



Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net





Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
are listed at the end of the text.

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In this text [gh] represents the Middle English letter "yogh", which
appears similar to the numeral 3. [=a] signifies "a macron", and so forth.

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CHAUCERIAN

AND OTHER PIECES

_EDITED, FROM NUMEROUS MANUSCRIPTS_

BY THE REV.

WALTER W. SKEAT, LITT.D., D.C.L., LL.D., PH.D.
ELRINGTON AND BOSWORTH PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON
AND FELLOW OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE



BEING A SUPPLEMENT TO THE
COMPLETE WORKS OF GEOFFREY CHAUCER
(OXFORD, IN SIX VOLUMES, 1894)

   * * *
  * * * *

 'And yit ye shul han better loos,
  Right in dispyt of alle your foos,
  Than worthy is; and that anoon.'
                      _Hous of Fame, 1667-9._

Oxford

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

M DCCC XCVII

       *       *       *       *       *

Oxford

PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY HORACE HART, M.A.,
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

       *       *       *       *       *

CONTENTS.

  INTRODUCTION.--Sec. 1. Works appended to those of Chaucer in various
  editions. Sec. 2. Thynne's collection in 1532. _A Praise of Women._
  _The Lamentation of Mary Magdalen._ _The Remedy of Love._ Sec. 3. Other
  non-Chaucerian pieces. _The Craft of Lovers._ _A Balade._ _The Ten
  Commandments of Love._ _The Nine Ladies Worthy._ _Virelai._ _The
  Judgement of Paris._ _A Balade pleasaunte._ _Another Balade._ _The
  Court of Love._ Sec. 4. Additions by Speght. _Chaucer's Dream._ _Eight
  Goodly Questions._ Sec. 5. Editions and MSS. consulted. Sec. 6.
  Authorities for the pieces here printed. Sec. 7. I. THE TESTAMENT OF
  LOVE. Sec. 8. The acrostic found in it. Name of the author. Sec. 9. Fate
  of Thomas Usk. Sec. 10. Idea of the work. Sec. 11. The author's
  plagiarisms from Chaucer. Sec. 12. How he stole a passage from The
  House of Fame. Sec. 13. Borrowings from Troilus and Piers Plowman.
  Sec. 14. The author's inaccuracies. Sec. 15. The title; and the meaning
  of Margaret. Sec. 16. Plan of the work. Sec. 17. Outline of Book I. Sec. 18.
  Outline of Book II. Sec. 19. Outline of Book III. Sec. 20. II. THE
  PLOWMANS TALE. Sec. 21. Never supposed to be Chaucer's. Sec. 22. Written
  by the author of The Ploughmans Crede. Sec. 23. III. JACK UPLAND. Sec. 24.
  Date, A.D. 1402. Sec. 25. Traces of two texts. Sec. 26. Not originally
  written in alliterative verse. Sec. 27. IV. THE PRAISE OF PEACE. By John
  Gower. Sec. 28. The Trentham MS. Sec. 29. Date, A.D. 1399. Sec. 30. V. THE
  LETTER OF CUPID. By Thomas Hoccleve. Sec. 31. VI. TWO BALADES. By Thomas
  Hoccleve. Sec. 32. VII. A MORAL BALADE. By Henry Scogan. Date, about
  1407. Sec. 33. The supper at the Vintry. Sec. 34. VIII. THE COMPLAINT OF
  THE BLACK KNIGHT. By John Lydgate. Sec. 35. His quotations from Chaucer's
  version of the Romaunt of the Rose. Date, about 1402. Sec. 36. IX. THE
  FLOUR OF CURTESYE. By John Lydgate. Date, about 1401. Sec. 37. X. A BALADE
  IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY. By John Lydgate. Sec. 38. A new stanza and
  a new MS. Sec. 39. XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY. By John Lydgate. Sec. 40. XII.
  BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL. By John Lydgate. Sec. 41. XIII. BEWARE OF
  DOUBLENESS. By John Lydgate. Sec. 42. XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN, &c.
  By John Lydgate. Sec. 43. XV. THREE SAYINGS. By John Lydgate. Sec. 44. XVI.
  LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCY. By Sir Richard Ros. Date, about 1460.
  Sec. 45. Apparently in the Leicestershire dialect. Sec. 46. Alan Chartier.
  Sec. 47. Thynne's text and the MSS. Sec. 48. XVII. THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
  By Robert Henryson. Date, about 1460. Sec. 49. XVIII. THE CUCKOO AND THE
  NIGHTINGALE. Probably by Sir Thomas Clanvowe. Sec. 50. The queen at
  Woodstock; about A.D. 1403. Sec. 51. Clanvowe's excessive use of the
  final _-e_. Sec. 52. His partiality for 'headless' lines. Sec. 53. Milton's
  Sonnet to the Nightingale. Sec. 54. XIX. ENVOY TO ALISON. Not by Clanvowe.
  Sec. 55. XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF. By the authoress of The Assembly
  of Ladies. Sec. 56. The former is the earlier poem. Neither of them is
  by Chaucer. Sec. 57. Variations from Chaucer's usages. Sec. 58. Examination
  of the Rimes. Sec. 59. Change in pronunciation. Sec. 60. Gower on the
  Flower and the Leaf. Sec. 61. XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES. By the
  authoress of The Flower and the Leaf. Sec. 62. Ordering of a medieval
  household. Sec. 63. XXII. A GOODLY BALADE. By John Lydgate. Imperfect.
  Sec. 64. XXIII. GO FORTH, KING. By John Lydgate. Sec. 65. _Duodecim
  Abusiones._ Sec. 66. XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE. First printed in 1561.
  Sec. 67. Tyrwhitt's plan for a Glossary to the Canterbury Tales. Sec. 68.
  Moxon's edition of Chaucer; establishing an erroneous canon of
  Chaucer's Works. Sec. 69. How to draw up such a canon correctly. Sec. 70.
  The Court of Love discussed. Sec. 71. The Trinity MS. and the language.
  Sec. 72. Artificiality of the archaisms affected. Sec. 73. Examination of
  the Rimes. Sec. 74. Comparison with Chaucerian English. Sec. 75. The
  Courts of Love. Sec. 76. Pieces numbered XXV-XXIX. Sec. 77. Twelve
  authors (at least) distinguished in the present volume. Sec. 78.
  There are probably four more. Sec. 79. Improvements in the present      PAGE
  edition                                                                ix

       I. THOMAS USK: THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE.
           BOOK I: PROLOGUE AND CHAPTERS I-X                              1
           BOOK II: CHAPTERS I-XIV                                       46
           BOOK III: CHAPTERS I-IX                                      101

      II. THE PLOWMANS TALE                                             147

     III. JACK UPLAND                                                   191

      IV. JOHN GOWER: THE PRAISE OF PEACE                               205

       V. THOMAS HOCCLEVE: THE LETTER OF CUPID                          217

      VI. THE SAME: TO THE KINGES MOST NOBLE GRACE                      233
                    TO THE LORDES AND KNIGHTES OF THE GARTER            234

     VII. HENRY SCOGAN: A MORAL BALADE                                  237

    VIII. JOHN LYDGATE: THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR,
           THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE                              245

      IX. THE SAME: THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE                               266

      X. THE SAME: A BALADE; IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY                275

      XI. THE SAME: TO MY SOVERAIN LADY                                 281

     XII. THE SAME: BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL                              285

    XIII. THE SAME: BEWARE OF DOUBLENESS                                291

     XIV. THE SAME: A BALADE: WARNING MEN TO BEWARE OF DECEITFUL WOMEN  295

      XV. THE SAME: THREE SAYINGS                                       297

     XVI. SIR RICHARD ROS: LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCY                     299

    XVII. ROBERT HENRYSON: THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID                    327

   XVIII. THE CUCKOO AND THE NIGHTINGALE; OR, THE BOOK OF CUPID,
            GOD OF LOVE. (By Clanvowe)                                  347

     XIX. AN ENVOY TO ALISON                                            359

      XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF (By a Lady)                           361

     XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES (By the same)                          380

    XXII. A GOODLY BALADE. (By John Lydgate)                            405

   XXIII. GO FORTH, KING. (By John Lydgate)                             408

    XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE                                             409

     XXV. A VIRELAI                                                     448

    XXVI. PROSPERITY. (By John Walton)                                  449

   XXVII. LEAULTE VAULT RICHESSE                                        449

  XXVIII. SAYINGS PRINTED BY CAXTON                                     450

    XXIX. BALADE IN PRAISE OF CHAUCER                                   450

  NOTES TO THE FOREGOING PIECES                                         451

  GLOSSARIAL INDEX                                                      555

  INDEX OF NAMES                                                        603

  INDEX TO SOME SUBJECTS EXPLAINED IN THE NOTES                         607

       *       *       *       *       *


ERRATA AND ADDENDA

P. 26, l. 45. _For_ conuersion _read_ conversion.

P. 32, l. 38. Mr. Bradley suggests that _maistresse_ is a misprint of
Thynne's for _maistres secre_, i.e. master's secret; alluding to John of
Northampton.

P. 33, l. 75. _For_ may it be sayd in that thinge 'this man thou demest,
_read_ may it be sayd, 'in that thinge this man thou demest,

P. 50, l. 28. _For_ in sacke, sowed with wolle _perhaps read_ in sacke
sowed, with wolle.

P. 52, ll. 107, 109. Mr. Bradley suggests that 'Caynes' and 'Cayn' are
Thynne's misprints for 'Cames' and 'Cam'; where _Cam_ (misread as _Cain_)
means _Ham_, for which the Vulgate has _Cham_.

P. 153, l. 187. _Insert a hyphen in_ gold-mastling.

P. 163, l. 520. _For_ punishments _read_ punishements. (_See_ note.)

P. 180, l. 1050. _For_ [ful] _read_ [not]. (_See_ note.)

P. 186, l. 1231. End the line with a semicolon.

P. 192, l. 36. _Insert a mark of interrogation after_ speketh of.

P. 206, l. 27. _For_ request [the] _read_ requeste. (_See_ note.)

P. 213, l. 294. _For_ men _perhaps read_ pees. (_See_ note.)

P. 215, l. 363. _For_ debated _read_ delated. (_See_ note.)

P. 237; footnotes, l. 1. _For_ 1542 _read_ 1532.

P. 256, l. 371. _For_ tha _read_ that.

P. 458; note to l. 117. See also P. Pl. B. xiii. 277, 292.

P. 458; note to l. 53. For fuller details, see the Introduction.

P. 473; note to l. 155. Chaucer's Astrolabe was not written till 1391,
after Usk's death.

P. 475; note to Ch. XI. l. 11. On the subject of Grace, see Bk. iii. ch. 8.

P. 478; note to l. 47. _For_ taken from _read_ compare.

       *       *       *       *       *

INTRODUCTION

Sec. 1. The following pieces are selected, as being the most important, from
among the very numerous ones which have been appended to Chaucer's works in
various editions.

I use the word 'appended' advisedly. It is not true that these works were
all attributed to Chaucer in the black-letter editions. The Praise of Peace
was marked as Gower's in Thynne's first edition of 1532. Another piece in
that edition is attributed to Scogan. The Letter of Cupid is expressly
dated 1402, though Chaucer died in 1400. The Flower of Curtesye contains
the words 'Chaucer is dede'; and The Testament of Cresseid contains a
remark which, in modern English, would run thus--'Who knows if all that
Chaucer wrote is true?'

Those who, through ignorance or negligence, regard Thynne's edition of
Chaucer as containing 'Works attributed to Chaucer' make a great mistake;
and even if the mistake be excused on the ground that it has been very
generally and very frequently made, this does not lessen its magnitude. The
title of Thynne's book is very instructive, and really runs thus:--'The
Workes of Geffray Chaucer newly printed, with dyuers workes which were
neuer in print before, &c.' This is strictly and literally true; for it
contains such works of Chaucer's as had previously been printed by Caxton,
Wynkyn de Worde, and Julian Notary (see vol. i. p. 28), together with
'dyuers workes [_of various authors_] which were neuer in print before.'
Which is the simple solution of the whole matter, as far as this edition is
concerned. The same remarks apply to the second edition in 1542, and the
third, printed about 1550. But Stowe, in 1561, altered the title so as to
give it a new meaning. The title-page of his edition runs thus:--'The
Woorkes of Geffrey Chaucer, newly printed with diuers Addicions which were
neuer in printe before.' Here the authorship of Chaucer was, _for the first
time_, practically claimed for the whole of Thynne's volume. At the same
time, Stowe did not really mean what he seems to say, for it was he who
first added the words--'made by Ihon lidgate'--to the title of 'The Flower
of Curtesie,' and who first assigned a title (ascribing the poem to _dan
Ihon lidgat_) to the poem beginning 'Consider wel'; see no. 40 (vol. i. p.
33).

Sec. 2. It is clear that Thynne's intention was to print a collection of
poems, including all he could find of Chaucer and anything else of a
similar character that he could lay his hands on[1]. In other words, the
collection was, from the beginning, a collection of the Works of Chaucer
_and other writers_; and this fact was in no way modified by the adoption
by Stowe and Speght of misleading titles that actually assigned to Chaucer
all the poems in the volume! See further, as to this subject, in the
discussion of The Court of Love below.

The number of pieces appended, at various times, to Chaucer's Works are so
numerous that I have been obliged to restrict myself to giving a selection
of them only.

Of the non-Chaucerian pieces printed by Thynne in 1532, I have included all
but three. The rejected pieces are those numbered 18, 21, and 22 in the
list given at p. 32 of vol. i. They are all poor and uninteresting, but I
add a few words of description.

18. _A Praise of Women._ Noticed in vol. i. p. 37. Though decisively
rejected by Tyrwhitt, and excluded from Moxon's reprint, it was revived
(for no good reason) by Bell, and consequently appeared in the Aldine
edition, which was founded on Bell's. It enumerates the merits of
womankind, and condemns the slanders of men concerning them. We ought to
worship all women out of reverence for the Queen of heaven, and we shall do
well to pray to Our Lady to bring us to the heaven in which she and all
good women will be found. Thynne is not the sole authority for this poem,
as it occurs also (in a Scottish dress) in the Bannatyne MS., fol. 275. The
whole of this MS. (written in 1568) was printed for the Hunterian Club in
1873-9; see p. 799 of that edition.

21. _The Lamentation of Mary Magdalen._ Noticed in vol. i. p. 37. This
lugubrious piece was probably the wail of a nun, who had no book but a
Vulgate version of the Bible, from which all her quotations are taken. It
bears no resemblance to any work by Chaucer, nor to any of the pieces in
the present volume. It consists of 102 seven-line stanzas. The metre
resembles Lydgate's, but the final _-e_ is hardly ever used. Bell's text is
not taken from Thynne, but from some later and inferior reprint of it. For
this poem, Thynne's first edition is the sole authority.

22. _The Remedy of Love._ Noticed in vol. i. p. 38. It appears that the
'remedy of love' is to be found in a consideration of the wicked ways of
women. Twelve whole stanzas are taken up with a metrical translation of one
of the chapters in the book of Proverbs. The author refers us to 'the fifth
chapter,' but he is wrong. He means chapter vii, verses 6-27. He also
quotes from Ecclesiasticus, ix. 9, and xxv. 25.

Nos. 28, 29, 30 (vol. i. p. 32) are not found in Thynne, but were first
printed by Stowe. I give them below, at p. 297. The first two stanzas are
Lydgate's; and probably the third is his also. It is no great matter.

No. 41 (vol. i. p. 33) was also first printed by Stowe. To save words, I
have printed it below, at p. 450, from the original MS.

Sec. 3. I now consider the non-Chaucerian pieces in Part II. of Stowe's
Edition (see vol. i. p. 33). Of these, nos. 45, 50, 56, and 59 are here
reprinted.

Nos. 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, and 55 were all taken by Stowe from
MS. Trin. R. 3. 19. Perhaps they are sufficiently noticed in vol. i. p. 41,
as they present few points of interest. However, I enumerate them, adding a
few remarks.

No. 46. _The Craft of Lovers._ In 23 seven-line stanzas; 161 lines. Besides
the copy in the Trin. MS., there are copies (almost duplicates) in MSS.
Addit. 34360, fol. 73, back (p. 142), and Harl. 2251, fol. 53 (now called
52). Dated 1448 in the Trin. MS., but 1459 in the other two. The first line
ought to run:--'To moralise, who list these ballets sewe'; but it is clear
that some one added the words 'A similitude' in the margin, and that this
remark was afterwards incorporated in the text. Hence the first line, in
the latter MSS., stands:--'To moralise a similitude who list these balettis
sewe'; which is more than enough for a line of five accents. After two
introductory stanzas, the poem becomes a dialogue, in alternate stanzas,
between a wooer, named _Cupido_, and a lass, named _Diana_[2]; the result
of which is successful. This may be compared with La Belle Dame sans Merci,
and with the Nut-brown Maid. The twenty-third stanza forms the author's
_Conclusio_, which is followed by an Envoy in the Addit. MS., and in the
Harl. MS. only. The same MSS. _seem_ to superadd two more stanzas; but they
really belong to another piece.

No. 47. Taken by Stowe from MS. Trin. R. 3. 19, fol. 156, back. _A Balade._
In 4 seven-line stanzas; 28 lines. Begins--'Of their nature they greatly
them delite'; i.e. Women are by nature hypocrites; they like kissing live
images rather than shrines. So I advise young men to take warning: 'Beware
alwaye, the blind eateth many [a] flye'; a line which is quoted from
Lydgate's ballad printed at p. 295. The author then prays God to keep the
fly out of his dish; and ends by congratulating himself on being anonymous,
because women would else blame him.

No. 48. _The Ten Commandments of Love_; from Trin. MS., fol. 109. Also in
MS. Fairfax 16. Begins:--'Certes, ferre extendeth yet my reason.' In 14
stanzas of seven-lines; the last two form the Envoy. After two introductory
stanzas, the author gives the ladies their ten commandments. They are, it
appears, to exhibit Faith, Entencion, Discrecion, Patience, Secretnesse,
Prudence, Perseverance, Pity, Measure [Moderation], and Mercy. In the
Envoy, the author says, truly enough, that he is devoid of cunning,
experience, manner of enditing, reason, and eloquence; and that he is 'a
man unknown.'

No. 49. _The Nine Ladies Worthy._ In 9 seven-line stanzas, one stanza for
each lady. Begins: 'Profulgent in preciousnes, O Sinope the quene.' Only
remarkable for the curious selection made. The Nine Ladies are: (1) Sinope,
daughter of Marsepia, queen of the Amazons; see Orosius, Hist. i. 10; (2)
Hippolyta, the Amazon, wife of Theseus; (3) Deipyle, daughter of Adrastus,
wife of Tydeus; (4) Teuta, queen of the Illyrians; see note to C. T., F
1453 (vol. v. p. 398); (5) Penthesilea the Amazon, slain by Achilles before
Troy; (6) queen Tomyris, who slew Cyrus in battle, B.C. 529; (7) Lampeto
the Amazon, sister of Marsepia, and aunt of Sinope; (8) Semiramis of
Babylon; (9) Menalippe or Melanippe, sister of Antiope, queen of the
Amazons, taken captive by Hercules, according to Justinus, ii. 4. 23. Most
of these queens are mentioned by Orosius, i. 10, ii. 1, ii. 4; see also
Higden's Polychronicon, bk. ii. chapters 9, 21, 24, and bk. iii. c. 7. From
the Trin. MS., fol. 113, back.

[No. 50. _Virelai._ Printed below, at p. 448.]

No. 51. _A Ballade._ Begins:--'In the season of Feuerere when it was full
colde.' In 7 seven-line stanzas. In praise of the daisy. Very poor. From
the Trin. MS., fol. 160.

No. 52. _A Ballade._ Begins--'O Mercifull and o merciable.' In 12
seven-line stanzas. The Trin. MS. has 13 stanzas; but Stowe omitted the
tenth, because it coincides with st. 19 of the Craft of Lovers. It is made
up of scraps from other poems. Stanzas 1-4 form part of a poem on the fall
of man, from Lydgate's _Court of Sapience_ (see vol. i. p. 57). In st. 8
occurs the assonance of _hote_ (hot) and _stroke_; and in st. 9, that of
_cureth_ and _renueth_. From the Trin. MS., fol. 161.

No. 53. _The Judgement of Paris._ In 4 seven-line stanzas; the first is
allotted to Pallas, who tells Paris to take the apple, and give it to the
fairest of the three goddesses. After this, he is addressed in succession
by Juno, Venus, and Minerva (as she is now called). Then the poem ends.
Trin. MS., fol. 161, back.

No. 54. _A Balade pleasaunte._ Begins--'I haue a Ladie where so she bee.'
In 7 seven-line stanzas. Meant to be facetious; e.g. 'Her skin is smothe as
any oxes tong.' The author says that when he was fifteen years old, he saw
the wedding of queen Jane; and that was so long ago that there cannot be
many such alive. As Joan of Navarre was married to Henry IV in 1403, he was
born in 1388, and would have been sixty-two in 1450. It is an imitation of
Lydgate's poem entitled A Satirical Description of his Lady; see Minor
Poems, ed. Halliwell, p. 199. Trin. MS., fol. 205.

No. 55. _Another Balade._ Begins--'O mossie Quince, hangyng by your
stalke.' In 4 seven-line stanzas, of which Stowe omits the second. A
scurrilous performance. Trin. MS., fol. 205, back.

[No. 56. A Ballad by Lydgate; printed below, at p. 295.]

No. 58 is a Balade in 9 seven-line stanzas, of no merit, on the theme of
the impossibility of restoring a woman's chastity.

No. 59. _The Court of Love._ Printed below, at p. 409.

No. 60 is a genuine poem; and no. 61 is Lydgate's Story of Thebes. And here
Stowe's performance ceases.

Sec. 4. The subsequent additions made by Speght are discussed in vol. i. pp.
43-46. Of these, The Flower and the Leaf, Jack Upland, and Hoccleve's poem
to Henry V, are here reprinted; and Chaucer's ABC is genuine. He also
reprinted the Sayings at p. 450. The pieces not reprinted here are
Chaucer's Dream and Eight Goodly Questions.

_Chaucer's Dream_ is a false title, assigned to it by Speght; its proper
name is _The Isle of Ladies_. Begins--'Whan Flora, the quene of
pleasaunce.' The MS. at Longleat is said to have been written about 1550. A
second MS. has been acquired by the British Museum, named MS. Addit. 10303;
this is also in a hand of the sixteenth century, and presents frequent
variations in the text. It is very accessible, in the texts by Moxon, Bell,
and Morris; but how Tyrwhitt ever came to dream that it could be genuine,
must remain a mystery. I originally hoped to include this poem in the
present selection, but its inordinate length compelled me to abandon my
intention. In a prologue of seventy lines, the author truthfully states, at
l. 60, that he is 'a slepy[3] writer.' There are many assonances, such as
_undertakes_, _scapes_ (337); _named_, _attained_ (597); _tender_,
_remember_ (1115, 1415); _rome_, _towne_ (1567). Note also such rimes as
_destroied_, _conclude_ (735); _queen_, _kneen_, pl. of _knee_ (1779);
_nine_, _greene_ (1861); _vertuous_, _use_ (1889). Some rimes exhibit the
Northern dialect; as _paines_, _straines_, pr. s., 909; _wawe_,
_overthrawe_, pp., 1153; _servand_, _livand_, pres. pt., 1629; _greene_,
_eene_ (pl. of _e_, eye), 1719; _hand_, _avisand_, pres. pt., 1883; &c. Yet
the writer is not particular; if he wants a rime to _wroth_, he uses the
Southern form _goth_, 785; but if he wants a rime to _rose_, he uses the
Northern form _gose_ (goes), 1287, 1523. But before any critic can
associate this poem with Chaucer, he has first to prove that it was written
before 1450. Moreover, it belongs to the cycle of metrical romances, being
connected (as Tyrwhitt says) with the _Eliduc_ of Marie de France; and,
perhaps, with her _Lanval_.

To the _Isle of Ladies_ Speght appended two other poems, of which the
former contains a single stanza of 6 lines, and the latter is a ballad in 3
seven-line stanzas.

No. 66. _Eight Goodly Questions_; in Bell's Chaucer, iv. 421. In 9
seven-line stanzas. First printed in 1542. There are at least two
manuscript copies; one in the Trinity MS., marked R. 3. 15; and another in
the Bannatyne MS., printed at p. 123 of the print of the Bannatyne MS.,
issued by the Hunterian Club in 1873. In l. 19, the latter MS. corrects
_tree_ to _coffour_, the Scottish form of _cofre_. It is merely expanded
from the first seven lines of a poem by Ausonius, printed in Walker's
_Corpus Poetarum Latinorum_, with the title Eorundem Septem Sapientum
Sententiae. This English version is quite in Lydgate's style.

Sec. 5. EDITIONS AND MSS. CONSULTED.

I have repeatedly explained that there were but four black-letter editions
of Collected Works before Speght's; and these I call Thynne's first edition
(1532), Thynne's second edition (1542), the undated edition (about 1550,
which I call 1550 for brevity), and Stowe's edition (1561) respectively. I
shall denote these editions below by the symbols 'Th.,' ed. 1542, ed. 1550,
and 'S.' respectively. Of these editions, the first is the best; the second
is derived from the first; the third is derived from the second; and the
fourth from the third[4]. In every case it is useless to consult a later
edition when an earlier one can be found.

The following is the list of the pieces which depend on the editions
_only_, or for which the editions have been collated. I always cite the
earliest; that the later ones _also_ contain the piece in question must,
once for all, be understood.

Caxton.--XXVIII. No. VII. was also collated with a print by Caxton.

Wynkyn de Worde.--XXIII.

Wynkyn de Worde.--VIII.

Chepman and Miller (1508).--VIII.

Th.--I. IX. XI. XXII. Also collated for IV. V. VII. VIII. X. XII. XVI.
XVII. XVIII. XIX. XXI. XXIII.

Thynne had access to excellent MSS., and is always worth consulting.

Ed. 1542.--II. XXVIII. Collated for VI.

An early printed edition of Jack Upland.--III.

S. (1561).--XV. Collated for XIII. XIV. XXIV. XXV. XXIX.

A printed edition of the Testament of Cresseid (1593).--XVII.

Speght (1598).--XX. Collated for III.

The following twenty MSS. have been collated or consulted.

Trentham MS.--IV. (See Introduction.)

Fairfax 16.-V. VIII. XIII. XVI. XVIII. XIX. (See vol. i. p. 51.)

Bodley 638.--V. VIII. XVIII. (See vol. i. p. 53.)

Tanner 346.--V. VIII. XVIII. XIX. (See vol. i. p. 54.)

Ashmole 59.--VII. X. XIII. (See vol. i. p. 53.)

Arch. Selden B. 24.--V. VIII. XVIII. XXVI. XXVII. (See vol. i. p. 54.)

Digby 181.--V. VIII. (See vol. i. p. 54.)

Camb. Univ. Lib. Ff. 1. 6.--V. XII. XVI. XVIII. (See vol. i. p. 55.)

Pepys 2006.--VIII. (See vol. i. p. 55.)

Trin. Coll. R. 3. 19.--XIV. XVI. XXI. XXIV. XXV. XXIX. (See vol. i. p. 56.)

Trin. Coll. R. 3. 20.--V. (One of Shirley's MSS.)

Trin. Coll. O. 9. 38.--XIV.

Addit. 16165, B. M.--XIII. (See vol. i. p. 56.)

Addit. 34360, B. M.--XXI.

Harl. 372, B. M.--XVI. (See vol. i. p. 58.)

Harl. 2251, B. M.--VII. XII. XIV. (See vol. i. p. 57.)

Harl. 7578, B. M.--XIII. (See vol. i. p. 58.)

Sloane 1212, B. M.--X. (A fair copy.)

Phillipps 8151.--VI. (See Hoccleve's Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 1.)

Ashburnham 133.--V. (See the same, p. xxvii.)

Sec. 6. Conversely, I here give the authorities from which each piece is
derived. For further comments on some of them, see the separate
introductions to each piece below.

I. _The Testament of Love_ (prose).--Th. (Thynne, 1532).

II. _The Plowmans Tale_ (1380 lines).--Th. (Thynne, 1542).

III. _Jack Upland_ (prose).--Early edition, Caius College library; Speght
(1598).

IV. _Praise of Peace_ (385 lines).--Th. (1532); Trentham MS.

V. _Letter of Cupid_ (476 lines).--Th. (1532); Fairfax, Bodley, Tanner,
Selden, Ashburnham, Digby MSS.; Trin. Coll. R. 3. 20; Camb. Ff. 1. 6; also
in the Bannatyne MS.

VI. _To the King's Grace_ (64).--Th. (1542); Phillipps 8151.

VII. _A Moral Balade_ (189).--Th. (1532); Caxton; Ashmole 59, Harl. 2251.
(I also find a reference to Harl. 367, fol. 85, back.)

VIII. _Complaint of the Black Knight_ (681).--Th. (1532); Fairfax, Bodley,
Tanner, Digby, Selden, Pepys; Addit. 16165. Also printed, separately, by
Wynkyn de Worde (n. d.); and at Edinburgh, by Chepman and Miller, in 1508.

IX. _The Flour of Curtesye_ (270).--Th. (1532).

X. _In Commendation of our Lady_ (140).--Th.; Ashmole 59; Sloane 1212.

XI. _To my Soverain Lady_ (112).--Th.

XII. _Ballad of Good Counsel_ (133).--Th.; Camb. Ff. 1. 6; Harl. 2251.

XIII. _Beware of Doubleness_ (104).--Stowe (1561); Fairfax 16, Ashmole 59,
Harl. 7578, Addit. 16165.

XIV. _A Balade: Warning Men_ (49).--Stowe (1561); Harl. 2251, fol. 149,
back; Trin. R. 3. 19; Trin. O. 9. 38.

XV. _Three Sayings_ (21).--Stowe (1561).

XVI. _La Belle Dame sans Mercy_ (856).--Th.; Fairfax, Harl. 372; Camb. Ff.
1. 6; Trin. R. 3. 19, fol. 98.

XVII. _Testament of Cresseid_ (616).--Th.; Edinburgh edition (1593).

XVIII. _The Cuckoo and the Nightingale_ (290).--Th.; Fairfax, Bodley,
Tanner, Selden; Camb. Ff. 1. 6.

XIX. _Envoy to Alison_ (27).--Th.; Fairfax, Tanner.

XX. _The Flower and the Leaf_ (595).--Speght (1598).

XXI. _The Assembly of Ladies_ (756).--Th.; Addit. 34360; Trin. R. 3. 19.

XXII. _A goodly Balade_ (71).--Th.

XXIII. _Go forth, King_ (14).--Wynkyn de Worde; Th.

XXIV. _The Court of Love_ (1442).--Stowe (1561); Trin. R. 3. 19.

XXV. _Virelai_ (20).--Stowe (1561); Trin. R. 3. 19.

XXVI. _Prosperity_ (8); XXVII. _Loyalty_ (7).--Selden MS.

XXVIII. _Sayings_ (14).--Caxton; reprinted, Th. (1542).

XXIX. _In Praise of Chaucer_ (7).--Stowe (1561); Trin. R. 3. 19.

       *       *       *       *       *

Sec. 7. I. THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE; BY THOMAS USK.

Of this piece no MS. copy has been discovered. The only authority is
Thynne's edition of 1532, whence all later editions have been copied more
or less incorrectly. The reprints will be found to grow steadily worse, so
that the first edition is the only one worth consulting.

The present edition is printed from a transcript of Thynne (1532), made by
myself; the proof-sheets being carefully read with the original. In making
the transcript, I have altered the symbol _u_ to _v_, when used as a
consonant; and (in the few places where it occurs) the consonantal _i_ to
_j_. I have also substituted _i_ for _y_ when the vowel is short, chiefly
in the case of the suffix _-yng_ or _-ynge_, here printed _-ing_ or
_-inge_. In nearly all other cases, the original spellings are given in the
footnotes. Thynne's chief errors of printing occur in places where he has
persistently altered the spelling of the MS. to suit the spelling in
fashion in the days of Henry VIII. His chief alterations are as follows. He
prints _ea_ for open _ee_, written _ee_ or _e_ at the beginning of the
fifteenth century; thus, he has _ease_ for _ese_, and _please_ for _plese_.
He most perversely adds a useless final _e_ to the words _howe_, _nowe_,
and some others; and he commits the anachronism of printing _father_,
_mother_, _together_, _wether_, _gather_, in place of _fader_, _moder_,
_togeder_, _weder_, _gader_; whereas the termination in these words
invariably appears as _-der_ till shortly before 1500. Further, he prints
_catche_ for _cacche_, _perfection_ for _perfeccion_, and the like; and in
several other ways has much impaired the spelling of his original. Many of
these things I have attempted to set right; and the scholar who compares
the text with the footnotes will easily see why each alteration has been
made, if he happens to be at all conversant with MSS. written in the
fourteenth century.

I believe that this piece is almost unparalleled as regards the shameful
corruption of its text. It cannot be supposed that Thynne or any one else
ever read it over with the view of seeing whether the result presented any
sense. Originally written in an obscure style, every form of carelessness
seems to have been employed in order to render it more obscure than before.
In a great number of places, it is easy to restore the sense by the
insertion of such necessary words as _of_, or _but_, or _by_. In other
places, non-existent words can be replaced by real ones; or some correction
can be made that is more or less obvious. I have marked all inserted words
by placing them within square brackets, as, e.g., _am_ in l. 46 on p. 6.
Corrections of readings are marked by the use of a dagger (+); thus 'I +wot
wel' in l. 78 on p. 7 is my emendation of Thynne's phrase 'I wol wel,'
which is duly recorded in the footnote. But some sentences remain in which
the sense is not obvious; and one is almost tempted to think that the
author did not clearly know what he intended to say. That he was remarkable
for a high degree of inaccuracy will appear presently.

A strange misprint occurs in Book III. ch. 4, ll. 30, 31 (p. 117), where
nearly two whole lines occur twice over; but the worst confusion is due to
an extraordinary dislocation of the text in Book III. (c. iv. l. 56--c. ix.
l. 46), as recently discovered by the sagacity of Mr. H. Bradley, and
explained more fully below.

I have also, for the first time, revised the punctuation, which in Thynne
is only denoted by frequent sloping strokes and full stops, which are not
always inserted in the right places. And I have broken up the chapters into
convenient paragraphs.

Sec. 8. A very curious point about this piece is the fact which I was the
first to observe, viz. that the initial letters of the various chapters
were certainly intended to form an acrostic. Unfortunately, Thynne did not
perceive this design, and has certainly begun some of the chapters either
with the wrong letter or at a wrong place. The sense shews that the first
letter of Book I. ch. viii. should be E, not O (see the note); and, with
this correction, the initial letters of the First Book yield the
words--MARGARETE OF.

In Book II, Thynne begins Chapters XI and XII at wrong places, viz. with
the word 'Certayn' (p. 86, l. 133), and the word 'Trewly' (p. 89, l. 82).
He thus produces the words--VIRTW HAVE MCTRCI. It is obvious that the last
word ought to be MERCI, which can be obtained by beginning Chapter XI with
the word 'Every,' which suits the sense quite as well.

For the chapters of Book III, we are again dependent on Thynne. If we
accept his arrangement as it stands, the letters yielded are--ON THSKNVI;
and the three books combined give us the sentence:--MARGARETE OF VIRTW,
HAVE MERCI ON THSKNVI. Here 'Margarete of virtw' means 'Margaret endued
with divine virtue'; and the author appeals either to the Grace of God, or
to the Church. The last word ought to give us the author's name; but in
that case the letters require rearrangement before the riddle can be read
with certainty.

After advancing so far towards the solution of the mystery, I was here
landed in a difficulty which I was unable to solve. But Mr. H. Bradley, by
a happy inspiration, hit upon the idea that the text might have suffered
dislocation; and was soon in a position to prove that no less than six
leaves of the MS. must have been out of place, to the great detriment of
the sense and confusion of the argument. He very happily restored the right
order, and most obligingly communicated to me the result. I at once
cancelled the latter part of the treatise (from p. 113 to the end), and
reprinted this portion in the right order, according to the sense. With
this correction, the unmeaning THSKNVI is resolved into the two words THIN
USK, i.e. 'thine Usk'; a result the more remarkable because Mr. Bradley had
_previously_ hit upon Usk as being the probable author. For the
autobiographical details exactly coincide, in every particular, with all
that is known of the career of Thomas Usk, according to Walsingham, the
Rolls of Parliament, and the continuation of Higden's Polychronicon by John
Malverne (ed. Lumby, vol. ix. pp. 45-6, 134, 150, 169); cf. Lingard, ed.
1874, iii. 163-7.

The date of the composition of this piece can now be determined without
much error. Usk was executed on March 4, 1388, and we find him referring to
past events that happened towards the end of 1384 or later. The most likely
date is about 1387. I here append an exact account of the order of the text
_as it appears in Thynne_; every break in the text being denoted, in the
present volume, by a dark asterisk.

Thynne's text is in a correct order from p. 1 to p. 118, l. 56:--any
mouable tyme there (Th. fol. 354, col. 2, l. 11)[5].

(1) Next comes, in Thynne, the passage beginning at p. 135, l. 94:--Fole,
haue I not seyd--and ending at p. 143, l. 46:--syth god is the greatest
loue and the (Th. fol. 356, back, col. 1, l. 5).

(2) Next, in Thynne, the passage beginning at p. 131, l. 97:--ne ought to
loke thynges with resonnyng--and ending at p. 132, l. 161, at the end of a
chapter (Th. fol. 356, back, col. 2, last line).

(3) Next, in Thynne, the passage beginning at p. 124, l. 8:--Now trewly,
lady--and ending at p. 128, at the end of the chapter (Th. fol. 357, last
line).

(4) Next, in Thynne, the passage beginning at p. 132, new chapter:--Uery
trouth (quod she)--and ending at p. 135, l. 94:--that shal bringe out frute
that (Th. fol. 358, back, col. 1, l. 25).

(5) Next, in Thynne, the passage beginning at p. 118, l. 56:--is nothyng
preterit ne passed--and ending at p. 124, l. 7:--euer to onbyde (Th. fol.
360, col. 1, l. 24).

(6) Next, in Thynne, the passage beginning at p. 128, new chapter:--Nowe,
lady (quod I) that tree to set--and ending at p. 131, l. 97:--vse ye (Th.
fol. 360, back, col. 2, l. 9).

(7) Lastly, the text reverts to the true order, at p. 143, l. 46, with the
words:--greatest wisdom (Th. fol. 360, back, col. 2, l. 9. as before). See
The Athenaeum, no. 3615, Feb. 6, 1897.

It is not difficult to account for this somewhat confusing dislocation. It
is clear that the original MS. was written on quires of the usual size,
containing 8 folios apiece. The first 10 quires, which we may call _a_,
_b_, _c_, _d_, _e_, _f_, _g_, _h_, _i_, and _k_, were in the right order.
The rest of the MS. occupied quire _l_ (of 8 folios), and quire _m_ (of
only 2); the last page being blank. The seventh folio of _l_ was torn up
the back, so that the two leaves parted company; and the same happened to
both the folios in quire _m_, leaving six leaves loose. What then happened
was this:--first of all, folios _l__1--_l__4, were reversed and turned
inside out; then came the former halves of _m__1, and _m__2, and the latter
half of _l__7; next _l__5 and _l__6 (undetached), with the former half of
_l__7 thrust in the middle; so that the order in this extraordinary quire
was as follows: _l__4, _l__3, _l__2, _l__1, all inside out, half of _m__1,
half of _m__2, the latter half of _l__7, _l__5, _l__6, and the former half
of _l__7, followed by the six undetached leaves. The last quire simply
consisted of _l__8 (entire), followed by the latter halves of _m__2 and
_m__1, which were kept in the right order by the fact that the last page
was blank.

It has thus become possible for us to make some progress towards the right
understanding of the work, which has hitherto been much misunderstood.
Warton (Hist. E. Poetry, 1840, ii. 218) dismisses it in two lines:--'It is
a lover's parody of Boethius's book De Consolatione mentioned above';
whereas the author was not a lover at all, except in a spiritual sense.
Even the fuller account in Morley's English Writers (1890), v. 261, is not
wholly correct. The statement is there made, that 'it professes to be
written, and probably was written, by a prisoner in danger of his life';
but the prison[6] may have been _at first_ metaphorical, as he could hardly
have written the whole work in two or three months. In Book iii. ch. 9, ll.
131, 132, he prays that 'God's hand, which has scourged him in mercy, may
hereafter mercifully keep and defend him in good plight.' The whole tone of
the treatise shews that he is writing to justify himself, and thinks that
he has succeeded. But a stern doom was close at hand.

Sec. 9. The truth is that the attempts of Godwin and others to make the
autobiographical statements of the author fit into the life of Chaucer,
have quite led the critics out of the right track. That the author was
_not_ Chaucer is perfectly obvious to every one who reads the passage in
the lower half of p. 140 with moderate attention; for the author there
refers to Chaucer as Love's 'noble philosophical poet in English,' who
wrote a treatise of Love's servant Troilus, and who 'passeth all other
makers in wit and in good reason of sentence'; praise which, however true
it may be of Chaucer, the writer was certainly not entitled to claim for
himself. The sole point in which the circumstances of the author agree with
those of Chaucer is this--that they were both born in London; which is,
obviously, too slight a coincidence to build upon. Now that we know the
author's name to have been Thomas Usk, the matter assumes quite another
complexion. Usk was much inclined, in his early days, to a belief in
Lollard opinions; but when he found that persistence in such belief was
likely to lead to trouble and danger, he deemed it prudent to recant as
completely as he could[7], and contemplates his consequent security with
some complacency.

In just the same way, it appears that he had changed sides in politics. We
first find him in the position of confidential clerk to John of
Northampton, mayor of London in 1381-2 and 1382-3. In July, 1384, Usk was
arrested and imprisoned in order to induce him to reveal certain secrets
implicating Northampton. This he consented to do, and accused Northampton
before the king at Reading, on the 18th of August. Northampton strenuously
denied the charges against him, but was condemned as guilty, and sent to
Corfe castle[8]. After this, Usk joined the party of Sir Nicholas Brembre,
mayor of London in 1383-4, 1384-5, and 1385-6, and Collector of Customs in
1381-3, when Chaucer was Comptroller of the same. Brembre had been active
in procuring the condemnation of Northampton, and was, at the close of
1386, one of the few personal adherents who remained faithful to the king.
In 1387, Richard was busily devising means for the overthrow of the duke of
Gloucester's regency, Brembre and Usk being on the king's side; but his
attempts were unsuccessful, and, in November of the same year, the duke of
Gloucester and his partisans, who were called the 'appellants,' became
masters of the situation; they accused the king's councillors of treason,
and imprisoned or banished their opponents. On Feb. 3, 1388, the appellants
produced their charges against their victims, Brembre and Usk being among
the number. Both were condemned and executed, Brembre on Feb. 20, and Usk
on the 4th of March. Usk's offence was that he had been appointed
sub-sheriff of Middlesex by Brembre's influence[9], with a view to the
arrest of the duke of Gloucester and others of his party. His defence was
that all that he had done was by the king's orders, a defence on which he
doubtless relied. Unfortunately for him, it was an aggravation of his
crime. It was declared that he ought to have known that the king was not at
the time his own master, but was acting according to the counsel of false
advisers; and this sealed his fate. He was sentenced to be drawn, hung, and
beheaded, and that his head should be set up over Newgate. The sentence was
barbarously carried out; he was hung but immediately cut down, and clumsily
beheaded by nearly thirty strokes of a sword. 'Post triginta mucronis ictus
fere decapitatus semper usque ad mortem nunquam fatebatur se deliquisse
contra Johannem Northampton, sed erant omnia vera quae de eo praedicaverat
coram rege in quodam consilio habito apud Radyngum anno elapso.'--Higden,
App. 169. John of Malverne speaks as if he had some personal recollection
of Usk, of whom he says--'Satagebat namque astu et arte illorum amicitiam
sibi attrahere quos procul dubio ante capitales hostes sibi fuisse
cognovit,'--Ib. p. 45.

We can now readily understand that Usk's praise of Chaucer must have been
more embarrassing than acceptable; and perhaps it was not altogether
without design that the poet, in his House of Fame, took occasion to let
the world know how he devoted his leisure time to other than political
subjects.

Sec. 10. Some of the events of his life are alluded to by Usk in the present
treatise. He justifies his betrayal of Northampton (p. 26, ll. 53-103, p.
28, ll. 116-201), and is grateful for the king's pardon (p. 60, ll. 120-4).
He refers to his first imprisonment (p. 60, l. 104), and tells us that he
offered wager of battle against all who disputed his statements (p. 60, l,
116; p. 31, l. 10); but no one accepted the wager.

He further tells us how he endeavoured to make his peace with the Church.
Taking his cue from the parable of the merchantman seeking goodly pearls
(p. 16, l. 84), he likens the visible Church of Christ to the pearl of
great price (p. 145, l. 103; p. 94, l. 121), and piteously implores her
mercy (p. 8, l. 135); and the whole tone of the piece shews his confidence
that he is reasonably safe (p. 144, l. 120). He sees clearly that lollardy
is unacceptable, and indulges in the usual spiteful fling against the
cockle (_lolia_) which the Lollards were reproached with sowing (p. 48, l.
93). He had once been a heretic (p. 99, l. 29), and in danger of 'never
returning' to the true Church (p. 99, l. 38); but he secured his safety by
a full submission (p. 105, l. 133).

At the same time, there is much about the piece that is vague, shifty, and
unsatisfactory. He is too full of excuses, and too plausible; in a word,
too selfish. Hence he has no real message for others, but only wishes to
display his skill, which he does by help of the most barefaced and
deliberate plagiarism. It was not from the Consolatio Philosophiae of
Boethius, but from the English translation of that work by Chaucer, that he
really drew his materials; and he often takes occasion to lift lines or
ideas from the poem of Troilus whenever he can find any that come in handy.
In one place he turns a long passage from the House of Fame into very
inferior prose. There are one or two passages that remind us of the Legend
of Good Women (i. pr. 100, ii. 3. 38, iii. 7. 38); but they are remarkably
few. But he keeps a copy of Chaucer's Boethius always open before him, and
takes from it passage after passage, usually with many alterations,
abbreviations, expansions, and other disfigurements; but sometimes without
any alteration at all. A few examples will suffice, as a large number of
parallel passages are duly pointed out in the Notes.

Sec. 11. In Chaucer's Boethius (bk. i. pr. 3. 10), when Philosophy, the
heavenly visitant, comes to comfort the writer, her first words are:--'_O
my norry_, sholde I forsaken thee now?' In the Testament (p. 10, l. 37),
Heavenly Love commences her consolations with the same exclamation:--'_O my
nory_, wenest thou that my maner be, to foryete my frendes or my
servaunts?' The Latin text--'An te, _alumne_, desererem?'--does not suggest
this remarkable mode of address.

This, however, is a mere beginning; it is not till further on that
plagiarisms begin to be frequent. At first, as at p. 37, the author copies
the sense rather than the words; but he gradually begins to copy words and
phrases also. Thus, at p. 43, l. 38, his '_chayres_ of domes' comes from
Chaucer's 'heye _chayres_' in bk. i. met. 5. 27; and then, in the next
line, we find '_vertue, shynende naturelly ... is hid_ under cloude,' where
Chaucer has '_vertu_, cler-_shyninge naturelly is hid_ in derke
derknesses'; bk. i. met. 5. 28. At p. 44, l. 66, we have: '_Whan nature
brought thee forth_, come thou not _naked out of thy moders wombe_? Thou
haddest no richesse'; where Chaucer has: '_Whan_ that _nature broughte thee
forth out of thy moder wombe_, I receyved thee _naked_, and nedy of alle
thinges'; bk. ii. pr. 2. 10. Just a few lines below (ll. 71-76) we have the
sense, but not the words, of the neighbouring passage in Chaucer (ll.
23-25). Further literal imitations are pointed out in the Notes to l. 85 in
the same chapter, and elsewhere. See, for example, the Notes to Book ii.
ch. iv. 4, 14, 20, 61; ch. v. 15, 57, 65, 67, 79; ch. vi. 11, 30, 74, 117,
123, 129, 132, 143; ch. vii. 8, 14, 20, 23, 30, 39, 50, 74, 95, 98, 105,
109, 114, 117, 130, 135, 139, 148; &c.

Those who require conviction on this point may take such an example as
this.

'O! a noble thing and clere is power, that is not founden mighty to kepe
himselfe'; (p. 70, l. 20).

'O! a noble thing and a cleer thing is power, that is nat founden mighty to
kepen it-self'; Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 5. 5-7.

The Latin text is: 'O praeclara potentia quae nec ad conseruationem quidem
sui satis efficax inuenitur.' I see no reason for supposing that the author
anywhere troubled himself to consult the Latin original. Indeed, it is
possible to correct errors in the text by help of Chaucer's version; see
the last note on p. 461.

Sec. 12. We get the clearest idea of the author's method by observing his
treatment of the House of Fame, 269-359. It is worth while to quote the
whole passage:--

 'Lo! how a woman doth amis
  _To love_ him that unknowen is!...                  270
  Hit _is not_ al _gold_ that glareth;...
  Ther _may be under_ goodliheed
  Kevered _many_ a shrewed _vyce_;                    275
  _Therefore_ be _no wight_ so nyce,
  To take a love only for _chere_,
  For _speche_, or for frendly manere;
  For this shal every woman finde
  That som _man_, of his pure kinde,                  280
  Wol _shewen outward_ the faireste
  _Til he have_ caught that what him leste;
  And _thanne wol_ he _causes finde_,
  And swere how that she is unkinde,
  _Or fals_, or prevy, or double was ...              285
  Therfor I wol seye a proverbe,
  That "he that fully knoweth th'erbe                 290
  May saufly leye hit to his ye" ...
  Allas! is every man thus trewe,
  That every yere wolde have a newe, ...
  As thus: of _oon_ he wolde _have fame_,             305
  In magnifying of his name;
  Another _for frendship_, seith he;
  And yet ther shal the _thri de_ be,
  That shal be taken _for delyt_ ...
  _Allas, that ever_ hadde routhe                     332
  _Any woman_ on any man!
  Now see I wel, and telle can,
  We wrecched _women conne_ non art ...               335
  How sore that _ye men_ conne _grone_,
  Anoon, as we have yow receyved,
  Certeinly we _ben deceyved_;...                     340
  For through you is my name _lorn_,
  And alle my actes _red and songe_
  Over al this land on every tonge.                   348
  O wikke _Fame_!...
  Eek, thogh I mighte _duren ever_,
  _That_ I _have doon, rekever_ I _never_ ...         354
  And that I shal thus juged be--
 "Lo, right as she hath doon, now she
  Wol do eftsones, hardily."'                         359

If the reader will now turn to p. 54, l. 45, and continue down to l. 81 on
the next page, he will find the whole of this passage turned into prose,
with numerous cunning alterations and a few insertions, yet including all
such words as are printed above in italics! That is, he will find all
except the proverb in ll. 290, 291; but this also is not far off; for it
occurs over the leaf, on p. 56, at l. 115, and again at p. 22, ll. 44-45!
Surely, this is nothing but book-making, and the art of it does not seem to
be difficult.

Sec. 13. The author expressly acknowledges his admiration of Troilus (p. 140,
l. 292); and it is easy to see his indebtedness to that poem. He copies
Chaucer's curious mistake as to Styx being a pit (p. 3, l. 80, and the
note). He adopts the words _let-game_ (p. 18, l. 124) and _wiver_ (p. 129,
l. 27). He quotes a whole line from Troilus at p. 27, l. 78 (see note); and
spoils another one at p. 34, ch. viii. l. 5, a third at p. 80, l. 116, and
a fourth at p. 128, ch. vii. l. 2. We can see whence he took his allusion
to 'playing raket,' and to the dock and nettle, at p. 13, ll. 166, 167; and
the phrase to 'pype with an yve-lefe' at p. 134, l. 50.

It is further observable that he had read a later text of Piers Plowman
with some care, but he seems to quote it from memory, as at p. 18, l. 153,
and p. 24, l. 118. A few other passages in which he seems to have taken
ideas from this popular and remarkable poem are pointed out in the Notes.
It is probable that he thence adopted the words _legistres_ and _skleren_;
for which see the Glossary, and consult the Notes for the references which
are there given.

Sec. 14. The author is frequently guilty of gross inaccuracies. He seems to
confuse Cain with Ham (p. 52, ll. 107, 109), but _Cayn_, says Mr. Bradley,
may be Thynne's misprint for _Cam_, i.e. Ham. He certainly confuses
Perdiccas with Arrhidaeus (p. 52, l. 116). He speaks of the _eighth_ year,
instead of the _seventh_, as being a sabbatical year, and actually declares
that the ordinary week contains _seven_ working-days (p. 24, ll. 102-104)!
He tells us that Sunday begins 'at the first hour after noon (!) on
Saturday' (p. 82, l. 163). Hence it is not to be wondered at that some of
his arguments and illustrations are quite unintelligible.

Sec. 15. The title of the work, viz. THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE, readily reminds us
of the passage in Gower already quoted in vol. iii. p. xliii., in which the
goddess Venus proposes that Chaucer should write 'his testament of love,'
in order 'to sette an ende of alle his werke.' I have already explained
that the real reference in this passage is to the Legend of Good Women; but
I am not prepared, at present, to discuss the connection between the
expression in Gower and the treatise by Usk. The fact that our author
adopted the above title may have led to the notion that Chaucer wrote the
treatise here discussed; but it is quite clear that he had nothing to do
with it.

Professor Morley well says that 'the writer of this piece uses the word
Testament in the old Scriptural sense of a witnessing, and means by Love
the Divine Love, the Christian spirit encouraging and directing the wish
for the grace of God, called Margaret, the pearl beyond all price.' To
which, however, it is highly essential to add that Margaret is not used in
the sense of 'grace' alone, but is also employed, in several passages, to
signify 'the visible Church of Christ.' The author is, in fact, careful to
warn us of the varying, the almost Protean sense of the word at p. 145,
where he tells us that 'Margarite, a woman [i.e. properly a woman's name],
betokeneth _grace_, _lerning_, or _wisdom of god_, or els _holy church_.'
His object seems to have been to extend the meaning of the word so as to
give him greater scope for ingenuity in varying his modes of reference to
it. He has certainly succeeded in adding to the obscurity of his subject.
That by 'holy church' he meant the visible Church of Christ of his own
time, appears from the remarkable assertion that it is 'deedly,' i.e.
mortal (p. 94, l. 121). Such an epithet is inapplicable to the Church in
its spiritual character. It may also be observed that, however much the
sense implied by Margarite may vary, it never takes the meaning which we
should most readily assign to it; i.e. it never means a live woman, nor
represents even an imaginary object of natural human affection. The nearest
approach to such an ideal is at p. 94, l. 114, where we are told that the
jewel which he hopes to attain is as precious a pearl as a woman is by
nature.

Sec. 16. It hardly seems worth while to give a detailed analysis of the whole
piece. An analysis of the First Book (which is, on the whole, the best) is
given by Professor Morley; and the hints which I have already given as to
the character and situation of the author will enable the reader to regard
the treatise from a right point of view. But it is proper to observe that
the author himself tells us how he came to divide the work into three
books[10], and what are the ideas on which each book is founded. Each of
the three books has an introductory chapter. That to the First Book I have
called a Prologue; and perhaps it would have been strictly correct to have
called the first chapters of the other books by the same name. In the
introductory chapter to the Third Book, p. 101, he declares that the First
Book is descriptive of Error, or Deviation (which the editions print as
Demacion!); the Second, of Grace; and the Third, of Joy. In other words,
the First Book is particularly devoted to recounting the errors of his
youth, especially how he was led by others into a conspiracy against the
state and into deviation from orthodoxy. In the Prologue, he excuses
himself for writing in English, and announces the title of the work. He
then assures us that he is merely going to gather up the crumbs that have
fallen from the table, and to glean handfuls of corn which Boethius has
dropped. 'A sly servant in his own help is often much commended'; and this
being understood, he proceeds to help himself accordingly, as has already
been explained.

Sec. 17. BOOK I: CH. I. In Chapter I, he describes his misery, and hopes that
the dice will turn, and implores the help of Margaret, here used
(apparently) to typify the grace of God. He represents himself as being in
prison, in imitation of Boethius; but I suspect that, _in the present
passage_, the prison was metaphorical. (He had been imprisoned in 1384, and
in 1387 was imprisoned again; but that is another matter.)

CH. II. Heavenly Love suddenly appears to him, as Philosophy appeared to
Boethius, and is ready to console and reclaim him. She is aware of his
losses, and he tries to vindicate his constancy of character.

CH. III. He describes how he once wandered through the woods at the close
of autumn, and was attacked by some animals who had suddenly turned wild.
To save himself, he embarks on board a ship; but the reader is disappointed
to find that the adventure is wholly unreal; the ship is the ship of
Travail, peopled by Sight, Lust, Thought, and Will. He is driven on an
island, where he catches a glimpse of Love, and finds a Margaret, a pearl
of price. He appeals to Love to comfort him.

CH. IV. Love first reproves and then consoles him. She enquires further
into his complaints.

CH. V. She advises him to contemn such as have spoken against him. He
complains that he has served seven years for Rachel, and prays for comfort
in his eighth year. She exhorts him to perseverance.

CH. VI. He here goes into several details as to his previous conduct. The
authorities threatened to keep him in prison, unless he would reveal a
certain secret or plot. He was afraid that the peace of his native place,
London, would suffer; and to procure its peace, he 'declared certain
points.' Being charged upon oath to reveal certain secret dealings, he at
once did so; for which he incurred much odium.

CH. VII. To prove that he had only spoken the truth, he offered wager of
battle; and was justified by the fact that no one accepted it. He had not
perjured himself, because his oath in the law-court was superior to his
former oath of secrecy. He only meant truth, but was sadly slandered. It is
absurd to be 'a stinking martyr' in a false cause.

CH. VIII. Love tells him he has greatly erred, and must expect much
correction. Earthly fame should be despised, whilst he looks for the fame
that comes after death.

CH. IX. Love vindicates the greatness of God and the goodness of His
providence.

CH. X. The author complains of his hard fortune; he has lost his goods and
has been deprived of his office. Love explains that adversity teaches
salutary lessons, and that the true riches may still be his own.

Sec. 18. BOOK II. In the first chapter (or Prologue) of the Second Book, he
again discusses the object of his work. In Chapter II, Love sings him a
Latin song, introducing complaints against the clergy such as frequently
occur in Piers the Plowman. In Chapter III, we find a discourse on
womankind, largely borrowed from Chaucer's House of Fame. The next eight
chapters are chiefly devoted to a discussion of the way by which the
repentant sinner may come to 'the knot' of Heavenly bliss; and it is here,
in particular, that a large portion of Chaucer's Boethius is freely
imitated or copied. The last three chapters recount the excellences of
Margaret, which in many passages refers rather to the visible Church than
to divine Grace.

Sec. 19. BOOK III. The first chapter is again introductory, explaining why the
number of Books is three. 'The Margaret in virtue is likened to Philosophy,
with her three kinds.' It is remarkable that this Third Book, which is
dedicated to Joy, is the dullest of the three, being largely taken up with
the questions of predestination and free will, with more borrowings from
Chaucer's Boethius. In Chapter V, Love explains how continuance in good
will produces the fruit of Grace; and, in Chapters VI and VII, shews how
such grace is to be attained. Chapter IX recurs to the subject of
predestination; after which the work comes to a formal conclusion, with
excuses for its various imperfections.

Sec. 20. II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.

This piece does not appear in Thynne's first edition of 1532, but occurs,
for the first time, in the second edition of 1542, where it is added at the
end of the Canterbury Tales, after the Parson's Tale. In the next (undated)
edition, probably printed about 1550, it is placed _before_ the Parson's
Tale, as if it were really Chaucer's, and the same arrangement occurs in
the fourth edition, that of 1561, by John Stowe. It is worth mentioning
that some booksellers put forward a fable as to the true date of the
undated edition being 1539, in order to enhance the value of their copies;
but the pretence is obviously false, as is shewn by collation[11]; besides
which, it is not likely that the Plowman's Tale would have been _at first_
inserted before the Parson's Tale, _then_ placed after it, and then _again_
placed before it. It is best to separate the first four editions by nearly
equal intervals, their dates being, respectively, 1532, 1542, about 1550,
and 1561.

Comparison of the black-letter editions shews that the first is the best;
and the later ones, being mere reprints, grow gradually worse. Hence, in
this case, the edition of 1542 is the sole authority, and the readings of
the inferior copies may be safely neglected. It is remarkable that Mr. T.
Wright, in his edition of this poem printed in his Political Poems and
Songs, i. 304, should have founded his text upon a reprint of Speght in
1687, when he might have taken as his authority a text more than 140 years
older. The result is, naturally, that his text is much worse than was at
all necessary.

According to Speght, there was once a MS. copy of this piece in Stowe's
library, but no one knows what became of it. According to Todd, in his
Illustrations of Gower and Chaucer, p. xxxix, there was once a black-letter
edition of it, entitled 'The Plouuman's tale compylled by syr Geffray
Chaucer knyght.' Todd says: 'It is of the duodecimo size, in the black
letter, without date, and imprinted at London in Paules churche-yarde at
the sygne of the Hyll, by Wyllyam Hyll. I have compared with the poem as
printed by Urry forty or fifty lines, and I found almost as many variations
between them[12]. The colophon of this book is, _Thus endeth the boke of
Chaunterburye Tales_. This rarity belongs to the Rev. Mr. Conybeare, the
present Professor of the Saxon language in the University of Oxford.' This
edition can no longer be traced. Hazlitt mentions a black-letter edition of
this piece, printed separately by Thomas Godfray (about 1535), on twenty
leaves; of which only one copy is known, viz. that at Britwell. There is
also a late print of it in the Bodleian Library, dated 1606.

Sec. 21. It is needless to discuss the possibility that Chaucer wrote this
Tale, as it is absent from all the MSS.; and it does not appear that the
ascription of it to him was taken seriously. It is obvious, from the
introductory Prologue (p. 147), that the author never intended his work to
be taken for Chaucer's; he purposely chooses a different metre from any
that occurs in the Canterbury Tales, and he introduces his Ploughman as
coming under the Host's notice quite suddenly, so that the Host is
constrained to ask him--'what man art thou?' The whole manner of the Tale
is conspicuously and intentionally different from that of Chaucer; and
almost the only expression which at all resembles Chaucer occurs in ll. 51,
52:--

 'I pray you that no man me reproche
  Whyl that I am my tale telling.'

Chaucer himself, before reciting his Tale of Melibeus, said much the same
thing:--

 'And let me tellen al my tale, I preye.'

I do not know why Mr. Wright, when reprinting this piece, omitted the
Prologue. It is a pity that half of the sixth stanza is missing.

Sec. 22. At l. 1065 we meet with a most important statement:--

 'Of freres I have told before
  In a making of a Crede.'

It is generally agreed that the author here claims to have previously
written the well-known piece entitled Pierce the Ploughman's Crede, which I
edited for the Early English Text Society in 1867. I then took occasion to
compare the language of these two pieces (which I shall shortly call the
Crede and the Tale), and I found ample confirmation, from internal
evidence, that the claim is certainly true. There are many similarities of
expression, some of which I here lay before the reader.

      FROM THE CREDE.                      FROM THE TALE.

  Curteis Crist (1, 140).              curteys Christ (482).

  cutted cote (434).                   cutted clothes (929).

  y can noh[gh]t my Crede (8).         Suche that conne nat hir Crede
                                         (413).

  At marketts and myracles, we         Market-beters, and medling make
    medleth us nevere (107).             (871).

  For we buldeth a burw[gh], a brod    And builde als brode as a cite
    and a large (118).                   (743).

  portreid and peint (121).            I-paynted and portred (135).
  peynt and portred (192).

  y sey coveitise catel to fongen      To catche catell as covytous (385;
    (146).                               cf. 856).

  Of double worstede y-dy[gh]t (228).  With double worsted well y-dight
                                         (1002).

  Than ther lefte in Lucifer, er he    As lowe as Lucifer such shall fall
    were lowe fallen (374).              (124).

  opon the plow hongen (421).          honged at the plow (1042).

  povere in gost God him-self          The pore in spirit gan Christ
    blisseth (521).                      blesse (915).

  ben maysters icalled, That the       Maysters be called defended he tho
    gentill Jesus ... purly defended     (1115).
    (574).

  to brenne the bodye in a bale of     Thou shalt be brent in balefull
    fijr (667).                          fyre (1234).

  Thei shulden nou[gh]t after the      They nolde nat demen after the
    face ... demen (670).                face (714).

  Thei schulden delven and diggen      Threshing and dyking fro town to
    and dongen the erthe,                town,

  And mene <DW41>-corn bred to her       With sory mete, and not half y-now
    mete fongen (785).                   (1043).

  He mi[gh]te no maistre ben kald,     Maysters be called defended he tho
    for Crist that defended (838).       (1115).

The Crede is written in alliterative verse; and it will be observed that
alliteration is employed in the Tale very freely. Another peculiarity in
the Tale may here be noticed, viz. the use of the same rime, _fall_ or
_befall_, throughout Part I, with the exception of ll. 205-228. Indeed, in
the first line of Part II, the author apologizes for being unable to find
any more rimes for _fall_, and proceeds to rime upon _amend_ throughout
that Part. In Part III, he begins to rime upon _grace_ in the first two
stanzas, but soon abandons it for the sake of freedom; however, at l. 1276,
he recurs to _grace_, and continues to rime upon it till the end. It is
clear that the author possessed considerable facility of expression. We can
date these pieces approximately without much error. The proceedings against
Walter Brute, expressly alluded to in the Crede, l. 657, lasted from Oct.
15, 1391, to Oct. 6, 1393, when he submitted himself to the bishop of
Hereford. We may well date the Crede about 1394, and the Tale (which
probably soon followed it, as the author repeats some of his expressions)
about 1395[13].

Both these pieces are written in a spirited style, and are of considerable
interest for the light which they throw upon many of the corrupt practices
of the monks, friars, and clergy. The Crede is directed against the friars
in particular, and reflects many of the opinions of Wyclif, as will easily
appear by comparing it with Wyclif's works. See, in particular, his Fifty
Heresies and Errors of Friars (Works, ed. Arnold, iii. 366). It would have
been easy to crowd the Notes with quotations from Wyclif; but it is
sufficient to point out so obvious a source. I have not observed any
passage in which the author copies the exact language of Langland. The
dialect seems to be some form of Midland, and is somewhat archaic; many of
the verbal forms are of some value to the philologist. Taken altogether, it
is a piece of considerable interest and merit. Ten Brink alludes to it as
'that transparent, half-prophetic allegory of the Quarrel between the
Griffin and the Pelican'; and adds--'The Griffin was the representative of
the prelates and the monks, the Pelican that of real Christianity in
Wyclif's sense. At a loss for arguments, the Griffin calls in at last all
the birds of prey in order to destroy its rival. The Phoenix, however,
comes to the help of the Pelican, and terribly destroys the robber-brood.'

Tyrwhitt observed, with great acuteness, that Spenser's allusion, in the
Epilogue to his Shepheards Calender, to 'the Pilgrim that the Ploughman
playde awhyle,' may well refer to the author of the Plowman's Tale rather
than to Langland[14]. Cf. p. 147, l. 12. It was natural that Spenser should
mention him along with Chaucer, because their productions were bound up
together in the same volume; a volume which was, to Spenser, a
treasure-house of archaic words.

The discussion on points of religion between the Griffin and the Pelican
clearly suggested to Dryden his discussion between the Hind and the
Panther. His choice of quadrupeds in place of birds is certainly no
improvement.

Sec. 23. III. JACK UPLAND.

Of this piece, no MS. copy is known. It is usually said to have been first
printed by Speght, in his second edition of Chaucer's Works in 1602; but I
have been so fortunate as to find a better and earlier text in the library
of Caius College, Cambridge, to which my attention was drawn by a note in
Hazlitt's Bibliographer's Handbook. This copy, here taken as the basis of
my text, and collated with Speght, is a small book consisting of only 16
leaves. The title-page contains the following words, within a square
border. ¶ Jack vp Lande | Compyled by the | famous Geoffrey | Chaucer. |
Ezechielis. xiii. | ¶ Wo be vnto you that | dishonour me to me (_sic_) peo
| ple for an handful of bar | lye & for a pece of bread. | Cum priuilegio |
Regali.

At the end of the treatise is the colophon: ¶ Prynted for Ihon Gough. Cum
Priuilegio Regali.

Hazlitt conjectures that it was printed about 1540. I think we may safely
date it in 1536; for it is bound up in a volume with several other tracts,
and it so happens that the tract next following it is by Myles Coverdale,
and is dated 1536, being printed in just the very same type and style. We
can also tell that it must have been printed after 1535, because the verse
from Ezekiel xiii, as quoted on the title-page (see above), exactly
corresponds with Coverdale's version of the Bible, the first edition of
which appeared in that year.

The text of Jack Upland, in the Caius College copy, has the following
heading, in small type:--'¶ These b[=e] the lewed questions of Freres rytes
and obseruaunces the whych they chargen more than Goddes lawe, and therfore
men shulden not gyue hem what so they beggen, tyll they hadden answered and
clerely assoyled these questions.'

As this copy is, on the whole, considerably superior to Speght's both as
regards sense and spelling, I have not given his inferior readings and
errors. In a very few places, Speght furnishes some obvious corrections;
and in such instances his readings are noted.

Sec. 24. A very convenient reprint of Speght's text is given in Wright's
edition of Political Poems and Songs (Record Series), vol. ii. p. 16. In
the same volume, p. 39, is printed a reply to Jack Upland's questions by a
friar who facetiously calls himself Friar Daw Topias, though it appears
(from a note printed at p. 114) that his real name was John Walsingham. Nor
is this all; for Friar Daw's reply is further accompanied by Jack Upland's
rejoinder, printed, for convenience, below Friar Daw's text. It is most
likely, as Mr. Wright concludes, that all three pieces may be dated in the
same year. It was necessary that Friar Daw (who gave himself this name in
order to indicate that he is a comparatively unlearned man, yet easily able
to refute his audacious questioner) should produce his reply at once; and
we may be sure that Jack's rejoinder was not long delayed. Fortunately, the
date can be determined with sufficient exactness; for Jack's rejoinder
contains the allusion: 'and the kyng by his juges trwe [sholde] execute his
lawe, as he _did now late_, whan he hangid you traytours,' p. 86. This
clearly refers to June, 1402[15], when eight Franciscan friars were hanged
at Tyburn for being concerned in a plot against the life of Henry IV. We
may, accordingly, safely refer all three pieces to the year 1402; shortly
after Chaucer's death.

Sec. 25. It is also tolerably clear that there must have been two texts of
'Jack Upland,' an earlier and a later one. The earlier one, of which we
have no copy, can easily be traced by help of Friar Daw's reply, as he
quotes all that is material point by point. It only extended as far as the
54th question in the present edition (p. 199); after which followed two
more questions which do not here reappear. The later copy also contains a
few questions, not far from the beginning, which Friar Daw ignores. It is
clear that we only possess a later, and, on the whole, a fuller copy. One
of the omitted questions relates to transubstantiation; and, as any
discussion of it was extremely likely, at that date, to be ended by burning
the disputant at the stake, it was certainly prudent to suppress it. Not
perceiving this point, Mr. Wright too hastily concluded that our copy of
Jack Upland is extremely corrupt, a conclusion quite unwarranted; inasmuch
as Friar Daw, in spite of his affectation of alliterative verse, quotes his
adversary's questions with reasonable correctness. On this unsound theory
Mr. Wright has built up another, still less warranted, viz. that the
original copy of Jack Upland must have been written in alliterative verse;
for no other reason than because Friar Daw's reply is so written. It is
obvious that alliteration is conspicuously absent, except in the case of
the four lines (424-7), which are introduced, by way of flourish, at the
end. My own belief is that our copy of Jack Upland is a second edition,
i.e. an amended and extended copy, which has been reasonably well
preserved. It is more correct than the Plowmans Tale, and very much more
correct than the Testament of Love.

Sec. 26. Mr. Wright further imagines that Jack Upland's rejoinder to Friar
Daw's reply, which he prints from 'a contemporary MS. in the Bodleian
Library at Oxford, MS. Digby 41,' was also originally in alliterative
verse. This supposition is almost as gratuitous as the former; for,
although there are very frequent traces of alliteration as an occasional
embellishment, it is otherwise written in ordinary prose. The mere chopping
up of prose into bits of not very equal length, as in Mr. Wright's print,
does not produce verse of any kind. Friar Daw's verses are bad enough, as
he did not understand his model (obviously the Ploughman's Crede), but he
usually succeeds in making a kind of jingle, with pauses, for the most
part, in the right place. But there is no verse discoverable in Jack
Upland; he preferred straightforward prose, for reasons that are perfectly
obvious.

For further remarks, I beg leave to refer the reader to Mr. Wright's
Introduction, pp. xii-xxiv, where he will find an excellent summary of the
arguments adduced on both sides. There is a slight notice of Jack Upland in
Morley's English Writers, vi. 234.

Sec. 27. IV. JOHN GOWER: THE PRAISE OF PEACE.

In Morley's English Writers, iv. 157, this poem is entitled 'De Pacis
Commendatione,' on MS. authority (see p. 216). Mr. E. B. Nicholson, who has
made a special study of Gower's poems, suggested 'The Praise of Peace,'
which I have gladly adopted. I am much obliged to Mr. Nicholson for his
assistance in various ways; and, in particular, for the generous loan of
his own transcript of this poem.

Sec. 28. In Todd's Illustrations of Gower and Chaucer, p. 95, is a notice of a
MS. 'in the present Marquis of Stafford's library at Trentham,' which had
been previously described in Warton's Hist. of E. Poetry as being 'in Lord
Gower's library.' Mr. Wright alludes to it as 'a contemporary MS. in the
possession of his grace the duke of Sutherland.' It may be called 'the
Trentham MS.' 'The Praise of Peace' was printed from it by Mr. Wright, in
his Political Poems and Songs, ii. 4-15; and I have followed his text,
which I denote by 'T.' At the same time, I have collated it with the text
of Thynne's edition of 1532, which is a very good one. The differences are
slight.

Warton describes the MS. as 'a thin oblong MS. on vellum, containing some
of Gower's poems in Latin, French, and English. By an entry in the first
leaf, in the handwriting and under the signature of Thomas lord Fairfax,
Cromwell's general, an antiquarian, and a lover and collector of curious
manuscripts, it appears that this book was presented by the poet Gower,
about 1400[16], to Henry IV; and that it was given by lord Fairfax to his
friend and kinsman Sir Thomas Gower, knight and baronet, in the year 1656.'
He goes on to say that Fairfax had it from Charles Gedde, Esq., of St.
Andrews; and that it was at one time in the possession of King Henry VII,
while earl of Richmond, who wrote in it his own name in the form
'Rychemond.'

The MS. contains (1) The Praise of Peace, _preceded by_ the seven Latin
lines (386-392), which I have relegated to the end of the poem, as in
Thynne. The title is given in the colophon (p. 216); after which follow the
twelve Latin lines (393-404), printed on the same page. (2) Some
complimentary verses in Latin, also addressed to Henry IV, printed in
Wright's Political Poems, ii. 1-3. (3) Fifty Balades in French, which have
been printed by Stengel (Warton prints _four_ of them), with the
colophon--'Expliciunt carmina Joh[=i]s Gower que Gallice composita
_Balades_ dicuntur.' (4) Two short Latin poems in elegiacs; see Warton. (5)
A French poem on the Dignity or Excellence of Marriage. (6) Seventeen Latin
hexameters. (7) Gower's Latin verses on his blindness, beginning--

 'Henrici quarti primus regni fuit annus,
    Quo michi defecit visus ad acta mea,' &c.

See Todd and Warton for more minute particulars.

Sec. 29. The poem itself may safely be dated in the end of 1399, for reasons
given in the note to l. 393. It is of some interest, as being Gower's last
poem in English, and the spirit of it is excellent, though it contains no
very striking lines. We have not much of Gower's work in the form of
seven-line stanzas. The Confessio Amantis contains only twelve such
stanzas; iii. 349-352. I draw attention to the earliest known reference (l.
295) to the game of 'tenetz'; the enumeration of the nine worthies (ll.
281-3); and the reference to a story about Constantine which, in the
Confessio Amantis, is related at considerable length (l. 339).

We may compare with this poem the stanzas in praise of peace in Hoccleve's
De Regimine Principum, quoted in Morley's English Writers (1890), vol. vi.
pp. 131-2.

Sec. 30. V. THOMAS HOCCLEVE: THE LETTER OF CUPID.

This poem needs little discussion. It is known to be Hoccleve's; see Dr.
Furnivall's edition of Hoccleve's Minor Poems, E. E. T. S., 1892, p. 72. As
explained in the notes, it is rather closely imitated from the French poem
entitled L'Epistre au Dieu d'Amours, written by Christine de Pisan. At the
end of her poem, Christine gives the date of its composition, viz. 1399;
and Hoccleve, in like manner, gives the date of his poem as 1402. The poem
consists of sixty-eight stanzas, of which not more than eighteen are wholly
independent of the original. The chief original passages are ll. 176-189,
316-329, and 374-434.

The poem is entirely occupied with a defence of women, such as a woman
might well make. It takes the form of a reproof, addressed by Cupid to all
male lovers; and is directed, in particular, against the sarcasms of Jean
de Meun (l. 281) in the celebrated Roman de la Rose.

Of this poem there are several MS. copies; see footnotes at p. 217. The
best is probably the Ashburnham MS., but it has not yet been printed. I
chiefly follow MS. Fairfax 16, which Dr. Furnivall has taken as the basis
of his text.

There is also a poor and late copy in the Bannatyne MS., at fol. 269; see
the print of it for the Hunterian Club, 1879; p. 783.

Sec. 31. VI. THE SAME: TWO BALADES.

These two Balades, also by Hoccleve, were composed at the same time. The
former is addressed to King Henry V, and the latter to the Knights of the
Garter. They are very closely connected with a much longer poem of 512
lines, which was addressed to Sir John Oldcastle in August, 1415; and must
have been written at about that date. It was natural enough that, whilst
addressing his appeal to Oldcastle to renounce his heresies, the poet
should briefly address the king on the same subject at the same time. I
think we may safely date this piece, like the other, in August, 1415.

The remarkable likeness between the two pieces appears most in the
references to Justinian and to Constantine. In fact, the reference to
Justinian in l. 3 of the former of the Balades here printed would be
unintelligible but for the full explanation which the companion poem
affords. I have quoted, in the note to l. 3, the Latin note which is
written in the margin of st. 24 of the address to Oldcastle; and I quote
here the stanza itself:--

 'The Cristen emperour Justinian,
  As it is writen, who-so list it see,
  Made a lawe deffending every man,
  Of what condicion or what degree
  That he were of, nat sholde hardy be
  For to despute of the feith openly;
  And ther-upon sundry peynes sette he,
  That peril sholde eschued be therby.'
                  Minor Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 14.

Compare with this the fourth stanza of Balade I.

We may regret that Hoccleve's desire to make an example of heretics was so
soon fulfilled. Only three years later, in Dec. 1418, Sir John Oldcastle
was captured in Wales, brought up to London, and publicly burnt.

My text follows the sole good MS. (Phillipps 8151); which I have collated
with the earliest printed text, that of 1542. There is, indeed, another MS.
copy of the poem in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge (R. 3. 15);
but it is only a late copy made from the printed book.

Sec. 32. VII. HENRY SCOGAN: A MORAL BALADE.

The heading to this poem is from MS. Ashmole 59; it is, unfortunately,
somewhat obscure. It is, of course, not contemporaneous with the poem, but
was added, by way of note, by John Shirley, when transcribing it. In fact,
the third son of Henry IV was not created duke of Bedford till 1415, after
the accession of Henry V; whereas Henry V is here referred to as being
still 'my lord the Prince.' Hence the poem was written in the reign of
Henry IV (1399-1413); but we can easily come much nearer than this to the
true date. We may note, first of all, that Chaucer is referred to as being
dead (l. 65); so that the date is after 1400. Again, the poem does not
appear to have been recited by the author; it was _sent_, in the author's
handwriting, to the assembled guests (l. 3). Further, Scogan says that he
was 'called' the 'fader,' i.e. tutor, of the young princes (l. 2); and that
he sent the letter to them out of fervent regard for their welfare, in
order to warn them (l. 35). He regrets that sudden age has come upon him
(l. 10), and wishes to impart to them the lessons which the approach of old
age suggests. All this points to a time when Scogan was getting past his
regular work as tutor, though he still retained the title; which suggests a
rather late date. We find, however, from the Inquisitiones post Mortem
(iii. 315), that Henry Scogan died in 1407, and I have seen it noted (I
forget where) that he only attained the age of forty-six. This shews that
he was only relatively old, owing, probably, to infirm health; and we may
safely date the poem in 1406 or 1407, the latter being the more likely. In
1407, the ages of the young princes were nineteen, eighteen, seventeen, and
sixteen respectively, and it is not likely that Scogan had been their tutor
for more than twelve years at most. This provisional date of 1407
sufficiently satisfies all the conditions.

The four sons of Henry IV were Henry, prince of Wales, born at Monmouth in
1388; Thomas, born in 1389, and created duke of Clarence in 1412; John,
born in 1390, created duke of Bedford in 1415; and Humphrey, born in 1391,
created duke of Gloucester in 1414.

Sec. 33. The expression _at a souper of feorthe merchande_ is difficult, and I
can only guess at the sense. _Feorthe_ is Shirley's spelling of _ferthe_,
i.e. fourth. _Merchande_ is probably equivalent to O.F. _marchandie_ or
_marchandise_. Godefroy gives an example of the latter in the sense of
'merchant's company.' I suppose that _feorthe merchande_ means 'fourth
meeting of merchants,' or the fourth of the four quarterly meetings of a
guild. Toulmin Smith, in his English Gilds, p. 32, says that quarterly
meetings for business were common; though some guilds met only once, twice,
or thrice in the course of a year.

The Vintry is described by Stow in his Survey of London (ed. Thoms, p. 90):
'Then next over against St. Martin's church, is a large house built of
stone and timber, with vaults for the stowage of wines, and is called the
Vintry.... In this house Henry Picard [lord mayor in 1356-7] feasted four
kings in one day.'

I need not repeat here what I have already said about Scogan in vol. i. p.
83.

I may add to the note about Lewis John (vol. i. p. 84), that he was a
person of some note. In 1423 (Feb. 8), 'Ludowicus Johan, armiger,
constitutus est seneschall et receptor generalis ducatus Cornub.': see
Ordinances of the Privy Council, iii. 24. He is further mentioned in the
same, ii. 334, 342.

Chaucer's Balade on Gentilesse, quoted in full in ll. 105-125, is in
seven-line stanzas; and is thus distinguished from the rest of the poem,
which is written in eight-line stanzas. It may be noted that Scogan's rimes
are extremely correct, if we compare them with Chaucer's as a standard.

Of this piece there are two early printed copies, one by Caxton, and one by
Thynne (1532); and two MSS., Ashmole 59 and Harl. 2251. It is remarkable
that the printed copies are better than the MSS. as regards readings.

Sec. 34. VIII. THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT.

Such is the title in Thynne's edition (1532). In MS. F. (Fairfax 16), it is
entitled--'Complaynte of a Loveres Lyfe'; and there is a printed edition
with the title--'The Complaynte of a Louers Lyfe. Imprynted at London in
the flete strete at the sygne of the Sonne, by Wynkyn de Worde'; no date,
4to. on twelve leaves. In MS. S. (Arch. Selden, B. 24), there is an
erroneous colophon--'Here endith the Maying and disporte of Chaucere';
which gives the wrong title, and assigns it to the wrong author. In
accordance with the last MS., it was printed, with the erroneous
title--'Here begynnys the mayng or disport of chaucer'--in a volume
'Imprentit in the south gait of Edinburgh be Walter chepman and Androw
myllar the fourth day of ap_er_ile the yhere of god . M.CCCCC. and viii
yheris' [1508]; and this scarce copy was reprinted as piece no. 8 in The
Knightly Tale of Golagrus and Gawane, &c., as reprinted by Laing in 1827.

But the fullest title is that in MS. Ad. (Addit. 16165), written out by
John Shirley, who says: 'And here filowyng begynnethe a Right lusty amorous
balade, made in wyse of a complaynt of a Right worshipfull_e_ Knyght that
truly euer serued his lady, enduryng grete disese by fals envye and
malebouche; made by Lydegate' (fol. 190, back). Some of the pages have the
heading, 'The compleynte of a Knight made by Lidegate[17].'

This attribution of the poem to Lydgate, by so good a judge as Shirley,
renders the authorship certain; and the ascription is fully confirmed by
strong internal evidence. Much of it is in Lydgate's best manner, and his
imitation of Chaucer is, in places, very close; while, at the same time, it
is easy to point out non-Chaucerian rimes, such as _whyte_, _brighte_, 2;
_pitously_, _malady_ (Ch. _maladye_), 137; _felyngly_, _malady_, 188;
_mente_, _diligent_, 246; _grace_, _alas_, 529; _seyn_, _payn_ (Ch.
_peyne_), 568; _diurnal_, _fal_, (Ch. _falle_), 590; _payn_, _agayn_, 650;
_queen_ (Ch. _quene_), _seen_, 674. Besides which, there are two mere
assonances in two consecutive stanzas, viz. _forjuged_, _excused_, 274; and
_wreke_, _clepe_, 284. The occurrence of this pair of assonances is quite
enough to settle the question. If we apply a more delicate test, we may
observe that, in ll. 218-220, the word _s[=o]re_ (with long _o_) rimes with
_tore_, in which the _o_ was originally short; on this point, see vol. vi.
p. xxxii.

As to this poem, Ten Brink well remarks: 'His talent was fairly qualified
for a popular form of the 'Complaint'--a sort of long monologue, interwoven
with allegory and mythology, and introduced by a charming picture of
nature. His _Complaint of the Black Knight_, which contains reminiscences
from the Romance of the Rose, the Book of the Duchesse, and the Parlement
of Foules, was long considered a production of Chaucer's, and is still
frequently included in editions of his works--although with reservations.
The critic, however, will not be deceived by the excellent descriptive
passages of this poem, but will easily detect the characteristic marks of
the imitator in the management of verse and rhyme, and especially in the
diffusiveness of the story and the monotony even of the most important
parts.'

Sec. 35. Lydgate's reminiscences of Chaucer are often interesting. In
particular, we should observe the passages suggested by the Roman de la
Rose in ll. 36-112; for we are at once reminded of Chaucer's _own version_
of it, as preserved in Fragment A of the Romaunt. After noticing that he
uses _costey_ (36) for the F. _costoiant_, where Chaucer has _costeying_
(134); and _attempre_ (57) where Chaucer has _attempre_ (131), though one
French text has _atrempee_, it is startling to find him reproducing (80)
Chaucer's very phrase _And softe as veluet_ (R. R. 1420), where the French
original has nothing corresponding either to _soft_ or to _velvet_! This
clearly shews that Lydgate was acquainted with Fragment A of the English
version, and believed that version to be Chaucer's; for otherwise he would
hardly have cared to imitate it at all.

The date of this poem is discussed in the Introduction to Schick's edition
of the Temple of Glas, by the same author; pp. c, cxii. He dates it in
Lydgate's early period, or about A.D. 1402.

The text is based upon Thynne's edition, which is quite as good as the
MSS., though the spellings are often too late in form. The late excellent
edition by E. Krausser (Halle, 1896) reached me after my text was printed.
His text (from MS. F.) has much the same readings, and is accompanied by a
full Introduction and eleven pages of useful notes.

Sec. 36. IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.

This piece has no author's name prefixed to it in the first three editions;
but in the fourth edition by Stowe, printed in 1561, the title is: 'The
Floure of Curtesie, made by Iohn lidgate.' Probably Stowe had seen it
attributed to him in some MS., and made a note of it; but I know of no MS.
copy now extant.

Few poems bear Lydgate's impress more clearly; there can be no doubt as to
its authorship. Schick refers it to Lydgate's early period, and dates it
about 1400-1402; see his edition of the Temple of Glas, p. cxii. As it was
written after Chaucer's death (see l. 236), and probably when that sad loss
was still recent, we cannot be far wrong if we date it about 1401; and the
Black Knight, a somewhat more ambitious effort, about 1402.

The 'Flour of Curtesye' is intended as a portrait of one whom the poet
honours as the best of womankind. The character is evidently founded on
that of Alcestis as described in the Prologue to the Legend of Good Women;
and throughout the piece we are frequently reminded of Chaucer; especially
of the Legend, the Complaint of Mars, and the Parliament of Foules.

The Envoy presents a very early example of the four-line stanza, similar to
that employed in Gray's famous Elegy.

Sec. 37. X. A BALADE IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY.

This piece is attributed to 'Lidegate of Bury' in the Ashmole MS. no. 59;
and the ascription is obviously correct. It abounds with evident marks of
his peculiar style of metre; for which see Schick's Introduction to the
Temple of Glas, p. lvi. We note in it a few reminiscences of Chaucer, as
pointed out in the Notes; in particular, it was probably suggested by
Chaucer's A B C, which furnished hints for ll. 27, 60, and 129. It is
perhaps worth while to add that we have thus an independent testimony for
the genuineness of that poem.

As an illustration of Lydgate's verse, I may notice the additional syllable
after the caesura, which too often clogs his lines. Thus in l. 8 we must
group the syllables thus:--

Wherefor : now playnly : I wol : my style : dresse. Similarly, we find
_licour_ in l. 13, _pite_ (18), _living_ (24), _bemes_ (25), _ginning_
(31), _mercy_ (33), _garden_ (36), &c., all occupying places where a
monosyllable would have been more acceptable.

The poem is strongly marked by alliteration, shewing that the poet (usually
in a hurry) took more than usual pains with it. In the seventh stanza
(43-49) this tendency is unmistakably apparent.

It is hardly possible to assign a date to a poem of this character. I can
only guess it to belong to the middle period of his career; say, the reign
of Henry V. We have not yet obtained sufficient data for the arrangement of
Lydgate's poems.

Sec. 38. Lines 121-127 are here printed for the first time. In the old
editions, l. 120 is succeeded by l. 128, with the result that _Sion_ (120)
would not rime with _set afere_ (129); but the scribe of the Ashmole MS.
was equal to the emergency, for he altered l. 129 so as to make it end with
_fuyrless thou sette vppon_, which is mere nonsense. Thynne has _fyrelesse
fyre set on_, which is just a little better.

This addition of seven lines was due to my fortunate discovery of a new
MS.; for which I was indebted to the excellent MS. 'Index of First Lines'
in the British Museum. This told me that a poem (hitherto unrecognised)
existed in MS. Sloane 1212, of which the first line is 'A thousand
stories,' &c. On examining the MS., it turned out to be a copy, on paper,
of Hoccleve's De Regimine Principum, with four leaves of vellum at the
beginning, and two more at the end, covered with writing of an older
character. The two vellum leaves at the end were then transposed, but have
since been set right, at my suggestion. They contain a few lines of the
conclusion of some other piece, followed by the unique _complete_ copy of
the present Balade. This copy turned out to be much the best, and restored
several of the readings. Indeed, the Ashmole MS. is very imperfect, having
in it a lacuna of eight stanzas (ll. 64-119). I am thus able to give quite
a presentable text.

The correction that most interested me was one in l. 134, where the Ashmole
MS. and Thynne have _probatyf piscyne_. On June 5, 1896, I read a paper at
the Philological Society, in which (among other things) I pointed out that
the right reading must certainly be _probatik_. The very next day I found
the Sloane MS.; and behold, its reading was _probatyk_! It is not often
that a 'conjectural emendation' is confirmed, on unimpeachable authority,
within twenty-four hours.

Another remarkable correction is that of _dyamaunt_ for _dyametre_ in l.
87. It was all very well to compare Our Lady to a diamond; but to call her
a _diameter_ (as in all the editions) is a little too bad. Again, in l. 121
(now first printed) we have the remarkable expression _punical pome_ for a
pomegranate, which is worthy of notice; and in l. 123 we find a new word,
_agnelet_, which is not to be found in the New English Dictionary.

All the printed editions print the next piece as if it _formed a part_ of
the present one; but they have absolutely no point in common beyond the
fact of having a common authorship.

Sec. 39. XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.

In all the old editions, this piece forms part of the preceding, though it
is obviously distinct from it, when attention is once drawn to the fact.
Instead of being addressed, like no. X, to the Virgin, it is addressed to a
lady whose name the poet wishes to commend (l. 7); and from whom he is
parted (51); whereas two lovers ought to be together, if they wish to live
'well merry' (64). Her goodly fresh face is a merry mirror (73); and he has
chosen her as his Valentine (111).

It is evidently a conventional complimentary poem, written to please some
lady of rank or of high renown (93), one, in fact, who is 'of women chief
princesse' (70). It is prettily expressed, and does Lydgate some credit,
being a favourable specimen of his more playful style; I wish we had more
of the same kind. L. 68--'Let him go love, and see wher [_whether_] it be
game'--is excellent.

I shall here submit to the reader a pure guess, for what it is worth. My
impression is that this piece, being a complimentary Valentine, was
suggested by queen Katherine's visit to England; the lover whose passion is
here described being no other than king Henry V, who was parted from his
queen for a week. The pair arrived at Dover on Feb. 2, 1421, and Henry went
on to London, arriving on Feb. 14; the queen did not arrive till Feb. 21,
just in time for her coronation on Feb. 23.

This hypothesis satisfies several conditions. It explains why the lover's
_English_ is not good enough to praise the lady; why so many French lines
are quoted; the significant allusion to the lily, i.e. the lily of France,
in l. 16; the lover's consolation found in English roundels (40); the
expression 'cheef princesse' in l. 70; and the very remarkable exclamation
of _Salve, regina_, in l. 83, which doubtless made Thynne imagine that the
poem was addressed to the Virgin Mary. The expression 'for your departing'
in l. 105 does not necessarily mean 'on account of your departure from me';
it is equally in accordance with Middle-English usage to suppose that it
means 'on account of your separation from me'; see _Depart_ and _Departing_
in the New English Dictionary.

It is well known that Lydgate provided the necessary poetry for the entry
of Henry VI into London in Feb. 1432.

Some resemblances to Chaucer are pointed out in the Notes. The most
interesting circumstance about this poem is that the author quotes, at the
end of his third stanza, the first line of 'Merciles Beaute'; this is a
strong point in favour of the attribution of that poem to his master.

This piece is distinguished from the preceding by the difference of its
subject; by the difference in the character of the metre (there is here no
alliteration); and, most significant of all, by its absence from MS.
Ashmole 59 and MS. Sloane 1212, both of which contain the preceding piece.
The two poems may have been brought together, in the MS. which Thynne
followed, by the accident of being written about the same time.

Sec. 40. XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.

The title of this piece in Stowe's edition stands as follows: 'A balade of
good counseile, translated out of Latin verses into Englishe, by dan Iohn
lidgat cleped the monke of Buri.' What were the Latin verses here referred
to, I have no means of ascertaining.

This Ballad is eminently characteristic of Lydgate's style, and by no means
the worst of its kind. When he once gets hold of a refrain that pleases
him, he canters merrily along till he has absolutely no more to say. I
think he must have enjoyed writing it, and that he wrote it to please
himself.

He transgresses one of Chaucer's canons in ll. 79-82; where he rimes
_hardy_ with _foly_ and _flatery_. The two latter words are, in Chaucer,
_foly-e_ and _flatery-e_, and never rime with a word like _hardy_, which
has no final _-e_.

Lydgate is very fond of what may be called _catalogues_; he begins by
enumerating every kind of possibility. You may be rich, or strong, or
prudent, &c.; or fair (22) or ugly (24); you may have a wife (29), or you
may not (36); you may be fat (43), or you may be lean (46); or staid (57),
or holy (64); your dress may be presentable (71), or poor (72), or middling
(73); you may speak much (78) or little (80); and so on; for it is hard to
come to an end. At l. 106, he begins all over again with womankind; and the
conclusion is, that you should govern your tongue, and never listen to
slander.

Thynne's text is not very good; the MSS. are somewhat better. He makes the
odd mistake of printing _Holynesse beautie_ for _Eleynes beaute_ (115); but
Helen had not much to do with holiness. Two of the stanzas (71-7 and
106-112) are now printed for the first time, as they occur in the MSS.
only. Indeed, MS. H. (Harl. 2251) is the sole authority for the former of
these two stanzas.

Sec. 41. XIII. BEWARE OF DOUBLENESS.

This is a favourable example of Lydgate's better style; and is written with
unusual smoothness, owing to the shortness of the lines. It was first
printed in 1561. There is a better copy in the Fairfax MS., which has been
taken as the basis of the text. The copy in MS. Ashmole 59 is very poor.
The title--'Balade made by Lydgate'--occurs in MS. Addit. 16165. Stowe,
being unacquainted with the phrase _ambes as_ (l. 78), though it occurs in
Chaucer, turned _ambes_ into _lombes_, after which he wrongly inserted a
comma; and _lombes_ appears, accordingly, in all former editions, with a
comma after it. What sense readers have hitherto made of this line, I am at
a loss to conjecture.

Sec. 42. XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN, ETC.

