
same height. Ducks of various kinds were quite common, and ran over the
water before us as fast as a horse trots.

The Indian asked the meaning of _reality_, as near as I could make out
the word, which he said one of us had used; also of _interrent_, that
is, intelligent. I observed that he could rarely sound the letter r,
but used l, as also r for l sometimes; as _load_ for road, _pickelel_
for pickerel, _Soogle_ Island for Sugar Island. He generally added the
syllable _um_ to his words, as _paddlum_, etc.

On a point on the mainland where we landed to stretch our legs and look
at the vegetation, going inland a few steps, I discovered a fire still
glowing beneath its ashes, where somebody had breakfasted, and a bed of
twigs prepared for the following night. So I knew not only that they had
just left, but that they designed to return, and by the breadth of the
bed that there was more than one in the party. You might have gone
within six feet of these signs without seeing them. There grew the
beaked hazel, rue seven feet high, and red osier, whose bark the Indian
said was good to smoke, "tobacco before white people came to this
country, Indian tobacco."

The Indian was always very careful in approaching the shore, lest he
should injure his canoe on the rocks, letting it swing round slowly
sidewise, and was still more particular that we should not step into it
on shore, nor till it floated free, and then should step gently lest we
should open its seams, or make a hole in the bottom.

After passing Deer Island we saw the little steamer from Greenville, far
east in the middle of the lake. Sometimes we could hardly tell her from
an island which had a few trees on it. Here we were exposed to the wind
from over the whole breadth of the lake, and ran a little risk of being
swamped. While I had my eye fixed on the spot where a large fish had
leaped, we took in a gallon or two of water; but we soon reached the
shore and took the canoe over the bar at Sand-bar Island, a few feet
wide only, and so saved a considerable distance.

We crossed a broad bay and found the water quite rough. A very little
wind on these broad lakes raises a sea which will swamp a canoe. Looking
off from the shore, the surface may appear to be almost smooth a mile
distant, or if you see a few white crests they appear nearly level with
the rest of the lake, but when you get out so far, you may find quite a
sea running, and ere long, before you think of it, a wave will gently
creep up the side of the canoe and fill your lap, like a monster
deliberately covering you with its slime before it swallows you, or it
will strike the canoe violently and break into it. The same thing may
happen when the wind rises suddenly, though it were perfectly calm and
smooth there a few minutes before; so that nothing can save you, unless
you can swim ashore, for it is impossible to get into a canoe when it is
upset. Since you sit flat on the bottom, though the danger should not be
imminent, a little water is a great inconvenience, not to mention the
wetting of your provisions. We rarely crossed even a bay directly, from
point to point, when there was wind, but made a slight curve
corresponding somewhat to the shore, that we might the sooner reach it
if the wind increased.

When the wind is aft, and not too strong, the Indian makes a spritsail
of his blanket. He thus easily skims over the whole length of this lake
in a day.

The Indian paddled on one side, and one of us on the other, to keep the
canoe steady, and when he wanted to change hands he would say, "T' other
side." He asserted, in answer to our questions, that he had never upset
a canoe himself, though he may have been upset by others.

Think of our little eggshell of a canoe tossing across that great lake,
a mere black speck to the eagle soaring above it!

My companion trailed for trout as we paddled along, but, the Indian
warning him that a big fish might upset us, for there are some very
large ones there, he agreed to pass the line quickly to the stern if he
had a bite.

While we were crossing this bay, where Mount Kineo rose dark before us
within two or three miles, the Indian repeated the tradition respecting
this mountain's having anciently been a cow moose--how a mighty Indian
hunter succeeded in killing this queen of the moose tribe with great
difficulty, while her calf was killed somewhere among the islands in
Penobscot Bay, and, to his eyes, this mountain had still the form of the
moose in a reclining posture. He told this at some length and with
apparent good faith, and asked us how we supposed the hunter could have
killed such a mighty moose as that. An Indian tells such a story as if
he thought it deserved to have a good deal said about it, only he has
not got it to say, and so he makes up for the deficiency by a drawling
tone, long-windedness, and a dumb wonder which he hopes will be
contagious.

We approached the land again through pretty rough water, and then
steered directly across the lake at its narrowest part to the eastern
side, and were soon partly under the lee of the mountain, having
paddled about twenty miles. It was now about noon.

We designed to stop there that afternoon and night, and spent half an
hour looking along the shore northward for a suitable place to camp. At
length, by going half a dozen rods into the dense spruce and fir wood on
the side of the mountain almost as dark as a cellar, we found a place
sufficiently clear and level to lie down on, after cutting away a few
bushes. The Indian cleared a path to it from the shore with his axe, and
we then carried up all our baggage, pitched our tent, and made our bed,
in order to be ready for foul weather, which then threatened us, and for
the night. He gathered a large armful of fir twigs, breaking them off,
which he said were the best for our bed, partly, I thought, because they
were the largest and could be most rapidly collected. It had been
raining more or less for four or five days, and the wood was even damper
than usual, but he got dry bark from the under side of a dead leaning
hemlock, which he said he could always do.

This noon his mind was occupied with a law question, and I referred him
to my companion, who was a lawyer. It appeared that he had been buying
land lately--I think it was a hundred acres--but there was probably an
incumbrance to it, somebody else claiming to have bought some grass on
it for this year. He wished to know to whom the grass belonged, and was
told that if the other man could prove that he bought the grass before
he, Polis, bought the land, the former could take it whether the latter
knew it or not. To which he only answered, "Strange!" He went over this
several times, fairly sat down to it, with his back to a tree, as if he
meant to confine us to this topic henceforth; but as he made no headway,
only reached the jumping-off place of his wonder at white men's
institutions after each explanation, we let the subject die.

He said that he had fifty acres of grass, potatoes, etc., somewhere
above Oldtown, besides some about his house; that he hired a good deal
of his work, hoeing, etc., and preferred white men to Indians because
"they keep steady and know how."

After dinner we returned southward along the shore, in the canoe, on
account of the difficulty of climbing over the rocks and fallen trees,
and began to ascend the mountain along the edge of the precipice. But, a
smart shower coming up just then, the Indian crept under his canoe,
while we, protected by our rubber coats, proceeded to botanize. So we
sent him back to the camp for shelter, agreeing that he should come for
us with his canoe toward night. It had rained a little in the forenoon,
and we trusted that this would be the clearing-up shower, which it
proved; but our feet and legs were thoroughly wet by the bushes. The
clouds breaking away a little, we had a glorious wild view, as we
ascended, of the broad lake with its numerous forest-clad islands
extending beyond our sight both north and south, and the boundless
forest undulating away from its shores on every side, as densely packed
as a rye-field and enveloping nameless mountains in succession. It was a
perfect lake of the woods.

Looking southward, the heavens were completely overcast, the mountains
capped with clouds, and the lake generally wore a dark and stormy
appearance, but from its surface six or eight miles distant there was
reflected upward through the misty air a bright blue tinge from the
unseen sky of another latitude beyond. They probably had a clear sky
then at the south end of the lake.

Again we mistook a little rocky islet seen through the "drisk," with
some taller bare trunks or stumps on it, for the steamer with its
smoke-pipes, but as it had not changed its position after half an hour
we were undeceived. So much do the works of man resemble the works of
nature. A moose might mistake a steamer for a floating isle, and not be
scared till he heard its puffing or its whistle.

If I wished to see a mountain or other scenery under the most favorable
auspices, I would go to it in foul weather so as to be there when it
cleared up. We are then in the most suitable mood, and nature is most
fresh and inspiring. There is no serenity so fair as that which is just
established in a tearful eye.

Jackson, in his "Report on the Geology of Maine," says: "Hornstone,
which will answer for flints, occurs in various parts of the State. The
largest mass of this stone known in the world is Mount Kineo, upon
Moosehead Lake, which appears to be entirely composed of it, and rises
seven hundred feet above the lake level. This variety of hornstone I
have seen in every part of New England in the form of Indian
arrow-heads, hatchets, chisels, etc., which were probably obtained from
this mountain by the aboriginal inhabitants of the country."

I have myself found hundreds of arrow-heads made of the same material.
It is generally slate-, with white specks, becoming a uniform
white where exposed to the light and air. I picked up a small thin piece
which had so sharp an edge that I used it as a knife, and, to see what I
could do, fairly cut off an aspen one inch thick with it, by bending it
and making many cuts; though I cut my fingers badly with the back of it
in the meanwhile.

From the summit of the precipice which forms the southern and eastern
sides of this mountain peninsula, five or six hundred feet high, we
probably might have jumped down to the water, or to the seemingly
dwarfish trees on the narrow neck of land which connects it with the
main. It is a dangerous place to try the steadiness of your nerves.

The plants which attracted our attention on this mountain were the
mountain cinquefoil, abundant and in bloom still at the very base by
the waterside, very beautiful harebells overhanging the precipice,
bearberry, the Canada blueberry, wild holly, the great round-leafed
orchis, bunchberry, reddening as we ascended, green at the base of the
mountain, red at the top, and the small fern _Woodsia ilvensis_, growing
in tufts, now in fruit. Having explored the wonders of the mountain, and
the weather being now cleared up, we commenced the descent. We met the
Indian, puffing and panting, about one third of the way up, but thinking
that he must be near the top. On reaching the canoe we found that he had
caught a lake trout weighing about three pounds, while we were on the
mountain.

When we got to the camp, the canoe was taken out and turned over, and a
log laid across it to prevent its being blown away. The Indian cut some
large logs of damp and rotten wood to smoulder and keep fire through the
night. The trout was fried for supper.

Our tent was of thin cotton cloth and quite small, forming with the
ground a triangular prism closed at the rear end, six feet long, seven
wide, and four high, so that we could barely sit up in the middle. It
required two forked stakes, a smooth ridgepole, and a dozen or more pins
to pitch it. It kept off dew and wind and an ordinary rain, and answered
our purpose well enough. We reclined within it till bedtime, each with
his baggage at his head, or else sat about the fire, having hung our wet
clothes on a pole before the fire for the night.

As we sat there, just before night, looking out through the dusky wood,
the Indian heard a noise which he said was made by a snake. He imitated
it at my request, making a low whistling note--_pheet_--_pheet_--two or
three times repeated, somewhat like the peep of the hyla, but not so
loud. He said that he had never seen them while making it, but going to
the spot he finds the snake. This, he said, was a sign of rain. When I
had selected this place for our camp he had remarked that there were
snakes there. "But they won't do any hurt," I said.

"Oh, no," he answered, "just as you say; it makes no difference to me."

He lay on the right side of the tent, because, as he said, he was partly
deaf in one ear, and he wanted to lie with his good ear up. As we lay
there he inquired if I ever heard "Indian sing." I replied that I had
not often, and asked him if he would not favor us with a song. He
readily assented, and, lying on his back, with his blanket wrapped
around him, he commenced a slow, somewhat nasal, yet musical chant, in
his own language, which probably was taught his tribe long ago by the
Catholic missionaries. He translated it to us, sentence by sentence,
afterward. It proved to be a very simple religious exercise or hymn, the
burden of which was that there was only one God who ruled all the
world.

His singing carried me back to the period of the discovery of America,
when Europeans first encountered the simple faith of the Indian. There
was, indeed, a beautiful simplicity about it; nothing of the dark and
savage, only the mild and infantile. The sentiments of humility and
reverence chiefly were expressed.

It was a dense and damp spruce and fir wood in which we lay, and, except
for our fire, perfectly dark; and when I awoke in the night, I either
heard an owl from deeper in the forest behind us, or a loon from a
distance over the lake. Getting up some time after midnight to collect
the scattered brands together, while my companions were sound asleep, I
observed, partly in the fire, which had ceased to blaze, a perfectly
regular elliptical ring of light, about five inches in its shortest
diameter, six or seven in its longer, and from one eighth to one quarter
of an inch wide. It was fully as bright as the fire, but not reddish or
scarlet like a coal, but a white and slumbering light, like the
glowworm's. I saw at once that it must be phosphorescent wood, which I
had often heard of, but never chanced to see. Putting my finger on it,
with a little hesitation, I found that it was a piece of dead moosewood
which the Indian had cut off in a slanting direction the evening before.

Using my knife, I discovered that the light proceeded from that portion
of the sapwood immediately under the bark, and thus presented a regular
ring at the end, and when I pared off the bark and cut into the sap, it
was all aglow along the log. I was surprised to find the wood quite hard
and apparently sound, though probably decay had commenced in the sap,
and I cut out some little triangular chips, and, placing them in the
hollow of my hand, carried them into the camp, waked my companion, and
showed them to him. They lit up the inside of my hand, revealing the
lines and wrinkles, and appearing exactly like coals of fire raised to a
white heat.

I noticed that part of a decayed stump within four or five feet of the
fire, an inch wide and six inches long, soft and shaking wood, shone
with equal brightness.

I neglected to ascertain whether our fire had anything to do with this,
but the previous day's rain and long-continued wet weather undoubtedly
had.

I was exceedingly interested by this phenomenon. It could hardly have
thrilled me more if it had taken the form of letters, or of the human
face. I little thought that there was such a light shining in the
darkness of the wilderness for me.

The next day the Indian told me their name for the
light--_artoosoqu'_--and on my inquiring concerning the will-o'-the-wisp
he said that his "folks" sometimes saw fires passing along at various
heights, even as high as the trees, and making a noise. I was prepared
after this to hear of the most startling and unimagined phenomena
witnessed by "his folks," they are abroad at all hours and seasons in
scenes so unfrequented by white men. Nature must have made a thousand
revelations to them which are still secrets to us.

I did not regret my not having seen this before, since I now saw it
under circumstances so favorable. I was in just the frame of mind to see
something wonderful, and this was a phenomenon adequate to my
circumstances and expectation, and it put me on the alert to see more
like it. I let science slide, and rejoiced in that light as if it had
been a fellow creature. A scientific _explanation_, as it is called,
would have been altogether out of place there. That is for pale
daylight. Science with its retorts would have put me to sleep; it was
the opportunity to be ignorant that I improved. It made a believer of me
more than before. I believed that the woods were not tenantless, but
choke-full of honest spirits as good as myself any day--not an empty
chamber in which chemistry was left to work alone, but an inhabited
house. It suggested, too, that the same experience always gives birth
to the same sort of belief or religion. One revelation has been made to
the Indian, another to the white man. I have much to learn of the
Indian, nothing of the missionary. I am not sure but all that would
tempt me to teach the Indian my religion would be his promise to teach
me _his_. Long enough I had heard of irrelevant things; now at length I
was glad to make acquaintance with the light that dwells in rotten wood.

I kept those little chips and wet them again the next night, but they
emitted no light.

FOOTNOTES:

[2] The name dipper is applied to several species of water-birds that
are notable for their skill in diving.




III

SATURDAY, JULY 25


At breakfast, the Indian, evidently curious to know what would be
expected of him the next day, asked me how I spent the Sunday when at
home. I told him that I commonly sat in my chamber reading, etc., in the
forenoon, and went to walk in the afternoon. At which he shook his head
and said, "Er, that is ver' bad."

"How do you spend it?" I asked.

He said that he did no work, that he went to church at Oldtown when he
was at home; in short, he did as he had been taught by the whites.

When we were washing the dishes in the lakes, many fishes came close up
to us to get the particles of grease.

The weather seemed to be more settled this morning, and we set out early
in order to finish our voyage up the lake before the wind arose. Soon
after starting, the Indian directed our attention to the Northeast
Carry, which we could plainly see, about thirteen miles distant. This
carry is a rude wooden railroad running north and south about two miles,
perfectly straight, from the lake to the Penobscot through a low tract,
with a clearing three or four rods wide. This opening appeared as a
clear bright, or light, point in the horizon, resting on the edge of the
lake. We should not have suspected it to be visible if the Indian had
not drawn our attention to it. It was a remarkable kind of light to
steer for--daylight seen through a vista in the forest--but visible as
far as an ordinary beacon by night.