First printed by Stowe in 1561, from the MS. in Trinity College Library,
marked R. 3. 19, which I have used in preference to the printed edition.

There is another, and more complete copy in the same library, marked O. 9.
38, which has contributed some excellent corrections. Moreover, it gives a
better arrangement of stanzas three and four, which the old editions
transpose. More than this, it contains a unique stanza (36-42), which has
not been printed before.

The poem also occurs in Shirley's MS. Harl. 2251, which contains a large
number of poems by Lydgate; and is there followed by another poem of seven
stanzas, attributed to Lydgate. That the present poem is Lydgate's, cannot
well be doubted; it belongs to the same class of his poems as no. XII
above. I find it attributed to him in the reprint of 'Chaucer's Poems' by
Chalmers, in 1810.

The substitution of the contracted and idiomatic form _et_ for the later
form _eteth_ is a great improvement. It is due to MS. O. 9. 38, where the
scribe first wrote _ette_, but was afterwards so weak as to 'correct' it to
_etyth_. But this 'correction' just ruins the refrain. _Et_ was no doubt
becoming archaic towards the middle of the fifteenth century.

Two variations upon the last stanza occur in the Bannatyne MS., fol. 258,
back; see the print by the Hunterian Club, 1879, pp. 754, 755.

Sec. 43. XV. THREE SAYINGS.

First printed by Stowe; I know of no MS. copy. The first two Sayings are
attributed to Lydgate; so we may as well credit him with the third. The
second expresses the same statements as the first, but varies somewhat in
form; both are founded upon a Latin line which occurs in MS. Fairfax 16
(fol. 196) and in MS. Harl. 7578 (fol. 20), and runs as follows:--'Quatuor
infatuant, honor, etas, femina, uinum.'

Note that these Three Sayings constitute the _only_ addition made by Stowe
to Thynne in 'Part I' of Stowe's edition. See nos. 28, 29, 30 in vol. i. p.
32. Stowe introduced them _in order to fill a blank half-column_ between
nos. 27 and 31.

Sec. 44. XVI. LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCY.

First printed in Thynne's Chaucer (1532). Tyrwhitt first pointed out that
it could not possibly be his, seeing that Alan Chartier's poem with the
same name, whence the English version was made, could not have been written
in Chaucer's lifetime. Chartier was born in 1386, and was only fourteen
years old at the time of Chaucer's death. Tyrwhitt further stated that the
author's name, Sir Richard Ros, was plainly given in MS. Harl. 372, fol.
61, where the poem has this title:--'La Belle Dame Sanz Mercy. Translatid
out of Frenche by Sir Richard Ros.' I have not been able to find the date
of the French original, as there is no modern edition of Chartier's poems;
but it can hardly have been written before 1410, when the poet was only
twenty-four years old; and the date of the translation must be later still.
But we are not wholly left to conjecture in this matter. A short notice of
Sir Richard Ros appeared in Englische Studien, X. 206, written by H.
Groehler, who refers us to his dissertation 'Ueber Richard Ros'
mittelenglische uebersetzung des gedichtes von Alain Chartier La Belle Dame
sans Mercy,' published at Breslau in 1886; of which Dr. Groehler has most
obligingly sent me a copy, whence several of my Notes have been derived. He
tells us, in this article, that his dissertation was founded on the copy of
the poem in MS. Harl. 372, which (in 1886) he believed to be unique;
whereas he had since been informed that there are three other MSS., viz.
Camb. Ff. 1. 6, Trin. Coll. Camb. R. 3. 19, and Fairfax 16; and further,
that the Trinity MS. agrees with the Harleian as to misarrangement of the
subject-matter[18]. He also proposed to give a new edition of the poem in
Englische Studien, but I am unable to find it; and Dr. Koelbing courteously
informs me that it never appeared.

Dr. Groehler further tells us, that Mr. Joseph Hall, of Manchester, had sent
him some account, extracted from the county history of Leicestershire by
Nichols, of the family of Roos or Ros, who were lords of Hamlake and
Belvoir in that county. According to Nichols, the Sir Richard Ros who was
presumably the poet, was the second son of Sir Thomas Ros; and Sir Thomas
was the second son of Sir W. Ros, who married Margaret, daughter of Sir
John Arundel. If this be right, we gain the further information that Sir
Richard was born in 1429[19], and is known to have been alive in 1450, when
he was twenty-one years old.

The dates suit very well, as they suggest that the English poem was
written, probably, between 1450 and 1460, or at the beginning of the second
half of the fifteenth century; which sufficiently agrees with the language
employed and with the probable age of the MSS. The date assigned in the New
English Dictionary, s.v. _Currish_, is 1460; which cannot be far wrong. It
can hardly be much later.

Sec. 45. The above notice also suggests that, as Sir Richard Ros was of a
Leicestershire family, the dialect of the piece may, originally at least,
have been North Leicestershire. Belvoir is situate in the N.E. corner of
Leicestershire, not far from Grantham in Lincolnshire, and at no great
distance from the birthplace of Robert of Brunne. It is well known that
Robert of Brunne wrote in a variety of the Midland dialect which coincides,
to a remarkable extent, with the form of the language which has become the
standard literary English. Now it is easily seen that La Belle Dame has the
same peculiarity, and I venture to think that, on this account, it is worth
special attention. If we want to see a specimen of what the Midland
literary dialect was like in the middle of the fifteenth century, it is
here that we may find it. Many of the stanzas are, in fact, remarkably
modern, both in grammar and expression; we have only to alter the spelling,
and there is nothing left to explain. Take for example the last stanza on
p. 301 (ll. 77-84):--

 'In this great thought, sore troubled in my mind,
  Alone thus rode I all the morrow-tide,
  Till, at the last, it happed me to find
  The place wherein I cast me to abide

  When that I had no further for to ride.
  And as I went my lodging to purvey,
  Right soon I heard, but little me beside,
  In a garden, where minstrels gan to play.'

A large number of stanzas readily lend themselves to similar treatment; and
this is quite enough to dissociate the poem from Chaucer. The great
difficulty about modernising Chaucer is, as every one knows, his use of the
final _-e_ as a distinct syllable; but we may search a whole page of La
Belle Dame without finding anything of the kind. When Sir Richard's words
have an extra syllable, it is due to the suffix _-es_ or the suffix _-ed_;
and even these are not remarkably numerous; we do not arrive at _cloth-es_,
a plural in _-es_, before l. 22; and, in the course of the first four
stanzas, all the words in _-ed_ are _awak-ed_, _nak-ed_, _vex-ed_,
_tourn-ed_, and _bold-ed_, none of which would be surprising to a student
of Elizabethan poetry. That there was something of a Northern element in
Sir Richard's language appears from the rime of _long-es_ with _song-es_,
in ll. 53-55; where _longes_ is the third person singular of the present
tense; but modern English has _belongs_, with the same suffix! Again, he
constantly uses the Northern possessive pronoun _their_; but modern English
does the same!

Sec. 46. Another remarkable point about the poem is the perfect smoothness and
regularity of the metre in a large number of lines, even as judged by a
modern standard. The first line--'Half in a dream, not fully well
awaked'--might, from a metrical point of view, have been written yesterday.
It is a pity that the poem is somewhat dull, owing to its needless
prolixity; but this is not a little due to Alan Chartier. Sir Richard has
only eight stanzas of his own, four at the beginning, and four at the end;
and it is remarkable that these are in the seven-line stanza, while the
rest of the stanzas have eight lines, like their French original, of which
I here give the first stanza, from the Paris edition of 1617, p. 502. (See
l. 29 of the English version.)

 'N'agueres cheuauchant pensoye,
  Comme homme triste et douloreux,
  Au dueil ou il faut que ie soye
  Le plus dolant des amoureux;
  Puisque par son dart rigoureux
  La mort me tolli ma Maistresse,
  Et me laissa seul langoureux
  En la conduicte de tristesse.'

I have cited in the Notes a few passages of the original text which help to
explain the translation.

Sec. 47. The text in Thynne is a good one, and it seemed convenient to make it
the basis of the edition; but it has been carefully controlled by collation
with MS. Ff. 1. 6, which is, in some respects, the best MS. I am not sure
that Thynne always followed his MS.; he may have collated some other one,
as he professes in some cases to have done. MS. Ff. 1. 6, the Trinity MS.,
and Thynne's principal MS. form one group, which we may call A; whilst the
Fairfax and Harleian MSS. form a second group, which we may call B: and of
these, group A is the better. The MSS. in group B sadly transpose the
subject-matter, and give the poem in the following order; viz. lines 1-428,
669-716, 525-572, 477-524, 621-668, 573-620, 429-476, 717-856. The cause of
this dislocation is simple enough. It means that the B-group MSS. were
copied from one in which three leaves, each containing six stanzas, were
misarranged. The three leaves were placed one within the other, to form a
sheet, and were written upon. Then the outer pair of these leaves was
turned inside out, whilst the second and third pair changed places. This
can easily be verified by making a little book of six leaves and numbering
each page with the numbers 429-452, 453-476, 477-500, 501-524, &c. (i.e.
with 24 lines on a page, ending with 716), and then misarranging the leaves
in the manner indicated.

The copy in MS. Harl. 372 was printed, just as it stands, by Dr. Furnivall,
in his volume entitled Political, Religious, and Love Poems, published for
the E. E. T. S. in 1866; at p. 52. The text is there, accordingly,
misarranged as above stated.

There is another MS. copy, as has been said above, in MS. Trin. Coll. Camb.
R. 3. 19; but I have not collated it. It seems to be closely related to MS.
Ff., and to present no additional information. Not only do the MSS. of the
A-group contain the text in the right order, but they frequently give the
better readings. Thus, in l. 47, we have the odd line--'My _pen_ coud never
have knowlege what it ment'; as given in MS. Ff., the Trinity MS., and
Thynne. The word _pen_ is altered to _eyen_ in MSS. H. and F.;
nevertheless, it is perfectly right, for the French original has _plume_;
see the Note on the line. Other examples are given in the Notes.

In l. 174, MS. Ff. alone has the right reading, _apert_. I had made up my
mind that this was the right reading even before consulting that MS.,
because the old reading--'One wyse nor other, prevy nor _perte_'--is so
extremely harsh. There is no sense in using the clipped form of the word
when the true _and usual_ form will scan so much better. See C. T., F 531,
Ho. Fame, 717. The Trinity MS. gets out of the difficulty by a material
alteration of the line, so that it there becomes--'In any wyse, nether
preuy nor perte.'

Sec. 48. XVII. THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.

I do not suppose this was ever supposed to be Chaucer's even by Thynne.
Line 64--'Quha wait gif all that Chaucer wrait was trew?'--must have
settled the question from the first. No doubt Thynne added it simply as a
pendant to Troilus, and he must have had a copy before him in the Northern
dialect, which he modified as well as he could. Nevertheless, he gives us
_can_ for the Southern _gan_ in l. 6, _wrate_ for _wrote_ in l. 64, and has
many similar Northern forms.

The poem was printed at Edinburgh in 1593 with the author's name. The title
is as follows--¶ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID, Compylit be M. Robert
Henrysone, Sculemai-ster in Dunfermeling. IMPRENTIT AT EDIN = burgh be
Henrie Charteris. MD. XCIII. The text is in 4to, ten leaves, black-letter.
Only one copy has been preserved, which is now in the British Museum; but
it was reprinted page for page in the volume presented by Mr. Chalmers to
the Bannatyne Club in 1824. The present edition is from this reprint, with
very few modifications, such as _sh_ for _sch_, and final _-y_ for final
_-ie_ in immaterial cases. All other modifications are accounted for in the
footnotes below. No early MS. copy is known; there was once a copy in the
Asloan MS., but the leaves containing it are lost.

Thynne's print must have been a good deal altered from the original, to
make it more intelligible. It is odd to find him altering _quhisling_ (20)
to _whiskyng_, and _ringand_ (144) to _tynkyng_. I note all Thynne's
variations that are of any interest. He must have been much puzzled by
_aneuch in_ (which he seems to have regarded as one word and as a past
participle) before he turned it into _enewed_ (110). But in some cases
Thynne gives us real help, as I will now point out.

In l. 48, E. (the Edinburgh edition) has--'Quhill Esperus reioisit him
agane'; where _Esperus_ gives no good sense. But Thynne prints _esperous_,
which at once suggests _esperans_ (hope), as opposed to _wanhope_ in the
preceding line.

In l. 155, E. has _frosnit_, which Laing interprets 'frozen,' as if the pp.
of _freeze_ could have both a strong and weak pp. suffix at the same
moment! But Thynne has _frounsed_, evidently put for _fronsit_, as used
elsewhere by Henryson in The Fable of the Paddock and the Mous, l.
43:--'The Mous beheld unto her _fronsit_ face.' A printer's error of _sn_
for _ns_ is not surprising.

In ll. 164, 178, 260, E. has _gyis_ or _gyse_; but Thynne has preserved the
true Chaucerian word _gyte_, which the printer evidently did not
understand. It is true that in l. 164 he turned it into _gate_; but when he
found it recur, he let it alone.

In l. 205, E. has _upricht_ (!); which Thynne corrects.

In l. 290, Th. has _iniure_ for _iniurie_, and I think he is right, though
I have let _injurie_ stand; _iniure_ is Chaucer's form (Troil. iii. 1018),
and it suits the scansion better.

In l. 382, Thynne corrects _Unto_ to _To_; and in l. 386, has _Beuer_ for
_bawar_. In l. 441, he has _syder_ for _ceder_. In l. 501, he has _plyte_
for _plye_, where a letter may have dropped out in E.; but see the note (p.
525). In l. 590, his reading _tokenyng_ suggests that _takning_ (as in E.)
should be _takining_ or _takinning_; the line will then scan. The
contracted form _taikning_ occurs, however, in l. 232, where the word is
less emphatic.

Note further, that in l. 216 the original must have had _Philogoney_ (see
the Note). This appears in the astonishing forms _Philologie_ (E.), and
_Philologee_ (Th.). Laing prints _Phlegonie_, which will neither scan nor
rime, without any hint that he is departing from his exemplar. All his
corrections are made silently, so that one cannot tell where they occur
without reference to the original.

For further information concerning Robert Henryson, schoolmaster of
Dunfermline, see the preface to David Laing's edition of The Poems and
Fables of Robert Henryson, Edinburgh, 1865; and Morley's English Writers,
1890, vol. vi. p. 250. He is supposed to have been born about 1425, and to
have died about 1500. On Sept. 10, 1462, the Venerable Master Robert
Henrysone, Licentiate in Arts and Bachelor in Decrees, was incorporated or
admitted a member of the newly founded university of Glasgow; and he is
known to have been a notary public. Perhaps The Testament of Cresseid was
written about 1460. It is a rather mature performance, and is his best
piece. Perhaps it is the best piece in the present volume.

Sec. 49. XVIII. THE CUCKOO AND THE NIGHTINGALE.

Of this piece there are several MSS., which fall into two main classes:
(A)--Ff. (Ff. 1. 6, in the Camb. Univ. Library); T. (Tanner 346); Th. (MS.
used by Thynne, closely allied to T.); and (B)--F. (Fairfax 16), and B.
(Bodley 638), which are closely allied. There is also S. (Selden, B. 24)
imperfect, which has readings of its own[20]. Of these groups, A is the
better, and MS. Ff. is, in some respects, the most important. Nevertheless,
MS. Ff. has never been collated hitherto, so that I am able to give a
somewhat improved text. For example, in all former editions lines 12 and 13
are transposed. In l. 180, the reading _haire_ (as in Bell and Morris) is
somewhat comic (see the Note). In l. 203, MS. Ff. restores the true reading
_hit_, i.e. hitteth. Bell, by some accident, omits the stanza in which this
word occurs. In vol. i. p. 39, I took occasion to complain of the riming of
_now_ with _rescow-e_ in ll. 228-9, according to Bell. The right reading,
however, is not _now_, but _avow-e_, which rimes well enough. MS. Selden
has _allowe_, which Morris follows, though it is clearly inferior and is
unsupported. On the other hand, MS. Selden correctly, and alone, has _leve_
in l. 237; but the confusion between _e_ and _o_ is endless, so that the
false reading _loue_ creates no surprise.

This poem is very interesting, and has deservedly been a favourite one. It
is therefore a great pleasure to me to have found the author's name. This
is given at the end of the poem in MS. Ff. (the best MS., but hitherto
neglected), where we find, in firm distinct letters, in the same
handwriting as the poem itself, the remark--EXPLICIT CLANVOWE. Remembering
that the true title of the poem is 'The Book of Cupid, God of Love[21],' I
applied to Dr. Furnivall, asking him if he had met with the name. He at
once referred me to his preface to Hoccleve's Works, p. x, where Sir John
Clanvowe and Thomas Hoccleve are both mentioned in the same document (about
A.D. 1385). But Sir John Clanvowe died in 1391, and therefore could not
have imitated the title of Hoccleve's poem, which was not written till
1402. Our poet was probably Sir Thomas Clanvowe, concerning whom several
particulars are known, and who must have been a well-known personage at the
courts of Richard II and Henry IV. We learn from Wylie's Hist. of Henry IV,
vol. iii. p. 261, that he was one of twenty-five knights who accompanied
John Beaufort (son of John of Gaunt) to Barbary in 1390. This Sir Thomas
favoured the opinions of the Lollards, but was nevertheless a friend of
'Prince Hal,' at the time when the prince was still friendly to
freethinkers. He seems to have accompanied the prince in the mountains of
Wales; see Wylie, as above, iii. 333. In 1401, he is mentioned as being one
of 'vi Chivalers' in the list of esquires who were summoned to a council by
king Henry IV; see the Acts of the Privy Council, ed. Nicolas, temp. Henry
IV, p. 162. (It may be noted that Sir John Clanvowe was a witness, in 1385,
to the will of the widow of the Black Prince; see Testamenta Vetusta, ed.
Nicolas.)

Sec. 50. It now becomes easy to explain the reference to the queen at
Woodstock, which has never yet been accounted for. The poem begins with the
words--'_The God of Love!_ Ah benedicite,' quoted from Chaucer, the title
of the poem being 'The Book of Cupid, _God of Love_,' as has been said; and
this title was imitated from Hoccleve's poem of 1402. But there was no
queen of England after Henry's accession till Feb. 7, 1403, when the king
married Joan of Navarre; and it was she who held as a part of her dower the
manor and park of Woodstock; see Wylie, as above, ii. 284. Hence the
following hypothesis will suit the facts--namely, that the poem, imitating
Chaucer's manner, and having a title imitated from Hoccleve's poem of 1402,
was written by Sir Thomas Clanvowe, who held Lollard opinions[22] and was a
friend (at one time) of Henry of Monmouth. And it was addressed to Joan of
Navarre, Henry's stepmother, queen of England from 1403 to 1413, who held
as a part of her dower the manor of Woodstock. If so, we should expect it
to have been written before April, 1410, when Thomas Badby, the Lollard,
was executed in the presence of the prince of Wales. Further, as it was
probably written early rather than late in this period, I should be
inclined to date it in 1403; possibly in May, as it relates so much to the
time of spring.

I may add that the Clanvowes were a Herefordshire family, from the
neighbourhood of Wigmore. The only remarkable non-Chaucerian word in the
poem is the verb _greden_, to cry out (A.S. _gr[=ae]dan_); a word found in
many dialects, and used by Layamon, Robert of Gloucester, Langland, and
Hoccleve.

The poem is written in a light and pleasing style, which Wordsworth has
fairly reproduced. The final _-e_ is suppressed in _assay-e_ (l. 52). The
non-Chaucerian rimes are few, viz. _gren-e_ and _sen-e_ as riming with
_been_ (61-5), shewing that Clanvowe cut down those dissyllables to _green_
and _seen_. And further, the forms _ron_ and _mon_ are employed, in order
to rime with _upon_ (81-5); whereas Chaucer only has the form _man_; whilst
of _ran_ I remember no example at the end of a line[23].

Sec. 51. But there is one point about Clanvowe's verse which renders it, for
the fifteenth century, quite unique. In imitating Chaucer's use of the
final _-e_, he employs this suffix with unprecedented freedom, and rather
avoids than seeks elision. This gives quite a distinctive character to his
versification, and is very noticeable when attention has once been drawn to
it. If, for example, we compare it with the Parliament of Foules, which it
most resembles in general character, we find the following results. If, in
the Cuckoo and Nightingale, we observe the first 21 lines, we shall find
(even if we omit the example of _hy-e_ in l. 4, and all the examples of
final _-e_ at the end of a line) the following clear examples of its
use:--_low-e_, _lyk-e_, _hard-e_, _sek-e_, _hol-e_ (twice), _mak-e_,
_hav-e_, _wys-e_, _proud-e_, _grev-e_, _trew-e_, _hert-e_, i.e. 13
examples, besides the 5 examples of final _-en_ in _mak-en_, _bind-en_,
_unbind-en_, _bound-en_, _destroy-en_. But in the first 21 lines of the
Parliament of Foules there are only 2 examples of the final _-e_ in the
middle of a line, viz. _lust-e_ (15) and _long-e_ (21), whilst of the final
_-en_ there is none. The difference between 18 and 2 must strike even the
most inexperienced reader, when it is once brought under his notice.
However, it is an extreme case.

Yet again, if the _last_ 21 lines in the Cuckoo be compared with ll.
659-679 of the Parliament (being the _last_ 21 lines, if we dismiss the
roundel and the stanza that follows it), we find in the former 7 examples
of final _-e_ and 2 of _-en_, or 9 in all, whilst in Chaucer there are 7 of
final _-e_, and 1 of _-en_, or 8 in all; and this also happens to be an
extreme case in the other direction, owing to the occurrence in the former
poem of the words _egle_, _maple_, and _chambre_, which I have not taken
into account.

This suggests that, to make sure, we must compare much longer passages. In
the whole of the Cuckoo, I make about 120 such cases of final _-e_, and 23
such cases of final _-en_, or 143 in all. In 290 lines of the Parliament of
Foules, I make about 68 and 19 such cases respectively; or about 87 in all.
Now the difference between 143 and 87 is surely very marked.

The cause of this result is obvious, viz. that Chaucer makes a more
frequent use of elision. In the first 21 lines of the Parl. of Foules, we
find elisions of _men'_, _sor'_, _wak'_, _oft'_ (twice), _red'_ (twice),
_spek'_, _fast'_, _radd'_; i.e. 10 examples; added to which, Chaucer has
_joy(e)_, _love_, _knowe_, _usage_, _boke_, at the caesura, and suppresses
the _e_ in _write_ (written). But in ll. 1-21, Clanvowe has (in addition to
_love_, _make_, _lowe_, _make_ (twice), _gladde_ at the caesura) only 3
examples of true elision, viz. _fressh'_, _tell'_, and _mak'_ (15).

And further, we seldom find _two_ examples of the use of the final _-e_ in
the _same_ line in Chaucer. I do not observe any instance, in the Parl. of
Foules, till we arrive at l. 94:--'Took rest that mad-_e_ me to slep-_e_
faste.' But in Clanvowe they are fairly common. Examples are: Of sek-_e_
folk ful hol-_e_ (7); For every trew-_e_ gentil hert-_e_ free (21); That
any hert-_e_ shuld-_e_ slepy be (44); I went-_e_ forth alon-_e_ bold-e-ly
(59); They coud-_e_ that servyc-_e_ al by rote (71); and the like. In l.
73, we have even _three_ examples in _one_ line; Some song-_e_ loud-_e_, as
they hadd-_e_ playned. From all of which it appears that the critics who
have assigned the Cuckoo to Chaucer have taken no pains whatever to check
their opinion by any sort of analysis. They have trusted to their own mere
opinion, without looking the facts in the face.

Sec. 52. I will point out yet one more very striking difference. We know that
Chaucer sometimes employs headless lines, such as: Twenty bokes at his
beddes heed. But he does so sparingly, especially in his Minor Poems. But
in the Cuckoo, they are not uncommon; see, e.g. lines 16, 50, 72, 100, 116,
118, 146, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 166, 205, 232, 242, 252,
261, 265, 268. It is true that, in Morris's edition, lines 72, 146, 153,
161, and 205 are slightly altered; but in no case can I find that the
alteration is authorised. And even then, this does not get rid of the _five
consecutive_ examples in ll. 154-158, which cannot be explained away. Once
more, I repeat, the critics have failed to use their powers of observation.

I think the poem may still be admired, even if it be allowed that Clanvowe
wrote it some three years after Chaucer's death.

Sec. 53. At any rate, it was admired by so good a judge of poetry as John
Milton, who of course possessed a copy of it in the volume which was so
pleasantly called 'The Works of Chaucer.' That his famous sonnet 'To the
Nightingale' owed something to Clanvowe, I cannot doubt. 'Thou with fresh
hope the lover's heart dost fill' is, in part, the older poet's theme; see
ll. 1-30, 149-155, 191-192. Even his first line reminds one of ll. 77, 288.
If Milton writes of May, so does Clanvowe; see ll. 20, 23, 34, 55, 70, 230,
235, 242; note especially l. 230. But the real point of contact is in the
lines--

 'Thy liquid notes that close the eye of day,
  First heard before the shallow cuckoo's bill,
  Portend success in love ...
  Now timely sing, ere the rude bird of hate
  Foretell my hopeless doom in some grove nigh;
  As thou from year to year hast sung too late
  For my relief, yet hadst no reason why:
  Whether the Muse or Love call thee his mate,
  Both them I serve, and of their train am I.'

With which compare:--

 'That it were good to here the nightingale
  Rather than the lewde cukkow singe': (49).
 'A litel hast thou been to longe henne;
  For here hath been the lew[e]de cukkow,
  And songen songes rather than hast thou': (102).
 'Ye, quod she, and be thou not amayed,
  Though thou have herd the cukkow er than me.
  For, if I live, it shal amended be
  The nexte May, if I be not affrayed': (232).
 'And I wol singe oon of my songes newe
  For love of thee, as loude as I may crye': (247).
 'For in this worlde is noon so good servyse
  To every wight that gentil is of kinde': (149).

Sec. 54. XIX. ENVOY TO ALISON.

This piece has always hitherto been printed _without any title_, and is
made to follow The Cuckoo and the Nightingale, as if there were some sort
of connection between them. This is probably because it happens to follow
that poem in the Fairfax and Tanner MSS., and probably did so in the MS.
used by Thynne, which has a striking resemblance to the Tanner MS. However,
the poem is entirely absent from the Cambridge, Selden, and Bodley MSS.,
proving that there is no connection with the preceding poem, from which it
differs very widely in style, in language, and in metre.

I call it an Envoy to Alison. For first, it is an Envoy[24], as it refers
to the author's 'lewd book,' which it recommends to a lady. What the book
is, no one can say; but it may safely be conjectured that it was of no
great value. And secondly, the lady's name was Alison, as shewn by the
acrostic in lines 22-27; and the author has recourse to almost ludicrous
efforts, in order to secure the first four letters of the name.

Briefly, it is a very poor piece; and my chief object in reprinting it is
to shew how unworthy it is of Clanvowe, not to mention Chaucer. We have no
right even to assign it to Lydgate. And its date may be later than 1450.

Sec. 55. XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.

This piece many 'critics' would assign to Chaucer, merely because they like
it. This may be sentiment, but it is not criticism; and, after all, a
desire to arrive at the truth should be of more weight with us than
indulgence in ignorant credulity.

It is of some consequence to learn, first of all, that it is hardly
possible to separate this piece from the next. The authoress of one was the
authoress of the other. That The Assembly of Ladies is longer and duller,
and has not held its own in popular estimation, is no sound argument to the
contrary; for it is only partially true. Between the first eleven stanzas
of the Assembly and the first eleven stanzas of the present poem, there is
a strong general resemblance, and not much to choose. Other stanzas of the
Assembly that are well up to the standard of the Flower will be found in
lines 456-490, 511-539. The reason of the general inferiority of the
Assembly lies chiefly in the choice of the subject; it was meant to
interest some medieval household, but it gave small scope for retaining the
reader's attention, and must be held to be a failure.

The links connecting these poems are so numerous that I must begin by
asking the reader to let me denote The Flower and the Leaf by the letter F
(= Flower), and The Assembly of Ladies by the letter A (= Assembly).

The first point is that (with the sole exception of the Nutbrown Maid) no
English poems exist, as far as I remember, written previously to 1500, and
purporting to be written by a woman. In the case of F. and A., this is
assumed throughout. When the author of F. salutes a certain fair lady, the
lady replies--'_My doughter, gramercy_'; 462. And again she says, '_My fair
doughter_'; 467, 500, 547. The author of A. says she was one of five
ladies; 5-7, 407. Again, she was a woman; 18. The author of A. and some
other ladies salute Lady Countenance, who in reply says 'fair sisters';
370. Again, she and others salute a lady-chamberlain, who replies by
calling them 'sisters'; 450; &c.

The poem A. is supposed to be an account of a dream, told by the authoress
to a gentleman; with the exception of this gentleman, all the characters of
the poem are _ladies_; and hence its title. The poem F. is not quite so
exclusive, but it comes very near it; all the principal characters are
ladies, and the chief personages are queens, viz. the queen of the Leaf and
the queen of the Flower. The 'world of ladies' in l. 137 take precedence of
the Nine Worthies, who were merely men. A recognition of this fact makes
the whole poem much clearer.

But the most characteristic thing is the continual reference to colours,
dresses, ornaments, and decorations. In F., we have descriptions of, or
references to, white surcoats, velvet, seams, emeralds, purfils, colours,
sleeves, trains, pearls, diamonds, a fret of gold, chaplets of leaves,
chaplets of woodbine, chaplets of _agnus-castus_, a crown of gold,
thundering trumpets, the treasury of Prester John, white cloaks, chaplets
of oak, banners of Tartary-silk, more pearls, collars, escutcheons,
kings-of-arms, cloaks of white cloth, crowns set with pearls, rubies,
sapphires, and diamonds. Then there is a company all clad in one suit (or
livery); heralds and poursuivants, more chaplets and escutcheons, men in
armour with cloth of gold and horse-trappings, with bosses on their bridles
and peitrels--it is surely needless to go on, though we have only arrived
at l. 246.

In A., we have much the same sort of thing all over again, though it does
not set in before l. 83. Then we meet with blue colours, an embroidered
gown, and a purfil with a device. After a respite, we begin again at l.
206--'Her gown was blue'; and the lady wore a French motto. Diligence tells
the authoress that she looks well in her new blue gown (259). At l. 305,
there is another blue gown, furred with gray, with a motto on the sleeve;
and there are plenty more mottoes to follow. At l. 451 we come to a paved
floor, and walls made of beryl and crystal, engraved with stories; next, a
well-apparelled chair or throne, on five stages, wrought of 'cassidony,'
with four pommels of gold, and set with sapphires; a cloth of estate,
wrought with the needle (486); cloth of gold (521); a blue gown, with
sleeves wrought tabard-wise, of which the collar and the _vent_ (slit in
front of the neck) are described as being like ermine; it was couched with
great pearls, powdered with diamonds, and had sleeves and purfils; then we
come to rubies, enamel, a great balas-ruby, and more of the same kind.
Again, it is useless to go further. Surely these descriptions of seams, and
collars, and sleeves, are due to a woman.

The likeness comes out remarkably in two parallel stanzas. One of them is
from F. 148, and the other from A. 526.

 'As grete perles, round and orient,
  Diamondes fyne and rubies rede,
  And many another stoon, of which I want
  The names now; and everich on her hede
  A riche fret of gold, which, without drede,
  Was ful of statly riche stones set;
  And every lady had a chapelet,' &c.

 'After a sort the coller and the vent,
  Lyk as ermyne is mad in purfeling;
  With grete perles, ful fyne and orient,
  They were couched, al after oon worching,
  With dyamonds in stede of powdering;
  The sleves and purfilles of assyse;
  They were y-mad [ful] lyke, in every wyse.'

I wonder which the reader prefers; for myself, I have really no choice.

For I do not see how to choose between such lines as these following:--

  And on I put my gere and myn array; F. 26.
  That ye wold help me on with myn aray; A. 241.
  _or_, So than I dressed me in myn aray; A. 253.
  As grete perles, round and orient; F. 148.
  With grete perles, ful fyne and orient; A. 528.
  And forth they yede togider, twain and twain; F. 295.
  See how they come togider, twain and twain; A. 350.
  So long, alas! and, if that it you plese
  To go with me, I shal do yow the ese; F. 391.
  And see, what I can do you for to plese,
  I am redy, that may be to your ese; A. 447.
  I thank you now, in my most humble wyse; F. 567.
  We thanked her in our most humble wyse; A. 729.

Besides these striking coincidences in whole lines, there are a large
number of phrases and endings of lines that are common to the two poems;
such as--_the springing of the day_, F. 25, A. 218; _Which, as me thought_,
F. 36, A. 50; _wel y-wrought_, F. 49, A. 165; _by mesure_, F. 58, A. 81; _I
you ensure_, F. 60, 287, A. 52, 199; _in this wyse_, F. 98, A. 589; _I sat
me doun_, F. 118, A. 77; _oon and oon_, F. 144, A. 368, 543, 710; _by and
by_, F. 59, 146, A. 87; _withouten fail_, F. 369, A. 567, 646; _herself
aloon_, F. 458, A. 84; _ful demure_, F. 459, A. 82; _to put in wryting_, F.
589, A. 664; and others that are printed out in the Notes.

Very characteristic of female authorship is the remark that the ladies vied
with each other as to which looked the best; a remark which occurs in
_both_ poems; see F. 188, A. 384.

A construction common to both poems is the use of _very_ with an adjective,
a construction used by Lydgate, but not by Chaucer; examples are _very
rede_, F. 35; _very good_, F. 10, 315; _very round_, A. 479.

It is tedious to enumerate how much these poems have in common. They open
in a similar way, F. with the description of a grove, A. with the
description of a garden with a maze. In the eighth stanza of F., we come to
'a herber that benched was'; and in the seventh stanza of A. we come to a
similar 'herber, mad with benches'; both from The Legend of Good Women.

In F., the authoress has a waking vision of 'a world of ladies' (137); in
A. she sees in a dream the 'assembly of ladies.' In both, she sees an
abundance of dresses, and gems, and bright colours. Both introduce several
scraps of French. In both, the authoress has interviews with allegorical or
visionary personages, who address her either as daughter or sister. I have
little doubt that the careful reader will discover more points of
resemblance for himself.

Sec. 56. The chief appreciable difference between the two poems is that F. was
probably written considerably earlier than A. This appears from the more
frequent use of the final _-e_, which the authoress occasionally uses as an
archaic embellishment, though she frequently forgets all about it for many
stanzas together. In the former poem (F.) there seem to be about 50
examples, whilst in the latter (A.) there are hardly 10[25]. In almost
every case, it is correctly used, owing, no doubt, to tradition or to a
perusal of older poetry. The most important cases are the abundant ones in
which a final _e_ is omitted where Chaucer would inevitably have inserted
it. For example, such a line as F. 195--From the same grove, where the
ladyes come out--would become, in Chaucer--From the sam-e grov-e wher the
ladyes come out--giving at least twelve syllables in the line. The examples
of the omission of final _-e_, where such omission makes a difference to
the scansion, are not very numerous, because many such come before a vowel
(where they might be elided) or at the caesura (where they might be
tolerated). Still we may note such a case as _green_ in l. 109 where
Chaucer would have written _gren-e_, giving _a fresh gren-e laurer-tree_,
to the ruin of the scansion. Similar offences against Chaucer's usage are
_herd_ for _herd-e_, 128 (cf. 191); _spek'_ for _spek-e_, 140; _al_ for
_all-e_, plural, 165; _sight_ for _sight-e_, 174; _lyf_ for _lyv-e_, 182;
_sam'_ for _sam-e_, 195; _the tenth_ for _the tenth-e_, 203; _gret_ for
_gret-e_, plural, 214, 225; _red_ for _red-e_, 242; _the worst_ for _the
worst-e_, 255; _yed'_ for _yed-e_, 295, 301; _fast_ for _fast-e_, 304;
_rejoice_ for _rejoy-se_, 313; _noise_ for _nois-e_, 353; _sonn'_ for
_son-ne_, 355, 408; _hir fresh_ for _hir fres-she_, 357; _laft_ for
_laft-e_, pt. t., 364; _their greet_ for _hir gret-e_, 377; _sick_ for
_sek-e_, 410; _about_ for _about-e_, 411; _to soup_ for _to soup-e_, 417;
_without_ for _without-e_, 423, 549; _the hool_ for _the hol-e_, 437; _to
know_ for _to know-e_, 453; _past_ for _pass-ede_ or _past-e_, 465; _My
fair_ for _My fair-e_, vocative, 467, 500; _to tel_ for _to tell-e_, 495;
_nin(e)_ for _nyn-e_, 502; _imagin(e)_ for _imagin-en_, 525; _they last_
for _they last-e_, 562; _thy rud(e)_ for _thy rud-e_, 595. Those who
believe that The Flower and the Leaf was written by Chaucer will have to
explain away every one of these cases; and when they have done so, there is
more to be said.

Sec. 57. For it is well known that such a word as _sweetly_ (96) was
trisyllabic, as _swet-e-ly_, in Chaucer; C. T., A 221. Similarly, our
authoress has _trewly_ for _trew-e-ly_[26], 130; _richly_ for _rich-e-ly_,
169; _woodbind_ for _wod-e-bind-e_, 485. Similar is _ointments_ for
_oin-e-ments_, 409. And, moreover, our authoress differs from Chaucer as to
other points of grammar. Thus she has _Forshronk_ as a strong pp., 358,
which ought to be _forshronk-en_ or _forshronk-e_. Still more marked is her
use of _rood_ as the _plural_ of the past tense, 449, 454, where Chaucer
has _rid-en_; and her use of _began_ as a plural, 385, where Chaucer has
_bigonn-e_. Can these things be explained away also? If so, there is more
to be said.

Sec. 58. All the above examples have been made out, without so much as looking
at the rimes. But the rimes are much harder to explain away, where they
differ from Chaucer's. Here are a few specimens.

_Pas-se_ rimes with _was_, 27; so it must have been cut down to _pas_!
Similarly, _hew-e_ has become _hew_; for it rimes with _grew_, sing., 32.
_Sight-e_ has become _sight_, to rime with _wight_, 37. _Brought_ should
rather be _brought-e_, but it rimes with _wrought_, 48. Similar
difficulties occur in _peyn_ (for _peyn-e_), r. w. _seyn_ (62); _syd'_ for
_syd-e_, r. w. _espy'd_ for _espy-ed_, 72; _eet_, r. w. _sweet_ for
_swet-e_, 90; _not'_ for _not-e_, r. w. _sot_, 99; _busily_, r. w. _aspy'_
for _aspy-e_, 106; _trewly_, r. w. _armony'_ for _armony-e_, 130; _orient_
(_oriant_?), r. w. _want_ for _want-e_, 148; _person_ for _person-e_, r. w.
_everichon_, 167. It is tedious to go on; let the critic finish the list,
if he knows how to do it. If not, let him be humble. For there is more to
come.

Sec. 59. Besides the grammar, there is yet the pronunciation to be considered;
and here comes in the greatest difficulty of all. For, in ll. 86-89, we
have the unusual rime of _tree_ and _be_ with _pretily_. This so staggered
Dr. Morris, that he was induced to print the last word as _pretile_; which
raises the difficulty without explaining it. For the explanation, the
reader should consult the excellent dissertation by Dr. Curtis on The
Romance of Clariodus (Halle, 1894), p. 56, Sec. 187. He remarks that a rime of
this character gives evidence of the transition of M.E. long close _e_ to
(Italian) long _i_ [as in the change from A.S. _m[=e]_ to mod. E. _me_],
and adds: 'this change became general in the fifteenth century, but had
begun in some dialects at an earlier date.' Its occurrence in the present
poem is a strong indication that it is later than the year 1400, and
effectually disposes of any supposed connection with Midland poems of the
fourteenth century.

Both poems are remarkably free from classical allusions and from references
to such medieval authors as are freely quoted by Chaucer. There is nothing
to shew that the authoress was acquainted with Latin, though she knew
French, especially the French of songs and mottoes.

The Flower and the Leaf is chiefly famous for having been versified by
Dryden. The version is a free one, in a manner all his own, and is finer
than the original, which can hardly be said of his 'versions' of Palamon
and Arcite and The Cock and the Fox. It is doubtless from this version that
many critics have formed exaggerated ideas of the poem's value; otherwise,
it is difficult to understand for what reasons it was considered worthy of
so great a master as Geoffrey Chaucer.

Sec. 60. It will be seen, from the Notes, that the authoress was well
acquainted with the Prologue to The Legend of Good Women; and it can hardly
be questioned that she took the main idea of the poem from that source,
especially ll. 188-194 of the later text. At the same time she was well
acquainted with Gower's lines on the same subject, in the Conf. Amantis,
iii. 357, 358; see vol. iii. pp. xlii, 297. Gower has:--

 'Me thoughte I sigh to-fore myn hede
  Cupide with his bowe bent,
  And like unto a parlement
  Which were ordeined for the nones,
  With him cam al the world atones[27]
  Of gentil folk, that whylom were
  Lovers; I sigh hem alle there ...
  Her hedes kempt, and therupon
  Garlondes, nought of o colour,
  Some of the Lefe, some of the Flour,[28]
  And some of grete perles were.[29] ...
  So loude that on every syde
  It thoughte as al the heven cryde[30]
  In such accorde and suche a soun
  Of bombard and of clarioun ...
  So glad a noise for to here.
  The grene Leef is overthrowe[31] ...
  Despuiled is the somer fare,' &c. (p. 371).

Sec. 61. XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.

This has already been discussed, in some measure, in considering the
preceding poem. Both pieces were written by the same authoress; but the
former is the more sprightly and probably the earlier. With the exception
of the unusual rime of _tree_ with _pretily_ (discussed above), nearly all
the peculiarities of the preceding poem occur here also. The Chaucerian
final _-e_ appears now and then, as in _commaund-e_ (probably plural), 203;
_red-e_, 215; _countenanc-e_, 295; _pen-ne_ [or else _seyd-e_], 307;
_chayr-e_, 476; _tak-e_, 565; _trouth-e_, 647; _liv-e_, 672; _sem-e_ (pr.
s. subj.), 696. But it is usually dropped, as in _The fresh_ for _The
fres-she_, 2; &c. In l. 11, Thynne prints _fantasyse_ for _fantasyes_; for
it obviously rimes with _gyse_ (monosyllabic); cf. 533-535. _Hew-e_ and
_new-e_ are cut down to _hew_ and _new_, to rime with _knew_, 67. _Bold_
rimes with _told_, clipped form of _told-e_, 94; and so on. So, again,
_trewly_ appears in place of Chaucer's _trew-e-ly_, 488. It is needless to
pursue the subject.

The description of the maze and the arbour, in ll. 29-70, is good. Another
pleasing passage is that contained in ll. 449-497; and the description of a
lady's dress in ll. 519-539. As for the lady herself--

 'It was a world to loke on her visage.'

There is a most characteristic touch of a female writer in lines 253-254:--

 'So than I dressed me in myn aray,
  And asked her, _whether it were wel or no?_'

To attribute such a question as 'how will my dress do' to a male writer is
a little too dramatic for a mere narrative poem.

The two MSS. have now been collated for the first time and afford some
important corrections, of which l. 61 presents remarkable instances. MS.
Addit. 34360 is of some value.

Sec. 62. A considerable part of The Assembly of Ladies that is now of little
interest may have been much appreciated at the time, as having reference to
the ordering of a large medieval household, with its chambers, parlours,
bay-windows, and galleries, carefully kept in good order by the various
officers and servants; such as Perseverance the usher, Countenance the
porter, Discretion the chief purveyor, Acquaintance the harbinger, Largesse
the steward, Bel-cheer the marshal of the hall, Remembrance the
chamberlain, and the rest. The authoress must have been perfectly familiar
with spectacles and pageants and all the amusements of the court; but she
was too humble to aspire to wear a motto.

 'And for my "word," I have non; this is trew.
  It is ynough that my clothing be blew
  As here-before I had commaundement;
  And so to do I am right wel content'; A. 312.

We must not forget that the period of the Wars of the Roses, especially
from 1455 to 1471, was one during which the composition of these poems was
hardly possible. It is obviously very difficult to assign a date to them;
perhaps they may be referred to the last quarter of the fifteenth century.
We must not put them too late, because The Assembly exists in MSS. that
seem to be as old as that period.

Sec. 63. XXII. A GOODLY BALADE.

For this poem there is but one authority, viz. Thynne's edition of 1532. He
calls it 'A goodly balade of Chaucer'; but it is manifestly Lydgate's.
Moreover, it is really a triple Balade, with an Envoy, on the model of
Chaucer's Fortune and Compleynt of Venus; only it has seven-line stanzas
instead of stanzas of eight lines. An inspection of Thynne's volume shews
that it was inserted to fill a gap, viz. a blank page at the back of the
concluding lines of The Legend of Good Women, so that the translation of
Boethius might commence on a new leaf.

It is obvious that the third stanza of the second Balade was missing in
Thynne's MS. He did not leave it out for lack of space; for there is plenty
of room on his page.

That it is not Chaucer's appears from the first Balade, where the use of
the monosyllables _shal_ and _smal_ in ll. 8 and 10 necessitates the use of
the clipped forms _al_ for _al-le_, _cal_ for _cal-le_, _apal_ for
_apal-le_, and _befal_ for _befal-le_. Moreover, the whole style of it
suggests Lydgate, and does not suggest Chaucer.

The sixth stanza probably began with the letter _D_; in which case, the
initial letters of the stanzas give us _M_, _M_, _M_; _D_, _D_, _D_; _J_,
_C_, _Q_. And, as it was evidently addressed to a lady named _Margaret_
(see the Notes), we seem to see here _Margaret, Dame Jacques_. The name of
_Robert Jacques_ occurs in the Writs of Parliament; Bardsley's English
Surnames, 2nd ed., p. 565. Of course this is a guess which it is easy to
deride; but it is very difficult to account otherwise for the introduction
of the letters _J_, _C_, _Q_ in the third Balade; yet it was evidently
intentional, for much force was employed to achieve the result. To make the
first stanza begin with _J_, recourse is had to French; and the other two
stanzas both begin with inverted clauses.

Sec. 64. XXIII. GO FORTH, KING.

I give this from Thynne's first edition; but add the Latin lines from the
copy printed in Schick's edition of The Temple of Glas, at p. 68. His text
is from that printed by Wynken de Worde about 1498, collated with the
second and third prints from the same press at somewhat later dates, and a
still later copy printed by Berthelet.

The only difference between Thynne's text and that given by Schick is that
Wynken de Worde printed _ar_ in the last line where Thynne has printed
_be_. Schick also notes that 'the Chaucer-Prints of 1561 and 1598 omit
_thou_' in l. 9; and I find that it is also omitted in the third edition
(undated, about 1550). But it occurs in the edition of 1532, all the same;
shewing that the later reprints cannot always be relied upon.

I have already said (vol. i. p. 40)--'Surely it must be Lydgate's.' For it
exhibits his love for 'catalogues,' and presents his peculiarities of
metre. Dr. Schick agrees with this ascription, and points out that its
appearance in the four prints above-mentioned, in all of which it is
annexed to Lydgate's Temple of Glas, tends to strengthen my supposition. I
think this may be taken as removing all doubt on the subject.

Sec. 65. I beg leave to quote here Schick's excellent remarks upon the poem
itself.

'There are similar pieces to these _Duodecim Abusiones_ in earlier English
literature (see ten Brink, _Geschichte der englischen Literatur_, i. 268,
and note).[32] The "twelf unþ[=e]awas" existed also in Old-English; a
homily on them is printed in Morris, _Old Eng. Homilies_, pp. 101-119[33].
It is based on the Latin Homily "De octo viciis et de duodecim abusivis
huius saeculi," attributed to St. Cyprian or St. Patrick; see Dietrich in
Niedner's _Zeitschrift fuer historische Theologie_, 1855, p. 518; Wanley's
_Catalogus_, passim (cf. the Index _sub voce_ Patrick). In the
Middle-English period we meet again with more or less of these "Abusions";
see Morris, _Old Eng. Miscellany_, p. 185 (11 Abusions); Furnivall, _Early
Eng. Poems_, Berlin, 1862 (Phil. Soc.), p. 161; "Five Evil Things," Wright
and Halliwell, _Reliquiae Antiquae_, i. 316, and ii. 14.'

Sec. 66. XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.

This piece was first printed by Stowe in 1561. Stowe happened to have
access to a MS. which was really a miscellaneous collection of
Middle-English pieces of various dates; and he proceeded to print them as
being 'certaine workes of Geffray Chauser,' without paying any regard to
their contents or style. In vol. i. pp. 33, 34, I give a list of his
additions, numbered 42-60[34]. By good fortune, the very MS. in question is
now in Trinity College Library, marked R. 3. 19. We can thus tell that he
was indebted to it for the pieces numbered 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54,
55, 56, and 59. These eleven pieces are all alike remarkable for being
non-Chaucerian; indeed, no. 56 is certainly Lydgate's. But it has so
happened that no. 59, or The Court of Love, being the best of these pieces,
was on that account 'attributed' to Chaucer, whilst the others were
unhesitatingly rejected. And it happened on this wise.

Sec. 67. After Tyrwhitt had edited the Canterbury Tales afresh, it occurred to
him to compile a Glossary. He rightly reasoned that the Glossary would be
strengthened and made more correct if he included in it all the harder
words found in the _whole_ of Chaucer's Works, instead of limiting the
vocabulary to words which occur in the Canterbury Tales only. For this
purpose, he proceeded to draw up a List of what he conceived to be
Chaucer's _genuine_ works; and we must remember that the only process open
to him was to consider all the old editions, and _reject_ such as he
conceived to be spurious. Hence his List is not really a list of genuine
works, but one made by striking out from all previous lists the works which
he _knew_ to be spurious. A moment's reflection will show that this is a
very different thing.

Considering that he had only his own acumen to guide him, and had no access
to linguistic or grammatical tests, still less to tests derived from an
examination of rimes or phonology, it is wonderful how well he did his
work. In the matter of rejection, he did not make a single mistake. His
first revision was made by considering only the pieces numbered 1-41, in
the _first_ part of Stowe's print (see vol. i. pp. 31-33); and he struck
out the following, on the express ground that they were _known to have been
written by other authors_; viz. nos. 4, 11, 13, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, and
40[35].

Then he went over the list again, and struck out, on internal evidence,
nos. 15, 18, 21, 22, and 32[36].

Truly, here was a noble beginning! The only non-Chaucerian pieces which he
failed to reject explicitly, among nos. 1-41, were the following, viz. 6 (A
Goodly Balade of Chaucer), 17 (The Complaint of the Black Knight), 20 (The
Testament of Love), 31 (The Cuckoo and the Nightingale), 38 (Go forth,
King), and 41 (A Balade in Praise of Chaucer). Of course he rejected the
last of these, but it was not worth his while to say so; and, in the same
way, he tacitly rejected or ignored nos. 6, 30, and 38. Hence it was that
nos. 6, 30, 38, and 41 did not appear in Moxon's Chaucer, and even no. 32
was carefully excluded. In his final list, out of nos. 1-41, Tyrwhitt
actually got rid of all but nos. 17, 20, and 31 (The Black Knight, The
Testament of Love, and The Cuckoo).

As to the remaining articles, he accepted, among the longer pieces, nos.
59, 62, and 63, i.e. The Court of Love, Chaucer's Dream, and The Flower and
the Leaf; to which he added nos. 42, 43, and 60 (as to which there is no
doubt), and also the Virelai (no. 50), on the slippery ground that it _is_
a virelai (which, strictly speaking, it is not).

Sec. 68. One result of his investigations was that an edition of Chaucer was
published by Moxon (my copy is dated 1855), in which all the poems were
included which Tyrwhitt accepted, followed by Tyrwhitt's Account of the
Works of Chaucer.

Owing to the popularity of this edition, many scholars accepted the poems
contained in it as being certainly genuine; but it is obvious that this was
a very risky thing to do, in the absence of external evidence; especially
when it is remembered that Tyrwhitt merely wanted to illustrate his
glossary to the Canterbury Tales by adding words from other texts. The idea
of drawing up a canon by the process of striking out from luxuriant lists
the names of pieces that are obviously spurious, is one that should never
have found acceptance.

Sec. 69. There is only one correct method of drawing up a canon of genuine
works, viz. that adopted by Mr. Henry Bradshaw, formerly our Cambridge
University Librarian. It is simple enough, viz. to take a clean sheet of
paper, and enter upon it, first of all, the names of all the pieces that
are admittedly genuine; and then to see if it can fairly be augmented by
adding such pieces as have reasonable evidence in their favour. In making a
list of this character, The Court of Love has no claim to be considered at
all, as I fully proved about twenty years ago[37]; and there is an end of
the matter. The MS. copy is in a hand of the sixteenth century[38], and
there is no internal evidence to suggest an earlier date.

Sec. 70. Our task is to determine what it really is, and what can be made of
it as it stands. We learn from the author that he was 'a clerk of
Cambridge' (913), which we may readily accept. Beyond this, there is
nothing but internal evidence; but of this there is much. That our 'clerk'
had read Ovid and Maximian appears from the Notes; he even seems to have
imbibed something of 'the new learning,' as he makes up the names
Philo-genet and Philo-bone by help of a Greek adjective[39]. Dr. Schick has
made it clear that he was well acquainted with Lydgate's Temple of Glas,
which he imitates freely; see Schick's edition of that poem, p. cxxix. Mr.
J. T. T. Brown, in his criticism on 'The Authorship of the Kingis Quair,'
Glasgow, 1896, draws many parallels between The Court of Love and The
Kingis Quair, and concludes that The Kingis Quair was indebted to The Court
of Love; but it is tolerably certain that the indebtedness was in the other
direction. For, in The Kingis Quair, some knowledge of the true use of
Chaucer's final _-e_ is still exhibited, even in a Northern poem, whilst in
The Court of Love, it is almost altogether dead, though the poem is in the
Midland dialect. I shall presently shew that our clerk, whilst very nearly
ignoring the final _-e_, occasionally employs the final _-en_; but this he
does in a way which clearly shews that he did not understand when to use it
aright, a fact which is highly significant.

I am much indebted to my friend Professor Hales for pointing out another
very cogent argument. He draws attention to the numerous instances in which
the author of The Court of Love fails to end a stanza with a stop. There is
no stop, for example, at the end of ll. 14, 567, 672, 693, 700, 763, 826,
1064, 1288; and only a slight pause at the end of ll. 28, 49, 70, 84, 189,
231, 259, 280, 371, 406, 427, &c. In Chaucer's Parlement of Foules, on the
other hand, there is but one stanza without a stop at the end, viz. at l.
280; and but one with a slight pause, viz. at l. 154. The difference
between these results is very marked, and would convince any mathematician.
I should like to add that the same test disposes of the claims of The
Flower and the Leaf to be considered as Chaucer's; it has no stop at the
end of ll. 7, 70, 154, 161, 196, 231, 280, 308, 392, 476, and has mere
commas at the end of ll. 28, 49, 56, 98, 119, 224, 259, 329, 336, &c. In
the Assembly of Ladies this departure from Chaucer's usage has been nearly
abandoned, which is one reason why that piece is in a less lively style.

Sec. 71. The sole MS. copy of The Court of Love belongs to the sixteenth
century, and there is nothing to shew that the poem itself was of earlier
date. Indeed, the language of it is remarkably like that of the former half
of that century. If it be compared with Sackville's famous 'Induction,' the
metrical form of the stanzas is much the same; there is the same smoothness
of rhythm and frequent modernness of form, quite different from the halting
lines of Lydgate and Hawes. This raises a suggestion that the author may
have learnt his metre from Scottish authors, such as Henryson and Dunbar;
and it is surprising to find him employing such words as _celsitude_ and
_pulcritude_, and even riming them together, precisely as Dunbar did (ll.
611-613, and the note). One wonders where he learnt to use such words, if
not from Scottish authors. Curiously enough, a single instance of the use
of a Northern inflexion occurs in the phrase _me thynkes_, 874. And I admit
the certainty that he consulted The Kingis Quair.

I have no space to discuss the matter at length; so shall content myself
with saying that the impression produced upon me is that we have here the
work of one of the heralds of the Elizabethan poetry, of the class to which
belonged Nicholas Grimoald, Thomas Sackville, Lord Surrey, Lord Vaux, and
Sir Francis Bryan. There must have been much fairly good poetry in the time
of Henry VIII that is lost to us. Tottell's Miscellany clearly shews this,
as it is a mere selection of short pieces, which very nearly perished; but
for this fortunate relic, we should not have known much about Wyat and
Surrey. Sackville, when at Cambridge, acquired some distinction for Latin
and English verse, but we possess none of it. However, Sackville was not
the author of The Court of Love, seeing that it was published in a
'Chaucer' collection in 1561, long before his death.

The fact that our clerk was well acquainted with so many pieces by Chaucer,
such as The Knight's Tale, the Complaint of Pity, The Legend of Good Women,
Troilus, and Anelida, besides giving us reminiscences of The Letter of
Cupid, and (perhaps) of The Cuckoo and Nightingale, raises the suspicion
that he had access to Thynne's edition of 1532; and it is quite possible
that this very book inspired him for his effort. This suspicion becomes
almost a certainty if it be true that ll. 495-496 are borrowed from Rom.
Rose, 2819-20; see note at p. 545. I can find no reason for dating the poem
earlier than that year.

Sec. 72. However this may be, the chief point to notice is that his archaisms
are affectations and not natural. He frequently dispenses with them
altogether for whole stanzas at a time. When they occur, they are such as
he found in Chaucer abundantly; I refer to such phrases as _I-wis_ or
_y-wis_; _as blyve_; the use of _ich_ for _I_ (661); _besy cure_ (36); _gan
me dresse_ (113; cf. C. T., G 1271); _by the feith I shall to god_ (131;
cf. Troil. iii. 1649); and many more. He rarely uses the prefix _i-_ or
_y-_ with the pp.; we find _y-born_ (976), _y-formed_ (1176), _y-heried_
(592), _y-sped_ (977), all in Chaucer; besides these, I only note _y-fed_
(975), _y-ravisshed_ (153), _y-stope_ (281), the last being used in the
sense of Chaucer's _stope_. The most remarkable point is the almost total
absence of the final _-e_; I only observe _His len-e body_ (1257); _to
serv-e_ (909); _to dred-e_ (603); and _in thilk-e place_ (642); the last of
which is a phrase (cf. R. R. 660). On the other hand, whilst thus
abstaining from the use of the final _-e_, he makes large use of the longer
and less usual suffix _-en_, which he employs with much skill to heighten
the archaic effect. Thus we find the past participles _holden_, 62;
_growen_, 182; _yoven_ or _yeven_, 742; _shapen_, 816, 1354; _blowen_,
1240; the gerunds _writen_, 35; _dressen_, 179; _byden_, 321; _semen_, 607;
_seken_, 838; _worshippen_, 1165, and a few others; the infinitives
_maken_, 81; _byden_, 189; _quyten_, 327, &c., this being the commonest
use; the present plurals _wailen_, 256; _foten_, 586; _speden_, 945, &c.;
with the same form for the first person, as in _wailen_, 1113; _bleden_,
1153; and for the second person, as in _waxen_, 958; _slepen_, 999.
Occasionally, this suffix is varied to _-yn_ or _-in_, as in _exilyn_, v.,
336; _serchyn_, v., 950; _spakyn_, pt. pl., 624; _approchyn_, pr. pl.,
1212. This may be the scribe's doing, and is consistent with East Anglian
spelling.

But the artificial character of these endings is startlingly revealed when
we find _-en_ added in an impossible position, shewing that its true
grammatical use was quite dead. Yet we find such examples. A serious error
(hardly the scribe's) occurs in l. 347: 'Wheder that she me _helden_ lefe
or loth.' _Hold_ being a strong verb, the pt. t. is _held_; we could
however justify the use of _held-e_, by supposing it to be the subjunctive
mood, which suits the sense; but _held-en_ (with _-en_) is the _plural_
form, while _she_ is singular; and really this use of _-e_ in the
subjunctive must have been long dead. In l. 684, we have a case that is
even worse, viz. _I kepen in no wyse_; here the use of _-en_ saves a
hiatus, but the concord is false, like the Latin _ego seruamus_. In l. 928,
the same thing recurs, though the scribe has altered _greven_ into
_growen_[40]; for this present tense is supposed to agree with _I_! A very
clear case occurs in l. 725: _For if by me this mater springen out_; where
the use of _-en_, again meant to save a hiatus, is excruciatingly wrong;
for _mater_ is singular! This cannot be the fault of the scribe. Other
examples of false grammar are: _thou serven_, 290; _thou sene_, 499. But
the climax is attained in l. 526, where we meet with _thay kepten ben_,
where the _-en_ is required for the metre. _Kepten_, as a _past
participle_, is quite unique; let us drop a veil over this sad lapse, and
say no more about it[41].

We may, however, fairly notice the constant use of the Northern forms
_their_ and _thaim_ or _theim_, where Chaucer has _hir_ and _hem_. The use
of _their_ and _them_ (not _thaim_) was well established by the year 1500
in literary English, as, e.g., in Hawes and Skelton. Caxton uses all four
forms, _hem_ and _them_, _her_ and _their_.

Sec. 73. I add a few notes, suggested by an examination of the rimes employed.

The final _-e_ is not used at the end of a line. This is easily seen, if
carefully looked into. Thus _lette_ (1284) stands for _let_, for it rimes
with _y-set_; _grace_ and _trespace_ rime with _was_, 163; _kene_ rimes
with _bene_, misspelling of _been_, 252; _redde_, put for _red_, rimes with
_spred_, 302; _yerde_, put for _yerd_, rimes with _aferd_, 363; _ende_
rimes with _frend_ and _fend_, 530; and so on throughout[42]. The following
assonances occur: _here_, _grene_, 253; _kepe_, _flete_, 309; and the
following rimes are imperfect: _plaint_, _talent_, _consent_, 716; _frend_,
_mynd_, 1056; _nonne_ (for _non_), _boun_, 1149; _like_ (_i_ long), _stike_
(_i_ short), 673; and perhaps _hold_, _shuld_[43], 408; _hard_, _ferd_,
151. _Hard_ is repeated, 149, 151; 1275, 1277. A curious rime is that of
_length_ with _thynketh_, 1059; read _thenk'th_, and it is good enough.
Noteworthy are these: _thryse_ (for Chaucer's _thry-es_), _wyse_, 537;
_hens_ (for Chaucer's _henn-es_), _eloquence_, 935; _desire_, _here_, 961,
1301; _eke_, _like_, 561; _tretesse_ (for Chaucer's _tretys_),
_worthinesse_, 28; _write_, _aright_, 13; _sey_ (I saw), _way_, 692. In one
place, he has _discryve_, 778, to rime with _lyve_; and in another _discry_
(miswritten _discryve_, 97), to rime with _high_. As in Chaucer, he
sometimes has _dy_, to die, riming with _remedy_, 340, and elsewhere _dey_,
to rime with _pray_, 582; and again _fire_, _fyr_, riming with _hyre_, 883,
or with _desire_, 1285, and at another time the Kentish form _fere_
(borrowed from Chaucer), with the same sense, r. w. _y-fere_, 622. The most
curious forms are those for 'eye.' When it rimes with _degree_, 132, _see_,
768, we seem to have the Northern form _ee_ or _e_; but elsewhere it rimes
with _besily_, 299, _pretily_, 419, _wounderly_, 695, _dispitously_, 1139,
or with _I_, 282; and the plural _yen_ (= _y'n_) rimes with _lyne_, 135.
The sounds represented by _[=e]_ and _y_ obviously afford permissible
rimes; that the sounds were not identical appears from ll. 1051-1055, which
end with _me_, _remedy_, _be_, _dy_, _company_ consecutively.

Sec. 74. Perhaps an easier way for enabling a learner to recognise the
peculiarities of The Court of Love, and the difference of its language from
Chaucer, is to translate some lines of it into Chaucerian English. The
effect upon the metre is startling.

  So thanne I went-e by straunge and fer-re contrees; 57.
  Alceste it was that kept-e there her sojour; 105.
  To whom obeyd-en the ladies god-e nynten-e; 108.
  And yong-e men fel-e cam-e forth with lusty pace; 110.
  O bright-e Regina, who mad-e thee so fair? 141.
  And mercy ask-e for al my gret-e trespas; 166.
  This eight-e-ten-e yeer have kept yourself at large; 184.
  In me did never worch-e trew-e-ly, yit I; 212.
  And ther I sey the fres-she quene of Cartage; 231.
  A! new-e com-en folk, abyde, and woot ye why; 271.
  Than gan I me present-e tofor-e the king; 274.
  That thou be trew-e from henn-es-forth, to thy might; 289.
  And nam-e-ly haw-e-thorn brought-en both-e page and grom-e; 1433.

Very many more such examples may be given. Or take the following; Chaucer
has (L. G. W. 476):--

  For Love ne wol nat countrepleted be.

And this is how it reappears in C. L. 429:--

  For Love wil not be counterpleted, indede!

Here the melody of the line is completely spoilt.

In the present state of our knowledge of the history of the English
language, any notion of attributing The Court of Love to Chaucer is worse
than untenable; for it is wholly disgraceful. Everything points to a very
late date, and tends to exclude it, not only from the fourteenth, but even
from the fifteenth century.

At the same time, it will readily be granted that the poem abounds with
Chaucerian words and phrases to an extent that almost surpasses even the
poems of Lydgate. The versification is smooth, and the poem, as a whole, is
pleasing. I have nothing to say against it, when considered on its own
merits.

Sec. 75. Space fails me to discuss the somewhat vexed question of the Courts
of Love, of which some have denied the existence. However, there seems to
be good evidence to shew that they arose in Provence, and were due to the
extravagances of the troubadours. They were travesties of the courts of
law, with a lady of rank for a judge, and minstrels for advocates; and they
discussed subtle questions relating to affairs of love, usually between
troubadours and ladies. The discussions were conducted with much
seriousness, and doubtless often served to give much amusement to many idle
people. Not unfrequently they led to tragedies, as is easily understood
when we notice that the first of one set of thirty-one Laws of Love runs as
follows:--'Marriage cannot be pleaded as an excuse for refusing to love.'
The reader who requires further information is referred to 'The Troubadours
and Courts of Love,' by J. F. Rowbotham, M.A., London, Swan Sonnenschein
and Co., 1895.

It is perhaps necessary to observe that the said Courts have very little to
do with the present poem, which treats of a Court of Cupid in the
Chaucerian sense (Leg. Good Women, 352). Even the statutes of the Court are
largely imitated from Lydgate.

Sec. 76. PIECES NUMBERED XXV-XXIX.

XXV. VIRELAY. This piece, from the Trinity MS., belongs to the end of the
fifteenth century, and contains no example of the final _-e_ as
constituting a syllable. Chaucer would have used _sore_ (l. 2), _more_ (l.
12), _trouth_ (l. 13), as dissyllables; and he would not have rimed _pleyn_
and _disdayn_ with _compleyn_ and _absteyn_, as the two latter require a
final _-e_. The rime of _finde_ with _ende_ is extraordinary.

The title 'Virelai' is given to this piece in Moxon's Chaucer, and is,
strictly speaking, incorrect; in the MS. and in Stowe's edition, it has no
title at all! Tyrwhitt cautiously spoke of it as being 'perhaps by
Chaucer'; and says that 'it comes nearer to the description of a _Virelay_,
than anything else of his that has been preserved.' This is not the case;
see note to Anelida, 256; vol. i. p. 536. Tyrwhitt quotes from
Cotgrave--'_Virelay_, a round, freemen's song,' and adds--'There is a
particular description of a _Virlai_, in the _Jardin de plaisance_, fol.
xii, where it makes the _decima sexta species Rhetorice Gallicane_.' For
further remarks, see p. 554.

XXVI. PROSPERITY: BY JOHN WALTON. 'To Mr. [Mark] Liddell belongs the honour
of the discovery of John Walton as the author of the little poem on fol.
119 [of MS. Arch. Seld. B. 24]. The lines occur as part of the Prologue
(ll. 83-90) to Walton's translation of Boethius' _De Consolatione_.'--J. T.
T. Brown, _The Authorship of the Kingis Quair_, Glasgow, 1896; p. 71. See
the account of Walton in Warton's Hist. E. Poetry, sect. xx. The original
date of the stanza was, accordingly, 1410; but we here find it in a late
Scottish dress. The ascription of it to 'Chaucer,' in the MS., is an
obvious error; it was written ten years after his death.

XXVII. LEAULTE VAULT RICHESSE. This piece, like the former, has no title in
the MS.; but the words _Leaulte vault Richesse_ (Loyalty deserves riches)
occur at the end of it. If the original was in a Midland dialect, it must
belong to the latter part of the fifteenth century. Even in these eight
lines we find a contradiction to Chaucer's usage; for he always uses
_lent_, pp., as a monosyllable, and _rent-e_ as a dissyllable. It is
further remarkable that he never uses _content_ as an adjective; it first
appears in Rom. Rose, 5628.

XXVIII. SAYINGS. I give these sayings as printed by Caxton; see vol. i. p.
46, where I note that Caxton did not ascribe them to Chaucer. They are not
at all in his style.

In MS. Ashmole 59, fol. 78, I find a similar prophecy:--

      _Prophecia merlini doctoris perfecti._

  Whane lordes wol leefe theire olde lawes,
  And preestis been varyinge in theire sawes,
  And leccherie is holden solace,
  And oppressyou_n_ for truwe p_ur_chace;
  And whan the moon is on dauid stall,
  And the kynge passe Arthures hall,
  Than[44] is [the] lande of Albyon
  Nexst to his confusyoun.

It is extremely interesting to observe the ascription of these lines to
_Merlin_; see King Lear, iii. 2. 95.

XXIX. BALADE. This poor stanza, with its long-drawn lines, appears in Stowe
at the end of 'Chaucer's Works.' In the Trinity MS., it occurs at the end
of a copy of The Parlement of Foules.

Sec. 77. An examination of the pieces contained in the present volume leads us
to a somewhat remarkable result, viz. that we readily distinguish in them
the handiwork of _at least_ twelve different authors, of whom no two are
much alike, whilst every one of them can be distinguished from Chaucer.

These are: (1) the author of The Testament of Love, who writes in a prose
style all his own; (2) the author of The Plowmans Tale and Plowmans Crede,
with his strong powers of invective and love of alliteration, whose style
could never have been mistaken for Chaucer's in any age[45]; (3) the author
of Jack Upland, with his direct and searching questions; (4) John Gower,
with his scrupulous regularity of grammatical usages; (5) Thomas Hoccleve,
who too often accents a dissyllable on the latter syllable when it should
be accented on the former; (6) Henry Scogan, whose lines are lacking in
interest and originality; (7) John Lydgate[46], who allows his verse too
many licences, so that it cannot always be scanned at the first trial; (8)
Sir Richard Ros, who writes in English of a quite modern cast, using
_their_ and _them_ as in modern English, and wholly discarding the use of
final _-e_ as an inflexion; (9) Robert Henryson, who writes smoothly enough
and with a fine vein of invention, but employs the Northern dialect; (10)
Sir Thomas Clanvowe, who employs the final _-e_ much more frequently than
Chaucer or even Gower; (11) the authoress of The Flower and the Leaf and
The Assembly of Ladies, to whom the final _-e_ was an archaism, very
convenient for metrical embellishment; and (12) the author of The Court of
Love, who, while discarding the use of the final _-e_, was glad to use the
final _-en_ to save a hiatus or to gain a syllable, and did not hesitate to
employ it where it was grammatically wrong to do so.

Sec. 78. If the reader were to suppose that this exhausts the list, he would
be mistaken; for it is quite easy to add at least one known name, and to
suggest three others. For the piece numbered XXVI, on p. 449, has been
identified as the work of John Walton, who wrote a verse translation of
Boethius in the year 1410; whilst it is extremely unlikely that no. XXVII,
written in Lowland Scottish, was due to Henryson, the only writer in that
dialect who has been mentioned above. This gives a total of _fourteen_
authors already; and I believe that we require yet two more before the
Virelai and the Sayings printed by Caxton (nos. XXV and XXVIII) can be
satisfactorily accounted for. As for no. XIX--the Envoy to Alison--it _may_
be Lydgate's, but, on the other hand, it may not. And as for no. XXIX, it
is of no consequence.

Moreover, it must be remembered that I here only refer to the selected
pieces printed in the present volume. If we go further afield, we soon find
several more authors, all distinct from those above-mentioned, from each
other, and from Chaucer. I will just instance the author of the Isle of
Ladies, the authoress (presumably) of The Lamentation of Mary Magdalen, the
author of The Craft of Lovers, the 'man unknown' who wrote The Ten
Commandments of Love, and the author of the clumsy lines dignified by the
title of The Nine Ladies Worthy. It is quite certain that _not less_ than
twenty authors are represented in the mass of heterogeneous material which
appears under Chaucer's name in a compilation such as that which is printed
in the first volume of Chalmers' British Poets; which, precisely on that
very account, is useful enough in its own peculiar way.

Sec. 79. I believe it may be said of nearly every piece in the volume, that it
now appears in an improved form. In several cases, I have collated MSS.
that have not previously been examined, and have found them to be the best.
The Notes are nearly all new; very few have been taken from Bell's Chaucer.
Several are due to Schick's useful notes to The Temple of Glas; and some to
Krausser's edition of The Black Knight, and to Groehler's edition of La
Belle Dame, both of which reached me after my own notes were all in type. I
have added a Glossary of the harder words; for others, see the Glossary
already printed in vol. vi.

In extenuation of faults, I may plead that I have found it much more
difficult to deal with such heterogenous material as is comprised in the
present volume than with pieces all written by the same author. The style,
the grammar, the mode of scansion, the dialect, and even the pronunciation
are constantly shifting, instead of being reasonably consistent, as in the
genuine works of Chaucer. Any one who will take the pains to observe these
points, to compile a sufficient number of notes upon difficult passages,
and to prepare a somewhat full glossary, may thus practically convince
himself, as I have done, that not a single piece in the present volume
ought ever to have been 'attributed' to Chaucer. That any of them should
have been so attributed--and some of them never were--has been the result
of negligence, superficiality, and incapacity, such as (it may be hoped) we
have seen the last of.

I wish once more to acknowledge my obligations to Mr. E. B. Nicholson, for
the loan of his transcript of The Praise of Peace; to Mr. Bradley, for his
discovery of the authorship of The Testament of Love and for other
assistance as regards the same; to Dr. E. Krausser, for his edition of The
Complaint of the Black Knight; to Dr. Groehler, for his dissertation on La
Belle Dame sans Mercy; and to Professor Hales for his kind help as to some
difficult points, and particularly with regard to The Court of Love.

       *       *       *       *       *


THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE.

                          PROLOGUE.

  Many men there ben that, with eeres openly sprad, so
  moche swalowen the deliciousnesse of jestes and of ryme,
  by queynt knitting coloures, that of the goodnesse or of the
  badnesse of the sentence take they litel hede or els non.

  Soothly, dul wit and a thoughtful soule so sore have myned              5
  and graffed in my spirites, that suche craft of endyting wol not
  ben of myn acqueyntaunce. And, for rude wordes and boystous
  percen the herte of the herer to the in[ne]rest point, and planten
  there the sentence of thinges, so that with litel helpe it is able
  to springe; this book, that nothing hath of the greet flode of         10
  wit ne of semelich colours, is dolven with rude wordes and
  boystous, and so drawe togider, to maken the cacchers therof
  ben the more redy to hente sentence.

  Some men there ben that peynten with colours riche, and
  some with vers, as with red inke, and some with coles and              15
  chalke; and yet is there good matere to the leude people of
  thilke chalky purtreyture, as hem thinketh for the tyme; and
  afterward the sight of the better colours yeven to hem more
  joye for the first leudnesse. So, sothly, this leude clowdy occupacion
  is not to prayse but by the leude; for comunly leude                   20
  leudnesse commendeth.  Eke it shal yeve sight, that other
  precious thinges shal be the more in reverence. In Latin
  and French hath many soverayne wittes had greet delyt to
  endyte, and have many noble thinges fulfild; but certes, there
  ben some that speken their poysye-mater in Frenche, of whiche          25
  speche the Frenche men have as good a fantasye as we have
  in hering of Frenche mennes English. And many termes there
  ben in English, [of] whiche unneth we Englishmen connen declare
  the knowleginge. How shulde than a Frenche man born suche
  termes conne jumpere in his mater, but as the jay chatereth            30
  English? Right so, trewly, the understanding of Englishmen
  wol not strecche to the privy termes in Frenche, what-so-ever we
  bosten of straunge langage. Let than clerkes endyten in Latin,
  for they have the propertee of science, and the knowinge in that
  facultee; and let Frenchmen in their Frenche also endyten their        35
  queynt termes, for it is kyndely to their mouthes; and let us
  shewe our fantasyes in suche wordes as we lerneden of our dames
  tonge.

  And although this book be litel thank-worthy for the leudnesse
  in travaile, yet suche wrytinges excyten men to thilke thinges that    40
  ben necessarie; for every man therby may, as by a perpetual
  mirrour, seen the vyces or vertues of other, in whiche thing
  lightly may be conceyved to eschewe perils, and necessaries to
  cacche, after as aventures have fallen to other people or persons.

  Certes, [perfeccion is] the soveraynest thing of desyre, and           45
  moste +creatures resonable have, or els shulde have, ful appetyte
  to their perfeccion; unresonable beestes mowen not, sith reson
  hath in hem no werking. Than resonable that wol not is comparisoned
  to unresonable, and made lyke hem. For-sothe, the
  most soverayne and fynal perfeccion of man is in knowing of            50
  a sothe, withouten any entent disceyvable, and in love of oon
  very god that is inchaungeable; that is, to knowe and love his
  creatour.

  ¶ Now, principally, the mene to bringe in knowleging and
  loving his creatour is the consideracion of thinges made by the        55
  creatour, wherthrough, by thilke thinges that ben made understonding
  here to our wittes, arn the unsene privitees of god
  made to us sightful and knowing, in our contemplacion and
  understonding. These thinges than, forsoth, moche bringen us
  to the ful knowleginge [of] sothe, and to the parfit love of the       60
  maker of hevenly thinges. Lo, David sayth, 'thou hast delyted
  me in makinge,' as who sayth, to have delyt in the tune, how god
  hath lent me in consideracion of thy makinge.

  Wherof Aristotle, in the boke _de Animalibus_, saith to naturel
  philosophers: 'it is a greet lyking in love of knowinge their          65
  creatour; and also in knowinge of causes in kyndely thinges.'
  Considred, forsoth, the formes of kyndly thinges and the shap,
  a greet kindely love me shulde have to the werkman that
  hem made. The crafte of a werkman is shewed in the werke.
  Herfore, truly, the philosophers, with a lyvely studie, many           70
  noble thinges right precious and worthy to memory writen;
  and by a greet swetande travayle to us leften of causes [of] the
  propertees in natures of thinges. To whiche (therfore) philosophers
  it was more joy, more lykinge, more herty lust, in
  kyndely vertues and maters of reson, the perfeccion by busy            75
  study to knowe, than to have had al the tresour, al the richesse,
  al the vainglory that the passed emperours, princes, or kinges
  hadden. Therfore the names of hem, in the boke of perpetual
  memory, in vertue and pees arn writen; and in the contrarye, that
  is to sayne, in Styx, the foule pitte of helle, arn thilke pressed     80
  that suche goodnesse hated. And bycause this book shal be of
  love, and the pryme causes of steringe in that doinge, with passions
  and diseses for wantinge of desyre, I wil that this book be cleped
  THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE.

  But now, thou reder, who is thilke that wil not in scorne              85
  laughe, to here a dwarfe, or els halfe a man, say he wil rende
  out the swerde of Hercules handes, and also he shuld sette
  Hercules Gades a myle yet ferther; and over that, he had
  power of strengthe to pulle up the spere, that Alisander the
  noble might never wagge? And that, passing al thinge, to ben           90
  mayster of Fraunce by might, there-as the noble gracious Edward
  the thirde, for al his greet prowesse in victories, ne might al yet
  conquere?

  Certes, I wot wel, ther shal be mad more scorne and jape
  of me, that I, so unworthily clothed al-togider in the cloudy cloude   95
  of unconninge, wil putten me in prees to speke of love, or els
  of the causes in that matter, sithen al the grettest clerkes han
  had ynough to don, and (as who sayth) +gadered up clene toforn
  hem, and with their sharpe sythes of conning al mowen, and
  mad therof grete rekes and noble, ful of al plentees, to fede me      100
  and many another. Envye, forsothe, commendeth nought his
  reson that he hath in hayne, be it never so trusty. And al-though
  these noble repers, as good workmen and worthy their hyre,
  han al drawe and bounde up in the sheves, and mad many
  shockes, yet have I ensample to gadere the smale crommes,             105
  and fullen my walet of tho that fallen from the borde among
  the smale houndes, notwithstandinge the travayle of the
  almoigner, that hath drawe up in the cloth al the remissailes,
  as trenchours, and the relief, to bere to the almesse.

  Yet also have I leve of the noble husbande Boece, al-though           110
  I be a straunger of conninge, to come after his doctrine, and
  these grete workmen, and glene my handfuls of the shedinge
  after their handes; and, if me faile ought of my ful, to encrese
  my porcion with that I shal drawe by privitees out of the shocke.
  A slye servaunt in his owne helpe is often moche commended;           115
  knowing of trouth in causes of thinges was more hardyer in the
  first sechers (and so sayth Aristotle), and lighter in us that han
  folowed after. For their passing +studies han fresshed our wittes,
  and our understandinge han excyted, in consideracion of trouth,
  by sharpnesse of their resons. Utterly these thinges be no            120
  dremes ne japes, to throwe to hogges; it is lyflich mete for
  children of trouthe; and as they me betiden, whan I pilgrimaged
  out of my kith in winter; whan the +weder out of mesure was
  boystous, and the wylde wind Boreas, as his kind asketh, with
  dryinge coldes maked the wawes of the occian-see so to aryse          125
  unkyndely over the commune bankes, that it was in poynte to
  spille al the erthe.

  THUS ENDETH THE PROLOGUE; AND HERE-AFTER FOLOWETH THE
  FIRST BOOK OF THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE.

2. delyciousnesse; (_and elsewhere_, y _is often replaced by_ i). 4. none.
5. Sothely. wytte. 8. inrest poynte. 10. spring. boke. great floode. 12.
catchers. 13. hent. 18. afterwarde. 19. leudenesse. 20. comenly. 21.
leudenesse. 23. gret delyte.

24. fulfylde. 27. englysshe. 28. englysshe; _supply_ of. englyssh-. 29.
Howe. borne. 31. englyssh. englyssh-. 32. stretche. 34. propertie. 35.
facultie. lette. 39. boke. thanke worthy. 42. sene. 44. catche. 45. _I
supply_ perfeccion is; _to make sense_. soueraynst. 46. creature (_sic_).
reasonable. 47, 50. perfection. 47. sythe reason. 48. reasonable. 51. one.
54. Nowe. meane. 56. be (_for_ by). 57. arne.

60. _I supply_ of. parfyte. 61. haste. 62. delyte (_this sentence is
corrupt_). 64. saythe. 65. great. 66, 67. thyng_es_ co_n_sydred. Forsoth
(_sic_). 68. great. me (_sic_); _for_ men. 72. great. _Supply_ of. 73.
propertyes. 75. matters of reason. perfection. 76. treasour. 79. peace. 80.
stixe. 81. boke. 83. dyseases. boke. 85. nowe. 87. set. 89. pul. 92. great.
94. wote. made. 95. vnworthely.

98. gathered. toforne. 100. made. great. plentyes. 102. reason. hayn
(_sic_). 102. -thoughe. 103. hyer. 104. made. 105. gader. 106. fullyn.
amonge. 108. remyssayles. 109. relyef. 112. great. 113. encrease. 114.
priuytyes. 116. knoweyng. 118. study (_sic_). 120. reasons. 121. lyfelyche
meate. 122. betiden (_sic_); _past tense_. 123. wether. measure. 124. wynde
Borias. kynde. 125. dryenge. 127. spyl. (_rubric_) boke.

                          CHAPTER I.

  Alas! Fortune! alas! I that som-tyme in delicious houres
  was wont to enjoye blisful stoundes, am now drive by
  unhappy hevinesse to bewaile my sondry yvels in tene!

  Trewly, I leve, in myn herte is writte, of perdurable letters, al the
  entencions of lamentacion that now ben y-nempned! For any               5
  maner disese outward, in sobbing maner, sheweth sorowful yexinge
  from within. Thus from my comfort I ginne to spille, sith she
  that shulde me solace is fer fro my presence.  Certes, her
  absence is to me an helle; my sterving deth thus in wo it myneth,
  that endeles care is throughout myne herte clenched; blisse of         10
  my joye, that ofte me murthed, is turned in-to galle, to thinke on
  thing that may not, at my wil, in armes me hente! Mirth is
  chaunged in-to tene, whan swink is there continually that reste was
  wont to sojourne and have dwelling-place. Thus witless, thoughtful,
  sightles lokinge, I endure my penaunce in this derke prison,           15
  +caitived fro frendshippe and acquaintaunce, and forsaken of al
  that any +word dare speke. Straunge hath by waye of intrucioun
  mad his home, there me shulde be, if reson were herd as he
  shulde. Never-the-later yet hertly, lady precious Margarit, have
  mynde on thy servaunt; and thinke on his disese, how lightles he       20
  liveth, sithe the bemes brennende in love of thyn eyen are so
  bewent, that worldes and cloudes atwene us twey wol nat suffre
  my thoughtes of hem to be enlumined! Thinke that oon vertue
  of a Margarite precious is, amonges many other, the sorouful to
  comforte; yet +whyles that, me sorouful to comforte, is my lust        25
  to have nought els at this tyme, d[r]ede ne deth ne no maner
  traveyle hath no power, myn herte so moche to fade, as shulde
  to here of a twinkling in your disese! Ah! god forbede that;
  but yet let me deye, let me sterve withouten any mesure of
  penaunce, rather than myn hertely thinking comfort in ought            30
  were disesed! What may my service avayle, in absence of her
  that my service shulde accepte? Is this nat endeles sorowe to
  thinke? Yes, yes, god wot; myn herte breketh nigh a-sonder.
  How shulde the ground, without kyndly noriture, bringen forth
  any frutes? How shulde a ship, withouten a sterne, in the grete see    35
  be governed? How shulde I, withouten my blisse, my herte, my
  desyre, my joye, my goodnesse, endure in this contrarious prison,
  that thinke every hour in the day an hundred winter? Wel may
  now Eve sayn to me, 'Adam, in sorowe fallen from welth, driven
  art thou out of paradise, with swete thy sustenaunce to beswinke!'     40
  Depe in this pyninge pitte with wo I ligge y-stocked,
  with chaynes linked of care and of tene. It is so hye from thens
  I lye and the commune erth, there ne is cable in no lande maked,
  that might strecche to me, to drawe me in-to blisse; ne steyers
  to steye on is none; so that, without recover, endeles here to         45
  endure, I wot wel, I [am] purveyed. O, where art thou now,
  frendship, that som-tyme, with laughande chere, madest bothe
  face and countenaunce to me-wardes? Truely, now art thou
  went out of towne. But ever, me thinketh, he wereth his olde
  clothes, and that the soule in the whiche the lyfe of frendship was    50
  in, is drawen out from his other spirites. Now than, farewel,
  frendship! and farewel, felawes! Me thinketh, ye al han taken
  your leve; no force of you al at ones. But, lady of love, ye wote
  what I mene; yet thinke on thy servaunt that for thy love
  spilleth; al thinges have I forsake to folowen thyn hestes;            55
  rewarde me with a thought, though ye do naught els. Remembraunce
  of love lyth so sore under my brest, that other thought
  cometh not in my mynde but gladnesse, to thinke on your goodnesse
  and your mery chere; +ferdnes and sorowe, to thinke on your
  wreche and your daunger; from whiche Christ me save! My                60
  greet joye it is to have in meditacion the bountees, the vertues,
  the nobley in you printed; sorowe and helle comen at ones, to
  suppose that I be +weyved. Thus with care, sorowe, and tene
  am I shapt, myn ende with dethe to make. Now, good goodly,
  thinke on this. O wrecched foole that I am, fallen in-to so lowe,      65
  the hete of my brenning tene hath me al defased. How shulde
  ye, lady, sette prise on so foule fylthe? My conninge is thinne,
  my wit is exiled; lyke to a foole naturel am I comparisoned.
  Trewly, lady, but your mercy the more were, I wot wel al my
  labour were in ydel; your mercy than passeth right. God graunt         70
  that proposicion to be verifyed in me; so that, by truste of good
  hope, I mowe come to the haven of ese. And sith it is impossible,
  the colours of your qualitees to chaunge: and forsothe I
  wot wel, wem ne spot may not abyde there so noble vertue
  haboundeth, so that the defasing to you is verily [un]imaginable,      75
  as countenaunce of goodnesse with encresinge vertue is so in you
  knit, to abyde by necessary maner: yet, if the revers mighte falle
  (which is ayenst kynde), I +wot wel myn herte ne shulde therfore
  naught flitte, by the leste poynt of gemetrye; so sadly is it
  +souded, that away from your service in love may he not departe.       80
  O love, whan shal I ben plesed? O charitee, whan shal I ben
  esed? O good goodly, whan shal the dyce turne? O ful of
  vertue, do the chaunce of comfort upwarde to falle! O love,
  whan wolt thou thinke on thy servaunt? I can no more but here,
  out-cast of al welfare, abyde the day of my dethe, or els to see the   85
  sight that might al my wellinge sorowes voyde, and of the flode
  make an ebbe. These diseses mowen wel, by duresse of sorowe,
  make my lyfe to unbodye, and so for to dye; but certes ye, lady,
  in a ful perfeccion of love ben so knit with my soule, that deth
  may not thilke knotte unbynde ne departe; so that ye and my            90
  soule togider +in endeles blisse shulde dwelle; and there shal
  my soule at the ful ben esed, that he may have your presence, to
  shewe th'entent of his desyres.  Ah, dere god! that shal be a
  greet joye! Now, erthely goddesse, take regarde of thy servant,
  though I be feble; for thou art wont to prayse them better that        95
  wolde conne serve in love, al be he ful mener than kinges or
  princes that wol not have that vertue in mynde.

  Now, precious Margaryte, that with thy noble vertue hast
  drawen me in-to love first, me weninge therof to have blisse,
  [ther]-as galle and aloes are so moche spronge, that savour of        100
  swetnesse may I not ataste. Alas! that your benigne eyen, in
  whiche that mercy semeth to have al his noriture, nil by no
  waye tourne the clerenesse of mercy to me-wardes! Alas! that
  your brennande vertues, shyning amonges al folk, and enlumininge
  al other people by habundaunce of encresing, sheweth to me            105
  but smoke and no light! These thinges to thinke in myn herte
  maketh every day weping in myn eyen to renne. These liggen
  on my backe so sore, that importable burthen me semeth on my
  backe to be charged; it maketh me backwarde to meve, whan
  my steppes by comune course even-forth pretende. These                110
  thinges also, on right syde and lift, have me so envolved with
  care, that wanhope of helpe is throughout me ronne; trewly,
  +I leve, that graceles is my fortune, whiche that ever sheweth it
  me-wardes by a cloudy disese, al redy to make stormes of tene;
  and the blisful syde halt stil awayward, and wol it not suffre to     115
  me-wardes to turne; no force, yet wol I not ben conquered.

  O, alas! that your nobley, so moche among al other creatures
  commended by +flowinge streme +of al maner vertues, but
  ther ben wonderful, I not whiche that let the flood to come
  in-to my soule; wherefore, purely mated with sorowe thorough-sought,  120
  my-selfe I crye on your goodnesse to have pite on this
  caytif, that in the in[ne]rest degree of sorowe and disese is left,
  and, without your goodly wil, from any helpe and recovery.
  These sorowes may I not sustene, but-if my sorowe shulde be
  told and to you-wardes shewed; although moche space is bitwene        125
  us twayne, yet me thinketh that by suche +joleyvinge wordes my
  disese ginneth ebbe. Trewly, me thinketh that the sowne of my
  lamentacious weping is right now flowe in-to your presence, and
  there cryeth after mercy and grace, to which thing (me semeth)
  thee list non answere to yeve, but with a deynous chere ye            130
  commaunden it to avoide; but god forbid that any word shuld of
  you springe, to have so litel routh! Parde, pite and mercy in
  every Margarite is closed by kynde amonges many other vertues,
  by qualitees of comfort; but comfort is to me right naught worth,
  withouten mercy and pite of you alone; whiche thinges hastely         135
  god me graunt for his mercy!

CH. I. 2. enioy. 3. sondrye. 5. nowe. 6. disease outwarde. 7. comforte. 8.
ferre. 9. hell. dethe. 10. endelesse. 12. hent. 13. swynke. 14. dwellynge-.
wytlesse. 15. syghtlesse. prisone. 16. caytisned (_for_ caytifued). 17.
wode (!); _for_ worde; _read_ word. 18. made. reason. herde. 20. disease.
21. beames. 22. _For_ be-went, Th. _has_ be-we_n_t. 23. one. 25. wyl of;
_apparently an error for_ whyles (_which I adopt_). luste. 26. dede (_for_
drede). 27. myne. 28. twynckelynge. disease. 29. lette (_twice_). dey.
measure. 30. myne. comforte. 31. diseased. maye. aueyle. 32. endlesse.

33. wote; myne hert breaketh. 34. howe. grou_n_de. forthe. 35. howe.
shippe. great. 36. Howe. 39. nowe. sayne. 40. arte. weate. 44. stretche.
45. stey. endlesse. 46. wotte. _I supply_ am. spurveyde. arte. nowe. 47.
frenshyppe (_sic_). 48. nowe arte. 49. weareth. 51. Nowe. 53. leaue. 57.
lythe. 59. frendes (_sic_); _for_ ferdnes: _cf._ p. 9, l. 9. 60. Christe.
61. great. bounties. 62. hel. 63. veyned (_sic_); _for_ weyued. 64. shapte.
Nowe. 65. wretched. 66. heate. 68. wytte.

69. wote. 72. ease. sythe. 73. qualyties. 74. wote. wemme ne spotte maye.
75. _Read_ unimaginable. 77. knytte. fal. 78. wol wel (_for_ wot wel). 80.
sonded; _read_ souded. maye. 81. pleased. charyte. 82. eased. 83. comforte.
fal. 85. out caste. daye. se. 86. flodde. 87. diseases. 89. perfectyon.
knytte. dethe. 91. togyther is endelesse in blysse(!). dwel. 92. eased. 93.
thentent. 94. great. Nowe. 95. arte wonte. 98. Nowe. haste. 100. _I supply_
ther. 104. folke.

105. encreasing. 110. forthe. 112, 113. trewly and leue; _read_ trewly I
leve. 113. gracelesse. 114. disease. 115. halte. 117. (_The sentence
beginning_ O, alas _seems hopelessly corrupt; there are pause-marks after_
vertues _and_ wonderful.) 118. folowynge; _read_ flowinge. by; _read_ of.
119. flode. 122. caytife. inrest. disease. lefte. 124. maye. 125. tolde.
126. ioleynynge (_sic_). 127. disease. 128. nowe. 130. the lyst none. 131.
worde. 134. qualites of comforte. worthe.

                          CHAPTER II.

  Rehersinge these thinges and many other, without tyme
  or moment of rest, me semed, for anguisshe of disese, that
  al-togider I was ravisshed, I can not telle how; but hoolly all my
  passions and felinges weren lost, as it semed, for the tyme; and
  sodainly a maner of drede lighte in me al at ones; nought suche         5
  fere as folk have of an enemy, that were mighty and wolde hem
  greve or don hem disese. For, I trowe, this is wel knowe to many
  persones, that otherwhyle, if a man be in his soveraignes presence,
  a maner of ferdnesse crepeth in his herte, not for harme, but of
  goodly subjeccion; namely, as men reden that aungels ben aferde        10
  of our saviour in heven. And parde, there ne is, ne may no
  passion of disese be; but it is to mene, that angels ben adradde,
  not by +ferdnes of drede, sithen they ben perfitly blissed, [but]
  as [by] affeccion of wonderfulnesse and by service of obedience.
  Suche ferde also han these lovers in presence of their loves, and      15
  subjectes aforn their soveraynes. Right so with ferdnesse myn
  herte was caught. And I sodainly astonied, there entred in-to
  the place there I was logged a lady, the semeliest and most
  goodly to my sight that ever to-forn apered to any creature; and
  trewly, in the blustringe of her looke, she yave gladnesse and         20
  comfort sodaynly to al my wittes; and right so she doth to
  every wight that cometh in her presence. And for she was so
  goodly, as me thought, myn herte began somdele to be enbolded,
  and wexte a litel hardy to speke; but yet, with a quakinge
  voyce, as I durste, I salued her, and enquired what she was;           25
  and why she, so worthy to sight, dayned to entre in-to so foule
  a dongeon, and namely a prison, without leve of my kepers.
  For certes, al-though the vertue of dedes of mercy strecchen to
  visiten the poore prisoners, and hem, after that facultees ben had,
  to comforte, me semed that I was so fer fallen in-to miserye and       30
  wrecched hid caytifnesse, that me shulde no precious thing
  neighe; and also, that for my sorowe every wight shulde ben
  hevy, and wisshe my recovery. But whan this lady had somdele
  apperceyved, as wel by my wordes as by my chere, what thought
  besied me within, with a good womanly countenance she sayde            35
  these wordes:--

  'O my nory, wenest thou that my maner be, to foryete my
  frendes or my servauntes? Nay,' quod she, 'it is my ful entente
  to visyte and comforte al my frendshippes and allyes, as wel in
  tyme of perturbacion as of moost propertee of blisse; in me shal       40
  unkyndnesse never be founden: and also, sithen I have so fewe
  especial trewe now in these dayes. Wherefore I may wel at more
  leysar come to hem that me deserven; and if my cominge may
  in any thinge avayle, wete wel, I wol come often.'