We crossed a deep wide bay north of Kineo, leaving an island on our left
and keeping up the eastern side of the lake. We then crossed another
broad bay, which, as we could no longer observe the shore particularly,
afforded ample time for conversation. The Indian said that he had got
his money by hunting, mostly high up the West Branch of the Penobscot,
and toward the head of the St. John. He had hunted there from a boy, and
knew all about that region. His game had been beaver, otter, black cat
(or fisher), sable, moose, etc. Canada lynx were plenty yet in burnt
grounds. For food in the woods he uses partridges, ducks, dried moose
meat, hedgehog, etc. Loons, too, were good, only "bile 'em good."

Pointing into the bay he said that it was the way to various lakes which
he knew. Only solemn bear-haunted mountains with their great wooded
<DW72>s were visible. The Indian said that he had been along there
several times. I asked him how he guided himself in the woods.

"Oh," said he, "I can tell good many ways."

When I pressed him further he answered, "Sometimes I lookum sidehill,"
and he glanced toward a high hill or mountain on the eastern shore;
"great difference between the north and south; see where the sun has
shone most. So trees--the large limbs bend toward south. Sometimes I
lookum locks" (rocks).

I asked what he saw on the rocks, but he did not describe anything in
particular, answering vaguely, in a mysterious or drawling tone, "bare
locks on lake shore--great difference between north, south, east, west
side--can tell what the sun has shone on."

"Suppose," said I, "that I should take you in a dark night right up here
into the middle of the woods a hundred miles, set you down, and turn you
round quickly twenty times, could you steer straight to Oldtown?"

"Oh, yer," said he, "have done pretty much same thing. I will tell you.
Some years ago I met an old white hunter at Millinocket; very good
hunter. He said he could go anywhere in the woods. He wanted to hunt
with me that day, so we start. We chase a moose all the forenoon, round
and round, till middle of afternoon, when we kill him. Then I said to
him, 'Now you go straight to camp.'

"He said, 'I can't do that. I don't know where I am.'

"'Where you think camp?' I asked.

"He pointed so. Then I laugh at him. I take the lead and go right off
the other way, cross our tracks many times, straight camp."

"How do you do that?" asked I.

"Oh, I can't tell _you_," he replied. "Great difference between me and
white man."

It appeared as if the sources of information were so various that he did
not give a distinct conscious attention to any one, and so could not
readily refer to any when questioned about it, but he found his way very
much as an animal does. Perhaps what is commonly called instinct in the
animal in this case is merely a sharpened and educated sense. Often,
when an Indian says, "I don't know," in regard to the route he is to
take, he does not mean what a white man would by those words, for his
Indian instinct may tell him still as much as the most confident white
man knows. He does not carry things in his head, nor remember the route
exactly, like a white man, but relies on himself at the moment. Not
having experienced the need of the other sort of knowledge--all labeled
and arranged--he has not acquired it.

The hunter with whom I talked in the stage knew some of the resources of
the Indian. He said that he steered by the wind, or by the limbs of the
hemlocks, which were largest on the south side; also sometimes, when he
knew that there was a lake near, by firing his gun and listening to hear
the direction and distance of the echo from over it.

As the forenoon advanced the wind increased. The last bay which we
crossed before reaching the desolate pier at the Northeast Carry, was
two or three miles over, and the wind was southwesterly. After going a
third of the way, the waves had increased so as occasionally to wash
into the canoe, and we saw that it was worse ahead. At first we might
have turned about, but were not willing to. It would have been of no use
to follow the course of the shore, for the waves ran still higher there
on account of the greater sweep the wind had. At any rate it would have
been dangerous now to alter our course, because the waves would have
struck us at an advantage. It will not do to meet them at right angles,
for then they will wash in both sides, but you must take them
quartering. So the Indian stood up in the canoe and exerted all his
skill and strength for a mile or two, while I paddled right along in
order to give him more steerage-way. For more than a mile he did not
allow a single wave to strike the canoe as it would, but turned it
quickly from this side to that, so that it would always be on or near
the crest of a wave when it broke, where all its force was spent, and we
merely settled down with it. At length I jumped out onto the end of the
pier against which the waves were dashing violently, in order to lighten
the canoe and catch it at the landing, which was not much sheltered, but
just as I jumped we took in two or three gallons of water. I remarked to
the Indian, "You managed that well," to which he replied: "Ver' few men
do that. Great many waves; when I look out for one, another come quick."

While the Indian went to get cedar bark, etc., to carry his canoe with,
we cooked the dinner on the shore in the midst of a sprinkling rain. He
prepared his canoe for carrying in this wise. He took a cedar shingle or
splint eighteen inches long and four or five wide, rounded at one end,
that the corners might not be in the way, and tied it with cedar bark by
two holes made midway, near the edge on each side, to the middle
crossbar of the canoe. When the canoe was lifted upon his head bottom
up, this shingle, with its rounded end uppermost, distributed the weight
over his shoulders and head, while a band of cedar bark, tied to the
crossbar on each side of the shingle, passed round his breast, and
another longer one, outside of the last, round his forehead; also a hand
on each side rail served to steer the canoe and keep it from rocking. He
thus carried it with his shoulders, head, breast, forehead, and both
hands, as if the upper part of his body were all one hand to clasp and
hold it. A cedar tree furnished all the gear in this case, as it had the
woodwork of the canoe. One of the paddles rested on the crossbars in the
bows. I took the canoe upon my head and found that I could carry it with
ease, but I let him carry it, not caring to establish a different
precedent. This shingle remained tied to the crossbar throughout the
voyage, was always ready for the carries, and also served to protect the
back of one passenger.

We were obliged to go over this carry twice, our load was so great. But
the carries were an agreeable variety, and we improved the opportunity
to gather the rare plants which we had seen, when we returned
empty-handed.

We reached the Penobscot about four o'clock, and found there some St.
Francis Indians encamped on the bank. They were making a canoe and
drying moose meat. Their camp was covered with spruce bark. They had a
young moose, taken in the river a fortnight before, confined in a sort
of cage of logs piled up cob-fashion, seven or eight feet high. It was
quite tame, about four feet high, and covered with moose flies. There
was a large quantity of cornel, red maple, and also willow and aspen
boughs, stuck through between the logs on all sides, butt ends out, and
on their leaves it was browsing. It looked at first as if it were in a
bower rather than a pen.

Our Indian said that _he_ used _black_ spruce roots to sew canoes with,
obtaining it from high lands or mountains. The St. Francis Indians
thought that _white_ spruce roots might be best. But the former said,
"No good, break, can't split 'em."

I told him I thought that I could make a canoe, but he expressed great
doubt of it; at any rate he thought that my work would not be "neat" the
first time.

Having reloaded, we paddled down the Penobscot. We saw a splendid yellow
lily by the shore, which I plucked. It was six feet high and had twelve
flowers, in two whorls, forming a pyramid. We afterward saw many more
thus tall along this stream, and on the East Branch. The Indian said
that the roots were good for soup, that is, to cook with meat, to
thicken it, taking the place of flour. They get them in the fall. I dug
some, and found a mass of bulbs pretty deep in the earth, two inches in
diameter, looking, and even tasting, somewhat like raw green corn on the
ear.

When we had gone about three miles down the Penobscot, we saw through
the tree-tops a thunder-shower coming up in the west, and we looked out
a camping-place in good season, about five o'clock.

I will describe the routine of camping. We generally told the Indian
that we would stop at the first suitable place, so that he might be on
the lookout for it. Having observed a clear, hard, and flat beach to
land on, free from mud, and from stones which would injure the canoe,
one would run up the bank to see if there were open and level space
enough for the camp between the trees, or if it could be easily cleared,
preferring at the same time a cool place, on account of insects.
Sometimes we paddled a mile or more before finding one to our minds, for
where the shore was suitable the bank would often be too steep, or else
too low and grassy, and therefore mosquitoey. We then took out the
baggage and drew up the canoe. The Indian cut a path to the spot we had
selected, which was usually within two or three rods of the water, and
we carried up our baggage.

One, perhaps, takes birch bark, always at hand, and dead dry wood, and
kindles a fire five or six feet in front of where we intend to lie. It
matters not, commonly, on which side this is, because there is little or
no wind in so dense a wood at that season; and then he gets a kettle of
water from the river, and takes out the pork, bread, coffee, etc., from
their several packages.

Another, meanwhile, having the axe, cuts down the nearest dead rock
maple or other dry hard wood, collecting several large logs to last
through the night, also a green stake, with a notch or fork to it, which
is slanted over the fire, perhaps resting on a rock or forked stake, to
hang the kettle on, and two forked stakes and a pole for the tent.

[Illustration: _Making a Camp in the Streamside Woodland_]

The third man pitches the tent, cuts a dozen or more pins with his knife
to fasten it down with, and then collects an armful or two of fir twigs,
arbor-vitae, spruce, or hemlock, whichever is at hand, and makes the
bed, beginning at either end, and laying the twigs wrong side up, in
regular rows, covering the stub ends of the last row; first, however,
filling the hollows, if there are any, with coarser material.

Commonly, by the time the bed is made, or within fifteen or twenty
minutes, the water boils, the pork is fried, and supper is ready. We eat
this sitting on the ground, or a stump, around a large piece of birch
bark for a table, each holding a dipper in one hand and a piece of
ship-bread or fried pork in the other, frequently making a pass with his
hand, or thrusting his head into the smoke, to avoid the mosquitoes.

Next, pipes are lit by those who smoke, and veils are donned by those
who have them, and we hastily examine and dry our plants, anoint our
faces and hands, and go to bed.

Though you have nothing to do but see the country, there's rarely any
time to spare, hardly enough to examine a plant, before the night or
drowsiness is upon you.

Such was the ordinary experience, but this evening we had camped earlier
on account of the rain, and had more time. We found that our camp was on
an old indistinct supply-road, running along the river. What is called a
road there shows no ruts or trace of wheels, for they are not used; nor,
indeed, of runners, since they are used only in the winter when the snow
is several feet deep. It is only an indistinct vista through the wood,
which it takes an experienced eye to detect.

We had no sooner pitched our tent than the thunder-shower burst on us,
and we hastily crept under it, drawing our bags after us, curious to see
how much of a shelter our thin cotton roof was going to be in this
excursion. Though the violence of the rain forced a fine shower through
the cloth before it was fairly wetted and shrunk, with which we were
well bedewed, we managed to keep pretty dry, only a box of matches
having been left out and spoiled, and before we were aware of it the
shower was over, and only the dripping trees imprisoned us.

Wishing to see what fishes were in the river there, we cast our lines
over the wet bushes on the shore, but they were repeatedly swept down
the swift stream in vain. So, leaving the Indian, we took the canoe,
just before dark, and dropped down the river a few rods to fish at the
mouth of a sluggish brook. We pushed up this a rod or two, but were soon
driven off by the mosquitoes. While there we heard the Indian fire his
gun twice in rapid succession. His object was to clean out and dry it
after the rain, and he then loaded it with ball, being now on ground
where he expected to meet with large game. This sudden loud crashing
noise in the still aisles of the forest affected me like an insult to
nature, or ill manners at any rate, as if you were to fire a gun in a
hall or temple. It was not heard far, however, except along the river,
the sound being rapidly hushed up or absorbed by the damp trees and
mossy ground.

The Indian made a little smothered fire of damp leaves close to the back
of the camp, that the smoke might drive through and keep out the
mosquitoes, but just before we fell asleep this suddenly blazed up and
came near setting fire to the tent.




IV

SUNDAY, JULY 26


The note of the white-throated sparrow was the first heard in the
morning, and with this all the woods rang. Though commonly unseen, their
simple _ah, te-te-te, te-te-te, te-te-te_, so sharp and piercing, was as
distinct to the ear as the passage of a spark of fire shot into the
darkest of the forest would be to the eye. We were commonly aroused by
their lively strain very early. What a glorious time they must have in
that wilderness, far from mankind!

I told the Indian that we would go to church to Chesuncook this morning,
some fifteen miles. It was settled weather at last. A few swallows
flitted over the water, we heard Maryland yellow-throats along the
shore, the notes of the chickadee, and, I believe, redstarts.
Moose-flies of large size pursued us in midstream.

The Indian thought that we should lie by on Sunday. Said he, "We come
here lookum things, look all round, but come Sunday look up all that,
and then Monday look again."

He spoke of an Indian of his acquaintance who had been with some
ministers to Katahdin and had told him how they conducted. This he
described in a low and solemn voice. "They make a long prayer every
morning and night, and at every meal. Come Sunday, they stop 'em, no go
at all that day--keep still--preach all day--first one, then another,
just like church. Oh, ver' good men. One day going along a river, they
came to the body of a man in the water, drowned good while. They go
right ashore--stop there, go no farther that day--they have meeting
there, preach and pray just like Sunday. Then they go back and carry the
body with them. Oh, they ver' good men."

I judged from this account that their every camp was a camp-meeting, and
that they wanted an opportunity to preach somewhere more than to see
Katahdin.

However, the Indian added, plying the paddle all the while, that if we
would go along he must go with us, he our man, and he suppose that if he
no takum pay for what he do Sunday then ther's no harm, but if he takum
pay then wrong. I told him that he was stricter than white men.
Nevertheless, I noticed that he did not forget to reckon in the Sundays
at last.

He appeared to be a very religious man, and said his prayers in a loud
voice, in Indian, kneeling before the camp, morning and
evening--sometimes scrambling up in haste when he had forgotten this,
and saying them with great rapidity. In the course of the day he
remarked, "Poor man rememberum God more than rich."

We soon passed the island where I had camped four years before. The
deadwater, a mile or two below it, the Indian said was "a great place
for moose." We saw the grass bent where a moose came out the night
before, and the Indian said that he could smell one as far as he could
see him, but he added that if he should see five or six to-day close by
canoe he no shoot 'em. Accordingly, as he was the only one of the party
who had a gun, or had come a-hunting, the moose were safe.

Just below this a cat owl flew heavily over the stream, and he, asking
if I knew what it was, imitated very well the common _hoo, hoo, hoo,
hoorer, hoo_, of our woods.

We carried a part of the baggage about Pine Stream Falls, while the
Indian went down in the canoe. A Bangor merchant had told us that two
men in his employ were drowned some time ago while passing these falls
in a bateau, and a third clung to a rock all night and was taken off in
the morning. There were magnificent great purple fringed orchises on
this carry and the neighboring shores. I measured the largest canoe
birch which I saw in this journey near the end of the carry. It was
fourteen and one half feet in circumference at two feet from the ground,
but at five feet divided into three parts. The Indian cut a small woody
knob as big as a filbert from the trunk of a fir, apparently an old
balsam vesicle filled with wood, which he said was good medicine.

After we had embarked and gone half a mile, my companion remembered that
he had left his knife, and we paddled back to get it, against the strong
and swift current. This taught us the difference between going up and
down the stream, for while we were working our way back a quarter of a
mile, we should have gone down a mile and half at least. So we landed,
and while he and the Indian were gone back for it, I watched the motions
of the foam, a kind of white waterfowl near the shore, forty or fifty
rods below. It alternately appeared and disappeared behind the rock,
being carried round by an eddy.

Immediately below these falls was the Chesuncook Deadwater, caused by
the flowing back of the lake. As we paddled slowly over this, the Indian
told us a story of his hunting thereabouts, and something more
interesting about himself. It appeared that he had represented his tribe
at Augusta, and once at Washington. He had a great idea of education,
and would occasionally break out into such expressions as this,
"Kademy--good thing--I suppose they usum Fifth Reader there. You been
college?"

We steered across the northwest end of the lake. It is an agreeable
change to cross a lake after you have been shut up in the woods, not
only on account of the greater expanse of water, but also of sky. It is
one of the surprises which Nature has in store for the traveler in the
forest. To look down, in this case, over eighteen miles of water was
liberating and civilizing even. The lakes also reveal the mountains, and
give ample scope and range to our thought. Already there were half a
dozen log huts about this end of the lake, though so far from a road. In
these woods the earliest settlements are clustering about the lakes,
partly, I think, for the sake of the neighborhood as the oldest
clearings. Water is a pioneer which the settler follows, taking
advantage of its improvements.

About noon we turned northward up a broad kind of estuary, and at its
northeast corner found the Caucomgomoc River, and after going about a
mile from the lake reached the Umbazookskus. Our course was up the
Umbazookskus, but as the Indian knew of a good camping-place, that is, a
cool place where there were few mosquitoes, about half a mile farther up
the Caucomgomoc, we went thither. So quickly we changed the civilizing
sky of Chesuncook for the dark wood of the Caucomgomoc. On reaching the
Indian's camping-ground on the south side, where the bank was about a
dozen feet high, I read on the trunk of a fir tree blazed by an axe an
inscription in charcoal which had been left by him. It was surmounted by
a drawing of a bear paddling a canoe, which he said was the sign used by
his family always. The drawing, though rude, could not be mistaken for
anything but a bear, and he doubted my ability to copy it. The
inscription ran thus. I interline the English of his Indian as he gave
it to me.

      (The figure of a bear in a boat.)
                July 26
                 1853

               _niasoseb_
             We alone Joseph
               _Polis  elioi_
                Polis  start
               _sia  olta_
                for  Oldtown
               _onke  ni_
                right away
               _quambi_

                 July 15
                  1855
               _niasoseb_

He added now below:--

                  1857
                 July 26
                Jo. Polis

This was one of his homes. I saw where he had sometimes stretched his
moose-hides on the sunny north side of the river where there was a
narrow meadow.

After we had selected a place for our camp, and kindled our fire, almost
exactly on the site of the Indian's last camp here, he, looking up,
observed, "That tree danger."

It was a dead part, more than a foot in diameter, of a large canoe
birch, which branched at the ground. This branch, rising thirty feet or
more, slanted directly over the spot which we had chosen for our bed. I
told him to try it with his axe, but he could not shake it perceptibly,
and, therefore, seemed inclined to disregard it, and my companion
expressed his willingness to run the risk. But it seemed to me that we
should be fools to lie under it, for though the lower part was firm,
the top, for aught we knew, might be just ready to fall, and we should
at any rate be very uneasy if the wind arose in the night. It is a
common accident for men camping in the woods to be killed by a falling
tree. So the camp was moved to the other side of the fire.

The Indian said that the Umbazookskus, being a dead stream with broad
meadows, was a good place for moose, and he frequently came a-hunting
here, being out alone three weeks or more from Oldtown. He sometimes,
also, went a-hunting to the Seboois Lakes, taking the stage, with his
gun and ammunition, axe and blankets, hard-bread and pork, perhaps for a
hundred miles of the way, and jumped off at the wildest place on the
road, where he was at once at home, and every rod was a tavern-site for
him. Then, after a short journey through the woods, he would build a
spruce-bark canoe in one day, putting but few ribs into it, that it
might be light, and, after doing his hunting with it on the lakes,
would return with his furs the same way he had come. Thus you have an
Indian availing himself of the advantages of civilization, without
losing any of his woodcraft, but proving himself the more successful
hunter for it.

This man was very clever and quick to learn anything in his line. Our
tent was of a kind new to him, but when he had once seen it pitched it
was surprising how quickly he would find and prepare the pole and forked
stakes to pitch it with, cutting and placing them right the first time,
though I am sure that the majority of white men would have blundered
several times.

Now I thought I would observe how he spent his Sunday. While I and my
companion were looking about at the trees and river he went to sleep.
Indeed, he improved every opportunity to get a nap, whatever the day.

Rambling about the woods at this camp, I noticed that they consisted
chiefly of firs, spruce, red maple, birch, and, along the river, the
hoary alder. I could trace the outlines of large birches that had fallen
long ago, collapsed and rotted and turned to soil, by faint
yellowish-green lines of featherlike moss, eighteen inches wide and
twenty or thirty feet long, crossed by other similar lines.

Wild as it was, it was hard for me to get rid of the associations of the
settlements. Any steady and monotonous sound, to which I did not
distinctly attend, passed for a sound of human industry. The waterfalls
which I heard were not without their dams and mills to my imagination;
and several times I found that I had been regarding the steady rushing
sound of the wind from over the woods beyond the rivers as that of a
train of cars. Our minds anywhere, when left to themselves, are always
thus busily drawing conclusions from false premises.

I asked the Indian to make us a sugar-bowl of birch bark, which he did,
using the great knife which dangled in a sheath from his belt; but the
bark broke at the corners when he bent it up, and he said it was not
good--that there was a great difference in this respect between the bark
of one canoe birch and that of another.

My companion, wishing to distinguish between the black and white spruce,
asked Polis to show him a twig of the latter, which he did at once,
together with the black; indeed, he could distinguish them about as far
as he could see them. As the two twigs appeared very much alike, my
companion asked the Indian to point out the difference; whereupon the
latter, taking the twigs, instantly remarked, as he passed his hand over
them successively in a stroking manner, that the white was rough, that
is, the needles stood up nearly perpendicular, but the black smooth,
that is, as if bent down. This was an obvious difference, both to sight
and touch.

I asked him to get some black spruce root and make some thread.
Whereupon, without looking up at the trees overhead, he began to grub in
the ground, instantly distinguishing the black spruce roots, and cutting
off a slender one, three or four feet long, and as big as a pipestem, he
split the end with his knife, and taking a half between the thumb and
forefinger of each hand, rapidly separated its whole length into two
equal semi-cylindrical halves. Then, giving me another root, he said,
"You try."

But in my hands it immediately ran off one side, and I got only a very
short piece. Though it looked easy, I found that there was a great art
in splitting these roots. The split is skillfully humored by bending
short with this hand or that, and so kept in the middle. He then took
off the bark from each half, pressing a short piece of cedar bark
against the convex side with both hands, while he drew the root upward
with his teeth. An Indian's teeth are strong, and I noticed that he
used his often where we should have used a hand. They amounted to a
third hand. He thus obtained in a moment a very neat, tough, and
flexible string, which he could tie into a knot, or make into a fishline
even. He said that you would be obliged to give half a dollar for spruce
root enough for a canoe, thus prepared.

He had discovered the day before that his canoe leaked a little, and
said that it was owing to stepping into it violently. I asked him where
he would get pitch to mend it with, for they commonly use hard pitch,
obtained of the whites at Oldtown. He said that he could make something
very similar, and equally good, of material which we had with us; and he
wished me to guess what. But I could not, and he would not tell me,
though he showed me a ball of it when made, as big as a pea and like
black pitch, saying, at last, that there were some things which a man
did not tell even his wife.

Being curious to see what kind of fishes there were in this dark, deep,
sluggish river, I cast in my line just before night, and caught several
small sucker-like fishes, which the Indian at once rejected, saying that
they were good for nothing. Also, he would not touch a pout, which I
caught, and said that neither Indians nor whites thereabouts ever ate
them. But he said that some small silvery fishes, which I called white
chivin, were the best fish in the Penobscot waters, and if I would toss
them up the bank to him, he would cook them for me. After cleaning them,
not very carefully, leaving the heads on, he laid them on the coals and
so broiled them.

[Illustration: _Fishing_]

Returning from a short walk, he brought a vine in his hand, saying that
it made the best tea of anything in the woods. It was the creeping
snowberry, which was quite common there, its berries just grown. So we
determined to have some tea made of this. It had a slight
checkerberry flavor, and we both agreed that it was really better
than the black tea which we had brought. We thought it quite a
discovery, and that it might well be dried and sold in the shops. I for
one, however, am not an old tea-drinker and cannot speak with authority
to others. The Indian said that they also used for tea a certain herb
which grew in low ground, which he did not find there, and Labrador tea;
also hemlock leaves, the last especially in winter when the other plants
were covered with snow; and various other things. We could have had a
new kind of tea every night.

Just before night we saw a _musquash_, the only one we saw in this
voyage, swimming downward on the opposite side of the stream. The
Indian, wishing to get one to eat, hushed us, saying, "Stop, me call
'em"; and, sitting flat on the bank, he began to make a curious
squeaking, wiry sound with his lips, exerting himself considerably. I
was greatly surprised--thought that I had at last got into the
wilderness, and that he was a wild man indeed, to be talking to a
musquash! I did not know which of the two was the strangest to me. He
seemed suddenly to have quite forsaken humanity, and gone over to the
musquash side. The musquash, however, as near as I could see, did not
turn aside, and the Indian said that he saw our fire; but it was evident
that he was in the habit of calling the musquash to him, as he said. An
acquaintance of mine who was hunting moose in these woods a month after
this, tells me that his Indian in this way repeatedly called the
musquash within reach of his paddle in the moonlight, and struck at
them.

The Indian said a particularly long prayer this Sunday evening, as if to
atone for working in the morning.




V

MONDAY, JULY 27


Having rapidly loaded the canoe, which the Indian always carefully
attended to, that it might be well trimmed, and each having taken a
look, as usual, to see that nothing was left, we set out again,
descending the Caucomgomoc, and turning northeasterly up the
Umbazookskus. This name, the Indian said, meant _Much Meadow River_. We
found it now very wide on account of the rains. The space between the
woods, chiefly bare meadow, was from fifty to two hundred rods in
breadth.

In the water on the meadows grew sedges, wool-grass, the common blue
flag abundantly, its flower just showing itself above the high water, as
if it were a blue water-lily, and higher in the meadows a great many
clumps of a peculiar narrow-leaved willow. Here also grew the red
osier, its large fruit now whitish.

It was unusual for the woods to be so distant from the shore, and there
was quite an echo from them, but when I was shouting in order to awake
it, the Indian reminded me that I should scare the moose, which he was
looking out for, and which we all wanted to see.

Having paddled several miles up the Umbazookskus, it suddenly contracted
to a mere brook, narrow and swift, the larches and other trees
approaching the bank and leaving no open meadow. We landed to get a
black spruce pole for pushing against the stream. The one selected was
quite slender, cut about ten feet long, merely whittled to a point, and
the bark shaved off.

While we were thus employed, two Indians in a canoe hove in sight round
the bushes, coming down stream. Our Indian knew one of them, an old man,
and fell into conversation with him. He belonged at the foot of
Moosehead. The other was of another tribe. They were returning from
hunting. I asked the younger if they had seen any moose, to which he
said "No"; but I, seeing the moose-hides sticking out from a great
bundle made with their blankets in the middle of the canoe, added, "Only
their hides."

As he was a foreigner, he may have wished to deceive me, for it is
against the law for white men and foreigners to kill moose in Maine at
this season. But perhaps he need not have been alarmed, for the
moose-wardens are not very particular. I heard of one who, being asked
by a white man going into the woods what he would say if he killed a
moose, answered, "If you bring me a quarter of it I guess you won't be
troubled." His duty being, as he said, only to prevent the
"indiscriminate" slaughter of them for their hides. I suppose that he
would consider it an _indiscriminate_ slaughter when a quarter was not
reserved for himself.

We continued along through the most extensive larch wood which I had
seen--tall and slender trees with fantastic branches. You do not find
straggling trees of this species here and there throughout the wood, but
rather a little forest of them. The same is the case with the white and
red pines and some other trees, greatly to the convenience of the
lumberer. They are of a social habit, growing in "veins," "clumps,"
"groups," or "communities," as the explorers call them, distinguishing
them far away, from the top of a hill or a tree, the white pines
towering above the surrounding forest, or else they form extensive
forests by themselves. I should have liked to come across a large
community of pines which had never been invaded by the lumbering army.

[Illustration: _The Red Squirrel_]

We saw some fresh moose-tracks along the shore. The stream was only from
one and one half to three rods wide, quite winding, with occasional
small islands, meadows, and some very swift and shallow places. When
we came to an island the Indian never hesitated which side to take, as
if the current told him which was the shortest and deepest. It was lucky
for us that the water was so high. We had to walk but once on this
stream, carrying a part of the load, at a swift and shallow reach, while
he got up with the canoe, not being obliged to take out, though he said
it was very strong water. Once or twice we passed the red wreck of a
bateau which had been stove some spring.

While making this portage I saw many splendid specimens of the great
purple fringed orchis, three feet high. It is remarkable that such
delicate flowers should here adorn these wilderness paths.

The Umbazookskus is called ten miles long. Having poled up the narrowest
part some three or four miles, the next opening in the sky was over
Umbazookskus Lake, which we suddenly entered about eleven o'clock in the
forenoon. It stretches north-westerly four or five miles. We crossed
the southeast end to the carry into Mud Pond.

Hodge, who went through this way to the St. Lawrence in the service of
the State, calls the portage here a mile and three quarters long. The
Indian said this was the wettest carry in the State, and as the season
was a very wet one we anticipated an unpleasant walk. As usual he made
one large bundle of the pork-keg, cooking-utensils, and other loose
traps, by tying them up in his blanket. We should be obliged to go over
the carry twice, and our method was to carry one half part way, and then
go back for the rest.

Our path ran close by the door of a log hut in a clearing at this end of
the carry, which the Indian, who alone entered it, found to be occupied
by a Canadian and his family, and that the man had been blind for a
year. This was the first house above Chesuncook, and was built here, no
doubt, because it was the route of the lumberers in the winter and
spring.

After a slight ascent from the lake through the springy soil of the
Canadian's clearing, we entered on a level and very wet and rocky path
through the dense evergreen forest, a loosely paved gutter merely, where
we went leaping from rock to rock and from side to side in the vain
attempt to keep out of the water and mud. It was on this carry that the
white hunter whom I met in the stage, as he told me, had shot two bears
a few months before. They stood directly in the path and did not turn
out for him. He said that at this season bears were found on the
mountains and hillsides in search of berries and were apt to be saucy.

Here commences what was called, twenty years ago, the best timber land
in the State. This very spot was described as "covered with the greatest
abundance of pine," but now this appeared to me, comparatively, an
uncommon tree there--and yet you did not see where any more could have
stood, amid the dense growth of cedar, fir, etc.

The Indian with his canoe soon disappeared before us, but ere long he
came back and told us to take a path which turned off westward, it being
better walking, and, at my suggestion, he agreed to leave a bough in the
regular carry at that place that we might not pass it by mistake.
Thereafter, he said, we were to keep the main path, and he added, "You
see 'em my tracks."

But I had not much faith that we could distinguish his tracks, since
others had passed over the carry within a few days. We turned off at the
right place, but were soon confused by numerous logging-paths coming
into the one we were on. However, we kept what we considered the main
path, though it was a winding one, and in this, at long intervals, we
distinguished a faint trace of a footstep. This, though comparatively
unworn, was at first a better, or, at least, a dryer road than the
regular carry which we had left. It led through an arbor-vitae wilderness
of the grimmest character. The great fallen and rotting trees had been
cut through and rolled aside, and their huge trunks abutted on the path
on each side, while others still lay across it two or three feet high.

It was impossible for us to discern the Indian's trail in the elastic
moss, which, like a thick carpet, covered every rock and fallen tree, as
well as the earth. Nevertheless, I did occasionally detect the track of
a man, and I gave myself some credit for it. I carried my whole load at
once, a heavy knapsack, and a large rubber bag containing our bread and
a blanket, swung on a paddle, in all about sixty pounds; but my
companion preferred to make two journeys by short stages while I waited
for him. We could not be sure that we were not depositing our loads each
time farther off from the true path.

As I sat waiting for my companion, he would seem to be gone a long time,
and I had ample opportunity to make observations on the forest. I now
first began to be seriously molested by the black fly, a very small but
perfectly formed fly of that color, about one tenth of an inch long,
which I felt, and then saw, in swarms about me, as I sat by a wider and
more than usually doubtful fork in this dark forest path. Remembering
that I had a wash in my knapsack, prepared by a thoughtful hand in
Bangor, I made haste to apply it to my face and hands, and was glad to
find it effectual, as long as it was fresh, or for twenty minutes, not
only against black flies, but all the insects that molested us. They
would not alight on the part thus defended. It was composed of sweet oil
and oil of turpentine, with a little oil of spearmint, and camphor.
However, I finally concluded that the remedy was worse than the disease,
it was so disagreeable and inconvenient to have your face and hands
covered with such a mixture.