  'Now, good lady,' quod I, 'that art so fayre on to loke,               45
  reyninge hony by thy wordes, blisse of paradys arn thy lokinges,
  joye and comfort are thy movinges. What is thy name? How
  is it that in you is so mokel werkinge vertues enpight, as me
  semeth, and in none other creature that ever saw I with myne
  eyen?'                                                                 50

  'My disciple,' quod she, 'me wondreth of thy wordes and on
  thee, that for a litel disese hast foryeten my name. Wost thou
  not wel that I am LOVE, that first thee brought to thy service?'

  'O good lady,' quod I, 'is this worship to thee or to thyn
  excellence, for to come in-to so foule a place? Parde, somtyme,        55
  tho I was in prosperite and with forayne goodes envolved, I had
  mokil to done to drawe thee to myn hostel; and yet many
  werninges thou madest er thou liste fully to graunte, thyn home
  to make at my dwelling-place; and now thou comest goodly by
  thyn owne vyse, to comforte me with wordes; and so there-thorough      60
  I ginne remembre on passed gladnesse. Trewly, lady,
  I ne wot whether I shal say welcome or non, sithen thy coming
  wol as moche do me tene and sorowe, as gladnesse and mirthe.
  See why: for that me comforteth to thinke on passed gladnesse,
  that me anoyeth efte to be in doinge. Thus thy cominge bothe           65
  gladdeth and teneth, and that is cause of moche sorowe. Lo, lady,
  how than I am comforted by your comminge'; and with that
  I gan in teeres to distille, and tenderly wepe.

  'Now, certes,' quod Love, 'I see wel, and that me over-thinketh,
  that wit in thee fayleth, and [thou] art in pointe                     70
  to dote.'

  'Trewly,' quod I, 'that have ye maked, and that ever wol
  I rue.'

  'Wottest thou not wel,' quod she, 'that every shepherde ought
  by reson to seke his sperkelande sheep, that arn ronne in-to           75
  wildernesse among busshes and perils, and hem to their pasture
  ayen-bringe, and take on hem privy besy cure of keping? And
  though the unconninge sheep scattred wolde ben lost, renning to
  wildernesse, and to desertes drawe, or els wolden putte hem-selfe
  to the swalowinge wolfe, yet shal the shepherde, by businesse and      80
  travayle, so putte him forth, that he shal not lete hem be lost by
  no waye. A good shepherde putteth rather his lyf to ben lost for
  his sheep. But for thou shalt not wene me being of werse
  condicion, trewly, for everich of my folke, and for al tho that to
  me-ward be knit in any condicion, I wol rather dye than suffre         85
  hem through errour to ben spilte. For me liste, and it me lyketh,
  of al myne a shepherdesse to be cleped. Wost thou not wel,
  I fayled never wight, but he me refused and wolde negligently go
  with unkyndenesse? And yet, parde, have I many such holpe
  and releved, and they have ofte me begyled; but ever, at the ende,     90
  it discendeth in their owne nekkes. Hast thou not rad how kinde
  I was to Paris, Priamus sone of Troy? How Jason me falsed,
  for al his false behest? How Cesars +swink, I lefte it for no tene
  til he was troned in my blisse for his service? What!' quod she,
  'most of al, maked I not a loveday bytwene god and mankynde,           95
  and chees a mayde to be nompere, to putte the quarel at ende?
  Lo! how I have travayled to have thank on al sydes, and yet list
  me not to reste, and I might fynde on +whom I shulde werche.
  But trewly, myn owne disciple, bycause I have thee founde, at al
  assayes, in thy wil to be redy myn hestes to have folowed, and        100
  hast ben trewe to that Margarite-perle that ones I thee shewed;
  and she alwaye, ayenward, hath mad but daungerous chere;
  I am come, in propre person, to putte thee out of errours, and
  make thee gladde by wayes of reson; so that sorow ne disese shal
  no more hereafter thee amaistry. Wherthrough I hope thou              105
  shalt lightly come to the grace, that thou longe hast desyred, of
  thilke jewel. Hast thou not herd many ensamples, how I have
  comforted and releved the scholers of my lore? Who hath
  worthyed kinges in the felde? Who hath honoured ladyes in
  boure by a perpetuel mirrour of their tr[o]uthe in my service?        110
  Who hath caused worthy folk to voyde vyce and shame? Who
  hath holde cytees and realmes in prosperite? If thee liste clepe
  ayen thyn olde remembraunce, thou coudest every point of this
  declare in especial; and say that I, thy maistresse, have be cause,
  causing these thinges and many mo other.'                             115

  'Now, y-wis, madame,' quod I, 'al these thinges I knowe wel
  my-selfe, and that thyn excellence passeth the understanding of
  us beestes; and that no mannes wit erthely may comprehende thy
  vertues.'

  'Wel than,' quod she, 'for I see thee in disese and sorowe,           120
  I wot wel thou art oon of my nories; I may not suffre thee so to
  make sorowe, thyn owne selfe to shende. But I my-selfe come
  to be thy fere, thyn hevy charge to make to seme the lesse. For wo
  is him that is alone; and to the sorye, to ben moned by a sorouful
  wight, it is greet gladnesse. Right so, with my sicke frendes I am    125
  sicke; and with sorie I can not els but sorowe make, til whan
  I have hem releved in suche wyse, that gladnesse, in a maner of
  counterpaysing, shal restore as mokil in joye as the passed hevinesse
  biforn did in tene. And also,' quod she, 'whan any of my
  servauntes ben alone in solitary place, I have yet ever besied me     130
  to be with hem, in comfort of their hertes, and taught hem to
  make songes of playnte and of blisse, and to endyten letters of
  rethorike in queynt understondinges, and to bethinke hem in what
  wyse they might best their ladies in good service plese; and
  also to lerne maner in countenaunce, in wordes, and in bering,        135
  and to ben meke and lowly to every wight, his name and fame to
  encrese; and to yeve gret yeftes and large, that his renome may
  springen. But thee therof have I excused; for thy losse and thy
  grete costages, wherthrough thou art nedy, arn nothing to me
  unknowen; but I hope to god somtyme it shal ben amended, as           140
  thus I sayd. In norture have I taught al myne; and in curtesye
  made hem expert, their ladies hertes to winne; and if any wolde
  [b]en deynous or proude, or be envious or of wrecches acqueyntaunce,
  hasteliche have I suche voyded out of my scole. For
  al vyces trewly I hate; vertues and worthinesse in al my power        145
  I avaunce.'

  'Ah! worthy creature,' quod I, 'and by juste cause the name
  of goddesse dignely ye mowe bere! In thee lyth the grace
  thorough whiche any creature in this worlde hath any goodnesse.
  Trewly, al maner of blisse and preciousnesse in vertue out of         150
  thee springen and wellen, as brokes and rivers proceden from
  their springes. And lyke as al waters by kynde drawen to the see,
  so al kyndely thinges thresten, by ful appetyte of desyre, to drawe
  after thy steppes, and to thy presence aproche as to their kyndely
  perfeccion. How dare than beestes in this worlde aught forfete        155
  ayenst thy devyne purveyaunce? Also, lady, ye knowen al the
  privy thoughtes; in hertes no counsayl may ben hid from your
  knowing. Wherfore I wot wel, lady, that ye knowe your-selfe that
  I in my conscience am and have ben willinge to your service, al
  coude I never do as I shulde; yet, forsothe, fayned I never to        160
  love otherwyse than was in myn herte; and if I coude have made
  chere to one and y-thought another, as many other doon alday
  afore myn eyen, I trowe it wolde not me have vayled.'

  'Certes,' quod she, 'haddest thou so don, I wolde not now
  have thee here visited.'                                              165

  'Ye wete wel, lady, eke,' quod I, 'that I have not played raket,
  "nettil in, docke out," and with the wethercocke waved; and
  trewly, there ye me sette, by acorde of my conscience I wolde
  not flye, til ye and reson, by apert strength, maden myn herte to
  tourne.'                                                              170

  'In good fayth,' quod she, 'I have knowe thee ever of tho
  condicions; and sithen thou woldest (in as moch as in thee was)
  a made me privy of thy counsayl and juge of thy conscience
  (though I forsook it in tho dayes til I saw better my tyme), wolde
  never god that I shuld now fayle; but ever I wol be redy              175
  witnessing thy sothe, in what place that ever I shal, ayenst al tho
  that wol the contrary susteyne. And for as moche as to me is
  naught unknowen ne hid of thy privy herte, but al hast thou tho
  thinges mad to me open at the ful, that hath caused my cominge
  in-to this prison, to voyde the webbes of thyne eyen, to make thee    180
  clerely to see the errours thou hast ben in. And bycause that
  men ben of dyvers condicions, some adradde to saye a sothe, and
  some for a sothe anon redy to fighte, and also that I may not my-selfe
  ben in place to withsaye thilke men that of thee speken
  otherwyse than the sothe, I wol and I charge thee, in vertue of       185
  obedience that thou to me owest, to wryten my wordes and sette
  hem in wrytinges, that they mowe, as my witnessinge, ben
  noted among the people. For bookes written neyther dreden ne
  shamen, ne stryve conne; but only shewen the entente of the
  wryter, and yeve remembraunce to the herer; and if any wol in         190
  thy presence saye any-thing to tho wryters, loke boldely; truste on
  Mars to answere at the ful. For certes, I shal him enfourme of
  al the trouthe in thy love, with thy conscience; so that of his
  helpe thou shalt not varye at thy nede. I trowe the strongest and
  the beste that may be founde wol not transverse thy wordes;           195
  wherof than woldest thou drede?'

CH. II. 2. disease. 3. tel howe. holy. 4. loste. 5. light. 6. feare. folke.
7. done. disease. 9. ferdenesse. 10. subiection. 11. maye. 12. disease.
meane. 13. frendes; _read_ ferdnes; _see_ l. 16. perfytely. _I supply_ but
_and_ by. 14. affection. 16. aforne. ferdenesse. 18. lodged. moste. 19.
to-forne. 21. comforte sodaynely. dothe. 23. myne. beganne. 27. prisone.
leaue. 28. al-thoughe. stretchen. 29. faculties. 30. ferre. 31. wretched
hyd. thynge. 33. heauy.

37. wenyst. foryet. 38. naye. 39. frenshippes. alyes. 40. propertye. 42.
nowe. 42, 43. maye. 45. Nowe. 46. honny. paradise. 47. comforte. howe. 49.
sawe. 52. the. disease haste. Woste. 53. the. 54. worshyppe. the. thyne.
57. the. 58. graunt thyne. 59. nowe. 60. thyne. 61. thoroughe. 62. wotte.
none. 64. se. 67. howe. 69. Nowe. se.

70. wytte in the. _I supply_ thou. arte. 74. shepeherde. 75. shepe. arne.
76. amonge. 78. tho. shepe. loste. 79. put. 80. shepeherde. 81. put.
forthe. let. loste. 82. shepeherde. lyfe. loste. 83. shepe. shalte. 85.
mewarde. 86. throughe. 91. Haste. radde howe. 92. so_n_ne. 93. _For_ false
_read_ faire. howe Sesars sonke (_sic_); _corrupt_. 95. louedaye. 96.
chese. put. 97. howe. thanke. 98. rest. home; _read_ whom. 99. the. 101.
haste. the. 102. ayenwarde. made. 103. put the. 104. the. reason. disease.

105. the. 106. shalte. haste. 107. Haste. herde. howe. 111. folke. 112.
cyties. the. cleape. 113. poynte. 116. Nowe. 118. wytte. 120. se the in
disease. 121. wote. arte one. maye. the. 123. thyne. 125. great. 129.
byforne. 131. comforte. 134. please. 135. bearyng. 137. encrease. maye.
138. the. 139. great. wherthroughe. arte. arne no-thinge.

141. thus as I; _om._ as. 143. endeynous; _read_ ben deynous. wretches.
144. schole. 148. beare. the lythe. 151. the. 155. perfection. Howe. 157.
counsayle maye. hydde. 158. wote. 162. doone aldaye. 164. done. nowe. 165.
the. 166. playde. 169. reason. aperte. 171. faythe. the. 172. the. 173.
counsayle. 174. forsoke. 175. nowe.

178. hert. 179. made. 180. the. 181. se. 183. anone. fyght. maye. 184.
withsay. the. 185. the. 188. amonge. 189. onely. 191. -thynge. 194. shalte.
195. maye. transuers.

                          CHAPTER III.

  Gretly was I tho gladded of these wordes, and (as who
  saith) wexen somdel light in herte; both for the auctorite
  of witnesse, and also for sikernesse of helpe of the forsayd
  beheste, and sayd:--

  'Trewly, lady, now am I wel gladded through comfort of                  5
  your wordes. Be it now lykinge unto your nobley to shewe
  whiche folk diffame your servauntes, sithe your service ought
  above al other thinges to ben commended.'

  'Yet,' quod she, 'I see wel thy soule is not al out of the
  amased cloude. Thee were better to here thing that thee might          10
  lighte out of thyn hevy charge and after knowing of thyn owne
  helpe, than to stirre swete wordes and such resons to here;
  for in a thoughtful soule (and namely suche oon as thou art)
  wol not yet suche thinges sinken. Come of, therfore, and let
  me seen thy hevy charge, that I may the lightlier for thy comfort      15
  purveye.'

  'Now, certes, lady,' quod I, 'the moste comfort I might have
  were utterly to wete me be sure in herte of that Margaryte I
  serve; and so I thinke to don with al mightes, whyle my lyfe
  dureth.'                                                               20

  'Than,' quod she, 'mayst thou therafter, in suche wyse that
  misplesaunce ne entre?'

  'In good fayth,' quod I, 'there shal no misplesaunce be
  caused through trespace on my syde.'

  'And I do thee to weten,' quod she, 'I sette never yet person          25
  to serve in no place (but-if he caused the contrary in defautes
  and trespaces) that he ne spedde of his service.'

  'Myn owne erthly lady,' quod I tho, 'and yet remembre to
  your worthinesse how long sithen, by many revolving of yeres,
  in tyme whan Octobre his leve ginneth take and Novembre                30
  sheweth him to sight, whan bernes ben ful of goodes as is the
  nutte on every halke; and than good lond-tillers ginne shape
  for the erthe with greet travayle, to bringe forth more corn to
  mannes sustenaunce, ayenst the nexte yeres folowing. In suche
  tyme of plentee he that hath an home and is wyse, list not to          35
  wander mervayles to seche, but he be constrayned or excited.
  Oft the lothe thing is doon, by excitacion of other mannes
  opinion, whiche wolden fayne have myn abydinge. [Tho gan I]
  take in herte of luste to travayle and see the wynding of the erthe
  in that tyme of winter. By woodes that large stretes wern in,          40
  by smale pathes that swyn and hogges hadden made, as lanes
  with ladels their maste to seche, I walked thinkinge alone
  a wonder greet whyle; and the grete beestes that the woode
  haunten and adorneth al maner forestes, and heerdes gonne to
  wilde. Than, er I was war, I neyghed to a see-banke; and for           45
  ferde of the beestes "shipcraft" I cryde. For, lady, I trowe ye
  wete wel your-selfe, nothing is werse than the beestes that
  shulden ben tame, if they cacche her wildenesse, and ginne ayen
  waxe ramage. Thus forsothe was I a-ferd, and to shippe me
  hyed.                                                                  50

  Than were there y-nowe to lacche myn handes, and drawe me
  to shippe, of whiche many I knew wel the names. Sight was
  the first, Lust was another, Thought was the thirde; and Wil eke
  was there a mayster; these broughten me within-borde of this
  shippe of Traveyle. So whan the sayl was sprad, and this ship          55
  gan to move, the wind and water gan for to ryse, and overthwartly
  to turne the welken. The wawes semeden as they kiste togider;
  but often under colour of kissinge is mokel old hate prively
  closed and kept. The storm so straungely and in a devouring
  maner gan so faste us assayle, that I supposed the date of my          60
  deth shulde have mad there his ginning. Now up, now downe,
  now under the wawe and now aboven was my ship a greet
  whyle. And so by mokel duresse of +weders and of stormes,
  and with greet avowing [of] pilgrimages, I was driven to an yle,
  where utterly I wende first to have be rescowed; but trewly, +at       65
  the first ginning, it semed me so perillous the haven to cacche,
  that but thorow grace I had ben comforted, of lyfe I was ful
  dispayred. Trewly, lady, if ye remembre a-right of al maner
  thinges, your-selfe cam hastely to sene us see-driven, and to
  weten what we weren. But first ye were deynous of chere, after         70
  whiche ye gonne better a-lighte; and ever, as me thought, ye
  lived in greet drede of disese; it semed so by your chere.
  And whan I was certifyed of your name, the lenger I loked in
  you, the more I you goodly dradde; and ever myn herte on you
  opened the more; and so in a litel tyme my ship was out of             75
  mynde. But, lady, as ye me ladde, I was war bothe of beestes
  and of fisshes, a greet nombre thronging togider; among whiche
  a muskel, in a blewe shel, had enclosed a Margaryte-perle, the
  moste precious and best that ever to-forn cam in my sight.
  And ye tolden your-selfe, that ilke jewel in his kinde was so          80
  good and so vertuous, that her better shulde I never finde, al
  sought I ther-after to the worldes ende. And with that I held
  my pees a greet whyle; and ever sithen I have me bethought on
  the man that sought the precious Margarytes; and whan he had
  founden oon to his lyking, he solde al his good to bye that jewel.     85
  Y-wis, thought I, (and yet so I thinke), now have I founden the
  jewel that myn herte desyreth; wherto shulde I seche further?
  Trewly, now wol I stinte, and on this Margaryte I sette me for
  ever: now than also, sithen I wiste wel it was your wil that
  I shulde so suche a service me take; and so to desyre that thing,      90
  of whiche I never have blisse. There liveth non but he hath
  disese; your might than that brought me to suche service, that to
  me is cause of sorowe and of joye. I wonder of your worde that
  ye sayn, "to bringen men in-to joye"; and, parde, ye wete wel
  that defaut ne trespace may not resonably ben put to me-wardes,        95
  as fer as my conscience knoweth.

  But of my disese me list now a whyle to speke, and to enforme
  you in what maner of blisse ye have me thronge. For truly
  I wene, that al gladnesse, al joye, and al mirthe is beshet under
  locke, and the keye throwe in suche place that it may not be          100
  founde. My brenning wo hath altred al my hewe. Whan
  I shulde slepe, I walowe and I thinke, and me disporte. Thus
  combred, I seme that al folk had me mased. Also, lady myne,
  desyre hath longe dured, some speking to have; or els at the lest
  have ben enmoysed with sight; and for wantinge of these thinges       105
  my mouth wolde, and he durst, pleyne right sore, sithen yvels
  for my goodnesse arn manyfolde to me yolden. I wonder, lady,
  trewly, save evermore your reverence, how ye mowe, for shame,
  suche thinges suffre on your servaunt to be so multiplied.
  Wherfore, kneling with a lowe herte, I pray you to rue on this        110
  caytif, that of nothing now may serve. Good lady, if ye liste,
  now your help to me shewe, that am of your privyest servantes
  at al assayes in this tyme, and under your winges of proteccion.
  No help to me-wardes is shapen; how shal than straungers in
  any wyse after socour loke, whan I, that am so privy, yet of helpe    115
  I do fayle? Further may I not, but thus in this prison abyde;
  what bondes and chaynes me holden, lady, ye see wel your-selfe.
  A renyant forjuged hath not halfe the care. But thus, syghing
  and sobbing, I wayle here alone; and nere it for comfort of your
  presence, right here wolde I sterve. And yet a litel am I gladded,    120
  that so goodly suche grace and non hap have I hent, graciously
  to fynde the precious Margarite, that (al other left) men shulde
  bye, if they shulde therfore selle al her substaunce. Wo is me,
  that so many let-games and purpose-brekers ben maked wayters,
  suche prisoners as I am to overloke and to hinder; and, for           125
  suche lettours, it is hard any suche jewel to winne. Is this, lady,
  an honour to thy deitee? Me thinketh, by right, suche people
  shulde have no maistrye, ne ben overlokers over none of thy
  servauntes. Trewly, were it leful unto you, to al the goddes
  wolde I playne, that ye rule your devyne purveyaunce amonges          130
  your servantes nothing as ye shulde. Also, lady, my moeble is
  insuffysaunt to countervayle the price of this jewel, or els to
  make th'eschange. Eke no wight is worthy suche perles to were
  but kinges or princes or els their peres. This jewel, for vertue,
  wold adorne and make fayre al a realme; the nobley of vertue is       135
  so moche, that her goodnesse overal is commended. Who is it
  that wolde not wayle, but he might suche richesse have at his
  wil? The vertue therof out of this prison may me deliver, and
  naught els. And if I be not ther-thorow holpen, I see my-selfe
  withouten recovery. Although I might hence voyde, yet wolde           140
  I not; I wolde abyde the day that destenee hath me ordeyned,
  whiche I suppose is without amendement; so sore is my herte
  bounden, that I may thinken non other. Thus strayte, lady,
  hath sir Daunger laced me in stockes, I leve it be not your wil;
  and for I see you taken so litel hede, as me thinketh, and wol        145
  not maken by your might the vertue in mercy of the Margaryte
  on me for to strecche, so as ye mowe wel in case that you liste,
  my blisse and my mirthe arn feld; sicknesse and sorowe ben
  alwaye redy. The cope of tene is wounde aboute al my body,
  that stonding is me best; unneth may I ligge for pure misesy          150
  sorowe. And yet al this is litel ynough to be the ernest-silver in
  forwarde of this bargayne; for treble-folde so mokel muste I suffer
  er tyme come of myn ese. For he is worthy no welthe, that may
  no wo suffer. And certes, I am hevy to thinke on these thinges;
  but who shal yeve me water ynough to drinke, lest myn eyen            155
  drye, for renning stremes of teres? Who shal waylen with me
  myn owne happy hevinesse? Who shal counsaile me now in
  my lyking tene, and in my goodly harse? I not. For ever the
  more I brenne, the more I coveyte; the more that I sorow, the
  more thrist I in gladnesse. Who shal than yeve me a contrarious       160
  drink, to stanche the thurste of my blisful bitternesse? Lo, thus
  I brenne and I drenche; I shiver and I swete. To this reversed
  yvel was never yet ordeyned salve; forsoth al +leches ben unconning,
  save the Margaryte alone, any suche remedye to purveye.'

CH. III. 1. gladed; _see_ l. 5. 2. somdele. 5. nowe. comforte. 6. nowe. 7.
folke. 9. se. 10. the (_twice_). 11. light. 13. one. arte.

15. sene. comforte. 16. puruey. 17. Nowe. comforte. 21. mayste. 25. the.
set. 29. howe. 30. leaue. 32. londe-. 33. great. forthe. corne. 35.
plentie. lyste. 37. doone. 38. _I supply_ Tho gan I. 39. se. 40. werne. 41.
swyne. 43. great. great. 44. gone; _read_ gonne. 45. ware. 46. shypcrafte.
48. catche. 49. a-ferde. 51. lache.

52. many; _read_ meynee. knewe. 55. sayle. shyppe. 56. wynde. 58. olde. 59.
kepte. storme. 61. made. 61, 62. nowe. 62. shyppe. 62, 64. great. 63.
wethers; _read_ weders. 64. _I supply_ of. 65. as; _read_ at. 66. catche.
67. thorowe. 69. came. 71. a-lyght. 72. great. disease. 75. shyppe. 76.
lad. ware. 77. great. amonge. 79. to-forne came. 82. helde. 83. peace.
great. 85. one. 86. nowe. 87. myne.

88. nowe. 89. Nowe. 91. none. 92. disease. 94. sayne. 95. reasonably. 96.
ferre. 97. disease. 103. folke. 106. mouthe. 107. arne. 108. howe. 111.
caytife. 112. nowe. helpe. 113. protection. 114. helpe. howe. 115. socoure.
116. maye. 117. se. 119. comforte. 120. gladed. 121. none. hente. 122.
lefte. 123. sel.

126. harde. 127. deytie. 133. weare. 139. ther-thorowe. se. 141. daye.
destenye. 143. maye. none. 145. se. 147. stretche. 148. arne. 150. miseasy.
151. ynoughe. 153. ease. maye. 156. teares. 157. myne. nowe. 158. harse
(_sic_); _for_ harme?

161. drinke. 162. sweate. 163. lyches (for leches). 164. puruey.

                          CHAPTER IV.

  And with these wordes I brast out to wepe, that every teere
  of myne eyen, for greetnesse semed they boren out the bal of
  my sight, and that al the water had ben out-ronne. Than thought
  me that Love gan a litel to hevye for miscomfort of my chere;
  and gan soberly and in esy maner speke, wel avysinge what               5
  she sayd. Comenly the wyse speken esily and softe for many
  skilles. Oon is, their wordes are the better bileved; and also, in
  esy spekinge, avysement men may cacche, what to putte forth
  and what to holden in. And also, the auctorite of esy wordes is
  the more; and eke, they yeven the more understandinge to other         10
  intencion of the mater. Right so this lady esely and in a softe
  maner gan say these wordes.

  ¶ 'Mervayle,' quod she, 'greet it is, that by no maner of semblaunt,
  as fer as I can espye, thou list not to have any recour;
  but ever thou playnest and sorowest, and wayes of remedye, for         15
  folisshe wilfulnesse, thee list not to seche. But enquyre of thy
  next frendes, that is, thyne inwit and me that have ben thy
  maystresse, and the recour and fyne of thy disese; [f]or of disese is
  gladnesse and joy, with a ful +vessel so helded, that it quencheth
  the felinge of the firste tenes. But thou that were wont not only      20
  these thinges remembre in thyne herte, but also fooles therof to
  enfourmen, in adnullinge of their errours and distroying of their
  derke opinions, and in comfort of their sere thoughtes; now canst
  thou not ben comfort of thyn owne soule, in thinking of these
  thinges. O where hast thou be so longe commensal, that hast so         25
  mikel eeten of the potages of foryetfulnesse, and dronken so of
  ignorance, that the olde souking[es] whiche thou haddest of me
  arn amaystred and lorn fro al maner of knowing? O, this is
  a worthy person to helpe other, that can not counsayle him-selfe!'
  And with these wordes, for pure and stronge shame, I wox al            30
  reed.

  And she than, seing me so astonyed by dyvers stoundes,
  sodainly (which thing kynde hateth) gan deliciously me comforte
  with sugred wordes, putting me in ful hope that I shulde the
  Margarite getten, if I folowed her hestes; and gan with a fayre        35
  clothe to wypen the teres that hingen on my chekes; and than
  sayd I in this wyse.

  'Now, wel of wysdom and of al welthe, withouten thee may
  nothing ben lerned; thou berest the keyes of al privy thinges.
  In vayne travayle men to cacche any stedship, but-if ye, lady,         40
  first the locke unshet. Ye, lady, lerne us the wayes and the
  by-pathes to heven. Ye, lady, maken al the hevenly bodyes
  goodly and benignely to don her cours, that governen us beestes
  here on erthe. Ye armen your servauntes ayenst al debates with
  imperciable harneys; ye setten in her hertes insuperable blood of      45
  hardinesse; ye leden hem to the parfit good. Yet al thing
  desyreth ye werne no man of helpe, that +wol don your
  lore. Graunt me now a litel of your grace, al my sorowes
  to cese.'

  'Myne owne servaunt,' quod she, 'trewly thou sittest nye               50
  myne herte; and thy badde chere gan sorily me greve. But
  amonge thy playning wordes, me thought, thou allegest thinges to
  be letting of thyne helpinge and thy grace to hinder; wherthrough,
  me thinketh, that wanhope is crope thorough thyn hert. God
  forbid that nyse unthrifty thought shulde come in thy mynde,           55
  thy wittes to trouble; sithen every thing in coming is contingent.
  Wherfore make no more thy proposicion by an impossible.
  But now, I praye thee reherse me ayen tho thinges that
  thy mistrust causen; and thilke thinges I thinke by reson to
  distroyen, and putte ful hope in thyn herte. What understondest        60
  thou there,' quod she, 'by that thou saydest, "many let-games
  are thyn overlokers?" And also by "that thy moeble is insuffysaunt"?
  I not what thou therof menest.'

  'Trewly,' quod I, 'by the first I say, that janglers evermore
  arn spekinge rather of yvel than of good; for every age of man         65
  rather enclyneth to wickednesse, than any goodnesse to avaunce.
  Also false wordes springen so wyde, by the stering of false lying
  tonges, that fame als swiftely flyeth to her eres and sayth many
  wicked tales; and as soone shal falsenesse ben leved as tr[o]uthe,
  for al his gret sothnesse.                                             70

  'Now by that other,' quod I, 'me thinketh thilke jewel so
  precious, that to no suche wrecche as I am wolde vertue therof
  extende; and also I am to feble in worldly joyes, any suche
  jewel to countrevayle. For suche people that worldly joyes han
  at her wil ben sette at the highest degree, and most in reverence      75
  ben accepted. For false wening maketh felicite therin to be
  supposed; but suche caytives as I am evermore ben hindred.'

  'Certes,' quod she, 'take good hede, and I shal by reson to
  thee shewen, that al these thinges mowe nat lette thy purpos
  by the leest point that any wight coude pricke.                        80

CH. IV. 2. great-. 4. heauy. 5. easy. 6. easyly. 7. One. 8. easy speakynge.
catche. put forthe. 9. easy. 11. ladye easely. 13. great. 14. ferre. 16.
the lyste. 17. inwytte. 18. disease (_twice_). 19. nessel; _misprint for_
uessel. 20. wonte. onely. 22. distroyeng. 23. comforte. seare. 24.
comforte. 25. haste. 27. soukyng. 28. arne.

30. woxe. 33. thynge. 36. teares. 38. Nowe. wysedom. the. 39. bearest. 40.
catche. 43. done her course. 45. blode. 46. leaden. parfyte. thynge. 47.
wern. wele; _read_ wol. done. 48. nowe. 49. cease. 53. wherthroughe. 58.
nowe. the. 59. reason. 60. put. 61. lette-games. 63. meanest. 65. arne.

67. steeryng. lyeng. 68. eares. 72. wretche. 78. reason. 79. the. let.
purpose.

                          CHAPTER V.

  Remembrest nat,' quod she, 'ensample is oon of the
  strongest maner[es], as for to preve a mannes purpos?
  Than if I now, by ensample, enduce thee to any proposicion, is
  it nat preved by strength?'

  'Yes, forsothe,' quod I.                                                5

  'Wel,' quod she, 'raddest thou never how Paris of Troye and
  Heleyne loved togider, and yet had they not entrecomuned of
  speche? Also Acrisius shette Dane his doughter in a tour, for
  suertee that no wight shulde of her have no maistry in my
  service; and yet Jupiter by signes, without any speche, had            10
  al his purpose ayenst her fathers wil. And many suche mo have
  ben knitte in trouthe, and yet spake they never togider; for
  that is a thing enclosed under secretnesse of privyte, why twey
  persons entremellen hertes after a sight. The power in knowing,
  of such thinges +to preven, shal nat al utterly be yeven to you        15
  beestes; for many thinges, in suche precious maters, ben
  reserved to jugement of devyne purveyaunce; for among lyving
  people, by mannes consideracion, moun they nat be determined.
  Wherfore I saye, al the envy, al the janglinge, that wel ny [al]
  people upon my servauntes maken +ofte, is rather cause of esployte     20
  than of any hindringe.'

  'Why, than,' quod I, 'suffre ye such wrong; and moun, whan
  ye list, lightly al such yvels abate? Me semeth, to you it is
  a greet unworship.'

  'O,' quod she, 'hold now thy pees. I have founden to many              25
  that han ben to me unkynde, that trewly I wol suffre every wight
  in that wyse to have disese; and who that continueth to the ende
  wel and trewly, hem wol I helpen, and as for oon of myne in-to
  blisse [don] to wende. As [in] marcial doing in Grece, who
  was y-crowned? By god, nat the strongest; but he that rathest          30
  com and lengest abood and continued in the journey, and spared
  nat to traveyle as long as the play leste. But thilke person, that
  profred him now to my service, [and] therin is a while, and anon
  voideth and [is] redy to another; and so now oon he thinketh
  and now another; and in-to water entreth and anon respireth:           35
  such oon list me nat in-to perfit blisse of my service bringe.
  A tree ofte set in dyvers places wol nat by kynde endure to bringe
  forth frutes. Loke now, I pray thee, how myne olde servauntes
  of tyme passed continued in her service, and folowe thou after
  their steppes; and than might thou not fayle, in case thou worche      40
  in this wyse.'

  'Certes,' quod I, 'it is nothing lich, this world, to tyme
  passed; eke this countre hath oon maner, and another countre
  hath another. And so may nat a man alway putte to his eye the
  salve that he heled with his hele. For this is sothe: betwixe          45
  two thinges liche, ofte dyversite is required.'

  'Now,' quod she, 'that is sothe; dyversite of nation, dyversite of
  lawe, as was maked by many resons; for that dyversite cometh in
  by the contrarious malice of wicked people, that han envyous hertes
  ayenst other. But trewly, my lawe to my servauntes ever hath           50
  ben in general, whiche may nat fayle. For right as mannes +lawe
  that is ordained by many determinacions, may nat be knowe for
  good or badde, til assay of the people han proved it and [founden]
  to what ende it draweth; and than it sheweth the necessite
  therof, or els the impossibilite: right so the lawe of my servauntes   55
  so wel hath ben proved in general, that hitherto hath it not fayled.

  Wiste thou not wel that al the lawe of kynde is my lawe, and
  by god ordayned and stablisshed to dure by kynde resoun?
  Wherfore al lawe by mannes witte purveyed ought to be underput
  to lawe of kynde, whiche yet hath be commune to every kyndely          60
  creature; that my statutes and my lawe that ben kyndely arn
  general to al peoples. Olde doinges and by many turninges of
  yeres used, and with the peoples maner proved, mowen nat so
  lightly ben defased; but newe doinges, contrariauntes suche olde,
  ofte causen diseses and breken many purposes. Yet saye I nat           65
  therfore that ayen newe mischeef men shulde nat ordaynen
  a newe remedye; but alwaye looke it contrary not the olde no
  ferther than the malice streccheth. Than foloweth it, the olde
  doinges in love han ben universal, as for most exployte[s] forth
  used; wherfore I wol not yet that of my lawes nothing be adnulled.     70
  But thanne to thy purpos: suche jangelers and lokers, and
  wayters of games, if thee thinke in aught they mowe dere, yet
  love wel alwaye, and sette hem at naught; and let thy port ben
  lowe in every wightes presence, and redy in thyne herte to
  maynteyne that thou hast begonne; and a litel thee fayne with          75
  mekenesse in wordes; and thus with sleyght shalt thou surmount
  and dequace the yvel in their hertes. And wysdom yet is to seme
  flye otherwhyle, there a man wol fighte. Thus with suche thinges
  the tonges of yvel shal ben stilled; els fully to graunte thy ful
  meninge, for-sothe ever was and ever it shal be, that myn enemyes      80
  ben aferde to truste to any fightinge. And therfore have thou no
  cowardes herte in my service, no more than somtyme thou
  haddest in the contrarye. For if thou drede suche jangleres, thy
  viage to make, understand wel, that he that dredeth any rayn, to
  sowe his cornes, he shal have than [bare] bernes. Also he that         85
  is aferd of his clothes, let him daunce naked! Who nothing
  undertaketh, and namely in my service, nothing acheveth. After
  grete stormes the +weder is often mery and smothe. After
  moche clatering, there is mokil rowning. Thus, after jangling
  wordes, cometh "huissht! pees! and be stille!"'                        90

  'O good lady!' quod I than, 'see now how, seven yere passed
  and more, have I graffed and +grobbed a vyne; and with al the
  wayes that I coude I sought to a fed me of the grape; but frute
  have I non founde. Also I have this seven yere served Laban, to
  a wedded Rachel his doughter; but blere-eyed Lya is brought to         95
  my bedde, which alway engendreth my tene, and is ful of children
  in tribulacion and in care. And although the clippinges and
  kissinges of Rachel shulde seme to me swete, yet is she so
  barayne that gladnesse ne joye by no way wol springe; so that
  I may wepe with Rachel. I may not ben counsayled with solace,         100
  sithen issue of myn hertely desyre is fayled. Now than I pray that
  to me [come] sone fredom and grace in this eight[eth] yere; this
  eighteth mowe to me bothe be kinrest and masseday, after the
  seven werkedays of travayle, to folowe the Christen lawe; and,
  what ever ye do els, that thilke Margaryte be holden so, lady, in     105
  your privy chambre, that she in this case to none other person be
  committed.'

  'Loke than,' quod she, 'thou persever in my service, in whiche
  I have thee grounded; that thilke scorn in thyn enemyes mowe
  this on thy person be not sothed: "lo! this man began to edefye,      110
  but, for his foundement is bad, to the ende may he it not bringe."
  For mekenesse in countenaunce, with a manly hert in dedes and
  in longe continuaunce, is the conisance of my livery to al my
  retinue delivered. What wenest thou, that me list avaunce suche
  persons as loven the first sittinges at feestes, the highest stoles   115
  in churches and in hal, loutinges of peoples in markettes and fayres;
  unstedfaste to byde in one place any whyle togider; wening his
  owne wit more excellent than other; scorning al maner devyse
  but his own? Nay, nay, god wot, these shul nothing parten of
  my blisse. Truly, my maner here-toforn hath ben [to] worship[pe]      120
  with my blisse lyons in the felde and lambes in chambre;
  egles at assaute and maydens in halle; foxes in counsayle, stil[le]
  in their dedes; and their proteccioun is graunted, redy to ben
  a bridge; and their baner is arered, like wolves in the felde.
  Thus, by these wayes, shul men ben avaunced; ensample of              125
  David, that from keping of shepe was drawen up in-to the order
  of kingly governaunce; and Jupiter, from a bole, to ben Europes
  fere; and Julius Cesar, from the lowest degre in Rome, to be
  mayster of al erthly princes; and Eneas from hel, to be king of
  the countre there Rome is now stonding. And so to thee I say;         130
  thy grace, by bering ther-after, may sette thee in suche plight,
  that no jangling may greve the leest tucke of thy hemmes; that
  [suche] are their +jangles, is nought to counte at a cresse in thy
  disavauntage.

CH. V. 1. one. 2. maner; _read_ maneres. purpose. 3. nowe. the. 4. proued.
6. howe. 9. suertie. 15. so; _read_ to. 17. lyueng.

19. _I supply_ al. 20. efte; _read_ ofte. 24. great. 25. holde nowe thy
peace. 27. disease. 29. one. _I supply_ don. _I supply_ in. 31. come.
abode. 32. lest. 33. nowe. _I supply_ and. 34. _I supply_ is. nowe one. 35.
nowe. 36. one. p_er_fyte. 38. nowe. the howe. 42. worlde. 43. one. 44.
alwaye put. 45. healed. 47. Nowe. 48. reasons. 51. lawes; _read_ lawe. 52.
determinati[=o]s. 53. _I supply_ founden.

58. reasoun. 59. purueyde. vnderputte. 61. arne. 65. diseases. breaken. 66.
mischefe. 68. stretcheth. 69. exployte forthe. 70. nothynge. 71. purpose.
72. the. 73. lette. porte. 75. the. 77. wysdome. 78. fyght. 79. graunt. 80.
meanynge. 84. vnderstande. rayne. 85. _I supply_ bare. 86. aferde. 88.
great. wether; _read_ weder. 90. huysshte. peace. styl. 91. se nowe howe.

92. groubed. 94. none. 101. Nowe. 102. _I supply_ come. 103. kynrest
(_sic_). 109. skorne. 110. this; _read_ thus? 120. toforne. 121. worship;
_read_ worshippe (_verb_). 122. styl. 123. protection.

130. nowe. the. 131. set the. 132. lest. 133. ianghes; _read_ jangles.

                          CHAPTER VI.

  Ever,' quod she, 'hath the people in this worlde desyred
  to have had greet name in worthinesse, and hated foule
  to bere any [en]fame; and that is oon of the objeccions thou
  alegest to be ayen thyne hertely desyre.'

  'Ye, forsothe,' quod I; 'and that, so comenly, the people wol           5
  lye, and bringe aboute suche enfame.'

  'Now,' quod she, 'if men with lesinges putte on thee enfame,
  wenest thy-selfe therby ben enpeyred? That wening is wrong;
  see why; for as moche as they lyen, thy meryte encreseth, and
  make[th] thee ben more worthy, to hem that knowen of the soth;         10
  by what thing thou art apeyred, that in so mokil thou art encresed
  of thy beloved frendes. And sothly, a wounde of thy frende [is] to
  thee lasse harm, ye, sir, and better than a fals kissing in disceyvable
  glosing of thyne enemy; above that than, to be wel with thy
  frende maketh [voyd] suche enfame. _Ergo_, thou art encresed           15
  and not apeyred.'

  'Lady,' quod I, 'somtyme yet, if a man be in disese, th'estimacion
  of the envyous people ne loketh nothing to desertes of men,
  ne to the merytes of their doinges, but only to the aventure of
  fortune; and therafter they yeven their sentence. And some             20
  loken the voluntary wil in his herte, and therafter telleth his
  jugement; not taking hede to reson ne to the qualite of the
  doing; as thus.  If a man be riche and fulfild with worldly
  welfulnesse, some commenden it, and sayn it is so lent by juste
  cause; and he that hath adversite, they sayn he is weked; and          25
  hath deserved thilke anoy. The contrarye of these thinges some
  men holden also; and sayn that to the riche prosperite is purvayed
  in-to his confusion; and upon this mater many autorites
  of many and greet-witted clerkes they alegen. And some men
  sayn, though al good estimacion forsake folk that han adversite,       30
  yet is it meryte and encrees of his blisse; so that these purposes
  am so wonderful in understanding, that trewly, for myn adversite
  now, I not how the sentence of the indifferent people wil jugen
  my fame.'

  'Therfore,' quod she, 'if any wight shulde yeve a trewe sentence       35
  on suche maters, the cause of the disese maist thou see
  wel. Understand ther-upon after what ende it draweth, that is to
  sayne, good or badde; so ought it to have his fame +by goodnesse
  or enfame by badnesse. For [of] every resonable person, and
  namely of a wyse man, his wit ought not, without reson to-forn         40
  herd, sodainly in a mater to juge. After the sawes of the wyse,
  "thou shalt not juge ne deme toforn thou knowe."'

  'Lady,' quod I, 'ye remembre wel, that in moste laude and
  praysing of certayne seyntes in holy churche, is to rehersen their
  conuersion from badde in-to good; and that is so rehersed, as          45
  by a perpetual mirrour of remembraunce, in worshippinge of
  tho sayntes, and good ensample to other misdoers in amendement.
  How turned the Romayne Zedeoreys fro the Romaynes,
  to be with Hanibal ayenst his kynde nacion; and afterwardes,
  him seming the Romayns to be at the next degre of confusion,           50
  turned to his olde alyes; by whose witte after was Hanibal
  discomfited. Wherfore, to enfourme you, lady, the maner-why
  I mene, see now. In my youth I was drawe to ben assentaunt
  and (in my mightes) helping to certain conjuracions and other
  grete maters of ruling of citizins; and thilke thinges ben my          55
  drawers in; and ex[c]itours to tho maters wern so paynted and
   that (at the prime face) me semed them noble and
  glorious to al the people. I than, wening mikel meryte have
  deserved in furthering and mayntenaunce of tho thinges, besyed
  and laboured, with al my diligence, in werkinge of thilke maters       60
  to the ende. And trewly, lady, to telle you the sothe, me rought
  litel of any hate of the mighty senatours in thilke cite, ne of
  comunes malice; for two skilles. Oon was, I had comfort to ben
  in suche plyte, that bothe profit were to me and to my frendes.
  Another was, for commen profit in cominaltee is not but pees and       65
  tranquilite, with just governaunce, proceden from thilke profit;
  sithen, by counsayle of myne inwitte, me thought the firste painted
  thinges malice and yvel meninge, withouten any good avayling to
  any people, and of tyrannye purposed. And so, for pure sorowe,
  and of my medlinge and badde infame that I was in ronne, tho           70
  [the] teres [that] lasshed out of myne eyen were thus awaye
  wasshe, than the under-hidde malice and the rancour of purposing
  envye, forncast and imagined in distruccion of mokil people,
  shewed so openly, that, had I ben blind, with myne hondes al the
  circumstaunce I might wel have feled.                                  75

  Now than tho persones that suche thinges have cast to redresse,
  for wrathe of my first medlinge, shopen me to dwelle in this pynande
  prison, til Lachases my threed no lenger wolde twyne. And
  ever I was sought, if me liste to have grace of my lyfe and
  frenesse of that prison, I shulde openly confesse how pees might       80
  ben enduced to enden al the firste rancours. It was fully
  supposed my knowing to be ful in tho maters. Than, lady,
  I thought that every man that, by any waye of right, rightfully
  don, may helpe any comune +wele to ben saved; whiche thing to
  kepe above al thinges I am holde to mayntayne, and namely in           85
  distroying of a wrong; al shulde I therthrough enpeche myn
  owne fere, if he were gilty and to do misdeed assentaunt. And
  mayster ne frend may nought avayle to the soule of him that
  in falsnesse deyeth; and also that I nere desyred wrathe of the
  people ne indignacion of the worthy, for nothinge that ever I          90
  wrought or did, in any doing my-selfe els, but in the mayntenaunce
  of these foresayd errours and in hydinge of the privitees therof.
  And that al the peoples hertes, holdinge on the errours syde,
  weren blinde and of elde so ferforth begyled, that debat and
  stryf they maynteyned, and in distruccion on that other syde;          95
  by whiche cause the pees, that moste in comunaltee shulde be
  desyred, was in poynte to be broken and adnulled. Also the citee
  of London, that is to me so dere and swete, in whiche I was forth
  growen; (and more kyndely love have I to that place than to any
  other in erthe, as every kyndely creature hath ful appetyte to that   100
  place of his kyndly engendrure, and to wilne reste and pees
  in that stede to abyde); thilke pees shulde thus there have ben
  broken, and of al wyse it is commended and desyred. For knowe
  thing it is, al men that desyren to comen to the perfit pees
  everlasting must the pees by god commended bothe mayntayne and        105
  kepe. This pees by angels voyce was confirmed, our god entringe
  in this worlde. This, as for his Testament, he lefte to al his
  frendes, whanne he retourned to the place from whence he cam;
  this his apostel amonesteth to holden, without whiche man perfitly
  may have non insight. Also this god, by his coming, made not          110
  pees alone betwene hevenly and erthly bodyes, but also amonge
  us on erthe so he pees confirmed, that in one heed of love oon
  body we shulde perfourme. Also I remembre me wel how the
  name of Athenes was rather after the god of pees than of batayle,
  shewinge that pees moste is necessarie to comunaltees and citees.     115
  I than, so styred by al these wayes toforn nempned, declared
  certayne poyntes in this wyse. Firste, that thilke persones
  that hadden me drawen to their purposes, and me not weting the
  privy entent of their meninge, drawen also the feeble-witted
  people, that have non insight of gubernatif prudence, to clamure      120
  and to crye on maters that they styred; and under poyntes for
  comune avauntage they enbolded the passif to take in the
  actives doinge; and also styred innocentes of conning to crye
  after thinges, whiche (quod they) may not stande but we ben
  executours of tho maters, and auctorite of execucion by comen         125
  eleccion to us be delivered. And that muste entre by strength of
  your mayntenaunce. For we out of suche degree put, oppression
  of these olde hindrers shal agayn surmounten, and putten you in
  such subjeccion, that in endelesse wo ye shul complayne.

  The governementes (quod they) of your cite, lefte in the handes       130
  of torcencious citezins, shal bringe in pestilence and distruccion
  to you, good men; and therfore let us have the comune administracion
  to abate suche yvels. Also (quod they) it is worthy
  the good to commende, and the gilty desertes to chastice. There
  ben citezens many, for-ferde of execucion that shal be doon; for      135
  extorcions by hem committed ben evermore ayenst these purposes
  and al other good mevinges. Never-the-latter, lady, trewly the
  meninge under these wordes was, fully to have apeched the
  mighty senatoures, whiche hadden hevy herte for the misgovernaunce
  that they seen. And so, lady, whan it fel that free                   140
  eleccion [was mad], by greet clamour of moche people, [that] for
  greet disese of misgovernaunce so fervently stoden in her eleccion
  that they hem submitted to every maner +fate rather than have
  suffred the maner and the rule of the hated governours;
  notwithstandinge that in the contrary helden moche comune meyny,      145
  that have no consideracion but only to voluntary lustes withouten
  reson. But than thilke governour so forsaken, fayninge to-forn
  his undoinge for misrule in his tyme, shoop to have letted thilke
  eleccion, and have made a newe, him-selfe to have ben chosen;
  and under that, mokil rore [to] have arered. These thinges, lady,     150
  knowen among the princes, and made open to the people,
  draweth in amendement, that every degree shal ben ordayned to
  stande there-as he shulde; and that of errours coming herafter
  men may lightly to-forn-hand purvaye remedye; in this wyse pees
  and rest to be furthered and holde. Of the whiche thinges, lady,      155
  thilke persones broughten in answere to-forn their moste soverayne
  juge, not coarted by payninge dures, openly knowlegeden, and
  asked therof grace; so that apertly it preveth my wordes ben
  sothe, without forginge of lesinges.

  But now it greveth me to remembre these dyvers sentences, in          160
  janglinge of these shepy people; certes, me thinketh, they oughten
  to maken joye that a sothe may be knowe. For my trouthe and
  my conscience ben witnesse to me bothe, that this (knowinge
  sothe) have I sayd, for no harme ne malice of tho persones, but
  only for trouthe of my sacrament in my ligeaunce, by whiche           165
  I was charged on my kinges behalfe. But see ye not now, lady,
  how the felonous thoughtes of this people and covins of wicked
  men conspyren ayen my sothfast trouth! See ye not every wight
  that to these erroneous opinions were assentaunt, and helpes to
  the noyse, and knewen al these thinges better than I my-selven,       170
  apparaylen to fynden newe frendes, and clepen me fals, and
  studyen how they mowen in her mouthes werse plyte nempne?
  O god, what may this be, that thilke folk whiche that in tyme of
  my mayntenaunce, and whan my might avayled to strecche to
  the forsayd maters, tho me commended, and yave me name of             175
  trouth, in so manyfolde maners that it was nyghe in every
  wightes eere, there-as any of thilke people weren; and on the
  other syde, thilke company somtyme passed, yevinge me name
  of badde loos: now bothe tho peoples turned the good in-to
  badde, and badde in-to good? Whiche thing is wonder, that             180
  they knowing me saying but sothe, arn now tempted to reply her
  olde praysinges; and knowen me wel in al doinges to ben trewe,
  and sayn openly that I false have sayd many thinges! And they
  aleged nothing me to ben false or untrewe, save thilke mater
  knowleged by the parties hem-selfe; and god wot, other mater          185
  is non. Ye also, lady, knowe these thinges for trewe; I avaunte
  not in praysing of my-selfe; therby shulde I lese the precious
  secre of my conscience. But ye see wel that false opinion of the
  people for my trouthe, in telling out of false conspyred maters;
  and after the jugement of these clerkes, I shulde not hyde the        190
  sothe of no maner person, mayster ne other. Wherfore I wolde
  not drede, were it put in the consideracion of trewe and of wyse.
  And for comers hereafter shullen fully, out of denwere, al the
  sothe knowe of these thinges in acte, but as they wern, I have
  put it in scripture, in perpetuel remembraunce of true meninge.       195
  For trewly, lady, me semeth that I ought to bere the name of
  trouthe, that for the love of rightwysnesse have thus me +submitted.
  But now than the false fame, which that (clerkes sayn)
  flyeth as faste as doth the fame of trouthe, shal so wyde sprede
  til it be brought to the jewel that I of mene; and so shal I ben      200
  hindred, withouten any mesure of trouthe.'

CH. VI. 2. great. beare. 3. _read_ enfame; _see l. 6_. one. obiections. 7.
Nowe. leasynges put on the. 8. wronge. 9. se. encreaseth. 10. the. 11. arte
encreased. 12. _I supply_ is. 13. the. harme. false. 15. _I supply_ voyd.
arte. 17. disease. 22. reason. 23. fulfylde. 24. sayne. lente. 25. sayne.
weaked; _read_ wikked? 26. anoye.

27. sayne. 29. great. 30. forsaken; _read_ forsake. 31. encrease. 32. arne.
33. nowe. howe. 36. disease. se. 37. vnderstande. 38. fame or by goodnesse
enfame; _read_ fame by goodnesse or enfame. 39. _Supply_ of. reasonable.
40. wytte. reason to-forne. 41. herde. 42. toforne. 45. conuercion. 48.
Howe. zedeoreys _or_ [gh]edeoreys. 53. meane se nowe. 55. great. 56.
exitours. werne. 61. tel.

63. One. comforte. 64. profyte. 65. profyte. comynaltie. peace. 66.
profyte. 68. meanynge. 71. _I supply_ the _and_ that. 72. rancoure. 73.
fornecaste. distruction. 74. blynde. 76. Nowe. caste. 77. dwel. 78. threde.
80. howe peace. 81. endused. 84. done. maye. helpe (_repeated after_
comen); _read_ wele. thynge. 86. distroyeng. 87. misdede. 88. frende maye.
94. -forthe. debate. 95. stryfe. distruction. 96. peace. comunaltie. 97.
cytie. 98. forthe.

101-6. peace (_five times_). 104. thynge. perfyte. 107. left. 108. came.
109. perfytely. 110. none. 111-2. peace (_twice_). 112. one (_twice_). 113.
howe. 114-5. peace (_twice_). 115. comunalties and cytes. 116. toforne.
119. meanynge. feoble. 120. none. gubernatyfe. 122. passyfe. 126. election.
128. agayne. 129. subiection. 131. distruction. 135. doone.

138. meanynge. 139. heauy. 141. election. _Supply_ was mad. great
(_twice_). _Supply_ that. 142. disease. election. 143. face; _read_ fate.
146. onely. 147. reason. to-forne. 148. shope. 149. electyon. 151. amonge.
154. to forne hande. peace. 156. to forne. 158. apertely. 159. leasynges.
160. nowe. 162. maye. 164. sayde. 165. onely. leigeaunce. 166. se. nowe.
168. Se. 171. cleapen. false.

172. howe. 173. maye. folke. 174. stretch. 179. Nowe. 181. knowyuge
(_sic_). sayng. arne nowe. 183. sayne. 184. nothynge. 185. wote. 186. none.
188. se. 194. werne. 195. meanynge. 196. beare. 197. submytten (!). 198.
nowe. sayne. 199. dothe. 200. meane. 201. measure.

                          CHAPTER VII.

  Than gan Love sadly me beholde, and sayd in a changed
  voyce, lower than she had spoken in any tyme: 'Fayn
  wolde I,' quod she, 'that thou were holpen; but hast thou sayd
  any-thing whiche thou might not proven?'

  'Parde,' quod I, 'the persones, every thing as I have sayd, han         5
  knowleged hem-selfe.'

  'Ye,' quod she, 'but what if they hadden nayed? How
  woldest thou have maynteyned it?'

  'Sothely,' quod I, 'it is wel wist, bothe amonges the greetest
  and other of the realme, that I profered my body so largely in-to      10
  provinge of tho thinges, that Mars shulde have juged the ende;
  but, for sothnesse of my wordes, they durste not to thilke juge
  truste.'

  'Now, certes,' quod she, 'above al fames in this worlde, the
  name of marcial doinges most plesen to ladyes of my lore; but          15
  sithen thou were redy, and thyne adversaryes in thy presence
  refused thilke doing; thy fame ought to be so born as if in dede
  it had take to the ende. And therfore every wight that any
  droppe of reson hath, and hereth of thee infame for these thinges,
  hath this answere to saye: "trewly thou saydest; for thyne             20
  adversaryes thy wordes affirmed." And if thou haddest lyed, yet
  are they discomfited, the prise leved on thy syde; so that fame
  shal holde down infame; he shal bringe [it in] upon none
  halfe. What greveth thee thyne enemye[s] to sayn their owne
  shame, as thus: "we arn discomfited, and yet our quarel is             25
  trewe?" Shal not the loos of thy frendes ayenward dequace thilke
  enfame, and saye they graunted a sothe without a stroke or fighting?
  Many men in batayle ben discomfited and overcome in
  a rightful quarel, that is goddes privy jugement in heven; but
  yet, although the party be yolden, he may with wordes saye his         30
  quarel is trewe, and to yelde him, in the contrarye, for drede of
  dethe he is compelled; and he that graunteth and no stroke hath
  feled, he may not crepe away in this wyse by none excusacion.
  Indifferent folk wil say: "ye, who is trewe, who is fals, him-selfe
  knowlegeth tho thinges." Thus in every syde fame sheweth to            35
  thee good and no badde.'

  'But yet,' quod I, 'some wil say, I ne shulde, for no dethe,
  have discovered my maistresse; and so by unkyndnesse they
  wol knette infame, to pursue me aboute. Thus enemyes of wil,
  in manyfolde maner, wol seche privy serpentynes queintyses, to         40
  quenche and distroye, by venim of many besinesses, the light of
  tr[o]uthe; to make hertes to murmure ayenst my persone, to have
  me in hayne withouten any cause.'

  'Now,' quod she, 'here me a fewe wordes, and thou shalt fully
  ben answered, I trowe. Me thinketh (quod she) right now, by            45
  thy wordes, that sacrament of swering, that is to say, charging by
  othe, was oon of the causes to make thee discover the malicious
  imaginacions tofore nempned. Every ooth, by knittinge of copulation,
  muste have these lawes, that is, trewe jugement and rightwysenesse;
  in whiche thinge if any of these lacke, the ooth is                    50
  y-tourned in-to the name of perjury. Than to make a trewe
  serment, most nedes these thinges folowe. For ofte tymes, a man
  to saye sothe, but jugement and justice folowe, he is forsworn;
  ensample of Herodes, for holdinge of his serment was [he]
  dampned.                                                               55

  Also, to saye tr[o]uthe rightfulliche (but in jugement) otherwhile
  is forboden, by that al sothes be nat to sayne. Therfore in
  jugement, in tr[o]uthe, and rightwisenesse, is every creature
  bounden, up payne of perjury, ful knowing to make, tho[ugh] it
  were of his owne persone, for drede of sinne; after that worde,        60
  "better is it to dey than live false." And, al wolde perverted people
  fals report make in unkyndnesse, in that entent thy [en]fame to
  reyse, whan light of tr[o]uthe in these maters is forth sprongen
  and openly publisshed among commens, than shal nat suche
  derke enfame dare appere, for pure shame of his falsnesse. As some     65
  men ther ben that their owne enfame can none otherwyse voide
  or els excuse, but +by hindringe of other mennes fame; which
  that by non other cause clepen other men false, but for [that]
  with their owne falsnesse mowen they nat ben avaunsed; or els
  by false sklaund[r]inge wordes other men shenden, their owne           70
  trewe sklaunder to make seme the lasse. For if such men wolden
  their eyen of their conscience revolven, [they] shulden seen the
  same sentence they legen on other springe out of their sydes, with
  so many braunches, it were impossible to nombre. To whiche
  therefore may it be sayd in that thinge, "this man thou demest,        75
  therein thy-selfe thou condempnest."

  But (quod she) understand nat by these wordes, that thou
  wene me saye thee to be worthy sclaunder, for any mater tofore
  written; truely I wolde witnesse the contrary; but I saye that
  the bemes of sclaundring wordes may not be don awaye til the           80
  daye of dome. For how shulde it nat yet, amonges so greet
  plentee of people, ben many shrewes, sithen whan no mo but
  eight persons in Noes shippe were closed, yet oon was a shrewe
  and skorned his father? These thinges (quod she) I trowe, shewen
  that fals fame is nat to drede, ne of wyse persons to accepte, and     85
  namely nat of thy Margarite, whose wysdom here-after I thinke to
  declare; wherfore I wot wel suche thing shal nat her asterte;
  than of unkyndnesse thyn ooth hath thee excused at the fulle.
  But now, if thou woldest nat greve, me list a fewe thinges to
  shewe.'                                                                90

  'Say on,' quod I, 'what ye wol; I trowe ye mene but trouthe
  and my profit in tyme cominge.'

  'Trewly,' quod she, 'that is sothe, so thou con wel kepe these
  wordes, and in the in[ne]rest secre chambre of thyne herte so
  faste hem close that they never flitte; than shalt thou fynde hem      95
  avayling. Loke now what people hast thou served; whiche of
  hem al in tyme of thyne exile ever thee refresshed, by the valewe
  of the leste coyned plate that walketh in money? Who was sory,
  or made any rewth for thy disese? If they hadden getten their
  purpose, of thy misaventure sette they nat an hawe. Lo, whan          100
  thou were emprisonned, how faste they hyed in helpe of thy
  deliveraunce! I wene of thy dethe they yeve but lyte. They
  loked after no-thing but after their owne lustes. And if thou liste
  say the sothe, al that meyny that in this +brige thee broughten,
  lokeden rather after thyne helpes than thee to have releved.          105

  Owen nat yet some of hem money for his commens? Paydest
  nat thou for some of her dispences, til they were tourned out of
  Selande? Who yave thee ever ought for any rydinge thou madest?
  Yet, parde, some of hem token money for thy chambre, and
  putte tho pens in his purse, unwetinge of the renter.                 110

  Lo for which a company thou medlest, that neither thee ne
  them-selfe mighten helpe of unkyndnesse; now they bere the
  name that thou supposest of hem for to have. What might thou
  more have don than thou diddest, but-if thou woldest in a fals
  quarel have been a stinkinge martyr? I wene thou fleddest, as         115
  longe as thou might, their privite to counsayle; which thing thou
  hele[de]st lenger than thou shuldest. And thilke that ought thee
  money no penny wolde paye; they wende thy returne hadde ben
  an impossible. How might thou better have hem proved, but thus
  in thy nedy diseses? Now hast thou ensaumple for whom thou            120
  shalt meddle; trewly, this lore is worth many goodes.'

CH. VII. 2. Fayne. 3. haste. 4. -thynge. 7. Yea. Howe. 9. wyste. amongest.
greatest. 14. Nowe. 15. moste pleasen. 17. borne. 19. reason. the. 22.
leaued. 23. _Supply_ it in. 24. the. enemye (_sic_). sayne. 25. arne. 30.
partie. 33. maye.

34. folke. false. 36. the. 44. Nowe. shalte. 45. answerde. nowe. 46.
swearyng. 47. one. the. 48. othe. copulation. 50. othe. 53. forsworne. 54.
_Supply_ he. 61. false. 62. reporte. 63. forthe. 67. be; _for_ by. 68.
cleapen. _Supply_ that. 70. sklaundynge. shendyn.

72. _I supply_ they. sene. 73. legen [_for_ aleggen]. 75. maye. 77.
vndersta_n_de. 78. the. 80. beames. done. 81. howe. great. 82. plentie. 83.
one. 85. false. 86. wysedom. 87. wotte. thynge. 88. thyne othe. the. 89.
nowe. 91. meane. 92. profyte. 94. inrest. 95. shalte. 96. nowe. haste. 97.
the. 98. sorye. 99. disease. 101. howe. 103. -thynge. 104. brigge; _read_
brige. 104, 105. the.

108. the. 109. pardye. 111. the. 112. now. beare. 114. done. false. 117.
helest; _read_ heledest. the. 119. Howe. 120. diseases. Nowe haste. 121.
shalte. worthe.

                          CHAPTER VIII.

  +Eft gan Love to +steren me [with] these wordes: 'thinke
  on my speche; for trewly here-after it wol do thee lykinge;
  and how-so-ever thou see Fortune shape her wheele to tourne,
  this meditacion [shal] by no waye revolve. For certes, Fortune
  sheweth her fayrest, whan she thinketh to begyle. And as me             5
  thought, here-toforn thou saydest, thy loos in love, for thy
  rightwysenesse ought to be raysed, shulde be a-lowed in tyme cominge.
  Thou might in love so thee have, that loos and fame shul so ben
  raysed, that to thy frendes comfort, and sorowe to thyne enemys,
  endlesse shul endure.                                                  10

  But if thou were the oon sheep, amonges the hundred, were lost
  in deserte and out of the way hadde erred, and now to the flocke
  art restoored, the shepherd hath in thee no joye and thou ayen
  to the forrest tourne. But that right as the sorowe and anguisshe
  was greet in tyme of thyne out-waye goinge, right so                   15
  joye and gladnesse shal be doubled to sene thee converted; and
  nat as Lothes wyf ayen-lokinge, but [in] hool counsayle with the
  shepe folowinge, and with them grasse and herbes gadre. Never-the-later
  (quod she) I saye nat these thinges for no wantrust that
  I have in supposinge of thee otherwyse than I shulde. For              20
  trewly, I wot wel that now thou art set in suche a purpose, out of
  whiche thee liste nat to parte. But I saye it for many men there
  been, that to knowinge of other mennes doinges setten al their
  cure, and lightly desyren the badde to clatter rather than the
  good, and have no wil their owne maner to amende. They also            25
  hate of olde rancours lightly haven; and there that suche thing
  abydeth, sodaynly in their mouthes procedeth the habundaunce
  of the herte, and wordes as stones out-throwe. Wherfore my
  counsayl is ever-more openly and apertly, in what place thou sitte,
  counterplete th'errours and meninges in as fer as thou hem             30
  wistest false, and leve for no wight to make hem be knowe in
  every bodyes ere; and be alway pacient and use Jacobes wordes,
  what-so-ever men of thee clappen: "I shal sustayne my ladyes
  wrathe which I have deserved, so longe as my Margarite hath
  rightwysed my cause." And certes (quod she) I witnesse my-selfe,       35
  if thou, thus converted, sorowest in good meninge in thyne herte,
  [and] wolt from al vanite parfitly departe, in consolacioun of al
  good plesaunce of that Margaryte, whiche that thou desyrest after
  wil of thyn herte, in a maner of a +moders pite, [she] shul fully
  accepte thee in-to grace. For right as thou rentest clothes in         40
  open sighte, so openly to sowe hem at his worshippe withouten
  reprofe [is] commended. Also, right as thou were ensample of
  moche-folde errour, right so thou must be ensample of manyfolde
  correccioun; so good savour to forgoing +of errour causeth diligent
  love, with many playted praisinges to folowe; and than shal al         45
  the firste errours make the folowinge worshippes to seme hugely
  encresed. Blacke and white, set togider, every for other more
  semeth; and so doth every thinges contrary in kynde. But
  infame, that goth alwaye tofore, and praysinge worship by any
  cause folowinge after, maketh to ryse the ilke honour in double        50
  of welth; and that quencheth the spotte of the first enfame. Why
  wenest, I saye, these thinges in hindringe of thy name? Nay,
  nay, god wot, but for pure encresing worship, thy rightwysenesse to
  commende, and thy trouthe to seme the more. Wost nat wel
  thy-selfe, that thou in fourme of making +passest nat Adam that eet    55
  of the apple? Thou +passest nat the stedfastnesse of Noe, that
  eetinge of the grape becom dronke. Thou passest nat the
  chastite of Lothe, that lay by his doughter; eke the nobley of
  Abraham, whom god reproved by his pryde; also Davides
  mekenesse, whiche for a woman made Urye be slawe. What?                60
  also Hector of Troye, in whom no defaute might be founde, yet
  is he reproved that he ne hadde with manhode nat suffred the
  warre begonne, ne Paris to have went in-to Grece, by whom gan
  al the sorowe. For trewly, him lacketh no venim of prive
  consenting, whiche that openly leveth a wrong to withsaye.             65

  Lo eke an olde proverbe amonges many other: "He that is
  stille semeth as he graunted."

  Now by these ensamples thou might fully understonde, that
  these thinges ben writte to your lerning, and in rightwysenesse of
  tho persones, as thus: To every wight his defaute committed            70
  made goodnesse afterwardes don be the more in reverence and in
  open shewing; for ensample, is it nat songe in holy churche,
  "Lo, how necessary was Adams synne!" David the king gat
  Salomon the king of her that was Uryes wyf. Truly, for reprofe
  is non of these thinges writte.  Right so, tho I reherce thy           75
  before-dede, I repreve thee never the more; ne for no villany of
  thee are they rehersed, but for worshippe, so thou continewe wel
  here-after: and for profit of thy-selfe I rede thou on hem thinke.'

  Than sayde I right thus: 'Lady of unite and accorde, envy
  and wrathe lurken there thou comest in place; ye weten wel             80
  your-selve, and so don many other, that whyle I administred the
  office of commen doinge, as in rulinge of the stablisshmentes
  amonges the people, I defouled never my conscience for no
  maner dede; but ever, by witte and by counsayle of the wysest,
  the maters weren drawen to their right endes. And thus trewly          85
  for you, lady, I have desyred suche cure; and certes, in your
  service was I nat ydel, as fer as suche doinge of my cure
  streccheth.'

  'That is a thing,' quod she, 'that may drawe many hertes of
  noble, and voice of commune in-to glory; and fame is nat but           90
  wrecched and fickle. Alas! that mankynde coveyteth in so leude
  a wyse to be rewarded of any good dede, sithe glorie of fame, in
  this worlde, is nat but hindringe of glorie in tyme comminge!
  And certes (quod she) yet at the hardest suche fame, in-to heven,
  is nat the erthe but a centre to the cercle of heven? A pricke is      95
  wonder litel in respect of al the cercle; and yet, in al this pricke,
  may no name be born, in maner of peersing, for many obstacles,
  as waters, and wildernesse, and straunge langages. And nat only
  names of men ben stilled and holden out of knowleginge by these
  obstacles, but also citees and realmes of prosperite ben letted to    100
  be knowe, and their reson hindred; so that they mowe nat ben
  parfitly in mennes propre understandinge. How shulde than the
  name of a singuler Londenoys passe the glorious name of London,
  whiche by many it is commended, and by many it is lacked, and
  in many mo places in erthe nat knowen than knowen? For in             105
  many countrees litel is London in knowing or in spech; and yet
  among oon maner of people may nat such fame in goodnes
  come; for as many as praysen, commenly as many lacken. Fy
  than on such maner fame! Slepe, and suffre him that knoweth
  previte of hertes to dele suche fame in thilke place there nothing    110
  ayenst a sothe shal neither speke ne dare apere, by attourney
  ne by other maner. How many greet-named, and many greet
  in worthinesse losed, han be tofore this tyme, that now out
  of memorie are slidden, and clenely forgeten, for defaute of
  wrytinges! And yet scriptures for greet elde so ben defased, that     115
  no perpetualte may in hem ben juged. But if thou wolt make
  comparisoun to ever, what joye mayst thou have in erthly name?
  It is a fayr lykenesse, a pees or oon grayn of whete, to a thousand
  shippes ful of corne charged! What nombre is betwene the
  oon and th'other? And yet mowe bothe they be nombred, and             120
  ende in rekening have. But trewly, al that may be nombred is
  nothing to recken, as to thilke that may nat be nombred. For
  +of the thinges ended is mad comparison; as, oon litel, another
  greet; but in thinges to have an ende, and another no ende,
  suche comparisoun may nat be founden. Wherfore in heven to            125
  ben losed with god hath non ende, but endlesse endureth; and
  thou canst nothing don aright, but thou desyre the rumour therof
  be heled and in every wightes ere; and that dureth but a pricke
  in respecte of the other. And so thou sekest reward of folkes
  smale wordes, and of vayne praysinges. Trewly, therin thou            130
  lesest the guerdon of vertue; and lesest the grettest valour of
  conscience, and uphap thy renome everlasting. Therfore boldely
  renome of fame of the erthe shulde be hated, and fame after deth
  shulde be desyred of werkes of vertue. [Trewly, vertue] asketh
  guerdoning, and the soule causeth al vertue. Than the soule,          135
  delivered out of prison of erthe, is most worthy suche guerdon
  among to have in the everlastinge fame; and nat the body, that
  causeth al mannes yvels.

CH. VIII. 1. Ofte; _read_ Eft. sterne; _read_ steren. _I supply_ with. 2.
the. 3. howe. se. 4. meditation. _I supply_ shal. 6. toforne. 8. the. 9.
co_m_forte. 11. one shepe. 12. loste. nowe. 13. arte. shepeherd. the. 15.
great. 16. the.

17. wyfe. _I supply_ in. hoole. 20. the. 21. wotte. nowe. arte sette. 22.
the. 23. bene. 26. thynge. 28. stones _repeated in_ Th. 29. counsayle.
apertely. 30. therrours. meanynges. ferre. 31. wystyst. leaue. 32. eare.
33. menne. the. 36. meanynge. 37. _I supply_ and. wolte. parfytely. 37.
consolatyoun. 38. pleasaunce. 39. hert. mothers; _read_ moders. _I supply_
she. 40. the. 42. _I supply_ is. 44. correctioun. al; _read_ of. _After_
errour _I omit_ distroyeng (_gloss upon_ forgoing). 47. encreased. sette.
48. dothe. 49. gothe. worshippe.

52. wenyste. Naye nay god wotte. 53. encreasyng. 55-7. passeth (_twice_);
passyst (_third time_). ete. 57. eatynge. become. 61. whome. 63. begon.
ganne. 65. leaueth. wronge. withsay. 68. Nowe. 71. done. 72. song. 73.
howe. gate. 74. wyfe. 75. none. 76-7. the (_twice_). 78. profyte. 81. done.
87. ferre. 88. stretcheth.

91. wretched. 96. respecte. 97. borne. 98. onely. 101. reason. 102.
parfitely. Howe. 107. one. 108. Fye. 110. nothynge. 112. Howe. great
(_twice_). 113. nowe. 115. great. 116. maye. wolte. 118. fayre. one grayne
of wheate. thousande. 120. one. thother. 121-2. maye. 123. ofte; _read_ of
the. made. one. 124. great.

126. none. 127. canste nothynge done. rumoure. 128. healed; _read_ deled?
eare. 129. rewarde. 131. valoure. consyence. 134. _Supply_ Trewly, vertue.
136. prisone. guerdone.

                          CHAPTER IX.

  Of twey thinges art thou answered, as me thinketh (quod
  Love); and if any thing be in doute in thy soule, shewe
  it forth, thyn ignoraunce to clere, and leve it for no shame.'

  'Certes,' quod I, 'there is no body in this worlde, that aught
  coude saye by reson ayenst any of your skilles, as I leve; and by       5
  my witte now fele I wel, that yvel-spekers or berers of enfame
  may litel greve or lette my purpos, but rather by suche thinge my
  quarel to be forthered.'

  'Ye,' quod she,'and it is proved also, that the ilke jewel in
  my kepinge shal nat there-thorow be stered, of the lest moment         10
  that might be imagined.'

  'That is soth,' quod I.

  'Wel,' quod she, 'than +leveth there, to declare that thy
  insuffisance is no maner letting, as thus: for that she is so worthy,
  thou shuldest not clymbe so highe; for thy moebles and thyn            15
  estate arn voyded, thou thinkest [thee] fallen in suche miserie,
  that gladnesse of thy pursute wol nat on thee discende.'

  'Certes,' quod I, 'that is sothe; right suche thought is in myn
  herte; for commenly it is spoken, and for an olde proverbe it is
  leged: "He that heweth to hye, with chippes he may lese                20
  his sight." Wherfore I have ben about, in al that ever I might,
  to studye wayes of remedye by one syde or by another.'

  'Now,' quod she, 'god forbede +that thou seke any other
  doinges but suche as I have lerned thee in our restinge-whyles,
  and suche herbes as ben planted in oure gardins. Thou shalt            25
  wel understande that above man is but oon god alone.'

  'How,' quod I, 'han men to-forn this tyme trusted in writtes
  and chauntements, and in helpes of spirites that dwellen in the
  ayre, and therby they han getten their desyres, where-as first, for
  al his manly power, he daunced behynde?'                               30

  'O,' quod she, 'fy on suche maters! For trewly, that is
  sacrilege; and that shal have no sort with any of my servauntes;
  in myne eyen shal suche thing nat be loked after. How often is
  it commaunded by these passed wyse, that "to one god shal men
  serve, and not to goddes?" And who that liste to have myne             35
  helpes, shal aske none helpe of foule spirites. Alas! is nat man
  maked semblable to god? Wost thou nat wel, that al vertue of
  lyvelich werkinge, by goddes purveyaunce, is underput to resonable
  creature in erthe? Is nat every thing, a this halfe god, mad
  buxom to mannes contemplation, understandinge in heven and             40
  in erthe and in helle? Hath not man beinge with stones, soule of
  wexing with trees and herbes? Hath he nat soule of felinge, with
  beestes, fisshes, and foules? And he hath soule of reson and
  understanding with aungels; so that in him is knit al maner
  of lyvinges by a resonable proporcioun. Also man is mad of             45
  al the foure elementes. Al universitee is rekened in him alone;
  he hath, under god, principalite above al thinges. Now is his
  soule here, now a thousand myle hence; now fer, now nygh;
  now hye, now lowe; as fer in a moment as in mountenaunce of
  ten winter; and al this is in mannes governaunce and disposicion.      50
  Than sheweth it that men ben liche unto goddes, and children of
  moost heyght. But now, sithen al thinges [arn] underput to the
  wil of resonable creatures, god forbede any man to winne that
  lordship, and aske helpe of any-thing lower than him-selfe; and than,
  namely, of foule thinges innominable. Now than, why shuldest           55
  thou wene to love to highe, sithen nothing is thee above but god
  alone? Trewly, I wot wel that thilke jewel is in a maner even in
  lyne of degree there thou art thy-selfe, and nought above, save
  thus: aungel upon angel, man upon man, and devil upon devil
  han a maner of soveraigntee; and that shal cese at the daye            60
  of dome. And so I say: though thou be put to serve the
  ilke jewel duringe thy lyfe, yet is that no servage of
  underputtinge, but a maner of travayling plesaunce, to conquere and
  gette that thou hast not. I sette now the hardest: in my service
  now thou deydest, for sorowe of wantinge in thy desyres; trewly,       65
  al hevenly bodyes with one voyce shul come and make melody in
  thy cominge, and saye--"Welcome, our fere, and worthy to entre
  into Jupiters joye! For thou with might hast overcome deth;
  thou woldest never flitte out of thy service; and we al shul
  now praye to the goddes, rowe by rowe, to make thilk Margarite,        70
  that no routh had in this persone, but unkyndely without comfort
  let thee deye, shal besette her-selfe in suche wyse, that in erthe,
  for parte of vengeaunce, shal she no joye have in loves service;
  and whan she is deed, than shal her soule ben brought up in-to
  thy presence; and whider thou wilt chese, thilke soule shal ben        75
  committed." Or els, after thy deth, anon al the foresayd hevenly
  bodyes, by one accorde, shal +benimen from thilke perle al the
  vertues that firste her were taken; for she hath hem forfeyted
  by that on thee, my servaunt, in thy lyve, she wolde not suffre
  to worche al vertues, withdrawen by might of the hygh bodyes.          80
  Why than shuldest thou wene so any more? And if thee liste
  to loke upon the lawe of kynde, and with order whiche to me
  was ordayned, sothely, non age, non overtourninge tyme but
  +hiderto had no tyme ne power to chaunge the wedding, ne
  the knotte to unbynde of two hertes [that] thorow oon assent, in       85
  my presence, +togider accorden to enduren til deth hem departe.
  What? trowest thou, every ideot wot the meninge and the privy
  entent of these thinges? They wene, forsothe, that suche accord
  may not be, but the rose of maydenhede be plucked. Do way,
  do way; they knowe nothing of this. For consent of two hertes          90
  alone maketh the fasteninge of the knotte; neither lawe of kynde
  ne mannes lawe determineth neither the age ne the qualite of
  persones, but only accord bitwene thilke twaye. And trewly,
  after tyme that suche accord, by their consent in hert, is enseled,
  and put in my tresorye amonges my privy thinges, than ginneth          95
  the name of spousayle; and although they breken forward bothe,
  yet suche mater enseled is kept in remembrance for ever. And
  see now that spouses have the name anon after accord, though
  the rose be not take. The aungel bad Joseph take Marye his
  spouse, and to Egypte wende. Lo! she was cleped "spouse,"             100
  and yet, toforn ne after, neither of hem bothe mente no flesshly
  lust knowe. Wherfore the wordes of trouthe acorden that my
  servauntes shulden forsake bothe +fader and moder, and be adherand
  to his spouse; and they two in unite of one flesshe
  shulden accorde. And this wyse, two that wern firste in a litel       105
  maner discordaunt, hygher that oon and lower that other, ben
  mad evenliche in gree to stonde. But now to enfourme thee
  that ye ben liche to goddes, these clerkes sayn, and in determinacion
  shewen, that "three thinges haven [by] the names
  of goddes ben cleped; that is to sayn: man, divel, and images";       110
  but yet is there but oon god, of whom al goodnesse, al grace, and
  al vertue cometh; and he +is loving and trewe, and everlasting,
  and pryme cause of al being thinges. But men ben goddes
  lovinge and trewe, but not everlasting; and that is by adopcioun
  of the everlastinge god. Divels ben goddes, stirringe by              115
  a maner of lyving; but neither ben they trewe ne everlastinge;
  and their name of godliheed th[e]y han by usurpacion, as the
  prophete sayth: "Al goddes of gentyles (that is to say, paynims)
  are divels." But images ben goddes by nuncupacion; and they
  ben neither livinge ne trewe, ne everlastinge. After these wordes     120
  they clepen "goddes" images wrought with mennes handes.
  But now [art thou a] resonable creature, that by adopcion alone
  art to the grete god everlastinge, and therby thou art "god"
  cleped: let thy +faders maners so entre thy wittes that thou might
  folowe, in-as-moche as longeth to thee, thy +faders worship, so       125
  that in nothinge thy kynde from his wil declyne, ne from his
  nobley perverte. In this wyse if thou werche, thou art above
  al other thinges save god alone; and so say no more "thyn herte
  to serve in to hye a place."

CH. IX. 1. arte. 2. thynge. 3. thyne. leaue. 5. reason. 6. nowe. bearers.
7. purpose. 9. Yea. 10. -thorowe. steered. 13. leneth; _read_ leueth. 15.
thyne. 16. arne. _I supply_ thee. 17. the. 18. myne hert.

20. maye. 23. Nowe. are; _read_ that. 24. the. 25. shalte. 26. one. 27.
Howe. to forne. 31. fye. 38. vnderputte. 39. thynge. made. 40. buxome. 41.
manne. 43. reason. 44. knytte. 45. lyuenges. reasonable. made. 47. Nowe.
48. nowe. nowe ferre nowe. thousande. 49. nowe (_twice_). ferre. momente.
50. tenne. disposytion. 52. nowe. _I supply_ arn. vnderputte. 53.
reasonable. 54. lordshippe. thynge.

56. nothynge. the. 57. wote. euyn. 58. arte. 59. manne (_twice_). 60.
soueraygntie. cease. 61. thoughe putte. 64. haste. 64-5. nowe. 68. haste.
dethe. 70. nowe pray. 71. _For_ in _read_ on? comforte. 72. lette the. 75.
wylte. 76. dethe anone. 77. beno_m_men; _read_ benimen. 79. the. 81. the.
83. none (_twice_). 84. hytherto. 85. _Supply_ that. thorowe one. 86.
togyther. dethe. 87. ydeot wotte. 88. accorde. 89. waye (_twice_). 90.
consente.

93. onely. 93-4. accorde. 94. ensealed. 96. breaken forwarde. 97. ensealed.
kepte. 98. se nowe. accorde. 99. bade. 101. toforne. 102. luste. 103.
father and mother; _rather_, fader and moder. adherande. 105. werne. 106.
one. 107. made. nowe. the. 108. sayne. 109. thre. _I supply_ by. 110.
cleaped. 111. one. 112. his; _read_ is. 116. lyueng. 117. thy; _read_ they.
118. saythe. 121. cleapen. 122. nowe. _I supply_ art thou a. reasonable.
123. arte (_twice_). great. 124. lette. 124-5. fathers; _read_ faders. 125.
the. worshyppe.

127. arte.

                          CHAPTER X.

  Fully have I now declared thyn estate to be good, so thou
  folow therafter, and that the +objeccion first +by thee
  aleged, in worthinesse of thy Margaryte, shal not thee lette, as
  it shal forther thee, and encrese thee. It is now to declare, the
  last objeccion in nothing may greve.'                                   5

  'Yes, certes,' quod I, 'bothe greve and lette muste it nedes;
  the contrarye may not ben proved; and see now why. Whyle
  I was glorious in worldly welfulnesse, and had suche goodes in
  welth as maken men riche, tho was I drawe in-to companyes
  that loos, prise, and name yeven. Tho louteden blasours; tho           10
  curreyden glosours; tho welcomeden flatterers; tho worshipped
  thilke that now deynen nat to loke. Every wight, in such erthly
  wele habundant, is holde noble, precious, benigne, and wyse to
  do what he shal, in any degree that men him sette; al-be-it that
  the sothe be in the contrarye of al tho thinges. But he that can       15
  never so wel him behave, and hath vertue habundaunt in manyfolde
  maners, and be nat welthed with suche erthly goodes, is holde
  for a foole, and sayd, his wit is but sotted. Lo! how fals for
  aver is holde trewe! Lo! how trewe is cleped fals for wanting
  of goodes! Also, lady, dignitees of office maken men mikel             20
  comended, as thus: "he is so good, were he out, his pere shulde
  men not fynde." Trewly, I trowe of some suche that are so
  praysed, were they out ones, another shulde make him so be
  knowe, he shulde of no wyse no more ben loked after: but only
  fooles, wel I wot, desyren suche newe thinges. Wherfore I wonder       25
  that thilke governour, out of whom alone the causes proceden
  that governen al thinges, whiche that hath ordeyned this world
  in workes of the kyndely bodyes so be governed, not with
  unstedfast or happyous thing, but with rules of reson, whiche
  shewen the course of certayne thinges: why suffreth he suche           30
  slydinge chaunges, that misturnen suche noble thinges as ben we
  men, that arn a fayr parcel of the erthe, and holden the upperest
  degree, under god, of benigne thinges, as ye sayden right now
  your-selfe; shulde never man have ben set in so worthy a place
  but-if his degre were ordayned noble. Alas! thou that knittest         35
  the purveyaunce of al thinges, why lokest thou not to amenden
  these defautes? I see shrewes that han wicked maners sitten in
  chayres of domes, lambes to punisshen, there wolves shulden ben
  punisshed. Lo! vertue, shynende naturelly, for povertee lurketh,
  and is hid under cloude; but the moone false, forsworn (as             40
  I knowe my-selfe) for aver and yeftes, hath usurped to shyne by
  day-light, with peynture of other mens praysinges; and trewly,
  thilke forged light fouly shulde fade, were the trouth away of
  colours feyned. Thus is night turned in-to day, and day in-to
  night; winter in-to sommer, and sommer in-to winter; not in            45
  dede, but in misclepinge of foliche people.'

  'Now,' quod she, 'what wenest thou of these thinges? How
  felest thou in thyn hert, by what governaunce that this cometh
  aboute?'

  'Certes,' quod I, 'that wot I never; but-if it be that Fortune         50
  hath graunt from above, to lede the ende of man as her lyketh.'

  'Ah! now I see,' quod she, 'th'entent of thy mening! Lo,
  bycause thy worldly goodes ben fulliche dispent, thou beraft out
  of dignite of office, in whiche thou madest the +gaderinge of thilke
  goodes, and yet diddest in that office by counsaile of wyse [before    55
  that] any thing were ended; and true were unto hem whos profit
  thou shuldest loke; and seest now many that in thilke hervest
  made of thee mokel, and now, for glosing of other, deyneth thee
  nought to forther, but enhaunsen false shrewes by witnessinge of
  trouthe! These thinges greveth thyn herte, to sene thy-selfe thus      60
  abated; and than, fraylte of mankynde ne setteth but litel by the
  lesers of suche richesse, have he never so moche vertue; and so
  thou wenest of thy jewel to renne in dispyt, and not ben accepted
  in-to grace. Al this shal thee nothing hinder. Now (quod she)
  first thou wost wel, thou lostest nothing that ever mightest thou      65
  chalenge for thyn owne. Whan nature brought thee forth, come
  thou not naked out of thy +moders wombe? Thou haddest no
  richesse; and whan thou shalt entre in-to the ende of every
  flesshly body, what shalt thou have with thee than? So, every
  richesse thou hast in tyme of thy livinge, nis but lent; thou          70
  might therin chalenge no propertee. And see now; every thing
  that is a mannes own, he may do therwith what him lyketh, to
  yeve or to kepe; bul richesse thou playnest from thee lost; if thy
  might had strecched so ferforth, fayn thou woldest have hem kept,
  multiplyed with mo other; and so, ayenst thy wil, ben they departed    75
  from thee; wherfore they were never thyn. And if thou laudest
  and joyest any wight, for he is stuffed with suche maner richesse,
  thou art in that beleve begyled; for thou wenest thilke joye to be
  selinesse or els ese; and he that hath lost suche happes to ben
  unsely.'                                                               80

  'Ye, forsoth,' quod I.

  'Wel,' quod she, 'than wol I prove that unsely in that wise is
  to preise; and so the tother is, the contrary, to be lacked.'

  'How so?' quod I.

  'For Unsely,' quod she, 'begyleth nat, but sheweth th'entent           85
  of her working. _Et e contra_: Selinesse begyleth. For in prosperite
  she maketh a jape in blyndnesse; that is, she wyndeth him to
  make sorowe whan she withdraweth. Wolt thou nat (quod she)
  preise him better that sheweth to thee his herte, tho[ugh] it be
  with bytande wordes and dispitous, than him that gloseth and           90
  thinketh in +his absence to do thee many harmes?'

  'Certes,' quod I, 'the oon is to commende; and the other to
  lacke and dispice.'

  'A! ha!' quod she, 'right so Ese, while +she lasteth, gloseth
  and flatereth; and lightly voydeth whan she most plesauntly            95
  sheweth; and ever, in hir absence, she is aboute to do thee tene
  and sorowe in herte. But Unsely, al-be-it with bytande chere,
  sheweth what she is, and so doth not that other; wherfore
  Unsely doth not begyle. Selinesse disceyveth; Unsely put away
  doute. That oon maketh men blynde; that other openeth their           100
  eyen in shewinge of wrecchidnesse. The oon is ful of drede to
  lese that is not his owne; that other is sobre, and maketh men
  discharged of mokel hevinesse in burthen. The oon draweth
  a man from very good; the other haleth him to vertue by the
  hookes of thoughtes. And wenist thou nat that thy disese hath         105
  don thee mokel more to winne than ever yet thou lostest, and
  more than ever the contrary made thee winne? Is nat a greet
  good, to thy thinking, for to knowe the hertes of thy sothfast
  frendes? Parde, they ben proved to the ful, and the trewe have
  discevered fro the false. Trewly, at the goinge of the ilke brotel    110
  joye, ther yede no more away than the ilke that was nat thyn
  proper. He was never from that lightly departed; thyn owne
  good therfore leveth it stille with thee. Now good (quod she);
  for how moche woldest thou somtyme have bought this verry
  knowing of thy frendes from the flatteringe flyes that thee glosed,   115
  whan thou thought thy-selfe sely? But thou that playnest of losse
  in richesse, hast founden the most dere-worthy thing; that thou
  clepest unsely hath made thee moche thing to winnen. And
  also, for conclusioun of al, he is frende that now leveth nat his
  herte from thyne helpes. And if that Margarite denyeth now nat        120
  to suffre her vertues shyne to thee-wardes with spredinge bemes,
  as far or farther than if thou were sely in worldly joye, trewly,
  I saye nat els but she is somdel to blame.'

  'Ah! pees,' quod I, 'and speke no more of this; myn herte
  breketh, now thou touchest any suche wordes!'                         125

  'A! wel!' quod she, 'thanne let us singen; thou herest no
  more of these thinges at this tyme.'

  THUS ENDETH THE FIRSTE BOOK OF THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE;
  AND HERAFTER FOLOWETH THE SECONDE.

CH. X. 1. nowe. 2. abiection; _read_ objeccion. be; _read_ by. the. 3. the.
4. the. encrease the. nowe. 5. obiection. 6. let. 7. maye. se nowe. 12.
nowe. 14. set. 15. can ne never; _omit_ ne. 18. wytte. false. 19. auer
(_sic_); _for_ aueir (_avoir_). howe. cleaped. false. 24. onely. 25. wotte.
new. 26. whome. 27. worlde.

29. reason. 32. arne a fayre parsel. 33. nowe. 37. se. 39. pouertie. 40.
hydde. forsworne. 44. daye (_twice_). 46. miscleapynge. 50. wotte. 52. nowe
I se. thentent. meanyng. 53. berafte. 54. gatherynge. 55. _I supply_ before
that. 56. whose profyte. 57. nowe. 58. the (_twice_). nowe. 63. dispyte.
64. the. Nowe. 65. woste.

66. the forthe. 67. mothers; _read_ moders. 69. the. 70. haste. lente. 71.
propertie. se nowe. 72. owne. 73. the. 74. stretched. fayne. 76. the. 78.
arte. 79. ease. loste. 84. Howe. 85. thentent. 88. Wolte. 89. the. 91.
their; _read_ his. the. 92. one. 94. ease. he; _read_ she. 99. dothe.
awaye. 100-1. one (_twice_). 101. wretchydnesse.

103. one. 105. disease. 106. done the. 107. the. great. 109. Pardy. 111.
awaye. 111-2. thyne. 113. leaueth. the. Nowe. 114. howe. 115. the. 117.
thynge. 118. cleapest. the. thynge. 119. nowe leaueth. 120. hert. nowe.
121. the. spreadynge beames. 122. farre. 123. somdele. 124. peace. myne.
125. breaketh nowe. 126. lette.

                          BOOK II.

                          CHAPTER I.

  Very welth may not be founden in al this worlde; and that
  is wel sene. Lo! how in my mooste comfort, as I wende
  and moost supposed to have had ful answere of my contrary
  thoughtes, sodaynly it was vanisshed. And al the workes of man
  faren in the same wyse; whan folk wenen best her entent for to          5
  have and willes to perfourme, anon chaunging of the lift syde to
  the right halve tourneth it so clene in-to another kynde, that never
  shal it come to the first plyte in doinge.

  O this wonderful steering so soone otherwysed out of knowinge!
  But for my purpos was at the beginninge, and so dureth yet, if god     10
  of his grace tyme wol me graunt, I thinke to perfourme this
  worke, as I have begonne, in love; after as my thinne wit, with
  inspiracion of him that hildeth al grace, wol suffre. Grevously,
  god wot, have I suffred a greet throwe that the Romayne
  emperour, which in unite of love shulde acorde, and every with         15
  other * * * * in cause of other to avaunce; and namely, sithe
  this empyre [nedeth] to be corrected of so many sectes in heresie
  of faith, of service, o[f] rule in loves religion. Trewly, al were
  it but to shende erroneous opinions, I may it no lenger suffre.
  For many men there ben that sayn love to be in gravel and sande,       20
  that with see ebbinge and flowinge woweth, as riches that sodaynly
  vanissheth. And some sayn that love shulde be in windy blastes,
  that stoundmele turneth as a phane, and glorie of renome, which
  after lustes of the varyaunt people is areysed or stilled.

  Many also wenen that in the sonne and the moone and other              25
  sterres love shulde ben founden; for among al other planettes
  moste soveraynly they shynen, as dignitees in reverence of estates
  rather than good han and occupyen. Ful many also there ben
  that in okes and in huge postes supposen love to ben grounded,
  as in strength and in might, whiche mowen not helpen their owne        30
  wrecchidnesse, whan they ginne to falle. But [of] suche diversite
  of sectes, ayenst the rightful beleve of love, these errours ben forth
  spredde, that loves servantes in trewe rule and stedfast fayth in
  no place daren apere. Thus irrecuperable joy is went, and anoy
  endless is entred. For no man aright reproveth suche errours,          35
  but [men] confirmen their wordes, and sayn, that badde is noble
  good, and goodnesse is badde; to which folk the prophete biddeth
  wo without ende.