Three large slate- birds of the jay genus, the Canada jay, came
flitting silently and by degrees toward me, and hopped down the limbs
inquisitively to within seven or eight feet. Fish hawks from the lake
uttered their sharp whistling notes low over the top of the forest near
me, as if they were anxious about a nest there.

After I had sat there some time I noticed at this fork in the path a
tree which had been blazed, and the letters "Chamb. L." written on it
with red chalk. This I knew to mean Chamberlain Lake. So I concluded
that on the whole we were on the right course.

My companion having returned with his bag, we set forward again. The
walking rapidly grew worse and the path more indistinct, and at length
we found ourselves in a more open and regular swamp made less passable
than ordinary by the unusual wetness of the season. We sank a foot deep
in water and mud at every step, and sometimes up to our knees. The trail
was almost obliterated, being no more than a musquash leaves in similar
places when he parts the floating sedge. In fact, it probably was a
musquash trail in some places. We concluded that if Mud Pond was as
muddy as the approach to it was wet, it certainly deserved its name. It
would have been amusing to behold the dogged and deliberate pace at
which we entered that swamp, without interchanging a word, as if
determined to go through it, though it should come up to our necks.
Having penetrated a considerable distance into this and found a tussock
on which we could deposit our loads, though there was no place to sit,
my companion went back for the rest of his pack.

After a long while my companion came back, and the Indian with him. We
had taken the wrong road, and the Indian had lost us. He had gone back
to the Canadian's camp and asked him which way we had probably gone,
since he could better understand the ways of white men, and he told him
correctly that we had undoubtedly taken the supply road to Chamberlain
Lake. The Indian was greatly surprised that we should have taken what he
called a "tow," that is, tote, toting, or supply, road instead of a
carry path,--that we had not followed his tracks,--said it was
"strange," and evidently thought little of our woodcraft.

Having held a consultation and eaten a mouthful of bread, we concluded
that it would perhaps be nearer for us two now to keep on to Chamberlain
Lake, omitting Mud Pond, than to go back and start anew for the last
place, though the Indian had never been through this way and knew
nothing about it. In the meanwhile he would go back and finish carrying
over his canoe and bundle to Mud Pond, cross that, and go down its
outlet and up Chamberlain Lake, and trust to meet us there before night.
It was now a little after noon. He supposed that the water in which we
stood had flowed back from Mud Pond, which could not be far off
eastward, but was unapproachable through the dense cedar swamp.

Keeping on, we were ere long agreeably disappointed by reaching firmer
ground, and we crossed a ridge where the path was more distinct, but
there was never any outlook over the forest. At one place I heard a very
clear and piercing note from a small hawk as he dashed through the
tree-tops over my head. We also saw and heard several times the red
squirrel. This, according to the Indian, is the only squirrel found in
those woods, except a very few striped ones. It must have a solitary
time in that dark evergreen forest, where there is so little life,
seventy-five miles from a road as we had come. I wondered how he could
call any particular tree there his home, and yet he would run up the
stem of one out of the myriads, as if it were an old road to him. I
fancied that he must be glad to see us, though he did seem to chide us.
One of those somber fir and spruce woods is not complete unless you
hear from out its cavernous mossy and twiggy recesses his fine
alarum--his spruce voice, like the working of the sap through some crack
in a tree. Such an impertinent fellow would occasionally try to alarm
the wood about me.

"Oh," said I, "I am well acquainted with your family. I know your
cousins in Concord very well." But my overtures were vain, for he would
withdraw by his aerial turnpikes into a more distant cedar-top, and
spring his rattle again.

We entered another swamp, at a necessarily slow pace, where the walking
was worse than ever, not only on account of the water, but the fallen
timber, which often obliterated the indistinct trail entirely. The
fallen trees were so numerous that for long distances the route was
through a succession of small yards, where we climbed over fences as
high as our heads, down into water often up to our knees, and then over
another fence into a second yard, and so on. In many places the canoe
would have run if it had not been for the fallen timber. Again it would
be more open, but equally wet, too wet for trees to grow. It was a mossy
swamp, which it required the long legs of a moose to traverse, and it is
very likely that we scared some of them in our transit, though we saw
none. It was ready to echo the growl of a bear, the howl of a wolf, or
the scream of a panther; but when you get fairly into the middle of one
of these grim forests you are surprised to find that the larger
inhabitants are not at home commonly, but have left only a puny red
squirrel to bark at you. Generally speaking, a howling wilderness does
not howl; it is the imagination of the traveler that does the howling. I
did, however, see one dead porcupine. Perhaps he had succumbed to the
difficulties of the way. These bristly fellows are a very suitable small
fruit of such unkempt wildernesses.

Making a logging-road in the Maine woods is called "swamping" it, and
they who do the work are called "swampers." I now perceived the fitness
of the term. This was the most perfectly swamped of all the roads I ever
saw. Nature must have cooperated with art here. However, I suppose they
would tell you that this name took its origin from the fact that the
chief work of roadmakers in those woods is to make the swamps passable.
We came to a stream where the bridge, which had been made of logs tied
together with cedar bark, had been broken up, and we got over as we
could. Such as it was, this ruined bridge was the chief evidence that we
were on a path of any kind.

We then crossed another low rising ground, and I, who wore shoes, had an
opportunity to wring out my stockings, but my companion, who used boots,
had found that this was not a safe experiment for him, for he might not
be able to get his wet boots on again. He went over the whole ground, or
water, three times, for which reason our progress was very slow. Beside
that, the water softened our feet, and to some extent unfitted them for
walking.

As I sat waiting for him it would naturally seem an unaccountable time
that he was gone. Therefore, as I could see through the woods that the
sun was getting low, and it was uncertain how far the lake might be,
even if we were on the right course, and in what part of the world we
should find ourselves at nightfall, I proposed that I should push
through with what speed I could, leaving boughs to mark my path, and
find the lake and the Indian, if possible, before night, and send the
latter back to carry my companion's bag.

Having gone about a mile I heard a noise like the note of an owl, which
I soon discovered to be made by the Indian, and answering him, we soon
came together. He had reached the lake after crossing Mud Pond and
running some rapids below it, and had come up about a mile and a half
on our path. If he had not come back to meet us, we probably should not
have found him that night, for the path branched once or twice before
reaching this particular part of the lake. So he went back for my
companion and his bag. Having waded through another stream, where the
bridge of logs had been broken up and half floated away, we continued on
through alternate mud and water to the shores of Apmoojenegamook Lake,
which we reached in season for a late supper, instead of dining there,
as we had expected, having gone without our dinner.

It was at least five miles by the way we had come, and as my companion
had gone over most of it three times he had walked full a dozen miles.
In the winter, when the water is frozen and the snow is four feet deep,
it is no doubt a tolerable path to a footman. If you want an exact
recipe for making such a road, take one part Mud Pond, and dilute it
with equal parts of Umbazookskus and Apmoojenegamook; then send a
family of musquash through to locate it, look after the grades and
culverts, and finish it to their minds, and let a hurricane follow to do
the fencing.

We had come out on a point extending into Apmoojenegamook, or
Chamberlain Lake, where there was a broad, gravelly, and rocky shore,
encumbered with bleached logs and trees. We were rejoiced to see such
dry things in that part of the world. But at first we did not attend to
dryness so much as to mud and wetness. We all three walked into the lake
up to our middle to wash our clothes.

This was another noble lake, twelve miles long; if you add Telos Lake,
which, since the dam was built, has been connected with it by dead
water, it will be twenty; and it is apparently from a mile and a half to
two miles wide. We were about midway its length on the south side. We
could see the only clearing in these parts, called the "Chamberlain
Farm," with two or three log buildings close together, on the opposite
shore, some two and a half miles distant. The smoke of our fire on the
shore brought over two men in a canoe from the farm, that being a common
signal agreed on when one wishes to cross. It took them about half an
hour to come over, and they had their labor for their pains this time.

After putting on such dry clothes as we had, and hanging the others to
dry on the pole which the Indian arranged over the fire, we ate our
supper, and lay down on the pebbly shore with our feet to the fire
without pitching our tent, making a thin bed of grass to cover the
stones.

Here first I was molested by the little midge called the no-see-em,
especially over the sand at the water's edge, for it is a kind of
sand-fly. You would not observe them but for their light- wings.
They are said to get under your clothes and produce a feverish heat,
which I suppose was what I felt that night.

Our insect foes in this excursion were, first, mosquitoes, only
troublesome at night, or when we sat still on shore by day; second,
black flies (_simulium molestum_), which molested us more or less on the
carries by day, and sometimes in narrower parts of the stream; third,
moose-flies, stout brown flies much like a horsefly. They can bite
smartly, according to Polis, but are easily avoided or killed. Fourth,
the no-see-ems. Of all these, the mosquitoes are the only ones that
troubled me seriously, but as I was provided with a wash and a veil,
they have not made any deep impression.

The Indian would not use our wash to protect his face and hands, for
fear that it would hurt his skin, nor had he any veil. He, therefore,
suffered from insects throughout this journey more than either of us. He
regularly tied up his face in his handkerchief, and buried it in his
blanket, and he now finally lay down on the sand between us and the fire
for the sake of the smoke, which he tried to make enter his blanket
about his face, and for the same purpose he lit his pipe and breathed
the smoke into his blanket.

In the middle of the night we heard the voice of the loon, loud and
distinct, from far over the lake. It is a very wild sound, quite in
keeping with the place and the circumstances of the traveler, and very
unlike the voice of a bird. I could lie awake for hours listening to it,
it is so thrilling. When camping in such a wilderness as this, you are
prepared to hear sounds from some of its inhabitants which will give
voice to its wildness. Some idea of bears, wolves, or panthers runs in
your head naturally, and when this note is first heard very far off at
midnight, as you lie with your ear to the ground,--the forest being
perfectly still about you, you take it for granted that it is the voice
of a wolf or some other wild beast,--you conclude that it is a pack of
wolves baying the moon, or, perchance, cantering after a moose. It was
the unfailing and characteristic sound of those lakes.

Some friends of mine, who two years ago went up the Caucomgomoc River,
were serenaded by wolves while moose-hunting by moonlight. It was a
sudden burst, as if a hundred demons had broke loose,--a startling sound
enough, which, if any, would make your hair stand on end,--and all was
still again. It lasted but a moment, and you'd have thought there were
twenty of them, when probably there were only two or three. They heard
it twice only, and they said that it gave expression to the wilderness
which it lacked before. I heard of some men, who, while skinning a moose
lately in those woods, were driven off from the carcass by a pack of
wolves, which ate it up.

This of the loon--I do not mean its laugh, but its looning--is a
long-drawn call, as it were, sometimes singularly human to my
ear--_hoo-hoo-ooooo_, like the hallooing of a man on a very high key,
having thrown his voice into his head. I have heard a sound exactly like
it when breathing heavily through my own nostrils, half awake at ten at
night, suggesting my affinity to the loon; as if its language were but a
dialect of my own, after all. Formerly, when lying awake at midnight in
those woods, I had listened to hear some words or syllables of their
language, but it chanced that I listened in vain until I heard the cry
of the loon. I have heard it occasionally on the ponds of my native
town, but there its wildness is not enhanced by the surrounding scenery.

I was awakened at midnight by some heavy, low-flying bird, probably a
loon, flapping by close over my head along the shore. So, turning the
other side of my half-clad body to the fire, I sought slumber again.




VI

TUESDAY, JULY 28


When we awoke we found a heavy dew on our blankets. I lay awake very
early and listened to the clear, shrill _ah, te te, te te, te_ of the
white-throated sparrow, repeated at short intervals, without the least
variation, for half an hour, as if it could not enough express its
happiness.

We did some more washing in the lake this morning, and, with our clothes
hung about on the dead trees and rocks, the shore looked like
washing-day at home. The Indian, taking the hint, borrowed the soap,
and, walking into the lake, washed his only cotton shirt on his person,
then put on his pants and let it dry on him.

I observed that he wore a cotton shirt, originally white, a greenish
flannel one over it, but no waistcoat, flannel drawers, and strong
linen or duck pants, which also had been white, blue woolen stockings,
cowhide boots, and a Kossuth hat.[3] He carried no change of clothing,
but, putting on a stout, thick jacket, which he laid aside in the canoe,
and seizing a full-sized axe, his gun and ammunition, and a blanket,
which would do for a sail or knapsack, if wanted, and strapping on his
belt, which contained a large sheath-knife, he walked off at once, ready
to be gone all summer. This looked very independent--a few simple and
effective tools, and no rubber clothing. He was always the first ready
to start in the morning. Instead of carrying a large bundle of his own
extra clothing, etc., he brought back the greatcoats of moose tied up in
his blanket. I found that his outfit was the result of a long
experience, and in the main hardly to be improved on, unless by washing
and an extra shirt. Wanting a button here, he walked off to a place
where some Indians had recently encamped, and searched for one, but I
believe in vain.

Having softened our stiffened boots and shoes with the pork fat, the
usual disposition of what was left at breakfast, we crossed the lake,
steering in a diagonal direction northeastly about four miles to the
outlet. The Indian name, Apmoojenegamook, means lake that is crossed,
because the usual course lies across and not along it. We did not intend
to go far down the Allegash, but merely to get a view of the lakes which
are its source, and then return this way to the East Branch of the
Penobscot.

After reaching the middle of the lake, we found the waves pretty high,
and the Indian warned my companion, who was nodding, that he must not
allow himself to fall asleep in the canoe lest he should upset us;
adding, that when Indians want to sleep in a canoe, they lie down
straight on the bottom. But in this crowded one that was impossible.
However, he said that he would nudge him if he saw him nodding.

A belt of dead trees stood all around the lake, some far out in the
water, with others prostrate behind them, and they made the shore, for
the most part, almost inaccessible. This is the effect of the dam at the
outlet. Thus the natural sandy or rocky shore, with its green fringe,
was concealed and destroyed. We coasted westward along the north side,
searching for the outlet, about quarter of a mile distant from this
savage-looking shore, on which the waves were breaking violently,
knowing that it might easily be concealed amid this rubbish, or by the
overlapping of the shore. It is remarkable how little these important
gates to a lake are blazoned. There is no triumphal arch over the modest
inlet or outlet, but at some undistinguished point it trickles in or out
through the uninterrupted forest, almost as through a sponge.

We reached the outlet in about an hour, and carried over the dam there,
which is quite a solid structure, and about one quarter of a mile
farther there was a second dam. The result of this particular damming
about Chamberlain Lake is that the headwaters of the St. John are made
to flow by Bangor. They have thus dammed all the larger lakes, raising
their broad surfaces many feet, thus turning the forces of Nature
against herself, that they might float their spoils out of the country.
They rapidly run out of these immense forests all the finer and more
accessible pine timber, and then leave the bears to watch the decaying
dams, not clearing nor cultivating the land, nor making roads, nor
building houses, but leaving it a wilderness, as they found it. In many
parts only these dams remain, like deserted beaver dams. Think how much
land they have flowed without asking Nature's leave.

The wilderness experiences a sudden rise of all her streams and lakes.
She feels ten thousand vermin gnawing at the base of her noblest trees.
Many combining drag them off, jarring over the roots of the survivors,
and tumble them into the nearest stream, till, the fairest having
fallen, they scamper off to ransack some new wilderness, and all is
still again. It is as when a migrating army of mice girdles a forest of
pines. The chopper fells trees from the same motive that the mouse gnaws
them--to get his living. You tell me that he has a more interesting
family than the mouse. That is as it happens. He speaks of a "berth" of
timber, a good place for him to get into, just as a worm might.

When the chopper would praise a pine he will commonly tell you that the
one he cut was so big that a yoke of oxen stood on its stump; as if that
were what the pine had grown for, to become the footstool of oxen. In my
mind's eye I can see these unwieldy tame deer, with a yoke binding them
together, the brazen-tipped horns betraying their servitude, taking
their stand on the stump of each giant pine in succession throughout
this whole forest, and chewing their cud there, until it is nothing but
an ox-pasture, and run out at that. As if it were good for the oxen, and
some medicinal quality ascended into their nostrils. Or is their
elevated position intended merely as a symbol of the fact that the
pastoral comes next in order to the sylvan or hunter life?