  Also manye tonges of greet false techinges in gylinge maner,
  principally in my tymes, not only with wordes but also with armes,     40
  loves servauntes and professe in his religion of trewe rule pursewen,
  to confounden and to distroyen. And for as moche as holy +faders,
  that of our Christen fayth aproved and strengthed to the Jewes, as
  to men resonable and of divinite lerned, proved thilke fayth with
  resones, and with auctorites of the olde testament and of the newe,    45
  her pertinacie to distroy: but to paynims, that for beestes and
  houndes were holde, to putte hem out of their errour, was +miracle
  of god shewed. These thinges were figured by cominge of th'angel
  to the shepherdes, and by the sterre to paynims kinges; as who
  sayth: angel resonable to resonable creature, and sterre of miracle    50
  to people bestial not lerned, wern sent to enforme. But I, lovers
  clerk, in al my conning and with al my mightes, trewly I have no
  suche grace in vertue of miracles, ne for no discomfit falsheedes
  suffyseth not auctorites alone; sithen that suche [arn] heretikes
  and maintaynours of falsites. Wherfore I wot wel, sithen that          55
  they ben men, and reson is approved in hem, the clowde of errour
  hath her reson beyond probable resons, whiche that cacchende
  wit rightfully may not with-sitte. By my travaylinge studie I have
  ordeyned hem, +whiche that auctorite, misglosed by mannes
  reson, to graunt shal ben enduced.                                     60

  Now ginneth my penne to quake, to thinken on the sentences
  of the envyous people, whiche alway ben redy, both ryder and
  goer, to scorne and to jape this leude book; and me, for rancour
  and hate in their hertes, they shullen so dispyse, that although
  my book be leude, yet shal it ben more leude holden, and by            65
  wicked wordes in many maner apayred. Certes, me thinketh,
  [of] the sowne of their badde speche right now is ful bothe myne
  eeres. O good precious Margaryte, myne herte shulde wepe if
  I wiste ye token hede of suche maner speche; but trewly, I wot
  wel, in that your wysdom shal not asterte. For of god, maker of        70
  kynde, witnesse I took, that for none envy ne yvel have I drawe
  this mater togider; but only for goodnesse to maintayn, and
  errours in falsetees to distroy. Wherfore (as I sayd) with reson
  I thinke, thilke forsayd errours to distroye and dequace.

  These resons and suche other, if they enduce men, in loves             75
  service, trewe to beleve of parfit blisse, yet to ful faithe in
  credence of deserte fully mowe they nat suffyse; sithen 'faith hath
  no merite of mede, whan mannes reson sheweth experience in
  doing.' For utterly no reson the parfit blisse of love by no waye
  may make to be comprehended. Lo! what is a parcel of lovers            80
  joye? Parfit science, in good service, of their desyre to comprehende
  in bodily doinge the lykinge of the soule; not as by
  a glasse to have contemplacion of tyme cominge, but thilke first
  imagined and thought after face to face in beholding. What
  herte, what reson, what understandinge can make his heven to be        85
  feled and knowe, without assaye in doinge? Certes, noon. Sithen
  thanne of love cometh suche fruite in blisse, and love in him-selfe
  is the most among other vertues, as clerkes sayn; the seed of
  suche springinge in al places, in al countreys, in al worldes shulde
  ben sowe.                                                              90

  But o! welawaye! thilke seed is forsake, and +mowe not ben
  suffred, the lond-tillers to sette a-werke, without medlinge of
  cockle; badde wedes whiche somtyme stonken +han caught the
  name of love among idiotes and badde-meninge people. Never-the-later,
  yet how-so-it-be that men clepe thilke +thing preciousest              95
  in kynde, with many eke-names, that other thinges that the soule
  yeven the ilke noble name, it sheweth wel that in a maner men
  have a greet lykinge in worshippinge of thilke name. Wherfore
  this worke have I writte; and to thee, tytled of Loves name,
  I have it avowed in a maner of sacrifyse; that, where-ever it be      100
  rad, it mowe in merite, by the excellence of thilke name, the
  more wexe in authorite and worshippe of takinge in hede; and to
  what entent it was ordayned, the inseeres mowen ben moved.
  Every thing to whom is owande occasion don as for his ende,
  Aristotle supposeth that the actes of every thinge ben in a maner     105
  his final cause. A final cause is noblerer, or els even as noble,
  as thilke thing that is finally to thilke ende; wherfore accion of
  thinge everlasting is demed to be eternal, and not temporal;
  sithen it is his final cause. Right so the actes of my boke 'Love,'
  and love is noble; wherfore, though my book be leude, the cause       110
  with which I am stered, and for whom I ought it doon, noble
  forsothe ben bothe. But bycause that in conninge I am yong,
  and can yet but crepe, this leude A. b. c. have I set in-to lerning;
  for I can not passen the telling of three as yet. And if god
  wil, in shorte tyme, I shal amende this leudnesse in joininge         115
  syllables; whiche thing, for dulnesse of witte, I may not in three
  letters declare. For trewly I saye, the goodnesse of my Margaryte-perle
  wolde yeve mater in endyting to many clerkes; certes, her
  mercy is more to me swetter than any livinges; wherfore my
  lippes mowen not suffyse, in speking of her ful laude and worshippe   120
  as they shulde. But who is that [wolde be wyse] in
  knowing of the orders of heven, and putteth his resones in the
  erthe? I forsothe may not, with blere eyen, the shyning sonne of
  vertue in bright whele of this Margaryte beholde; therfore as yet
  I may her not discryve in vertue as I wolde. In tyme cominge,         125
  in another tretyse, thorow goddes grace, this sonne in clerenesse
  of vertue to be-knowe, and how she enlumineth al this day,
  I thinke to declare.

CH. I. 2. howe. comforte. 3. hadde. 5. folke. 6. anone. 10. purpose. 12.
wytte. 14. wotte. great. 16. _(Something seems to be lost here)._ 17. _I
supply_ nedeth. 18. o; _read_ of. 19. erronyous. maye. 20. menne. sayne.
26. amonge.

31. wretchydnesse. fal. _I supply_ of. 32. forthe. 33. stedfaste faythe.
34. darne. 35. endlesse. 36. _I supply_ men. 37. folke. 39. great. 40.
onely. 42. fathers; _read_ faders. 44. faythe. 47. put. miracles; _read_
miracle. 48. thangel. 50. saythe. 51. werne. 53. discomfyte. 54. _I supply_
arn. 55. wotte. 56. reason. erroure. 57. reason. bewonde (_sic_). catchende
wytte. 59. with; _read_ whiche. 60. reason. 61. Nowe. 62. alwaye. 63.
booke. rancoure. 64. althoughe. 65. booke.

67. _I supply_ of. nowe. 69. wotte. 70. wysdome 71. toke. 73. reason. 75.
reasons. 76. parfyte. 78-9. reason (_twice_). 79. parfyte. 80. maye.
persel. 81. parfyte. 85. reason. 86. none. 88. amonge. sayne. 88-91. sede.
91. mowen; _read_ mowe. 92. londe-tyllers. set. 93. hath; _read_ han. 94.
meanynge. 95. howe. menne cleape. kynge (_sic_); _read_ thing. 98. great.
99. the. 101. radde.

104. thynge. done. 107. thynge. 110. boke. 111. done (_sic_). 112. yonge.
113. canne. sette. 114. thre. 116. thynge. maye. thre. 121. that in knowyng
(_sic_); _supply_ wolde be wyse _before_ in knowing. 125. maye. 126.
thorowe. 127. howe.

                          CHAPTER II.

  In this mene whyle this comfortable lady gan singe a wonder
  mater of endytinge in Latin; but trewly, the noble colours in
  rethorik wyse knitte were so craftely, that my conning wol not
  strecche to remembre; but the sentence, I trowe, somdel have
  I in mynde. Certes, they were wonder swete of sowne, and they           5
  were touched al in lamentacion wyse, and by no werbles of
  myrthe. Lo! thus gan she singe in Latin, as I may constrewe it
  in our Englisshe tonge.

  'Alas! that these hevenly bodyes their light and course shewen,
  as nature yave hem in commaundement at the ginning of the first        10
  age; but these thinges in free choice of reson han non
  understondinge. But man that ought to passe al thing of doinge, of
  right course in kynde, over-whelmed sothnesse by wrongful tytle,
  and hath drawen the sterre of envye to gon by his syde, that the
  clips of me, that shulde be his shynande sonne, so ofte is seye,       15
  that it wened thilke errour, thorow hem come in, shulde ben myn
  owne defaute. Trewly, therfore, I have me withdrawe, and mad
  my dwellinge out of lande in an yle by my-selfe, in the occian
  closed; and yet sayn there many, they have me harberowed; but,
  god wot, they faylen. These thinges me greven to thinke, and           20
  namely on passed gladnesse, that in this worlde was wont me
  disporte of highe and lowe; and now it is fayled; they that
  wolden maystries me have in thilke stoundes. In heven on
  highe, above Saturnes sphere, in sesonable tyme were they
  lodged; but now come queynte counsailours that in no house             25
  wol suffre me sojourne, wherof is pite; and yet sayn some that
  they me have in celler with wyne shed; in gernere, there corn is
  layd covered with whete; in sacke, sowed with wolle; in purse,
  with money faste knit; among pannes mouled in a +whicche;
  in presse, among clothes layd, with riche pelure arayed; in stable,    30
  among hors and other beestes, as hogges, sheep, and neet; and
  in many other wyse. But thou, maker of light (in winking of
  thyn eye the sonne is queynt), wost right wel that I in trewe name
  was never thus herberowed.

  Somtyme, toforn the sonne in the seventh partie was smiten,            35
  I bar both crosse and mytre, to yeve it where I wolde. With me
  the pope wente a-fote; and I tho was worshipped of al holy
  church. Kinges baden me their crownes holden. The law was
  set as it shuld; tofore the juge, as wel the poore durste shewe
  his greef as the riche, for al his money. I defended tho taylages,     40
  and was redy for the poore to paye. I made grete feestes in my
  tyme, and noble songes, and maryed damoselles of gentil feture,
  withouten golde or other richesse. Poore clerkes, for witte of
  schole, I sette in churches, and made suche persones to preche;
  and tho was service in holy churche honest and devout, in              45
  plesaunce bothe of god and of the people. But now the leude
  for symonye is avaunced, and shendeth al holy churche. Now is
  steward, for his achates; now +is courtiour, for his debates; now
  is eschetour, for his wronges; now is losel, for his songes,
  personer; and [hath his] provendre alone, with whiche manye            50
  thrifty shulde encrese. And yet is this shrewe behynde; free
  herte is forsake; and losengeour is take. Lo! it acordeth; for
  suche there ben that voluntarie lustes haunten in courte with
  ribaudye, that til midnight and more wol playe and wake, but in
  the churche at matins he is behynde, for yvel disposicion of his       55
  stomake; therfore he shulde ete bene-breed (and so did his
  syre) his estate ther-with to strengthen. His auter is broke, and
  lowe lyth, in poynte to gon to the erthe; but his hors muste ben
  esy and hye, to bere him over grete waters. His chalice poore,
  but he hath riche cuppes. No towayle but a shete, there god            60
  shal ben handled; and on his mete-borde there shal ben bord-clothes
  and towelles many payre. At masse serveth but a clergion;
  fyve squiers in hal. Poore chaunsel, open holes in every
  syde; beddes of silke, with tapites going al aboute his chambre.
  Poore masse-book and leud chapelayn, and broken surplice with          65
  many an hole; good houndes and many, to hunte after hart and
  hare, to fede in their feestes. Of poore men have they greet
  care; for they ever crave and nothing offren, they wolden have
  hem dolven! But among legistres there dar I not come; my
  doinge[s], they sayn, maken hem nedy. They ne wolde for                70
  nothing have me in town; for than were tort and +force nought
  worth an hawe about, and plesen no men, but thilk grevous and
  torcious ben in might and in doing. These thinges to-forn-sayd
  mowe wel, if men liste, ryme; trewly, they acorde nothing. And
  for-as-moch as al thinges by me shulden of right ben governed,         75
  I am sory to see that governaunce fayleth, as thus: to sene smale
  and lowe governe the hye and bodies above. Certes, that
  policye is naught; it is forbode by them that of governaunce
  treten and enformen.  And right as beestly wit shulde ben
  subject to reson, so erthly power in it-selfe, the lower shulde ben    80
  subject to the hygher. What is worth thy body, but it be
  governed with thy soule? Right so litel or naught is worth
  erthely power, but if reignatif prudence in heedes governe the
  smale; to whiche heedes the smale owen to obey and suffre in
  their governaunce. But soverainnesse ayenward shulde thinke in         85
  this wyse: "I am servaunt of these creatures to me delivered,
  not lord, but defendour; not mayster, but enfourmer; not
  possessour, but in possession; and to hem liche a tree in whiche
  sparowes shullen stelen, her birdes to norisshe and forth bringe,
  under suretee ayenst al raveynous foules and beestes, and not to       90
  be tyraunt them-selfe." And than the smale, in reste and quiete,
  by the heedes wel disposed, owen for their soveraynes helth and
  prosperite to pray, and in other doinges in maintenaunce therof
  performe, withouten other administracion in rule of any maner
  governaunce. And they wit have in hem, and grace to come to            95
  suche thinges, yet shulde they cese til their heedes them cleped,
  although profit and plesaunce shulde folowe. But trewly, other
  governaunce ne other medlinge ought they not to clayme, ne
  the heedes on hem to putte. Trewly, amonges cosinage dar
  I not come, but-if richesse be my mene; sothly, she and other         100
  bodily goodes maketh nigh cosinage, ther never propinquite ne
  alyaunce in lyve was ne shulde have be, nere it for her medling
  maners; wherfore kindly am I not ther leged. Povert of
  kinred is behynde; richesse suffreth him to passe; truly he saith,
  he com never of Japhetes childre. Whereof I am sory that              105
  Japhetes children, for povert, in no linage ben rekened, and
  Caynes children, for riches, be maked Japhetes heires. Alas! this
  is a wonder chaunge bitwene tho two Noes children, sithen that
  of Japhetes ofspring comeden knightes, and of Cayn discended
  the lyne of servage to his brothers childre. Lo! how gentillesse      110
  and servage, as cosins, bothe discended out of two brethern of
  one body! Wherfore I saye in sothnesse, that gentilesse in
  kinrede +maketh not gentil linage in succession, without desert
  of a mans own selfe. Where is now the lyne of Alisaundre the
  noble, or els of Hector of Troye? Who is discended of right           115
  bloode of lyne fro king Artour? Parde, sir Perdicas, whom that
  Alisandre made to ben his heire in Grece, was of no kinges
  bloode; his dame was a tombestere. Of what kinred ben the
  gentiles in our dayes? I trow therfore, if any good be in gentilesse,
  it is only that it semeth a maner of necessite be input to            120
  gentilmen, that they shulden not varyen fro the vertues of their
  auncestres. Certes, al maner linage of men ben evenliche in
  birth; for oon +fader, maker of al goodnes, enformed hem al,
  and al mortal folk of one sede arn greyned. Wherto avaunt men
  of her linage, in cosinage or in +elde-faders? Loke now the ginning,  125
  and to god, maker of mans person; there is no clerk ne no
  worthy in gentilesse; and he that norissheth his +corage with
  vyces and unresonable lustes, and leveth the kynde course, to
  whiche ende him brought forth his birthe, trewly, he is ungentil,
  and among +cherles may ben nempned. And therfore, he that             130
  wol ben gentil, he mot daunten his flesshe fro vyces that causen
  ungentilnesse, and leve also reignes of wicked lustes, and drawe
  to him vertue, that in al places gentilnesse gentilmen maketh.
  And so speke I, in feminine gendre in general, of tho persones,
  at the reverence of one whom every wight honoureth; for her           135
  bountee and her noblesse y-made her to god so dere, that his
  moder she became; and she me hath had so greet in worship,
  that I nil for nothing in open declare, that in any thinge ayenst her
  secte may so wene. For al vertue and al worthinesse of plesaunce
  in hem haboundeth. And although I wolde any-thing speke,              140
  trewly I can not; I may fynde in yvel of hem no maner mater.'

CH. II. 1. meane. ganne. 4. stretche. somdele. 7. ganne.

11. none. 12. thynge. 15. sey; _read_ seye _or_ seyen. 16. thorowe. 17.
made. 19. sayne. 20. wote. 21. wonte. 23. nowe. 24. seasonable. 26. sayne.
27. corne. 28. layde. 29. knytte. amonge (_twice_). wyche; _read_ whicche.
30. layde. 31. amonge horse. shepe. nete. 33. woste. 36. bare. 37. went.
40. grefe. 41. pay. great. 44. preache.

45. deuoute. 46. nowe. 47. Nowe. 48. stewarde. nowe. it; _read_ is. nowe.
49. eschetoure. nowe. 50. _I supply_ hath his. 51. encrease. 56. eate
beane-. 58. lythe. gone. horse. 59. easy. beare. great. 61. meate-. borde-.
65. boke. leude chapelayne. 66. harte. 67. great. 68. nothynge. 69. amonge.
dare. 70. sayne. 71. forthe; _read_ force. 72. worthe. pleasen. 73.
to-forne-. 74. nothynge. 76. sorye. se. 78. polesye. 79. treaten. wytte.

80. subiecte. reason. 82. worthe. 83. reignatyfe. 85. ayenwarde. 87. lorde.
88. possessoure. 89. forth bring. 90. suretie. 96. cease. 97. profyte.
pleasaunce. 99. put. dare. 100. meane. 109. comeden (_sic_); _read_ comen?
110. howe. 111. bretherne. 113. maken; _read_ maketh. deserte. 114. nowe.

118. tombystere. 123. one. father; _read_ fader. 124. folke. arne. 125.
-fathers; _read_ -faders. 126. clerke. 127. corare; _read_ corage. 128.
leaueth. 129. forthe. 130. amonge. clerkes (!); _read_ cherles. 131. mote.
132. leaue. 136. bountie. 137. great. 139. maye.

                          CHAPTER III.

  Right with these wordes she stinte of that lamentable
  melodye; and I gan with a lyvely herte to praye, if that
  it were lyking unto her noble grace, she wolde her deyne to
  declare me the mater that firste was begonne, in which she lefte
  and stinte to speke beforn she gan to singe.                            5

  'O,' quod she, 'this is no newe thing to me, to sene you men
  desyren after mater, whiche your-selfe caused to voyde.'

  'Ah, good lady,' quod I, 'in whom victorie of strength is proved
  above al other thing, after the jugement of Esdram, whos lordship
  al lignes: who is, that right as emperour hem commaundeth,             10
  whether thilke ben not women, in whos lyknesse to me ye aperen?
  For right as man halt the principalte of al thing under his beinge,
  in the masculyne gender; and no mo genders ben there
  but masculyn and femenyne; al the remenaunt ben no gendres but
  of grace, in facultee of grammer: right so, in the femenyne, the       15
  women holden the upperest degree of al thinges under thilke
  gendre conteyned. Who bringeth forth kinges, whiche that ben
  lordes of see and of erthe; and al peoples of women ben born.
  They norisshe hem that graffen vynes; they maken men comfort
  in their gladde cheres. Her sorowe is deth to mannes herte.            20
  Without women, the being of men were impossible. They conne
  with their swetnesse the crewel herte ravisshe, and make it meke,
  buxom, and benigne, without violence mevinge. In beautee
  of their eyen, or els of other maner fetures, is al mens desyres;
  ye, more than in golde, precious stones, either any richesse.          25
  And in this degree, lady, your-selfe many hertes of men have
  so bounden, that parfit blisse in womankynde to ben men wenen,
  and in nothinge els. Also, lady, the goodnesse, the vertue of
  women, by properte of discrecion, is so wel knowen, by litelnesse
  of malice, that desyre to a good asker by no waye conne they           30
  warne. And ye thanne, that wol not passe the kynde werchinge
  of your sectes by general discrecion, I wot wel, ye wol so enclyne
  to my prayere, that grace of my requeste shal fully ben graunted.'

  'Certes,' quod she, 'thus for the more parte fareth al mankynde,
  to praye and to crye after womans grace, and fayne many fantasyes      35
  to make hertes enclyne to your desyres. And whan these
  sely women, for freelte of their kynde, beleven your wordes, and
  wenen al be gospel the promise of your behestes, than graunt[en]
  they to you their hertes, and fulfillen your lustes, wherthrough
  their liberte in maystreship that they toforn had is thralled; and     40
  so maked soverayn and to be prayed, that first was servaunt,
  and voice of prayer used. Anon as filled is your lust, many of you
  be so trewe, that litel hede take ye of suche kyndnesse; but
  with traysoun anon ye thinke hem begyle, and let light of that
  thing whiche firste ye maked to you wonders dere; so what              45
  thing to women it is to loven any wight er she him wel knowe,
  and have him proved in many halfe! For every glittring thing
  is nat gold; and under colour of fayre speche many vices may
  be hid and conseled. Therfore I rede no wight to trust on you
  to rathe; mens chere and her speche right gyleful is ful ofte.         50
  Wherfore without good assay, it is nat worth on many +of you
  to truste. Trewly, it is right kyndely to every man that thinketh
  women betraye, and shewen outward al goodnesse, til he have
  his wil performed. Lo! the bird is begyled with the mery voice
  of the foulers whistel. Whan a woman is closed in your nette,          55
  than wol ye causes fynden, and bere unkyndenesse her +on
  hande, or falsete upon her putte, your owne malicious trayson
  with suche thinge to excuse. Lo! than han women non other
  wreche in vengeaunce, but +blobere and wepe til hem list stint,
  and sorily her mishap complayne; and is put in-to wening that          60
  al men ben so untrewe. How often have men chaunged her
  loves in a litel whyle, or els, for fayling their wil, in their
  places hem set! For fren[d]ship shal be oon, and fame with another
  him list for to have, and a thirde for delyt; or els were he lost
  bothe in packe and in clothes! Is this fair? Nay, god wot.             65
  I may nat telle, by thousande partes, the wronges in trechery
  of suche false people; for make they never so good a bond,
  al sette ye at a myte whan your hert tourneth. And they that
  wenen for sorowe of you deye, the pite of your false herte is flowe
  out of towne. Alas! therfore, that ever any woman wolde take           70
  any wight in her grace, til she knowe, at the ful, on whom she
  might at al assayes truste! Women con no more craft in queynt
  knowinge, to understande the false disceyvable conjectementes
  of mannes begylinges. Lo! how it fareth; though ye men
  gronen and cryen, certes, it is but disceyt; and that preveth wel      75
  by th'endes in your werkinge. How many women have ben
  lorn, and with shame foule shent by long-lastinge tyme, whiche
  thorow mennes gyle have ben disceyved? Ever their fame shal
  dure, and their dedes [ben] rad and songe in many londes; that
  they han don, recoveren shal they never; but alway ben demed           80
  lightly, in suche plyte a-yen shulde they falle. Of whiche slaunders
  and tenes ye false men and wicked ben the verey causes; on you
  by right ought these shames and these reproves al hoolly discende.
  Thus arn ye al nighe untrewe; for al your fayre speche, your
  herte is ful fickel. What cause han ye women to dispyse? Better        85
  fruite than they ben, ne swetter spyces to your behove, mowe ye
  not fynde, as far as worldly bodyes strecchen. Loke to their
  forminge, at the making of their persones by god in joye of
  paradyce! For goodnesse, of mans propre body were they
  maked, after the sawes of the bible, rehersing goddes wordes in        90
  this wyse: "It is good to mankynde that we make to him an
  helper." Lo! in paradyse, for your helpe, was this tree graffed,
  out of whiche al linage of man discendeth. If a man be noble
  frute, of noble frute it is sprongen; the blisse of paradyse, to
  mennes sory hertes, yet in this tree abydeth. O! noble helpes          95
  ben these trees, and gentil jewel to ben worshipped of every
  good creature! He that hem anoyeth doth his owne shame; it is
  a comfortable perle ayenst al tenes. Every company is mirthed
  by their present being. Trewly, I wiste never vertue, but a woman
  were therof the rote. What is heven the worse though Sarazins         100
  on it lyen? Is your fayth untrewe, though +renegates maken
  theron lesinges? If the fyr doth any wight brenne, blame his
  owne wit that put him-selfe so far in the hete. Is not fyr gentillest
  and most comfortable element amonges al other? Fyr
  is cheef werker in fortheringe sustenaunce to mankynde. Shal          105
  fyr ben blamed for it brende a foole naturelly, by his own stulty
  witte in steringe? Ah! wicked folkes! For your propre malice
  and shreudnesse of your-selfe, ye blame and dispyse the precious[es]t
  thing of your kynde, and whiche thinges among other
  moste ye desyren! Trewly, Nero and his children ben shrewes,          110
  that dispysen so their dames. The wickednesse and gyling of
  men, in disclaundring of thilke that most hath hem glad[d]ed
  and plesed, were impossible to wryte or to nempne. Never-the-later
  yet I say, he that knoweth a way may it lightly passe; eke
  an herbe proved may safely to smertande sores ben layd. So            115
  I say, in him that is proved is nothing suche yvels to gesse.
  But these thinges have I rehersed, to warne you women al at
  ones, that to lightly, without good assaye, ye assenten not to
  mannes speche. The sonne in the day-light is to knowen from
  the moone that shyneth in the night. Now to thee thy-selfe            120
  (quod she) as I have ofte sayd, I knowe wel thyne herte; thou
  art noon of al the tofore-nempned people. For I knowe wel the
  continuaunce of thy service, that never sithen I sette thee
  a-werke, might thy Margaryte for plesaunce, frendship, ne fayrhede
  of none other, be in poynte moved from thyne herte; wherfore          125
  in-to myne housholde hastely I wol that thou entre, and al the
  parfit privite of my werking, make it be knowe in thy understonding,
  as oon of my privy familiers. Thou desyrest (quod she)
  fayn to here of tho thinges there I lefte?'

  'Ye, forsothe,' quod I, 'that were to me a greet blisse.'             130

  'Now,' quod she, 'for thou shalt not wene that womans condicions
  for fayre speche suche thing belongeth:--

CH. III. 2. ganne. 5. beforne. 6. thynge. menne. 9. thynge. whose.

10. lignes (_sic_). 11. whose lykenesse. 12. halte. 15. facultie. 17.
forthe. 18. borne. 19. comforte. 20. dethe. 23. buxome. beautie. 27.
parfyte. 32. wotte. 38. graunt. 40. toforne.

48. golde. 51. worthe. on; _read_ of. 53. -warde. 54. birde. 56. beare.
vnha_n_de; _read_ on hande. 58. none. 59. bloder; _read_ blobere. 61. Howe.
63. sette. frenship (_sic_). one. 64. lyste. delyte. 65. faire. 66. maye.
tel. 67. bo_n_de. 69. dey. 72. trust. crafte. 74. howe. 76. thendes. Howe.
77. lorne. longe-. 78. thorowe. 79. _I supply_ ben. radde. 80. done. 81.
fal. 83. holy.

84. arne. 87. farre. stretchen. 97. dothe. 99. wyst. 101. faythe. thoughe
rennogates. 102. leasynges. fyre (_four times_) 103. wytte. farre. heate.
104, 112. moste. 104. element comfortable; _read_ comfortable element. 105.
chefe. 108. precioust. 109. amonge. 112-3. gladed and pleased. 115. layde.
120. Nowe. the.

122. arte none. 123. set the. 124. frendeshyp. fayrehede. 127. parfyte.
128. one. 129. fayne. 130. great. 131. Nowe.

                          CHAPTER IV.

  Thou shalt,' quod she, 'understonde first among al other
  thinges, that al the cure of my service to me in the parfit
  blisse in doing is desyred in every mannes herte, be he never
  so moche a wrecche; but every man travayleth by dyvers studye,
  and seke[th] thilke blisse by dyvers wayes. But al the endes            5
  are knit in selinesse of desyre in the parfit blisse, that is suche
  joye, whan men it have gotten, there +leveth no thing more to
  ben coveyted. But how that desyre of suche perfeccion in
  my service be kindely set in lovers hertes, yet her erroneous
  opinions misturne it by falsenesse of wening. And although             10
  mannes understanding be misturned, to knowe whiche shuld ben
  the way unto my person, and whither it abydeth; yet wote they
  there is a love in every wight, [whiche] weneth by that thing that
  he coveyteth most, he shulde come to thilke love; and that
  is parfit blisse of my servauntes; but than fulle blisse may not       15
  be, and there lacke any thing of that blisse in any syde. Eke it
  foloweth than, that he that must have ful blisse lacke no blisse in
  love on no syde.'

  'Therfore, lady,' quod I tho, 'thilke blisse I have desyred,
  and +soghte toforn this my-selfe, by wayes of riches, of dignite,      20
  of power, and of renome, wening me in tho +thinges had ben
  thilke blisse; but ayenst the heer it turneth. Whan I supposed
  beste thilke blisse have +getten, and come to the ful purpose
  of your service, sodaynly was I hindred, and throwen so fer
  abacke, that me thinketh an inpossible to come there I lefte.'         25

  'I +wot wel,' quod she; 'and therfore hast thou fayled; for
  thou wentest not by the hye way. A litel misgoing in the ginning
  causeth mikil errour in the ende; wherfore of thilke blisse thou
  fayledest, for having of richesse; ne non of the other thinges thou
  nempnedest mowen nat make suche parfit blisse in love as I shal        30
  shewe. Therfore they be nat worthy to thilke blisse; and yet
  somwhat must ben cause and way to thilke blisse. _Ergo_, there is
  som suche thing, and som way, but it is litel in usage and that
  is nat openly y-knowe. But what felest in thyne hert of the
  service, in whiche by me thou art entred? Wenest aught thy-selfe       35
  yet be in the hye way to my blisse? I shal so shewe it to
  thee, thou shalt not conne saye the contrary.'

  'Good lady,' quod I, 'altho I suppose it in my herte, yet
  wolde I here thyn wordes, how ye menen in this mater.'

  Quod she, 'that I shal, with my good wil. Thilke blisse                40
  desyred, som-del ye knowen, altho it be nat parfitly. For kyndly
  entencion ledeth you therto, but in three maner livinges is al suche
  wayes shewed. Every wight in this world, to have this blisse, oon
  of thilke three wayes of lyves must procede; whiche, after opinions
  of grete clerkes, are by names cleped bestiallich, resonablich, [and   45
  manlich. Resonablich] is vertuous. Manlich is worldlich. Bestialliche
  is lustes and delytable, nothing restrayned by bridel of reson.
  Al that joyeth and yeveth gladnesse to the hert, and it be ayenst
  reson, is lykened to bestial living, which thing foloweth lustes and
  delytes; wherfore in suche thinge may nat that precious blisse,        50
  that is maister of al vertues, abyde. Your +faders toforn you have
  cleped such lusty livinges after the flessh "passions of desyre,"
  which are innominable tofore god and man both. Than, after
  determinacion of suche wyse, we accorden that suche passions of
  desyre shul nat be nempned, but holden for absolute from al other      55
  livinges and provinges; and so +leveth in t[w]o livinges, manlich
  and resonable, to declare the maters begonne. But to make thee
  fully have understanding in manlich livinges, whiche is holden
  worldlich in these thinges, so that ignorance be mad no letter,
  I wol (quod she) nempne these forsayd wayes +by names and              60
  conclusions. First riches, dignite, renome, and power shul in
  this worke be cleped bodily goodes; for in hem hath ben, a gret
  throw, mannes trust of selinesse in love: as in riches, suffisance
  to have maintayned that was begonne by worldly catel; in dignite,
  honour and reverence of hem that wern underput by maistry              65
  therby to obeye. In renome, glorie of peoples praising, after
  lustes in their hert, without hede-taking to qualite and maner of
  doing; and in power, by trouth of lordships mayntenaunce, thing
  to procede forth in doing. In al whiche thinges a longe tyme
  mannes coveytise in commune hath ben greetly grounded, to come         70
  to the blisse of my service; but trewly, they were begyled, and for
  the principal muste nedes fayle, and in helping mowe nat availe.
  See why. For holdest him not poore that is nedy?'

  'Yes, parde,' quod I.

  'And him for dishonored, that moche folk deyne nat to                  75
  reverence?'

  'That is soth,' quod I.

  'And what him, that his mightes faylen and mowe nat helpen?'

  'Certes,' quod I, 'me semeth, of al men he shulde be holden
  a wrecche.'                                                            80

  'And wenest nat,' quod she, 'that he that is litel in renome,
  but rather is out of the praysinges of mo men than a fewe, be nat
  in shame?'

  'For soth,' quod I, 'it is shame and villany, to him that
  coveyteth renome, that more folk nat prayse in name than preise.'      85

  'Soth,' quod she, 'thou sayst soth; but al these thinges are
  folowed of suche maner doinge, and wenden in riches suffisaunce,
  in power might, in dignite worship, and in renome glorie; wherfore
  they discended in-to disceyvable wening, and in that service disceit
  is folowed. And thus, in general, thou and al suche other that so      90
  worchen, faylen of my blisse that ye long han desyred. Wherfore
  truly, in lyfe of reson is the hye way to this blisse; as I thinke
  more openly to declare herafter. Never-the-later yet, in a litel to
  comforte thy herte, in shewing of what waye thou art entred
  *selfe, and that thy Margarite may knowe thee set in the hye way,      95
  I wol enforme thee in this wyse. Thou hast fayled of thy first
  purpos, bicause thou wentest wronge and leftest the hye way on
  thy right syde, as thus: thou lokedest on worldly living, and that
  thing thee begyled; and lightly therfore, as a litel assay, thou
  songedest; but whan I turned thy purpos, and shewed thee              100
  a part of the hye waye, tho thou abode therin, and no deth ne
  ferdnesse of non enemy might thee out of thilk way reve; but
  ever oon in thyn herte, to come to the ilke blisse, whan thou
  were arested and firste tyme enprisoned, thou were loth to
  chaunge thy way, for in thy hert thou wendest to have ben there       105
  thou shuldest. And for I had routhe to sene thee miscaried,
  and wiste wel thyn ablenesse my service to forther and encrese,
  I com my-selfe, without other mene, to visit thy person in comfort
  of thy hert. And perdy, in my comming thou were greetly
  glad[d]ed; after whiche tyme no disese, no care, no tene, might       110
  move me out of thy hert. And yet am I glad and greetly enpited,
  how continually thou haddest me in mynde, with good avysement
  of thy conscience, whan thy king and his princes by huge wordes
  and grete loked after variaunce in thy speche; and ever thou
  were redy for my sake, in plesaunce of the Margarite-perle and        115
  many mo other, thy body to oblige in-to Marces doing, if any
  contraried thy sawes. Stedfast way maketh stedfast hert, with
  good hope in the ende. Trewly, I wol that thou it wel knowe;
  for I see thee so set, and not chaunginge herte haddest in my
  service; and I made thou haddest grace of thy kinge, in               120
  foryevenesse of mikel misdede. To the gracious king art thou mikel
  holden, of whos grace and goodnesse somtyme hereafter I thinke
  thee enforme, whan I shew the ground where-as moral vertue
  groweth. Who brought thee to werke? Who brought this grace
  aboute? Who made thy hert hardy? Trewly, it was I. For                125
  haddest thou of me fayled, than of this purpos had[dest thou]
  never taken [hede] in this wyse. And therfore I say, thou might
  wel truste to come to thy blisse, sithen thy ginninge hath ben hard,
  but ever graciously after thy hertes desyr hath proceded. Silver
  fyned with many hetes men knowen for trew; and safely men             130
  may trust to the alay in werkinge. This +disese hath proved what
  way hence-forward thou thinkest to holde.'

  'Now, in good fayth, lady,' quod I tho, 'I am now in; me
  semeth, it is the hye way and the right.'

  'Ye, forsothe,' quod she, 'and now I wol disprove thy first           135
  wayes, by whiche many men wenen to gette thilke blisse. But
  for-as-moche as every herte that hath caught ful love, is tyed with
  queynt knittinges, thou shalt understande that love and thilke
  foresayd blisse toforn declared in this[e] provinges, shal hote the
  knot in the hert.'                                                    140

  'Wel,' quod I, 'this inpossession I wol wel understande.'

  'Now also,' quod she, 'for the knotte in the herte muste ben
  from one to an-other, and I knowe thy desyr, I wol thou understande
  these maters to ben sayd of thy-selfe, in disproving of thy
  first service, and in strengthinge of thilke that thou hast           145
  undertake to thy Margaryte-perle.'

  'A goddes halfe,' quod I, 'right wel I fele that al this case is
  possible and trewe; and therfore I +admitte it altogither.'

  '+Understand wel,' quod she, 'these termes, and loke no
  contradiccion thou graunt.'                                           150

  'If god wol,' quod I, 'of al these thinges wol I not fayle; and
  if I graunt contradiccion, I shulde graunte an impossible; and
  that were a foul inconvenience; for whiche thinges, lady, y-wis,
  herafter I thinke me to kepe.'

CH. IV. 1. shalte. amonge. 2. parfyte. 4. wretche. 5. seke; _read_ seketh.
6. p_ar_fyte. 7. lyueth; _read_ leveth. thynge. 8. howe. perfection. 9.
erronyous. 13. _I supply_ whiche. 14. moste. 15. parfyte. maye. 16. thynge.
20. sothe; _read_ soghte. toforne.

21. thrages (_sic_); _read_ thinges. 22. heere. 23. get; _read_ getten. 26.
wol; _read_ wot. 30. p_ar_fite. 33. some (_twice_). 37. the. shalte. con.
39. howe ye meanen. 41. so_m_e deale. 42. entention. thre. lyuenges. 43.
one. 44. thre. 45. great. cleaped. _I supply_ and manlich. Resonablich. 47.
nothynge. 47-9. reason (_twice_). 49. lyueng. thynge. 50. maye. 51.
fathers. toforne. 52. lyuenges. 54. determination. 56. lyuenges (_twice_).
lyueth; _read_ leveth. to; _read_ two.

57. the. 58. lyuenges. 59. made. 60. be; _read_ by. 62. cleaped. 64. begon.
65. werne. 66. obey. 70. greatly. 73. Se. 75. folke. 80. wretch. 89.
disceite. 92. reason. 94. arte.

95-6. the (_twice_). 97-100. purpose. 98. lyueng. 99. the. 100-2. the. 101.
parte. dethe. 103. one. 106. the. 107. wyst. thyne. encrease. 108. come.
mean. _For_ person _read_ prison? comforte. 109. greatly gladed. 110.
disease. 111. gladde. greatly. 112. howe. 114. great. 115. peerle. 119. se
the. 121. arte. 122. whose. 123. the. grounde. 124. the. 126. purpose. had;
_read_ haddest thou. _I supply_ hede. 128. harde. 129. desyre. 130. heates.

131. diseases (_sic_). waye. -forwarde. 133-142. Nowe (_four times_). 139.
toforne. 143. desyre. 145. stre_n_ghthynge. haste. 148. admytted; _read_
admytte it. 149. Vnderstanden (_sic_). 149-152. contradyction (_twice_).
153. foule. ladye.

                          CHAPTER V.

  'Wel,' quod she, 'thou knowest that every thing is a cause,
  wherthrough any thing hath being that is cleped "caused."
  Than, if richesse +causeth knot in herte, thilke richesse +is cause
  of thilke precious thinge being. But after the sentence of
  Aristotle, every cause is more in dignite than his thinge caused;       5
  wherthrough it foloweth richesse to ben more in dignite than
  thilke knot. But richesses arn kyndely naughty, badde, and
  nedy; and thilke knotte is thing kyndely good, most praysed
  and desyred. _Ergo_, thing naughty, badde, and nedy in kyndely
  understandinge is more worthy than thing kyndely good, most            10
  desyred and praysed! The consequence is fals; nedes, the
  antecedent mot ben of the same condicion. But that richesses
  ben bad, naughty, and nedy, that wol I prove; wherfore they
  mowe cause no suche thing that is so glorious and good. The
  more richesse thou hast, the more nede hast thou of helpe hem          15
  to kepe. _Ergo_, thou nedest in richesse, whiche nede thou
  shuldest not have, if thou hem wantest. Than muste richesse
  ben nedy, that in their having maken thee nedy to helpes, in
  suretee thy richesse to kepen; wherthrough foloweth, richesse to
  ben nedy. Everything causinge yvels is badde and naughty; but          20
  richesse in one causen misese, in another they mowen not evenly
  strecchen al about. Wherof cometh plee, debat, thefte, begylinges,
  but richesse to winne; whiche thinges ben badde, and by richesse
  arn caused. _Ergo_, thilke richesse[s] ben badde; whiche badnesse
  and nede ben knit in-to richesse by a maner of kyndely propertee;      25
  and every cause and caused accorden; so that it foloweth, thilke
  richesse[s] to have the same accordaunce with badnesse and nede,
  that their cause asketh. Also, every thing hath his being by his
  cause; than, if the cause be distroyed, the being of caused is
  vanisshed. And, so, if richesse[s] causen love, and richesse[s]        30
  weren distroyed, the love shulde vanisshe; but thilke knotte, and
  it be trewe, may not vanisshe, for no going of richesse. _Ergo_,
  richesse is no cause of the knot. And many men, as I sayd,
  setten the cause of the knotte in richesse; thilke knitten the
  richesse, and nothing the yvel; thilke persons, what-ever they         35
  ben, wenen that riches is most worthy to be had; and that make
  they the cause; and so wene they thilke riches be better than the
  person. Commenly, suche asken rather after the quantite than
  after the qualite; and suche wenen, as wel by hem-selfe as by
  other, that conjunccion of his lyfe and of his soule is no more        40
  precious, but in as mikel as he hath of richesse. Alas! how may
  he holden suche thinges precious or noble, that neither han lyf ne
  soule, ne ordinaunce of werchinge limmes! Suche richesse[s]
  ben more worthy whan they ben in +gadering; in departing,
  ginneth his love of other mennes praysing. And avarice +gadering       45
  maketh be hated, and nedy to many out-helpes; and whan leveth
  the possession of such goodes, and they ginne vanissh, than
  entreth sorowe and tene in their hertes. O! badde and strayte
  ben thilke, that at their departinge maketh men teneful and sory,
  and in the +gadering of hem make men nedy! Moche folk at               50
  ones mowen not togider moche therof have. A good gest gladdeth
  his hoste and al his meyny; but he is a badde gest that maketh
  his hoste nedy and to be aferd of his gestes going.'

  'Certes,' quod I, 'me wondreth therfore that the comune
  opinion is thus: "He is worth no more than that he hath in             55
  catel."'

  'O!' quod she, 'loke thou be not of that opinion; for if gold or
  money, or other maner of riches shynen in thy sight, whos is that?
  Nat thyn. And tho[ugh] they have a litel beautee, they be nothing
  in comparison of our kynde; and therfore, ye shulde nat sette          60
  your worthinesse in thing lower than your-selfe. For the riches,
  the fairnesse, the worthinesse of thilke goodes, if ther be any
  suche preciousnesse in hem, are nat thyne; thou madest hem
  so never; from other they come to thee, and to other they shul
  from thee. Wherfore enbracest thou other wightes good, as              65
  tho[ugh] they were thyn? Kynde hath drawe hem by hem-selfe.
  It is sothe, the goodes of the erth ben ordayned in your fode
  and norisshinge; but if thou wolt holde thee apayd with that
  suffyseth to thy kynde, thou shalt nat be in daunger of no suche
  riches; to kynde suffyseth litel thing, who that taketh hede.          70
  And if thou wolt algates with superfluite of riches be a-throted,
  thou shalt hastelich be anoyed, or els yvel at ese. And fairnesse
  of feldes ne of habitacions, ne multitude of meyne, may nat be
  rekened as riches that are thyn owne. For if they be badde, it is
  greet sclaunder and villany to the occupyer; and if they be good       75
  or faire, the mater of the workman that hem made is to prayse.
  How shulde other-wyse bountee be compted for thyne? Thilke
  goodnesse and fairnesse be proper to tho thinges hem-selfe; than,
  if they be nat thyne, sorow nat whan they wende, ne glad thee
  nat in pompe and in pride whan thou hem hast. For their                80
  bountee and their beautees cometh out of their owne kynde, and
  nat of thyne owne person. As faire ben they in their not having
  as whan thou hast hem. They be nat faire for thou hast hem;
  but thou hast geten hem for the fairnesse of them-selfe. And
  there the vaylance of men is demed in richesse outforth, wenen         85
  me[n] to have no proper good in them-selfe, but seche it in
  straunge thinges. Trewly, the condicion of good wening is to
  thee mistourned, to wene, your noblesse be not in your-selfe, but
  in the goodes and beautee of other thinges. Pardy, the beestes
  that han but feling soules, have suffisaunce in their owne selfe;      90
  and ye, that ben lyke to god, seken encrese of suffisaunce from so
  excellent a kynde of so lowe thinges; ye do greet wrong to him
  that you made lordes over al erthly thinges; and ye putte your
  worthinesse under the nombre of the fete of lower thinges and
  foule. Whan ye juge thilke riches to be your worthinesse, than         95
  putte ye your-selfe, by estimacion, under thilke foule thinges;
  and than leve ye the knowing of your-selfe; so be ye viler than
  any dombe beest; that cometh of shrewde vice. Right so thilke
  persons that loven non yvel for dereworthinesse of the persone,
  but for straunge goodes, and saith, the adornement in the knot        100
  lyth in such thing; his errour is perilous and shrewd, and he
  wryeth moche venim with moche welth; and that knot may
  nat be good whan he hath it getten.

  Certes, thus hath riches with flickering sight anoyed many;
  and often, whan there is a throw-out shrewe, he coyneth al the        105
  gold, al the precious stones that mowen be founden, to have in
  his bandon; he weneth no wight be worthy to have suche thinges
  but he alone. How many hast thou knowe, now in late tyme,
  that in their richesse supposed suffisance have folowed, and now
  it is al fayled!'                                                     110

  'Ye, lady,' quod I, 'that is for mis medling; and otherwyse
  governed [they] thilke richesse than they shulde.'

  'Ye,' quod she tho, 'had not the flood greetly areysed, and
  throwe to-hemward both gravel and sand, he had mad no medlinge.
  And right as see yeveth flood, so draweth see ebbe, and               115
  pulleth ayen under wawe al the firste out-throwe, but-if good pyles
  of noble governaunce in love, in wel-meninge maner, ben sadly
  grounded; +the whiche holde thilke gravel as for a tyme, that
  ayen lightly mowe not it turne; and if the pyles ben trewe, the
  gravel and sand wol abyde. And certes, ful warning in love shalt      120
  thou never thorow hem get ne cover, that lightly with an ebbe, er
  thou be ware, it [ne] wol ayen meve. In richesse many men
  have had tenes and diseses, whiche they shulde not have had, if
  therof they had fayled. Thorow whiche, now declared, partly it is
  shewed, that for richesse shulde the knotte in herte neither ben      125
  caused in one ne in other; trewly, knotte may ben knit, and
  I trowe more stedfast, in love, though richesse fayled; and els,
  in richesse is the knotte, and not in herte. And than suche
  a knotte is fals; whan the see ebbeth and withdraweth the
  gravel, that such richesse voydeth, thilke knotte wol unknitte.       130
  Wherfore no trust, no way, no cause, no parfit being is in
  richesse, of no suche knotte. Therfore another way muste we
  have.

CH. V. 1. thynge. 2. -throughe. 3. causen; _read_ causeth. arne; _read_ is.
7. arne. 8, 9. thynge (_twice_). moste.

10. thynge. moste. 11. false. 12. mote. 15. haste. 18. the. 19. suretie.
21. misease. 22. stretchen. debate. 24. arne. richesse; _read_ richesses.
25. propertie. 27-30. richesse; _read_ richesses (_thrice_). 35. nothynge.
40. coniunction. 41. howe maye. 42. lyfe. 43. richesse; _read_ richesses.
44-5. gatheryng.

50. gatheryng. folke. 53. aferde. 55. worthe. 57. golde. 58. whose. 59.
beautie. 60. set. 64-5. the (_twice_). 68. wolte. the apayde. 72. ease. 73.
maye. 75. great. 76. workeman. 77. Howe. bountie. 79. the. 81. bountie.
beautes. 83-4. haste (_thrice_).

86. me; _read_ men. 87. co_n_dytion. 88. the. 89. beautie. 91. encrease.
92. great. 93-6. put (_twice_). 101. shreude. 102. maye. 105. throwe out.
106. golde. 108. Howe. haste. 108-9. nowe. 111. misse medlyng. 112.
_Supply_ they. 113. floode greatly. 114. hemwarde. sande. made. 115.
floode. 116. out throw. 117. meanynge. 118. to; _read_ the. 120. sande.
121. shalte. thorowe.

122. beware. _I supply_ ne. 123. diseases. 124. Thorowe. nowe. partely.
126. maye. knytte. 129. false. 131. parfyte.

                          CHAPTER VI.

  Honour in dignite is wened to yeven a ful knot.'
  'Ye, certes,' quod I, 'and of that opinion ben many;
  for they sayn, dignite, with honour and reverence, causen hertes
  to encheynen, and so abled to be knit togither, for the excellence
  in soveraynte of such degrees.'                                         5

  'Now,' quod she, 'if dignite, honour, and reverence causen
  thilke knotte in herte, this knot is good and profitable. For
  every cause of a cause is cause of thing caused. Than thus:
  good thinges and profitable ben by dignite, honour, and reverence
  caused. _Ergo_, they accorden; and dignites ben good with              10
  reverences and honour. But contraries mowen not accorden.
  Wherfore, by reson, there shulde no dignitee, no reverence, non
  honour acorde with shrewes. But that is fals; they have ben
  cause to shrewes in many shreudnes; for with hem they accorden.
  _Ergo_, from beginning to argue ayenward til it come to the laste      15
  conclusion, they are not cause of the knot. Lo, al day at eye arn
  shrewes not in reverence, in honour, and in dignite? Yes, forsothe,
  rather than the good. Than foloweth it that shrewes
  rather than good shul ben cause of this knot. But of this [the]
  contrarie of al lovers is bileved, and for a sothe openly determined   20
  to holde.'

  'Now,' quod I, 'fayn wolde I here, how suche dignitees acorden
  with shrewes.'

  'O,' quod she, 'that wol I shewe in manifolde wyse. Ye wene
  (quod she) that dignites of office here in your cite is as the         25
  sonne; it shyneth bright withouten any cloude; [of] whiche thing,
  whan they comen in the handes of malicious tirauntes, there
  cometh moche harm, and more grevaunce therof than of the
  wilde fyre, though it brende al a strete. Certes, in dignite of
  office, the werkes of the occupyer shewen the malice and the           30
  badnesse in the person; with shrewes they maken manyfolde
  harmes, and moche people shamen. How often han rancours,
  for malice of the governour, shulde ben mainteyned? Hath not
  than suche dignitees caused debat, rumours, and yvels? Yes,
  god wot, by suche thinges have ben trusted to make mens understanding  35
  enclyne to many queynte thinges. Thou wottest wel
  what I mene.'

  'Ye,' quod I, 'therfore, as dignite suche thing in tene y-wrought,
  so ayenward, the substaunce in dignite chaunged, relyed to bring
  ayen good plyte in doing.'                                             40

  'Do way, do way,' quod she; 'if it so betyde, but that is
  selde, that suche dignite is betake in a good mannes governaunce,
  what thing is to recken in the dignitees goodnesse? Parde, the
  bountee and goodnesse is hers that usen it in good governaunce;
  and therfore cometh it that honour and reverence shulde ben            45
  don to dignite bycause of encresinge vertue in the occupyer,
  and not to the ruler bycause of soverayntee in dignite. Sithen
  dignite may no vertue cause, who is worthy worship for suche
  goodnesse? Not dignite, but person, that maketh goodnesse in
  dignite to shyne.'                                                     50

  'This is wonder thing,' quod I; 'for me thinketh, as the person
  in dignite is worthy honour for goodnesse, so, tho[ugh] a person
  for badnesse ma[u]gree hath deserved, yet the dignite leneth to
  be commended.'

  'Let be,' quod she, 'thou errest right foule; dignite with             55
  badnesse is helper to performe the felonous doing. Pardy, were
  it kyndly good, or any properte of kyndly vertue [that men]
  hadden in hem-selfe, shrewes shulde hem never have; with hem
  shulde they never accorde. Water and fyr, that ben contrarious,
  mowen nat togider ben assembled; kynde wol nat suffre suche            60
  contraries to joyne. And sithen at eye, by experience in doing,
  we seen that shrewes have hem more often than good men, siker
  mayst thou be, that kyndly good in suche thing is nat appropred.
  Pardy, were they kyndly good, as wel oon as other shulden
  evenlich in vertue of governaunce ben worthe; but oon fayleth in       65
  goodnesse, another doth the contrary; and so it sheweth, kyndly
  goodnesse in dignite nat be grounded. And this same reson
  (quod she) may be mad, in general, on al the bodily goodes;
  for they comen ofte to throw-out shrewes. After this, he is
  strong that hath might to have grete burthens, and he is light         70
  and swifte, that hath soverainte in ronning to passe other; right
  so he is a shrewe, on whom shreude thinges and badde han most
  werchinge. And right as philosophy maketh philosophers, and
  my service maketh lovers, right so, if dignites weren good or
  vertuous, they shulde maken shrewes good, and turne her malice,        75
  and make hem be vertuous. But that they do nat, as it is
  proved, but causen rancour and debat. _Ergo_, they be nat good,
  but utterly badde. Had Nero never ben Emperour, shulde
  never his dame have be slayn, to maken open the privite of his
  engendrure. Herodes, for his dignite, slew many children. The          80
  dignite of king John wolde have distroyed al England. Therfore
  mokel wysdom and goodnesse both, nedeth in a person, the
  malice in dignite slyly to brydel, and with a good bitte of arest
  to withdrawe, in case it wolde praunce otherwyse than it shulde.
  Trewly, ye yeve to dignites wrongful names in your cleping.            85
  They shulde hete, nat dignite, but moustre of badnesse and
  mayntenour of shrewes. Pardy, shyne the sonne never so bright,
  and it bringe forth no hete, ne sesonably the herbes out-bringe of
  the erthe, but suffre frostes and cold, and the erthe barayne to
  ligge by tyme of his compas in circute about, ye wolde wonder,         90
  and dispreyse that sonne! If the mone be at ful, and sheweth
  no light, but derke and dimme to your sight appereth, and make
  distruccion of the waters, wol ye nat suppose it be under cloude
  or in clips, and that som prevy thing, unknowen to your wittes,
  is cause of suche contrarious doinge? Than, if clerkes, that han       95
  ful insight and knowing of suche impedimentes, enforme you of
  the sothe, very idiottes ye ben, but-if ye yeven credence to thilk
  clerkes wordes. And yet it doth me tene, to sene many wrecches
  rejoycen in such maner planettes. Trewly, litel con[ne] they on
  philosophy, or els on my lore, that any desyr haven suche             100
  lightinge planettes in that wyse any more to shewe.'

  'Good lady,' quod I, 'tel me how ye mene in these thinges.'

  'Lo,' quod she, 'the dignites of your cite, sonne and mone,
  nothing in kynde shew their shyning as they shulde. For the
  sonne made no brenning hete in love, but freesed envye in             105
  mennes hertes, for feblenesse of shyning hete; and the moone
  was about, under an olde cloude, the livinges by waters to
  distroye.'

  'Lady,' quod I, 'it is supposed they had shyned as they
  shulde.'                                                              110

  'Ye,' quod she, 'but now it is proved at the ful, their beaute in
  kyndly shyning fayled; wherfore dignite of him-selven hath no
  beautee in fayrnesse, ne dryveth nat awaye vices, but encreseth;
  and so be they no cause of the knotte. Now see, in good trouth;
  holde ye nat such sonnes worthy of no reverence, and dignites         115
  worthy of no worship, that maketh men to do the more harmes?'

  'I not,' quod I.

  'No?' quod she; 'and thou see a wyse good man, for his
  goodnesse and wysnesse wolt thou nat do him worship? Therof
  he is worthy.'                                                        120

  'That is good skil,' quod I; 'it is dewe to suche, both reverence
  and worship to have.'

  'Than,' quod she, 'a shrewe, for his shreudnesse, altho he be
  put forth toforn other for ferde, yet is he worthy, for shrewdnesse,
  to be unworshipped; of reverence no part is he worthy to have,        125
  [that] to contrarious doing belongeth: and that is good skil.
  For, right as he besmyteth the dignites, thilke same thing ayenward
  him smyteth, or els shulde smyte. And over this thou wost
  wel (quod she) that fyr in every place heteth where it be, and
  water maketh wete. Why? For kyndely werking is so y-put in            130
  hem, to do suche thinges; for every kyndely in werking sheweth
  his kynde. But though a wight had ben mayre of your city
  many winter togider, and come in a straunge place there he were
  not knowen, he shulde for his dignite have no reverence. Than
  neither worshippe ne reverence is kyndely propre in no dignite,       135
  sithen they shulden don their kynde in suche doinge, if any were.
  And if reverence ne worshippe kyndely be not set in dignitees,
  and they more therein ben shewed than goodnesse, for that in
  dignite is shewed, but it proveth that goodnesse kyndely in hem
  is not grounded. I-wis, neither worshippe, ne reverence, ne           140
  goodnesse in dignite don non office of kynde; for they have non
  suche propertee in nature of doinge but by false opinion of the
  people. Lo! how somtyme thilke that in your city wern in
  dignite noble, if thou liste hem nempne, they ben now overturned
  bothe in worship, in name, and in reverence; wherfore                 145
  such dignites have no kyndly werching of worshippe and of
  reverence. He that hath no worthinesse on it-selfe, now it ryseth
  and now it vanissheth, after the variaunt opinion in false hertes
  of unstable people. Wherfore, if thou desyre the knotte of this
  jewel, or els if thou woldest suppose she shulde sette the knotte     150
  on thee for suche maner dignite, than thou wenest beautee or
  goodnesse of thilke somwhat encreseth the goodnesse or vertue in
  the body. But dignite[es] of hemself ben not good, ne yeven
  reverence ne worshippe by their owne kynde. How shulde they
  than yeve to any other a thing, that by no waye mowe they have        155
  hem-selfe? It is sene in dignite of the emperour and of many
  mo other, that they mowe not of hem-selve kepe their worshippe
  ne their reverence; that, in a litel whyle, it is now up and now
  downe, by unstedfaste hertes of the people. What bountee mowe
  they yeve that, with cloude, lightly leveth his shyninge? Certes,     160
  to the occupyer is mokel appeyred, sithen suche doinge doth
  villanye to him that may it not mayntayne. Wherfore thilke way
  to the knotte is croked; and if any desyre to come to the knot,
  he must leve this way on his lefte syde, or els shal he never come
  there.                                                                165

CH. VI. 3. sayne. 4. knytte. 6. Nowe. 12. reason. none. 13. false. 15.
ayenwarde. 16. arne. 19. _Supply_ the.

22. Nowe. fayne. howe. 26. _I supply_ of. thynge. 28. harme. 32. Howe. 34.
debate. 35. wote. 37. meane. 39. ayenwarde. 44. bountie. 45. honoure. 46.
done. encreasynge. 47. soverayntie. 53. magre. 57. _Supply_ that. men _and_
it. 59. fire.

61. ioyn. 62. sene. menne. 63. mayste. 64-5. one (_twice_). 66. dothe. 68.
made. 69. throwe out. 70. great burthyns. 77. debate. 80. slewe. 81.
Engla_n_de. 82. wysedom. 88. bring forthe. heate. 89. colde. 91. son. 93.
distruction. 94. some.

98. wretches. 99. con; _read_ conne. 100. desyre. 102. howe. mean. 107.
lyuenges. 111. nowe. 113. beautie. encreaseth. 114. Nowe se. 118. se. 119.
wysenesse wolte. 124. forthe toforne. 125. parte. 126. _I supply_ that.
127. ayenwarde. 128. woste. 129. fyre. heateth. 132. cytie.

141. done none. none. 142. propertie. 143. howe. cytie werne. 144. nowe.
147. _For_ He _read_ That thing? 147-8. nowe (_twice_). 151. the. beautie.
152. encreaseth. 153. dignite; _read_ dignitees. 154. howe. 155. thynge.
158. that that; _read_ that. nowe (_twice_). 159. bountie. 160. leaueth.
161. dothe. 162. maye. waye. 164. leaue. waye.

                          CHAPTER VII.

  Avayleth aught (quod she) power of might in mayntenaunce
  of [men, to maken hem] worthy to come to this
  knot?'

  'Parde,' quod I, 'ye; for hertes ben ravisshed from suche
  maner thinges.'                                                         5

  'Certes,' quod she, 'though a fooles herte is with thing
  ravisshed, yet therfore is no general cause of the powers, ne of
  a siker parfit herte to be loked after. Was not Nero the moste
  shrewe oon of thilke that men rede, and yet had he power to
  make senatours justices, and princes of many landes? Was not           10
  that greet power?'

  'Yes, certes,' quod I.

  'Wel,' quod she, 'yet might he not helpe him-selfe out of
  disese, whan he gan falle. How many ensamples canst thou
  remembre of kinges grete and noble, and huge power +helden, and        15
  yet they might not kepe hem-selve from wrecchednesse? How
  wrecched was king Henry Curtmantil er he deyde? He had not
  so moche as to cover with his membres; and yet was he oon
  of the grettest kinges of al the Normandes ofspring, and moste
  possession had. O! a noble thing and clere is power, that is not       20
  founden mighty to kepe him-selfe! Now, trewly, a greet fole is
  he, that for suche thing wolde sette the knotte in thyne herte!
  Also power of realmes, is not thilke grettest power amonges the
  worldly powers reckened? And if suche powers han wrecchednesse
  in hem-selfe, it foloweth other powers of febler condicion to          25
  ben wrecched; and than, that wrecchednesse shulde be cause of
  suche a knotte! But every wight that hath reson wot wel that
  wrecchednesse by no way may ben cause of none suche knotte;
  wherfore suche power is no cause. That powers have wrecchednesse
  in hem-selfe, may right lightly ben preved. If power lacke on          30
  any syde, on that syde is no power; but no power is wrecchednesse:
  for al-be-it so the power of emperours or kinges, or els
  of their realmes (which is the power of the prince) strecchen
  wyde and brode, yet besydes is ther mokel folk of whiche he
  hath no commaundement ne lordshippe; and there-as lacketh his          35
  power, his nonpower entreth, where-under springeth that maketh
  hem wrecches. No power is wrecchednesse and nothing els;
  but in this maner hath kinges more porcion of wrecchednesse
  than of power. Trewly, suche powers ben unmighty; for ever
  they ben in drede how thilke power from lesing may be keped            40
  of sorow; so drede sorily prikkes ever in their hertes: litel
  is that power whiche careth and ferdeth it-selfe to mayntayne.
  Unmighty is that wrecchednesse whiche is entred by the ferdful
  weninge of the wrecche him-selfe; and knot y-maked by wrecchednesse
  is betwene wrecches; and wrecches al thing bewaylen;                   45
  wherfore the knot shulde be bewayled; and there is no suche
  parfit blisse that we supposed at the ginning! _Ergo_, power in
  nothing shulde cause suche knottes. Wrecchednesse is a kyndely
  propertee in suche power, as by way of drede, whiche they mowe
  nat eschewe, ne by no way live in sikernesse. For thou wost wel        50
  (quod she) he is nought mighty that wolde don that he may not
  don ne perfourme.'

  'Therfore,' quod I, 'these kinges and lordes that han suffisaunce
  at the ful of men and other thinges, mowen wel ben
  holden mighty; their comaundementes ben don; it is nevermore           55
  denyed.'

  'Foole,' quod she, 'or he wot him-selfe mighty, or wot it
  not; for he is nought mighty that is blynde of his might and wot
  it not.'

  'That is sothe,' quod I.                                               60

  'Than if he wot it, he must nedes ben a-drad to lesen it. He
  that wot of his might is in doute that he mote nedes lese; and so
  ledeth him drede to ben unmighty. And if he recche not to lese,
  litel is that worth that of the lesing reson reccheth nothing; and
  if it were mighty in power or in strength, the lesing shulde ben       65
  withset; and whan it cometh to the lesing, he may it not withsitte.
  _Ergo_, thilke might is leude and naughty. Such mightes
  arn y-lyke to postes and pillers that upright stonden, and greet
  might han to bere many charges; and if they croke on any syde,
  litel thing maketh hem overthrowe.'                                    70

  'This is a good ensample,' quod I, 'to pillers and postes that
  I have seen overthrowed my-selfe; and hadden they ben underput
  with any helpes, they had not so lightly falle.'

  'Than holdest thou him mighty that hath many men armed
  and many servauntes; and ever he is adrad of hem in his herte;         75
  and, for he gasteth hem, somtyme he mot the more fere have.
  Comenly, he that other agasteth, other in him ayenward werchen
  the same; and thus warnisshed mot he be, and of warnisshe the
  hour drede. Litel is that might and right leude, who-so taketh
  hede.'                                                                 80

  'Than semeth it,' quod I, 'that suche famulers aboute kinges
  and grete lordes shulde greet might have. Although a sypher in
  augrim have no might in significacion of it-selve, yet he yeveth
  power in significacion to other; and these clepe I the helpes to
  a poste to kepe him from falling.'                                     85

  'Certes,' quod she, 'thilke skilles ben leude. Why? But-if
  the shorers be wel grounded, the helpes shulden slyden and suffre
  the charge to falle; her might litel avayleth.'

  'And so me thinketh,' quod I, 'that a poste alone, stonding
  upright upon a basse, may lenger in greet burthen endure than          90
  croken pilers for al their helpes, and her ground be not siker.'

  'That is sothe,' quod she; 'for as, [if] the blynde in bering of
  the lame ginne stomble, bothe shulde falle, right so suche pillers,
  so envyroned with helpes, in falling of the grounde fayleth
  +altogider. How ofte than suche famulers, in their moste pryde         95
  of prosperite, ben sodainly overthrowen! Thou hast knowe
  many in a moment so ferre overthrowe, that cover might they
  never. Whan the hevinesse of suche fayling cometh by case of
  fortune, they mowe it not eschue; and might and power, if ther
  were any, shulde of strength such thinges voyde and weyve; and        100
  so it is not. Lo, than! whiche thing is this power, that, tho men
  han it, they ben agast; and in no tyme of ful having be they
  siker! And if they wold weyve drede, as they mow not, litel is
  in worthines. Fye therfore on so naughty thing, any knot to
  cause! Lo! in adversite, thilk ben his foes that glosed and           105
  semed frendes in welth; thus arn his familiers his foes and his
  enemyes; and nothing is werse, ne more mighty for to anoy than
  is a familier enemy; and these thinges may they not weyve; so
  trewly their might is not worth a cresse. And over al thinge, he
  that may not withdrawe the brydel of his flesshly lustes and his      110
  wrecched complayntes (now think on thy-selfe) trewly he is not
  mighty; I can seen no way that lyth to the knotte. Thilke
  people than, that setten their hertes upon suche mightes and
  powers, often ben begyled. Parde, he is not mighty that may do
  any thing, that another may doon him the selve, and that men          115
  have as greet power over him as he over other. A justice that
  demeth men ayenward hath ben often demed. Buserus slew his
  gestes, and he was slayn of Hercules his geste. Hugest betraysshed
  many men, and of Collo was he betrayed. He that with
  swerde smyteth, with swerde shal be smitten.'                         120

  Than gan I to studyen a whyle on these thinges, and made
  a countenaunce with my hande in maner to ben huisht.

  'Now let seen,' quod she, 'me thinketh somwhat there is
  within thy soule, that troubleth thy understanding; saye on what
  it is.'                                                               125

  Quod I tho, 'me thinketh that, although a man by power have
  suche might over me, as I have over another, that disproveth no
  might in my person; but yet may I have power and might
  never-the-later.'

  'See now,' quod she, 'thyne owne leudenesse. He is mighty             130
  that may without wrecchednesse; and he is unmighty that may it
  not withsitte; but than he, that might over thee, and he wol,
  putte on thee wrecchednesse, thou might it not withsitte. _Ergo_,
  thou seest thy-selfe what foloweth! But now (quod she) woldest
  thou not skorne, and thou see a flye han power to don harm to         135
  an-other flye, and thilke have no might ne ayenturning him-selfe
  to defende?'

  'Yes, certes,' quod I.

  'Who is a frayler thing,' quod she, 'than the fleshly body of
  a man, over whiche have oftentyme flyes, and yet lasse thing than     140
  a flye, mokel might in grevaunce and anoying, withouten any
  withsittinge, for al thilke mannes mightes? And sithen thou
  seest thyne flesshly body in kyndely power fayle, how shulde than
  the accident of a thinge ben in more surete of beinge than
  substancial? Wherfore, thilke thinges that we clepe power is but      145
  accident to the flesshly body; and so they may not have that
  suretee in might, whiche wanteth in the substancial body. Why
  there is no way to the knotte, [for him] that loketh aright after
  the hye way, as he shulde.

CH. VII. 2. _I supply_ men, to maken hem. 8. parfyte. 9. one. 11. great.
14. disease. fal. Howe. canste. 15. great. holden; _read_ helden. 16.
wretchydnesse. Howe wretched. 18. one. 19. greatest. 20. thynge. 21. Nowe.
great. 23. greatest. 24. wretchydnesse (_several times_); wretched
(_several times_). 27. reason wote. 33. stretchen.

34. folke. 40. howe. 41. prickes. 47. parfyte. 49. propertie. 50. woste.
51-5. done (_thrice_). 57-62. wotte (_four times_). 61. a dradde. 63.
leadeth. retche. 64. worthe. reason retcheth. 68. arne. great. 69. beare.
70. thynge.

72. sene. 73. fal. 75. adradde. 76. mote. feare. 77. ayenwarde. 78. mote.
82. great (_twice_). Althoughe. 88. fal. 90. graet (_sic_). 91. grou_n_de.
92. _Supply_ if. bearyng. 93. fal. 95. al togyther. howe. 96. haste. 108.
enemye.

109. worthe. 110. maye. 111. wretched. nowe thynke. 112. sene. waye. lythe.
115. maye doone. 116. great. 117. ayenwarde. slewe. 118. slayne. 122.
huyshte. 123. Nowe. sene. 130. Se nowe. 131. maye. wretchydnesse. 132. the.
133. put. the wretchydnesse. 134. nowe. 135. se. done harme. 141. anoyeng.
143. howe.

147. suretie. 148. waye. _Supply_ for him. 149. waye.

                          CHAPTER VIII.

  Verily it is proved that richesse, dignite, and power ben not
  trewe way to the knotte, but as rathe by suche thinges the
  knotte to be unbounde; wherfore on these thinges I rede no
  wight truste to gette any good knotte. But what shul we saye of
  renome in the peoples mouthes? Shulde that ben any cause?               5
  What supposest thou in thyn herte?'

  'Certes,' quod I, 'yes, I trowe; for your slye resons I dare not
  safely it saye.'

  'Than,' quod she, 'wol I preve that shrewes as rathe shul ben
  in the knotte as the good; and that were ayenst kynde.'                10

  'Fayn,' quod I, 'wolde I that here; me thinketh wonder how
  renome shuld as wel knitte a shrewe as a good person; renome
  in every degree hath avaunced; yet wist I never the contrarye.
  Shulde than renome accorde with a shrewe? It may not sinke in
  my stomake til I here more.'                                           15

  'Now,' quod she, 'have I not sayd alwayes, that shrewes shul
  not have the knotte?'

  'What nedeth,' quod I, 'to reherse that any more? I wot wel
  every wight, by kyndely reson, shrewes in knitting wol eschewe.'

  'Than,' quod she, 'the good ought thilke knotte to have.'              20

  'How els?' quod I.

  'It were greet harm,' quod she, 'that the good were weyved
  and put out of espoire of the knotte, if he it desyred.'

  'O,' quod I, 'alas! On suche thing to thinke, I wene that
  heven wepeth to see suche wronges here ben suffred on erthe; the       25
  good ought it to have, and no wight els.'

  'The goodnesse,' quod she, 'of a person may not ben knowe
  outforth but by renome of the knowers; wherfore he must be
  renomed of goodnesse, to come to the knot.'

  'So must it be,' quod I, 'or els al lost that we carpen.'              30

  'Sothly,' quod she, 'that were greet harm, but-if a good man
  might have his desyres in service of thilke knot, and a shrewe to
  be +weyved, and they ben not knowen in general but by lacking
  and praysing, and in renome; and so by the consequence it
  foloweth, a shrewe to ben praysed and knit; and a good to be           35
  forsake and unknit.'

  'Ah,' quod I tho, 'have ye, lady, ben here abouten; yet wolde
  I see, by grace of our argumentes better declared, how good and
  bad do acorden by lacking and praysing; me thinketh it ayenst
  kynde.'                                                                40

  'Nay,' quod she, 'and that shalt thou see as yerne; these
  elementes han contrarious qualitees in kynde, by whiche they
  mowe not acorde no more than good and badde; and in [some]
  qualitees they acorde, so that contraries by qualite acorden by
  qualite. Is not erthe drye; and water, that is next and bitwene        45
  th'erthe, is wete? Drye and wete ben contrarie, and mowen not
  acorde, and yet this discordaunce is bounde to acorde by cloudes;
  for bothe elementes ben colde. Right so the eyre, that is next
  the water, is wete; and eke it is hot. This eyre by his hete
  contrarieth water that is cold; but thilke contrariouste is oned +by   50
  moysture; for bothe be they moyst. Also the fyr, that is next
  the +eyre and it encloseth al about, is drye, wherthrough it
  contrarieth +eyre, that is wete; and in hete they acorde; for
  bothe they ben hote. Thus by these acordaunces discordantes
  ben joyned, and in a maner of acordaunce they acorden by               55
  conneccion, that is, knitting togither; of that accorde cometh
  a maner of melodye that is right noble. Right so good and bad
  arn contrarie in doinges, by lacking and praysing; good is bothe
  lacked and praysed of some; and badde is bothe lacked and
  praysed of some; wherfore their contrarioustee acorde bothe by         60
  lacking and praysing. Than foloweth it, though good be never
  so mokel praysed, [it] oweth more to ben knit than the badde;
  or els bad, for the renome that he hath, must be taken as wel as
  the good; and that oweth not.'

  'No, forsothe,' quod I.                                                65

  'Wel,' quod she, 'than is renome no way to the knot. Lo,
  foole,' quod she, 'how clerkes wryten of suche glorie of renome:--"O
  glorie, glorie, thou art non other thing to thousandes of folke
  but a greet sweller of eeres!" Many oon hath had ful greet renome
  by false opinion of variaunt people. And what is fouler than           70
  folk wrongfully to ben praysed, or by malice of the people giltlesse
  lacked? Nedes shame foloweth therof to hem that with wrong
  prayseth, and also to the desertes praysed; and vilanye and
  reproof of him that disclaundreth.

  Good child (quod she) what echeth suche renome to the                  75
  conscience of a wyse man, that loketh and mesureth his goodnesse,
  not by slevelesse wordes of the people, but by sothfastnesse
  of conscience? By god, nothing. And if it be fayr, a mans name
  be eched by moche folkes praysing, and fouler thing that mo folk
  not praysen? I sayd to thee a litel here-beforn, that no folk in       80
  straunge countreyes nought praysen; suche renome may not
  comen to their eeres, bycause of unknowing and other obstacles,
  as I sayde: wherfore more folk not praysen, and that is right foul
  to him that renome desyreth, to wete, lesse folk praisen than
  renome enhaunce. I trowe, the thank of a people is naught              85
  worth in remembraunce to take; ne it procedeth of no wyse
  jugement; never is it stedfast pardurable. It is veyne and fleing;
  with winde wasteth and encreseth. Trewly, suche glorie ought to
  be hated. If gentillesse be a cleer thing, renome and glorie to
  enhaunce, as in reckening of thy linage, than is gentilesse of thy     90
  kinne; for-why it semeth that gentilesse of thy kinne is but
  praysing and renome that come of thyne auncestres desertes:
  and if so be that praysing and renome of their desertes make
  their clere gentillesse, than mote they nedes ben gentil for their
  gentil dedes, and not thou; for of thy-selfe cometh not such           95
  maner gentilesse, praysinge of thy desertes. Than gentillesse of
  thyne auncesters, that forayne is to thee, maketh thee not gentil,
  but ungentil and reproved, and-if thou continuest not their
  gentilesse. And therfore a wyse man ones sayde: "Better is it
  thy kinne to ben by thee gentyled, than thou to glorifye of thy       100
  kinnes gentilesse, and hast no desert therof thy-selfe."

  How passinge is the beautee of flesshly bodyes, more flittinge
  than movable floures of sommer! And if thyne eyen weren as good
  as the lynx, that may seen thorow many stone walles, bothe fayre
  and foule, in their entrayles, of no maner hewe shulde apere to       105
  thy sight; that were a foule sight. Than is fayrnesse by feblesse
  of eyen, but of no kynde; wherfore thilke shulde be no way to
  the knot; whan thilke is went, the knotte wendeth after. Lo,
  now, at al proves, none of al these thinges mowe parfitly ben in
  understanding, to ben way to the during blisse of the knotte.         110
  But now, to conclusion of these maters, herkeneth these wordes.
  Very sommer is knowe from the winter: in shorter cours draweth
  the dayes of Decembre than in the moneth of June; the springes
  of Maye faden and +falowen in Octobre. These thinges ben not
  unbounden from their olde kynde; they have not lost her werke         115
  of their propre estat. Men, of voluntarious wil, withsitte that
  hevens governeth. Other thinges suffren thinges paciently to
  werche; man, in what estat he be, yet wolde he ben chaunged.
  Thus by queynt thinges blisse is desyred; and the fruit that
  cometh of these springes nis but anguis and bitter; al-though it      120
  be a whyle swete, it may not be with-holde; hastely they departe;
  thus al-day fayleth thinges that fooles wende. Right thus hast
  thou fayled in thy first wening. He that thinketh to sayle, and drawe
  after the course of the sterre _de polo antartico_, shal he never
  come northward to the contrarye sterre of _polus articus_; of whiche  125
  thinges if thou take kepe, thy first out-waye-going "prison" and
  "exile" may be cleped. The ground falsed underneth, and so
  hast thou fayled. No wight, I wene, blameth him that stinteth
  in misgoing, and secheth redy way of his blisse. Now me
  thinketh (quod she) that it suffyseth in my shewing; the wayes        130
  by dignete, richesse, renome, and power, if thou loke clerely, arn
  no wayes to the knotte.'

CH. VIII. 2. waye. 11. Fayne. howe. 14. maye. 16. Nowe. 18. wotte. 19.
reason. 21. Howe. 22. great harme. 25. se.

31. great harme. 33. veyned; _read_ weyued. 38. se. howe. 41. se. 42.
qualyties. 43. _I supply_ some. 46. therthe. 49. hotte. 50. colde.
co_n_trariousty. my; _read_ by. 51. fyre. 52. erthe; _read_ eyre (_twice_).
56. connection. 58. arne. 60. contraryoustie. 62. _I supply_ it. 66. waye.
67. howe.

68. arte none. thynge. 69. great. one. great. 71. folke. 74. reprofe. 75.
chylde. 76. measureth. 78. fayre. 79. folke. 80. the. beforne. folke. 83.
folke. foule. 84. folke. 85. thanke. 86. worthe. 88. encreaseth. 89. clear
thynge. 97-100. the (_thrice_). 101. haste. deserte. 102. Howe. beautie.
104. maye sene thorowe.

106. fayrenesse. 109-111. nowe (_twice_). 110. waye. 111. nowe. 114.
folowen; _read_ falowen. 115. loste. 116. estate. 119. fruite. 121. maye.
122. al-daye. haste. 125. northwarde. 127. grounde. 129. Nowe. 132. ways.

                          CHAPTER IX.

  'Every argument, lady,' quod I tho, 'that ye han maked in
  these fore-nempned maters, me thinketh hem in my ful
  witte conceyved; shal I no more, if god wil, in the contrarye be
  begyled. But fayn wolde I, and it were your wil, blisse of the
  knotte to me were declared. I might fele the better how my              5
  herte might assente, to pursue the ende in service, as he hath
  begonne.'

  'O,' quod she, 'there is a melodye in heven, whiche clerkes
  clepen "armony"; but that is not in brekinge of voice, but it is
  a maner swete thing of kyndely werching, that causeth joye[s]          10
  out of nombre to recken, and that is joyned by reson and by
  wysdome in a quantite of proporcion of knitting. God made al
  thing in reson and in witte of proporcion of melody, we mowe not
  suffyse to shewe. It is written by grete clerkes and wyse, that,
  in erthly thinges, lightly by studye and by travayle the knowinge      15
  may be getten; but of suche hevenly melody, mokel travayle wol
  bringe out in knowing right litel. Swetenesse of this paradyse
  hath you ravisshed; it semeth ye slepten, rested from al other
  diseses; so kyndely is your herte therein y-grounded. Blisse of
  two hertes, in ful love knitte, may not aright ben imagined; ever      20
  is their contemplacion, in ful of thoughty studye to plesaunce,
  mater in bringinge comfort everiche to other. And therfore, of
  erthly thinges, mokel mater lightly cometh in your lerning.
  Knowledge of understonding, that is nigh after eye, but not so
  nigh the covetyse of knittinge in your hertes. More soverain           25
  desyr hath every wight in litel heringe of hevenly conninge than
  of mokel material purposes in erthe. Right so it is in propertee
  of my servauntes, that they ben more affiched in steringe of litel
  thinge in his desyr than of mokel other mater lasse in his
  conscience. This blisse is a maner of sowne delicious in               30
  a queynte voice touched, and no dinne of notes; there is non
  impression of breking labour. I can it not otherwyse nempne,
  for wantinge of privy wordes, but paradyse terrestre ful of delicious
  melody, withouten travayle in sown, perpetual service in ful joye
  coveyted to endure. Only kynde maketh hertes in understonding          35
  so to slepe, that otherwyse may it nat be nempned, ne in other
  maner names for lyking swetnesse can I nat it declare; al sugre
  and hony, al minstralsy and melody ben but soot and galle in
  comparison, by no maner proporcion to reken, in respect of this
  blisful joye. This armony, this melody, this perdurable joye may       40
  nat be in doinge but betwene hevens and elementes, or twey
  kyndly hertes ful knit in trouth of naturel understonding, withouten
  weninge and disceit; as hevens and planettes, whiche thinges
  continually, for kyndly accordaunces, foryeteth al contrarious
  mevinges, that in-to passive diseses may sowne; evermore it            45
  thirsteth after more werking. These thinges in proporcion be
  so wel joyned, that it undoth al thing whiche in-to badnesse by any
  way may be accompted.'

  'Certes,' quod I, 'this is a thing precious and noble. Alas!
  that falsnesse ever, or wantrust shulde ever be maynteyned, this       50
  joye to voyde. Alas! that ever any wrecche shulde, thorow wrath
  or envy, janglinge dare make, to shove this melody so farre
  a-backe, that openly dar it nat ben used; trewly, wrecches ben
  fulfilled with envy and wrathe, and no wight els. Flebring
  and tales in suche wrecches dare appere openly in every wightes        55
  eere, with ful mouth so charged, [with] mokel malice moved
  many innocentes to shende; god wolde their soule therwith were
  strangled! Lo! trouth in this blisse is hid, and over-al under
  covert him hydeth; he dar not come a-place, for waytinge of
  shrewes. Commenly, badnesse goodnesse amaistreth; with my-selfe        60
  and my soule this joye wolde I bye, if the goodnesse were
  as moche as the nobley in melody.'

  'O,' quod she, 'what goodnesse may be acompted more in
  this material worlde? Truly, non; that shalt thou understonde.
  Is nat every thing good that is contrariant and distroying yvel?'      65

  'How els?' quod I.

  'Envy, wrathe, and falsnesse ben general,' quod she; 'and
  that wot every man being in his right mynde; the knotte, the
  whiche we have in this blisse, is contrariaunt and distroyeth such
  maner yvels. _Ergo_, it is good. What hath caused any wight            70
  to don any good dede? Fynd me any good, but-if this knotte
  be the cheef cause.  Nedes mot it be good, that causeth so
  many good dedes. Every cause is more and worthier than thing
  caused; and in that mores possession al thinges lesse ben
  compted. As the king is more than his people, and hath in              75
  possession al his realme after, right so the knot is more than
  al other goodes; thou might recken al thinges lasse; and that
  to him longeth, oweth in-to his mores cause of worship and of
  wil +to turne; it is els rebel and out of his mores defending to
  voyde. Right so of every goodnesse; in-to the knotte and               80
  in-to the cause of his worship [it] oweth to tourne. And trewly,
  every thing that hath being profitably is good, but nothing hath
  to ben more profitably than this knot; kinges it mayntayneth,
  and hem, their powers to mayntayne. It maketh misse to ben
  amended with good governaunce in doing. It closeth hertes              85
  so togider, that rancour is out-thresten. Who that it lengest
  kepeth, lengest is glad[d]ed.'

  'I trowe,' quod I, 'heretykes and misse-mening people hence-forward
  wol maintayne this knotte; for therthorough shul they
  ben maintayned, and utterly wol turne and leve their olde yvel         90
  understanding, and knitte this goodnesse, and profer so ferre
  in service, that name of servauntes might they have. Their
  jangles shal cese; me thinketh hem lacketh mater now to alege.'

  'Certes,' quod Love, 'if they, of good wil thus turned, as thou
  sayst, wolen trewly perfourme, yet shul they be abled party            95
  of this blisse to have; and they wol not, yet shul my servauntes
  the werre wel susteyne in myn helpe of maintenaunce to the ende.
  And they, for their good travayle, shullen in reward so ben meded,
  that endelesse joye body and soule +to-gider in this shullen
  abyden. There is ever accion of blisse withouten possible             100
  corrupcion; there is accion perpetuel in werke without travayle;
  there is everlasting passife, withouten any of labour; continuel
  plyte, without cesinge coveyted to endure. No tonge may telle,
  ne herte may thinke the leest point of this blisse.'

  'God bring me thider!' quod I than.                                   105

  'Continueth wel,' quod she, 'to the ende, and thou might not
  fayle than; for though thou spede not here, yet shal the passion
  of thy martred lyfe ben written, and rad toforn the grete Jupiter,
  that god is of routhe, an high in the holownesse of heven, there
  he sit in his trone; and ever thou shalt forward ben holden           110
  amonge al these hevins for a knight, that mightest with no
  penaunce ben discomfited. He is a very martyr that, livingly
  goinge, is gnawen to the bones.'

  'Certes,' quod I, 'these ben good wordes of comfort; a litel
  myne herte is rejoyced in a mery wyse.'                               115

  'Ye,' quod she; 'and he that is in heven felith more joye,
  than whan he firste herde therof speke.'

  'So it is,' quod I; 'but wist I the sothe, that after disese
  comfort wolde folowe with blisse, so as ye have often declared,
  I wolde wel suffre this passion with the better chere. But my         120
  thoughtful sorowe is endelesse, to thinke how I am cast out
  of a welfare; and yet dayneth not this yvel non herte, non hede,
  to meward throwe: which thinges wolde greetly me by wayes
  of comfort disporte, to weten in my-selfe a litel with other me[n]
  ben y-moved; and my sorowes peysen not in her balaunce the            125
  weyght of a peese. Slinges of her daunger so hevily peysen,
  they drawe my causes so hye, that in her eyen they semen but
  light and right litel.'

  'O! for,' quod she, 'heven with skyes that foule cloudes
  maken and darke +weders, with gret tempestes and huge,                130
  maketh the mery dayes with softe shyning sonnes. Also the
  yere with-draweth floures and beautee of herbes and of erth;
  the same +yere maketh springes and jolite in Vere so to renovel
  with peinted coloures, that erthe semeth as gay as heven. Sees
  that blasteth and with wawes throweth shippes, of whiche the          135
  living creatures for greet peril for hem dreden; right so, the
  same sees maketh smothe waters and golden sayling, and comforteth
  hem with noble haven that firste were so ferde. Hast
  thou not (quod she) lerned in thy youth, that Jupiter hath in
  his warderobe bothe garmentes of joye and of sorowe? What             140
  wost thou how soone he wol turne of the garment of care,
  and clothe thee in blisse? Parde, it is not ferre fro thee. Lo,
  an olde proverbe aleged by many wyse:--"Whan bale is greetest,
  than is bote a nye-bore." Wherof wilt thou dismaye? Hope
  wel and serve wel; and that shal thee save, with thy good bileve.'    145

  'Ye, ye,' quod I; 'yet see I not by reson how this blisse
  is coming; I wot it is contingent; it may falle on other.'

  'O,' quod she, 'I have mokel to done to clere thyne understanding,
  and voyde these errours out of thy mynde. I wol
  prove it by reson, thy wo may not alway enduren. Every thing          150
  kyndely (quod she) is governed and ruled by the hevenly bodyes,
  whiche haven ful werchinge here on erthe; and after course
  of these bodyes, al course of your doinges here ben governed
  and ruled by kynde.

  Thou wost wel, by cours of planettes al your dayes proceden;          155
  and to everich of singuler houres be enterchaunged stondmele
  about, by submitted worching naturally to suffre; of whiche
  changes cometh these transitory tymes that maketh revolving of
  your yeres thus stondmele; every hath ful might of worchinge,
  til al seven han had her course about. Of which worchinges and        160
  possession of houres the dayes of the weke have take her names,
  after denominacion in these seven planettes. Lo, your Sonday
  ginneth at the first hour after noon on the Saturday, in whiche
  hour is than the Sonne in ful might of worching; of whom Sonday
  taketh his name. Next him foloweth Venus, and after                   165
  Mercurius, and than the Moone; so than Saturnus, after whom
  Jovis; and than Mars; and ayen than the Sonne; and so forth
  +by .xxiiii. houres togider; in whiche hour ginning in the seconde
  day stant the Moone, as maister for that tyme to rule; of whom
  Monday taketh his name; and this course foloweth of al other          170
  dayes generally in doing. This course of nature of these bodyes
  chaunging stinten at a certain terme, limitted by their first kynde;
  and of hem al governementes in this elemented worlde proceden,
  as in springes, constellacions, engendrures, and al that folowen
  kynde and reson; wherfore [in] the course that foloweth, sorowe       175
  and joy kyndely moten entrechangen their tymes; so that
  alway oon wele, as alway oon wo, may not endure. Thus seest
  thou appertly, thy sorowe in-to wele mot ben chaunged; wherfore
  in suche case to better syde evermore enclyne thou shuldest.
  Trewly, next the ende of sorowe anon entreth joy; by maner            180
  of necessite it wol ne may non other betyde; and so thy conti[n]gence
  is disproved; if thou holde this opinion any more, thy
  wit is right leude. Wherfore, in ful conclusion of al this, thilke
  Margaryte thou desyrest hath ben to thee dere in thy herte, and
  for her hast thou suffred many thoughtful diseses; herafter shal      185
  [she] be cause of mokel mirth and joye; and loke how glad canst
  thou ben, and cese al thy passed hevinesse with manifolde
  joyes. And than wol I as blythly here thee speken thy mirthes
  in joye, as I now have y-herd thy sorowes and thy complayntes.
  And if I mowe in aught thy joye encrese, by my trouthe, on            190
  my syde shal nat be leved for no maner traveyle, that I with
  al my mightes right blythly wol helpe, and ever ben redy you
  bothe to plese.' And than thanked I that lady with al goodly
  maner that I worthily coude; and trewly I was greetly rejoysed
  in myne herte of her fayre behestes; and profered me to be            195
  slawe, in al that she me wolde ordeyne, while my lyf lested.

CH. IX. 4. fayne. 5. howe.

10. ioye; _read_ joyes. 11-3. reason. 14. great. 19. diseases. hertes;
_read_ herte. 22. comforte. 24-5. nyghe (_twice_). 25. soueraine desyre.
27. propertie. 29. desyre. 31. none. 32. breakynge laboure. canne. 35.
Onely. 38. soote. 39. respecte.

45. diseases. 51. wretch. thorowe. 53. dare. 53-5. wretches. 56. eare. _I
supply_ with. 57. innocte_n_es; _misprint for_ innoce_n_tes. 59. dare. 65.
distroyeng. 66. Howe. 71. Fynde. 72. chefe. mote. 73. thynge. 79. do;
_read_ to, _as in_ l. 81. 81. _Supply_ it.

88. meanynge. 89. forwarde. 90. leaue. 93. cease. nowe. 99. togyther.
100-1. action (_twice_). 103. ceasynge. tel. 104. hert. 108. radde toforne.
great. 110. sytte. forwarde. 114. comforte. 118. disease comforte.

121. howe. 122. none (_twice_). 123. mewarde. greatly. 124. comforte. me;
_read_ men? 130. wethers; _read_ weders. 132. beautie. 133. yeres; _read_
yere. 136. great. 141. howe. 142. the. 143. greatest. 144. wylte. 145. the.
146. se. reason howe. 147. wote. fal. 150. reason.

162. denomination. 168. be; _for_ by. 169. stante. 172. certayne. 175.
_Supply_ in. 177. on (_for_ oon; _twice_). 178. mote. 181. contygence. 184.
the. 185. diseases. 186. _Supply_ she. howe. canste. 187. cease. 188. the.
189. ioy. nowe. yherde. 190. encrease. 191. leaued.

194. worthely. greatly. 195. hert. 196. lyfe.

                          CHAPTER X.

  'Me thinketh,' quod I, 'that ye have right wel declared,
  that way to the knot shuld not ben in none of these
  disprovinge thinges; and now, order of our purpos this asketh,
  that ye shulde me shewe if any way be +thider, and whiche
  thilke way shulde ben; so that openly may be seye the verry             5
  hye way in ful confusioun of these other thinges.'

  'Thou shalt,' quod she, 'understande that [of] one of three
  lyves (as I first sayd) every creature of mankynde is sprongen,
  and so forth procedeth. These lyves ben thorow names departed
  in three maner of kyndes, as bestialliche, manliche, and resonabliche; 10
  of whiche two ben used by flesshely body, and the thirde
  by his soule. "Bestial" among resonables is forboden in every
  lawe and every secte, bothe in Cristen and other; for every
  wight dispyseth hem that liveth by lustes and delytes, as him
  that is thral and bounden servaunt to thinges right foule; suche       15
  ben compted werse than men; he shal nat in their degree ben
  rekened, ne for suche one alowed. Heritykes, sayn they, chosen
  lyf bestial, that voluptuously liven; so that (as I first sayde to
  thee) in manly and resonable livinges our mater was to declare;
  but [by] "manly" lyfe, in living after flesshe, or els flesshly wayes  20
  to chese, may nat blisse in this knotte be conquered, as by reson
  it is proved. Wherfore by "resonable" lyfe he must nedes it
  have, sithe a way is to this knotte, but nat by the firste tway lyves;
  wherfore nedes mot it ben to the thirde; and for to live in flesshe,
  but nat after flessh, is more resonablich than manliche rekened        25
  by clerkes. Therfore how this way cometh in, I wol it blythely
  declare.

  See now (quod she) that these bodily goodes of manliche
  livinges yelden +sorowfulle stoundes and smertande houres. Who-so
  +wol remembre him to their endes, in their worchinges they             30
  ben thoughtful and sorie. Right as a bee that hath had his hony,
  anon at his flight beginneth to stinge; so thilke bodily goodes at
  the laste mote awaye, and than stinge they at her goinge, wherthrough
  entreth and clene voydeth al blisse of this knot.'

  'Forsothe,' quod I, 'me thinketh I am wel served, in shewing           35
  of these wordes. Although I hadde litel in respect among other
  grete and worthy, yet had I a fair parcel, as me thought, for the
  tyme, in forthering of my sustenaunce; whiche while it dured,
  I thought me havinge mokel hony to myne estat. I had richesse
  suffisauntly to weyve nede; I had dignite to be reverenced in          40
  worship. Power me thought that I had to kepe fro myne enemyes,
  and me semed to shyne in glorie of renome as manhood asketh
  in mene; for no wight in myne administracion coude non yvels
  ne trechery by sothe cause on me putte. Lady, your-selve
  weten wel, that of tho confederacies maked by my soverains             45
  I nas but a servaunt, and yet mokel mene folk wol fully ayenst
  reson thilke maters maynteyne, in whiche mayntenaunce [they]
  glorien them-selfe; and, as often ye haven sayd, therof ought
  nothing in yvel to be layd to me-wardes, sithen as repentaunt
  I am tourned, and no more I thinke, neither tho thinges ne             50
  none suche other to sustene, but utterly distroye, without medlinge
  maner, in al my mightes. How am I now cast out of al
  swetnesse of blisse, and mischevously [is] stongen my passed
  joy! Soroufully muste I bewayle, and live as a wrecche.

  Every of tho joyes is tourned in-to his contrary. For richesse,        55
  now have I poverte; for dignite, now am I emprisoned; in
  stede of power, wrecchednesse I suffre; and for glorie of renome,
  I am now dispysed and foulich hated. Thus hath farn Fortune,
  that sodaynly am I overthrowen, and out of al welth dispoyled.
  Trewly, me thinketh this way in entree is right hard; god graunt       60
  me better grace er it be al passed; the other way, lady, me
  thought right swete.'

  'Now, certes,' quod Love, 'me list for to chyde. What ayleth
  thy darke dulnesse? Wol it nat in clerenesse ben sharped?
  Have I nat by many resons to thee shewed, suche bodily goodes          65
  faylen to yeve blisse, their might so ferforth wol nat strecche?
  Shame (quod she) it is to say, thou lyest in thy wordes. Thou
  ne hast wist but right fewe that these bodily goodes had al atones;
  commenly they dwellen nat togider. He that plente hath in riches,
  of his kinne is ashamed; another of linage right noble and wel         70
  knowe, but povert him handleth; he were lever unknowe.
  Another hath these, but renome of peoples praysing may he nat
  have; overal he is hated and defamed of thinges right foule.
  Another is fair and semely, but dignite him fayleth; and he that
  hath dignite is croked or lame, or els misshapen and foully dispysed.  75
  Thus partable these goodes dwellen commenly; in one
  houshold ben they but silde. Lo! how wrecched is your truste
  on thing that wol nat accorde! Me thinketh, thou clepest thilke
  plyte thou were in "selinesse of fortune"; and thou sayest, for
  that the selinesse is departed, thou art a wrecch. Than foloweth       80
  this upon thy wordes; every soule resonable of man may nat dye;
  and if deth endeth selinesse and maketh wrecches, as nedes of
  fortune maketh it an ende. Than soules, after deth of the body,
  in wrecchednesse shulde liven. But we knowe many that han
  geten the blisse of heven after their deth. How than may this          85
  lyf maken men blisful, that whan it passeth it yeveth no wrecchednesse,
  and many tymes blisse, if in this lyfe he con live as he
  shulde? And wolt thou acompt with Fortune, that now at [t]he
  first she hath don thee tene and sorowe? If thou loke to the
  maner of al glad thinges and sorouful, thou mayst nat nay it, that     90
  yet, and namely now, thou standest in noble plyte in a good
  ginning, with good forth-going herafter. And if thou wene to be
  a wrecch, for such welth is passed, why than art thou nat wel
  fortunate, for badde thinges and anguis wrecchednesse ben passed?
  Art thou now come first in-to the hostry of this lyfe, or els the      95
  both of this worlde? Art thou now a sodayn gest in-to this
  wrecched exile? Wenest there be any thing in this erthe stable?
  Is nat thy first arest passed, that brought thee in mortal sorowe?
  Ben these nat mortal thinges agon with ignorance of beestial wit,
  and hast receyved reson in knowing of vertue? What comfort is         100
  in thy herte, the knowinge sikerly in my service [to] be grounded?
  And wost thou nat wel, as I said, that deth maketh ende of al
  fortune? What than? Standest thou in noble plyte, litel hede
  or recking to take, if thou let fortune passe dy[i]ng, or els that
  she fly whan her list, now by thy lyve? Pardy, a man hath             105
  nothing so leef as his lyf; and for to holde that, he doth al his
  cure and diligent traveyle. Than, say I, thou art blisful and
  fortunat sely, if thou knowe thy goodes that thou hast yet
  +beleved, whiche nothing may doute that they ne ben more worthy
  than thy lyf?'                                                        110

  'What is that?' quod I.

  'Good contemplacion,' quod she, 'of wel-doing in vertue in tyme
  coming, bothe in plesaunce of me and of thy Margarit-peerle.
  Hastely thyn hert in ful blisse with her shal be esed. Therfore dismay
  thee nat; Fortune, in hate grevously ayenst thy bodily person,        115
  ne yet to gret tempest hath she nat sent to thee, sithen the holding
  cables and ankers of thy lyfe holden by knitting so faste, that
  thou discomforte thee nought of tyme that is now, ne dispayre
  thee not of tyme to come, but yeven thee comfort in hope of
  weldoing, and of getting agayn the double of thy lesing, with         120
  encresing love of thy Margarite-perle therto! For this, hiderto,
  thou hast had al her ful daunger; and so thou might amende al
  that is misse and al defautes that somtyme thou diddest; and
  that now, in al thy tyme, to that ilke Margaryte in ful service of
  my lore thyne herte hath continued; wherfore she ought moche          125
  the rather enclyne fro her daungerous sete. These thinges ben
  yet knit by the holding anker in thy lyve, and holden mote they;
  to god I pray, al these thinges at ful ben perfourmed. For whyle
  this anker holdeth, I hope thou shalt safely escape; and [in a]
  whyle thy trewe-mening service aboute bringe, in dispyte of al        130
  false meners that thee of-newe haten; for [in] this trewe service
  thou art now entred.'

  'Certayn,' quod I, 'among thinges I asked a question, whiche
  was the way to the knot. Trewly, lady, how-so it be I tempt you
  with questions and answers, in speking of my first service, I am      135
  now in ful purpos in the pricke of the herte, that thilke service
  was an enprisonment, and alway bad and naughty, in no maner
  to be desyred; ne that, in getting of the knot, may it nothing
  aveyle. A wyse gentil herte loketh after vertue, and none other
  bodily joyes alone. And bycause toforn this in tho wayes I was        140
  set, I wot wel my-selfe I have erred, and of the blisse fayled; and
  so out of my way hugely have I ronne.'

  'Certes,' quod she, 'that is sothe; and there thou hast miswent,
  eschewe the path from hens-forward, I rede. Wonder
  I trewly why the mortal folk of this worlde seche these ways          145
  outforth; and it is preved in your-selfe. Lo, how ye ben confounded
  with errour and folly! The knowing of very cause and way is
  goodnesse and vertue. Is there any thing to thee more precious
  than thy-selfe? Thou shalt have in thy power that thou woldest
  never lese, and that in no way may be taken fro thee; and thilke      150
  thing is that is cause of this knot. And if deth mowe it nat reve
  more than an erthly creature, thilke thing than abydeth with thy-selfe
  soule. And so, our conclusion to make, suche a knot, thus
  getten, abydeth with this thinge and with the soule, as long as
  they laste. A soule dyeth never; vertu and goodnesse evermore         155
  with the soule endureth; and this knot is parfit blisse. Than
  this soule in this blisse endlesse shal enduren. Thus shul hertes
  of a trewe knot ben esed: thus shul their soules ben plesed: thus
  perpetually in joye shul they singe.'

  'In good trouth,' quod I, 'here is a good beginning; yeve us          160
  more of this way.'

  Quod she, 'I said to thee nat longe sithen, that resonable lyf
  was oon of three thinges; and it was proved to the soule.

CH. X. 3. nowe. purpose. 4. thyther. 5. maye be sey. 6. waye. 7. _I supply_
of. 7-10. thre (_twice_). 9. thorowe. 13. christen. 17. sayne. 18. lyfe.
19. the. lyueng_es_. 20. _Supply_ by. lyueng. 21. reason. 24. mote. 26.
howe. waye. 28. Se nowe. 29. lyuenges. soroufully; _read_ sorowfulle. 30.
wele; _read_ wol.

31. hadde. 32. anone. 36. respecte amonge. 37. great. faire. 39. estate.
42. manhode. 43. meane. -tion. 46. meane folke. 47. reason. _I supply_
they. 48. sayde. 49. nothynge. layde. 52. Howe. nowe caste. 53. _Supply_
is. 54. wretche. 56. nowe (_thrice_). 57. wretchednesse. 58. nowe. 60.
entre. harde. 61. ladye. 63. Nowe. 65. reasons. the. 66. ferforthe.
stretche.

74. faire. 75. fouly. 77. sylde. howe reetched (!). 80. arte a wretch. 82.
dethe. wretches. 83. dethe. 84-6. wretchednesse. 85. dethe. Howe. 86. lyfe.
88. wolte. now. he; _read_ the. 89. done the. 91. nowe. 93. wretch. 94.
wretchednesse. 95-6. nowe (_twice_). 96. sodayne. 97. wretched. thynge. 98.
the (_sic_). 100. reason. co_m_forte. 101. hert. _I supply_ to. 102. woste.

104. rcekyng. dyng (_sic_). 106. lefe. lyfe. 109. beloued; _read_ beleued.
nothynge. 112. conte_m_plation. 114. eased. 115-9. the (_five times_). 119.
comforte. 120. agayne. encreasynge. 129. shalte. _Supply_ in a. 130.
meanyng. 131. meaners. the. _Supply_ in. 132. arte nowe. 133. Certayn
_begins with a large capital_ C, _on fol._ 306, verso. amonge. 134. howe.
136. nowe. purpose. 136-9. hert.

140. toforne. 141. sette. wote. 142. ron. 144. pathe. -forwarde. 145.
folke. 146. howe. 148. thynge. the. 150. the. 151. dethe. 152. thynge. 155.
last. 156. p_ar_fite. 158. eased. pleased. 162. the. lyfe. 163. one. thre.

                          CHAPTER XI.

  Every soule of reson hath two thinges of stering lyf, oon in
  vertue, and another in the bodily workinge; and whan the
  soule is the maister over the body, than is a man maister of him-selfe.
  And a man, to be a maister over him-selfe, liveth in vertu and
  in goodnesse, and as reson of vertue techeth. So the soule and the      5
  body, worching vertue togider, liven resonable lyf, whiche clerkes
  clepen "felicite in living"; and therein is the hye way to this knot.
  These olde philosophers, that hadden no knowing of divine grace,
  of kyndly reson alone, wenden that of pure nature, withouten any
  helpe of grace, me might have y-shoned th'other livinges.              10
  Resonably have I lived; and for I thinke herafter, if god wol,
  and I have space, thilke grace after my leude knowing declare,
  I leve it as at this tyme. But, as I said, he that out-forth loketh
  after the wayes of this knot, [his] conning with whiche he shulde
  knowe the way in-forth, slepeth for the tyme. Wherfore he that         15
  wol this way knowe, must leve the loking after false wayes out-forth,
  and open the eyen of his conscience, and unclose his herte.
  Seest nat, he that hath trust in the bodily lyfe is so besy bodily
  woundes to anointe, in keping from smert (for al-out may they nat
  be heled), that of woundes in his true understanding he taketh no      20
  hede; the knowing evenforth slepeth so harde: but anon, as in
  knowing awake, than ginneth the prevy medicynes, for heling of
  his trewe intent, inwardes lightly +helen conscience, if it be wel
  handled. Than must nedes these wayes come out of the soule
  by stering lyfe of the body; and els may no man come to parfit         25
  blisse of this knotte. And thus, by this waye, he shal come to the
  knotte, and to the parfit selinesse that he wende have had in
  bodily goodes outforth.'

  'Ye,' quod I, 'shal he have both knot, riches, power, dignite,
  and renome in this maner way?'                                         30

  'Ye,' quod she, 'that shal I shewe thee. Is he nat riche that
  hath suffisaunce, and hath the power that no man may amaistrien?
  Is nat greet dignite to have worship and reverence? And hath
  he nat glorie of renome, whos name perpetual is during, and out
  of nombre in comparacion?'                                             35

  'These be thinges that men wenen to getten outforth,' quod I.

  'Ye,' quod she; 'they that loken after a thing that nought is
  therof, in al ne in partie, longe mowe they gapen after!'

  'That is sothe,' quod I.

  'Therfore,' quod she, 'they that sechen gold in grene trees, and       40
  wene to gader precious stones among vynes, and layn her nettes
  in mountains to fisshe, and thinken to hunte in depe sees after
  hart and hynd, and sechen in erth thilke thinges that surmounteth
  heven, what may I of hem say, but folisshe ignoraunce misledeth
  wandring wrecches by uncouth wayes that shulden be forleten,           45
  and maketh hem blynde fro the right pathe of trewe way that
  shulde ben used? Therfore, in general, errour in mankynde
  departeth thilke goodes by mis-seching, whiche he shulde have
  hole, and he sought by reson. Thus goth he begyled of that he
  sought; in his hode men have blowe a jape.'                            50

  'Now,' quod I, 'if a man be vertuous, and al in vertue liveth,
  how hath he al these thinges?'

  'That shal I proven,' quod she. 'What power hath any man
  to lette another of living in vertue? For prisonment, or any
  other disese, [if] he take it paciently, discomfiteth he nat; the      55
  tyrant over his soule no power may have. Than hath that man,
  so tourmented, suche power, that he nil be discomfit; ne overcome
  may he nat ben, sithen pacience in his soule overcometh,
  and +is nat overcomen. Suche thing that may nat be a-maistred,
  he hath nede to nothing; for he hath suffisaunce y-now, to helpe       60
  him-selfe. And thilke thing that thus hath power and suffisance,
  and no tyrant may it reve, and hath dignite to sette at nought al
  thinges, here it is a greet dignite, that deth may a-maistry. Wherfore
  thilke power [with] suffisaunce, so enclosed with dignite, by
  al reson renome must have. This is thilke riches with suffisaunce      65
  ye sholde loke after; this is thilke worshipful dignite ye shulde
  coveyte; this is thilke power of might, in whiche ye shulde truste;
  this is the ilke renome of glorie that endlesse endureth; and al
  nis but substaunce in vertuous lyving.'

  'Certes,' quod I, 'al this is sothe; and so I see wel that vertue      70
  with ful gripe encloseth al these thinges. Wherfore in sothe
  I may saye, by my trouth, vertue of my Margarite brought me
  first in-to your service, to have knitting with that jewel, nat sodain
  longinges ne folkes smale wordes, but only our conversacion
  togider; and than I, seinge th'entent of her trewe mening with         75
  florisshing vertue of pacience, that she used nothing in yvel, to
  quyte the wicked lesinges that false tonges ofte in her have laid,
  I have seye it my-selfe, goodly foryevenesse hath spronge out of
  her herte.  Unite and accord, above al other thinges, she
  desyreth in a good meke maner; and suffereth many wicked               80
  tales.

  Trewly, lady, to you it were a gret worship, that suche thinges
  by due chastisment were amended.'

  'Ye,' quod she, 'I have thee excused; al suche thinges as yet
  mowe nat be redressed; thy Margarites vertue I commende wel            85
  the more, that paciently suche anoyes suffreth. David king was
  meke, and suffred mokel hate and many yvel speches; no despyt
  ne shame that his enemys him deden might nat move pacience
  out of his herte, but ever in one plyte mercy he used. Wherfore
  god him-selfe took reward to the thinges; and theron suche             90
  punisshment let falle. Trewly, by reson, it ought be ensample of
  drede to al maner peoples mirth. A man vengeable in wrath no
  governance in punisshment ought to have. Plato had a cause his
  servant to +scourge, and yet cleped he his neibour to performe the
  doinge; him-selfe wolde nat, lest wrath had him a-maistred; and        95
  so might he have layd on to moche: evermore grounded vertue
  sheweth th'entent fro within. And trewly, I wot wel, for her goodnesse
  and vertue, thou hast desyred my service to her plesance
  wel the more; and thy-selfe therto fully hast profered.'

  'Good lady,' quod I, 'is vertue the hye way to this knot that         100
  long we have y-handled?'

  'Ye, forsoth,' quod she, 'and without vertue, goodly this knot
  may nat be goten.'

  'Ah! now I see,' quod I, 'how vertu in me fayleth; and I, as
  a seer tree, without burjoning or frute, alwaye welke; and            105
  so I stonde in dispeyre of this noble knot; for vertue in me
  hath no maner workinge. A! wyde-where aboute have I
  traveyled!'

  'Pees,' quod she, 'of thy first way; thy traveyle is in ydel;
  and, as touchinge the seconde way, I see wel thy meninge. Thou        110
  woldest conclude me, if thou coudest, bycause I brought thee
  to service; and every of my servantes I helpe to come to this
  blisse, as I sayd here-beforn. And thou saydest thy-selfe, thou
  mightest nat be holpen as thou wenest, bycause that vertue in
  thee fayleth; and this blisse parfitly without vertue may nat be      115
  goten; thou wenest of these wordes contradiccion to folowe.
  Parde, at the hardest, I have no servant but he be vertuous in
  dede and thought. I brought thee in my service, yet art thou
  nat my servant; but I say, thou might so werche in vertue herafter,
  that than shalt thou be my servant, and as for my servant             120
  acompted. For habit maketh no monk; ne weringe of gilte
  spurres maketh no knight. Never-the-later, in confort of thyne
  herte, yet wol I otherwyse answere.'

  'Certes, lady,' quod I tho, 'so ye muste nedes; or els I had
  nigh caught suche a +cardiacle for sorowe, I wot it wel, I shulde     125
  it never have recovered. And therfore now I praye [thee] to
  enforme me in this; or els I holde me without recovery. I may
  nat long endure til this lesson be lerned, and of this mischeef the
  remedy knowen.'

  'Now,' quod she, 'be nat wroth; for there is no man on-lyve           130
  that may come to a precious thing longe coveited, but he somtyme
  suffre teneful diseses: and wenest thy-selfe to ben unliche to al
  other? That may nat ben. And with the more sorowe that
  a thing is getten, the more he hath joye the ilke thing afterwardes
  to kepe; as it fareth by children in scole, that for lerninge arn     135
  beten, whan their lesson they foryetten. Commenly, after a good
  disciplyning with a yerde, they kepe right wel doctrine of their
  scole.'

CH. XI. 1. euery (_with small_ e). reason. lyfe. one. 6. lyfe. 7. lyueng.
9. reason.

10. thother lyuenges. 13. leaue. 14. _I supply_ his. 16. leaue. 19. anoynt.
20. healed. 22. healyng. 23. healeth; _read_ helen. 25. maye. p_ar_fite.
27. p_ar_fyte. 30. waye. 31. the. 33. great. 34. whose. 35. co_m_paration.
37. thynge. 40. golde. 41. amonge. layne. 42. hunt. 43. hynde. 45.
wretches.

48. mysse. 49. reason. 51. Nowe. 52. howe. 54. let. lyueng. 55. _I supply_
if. 56. maye. 59. as; _read_ is. 60. ynowe. 63. great. 64. _I supply_ with.
67. coueyt. 69. lyueng. 70. se. 74. onely. co_n_versation. 75. thentent.
76. nothynge. 77. leasynges. layde. 78. sey. 79. hert. accorde. 82. Trewly
(_with large capital_ T).

84. the. 87. dispite. 89. Werfore. 90. toke rewarde. 91. fal. reason. 94.
scoure (!); _read_ scourge. 96. layde. 97. thentent. wotte. 99. haste. 100.
waye. 104. nowe I se. howe. 105. tre. 109. Peace. 110. se. meanyng. 111.
the. 112. one. 113. beforne. 114. wenyst. 115. the. maye. 116.
co_n_tradiction. 118. the. arte.

121. habyte. monke. wearynge. 122. conforte. 125. nyghe. cordiacle; _read_
cardiacle. wotte. 126. nowe. _I supply_ thee. 127. recouerye. 128.
mischefe. 130. Nowe. wrothe. 131. maye. 132. diseases. wenyst. 133. maye.
134. thynge. 135. schole. arne. 136. beaten. 138. schole.

                          CHAPTER XII.

  Right with these wordes, on this lady I threw up myne eyen,
  to see her countenaunce and her chere; and she, aperceyving
  this fantasye in myne herte, gan her semblaunt goodly on me
  caste, and sayde in this wyse.

  'It is wel knowe, bothe to reson and experience in doinge,              5
  every active worcheth on his passive; and whan they ben togider,
  "active" and "passive" ben y-cleped by these philosophers. If
  fyr be in place chafinge thing able to be chafed or hete[d], and
  thilke thinges ben set in suche a distaunce that the oon may
  werche, the other shal suffre. Thilke Margarite thou desyrest is       10
  ful of vertue, and able to be active in goodnesse: but every herbe
  sheweth his vertue outforth from within. The sonne yeveth light,
  that thinges may be seye. Every fyr heteth thilke thing that it
  +neigheth, and it be able to be hete[d]. Vertue of this Margarite
  outforth +wercheth; and nothing is more able to suffre worching,       15
  or worke cacche of the actife, but passife of the same actife; and
  no passife, to vertues of this Margaryte, but thee, in al my Donet
  can I fynde! So that her vertue muste nedes on thee werche;
  in what place ever thou be, within distaunce of her worthinesse,
  as her very passife thou art closed. But vertue may thee nothing       20
  profyte, but thy desyr be perfourmed, and al thy sorowes cesed.
  _Ergo_, through werchinge of her vertue thou shalt esely ben
  holpen, and driven out of al care, and welcome to this longe by
  thee desyred!'

  'Lady,' quod I, 'this is a good lesson in ginning of my joye;          25
  but wete ye wel forsothe, though I suppose she have moche
  vertue, I wolde my spousaile were proved, and than may I live
  out of doute, and rejoice me greetly, in thinking of tho vertues
  so shewed.'

  'I herde thee saye,' quod she, 'at my beginning, whan I receyved       30
  thee firste for to serve, that thy jewel, thilke Margaryte thou
  desyrest, was closed in a muskle with a blewe shel.'

  'Ye, forsothe,' quod I; 'so I sayd; and so it is.'

  'Wel,' quod she, 'every-thing kyndly sheweth it-selfe; this
  jewel, closed in a blewe shel, [by] excellence of coloures sheweth     35
  vertue from within; and so every wight shulde rather loke to the
  propre vertue of thinges than to his forayne goodes. If a thing
  be engendred of good mater, comenly and for the more part, it
  foloweth, after the congelement, vertue of the first mater (and
  it be not corrupt with vyces) to procede with encrees of good          40
  vertues; eke right so it fareth of badde. Trewly, greet excellence
  in vertue of linage, for the more part, discendeth by kynde to
  the succession in vertues to folowe. Wherfore I saye, the +colour
  of every Margarit sheweth from within the fynesse in vertue.
  Kyndely heven, whan mery +weder is a-lofte, apereth in mannes          45
  eye of coloure in blewe, stedfastnesse in pees betokening within
  and without. Margaryte is engendred by hevenly dewe, and
  sheweth in it-selfe, by fynenesse of colour, whether the engendrure
  were maked on morowe or on eve; thus sayth kynde of this
  perle. This precious Margaryte that thou servest, sheweth it-selfe     50
  discended, by nobley of vertue, from this hevenlich dewe, norisshed
  and congeled in mekenesse, that +moder is of al vertues; and, by
  werkes that men seen withouten, the significacion of the coloures
  ben shewed, mercy and pitee in the herte, with pees to al other;
  and al this is y-closed in a muskle, who-so redily these vertues       55
  loken. Al thing that hath soule is reduced in-to good by mene thinges,
  as thus: In-to god man is reduced by soules resonable; and so
  forth beestes, or bodyes that mowe not moven, after place ben
  reduced in-to manne by beestes +mene that moven from place to
  place. So that thilke bodyes that han felinge soules, and move         60
  not from places, holden the lowest degree of soulinge thinges in
  felinge; and suche ben reduced in-to man by menes. So it
  foloweth, the muskle, as +moder of al vertues, halt the place of
  mekenesse, to his lowest degree discendeth downe of heven, and
  there, by a maner of virgine engendrure, arn these Margarytes          65
  engendred, and afterward congeled. Made not mekenesse so
  lowe the hye heven, to enclose and cacche out therof so noble
  a dewe, that after congelement, a Margaryte, with endelesse vertue
  and everlasting joy, was with ful vessel of grace yeven to every
  creature, that goodly wolde it receyve?'                               70

  'Certes,' quod I, 'these thinges ben right noble; I have er this
  herd these same sawes.'

  'Than,' quod she, 'thou wost wel these thinges ben sothe?'

  'Ye, forsothe,' quod I, 'at the ful.'

  'Now,' quod she, 'that this Margaryte is ful of vertue, it is wel      75
  proved; wherfore som grace, som mercy, among other vertues,
  I wot right wel, on thee shal discende?'

  'Ye,' quod I; 'yet wolde I have better declared, vertues in this
  Margarite kyndely to ben grounded.'

  'That shal I shew thee,' quod she, 'and thou woldest it lerne.'        80

  'Lerne?' quod I, 'what nedeth suche wordes? Wete ye nat
  wel, lady, your-selfe, that al my cure, al my diligence, and al my
  might, have turned by your counsayle, in plesaunce of that perle?
  Al my thought and al my studye, with your helpe, desyreth, in
  worshippe [of] thilke jewel, to encrese al my travayle and al my       85
  besinesse in your service, this Margaryte to gladde in some halve.
  Me were lever her honour, her plesaunce, and her good chere
  thorow me for to be mayntayned and kept, and I of suche thinge
  in her lykinge to be cause, than al the welthe of bodily goodes ye
  coude recken. And wolde never god but I putte my-selfe in              90
  greet jeopardy of al that I +welde, (that is now no more but
  my lyf alone), rather than I shulde suffre thilke jewel in any
  pointe ben blemisshed; as ferre as I may suffre, and with my
  mightes strecche.'

  'Suche thing,' quod she, 'may mokel further thy grace, and             95
  thee in my service avaunce. But now (quod Love) wilt thou
  graunte me thilke Margaryte to ben good?'

  'O! good +god,' quod I, 'why tempte ye me and tene with
  suche maner speche? I wolde graunt that, though I shulde anon
  dye; and, by my trouthe, fighte in the quarel, if any wight wolde     100
  countreplede.'

  'It is so moche the lighter,' quod Love, 'to prove our entent.'

  'Ye,' quod I; 'but yet wolde I here how ye wolde prove that
  she were good by resonable skil, that it mowe not ben denyed.
  For although I knowe, and so doth many other, manifold goodnesse      105
  and vertue in this Margaryte ben printed, yet some men
  there ben that no goodnesse speken; and, wher-ever your wordes
  ben herd and your resons ben shewed, suche yvel spekers, lady,
  by auctorite of your excellence, shullen be stopped and ashamed!
  And more, they that han non aquayntaunce in her persone, yet          110
  mowe they knowe her vertues, and ben the more enfourmed in
  what wyse they mowe sette their hertes, whan hem liste in-to your
  service any entree make. For trewly al this to beginne, I wot
  wel my-selfe that thilke jewel is so precious perle, as a womanly
  woman in her kynde; in whom of goodnesse, of vertue, and also         115
  of answeringe shappe of limmes, and fetures so wel in al pointes
  acording, nothing fayleth. I leve that kynde her made with greet
  studye; for kynde in her person nothing hath foryet[en], and that
  is wel sene. In every good wightes herte she hath grace of
  commending and of vertuous praysing. Alas! that ever kynde            120
  made her deedly! Save only in that, I wot wel, that Nature,
  in fourminge of her, in no-thinge hath erred.'

CH. XII. 1. threwe. 2. se. 5. Reason. 7. ycleaped. 8. fyre. thynge. hete;
_read_ heted. 9. sette. one. 12. outforthe. 13. sey. fyre. 14. neighed;
_read_ neigheth. hete; _read_ heted.

15. wrethe (!); _read_ wercheth. nothynge. 16. catche. 17-8. the (_twice_).
20. arte. the. 21. desyre. ceased. 22. shalte easely. 24. the. 26. thoughe.
27. maye. 28. greatly. 30. the say. 31. the. 35. _Supply_ by. 38. parte.
40. encrease. 41. great. 42. parte. 43. colours; _read_ colour. 45. wether;
_read_ weder. 46. peace. 48. coloure.

52, 63. mother; _read_ moder. 53. sene. signification. 54. pytie. 56.
meane. 58. forthe. 59. meue; _misprint for_ mene. mouyn. 62. meanes. 63.
halte. 65. arne. 66. afterwarde. 67. catche. 72. herde. 73. woste. 75.
Nowe. 76. some (_twice_). amonge. 77. wotte. 77, 80. the (_twice_). 85. _I
supply_ of. encrease. 87. leauer. pleasaunce.

88. thorowe. kepte. 90. put. 91. great ieoperdye. wolde; _read_ welde.
nowe. lyfe. 94. stretche. 95. maye. 96. the. nowe. wylte. 98. good good;
_read_ good god. 99. thoughe. anone. 100. fyght. 103. howe. 104.
reasonable. 105. dothe. 108. herde. reasons. 110. none. 113. entre. wote.
115. whome. 117. nothynge. great. 118. foryet. 121. onely.

                          CHAPTER XIII.

  'Certes,' quod Love, 'thou hast wel begonne; and I aske
  thee this question: Is not, in general, every-thing good?'

  'I not,' quod I.

  'No?' quod she; '+saw not god everything that he made, and
  weren right good?'                                                      5

  'Than is wonder,' quod I, 'how yvel thinges comen a-place,
  sithen that al thinges weren right good.'

  'Thus,' quod she, 'I wol declare. Everiche qualite and every
  accion, and every thing that hath any maner of beinge, it is of
  god; and god it made, of whom is al goodnesse and al being.            10
  Of him is no badnesse. Badde to be, is naught; good to be,
  is somwhat; and therfore good and being is oon in
  understanding.'

  'How may this be?' quod I. 'For often han shrewes me
  assailed, and mokel badnesse therin have I founden; and so me          15
  semeth bad to be somwhat in kynde.'

  'Thou shalt,' quod she, 'understande that suche maner badnesse,
  whiche is used to purifye wrong-doers, is somwhat; and god it
  made, and being [it] hath; and that is good. Other badnesse no
  being hath utterly; it is in the negative of somwhat, and that is      20
  naught and nothing being. The parties essential of being arn
  sayd in double wyse, as that it is; and these parties ben founde
  in every creature. For al thing, a this halfe the first being, is
  being through participacion, taking partie of being; so that [in]
  every creature is difference bitwene being of him through whom         25
  it is, and his own being. Right as every good is a maner of
  being, so is it good thorow being; for it is naught other to be.
  And every thing, though it be good, is not of him-selfe good;
  but it is good by that it is ordinable to the greet goodnesse.
  This dualite, after clerkes +determinison, is founden in every         30
  creature, be it never so single of onhed.'

  'Ye,' quod I; 'but there-as it is y-sayd that god +saw every-thing
  of his making, and [they] were right good (as your-selfe
  sayd to me not longe tyme sithen), I aske whether every creature
  is y-sayd "good" through goodnesse unfourmed eyther els fourmed;       35
  and afterward, if it be accept utterly good?'

  'I shal say thee,' quod she. 'These grete passed clerkes han
  devyded good in-to good being alone, and that is nothing but
  +god, for nothing is good in that wyse but god: also, in good by
  participacion, and that is y-cleped "good" for far fet and             40
  representative of +godly goodnesse. And after this maner manyfold
  good is sayd, that is to saye, good in kynde, and good in gendre,
  and good of grace, and good of joy. Of good in kynde Austen
  sayth, "al that ben, ben good." But peraunter thou woldest
  wete, whether of hem-selfe it be good, or els of anothers goodnesse:   45
  for naturel goodnesse of every substaunce is nothing els than his
  substancial being, which is y-cleped "goodnesse" after comparison
  that he hath to his first goodnesse, so as it is inductatife by menes
  in-to the first goodnesse. Boece sheweth this thing at the ful, that
  this name "good" is, in general, name in kynde, as it is comparisoned  50
  generally to his principal ende, which is god, knotte of
  al goodnesse. Every creature cryeth "god us made"; and so
  they han ful apeted to thilke god by affeccion such as to hem
  longeth; and in this wyse al thinges ben good of the gret god,
  which is good alone.'                                                  55

  'This wonder thing,' quod I, 'how ye have by many resons
  proved my first way to be errour and misgoing, and cause[d] of
  badnesse and feble meninge in the grounde ye aleged to be roted.
  Whence is it that suche badnesse hath springes, sithen al thinges
  thus in general ben good, and badnesse hath no being, as ye have       60
  declared? I wene, if al things ben good, I might than with the
  first way in that good have ended, and so by goodnesse have comen
  to blisse in your service desyred.'

  'Al thing,' quod she, 'is good by being in participacion out of
  the firste goodnesse, whiche goodnesse is corrupt by badnesse          65
  and badde-mening maners. God hath [ordeyned] in good thinges,
  that they ben good by being, and not in yvel; for there is absence
  of rightful love. For badnesse is nothing but only yvel wil of the
  user, and through giltes of the doer; wherfore, at the ginninge of
  the worlde, every thing by him-selfe was good; and in universal        70
  they weren right good. An eye or a hand is fayrer and betterer
  in a body set, in his kyndely place, than from the body dissevered.
  Every thing in his kyndly place, being kyndly, good doth werche;
  and, out of that place voyded, it dissolveth and is defouled him-selve.
  Our noble god, in gliterande wyse, by armony this world                75
  ordeyned, as in purtreytures storied with colours medled, in
  whiche blacke and other derke colours commenden the golden
  and the asured paynture; every put in kyndely place, oon, besyde
  another, more for other glitereth. Right so litel fayr maketh
  right fayr more glorious; and right so, of goodnesse, and of other     80
  thinges in vertue. Wherfore other badde and not so good perles
  as this Margaryte that we han of this matier, yeven by the ayre
  litel goodnesse and litel vertue, [maken] right mokel goodnesse
  and vertue in thy Margaryte to ben proved, in shyning wyse to be
  founde and shewed. How shulde ever goodnesse of pees have              85
  ben knowe, but-if unpees somtyme reigne, and mokel yvel +wrathe?
  How shulde mercy ben proved, and no trespas were, by due
  justification, to be punisshed? Therfore grace and goodnesse of
  a wight is founde; the sorouful hertes in good meninge to endure,
  ben comforted; unite and acord bitwene hertes knit in joye to          90
  abyde. What? wenest thou I rejoyce or els accompte him among
  my servauntes that pleseth Pallas in undoinge of Mercurye, al-be-it
  that to Pallas he be knit by tytle of lawe, not according to
  resonable conscience, and Mercurie in doinge have grace to ben
  suffered; or els him that +weyveth the moone for fayrenesse of         95
  the eve-sterre? Lo! otherwhyle by nightes, light of the moone
  greetly comforteth in derke thoughtes and blynde. Understanding
  of love yeveth greet gladnesse. Who-so list not byleve, whan
  a sothe tale is shewed, a dewe and a deblys his name is entred.
  Wyse folk and worthy in gentillesse, bothe of vertue and of           100
  livinge, yeven ful credence in sothnesse of love with a good herte,
  there-as good evidence or experience in doinge sheweth not the
  contrarie. Thus mightest thou have ful preef in thy Margarytes
  goodnesse, by commendement of other jewels badnesse and
  yvelnesse in doing. Stoundemele diseses yeveth several houres         105
  in joye.'

  'Now, by my trouthe,' quod I, 'this is wel declared, that my
  Margaryte is good; for sithen other ben good, and she passeth
  manye other in goodnesse and vertue; wherthrough, by maner
  necessarie, she muste be good. And goodnesse of this Margaryte        110
  is nothing els but vertue; wherfore she is vertuous; and if there
  fayled any vertue in any syde, there were lacke of vertue. Badde
  nothing els is, ne may be, but lacke and want of good and goodnesse;
  and so shulde she have that same lacke, that is to saye,
  badde; and that may not be. For she is good; and that is good,        115
  me thinketh, al good; and so, by consequence, me semeth, vertuous,
  and no lacke of vertue to have. But the sonne is not knowe but
  he shyne; ne vertuous herbes, but they have her kynde werchinge;
  ne vertue, but it strecche in goodnesse or profyt to another, is no
  vertue. Than, by al wayes of reson, sithen mercy and pitee ben        120
  moste commended among other vertues, and they might never ben
  shewed, [unto] refresshement of helpe and of comfort, but now
  at my moste nede; and that is the kynde werkinge of these
  vertues; trewly, I wene, I shal not varye from these helpes. Fyr,
  and-if he yeve non hete, for fyre is not demed. The sonne, but        125
  he shyne, for sonne is not accompted. Water, but it wete, the
  name shal ben chaunged. Vertue, but it werche, of goodnesse
  doth it fayle; and in-to his contrarie the name shal ben reversed.
  And these ben impossible; wherfore the contradictorie, that is
  necessarye, nedes muste I leve.'                                      130

  'Certes,' quod she, 'in thy person and out of thy mouthe these
  wordes lyen wel to ben said, and in thyne understanding to be
  leved, as in entent of this Margaryte alone. And here now my
  speche in conclusion of these wordes.

CH. XIII. 1. haste. 2, 4. thynge. 4. saue; _read_ saw. 5. werne. 6. howe.
9. action. 12. one. 14. Howe. 18. wronge. 19. _I supply_ it. 21. arne. 24.
_I supply_ in. and of; _I omit_ and. 27. thorowe. 29. great. determission
(!); _read_ determinison. 32. ysayde. saue; _read_ saw. 33. _I supply_
they.

35. ysayde. 36. afterwarde. accepte. 37. the. great. 39. good; _read_ god.
40. farre fette. 41. goodly; _read_ godly. manyfolde. 44. saythe. 47.
ycleaped. 48. meanes. 53. affection. 56. howe. reasons. 57. waye. cause;
_read_ caused. 59. baddesse (!). 65. corrupte. 66. meanynge. _I supply_
ordeyned. 68. nothynge. onely. 71. werne. hande.

72. sette. disceuered. 73. dothe. 75. worlde. 78. putte. one. 79. lytle
fayre. 80. fayre. 83. _Supply_ maken. 85. Howe. peace. 86. vnpeace. wrothe;
_read_ wrathe. 87. Howe. trespeace (!). 89. meanynge. 90. acorde. knytte.
91. amonge. 92. pleaseth. 93. knytte. 94. reasonable. 95. weneth; _read_
weyveth. 97. greatly. 98. great. lyste. 99. adewe. 100. folke. 101. hert.
103. prefe. 105. diseases. 107. Nowe.

109. wherthroughe. 111. no thynge. 113. wante. 115. maye. 119. stretche.
profyte. 120. reason. pytie. 121. amonge. 122. _Supply_ unto. comforte.
nowe. 124. Fyre. 125. none heate. 128. dothe. 133. nowe.

                          CHAPTER XIV.

  In these thinges,' quod she, 'that me list now to shewe
  openly, shal be founde the mater of thy sicknesse, and
  what shal ben the medicyn that may be thy sorowes lisse and
  comfort, as wel thee as al other that amisse have erred and out of
  the way walked, so that any drope of good wil in amendement             5
  [may] ben dwelled in their hertes. Proverbes of Salomon openly
  techeth, how somtyme an innocent walkid by the way in
  blyndnesse of a derke night; whom mette a woman (if it be leefly to
  saye) as a strumpet arayed, redily purveyed in turninge of
  thoughtes with veyne janglinges, and of rest inpacient, by             10
  dissimulacion of my termes, saying in this wyse: "Com, and be we
  dronken of our swete pappes; use we coveitous collinges." And
  thus drawen was this innocent, as an oxe to the larder.'

  'Lady,' quod I, 'to me this is a queynte thing to understande;
  I praye you, of this parable declare me the entent.'                   15

  'This innocent,' quod she, 'is a scoler lerninge of my lore, in
  seching of my blisse, in whiche thinge the day of his thought
  turning enclyneth in-to eve; and the sonne, of very light faylinge,
  maketh derke night in his conninge. Thus in derknesse of many
  doutes he walketh, and for blyndenesse of understandinge, he ne        20
  wot in what waye he is in; forsothe, suche oon may lightly ben
  begyled. To whom cam love fayned, not clothed of my livery,
  but [of] unlefful lusty habit, with softe speche and mery; and
  with fayre honyed wordes heretykes and mis-meninge people
  skleren and wimplen their errours. Austen witnesseth of an             25
  heretyk, that in his first beginninge he was a man right expert
  in resons and swete in his wordes; and the werkes miscorden.
  Thus fareth fayned love in her firste werchinges. Thou knowest
  these thinges for trewe; thou hast hem proved by experience
  somtyme, in doing to thyne owne person; in whiche thing thou hast      30
  founde mater of mokel disese. Was not fayned love redily
  purveyed, thy wittes to cacche and tourne thy good thoughtes?
  Trewly, she hath wounded the conscience of many with florisshinge
  of mokel jangling wordes; and good worthe thanked I it for
  no glose. I am glad of my prudence thou hast so manly her              35
  +weyved. To me art thou moche holden, that in thy kynde
  course of good mening I returne thy mynde. I trowe, ne had
  I shewed thee thy Margaryte, thou haddest never returned. Of
  first in good parfit joye was ever fayned love impacient, as the
  water of Siloe, whiche evermore floweth with stilnesse and privy       40
  noyse til it come nighe the brinke, and than ginneth it so out of
  mesure to bolne, with novelleries of chaunging stormes, that in
  course of every renning it is in pointe to spille al his circuit of
  +bankes. Thus fayned love prively, at the fullest of his flowinge,
  [ginneth] newe stormes [of] debat to arayse. And al-be-it that         45
  Mercurius [servants] often with hole understandinge knowen
  suche perillous maters, yet Veneriens so lusty ben and so leude
  in their wittes, that in suche thinges right litel or naught don
  they fele; and wryten and cryen to their felawes: "here is blisse,
  here is joye"; and thus in-to one same errour mokel folk they          50
  drawen. "Come," they sayen, "and be we dronken of our
  pappes"; that ben fallas and lying glose, of whiche mowe they not
  souke milke of helthe, but deedly venim and poyson, corrupcion
  of sorowe. Milke of fallas is venim of disceyt; milke of lying glose
  is venim of corrupcion. Lo! what thing cometh out of these             55
  pappes! "Use we coveited collinges"; desyre we and meddle we false
  wordes with sote, and sote with false! Trewly, this is the sorinesse
  of fayned love; nedes, of these surfettes sicknesse muste
  folowe. Thus, as an oxe, to thy langoring deth were thou drawen;
  the sote of the smoke hath thee al defased. Ever the deper thou        60
  somtyme wadest, the soner thou it founde; if it had thee killed,
  it had be litel wonder. But on that other syde, my trewe
  servaunt[s] not faynen ne disceyve conne; sothly, their doinge
  is open; my foundement endureth, be the burthen never so
  greet; ever in one it lasteth. It yeveth lyf and blisful goodnesse     65
  in the laste endes, though the ginninges ben sharpe. Thus of
  two contraries, contrarye ben the effectes. And so thilke
  Margaryte thou servest shal seen thee, by her service out of
  perillous tribulacion delivered, bycause of her service in-to newe
  disese fallen, by hope of amendement in the laste ende, with joye      70
  to be gladded. Wherfore, of kynde pure, her mercy with grace
  of good helpe shal she graunte; and els I shal her so strayne,
  that with pite shal she ben amaystred. Remembre in thyne
  herte how horribly somtyme to thyne Margaryte thou trespasest,
  and in a grete wyse ayenst her thou forfeytest! Clepe ayen thy         75
  mynde, and know thyne owne giltes. What goodnesse, what
  bountee, with mokel folowing pite founde thou in that tyme?
  Were thou not goodly accepted in-to grace? By my pluckinge
  was she to foryevenesse enclyned. And after, I her styred to
  drawe thee to house; and yet wendest thou utterly for ever             80
  have ben refused. But wel thou wost, sithen that I in suche
  sharpe disese might so greetly avayle, what thinkest in thy wit?
  How fer may my wit strecche? And thou lache not on thy syde,
  I wol make the knotte. Certes, in thy good bering I wol acorde
  with the psauter: "I have founde David in my service true, and         85
  with holy oyle of pees and of rest, longe by him desyred, utterly
  he shal be anoynted." Truste wel to me, and I wol thee not
  fayle. The +leving of the first way with good herte of continuance
  that I see in thee grounded, this purpose to parfourme, draweth
  me by maner of constrayning, that nedes muste I ben thyne helper.      90
  Although mirthe a whyle be taried, it shal come at suche seson,
  that thy thought shal ben joyed. And wolde never god, sithen
  thyne herte to my resons arn assented, and openly hast confessed
  thyne amisse-going, and now cryest after mercy, but-if mercy
  folowed; thy blisse shal ben redy, y-wis; thou ne wost how sone.       95
  Now be a good child, I rede.  The kynde of vertues, in thy
  Margaryte rehersed, by strength of me in thy person shul werche.
  Comfort thee in this; for thou mayst not miscary.' And these
  wordes sayd, she streyght her on length, and rested a whyle.

  ¶ THUS ENDETH THE SECONDE BOOK, AND HERE AFTER FOLOWETH
  THE THIRDE BOOK.

CH. XIV. 1. nowe. 4. the. 6. _Supply_ may. 7. teacheth. howe.

8. lefely. 11. sayeng. Come. 14. thynge. 16. scholer. 17. daye. 21. wote.
one. 22. whome came. 23. _Supply_ of. unleful lustye habyte. 24. misse-.
26. heretyke. experte. 27. resones. 29. haste. 32. catche. 35. gladde. 36.
veyned; _read_ weyved. arte. 37. meanyng. 38. the. 39. parfyte. 42.
measure. 43. spyl. 44. cankes (!); _read_ bankes.

45. _I supply_ ginneth _and_ of. debate. 46. _I supply_ servants. 51.
sayne. 52-4. lyeng. 54. disceyte. 55. thynge. 58. must. 60. the. 61. the.
63. seruaunt. 65. great. lyfe. 68. sene the. 70, 82. disease. 72. graunt.
74. howe. 75. great. 76. knowe. 77. bountie. 80. the.

82. greatly. 83. howe ferre maye my wytte stretche. 86. peace. 87. the. 88.
leanyng (!). 89. se. the. 93. reasones arne. haste. 94. nowe. 96. chylde.
98. Comforte the. 99. sayde. COLOPHON. booke. boke.

                          BOOK III.

                          CHAPTER I.

  Of nombre, sayn these clerkes, that it is naturel somme of
  discrete thinges, as in tellinge oon, two, three, and so forth;
  but among al nombres, three is determined for moste certayn.
  Wherfore in nombre certayn this werk of my besy leudenesse
  I thinke to ende and parfourme. Ensample by this worlde, in             5
  three tymes is devyded; of whiche the first is cleped +Deviacion,
  that is to say, going out of trewe way; and al that tho dyeden, in
  helle were they punisshed for a man[ne]s sinne, til grace and mercy
  fette hem thence, and there ended the firste tyme. The seconde
  tyme lasteth from the comming of merciable grace until the ende        10
  of transitorie tyme, in whiche is shewed the true way in fordoinge
  of the badde; and that is y-cleped tyme of Grace. And that
  thing is not yeven by desert of yeldinge oon benefyt for another,
  but only through goodnesse of the yever of grace in thilke tyme.
  Who-so can wel understande is shapen to be saved in souled             15
  blisse. The thirde tyme shal ginne whan transitorie thinges of
  worldes han mad their ende; and that shal ben in Joye, glorie, and
  rest, both body and soule, that wel han deserved in the tyme of
  Grace. And thus in that heven +togider shul they dwelle perpetuelly,
  without any imaginatyfe yvel in any halve. These                       20
  tymes are figured by tho three dayes that our god was closed
  in erthe; and in the thirde aroos, shewing our resurreccion to
  joye and blisse of tho that it deserven, by his merciable grace.
  So this leude book, in three maters, accordaunt to tho tymes,
  lightly by a good inseer may ben understonde; as in the firste,        25
  Errour of misse-goinge is shewed, with sorowful pyne punisshed,
  +that cryed after mercy. In the seconde, is Grace in good waye
  proved, whiche is faylinge without desert, thilke first misse
  amendinge, in correccion of tho erroures, and even way to bringe,
  with comfort of welfare in-to amendement wexinge. And in the           30
  thirde, Joye and blisse graunted to him that wel can deserve it,
  and hath savour of understandinge in the tyme of grace. Thus
  in Joye, of my thirde boke, shal the mater be til it ende.

  But special cause I have in my herte to make this proces
  of a Margarit-perle, that is so precious a gemme +whyt, clere and      35
  litel, of whiche stones or jewel[les] the tonges of us Englissh
  people tourneth the right names, and clepeth hem 'Margery-perles';
  thus varieth our speche from many other langages. For
  trewly Latin, Frenche, and many mo other langages clepeth hem,
  Margery-perles, [by] the name 'Margarites,' or 'Margarite-perles';     40
  wherfore in that denominacion I wol me acorde to other mens
  tonges, in that name-cleping. These clerkes that treten of kyndes,
  and studien out the propertee there of thinges, sayn: the Margarite
  is a litel whyt perle, throughout holowe and rounde and
  vertuous; and on the see-sydes, in the more Britayne, in               45
  muskle-shelles, of the hevenly dewe, the best ben engendred; in whiche
  by experience ben founde three fayre vertues. Oon is, it yeveth
  comfort to the feling spirites in bodily persones of reson. Another
  is good; it is profitable helthe ayenst passions of sorie mens hertes.
  And the thirde, it is nedeful and noble in staunching of bloode,       50
  there els to moche wolde out renne. To whiche perle and vertues
  me list to lyken at this tyme Philosophie, with her three speces,
  that is, natural, and moral, and resonable; of whiche thinges
  hereth what sayn these grete clerkes. Philosophie is knowing of
  devynly and manly thinges joyned with studie of good living;           55
  and this stant in two thinges, that is, conninge and opinion.
  Conninge is whan a thing by certayn reson is conceyved. But
  wrecches and fooles and leude men, many wil conceyve a thing
  and mayntayne it as for sothe, though reson be in the contrarye;
  wherfore conninge is a straunger. Opinion is whyl a thing is in        60
  non-certayn, and hid from mens very knowleging, and by no parfit
  reson fully declared, as thus: if the sonne be so mokel as men
  wenen, or els if it be more than the erthe. For in sothnesse the
  certayn quantite of that planet is unknowen to erthly dwellers; and
  yet by opinion of some men it is holden for more than midle-erth.      65

  The first spece of philosophie is naturel; whiche in kyndely
  thinges +treteth, and sheweth causes of heven, and strength of
  kyndely course; as by arsmetrike, geometry, musike, and by
  astronomye techeth wayes and cours of hevens, of planetes, and
  of sterres aboute heven and erthe, and other elementes.                70

  The seconde spece is moral, whiche, in order, of living maners
  techeth; and by reson proveth vertues of soule moste worthy in
  our living; whiche ben prudence, justice, temperaunce, and
  strength. Prudence is goodly wisdom in knowing of thinges.
  Strength voideth al adversitees aliche even. Temperaunce distroyeth    75
  beestial living with esy bering. And Justice rightfully
  jugeth; and juging departeth to every wight that is his owne.

  The thirde spece turneth in-to reson of understanding; al
  thinges to be sayd soth and discussed; and that in two thinges is
  devyded. Oon is art, another is rethorike; in whiche two al            80
  lawes of mans reson ben grounded or els maintayned.

  And for this book is of LOVE, and therafter bereth his name,
  and philosophie and lawe muste here-to acorden by their clergial
  discripcions, as: philosophie for love of wisdom is declared, lawe
  for mainteynaunce of pees is holden: and these with love must          85
  nedes acorden; therfore of hem in this place have I touched.
  Ordre of homly thinges and honest maner of livinge in vertue,
  with rightful jugement in causes and profitable administracion in
  comminaltees of realmes and citees, by evenhed profitably to
  raigne, nat by singuler avauntage ne by prive envy, ne by soleyn       90
  purpos in covetise of worship or of goodes, ben disposed in open
  rule shewed, by love, philosophy, and lawe, and yet love, toforn
  al other. Wherfore as sustern in unite they accorden, and oon
  ende, that is, pees and rest, they causen norisshinge; and in the
  joye maynteynen to endure.                                             95

  Now than, as I have declared: my book acordeth with discripcion
  of three thinges; and the Margarit in vertue is lykened
  to Philosophy, with her three speces. In whiche maters ever
  twey ben acordaunt with bodily reson, and the thirde with the
  soule. But in conclusion of my boke and of this Margarite-perle       100
  in knittinge togider, Lawe by three sondrye maners shal be lykened;
  that is to saye, lawe, right, and custome, whiche I wol declare.
  Al that is lawe cometh of goddes ordinaunce, by kyndly worching;
  and thilke thinges ordayned by mannes wittes arn y-cleped right,
  which is ordayned by many maners and in constitucion written.         105
  But custome is a thing that is accepted for right or for lawe,
  there-as lawe and right faylen; and there is no difference, whether
  it come of scripture or of reson. Wherfore it sheweth, that lawe
  is kyndly governaunce; right cometh out of mannes probable
  reson; and custome is of commen usage by length of tyme               110
  used; and custome nat writte is usage; and if it be writte,
  constitucion it is y-written and y-cleped. But lawe of kynde is
  commen to every nation, as conjunccion of man and woman in
  love, succession of children in heritance, restitucion of thing
  by strength taken or lent; and this lawe among al other halt          115
  the soveraynest gree in worship; whiche lawe began at the
  beginning of resonable creature; it varied yet never for no
  chaunging of tyme. Cause, forsothe, in ordayning of lawe was to
  constrayne mens hardinesse in-to pees, and withdrawing his yvel
  wil, and turning malice in-to goodnesse; and that innocence           120
  sikerly, withouten teneful anoye, among shrewes safely might
  inhabite by proteccion of safe-conducte, so that the shrewes, harm
  for harme, by brydle of ferdnesse shulden restrayne. But forsothe,
  in kyndely lawe, nothing is commended but such as goddes
  wil hath confirmed, ne nothing denyed but contrarioustee of           125
  goddes wil in heven. Eke than al lawes, or custome, or els
  constitucion by usage or wryting, that contraryen lawe of kynde,
  utterly ben repugnaunt and adversarie to our goddes wil of heven.
  Trewly, lawe of kynde for goddes own lusty wil is verily to
  mayntayne; under whiche lawe (and unworthy) bothe professe            130
  and reguler arn obediencer and bounden to this Margarite-perle
  as by knotte of loves statutes and stablisshment in kynde, whiche
  that goodly may not be withsetten. Lo! under this bonde am
  I constrayned to abyde; and man, under living lawe ruled, by that
  lawe oweth, after desertes, to ben rewarded by payne or by mede,      135
  but-if mercy weyve the payne. So than +by part resonfully may
  be seye, that mercy bothe right and lawe passeth. Th' entent
  of al these maters is the lest clere understanding, to weten, at
  th'ende of this thirde boke; ful knowing, thorow goddes grace,
  I thinke to make neverthelater. Yet if these thinges han a good       140
  and a +sleigh inseer, whiche that can souke hony of the harde
  stone, oyle of the drye rocke, [he] may lightly fele nobley of mater
  in my leude imaginacion closed. But for my book shal be of
  joye (as I sayd), and I [am] so fer set fro thilke place fro whens
  gladnesse shulde come; my corde is to short to lete my boket          145
  ought cacche of that water; and fewe men be abouten my corde
  to eche, and many in ful purpos ben redy it shorter to make, and
  to enclose th' entre, that my boket of joye nothing shulde cacche,
  but empty returne, my careful sorowes to encrese: (and if I dye
  for payne, that were gladnesse at their hertes): good lord, send      150
  me water in-to the cop of these mountayns, and I shal drinke
  therof, my thurstes to stanche, and sey, these be comfortable
  welles; in-to helth of goodnesse of my saviour am I holpen. And
  yet I saye more, the house of joye to me is nat opened. How
  dare my sorouful goost than in any mater of gladnesse thinken to      155
  trete? For ever sobbinges and complayntes be redy refrete in
  his meditacions, as werbles in manifolde stoundes comming about
  I not than. And therfore, what maner of joye coude [I] endyte?
  But yet at dore shal I knocke, if the key of David wolde the locke
  unshitte, and he bringe me in, whiche that childrens tonges both      160
  openeth and closeth; whos spirit where he +wol wercheth,
  departing goodly as him lyketh.

  Now to goddes laude and reverence, profit of the reders,
  amendement of maners of the herers, encresing of worship among
  Loves servauntes, releving of my herte in-to grace of my jewel,       165
  and fren[d]ship [in] plesance of this perle, I am stered in this
  making, and for nothing els; and if any good thing to mennes
  lyking in this scripture be founde, thanketh the maister of grace,
  whiche that of that good and al other is authour and principal
  doer. And if any thing be insufficient or els mislyking, +wyte        170
  that the leudnesse of myne unable conning: for body in disese
  anoyeth the understanding in soule. A disesely habitacion
  letteth the wittes [in] many thinges, and namely in sorowe. The
  custome never-the-later of Love, +by long tyme of service, in
  termes I thinke to pursue, whiche ben lyvely to yeve understanding    175
  in other thinges. But now, to enforme thee of this
  Margarites goodnesse, I may her not halfe preyse. Wherfore, nat
  she for my boke, but this book for her, is worthy to be commended,
  tho my book be leude; right as thinges nat for places, but places
  for thinges, ought to be desyred and praysed.                         180

BOOK III: CH. I. 1. sayne. 2. one. thre. 3. amonge. thre. 3, 4. certayne.
4. werke. 6. thre. Demacion; _read_ Deuiacion. 8. hel.

13. thynge. deserte. one benefyte. 14. onely. 16. gyn. 17. made. 19.
togyther. dwel. 21. thre. 22. arose. resurrection. 24. boke. thre. 25.
maye. 26. erroure. 27. is (!); _read_ that. 28. deserte. 29. correction.
waye. 30. comforte. 31. canne. 34. hert. processe. 35. peerle. with; _read_
whyt (_see_ l. 44). 36. iewel; _read_ iewelles. 39. cleapeth. 40. _Supply_
by. 42. treaten. 43. propertie. sayne. 44. whyte. 47. One. 48. comforte.
reason.

51. ren. 52. thre. 54. sayn. great. 56. stante. 57. certayne. 58. wretches.
60. whyle. 61. -certayne. hydde. 62. parfyte reason. 64. certayne. 67.
treten; _read_ treteth. 69. course. 73. lyueng. 74. wysdome. 76. lyueng.
easy bearyng. 78. reason. 80. one. arte. 81. reason. 82. booke. beareth.
84. wisdome. 85. peace.

88. administration. 89. co_m_mynalties. cytes. 91. purpose. 93. susterne.
one. 94. peace. 96. Nowe. boke. discription. 97-8. thre. 99. reason. 100.
peerle. 101. thre. 105. co_n_stitution. 110. reason. 112. co_n_stitutyon.
113. co_n_iunction. 114. restitution. 115. halte. 117. reasonable. 119.
peace. 121. amonge. 122. harme for harme.

123. ferdenesse. 124. nothynge. 125. contraryoustie. 130. law. 131. arne.
133. maye. 134. lyueng. 135. payn. 136. be; _read_ by. parte reasonfully.
137. sey. thentent. 139. thende. thorowe. 141. sleight; _read_ sleigh. 142.
_I insert_ he. 143. ymagination. boke. 144. _Supply_ am. ferre. 145. let.
146-8. catch. 147. purpose. 148. thentre. 150. lorde sende. 152. sta_n_ch.
157. meditatio_n_s. 158. _I supply_ I.

160. vnshyt. bring. 161. whose spirite. wel; _read_ wol. 163. Nowe.
profite. 165. hert. 166. frenship. _I supply_ in. peerle. 170. with; _read_
wyte. 172. habitation. 173. _I supply_ in. 174. be; _read_ by. 176. nowe.
enform the. 178-9. boke (_thrice_).

                          CHAPTER II.

  'Now,' quod Love, 'trewly thy wordes I have wel understonde.
  Certes, me thinketh hem right good; and me
  wondreth why thou so lightly passest in the lawe.'

  'Sothly,' quod I, 'my wit is leude, and I am right blynd, and
  that mater depe. How shulde I than have waded? Lightly                  5
  might I have drenched, and spilte ther my-selfe.'

  'Ye,' quod she, 'I shal helpe thee to swimme. For right as
  lawe punissheth brekers of preceptes and the contrary-doers of the
  written constitucions, right so ayenward lawe rewardeth and
  yeveth mede to hem that lawe strengthen. By one lawe this              10
  rebel is punisshed and this innocent is meded; the shrewe is
  enprisoned and this rightful is corowned. The same lawe that
  joyneth by wedlocke without forsaking, the same lawe yeveth
  lybel of departicion bycause of devorse both demed and
  declared.'                                                             15

  'Ye, ye,' quod I, 'I fynde in no lawe to mede and rewarde in
  goodnes the gilty of desertes.'

  'Fole,' quod she, 'gilty, converted in your lawe, mikel merit
  deserveth. Also Pauly[n] of Rome was crowned, that by him the
  maynteyners of Pompeus weren knowen and distroyed; and yet             20
  toforn was this Paulyn cheef of Pompeus counsaile. This lawe
  in Rome hath yet his name of mesuring, in mede, the bewraying of
  the conspiracy, ordayned by tho senatours the deth. Julius Cesar
  is acompted in-to Catons rightwisnesse; for ever in trouth
  florissheth his name among the knowers of reson. Perdicas was          25
  crowned in the heritage of Alexander the grete, for tellinge of
  a prevy hate that king Porrus to Alexander hadde. Wherfore
  every wight, by reson of lawe, after his rightwysenesse apertely
  his mede may chalenge; and so thou, that maynteynest lawe of
  kynde, and therfore disese hast suffred in the lawe, reward is         30
  worthy to be rewarded and ordayned, and +apertly thy mede
  might thou chalenge.'

  'Certes,' quod I, 'this have I wel lerned; and ever hens-forward
  I shal drawe me therafter, in oonhed of wil to abyde, this
  lawe bothe maynteyne and kepe; and so hope I best entre in-to          35
  your grace, wel deservinge in-to worship of a wight, without
  nedeful compulsion, [that] ought medefully to be rewarded.'

  'Truly,' quod Love, 'that is sothe; and tho[ugh], by constitucion,
  good service in-to profit and avantage strecche, utterly
  many men it demen to have more desert of mede than good wil            40
  nat compelled.'

  'See now,' quod I, 'how +many men holden of this the contrary.
  And what is good service? Of you wolde I here this
  question declared.'

  'I shal say thee,' quod she, 'in a fewe wordes:--resonable             45
  workinges in plesaunce and profit of thy soverayne.'

  'How shulde I this performe?' quod I.

  'Right wel,' quod she; 'and here me now a litel. It is hardely
  (quod she) to understande, that right as mater by due overchaunginges
  foloweth his perfeccion and his forme, right so every                  50
  man, by rightful werkinges, ought to folowe the lefful desyres in
  his herte, and see toforn to what ende he deserveth. For many
  tymes he that loketh nat after th'endes, but utterly therof is
  unknowen, befalleth often many yvels to done, wherthrough, er he
  be war, shamefully he is confounded; th'ende[s] therof neden to        55
  be before loked. To every desirer of suche foresight in good
  service, three thinges specially nedeth to be rulers in his workes.
  First, that he do good; next, that he do [it] by eleccion in his
  owne herte; and the thirde, that he do godly, withouten any
  surquedry in thoughtes. That your werkes shulden be good, in           60
  service or in any other actes, authorites many may be aleged;
  neverthelater, by reson thus may it be shewed. Al your werkes
  be cleped seconde, and moven in vertue of the firste wercher,
  whiche in good workes wrought you to procede; and right so
  your werkes moven in-to vertue of the laste ende: and right in         65
  the first workinge were nat, no man shulde in the seconde werche.
  Right so, but ye feled to what ende, and seen their goodnes
  closed, ye shulde no more +recche what ye wrought; but the
  ginning gan with good, and there shal it cese in the laste ende, if
  it be wel considred. Wherfore the middle, if other-wayes it drawe      70
  than accordant to the endes, there stinteth the course of good,
  and another maner course entreth; and so it is a partie by him-selve;
  and every part [that] be nat accordant to his al, is foul and
  ought to be eschewed. Wherfore every thing that is wrought
  and be nat good, is nat accordant to th'endes of his al hole; it is    75
  foul, and ought to be withdrawe. Thus the persons that neither
  don good ne harm shamen foule their making. Wherfore, without
  working of good actes in good service, may no man ben accepted.
  Truely, the ilke that han might to do good and doon it nat, the
  crowne of worship shal be take from hem, and with shame shul           80
  they be anulled; and so, to make oon werke acordant with his
  endes, every good servaunt, by reson of consequence, muste do
  good nedes. Certes, it suffiseth nat alone to do good, but goodly
  withal folowe; the thanke of goodnesse els in nought he
  deserveth. For right as al your being come from the greetest           85
  good, in whom al goodnesse is closed, right so your endes ben
  directe to the same good. Aristotel determineth that ende and
  good ben one, and convertible in understanding; and he that in
  wil doth awey good, and he that loketh nat to th'ende, loketh nat
  to good; but he that doth good and doth nat goodly, [and]              90
  draweth away the direction of th'ende nat goodly, must nedes
  be badde. Lo! badde is nothing els but absence or negative
  of good, as derkenesse is absence or negative of light. Than he
  that dooth [not] goodly, directeth thilke good in-to th'ende of
  badde; so muste thing nat good folowe: eke badnesse to suche           95
  folke ofte foloweth. Thus contrariaunt workers of th'ende
  that is good ben worthy the contrary of th'ende that is good
  to have.'

  'How,' quod I, 'may any good dede be doon, but-if goodly it
  helpe?'                                                               100

  'Yes,' quod Love, 'the devil doth many good dedes, but
  goodly he leveth be-hynde; for +ever badly and in disceyvable
  wyse he worketh; wherfore the contrary of th'ende him foloweth.
  And do he never so many good dedes, bicause goodly is away,
  his goodnes is nat rekened. Lo! than, tho[ugh] a man do good,         105
  but he do goodly, th'ende in goodnesse wol nat folowe; and thus
  in good service both good dede and goodly doon musten joyne
  togider, and that it be doon with free choise in herte; and els
  deserveth he nat the merit in goodnes: that wol I prove. For
  if thou do any-thing good by chaunce or by happe, in what thing       110
  art thou therof worthy to be commended? For nothing, by reson
  of that, turneth in-to thy praysing ne lacking. Lo! thilke thing
  doon by hap, by thy wil is nat caused; and therby shulde I
  thanke or lacke deserve? And sithen that fayleth, th'ende which
  that wel shulde rewarde, must ned[e]s faile. Clerkes sayn, no man     115
  but willinge is blessed; a good dede that he hath doon is nat
  doon of free choice willing; without whiche blissednesse may nat
  folowe. _Ergo_, neither thanke of goodnesse ne service [is] in that
  [that] is contrary of the good ende. So than, to good service
  longeth good dede goodly don, thorow free choice in herte.'           120

  'Truely,' quod I, 'this have I wel understande.'

  'Wel,' quod she, 'every thing thus doon sufficiently by lawe,
  that is cleped justice, [may] after-reward clayme. For lawe and
  justice was ordayned in this wyse, suche desertes in goodnesse,
  after quantite in doinge, by mede to rewarde; and of necessite of     125
  suche justice, that is to say, rightwysenesse, was free choice in
  deserving of wel or of yvel graunted to resonable creatures.
  Every man hath free arbitrement to chose, good or yvel to
  performe.'

  'Now,' quod I tho, 'if I by my good wil deserve this Margarit-perle,  130
  and am nat therto compelled, and have free choice to do
  what me lyketh; she is than holden, as me thinketh, to rewarde
  th'entent of my good wil.'

  'Goddes forbode els,' quod Love; 'no wight meneth otherwyse,
  I trowe; free wil of good herte after-mede deserveth.'                135

  'Hath every man,' quod I, 'free choice by necessary maner of
  wil in every of his doinges that him lyketh, by goddes proper
  purvyaunce? I wolde see that wel declared to my leude understanding;
  for "necessary" and "necessite" ben wordes of mokel
  entencion, closing (as to saye) so mote it be nedes, and otherwyse    140
  may it nat betyde.'

  'This shalt thou lerne,' quod she, 'so thou take hede in my
  speche. If it were nat in mannes owne liberte of free wil to do
  good or bad, but to the one teyed by bonde of goddes preordinaunce,
  than, do he never so wel, it were by nedeful compulcion               145
  of thilk bonde, and nat by free choice, wherby nothing he
  desyreth: and do he never so yvel, it were nat man for to wyte,
  but onlich to him that suche thing ordayned him to done.
  Wherfore he ne ought for bad[de] be punisshed, ne for no good
  dede be rewarded; but of necessite of rightwisnesse was therfore      150
  free choice of arbitrement put in mans proper disposicion. Truely,
  if it were otherwyse, it contraried goddes charite, that badnesse
  and goodnesse rewardeth after desert of payne or of mede.'

  'Me thinketh this wonder,' quod I; 'for god by necessite
  forwot al thinges coming, and so mote it nedes be; and thilke         155
  thinges that ben don +by our free choice comen nothing of necessite
  but only +by wil. How may this stonde +togider? And so
  me thinketh truely, that free choice fully repugneth goddes
  forweting. Trewly, lady, me semeth, they mowe nat stande
  +togider.'                                                            160

CH. II. 1. Nowe. 4. blynde. 5. howe. 7. Yea. the. swym. 9. constitutions.
aye_n_warde.

17. gyltie. 18. gyltie. merite. 19. Pauly (_for_ Paulyn; _first time_). 21.
toforne. chefe. 25. amonge. 25-8. reason. 26. great. 30. disease. rewarde.
31. apartly (_for_ ap_er_tly). 34. onehed. 37. _I supply_ that. 38.
constitution. 39. profite. stretch. 42. Se. howe may. 45. the. 46. profite.
47. Howe. 48. nowe. 50. perfection.

51. leful. 52. hert. se. 55. ware. 57. thre. 58. _I supply_ it. electyon.
59. hert. 62. reason. maye. 68. recth (_for_ retch); _read_ recche. 69.
cease. 73. p_ar_te. _I supply_ that. 73-5. foule. 77. harme. 79. done. 81.
one. 82. reason. 85. greatest.

90. _I supply_ and. 92. bad. negatyfe (_first time_). 94. _I supply_ not.
99. done. 101. dothe. 102. even; _read_ ever. 105. tho. 107-8. done
(_twice_). 108. hert. 109. merite. 111. reason. 113. done. shulde I; _put
for_ shuldest thou. 115. neds (_sic_). 116-7. done (_twice_). 118. _I
supply_ is _and_ that. 120. thorowe fre. hert. 122. done. 123. _I supply_
may. rewarde claym.

130. Nowe. 134. meaneth. 135. hert. 136. fre. 138. se. 140. ente_n_tion.
142. lern. 143-6. fre (_twice_). 148. onelych. 149. bad. 151. fre. 151.
disposition. 153. payn. 155. forwote. 156. be; _for_ by. fre. 157. onely
be; _for_ by. Howe. 157-60. togyther; _read_ togider. 158. fre.

                          CHAPTER III.

  Than gan Love nighe me nere, and with a noble countenance
  of visage and limmes, dressed her nigh my
  sitting-place.

  'Take forth,' quod she, 'thy pen, and redily wryte these
  wordes. For if god wol, I shal hem so enforme to thee, that thy         5
  leudnesse which I have understande in that mater shal openly be
  clered, and thy sight in ful loking therin amended. First, if thou
  thinke that goddes prescience repugne liberte of arbitrement, it is
  impossible that they shulde accorde in onheed of sothe to
  understonding.'                                                        10

  'Ye,' quod I, 'forsothe; so I it conceyve.'

  'Wel,' quod she, 'if thilke impossible were away, the repugnaunce
  that semeth to be therin were utterly removed.'

  'Shewe me the absence of that impossibilite,' quod I.

  'So,' quod she, 'I shal. Now I suppose that they mowe                  15
  stande togider: prescience of god, whom foloweth necessite of
  thinges comming, and liberte of arbitrement, thorow whiche thou
  belevest many thinges to be without necessite.'

  'Bothe these proporcions be sothe,' quod I, 'and wel mowe
  stande togider; wherfore this case as possible I admit.'               20

  'Truely,' quod she, 'and this case is impossible.'

  'How so?' quod I.

  'For herof,' quod she, 'foloweth and wexeth another
  impossible.'

  'Prove me that,' quod I.                                               25

  'That I shal,' quod she; 'for somthing is comming without
  necessite, and god wot that toforn; for al thing comming he
  before wot, and that he beforn wot of necessite is comming, as
  he beforn wot be the case by necessary maner; or els, thorow
  necessite, is somthing to be without necessite; and wheder, to         30
  every wight that hath good understanding, is seen these thinges
  to be repugnaunt: prescience of god, whiche that foloweth necessite,
  and liberte of arbitrement, fro whiche is removed necessite?
  For truely, it is necessary that god have forweting of thing withouten
  any necessite cominge.'                                                35

  'Ye,' quod I; 'but yet remeve ye nat away fro myne understanding
  the necessite folowing goddes be foreweting, as thus. God
  beforn wot me in service of love to be bounden to this Margarite-perle,
  and therfore by necessite thus to love am I bounde; and
  if I had nat loved, thorow necessite had I ben kept from al            40
  love-dedes.'

  'Certes,' quod Love, 'bicause this mater is good and necessary
  to declare, I thinke here-in wel to abyde, and not lightly to passe.
  Thou shalt not (quod she) say al-only, "god beforn wot me to be
  a lover or no lover," but thus: "god beforn wot me to be a lover       45
  without necessite." And so foloweth, whether thou love or not love,
  every of hem is and shal be. But now thou seest the impossibilite
  of the case, and the possibilite of thilke that thou wendest
  had been impossible; wherfore the repugnaunce is adnulled.'

  'Ye,' quod I; 'and yet do ye not awaye the strength of necessite,      50
  whan it is said, th[r]ough necessite it is me in love to
  abyde, or not to love without necessite for god beforn wot it.
  This maner of necessite forsothe semeth to some men in-to coaccion,
  that is to sayne, constrayning, or else prohibicion, that is,
  defendinge; wherfore necessite is me to love of wil. I understande     55
  me to be constrayned by some privy strength to the wil
  of lovinge; and if [I] no[t] love, to be defended from the wil of
  lovinge: and so thorow necessite me semeth to love, for I love;
  or els not to love, if I not love; wherthrough neither thank ne
  maugre in tho thinges may I deserve.'                                  60

  'Now,' quod she, 'thou shalt wel understande, that often we
  sayn thing thorow necessite to be, that by no strength to be
  neither is coarted ne constrayned; and through necessite not
  to be, that with no defendinge is removed. For we sayn it is
  thorow necessite god to be immortal, nought deedliche; and it          65
  is necessite, god to be rightful; but not that any strength of
  violent maner constrayneth him to be immortal, or defendeth him
  to be unrightful; for nothing may make him dedly or unrightful.
  Right so, if I say, thorow necessite is thee to be a lover or els
  noon; only thorow wil, as god beforn wete. It is nat to understonde    70
  that any thing defendeth or forbit thee thy wil, whiche shal
  nat be; or els constrayneth it to be, whiche shal be. That same
  thing, forsoth, god before wot, whiche he beforn seeth. Any
  thing commende of only wil, that wil neyther is constrayned
  ne defended thorow any other thing. And so thorow liberte of           75
  arbitrement it is do, that is don of wil. And trewly, my good
  child, if these thinges be wel understonde, I wene that non
  inconvenient shalt thou fynde betwene goddes forweting and
  liberte of arbitrement; wherfore I wot wel they may stande
  togider. Also farthermore, who that understanding of prescience        80
  properlich considreth, thorow the same wyse that any-thing be
  afore wist is said, for to be comming it is pronounced; there is
  nothing toforn wist but thing comming; foreweting is but of
  trouth[e]; dout[e] may nat be wist; wherfore, whan I sey that god
  toforn wot any-thing, thorow necessite is thilke thing to be comming;  85
  al is oon if I sey, it shal be. But this necessite neither
  constrayneth ne defendeth any-thing to be or nat to be. Therfore sothly,
  if love is put to be, it is said of necessite to be; or els, for it
  is put nat to be, it is affirmed nat to be of necessite; nat for that
  necessite constrayneth or defendeth love to be or nat to be. For       90
  whan I say, if love shal be, of necessite it shal be, here foloweth
  necessite the thing toforn put; it is as moch to say as if it were thus
  pronounced--"that thing shal be." Noon other thing signifyeth
  this necessite but only thus: that shal be, may nat togider be
  and nat be. Evenlich also it is soth, love was, and is, and shal       95
  be, nat of necessite; and nede is to have be al that was; and
  nedeful is to be al that is; and comming, to al that shal be.
  And it is nat the same to saye, love to be passed, and love
  passed to be passed; or love present to be present, and love to
  be present; or els love to be comminge, and love comminge to be       100
  comming. Dyversite in setting of wordes maketh dyversite in
  understandinge; altho[ugh] in the same sentence they accorden
  of significacion; right as it is nat al oon, love swete to be swete,
  and love to be swete. For moch love is bitter and sorouful, er
  hertes ben esed; and yet it glad[d]eth thilke sorouful herte on       105
  suche love to thinke.'

  'Forsothe,' quod I, 'outherwhile I have had mokel blisse in
  herte of love that stoundmele hath me sorily anoyed. And
  certes, lady, for I see my-self thus knit with this Margarite-perle
  as by bonde of your service and of no liberte of wil, my herte wil    110
  now nat acorde this service to love. I can demin in my-selfe
  non otherwise but thorow necessite am I constrayned in this
  service to abyde. But alas! than, if I thorow nedeful compulsioun
  maugre me be with-holde, litel thank for al my greet traveil have
  I than deserved.'                                                     115

  'Now,' quod this lady, 'I saye as I sayde: me lyketh this
  mater to declare at the ful, and why: for many men have had
  dyvers fantasyes and resons, both on one syde therof and in the
  other. Of whiche right sone, I trowe, if thou wolt understonde,
  thou shalt conne yeve the sentence to the partie more probable        120
  by reson, and in soth knowing, by that I have of this mater
  maked an ende.'

  'Certes,' quod I, 'of these thinges longe have I had greet lust
  to be lerned; for yet, I wene, goddes wil and his prescience
  acordeth with my service in lovinge of this precious Margarite-perle. 125
  After whom ever, in my herte, with thursting desyre wete,
  I do brenne; unwasting, I langour and fade; and the day of my
  desteny in dethe or in joye I +onbyde; but yet in th'ende I am
  comforted +by my supposaile, in blisse and in joye to determine
  after my desyres.'                                                    130

  'That thing,' quoth Love, 'hastely to thee neigh, god graunt
  of his grace and mercy! And this shal be my prayer, til thou be
  lykende in herte at thyne owne wil. But now to enforme thee in
  this mater (quod this lady) thou wost where I lefte; that was:
  love to be swete, and love swete to be swete, is not al oon for to    135
  say. For a tree is nat alway by necessite white. Somtyme, er it
  were white, it might have be nat white; and after tyme it is
  white, it may be nat white. But a white tree evermore nedeful
  is to be white; for neither toforn ne after it was white, might it
  be togider white and nat white. Also love, by necessite, is nat       140
  present as now in thee; for er it were present, it might have be
  that it shulde now nat have be; and yet it may be that it shal nat
  be present; but thy love present whiche to her, Margarite, thee
  hath bounde, nedeful is to be present. Trewly, som doing of
  accion, nat by necessite, is comminge fer toforn it be; it may be     145
  that it shal nat be comminge. Thing forsoth comming nedeful is
  to be comming; for it may nat be that comming shal nat be
  comming. And right as I have sayd of present and of future
  tymes, the same sentence in sothnesse is of the preterit, that is
  to say, tyme passed. For thing passed must nedes be passed; and       150
  er it were, it might have nat be; wherfore it shulde nat have
  passed. Right so, whan love comming is said of love that is to
  come, nedeful is to be that is said; for thing comming never is nat
  comminge. And so, ofte, the same thing we sayn of the same; as
  whan we sayn "every man is a man," or "every lover is a lover,"       155
  so muste it be nedes. In no waye may he be man and no man togider.
  And if it be nat by necessite, that is to say nedeful, al thing
  comming to be comming, than somthing comming is nat comminge,
  and that is impossible. Right as these termes "nedeful,"
  "necessite," and "necessary" betoken and signify thing nedes          160
  to be, and it may nat otherwyse be, right [so] +this terme "impossible"
  signifyeth, that [a] thing is nat and by no way may it be.
  Than, thorow pert necessite, al thing comming is comming; but
  that is by necessite foloweth, with nothing to be constrayned.
  Lo! whan that "comming" is said of thinge, nat alway thing            165
  thorow necessite is, altho[ugh] it be comming. For if I say,
  "to-morowe love is comming in this Margarites herte," nat therfore
  thorow necessite shal the ilke love be; yet it may be that it shal
  nat be, altho[ugh] it were comming. Neverthelater, somtyme it
  is soth that somthing be of necessite, that is sayd "to come"; as     170
  if I say, to-morowe +be comminge the rysinge of the sonne. If
  therfore with necessite I pronounce comming of thing to come, in
  this maner love to-morne comminge in thyne Margarite to thee-ward,
  by necessite is comminge; or els the rysing of the sonne
  to-morne comminge, through necessite is comminge. Love sothely,       175
  whiche may nat be of necessite alone folowinge, thorow necessite
  comming it is mad certayn. For "futur" of future is said; that is to
  sayn, "comming" of comminge is said; as, if to-morowe comming
  is thorow necessite, comminge it is. Arysing of the sonne, thorow
  two necessites in comming, it is to understande; that oon is          180
  to-for[e]going necessite, whiche maketh thing to be; therfore it shal
  be, for nedeful is that it be. Another is folowing necessite, whiche
  nothing constrayneth to be, and so by necessite it is to come; why?
  for it is to come. Now than, whan we sayn that god beforn wot
  thing comming, nedeful [it] is to be comming; yet therfore make       185
  we nat in certayn evermore, thing to be thorow necessite comminge.
  Sothly, thing comming may nat be nat comming by no
  way; for it is the same sentence of understanding as if we say
  thus: if god beforn wot any-thing, nedeful is that to be comming.
  But yet therfore foloweth nat the prescience of God, thing thorow     190
  necessite to be comming: for al-tho[ugh] god toforn wot al
  thinges comming, yet nat therfore he beforn wot every thing
  comming thorow necessite. Some thinges he beforn wot comming
  of free wil out of resonable creature.'

  'Certes,' quod I, 'these termes "nede" and "necessite" have           195
  a queint maner of understanding; they wolden dullen many
  mennes wittes.'

  'Therfore,' quod she, 'I wol hem openly declare, and more
  clerely than I have toforn, er I departe hen[ne]s.

CH. III. 1. nygh. 5. the. 6. vndersta_n_d. 8. lyberte of arbetry of
arbitrement; _omit_ arbetry of. 15. Nowe. 17. thorowe. 22. Howe. 29.
beforne. maner than (_omit_ than). thorowe. 30. whed_er_to.

38. beforne wote. 40. thorowe. kepte. 44. shalte. onely. 44-5. beforne wote
(_twice_). 47. nowe. 51. though; _read_ through. 52. beforne wote. 53.
coaction. 57. _Supply_ I; _for_ no _read_ not; _see_ l. 59. 58. thorowe.
59. thanke. 60. maye. 61. Nowe. shalte. 62. sayne. thorowe. 63. throughe.
64. sayne. 65. thorowe. 67. violente. 69. thorowe. the. 70. none. onely
thorowe. beforne. 71. the.

73-4. thynge. 74. co_m_mende; _for_ comminge. onely. 75. thorowe (_twice_).
76. done. 77. childe. vndersto_n_d. 81. thorowe. 84. trouth. dout. 85.
wote. thorowe. 86. if it shal be; _omit_ if. 92. toforne. 93. None. 94.
onely. 102. altho. 103. signification. one. 105. eased. hert. 108. hert.

109. se. peerle. 110. hert. 111. nowe. 112. thorowe. 113. thorowe. 114.
thanke. great. 116. Nowe. 118. reasons. 120. shalte con. 121. reason. 123.
great luste. 126. hert. weete. 128. vnbyde (!). 129. be; _for_ by. 133.
nowe. the. 135. one. 138. maye. 141. nowe. the. 142. nowe. maye. 143. the.
144. some.

145. action. ferre. 154. thynge. 155. sayne. 161. _I supply_ so. these
termes; _read_ this terme. 162. _I supply_ a. 163-6. thorowe. (_twice_).
166. altho. 167. hert. 169. altho. 171. by; _read_ be. 173. the warde. 176.
thorowe. 177. made certayne. 179. thorowe. 180. one. 181. to forgoing.

184. Nowe. 185. _I supply_ it. 186. certayne. thynge. thorowe. 187. maye.
190. thorowe. 191. wote. 193. thorowe. 200. hense; _read_ hennes.

                          CHAPTER IV.

  Here of this mater,' quod she, 'thou shalt understande
  that, right as it is nat nedeful, god to wilne that he wil,
  no more in many thinges is nat nedeful, a man to wilne that
  he wol. And ever, right as nedeful is to be, what that god wol,
  right so to be it is nedeful that man wol in tho thinges, whiche        5
  that god hath put in-to mannes subjeccion of willinge; as, if
  a man wol love, that he love; and if he ne wol love, that he love
  nat; and of suche other thinges in mannes disposicion. For-why,
  now than that god wol may nat be, whan he wol the wil of man
  thorow no necessite to be constrayned or els defended for to           10
  wilne, and he wol th'effect to folowe the wil; than is it nedeful,
  wil of man to be free, and also to be that he wol. In this maner
  it is soth, that thorow necessite is mannes werke in loving, that
  he wol do altho[ugh] he wol it nat with necessite.'

  Quod I than, 'how stant it in love of thilke wil, sithen men           15
  loven willing of free choice in herte? Wherfore, if it be thorow
  necessite, I praye you, lady, of an answere this question to
  assoyle.'

  'I wol,' quod she, 'answere thee blyvely. Right as men wil
  not thorow necessite, right so is not love of wil thorow necessite;    20
  ne thorow necessite wrought thilke same wil. For if he wolde
  it not with good wil, it shulde nat have been wrought; although
  that he doth, it is nedeful to be doon. But if a man do sinne, it
  is nothing els but to +wilne that he shulde nat; right so sinne
  of wil is not to be [in] maner necessary don, no more than wil is      25
  necessarye. Never-the-later, this is sothe; if a man wol sinne,
  it is necessarye him to sinne, but th[r]ough thilke necessite nothing
  is constrayned ne defended in the wil; right so thilke thing that
  free-wil wol and may, and not may not wilne; and nedeful is
  that to wilne he may not wilne. But thilke to wilne nedeful is; for    30
  impossible to him it is oon thing and the same to wilne and not to
  wilne. The werke, forsothe, of wil, to whom it is yeve that it be that
  he hath in wil, and that he wol not, voluntarie +or spontanye it is;
  for by spontanye wil it is do, that is to saye, with good wil not
  constrayned: than by wil not constrayned it is constrayned to          35
  be; and that is it may not +togider be. If this necessite maketh
  liberte of wil, whiche that, aforn they weren, they might have ben
  eschewed and shonned: god than, whiche that knoweth al
  tr[o]uthe, and nothing but tr[o]uthe, al these thinges, as they
  arn spontanye or necessarie, +seeth; and as he seeth, so they          40
  ben. And so with these thinges wel considred, it is open at the
  ful, that without al maner repugnaunce god beforn wot al maner
  thinges [that] ben don by free wil, whiche, aforn they weren,
  [it] might have ben [that] never they shulde be. And yet ben
  they thorow a maner necessite from free wil +discended.                45

  Hereby may (quod she) lightly ben knowe that not al thinges to
  be, is of necessite, though god have hem in his prescience. For
  som thinges to be, is of liberte of wil. And to make thee to have
  ful knowinge of goddes beforn-weting, here me (quod she) what
  I shal say.'                                                           50

  'Blythly, lady,' quod I, 'me list this mater entyrely to
  understande.'

  'Thou shalt,' quod she, 'understande that in heven is goddes
  beinge; although he be over al by power, yet there is abydinge of
  devyne persone; in whiche heven is everlastinge presence, withouten    55
  any movable tyme. There * is nothing preterit ne passed,
  there is nothing future ne comming; but al thinges togider in that
  place ben present everlasting, without any meving. Wherfore, to
  god, al thing is as now; and though a thing be nat, in kyndly
  nature of thinges, as yet, and if it shulde be herafter, yet evermore  60
  we shul saye, god it maketh be tyme present, and now; for no
  future ne preterit in him may be founde. Wherfore his weting and
  his before-weting is al oon in understanding. Than, if weting
  and before-weting of god putteth in necessite to al thinges whiche
  he wot or before-wot; ne thing, after eternite or els after any        65
  tyme, he wol or doth of liberte, but al of necessite: whiche thing
  if thou wene it be ayenst reson, [than is] nat thorow necessite to
  be or nat to be, al thing that god wot or before-wot to be or nat
  to be; and yet nothing defendeth any-thing to be wist or to be
  before-wist of him in our willes or our doinges to be don, or els      70
  comminge to be for free arbitrement. Whan thou hast these
  declaracions wel understande, than shalt thou fynde it resonable
  at prove, and that many thinges be nat thorow necessite but
  thorow liberte of wil, save necessite of free wil, as I tofore said,
  and, as me thinketh, al utterly declared.'                             75

  'Me thinketh, lady,' quod I, 'so I shulde you nat displese, and
  evermore your reverence to kepe, that these thinges contraryen in
  any understanding; for ye sayn, somtyme is thorow liberte of
  wil, and also thorow necessite. Of this have I yet no savour,
  without better declaracion.'                                           80

  'What wonder,' quod she, 'is there in these thinges, sithen al
  day thou shalt see at thyne eye, in many thinges receyven in hem-selfe
  revers, thorow dyvers resons, as thus:--I pray thee (quod
  she) which thinges ben more revers than "comen" and "gon"?
  For if I bidde thee "come to me," and thou come, after, whan           85
  I bidde thee "go," and thou go, thou reversest fro thy first
  comming.'

  'That is soth,' quod I.

  'And yet,' quod she, 'in thy first alone, by dyvers reson, was
  ful reversinge to understande.'                                        90

  'As how?' quod I.

  'That shal I shewe thee,' quod she, 'by ensample of thinges
  that have kyndly moving. Is there any-thing that meveth more
  kyndly than doth the hevens eye, whiche I clepe the sonne?'

  'Sothly,' quod I, 'me semeth it is most kyndly to move.'               95

  'Thou sayest soth,' quod she. 'Than, if thou loke to the
  sonne, in what parte he be under heven, evermore he +hyeth him
  in moving fro thilke place, and +hyeth meving toward the ilke
  same place; to thilke place from whiche he goth he +hyeth
  comminge; and without any ceesinge to that place he neigheth          100
  from whiche he is chaunged and withdrawe. But now in these
  thinges, after dyversite of reson, revers in one thinge may be seye
  without repugnaunce. Wherfore in the same wyse, without any
  repugnaunce, by my resons tofore maked, al is oon to beleve,
  somthing to be thorow necessite comminge for it is comming, and       105
  yet with no necessite constrayned to be comming, but with
  necessite that cometh out of free wil, as I have sayd.'

  Tho liste me a litel to speke, and gan stinte my penne of my
  wryting, and sayde in this wyse.

  'Trewly, lady, as me thinketh, I can allege authoritees grete,        110
  that contrarien your sayinges. Job saith of mannes person,
  "thou hast put his terme, whiche thou might not passe." Than
  saye I that no man may shorte ne lengthe the day ordayned of
  his +dying, altho[ugh] somtyme to us it semeth som man to do
  a thing of free wil, wherthorow his deeth he henteth.'                115

  'Nay, forsothe,' quod she, 'it is nothing ayenst my saying; for
  god is not begyled, ne he seeth nothing wheder it shal come of
  liberte or els of necessite; yet it is said to be ordayned at god
  immovable, whiche at man, or it be don, may be chaunged.
  Suche thing is also that Poule the apostel saith of hem that tofore   120
  wern purposed to be sayntes, as thus: "whiche that god before
  wiste and hath predestined conformes of images of his +sone, that
  he shulde ben the firste begeten, that is to saye, here amonges
  many brethren; and whom he hath predestined, hem he hath
  cleped; and whom he hath cleped, hem he hath justifyed; and           125
  whom he hath justifyed, hem he hath magnifyed." This purpos,
  after whiche they ben cleped sayntes or holy in the everlasting
  present, wher is neither tyme passed ne tyme comminge, but ever
  it is only present, and now as mokel a moment as sevin thousand
  winter; and so ayenward withouten any meving is nothing lich          130
  temporel presence for thinge that there is ever present. Yet
  amonges you men, er it be in your presence, it is movable thorow
  liberte of arbitrement. And right as in the everlasting present
  no maner thing was ne shal be, but only _is_; and now here, in
  your temporel tyme, somthing was, and is, and shal be, but            135
  movinge stoundes; and in this is no maner repugnaunce: right
  so, in the everlasting presence, nothing may be chaunged; and,
  in your temporel tyme, otherwhyle it is proved movable by liberte
  of wil or it be do, withouten any inconvenience therof to folowe.
  In your temporel tyme is no suche presence as in the tother; for      140
  your present is don whan passed and to come ginnen entre;
  whiche tymes here amonges you everich esily foloweth other.
  But the presence everlasting dureth in oonhed, withouten any
  imaginable chaunging, and ever is present and now. Trewly, the
  course of the planettes and overwhelminges of the sonne in dayes      145
  and nightes, with a newe ginning of his circute after it is ended,
  that is to sayn, oon yeer to folowe another: these maken your
  transitory tymes with chaunginge of lyves and mutacion of people,
  but right as your temporel presence coveiteth every place, and al
  thinges in every of your tymes be contayned, and as now both          150
  seye and wist to goddes very knowinge.'

  'Than,' quod I, 'me wondreth why Poule spak these wordes
  by voice of significacion in tyme passed, that god his sayntes
  before-wist hath predestined, hath cleped, hath justifyed, and
  hath magnifyed. Me thinketh, he shulde have sayd tho wordes           155
  in tyme present; and that had ben more accordaunt to the
  everlasting present than to have spoke in preterit voice of passed
  understanding.'

  'O,' quod Love, 'by these wordes I see wel thou hast litel
  understanding of the everlasting presence, or els of my before        160
  spoken wordes; for never a thing of tho thou hast nempned was
  tofore other or after other; but al at ones evenlich at the god
  ben, and al togider in the everlasting present be now to understanding.
  This eternal presence, as I sayd, hath inclose togider
  in one al tymes, in which close and one al thinges that ben in        165
  dyvers tymes and in dyvers places temporel, [and] without posteriorite
  or priorite ben closed ther in perpetual now, and maked
  to dwelle in present sight. But there thou sayest that Poule shulde
  have spoke thilke forsaid sentence +by tyme present, and that
  most shulde have ben acordaunt to the everlasting presence,           170
  why gabbest thou +in thy wordes? Sothly, I say, Poule moved
  the wordes by significacion of tyme passed, to shewe fully that
  thilk wordes were nat put for temporel significacion; for al [at] thilk
  tyme [of] thilke sentence were nat temporallich born, whiche that
  Poule pronounced god have tofore knowe, and have cleped, than         175
  magnifyed. Wherthorow it may wel be knowe that Poule used tho
  wordes of passed significacion, for nede and lacke of a worde
  in mannes bodily speche betokeninge the everlasting presence.
  And therfore, [in] worde moste semeliche in lykenesse to everlasting
  presence, he took his sentence; for thinges that here-beforn          180
  ben passed utterly be immovable, y-lyke to the everlasting
  presence. As thilke that ben there never mowe not ben present,
  so thinges of tyme passed ne mowe in no wyse not ben passed;
  but al thinges in your temporal presence, that passen in a litel
  while, shullen ben not present. So than in that, it is more           185
  similitude to the everlasting presence, significacion of tyme passed
  than of tyme temporal present, and so more in accordaunce. In
  this maner what thing, of these that ben don thorow free arbitrement,
  or els as necessary, holy writ pronounceth, after eternite he
  speketh; in whiche presence is everlasting sothe and nothing but      190
  sothe immovable; nat after tyme, in whiche naught alway ben
  your willes and your actes. And right as, while they be nat, it is
  nat nedeful hem to be, so ofte it is nat nedeful that somtyme
  they shulde be.'

  'As how?' quod I; 'for yet I must be lerned by some                   195
  ensample.'

  'Of love,' quod she, 'wol I now ensample make, sithen I knowe
  the heed-knotte in that yelke. Lo! somtyme thou wrytest no
  art, ne art than in no wil to wryte. And right as while thou
  wrytest nat or els wolt nat wryte, it is nat nedeful thee to wryte    200
  or els wilne to wryte. And for to make thee knowe utterly that
  thinges ben otherwise in the everlastinge presence than in
  temporal tyme, see now, my good child: for somthing is in the
  everlastinge presence, than in temporal tyme it was nat; in
  +eterne tyme, in eterne presence shal it nat be. Than no reson        205
  defendeth, that somthing ne may be in tyme temporal moving,
  that in eterne is immovable. Forsothe, it is no more contrary
  ne revers for to be movable in tyme temporel, and [im]movable
  in eternite, than nat to be in any tyme and to be alway in
  eternite; and to have be or els to come in tyme temporel, and         210
  nat have be ne nought comming to be in eternite. Yet never-the-later,
  I say nat somthing to be never in tyme temporel, that
  ever is [in] eternite; but al-only in som tyme nat to be. For
  I saye nat thy love to-morne in no tyme to be, but to-day alone
  I deny it to be; and yet, never-the-later, it is alway in eternite.'  215

  'A! so,' quod I, 'it semeth to me, that comming thing or els
  passed here in your temporal tyme to be, in eternite ever now
  and present oweth nat to be demed; and yet foloweth nat thilke
  thing, that was or els shal be, in no maner ther to ben passed
  or els comming; than utterly shul we deny for there without           220
  ceesing it is, in his present maner.'

  'O,' quod she, 'myne owne disciple, now ginnest thou [be]
  able to have the name of my servaunt! Thy wit is clered; away
  is now errour of cloude in unconning; away is blyndnesse of
  love; away is thoughtful study of medling maners. Hastely             225
  shalt thou entre in-to the joye of me, that am thyn owne
  maistres! Thou hast (quod she), in a fewe wordes, wel and
  clerely concluded mokel of my mater. And right as there is
  no revers ne contrarioustee in tho thinges, right so, withouten
  any repugnaunce, it is sayd somthing to be movable in tyme            230
  temporel, +afore it be, that in eternite dwelleth immovable, nat
  afore it be or after that it is, but without cessing; for right
  naught is there after tyme; that same is there everlastinge that
  temporalliche somtyme nis; and toforn it be, it may not be, as
  I have sayd.'                                                         235

  'Now sothly,' quod I, 'this have I wel understande; so that
  now me thinketh, that prescience of god and free arbitrement
  withouten any repugnaunce acorden; and that maketh the
  strength of eternite, whiche encloseth by presence during al
  tymes, and al thinges that ben, han ben, and shul ben in any          240
  tyme. I wolde now (quod I) a litel understande, sithen that
  [god] al thing thus beforn wot, whether thilke wetinge be of tho
  thinges, or els thilke thinges ben to ben of goddes weting, and so
  of god nothing is; and if every thing be thorow goddes weting, and
  therof take his being, than shulde god be maker and auctour           245
  of badde werkes, and so he shulde not rightfully punisshe yvel
  doinges of mankynde.'