The character of the logger's admiration is betrayed by his very mode of
expressing it. If he told all that was in his mind, he would say, "It
was so big that I cut it down, and then a yoke of oxen could stand on
its stump." He admires the log, the carcass or corpse, more than the
tree. Why, my dear sir, the tree might have stood on its own stump, and
a great deal more comfortably and firmly than a yoke of oxen can, if you
had not cut it down.

The Anglo-American can indeed cut down and grub up all this waving
forest, and make a stump speech on its ruins, but he cannot converse
with the spirit of the tree he fells, he cannot read the poetry and
mythology which retire as he advances. He ignorantly erases mythological
tablets in order to print his handbills and town-meeting warrants on
them. Before he has learned his a b c in the beautiful but mystic lore
of the wilderness he cuts it down, puts up a "deestrict" schoolhouse,
and introduces Webster's spelling-book.

Below the last dam, the river being swift and shallow, we two walked
about half a mile to lighten the canoe. I made it a rule to carry my
knapsack when I walked, and also to keep it tied to a crossbar when in
the canoe, that it might be found with the canoe if we should upset.

I heard the dog-day locust here, a sound which I had associated only
with more open, if not settled countries.

We were now fairly on the Allegash River. After perhaps two miles of
river we entered Heron Lake, scaring up forty or fifty young sheldrakes,
at the entrance, which ran over the water with great rapidity, as usual
in a long line.

This lake, judging from the map, is about ten miles long. We had entered
it on the southwest side, and saw a dark mountain northeast over the
lake which the Indian said was called Peaked Mountain, and used by
explorers to look for timber from. The shores were in the same ragged
and unsightly condition, encumbered with dead timber, both fallen and
standing, as in the last lake, owing to the dam on the Allegash below.
Some low points or islands were almost drowned.

I saw something white a mile off on the water, which turned out to be a
great gull on a rock, which the Indian would have been glad to kill and
eat. But it flew away long before we were near; and also a flock of
summer ducks that were about the rock with it. I asking him about
herons, since this was Heron Lake, he said that he found the blue
heron's nests in the hard-wood trees.

Rounding a point, we stood across a bay toward a large island three or
four miles down the lake. We met with shadflies midway, about a mile
from the shore, and they evidently fly over the whole lake. On Moosehead
I had seen a large devil's-needle half a mile from the shore, coming
from the middle of the lake, where it was three or four miles wide at
least. It had probably crossed.

We landed on the southeast side of the island, which was rather
elevated, and densely wooded, with a rocky shore, in season for an early
dinner. Somebody had camped there not long before and left the frame on
which they stretched a moose-hide. The Indian proceeded at once to cut a
canoe birch, slanted it up against another tree on the shore, tying it
with a withe, and lay down to sleep in its shade. We made this island
the limit of our excursion in this direction.

The next dam was about fifteen miles farther north down the Allegash. We
had been told in Bangor of a man who lived alone, a sort of hermit, at
that dam, to take care of it, who spent his time tossing a bullet from
one hand to the other, for want of employment. This sort of tit-for-tat
intercourse between his two hands, bandying to and fro a leaden subject,
seems to have been his symbol for society.

There was another island visible toward the north end of the lake, with
an elevated clearing on it; but we learned afterward that it was not
inhabited, had only been used as a pasture for cattle which summered in
these woods. This unnaturally smooth-shaven, squarish spot, in the midst
of the otherwise uninterrupted forest, only reminded us how uninhabited
the country was. You would sooner expect to meet a bear than an ox in
such a clearing. At any rate, it must have been a surprise to the bears
when they came across it. Such, seen far or near, you know at once to be
man's work, for Nature never does it. In order to let in the light to
the earth he clears off the forest on the hillsides and plains, and
sprinkles fine grass seed like an enchanter, and so carpets the earth
with a firm sward.

Polis had evidently more curiosity respecting the few settlers in those
woods than we. If nothing was said, he took it for granted that we
wanted to go straight to the next log hut. Having observed that we came
by the log huts at Chesuncook, and the blind Canadian's at the Mud Pond
carry, without stopping to communicate with the inhabitants, he took
occasion now to suggest that the usual way was, when you came near a
house, to go to it, and tell the inhabitants what you had seen or heard,
and then they told you what they had seen; but we laughed and said that
we had had enough of houses for the present, and had come here partly to
avoid them.

In the meanwhile, the wind, increasing, blew down the Indian's birch and
created such a sea that we found ourselves prisoners on the island, the
nearest shore being perhaps a mile distant, and we took the canoe out
to prevent its drifting away. We did not know but we should be compelled
to spend the rest of the day and the night there. At any rate, the
Indian went to sleep again, my companion busied himself drying his
plants, and I rambled along the shore westward, which was quite stony,
and obstructed with fallen bleached or drifted trees for four or five
rods in width.

Our Indian said that he was a doctor, and could tell me some medicinal
use for every plant I could show him. I immediately tried him. He said
that the inner bark of the aspen was good for sore eyes; and so with
various other plants, proving himself as good as his word. According to
his account, he had acquired such knowledge in his youth from a wise old
Indian with whom he associated, and he lamented that the present
generation of Indians "had lost a great deal."

He said that the caribou was a "very great runner," that there were none
about this lake now, though there used to be many, and, pointing to the
belt of dead trees caused by the dams, he added: "No likum stump. When
he sees that he scared."

Pointing southeasterly over the lake and distant forest, he observed,
"Me go Oldtown in three days."

I asked how he would get over the swamps and fallen trees. "Oh," said
he, "in winter all covered, go anywhere on snowshoes, right across
lakes."

What a wilderness walk for a man to take alone! None of your half-mile
swamps, none of your mile-wide woods merely, as on the skirts of our
towns, without hotels, only a dark mountain or a lake for guide-board
and station, over ground much of it impassable in summer!

Here was traveling of the old heroic kind over the unaltered face of
nature. From the Allegash River, across great Apmoojenegamook, he takes
his way under the bear-haunted <DW72>s of Katahdin to Pamadumcook and
Millinocket's inland seas, and so to the forks of the Nicketow, ever
pushing the boughs of the fir and spruce aside, with his load of furs,
contending day and night, night and day, with the shaggy demon
vegetation, traveling through the mossy graveyard of trees. Or he could
go by "that rough tooth of the sea" Kineo, great source of arrows and of
spears to the ancients, when weapons of stone were used. Seeing and
hearing moose, caribou, bears, porcupines, lynxes, wolves, and panthers.
Places where he might live and die and never hear of the United
States--never hear of America.

There is a lumberer's road called the Eagle Lake Road from the Seboois
to the east side of this lake. It may seem strange that any road through
such a wilderness should be passable, even in winter, but at that
season, wherever lumbering operations are actively carried on, teams are
continually passing on the single track, and it becomes as smooth almost
as a railway. I am told that in the Aroostook country the sleds are
required by law to be of one width, four feet, and sleighs must be
altered to fit the track, so that one runner may go in one rut and the
other follow the horse. Yet it is very bad turning out.

We had for some time seen a thunder-shower coming up from the west over
the woods of the island, and heard the muttering of the thunder, though
we were in doubt whether it would reach us; but now the darkness rapidly
increasing, and a fresh breeze rustling the forest, we hastily put up
the plants which we had been drying, and with one consent made a rush
for the tent material and set about pitching it. A place was selected
and stakes and pins cut in the shortest possible time, and we were
pinning it down lest it should be blown away, when the storm suddenly
burst over us.

As we lay huddled together under the tent, which leaked considerably
about the sides, with our baggage at our feet, we listened to some of
the grandest thunder which I ever heard--rapid peals, round and plump,
bang, bang, bang, in succession, like artillery from some fortress in
the sky; and the lightning was proportionally brilliant. The Indian
said, "It must be good powder." All for the benefit of the moose and us,
echoing far over the concealed lakes. I thought it must be a place which
the thunder loved, where the lightning practiced to keep its hand in,
and it would do no harm to shatter a few pines.

Looking out, I perceived that the violent shower falling on the lake had
almost instantaneously flattened the waves, and, it clearing off, we
resolved to start immediately, before the wind raised them again.

Getting outside, I said that I saw clouds still in the southwest, and
heard thunder there. We embarked, nevertheless, and paddled rapidly back
toward the dams.

At the outlet of Chamberlain Lake we were overtaken by another gusty
rainstorm, which compelled us to take shelter, the Indian under his
canoe on the bank, and we under the edge of the dam. However, we were
more scared than wet. From my covert I could see the Indian peeping out
from beneath his canoe to see what had become of the rain. When we had
taken our respective places thus once or twice, the rain not coming down
in earnest, we commenced rambling about the neighborhood, for the wind
had by this time raised such waves on the lake that we could not stir,
and we feared that we should be obliged to camp there. We got an early
supper on the dam and tried for fish, while waiting for the tumult to
subside. The fishes were not only few, but small and worthless.

At length, just before sunset, we set out again. It was a wild evening
when we coasted up the north side of this Apmoojenegamook Lake. One
thunder-storm was just over, and the waves which it had raised still
running with violence, and another storm was now seen coming up in the
southwest, far over the lake; but it might be worse in the morning, and
we wished to get as far as possible on our way while we might.

It blew hard against the shore, which was as dreary and harborless as
you can conceive. For half a dozen rods in width it was a perfect maze
of submerged trees, all dead and bare and bleaching, some standing half
their original height, others prostrate, and criss-across, above or
beneath the surface, and mingled with them were loose trees and limbs
and stumps, beating about. We could not have landed if we would, without
the greatest danger of being swamped; so blow as it might, we must
depend on coasting. It was twilight, too, and that stormy cloud was
advancing rapidly in our rear. It was a pleasant excitement, yet we were
glad to reach, at length, the cleared shore of the Chamberlain Farm.

We landed on a low and thinly wooded point, and while my companions
were pitching the tent, I ran up to the house to get some sugar, our
six pounds being gone. It was no wonder they were, for Polis had a sweet
tooth. He would first fill his dipper nearly a third full of sugar, and
then add the coffee to it. Here was a clearing extending back from the
lake to a hilltop, with some dark- log buildings and a storehouse
in it, and half a dozen men standing in front of the principal hut,
greedy for news. Among them was the man who tended the dam on the
Allegash and tossed the bullet. He, having charge of the dams, and
learning that we were going to Webster Stream the next day, told me that
some of their men, who were haying at Telos Lake, had shut the dam at
the canal there in order to catch trout, and if we wanted more water to
take us through the canal we might raise the gate.

They were unwilling to spare more than four pounds of brown
sugar,--unlocking the storehouse to get it,--since they only kept a
little for such cases as this, and they charged twenty cents a pound for
it, which certainly it was worth to get it up there.

When I returned to the shore it was quite dark, but we had a rousing
fire to warm and dry us by, and a snug apartment behind it. The Indian
went up to the house to inquire after a brother who had been absent
hunting a year or two, and while another shower was beginning, I groped
about cutting spruce and arbor-vitae twigs for a bed. I preferred the
arbor-vitae on account of its fragrance, and spread it particularly thick
about the shoulders. It is remarkable with what pure satisfaction the
traveler in those woods will reach his camping-ground on the eve of a
tempestuous night like this, as if he had got to his inn, and, rolling
himself in his blanket, stretch himself on his six-feet-by-two bed of
dripping fir twigs, with a thin sheet of cotton for roof, snug as a
meadow mouse in its nest. Invariably our best nights were those when it
rained, for then we were not troubled with mosquitoes.

You soon come to disregard rain on such excursions, at least in the
summer, it is so easy to dry yourself, supposing a dry change of
clothing is not to be had. You can much sooner dry you by such a fire as
you can make in the woods than in anybody's kitchen, the fireplace is so
much larger, and wood so much more abundant. A shed-shaped tent will
catch and reflect the heat, and you may be drying while you are
sleeping.

Some who have leaky roofs in the towns may have been kept awake, but we
were soon lulled asleep by a steady, soaking rain, which lasted all
night.

FOOTNOTES:

[3] A soft felt hat of the kind worn by the Hungarian patriot, Kossuth,
on his visit to this country in 1851-52.




VII

WEDNESDAY, JULY 29


When we awoke it had done raining, though it was still cloudy. The fire
was put out, and the Indian's boots, which stood under the eaves of the
tent, were half full of water. He was much more improvident in such
respects than either of us, and he had to thank us for keeping his
powder dry. We decided to cross the lake at once, before breakfast; and
before starting I took the bearing of the shore which we wished to
strike, about three miles distant, lest a sudden misty rain should
conceal it when we were midway.

Though the bay in which we were was perfectly quiet and smooth, we found
the lake already wide awake outside, but not dangerously or unpleasantly
so. Nevertheless, when you get out on one of those lakes in a canoe like
this, you do not forget that you are completely at the mercy of the
wind, and a fickle power it is. The playful waves may at any time become
too rude for you in their sport, and play right on over you. After much
steady paddling and dancing over the dark waves we found ourselves in
the neighborhood of the southern land. We breakfasted on a rocky point,
the first convenient place that offered.

It was well enough that we crossed thus early, for the waves now ran
quite high, but beyond this point we had comparatively smooth water. You
can commonly go along one side or the other of a lake, when you cannot
cross it.

My companion and I, having a discussion on some point of ancient
history, were amused by the attitude which the Indian, who could not
tell what we were talking about, assumed. He constituted himself umpire,
and, judging by our air and gesture, he very seriously remarked from
time to time, "You beat," or "He beat."

Leaving a spacious bay on our left, we entered through a short strait
into a small lake a couple of miles over, and thence into Telos Lake.
This curved round toward the northeast, and may have been three or four
miles long as we paddled.

The outlet from the lake into the East Branch of the Penobscot is an
artificial one, and it was not very apparent where it was exactly, but
the lake ran curving far up northeasterly into two narrow valleys or
ravines, as if it had for a long time been groping its way toward the
Penobscot waters. By observing where the horizon was lowest, and
following the longest of these, we at length reached the dam, having
come about a dozen miles from the last camp. Somebody had left a line
set for trout, and the jackknife with which the bait had been cut on the
dam beside it, and, on a log close by, a loaf of bread. These proved the
property of a solitary hunter, whom we soon met, and canoe and gun and
traps were not far off. He told us that it was twenty miles to the foot
of Grand Lake, and that the first house below the foot of the lake, on
the East Branch, was Hunt's, about forty-five miles farther.

This hunter, who was a quite small, sunburnt man, having already carried
his canoe over, had nothing so interesting and pressing to do as to
observe our transit. He had been out a month or more alone. How much
more respectable is the life of the solitary pioneer or settler in
these, or any woods--having real difficulties, not of his own creation,
drawing his subsistence directly from nature--than that of the helpless
multitudes in the towns who depend on gratifying the extremely
artificial wants of society and are thrown out of employment by hard
times!

Telos Lake, the head of the St. John on this side, and Webster Pond, the
head of the East Branch of the Penobscot, are only about a mile apart,
and they are connected by a ravine, in which but little digging was
required to make the water of the former, which is the highest, flow
into the latter. This canal is something less than a mile long and about
four rods wide. The rush of the water has produced such changes in the
canal that it has now the appearance of a very rapid mountain stream
flowing through a ravine, and you would not suspect that any digging had
been required to persuade the waters of the St. John to flow into the
Penobscot here. It was so winding that one could see but a little way
down.

It is wonderful how well watered this country is. As you paddle across a
lake, bays will be pointed out to you, by following up which, and
perhaps the tributary stream which empties in, you may, after a short
portage, or possibly, at some seasons, none at all, get into another
river, which empties far away from the one you are on. Generally, you
may go in any direction in a canoe, by making frequent but not very long
portages. It seems as if the more youthful and impressionable streams
can hardly resist the numerous invitations and temptations to leave
their native beds and run down their neighbors' channels.