  Quod Love, 'I shal telle thee, this lesson to lerne. Myne
  owne trewe servaunt, the noble philosophical poete in Englissh,
  whiche evermore him besieth and travayleth right sore my name         250
  to encrese (wherfore al that willen me good owe to do him
  worship and reverence bothe; trewly, his better ne his pere in
  scole of my rules coude I never fynde)--he (quod she), in a tretis
  that he made of my servant Troilus, hath this mater touched, and
  at the ful this question assoyled. Certaynly, his noble sayinges      255
  can I not amende; in goodnes of gentil manliche speche, without
  any maner of nycete of +storiers imaginacion, in witte and in
  good reson of sentence he passeth al other makers. In the boke of
  Troilus, the answere to thy question mayst thou lerne. Never-the-later,
  yet may lightly thyne understandinge somdel ben lerned,               260
  if thou have knowing of these to-fornsaid thinges; with that thou
  have understanding of two the laste chapiters of this seconde
  boke, that is to say, good to be somthing, and bad to wante al
  maner being. For badde is nothing els but absence of good;
  and [as] that god in good maketh that good dedes ben good,            265
  in yvel he maketh that they ben but naught, that they ben bad;
  for to nothing is badnesse to be [lykned].'

  'I have,' quod I tho, 'ynough knowing therin; me nedeth of
  other thinges to here, that is to saye, how I shal come to my
  blisse so long desyred.'                                              270

CH. IV. 1. shalte. 6. subiection. 8. disposition. 9. nowe. 10. thorowe. 11.
theffecte. folow. 12. fre. 13. thorowe. 14. altho. 15. howe stante.

16. thorowe. 19. the. 20-1. thorowe (_thrice_). 23. dothe. doone. 24. wyl;
_read_ wilne; _see_ l. 30. 25. _I supply_ in. done. 28. thynge. 29. frewyl.
maye. 30. maye. 30-1. _Some words repeated here._ 31. one. 32. whome. 33.
of; _read_ or. 36. togyther; _read_ togider. 37. libertie. aforne. 39.
truthe (_twice_). 40. arne. syght; _read_ seeth. 42. beforne. 43. _I
supply_ that. fre. aforne. 44. _I supply_ it _and_ that. 45. frewyl
discendeth (!). 46. maye. 48. libertie. the. 49. beforne.

53. shalte. * _A break here in_ Th. 59. nowe. thynge. 61. nowe. 63. one.
66. dothe. 67. reason. _I supply_ than is. thorowe. 69. thynge. 70. done.
71. haste. 72. declarations. 73-4. thorowe (_twice_). 76. displease. 78.
sayne. 78-9. thorowe. 80. declaration. 82. shalte se. 83. reasons. the. 84.
gone. 85-6. thee (_twice_).

89. reasone. 91. howe. 92. the. 97. heigheth; _read_ hyeth. 98. higheth;
_read_ hyeth. towarde. 99. gothe. heigheth; _read_ hyeth. 100. ceasynge.
101. nowe. 102. reason. sey. 104. reasons. one. 105. thorowe. 108. list.
stynt. 109. sayd. 110. gret. 111. sayenges. 112. putte. 113. length. 114.
doyng; _read_ dying. some. 115. thynge. -thorowe. dethe. 116. Naye. sayeng.
119. done. 120. saithe. toforne werne. 122. wyst. sonne; _read_ sone.

124. brethern. 126. purpose. 129. onely. nowe. thousande. 130. ayenwarde.
132. thorowe. 134. onely. nowe. 141. done. 142. easely. 143. onehed. 144.
nowe. 147. one yere. 148. mutation. 150. nowe. 151. sey. 152. spake. 153.
signification. 155. sayde. 159. se.

163, 167. nowe. 166. _I supply_ and. 167. therin; _read_ ther in. 168.
dwel. 169. be; _read_ by. 171. to; _read_ in. 172-3. signification
(_twice_). 173. _I supply_ at. 174. were nat thilke sentence; _transpose,
and insert_ of. borne. 176. Wherthorowe. know. 177. signification. 178.
spech. 179. _I supply_ in; _and omit_ is _after_ worde. 180. toke. 181.
beforne. 186. signification. 188. thynge. done thorowe fre. 189. writte.
197. nowe.

199. arte (_twice_). 200. the. 201. the. 203. se nowe. childe. somthynge.
205. eternite; _read_ eterne. reason. 208. movable (!). 210. and have to
be. 213. _I supply_ in. al onely. somtyme. 215. deny ne it; _omit_ ne.
alwaye. 217. nowe. 219. thynge. thereto; _read_ ther to. 221. ceasyng. 222.
nowe. _I supply_ be. 223. witte. 224. nowe. awaye. 226. shalte. 227. haste.
229. contrarioustie. 231. and for; _read_ afore.

234. toforne. maye. 236. Nowe. 237. nowe. fre. 241. nowe. 242. _I supply_
god. beforne. 244. nothynge. thorowe. 248. tel the. 251. encrease. 253.
schole. treatise. 255. sayenges. 256. gentyl manlyche. 257. nycite.
starieres (!). 258. reason. 259. mayste. 260. somdele. 263. want. 265. _I
supply_ as. 267. _I supply_ lykned. 269. howe.

                          CHAPTER V.

  'In this mater toforn declared,' quod Love, 'I have wel
  shewed, that every man hath free arbitrement of thinges in
  his power, to do or undo what him lyketh. Out of this grounde
  muste come the spire, that by processe of tyme shal in greetnesse
  sprede, to have braunches and blosmes of waxing frute in grace,         5
  of whiche the taste and the savour is endelesse blisse, in joye
  ever to onbyde.'*

  'Now, trewly, lady, I have my grounde wel understonde;
  but what thing is thilke spire that in-to a tree shulde wexe?
  Expowne me that thing, what ye therof mene.'                           10

  'That shal I,' quod she, 'blithly, and take good hede to the
  wordes, I thee rede. Continuaunce in thy good service, by longe
  processe of tyme in ful hope abyding, without any chaunge to
  wilne in thyne herte, this is the spire. Whiche, if it be wel kept
  and governed, shal so hugely springe, til the fruit of grace is        15
  plentuously out-sprongen. For although thy wil be good, yet
  may not therfore thilk blisse desyred hastely on thee discenden;
  it must abyde his sesonable tyme. And so, by processe of
  growing, with thy good traveyle, it shal in-to more and more wexe,
  til it be found so mighty, that windes of yvel speche, ne scornes      20
  of envy, make nat the traveyle overthrowe; ne frostes of mistrust,
  ne hayles of jelousy right litel might have, in harming of suche
  springes. Every yonge setling lightly with smale stormes is
  apeyred; but whan it is woxen somdel in gretnesse, than han
  grete blastes and +weders but litel might, any disadvantage to         25
  them for to werche.'

  'Myne owne soverayne lady,' quod I, 'and welth of myne
  herte, and it were lyking un-to your noble grace therthrough nat
  to be displesed, I suppose ye erren, now ye maken jelousy, envy,
  and distourbour to hem that ben your servauntes. I have lerned         30
  ofte, to-forn this tyme, that in every lovers herte greet plentee of
  jelousyes greves ben sowe, wherfore (me thinketh) ye ne ought
  in no maner accompte thilke thing among these other welked
  wivers and venomous serpentes, as envy, mistrust, and yvel
  speche.'                                                               35

  'O fole,' quod she, 'mistrust with foly, with yvel wil medled,
  engendreth that welked padde! Truely, if they were distroyed,
  jelousy undon were for ever; and yet some maner of jelousy,
  I wot wel, is ever redy in al the hertes of my trewe servauntes, as
  thus: to be jelous over him-selfe, lest he be cause of his own         40
  disese. This jelousy in ful thought ever shulde be kept, for
  ferdnesse to lese his love by miskeping, thorow his owne doing in
  leudnesse, or els thus: lest she, that thou servest so fervently, is
  beset there her better lyketh, that of al thy good service she
  compteth nat a cresse. These jelousies in herte for acceptable         45
  qualitees ben demed; these oughten every trewe lover, by kyndly
  [maner], evermore haven in his mynde, til fully the grace and
  blisse of my service be on him discended at wil. And he that
  than jelousy caccheth, or els by wening of his owne folisshe
  wilfulnesse mistrusteth, truely with fantasy of venim he is foule      50
  begyled. Yvel wil hath grounded thilke mater of sorowe in his
  leude soule, and yet nat-for-than to every wight shulde me nat
  truste, ne every wight fully misbeleve; the mene of these thinges
  +oweth to be used. Sothly, withouten causeful evidence mistrust
  in jelousy shulde nat be wened in no wyse person commenly;             55
  suche leude wickednesse shulde me nat fynde. He that is wyse
  and with yvel wil nat be acomered, can abyde wel his tyme, til
  grace and blisse of his service folowing have him so mokel esed,
  as his abydinge toforehande hath him disesed.'

  'Certes, lady,' quod I tho, 'of nothing me wondreth, sithen            60
  thilke blisse so precious is and kyndly good, and wel is and worthy
  in kynde whan it is medled with love and reson, as ye toforn
  have declared. Why, anon as hye oon is spronge, why springeth
  nat the tother? And anon as the oon cometh, why receyveth nat
  the other? For every thing that is out of his kyndly place, by ful     65
  appetyt ever cometh thiderward kyndely to drawe; and his kyndly
  being ther-to him constrayneth. And the kyndly stede of this
  blisse is in suche wil medled to +onbyde, and nedes in that it
  shulde have his kyndly being. Wherfore me thinketh, anon as that
  wil to be shewed and kid him profreth, thilke blisse shulde him        70
  hye, thilk wil to receyve; or els kynde[s] of goodnesse worchen
  nat in hem as they shulde. Lo, be the sonne never so fer, ever
  it hath his kynde werching in erthe. Greet weight on hye on-lofte
  caried stinteth never til it come to +his resting-place. Waters
  to the see-ward ever ben they drawing. Thing that is light             75
  blythly wil nat sinke, but ever ascendeth and upward draweth.
  Thus kynde in every thing his kyndly cours and his beinge-place
  sheweth. Wherfore +by kynde, on this good wil, anon as it were
  spronge, this blisse shulde thereon discende; her kynde[s] wolde,
  they dwelleden togider; and so have ye sayd your-selfe.'               80

  'Certes,' quod she, 'thyne herte sitteth wonder sore, this blisse
  for to have; thyne herte is sore agreved that it tarieth so longe;
  and if thou durstest, as me thinketh by thyne wordes, this blisse
  woldest thou blame. But yet I saye, thilke blisse is kyndly good,
  and his kyndely place [is] in that wil to +onbyde. Never-the-later,    85
  their comming togider, after kyndes ordinaunce, nat sodaynly
  may betyde; it muste abyde tyme, as kynde yeveth him leve.
  For if a man, as this wil medled gonne him shewe, and thilke
  blisse in haste folowed, so lightly comminge shulde lightly cause
  going. Longe tyme of thursting causeth drink to be the more            90
  delicious whan it is atasted.'

  'How is it,' quod I than, 'that so many blisses see I al day at
  myne eye, in the firste moment of a sight, with suche wil accorde?
  Ye, and yet other-whyle with wil assenteth, singulerly by him-selfe;
  there reson fayleth, traveyle was non; service had no tyme. This       95
  is a queynt maner thing, how suche doing cometh aboute.'

  'O,' quod she, 'that is thus. The erthe kyndely, after sesons
  and tymes of the yere, bringeth forth innumerable herbes and
  trees, bothe profitable and other; but suche as men might leve
  (though they nought in norisshinge to mannes kynde serven, or         100
  els suche as tournen sone unto mennes confusion, in case that
  therof they ataste), comen forth out of the erthe by their owne
  kynde, withouten any mannes cure or any businesse in traveyle.
  And the ilke herbes that to mennes lyvelode necessarily serven,
  without whiche goodly in this lyfe creatures mowen nat enduren,       105
  and most ben +norisshinge to mankynde, without greet traveyle,
  greet tilthe, and longe abydinge-tyme, comen nat out of the erthe,
  and [y]it with sede toforn ordayned, suche herbes to make springe
  and forth growe. Right so the parfit blisse, that we have in meninge
  of during-tyme to abyde, may nat come so lightly, but with greet      110
  traveyle and right besy tilth; and yet good seed to be sowe; for
  ofte the croppe fayleth of badde seede, be it never so wel traveyled.
  And thilke blisse thou spoke of so lightly in comming, trewly, is
  nat necessary ne abydinge; and but it the better be stamped,
  and the venomous jeuse out-wrongen, it is lykely to enpoysonen        115
  al tho that therof tasten. Certes, right bitter ben the herbes that
  shewen first [in] the yere of her own kynde. Wel the more is the
  harvest that yeldeth many graynes, tho longe and sore it hath ben
  traveyled. What woldest thou demen if a man wold yeve three
  quarters of nobles of golde? That were a precious gift?'              120

  'Ye, certes,' quod I.

  'And what,' quod she, 'three quarters ful of perles?'

  'Certes,' quod I, 'that were a riche gift.'

  'And what,' quod she, 'of as mokel azure?'

  Quod I, 'a precious gift at ful.'                                     125

  'Were not,' quod she, 'a noble gift of al these atones?'

  'In good faith,' quod I, 'for wanting of Englissh naming of
  so noble a worde, I can not, for preciousnesse, yeve it a name.'

  'Rightfully,' quod she, 'hast thou demed; and yet love, knit
  in vertue, passeth al the gold in this erthe. Good wil, accordant     130
  to reson, with no maner properte may be countrevayled. Al the
  azure in the worlde is nat to accompte in respect of reson. Love
  that with good wil and reson accordeth, with non erthly riches
  may nat ben amended. This yeft hast thou yeven, I know it
  my-selfe, and thy Margarite thilke gift hath receyved; in whiche      135
  thinge to rewarde she hath her-selfe bounde. But thy gift, as
  I said, by no maner riches may be amended; wherfore, with
  thinge that may nat be amended, thou shalt of thy Margarites
  rightwisenesse be rewarded. Right suffred yet never but every
  good dede somtyme to be yolde. Al wolde thy Margarite with            140
  no rewarde thee quyte, right, that never-more dyeth, thy mede in
  merit wol purvey. Certes, such sodayn blisse as thou first
  nempnest, right wil hem rewarde as thee wel is worthy; and
  though at thyn eye it semeth, the reward the desert to passe,
  right can after sende suche bitternesse, evenly it to rewarde. So     145
  that sodayn blisse, by al wayes of reson, in gret goodnesse may
  not ben acompted; but blisse long, both long it abydeth, and
  endlesse it wol laste. See why thy wil is endelesse. For if thou
  lovedest ever, thy wil is ever ther t'abyde and neveremore to
  chaunge; evenhed of rewarde must ben don by right; than muste         150
  nedes thy grace and this blisse [ben] endelesse in joye to +onbyde.
  Evenliche disese asketh evenliche joye, whiche hastely thou shalt
  have.'

  'A!' quod I, 'it suffyseth not than alone good wil, be it never
  so wel with reson medled, but-if it be in good service longe          155
  travayled. And so through service shul men come to the joye;
  and this, me thinketh, shulde be the wexing tree, of which ye first
  meved.*

CH. V. 2. fre. 4. greatnesse. 6. ioy. * _A break here in_ Th. 8. Nowe. 10.
meane. 12. the. 15. fruite. 16. al thoughe. 17. the. 24. somdele. 25.
great. wethers; _read_ weders. 28. hert. 29. displeased. nowe. 31.
to-forne. hert great plentie. 33. thynge.

38. vndone. 41. disease. 42. thorowe. 47. _I supply_ maner. 49. catcheth.
50. venyme. 53. trust. meane. 54. owen; _read_ oweth. 58. eased. 59.
diseased. 62. reason. 63. one. sprong. 64. anone. one. 66. appetite.
thiderwarde. 68. vnbyde; _read_ onbyde. 70. kydde. 71. kynde; _read_
kyndes. 72. ferre.

73. great. 74. this; _read_ his. 75. see warde. 77. course. 78. be; _read_
by. 79. kynde; _read_ kyndes. 80. sayde. 81-2. hert. 85. _I supply_ is.
vnbyde; _read_ onbyde. 87. maye. leaue. 90. drinke. 92. Howe. se. daye. 95.
reason. none. 96. thynge howe. 97. seasons. 98. forthe. 99. leaue. 100.
they were nought; _omit_ were. 101. soone. 102. forthe. 106. norisshen;
_read_ norisshinge. 106-7. great (_twice_). 108. it; _read_ yit; _see_ l.
111. seede toforne. spring.

109. forthe. parfyte. meanynge. 110. great. 111. seede. 117. _I supply_ in.
119-122. thre (_twice_). 122. peerles. 123-6. gifte (_thrice_). 129. haste.
knytte. 130. golde. 131. reason. 132. respecte. 132-3. reason (_twice_).
136. gifte. 141. the. 142. sodayne. 143. the. 144. rewarde.

146. sodayne. reason. 148. last. Se. 149. tabyde. 151. _I supply_ ben. ioy.
vnbyde (!). 152. ioy. 157. tre. * _A break here in_ Th.

                          CHAPTER VI.

  Now, lady,' quod I, 'that tree to sette, fayn wolde I lerne.'

  'So thou shalt,' quod she, 'er thou depart hence.  The
  first thing, thou muste sette thy werke on grounde siker and good,
  accordaunt to thy springes. For if thou desyre grapes, thou
  goest not to the hasel; ne, for to fecchen roses, thou sekest not       5
  on okes; and if thou shalt have hony-soukels, thou levest the
  frute of the soure docke. Wherfore, if thou desyre this blisse in
  parfit joye, thou must sette thy purpos there vertue foloweth, and
  not to loke after the bodily goodes; as I sayd whan thou were
  wryting in thy seconde boke. And for thou hast set thy-selfe in        10
  so noble a place, and utterly lowed in thyn herte the misgoing of
  thy first purpos, this +setling is the esier to springe, and the more
  lighter thy soule in grace to be lissed. And trewly thy desyr,
  that is to say, thy wil algates mot ben stedfast in this mater without
  any chaunginge; for if it be stedfast, no man may it voyde.'           15

  'Yes, parde,' quod I, 'my wil may ben turned by frendes, and
  disese of manace and thretning in lesinge of my lyfe and of my
  limmes, and in many other wyse that now cometh not to mynde.
  And also it mot ofte ben out of thought; for no remembraunce
  may holde oon thing continuelly in herte, be it never so lusty         20
  desyred.'

  'Now see,' quod she, 'thou thy wil shal folowe, thy free wil to
  be grounded continuelly to abyde. It is thy free wil, that thou
  lovest and hast loved, and yet shal loven this Margaryte-perle;
  and in thy wil thou thinkest to holde it. Than is thy wil knit         25
  in love, not to chaunge for no newe lust besyde; this wil techeth
  thyn herte from al maner varying. But than, although thou be
  thretened in dethe or els in otherwyse, yet is it in thyn arbitrement
  to chose, thy love to voyde or els to holde; and thilke
  arbitrement is in a maner a jugement bytwene desyr and thy             30
  herte. And if thou deme to love thy good wil fayleth, than art
  thou worthy no blisse that good wil shulde deserve; and if thou
  chose continuaunce in thy good service, than thy good wil
  abydeth; nedes, blisse folowing of thy good wil must come by
  strength of thilke jugement; for thy first wil, that taught thyn       35
  herte to abyde, and halt it from th'eschaunge, with thy reson
  is accorded. Trewly, this maner of wil thus shal abyde; impossible
  it were to turne, if thy herte be trewe; and if every
  man diligently the meninges of his wil consider, he shal wel
  understande that good wil, knit with reson, but in a false herte       40
  never is voyded; for power and might of keping this good wil is
  thorow liberte of arbitrement in herte, but good wil to kepe
  may not fayle. Eke than if it fayle, it sheweth it-selfe that good
  wil in keping is not there. And thus false wil, that putteth out
  the good, anon constrayneth the herte to accorde in lovinge of         45
  thy good wil; and this accordaunce bitwene false wil and thyn
  herte, in falsite ben lykened +togider. Yet a litel wol I say
  thee in good wil, thy good willes to rayse and strengthe. Tak
  hede to me (quod she) how thy willes thou shalt understande.
  Right as ye han in your body dyvers membres, and fyve sondrye          50
  wittes, everiche apart to his owne doing, whiche thinges as
  instrumentes ye usen; as, your handes apart to handle; feet,
  to go; tonge, to speke; eye, to see: right so the soule hath
  in him certayne steringes and strengthes, whiche he useth as
  instrumentes to his certayne doinges. Reson is in the soule,           55
  which he useth, thinges to knowe and to prove; and wil, whiche
  he useth to wilne; and yet is neyther wil ne reson al the soule;
  but everich of hem is a thing by him-selfe in the soule. And
  right as everich hath thus singuler instrumentes by hemselfe,
  they han as wel dyvers aptes and dyvers maner usinges; and             60
  thilke aptes mowen in wil ben cleped affeccions. Affeccion is
  an instrument of willinge in his apetytes. Wherfore mokel folk
  sayn, if a resonable creatures soule any thing fervently wilneth,
  affectuously he wilneth; and thus may wil, by terme of equivocas,
  in three wayes ben understande. Oon is instrument of willing;          65
  another is affection of this instrument; and the third is use, that
  setteth it a-werke. Instrument of willing is thilke strength of the
  soule, which that constrayneth to wilne, right as reson is instrument
  of resons, which ye usen whan ye loken. Affeccion of this
  instrument is a thing, by whiche ye be drawe desyrously any-thing      70
  to wilne in coveitous maner, al be it for the tyme out
  of your mynde; as, if it come in your thought thilke thing to
  remembre, anon ye ben willing thilke to done or els to have.
  And thus is instrument wil; and affeccion is wil also, to wilne
  thing as I said; as, for to wilne helth, whan wil nothing theron       75
  thinketh; for anon as it cometh to memorie, it is in wil. And so
  is affeccion to wilne slepe, whan it is out of mynde; but anon
  as it is remembred, wil wilneth slepe, whan his tyme cometh of
  the doinge. For affeccion of wil never accordeth to sicknesse,
  ne alway to wake. Right so, in a true lovers affeccion of willing,     80
  instrument is to wilne tr[o]uthe in his service; and this affeccion
  alway abydeth, although he be sleping or thretned, or els not
  theron thinking; but anon as it cometh to mynde, anon he is
  stedfast in that wil to abyde. Use of this instrument forsothe
  is another thing by himselfe; and that have ye not but whan            85
  ye be doing in willed thing, by affect or instrument of wil
  purposed or desyred; and this maner of usage in my service
  wysely nedeth to be ruled from wayters with envy closed, from
  spekers ful of jangeling wordes, from proude folk and hautayn,
  that lambes and innocentes bothe scornen and dispysen. Thus            90
  in doing varieth the actes of willinge everich from other, and yet
  ben they cleped "wil," and the name of wil utterly owen they to
  have; as instrument of wil is wil, whan ye turne in-to purpos of
  any thing to don, be it to sitte or to stande, or any such thing
  els. This instrument may ben had, although affect and usage be         95
  left out of doing; right as ye have sight and reson, and yet alway
  use ye* +nat to loke, [ne] thinges with resonning to prove; and so
  is instrument of wil, wil; and yet varyeth he from effect and
  using bothe. Affeccion of wil also for wil is cleped, but it varyeth
  from instrument in this maner wyse, by that nameliche, whan it        100
  cometh in-to mynde, anon-right it is in willinge desyred, and the
  negatif therof with willing nil not acorde; this is closed in herte,
  though usage and instrument slepe. This slepeth whan instrument
  and us[e] waken; and of suche maner affeccion, trewly,
  some man hath more and some man lesse. Certes, trewe lovers           105
  wenen ever therof to litel to have. False lovers in litel wenen
  have right mokel. Lo, instrument of wil in false and trewe
  bothe, evenliche is proporcioned; but affeccion is more in some
  places than in some, bycause of the goodnesse that foloweth, and
  that I thinke hereafter to declare. Use of this instrument is wil,    110
  but it taketh his name whan wilned thing is in doing; but utterly
  grace to cacche in thy blisse +desyreth to ben rewarded. Thou
  most have than affeccion of wil at the ful, and use whan his
  tyme asketh wysely to ben governed. Sothly, my disciple,
  without fervent affeccion of wil may no man ben saved. This           115
  affeccion of good service in good love may not ben grounded,
  without fervent desyr to the thing in wil coveited. But he that
  never reccheth to have or not to have, affeccion of wil in that
  hath no resting-place. Why? For whan thing cometh to mynde,
  and it be not taken in hede to comin or not come, therfore in         120
  that place affeccion fayleth; and, for thilke affeccion is so litel,
  thorow whiche in goodnesse he shulde come to his grace, the
  litelnesse wil it not suffre to avayle by no way in-to his helpes.
  Certes, grace and reson thilke affeccion foloweth. This affeccion,
  with reson knit, dureth in everiche trewe herte, and evermore         125
  is encresing; no ferdnesse, no strength may it remove, whyle
  tr[o]uthe in herte abydeth. Sothly, whan falsheed ginneth entre,
  tr[o]uthe draweth away grace and joye bothe; but than thilke
  falsheed, that trouth[e] hath thus voyded, hath unknit the bond
  of understanding reson bytwene wil and the herte. And who-so          130
  that bond undoth, and unknitteth wil to be in other purpose
  than to the first accorde, knitteth him with contrarye of reson;
  and that is unreson. Lo, than, wil and unreson bringeth a man
  from the blisse of grace; whiche thing, of pure kynde, every man
  ought to shonne and to eschewe, and to the knot of wil and reson      135
  confirme.

  Me thinketh,' quod she, 'by thy studient lokes, thou wenest in
  these wordes me to contrarien from other sayinges here-toforn
  in other place, as whan thou were somtyme in affeccion of wil to
  thinges that now han brought thee in disese, which I have thee        140
  consayled to voyde, and thyn herte discover; and there I made
  thy wil to ben chaunged, whiche now thou wenest I argue to
  with[h]olde and to kepe! Shortly I say, the revers in these
  wordes may not ben founde; for though dronkennesse be forboden,
  men shul not alway ben drinklesse. I trowe right, for                 145
  thou thy wil out of reson shulde not tourne, thy wil in one reson
  shulde not +onbyde. I say, thy wil in thy first purpos with
  unreson was closed; constrewe forth of the remenant what thee
  good lyketh. Trewly, that wil and reson shulde be knit togider,
  was free wil of reson; after tyme thyne herte is assentaunt to them   150
  bothe, thou might not chaunge. But if thou from rule of reson
  varye, in whiche variaunce to come to thilke blisse desyred,
  contrariously thou werchest; and nothing may knowe wil and reson
  but love alone. Than if thou voide love, than +weyvest [thou]
  the bond that knitteth; and so nedes, or els right lightly, that      155
  other gon a-sondre; wherfore thou seest apertly that love holdeth
  this knot, and amaystreth hem to be bounde. These thinges, as
  a ring in circuit of wrethe, ben knit in thy soule without departing.'

  'A! let be! let be!' quod I; 'it nedeth not of this no
  rehersayle to make; my soule is yet in parfit blisse, in thinking of  160
  that knotte!'*

CH. VI. 1. Nowe. set fayne. 3. set. 5. fetchen. 6. leauest. 8. parfite ioy.
set. purpose. 10. booke. haste. 12. purpose. setteles; _read_ setling. 13.
desyre. 14. mote. 15-16. maye (_twice_). 17. disease. 18. nowe. 19. mote.
20. one.

32. Nowe se. 22, 23. frewyl (_twice_). 24. haste. 26. teacheth. 27.
varyeng. 30. desyre. 31. arte. 36. halte. 38. hert. 40. reason. 42.
thorowe. hert. 45. anone. 47. togyther. 48. the. strength. Take. 49. howe.
51-2. aparte (_twice_). 52. fete. 53. se. 55. Reason. 57. reason.

61. affections. Affection. 62. folke. 65. thre. One. 68. reason. 69.
Affection. 74. affection. 75. thynge. 77-81. affection (_four times_). 86.
affecte. 93. purpose. 94. syt.

97. * _A break here in_ Th. ne ought; _read_ nat. _I supply_ ne. 98.
effecte. 99. Affection. 100. name lyche. 102. negatyfe. 103. thoughe. 104.
vs. 104-8. affection (_twice_). 112. catche. desyred; _read_ desyreth. 113.
muste. affection (_often_). 117. desyre. 118. retcheth. 120. comyn. 124-5.
reason (_twice_). 125. knytte. 126. encreasyng. maye. 128. ioy. both. 129.
bonde. 130-2. reason. 131. bonde vndothe.

133. unreason (_twice_). 135. reason. 138. sayenges. toforne. 139.
affection. 140. nowe. the. disease. the. 146. reason (_twice_). 147.
vnbyde; _read_ onbyde. purpose. 148. unreason. remenante. the. 150. fre.
149-151. reason (_thrice_). 154. weuest; _read_ weyvest thou. 155. bonde.
156. gone. 158. ringe. 160. parfyte. * _A break here in_ Th.

                          CHAPTER VII.

  'Very trouth,' quod she, 'hast thou now conceyved of these
  thinges in thyne herte; hastely shalt thou be able very
  joye and parfit blisse to receyve; and now, I wot wel, thou
  desyrest to knowe the maner of braunches that out of the tree
  shulde springe.'                                                        5

  'Therof, lady,' quod I, 'hertely I you pray; for than leve
  I +wel, that right sone after I shal ataste of the frute that I so
  long have desyred.'

  'Thou hast herd,' quod she, 'in what wyse this tree toforn this
  have I declared, as in grounde and in stocke of wexing. First,         10
  the ground shulde be thy free wil, ful in thyne herte; and the
  stocke (as I sayde) shulde be continuaunce in good service by
  long tyme in traveyle, til it were in greetnesse right wel woxen.
  And whan this tree suche greetnesse hath caught as I have
  rehersed, the braunches than, that the frute shulde forth-bringe,      15
  speche must they be nedes, in voice of prayer in complayning
  wyse used.'

  'Out! alas!' quod I tho, 'he is soroufully wounded that
  hydeth his speche, and spareth his complayntes to make! What
  shal I speke the care? But payne, even lyk to helle, sore hath         20
  me assayled, and so ferforth in payne me thronge, that I leve my
  tree is seer, and never shal it frute forth bringe! Certes, he is
  greetly esed, that dare his prevy mone discover to a true felowe,
  that conning hath and might, wherthrough his pleint in any thinge
  may ben amended. And mokel more is he joyed, that with herte           25
  of hardinesse dare complayne to his lady what cares that he
  suffreth, by hope of mercy with grace to be avaunced. Truely
  I saye for me, sithe I cam this Margarit to serve, durst I never me
  discover of no maner disese; and wel the later hath myn herte
  hardyed suche thinges to done, for the grete bountees and worthy       30
  refresshmentes that she of her grace goodly, without any desert on
  my halve, ofte hath me rekened. And nere her goodnesse the
  more with grace and with mercy medled, which passen al desertes,
  traveyls, and servinges that I in any degre might endite, I wolde
  wene I shulde be without recover, in getting of this blisse for        35
  ever! Thus have I stilled my disese; thus have I covered my
  care; that I brenne in sorouful anoy, as gledes and coles wasten
  a fyr under deed asshen. Wel the hoter is the fyr that with
  asshen it is overleyn. Right longe this wo have I suffred.'

  'Lo,' quod Love, 'how thou farest! Me thinketh, the palasy-yvel        40
  hath acomered thy wittes; as faste as thou hyest forward,
  anon sodaynly backward thou movest!  Shal nat yet al thy
  leudnesse out of thy braynes? Dul ben thy skilful understandinges;
  thy wil hath thy wit so amaistred. Wost thou nat wel (quod she)
  but every tree, in his sesonable tyme of burjoninge, shewe his         45
  blomes fro within, in signe of what frute shulde out of him
  springe, els the frute for that yere men halt delivered, be the
  ground never so good? And though the stocke be mighty at
  the ful, and the braunches seer, and no burjons shewe, farwel the
  gardiner! He may pype with an yve-lefe; his frute is fayled.           50
  Wherfore thy braunches must burjonen in presence of thy lady, if
  thou desyre any frute of thy ladies grace. But beware of thy lyfe,
  that thou no wode lay use, as in asking of thinges that strecchen
  in-to shame! For than might thou nat spede, by no maner way
  that I can espy. Vertue wol nat suffre villany out of him-selfe to     55
  springe. Thy wordes may nat be queynt, ne of subtel maner
  understandinge. Freel-witted people supposen in suche poesies
  to be begyled; in open understandinge must every word be used.
  "Voice without clere understanding of sentence," saith Aristotel,
  "right nought printeth in herte." Thy wordes than to abyde in          60
  herte, and clene in ful sentence of trewe mening, platly must
  thou shewe; and ever be obedient, her hestes and her wils to
  performe; and be thou set in suche a wit, to wete by a loke
  ever-more what she meneth. And he that list nat to speke, but
  stilly his disese suffer, what wonder is it, tho[ugh] he come never    65
  to his blisse? Who that traveyleth unwist, and coveyteth thing
  unknowe, unweting he shal be quyted, and with unknowe thing
  rewarded.'

  'Good lady,' quod I than, 'it hath ofte be sene, that +weders
  and stormes so hugely have falle in burjoning-tyme, and by perte       70
  duresse han beten of the springes so clene, wherthrough the frute
  of thilke yere hath fayled. It is a greet grace, whan burjons han
  good +weders, their frutes forth to bringe. Alas! than, after
  suche stormes, how hard is it to avoyde, til efte wedring and
  yeres han maked her circute cours al about, er any frute be able       75
  to be tasted! He is shent for shame, that foule is rebuked of his
  speche. He that is in fyre brenning sore smarteth for disese;
  him thinketh ful long er the water come, that shulde the fyr
  quenche. While men gon after a leche, the body is buryed.
  Lo! how semely this frute wexeth! Me thinketh, that of tho             80
  frutes may no man ataste, for pure bitternesse in savour. In this
  wyse bothe frute and the tree wasten away togider, though mokel
  besy occupacion have be spent, to bringe it so ferforth that it
  was able to springe. A lyte speche hath maked that al this labour
  is in ydel.'                                                           85

  'I not,' quod she, 'wherof it serveth, thy question to assoyle.
  Me thinketh thee now duller in wittes than whan I with thee first
  mette. Although a man be leude, commenly for a fole he is nat
  demed but-if he no good wol lerne. Sottes and foles lete lightly
  out of mynde the good that men techeth hem. I sayd therfore,           90
  thy stocke must be stronge, and in greetnesse wel herted: the
  tree is ful feble that at the firste dent falleth. And although frute
  fayleth oon yere or two, yet shal suche a seson come oon tyme or
  other, that shal bringe out frute that [is parfit]. *Fole, have I not
  seyd toforn this, as tyme hurteth, right so ayenward tyme heleth       95
  and rewardeth; and a tree oft fayled is holde more in deyntee
  whan it frute forth bringeth. A marchaunt that for ones lesinge
  in the see no more to aventure thinketh, he shal never with
  aventure come to richesse. So ofte must men on the oke smyte,
  til the happy dent have entred, whiche with the okes owne swaye       100
  maketh it to come al at ones. So ofte falleth the lethy water on
  the harde rocke, til it have thorow persed it. The even draught
  of the wyr-drawer maketh the wyr to ben even and supple-werchinge;
  and if he stinted in his draught, the wyr breketh
  a-sonder. Every tree wel springeth, whan it is wel grounded and       105
  not often removed.'

  'What shal this frute be,' quod I, 'now it ginneth rype?'

  'Grace,' quod she, 'in parfit joy to endure; and therwith thou
  begon[ne].'

  'Grace?' quod I; 'me thinketh, I shulde have a reward for my          110
  longe travayle?'

  'I shal telle thee,' quod she; 'retribucion of thy good willes
  to have of thy Margarite-perle, it bereth not the name of mede,
  but only of good grace; and that cometh not of thy desert, but
  of thy Margarytes goodnesse and vertue alone.'                        115

  Quod I, 'shulde al my longe travayle have no reward but thorow
  grace? And som-tyme your-selven sayd, rightwisnesse evenliche
  rewardeth, to quyte oon benefit for another.'

  'That is sothe,' quod Love, 'ever as I sayde, as to him that
  doth good, which to done he were neyther holden ne yet                120
  constrayned.'

  'That is sothe,' quod I.

  'Trewly,' quod she, 'al that ever thou doest to thyne Margaryte-perle,
  of wil, of love, and of reson thou owest to done it; it is
  nothing els but yelding of thy dette in quytinge of thy grace, which  125
  she thee lente whan ye first mette.'

  'I wene,' quod I, 'right litel grace to me she delivered.
  Certes, it was harde grace; it hath nyghe me astrangled.'

  'That it was good grace, I wot wel thou wilt it graunte, er
  thou departe hence. If any man yeve to another wight, to whom         130
  that he ought not, and whiche that of him-selfe nothing may
  have, a garnement or a cote, though he were the cote or els
  thilke clothing, it is not to putte to him that was naked the cause
  of his clothinge, but only to him that was yever of the garnement.
  Wherfore I saye, thou that were naked of love, and of thy-selfe       135
  non have mightest, it is not to putte to thyne owne persone,
  sithen thy love cam thorow thy Margaryte-perle. _Ergo_, she was
  yever of the love, although thou it use; and there lente she thee
  grace, thy service to beginne. She is worthy the thank of this
  grace, for she was the yever. Al the thoughtes, besy doinges,         140
  and plesaunce in thy might and in thy wordes that thou canst
  devyse, ben but right litel in quytinge of thy dette; had she not
  ben, suche thing hadde not ben studyed. So al these maters
  kyndly drawen hom-ward to this Margaryte-perle, for from thence
  were they borowed; al is hoolly her to wyte, the love that thou       145
  havest; and thus quytest thou thy dette, in that thou stedfastly
  servest. And kepe wel that love, I thee rede, that of her thou
  hast borowed, and use it in her service thy dette to quyte; and
  than art thou able right sone to have grace; wherfore after mede
  in none halve mayst thou loke. Thus thy ginning and ending is         150
  but grace aloon; and in thy good deserving thy dette thou
  aquytest; without grace is nothing worth, what-so-ever thou
  werche. Thanke thy Margaryte of her grete grace that +hiderto
  thee hath gyded, and praye her of continuaunce forth in thy
  werkes herafter; and that, for no mishappe, thy grace overthwartly    155
  tourne. Grace, glorie, and joye is coming thorow good
  folkes desertes; and by getting of grace, therin shullen ende.
  And what is more glorie or more joye than wysdom and love
  in parfit charite, whiche god hath graunted to al tho that wel
  +conne deserve?' And with that this lady al at ones sterte in-to      160
  my herte: 'here wol I onbyde,' quod she, 'for ever, and never
  wol I gon hence; and I wol kepe thee from medlinge while me
  liste here onbyde; thyne entermeting maners in-to stedfastnesse
  shullen be chaunged.'

CH. VII. 1. nowe. 2. hert. 3. parfyte. nowe. 5. spring.

7. wol; _read_ wel. soone. atast. 9. herde. tre. 11. grounde. frewyl. hert.
13. greatnesse. 14. gretnesse. 20. lyke. hel. 22. tre. bring. 23. greatly
eased. 28. came. 29. disease. 30. great bounties. 36. disease. 37. bren.
38. fyre (_twice_). 40. howe. 41. forwarde. 42. backwarde.

47. spring. halte. 48. grounde. 53. wodelay. stretchen. 56. spring. 58.
worde. 60-1. hert (_twice_). 64. meaneth. 65. disease. 69. wethers; _read_
weders. 70. fal. 71. beaten. 72. great. 73. wethers; _read_ weders. forthe.
74. howe harde. 77. disease. 78. fyre. 79. gone. 80. howe.

81. maye. sauoure. 83. occupation. spente. ferforthe. 84. spring. 87. the
nowe. 89. fooles lette. 90. teacheth. 91. greatnesse. 93. one (_twice_).
season. 94. _I supply_ is parfit. * _A break here in_ Th. 95. healeth. 96.
deyntie. 97. forthe. 102. thorowe. 103-4. wyre (_thrice_). 104. breaketh.
105. tre. 107. nowe. 108. parfyte. 109. begon; _read_ begonne. 110.
rewarde. 112. tel the. 113. beareth. 114. onely. deserte. 116. rewarde.
thorowe.

118. one benefyte. 120. dothe. 124. _catchword_ it is; _misprinted_ yet is
_on the next page_. 126. the lent. 127. lytle. 129. graunt. 131. nothynge
maye. 132. weare. 133. put; _read_ putte. 134. onely. 136. put. 137. came
thorowe. 138. althoughe. lent. the. 139. thanke. 141. canste. 144.
homewarde. 145. holy. 147. the. 149. arte. 151. alone. 152. worthe.

153. great. hytherto; _read_ hiderto. 154. the. forthe. 156. thorowe. 158.
wysdome. 159. parfyte. 160. canne; _read_ conne. 161. hert.

                          CHAPTER VIII.

  Soberliche tho threw I up myn eyen, and hugely tho was
  I astonyed of this sodayne adventure; and fayn wolde I have
  lerned, how vertues shulden ben knowen; in whiche thinges,
  I hope to god, here-after she shal me enfourmen; and namely,
  sithen her restinge-place is now so nygh at my wil; and anon al         5
  these thinges that this lady said, I remembred me by my-selfe, and
  revolved the +lynes of myne understondinge wittes. Tho found
  I fully al these maters parfitly there written, how mis-rule by
  fayned love bothe realmes and citees hath governed a greet
  throwe; how lightly me might the fautes espye; how rules in love       10
  shulde ben used; how somtyme with fayned love foule I was
  begyled; how I shulde love have knowe; and how I shal in love
  with my service procede. Also furthermore I found, of perdurable
  letters wonderly there graven, these maters whiche I shal nempne.
  Certes, non age ne other thing in erthe may the leest sillable of      15
  this in no poynte deface, but clerely as the sonne in myne
  understandinge soule they shynen. This may never out of my mynde,
  how I may not my love kepe, but thorow willinge in herte; wilne
  to love may I not, but I lovinge have. Love have I non, but
  thorow grace of this Margarite-perle. It is no maner doute, that       20
  wil wol not love but for it is lovinge, as wil wol not rightfully but
  for it is rightful it-selve. Also wil is not lovinge for he wol love;
  but he wol love for he is lovinge; it is al oon to +wilne to be
  lovinge, and lovinges in possession to have. Right so wil wol not
  love, for of love hath he no partie. And yet I denye not lovinge       25
  wil [may] wilne more love to have, whiche that he hath not whan
  he wolde more than he hath; but I saye, he may no love wilne
  if he no love have, through which thilke love he shuld wilne. But
  to have this loving wil may no man of him-selfe, but only through
  grace toforn-going; right so may no man it kepe, but by grace          30
  folowinge. Consider now every man aright, and let seen if that
  any wight of him-selfe mowe this loving wel gete, and he therof
  first nothing have; for if it shulde of him-selfe springe, either it
  muste be willing or not willing. Willing by him-selfe may he it not
  have, sithen him fayleth the mater that shulde it forth bringe.        35
  The mater him fayleth; why? He may therof have no knowing
  til whan grace put it in his herte. Thus willing by him-selfe may
  he it not have; and not willing, may he it not have. Parde,
  every conseyt of every resonable creature otherwyse wil [wol] not
  graunte; wil in affirmatif with not willing by no way mowe acorde.     40
  And although this loving wol come in myn herte by freenesse of
  arbitrement, as in this booke fully is shewed, yet owe I not therfore
  as moche alowe my free wil as grace of that Margaryte to me
  lened. For neyther might I, without grace to-forn going and
  afterward folowing, thilke grace gete ne kepe; and lese shal I it      45
  never but-if free wil it make, as in willinge otherwyse than grace
  hath me graunted. For right as whan any person taketh willing
  to be sobre, and throweth that away, willing to be dronke; or els
  taketh wil of drinking out of mesure; whiche thing, anon as it is
  don, maketh (thorow his owne gilte by free wil) that [he] leseth       50
  his grace. In whiche thing therfore upon the nobley of grace
  I mote trusten, and my besy cure sette thilke grace to kepe, that
  my free wil, otherwyse than by reson it shulde werche, cause not
  my grace to voyde: for thus must I bothe loke to free wil and to
  grace. For right as naturel usage in engendring of children may        55
  not ben without +fader, ne also but with the +moder, for neyther
  +fader ne +moder in begetting may it lacke; right so grace and
  free wil accorden, and withoute hem bothe may not lovinge wil in
  no partie ben getten. But yet is not free wil in gettinge of that
  thing so mokel thank-worthy as is grace, ne in the kepinge therof      60
  so moche thank deserveth; and yet in gettinge and keping bothe
  don they accorde. Trewly, often-tyme grace free wil helpeth, in
  fordoinge of contrarye thinges, that to willinge love not accorden,
  and +strengtheth wil adversitees to withsitte; wherfore +al-togider
  to grace oweth to ben accepted, that my willing deserveth. Free        65
  wil to lovinge in this wyse is accorded. I remembre me wel how
  al this book (who-so hede taketh) considereth [how] al thinges to
  werchinges of mankynde evenly accordeth, as in turning of this
  worde 'love' in-to trouthe or els rightwisnesse, whether that it
  lyke. For what thing that falleth to man in helping of free            70
  arbitrement, thilke rightwisnesse to take or els to kepe, thorow
  whiche a man shal be saved (of whiche thing al this book mencion
  hath maked), in every poynte therof grace oweth to be thanked.
  Wherfore I saye, every wight havinge this rightwisnesse rightful
  is; and yet therfore I fele not in my conscience, that to al           75
  rightful is behoten the blisse everlastinge, but to hem that ben
  rightful withouten any unrightfulnesse. Some man after some degree
  may rightfully ben accompted as chaste men in living, and yet ben
  they janglers and ful of envy pressed; to hem shal this blisse
  never ben delivered. For right as very blisse is without al maner      80
  nede, right so to no man shal it be yeven but to the rightful, voyde
  from al maner unrightfulnesse founde; so no man to her blisse
  shal ben folowed, but he be rightful, and with unrightfulnesse not
  bounde, and in that degree fully be knowe. This rightfulnesse,
  in as moche as in him-selfe is, of none yvel is it cause; and of al    85
  maner goodnesse, trewly, it is +moder. This helpeth the spirit
  to withsitte the leude lustes of flesshly lykinge. This strengtheth
  and maintayneth the lawe of kynde; and if that otherwhyle me
  weneth harm of this precious thing to folowe, therthorough is [it]
  nothing the cause; of somwhat els cometh it aboute, who-so             90
  taketh hede. By rightfulnesse forsothe wern many holy sayntes
  good savour in swetenesse to god almighty; but that to some
  folkes they weren savour of dethe, in-to deedly ende, that com
  not of the sayntes rightwisnesse, but of other wicked mennes
  badnesse hath proceded. Trewly, the ilke wil, whiche that the          95
  Lady of Love me lerned 'affeccion of wil' to nempne, which is
  in willing of profitable thinges, yvel is it not, but whan to flesshly
  lustes it consenteth ayenst reson of soule. But that this thing
  more clerely be understande, it is for to knowe, whence and how
  thilke wil is so vicious, and so redy yvel dedes to perfourme.        100
  Grace at the ginninge ordeyned thilke wil in goodnesse ever to
  have endured, and never to badnesse have assented. Men shulde
  not byleve, that god thilke wil maked to be vicious [in] our firste
  +faders, as Adam and Eve; for vicious appetytes, and vicious wil
  to suche appetytes consentinge, ben not on thing in kynde; other      105
  thing is don for the other. And how this wil first in-to man first
  assented, I holde it profitable to shewe; but if the first condicion
  of resonable creature wol be considred and apertly loked, lightly
  the cause of suche wil may be shewed. Intencion of god was,
  that rightfully and blissed shulde resonable nature ben maked,        110
  himselfe for to kepe; but neyther blisful ne rightful might it not
  be, withouten wil in them bothe. Wil of rightfulnesse is thilke
  same rightfulnesse, as here-to-forn is shewed; but wil of blisse
  is not thilke blisse, for every man hath not thilke blisse, in whom
  the wil therof is abydinge. In this blisse, after every               115
  understandinge, is suffisaunce of covenable comoditees without any
  maner nede, whether it be blisse of aungels or els thilke that
  grace first in paradise suffred Adam to have. For al-though
  angels blisse be more than Adams was in paradyse, yet may it not
  be +denyed, that Adam in paradyse ne had suffisaunce of blisse;       120
  for right as greet herte is without al maner of coldenesse, and yet
  may another herte more hete have; right so nothing defended
  Adam in paradyse to ben blessed, without al maner nede.
  Al-though aungels blisse be moche more, forsothe, it foloweth
  not [that], lasse than another to have, therfore him nedeth; but      125
  for to wante a thing whiche that behoveth to ben had, that may
  'nede' ben cleped; and that was not in Adam at the first
  ginning. God and the Margaryte weten what I mene. Forsothe,
  where-as is nede, there is wrecchednesse. +God without cause
  to-forngoing made not resonable creature wrecched; for him to         130
  understande and love had he firste maked. God made therfore
  man blissed without al maner indigence; +togider and at ones
  took resonable creature blisse, and wil of blissednesse, and wil
  of rightfulnesse, whiche is rightfulnesse it-selve, and libertee of
  arbitrement, that is, free wil, with whiche thilke rightfulnesse may  135
  he kepe and lese. So and in that wyse [god] ordayned thilke
  two, that wil (whiche that "instrument" is cleped, as here-toforn
  mencion is maked) shulde use thilke rightfulnesse, by teching of
  his soule to good maner of governaunce, in thought and in wordes;
  and that it shulde use the blisse in obedient maner, withouten        140
  any incommodite. Blisse, forsothe, in-to mannes profit, and
  rightwisnesse in-to his worship god delivered at ones; but rightfulnesse
  so was yeven that man might it lese, whiche if he not lost
  had, but continuelly [might] have it kept, he shulde have deserved
  the avauncement in-to the felowshippe of angels, in whiche thing      145
  if he that loste, never by him-selfe forward shulde he it mowe
  ayenward recovere; and as wel the blisse that he was in, as
  aungels blisse that to-him-wardes was coming, shulde be nome at
  ones, and he deprived of hem bothe. And thus fil man un-to
  lykenesse of unresonable bestes; and with hem to corrupcion and       150
  unlusty apetytes was he under-throwen. But yet wil of blisse
  dwelleth, that by indigence of goodes, whiche that he loste
  through greet wrecchednesse, by right shulde he ben punisshed.
  And thus, for he weyved rightfulnesse, lost hath he his blisse; but
  fayle of his desyr in his owne comodite may he not; and +where        155
  comodites to his resonable nature whiche he hath lost may he not
  have, to false lustes, whiche ben bestial appetytes, he is turned.
  Folye of unconning hath him begyled, in wening that thilke ben
  the comoditees that owen to ben desyred. This affeccion of wil
  by liberte of arbitrement is enduced to wilne thus thing that         160
  he shulde not; and so is wil not maked yvel but unrightful, by
  absence of rightfulnesse, whiche thing by reson ever shulde he
  have. And freenesse of arbitrement may he not wilne, whan he it
  not haveth; for while he it had, thilke halp it not to kepe; so
  that without grace may it not ben recovered. Wil of commodite,        165
  in-as-moche as unrightful it is maked by willinge of yvel lustes, willing
  of goodnesse may he not wilne; for wil of instrument to affeccion
  of wil is thralled, sithen that other thing may it not wilne;
  for wil of instrument to affeccion desyreth, and yet ben bothe they
  'wil' cleped. For that instrument wol, through affeccion it wilneth;  170
  and affeccion desyreth thilke thing wherto instrument him ledeth.
  And so free wil to unlusty affeccion ful servaunt is maked, for
  unrightfulnesse may he not releve; and without rightfulnesse ful
  fredom may it never have. For kyndly libertee of arbitrement
  without it, veyne and ydel is, forsothe. Wherfore yet I say, (as      175
  often have I sayd the same), whan instrument of wil lost hath
  rightfulnesse, in no maner but by grace may he ayen retourne
  rightfulnesse to wilne. For sithen nothing but rightfulnesse alone
  shulde he wilne, what that ever he wilneth without rightfulnesse,
  unrightfully he it wilneth. These than unrightful appetytes and       180
  unthrifty lustes whiche the +flesh desyreth, in as mokel as they ben
  in kynde, ben they nat bad; but they ben unrightful and badde for
  they ben in resonable creature, where-as they being, in no waye
  shulde ben suffred. In unresonable beestes neyther ben they yvel
  ne unrightful; for there is their kynde being.                        185

CH. VIII. 1. threwe. 2. fayne. 3. howe. 5. nowe. nyghe. 7. lyues (!).
founde. 8. parfytely. howe. mysse-. 9. cyties. great. 10-12. howe (_five
times_). 13. founde. 15. none. thynge. maye. 17. maye. 18. howe. maye.
thorowe. 19. maye. none. 20. thorowe.

23. one. wil; _read_ wilne. 26. _I supply_ may. 27. maye. 29. onely. 30.
toforne. maye. 31. nowe. sene. 32. get. 33. nothynge. spring. 35. forthe
bring. 36. maye. 39. reasonable. _I supply_ wol. 40. graunt. affyrmatife.
41. hert. frenesse. 43. frewyl (_throughout_). 44. leaned. 45. afterwarde.
get; _read_ gete. 50. done. thorowe. _I supply_ he. 52. set. 53. reason.
55. maye. 56-7. father (_twice_); _read_ fader. mother (_twice_); _read_
moder.

57-8. maye. 60. thankeworthy. 61. thanke. 62. done. 64. strength; _read_
strengtheth; _see_ l. 87. al togyther. 66. howe. 67. booke. _Supply_ how.
71. thorowe. 72. booke. 78. maye. 86. mother; _read_ moder. 89. harme.
_Supply_ it. 90. nothynge. 91. werne. 93. come; _read_ com.

96. affectyon. 98. reason. thynge. 99. vndersta_n_d. howe. 100. redye. 103.
vycious. _I insert_ in; Our (_sic_). 104. father; _read_ faders. 106. done.
howe. 108-110. reasonable (_twice_). 113. -forne. 119, 122. maye. 120.
denyded (!). 121. great. 122. heate. nothynge. 124. thoughe. 125. _I
supply_ that. 126. thynge. maye. 128. meane. 129. wretchydnesse. good;
_read_ God. 130. reasonable. wretched.

132. togyther. 133. toke reasonable. 134. lybertie. 135. fre. 136. _I
supply_ god. 137. cleaped. toforne. 138. teachyng. 141. profyte. 143. not
loste had not; _I omit second_ not. 144. _I supply_ might. kepte. 146.
forwarde. 147. ayenwarde. 150. vnreasonable. 153. great wretchydnesse. 154.
loste. 155. desyre. were; _read_ where. 156. reasonable. loste. 159.
affection. 162. reason. 163. frenesse. 164. halpe.

167-170. affection (_thrice_). 172. frewyl. affection. 173. maye. 174.
fredome. libertie. 176. loste. 181. flyes (!); _read_ flesh. 184.
vnreasonable.

                          CHAPTER IX.

  Knowen may it wel ben now of these thinges toforn
  declared, that man hath not alway thilke rightfulnesse
  which by dute of right evermore haven he shulde, and by no way
  by him-selfe may he it gete ne kepe; and after he it hath, if he it
  lese, recover shal he it never without especial grace. Wherfore         5
  the comune sentence of the people in opinion, that every thing
  after destenee is ruled, false and wicked is to beleve. For though
  predestinacion be as wel of good as of badde, sithen that it is
  sayd, god +hath destenees made, whiche he never ne wrought; but,
  for he suffreth hem to be maked, as that he hardeth, whan he           10
  naught missayth, or +let in-to temptacion, whan he not delivereth:
  wherfore it is non inconvenient if in that maner be sayd, god toforn
  have destenyed bothe badde and her badde werkes, whan
  hem ne their yvel dedes [he] neyther amendeth ne therto hem
  grace +leneth.  But specialliche, predestinacion of goodnesse          15
  alone is sayd by these grete clerkes; for in him god doth that
  they ben, and that in goodnesse they werchen. But the negatif
  herof in badnesse is holden, as the Lady of Love hath me lerned,
  who-so aright in this booke loketh. And utterly it is to weten,
  that predestinacion properly in god may not ben demed, no more         20
  than beforn-weting. For in the chapitre of goddes beforn-weting,
  as Love me rehersed, al these maters apertly may ben founden.
  Al thinges to god ben now +togider and in presence duringe.
  Trewly, presence and predestinacion in nothing disacorden;
  wherfore, as I was lerned how goddes before-weting and free            25
  choice of wil mowe stonden +togider, me thinketh the same reson
  me ledeth, that destenye and free wil accorden, so that neyther of
  hem bothe to other in nothing contrarieth. And resonabliche
  may it not ben demed, as often as any thing falleth [thorow] free
  wil werching (as if a man another man wrongfully anoyeth, wherfore     30
  he him sleeth), that it be constrayned to that ende, as mokel
  folk cryeth and sayth: 'Lo, as it was destenyed of god toforn
  knowe, so it is thorow necessite falle, and otherwyse might it not
  betyde.' Trewly, neyther he that the wrong wrought, ne he that
  him-selfe venged, none of thilke thinges thorow necessite wrought;     35
  for if that [oon] with free wil there had it not willed, neyther had
  [he] wrought that he perfourmed; and so utterly grace, that free
  wil in goodnesse bringeth and kepeth, and fro badnesse it tourneth,
  in al thinge moste thank deserveth. This grace maketh
  sentence in vertue to abyde, wherfore in body and in soule, in ful     40
  plentee of conninge, after their good deserving in the everlastinge
  joye, after the day of dome shul they endelesse dwelle; and they
  shul ben lerned in that kingdom with so mokel affect of love and
  of grace, that the leste joye shal of the gretest in glorie rejoice
  and ben gladded, as if he the same joye had. What wonder,              45
  sith god is the gretest love and the *gretest wisdom? In hem
  shal he be, and they in god. Now than, whan al false folk be
  ashamed, which wenen al bestialte and erthly thing be sweter and
  better to the body than hevenly is to the soule; this is the grace
  and the frute that I long have desyred; it doth me good the            50
  savour to smelle.

  Crist, now to thee I crye of mercy and of grace; and graunt,
  of thy goodnes, to every maner reder ful understanding in this
  leude pamflet to have; and let no man wene other cause in
  this werke than is verily the soth. For envy is ever redy, al          55
  innocentes to shende; wherfore I wolde that good speche envy
  evermore hinder.

  But no man wene this werke be sufficiently maked; for goddes
  werke passeth man[ne]s; no man[ne]s wit to parfit werke may by no
  way purvay th'ende. How shuld I than, so leude, aught wene of          60
  perfeccion any ende to gete? Never-the-later, grace, glorie, and
  laude I yelde and putte with worshipful reverences to the sothfast
  god, in three with unite closed, whiche that the hevy langour of
  my sicknesse hath turned in-to mirthe of helth to recover. For
  right as I was sorowed thorow the gloton cloud of manifolde            65
  sickly sorow, so mirth [of] ayencoming helth hath me glad[d]ed
  and gretly comforted. I beseche and pray therfore, and I crye
  on goddes gret pite and on his mokel mercy, that this[e] present
  scorges of my flessh mow maken medecyne and lechecraft of
  my inner man[ne]s helth; so that my passed trespas and tenes           70
  through weping of myn eyen ben wasshe, and I, voyded from
  al maner disese, and no more to wepe herafter, y-now be kept
  thorow goddes grace; so that goddes hand, whiche that merciably
  me hath scorged, herafter in good plite from thence merciably me
  kepe and defende.                                                      75

  In this boke be many privy thinges wimpled and folde; unneth
  shul leude men the plites unwinde. Wherfore I pray to the holy
  gost, he lene of his oyntmentes, mennes wittes to clere; and, for
  goddes love, no man wonder why or how this question come to
  my mynde. For my greet lusty desyr was of this lady to ben             80
  enfourmed, my leudenesse to amende. Certes, I knowe not
  other mennes wittes, what I shulde aske, or in answere what
  I shulde saye; I am so leude my-selfe, that mokel more lerninge
  yet me behoveth. I have mad therfore as I coude, but not
  sufficiently as I wolde, and as mater yave me sentence; for my         85
  dul wit is hindred by +stepmoder of foryeting and with cloude
  of unconning, that stoppeth the light of my Margarite-perle,
  wherfore it may not shyne on me as it shulde. I desyre not
  only a good reder, but also I coveite and pray a good book-amender,
  in correccion of wordes and of sentence; and only this                 90
  mede I coveite for my travayle, that every inseer and herer of
  this leude fantasye devoute horisons and prayers to god the greet
  juge yelden; and prayen for me in that wyse, that in his dome
  my sinnes mowe ben relesed and foryeven. He that prayeth for
  other for him-selfe travayleth.                                        95

  Also I praye, that every man parfitly mowe knowe thorow what
  intencion of herte this tretys have I drawe. How was it, that
  sightful manna in deserte to children of Israel was spirituel
  mete? Bodily also it was, for mennes bodies it +norisshed;
  and yet, never-the-later, Crist it signifyed. Right so a jewel        100
  betokeneth a gemme, and that is a stoon vertuous or els a perle.
  Margarite, a woman, betokeneth grace, lerning, or wisdom of
  god, or els holy church. If breed, thorow vertue, is mad holy
  flesshe, what is that our god sayth? 'It is the spirit that yeveth
  lyf; the flesshe, of nothing it profiteth.' Flesshe is flesshly       105
  understandinge; flessh without grace and love naught is worth.
  'The letter sleeth; the spirit yeveth lyfelich understanding.'
  Charite is love; and love is charite.
  God graunt us al[le] therin to be frended!
  And thus THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE is ended.                              110

CH. IX. 1. nowe. toforne. 4. get. 7. destenye. thoughe. 9. sayde. god
hadnest (!); _read_ god hath destenees. 11. missaythe. ledde; _read_ let =
ledeth. 12. none. toforne. 14. _I supply_ he. 15. leueth.

16. sayde. great. dothe. 17. negatyfe. 21. beforne (_twice_). 22. apertely
maye. 23. nowe to-gyther. 24. nothynge. 25. howe. 26. togyther. reason. 27.
leadeth. frewyl. 28. reasonablyche. 29. demyd. _I supply_ thorow. frewyl.
32. folke. toforne know. 33. thorowe. fal. 34. wronge. 35. thorowe. 36-7.
_I supply_ oon _and_ he. 39. thanke. 41. plentie. 42. ioy. dwel. 43.
kyngdome. affecte. 44-6. greatest (_twice_). * _A break here in_ Th. 47.
folke. 48. swetter. 50. dothe. 51. smel.

52. Christ. the. 59. mans; _read_ mannes (_twice_). 61. get. 62. put. 63.
thre. 66. _I supply_ of. 68. this; _read_ thise. 69. medecyn. lechcraft.
70. mans. 72. I now; _for_ y-now. 73. thorowe. ha_n_de. 80. great. desyre.
84. made. 86. wytte. -mother; _read_ moder.

89. onely. booke. 90. correction. onely. 92. great. 94. released. 96.
thorowe. 97. treatyse. Howe. 99. meate. norissheth; _read_ norisshed. 100.
Christ. 101. stone. 103. thorowe. made. 104. saythe. spyrite. 105. lyfe.
109. al; _read_ alle.

       *       *       *       *       *

II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.

  HERE BEGINNETH THE PLOWMANS PROLOGUE.

  The Plowman plucked up his plow,
  Whan midsommer mone was comen in,
  And sayd, 'his beestes shuld ete y-now,
  And lig in the grasse, up to the chin;
  They ben feble, both oxe and cow,                       5
  Of hem nis left but boon and skin.'
  He shook of share, and cultre of-drow,
  And hong his harneys on a pin.

  He took his tabard and his staf eke,
  And on his heed he set his hat;                        10
  And sayde, he wolde saynt Thomas seke,
  On pilgrimage he goth forth plat.
  In scrippe he bar both breed and lekes,
  He was forswonke and all forswat;
  Men might have seen through both his chekes,           15
  And every wang-toth and where it sat.

  Our hoste beheld wel all about,
  And saw this man was sunne y-brent;
  He knew well by his senged snout,
  And by his clothes that were to-rent,                  20
  He was a man wont to walke about,
  He nas nat alway in cloystre y-pent;
  He coud not religiousliche lout,
  And therfore was he fully shent.

  Our host him axed, 'what man art thou?'                25
  'Sir,' quod he, 'I am an hyne;
  For I am wont to go to the plow,
  And erne my mete yer that I dyne.
  To swete and swinke I make avow,
  My wyf and children therwith to fynd,                  30
  And serve god, and I wist how;
  But we lewd men ben full[y] blynd.

  For clerkes saye, we shullen be fayn
  For hir lyvelod [to] swete and swinke,
  And they right nought us give agayn,                   35
  Neyther to ete ne yet to drinke.
  They mowe by lawe, as they sayn,
  Us curse and dampne to hell[e] brinke;
  Thus they putten us to payn,
  With candles queynt and belles clinke.                 40

  They make us thralles at hir lust,
  And sayn, we mowe nat els be saved;
  They have the corn and we the dust,
  Who speketh ther-agayn, they say he raved.'

  'What, man,' quod our host, 'canst thou preche?        45
  Come neer, and tell us some holy thing.'
  'Sir,' quod he, 'I herde ones teche
  A prest in pulpit a good preching.'
  'Say on,' quod our host, 'I thee beseche.'
  'Sir, I am redy at your bidding.                       50
  I pray you that no man me reproche
  Whyl that I am my tale telling.

  THUS ENDETH THE PROLOGUE, AND HERE FOLOWETH THE FIRST
                  PART OF THE TALE.

              PART I.

  A sterne stryf is stered newe
  In many stedes in a stounde,
  Of sondry sedes that ben sewe;                         55
  It semeth that som ben unsounde.
  For some be grete growen +on grounde,
  Some ben souple, simple and small;
  Whether of hem is falser founde,
  The falser, foul mote him befall!                      60

  That oon syde is, that I of tell,
  Popes, cardinals, and prelates,
  Parsons, monkes, and freres fell,
  Priours, abbottes of grete estates;
  Of heven and hell they kepe the yates,                 65
  And Peters successours they ben all;
  This is demed by olde dates;
  But falshed, foul mote it befall!

  The other syde ben poore and pale,
  And people put [al] out of prees;                      70
  And seme caytifs sore a-cale,
  And ever in oon without encrees,
  +I-cleped lollers and londlees;
  Who toteth on hem, they been untall.
  They ben arayed all for the pees;                      75
  But falshed, foul mote it befall!

  Many a countrey have I sought,
  To know the falser of these two;
  But ever my travail was for nought,
  All so fer as I have go.                               80
  But as I wandred in a wro,
  In a wode besyde a wall,
  Two foules saw I sitte tho;
  The falser, foul mote him befall!

  That oon did plede on the Popes syde,                  85
  A Griffon of a grim stature.
  A Pellicane withouten pryde
  To these lollers layde his lure;
  He mused his matter in mesure,
  To counsayl Christ ever gan he call.                   90
  The Griffon shewed as sharp as fyre,
  But falshed, foul mote it befall!

  The Pellican began to preche
  Both of mercy and of mekeness;
  And sayd, that "Christ so gan us teche,                95
  And meke and merciable gan bless.
  The Evangely bereth witness
  A lamb, he lykneth Christ over-all,
  In tokening that he mekest was,
  Sith pryde was out of heven fall.                     100

  And so shulde every Christned be;
  Preestes, Peters successours,
  Beth lowlich and of low degree,
  And usen none erthly honours,
  Neyther crown, ne curious cove[r]tours,               105
  Ne +pelure, ne other proude pall;
  Ne nought to cofren up greet tresours;
  For falshed, foul mote it befall!

  Preest[e]s shuld for no cattel plede,
  But chasten hem in charite;                           110
  Ne to no batail shuld men lede
  For inhaunsing of hir own degree;
  Nat wilne sittings in hy see,
  Ne soveraynte in hous ne hall;
  All worldly worship defye and flee;                   115
  For who willeth highnes, foul shal fall!

  Alas! who may such sayntes call
  That wilneth welde erthly honour?
  As lowe as Lucifer such shal fall,
  In baleful blacknesse y-builde hir bour;              120
  That eggeth the people to errour,
  And maketh hem to hem [be] thrall;
  To Christ I hold suche oon traytour,
  As lowe as Lucifer such shal fall.

  That willeth to be kinges peres,                      125
  And hygher than the emperour;
  Some that were but pore freres
  Now wollen waxe a warryour.
  God is nat hir governour,
  That holdeth no man his +peragall;                    130
  Whyl covetyse is hir counsaylour,
  All such falshed mot nede fall.

  That hye on horse willeth ryde
  In glitterand golde of grete aray,
  I-paynted and portred all in pryde;                   135
  No commun knight may go so gay.
  Chaunge of clothing every day,
  With golden girdles grete and small;
  As boystous as is bere at bay;
  All such falshed mot nede fall.                       140

  With pryde +punysheth the pore,
  And some they sustayn with sale;
  Of holy churche maketh an hore,
  And filleth hir wombe with wyne and ale;
  With money filleth many a male,                       145
  And chaffren churches when they fall,
  And telleth the people a lewed tale;
  Such false faytours, foul hem fall!

  With chaunge of many maner metes,
  With song and solace sitting long,                    150
  And filleth hir wombe, and fast fretes,
  And from the mete to the gong;
  And after mete with harp and song,
  And ech man mot hem lordes call;
  And hote spyces ever among;                           155
  Such false faytours, foul hem fall!

  And myters mo than oon or two,
  I-perled as the quenes heed;
  A staf of golde, and +perrey, lo!
  As hevy as it were mad of leed;                       160
  With cloth of gold both newe and reed,
  With glitterand +gown as grene as gall,
  By dome will dampne men to deed;
  All suche faytours, foul hem fall!

  And Christes people proudly curse                     165
  With brode bokes, and braying bell;
  To putte pennyes in hir purse
  They woll sell both heven and hell;
  And in hir sentence, and thou wilt dwell,
  They willen gesse in hir gay hall;                    170
  And though the soth thou of hem tell,
  In greet cursinge shalt thou fall.

  That is blessed, that they blesse,
  And cursed, that they curse woll;
  And thus the people they oppresse,                    175
  And have their lordshippes at full;
  And many be marchauntes of woll,
  And to purse penyes woll come thrall;
  The pore people they all to-pull,
  Such false faytours, foul hem fall!                   180

  Lordes mote to hem loute,
  Obeysaunt to hir brode blessing;
  They ryden with hir royall route
  On a courser, as it were a king;
  With saddle of golde glitt[e]ring                     185
  With curious harneys quayntly crallit,
  Styroppes gaye of gold-mastling;
  All suche falshed, foul befall it!

  Christes ministers +cleped they been,
  And rulen all in robberye;                            190
  But Antichrist they serven clene,
  Attyred all in tyrannye;
  Witnesse of Johns prophecye,
  That Antichrist is hir admirall,
  Tiffelers attyred in trecherye;                       195
  All suche faytours, foul hem fall!

  Who sayth, that some of hem may sinne,
  He shal be +demed to be deed;
  Some of hem woll gladly winne
  All ayenst that which god forbed;                     200
  "All-holyest" they clepen hir heed,
  That of hir rule is regall;
  Alas! that ever they eten breed;
  For all such falshed woll foul fall.

  Hir heed loveth all honour,                           205
  And to be worshipped in worde and dede;
  Kinges mot to hem knele and coure;
  To the apostles, that Christ forbede;
  To popes hestes such taketh more hede
  Than to kepe Christes commaundement;                  210
  Of gold and silver mot ben hir wede,
  They holdeth him hole omnipotent.

  He ordayneth by his ordinaunce
  To parish-preestes a powere;
  To another a greter avaunce,                          215
  A greter poynt to his mystere;
  But for he is hyghest in erth here,
  To him reserveth he many a poynt;
  But to Christ, that hath no pere,
  Reserveth he neither opin ne joynt.                   220

  So semeth he above[n] all,
  And Christ aboven him nothing;
  Whan he sitteth in his stall,
  Dampneth and saveth as him think.
  Such pryde tofore god doth stink;                     225
  An angell bad John to him nat knele,
  But only to god do his bowing;
  Such willers of worship must evil fele.

  They ne clepen Christ but _sanctus deus_,
  And clepen her heed _Sanctissimus_;                   230
  They that such a sect[e] sewis,
  I trowe, they taken hem amisse.
  In erth[e] here they have hir blisse,
  Hir hye master is Belial;
  +Christ his people from hem wisse!                    235
  For all such false will foul fall!

  They mowe both[e] binde and lose,
  And all is for hir holy lyf;
  To save or dampne they mowe chose,
  Betwene hem now [ther] is gret stryf.                 240
  Many a man is killed with knyf,
  To wete which of hem have lordship shall;
  For such, Christ suffred woundes fyve;
  For all such falshed will foul fall.

  Christ sayd: _Qui gladio percutit_                    245
  With swerde shall [he surely] dye;
  He bad his preestes pees and grith,
  And bad hem not drede for to dye;
  And bad them be both simple and slye,
  And carke not for no cattall,                         250
  And +truste on god that sitteth on hye;
  For all [such] false shull foul fall.

  These wollen make men to swere
  Ayenst Christes commaundement;
  And Christes membres all to-tere                      255
  On rode as he wer newe y-rent.
  Suche lawes they make by commun assent,
  Ech on it choweth as a ball;
  Thus the pore be fully shent,
  But ever falshed foule it +fall!                      260

  They usen [never] no symonye,
  But sellen churches and prioryes;
  Ne [yet] they usen no envye,
  But cursen all hem contraryes;
  And hyreth men by dayes and yeres                     265
  With strength to holde hem in hir stall;
  And culleth all hir adversaryes;
  Therefor, falshed! foul thou fall!

  With purse they purchase personage,
  With purse they paynen hem to plede;                  270
  And men of warre they woll wage,
  To bringe hir enemyes to the dede.
  And lordes lyves they woll lede,
  And moche take, and give but small;
  But he it so get, from it shall shede,                275
  And make such false right foul fal!

  They halowe nothing but for hyre,
  Churche, font, ne vestement;
  And make[n] orders in every shyre,
  But preestes paye for the parchement;                 280
  Of ryatours they taken rent,
  Therwith they smere the shepes skall;
  For many churches ben oft suspent;
  All such falshed, yet foul it fall!

  Some liveth nat in lecherye,                          285
  But haunten wenches, widdowes, and wyves,
  And punisheth the pore for putrye;
  Them-selfe it useth all their lyves.
  And but a man to them [him] shryves,
  To heven come never he shall;                         290
  He shal be cursed as be captyves,
  To hell they sayn that he shall fall.

  There was more mercy in Maximien,
  And in Nero, that never was good,
  Than [there] is now in some of +hem                   295
  Whan he hath on his furred hood.
  They folowe Christ that shedde his blood
  To heven, as bucket in-to the wall;
  Suche wreches ben worse than wood;
  And all such faytours, foule hem fall!                300

  They give hir almesse to the riche,
  To maynteynours, and to men of lawe;
  For to lordes they woll be liche,
  An harlottes sone nat worth an hawe!
  Sothfastnesse suche han slawe,                        305
  They kembe hir crokets with cristall;
  And drede of god they have down drawe;
  All suche faytours, foul hem fall!

  They maken parsons for the penny,
  And canons of hir cardinals;                          310
  Unnethes amongest hem all any
  That he ne hath glosed the gospell fals!
  For Christ made never no cathedrals,
  Ne with him was no cardinall
  Wyth a reed hatte as usen mynstrals;                  315
  But falshed, foul mote it befall!

  +Hir tything, and hir offring both,
  They cle[y]meth it by possessio[u]n;
  Therof nill they none forgo,
  But robben men as [by] raunsoun.                      320
  The tything of _Turpe lucrum_
  With these maisters is meynall;
  Tything of bribry and larson
  Will make falshed full foul fall!

  They taken to ferme hir sompnours                     325
  To harme the people what they may;
  To pardoners and false faytours
  Sell hir seles, I dar well say;
  And all to holden greet array,
  To multiply hem more metall,                          330
  They drede full litell domes day
  Whan all such [false] shall foul fall.

  Suche harlottes shull men disclaunder
  For they shullen make hir gree,
  And ben as proude as Alexaunder,                      335
  And sayn to the pore, "wo be ye!"
  By yere ech preest shall paye his fee
  To encrese his lemmans call;
  Suche herdes shull well yvell thee,
  And all such false shull foul fall!                   340

  And if a man be falsly famed,
  And wolde make purgacioun,
  Than woll the officers be agramed,
  And assigne him fro town to town;
  So nede he must[e] paye raunsoun                      345
  Though he be clene as is cristall,
  And than have an absolutioun;
  But all such false shull foul fall!

  Though he be gilty of the dede,
  And that he [yet] may money pay,                      350
  All the whyle his purse woll blede
  He may use it fro day to day!
  These bishoppes officers goon full gay,
  And this game they usen over-all;
  The pore to pill is all +hir pray;                    355
  All such false shull foul fall!

  Alas! god ordayned never such lawe,
  Ne no such craft of covetyse;
  He forbad it, by his sawe,
  Such governours mowen of god agryse;                  360
  For all his rules +ben rightwyse.
  These newe poyntes ben pure papall,
  And goddes lawe they dispyse;
  And all such faytours shul foul fall!

  They sayn that Peter had the key                      365
  Of hevin and hell, to have and hold;
  I trowe Peter took no money
  For no sinnes that he sold!
  Such successours ben to bold,
  In winning all their wit they wrall;                  370
  Hir conscience is waxen cold;
  And all such faytours, foule hem fall!

  Peter was never so great a fole
  To leve his key with such a lorell,
  Or to take such cursed such a tole                    375
  He was advysed nothing well.
  I trowe, they have the key of hell;
  +Hir maister is of that place marshall;
  For there they dressen hem to dwell,
  And with fals Lucifer there to fall.                  380

  They ben as proude as Lucifer,
  As angry, and as envious;
  From good fayth they ben full fer,
  In covetyse they ben curious;
  To catche catell as covytous                          385
  As hound, that for hunger woll yall;
  Ungoodly, and ungracious;
  And nedely, such falshed shal foul fall!

  The pope, and he were Peters heyr,
  Me think, he erreth in this cas,                      390
  Whan choyse of bishoppes is in dispeyr,
  To chosen hem in dyvers place;
  A lord shall write to him for grace,
  For his clerke +pray anon he shall;
  So shall he spede[n] his purchas;                     395
  And all such false, foule hem fall!

  Though he +conne no more good,
  A lordes prayer shal be sped;
  Though he be wild of will or wood,
  Nat understanding what men han red,                   400
  A boster, and (that god forbede!)
  As good a bishop +as my hors Ball,
  Suche a pope is foule be-sted,
  And at [the] laste woll foul fall!

  He maketh bishops for erthly thank,                   405
  And nothing for Christes sake;
  Such that ben ful fatte and rank,
  To soule hele non hede they take.
  Al is well don what ever they make,
  For they shal answere at +ones for all;               410
  For worldes thank, such worch and wake,
  And all such false shall foul fall!

  Suche that +conne nat hir Crede
  With prayer shull be mad prelates;
  Nother +conne the gospell rede,                       415
  Such shull now welde hye estates.
  The hye goodes frendship hem makes,
  They toteth on hir somme totall;
  Such bere the keyes of hell-yates,
  And all such false shall foul fall.                   420

  They forsake, for Christes love,
  Traveyl, hunger, thurst, and cold;
  For they ben ordred ever all above
  Out of youthe til they ben old.
  By the dore they go nat in-to the fold,               425
  To helpe +hir sheep they nought travall;
  Hyred men all suche I holde,
  And all such false, foule hem fall!

  For Christ hir king they woll forsake,
  And knowe him nought for his povert;                  430
  For Christes love they woll wake,
  And drink pyment [and] ale apart.
  Of god they seme nothing a-ferd;
  As lusty liveth, as Lamuall,
  And dryve hir sheep into desert;                      435
  All such faytours shull foul fall!

  Christ hath twelve apostels here;
  Now say they, ther may be but oon,
  That may nat erre in no manere;
  Who leveth nat this, ben lost echoon!                 440
  Peter erred, so dide nat John;
  Why is he cleped the principall?
  Christ cleped him Peter, but himself the stoon;
  All false faytours, foule hem fall!

  Why cursen they the croysery,                         445
  Christes Christen creatures?
  For bytwene hem is now envy
  To be enhaunsed in honours.
  And Christen livers, with hir labours,
  For they leve on no man mortall,                      450
  +Ben do to dethe with dishonours;
  And all such false, foule hem fall!

  What knoweth a tillour at the plow
  The popes name, and what he hat?
  His crede suffyseth him y-now,                        455
  And knoweth a cardinall by his hat.
  Rough is the pore, unrightly lat,
  That knoweth Christ his god royall;
  Such maters be nat worth a gnat;
  But such false faytours, foule hem fall!              460

  A king shall knele and kisse his sho;
  Christ suffred a sinfull kisse his feet.
  Me thinketh, he holdeth him hye y-now,
  So Lucifer did, that hye +seet.
  Such oon, me thinketh, him-self foryet,               465
  Either to the trouth he was nat call;
  Christ, that suffred woundes wet,
  Shall make such falshed foul fall!

  They layeth out hir large nettes
  For to take silver and gold,                          470
  Fillen coffers, and sackes fettes,
  There-as they soules cacche shold.
  Hir servaunts be to +hem unhold,
  But they can doublin +hir rentall
  To bigge hem castels, and bigge hem hold;             475
  And all such false, foule hem fall!

  HERE ENDETH THE FIRST PART OF THIS TALE, AND HERAFTER
              FOLOWETH THE SECONDE PART.

              PART II.

  To accorde with this worde "fal"
  No more English can I find;
  Shewe another now I shall,
  For I have moche to say behind,                       480
  How preestes han the people pynd,
  As curteys Christ hath me [y-]kend,
  And put this matter in my mind
  To make this maner men amend.

  Shortly to shende hem, and shewe now                  485
  How wrongfully they worche and walke;
  O hye god, nothing they tell, ne how,
  But in goddes word, +tell many a balke.
  In hernes holde hem and in halke,
  And prechin of tythes and offrend,                    490
  And untruely of the gospell talke;
  For his mercy, god it amend!

  What is Antichrist to say
  But evin Christes adversary?
  Such hath now ben many a day                          495
  To Christes bidding full contrary,
  That from the trouthe clene vary;
  Out of the waye they ben wend;
  And Christes people untruely cary;
  God, for his pite, it amend!                          500

  That liven contrary to Christes lyf,
  In hye pride agaynst mekenesse;
  Agaynst suffraunce they usen stryf,
  And angre ayenst sobrenesse;
  Agaynst wisdom, wilfulnesse;                          505
  To Christes tales litell tend;
  Agaynst mesure, outragiousnesse;
  But whan god woll, it may amend!

  Lordly lyf ayenst lowlinesse,
  And demin all without mercy;                          510
  And covetyse ayenst largesse,
  Agaynst trewth[e], trechery;
  And agaynst almesse, envy;
  Agaynst Christ they comprehend.
  For chastite, they maynteyn lechery;                  515
  God, for his grace, this amend!

  Ayenst penaunce they use delytes,
  Ayenst suffraunce, strong defence;
  Ayenst god they use yvel rightes,
  Agaynst pite, punishments;                            520
  Open yvell ayenst continence;
  Hir wicked winning wors dispend;
  Sobrenesse they sette in-to dispence;
  But god, for his goodnesse, it amend!

  Why cleymen they hoolly his powere,                   525
  And wranglen ayenst all his hestes?
  His living folowen they nothing here,
  But liven wors than witles beestes.
  Of fish and flesh they loven feestes,
  As lordes, they ben brode y-kend;                     530
  Of goddes pore they haten gestes;
  God, for his mercy, this amend!

  With +Dives such shall have hir doom
  That sayn that they be Christes frendes,
  And do nothing as they shuld doon;                    535
  All such ben falser than ben fendes.
  On the people they ley such bendes,
  As god is in erthe, they han offend;
  Sucour for suche Christ now sende us.
  And, for his mercy, this amend!                       540

  A token of Antichrist they be,
  His careckes ben now wyde y-know;
  Receyved to preche shall no man be
  Without[e] token of him, I trow.
  Ech Christen preest to prechen ow,                    545
  From god above they ben send.
  Goddes word to all folk for to show,
  Sinfull man for to amend.

  Christ sente the pore for to preche;
  The royall riche he did nat so;                       550
  Now dar no pore the people teche,
  For Antichrist is over-all hir fo.
  Among the people he mot go;
  He hath bidden, all such suspend;
  Some hath he hent, and thinketh yet mo;               555
  But all this god may well amend.

  All tho that han the world forsake,
  And liven lo[w]ly, as god bad,
  In-to hir prison shullen be take,
  Betin and bounden, and forth lad.                     560
  Herof I rede no man be drad;
  Christ sayd, his [servaunts] shulde be shend;
  Ech man ought herof be glad;
  For god ful well it woll amend.

  They take on hem royall powere,                       565
  And saye, they have swerdes two,
  Oon curse to hell, oon slee men here;
  For at his taking Christ had no mo,
  Yet Peter had [that] oon of tho.
  But Christ to Peter smyte gan defend,                 570
  And in-to the sheth bad putte it tho;
  And all such mischeves god amend!

  Christ bad Peter kepe his sheep,
  And with his swerde forbad him smyte;
  Swerd is no tole with sheep to kepe                   575
  But to shep[h]erdes that sheep woll byte.
  Me thinketh, suche shep[h]erdes ben to wyte
  Ayen hir sheep with swerd that contend;
  They dryve hir sheep with greet dispyte;
  But al this god may well amend.                       580

  So successours to Peter be they nought
  Whom [that] Christ made cheef pastour;
  A swerd no shep[h]erde usen ought
  But he wold slee as a bochour.
  For who-so were Peters successour                     585
  Shuld bere his sheep till his bak bend,
  And shadowe hem from every shour;
  And all this god may wel amend.

  Successours to Peter ben these
  In that that Peter Christ forsook,                    590
  That had lever the love of god [to] lese
  Than a shep[h]erde had to lese his hook.
  He culleth the sheep as doth the cook;
  Of hem [they] taken the woll untrend,
  And falsely glose the gospell-book;                   595
  God, for his mercy, +hem amend!

  After Christ had take Peter the kay,
  Christ sayd, he muste dye for man;
  That Peter to Christ gan withsay;
  Christ bad him, 'go behind, Sathan!'                  600
  Such counsaylours many of these men han
  For worldes wele, god to offend;
  Peters successours they ben for-than,
  But all such god may well amend.

  For Sathan is to say no more                          605
  But he that contrary to Christ is;
  In this they lerne Peters lore,
  They sewen him whan he did mis;
  They folowe Peter forsothe in this,
  In al that Christ wolde +him reprende,                610
  Nat in that that longeth to hevin blis;
  God for his mercy hem amend!

  Some of the apostels they sewen in cas,
  Of ought that I can understonde,
  Him that betrayed Christ, Judas,                      615
  That bar the purse in every londe;
  And al that he might sette on honde,
  He hidde and stal, and [gan] mispend;
  His rule these traytours han in honde;
  Almighty god [now] hem amend!                         620

  And at last his lord gan tray
  Cursedly, through his covetyse;
  So wolde these trayen him for money,
  And they wisten in what wyse!
  They be seker of the selfe ensyse;                    625
  From all sothnesse they ben frend;
  And covetyse chaungen with queyntyse;
  Almighty god all suche amend!

  Were Christ on erthe here eft-soon,
  These wolde dampne him to dye;                        630
  All his hestes they han fordon,
  And sayn, his sawes ben heresy;
  Ayenst his +maundements they cry,
  And dampne all his to be [y-]brend;
  For it lyketh nat hem, such losengery;                635
  God almighty hem amend!

  These han more might in England here
  Than hath the king and all his lawe,
  They han purchased hem such powere
  To taken hem whom [they] list nat knawe;              640
  And say, that heresy is hir sawe,
  And so to prison woll hem send;
  It was nat so by elder dawe,
  God, for his mercy, it amend!

  The kinges lawe wol no man deme                       645
  Angerliche, withouten answere;
  But, if any man these misqueme,
  He shal be baited as a bere;
  And yet wel wors they woll him tere,
  And in prison woll hem [be] pend                      650
  In gyves, and in other gere;
  Whan god woll, it may [a]mend.

  The king taxeth nat his men
  But by assent of the comminalte;
  But these, ech yere, woll raunsom hem                 655
  Maysterfully, more than doth he;
  Hir seles, by yere, better be
  Than is the kinges in extend;
  Hir officers han gretter fee;
  But this mischeef [may] god amend!                    660

  For who-so woll prove a testament
  That is natt all worth ten pound,
  He shall paye for the parchement
  The third part of the money all round.
  Thus the people is raunsound,                         665
  They say, such part to hem shulde apend;
  There as they grypen, it goth to ground;
  God, for his mercy, it amend!

  A simple fornicacioun,
  Twenty shillings he shall pay;                        670
  And than have an absolucioun,
  And al the yere usen it forth he may!
  Thus they letten hem go a-stray,
  They recke nat though the soul be brend;
  These kepin yvell Peters key,                         675
  And all such shep[h]erdes god amend!

  Wonder is, that the parliament
  And all the lordes of this lond
  Here-to taken so litell entent
  To helpe the people out of hir hond;                  680
  For they ben harder in +hir bond,
  Wors bete[n] and [more] bitter brend
  Than to the king is understond;
  God him helpe this to amend!

  What bisshoppes, what religio[u]ns                    685
  Han in this lande as moch lay-fee,
  Lordshippes, and possessio[u]ns
  More than the lordes, it semeth me!
  That maketh hem lese charite,
  They mowe nat to god attend;                          690
  In erthe they have so high degree,
  God, for his mercy, it amend!

  The emperour yaf the pope somtyme
  So hyghe lordship him about,
  That, at [the] laste, the sely kyme,                  695
  The proude pope putte him out!
  So of this realme is in dout,
  But lordes be ware and +hem defend;
  For now these folk be wonder stout,
  The king and lordes now this amend!                   700

  THUS ENDETH THE SECONDE PART OF THIS TALE, AND HERAFTER
                  FOLOWETH THE THIRDE.

              PART III.

  Moyses lawe forbood it tho,
  That preestes shuld no lordshippes welde,
  Christes gospel biddeth also
  That they shuld no lordship helde;
  Ne Christes apostels were never so bold               705
  No such lordshippes to +hem enbrace;
  But smeren hir sheep and kepe hir fold;
  God amende hem for his grace!

  For they ne ben but countrefet,
  Men may knowe hem by hir fruit;                       710
  Hir gretnesse maketh hem god foryet,
  And take his mekenesse in dispyt.
  And they were pore and had but lyte,
  They nolde nat demen after the face,
  But norishe hir sheep, and hem nat byte;              715
  God amende hem for his grace!"

    GRIFON. "What canst thou preche ayenst chanons
  That men clepen seculere?"
    PELICAN. "They ben curates of many towns,
  On erthe they have greet powere.                      720
  They han greet prebendes and dere,
  Some two or three, and some [han] mo,
  A personage to ben a playing-fere,
  And yet they serve the king also;

  And let to ferme all that fare                        725
  To whom that woll most give therfore;
  Some woll spende, and some woll spare,
  And some woll laye it up in store.
  A cure of soule[s] they care nat for,
  So they mowe money take;                              730
  Whether hir soules be wonne or lore,
  Hir profits they woll nat forsake.

  They have a gedering procuratour
  That can the pore people enplede,
  And robben hem as a ravinour,                         735
  And to his lord the money lede;
  And cacche of quicke and eke of dede,
  And richen him and his lord eke,
  And to robbe the pore can give good rede
  Of olde and yonge, of hole and seke.                  740

  Therwith they purchase hem lay-fee
  In londe, there hem lyketh best,
  And builde +als brode as a cite
  Both in the est, and eke in the west.
  To purchase thus they ben ful prest,                  745
  But on the pore they woll nought spend,
  Ne no good give to goddes gest,
  Ne sende him some that all hath send.

  By hir service such woll live,
  And trusse that other in-to tresour;                  750
  Though all hir parish dye unshrive,
  They woll nat give a rose-flour.
  Hir lyf shuld be as a mirrour
  Bothe to lered and to leude also,
  And teche the people hir leel labour;                 755
  Such mister men ben all misgo.

  Some of hem ben harde nigges,
  And some of hem ben proude and gay;
  Some spende hir good upon [hir] gigges,
  And finden hem of greet aray.                         760
  Alas! what think these men to say
  That thus dispenden goddis good?
  At the dredfull domes day
  Such wrecches shul be worse than wood.

  Some hir churc[h]es never ne sye,                     765
  Ne never o peny thider ne sende;
  Though the pore parishens for hunger dye,
  O peny on hem wil they nat spende.
  Have they receivinge of the rent,
  They reck never of the remenant;                      770
  Alas! the devill hath clene hem blent!
  Suche oon is Sathanas sojournant.

  And usen horedom and harlotry,
  Covetyse, pompe, and pride,
  Slouthe, wrathe, and eke envy,                        775
  And sewen sinne by every syde.
  Alas! where thinke such t'abyde?
  How woll they accomptes yeld?
  From hy god they mow hem nat hyde,
  Such willers wit is nat worth a neld.                 780

  They ben so roted in richesse,
  That Christes povert is foryete,
  Served with so many messe,
  Hem thinketh that manna is no mete.
  All is good that they mow get,                        785
  They wene to live evermore;
  But, whan god at dome is set,
  Such tresour is a feble store.

  Unneth mot they matins say,
  For counting and for court-holding;                   790
  And yet he jangleth as a jay,
  And understont him-self nothing.
  He woll serve bothe erl and king
  For his fynding and his fee,
  And hyde his tything and his offring;                 795
  This is a feble charite.

  Other they ben proude, or coveytous,
  Or they ben harde, or [els] hungry,
  Or they ben liberall or lecherous,
  Or els medlers with marchandry;                       800
  Or maynteyners of men with maistry,
  Or stewardes, countours, or pledours,
  And serve god in hypocrisy;
  Such preestes ben Christes fals traytours!

  They ben false, they ben vengeable,                   805
  And begylen men in Christes name;
  They ben unstedfast and unstable;
  To tray hir lord, hem thinketh no shame.
  To serve god they ben full lame,
  Goddes theves, and falsly stele;                      810
  And falsly goddes word defame;
  In winning is hir worldes wele.

  Antichrist these serven all;
  I pray thee, who may say [me] nay?
  With Antichrist such [folk] shull fall,               815
  They folowen him in dede and fay;
  They servin him in riche array,
  To serve Christ such falsly fayn;
  Why, at the dredful domes day,
  Shull they not folowe him to payn?                    820

  That knowen hem-self, that they don ill
  Ayenst Christes commaundement,
  And amende hem never ne will,
  But serve Sathan by one assent.
  Who sayth [the] sothe, he shal be shent,              825
  Or speketh ayenst hir fals living;
  Who-so well liveth shal be brent,
  For such ben gretter than the king!

  Pope, bishoppes, and cardinals,
  Chanons, persons, and vicaire,                        830
  In goddes service, I trow, ben fals,
  That sacramentes sellen here.
  And ben as proude as Lucifere;
  Ech man loke whether that I ly!
  Who-so speketh ayenst hir powere,                     835
  It shall be holden heresy.

  Loke how many orders take
  Only of Christ, for his servyce,
  That the worldes goodes forsake?
  Who-so taketh orders +on other wyse,                  840
  I trow, that they shall sore agryse!
  For all the glose that they conne,
  All sewen not this [same] assyse;
  In yvell tyme they thus bigonne.

  Loke how many among hem all                           845
  Holden not this hye way!
  With Antichrist they shullen fall,
  For they wolden god betray.
  God amende hem, that best may!
  For many men they maken shende;                       850
  They weten well, the sothe I say,
  But the divell hath foule hem blend.

  Some [up]on hir churches dwell,
  Apparailled porely, proude of port;
  The seven sacraments they don sell,                   855
  In cattel-cacching is hir comfort.
  Of ech matter they wollen mell,
  And don hem wrong is hir disport;
  To afray the people they ben fell,
  And holde hem lower then doth the lord.               860

  For the tythinge of a ducke,
  Or of an apple, or an ay,
  They make men swere upon a boke;
  Thus they foulen Christes fay.
  Such beren yvell heven-kay,                           865
  They mowen assoyl, they mowe shryve;
  With mennes wyves strongly play,
  With trewe tillers sturte and stryve

  At the wrestling, and at the wake;
  And chefe chauntours at the nale;                     870
  Market-beters, and medling make,
  Hoppen and houten with heve and hale.
  At fayre freshe, and at wyne stale,
  Dyne and drinke, and make debat;
  The seven sacraments set at sale;                     875
  How kepe such the kayes of heven-gat?

  Mennes wyves they wollen holde;
  And though that they ben right sory,
  To speke they shull not be so bolde
  For sompning to the consistory;                       880
  And make hem say [with] mouth "I ly,"
  Though they it sawe with hir y;
  His lemman holden openly,
  No man so hardy to axe why!

  He wol have tythinge and offringe,                    885
  Maugre who-so-ever it gruche;
  And twyes on the day woll singe;
  Goddes prestes nere none suche!
  He mot on hunting with dogge and bic[c]he,
  And blowen his horn, and cryen "hey!"                 890
  And sorcery usen as a wicche;
  Such kepen yvell Peters key.

  Yet they mot have som stocke or stoon
  Gayly paynted, and proudly dight,
  To maken men [to] +leven upon,                        895
  And say, that it is full of might;
  About such, men sette up greet light,
  Other such stockes shull stand therby
  As darke as it were midnight,
  For it may make no ma[i]stry.                         900

  That lewed people see it mow,
  Thou, Mary, worchest wonder thinges;
  About that, that men offren to now,
  Hongen broches, ouches, and ringes;
  The preest purchaseth the offringes,                  905
  But he nill offre to none image;
  Wo is the soule that he for singes,
  That precheth for suche a pilgrimage!

  To men and women that ben pore,
  That ben [in] Christes own lykenesse,                 910
  Men shullen offre at hir dore
  That suffren honger and distresse;
  And to suche images offre lesse,
  That mow not fele thurst ne cold;
  The pore in spirit gan Christ blesse,                 915
  Therfore offreth to feble and old.

  Buckelers brode, and swerdes longe,
  +Baudriks, with baselardes kene,
  Such toles about hir necke they honge;
  With Antichrist such preestes been;                   920
  Upon hir dedes it is well sene
  Whom they serven, whom they hono[u]ren;
  Antichristes they ben clene,
  And goddes goodes fa[l]sly deuouren.

  Of scarlet and grene gay[e] gownes,                   925
  That mot be shape for the newe,
  To clippen and kissen counten in townes
  The damoseles that to the daunce sewe;
  Cutted clothes to sewe hir hewe,
  With longe pykes on hir shoon;                        930
  Our goddes gospell is not trewe,
  Eyther they serven the divell or noon!

  Now ben prestes pokes so wyde,
  Men must enlarge the vestement;
  The holy gospell they don hyde,                       935
  For they contrarien in rayment.
  Such preestes of Lucifer ben sent,
  Lyk conquerours they ben arayd,
  Proude pendaunts at hir ars y-pent,
  Falsly the truthe they han betrayd.                   940

  Shryft-silver suche wollen aske is,
  And woll men crepe to the crouche;
  None of the sacraments, save askes,
  Without[e] mede shall no man touche.
  On hir bishop their warant vouche,                    945
  That is lawe of the decre;
  With mede and money thus they mouche,
  And +this, they sayn, is charite!

  In the middes of hir masse
  They nill have no man but for hyre,                   950
  And, full shortly, let forth passe;
  Such shull men finde[n] in ech shyre
  That personages for profite desyre,
  To live in lykinge and in lustes;
  I dar not sayn, _sans ose ieo dyre_,                  955
  That such ben Antichristes preestes.

  Or they yef the bishops why,
  Or they mot ben in his servyce,
  And holden forth hir harlotry;
  Such prelats ben of feble empryse.                    960
  Of goddes grame such men agryse,
  For such matters that taken mede;
  How they excuse hem, and in what wyse,
  Me thinketh, they ought greetly drede.

  They sayn, that it to no man longeth                  965
  To reprove +hem, though they erre;
  But falsely goddes good they fongeth,
  And therwith maynteyn wo and werre.
  Hir dedes shuld be as bright as sterre,
  Hir living, lewed mannes light;                       970
  They say, the pope may not erre,
  Nede must that passe mannes might.

  Though a prest ly with his lemman al night,
  And tellen his felowe, and he him,
  He goth to masse anon-right,                          975
  And sayeth, he singeth out of sinne!
  His bryde abydeth him at his inne,
  And dighteth his dyner the mene whyle;
  He singeth his masse for he wolde winne,
  And so he weneth god begyle!                          980

  Hem thinketh long till they be met;
  And that they usen forth all the yere;
  Among the folk when he is set,
  He holdeth no man half his pere;
  Of the bishop he hath powere                          985
  To soyle men, or els they ben lore;
  His absolucion may make +hem skere;
  And wo is the soul that he singeth for!"

  The Griffon began for to threte,
  And sayd, "of monkes canst thou ought?"               990
    The Pellican sayd, "they ben full grete,
  And in this world moch wo hath wrought.
  Saynt Benet, that hir order brought,
  Ne made hem never on such manere;
  I trowe, it cam never in his thought                  995
  That they shulde use so greet power[e];

  That a man shulde a monk lord cal,
  Ne serve on knees, as a king.
  He is as proud as prince in pall
  In mete, and drink, and [in] all thing;              1000
  Some weren myter and ring,
  With double worsted well y-dight,
  With royall mete and riche drink,
  And rydeth on courser as a knight.

  With hauke[s] and with houndes eke,                  1005
  With broches or ouches on his hode,
  Some say no masse in all a weke,
  Of deyntees is hir moste fode.
  With lordshippes and with bondmen
  This is a royall religioun;                          1010
  Saynt Benet made never none of hem
  To have lordship of man ne town.

  Now they ben queynte and curious,
  With fyn cloth cladde, and served clene,
  Proude, angry, and envyous,                          1015
  Malyce is moche that they mene.
  In cacching crafty and covetous,
  Lordly liven in greet lyking;
  This living is not religious
  According to Benet in his living.                    1020

  They ben clerkes, hir courtes they oversee,
  Hir pore tenaunts fully they flyte;
  The hyer that a man amerced be,
  The gladlyer they woll it wryte.
  This is fer from Christes poverte,                   1025
  For all with covetyse they endyte;
  On the pore they have no pite,
  Ne never hem cherish, but ever hem byte.

  And comunly suche ben comen
  Of pore people, and of hem begete,                   1030
  That this perfeccion han y-nomen;
  Hir +faders ryde not but on hir fete,
  And travaylen sore for that they ete,
  In povert liveth, yonge and old;
  Hir +faders suffreth drought and wete,               1035
  Many hongry meles, thurst, and cold.

  All this the monkes han forsake
  For Christes love and saynt Benet;
  To pryde and ese have hem take;
  This religio[u]n is yvell beset.                     1040
  Had they ben out of religioun,
  They must have honged at the plow,
  Threshing and dyking fro town to town
  With sory mete, and not half y-now.

  Therfore they han this all forsake,                  1045
  And taken to riches, pryde, and ese;
  Full fewe for god woll monkes hem make,
  Litell is suche order for to prayse!
  Saynt Benet ordayned it not so,
  But bad hem be [ful] cherelich;                      1050
  In churlich maner live and go,
  Boystous in erth, and not lordlych.

  They disclaunder saynt Benet,
  Therfore they have his holy curse;
  Saynt Benet with hem never met                       1055
  But-if they thought to robbe his purse!
  I can no more herof [now] tell,
  But they ben lyke tho before,
  And clene serve the divell of hell,
  And ben his tresour and his store.                   1060

  And all suche other counterfaytours,
  Chanons, canons, and such disgysed,
  Ben goddes enemies and traytours,
  His true religion han foul dispysed.
  Of freres I have told before                         1065
  In a making of a 'Crede,'
  And yet I coud tell worse and more,
  But men wold werien it to rede!

  As goddes goodnes no man tell might,
  Wryte ne speke, ne think in thought,                 1070
  So, hir falshed and hir unright
  May no man tell, that ever god wrought."
    The Gryffon sayd, "thou canst no good,
  Thou cam never of no gentill kind;
  Other, I trow, thou waxest wood,                     1075
  Or els thou hast [y-]lost thy mynd.

  Shuld holy churche have no heed?
  Who shuld be her governayl?
  Who shuld her rule, who shuld her reed,
  Who shuld her forthren, who shuld avayl?             1080
  Ech man shall live by his travayl;
  Who best doth, shall have moste mede;
  With strength if men the churche assayl,
  With strength men must defende her nede.

  And the pope were purely pore,                       1085
  Nedy, and nothing ne had,
  He shuld be driven from dore to dore;
  The wicked of him nold not be drad.
  Of such an heed men wold be sad,
  And sinfully liven as hem +list;                     1090
  With strength, amendes +shuld be made,
  With wepen, wolves from sheep be +wist.

  If the pope and prelats wold
  So begge and bidde, bowe, and borowe,
  Holy churche shuld stand full cold,                  1095
  Hir servaunts sitte and soupe sorowe!
  And they were noughty, foule, and horowe,
  To worship god men wolde wlate;
  Bothe on even and on morowe
  Such harlotry men wolde hate.                        1100

  Therfore men of holy churche
  Shuld ben honest in all thing,
  Worshipfully goddes workes werche,
  So semeth it, to serve Christ hir king
  In honest and in clene clothing;                     1105
  With vessels of golde and clothes riche,
  To god honestly to make offring;
  To his lordship non is liche."

  The Pellican caste an houge cry,
  And sayd, "alas! why sayest thou so?                 1110
  Christ is our heed that sitteth on hy,
  Heddes ne ought we have no mo.
  We ben his membres both also,
  And +fader he taught us to cal him als;
  Maysters be called defended he tho;                  1115
  All other maysters ben wicked and fals,

  That taketh maystry in his name,
  Gostly, and for erthly good;
  Kinges and lordes shuld lordship han,
  And rule the people with mylde mode.                 1120
  Christ, for us that shedde his blood,
  Bad his preestes no maystership have,
  Ne carke nat for cloth ne fode;
  From every mischef he will hem save.

  Hir riche clothing shal be rightwysnesse,            1125
  Hir tresour, trewe lyf shal be;
  Charite shal be hir richesse,
  Hir lordship shal be unite;
  Hope in god, hir honeste;
  Hir vessell, clene conscience;                       1130
  Pore in spirit, and humilite,
  Shal be holy churches defence."

  "What," sayd the Griffon, "may thee greve
  That other folkes faren wele?
  What hast thou to done with hir +leve?               1135
  Thy falsheed ech man may fele.
  For thou canst no catell gete,
  But livest in londe, as a lorell,
  With glosing gettest thou thy mete;
  So fareth the devell that wonneth in hell.           1140

  He wold that ech man ther shuld dwell,
  For he liveth in clene envy;
  So with the tales that thou doest tell
  Thou woldest other people distry,
  With your glose, and your heresy,                    1145
  For ye can live no better lyf,
  But clene in hypocrisy,
  And bringest thee in wo and stryf.

  And therwith have [ye] not to done,
  For ye ne have[n] here no cure;                      1150
  Ye serve the divell, +not god ne man,
  And he shall paye you your hyre.
  For ye woll fare well at feestes,
  And warm [be] clothed for the colde,
  Therfore ye glose goddes hestes,                     1155
  And begyle the people, yonge and olde.

  And all the seven sacraments
  Ye speke ayenst, as ye were sly,
  Ayenst tythings with your entents,
  And on our lordes body falsly ly.                    1160
  All this ye don to live in ese,
  As who sayeth, ther ben non suche;
  And sayn, the pope is not worth a pese,
  To make the people ayen him gruche.

  And this commeth in by fendes,                       1165
  To bringe the Christen in distaunce;
  For they wold that no man were frendes;
  Leve thy chattring, with mischaunce!
  If thou live well, what wilt thou more?
  Let other men live as hem list;                      1170
  Spende in good, or kepe in store;
  Other mennes conscience never thou nist.

  Ye han no cure to answere for;
  What meddell ye, that han not to don?
  Let men live as they han don yore,                   1175
  For thou shalt answere for no +mon."
    The Pellican sayd, "Sir, nay, [nay],
  I dispysed not the pope,
  Ne no sacrament, soth to say;
  But speke in charite and good hope.                  1180

  But I dispyse hir hye pryde,
  Hir richesse, that shuld be pore in spryt;
  Hir wickednesse is knowe so wyde,
  They serve god in fals habyt;
  And turnen mekenesse into pryde,                     1185
  And lowlinesse into hy degre,
  And goddes wordes turne and hyde;
  And that am I moved by charite

  To lette men to live so
  With all my conning and al my might,                 1190
  And to warne men of hir wo
  And to tell hem trouth and right.
  The sacraments be soule-hele
  If they ben used in good use;
  Ayenst that speke I never a del,                     1195
  For then were I nothing wyse.

  But they that use hem in mis manere,
  Or sette hem up to any sale,
  I trow, they shall abye hem dere;
  This is my reson, this is my tale.                   1200
  Who-so taketh hem unrightfulliche
  Ayenst the ten commaundements,
  Or by glose wrechedliche
  Selleth any of the sacraments,

  I trow, they do the devell homage                    1205
  In that they weten they do wrong;
  And therto, I dar well wage,
  They serven Satan for al her song.
  To tythen and offren is hoolsom lyf,
  So it be don in dew manere;                          1210
  A man to houselin and to shryve,
  Wedding, and all the other in-fere,

  So it be nother sold ne bought,
  Ne take ne give for covetyse;
  And it be so taken, it is nought;                    1215
  Who selleth hem so, may sore agryse.
  On our Lordes body I do not ly,
  I say soth, thorow trewe rede,
  His flesh and blood, through his mystry,
  Is there, in the forme of brede.                     1220

  How it is there, it nedeth not stryve,
  Whether it be subget or accident,
  But as Christ was, when he was on-lyve,
  So is he there, verament.
  If pope or cardinall live good lyve,                 1225
  As Christ commaunded in his gospell,
  +Ayenes that woll I not stryve;
  But, me thinketh, they live not well.

  For if the pope lived as god bede,
  Pryde and hyghnesse he shuld dispyse,                1230
  Richesse, covetyse, and crowne on hede,
  Mekenesse and povert he shulde use."
    The Gryffon sayd, he shulde abye--
  "Thou shal[t] be brent in balefull fyre;
  And all thy secte I shall distrye,                   1235
  Ye shal be hanged by the swyre!

  Ye shullen be hanged and to-drawe.
  Who giveth you leve for to preche,
  Or speke +agaynes goddes lawe,
  And the people thus falsly teche?                    1240
  Thou shalt be cursed with boke and bell,
  And dissevered from holy churche,
  And clene y-dampned into hell,
  Otherwyse but ye woll worche!"

    The Pellican sayd, "that I ne drede;               1245
  Your cursinge is of litell value;
  Of god I hope to have my mede,
  For it is falshed that ye shewe.
  For ye ben out of charite
  And wilneth vengeaunce, as did Nero;                 1250
  To suffren I woll redy be;
  I drede not that thou canst do.

  Christ bad ones suffre for his love,
  And so he taught all his servaunts;
  And but thou amend for his sake above,               1255
  I drede not all thy mayntenaunce.
  For if I drede the worldes hate,
  Me thinketh, I were litell to prayse;
  I drede nothing your hye estat,
  Ne I drede not your disese.                          1260

  Wolde ye turne and leve your pryde,
  Your hye port, and your richesse,
  Your cursing shuld not go so wyde;
  God bring you into rightwysnesse!
  For I drede not your tyranny,                        1265
  For nothing that ye can doon;
  To suffre I am all redy,
  Siker, I recke never how soon!"

  The Griffon grinned as he were wood,
  And loked lovely as an owle!                         1270
  And swor, by cockes herte blood,
  He wolde him tere, every doule!
  "Holy churche thou disclaundrest foule!
  For thy resons I woll thee all to-race;
  And make thy flesh to rote and moule;                1275
  Losell, thou shalt have harde grace!"

  The Griffon flew forth on his way;
  The Pellican did sitte and weep;
  And to him-selfe he gan say,
  "God wolde that any of Christes sheep                1280
  Had herd, and y-take kepe
  Eche a word that here sayd was,
  And wolde it wryte and well it kepe!
  God wolde it were all, for his grace!"

    PLOWMAN. I answerde, and sayd I wolde,             1285
  If for my travayl any wold pay.
    PELICAN. He sayd, "yes; these that god han sold;
  For they han [greet] store of money!"
    PLOWMAN. I sayd, "tell me, and thou may,
  Why tellest thou mennes trespace?"                   1290
    PELICAN. He said, "to amende hem, in good fay,
  If god woll give me any grace.

  For Christ him-selfe is lykned to me,
  That for his people dyed on rode;
  As fare I, right so fareth he,                       1295
  He fedeth his birdes with his blode.
  But these don yvell +ayenes good,
  And ben his foon under frendes face;
  I tolde hem how hir living stood;
  God amende hem, for his grace!"                      1300

    PLOWMAN. "What ayleth the Griffon, tell [me] why,
  That he holdeth on that other syde?"
    PELLICAN. "For they two ben [of kind], lykly,
  And with [lyk] kindes robben wyde.
  The foul betokeneth [evill] pryde,                   1305
  As Lucifer, that hygh +flowe was;
  And sith he did him in evell hyde,
  For he agilted goddes grace.

  As bird [that] flyeth up in the ayr,
  And liveth by birdes that ben meke,                  1310
  So these be flowe up in dispayr,
  And shenden sely soules eke.
  The soules that ben in sinnes seke,
  He culleth hem; knele therfore, alas!
  For brybry goddes forbode breke,                     1315
  God amende it, for his grace!

  The hinder part is a lyoun,
  A robber and a ravinere,
  That robbeth the people in erth a-down,
  And in erth holdeth non his pere;                    1320
  So fareth this foul, both fer and nere;
  With temporel strength they people chase,
  As a lyon proud in erthe here;
  God amende hem for hys grace!"

  He flew forth with his winges twayn,                 1325
  All drouping, dased, and dull.
  But soone the Griffon cam agayn,
  Of his foules the erth was full;
  The Pellican he had cast to pull.
  So greet a nombre never seen ther was;               1330
  What maner of foules, tellen I woll,
  If god woll give me of his grace.

  With the Griffon comen foules fele,
  Ravins, rokes, crowes, and pye,
  Gray foules, agadred wele,                           1335
  Y-gurd, above they wolde hye.
  Gledes and bosardes weren hem by;
  Whyt molles and puttockes token hir place;
  And lapwinges, that wel conneth ly,
  This felowship han for-gerd hir grace.               1340

  Longe the Pellican was out,
  But at [the] laste he cometh agayn;
  And brought with him the Phenix stout.
  The Griffon wolde have flowe full fayn;
  His foules, that flewen as thycke as rayn,           1345
  The Phenix tho began hem chace;
  To fly from him it was in vayn,
  For he did vengeaunce and no grace.

  He slew hem down without mercy,
  Ther astarte neyther free ne thrall;                 1350
  On him they cast a rufull cry
  When the Griffon down was fall.
  He beet hem not, but slew hem all;
  Whither he hem drove, no man may trace;
  Under the erthe, me thought, they yall;              1355
  Alas! they had a feble grace!

  The Pellican then axed right,
  "For my wryting if I have blame,
  Who woll for me fight of flight?
  Who shall shelde me from shame?                      1360
    He that had a mayd to dame,
  The lamb that slayn [for sinners] was,
  Shall shelde me from gostly blame;
  For erthly harm is goddes grace.

  Therfore I praye every man,                          1365
  Of my wryting have me excused."
  This wryting wryteth the Pellican,
  That thus these people hath dispysed;
  For I am, fresh, fully advysed,
  I nill not maynteyn his manace.                      1370
  For the devell is +oft disguysed,
  To bringe a man to yvell grace.

  Wyteth the Pellican, and not me,
  For herof I nil not avowe,
  In hy ne in low, ne in no degre,                     1375
  But as a fable take it ye mowe.
  To holy churche I will me bowe;
  Ech man to amende him, Christ send space!
  And for my wryting me alowe
  He that is almighty, for his grace.'                 1380

              FINIS.

_From_ Thynne (ed. 1542). _I give rejected spellings._

1. Ploweman; plowe. 3. eate ynowe. 4. lyge; chynne. 5. cowe. 6. bone;
skynne. 7. shoke; -drowe. 8. honge; pynne. 9. toke; tabarde; staffe. 12.
pylgremage; platte. 13. bare. 14. forswatte. 15. sene. 17. behelde wele.
18. sawe. 19. knewe; snoute. 23. coulde; loute.

27. plowe. 28. meate. 29. auowe. 30. wyfe; fynde. 31. howe. 32. leude;
bene; full (_read_ fully; _see_ l. 24); blynde. 33. fayne. 34. her;
_supply_ to; swet. 35. agayne. 36. eate. 37. The (_for_ They; 1550, They);
sayne. 38. hell. 39. payne. 41. her. 42. sayne. 43. corne. 44. speaketh.
45. preache. 46. nere; thynge. 47. ons (1550, ones); teache. 48.
preachynge. 49. Saye; the. 51. praye; noman. 52. Whyle; tellynge. COLOPHON:
fyrst parte.

53. stryfe. 55. bene. 57. great; vngrounde (!). 58. souble (_error for_
souple). 60. foule. 61. one. 63. freers. 64. great. 65. heuyn. 68. foule
mought. 70. _Supply_ al; prease. 71. caytyffes. 72. one; encrease. 73.
I-clepeth (!); londlese. 74. bene. 75. peace. 76. foule. 78. knowe. 79.
trauayle. 80. ferre. 82. wodde. 83. sawe.

85. one. 86. grymme. 89. measure. 90. counsayle. 91. sharpe. 92. foule. 93.
preache. 94. mekenesse. 95. teache. 96. blesse. 97. beareth wytnesse. 98.
lambe; lykeneth. 99. tokenynge. 103. lowlyche; lowe. 105. crowne; couetours
(_read_ covertours). 106. pylloure (_for_ pelure). 107. great treasours.
108. foule. 109. Preests shulde. 111. bateyle shulde. 112. her owne. 113.
syttynges; hye. 114. souerayntie; house. 115. worshippe. 116. Who so
(_omit_ so); foule shall.

117. suche. 118. erthlye. 119. suche shall. 120. y-buylden her boure. 122.
them to hem; _supply_ be. 123. holde; one. 124. suche one shall (_om._
one). 125. peeres. 127. poore freers. 128. Nowe. 129. her. 130. noman;
permagall. 131. Whyle; her. 132. suche; mote. 134. glytterande; great
araye. 136. co_m_men; maye; gaye. 137. daye. 138. great. 139. baye. 140.
suche; mote. 141. punyshed (!); _see_ l. 143. 142. sustayne. 144. her. 147.
leude. 148. Suche; foule them befall (_see_ ll. 156, 164).

149. meates. 150. songe; syttynge longe. 151. her. 152. meate; gonge. 153.
meate; harpe; songe. 154. eche; mote. 155. amonge. 156. Suche; foule. 157.
one. 159. staffe; pyrrey; _read_ perrey. 160. made; lead. 161. golde;
redde. 162. glytterande; golde (_repeated from_ l. 161; _read_ gown). 164.
foule. 167. her. 168. hel. 169. her. 170. her gaye. 172. great. 179. poore.
180. Suche; foule.

182, 3. her. 184. kynge. 185. glyttryng (1550, glytteryng). 187. golde.
188. foule. 189. clepen (!); bene. 194. Antichriste; her. 196. foule. 198.
done (_but_ 1550, dome; _read_ demed). 200. whiche. 201, 202. her. 204.
suche; foule. 205. Her. 207. mote. 208. forbede (= forb[=e]d). 209. suche.
211. mote; her.

215, 216. greater. 224. thynke. 225. Suche; stynke. 227. bowynge. 228. must
nede euyll; _I omit_ nede. 231. suche; sect sewys. 233. her. 234. Her. 235.
Chrystes (!); _read_ Christ his. 236. suche; foule. 238. her; lyfe. 240.
_Supply_ ther; great stryfe. 241. a knyfe (_om._ a). 243. suche. 244.
suche; foule.

246. _Supply_ he surely. 247. peace. 248. bade. 251. trusteth (!). 252.
_Supply_ such; foule. 256. roode. 257. co_m_men. 258. Echeon. 259. poore.
260. befall; _read_ fall. 261. _Supply_ never. 263. _Supply_ yet. 266. her.
267. her. 268. foule; falle. 272. her. 276. suche; foule.

282. shyppes (!); 1550, shepes. 283. ofte. 284. suche; foule. 287. poore.
289. _Supply_ him. 292. sayne. 295. _Supply_ there; nowe; them. 296. hoode.
297. blode. 298. buckette; (wall = well). 299. wode. 300. suche. 301. her.
302. _Omit_ to? 304. sonne; worthe. 306. her crokettes; christall. 307.
downe. 308. foule.

310. her. 315. Redde; vsyn. 316. falsshed foule. 317. Their (_read_ Hir);
her. 318. clemeth; _see_ l. 525. 320. _Supply_ by; raunsome. 324, 332, 340.
foule. 324. to fall (_omit_ to). 325. her. 328. her seales; dare. 329.
great. 332. suche; _supply_ false. 334. her. 336. sayne; poore. 337. eche
preeste. 338. encrease. 339. heerdes; the. 340. suche.

341. falsely. 344. towne (_twice_). 345. raunsome. 346. christall. 348.
suche. 348, 356, 364. foule. 349. gyltie. 350. _Supply_ yet; maye. 352.
maye. 353. gone. 355. poore; theyr (_read_ hir). 356. suche. 357. suche.
358. suche crafte. 359. forbade. 360. Suche. 361. is (_read_ ben). 363.
dispyce. 364. suche. 365. sayne. 366. heuyn; holde. 367. toke. 368. solde.
369. Suche; bolde. 370. wytte. 371. colde. 372. suche.

374. leaue. 375. suche (_twice_). 378. Theyr (_for_ Hir). 380. false
Lucifere. 381. Lucifarre. 383. faythe; farre. 386. hou_n_de; hungre. 387.
vngratious. 388. suche. 388, 396, 404. foule. 389. heyre. 390. thynke;
case. 391. dispeyre. 393. lorde. 394. anone pray. 395. purchase. 396.
suche. 397. can (_read_ conne). 398. spedde. 399. wylde. 400. redde. 401.
leude boster (_om._ leude). 402. byshoppe; is (_read_ as); horse. 403. be
stedde. 404. _Supply_ the; last.

405. byshoppes. 407. Suche; ranke. 408. heale none. 409. done. 410. one
fors (!); _misprint_. 411. thanke suche. 412. suche. 412, 420, 436. foule.
413. canne; _read_ conne; her. 414. made. 415. canne. 416. Suche; nowe.
418. her. 419. Suche. 420. suche. 422. Traueyle hungre; colde. 424. olde.
425. folde. 426. theyr (_for_ hir); shepe. 428. suche. 429. her. 430.
pouerte. 432. drynke; pyement; _supply_ and; aparte. 433. a ferde. 434. as
dyd (_om._ dyd). 435. dryuen her shepe; deserte. 436. suche.

437. xij. 438. Nowe; there; one. 440. echone. 443. stone. 447. nowe. 449.
her. 450. leuyn. 451. But (_read_ Ben). 452. suche. 453. plowe. 454. hate
(!). 455. to hym (_om._ to); ynowe. 456. hatte. 457. poore; latte. 459.
Suche; gnatte. 460. suche. 461. showe. 462. to kysse (_om._ to); fete. 463.
ynowe. 464. sette; _read_ seet (= sat). 465. Suche one; hym selfe foryete.
466. _For_ call _read_ tall (?); _cf. l._ 74. 467. wete. 468. suche; foule.

469. her. 470. golde. 472. catche sholde. 473. Her seruauntes; them (_read_
hem); vnholde. 474. theyr (_for_ hir). 475. holde. 476. suche. 478. fynde.
479. nowe. 480. saye behynde. 481. Howe; pynde. 482. kende; _see_ l. 530.
483. putte; mynde. 484. amende. 485. nowe. 486. Howe. 487. howe. 488.
worde; telleth (_see_ l. 487). 490. offrende. 492. amende.

493. saye. 495. Suche hathe nowe. 497. varry. 498. wende. 500. pytie;
amende. 501. lyfe. 503. sufferaunce; stryfe. 505. wysedome. 506. tende.
507. measure. 508. maye amende. 509. lyfe. 514. comprehende. 515.
maynteyne. 516. amende. 517. delyghtes. 518. stronge. 519. vsen. 520.
Agaynste pytie punishementes. 522. Her; worse dispende. 524. amende.

525. holy. 528. worse; wytlesse. 529. fyshe; fleshe. 530. ykende. 531.
poore. 532. amende. 533. Dyuers (_read_ Dives); suche; her dome. 534.
sayne. 535. shulde done. 536. suche. 537. suche. 538. offende. 539. nowe.
540. amende. 542. nowe; yknowe. 544. trowe. 545. Eche; owe (!). 546. sende.
547. worde; folke; showe. 548. amende. 549. poore. 551. Nowe dare; poore.
552. her foe. 553. Amonge; mote. 554. suche suspende. 555. hente. 556.
amende.

557. worlde. 558. loly; badde. 559. her. 560. forthe ladde. 561. dradde.
562. _Supply_ servaunts; shende. 563. Eche; gladde. 564, 572, 580, 588.
amende. 567. One; one. 569. _Supply_ that; one. 570. defende. 571. badde.
572. suche. 573. badde; shepe. 574. forbade. 575. Swerde; shepe. 576.
shepe. 578. her shepe; swerde; contende. 579. her shepe; great. 582.
_Supply_ that; chefe pastoure. 583. swerde. 584. bochoure. 586. Shulde;
shepe; backe bende. 587. shoure.

590. forsoke. 591. _Supply_ to (_as in_ l. 592). 592. hoke. 593. shepe;
dothe; coke. 594. _Supply_ they; vntrende. 595. -boke. 596. them amende.
600. badde; behynde. 601. Suche. 602. offende. 604. suche; amende. 606.
_Read_ contrar. 608. mysse. 610. Peter (_read_ him); reprehende. 611. But
nat (_om._ But); heuyn blysse. 612. amende. 613. case. 616. bare. 618.
stale; _supply_ gan; myspende. 620. _Supply_ now; amende.

622. hys false (_om._ false). 626. frende = fremd. 628. amende. 629. efte
sone. 631. fordone. 632. sayne. 633. And ayenst (_omit_ And);
commaundementes (_read_ maundements); crye. 634. brende. 635. suche. 636.
amende. 637. Englande. 638. kynge. 639. suche. 640. _Supply_ they (_or_
hem); lyste. 641. her. 642. prysone; sende. 644. amende. 648. bayghted.
649. worse. 650. prysone; _supply_ be; pende. 652. maye mende.

654. assente. 655. eche. 657. Her seales. 658. extende. 660. mischefe;
_supply_ may; amende. 662. worthe tenne pounde. 664. thyrde parte; rounde.
665. raunsounde. 666. saye suche parte; apende. 667. gothe; grounde. 668.
amende. 669. fornycatioun. 670. shyllynges; paye. 671. absolution. 672.
forthe; maye. 674. soule; brende. 676. suche; amende. 678. londe. 680. her
honde. 681. theyr (_for_ hir); bonde. 682. Worse beate; _supply_ more;
brende. 683. vnderstande. 684. amende.

685. _Read_ religiouns. 686. moche laye. 690. attende. 691. hyghe. 692.
amende. 694. aboute. 695. _Supply_ the. 697. doute. 698. them defende. 699.
nowe; folke; stoute. 700. kynge; nowe; amende. 701. forbode. 702. shulde.
704. shulde; lordshyppe. 705. bolde. 706. suche lordeshyppes; them (_for_
hem). 707. her shepe; her folde.

709. countrefete. 710. her fruite. 711. Her; foryete. 712. dispyte. 713.
poore. 715. her shepe. 720-1. great. 722. thre; _supply_ han. 723. playeng.
724. kynge. 725. lette. 729. soule; fore. 731. her. 732. Her profytes. 734.
poore. 736. lorde. 737. catche. 738. lorde. 739. poore. 740. syke (_for_
seke); _see l._ 1313.

743. also (_read_ als). 746. poore; spende. 748. sende. 749. her; suche.
750. treasour. 751. her paryshe. 752. -floure. 753. Her lyfe shulde. 755.
her lele. 756. Suche. 759. her; _supply_ hir. 760. great. 761. thynke. 763.
dredefull. 764. Suche wretches. 765. her. 767. poore; hungre. 769. rente.
770. recke. 772. one.

773. horedome. 777. suche tabyde. 778. Howe; yelde. 779. hye; mowe. 780.
Suche; wytte; nelde. 782. foryet. 785. mowe gete. 787. sette. 788. Suche
treasour. 789. mote; saye. 790. holdynge. 791. iaye. 792. selfe nothynge.
793. erle; kynge. 795. tythynge; offrynge. 798. _Supply_ els. 804. false.

808. her lorde. 811. falsely; worde. 812. her. 814. the; _supply_ me. 815.
suche; _supply_ folk. 818. suche falsely fayne. 819. dredeful. 820. payne.
821. selfe; done. 825. _Supply_ the. 826. her false. 828. suche. 830.
_Read_ vikere. 831. trowe; false. 834. Eche; lye. 835. _Read_ Who speke
ayeines; her.

837. howe. 838. Onely; Christe. 840. or (_read_ on). 841. trowe. 843.
_Supply_ same. 845. howe; amonge. 846. waye. 848. betraye. 849. maye. 851.
saye. 852. blende. 853. on (_read_ upon); her. 854. poorely; porte. 855.
sacramentes; done. 856. catchynge; her comforte. 857. eche. 858. done;
wronge; her dysporte. 859. afraye. 860. lorde. 862. aye. 863. sweare. 865.
Suche bearen; heauen. 866. assoyle. 868. true (_better_ trewe).

869. wrestlynge. 871. Markette beaters; medlynge. 874. debate. 875.
sacramentes; sayle (!). 876. Howe; suche; gate. 879. speake. 880.
sompnynge. 881. saye; _supply_ with; lye. 882. her eye. 887. twyse; daye he
(_om._ he). 889. mote. 890. horne. 891. wytche. 892. Suchen. 893. mote;
some; stone. 895. _Supply_ to; lyuen. 896. saye. 897. Aboute suche; great.
898. suche; stande. 900. maye.

901. That it leude people se mowe. 902. Mary thou (_om._ thou). 903.
Aboute; nowe. 909. poore. 910. _Supply_ in; owne. 911. her. 914. mowe;
colde. 915. poore; sprete; Christe. 916. olde. 917. sweardes. 918. Baudryke
(_read_ Baudriks). 919. Suche; her. 920. suche; bene. 921. her. 922. Whome
(_twice_). 923. bene. 925. gay. 926. mote. 929. her. 930. her shone. 932.
none.

933. Nowe. 934. That men (_om._ That). 935. done. 937. Suche. 938. Lyke.
arayde. 939. The proude (_om._ The); pendauntes; her. 940. Falsely;
betrayde. 941. Shryfte-. 943. sacramentes. 945. her byshoppe. 948. thus
(_read_ this); sayne. 949. her. 952. Suche; eche. 953. profyte. 955. dare;
sayne. 956. suche. 957. byshoppes. 958. mote. 959. her. 960. Suche
prelates. 961. suche. 962. suche. 963. Howe. 964. greatly.

965. sayne. 966. them (_for_ hem). 967. goddes goodesse (!). 968.
maynteyne. 969. Her; shulde. 970. Her lyuynge leude. 971. saye; maye. 972.
muste. 973. lye. 975. anone. 978. meane. 981. longe; mette. 983. Amonge;
folke; sette. 984. halfe. 985. byshoppe. 987. absolution maye; them (_for_
hem). 988. soule; fore. 993. her. 994. suche. 995. came. 996. great.

997. monke lorde. 998. kynge. 999. proude. 1000. meate; drynke; _supply_
in. 1001. wearen; rynge. 1003. meate; drynke. 1004. on a (_om._ a). 1007.
saye. 1008. deynties; her; foode. 1010. religion. 1012. lordshyppe; towne.
1013. Nowe. 1014. fyne clothe. 1016. meane. 1017. catchynge. 1018. great
lykynge. 1019. lyuynge. 1020. Accordynge; Benette; lyuynge. 1021. her;
ouerse. 1022. Her poore tenaunce. 1023. hyre (1550, hyer). 1025. farre.
1027. poore. 1028. cheryshe.

1029. co_m_menly. 1030. poore. 1031. perfection. 1032. Her fathers ryden;
her. 1034. olde. 1035. Her fathers. 1036. colde. 1037. And all (_om._ And).
1038. Benette. 1039. ease. 1040. besette. 1042. plowe. 1043. Threshynge;
dykynge; towne; towne. 1044. halfe ynowe. 1046. ease. 1050. badde; _supply_
ful; cherelyche. 1051. churlyche. 1052. earth. 1053. Benette. 1055. mette.
1057. _Supply_ now. 1060. treasoure.

1062. suche. 1064. foule. 1065. tolde. 1066. makynge. 1067. coulde. 1068.
wolde. 1069. goodnesse. 1070. speake; thynke. 1071. her (_twice_). 1074.
came; kynde. 1075. trowe. 1076. lost; mynde. 1077-80. shulde. 1078.
gouernayle. 1080. auayle. 1081. Eche; trauayle. 1083. assayle. 1085. poore.
1086. nothynge; hadde. 1087. shulde. 1088. nolde; dradde. 1089. wolde;
sadde. 1090. lust (_read_ list). 1091. such (_read_ shuld). 1092. shepe;
wust (_read_ wist).

1093. prelates wolde. 1095. shulde stande; colde. 1096. Her seruauntes.
1098. worshyppe. 1100. Suche. 1102. Shulde; thynge. 1104. her kynge. 1105.
clothynge. 1107. offrynge. 1108. lordshypppe (!) none. 1109. crye. 1111.
hye. 1114. father. 1115. to be (_om._ to). 1116. _Read_ wikke? 1118.
Goostly; earthly. 1119. shulde; hane. 1121. blode. 1122. Badde. 1124.
myschefe.

1125-30. Her. 1125. clothynge. 1126. treasoure; lyfe. 1128. lordshyppe.
1131. Poore; spirite. 1133. the. 1135. haste; lyue (_read_ leve). 1136.
eche. 1139. glosynge. 1141. wolde; eche; there shulde. 1142. enuye. 1146.
lyfe. 1148. the; stryfe. 1149. _Supply_ ye. 1151. neyther (_read_ not).
1154. warme; _supply_ be.

1157. sacramentes. 1158. speake; slye. 1159. tythynges offringes w_i_t_h_
(_omit_ offringes); ente_n_tes. 1160. lye. 1161. done; ease. 1162. there;
none. 1163. sayne; pease. 1167. wolde. 1168. Leaue; chattrynge. 1173. fore.
1174. done. 1175. done. 1176. shalte; man. 1177. _Supply_ nay. 1179.
sacramente. 1180. speake. 1181-3. her. 1182. shulde; poore; spirite. 1184.
false habyte. 1186. hye.

1190. connynge. 1191. her. 1193. sacramentes. 1195. speake; dele. 1196.
nothynge. 1197. vsen; mysse. 1199. trowe. 1200. reason. 1202.
co_m_maundementes. 1204. sacramentes. 1205. trowe. 1206. wronge. 1207.
dare. 1208. songe. 1209. holsome lyfe. 1210. done; dewe. 1212. Weddynge.
1213. solde. 1216. maye. 1217. lye. 1218. saye; thorowe. 1219. fleshe;
blode; mystrye.

1221. Howe. 1222. subgette. 1227. Ayenst. 1230. shulde. 1232. pouerte.
1235. dystrye. 1238. leaue; preache. 1239. speake agaynst. 1240. falsely
teache. 1245. sayde. 1248. falshede.

1253. badde. 1254. seruauntes. 1255. amende. 1259. nothynge; estate. 1260.
dysease. 1261. leaue. 1262. porte. 1263. cursynge shulde. 1264. brynge.
1266. nothynge; done. 1268. howe soone. 1269. wode. 1271. swore; bloode.
1274. reasons; the. 1275. fleshe. 1276. shalte. 1277. flewe; waye. 1278.
wepe. 1279. saye. 1280. shepe. 1281. herde. 1282. worde. 1283. wrytte.

1286. trauayle; any man wolde (_om._ man). 1287. solde. 1288. _Supply_
greet. 1293. lykened. 1297. done; ayenst gode. 1298. fone. 1299. howe her
lyuynge stode. 1301. _Supply_ me. 1303. _Supply_ Pellican (_wrongly
prefixed to_ l. 1305); _supply_ of kind. 1304. _Supply_ lyk. 1305. foule;
_supply_ evill. 1306. flewe (_read_ flowe; _see_ l. 1311). 1309. byrde;
_supply_ that; ayre. 1311. into (_read_ in); dyspayre.

1317. parte. 1319. earth a downe. 1320. none. 1321. foule; ferre. 1322. And
wyth (_om._ And). 1323. proude; earth. 1325. (Pellican _is written above
this line_); flewe; twayne. 1326. droupynge. 1327. came agayne. 1328.
earth. 1338. great; sene there. 1336. Igurde. 1338. Whyte; her. 1339. lye.
1340. for gerde her. 1342. _Supply_ the. 1343. stoute. 1344. fayne. 1345.
rayne. 1345. flye; vayne.

1349. slewe; downe. 1350. There. 1352. downe. 1353. bete; slewe. 1358.
wrytynge. 1361. mayde. 1362. And the lambe (_om._ And); _supply_ for
sinners. 1364. erthely harme. 1366-7. wrytynge. 1369. freshe. 1370.
maynteyne. 1371. often (_read_ oft). 1375. hye; lowe. 1378. Eche; sende.
1379. wrytynge.

       *       *       *       *       *

III. JACK UPLAND.

  I, Jack Uplande, make my mone to very god and to all
  true belevinge in Christ, that Antichrist and his disciples, by
  colour of holines, walken and deceiven Christes church by many
  fals figures, wherethrough, by Antichrist and his, many vertues
  been transposed to vices.                                               5

  But the fellest folk that ever Antichrist found been last
  brought into the church, and in a wonder wyse; for they been of
  divers sectes of Antichrist, sowen of divers countrees and
  kinredes. And all men knowen wel, that they ben not obedient
  to bishoppes, ne lege men to kinges; neither they tillen ne            10
  sowen, weden, ne repen woode, corn, ne gras, neither nothing
  that man shuld helpe but only hem-selves, hir lyves to sustein.
  And these men han all maner power of god, as they sayen,
  in heaven and in earth, to sell heaven and hell to whom that
  hem lyketh; and these wrecches wete never where to been                15
  hemselves.

  And therfore, frere, if thine order and rules ben grounded on
  goddes law, tell thou me, Jack Upland, that I aske of thee; and
  if thou be or thinkest to be on Christes syde, kepe thy pacience.

  Saynt Paul techeth, that al our dedes shuld be don in charite,         20
  and els it is nought worth, but displesing to god and harm to
  oure owne soules. And for because freres chalengen to be
  gretest clerkes of the church, and next folowinge Christ in
  livinge, men shulde, for charite, axe hem some questions, and
  pray hem to grounde their answers in reson and in holy writ; for       25
  els their answere wolde nought be worth, be it florished never so
  faire; and, as me think, men might skilfully axe thus of a frere.

  1. Frere, how many orders be in erthe, and which is the
  perfitest order? Of what order art thou? Who made thyn
  order? What is thy rule? Is there ony perfiter rule than Christ        30
  himselfe made? If Christes rule be moost perfit, why rulest
  thou thee not therafter? Without more, why shall a frere be
  more punished if he breke the rule that his patron made, than if
  he breke the hestes that god himself made?

  2. Approveth Christ ony more religions than oon, that saynt            35
  James speketh of? If he approveth no more, why hast thou left
  his rule, and taken another? Why is a frere apostata, that leveth
  his order and taketh another secte; sith there is but oon religion
  of Christ?

  3. Why be ye wedded faster to your habits than a man is to his         40
  wyfe? For a man may leve his wyf for a yere or two, as many
  men do; and if +ye leve your habit a quarter of a yere, ye shuld
  be holden apostatas.

  4. Maketh youre habit you men of religion, or no? If it
  do, than, ever as it wereth, your religion wereth; and, after that     45
  the habit is better, is you[r] religion better. And whan ye liggen
  it besyde you, than lig ye youre religion besyde you, and ben
  apostatas. Why by ye you so precious clothes, sith no man
  seketh such but for vaine glorie, as saynt Gregory saith?

  5. What betokeneth youre grete hood, your scaplerye, youre             50
  knotted girdel, and youre wyde cope?

  6. Why use ye al oon colour, more then other Christen men
  do? What betokeneth that ye been clothed all in one maner
  clothinge?

  7. If ye saye it betokeneth love and charite, certes, than ye be       55
  ofte ypocrites, whan ony of you hateth other, and in that, that ye
  wollen be said holy by youre clothinge.

  8. Why may not a frere were clothing of an-other secte of
  freres, sith holines stondeth not in the clothes?

  9. Why holde ye silence in one howse more than in another;             60
  sith men ought over-al to speke the good and leve the evell?

  10. Why ete you flesh in one house more than in another,
  if youre rule and youre order be perfit, and the patron that
  made it?

  11. Why gette ye your dispensacions, to have it more esy?              65
  Certes, either it semeth that ye be unperfit; or he, that made it
  so hard that ye may not holde it. And siker, if ye holde not the
  rule of youre patrons, ye be not than hir freres; and so ye lye
  upon youre-selves!

  12. Why make ye you as dede men whan ye be professed;                  70
  and yet ye be not dede, but more quicke beggars than ye were
  before? And it semeth evell a deed man to go aboute and
  begge.

  13. Why will ye not suffer youre novices here your councels in
  youre chapter-house, er that they been professed; if youre councels    75
  been trew, and after god[d]es lawe?

  14. Why make ye you so costly houses to dwell in; sith Christ
  did not so, and dede men shuld have but graves, as falleth to
  dede men? And yet ye have more gorgeous buildinges than
  many lordes of Englonde. For ye maye wenden through the                80
  realme, and ech night, wel nigh, ligge in youre owne courtes;
  and so mow but right few lordes do.

  15. Why hyre ye to ferme youre limitors, gevinge therfore
  eche yeer a certain rente; and will not suffer oon in an-others
  limitacion, right as ye were your-selves lordes of contreys?           85

  16. Why be ye not under youre bisshops visitacions, and liege
  men to oure kinge?

  17. Why axe ye no letters of bretherhedes of other mens
  prayers, as ye desyre that other men shulde aske letters of you?

  18. If youre letters be good, why graunte ye them not generally        90
  to al maner men, for the more charite?

  19. Mow ye make ony man more perfit brother for your
  prayers, than god hath by oure beleve, by our baptyme and his
  owne graunte? If ye mowe, certes, than ye be above god.

  20. Why make ye men beleve that your golden trentall songe             95
  of you, to take therfore ten shillinges, or at the leest fyve
  shillinges, will bringe soules out of helle, or out of purgatorye?
  If this be sooth, certes, ye might bring all soules out of payne.
  And that wolle ye nought; and than ye be out of charite.

  21. Why make ye men beleve, that he that is buried in youre           100
  habit shall never come in hell; and ye wite not of youre-selfe,
  whether ye shall to hell, or no? And if this were sooth, ye
  shulde selle youre high houses, to make many habites, for to save
  many mens soules.

  22. Why stele ye mens children for to make hem of youre               105
  secte; sith that theft is agaynst goddes heste; and sithe youre
  secte is not perfit? Ye know not whether the rule that ye binde
  him to, be best for him or worst!

  23. Why undernime ye not your brethren, for their trespas
  after the lawe of the gospell; sith that underneminge is the best     110
  that may be? But ye put them in prison ofte, whan they do after
  goddes lawe; and, by saynt Austines rule, if ony did amisse and
  wolde not amende him, ye should put him from you.

  24. Why covete ye shrifte, and burying of other mens parishens,
  and non other sacrament that falleth to Christen folke?               115

  25. Why busie ye not to here shrifte of poore folke, as well
  as of riche lordes and ladyes; sith they mowe have more plentee
  of shrifte-fathers than poore folk may?

  26. Why saye ye not the gospel in houses of bedred men; as
  ye do in riche mens, that mowe go to churche and here the             120
  gospell?

  27. Why covette +ye not to burye poore folk among you; sith
  that they ben moost holy, as ye sayn that ye ben for youre
  povertee?

  28. Why will ye not be at hir diriges, as ye been at riche mens;      125
  sith god prayseth hem more than he doth riche men?

  29. What is thy prayer worth; sith thou wilt take therefore?
  For of all chapmen ye nede to be moost wyse; for drede of
  symonye.

  30. What cause hast thou that thou wilt not preche the                130
  gospell, as god sayeth that thou shuldest; sith it is the best
  lore, and also oure beleve?

  31. Why be ye evell apayed that secular prestes shulde preche
  the gospel; sith god him-selfe hath boden hem?

  32. Why hate ye the gospell to be preched; sith ye be so              135
  moche holde thereto? For ye winne more by yere with
  _In principio_, than with all the rules that ever youre patrons made.
  And, in this, minstrels been better than ye. For they contraryen
  not to the mirthes that they maken; but ye contraryen the gospell
  bothe in worde and dede.                                              140

  33. Frere, whan thou receivest a peny for to say a masse,
  whether sellest thou goddes body for that peny, or thy prayer,
  or els thy travail? If thou sayest thou wolt not travaile for to
  saye the masse but for the peny, +than certes, if this be soth, than
  thou lovest to littel mede for thy soule. And if thou sellest         145
  goddes body, other thy prayer, than it is very symony; and art
  become a chapman worse than Judas, that solde it for thirty
  pens.

  34. Why wrytest thou hir names in thy tables, that yeveth thee
  moneye; sith god knoweth all thing? For it semeth, by thy             150
  wryting, that god wolde not rewarde him but thou wryte him in
  thy tables; god wolde els forgetten it.

  35. Why berest thou god in honde, and sclaundrest him that he
  begged for his mete; sith he was lord over all? For than hadde
  he ben unwyse to have begged, and no nede therto.                     155

  36. Frere, after what law rulest thou thee? Wher findest thou
  in goddes law that thou shuldest thus begge?

  37. What maner men nedeth for to begge?

  Of whom oweth suche men to begge?

  Why beggest thou so for thy brethren?                                 160

  If thou sayest, for they have nede; than thou doest it for the
  more perfeccion, or els for the leest, or els for the mene. If it be
  the moost perfeccion of all, than shulde al thy brethren do so;
  and than no man neded to begge but for him-selfe, for so shuld no
  man begge but him neded. And if it be the leest perfeccion, why       165
  lovest thou than other men more than thy-selfe? For so thou art
  not well in charite; sith thou shuldest seke the more perfeccion
  after thy power, livinge thy-selfe moost after god; and thus, leving
  that imperfeccion, thou shuldest not so begge for hem. And if
  it is a good mene thus to begge as thou doest, than shuld no man      170
  do so but they ben in this good mene; and yet such a mene,
  graunted to you, may never be grounded in goddes lawe; for
  than both lered and lewed that ben in mene degre of this worlde
  shuld go aboute and begge as ye do. And if all suche shuld do
  so, certes, wel nigh al the world shuld go aboute and begge as        175
  ye do: and so shulde there be ten beggers agaynst oon yever.

  38. Why procurest thou men to yeve thee hir almes, and sayest
  it is so meedful; and thou wilt not thy-selfe winne thee that
  mede?

  39. Why wilt thou not begge for poore bedred men, that ben            180
  poorer than ony of youre secte, that liggen, and mow not go
  aboute to helpe themselves; sith we be all brethren in god, and
  that bretherhed passeth ony other that ye or ony man coude
  make? And where moost nede were, there were moost perfeccion;
  either els ye holde hem not youre pure brethren, or worse. But        185
  than ye be imperfite in your begginge.

  40. Why make ye you so many maisters among you; sith it
  is agaynst the techinge of Christ and his apostels?

  41. Whos ben all your riche courtes that ye han, and all your
  riche jewels; sith ye sayen that ye han nought, in proper ne in       190
  comune? If ye sayn they ben the popes, why +geder ye then, of
  poore men and of lordes, so much out of the kinges honde to make
  your pope riche? And sith ye sayen that it is greet perfeccion to
  have nought, in proper ne in comune, why be ye so fast aboute to
  make the pope (that is your +fader) riche, and putte on him           195
  imperfeccion? Sithen ye sayn that your goodes ben all his, and he
  shulde by reson be the moost perfit man, it semeth openlich that
  ye ben cursed children, so to sclaunder your +fader, and make
  him imperfit. And if ye sayn that tho goodes be yours, then do
  ye ayenst youre rule; and if it be not ayenst your rule, than might   200
  ye have both plough and cart, and labour as other good men don,
  and not so begge to by losengery, and ydell, as ye don. And if ye
  say that it is more perfeccion to begge than to travaill or worch
  with youre hand, why preche ye not openly, and teche all men to
  do so, sith it is the best and moost perfit lyf to helpe of her       205
  soules, as ye make children to begge that might have been riche
  heyres?

  42. Why make ye not your festes to poore men, and yeveth
  hem yeftes, as ye don to the riche; sith poore men han more
  nede than the riche?                                                  210

  43. What betokeneth that ye go tweyne and tweyne +togeder?
  If ye be out of charite, ye accorden not in soule.

  44. Why begge ye, and take salaries therto, more than other
  prestes; sith he that moost taketh, most charge he hath?

  45. Why holde ye not saynt Fraunces rule and his testament;           215
  sith Fraunces saith, that god shewed him this living and this
  rule? And certes, if it were goddes will, the pope might not
  fordo it; or els Fraunces was a lyar, that sayde on this wyse.
  And but this testament that he made accorde with goddes will,
  els erred he as a lyar that were out of charite; and as the law       220
  sayeth, he is accursed that letteth the rightfull last will of a deed
  man lacke. And this testament is the last will of Fraunces that
  is a deed man; it seemeth therefore that all his freres ben
  cursed.

  46. Why wil ye not touche no coined money with the crosse,            225
  ne with the kinges heed, as ye don other jewels both of golde and
  silver? Certes, if ye despyse the crosse or the kinges heed, than
  ye be worthy to be despysed of god and the kinge. And sith ye
  will receyve money in your hertes and not with youre handes, it
  seemeth that ye holde more holinesse in your hondes than in your      230
  hertes; and than be ye false to god.

  47. Why have ye exempt you fro our kinges lawes and visitinge
  of our bishoppes more than other Christen men that liven in this
  realme, if ye be not gilty of traitory to our realme, or trespassers
  to oure bishoppes? But ye will have the kinges lawes for trespas      235
  don to you; and ye wil have power of other bishops more than
  other prestes; and also have leave to prison youre brethren as
  lordes in youre courtes, more than other folkes han that ben the
  kinges lege men.

  48. Why shal some secte of you freres paye eche yere a certaine       240
  to hir generall provinciall or minister, or els to hir soverains,
  but-if he stele a certain number of children, as some men sayn? And
  certes, if this be soth, than be ye constrayned, upon certaine
  payne, to do thefte, agaynst goddes commaundement,
  _non furtum facies_.                                                  245

  49. Why be ye so hardy, to graunte, by letters of fraternite, to
  men and women, that they shall have part and merit of all your
  good dedes; and ye witen never whether god be apayed with
  youre dedes because of youre sinne? Also ye witen never whether
  that man or woman be in state to be saved or damned; than shall       250
  he have no merit in heven for his owne dedes, ne for none other
  mans. And all were it so, that he shuld have part of youre good
  dedes; yet shulde he have no more than god would geve him,
  after that he were worthy; and so much shall eche man have of
  goddes yefte, withoute youre limitacion. But if ye will saye that     255
  ye ben goddes felowes, and that he may not do without youre
  assent, than be ye blasphemers to god.

  50. What betokeneth that ye have ordeined, that when such
  oon as ye have mad youre brother or sister, and hath a letter of
  your sele, that letter +mot be brought in youre holy chapter and      260
  there be red; or els ye will not praye for him? But and ye willen
  not praye specially for all other that weren not mad youre brethren
  or sistren, than were ye not in right charite; for that ought to be
  commune, and namely in goostly thinges.

  51. Frere, what charite is this--to overcharge the people by          265
  mighty begginge, under colour of prechinge or praying or masses
  singing? Sith holy writ biddeth not thus, but even the contrary;
  for al such goostly dedes shulde be don freely, as god yeveth hem
  freely.

  52. Frere, what charite is this--to begyle children or they           270
  commen to discrecion, and binde hem to youre orders, that been
  not grounded in goddes lawe, against hir frendes wil? Sithen by
  this foly ben many apostatas, both in will and dede, and many
  ben apostatas in hir will during all hir lyfe, that wolde gladly be
  discharged if they wist how; and so, many ben apostatas that          275
  shulden in other states have ben trewe men.

  53. Frere, what charite is this--to make so mony freres in
  every countrey, to the charge of the people? Sith persounes
  and vicares alone, ye, secular prestes alone, ye, monkes and
  chanons alone, with bishops above hem, were y-nough to the            280
  church, to do prestes office. And to adde mo than y-nough is
  a foul errour, and greet charge to the people; and this is openly
  against goddes will, that ordeined all thinges to be don in weight,
  nomber, and mesure. And Christ himself was apayed with twelve
  apostles and a few disciples, to preche and do prestes office to all  285
  the hole world; than was it better don than it is now at this tyme
  by a thousand deel. And right so as foure fingers with a thumbe
  in a mannes hande, helpeth a man to worche, and double nomber
  of fingers in one hond shuld lette him more; and the more
  nomber that there were, passing the mesure of goddes ordinaunce,      290
  the more were a man letted to worke: right so, as it semeth, it is
  of these newe orders that ben added to the church, without grounde
  of holy writ and goddes ordinaunce.

  54. Frere, what charite is this--to lye to the people, and saye
  that ye folowe Christ in poverte more than other men don?             295
  And yet, in curious and costly howsinge, and fyne and precious
  clothing, and delicious and lykinge fedinge, and in tresoure and
  jewels and riche ornamentes, freres passen lordes and other riche
  worldly men; and soonest they shuld bringe hir cause aboute,
  be it never so costly, though goddes lawe be put abacke.              300

  55. Frere, what charite is this--to +gader up the bokes of holy
  writ and putte hem in tresory, and so emprisoune hem from
  secular prestes and curates; and by this cautel lette hem to
  preche the gospell freely to the people without worldly mede; and
  also to defame good prestes of heresy, and lyen on hem openly,        305
  for to lette hem to shew goddes lawe, by the holy gospell, to the
  Christen people?

  56. Frere, what charite is this--to fayn so much holines in
  your bodily clothing, that ye clepe your habit, that many blinde
  foles desyren to dye therin more than in an-other? And also,          310
  that a frere that leveth his habit (late founden of men), may not
  be assoiled till he take it again, but is an apostata, as ye sayn,
  and cursed of god and man both? The frere beleveth treuth and
  pacience, chastite, mekenesse, and sobriete; yet for the more
  part of his lyfe he may soone be assoiled of his prior; and if he     315
  bringe hoom to his house much good by yere, be it never so
  falsly begged and pilled of the poore and nedy people in courtes
  aboute, he shal be hold[en] a noble frere! O lord, whether this
  be charite!

  57. Frere, what charite is this--to prese upon a riche man,           320
  and to entyce him to be buried among you from his parish-church,
  and to suche riche men geve letters of fraternite confirmed
  by youre generall sele, and therby to bere him in honde that he
  shall have part of all your masses, matins, prechinges, fastinges,
  wakinges, and all other good dedes don by your brethren of youre      325
  order (both whyles he liveth and after that he is deed), and yet
  ye witen never whether youre dedes be acceptable to god, ne
  whether that man that hath that letter be able by good living to
  receive ony part of youre dedes? And yet a poore man, that ye
  wite wel or supposen in certain to have no good of, ye ne geve        330
  no such letters, though he be a better man to god than suche
  a riche man; nevertheles, this poore man doth not recche therof.
  For, as men supposen, suche letters and many other that freres
  behesten to men, be full of false deceites of freres, out of reson
  and god[d]es lawe and Christen mens faith.                            335

  58. Frere, what charite is this--to be confessoures of lordes
  and ladyes, and to other mighty men, and not amend hem in hir
  living; but rather, as it semeth, to be the bolder to pille hir poore
  tenauntes and to live in lechery, and there to dwelle in your office
  of confessour, for winning of worldly goodes, and to be holden grete  340
  by colour of suche goostly offices? This seemeth rather pryde
  of freres than charite of god.

  59. Frere, what charite is this--to sayn that who-so liveth
  after youre order, liveth most parfitly, and next foloweth the
  state of aposteles in poverte and penaunce; and yet the wysest        345
  and gretest clerkes of you wende, or sende, or procure to the
  court of Rome to be mad cardinales or bishoppes or the popes
  chapelayns, and to be assoiled of the vowe of poverte and
  obedience to your ministers; in the which, as ye sayn, standeth
  moost perfeccion and merite of youre orders? And thus ye faren        350
  as Pharisees, that sayen oon, and do another to the contrarye.

  60. Why name ye more the patron of youre order in youre
  _Confiteor_, whan ye beginne masse, than other saintes, as apostels,
  or marters, that holy churche holde[th] more glorious than hem,
  and clepe hem youre patrons and youre avowries?                       355

  61. Frere, whet[h]er was saint Fraunces, in making of his rule that
  he sette thyne order in, a fole and lyar, or els wyse and trew? If
  ye sayn that he was not a fole but wyse; ne a lyar, but trew; why
  shewe ye the contrary by youre doing, whan by youre suggestion to
  the pope ye said that Fraunces rule was mad so hard that ye might     360
  not live to holde it without declaracion and dispensacion of the
  pope? And so, by youre dede, ye lete your patron a fole, that made
  a rule so hard that no man may wel kepe [it]; and eke youre
  dede proveth him a lyar, where he sayeth in his rule, that he took
  and lerned it of the holy gooste.  For how might ye, for shame,       365
  praye the pope to undo that the holy goost biddeth, as whan ye
  prayed him to dispense with the hardnesse of your order?

  62. Frere, which of the foure orders of freres is best, to a man
  that knoweth not which is the beste, but wolde fain enter into the
  beste and none other? If thou sayest that thyn is the best, than      370
  sayest thou that noon of the other is as good as thyn; and in this
  eche frere in the three other orders wolle say that thou lyest; for
  in the selve maner eche other frere woll say that his order is
  beste. And thus to eche of the foure orders ben the other three
  contrary in this poynte; in the which if ony say sooth, that is oon   375
  aloon; for there may but oon be the beste of foure. So foloweth
  it, that if ech of these orders answered to this question as thou
  doest, three were false and but oon trew; and yet no man shulde
  wite who that were. And thus it semeth, that the moost part of
  freres ben or shulde be lyars in this poynt, and they shulde          380
  answere therto. If +ye say that an-other ordre of the freres is
  better than thyn or as good; why toke ye not rather therto as to
  the better, whan thou mightest have chosen at the beginning?
  And eke, why shuldest thou be an apostata, to leve thyn order
  and take thee to that that is better? And so, why goest thou not      385
  from thyn order into that?

  63. Frere, is there ony perfiter rule of religion than Christ,
  goddes sone, gave in his gospell to his brethren, or than that
  religion that saynt James in his epistle maketh mencion of?  If
  +ye saye 'yes,' than puttest thou on Christ, that is wysdom of        390
  god the +fader, uncunning, unpower, or evil will. For eyther
  than he coude not make his rule so good as an-other did his,
  (and so he hadde be uncunning, that he might not make his rule
  so good as another man might, and so were he unmighty and not
  god); or he wolde not make his rule so perfit as an-other did his     395
  (and so had he ben evill-willed, namely to himselfe!) For if he
  might, and coude, and wold[e] have mad a rule perfit without
  defaute, and did not, he was not goddes sone almighty. For if
  ony other rule be perfiter than Christes, than must Christes rule
  lacke of that perfeccion by as much as the other were more            400
  perfiter; and so were defaute, and Christ had failed in makinge
  of his rule. But to putte ony defaute or failinge in god, is
  blasphemy. If thou saye that Christes rule and that religion
  that saynt James maketh mencion of, is the perfitest; why holdest
  thou not than thilke rule without more? And why clepest thou          405
  thee rather of saynt Frances or saynt Dominiks rule or religion or
  order, than of Christes rule or Christes order?

  64. Frere, canst thou assigne ony defaute in Christes rule of
  the gospell, with the whiche he taught al men sikerly to be saved,
  if they kepte it to hir endinge? If thou saye it was to hard,         410
  than sayest thou that Christ lyed; for he saide of his rule: 'My
  yoke is softe, and my burthen light.' If thou saye Christes rule
  was to light, that may be assigned for no defaute, for the better
  may it be kept. If thou sayst that there is no defaute in Christes
  rule of the gospell, sith Christ him-selfe saith it is light and esy: 415
  what nede was it to patrons of freres to adde more therto, and so
  to make an harder religion, to save freres, than was the religion
  that Christes apostels and his disciples helden and weren saved
  by; but-if they wolden that her freres saten above the apostels
  in heven, for the harder religion that they kepen here? And so        420
  wolde they sitten in heven above Christ himselfe for the moo and
  strait observaunces; than so shulde they be better than Christ
  himselfe, with misc[h]aunce!

    Go now forth, and frayne youre clerkes,
    And grounde you in goddes lawe, and geve Jack answere.              425
    And whan ye han assoiled me that I have said, sadly in treuth,
    I shall soill thee of thyn order, and save thee to heven!

  If freres cunne not or mow not excuse hem of these questions
  asked of hem, it semeth that they be horrible gilty against god
  and hir even-Christen; for which gyltes and defautes it were          430
  worthy that the order that they calle hir order were for-don. And
  it is wonder that men susteyne hem or suffer hem live in suche
  maner. For holy writ biddeth that thou do well to the meke,
  and geve not to the wicked, but forbid to geve hem breed, lest
  they be mad thereby mightier through you.  Finis.                     435

                  ¶ Prynted for Jhon Gough.
                    Cum Priuilegio Regali.

_From_ C. (= printed copy in Caius Coll. library, Cambridge); _I give here
rejected spellings; readings marked_ Sp. _are from_ Speght.

3. walkyn. deceauen. 5, 6, 7. bene (_for_ been; _very often_). 6. folke.
founde. 9. kynreddes. 11. grasse, nether nething (_sic_). 12. onely. her
lyfes. 13. had; Sp. han. 15. hym (_for_ hem). wreches. 16. -selfes. 18.
the. 20. teacheth. don. 21. not; Sp. nought. dyspleasynge. harme. 22.
because (Sp. that). 23. greatest.

25. reason. write. 26. not; Sp. nought. 28. earthe. 29. thyne. 31. perfyte.
32. the. 33. break. 34. breake. 35. one. 36. speaketh. mor; Sp. more. lef;
Sp. left. 37. leaueth. 38. one. 39. Christe. 40. abytes; Sp. habits. 41.
leaue. wyfe. yeare. 42. you; _read_ ye. leaue. abyte; Sp. habit. yeare. 44.
abyte; Sp. habit. 45. weareth (_twice_). 46. the abbyte; Sp. your habit.
48. apostatase; Sp. apostataes. by; Sp. buy. 50. greate hoode. 51. coape.
52. one coloure. 53. bene. 57. sayde. clotynge (!). 58. maye. weare
clothynge.

60. Sp. _om._ in _before_ another. 61. speake. leaue. 62. eate. 65. easy.
66. ether; Sp. either. vnperfyte. 67. harde. seker; Sp. siker. 68. her. 69.
selfes. 70. ye you; Sp. _om._ ye (!). 70, 71. deade (_twice_). beggers; Sp.
beggars. ye; Sp. you. 72. deade. 74. heare. 75. eare; Sp. ere. Sp. haue ben
(C. _om._ haue). 78. Sp. falleth it to. 78, 79. deade (_twice_). 79.
gorgeous buyldi_n_ges; Sp. courts. 80. maye; Sp. now (_error for_ mow). 81.
welnygh; Sp. will (!). 83. here; Sp. heire (_read_ hyre). geuynge. 84.
yeare. certayne. one. 91. Sp. of men. 92. perfyte. Sp. brether (!). 93.
baptyme; Sp. baptisme.

96. Sp. _om._ the. least. 97. oute. 98, 102. south; Sp. sooth. 101. abyte;
Sp. habit. 103. abytes. 105. steale. 107. wether; Sp. whether. 109.
vndermyne (_for_ vndernyme); Sp. vnderneme. 111. maye. presonne; Sp.
prison. 112. Sp. Augustines. dyd; Sp. doe. 114. buryenge. 115. none. 116.
heare; Sp. heare to. 117. plentie. 118. folke maye. 120. heare. 122. _Both_
you. folke amonge. 123. sayne. 124. pouertye. 125. her. bene. 126. Sp.
other (_for_ riche). 128. Sp. _om._ of. 130. wylte. preache.

133. payed; Sp. apaid. preache. 134. gosgel (!). Sp. bodden. hym; Sp. hem.
135. preached. 136. yeare. 139. myrtes; Sp. mirths. 142. Sp. thy; C. _om._
(_before_ prayer). 144. Sp. that certes (_error for_ than certes); C. &
certes. 149. her. the. 150. thynge. 151. Sp. writest; Sp. _om._ him. 152.
Sp. forgotten (!). 153. bearest. 154. meate. 156. the. 159. C. Of; Sp. For.
162. perfection (_but_ perfeccion _in l._ 163). least. meane (_often_).
165. least. 166. arte.

167. charytye. sithe. 168. leauynge. 169. Sp. them (_for_ hem). 170.
doeste. 173. learned and lewd; Sp. lerid and leaud. 174. Sp. _om._ suche.
176. one. 177. the here. 178. C. medefull; Sp. needful. the. 182.
themselfes. 183. coulde. 185. hym; Sp. them (_read_ hem). C. or; Sp. but.
187. amonge. 188. teachynge. 189. Whose. rych. 190. yewels; Sp. iewels.
improper ne; Sp. ne in proper ne in. 191. cumune; Sp. common. sayne.
gether; Sp. gather. 192. Sp. _om._ of. 193. great. 194. in p_ro_per ne
comune; Sp. in proper be (!) in common. 195. father rych. put. 197. reason.
perfite. 198. father. 199. imperfyte. sayne. Sp. the (_for_ tho).

201. carte. done. 202. lesyngery; Sp. losengery. done. 204. preach. teach.
205. perfyte lyfe. 206. be; Sp. bin. 208. feastes. 209. done. rych. 211.
together. 212. charitie. 214. Sp. _om. 2nd_ he. 220. C. as; Sp. is (!)
charytie. 221. Sp. accursed; C. cursede. C. _om._ last. dead. 222. Sp.
_om._ lacke. least; Sp. last. 223. dead. C. _om._ therefore. 226. hedde.
done. 227. heade. 229. receaue. 229, 231. hartes (_twice_). 231. Sp. _om._
ye. 232. exempte. 234. gyltye. traytery. trespasers. 235. Sp. your (_for_
oure). Sp. the trespasse (_for_ trespas). 236. done.

240. eche yeare; Sp. ech a yere. 241. her (_twice_). 242. steale. certayne.
sayne. 247. merite. 248. whyther; Sp. whether. payde; Sp. apayed. 249.
weten; Sp. witten. 251. meryte. heauen. 252. man (_for_ mans, s _having
dropped out_); Sp. mans. 253. ye (_for_ he); Sp. he. 256. folowes; Sp.
fellowes. maye. 258. tokeneth; Sp. betokeneth. 259. one. made. 260. seale.
mought (_read_ mot). 261. redde; Sp. rad. Sp. And but. 262. Sp. _om. 1st_
not. specyally; Sp. especially. made. 264. co_m_mne (!). goostely; Sp.
ghostly. 266. myghtie. coloure. preachynge. prayeng. 267. write. 268. done
frely. 269. frely. 271. him; Sp. hem.

272. her. 273-275. apostatase; Sp. apostataes. 278. personnes. 280. him;
Sp. them. 282. foule. greate. 283. done. 284. measure. payd; Sp. apaied.
285. preache. 286. Sp. whole. Sp. _om. 2nd_ it. 287. deal; Sp. dele. 289.
let. Sp. and so the (_om._ so). 290. measure. 293. wryte. 295. pouertye.
done. 297. treasoure. 298. rych. 299. wordly; Sp. worldly. bring her. 300.
costely. abake; Sp. abacke. 301. gather (_read_ gader). 302. wryte. put.
emprysonne. 303. let. him; Sp. hem. 304. preache. frely. wordely; Sp.
worldly.

306. let. 308. fayn. 309. bodely. 309, 311. abyte; Sp. habit. 311. leaueth.
311, 315. maye. 312. Sp. _om._ an. sayne. 315. parte. 316. home. by yeare;
Sp. by the yeare. 317. courtes &; Sp. countries (_perhaps better_). 318. C.
Sp. hold (_for_ holden). 320. _Both_ prease. 323. seale. beare. 324. parte.
preachynges. 325. done. 326. dead. 329. receaue. 330. certaine. 331. no;
Sp. to (!). 332. rych. reche; Sp. retch. 334. behesten; Sp. behoten.
reason; Sp. all reason. 337. laydes (_for_ ladyes). her. 338. pyl her. 339.
dwel. 340. greate.

341. coloure. 344. mooste perfytely. 345. wyseste. 346. greatest clarkes.
347. made. 348. chappelaynes. povertye. 351. one. 354. hol (_for_ holy);
Sp. holy. holde; Sp. hold (_read_ holdeth). them. 357. set. 358. sayne.
359. shew. 360. C. that Fraunces rule was made so harde; Sp. that your rule
that Francis made was so hard. C. might; Sp. mow. 363. harde. maye.
_Supply_ it. 364. toke. 365. learned. 366. Sp. _om._ to. C. byddeth; Sp.
bit. Sp. when; C. _om._ 369. fayne. 370. thyne. 371. none. thyne. 372, 374.
thre. 373. C. selfe; Sp. self same. 375. one.

376. alone. one. 378. thre. one. 381. _Both_ you; _read_ ye. 382. thine.
384. apostate; Sp. apostata. leaue. 385. the. 388. sonne. 390. _Both_ you;
_read_ ye. wysdome. 391. father vncunyng. Sp. _om._ eyther. 392, 397.
coulde (_twice_). 393. Sp. had he. 395. perfyte. 397. made. perfyte. 398.
defate; Sp. default. sonne. 401. weren. 402. put. 404. C. that saynt; Sp.
which saint. the perfytest; Sp. perfectest. 405. Sp. _om._ than. 406. the
(_read_ thee). 408. Sp. any default or (!) assigne. 409. sekerly; Sp.
sikerly. 410. her. harde.

415. easye. 416. mor; Sp. more. 418. that; Sp. of (!). 420, 421. heauen
(_twice_). 421. Christe. 424. fraye_n_ (_for_ frayne); Sp. fraine. 425. C.
ye in; Sp. ye you in (_read_ you in). 426. sayde. _Read_--And whan ye han
soiled that I saide, sadly in treuthe. 427. soyll the. thyne. order; Sp.
orders. the; Sp. thee. heauen. 428. C. cunne; Sp. kun. 430. her. 431. her.
fordone. 432. hem lyue; Sp. hir live. 433. wryte. 434. bread leste. 435.
made. Sp. _om._ Finis.

       *       *       *       *       *

IV. JOHN GOWER

UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.

  O noble worthy king, Henry the ferthe,
  In whom the gladde fortune is befalle
  The people to governe here upon erthe,
  God hath thee chose, in comfort of us alle;
  The worship of this land, which was doun falle,         5
  Now stant upright, through grace of thy goodnesse,
  Which every man is holde for to blesse.

  The highe god, of his justyce alone,
  The right which longeth to thy regalye
  Declared hath to stande in thy persone;                10
  And more than god may no man justifye.
  Thy title is knowe upon thyn auncestrye;
  The londes folk hath eek thy right affermed;
  So stant thy regne, of god and man confermed.

  Ther is no man may saye in other wyse                  15
  That god him-self ne hath the right declared;
  Wherof the land is boun to thy servyse,
  Which for defaute of helpe hath longe cared.
  But now ther is no mannes herte spared
  To love and serve, and worche thy plesaunce;           20
  And al this is through goddes purveyaunce.

  In alle thing which is of god begonne
  Ther foloweth grace, if it be wel governed;
  Thus tellen they whiche olde bokes conne,
  Wherof, my lord, I wot wel thou art lerned.            25
  Aske of thy god; so shalt thou nat be werned
  Of no request [the] whiche is resonable;
  For god unto the goode is favorable.

  King Salomon, which hadde at his askinge
  Of god, what thing him was levest to crave,            30
  He chees wysdom unto the governinge
  Of goddes folk, the whiche he wolde save;
  And as he chees, it fil him for to have;
  For through his wit, whyl that his regne laste,
  He gat him pees and reste, unto the laste.             35

  But Alisaundre, as telleth his historie,
  Unto the god besoughte in other weye,
  Of al the worlde to winne the victorie,
  So that under his swerde it might[e] obeye;
  In werre he hadde al that he wolde preye.              40
  The mighty god behight[e] him that behest;
  The world he wan, and hadde it of conquest.

  But though it fil at thilke tyme so,
  That Alisaundre his asking hath acheved,
  This sinful world was al[le] payen tho;                45
  Was noon whiche hath the highe god beleved;
  No wonder was, though thilke world was greved.
  Though a tyraunt his purpos mighte winne,
  Al was vengeaunce, and infortune of sinne.

  But now the faith of Crist is come a-place             50
  Among the princes in this erthe here,
  It sit hem wel to do pite and grace,
  But yet it mot be tempred in manere.
  For as they fynden cause in the matere
  Upon the poynt, what afterward betyde,                 55
  The lawe of right shal nat be layd a-syde.

  So may a king of werre the viage
  Ordayne and take, as he therto is holde,
  To clayme and aske his rightful heritage
  In alle places wher it is with-holde.                  60
  But other-wyse, if god him-selve wolde
  Afferme love and pees bitween the kinges,
  Pees is the beste, above alle erthly thinges.

  Good is t'eschewe werre, and nathelees
  A king may make werre upon his right;                  65
  For of bataile the fynal ende is pees;
  Thus stant the lawe, that a worthy knight
  Upon his trouthe may go to the fight.
  But-if so were that he mighte chese,
  Betre is the pees of which may no man lese.            70

  To stere pees oughte every man on-lyve,
  First, for to sette his liege lord in reste,
  And eek these othre men, that they ne stryve;
  For so this land may standen atte beste.
  What king that wolde be the worthieste,                75
  The more he mighte our deedly werre cese,
  The more he shulde his worthinesse encrese.

  Pees is the cheef of al the worldes welthe,
  And to the heven it ledeth eek the way;
  Pees is of soule and lyfe the mannes helthe            80
  Of pestilence, and doth the werre away.
  My liege lord, tak hede of that I say,
  If werre may be left, tak pees on honde,
  Which may nat be withoute goddes sonde.

  With pees stant every creature in reste,               85
  Withoute pees ther may no lyf be glad;
  Above al other good, pees is the beste;
  Pees hath him-self, whan werre is al bestad;
  The pees is sauf, the werre is ever adrad.
  Pees is of al[le] charite the keye,                    90
  Whiche hath the lyf and soule for to weye.

  My liege lord, if that thee list to seche
  The sothe ensamples, what the werre hath wrought,
  Thou shalt wel here, of wyse mennes speche,
  That deedly werre tourneth in-to nought.               95
  For if these olde bokes be wel sought,
  Ther might thou see what thing the werre hath do
  Bothe of conquest and conquerour also.

  For vayne honour, or for the worldes good,
  They that whylom the stronge werres made,             100
  Wher be they now? Bethink wel, in thy mood,
  The day is goon, the night is derke and fade;
  Hir cruelte, which made hem thanne glade,
  They sorowen now, and yet have naught the more;
  The blood is shad, which no man may restore.          105

  The werre is moder of the wronges alle;
  It sleeth the preest in holy chirche at masse,
  Forlyth the mayde, and doth her flour to falle.
  The werre maketh the grete citee lasse,
  And doth the lawe his reules overpasse.               110
  Ther is nothing, wherof mescheef may growe
  Whiche is not caused of the werre, I trowe.

  The werre bringth in poverte at his heles,
  Wherof the comun people is sore greved;
  The werre hath set his cart on thilke wheles          115
  Wher that fortune may not be beleved.
  For whan men wene best to have acheved,
  Ful ofte it is al newe to beginne;
  The werre hath nothing siker, thogh he winne.

  For-thy, my worthy prince, in Cristes halve,          120
  As for a part whos fayth thou hast to gyde,
  Ley to this olde sore a newe salve,
  And do the werre away, what-so betyde.
  Purchace pees, and sette it by thy syde,
  And suffre nat thy people be devoured;                125
  So shal thy name ever after stande honoured!

  If any man be now, or ever was
  Ayein the pees thy prevy counsaylour,
  Let god be of thy counsayl in this cas,
  And put away the cruel werreyour.                     130
  For god, whiche is of man the creatour,
  He wolde not men slowe his creature
  Withoute cause of deedly forfayture.

  Wher nedeth most, behoveth most to loke;
  My lord, how so thy werres be withoute,               135
  Of tyme passed who that hede toke,
  Good were at home to see right wel aboute;
  For evermore the worste is for to doute.
  But, if thou mightest parfit pees attayne,
  Ther shulde be no cause for to playne.                140

  Aboute a king, good counsayl is to preyse
  Above al othre thinges most vailable;
  But yet a king within him-self shal peyse
  And seen the thinges that be resonable.
  And ther-upon he shal his wittes stable               145
  Among the men to sette pees in evene,
  For love of him whiche is the king of hevene.

  A! wel is him that shedde never blood
  But-if it were in cause of rightwysnesse!
  For if a king the peril understood                    150
  What is to slee the people, thanne, I gesse,
  The deedly werres and the hevinesse
  Wher-of the pees distourbed is ful ofte,
  Shulde at som tyme cesse and wexe softe.

  O king! fulfilled of grace and of knighthode,         155
  Remembre upon this poynt, for Cristes sake;
  If pees be profred unto thy manhode,
  Thyn honour sauf, let it nat be forsake!
  Though thou the werres darst wel undertake,
  After resoun yet temper thy corage;                   160
  For lyk to pees ther is non avauntage.

  My worthy lord, thenk wel, how-so befalle
  Of thilke lore, as holy bokes sayn;
  Crist is the heed, and we be membres alle,
  As wel the subject as the soverayn.                   165
  So sit it wel, that charite be playn,
  Whiche unto god him-selve most accordeth,
  So as the lore of Cristes word recordeth.

  In th'olde lawe, or Crist him-self was bore,
  Among the ten comaundements, I rede,                  170
  How that manslaughter shulde be forbore;
  Such was the wil, that tyme, of the godhede.
  But afterward, whan Crist took his manhede,
  Pees was the firste thing he leet do crye
  Ayenst the worldes rancour and envye.                 175

  And, or Crist wente out of this erthe here,
  And stigh to heven, he made his testament,
  Wher he bequath to his disciples there
  And yaf his pees, which is the foundement
  Of charite, withouten whos assent                     180
  The worldes pees may never wel be tryed,
  Ne love kept, ne lawe justifyed.

  The Jewes with the payens hadden werre,
  But they among hem-self stode ever in pees;
  Why shulde than our pees stonde out of herre,         185
  Which Crist hath chose unto his owne encrees?
  For Crist is more than was Moyses;
  And Crist hath set the parfit of the lawe,
  The whiche shulde in no wyse be withdrawe.

  To yeve us pees was cause why Crist dyde,             190
  Withoute pees may nothing stonde avayled;
  But now a man may see on every syde
  How Cristes fayth is every day assayled,
  With the payens distroyed, and so batayled
  That, for defaute of helpe and of defence,            195
  Unneth hath Crist his dewe reverence.

  The righte fayth to kepe of holy chirche
  The firste poynt is named of knighthode;
  And every man is holde for to wirche
  Upon the poynt that stant to his manhode.             200
  But now, alas! the fame is spred so brode
  That every man this thing [alday] complayneth;
  And yet is ther no man that help ordayneth.

  The worldes cause is wayted over-al;
  Ther be the werres redy, to the fulle;                205
  But Cristes owne cause in special,
  Ther ben the swerdes and the speres dulle.
  And with the sentence of the popes bulle
  As for to doon the folk payen obeye,
  The chirche is tourned al another weye.               210

  It is wonder, above any mannes wit,
  Withoute werre how Cristes fayth was wonne;
  And we that been upon this erthe yit
  Ne kepe it nat as it was first begonne.
  To every creature under the sonne                     215
  Crist bad him-self, how that we shulde preche,
  And to the folke his evangely teche.

  More light it is to kepe than to make;
  But that we founden mad to-fore the hond
  We kepe nat, but lete it lightly slake;               220
  The pees of Crist hath al to-broke his bond.
  We reste our-self, and suffren every lond
  To slee eche other as thing undefended;
  So stant the werre, and pees is nat amended.

  But though the heed of holy chirche above             225
  Ne do nat al his hole businesse
  Among the men to sette pees and love,
  These kinges oughten, of hir rightwysnesse,
  Hir owne cause among hem-self redresse.
  Thogh Peters ship, as now, hath lost his stere,       230
  It lyth in hem that barge for to stere.

  If holy chirche after the dewete
  Of Cristes word ne be nat al avysed
  To make pees, accord, and unite
  Among the kinges that be now devysed,                 235
  Yet, natheles, the lawe stant assysed
  Of mannes wit, to be so resonable
  Withoute that to stande hem-selve stable.

  Of holy chirche we ben children alle,
  And every child is holde for to bowe                  240
  Unto the moder, how that ever it falle,
  Or elles he mot reson disalowe.
  And, for that cause, a knight shal first avowe
  The right of holy chirche to defende,
  That no man shal the privilege offende.               245

  Thus were it good to setten al in evene
  The worldes princes and the prelats bothe,
  For love of him whiche is the king of hevene;
  And if men shulde algate wexen wrothe,
  The Sarazins, whiche unto Crist ben lothe,            250
  Let men be armed ayenst hem to fighte,
  So may the knight his dede of armes righte.

  Upon three poynts stant Cristes pees oppressed;
  First, holy chirche is in her-self devyded;
  Which oughte, of reson, first to be redressed;        255
  But yet so high a cause is nat decyded.
  And thus, whan humble pacience is pryded,
  The remenaunt, which that they shulde reule,
  No wonder is, though it stande out of reule.

  Of that the heed is syk, the limmes aken;             260
  These regnes, that to Cristes pees belongen,
  For worldes good, these deedly werres maken,
  Which helpelees, as in balaunce, hongen.
  The heed above hem hath nat underfongen
  To sette pees, but every man sleeth other;            265
  And in this wyse hath charite no brother.

  The two defautes bringen in the thridde
  Of miscreants, that seen how we debate;
  Between the two, they fallen in a-midde
  Wher now al-day they fynde an open gate.              270
  Lo! thus the deedly werre stant al-gate.
  But ever I hope of king Henries grace,
  That he it is which shal the pees embrace.

  My worthy noble prince, and king anoynt,
  Whom god hath, of his grace, so preserved,            275
  Behold and see the world upon this poynt,
  As for thy part, that Cristes pees be served.
  So shal thy highe mede be reserved
  To him, whiche al shal quyten atte laste;
  For this lyf here may no whyle laste.                 280

  See Alisandre, Hector, and Julius,
  See Machabeus, David, and Josue,
  See Charlemayne, Godfray, and Arthus
  Fulfild of werre and of mortalitee!
  Hir fame abit, but al is vanitee;                     285
  For deth, whiche hath the werres under fote,
  Hath mad an ende, of which ther is no bote.

  So may a man the sothe wite and knowe,
  That pees is good for every king to have;
  The fortune of the werre is ever unknowe,             290
  But wher pees is, ther ben the marches save.
  That now is up, to-morwe is under grave.
  The mighty god hath alle grace in honde;
  Withouten him, men may nat longe stonde.

  Of the tenetz to winne or lese a chace                295
  May no lyf wite, or that the bal be ronne;
  Al stant in god, what thing men shal purchace:
  Th'ende is in him, or that it be begonne;
  Men sayn, the wolle, whan it is wel sponne,
  Doth that the cloth is strong and profitable,         300
  And elles it may never be durable.

  The worldes chaunces upon aventure
  Ben ever set; but thilke chaunce of pees
  Is so behovely to the creature
  That it above al other is peerlees.                   305
  But it may nat +be gete, nathelees,
  Among the men to lasten any whyle,
  But wher the herte is playn, withoute gyle.

  The pees is as it were a sacrament
  To-fore the god, and shal with wordes playne          310
  Withouten any double entendement
  Be treted; for the trouthe can nat feyne.
  But if the men within hem-self be vayne,
  The substaunce of the pees may nat be trewe,
  But every day it chaungeth upon newe.                 315

  But who that is of charite parfyte,
  He voydeth alle sleightes fer aweye,
  And set his word upon the same plyte
  Wher that his herte hath founde a siker weye;
  And thus, whan conscience is trewly weye,             320
  And that the pees be handled with the wyse,
  It shal abyde and stande, in alle wyse.

  Th'apostel sayth, ther may no lyf be good
  Whiche is nat grounded upon charite;
  For charite ne shedde never blood.                    325
  So hath the werre, as ther, no properte;
  For thilke vertue which is sayd 'pite'
  With charite so ferforth is acquaynted
  That in her may no fals sembla[u]nt be paynted.

  Cassodore, whos wryting is authorysed                 330
  Sayth: 'wher that pite regneth, ther is grace';
  Through which the pees hath al his welthe assysed,
  So that of werre he dredeth no manace.
  Wher pite dwelleth, in the same place
  Ther may no deedly cruelte sojourne                   335
  Wherof that mercy shulde his wey[e] tourne.

  To see what pite, forth with mercy, doth,
  The cronique is at Rome, in thilke empyre
  Of Constantyn, which is a tale soth,
  Whan him was lever his owne deth desyre               340
  Than do the yonge children to martyre.
  Of crueltee he lefte the quarele;
  Pite he wroughte, and pite was his hele.

  For thilke mannes pite which he dede
  God was pitous, and made him hool at al;              345
  Silvester cam, and in the same stede
  Yaf him baptyme first in special,
  Which dide away the sinne original,
  And al his lepre it hath so purifyed,
  That his pite for ever is magnifyed.                  350

  Pite was cause why this emperour
  Was hool in body and in soule bothe;
  And Rome also was set in thilke honour
  Of Cristes fayth, so that the leve, of lothe
  Whiche hadden be with Crist tofore wrothe,            355
  Receyved were unto Cristes lore.
  Thus shal pite be praysed evermore.

  My worthy liege lord, Henry by name,
  Which Engelond hast to governe and righte,
  Men oughten wel thy pite to proclame,                 360
  Which openliche, in al the worldes sighte,
  Is shewed, with the helpe of god almighte,
  To yeve us pees, which long hath be debated,
  Wherof thy prys shal never be abated.

  My lord, in whom hath ever yet be founde              365
  Pite, withoute spotte of violence,
  Keep thilke pees alway, withinne bounde,
  Which god hath planted in thy conscience.
  So shal the cronique of thy pacience
  Among the saynts be take in-to memorie                370
  To the loenge of perdurable glorie.

  And to thyn erthely prys, so as I can,
  Whiche every man is holde to commende,
  I Gower, which am al thy liege man,
  This lettre unto thyn excellence I sende,             375
  As I, whiche ever unto my lyves ende
  Wol praye for the stat of thy persone,
  In worshipe of thy sceptre and of thy trone.

  Nat only to my king of pees I wryte,
  But to these othre princes Cristen alle,              380
  That eche of hem his owne herte endyte
  And cese the werre, or more mescheef falle.
  Set eek the rightful pope upon his stalle;
  Keep charite, and draw pite to honde,
  Maynteyne lawe; and so the pees shal stonde.          385

  EXPLICIT CARMEN DE PACIS COMMENDACIONE, QUOD AD LAUDEM
  ET MEMORIAM SERENISSIMI PRINCIPIS DOMINI REGIS HENRICI
  QUARTI, SUUS HUMILIS ORATOR JOHANNES GOWER COMPOSUIT.

  Electus Christi,    pie rex Henrice, fuisti,
  Qui bene venisti,    cum propria regna petisti;
  Tu mala vicisti    -que bonis bona restituisti,
  Et populo tristi    nova gaudia contribuisti.

  Est mihi spes lata,    quod adhuc per te renovata     390
  Succedent fata    veteri probitate beata;
      Est tibi nam grata    gratia sponte data.

  Henrici quarti primus regni fuit annus
      Quo mihi defecit visus ad acta mea.
  Omnia tempus habent, finem natura ministrat,          395
      Quem virtute sua frangere nemo potest.
  Ultra posse nihil, quamvis mihi velle remansit,
      Amplius ut scribam non mihi posse manet.
  Dum potui, scripsi, sed nunc quia curua senectus
      Turbauit sensus, scripta relinquo scolis.         400
  Scribat qui veniet post me discretior alter,
      Ammodo namque manus et mea penna silent.
  Hoc tamen in fine verborum queso meorum,
      Prospera quod statuat regna futura deus.

                  ¶ _Explicit._

_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532.); _corrected by_ T. (Trentham MS.) _I give
the rejected spellings of_ Th. (Thynne), _except where they are corrected
by the_ MS.

1. T. worthi noble. 3. T. _om._ here. 4. _Both_ the. T. chose; Th. chosen.
9. T. regalie; Th. regaly. 11. T. iustifie; Th. iustify. 12. T. ancestrie;
Th. auncestry. 17. T. boun; Th. bounde. 20. T. wirche.

26. T. Axe; Th. Aske. 27. T. reqwest; Th. request. (_Perhaps read_--Of no
request the whiche is resonable.) 29. T. axinge; Th. askyng. 30. Th. _om._
to. 31. T. ches; Th. chase. Th. _om._ the. 33. T. ches; Th. chase. 35. T.
gat; Th. gate. T. pes; Th. peace. _So_ T.; Th. in-to his last. 36. T.
histoire; Th. storie. 39. T. might; Th. myght. 41. _Both_ behight. T.
beheste. 42. Th. _om._ he. _Both_ had. T. conqweste. 44. T. axinge. T.
achieued; Th. atcheued. 45. _Both_ al. T. paiene; Th. paynem. 46. T.
belieued. 47. T. grieued. 48. T. mihte; Th. might. 50. T. feith; Th.
faithe. 53. T. mot; Th. must. 54. Th. _om._ as.

56. T. leid; Th. layde. 57. T. viage: Th. voyage. 59. T. axe. 61. T. silve;
Th. selfe. 62, 63. T. pes; Th. peace. 70. T. Betre; Th. Better. 71. _Both_
peace. T. euery man; Th. eueriche. T. alyue. 74. Th. lande; T. world. 76.
T. cesse; Th. cease. 77. T. encresse; Th. encrease. 78. T. chief; Th.
chefe. 79, 81, 82. T. weie, aweie, seie. 83. _Both_ lefte.

90. _Both_ al. 92. _Both_ the. 93. T. that; Th. what. 96. T. soght; Th.
ysought. 97. _Both_ se. 98. T. conqueste. 101. T. bethenk. 102. _Both_
gone. 103. _Both_ Her. 108. T. _om._ doth; Th. dothe. 110. _Both_ dothe. T.
reules; Th. rules. 111. T. meschef; Th. myschefe. 113. T. bringth; Th.
bringeth. 114. T. comon; Th. co_m_men. 121. T. to; Th. be.

129. T. Lete; Th. Lette. 130. Th. crewel warryour. 132. Th. slough. 136. T.
than; Th. that. 137. _Both_ se. 146. T. euene; Th. euyn. 147. T. heuene;
Th. heuyn. 148. T. Ha. 153. Th. _om._ the. 155. Th. _om. 2nd_ of.

160. T. reson; Th. reason. 162. T. thenke; Th. thynke. 165. T. the subiit;
Th. be subiecte. 169. T. er. 173. T. aftirwards; Th. afterwarde. 174. T.
let; Th. lette. 176. T. er. 177. Th. styghed. 183. T. paiens; Th. paynyms.
185. Th. erre (!). 192. T. sen; Th. se. 194. Th. paynems. T. destruied.

200. Th. that; T. which. 201. T. helas; T. sprad. 202. _I supply_ alday.
203. Th. that; T. which. 209. T. do; Th. done. T. paien; Th. payne (_for_
payen). 211. T. to wonder; Th. wonder. _For_ any _read_ a? 216. Th. _om._
how. 217. T. euangile. 219. _Both_ made. Th. _om._ the. 222. Th. selfe; T.
selue. 227. T. men; Th. people.

231. Th. the (_for_ that). 232. Th. dewte; T. duete. 238. T. hem-selue; Th.
him-selfe. 242. Th. must. 246. T. _om._ good. T. euene; Th. euyn. 248. T.
heuene; Th. heuyn. 253. _Both_ thre. 254. Th. _om._ is. 256. _Both_ highe.
260. T. sick; Th. sicke. 263. Th. helplesse; T. heliples.

269. _Both_ Betwene. 274. T. enoignt. 276. _Both_ Beholde; se. 278. Th.
deserved (!). 280. _Both_ lyfe. 281. T. Ector. 282. T. Machabeu. 283. T.
Godefroi Arthus. 287. _Both_ made. 288. T. mai; Th. many (!). 289. T. man
(_for_ king). 291. Th. is (_for_ ben). 292. T. _om._ up. 295. T. tenetz;
Th. tennes. 296, 298. T. er (_for_ or).