Wherever there is a channel for water there is a road for the canoe. It
is said that some Western steamers can run on a heavy dew, whence we can
imagine what a canoe may do.

This canal, so called, was a considerable and extremely rapid and rocky
river. The Indian decided that there was water enough in it without
raising the dam, which would only make it more violent, and that he
would run down it alone, while we carried the greater part of the
baggage. Our provisions being about half consumed, there was the less
left in the canoe. We had thrown away the pork-keg and wrapped its
contents in birch bark.

Following a moist trail through the forest, we reached the head of
Webster Pond about the same time with the Indian, notwithstanding the
velocity with which he moved, our route being the most direct. The pond
was two or three miles long.

At the outlet was another dam, at which we stopped and picked
raspberries, while the Indian went down the stream a half-mile through
the forest, to see what he had got to contend with. There was a deserted
log camp here, apparently used the previous winter, with its "hovel" or
barn for cattle. In the hut was a large fir-twig bed, raised two feet
from the floor, occupying a large part of the single apartment, a long
narrow table against the wall, with a stout log bench before it, and
above the table a small window, the only one there was, which admitted a
feeble light. It was a simple and strong fort erected against the cold.

We got our dinner on the shore, on the upper side of the dam. As we were
sitting by our fire, concealed by the earth bank of the dam, a long
line of sheldrakes, half grown, came waddling over it from the water
below, passing within about a rod of us, so that we could almost have
caught them in our hands. They were very abundant on all the streams and
lakes which we visited, and every two or three hours they would rush
away in a long string over the water before us, twenty to fifty of them
at once, rarely ever flying, but running with great rapidity up or down
the stream, even in the midst of the most violent rapids, and apparently
as fast up as down.

An Indian at Oldtown had told us that we should be obliged to carry ten
miles between Telos Lake on the St. John and Second Lake on the East
Branch of the Penobscot; but the lumberers whom we met assured us that
there would not be more than a mile of carry. It turned out that the
Indian was nearest right, as far as we were concerned. However, if one
of us could have assisted the Indian in managing the canoe in the
rapids, we might have run the greater part of the way; but as he was
alone in the management of the canoe in such places we were obliged to
walk the greater part.

My companion and I carried a good part of the baggage on our shoulders,
while the Indian took that which would be least injured by wet in the
canoe. We did not know when we should see him again, for he had not been
this way since the canal was cut. He agreed to stop when he got to
smooth water, come up and find our path if he could, and halloo for us,
and after waiting a reasonable time go on and try again--and we were to
look out in like manner for him.

He commenced by running through the sluiceway and over the dam, as
usual, standing up in his tossing canoe, and was soon out of sight
behind a point in a wild gorge. This Webster Stream is well known to
lumbermen as a difficult one. It is exceedingly rapid and rocky, and
also shallow, and can hardly be considered navigable, unless that may
mean that what is launched in it is sure to be carried swiftly down it,
though it may be dashed to pieces by the way. It is somewhat like
navigating a thunder-spout. With commonly an irresistible force urging
you on, you have got to choose your own course each moment between the
rocks and shallows, and to get into it, moving forward always with the
utmost possible moderation, and often holding on, if you can, that you
may inspect the rapids before you.

By the Indian's direction we took an old path on the south side, which
appeared to keep down the stream. It was a wild wood-path, with a few
tracks of oxen which had been driven over it, probably to some old camp
clearing for pasturage, mingled with the tracks of moose which had
lately used it. We kept on steadily for about an hour without putting
down our packs, occasionally winding around or climbing over a fallen
tree, for the most part far out of sight and hearing of the river;
till, after walking about three miles, we were glad to find that the
path came to the river again at an old camp-ground, where there was a
small opening in the forest, at which we paused.

Swiftly as the shallow and rocky river ran here, a continuous rapid with
dancing waves, I saw, as I sat on the shore, a long string of
sheldrakes, which something scared, run up the opposite side of the
stream by me, just touching the surface of the waves, and getting an
impulse from them as they flowed from under them; but they soon came
back, driven by the Indian, who had fallen a little behind us on account
of the windings. He shot round a point just above, and came to land by
us with considerable water in his canoe. He had found it, as he said,
"very strong water," and had been obliged to land once before to empty
out what he had taken in.

[Illustration: _Coming Down the Rapids_]

He complained that it strained him to paddle so hard in order to keep
his canoe straight in its course, having no one in the bows to aid
him, and, shallow as it was, said that it would be no joke to upset
there, for the force of the water was such that he had as lief I would
strike him over the head with a paddle as have that water strike him.
Seeing him come out of that gap was as if you should pour water down an
inclined and zigzag trough, then drop a nutshell into it, and, taking a
short cut to the bottom, get there in time to see it come out,
notwithstanding the rush and tumult, right side up, and only partly full
of water.

After a moment's breathing-space, while I held his canoe, he was soon
out of sight again around another bend, and we, shouldering our packs,
resumed our course.

Before going a mile we heard the Indian calling to us. He had come up
through the woods and along the path to find us, having reached
sufficiently smooth water to warrant his taking us in. The shore was
about one fourth of a mile distant through a dense, dark forest, and as
he led us back to it, winding rapidly about to the right and left, I had
the curiosity to look down carefully and found that he was following his
steps backward. I could only occasionally perceive his trail in the
moss, and yet he did not appear to look down nor hesitate an instant,
but led us out exactly to his canoe. This surprised me, for without a
compass, or the sight or noise of the river to guide us, we could not
have kept our course many minutes, and could have retraced our steps but
a short distance, with a great deal of pains and very slowly, using a
laborious circumspection. But it was evident that he could go back
through the forest wherever he had been during the day.

After this rough walking in the dark woods it was an agreeable change to
glide down the rapid river in the canoe once more. This river, though
still very swift, was almost perfectly smooth here, and showed a very
visible declivity, a regularly inclined plane, for several miles, like
a mirror set a little aslant, on which we coasted down. It was very
exhilarating, and the perfection of traveling, the coasting down this
inclined mirror between two evergreen forests edged with lofty dead
white pines, sometimes slanted half-way over the stream. I saw some
monsters there, nearly destitute of branches, and scarcely diminishing
in diameter for eighty or ninety feet.

As we were thus swept along, our Indian repeated in a deliberate and
drawling tone the words, "Daniel Webster, great lawyer," apparently
reminded of him by the name of the stream, and he described his calling
on him once in Boston at what he supposed was his boarding-house. He had
no business with him but merely went to pay his respects, as we should
say. It was on the day after Webster delivered his Bunker Hill oration.
The first time he called he waited till he was tired without seeing him,
and then went away. The next time he saw him go by the door of the room
in which he was waiting several times, in his shirt-sleeves, without
noticing him. He thought that if he had come to see Indians they would
not have treated him so. At length, after very long delay, he came in,
walked toward him, and asked in a loud voice, gruffly, "What do you
want?" and he, thinking at first, by the motion of his hand, that he was
going to strike him, said to himself, "You'd better take care; if you
try that I shall know what to do."

He did not like him, and declared that all he said "was not worth talk
about a musquash."

Coming to falls and rapids, our easy progress was suddenly terminated.
The Indian went alongshore to inspect the water, while we climbed over
the rocks, picking berries. When the Indian came back, he remarked, "You
got to walk; ver' strong water."

So, taking out his canoe, he launched it again below the falls, and was
soon out of sight. At such times he would step into the canoe, take up
his paddle, and start off, looking far down-stream as if absorbing all
the intelligence of forest and stream into himself. We meanwhile
scrambled along the shore with our packs, without any path. This was the
last of _our_ boating for the day.

The Indian now got along much faster than we, and waited for us from
time to time. I found here the only cool spring that I drank at anywhere
on this excursion, a little water filling a hollow in the sandy bank. It
was a quite memorable event, and due to the elevation of the country,
for wherever else we had been the water in the rivers and the streams
emptying in was dead and warm, compared with that of a mountainous
region. It was very bad walking along the shore over fallen and drifted
trees and bushes, and rocks, from time to time swinging ourselves round
over the water, or else taking to a gravel bar or going inland. At one
place, the Indian being ahead, I was obliged to take off all my clothes
in order to ford a small but deep stream emptying in, while my
companion, who was inland, found a rude bridge, high up in the woods,
and I saw no more of him for some time. I saw there very fresh moose
tracks, and I passed one white pine log, lodged in the forest near the
edge of the stream, which was quite five feet in diameter at the butt.

Shortly after this I overtook the Indian at the edge of some burnt land,
which extended three or four miles at least, beginning about three miles
above Second Lake, which we were expecting to reach that night. This
burnt region was still more rocky than before, but, though comparatively
open, we could not yet see the lake. Not having seen my companion for
some time, I climbed with the Indian a high rock on the edge of the
river forming a narrow ridge only a foot or two wide at top, in order to
look for him. After calling many times I at length heard him answer
from a considerable distance inland, he having taken a trail which led
off from the river, and being now in search of the river again. Seeing a
much higher rock of the same character about one third of a mile farther
down-stream, I proceeded toward it through the burnt land, in order to
look for the lake from its summit, and hallooing all the while that my
companion might join me on the way.

Before we came together I noticed where a moose, which possibly I had
scared by my shouting, had apparently just run along a large rotten
trunk of a pine, which made a bridge thirty or forty feet long over a
hollow, as convenient for him as for me. The tracks were as large as
those of an ox, but an ox could not have crossed there. This burnt land
was an exceedingly wild and desolate region. Judging by the weeds and
sprouts, it appeared to have been burnt about two years before. It was
covered with charred trunks, either prostrate or standing, which
crocked our clothes and hands. Great shells of trees, sometimes unburnt
without, or burnt on one side only, but black within, stood twenty or
forty feet high. The fire had run up inside, as in a chimney, leaving
the sapwood. There were great fields of fireweed, which presented masses
of pink. Intermixed with these were blueberry and raspberry bushes.

Having crossed a second rocky ridge, when I was beginning to ascend the
third, the Indian, whom I had left on the shore, beckoned to me to come
to him, but I made sign that I would first ascend the rock before me. My
companion accompanied me to the top.

There was a remarkable series of these great rock-waves revealed by the
burning; breakers, as it were. No wonder that the river that found its
way through them was rapid and obstructed by falls. We could see the
lake over the woods, and that the river made an abrupt turn southward
around the end of the cliff on which we stood, and that there was an
important fall in it a short distance below us. I could see the canoe a
hundred rods behind, but now on the opposite shore, and supposed that
the Indian had concluded to take out and carry round some bad rapids on
that side, but after waiting a while I could still see nothing of him,
and I began to suspect that he had gone inland to look for the lake from
some hilltop on that side. This proved to be the case, for after I had
started to return to the canoe I heard a faint halloo, and descried him
on the top of a distant rocky hill. I began to return along the ridge
toward the angle in the river. My companion inquired where I was going;
to which I answered that I was going far enough back to communicate with
the Indian.

When we reached the shore the Indian appeared from out the woods on the
opposite side, but on account of the roar of the water it was difficult
to communicate with him. He kept along the shore westward to his canoe,
while we stopped at the angle where the stream turned southward around
the precipice. I said to my companion that we would keep along the shore
and keep the Indian in sight. We started to do so, being close together,
the Indian behind us having launched his canoe again, but I saw the
latter beckoning to me, and I called to my companion, who had just
disappeared behind large rocks at the point of the precipice on his way
down the stream, that I was going to help the Indian.

I did so--helped get the canoe over a fall, lying with my breast over a
rock, and holding one end while he received it below--and within ten or
fifteen minutes I was back at the point where the river turned
southward, while Polis glided down the river alone, parallel with me.
But to my surprise, when I rounded the precipice, though the shore was
bare of trees, without rocks, for a quarter of a mile at least, my
companion was not to be seen. It was as if he had sunk into the earth.
This was the more unaccountable to me, because I knew that his feet were
very sore, and that he wished to keep with the party.

I hastened along, hallooing and searching for him, thinking he might be
concealed behind a rock, but the Indian had got along faster in his
canoe, till he was arrested by the falls, about a quarter of a mile
below. He then landed, and said that we could go no farther that night.
The sun was setting, and on account of falls and rapids we should be
obliged to leave this river and carry a good way into another farther
east. The first thing then was to find my companion, for I was now very
much alarmed about him, and I sent the Indian along the shore
down-stream, which began to be covered with unburnt wood again just
below the falls, while I searched backward about the precipice which we
had passed.

The Indian showed some unwillingness to exert himself, complaining that
he was very tired in consequence of his day's work, that it had strained
him getting down so many rapids alone; but he went off calling somewhat
like an owl. I remembered that my companion was nearsighted, and I
feared that he had either fallen from the precipice, or fainted and sunk
down amid the rocks beneath it. I shouted and searched above and below
this precipice in the twilight till I could not see, expecting nothing
less than to find his body beneath it. For half an hour I anticipated
and believed only the worst. I thought what I should do the next day if
I did not find him, and how his relatives would feel if I should return
without him. I felt that if he were really lost away from the river
there, it would be a desperate undertaking to find him; and where were
they who could help you? What would it be to raise the country, where
there were only two or three camps, twenty or thirty miles apart, and
no road, and perhaps nobody at home?

I rushed down from this precipice to the canoe in order to fire the
Indian's gun, but found that my companion had the caps. When the Indian
returned he said that he had seen his tracks once or twice along the
shore. This encouraged me very much. He objected to firing the gun,
saying that if my companion heard it, which was not likely, on account
of the roar of the stream, it would tempt him to come toward us, and he
might break his neck in the dark. For the same reason we refrained from
lighting a fire on the highest rock. I proposed that we should both keep
down the stream to the lake, or that I should go at any rate, but the
Indian said: "No use, can't do anything in the dark. Come morning, then
we find 'em. No harm--he make 'em camp. No bad animals here--warm
night--he well off as you and I."

The darkness in the woods was by this so thick that it decided the
question. We must camp where we were. I knew that he had his knapsack,
with blankets and matches, and, if well, would fare no worse than we,
except that he would have no supper nor society.

This side of the river being so encumbered with rocks, we crossed to the
eastern or smoother shore, and proceeded to camp there, within two or
three rods of the falls. We pitched no tent, but lay on the sand,
putting a few handfuls of grass and twigs under us, there being no
evergreen at hand. For fuel we had some of the charred stumps. Our
various bags of provisions had got quite wet in the rapids, and I
arranged them about the fire to dry. The fall close by was the principal
one on this stream, and it shook the earth under us. It was a cool, dewy
night. I lay awake a good deal from anxiety. From time to time I fancied
that I heard his voice calling through the roar of the falls from the
opposite side of the river; but it is doubtful if we could have heard
him across the stream there. Sometimes I doubted whether the Indian had
really seen his tracks, since he manifested an unwillingness to make
much of a search.

It was the most wild and desolate region we had camped in, where, if
anywhere, one might expect to meet with befitting inhabitants, but I
heard only the squeak of a nighthawk flitting over. The moon in her
first quarter, in the fore part of the night, setting over the bare
rocky hills garnished with tall, charred, and hollow stumps or shells of
trees, served to reveal the desolation.




VIII

THURSDAY, JULY 30


I aroused the Indian early to go in search of our companion, expecting
to find him within a mile or two, farther down the stream. The Indian
wanted his breakfast first, but I reminded him that my companion had had
neither breakfast nor supper. We were obliged first to carry our canoe
and baggage over into another stream, the main East Branch, about three
fourths of a mile distant, for Webster Stream was no farther navigable.
We went twice over this carry, and the dewy bushes wet us through like
water up to the middle. I hallooed from time to time, though I had
little expectation that I could be heard over the roar of the rapids.

In going over this portage the last time, the Indian, who was before me
with the canoe on his head, stumbled and fell heavily once, and lay for
a moment silent as if in pain. I hastily stepped forward to help him,
asking if he was much hurt, but after a moment's pause, without
replying, he sprang up and went forward.

We had launched our canoe and gone but little way down the East Branch,
when I heard an answering shout from my companion, and soon after saw
him standing on a point where there was a clearing a quarter of a mile
below, and the smoke of his fire was rising near by. Before I saw him I
naturally shouted again and again, but the Indian curtly remarked, "He
hears you," as if once was enough.

It was just below the mouth of Webster Stream. When we arrived he was
smoking his pipe, and said that he had passed a pretty comfortable
night, though it was rather cold, on account of the dew. It appeared
that when we stood together the previous evening, and I was shouting to
the Indian across the river, he, being nearsighted, had not seen the
Indian nor his canoe, and when I went back to the Indian's assistance,
did not see which way I went, and supposed that we were below and not
above him, and so, making haste to catch up, he ran away from us. Having
reached this clearing, a mile or more below our camp, the night overtook
him, and he made a fire in a little hollow, and lay down by it in his
blanket, still thinking that we were ahead of him.

He had stuck up the remnant of a lumberer's shirt, found on the point,
on a pole by the waterside for a signal, and attached a note to it to
inform us that he had gone on to the lake, and that if he did not find
us there he would be back in a couple of hours. If he had not found us
soon he had some thoughts of going back in search of the solitary hunter
whom we had met at Telos Lake, ten miles behind, and, if successful,
hire him to take him to Bangor. But if this hunter had moved as fast as
we, he would have been twenty miles off by this time, and who could
guess in what direction? It would have been like looking for a needle in
a haymow to search for him in these woods. He had been considering how
long he could live on berries alone.

We all had good appetites for the breakfast which we made haste to cook
here, and then, having partially dried our clothes, we glided swiftly
down the winding stream toward Second Lake.

As the shores became flatter with frequent sandbars, and the stream more
winding in the lower land near the lake, elms and ash trees made their
appearance; also the wild yellow lily, some of whose bulbs I collected
for a soup. On some ridges the burnt land extended as far as the lake.
This was a very beautiful lake, two or three miles long, with high
mountains on the southwest side. The morning was a bright one, and
perfectly still, the lake as smooth as glass, we making the only ripple
as we paddled into it. The dark mountains about it were seen through a
glaucous mist, and the white stems of canoe birches mingled with the
other woods around it. The thrush sang on the distant shore, and the
laugh of some loons, sporting in a concealed western bay, as if inspired
by the morning, came distinct over the lake to us. The beauty of the
scene may have been enhanced to our eyes by the fact that we had just
come together after a night of some anxiety.

Having paddled down three quarters of the lake, we came to a standstill
while my companion let down for fish. In the midst of our dreams of
giant lake trout, even then supposed to be nibbling, our fisherman drew
up a diminutive red perch, and we took up our paddles.

It was not apparent where the outlet of the lake was, and while the
Indian thought it was in one direction, I thought it was in another. He
said, "I bet you fourpence it is there," but he still held on in my
direction, which proved to be the right one.

As we were approaching the outlet he suddenly exclaimed, "Moose! moose!"
and told us to be still. He put a cap on his gun, and, standing up in
the stern, rapidly pushed the canoe straight toward the shore and the
moose. It was a cow moose, about thirty rods off, standing in the water
by the side of the outlet, partly behind some fallen timber and bushes,
and at that distance she did not look very large. She was flapping her
large ears, and from time to time poking off the flies with her nose
from some part of her body. She did not appear much alarmed by our
neighborhood, only occasionally turned her head and looked straight at
us, and then gave her attention to the flies again. As we approached
nearer she got out of the water, stood higher, and regarded us more
suspiciously.

Polis pushed the canoe steadily forward in the shallow water, but the
canoe soon grounded in the mud eight or ten rods distant from the
moose, and the Indian seized his gun. After standing still a moment she
turned so as to expose her side, and he improved this moment to fire,
over our heads. She thereupon moved off eight or ten rods at a moderate
pace across a shallow bay to the opposite shore, and she stood still
again while the Indian hastily loaded and fired twice at her, without
her moving. My companion, who passed him his caps and bullets, said that
Polis was as excited as a boy of fifteen, that his hand trembled, and he
once put his ramrod back upside down.

The Indian now pushed quickly and quietly back, and a long distance
round, in order to get into the outlet,--for he had fired over the neck
of a peninsula between it and the lake,--till we approached the place
where the moose had stood, when he exclaimed, "She is a goner!"

[Illustration: _Shooting the Moose_]

There, to be sure, she lay perfectly dead, just where she had stood
to receive the last shots. Using a tape, I found that the moose measured
six feet from the shoulder to the tip of the hoof, and was eight feet
long.

Polis, preparing to skin the moose, asked me to help him find a stone on
which to sharpen his large knife. It being flat alluvial ground, covered
with red maples, etc., this was no easy matter. We searched far and wide
a long time till at length I found a flat kind of slate stone, on which
he soon made his knife very sharp.

While he was skinning the moose I proceeded to ascertain what kind of
fishes were to be found in the sluggish and muddy outlet. The greatest
difficulty was to find a pole. It was almost impossible to find a
slender, straight pole ten or twelve feet long in those woods. You might
search half an hour in vain. They are commonly spruce, arbor-vitae, fir,
etc., short, stout, and branchy, and do not make good fishpoles, even
after you have patiently cut off all their tough and scraggy branches.
The fishes were red perch and chivin.

The Indian, having cut off a large piece of sirloin, the upper lip, and
the tongue, wrapped them in the hide, and placed them in the bottom of
the canoe, observing that there was "one man," meaning the weight of
one. Our load had previously been reduced some thirty pounds, but a
hundred pounds were now added, which made our quarters still more
narrow, and considerably increased the danger on the lakes and rapids as
well as the labor of the carries. The skin was ours according to custom,
since the Indian was in our employ, but we did not think of claiming it.
He being a skillful dresser of moose-hides would make it worth seven or
eight dollars to him, as I was told. He said that he sometimes earned
fifty or sixty dollars in a day at them; he had killed ten moose in one
day, though the skinning and all took two days. This was the way he had
got his property.

We continued along the outlet through a swampy region, by a long,
winding deadwater, very much choked up by wood, where we were obliged to
land sometimes in order to get the canoe over a log. It was hard to find
any channel, and we did not know but we should be lost in the swamp. It
abounded in ducks, as usual. At length we reached Grand Lake.

We stopped to dine on an interesting rocky island, securing our canoe to
the cliffy shore. Here was a good opportunity to dry our dewy blankets
on the open sunny rock. Indians had recently camped here, and
accidentally burned over the western end of the island. Polis picked up
a gun-case of blue broadcloth, and said that he knew the Indian it
belonged to and would carry it to him. His tribe is not so large but he
may know all its effects. We proceeded to make a fire and cook our
dinner amid some pines.

I saw where the Indians had made canoes in a little secluded hollow in
the woods, on the top of the rock, where they were out of the wind, and
large piles of whittlings remained. This must have been a favorite
resort of their ancestors, and, indeed, we found here the point of an
arrow-head, such as they have not used for two centuries and now know
not how to make. The Indian picked up a yellowish curved bone by the
side of our fireplace and asked me to guess what it was. It was one of
the upper incisors of a beaver, on which some party had feasted within a
year or two. I found also most of the teeth and the skull. We here dined
on fried moose meat.

Our blankets being dry, we set out again, the Indian, as usual, having
left his gazette on a tree. We paddled southward, keeping near the
western shore. The Indian did not know exactly where the outlet was, and
he went feeling his way by a middle course between two probable points,
from which he could diverge either way at last without losing much
distance. In approaching the south shore, as the clouds looked gusty and
the waves ran pretty high, we so steered as to get partly under the lee
of an island, though at a great distance from it.

I could not distinguish the outlet till we were almost in it, and heard
the water falling over the dam there. Here was a considerable fall, and
a very substantial dam, but no sign of a cabin or camp.

While we loitered here Polis took occasion to cut with his big knife
some of the hair from his moose-hide, and so lightened and prepared it
for drying. I noticed at several old Indian camps in the woods the pile
of hair which they had cut from their hides.

Having carried over the dam, he darted down the rapids, leaving us to
walk for a mile or more, where for the most part there was no path, but
very thick and difficult traveling near the stream. He would call to
let us know where he was waiting for us with his canoe, when, on account
of the windings of the stream, we did not know where the shore was, but
he did not call often enough, forgetting that we were not Indians. He
seemed to be very saving of his breath--yet he would be surprised if we
went by, or did not strike the right spot. This was not because he was
unaccommodating, but a proof of superior manners. Indians like to get
along with the least possible communication and ado. He was really
paying us a great compliment all the while, thinking that we preferred a
hint to a kick.

At length, climbing over the willows and fallen trees, when this was
easier than to go round or under them, we overtook the canoe, and glided
down the stream in smooth but swift water for several miles. I here
observed, as at Webster Stream, that the river was a smooth and
regularly inclined plane down which we coasted.

We decided to camp early that we might have ample time before dark. So
we stopped at the first favorable shore, where there was a narrow
gravelly beach, some five miles below the outlet of the lake. Two steps
from the water on either side, and you come to the abrupt, bushy, and
rooty, if not turfy, edge of the bank, four or five feet high, where the
interminable forest begins, as if the stream had but just cut its way
through it.

It is surprising on stepping ashore anywhere into this unbroken
wilderness to see so often, at least within a few rods of the river, the
marks of the axe, made by lumberers who have either camped here or
driven logs past in previous springs. You will see perchance where they
have cut large chips from a tall white pine stump for their fire.

While we were pitching the camp and getting supper, the Indian cut the
rest of the hair from his moose-hide, and proceeded to extend it
vertically on a temporary frame between two small trees, half a dozen
feet from the opposite side of the fire, lashing and stretching it with
arbor-vitae bark. Asking for a new kind of tea, he made us some pretty
good of the checkerberry, which covered the ground, dropping a little
bunch of it tied up with cedar bark into the kettle.

After supper he put on the moose tongue and lips to boil. He showed me
how to write on the under side of birch bark with a black spruce twig,
which is hard and tough and can be brought to a point.

The Indian wandered off into the woods a short distance just before
night, and, coming back, said, "Me found great treasure."

"What's that?" we asked.

"Steel traps, under a log, thirty or forty, I didn't count 'em. I guess
Indian work--worth three dollars apiece."

It was a singular coincidence that he should have chanced to walk to and
look under that particular log in that trackless forest.

I saw chivin and chub in the stream when washing my hands, but my
companion tried in vain to catch them. I heard the sound of bullfrogs
from a swamp on the opposite side.

You commonly make your camp just at sundown, and are collecting wood,
getting your supper, or pitching your tent while the shades of night are
gathering around and adding to the already dense gloom of the forest.
You have no time to explore or look around you before it is dark. You
may penetrate half a dozen rods farther into that twilight wilderness
after some dry bark to kindle your fire with, and wonder what mysteries
lie hidden still deeper in it, or you may run down to the shore for a
dipper of water, and get a clearer view for a short distance up or down
the stream, and while you stand there, see a fish leap, or duck alight
in the river, or hear a thrush or robin sing in the woods.

But there is no sauntering off to see the country. Ten or fifteen rods
seems a great way from your companions, and you come back with the air
of a much traveled man, as from a long journey, with adventures to
relate, though you may have heard the crackling of the fire all the
while--and at a hundred rods you might be lost past recovery and have to
camp out. It is all mossy and _moosey_. In some of those dense fir and
spruce woods there is hardly room for the smoke to go up. The trees are
a _standing_ night, and every fir and spruce which you fell is a plume
plucked from night's raven wing. Then at night the general stillness is
more impressive than any sound, but occasionally you hear the note of an
owl farther or nearer in the woods, and if near a lake, the semihuman
cry of the loons at their unearthly revels.

To-night the Indian lay between the fire and his stretched moose-hide,
to avoid mosquitoes. Indeed, he also made a small smoky fire of damp
leaves at his head and feet, and then as usual rolled up his head in
his blanket. We with our veils and our wash were tolerably comfortable,
but it would be difficult to pursue any sedentary occupation in the
woods at this season; you cannot see to read much by the light of a fire
through a veil in the evening, nor handle pencil and paper well with
gloves or anointed fingers.




IX

FRIDAY, JULY 31


We had smooth but swift water for a considerable distance, where we
glided rapidly along, scaring up ducks and kingfishers. But, as usual,
our smooth progress ere long come to an end, and we were obliged to
carry canoe and all about half a mile down the right bank around some
rapids or falls. It required sharp eyes sometimes to tell which side was
the carry, before you went over the falls, but Polis never failed to
land us rightly. The raspberries were particularly abundant and large
here, and all hands went to eating them, the Indian remarking on their
size.

Often on bare rocky carries the trail was so indistinct that I
repeatedly lost it, but when I walked behind him I observed that he
could keep it almost like a hound, and rarely hesitated, or, if he
paused a moment on a bare rock, his eye immediately detected some sign
which would have escaped me. Frequently _we_ found no path at all at
these places, and were to him unaccountably delayed. He would only say
it was "ver' strange."

We had heard of a Grand Fall on this stream, and thought that each fall
we came to must be it, but after christening several in succession with
this name we gave up the search. There were more Grand or Petty Falls
than I can remember.

I cannot tell how many times we had to walk on account of falls or
rapids. We were expecting all the while that the river would take a
final leap and get to smooth water, but there was no improvement this
forenoon. However, the carries were an agreeable variety. So surely as
we stepped out of the canoe and stretched our legs we found ourselves in
a blueberry and raspberry garden, each side of our rocky trail being
lined with one or both. There was not a carry on the main East Branch
where we did not find an abundance of both these berries, for these
were the rockiest places and partially cleared, such as these plants
prefer, and there had been none to gather the finest before us.

We bathed and dined at the foot of one of these carries. It was the
Indian who commonly reminded us that it was dinner-time, sometimes even
by turning the prow to the shore. He once made an indirect, but lengthy
apology, by saying that we might think it strange, but that one who
worked hard all day was very particular to have his dinner in good
season. At the most considerable fall on this stream, when I was walking
over the carry close behind the Indian, he observed a track on the rock,
which was but slightly covered with soil, and, stooping, muttered,
"Caribou."

When we returned, he observed a much larger track near the same place,
where some animal's foot had sunk into a small hollow in the rock,
partly filled with grass and earth, and he exclaimed with surprise,
"What that?"

"Well, what is it?" I asked.

Stooping and laying his hand in it, he answered with a mysterious air,
and in a half-whisper, "Devil [that is, Indian devil, or cougar]--ledges
about here--very bad animal--pull 'em rocks all to pieces."

"How long since it was made?" I asked.

"To-day or yesterday," said he.

We spent at least half the time in walking to-day. The Indian, being
alone, commonly ran down far below the foot of the carries before he
waited for us. The carry-paths themselves were more than usually
indistinct, often the route being revealed only by the countless small
holes in the fallen timber made by the tacks in the drivers' boots. It
was a tangled and perplexing thicket, through which we stumbled and
threaded our way, and when we had finished a mile of it, our
starting-point seemed far away. We were glad that we had not got to
walk to Bangor along the banks of this river, which would be a journey
of more than a hundred miles. Think of the denseness of the forest, the
fallen trees and rocks, the windings of the river, the streams emptying
in, and the frequent swamps to be crossed. It made you shudder. Yet the
Indian from time to time pointed out to us where he had thus crept along
day after day when he was a boy of ten, and in a starving condition.

He had been hunting far north of this with two grown Indians. The winter
came on unexpectedly early, and the ice compelled them to leave their
canoe at Grand Lake, and walk down the bank. They shouldered their furs
and started for Oldtown. The snow was not deep enough for snowshoes, or
to cover the inequalities of the ground. Polis was soon too weak to
carry any burden, but he managed to catch one otter. This was the most
they all had to eat on this journey, and he remembered how good the
yellow lily roots were, made into a soup with the otter oil. He shared
this food equally with the other two, but being so small he suffered
much more than they. He waded through the Mattawamkeag at its mouth,
when it was freezing cold and came up to his chin, and he, being very
weak and emaciated, expected to be swept away. The first house which
they reached was at Lincoln, and thereabouts they met a white teamster
with supplies, who, seeing their condition, gave them as much as they
could eat. For six months after getting home he was very low and did not
expect to live, and was perhaps always the worse for it.

For seven or eight miles below that succession of "Grand" falls the
aspect of the banks as well as the character of the stream was changed.
After passing a tributary from the northeast we had swift smooth water.
Low grassy banks and muddy shores began. Many elms as well as maples and
more ash trees overhung the stream and supplanted the spruce.

Mosquitoes, black flies, etc., pursued us in mid-channel, and we were
glad sometimes to get into violent rapids, for then we escaped them. As
we glided swiftly down the inclined plane of the river, a great cat owl
launched itself away from a stump on the bank, and flew heavily across
the stream, and the Indian, as usual, imitated its note. Soon afterward
a white-headed eagle sailed down the stream before us. We drove him
several miles, while we were looking for a good place to camp,--for we
expected to be overtaken by a shower,--and still we could distinguish
him by his white tail, sailing away from time to time from some tree by
the shore still farther down the stream. Some _she-corways_ being
surprised by us, a part of them dived, and we passed directly over them,
and could trace their course here and there by a bubble on the surface,
but we did not see them come up.

It was some time before we found a camping-place, for the shore was
either too grassy and muddy, where mosquitoes abounded, or too steep a
hillside. We at length found a place to our minds, where, in a very
dense spruce wood above a gravelly shore, there seemed to be but few
insects. The trees were so thick that we were obliged to clear a space
to build our fire and lie down in, and the young spruce trees that were
left were like the wall of an apartment rising around us. We were
obliged to pull ourselves up a steep bank to get there. But the place
which you have selected for your camp, though never so rough and grim,
begins at once to have its attractions, and becomes a very center of
civilization to you: "Home is home, be it never so homely."

The mosquitoes were numerous, and the Indian complained a good deal,
though he lay, as the night before, between three fires and his
stretched hide. As I sat on a stump by the fire with a veil and gloves
on, trying to read, he observed, "I make you candle," and in a minute he
took a piece of birch bark about two inches wide and rolled it hard,
like an allumette[4] fifteen inches long, lit it, fixed it by the other
end horizontally in a split stick three feet high, and stuck it in the
ground, turning the blazing end to the wind, and telling me to snuff it
from time to time. It answered the purpose of a candle pretty well.

I noticed, as I had before, that there was a lull among the mosquitoes
about midnight, and that they began again in the morning. Apparently
they need rest as well as we. Few, if any, creatures are equally active
all night. As soon as it was light I saw, through my veil, that the
inside of the tent about our heads was quite blackened with myriads, and
their combined hum was almost as bad to endure as their stings. I had an
uncomfortable night on this account, though I am not sure that one
succeeded in his attempt to sting me.

FOOTNOTES:

[4] A match. In this case an old-fashioned "spill," or lamplighter, made
by twisting a piece of paper, into a long, tight spiral roll.




X

SATURDAY, SUNDAY, MONDAY AUGUST 1-3


I caught two or three large red chivin within twenty feet of the camp,
which, added to the moose tongue that had been left in the kettle
boiling over night, and to our other stores, made a sumptuous breakfast.
The Indian made us some hemlock tea instead of coffee. This was
tolerable, though he said it was not strong enough. It was interesting
to see so simple a dish as a kettle of water with a handful of green
hemlock sprigs in it boiling over the huge fire in the open air, the
leaves fast losing their lively green color, and know that it was for
our breakfast.

We were glad to embark once more and leave some of the mosquitoes
behind. We found that we had camped about a mile above Hunt's, which is
the last house for those who ascend Katahdin on this side. We had
expected to ascend it from this point, but my companion was obliged to
give up this on account of sore feet. The Indian, however, suggested
that perhaps he might get a pair of moccasins at this place, and that he
could walk very easily in them without hurting his feet, wearing several
pairs of stockings, and he said beside that they were so porous that
when you had taken in water it all drained out in a little while. We
stopped to get some sugar, but found that the family had moved away, and
the house was unoccupied, except temporarily by some men who were
getting the hay. I noticed a seine here stretched on the bank, which
probably had been used to catch salmon.

Just below this, on the west bank, we saw a moose-hide stretched, and
with it a bearskin. The Indian said they belonged to Joe Aitteon,[5] but
how he told I do not know. He was probably hunting near and had left
them for the day. Finding that we were going directly to Oldtown, he
regretted that he had not taken more of the moose meat to his family,
saying that in a short time, by drying it, he could have made it so
light as to have brought away the greater part, leaving the bones. We
once or twice inquired after the lip, which is a famous tidbit, but he
said, "That go Oldtown for my old woman; don't get it every day."

Maples grew more and more numerous. It rained a little during the
forenoon, and, as we expected a wetting, we stopped early and dined just
above Whetstone Falls, about a dozen miles below Hunt's. My companion,
having lost his pipe, asked the Indian if he could make him one.

"Oh, yer," said he, and in a minute rolled up one of birch bark, telling
him to wet the bowl from time to time.

We carried round the falls. The distance was about three fourths of a
mile. When we had carried over one load, the Indian returned by the
shore, and I by the path; and though I made no particular haste I was
nevertheless surprised to find him at the other end as soon as I. It was
remarkable how easily he got over the worst ground. He said to me, "I
take canoe and you take the rest, suppose you can keep along with me?"

I thought he meant that while he ran down the rapids I should keep along
the shore, and be ready to assist him from time to time, as I had done
before; but as the walking would be very bad, I answered, "I suppose you
will go too fast for me, but I will try."

But I was to go by the path, he said. This I thought would not help the
matter, I should have so far to go to get to the riverside when he
wanted me. But neither was this what he meant. He was proposing a race
over the carry, and asked me if I thought I could keep along with him by
the same path, adding that I must be pretty smart to do it. As his
load, the canoe, would be much the heaviest and bulkiest, I thought that
I ought to be able to do it, and said that I would try. So I proceeded
to gather up the gun, axe, paddle, kettle, frying-pan, plates, dippers,
carpets, etc., and while I was thus engaged he threw me his cowhide
boots. "What, are these in the bargain?" I asked.

"Oh, yer," said he; but before I could make a bundle of my load I saw
him disappearing over a hill with the canoe on his head.

Hastily scraping the various articles together, I started on the run,
and immediately went by him in the bushes, but I had no sooner left him
out of sight in a rocky hollow than the greasy plates, dippers, etc.,
took to themselves wings, and while I was employed in gathering them up,
he went by me; but, hastily pressing the sooty kettle to my side, I
started once more, and, soon passing him again, I saw him no more on the
carry. I do not mention this as anything of a feat, for it was but poor
running on my part, and he was obliged to move with great caution for
fear of breaking his canoe as well as his neck. When he made his
appearance, puffing and panting like myself, in answer to my inquiries
where he had been, he said, "Locks cut 'em feet," and, laughing, added,
"Oh, me love to play sometimes."

He said that he and his companions when they came to carries several
miles long used to try who would get over first; each perhaps with a
canoe on his head. I bore the sign of the kettle on my brown linen sack
for the rest of the voyage.

[Illustration: _Carrying round the Falls_]

As we approached the mouth of the East Branch we passed two or three
huts, the first sign of civilization after Hunt's, though we saw no road
as yet. We heard a cowbell, and even saw an infant held up to a small
square window to see us pass. On entering the West Branch at Nicketow,
Polis remarked that it was all smooth water hence to Oldtown, and he
threw away his pole which was cut on the Umbazookskus.

We camped about two miles below Nicketow, covering with fresh twigs the
withered bed of a former traveler, and feeling that we were now in a
settled country, especially when in the evening we heard an ox sneeze in
its wild pasture across the river. Wherever you land along the
frequented part of the river you have not far to go to find these sites
of temporary inns, the withered bed of flattened twigs, the charred
sticks, and perhaps the tent-poles. Not long since, similar beds were
spread along the Connecticut, the Hudson, and the Delaware, and longer
still ago, by the Thames and Seine, and they now help to make the soil
where private and public gardens, mansions, and palaces are. We could
not get fir twigs for our bed here, and the spruce was harsh in
comparison, having more twig in proportion to its leaf, but we improved
it somewhat with hemlock.

After the regular supper we attempted to make a lily soup of the bulbs
which I had brought along, for I wished to learn all I could before I
got out of the woods. Following the Indian's directions, I washed the
bulbs carefully, minced some moose meat and some pork, salted and boiled
all together, but we had not the patience to try the experiment fairly,
for he said it must be boiled till the roots were completely softened so
as to thicken the soup like flour; but though we left it on all night,
we found it dried to the kettle in the morning and not yet boiled to a
flour. Perhaps the roots were not ripe enough, for they commonly gather
them in the fall. The Indian's name for these bulbs was _sheepnoc_.

He prepared to camp as usual between his moose-hide and the fire, but it
beginning to rain suddenly he took refuge under the tent with us, and
gave us a song before falling asleep. It rained hard in the night and
spoiled another box of matches for us, which the Indian had left out,
for he was very careless; but we had so much the better night for the
rain, since it kept the mosquitoes down.

Sunday, a cloudy and unpromising morning. One of us observed to the
Indian, "You did not stretch your moose-hide last night, did you, Mr.
Polis?"

Whereat he replied in a tone of surprise, though perhaps not of ill
humor: "What you ask me that question for? Suppose I stretch 'em, you
see 'em. May be your way talking, may be all right, no Indian way."

I had observed that he did not wish to answer the same question more
than once, and was often silent when it was put again, as if he were
moody. Not that he was incommunicative, for he frequently commenced a
longwinded narrative of his own accord--repeated at length the tradition
of some old battle, or some passage in the recent history of his tribe
in which he had acted a prominent part, from time to time drawing a
long breath, and resuming the thread of his tale, with the true
story-teller's leisureliness. Especially after the day's work was over,
and he had put himself in posture for the night, he would be
unexpectedly sociable, and we would fall asleep before he got through.

The Indian was quite sick this morning with the colic. I thought that he
was the worse for the moose meat he had eaten.

We reached the Mattawamkeag at half past eight in the morning, in the
midst of a drizzling rain, and, after buying some sugar, set out again.

The Indian growing much worse, we stopped in the north part of Lincoln
to get some brandy for him, but, failing in this, an apothecary
recommended Brandreth's pills, which he refused to take because he was
not acquainted with them. He said, "Me doctor--first study my case, find
out what ail 'em--then I know what to take."

We stopped at mid-forenoon on an island and made him a dipper of tea.
Here, too, we dined and did some washing and botanizing, while he lay on
the bank. In the afternoon we went on a little farther. As a
thunder-shower appeared to be coming up we stopped opposite a barn on
the west bank. Here we were obliged to spend the rest of the day and
night, on account of our patient, whose sickness did not abate. He lay
groaning under his canoe on the bank, looking very woebegone. You would
not have thought, if you had seen him lying about thus, that he was
worth six thousand dollars and had been to Washington. It seemed to me
that he made a greater ado about his sickness than a Yankee does, and
was more alarmed about himself. We talked somewhat of leaving him with
his people in Lincoln,--for that is one of their homes,--but he objected
on account of the expense, saying, "Suppose me well in morning, you and
I go Oldtown by noon."

As we were taking our tea at twilight, while he lay groaning under his
canoe, he asked me to get him a dipper of water. Taking the dipper in
one hand, he seized his powderhorn with the other, and, pouring into it
a charge or two of powder, stirred it up with his finger, and drank it
off. This was all he took to-day after breakfast beside his tea.

To save the trouble of pitching our tent, when we had secured our stores
from wandering dogs, we camped in the solitary half-open barn near the
bank, with the permission of the owner, lying on new-mown hay four feet
deep. The fragrance of the hay, in which many ferns, etc., were mingled,
was agreeable, though it was quite alive with grasshoppers which you
could hear crawling through it. This served to graduate our approach to
houses and feather beds. In the night some large bird, probably an owl,
flitted through over our heads, and very early in the morning we were
awakened by the twittering of swallows which had their nests there.

We started early before breakfast, the Indian being considerably better,
and soon glided by Lincoln, and stopped to breakfast two or three miles
below this town.

We frequently passed Indian islands with their small houses on them. The
Penobscot Indians seem to be more social even than the whites. Ever and
anon in the deepest wilderness of Maine you come to the log hut of a
Yankee or Canada settler, but a Penobscot never takes up his residence
in such a solitude. They are not even scattered about on their islands
in the Penobscot, but gathered together on two or three, evidently for
the sake of society. I saw one or two houses not now used by them,
because, as our Indian said, they were too solitary.

From time to time we met Indians in their canoes going up river. Our man
did not commonly approach them, but only exchanged a few words with them
at a distance. We took less notice of the scenery to-day, because we
were in quite a settled country. The river became broad and sluggish,
and we saw a blue heron winging its way slowly down the stream before
us.

The Sunkhaze, a short dead stream, comes in from the east two miles
above Oldtown. Asking the meaning of this name, the Indian said,
"Suppose you are going down Penobscot, just like we, and you see a canoe
come out of bank and go along before you, but you no see 'em stream.
That is _Sunkhaze_."

He had previously complimented me on my paddling, saying that I paddled
"just like anybody," giving me an Indian name which meant "great
paddler." When off this stream he said to me, who sat in the bows, "Me
teach you paddle."

So, turning toward the shore, he got out, came forward, and placed my
hands as he wished. He placed one of them quite outside the boat, and
the other parallel with the first, grasping the paddle near the end,
not over the flat extremity, and told me to slide it back and forth on
the side of the canoe. This, I found, was a great improvement which I
had not thought of, saving me the labor of lifting the paddle each time,
and I wondered that he had not suggested it before. It is true, before
our baggage was reduced we had been obliged to sit with our legs drawn
up, and our knees above the side of the canoe, which would have
prevented our paddling thus, or perhaps he was afraid of wearing out his
canoe by constant friction on the side.

I told him that I had been accustomed to sit in the stern, and lift my
paddle at each stroke, getting a pry on the side each time, and I still
paddled partly as if in the stern. He then wanted to see me paddle in
the stern. So, changing paddles, for he had the longer and better one,
and turning end for end, he sitting flat on the bottom and I on the
crossbar, he began to paddle very hard, trying to turn the canoe,
looking over his shoulder and laughing, but, finding it in vain, he
relaxed his efforts, though we still sped along a mile or two very
swiftly. He said that he had no fault to find with my paddling in the
stern, but I complained that he did not paddle according to his own
directions in the bows.

As we drew near to Oldtown I asked Polis if he was not glad to get home
again; but there was no relenting to his wildness, and he said, "It
makes no difference to me where I am." Such is the Indian's pretense
always.

We approached the Indian Island through the narrow strait called "Cook."
He said: "I 'xpect we take in some water there, river so high--never see
it so high at this season. Very rough water there; swamp steamboat once.
Don't you paddle till I tell you. Then you paddle right along."

It was a very short rapid. When we were in the midst of it he shouted,
"Paddle!" and we shot through without taking in a drop. Soon after the
Indian houses came in sight. I could not at first tell my companion
which of two or three large white ones was our guide's. He said it was
the one with blinds.

We landed opposite his door at about four in the afternoon, having come
some forty miles this day. We stopped for an hour at his house. Mrs. P.
wore a hat and had a silver brooch on her breast, but she was not
introduced to us. The house was roomy and neat. A large new map of
Oldtown and the Indian Island hung on the wall, and a clock opposite to
it.

This was the last that I saw of Joe Polis. We took the last train, and
reached Bangor that night.

THE END

The Riverside Press

CAMBRIDGE. MASSACHUSETTS

U. S. A

FOOTNOTES:

[5] Joe Aitteon was Thoreau's guide on the second of his three
excursions into the Maine Woods. He was an Indian whose home was on the
same island where Polis lived.




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TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

    The illustration "The Red Squirrel" appears facing page 78, not
    page 88. List of Illustrations amended.

    Page 37: "phenemona" amended to "phenomena"







End of Project Gutenberg's Canoeing in the wilderness, by Henry David Thoreau

*** 