305. Th. is (_for_ it). Th. _om._ is. T. piereles; Th. peerles. 306. _Both_
begete; _read_ be gete. 316. T. perfit. 318. T. plit. 321. Th. these (_for_
the pees). Th. ben. 326. T. proprite. 329. _Both_ semblant. 330. T.
Cassodre. _Both_ writinge. T. auctorized. 331. Th. _om._ ther.

336. T. wei; Th. way. 337. _Both_ se. 342. T. crualte; Th. creweltie. 347.
T. baptisme. 359. Th. England. 370. T. seintz; Th. sayntes. T. memoire; Th.
memory. 371. T. loenge; Th. legende (!). T. gloire; Th. glory.

378. Th. _om. 2nd_ of. _Both_ throne. 382. T. sese (_for_ cese); Th. se
(!). T. er (_for_ or). T. meschiefe; Th. myschefe. 383. _Both_ Sette. 384.
T. draugh. 385. T. Maintene; Th. Maynteyn. 399. Th. curua; T. torua.

       *       *       *       *       *

V. THOMAS HOCCLEVE.

THE LETTER OF CUPID.

LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.

  Cupido, unto whos comaundement
  The gentil kinrede of goddes on hy
  And people infernal been obedient,
  And mortel folk al serven besily,
  The goddesse sone Cithera soothly,                      5
  To alle tho that to our deitee
  Ben sugets, hertly greting sende we!

  In general, we wole that ye knowe
  That ladies of honour and reverence,
  And other gentil women, haven sowe                     10
  Such seed of compleynt in our audience
  Of men that doon hem outrage and offence,
  That it our eres greveth for to here;
  So pitous is th'effect of this matere.

  Passing al londes, on the litel yle                    15
  That cleped is Albion they most compleyne;
  They seyn, that there is croppe and rote of gyle.
  So conne tho men dissimulen and feyne
  With stonding dropes in hir eyen tweyne,
  When that hir hertes feleth no distresse,              20
  To blinden women with hir doublenesse.

  Hir wordes spoken ben so syghingly,
  With so pitouse chere and contenaunce,
  That every wight that meneth trewely
  Demeth that they in herte have such grevaunce;         25
  They seyn so importable is hir penaunce
  That, but hir lady lust to shewe hem grace,
  They right anoon +mot sterven in the place.

  'A, lady myn!' they seyn, 'I yow ensure,
  As doth me grace, and I shal ever be,                  30
  Whyl that my lyf may lasten and endure,
  To yow as humble and lowe in ech degree
  As possible is, and kepe al thing secree
  Right as your-selven liste that I do;
  And elles moot myn herte breste a-two.'                35

  Ful hard it is to knowe a mannes herte;
  For outward may no man the trouthe deme;
  When word out of his mouthe may noon asterte
  But it by reson any wight shuld queme,
  So is it seyd of herte, as hit wolde seme.             40
  O feythful woman, ful of innocence,
  Thou art deceyved by fals apparence!

  By proces women, meved of pitee,
  Wening that al thing were as thise men sey,
  They graunte hem grace of hir benignitee               45
  For that men shulde nat for hir sake dey;
  And with good herte sette hem in the wey
  Of blisful love--kepe it if they conne;
  Thus other-whyle women beth y-wonne.

  And whan this man the pot hath by the stele,           50
  And fully is in his possessioun,
  With that woman he kepeth not to dele,
  After if he may fynden in the toun
  Any woman, his blinde affeccioun
  On to bestowe; evel mote he preve!                     55
  A man, for al his othes, is hard to leve!

  And, for that every fals man hath a make,
  (As un-to every wight is light to knowe),
  Whan this traitour this woman hath forsake,
  He faste him spedeth un-to his felowe;                 60
  Til he be there, his herte is on a lowe;
  His fals deceyt ne may him not suffyse,
  But of his treson telleth al the wyse.

  Is this a fair avaunt? is this honour,
  A man him-self accuse thus, and diffame?               65
  Now is it good, confesse him a traitour,
  And bringe a woman to a sclandrous name,
  And telle how he her body hath do shame?
  No worship may he thus to him conquere,
  But greet esclaundre un-to him and here!               70

  To here? Nay, yet was it no repreef;
  For al for vertu was it that she wroughte;
  But he that brewed hath al this mischeef,
  That spak so faire, and falsly inward thoughte,
  His be the sclaundre, as it by reson oughte,           75
  And un-to her a thank perpetuel,
  That in a nede helpe can so wel!

  Althogh of men, through sleyght and sotiltee,
  A sely, simple, and innocent woman
  Betrayed is, no wonder, sith the citee                 80
  Of Troye--as that the storie telle can--
  Betrayed was, through the disceyt of man,
  And set on fyre, and al doun over-throwe,
  And finally destroyed, as men knowe.

  Betrayen men not citees grete, and kinges?             85
  What wight is that can shape remedye
  Ageynes thise falsly purposed thinges?
  Who can the craft such craftes to espye
  But man, whos wit ay redy is t'aplye
  To thing that souneth in-to hy falshede?               90
  Women, beth ware of mennes sleight, I rede!

  And furthermore han thise men in usage
  That, where as they not lykly been to spede,
  Suche as they been with a double visage
  They procuren, for to pursewe hir nede;                95
  He prayeth him in his cause to procede,
  And largely guerdoneth he his travayle;
  Smal witen wommen how men hem assayle!

  Another wrecche un-to his felowe seyth:
  'Thou fisshest faire! She that thee hath fyred        100
  Is fals and inconstaunt, and hath no feyth.
  She for the rode of folke is so desyred
  And, as an hors, fro day to day is hyred
  That, when thou twinnest fro hir companye,
  Another comth, and blered is thyn eye!                105

  'Now prikke on faste, and ryd thy journey
  Whyl thou art there; for she, behind thy bak,
  So liberal is, she wol no wight with-sey,
  But smertly of another take a snak;
  For thus thise wommen faren, al the pak!              110
  Who-so hem trusteth, hanged mote he be!
  Ay they desyren chaunge and noveltee!'

  Wher-of procedeth this but of envye?
  For he him-selve her ne winne may,
  He speketh her repreef and vileinye,                  115
  As mannes blabbing tonge is wont alway.
  Thus dyvers men ful often make assay
  For to distourben folk in sondry wyse,
  For they may not acheven hir empryse.

  Ful many a man eek wolde, for no good,                120
  (That hath in love his tyme spent and used)
  Men wiste, his lady his axing withstood,
  And that he were of her pleynly refused,
  Or wast and veyn were al that he had mused;
  Wherfore he can no better remedye                     125
  But on his lady shapeth him to lye:

  'Every womman,' he seyth, 'is light to gete;
  Can noon sey "nay," if she be wel y-soght.
  Who-so may leyser han, with her to trete,
  Of his purpos ne shal he faile noght,                 130
  But he on madding be so depe y-broght
  That he shende al with open hoomlinesse;
  That loven wommen nat, as that I gesse!'

  To sclaundre wommen thus, what may profyte
  To gentils namely, that hem armen sholde,             135
  And in defence of wommen hem delyte
  As that the ordre of gentilesse wolde?
  If that a man list gentil to be holde,
  He moot flee al that ther-to is contrarie;
  A sclaundring tonge is his grete adversarie.          140

  A foul vice is of tonge to be light;
  For who-so michel clappeth, gabbeth ofte.
  The tonge of man so swift is and so wight
  That, whan it is areysed up-on lofte,
  Resoun it seweth so slowly and softe,                 145
  That it him never over-take may:
  Lord! so thise men ben trusty in assay!

  Al-be-it that man fynde oo woman nyce,
  Inconstant, rechelees, or variable,
  Deynouse or proud, fulfilled of malyce,               150
  Withouten feyth or love, and deceyvable,
  Sly, queynt, and fals, in al unthrift coupable,
  Wikked and feers, and ful of crueltee.
  It foloweth nat that swiche al wommen be.

  Whan that the high god aungels formed had,            155
  Among hem alle whether ther were noon
  That founden was malicious and bad?
  Yis! al men woot that ther was many oon
  That, for hir pryde, fil from heven anoon.
  Shul men therfore alle aungels proude name?           160
  Nay! he that that susteneth is to blame.

  Of twelve apostels oon a traitour was;
  The remenant yit gode were and trewe.
  Than, if it happe men fynde, per cas,
  Oo womman fals, swich good is for t'eschewe,          165
  And deme nat that they ben alle untrewe.
  I see wel mennes owne falsenesse
  Hem causeth wommen for to trusten lesse.

  O! every man oghte have an herte tendre
  Unto womman, and deme her honurable,                  170
  Whether his shap be outher thikke or slendre,
  Or be he bad or good; this is no fable.
  Every man woot, that wit hath resonable,
  That of a womman he descended is:
  Than is it shame, of her to speke amis.               175

  A wikked tree good fruit may noon forth bring,
  For swich the fruit is, as that is the tree.
  Tak hede of whom thou took thy biginning;
  Lat thy moder be mirour unto thee.
  Honoure her, if thou wolt honoured be!                180
  Dispyse thou her nat, in no manere,
  Lest that ther-by thy wikkednesse appere!

  An old proverbe seyd is in English:
  Men seyn, 'that brid or foul is dishonest,
  What that he be, and holden ful churlish,             185
  That useth to defoule his owne nest.'
  Men, to sey wel of wommen it is best,
  And nat for to despyse hem ne deprave,
  If that they wole hir honour kepe and save.

  Thise ladies eek compleynen hem on clerkes            190
  That they han maad bokes of hir diffame,
  In which they lakken wommen and hir werkes
  And speken of hem greet repreef and shame,
  And causelees yive hem a wikked name.
  Thus they despysed been on every syde,                195
  And sclaundred, and bilowen on ful wyde.

  The sory bokes maken mencioun
  How they betrayden, in especial,
  Adam, David, Sampsoun, and Salamoun,
  And many oon mo; who may rehersen al                  200
  The treson that they have doon, and shal?
  The world hir malice may not comprehende;
  As that thise clerkes seyn, it hath non ende.

  Ovyde, in his boke called 'Remedye
  Of Love,' greet repreef of wommen wryteth;            205
  Wherin, I trowe, he dide greet folye,
  And every wight that in such cas delyteth.
  A clerkes custom is, whan he endyteth
  Of wommen, be it prose, or ryme, or vers,
  Sey they ben wikke, al knowe he the revers.           210

  And that book scolers lerne in hir childhede,
  For they of wommen be war sholde in age,
  And for to love hem ever been in drede,
  Sin to deceyve is set al hir corage.
  They seyn, peril to caste is avantage,                215
  And namely, suche as men han in be wrapped;
  For many a man by woman hath mishapped.

  No charge is, what-so that thise clerkes seyn;
  Of al hir wrong wryting I do no cure;
  Al hir travayle and labour is in veyn.                220
  For, betwex me and my lady Nature,
  Shal nat be suffred, whyl the world may dure,
  Thise clerkes, by hir cruel tyrannye,
  Thus upon wommen kythen hir maistrye.

  Whylom ful many of hem were in my cheyne              225
  Y-tyed, and now, what for unweldy age
  And for unlust, may not to love atteyne,
  And seyn, that love is but verray dotage.
  Thus, for that they hem-self lakken corage,
  They folk excyten, by hir wikked sawes,               230
  For to rebelle agayn me and my lawes.

  But, maugre hem that blamen wommen most,
  Suche is the force of myn impressioun,
  That sodeinly I felle can hir bost
  And al hir wrong imaginacioun.                        235
  It shal not been in hir eleccioun
  The foulest slutte of al a toun refuse,
  If that me list, for al that they can muse;

  But her in herte as brenningly desyre
  As thogh she were a duchesse or a quene;              240
  So can I folkes hertes sette on fyre,
  And (as me list) hem sende joye or tene.
  They that to wommen been y-whet so kene
  My sharpe persing strokes, how they smyte,
  Shul fele and knowe; and how they kerve and byte.     245

  Perdee, this grete clerk, this sotil Ovyde
  And many another han deceyved be
  Of wommen, as it knowen is ful wyde;
  Wot no man more; and that is greet deyntee,
  So excellent a clerk as that was he,                  250
  And other mo that coude so wel preche
  Betrapped were, for aught they coude teche.

  And trusteth wel, that it is no mervayle;
  For wommen knewen pleynly hir entente.
  They wiste how sotilly they coude assayle             255
  Hem, and what falshood they in herte mente;
  And thise clerkes they in hir daunger hente.
  With oo venym another was distroyed;
  And thus thise clerkes often were anoyed.

  Thise ladies ne thise gentils, nevertheles,           260
  Were noon of tho that wroughten in this wyse;
  But swiche filthes as were vertules
  They quitten thus thise olde clerkes wyse.
  To clerkes forthy lesse may suffyse
  Than to deprave wommen generally;                     265
  For worship shul they gete noon therby.

  If that thise men, that lovers hem pretende,
  To wommen weren feythful, gode, and trewe,
  And dredde hem to deceyven or offende,
  Wommen to love hem wolde nat eschewe.                 270
  But every day hath man an herte newe;
  It upon oon abyde can no whyle.
  What fors is it, swich a wight to begyle?

  Men beren eek thise wommen upon honde
  That lightly, and withouten any peyne,                275
  They wonne been; they can no wight withstonde
  That his disese list to hem compleyne.
  They been so freel, they mowe hem nat refreyne;
  But who-so lyketh may hem lightly have;
  So been hir hertes esy in to grave.                   280

  To maister Iohn de Meun, as I suppose,
  Than it was a lewd occupacioun
  In making of the Romance of the Rose;
  So many a sly imaginacioun
  And perils for to rollen up and doun,                 285
  So long proces, so many a sly cautele
  For to deceyve a sely damosele!

  Nat can I seen, ne my wit comprehende
  That art and peyne and sotiltee sholde fayle
  For to conquere, and sone make an ende,               290
  Whan man a feble place shal assayle;
  And sone also to venquisshe a batayle
  Of which no wight dar maken resistence,
  Ne herte hath noon to stonden at defence.

  Than moot it folwen of necessitee,                    295
  Sin art asketh so greet engyn and peyne
  A womman to disceyve, what she be,
  Of constaunce they been not so bareyne
  As that somme of thise sotil clerkes feyne;
  But they ben as that wommen oghten be,                300
  Sad, constant, and fulfilled of pitee.

  How frendly was Medea to Jasoun
  In the conquering of the flees of gold!
  How falsly quitte he her affeccioun
  By whom victorie he gat, as he hath wold!             305
  How may this man, for shame, be so bold
  To falsen her, that from his dethe and shame
  Him kepte, and gat him so gret prys and name?

  Of Troye also the traitour Eneas,
  The feythles wrecche, how hath he him forswore        310
  To Dido, that queen of Cartage was,
  That him releved of his smertes sore!
  What gentilesse might she han doon more
  Than she with herte unfeyned to him kidde?
  And what mischeef to her ther-of betidde!             315

  In my Legende of Martres men may fynde
  (Who-so that lyketh therin for to rede)
  That ooth noon ne behest may no man bynde;
  Of reprevable shame han they no drede.
  In mannes herte trouthe hath no stede;                320
  The soil is noght, ther may no trouthe growe!
  To womman namely it is nat unknowe.

  Clerkes seyn also: 'ther is no malyce
  Unto wommannes crabbed wikkednesse!'
  O woman! How shalt thou thy-self chevyce,             325
  Sin men of thee so muchel harm witnesse?
  No fors! Do forth! Take no hevinesse!
  Kepe thyn owne, what men clappe or crake;
  And somme of hem shul smerte, I undertake!

  Malyce of wommen, what is it to drede?                330
  They slee no men, distroyen no citees;
  They not oppressen folk ne overlede,
  Betraye empyres, remes, ne duchees,
  Ne men bereve hir landes ne hir mees,
  Empoyson folk, ne houses sette on fyre,               335
  Ne false contractes maken for non hyre!

  Trust, perfit love, and entere charitee,
  Fervent wil, and entalented corage
  To thewes gode, as it sit wel to be,
  Han wommen ay, of custome and usage;                  340
  And wel they can a mannes ire aswage
  With softe wordes discreet and benigne;
  What they be inward, sheweth outward signe.

  Wommannes herte un-to no crueltee
  Enclyned is, but they ben charitable,                 345
  Pitous, devout, fulle of humilitee,
  Shamfaste, debonaire, and amiable,
  Dredful, and of hir wordes mesurable:
  What womman thise hath not, peraventure,
  Ne folweth nat the wey of her nature.                 350

  Men seyn: 'our firste moder, natheles,
  Made al man-kynde lese his libertee,
  And naked it of joye, douteles;
  For goddes hestes disobeyed she,
  Whan she presumed tasten of a tree,                   355
  Which god forbad that she nat ete of sholde;
  And, nad the devel been, namore she wolde.'

  Th' envyous swelling that the feend, our fo,
  Had unto man in herte, for his welthe,
  Sente a serpent, and made her for to go               360
  To disceyve Eve; and thus was mannes helthe
  Beraft him by the fende, right in a stelthe,
  The womman noght knowing of the deceyt;
  God wot, ful fer was it from her conceyt.

  Wherfore I sey, this gode womman Eve                  365
  Our fader Adam ne deceyved noght.
  Ther may no man for a deceyt it preve
  Proprely, but-if that she, in her thoght,
  Had it compassed first, er it was wroght;
  And, for swich was nat her impressioun,               370
  Men calle it may no deceyt, by resoun.

  No wight deceyveth but he it purpose;
  The feend this deceyt caste, and nothing she.
  Than is it wrong to demen or suppose
  That she sholde of this harm the cause be.            375
  Wyteth the feend, and his be the maugree;
  And for excused have her innocence,
  Sauf only that she brak obedience.

  And touching this, ful fewe men ther been,
  Unnethes any, dar I saufly seye--                     380
  Fro day to day, as that men mow wel seen,
  But that the hest of god they disobeye.
  Have this in mynde, sires, I yow preye;
  If that ye be discreet and resonable,
  Ye wol her holde the more excusable.                  385

  And wher men seyn, 'in man is stedfastnesse,
  And woman is of her corage unstable,'
  Who may of Adam bere swich witnesse?
  Telleth me this:--was he nat chaungeable?
  They bothe weren in a caas semblable,                 390
  Sauf willingly the feend deceyved Eve,
  And so did she nat Adam, by your leve.

  Yet was this sinne happy to mankynde,
  The feend deceyved was, for al his sleight;
  For aught he coude him in his sleightes wynde,        395
  God, to discharge mankynde of the weight
  Of his trespas, cam doun from hevenes height,
  And flesh and blood he took of a virgyne,
  And suffred deeth, him to deliver of pyne.

  And god, to whom ther may nothing hid be,             400
  If he in woman knowe had such malyce
  As men of hem recorde in generaltee,
  Of our lady, of lyf reparatryce,
  Nolde han be born; but, for that she of vyce
  Was voyde, and of al vertu (wel he wiste)             405
  Endowed, of her to be bore him liste.

  Her heped vertu hath swich excellence
  That al to lene is mannes facultee
  To declare it, and therfor in suspence
  Her due preysing put mot nedes be.                    410
  But this we witen verrayly, that she,
  Next god, the best frend is that to man longeth;
  The key of mercy by her girdil hongeth.

  And of mercy hath every man swich nede
  That, cessing that, farwel the joye of man!           415
  Of her power now taketh right good hede;
  She mercy may, wol, and purchace can.
  Displese her nat, honoureth that womman,
  And other wommen alle, for her sake!
  And, but ye do, your sorowe shal awake.               420

  Thou precious gemme, O martir Margarete,
  Of thy blood draddest noon effusioun!
  Thy martirdom ne may I nat foryete;
  Thou, constant womman in thy passioun,
  Overcoom the feendes temptacioun;                     425
  And many a wight converted thy doctryne
  Unto the feith of god, holy virgyne!

  But understondeth, I commende hir noght
  By enchesoun of hir virginitee;
  Trusteth right wel, it cam not in my thoght;          430
  For ever I werrey ayein chastitee,
  And ever shal; but this, lo! meveth me,
  Her loving herte and constant to her lay
  Dryve out of remembraunce I ne may.

  In any boke also wher can ye fynde,                   435
  That of the werkes or the dethe or lyf
  Of Jesu speketh, or maketh any mynde,
  That womman him forsook, for wo or stryf?
  Wher was ther any wight so ententyf
  Abouten him as wommen? Pardee, noon!                  440
  Th'apostels him forsoken, everichoon.

  Womman forsook him noght; for al the feyth
  Of holy chirche in womman lefte only.
  This is no lees, for holy writ thus seyth;
  Loke, and ye shal so fynde it, hardely.               445
  And therfore it may preved be therby,
  That in womman regneth stable constaunce
  And in men is the chaunge and variaunce!

  Now holdeth this for ferme and for no lye,
  That this trewe and just commendacioun                450
  Of wommen is nat told for flaterye,
  Ne to cause hem pryde or elacioun,
  But only, lo! for this entencioun,
  To yeve hem corage of perseveraunce
  In vertu, and hir honour to enhaunce.                 455

  The more vertu, the lasse is the pryde;
  Vertu so digne is, and so noble in kynde
  That vyce and she wol not in-fere abyde.
  She putteth vyce clene out of her mynde,
  She fleeth from him, she leveth him behynde.          460
  O womman, that of vertu art hostesse,
  Greet is thyn honour and thy worthinesse!

  Than wol we thus concluden and diffyne:
  We yow comaunde, our ministres, echoon
  That redy been to our hestes enclyne,                 465
  That of thise false men, our rebel foon,
  Ye do punisshement, and that anoon!
  Voide hem our court and banish hem for ever
  So that ther-inne they ne come never.

  Fulfilled be it, cessing al delay;                    470
  Look that ther be non excusacioun.
  Writen in th'ayr, the lusty month of May,
  In our paleys (wher many a millioun
  Of loveres trewe han habitacioun)
  The yere of grace joyful and jocounde                 475
  A thousand and foure hundred and secounde.

EXPLICIT LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUIS SUBDITIS AMATORIBUS.

From F (Fairfax); various readings from B (Bodley 638); T (Tanner 346); S
(Arch. Selden B. 24); A (Ashburnham MS.); Tr. (Trin. Coll. Cam. R. 3. 20).
_Also in_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532); D (Digby 181); Ff (Camb. Univ. Library,
Ff. 1. 6); _and in the_ Bannatyne MS. 2. F. goddis an. 3. F. pepill. F.
ben. 4. A. folk; F. folke. F. besely; A. bisyly. 5. F. Th. Of the; S. _om._
Of. S. Cithera; F. Sythera. S. sothly; F. oonly. 6. A. Tr. alle; F. al. 7.
F. sugetes. 8. A. wole; F. wol. 10. F. wymen. A. han I-sowe. 11. F. Suche.
12. A. doon; F. do. 13. F. oure. 14. F. pitouse; effecte. 15. A. And
passyng_e_ alle londes on this yle. 17. A. seyn; F. seye. 18. A.
dissimulen; F. dyssimule. 19. A. Tr. S. Th. in; F. on. F. her.

20. A. herte. 20-22. F. her. 23. A. And with so pitous. S. Tr. pitouse a.
24. A. trewely; F. truly. 25. F. hert. A. han swich. 26. A. seyn; F. sey.
F. her. 27. F. her. Tr. list. F. schew. 28. F. anoone. F. _om._ mot; S. Tr.
most; Th. must (_but read_ mot); cf. l. 35. 29. A. seyn; F. sey. F. yowe;
Th. you. 31. F. While. F. lyfe. A. lasten; F. last. 33. F. Th. thing as;
A.S. _om._ as. 34. F. youre. F. self; S. seluen. Th. lyste; F. lyst; A.
lykith. 35. A. moot myn herte; F. myn hert mote. A. breste; F. brest. 36.
F. herd. Th. knowe a mannes; F. know a manys. A. herte; F. hert. 37. F.
outwarde. 38. S. word; F. worde. F. non astert. 39. _So_ S. Tr.; A. sholde
any wight by reson; F. Th. by reson semed euery wight to queme. 40. F.
seyde; Th. sayd. F. hert; Th. herte. 41. F. _om._ of. 42. F. arte. F. be;
Th. by. 43. F. processe. A. Tr. S. wom_m_en meeued of; F. moveth oft woman.
44. S. that; _rest om._ 46. F. her. 47. F. hert set. 48. F. blesful. A.S.
they; F. ye. 49. F. And thus; A.S. Tr. _om._ And.

50. A.S. pot; Th. pan; F. penne. 52. A. he keepith; F. kepeth he. S. not;
A. nat; F. no more. 53. A. fynden; F. fynde. F. tovne. 55. A. On to; F.
Vnto. 56. A. hard; F. herde. A.S. leue; F. beleue. 59. Th. traytour; F.
traytoure. 60. A. faste him speedith; F. fast spedeth him. 61. Th. herte;
F. hert. 62. A.S. Tr. ne; F. _om._ 64. F. faire avaunte. 65. F. silfe. 66.
S. A. Tr. Now; F. _om._ S. A. him; F. Th. himselfe. A.S. a; F. _om._ 67.
A.S. a (2); F. _om._ 68. F. tel; hir; hathe. 69. F. worshippe. 70. A.
greet; F. grete. S. a sclander; T. Th. disclaunder. 71. F. hir; reprefe.
72. A. Tr. it; _rest om._ F. wroght. 73. F. myschefe. 74. F. spake; thoght.
75. F. be; Th. by. F. oght. 76. S. a thank; Tr. hye thank; F. thank. 77. D.
Th. A. nede; F. rede. 78. Th. through; F. thorgh.

81. A. that; _rest om._ F. tel. 82. Th. through; F. thorgh. 83. A.S. Tr.
Th. al; F. _om._ F. dovne. 84. F. fynaly. 85. A. Tr. Betrayen; B. S. T.
Betray; F. Betraied. 86. F. is yt that; S. A. Tr. _om._ yt. 87. A. Ageynes;
F. Ayens. F. falsely. 88. F. crafte suche. 89. F. wytte; A. Tr. wil. A. Tr.
ay reedy is; S. redy ay is; F. is euer redy. A. tapplie; Th. taply; F. to
aplye. 90. A. hy; S. Tr. hie; F. _om._ 93. T. A. Tr. as; F. _om._ F. ben.
94. B. A. Tr. Th. they; F. _om._ 95. Th. pursewe; F. pursw. 98. A. Smal
witen; F. Lytell wote; Tr. Litel knowe. 99. F. wrechch; Th. wretche. 101.
F. inconstant; feythe. 105. F. cometh. 106. F. fast (_read_ faste). F. ride
(_read_ ryd). 107. F. While. Th. behynd; F. behinde. F. bake. 109. A. snak;
F. snake; Th. smacke. 110. F. thes; pake. 111. Th. mote; F. mot.

114. F. selfe hyr. 115. F. hir reprefe; vileyny. 116. F. tong. 118. F.
folke. 120. F. eke. 124. F. wer. A. D. Th. had; F. hath. 126. F. shapith.
129. F. han leyser; D. T. Th. leisur haue; A. Tr. leiser han. 130. F.
purpose. 131. Th. madnesse. 132. F. homelynesse. 133. F. wy_m_men. 134. F.
sclaunder women. 135. F. Too. 139. A. Al moot he flee. 140. Th. tonge; F.
tong. 141. F. foule. A. vice; Th. vyce; F. thing. 143. A. Tr. Th. S. man;
F. men.

147. Th. ben; Tr. been; F. beth. A. at (_for_ in). A. Th. assay; F. asay.
148. F. hyt. F. o; Th. one. 149. F. varriable. 150. S. and (_for_ or). S.
proud; F. proude. 152. F. vnthrift; Th. vntrust. 154. F. swich; D. Th.
suche. 155. D. god the hie. 156. A. all_e_; F. al. A. whether; F. wheither.
A. was (_for_ were). 160. F. al. 161. F. _om. 2nd_ that. 163. Tr. goode; F.
good. 164. F. caas. 165. Th. good is; F. is good. 166. F. al. 167. Th. owne
falsenesse; F. oone falsnesse. 169. F. oght. 171. F. wheither. 172. F.
badde. 173. F. witte. 175. F. hir.

176. F. tre gode frute. 177. F. swiche; A. swich. 178. F. Take. 179. F.
Merour; Th. myrrour. 180. F. Honure; honured. 181. A. nat hir. 183. F.
seyde; Th. sayd. 184. F. foule. 185. F. chirlyssh; Th. churlysshe. 187. F.
wymen; Th. women. 188. D. B. T. A. Tr. for to despyse; F. to displesen.
189. F. wol. 191. F. made. 192. A. they lakken; Th. they dispyse; F.
dispisen they. Th. women and her; F. wo_m_mans; A. wo_m_menes. 193. F.
grete reprefe. 194. F. yiven; D. yeve; Th. yeue. 195. F. ben. 198. Th. D.
especial; F. special. 203. F. theys; noon. 205. F. grete reprefe. 206. F.
grete. 207. F. case.

208. F. custome. 209. F. women. D. B. A. Th. _om. 1st_ or. 210. F. Seye;
Th. Say. 211. F. boke. 212. F. women. 213. F. louen; S. D. Tr. Th. loue.
215. A. They (_glossed_ s. libri). F. perylle; Th. p_er_el. F. cast. 216.
F. B. wrappes (!) 217. D. S. Th. women. F. B. myshappes (!) 218. S. Th. is;
F. _om._ A. that; _rest om._ 222. A.S. T. nat; D. Th. not; F. noon. F.
while. 223. F. tyranie. 224. F. wy_m_men. 225. D. Th. many; F. mony. F.
wer. 226. Th. Tyed; A. Tyd. 228. F. werray; S. veray; D. verry; Th. very.
229. F. selfe; D. silf. 230. F. folke. 232. F. mawgre; Th. maugre. 233. F.
_om._ the. 234. F. sodenly; Th. sodainly. 236. F. ben; Th. be. F.
ellecciou_n_. 237. F. tovne; A. town.

239. Th. her; F. hir. Th. herte; F. hert. F. brenyngly. 241. F. hertys set.
242. F. Ioy. 243. F. ben. 244. Th. sharpe; F. sharp. 248. F. women. 249. S.
Wote; A. Wat; F. Th. What (!). F. grete; Th. great. 252. F. aght; Th.
aught. 253. Th. it; F. ys (!) F. mervaylle; Th. meruayle. 254. F. women
knywen; entent. 255. F. sotyly. 256. F. falshode; Th. falsheed. F. hert
ment; Th. herte mente. 257. F. this clerkys. F. hent; Th. hente. 261. F.
wroghten; Th. wrought. F. wysse; Th. wyse. 262. S. fillok_es_ (_for_
filthes). F. weren; Th. were. 263. F. wisse; Th. wyse. 263, 264. F.
clerkis. 264. A. Th. To; F. D. The (!). 266. F. worshippe; Th. worshyp.
268. F. women. F. good. 269. F. dreden; Th. dredde.

270. F. Women. 271. F. hert. 273. A. swich oon for to. 274. F. eke this
women. 276. F. ben. 280. F. ben; hertys; craue (!). 281. F. I (!); _for_
To. Th. Moone. 282. F. lewde. 286. F. longe processe. F. slye; Th. slygh.
287. F. damesele; Th. damosel. 288. F. wytte. 289. F. peyn; Th. payne. T.
Th. schulde; F. holde (!). 291. F. assaylle; Th. assayle. 292. F. bataylle;
Th. batayle. 293. F. whiche. 294. F. hert; Th. herte. 295. F. yt moot
folowen; A. moot it folwen. 296. F. grete. 297. F. dysceve. 298. F.
constance; ben. 299. F. clerkys. 301. F. pite.

302. F. frendely; Th. frendly. 303. F. flee (!); golde. 304. F. quyt; hir.
305. F. gate; wolde. 306. F. bolde. 307. F. hir. 308. F. kept; grete. 310.
F. wrechch; Th. wretche; A. man. 314. F. That (_for_ Than). F. hert; Th.
herte. 315. F. mischefe; hir. 316. Th. natures (_for_ Martres). 318. F.
oothe in no; A. ooth noon ne; S. T. Th. othe ne. 320. A. Th. herte; F.
hert. A. In herte of man conceites trewe arn dede. 324. A. wommannes; Th.
D. womans; F. a womans. Th. wicked crabbydnesse. 326. F. the; harme. 327.
F. No fors; A. Yee strab (_or_ scrab). Th. Beth ware women of her
fykelnesse. F. take; S. and take. 329. F. smert; Th. smerte. 331. F. sle.
332. F. folke.

335. F. Empoysone folkys; set. 337. F. perfyte. 338. D. B. Th. A.
entalented; F. entenlented. 339. F. Be; Th. Al; _rest_ To. F. sytt. 340. F.
women. 342. A. softe; F. Th. soft. 343. F. outwarde. 344. A. Wommannes; F.
Th. Womans. 346. F. Pitouse devoute ful. 348. F. _om._ and. 350. F. hir.
351. F. oure; Th. our. A. firste; F. Th. first. 353. F. Ioy; Th. ioye. 356.
A. nat; F. ne. 357. F. nade; Th. ne had; A. nad. F. she ne wolde. 358. F.
The enviouse; Tr. Thenvyous. F. suellyng. F. fend. 359. Th. herte; F. D.
hert. 359. F. Sent; hir. 361. F. deceyve; Th. disceyue. 363. F. woman. 364.
F. Gode wote; hir.

365. F. good; Tr. goode. F. woman. 369. F. er; A. Th. or. 370. F. hir. 373.
F. cast. 374. F. wronge. 375. F. harme. A. of th_a_t gilt. 376. F. fende;
mawgre. 377. F. hir. 378. F. oonly. F. breeke; D. Th. brake. 379. F. that;
Th. this. F. ben. 381. A. D. mowe; T. mow; Th. may; F. now. 385. A. Th.
holde; F. hold. 386. F. Th. where; B. whan. 388. F. swiche. 391. A. F.
feende; Tr. worme. 392. F. dide; Th. dyd. 394. F. feende. 395. F. sleythes;
Th. sleyghtes; A. sleightes.

397. F. trespase; Th. trespace. F. the hevenes; A. Tr. S. Th. _om._ the.
398. F. tooke. 401. F. suche. 403. F. Yf (_for_ Of). F. lyfe. 405. F.
woyde; Th. voyde. 406. F. hir. 408. F. leene; Th. leane; S. low; A. weyke.
410. Th. dewe. F. moot. 411. A. we witen; _rest_ I sey. F. verraly. 412. F.
men (_for_ man). 413. F. mercye; hir girdille. 414. F. mercye. 415. F.
farewel; Ioy. 417. F. mercye. 418. F. honureth; Th. honoureth. 419. A. Tr.
alle; F. al. 423. F. martirdome. Th. Thou louer trewe. thou mayden
mansuete. 425. F. feendis. 427. _From_ A; F. B. _omit_ (!).

430. A. nat; Tr. not; _rest_ neuer. 431. F. _om._ I. 433. F. hert; hir.
434. F. of my; Th. _om._ my. 435-448. _Precedes_ 421-434 _in_ Th. 435. F.
where. 436. F. werkis; lyfe. 438. F. wommen (_read_ womman, _as in_ l.
442). F. stryfe. 439. F. ententyfe. 441. _So_ Th.; F. B. forsoken hym. 442.
F. forsooke. 443. F. left oonly. 444. Tr. holy wryt thus; F. thus holy
wryt. 445. F. Lok. 446. _So_ A.; F. B. I may wel preve herby. 447, 448. F.
constance, variance. 450. F. trew; Th. trewe. 451. A. is nat told for; F.
tolde I nat for; Th. tel I for no. 453. F. oonly loo. 455. F. honure; Th.
honour. Th. auaunce. 458. A.S. she; _rest_ he.

459, 460. A.S. She; _rest_ He. S. hir; F. hi (!); _rest_ his. 461. F.
wertu. 462. F. Gret; honor. 464. F. oure; echon. 465. F. oure. 466. F. D.
_om._ false. F. reble; Th. rebel. 469. A. ynne; F. in. F. more neuer; A.
_om._ more. 471. S. Tr. that; _rest om._ 472. F. the ayer; A. their; Tr.
theyre. F. moneth. 473. F. oure; where; milion. 474. F. louers trwe. 475.
F. Iocunde.

COLOPHON. D. T. amatoribus; F. _om._ B. _has_--The lettre of Cupide, god of
love, directed to his suggestys louers.

       *       *       *       *       *

VI. TO THE KINGES MOST NOBLE GRACE; AND TO THE LORDES AND KNIGHTES OF THE
GARTER.

CESTES BALADES ENSUYANTES FEURENT FAITES AU TRES NOBLE ROY HENRY LE QUINT
(QUE DIEU PARDOINT!) ET AU TRES HONOURABLE CONPAIGNIE DU JARTER.

                  I.

  To you, welle of honour and worthinesse,
  Our Cristen king, the heir and successour
  Un-to Justinians devout tendrenesse
  In the feith of Jesu, our redemptour;
  And to you, lordes of the Garter, 'flour                5
  Of chevalrye,' as men you clepe and calle;
  The lord of vertu and of grace auctour
  Graunte the fruit of your loos never appalle!

  O lige lord, that han eek the lyknesse
  Of Constantyn, th'ensaumple and the mirour             10
  To princes alle, in love and buxumnesse
  To holy chirche, O verray sustenour
  And piler of our feith, and werreyour
  Ageyn the heresyes bitter galle,
  Do forth, do forth, continue your socour!              15
  Hold up Cristes baner; lat it nat falle!

  This yle, or this, had been but hethenesse,
  Nad been of your feith the force and vigour!
  And yit, this day, the feendes fikilnesse
  Weneth fully to cacche a tyme and hour                 20
  To have on us, your liges, a sharp shour,
  And to his servitude us knitte and thralle.
  But ay we truste in you, our protectour;
  On your constaunce we awayten alle.

  Commandeth that no wight have hardinesse,              25
  O worthy king, our Cristen emperour,
  Of the feith to despute more or lesse
  Openly among people, wher errour
  Springeth al day and engendreth rumour.
  Maketh swich lawe, and for aught may befalle,          30
  Observe it wel; ther-to be ye dettour.
  Doth so, and god in glorie shal you stalle.

                  II.

  Ye lordes eek, shyninge in noble fame,
  To whiche appropred is the maintenaunce
  Of Cristes cause; in honour of his name                35
  Shove on, and putte his foos to the outrance!
  God wolde so; so wolde eek your ligeaunce;
  To tho two prikketh you your duetee.
  Who-so nat kepeth this double observaunce
  Of merit and honour naked is he!                       40

  Your style seith that ye ben foos to shame;
  Now kythe of your feith the perseveraunce,
  In which an heep of us arn halte and lame.
  Our Cristen king of England and of Fraunce,
  And ye, my lordes, with your alliaunce,                45
  And other feithful people that ther be
  (Truste I to god) shul quenche al this nuisaunce
  And this land sette in hy prosperitee.

  Conquest of hy prowesse is for to tame
  The wilde woodnesse of this mescreaunce;               50
  Right to the rote repe ye that same!
  Slepe nat this, but, for goddes plesaunce
  And his modres, and in signifiaunce
  That ye ben of seint Georges liveree,
  Doth him servyce and knightly obeisaunce;              55
  For Cristes cause is his, wel knowen ye!

  Stif stande in that, and ye shul greve and grame
  The fo to pees, the norice of distaunce;
  That now is ernest, torne it into game;
  Dampnable fro feith were variaunce!                    60
  Lord lige, and lordes, have in remembraunce,
  Lord of al is the blessed Trinitee,
  Of whos vertu the mighty habundaunce
  You herte and strengthe in feithful unitee! Amen.

              _Cest tout._

_From_ P. (Phillipps 8151); _also in_ Ed. (ed. 1542). 1. Ed. honour; P.
honur. 2. P. Our right cristen; Ed. _om._ right. Ed. the heire; P. _om._
the. 6. P. ch_iua_lrie; Ed. cheualry. 8. P. nat; Ed. neuer. 10. Ed. _om._
the. 11. P. loue and; Ed. humble. 14. P. bittir; Ed. bytter. 15. P. foorth;
Ed. forthe (_twice_). 16. P. Ed. Holde.

19. P. fikilnesse; Ed. crabbydnesse. 20. P. Weeneth; Ed. Weneth. 22. P.
seruiture; Ed. seruytude. 25. P. Commandith; Ed. Co_m_maundeth. 26. Ed. O;
P. Our. Ed. our; P. and. 27. Ed. dispute. 28. P. where; Ed. Her. 29. P.
Spryngith; engendrith. 30. P. Makith. P. aght; Ed. ought. 31. P. been; Ed.
be. 32. P. Dooth. 33. P. Yee. 34. P. approped (!). 38. Ed. duite. 39. P.
keepith; Ed. kepeth. 40. P. nakid; Ed. naked. 41. Ed. _om._ that. P. yee
been. 43. P. arn; Ed. be. 44. P. Engeland and; Ed. England and of. 45. P.
yee. 46. P. othir. 47. P. qwenche. P. nusance; Ed. noysaunce (_read_
nuisance).

49. P. Conqueste; Ed. Conquest. 50. Ed. myscreaunce. 51. P. roote rype; Ed.
rote repe. P. yee. 52. P. Sleepe; Ed. Slepe. 54. P. yee been. 55. P. Dooth.
56, 57. P. yee. 57. P. shuln; Ed. shal. P. greeue. 58. Ed. the; P. and. 59.
Ed. tourne. 60. Ed. Nowe kythe of your beleue the constaunce. 62. P.
blissid; Ed. blysfull.

       *       *       *       *       *

VII. A MORAL BALADE.

BY HENRY SCOGAN, SQUYER.

    HERE FOLOWETH NEXT A MORAL BALADE, TO MY LORD THE PRINCE, TO MY LORD OF
    CLARENCE, TO MY LORD OF BEDFORD, AND TO MY LORD OF GLOUCESTRE, BY HENRY
    SCOGAN; AT A SOUPER OF FEORTHE MERCHANDE IN THE VYNTRE IN LONDON, AT
    THE HOUS OF LOWYS JOHAN.

  My noble sones, and eek my lordes dere,
  I, your fader called, unworthily,
  Sende un-to you this litel tretys here
  Writen with myn owne hand full rudely;
  Although it be that I not reverently                    5
  Have writen to your estats, yet I you praye,
  Myn unconning taketh benignely
  For goddes sake, and herken what I seye.

  I complayn sore, whan I remembre me
  The sodeyn age that is upon me falle;                  10
  More I complayn my mispent juvente
  The whiche is impossible ayein to calle.
  But certainly, the most complaynte of alle
  Is for to thinke, that I have been so nyce
  That I ne wolde no virtue to me calle                  15
  In al my youthe, but vyces ay cheryce.

  Of whiche I aske mercy of thee, lord,
  That art almighty god in majeste,
  Beseking thee, to make so even accord
  Betwix thee and my soule, that vanite                  20
  Of worldly lust, ne blynd prosperite
  Have no lordship over my flesshe so frele.
  Thou lord of reste and parfit unite,
  Put fro me vyce, and keep my soules hele.

  And yeve me might, whyl I have lyf and space,          25
  Me to conforme fully to thy plesaunce;
  Shewe upon me th'abundaunce of thy grace,
  In gode werkes graunt me perseveraunce.
  Of al my youthe forget the ignoraunce;
  Yeve me good wil, to serve thee ay to queme;           30
  Set al my lyf after thyn ordinaunce,
  And able me to mercy, or thou deme!

  My lordes dere, why I this complaint wryte
  To you, alle whom I love entierly,
  Is for to warne you, as I can endyte,                  35
  That tyme y-lost in youthe folily
  Greveth a wight goostly and bodily,
  I mene hem that to lust and vyce entende.
  Wherfore, I pray you, lordes, specially,
  Your youthe in vertue shapeth to dispende.             40

  Planteth the rote of youthe in suche a wyse
  That in vertue your growing be alway;
  Loke ay, goodnesse be in your exercyse,
  That shal you mighty make, at eche assay,
  The feend for to withstonde at eche affray.            45
  Passeth wysly this perilous pilgrimage,
  Thinke on this word, and werke it every day;
  That shal you yeve a parfit floured age.

  Taketh also hede, how that these noble clerkes
  Write in hir bokes of gret sapience,                   50
  Saying, that fayth is deed withouten werkes;
  So is estat withoute intelligence
  Of vertue; and therfore, with diligence,
  Shapeth of vertue so to plante the rote,
  That ye therof have ful experience,                    55
  To worship of your lyfe and soules bote.

  Taketh also hede, that lordship ne estat,
  Withoute vertue, may not longe endure;
  Thinketh eek how vyce and vertue at debat
  Have been, and shal, whyles the world may dure;        60
  And ay the vicious, by aventure,
  Is overthrowe; and thinketh evermore
  That god is lord of vertue and figure
  Of al goodnesse; and therfore folowe his lore.

  My mayster Chaucer, god his soule have!                65
  That in his langage was so curious,
  He sayde, the fader whiche is deed and grave,
  Biquath nothing his vertue with his hous
  Unto his sone; therfore laborious
  Ought ye to be, beseching god, of grace,               70
  To yeve you might for to be vertuous,
  Through which ye might have part of his fayr place.

  Here may ye see that vertuous noblesse
  Cometh not to you by way of auncestrye,
  But it cometh thorugh leefful besinesse                75
  Of honest lyfe, and not by slogardrye.
  Wherfore in youthe I rede you edefye
  The hous of vertue in so wys manere
  That in your age it may you kepe and gye
  Fro the tempest of worldly wawes here.                 80

  Thinketh how, betwixe vertue and estat
  There is a parfit blessed mariage;
  Vertue is cause of pees, vyce of debat
  In mannes soule; for which, with ful corage,
  Cherissheth vertue, vyces to outrage:                  85
  Dryveth hem away; let hem have no wonning
  In your soules; leseth not the heritage
  Which god hath yeve to vertuous living.

  Taketh hede also, how men of povre degree
  Through vertue have be set in greet honour,            90
  And ever have lived in greet prosperitee
  Through cherisshing of vertuous labour.
  Thinketh also, how many a governour
  Called to estat, hath oft be set ful lowe
  Through misusing of right, and for errour,             95
  Therfore I counsaile you, vertue to knowe.

  Thus 'by your eldres may ye nothing clayme,'
  As that my mayster Chaucer sayth expresse,
  'But temporel thing, that man may hurte and mayme';
  Than is god stocke of vertuous noblesse;              100
  And sith that he is lord of blessednesse,
  And made us alle, and for us alle deyde,
  Folowe his vertue with ful besinesse,
  And of this thing herke how my mayster seyde:--

  _The firste stok, fader of gentilesse,_               105
  _What man that claymeth gentil for to be_
  _Must folowe his trace, and alle his wittes dresse_
  _Vertu to sewe, and vyces for to flee._
  _For unto vertu longeth dignitee,_
  _And noght the revers, saufly dar I deme,_            110
  _Al were he mytre, croune, or diademe._

  _This firste stok was ful of rightwisnesse,_
  _Trewe of his word, sobre, pitous, and free,_
  _Clene of his goste, and loved besinesse_
  _Ageinst the vyce of slouthe, in honestee;_           115
  _And, but his heir love vertu, as dide he,_
  _He is noght gentil, though he riche seme,_
  _Al were he mytre, croune, or diademe._

  _Vyce may wel be heir to old richesse;_
  _But ther may no man, as men may wel see,_            120
  _Bequethe his heir his vertuous noblesse;_
  _That is appropred unto no degree,_
  _But to the firste fader in magestee_
  _That maketh him his heir, that can him queme,_
  _Al were he mytre, croune, or diademe._               125

  Lo here, this noble poete of Bretayne
  How hyely he, in vertuous sentence,
  The losse in youthe of vertue can complayne;
  Wherfore I pray you, dooth your diligence,
  For your estats and goddes reverence,                 130
  T'enprinte vertue fully in your mynde,
  That, whan ye come in your juges presence,
  Ye be not set as vertules behynde.

  Ye lordes have a maner now-a-dayes,
  Though oon shewe you a vertuous matere,               135
  Your fervent youthe is of so false alayes
  That of that art ye have no joy to here.
  But, as a ship that is withouten stere
  Dryveth up and doun, withouten governaunce,
  Wening that calm wol laste, yeer by yere,             140
  Right so fare ye, for very ignoraunce.

  For very shame, knowe ye nat, by reson
  That, after an ebbe, ther cometh a flood ful rage?
  In the same wyse, whan youth passeth his seson,
  Cometh croked and unweldy palled age;                 145
  Sone after comen kalends of dotage;
  And if your youth no vertue have provyded,
  Al men wol saye, fy on your vassalage!
  Thus hath your slouth fro worship you devyded.

  Boece the clerk, as men may rede and see,             150
  Saith, in his Boke of Consolacioun,
  What man desyreth +have of vyne or tree
  Plentee of fruit, in the ryping sesoun,
  Must ay eschewe to doon oppressioun
  Unto the rote, whyle it is yong and grene;            155
  Ye may wel see, by this conclusioun,
  That youthe vertulees doth mochel tene.

  Seeth, there-ayenst, how vertuous noblesse
  Roted in youthe, with good perseveraunce,
  Dryveth away al vyce and wrecchednesse,               160
  As slogardrye, ryote and distaunce!
  Seeth eek how vertue causeth suffisaunce,
  And suffisaunce exyleth coveityse!
  And who hath vertue hath al abundaunce
  Of wele, as fer as reson can devyse.                  165

  Taketh hede of Tullius Hostilius,
  That cam fro povertee to hy degree;
  Through vertue redeth eek of Julius
  The conquerour, how povre a man was he;
  Yet, through his vertue and humanitee,                170
  Of many a countree had he governaunce.
  Thus vertue bringeth unto greet degree
  Eche wight that list to do him entendaunce.

  Rede, here-ayenst, of Nero vertulees;
  Taketh hede also of proude Balthasar;                 175
  They hated vertue, equitee, and pees.
  Loke how Antiochus fil fro his char,
  That he his skin and bones al to-tar!
  Loke what meschaunce they had for hir vyces!
  Who-so that wol not by these signes be war,           180
  I dar wel say, infortunat or nyce is.

  I can no more; but here-by may ye see
  How vertue causeth parfit sikernesse,
  And vyces doon exyle prosperitee;
  The best is, ech to chesen, as I gesse.               185
  Doth as you list, I me excuse expresse;
  I wolde be sory, if that ye mischese.
  God you conferme in vertuous noblesse,
  So that through negligence ye nothing lese!

              _Explicit_.

_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1542); _collated with_ A. (Ashmole 59), _and_ Cx.
(Caxton); _readings also given from_ H. (Harl. 2251).

TITLE; _from_ A. (_which has_ folowethe nexst); Cx. _has_ Here next
foloweth a tretyse, whiche John Skogan sente vnto the lordes and gentilmen
of the kynges hows, exortyng them to lose no tyme in theyr yougthe, but to
vse vertues; Th. _has_ Scogan vnto the lordes and gentylmen of the kynges
house.

1. Th. A. sonnes. 2. Th. A. vnworthely. 3. Th. lytel treatyse; A. balade
folowing. 4. Th. with; A. H. of. 5. Th. H. Although; Cx. And though; A.
Yitte howe. 6. Th. A. estates. A. yet; H. Th. Cx. _om._ 8. Cx. herkne
(_better_). 9. Th. me sore; A. H. _om._ me. 10. A. H. falle; Th. fal. 11.
Th. But more; A. H. Cx. _om._ But. Th. iuuentute. 12. Th. ayen for; A.
ageine. A. H. calle; Th. cal.

13. Th. H. certainly; A. comvnely. Th. A. moste. A. H. alle; Th. al. 14. A.
H. for; Th. _om._ A. beon; Th. be. 15. A. H. no; Th. _om._ A. vertue; Th.
vertues. A. calle; Th. cal. 16. A. ay; Th. aye. 17. A. thee; Th. the. Th.
lorde. 18. Th. H. god; A. lorde. 20. Th. Betwyxe; A. Bytwene. 21. A. H. Of;
Th. Cx. _om._ Th. blynde. 22. A. so freel; Th. H. to frele. 23. Th. lorde;
perfyte. 24. A. H. Cx. soules; Th. soule. 25. Th. whyle; lyfe. 26. A. H.
confourme; Th. confyrme (!). 27. A. H. vpon; Th. to. 28. Th. And in; A. H.
_om._ And. 30. A. thee; Th. the. 31. Th. lyfe. A. H. thy governaunce. 34.
A. alle whome; Cx. whom that; Th. whom. Th. moste entyrely; Cx. A.
entierly. 36. A. eloste; Th. loste; H. Cx. lost. 37. A. H. goostely and
bodely; Th. Cx. bodily and gostly. 38. Th. meane. 39. A. I prey you lordes;
Th. lordes I pray you. A. tendrely. 41. Cx. _transposes_ 41-80 _and_
81-125. A. Plantethe; Th. Cx. Plante.

43. A. ay; Th. alway. 45. Cx. The frende (!) for to withsto_n_de; A. For to
withstonde the feonde; Th. The fende to withstande. 46. Th. peryllous; H.
perilous. 47. H. Th. Cx. werke; A. vse. 48. Th. parfyte. 50. Th. Writen; A.
Wrote. Th. her. Th. great; H. grete; A. noble. 52. _So_ A.; Th. And right
so is estate with negligence. 57. A. Then kepe also that. 58. Cx. A.
Withoute; Th. Without. 59. Cx. vice; A. H. Th. vices. 60. A. whiles; Th.
while. Th. worlde. 61. A. H. ay; Th. Cx. euer. 63. Th. lorde of al; H. A.
lord of. 67. Th. sayd that the; A. saide that the; H. Cx. _om._ that. Th.
father; A. H. fader. 68. H. A. Beqwath; Th. Byqueth. Th. house. 69. _So_ A.
Cx.; Th. children and therefore laborouse. 70. H. Th. Ought; A. Aught; Cx.
Owe. Th. _om._ to. Th. besekyng; A. beseching. 72. Th. haue; A. H. gete.
Th. p_ar_te. A. feyre; Th. H. _om._

74. A. Comþe. 75. A. thorugh; Cx. thurgh; Th. by. A. leofful; Th. leful; H.
leeful. 77. Th. you ye; A. H. _om._ ye. 78. Th. house. A. soo wyse; Th. H.
suche a. 79. Th. _om._ it. 80. H. A. worldly; Th. worldes. 81. Th. howe
betwyxe; A. howe bytwene. 82. Th. parfyte. 84. H. A. for whiche with full;
Th. the whiche be ful of. 85. Th. than vertue; A. _om._ than. 86. A. Cx.
_om. 1st_ hem. 87. A. leese; H. lesith. 89. Th. howe. A. poure; Th. poore.
90, 91. Th. great. 92. Th. H. Through; A. By. 94. Th. H. Called; A. Calde.
A. offt; H. Th. Cx. _om._ 95. A. for; Th. H. Cx. of. 96. Th. And therfore;
_rest om._ And. 97. A. By auncetrye thus; Th. H. Thus by your auncestres;
Cx. Thus by your eldres. 99. Th. men (_for_ man). 100. Cx. Than god is.
101. Th. sythe; lorde. Th. blyssednesse; A. blessednesse. 102. A. That
(_for_ And). A. H. alle; Th. al (1). Cx. alle; Th. al (2). _For_ us alle A.
_has_ mankynde that.

103. _So_ A.; Th. H. Foloweth hym in vertue. 105-125. Chaucer's poem of
_Gentilesse_ is here quoted; see vol. i. p. 392. 127. A. Howe hyely he; Th.
Howe lightly. 128. A. lesse (!); Th. losse. A. H. in; Th. on. 129. A.
Wherfore; Th. And therefore. A. doothe; Th. with (!). 130. A. estates; Th.
profyte. 131. A. Tenprynte; Th. Tempereth (!). A. H. vertue fully; Th.
fully vertue. 132. Cx. in; A. H. in-to; Th. to. 133. A. H. sette as
vertulesse; Th. vertulesse than. 134. H. Cx. Ye; A. For yee; Th. Many. Th.
A. nowe. 135. Cx. H. you; Th. hem. A. Thaughe one of you here of a gode
matere.

136. Cx. H. Your feruent; Th. Her feruent; A. Your vnsure. 137. Th. arte.
Cx. H. ye; Th. they. A. That of suche artes you liste not to. 138. Cx. A.
withouten; Th. without a. 139. A. withouten; Th. without. 140. Th. calme.
A. wol laste you; Th. wolde last. Th. yere by yere. 141. Cx. A. H. ye; Th.
they. 142. Cx. A. H. ye; Th. they. 143. A. Cx. _om._ ful. 144. A. Right
euen so whane. 145. A. Comthe. 146. A. Soone; Th. And sone. Th. comen the;
Cx. come; A. comthe. 147. Th. if that; Cx. A. H. _om._ that. Cx. A. your;
Th. her. A. H. no vertue haue; Cx. no vertue hath; Th. haue no vertue. 148.
Th. fye. Cx. A. your; Th. her. 149. A. H. your; Th. her. Cx. H. you; Th.
hem. A. _has_ Thus hathe youre youthe and slouthe you al misgyded. 152. Cx.
A. H. to haue; Th. _om._ (_read_ haue). 153. A. Plenty of; Cx. Plentyuous;
Th. Plentous. Th. fruite. A. H. Cx. the; Th. _om._ A. H. Cx. riping; Th.
reapyng. 154. A. H. Cx. ay; Th. euer. A. doon; Th. do. 156. A. H. Cx. Yee
may; Th. Thus may ye. A. H. wele see; Cx. see; Th. se wel. A. H. this; Th.
that. A. Cx. conclusioun; Th. inclusyon (!). 157. A. youthe; Th. youth. A.
Th. vertulesse. Th. moche; Cx. ofte muche; A. ay michil (_read_ mochel).
158. Th. Nowe seeth; A. H. Cx. _om._ Nowe. Th. howe; A. that. 159. A.
youthe; Th. youth.

160. A. Cx. vyce; H. vice; Th. vyces. 161. A. Al (_for_ As). A. al ryote;
H. Cx. Th. _om._ al. 162. Th. eke howe. 163. _So_ A. Cx.; H. _om._; Th.
_has_ Seeth eke howe vertue voydeth al vyce (!). 164. Th. H. Cx. whoso; A.
_om._ so. 165. Th. ferre; A. far. Th. reason. 167. A. came frome pouertee;
Th. fro pouert came. Th. hygh; A. hye. 168. Th. eke. 169. Th. howe poore.
170. A. H. Cx. humanite; Th. his humylite. 171. Th. _om._ a. 172. A. unto
gret; Cx. to hye; Th. a man to great. 173. A. Cx. list; Th. H. lust. Th.
entendaunce; _rest_ attendaunce. 174. Th. nowe of; A. H. Cx. _om._ nowe.
177. Th. And loke; _rest om._ And. Th. howe; chare. 178. Th. tare. 179. A.
meschaunces. 180. Th. H. Cx. _om._ that. Th. ware. 181. A. Th. infortunate.
A. H. Cx. or; Th. and. 182. Th. no more nowe say; Cx. no more say; H. no
more; A. more (!). Th. herby; se. 183. A. Th. Howe. A. Th. perfyte. 184. A.
done exyle; Th. H. exylen al; Cx. exyles al. 185. Th. eche man to; Cx. man
to; A. dethe to (dethe _is put for_ eche). A. cheesen; Th. chose.

186. Th. A. Dothe. 187. A. Cx. wil (_for_ wolde). Th. right sorie; A. H.
Cx. _om._ right. 188. A. you conferme; Th. confyrme you. 189. A. no thing;
Cx. H. nothing; Th. not it. COLOPHON. Cx. Thus endeth the traytye wiche
John Skogan sent to the lordes and estates of the kynges hous.

       *       *       *       *       *

VIII. JOHN LYDGATE.

THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.

  In May, whan Flora, the fresshe lusty quene,
  The soile hath clad in grene, rede, and whyte,
  And Phebus gan to shede his stremes shene
  Amid the Bole, with al the bemes brighte,
  And Lucifer, to chace awey the night,                   5
  Ayen the morowe our orizont hath take
  To bidde lovers out of hir sleepe awake,

  And hertes hevy for to recomforte
  From dreriheed of hevy nightes sorowe,
  Nature bad hem ryse, and hem disporte,                 10
  Ayen the goodly, gladde, greye morowe;
  And Hope also, with seint Johan to borowe,
  Bad, in dispyt of daunger and dispeyre,
  For to take the hoolsom lusty eyre:

  And with a sigh I gan for to abreyde                   15
  Out of my slombre, and sodainly up sterte
  As he, alas! that nigh for sorowe deyde,
  My sekenes sat ay so nigh my herte.
  But, for to finde socour of my smerte,
  Or at the leste som reles of my peyne,                 20
  That me so sore halt in every veyne,

  I roos anon, and thoghte I wolde goon
  Into the wode, to here the briddes singe,
  Whan that the misty vapour was agoon
  And clere and faire was the morowning;                 25
  The dewe also, lyk silver in shyning
  Upon the leves, as any baume swete,
  Til fyry Tytan, with his persaunt hete,

  Had dryed up the lusty licour newe
  Upon the herbes in the grene mede,                     30
  And that the floures, of many dyvers hewe,
  Upon hir stalkes gonne for to sprede
  And for to splaye[n] out hir leves on-brede
  Agayn the sonne, gold-burned in his spere,
  That doun to hem caste his bemes clere.                35

  And by a river forth I gan costey
  Of water clere as berel or cristal
  Til at the laste I found a litel wey
  Toward a park, enclosed with a wal
  In compas rounde, and by a gate smal                   40
  Who-so that wolde frely mighte goon
  Into this park, walled with grene stoon.

  And in I wente, to here the briddes song,
  Whiche on the braunches, bothe in playn and vale,
  So loude songe, that al the wode rong                  45
  Lyke as it shulde shiver in peces smale;
  And, as me thoughte, that the nightingale
  With so gret mighte her voys gan out-wreste
  Right as her herte for love wolde breste.

  The soil was playn, smothe, and wonder softe           50
  Al oversprad with tapites that Nature
  Had mad her-selve, celured eek alofte
  With bowes grene, the floures for to cure,
  That in hir beaute they may longe endure
  From al assaut of Phebus fervent fere,                 55
  Whiche in his spere so hote shoon and clere.

  The eyre attempre, and the smothe wind
  Of Zepherus, among the blossomes whyte,
  So hoolsom was and norisshing by kind,
  That smale buddes, and rounde blomes lyte              60
  In maner gonnen of her brethe delyte
  To yeve us hope that hir fruit shal take,
  Ayens autumpne, redy for to shake.

  I saw ther Daphne, closed under rinde,
  Grene laurer, and the hoolsom pyne;                    65
  The myrre also, that wepeth ever of kinde;
  The cedres hye, upright as a lyne;
  The philbert eek, that lowe doth enclyne
  Her bowes grene to the erthe adoun
  Unto her knight, y-called Demophoun.                   70

  Ther saw I eek the fresshe hawethorn
  In whyte motle, that so swote doth smelle,
  Ash, firre, and ook, with many a yong acorn,
  And many a tree--mo than I can telle;
  And, me beforn, I saw a litel welle,                   75
  That had his cours, as I gan beholde,
  Under an hille, with quikke stremes colde.

  The gravel gold, the water pure as glas,
  The bankes rounde, the welle envyroning;
  And softe as veluet the yonge gras                     80
  That therupon lustily cam springing;
  The sute of trees aboute compassing
  Hir shadowe caste, closing the welle rounde,
  And al the herbes growing on the grounde.

  The water was so hoolsom and vertuous                  85
  Through might of herbes growing there besyde,
  Not lyk the welle, wher-as Narcisus
  Y-slayn was, through vengeaunce of Cupyde,
  Where so covertly he dide hyde
  The grayn of cruel dethe upon ech brinke,              90
  That deeth mot folowe, who that ever drinke;

  Ne lyk the pitte of the Pegace
  Under Pernaso, where poetes slepte;
  Nor lyk the welle of pure chastite
  Which that Dyane with her nymphes kepte,               95
  Whan she naked into the water lepte,
  That slow Acteon with his houndes felle
  Only for he cam so nigh the welle!

  But this welle, that I here reherce,
  So hoolsom was, that it wolde aswage                  100
  Bollen hertes, and the venim perce
  Of pensifheed, with al the cruel rage,
  And evermore refresshe the visage
  Of hem that were in any werinesse
  Of greet labour, or fallen in distresse.              105

  And I, that had, through daunger and disdayne,
  So drye a thrust, thoughte I wolde assaye
  To taste a draughte of this welle, or twayne,
  My bitter langour if it mighte alaye;
  And on the banke anon adoun I lay,                    110
  And with myn heed unto the welle I raughte,
  And of the water drank I a good draughte;

  Wherof, me thought, I was refresshed wele
  Of the brenning that sat so nigh my herte,
  That verily anon I gan to fele                        115
  An huge part relesed of my smerte;
  And therwithalle anon up I sterte,
  And thoughte I wolde walke, and see more
  Forth in the parke, and in the holtes hore.

  And through a launde as I yede a-pace                 120
  And gan aboute faste to beholde,
  I found anon a delitable place
  That was beset with trees yonge and olde,
  Whose names here for me shal not be tolde;
  Amidde of whiche stood an herber grene,               125
  That benched was, with colours newe and clene.

  This herber was ful of floures inde,
  In-to the whiche as I beholde gan,
  Betwix an hulfere and a wodebinde,
  As I was war, I saw wher lay a man                    130
  In blakke and whyte colour, pale and wan,
  And wonder deedly also of his hewe,
  Of hurtes grene and fresshe woundes newe.

  And overmore distrayned with sekenesse,
  Besyde al this, he was, ful grevously;                135
  For upon him he had an hoot accesse,
  That day by day him shook ful pitously;
  So that, for constreynt of his malady
  And hertly wo, thus lying al alone,
  It was a deeth for to here him grone.                 140

  Wherof astonied, my foot I gan withdrawe,
  Greetly wondring what it mighte be
  That he so lay, and hadde no felawe,
  Ne that I coude no wight with him see;
  Wherof I hadde routhe, and eek pite,                  145
  And gan anon, so softely as I coude,
  Among the busshes me prively to shroude;

  If that I mighte in any wyse espye
  What was the cause of his deedly wo,
  Or why that he so pitously gan crye                   150
  On his fortune, and on his ure also;
  With al my might I layde an ere to,
  Every word to marke, what he seyde,
  Out of his swough among as he abrayde.

  But first, if I shulde make mencioun                  155
  Of his persone, and plainly him discryve,
  He was in sothe, without excepcioun,
  To speke of manhode, oon the best on-lyve;
  Ther may no man ayen the trouthe stryve.
  For of his tyme, and of his age also                  160
  He proved was, ther men shulde have ado,

  For oon the beste there, of brede and lengthe
  So wel y-mad by good proporcioun,
  If he had be in his deliver strengthe;
  But thought and seknesse were occasioun               165
  That he thus lay, in lamentacioun,
  Gruffe on the grounde, in place desolat,
  Sole by him-self, awhaped and amat.

  And, for me semeth that it is sitting
  His wordes al to putte in remembraunce,               170
  To me, that herde al his complayning
  And al the grounde of his woful chaunce,
  If ther-withal I may you do plesaunce,
  I wol to you, so as I can, anon,
  Lyk as he sayde, reherce hem everichon.               175

  But who shal helpe me now to complayne?
  Or who shal now my style gye or lede?
  O Niobe, let now thy teres rayne
  In-to my penne; and helpe eek in this nede,
  Thou woful Mirre, that felest my herte blede          180
  Of pitous wo, and myn hand eek quake
  Whan that I wryte, for this mannes sake!

  For unto wo accordeth complayning
  And doleful chere unto hevinesse;
  To sorowe also, syghing and weping,                   185
  And pitous mourning, unto drerinesse;
  And whoso that shal wryten of distresse
  In party nedeth to knowe felingly
  Cause and rote of al such malady.

  But I, alas! that am of witte but dulle,              190
  And have no knowing of such matere,
  For to discryve and wryten at the fulle
  The woful complaynt, which that ye shal here,
  But even-lyk as doth a skrivenere
  That can no more what that he shal wryte,             195
  But as his maister besyde doth endyte;

  Right so fare I, that of no sentement
  Saye right naught, as in conclusioun,
  But as I herde, whan I was present,
  This man complayne with a pitous soun;                200
  For even-lyk, without addicioun
  Or disencrees, either more or lesse,
  For to reherce anon I wol me dresse.

  And if that any now be in this place
  That fele in love brenning or fervence,               205
  Or hindred were to his lady grace
  With false tonges, that with pestilence
  Slee trewe men that never did offence
  In word nor dede, ne in hir entent--
  If any suche be here now present,                     210

  Let him of routhe lay to audience,
  With doleful chere and sobre countenaunce,
  To here this man, by ful high sentence,
  His mortal wo and his gret perturbaunce
  Complayning, now lying in a traunce,                  215
  With lokes upcaste, and with ruful chere,
  Th' effect of whiche was as ye shal here.--

              COMPLEYNT.

  The thought oppressed with inward sighes sore,
  The painful lyf, the body languisshing,
  The woful gost, the herte rent and tore,              220
  The pitous chere, pale in compleyning,
  The deedly face, lyk ashes in shyning,
  The salte teres that fro myn eyen falle,
  Parcel declare grounde of my peynes alle:

  Whos herte is grounde to blede in hevinesse;          225
  The thought, resceyt of wo and of complaynt;
  The brest is cheste of dole and drerinesse;
  The body eek so feble and so faynt;
  With hote and colde myn acces is so meynt,
  That now I chiver for defaute of hete,                230
  And, hoot as gleed, now sodainly I swete.

  Now hoot as fyr, now cold as asshes dede,
  Now hoot fro cold, now cold fro hete agayn;
  Now cold as ys, now as coles rede
  For hete I brenne; and thus, betwixe twayne,          235
  I possed am, and al forcast in payne;
  So that my hete plainly, as I fele,
  Of grevous cold is cause, every-deel.

  This is the cold of inward high disdayne,
  Cold of dispyt, and cold of cruel hate;               240
  This is the cold that doth his besy payne
  Ayeines trouthe to fighte and to debate.
  This is the cold that wolde the fyr abate
  Of trewe mening; alas! the harde whyle!
  This is the cold that wolde me begyle.                245

  For ever the better that in trouthe I mente
  With al my mighte faythfully to serve,
  With herte and al for to be diligent,
  The lesse thank, alas! I can deserve!
  Thus for my trouthe Daunger doth me sterve.           250
  For oon that shulde my deeth, of mercy, lette
  Hath mad despyt newe his swerd to whette

  Ayeines me, and his arowes to fyle
  To take vengeaunce of wilful cruelte;
  And tonges false, through hir sleightly wyle,         255
  Han gonne a werre that wil not stinted be;
  And fals Envye, Wrathe, and Enmite,
  Have conspired, ayeines al right and lawe,
  Of hir malyce, that Trouthe shal be slawe.

  And Male-Bouche gan first the tale telle,             260
  To slaundre Trouthe, of indignacioun;
  And Fals-Report so loude rong the belle,
  That Misbeleve and Fals-Suspeccioun,
  Have Trouthe brought to his dampnacioun,
  So that, alas! wrongfully he dyeth,                   265
  And Falsnes now his place occupyeth,

  And entred is in-to Trouthes lond,
  And hath therof the ful possessioun.
  O rightful god, that first the trouthe fond,
  How may thou suffre such oppressioun,                 270
  That Falshood shulde have jurisdiccioun
  In Trouthes right, to slee him giltelees?
  In his fraunchyse he may not live in pees.

  Falsly accused, and of his foon forjuged,
  Without answere, whyl he was absent,                  275
  He dampned was, and may not ben excused,
  For Cruelte sat in jugement
  Of hastinesse, withoute avysement,
  And bad Disdayn do execute anon
  His jugement, in presence of his foon.                280

  Attourney noon ne may admitted been
  T'excuse Trouthe, ne a word to speke;
  To fayth or ooth the juge list not seen,
  There is no gayn, but he wil be wreke.
  O lord of trouthe, to thee I calle and clepe;         285
  How may thou see, thus in thy presence,
  Withoute mercy, murdred innocence?

  Now god, that art of trouthe soverain
  And seest how I lye for trouthe bounde,
  So sore knit in loves fyry chain                      290
  Even at the deth, through-girt with many a wounde
  That lykly are never for to sounde,
  And for my trouthe am dampned to the deeth,
  And not abyde, but drawe along the breeth:

  Consider and see, in thyn eternal right,              295
  How that myn herte professed whylom was
  For to be trewe with al my fulle might
  Only to oon, the whiche now, alas!
  Of volunte, withoute any trespas,
  Myn accusours hath taken unto grace,                  300
  And cherissheth hem, my deth for to purchace.

  What meneth this? what is this wonder ure
  Of purveyaunce, if I shal it calle,
  Of god of love, that false hem so assure,
  And trewe, alas! doun of the whele ben falle?         305
  And yet in sothe, this is the worst of alle,
  That Falshed wrongfully of Trouthe hath name,
  And Trouthe ayenward of Falshed bereth the blame.

  This blinde chaunce, this stormy aventure,
  In love hath most his experience;                     310
  For who that doth with trouthe most his cure
  Shal for his mede finde most offence,
  That serveth love with al his diligence;
  For who can fayne, under lowliheed,
  Ne fayleth not to finde grace and speed.              315

  For I loved oon, ful longe sith agoon,
  With al my herte, body, and ful might,
  And, to be deed, my herte can not goon
  From his hest, but holde that he hath hight;
  Though I be banisshed out of her sight,               320
  And by her mouth dampned that I shal deye,
  +To my behest yet I wil ever obeye.

  For ever, sithe that the world began,
  Who-so list loke, and in storie rede,
  He shal ay finde that the trewe man                   325
  Was put abakke, wher-as the falshede
  Y-furthered was; for Love taketh non hede
  To slee the trewe, and hath of hem no charge,
  Wher-as the false goth freely at hir large.

  I take recorde of Palamides,                          330
  The trewe man, the noble worthy knight,
  That ever loved, and of his payn no relees;
  Notwithstonding his manhood and his might
  Love unto him did ful greet unright;
  For ay the bet he did in chevalrye,                   335
  The more he was hindred by envye.

  And ay the bet he did in every place
  Through his knighthood and his besy payne,
  The ferther was he from his lady grace,
  For to her mercy mighte he never attayne;             340
  And to his deth he coude it not refrayne
  For no daungere, but ay obey and serve
  As he best coude, plainly, til he sterve.

  What was the fyne also of Hercules,
  For al his conquest and his worthinesse,              345
  That was of strengthe alone pereles?
  For, lyk as bokes of him list expresse,
  He sette pillers, through his hy prowesse,
  Away at Gades, for to signifye
  That no man mighte him passe in chevalrye.            350

  The whiche pillers ben ferre beyonde Inde
  Beset of golde, for a remembraunce;
  And, for al that, was he set behinde
  With hem that Love liste febly avaunce;
  For [he] him sette last upon a daunce,                355
  Ageynes whom helpe may no stryf;
  For al his trouthe, yit he loste his lyf.

  Phebus also, for al his persaunt light,
  Whan that he wente here in erthe lowe,
  Unto the herte with fresh Venus sight                 360
  Y-wounded was, through Cupydes bowe,
  And yet his lady liste him not to knowe.
  Though for her love his herte dide blede,
  She leet him go, and took of him no hede.

  What shal I saye of yonge Piramus?                    365
  Of trew Tristram, for al his hye renoun?
  Of Achilles, or of Antonius?
  Of Arcite eke, or of him Palemoun?
  What was the ende of hir passioun
  But, after sorowe, deeth, and than hir grave?         370
  Lo, here the guerdon that these lovers have!

  But false Jason, with his doublenesse,
  That was untrewe at Colkos to Medee,
  And Theseus, rote of unkindenesse,
  And with these two eek the false Enee;                375
  Lo! thus the false, ay in oon degre,
  Had in love hir lust and al hir wille;
  And, save falshood, ther was non other skille.

  Of Thebes eek the false [knight] Arcyte,
  And Demophon +also, for [al] his slouthe,             380
  They had hir lust and al that might delyte
  For al hir falshode and hir greet untrouthe.
  Thus ever Love (alas! and that is routhe!)
  His false leges forthereth what he may,
  And sleeth the trewe ungoodly, day by day.            385

  For trewe Adon was slayn with the bore
  Amid the forest, in the grene shade;
  For Venus love he felte al the sore.
  But Vulcanus with her no mercy made;
  The foule chorl had many nightes glade,               390
  Wher Mars, her worthy knight, her trewe man,
  To finde mercy, comfort noon he can.

  Also the yonge fresshe Ipomenes
  So lusty free [was], as of his corage,
  That for to serve with al his herte he chees          395
  Athalans, so fair of hir visage;
  But Love, alas! quitte him so his wage
  With cruel daunger plainly, at the laste,
  That, with the dethe, guerdonles he paste.

  Lo! here the fyne of loveres servyse!                 400
  Lo! how that Love can his servaunts quyte!
  Lo! how he can his faythful men despyse,
  To slee the trewe, and false to respyte!
  Lo! how he doth the swerd of sorowe byte
  In hertes, suche as most his lust obeye,              405
  To save the false, and do the trewe deye!

  For fayth nor ooth, word, ne assuraunce,
  Trewe mening, awayte, or besinesse,
  Stille port, ne faythful attendaunce,
  Manhood, ne might, in armes worthinesse,              410
  Pursute of worship, nor no hy prowesse,
  In straunge lande ryding, ne travayle,
  Ful lyte or nought in love doth avayle.

  Peril of dethe, nother in see ne lande,
  Hunger ne thurst, sorowe ne sekenesse,                415
  Ne grete empryses for to take on hande,
  Sheding of blode, ne manful hardinesse,
  Ne ofte woundinge at sautes by distresse,
  Nor +juparting of lyf, nor deeth also--
  Al is for nought, Love taketh no hede therto!         420

  But lesings, with hir false flaterye,
  Through hir falshede, and with hir doublenesse,
  With tales newe and many fayned lye,
  By fals semblaunt and counterfet humblesse,
  Under colour depeynt with stedfastnesse,              425
  With fraude covered under a pitous face
  Accepte been now rathest unto grace,

  And can hem-selve now best magnifye
  With fayned port and fals presumpcioun;
  They haunce hir cause with fals surquedrye            430
  Under meninge of double entencioun,
  To thenken oon in hir opinioun
  And saye another; to sette hemselve alofte
  And hinder trouthe, as it is seyn ful ofte.

  The whiche thing I bye now al to dere,                435
  Thanked be Venus and the god Cupyde!
  As it is sene by myn oppressed chere,
  And by his arowes that stiken in my syde,
  That, sauf the deth, I nothing abyde
  Fro day to day; alas, the harde whyle!                440
  Whan ever his dart that him list to fyle,

  My woful herte for to ryve a-two
  For faute of mercy, and lak of pite
  Of her that causeth al my payne and wo
  And list not ones, of grace, for to see               445
  Unto my trouthe through her crueltee;
  And, most of alle, yit I me complayne,
  That she hath joy to laughen at my peyne!

  And wilfully hath [she] my deeth y-sworn
  Al giltelees, and wot no cause why                    450
  Save for the trouthe that I have had aforn
  To her alone to serve faithfully!
  O god of love! unto thee I cry,
  And to thy blinde double deitee
  Of this gret wronge I compleyne me,                   455

  And to thy stormy wilful variaunce
  Y-meynt with chaunge and greet unstablenesse;
  Now up, now doun, so renning is thy chaunce,
  That thee to truste may be no sikernesse.
  I wyte it nothing but thy doublenesse;                460
  And who that is an archer and is +blent
  Marketh nothing, but sheteth as he +went.

  And for that he hath no discrecioun,
  Withoute avys he let his arowe go;
  For lakke of sight, and also of resoun,               465
  In his shetinge, it happeth ofte so,
  To hurte his frend rather than his fo;
  So doth this god, [and] with his sharpe floon
  The trewe sleeth, and let the false goon.

  And of his wounding this is the worst of alle,        470
  Whan he hurteth, he doth so cruel wreche
  And maketh the seke for to crye and calle
  Unto his fo, for to been his leche;
  And hard it is, for a man to seche,
  Upon the point of dethe in jupardye,                  475
  Unto his fo, to finde remedye!

  Thus fareth it now even by me,
  That to my fo, that yaf myn herte a wounde,
  Mote aske grace, mercy, and pite,
  And namely, ther wher non may be founde!              480
  For now my sore my leche wil confounde,
  And god of kinde so hath set myn ure,
  My lyves fo to have my wounde in cure!

  Alas! the whyle now that I was born!
  Or that I ever saw the brighte sonne!                 485
  For now I see, that ful longe aforn,
  Or I was born, my desteny was sponne
  By Parcas sustren, to slee me, if they conne;
  For they my deth shopen or my sherte
  Only for trouthe! I may it not asterte.               490

  The mighty goddesse also of Nature
  That under god hath the governaunce
  Of worldly thinges committed to her cure,
  Disposed hath, through her wys purveyaunce,
  To yeve my lady so moche suffisaunce                  495
  Of al vertues, and therwithal purvyde
  To murdre trouthe, hath take Daunger to gyde.

  For bounte, beaute, shappe, and semeliheed,
  Prudence, wit, passingly fairnesse,
  Benigne port, glad chere with lowliheed,              500
  Of womanheed right plenteous largesse,
  Nature did in her fully empresse,
  Whan she her wroughte; and alther-last Disdayne,
  To hinder trouthe, she made her chamberlayne;

  Whan Mistrust also, and Fals-Suspeccioun,             505
  With Misbeleve, she made for to be
  Cheef of counsayl to this conclusioun,
  For to exyle Routhe, and eek Pite,
  Out of her court to make Mercy flee,
  So that Dispyt now holdeth forth her reyne,           510
  Through hasty bileve of tales that men feyne.

  And thus I am, for my trouthe, alas!
  Murdred and slayn with wordes sharpe and kene,
  Giltlees, god wot, of al maner trespas,
  And lye and blede upon this colde grene.              515
  Now mercy, swete! mercy, my lyves quene!
  And to your grace of mercy yet I preye,
  In your servyse that your man may deye!

  But if so be that I shal deye algate,
  And that I shal non other mercy have,                 520
  Yet of my dethe let this be the date
  That by your wille I was brought to my grave;
  Or hastily, if that you list me save,
  My sharpe woundes, that ake so and blede,
  Of mercy, charme, and also of womanhede.              525

  For other charme, playnly, is ther non
  But only mercy, to helpe in this case;
  For though my woundes blede ever in oon,
  My lyf, my deeth, standeth in youre grace;
  And though my gilt be nothing, alas!                  530
  I aske mercy in al my beste entente,
  Redy to dye, if that ye assente.

  For ther-ayeines shal I never stryve
  In worde ne werke; playnly, I ne may;
  For lever I have than to be alyve                     535
  To dye soothly, and it be her to pay;
  Ye, though it be this eche same day
  Or whan that ever her liste to devyse;
  Suffyceth me to dye in your servyse.

  And god, that knowest the thought of every wight      540
  Right as it is, in +al thing thou mayst see,
  Yet, ere I dye, with all my fulle might
  Lowly I pray, to graunte[n] unto me
  That ye, goodly, fayre, fresshe, and free,
  Which slee me only for defaute of routhe,             545
  Or that I dye, ye may knowe my trouthe.

  For that, in sothe, suffyseth unto me,
  And she it knowe in every circumstaunce;
  And after, I am wel apayd that she
  If that hir list, of dethe to do vengeaunce           550
  Unto me, that am under her legeaunce;
  It sit me not her doom to disobeye,
  But, at her luste, wilfully to deye.

  Withoute grucching or rebellioun
  In wille or worde, hoolly I assent,                   555
  Or any maner contradiccioun,
  Fully to be at her commaundement;
  And, if I dye, in my testament
  My herte I sende, and my spirit also,
  What-so-ever she list, with hem to do.                560

  And alder-last unto her womanhede
  And to her mercy me I recommaunde,
  That lye now here, betwixe hope and drede,
  Abyding playnly what she list commaunde.
  For utterly, (this nis no demaunde),                  565
  Welcome to me, whyl me lasteth breeth,
  Right at her choise, wher it be lyf or deeth!

  In this matere more what mighte I seyn,
  Sith in her hande and in her wille is al,
  Both lyf and deeth, my joy and al my payn?            570
  And fynally, my heste holde I shal,
  Til my spirit, by desteny fatal,
  Whan that her liste, fro my body wende;
  Have here my trouthe, and thus I make an ende!'

  And with that worde he gan syke as sore               575
  Lyk as his herte ryve wolde atwayne,
  And held his pees, and spak a word no more.
  But, for to see his wo and mortal payne,
  The teres gonne fro myn eyen rayne
  Ful pitously, for very inward routhe                  580
  That I him saw so languisshing for trouthe.

  And al this whyle my-self I kepte cloos
  Among the bowes, and my-self gan hyde,
  Til, at the laste, the woful man aroos,
  And to a logge wente ther besyde,                     585
  Where, al the May, his custome was t'abyde,
  Sole, to complaynen of his paynes kene,
  Fro yeer to yere, under the bowes grene.

  And for bicause that it drow to the night
  And that the sonne his ark diurnal                    590
  Y-passed was, so that his persaunt light,
  His brighte bemes and his stremes al
  Were in the wawes of the water fal,
  Under the bordure of our ocean,
  His char of golde his cours so swiftly ran:           595

  And whyl the twylight and the rowes rede
  Of Phebus light were deaurat a lyte,
  A penne I took, and gan me faste spede
  The woful playnte of this man to wryte
  Word by worde, as he did endyte;                      600
  Lyk as I herde, and coude him tho reporte,
  I have here set, your hertes to disporte.

  If ought be mis, layeth the wyte on me,
  For I am worthy for to bere the blame
  If any thing [here] misreported be,                   605
  To make this dyte for to seme lame
  Through myn unconning; but, to sayn the same,
  Lyk as this man his complaynt did expresse,
  I aske mercy and forgivenesse.

  And, as I wroot, me thoughte I saw a-ferre,           610
  Fer in the weste, lustely appere
  Esperus, the goodly brighte sterre,
  So glad, so fair, so persaunt eek of chere,
  I mene Venus, with her bemes clere,
  That, hevy hertes only to releve,                     615
  Is wont, of custom, for to shewe at eve.

  And I, as faste, fel doun on my knee
  And even thus to her gan I to preye:--
  'O lady Venus! so faire upon to see,
  Let not this man for his trouthe deye,                620
  For that joy thou haddest whan thou leye
  With Mars thy knight, whan Vulcanus you fond,
  And with a chayne invisible you bond

  Togider, bothe twayne, in the same whyle
  That al the court above celestial                     625
  At youre shame gan for to laughe and smyle!
  A! faire lady! welwilly founde at al,
  Comfort to careful, O goddesse immortal!
  Be helping now, and do thy diligence
  To let the stremes of thyn influence                  630

  Descende doun, in forthering of the trouthe,
  Namely, of hem that lye in sorowe bounde;
  Shew now thy might, and on hir wo have routhe
  Er fals Daunger slee hem and confounde.
  And specially, let thy might be founde                635
  For to socoure, what-so that thou may,
  The trewe man that in the herber lay,

  And alle trewe forther, for his sake,
  O gladde sterre, O lady Venus myne!
  And cause his lady him to grace take.                 640
  Her herte of stele to mercy so enclyne,
  Er that thy bemes go up, to declyne,
  And er that thou now go fro us adoun,
  For that love thou haddest to Adoun!'

  And whan that she was gon unto her reste,             645
  I roos anon, and hoom to bedde wente,
  For verily, me thoughte it for the beste;
  Prayinge thus, in al my best entente,
  That alle trewe, that be with Daunger shente,
  With mercy may, in reles of hir payn,                 650
  Recured be, er May come eft agayn.

  And for that I ne may no lenger wake,
  Farewel, ye lovers alle, that be trewe!
  Praying to god; and thus my leve I take,
  That, er the sonne to-morowe be risen newe,           655
  And er he have ayein his rosen hewe,
  That eche of you may have suche a grace,
  His owne lady in armes to embrace.

  I mene thus, that, in al honestee,
  Withoute more, ye may togider speke                   660
  What so ye liste, at good libertee,
  That eche may to other hir herte breke,
  On Jelousye only to be wreke,
  That hath so longe, of malice and envye,
  Werreyed Trouthe with his tirannye.                   665

              LENVOY.

  Princesse, plese it your benignitee
  This litel dyte for to have in mynde!
  Of womanhede also for to see
  Your trewe man may youre mercy finde;
  And Pite eek, that long hath be behinde,              670
  Let him ayein be provoked to grace;
  For, by my trouthe, it is ayeines kinde,
  Fals Daunger for to occupye his place!

  Go, litel quayre, unto my lyves queen,
  And my very hertes soverayne;                         675
  And be right glad; for she shal thee seen;
  Suche is thy grace! But I, alas! in payne
  Am left behinde, and not to whom to playne.
  For Mercy, Routhe, Grace, and eek Pite
  Exyled be, that I may not attayne                     680
  Recure to finde of myn adversite.

              _Explicit._

_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532); _collated with_ F. (Fairfax 16); B. (Bodley
638, _imperfect_); T. (Tanner 346); D. (Digby 181); S. (Arch. Selden B.
24); _I have also consulted_ Ad. (Addit. 16165); _and_ P. (Pepys 2006). 2.
Th. reed; F. D. rede. 4. S. his (_for 2nd_ the). 5. Th. away; F. awey. 6.
Th. D. orizont; F. T. S. orisont. 7. Th. bidde al; MSS. _om._ al. F. T.
_om._ lovers. 10. Th. bade. F. T. D. S. _om. 2nd_ hem. 11. D. gladde;
_rest_ glad. _All_ grey (_or_ gray). 13. Th. Bade; MSS. Bad. _All_ dispyte
(dispite). 14. S. go take (_rest om._ go). 15. Th. syghe. 16. F. out stert.
18. Th. sicknesse; MSS. sekenes. F. S. sat; _rest_ sate. Th. aye. Th. nye.

20. F. atte; T. at; _rest_ at the. S. sum; _rest_ some, su_m_me. P. reles;
D. relece; T. relese; F. relesse; Th. release. 21. F. halt; Th. halte. 22.
T. S. roos; _rest_ rose. Th. thought. 23. Th. wodde; S. wod; _rest_ wode.
Th. byrdes. 24. Th. T. D. vapoure; F. S. vapour. F. D. agoon; T. Th. agone.
25. F. morownyng; T. morownynge; Th. moronyng. 26. Th. lyke; F. lykyng (!);
_rest_ like; _read_ lyk. 27. Th. leaues. 32. F. the (_for_ hir). 33. Th. D.
splaye; F. T. S. splay; _read_ splayen. F. S. on; _rest_ in. 34. Th. T.
Agayne; F. Ageyn; D. Ayen. S. gold; _rest_ golde. 35. Th. T. downe; F.
dovn; D. down; S. doun. 36. Th. forthe. 37. F. berel; S. beriall; Th.
byrel; T. byrell; D. birele. 39. D. S. Toward; F. Tovard; Th. T. Towarde.
40. Th. compace; MSS. compas. 41. T. myghte; S. m_ich_ty (!); _rest_ might.
Th. gone; F. goon. 42. S. park; _rest_ parke. 43. T. wente; _rest_ went.
Th. byrdes; _rest_ briddes. S. song; _rest_ songe. 44. Th. branches; F. T.
D. braunches. Th. and (_correctly_); _rest omit_. 45. Th. sange; S. sang;
P. song; F. T. D. songe. Th. woode. S. P. rong; _rest_ ronge. 47. T.
thoughte; Th. F. D. thought.

48. T. myghte; _rest_ might. T. D. wraste; S. brest; Th. F. wrest. 49. T.
breste; D. braste; Th. F. brest; S. to-brest. 51. F. T. P. tapites; Th. D.
tapettes. 52. Th. F. T. -selfe (_better_ selve). F. celured; D. ;
S. silu_er_ed; Th. T. couered. 54. Th. beautie. F. T. may not (_for_ may).
55. S. assaut; _rest_ assaute. 56. Th. sphere; hotte. Th. F. T. D. shone
(_read_ shoon). 57, 59. S. wynd, kynd; _rest_ wynde, kynde. 58. S. P.
among; _rest_ amonge. T. blossomes; D. blossoms; Th. blosomes; F. blosmes.
59. _All_ holsom (holsum). Th. F. T. D. and so; S. _om._ so. 60. F. T.
blomes; S. blomys; Th. blosmes; D. blossoms. 61. _All_ gan, can; _see_ l.
579. 62. S. that; _rest om._ F. their; T. theire; Th. D. there; S. thai;
_read_ hir. 63. F. D. Ayens; Th. Ayenst; T. Agayne. 64. T. S. saw; Th. F.
D. sawe (!). F. ther; _rest_ the; _cf._ l. 71. S. Daphin; _rest_ Daphene;
_read_ Daphne. 65. Th. holsome; _rest_ holsom (-sum). 68. F. phibert; Th.
T. filberte; D. filberde; S. filbard. Th. F. dothe. 69. Th. S. adoun;
_rest_ doun. 70. F. I-called; _rest_ called. 71. Th. T. D. sawe. P.
hawethorn; _rest_ hawthorn, hawthorne, hauthorne. 72. S. motle; F. motele;
_rest_ motley. (_Read_ swoot?). Th. dothe smel. 73. _All_ Asshe; _read_
Ash. _All_ oke; _read_ ook. S. [gh]ong; T. fressh (!); _rest_ yonge. S.
accorne; _rest_ acorne.

74. Th. tel. 75. S. beforn; D. before; _rest_ beforne. Th. sawe; wel. 76.
T. cours; S. courss; _rest_ course. 77. Th. hyl; quicke streames. 78. S. P.
gold; D. colde; _rest_ golde. 78, 80. F. glas, gras; Th. glasse, grasse.
79. wel. 80. Ad. velowet. 81. Th. T. D. lustely (T. lustily) came (cam)
springyng; F. lustely gan syng (!); S. lustily gan spryng. 83. Th. F. wel;
T. D. welle. 85. _From this point I silently correct obvious errors in
spelling of_ Th. _by collation with the_ MSS. Th. holsome. S. and; _rest_
and so. 86. Th. Thorowe. S. there; _rest omit_. 87, 92, 94. _I read_ lyk
_for_ lyke. 87. F. T. D. Narcius (!). 89. T. dyde; _rest_ dyd, did. 90. S.
cruell; _rest omit_. 95. Th. that; _rest_ as. F. T. P. his; _rest_ her.
101. S. perce; D. perce; Th. peerce; F. T. perysh (!) 103. Th. ouermore
(!).

107. Th. F. thrust; T. thurste; P. D. thurst. 110. S. adoun; Th. F. P.
downe; _rest_ down, doun. 113-126. S. _omits_. 122. Th. delectable. 127. D.
ynde; T. Iende; F. cende (?); Th. gende; S. of Inde. 138. S. constreynt;
_rest_ constraynyng.

147. Th. priuely me; _rest_ me priuely. (_Read_ busshes prively me
shroude?). 151. Th. _om. 2nd_ his. 154. _For_ among _perhaps read_ anon.
159. S. the; _rest omit_. 162. Th. therto; _rest_ there. 168. F. P. awaped.
175. D. hem; S. thame; _rest om._

179. Th. _om._ this. 181. _So all._ 184. F. delful; T. delefull; S.
dulefull; D. doilfull. 187. S. quhoso; _rest_ who. S. writen; _rest_ write
(wryte). 191. D. no knowyng haue; _rest_ haue no knowyng. 192. S. writen;
_rest_ write (wryte). 198. F. S. as; _rest om._ 202. Th. disencrease; F.
disencrese; T. disencrece; D. disencrees. 205. S. louyng. 206. F. hindered;
S. hind_er_it; _rest_ hindred.

212. F. T. deleful; S. dulfull; D. wofull. 214. S. grete; _rest om._ 216.
S. with full; _rest omit_ (_I omit_ full). COMPLEYNT; _in_ F. _only_. 225.
D. grownded. 227. F. S. dule; D. dooll. 230. Th. T. chyuer; F. shyuer; D.
chevir; S. chill. 233. T. D. fro; S. from; Th. F. for (_twice_). 234. Th.
T. D. yse; F. Ise; S. Iss. 239. S. distress. 241. _So_ D. P.; S. doth his
besyness; Th. euer doth his besy payne; F. eu_er_e doth besy peyn; T. euur
doth his bysy hate (_sic_). 242. T. Agaynes; F. D. Ayens; Th. Ayenst; S.
A[gh]eynis. S. and to; _rest om._ to. 243. Th. _om._ wolde.

245. T. wolde; S. wold; Th. D. wol; F. will. 247. T. myghte; Th. F. might.
248. S. for; _rest om._ 251, 252. T. D. lette, whette; Th. F. let, whet.
_All_ despite. 253. S. A[gh]eynes; T. Agaynes; F. D. Ayens; Th. Agaynst.
257. P. of wrath. 258. S. a[gh]eynes; T. agaynes; F. D. ayens; Th. agaynst.
260, 262. Th. tel, bel; _rest_ telle, belle. S. rong; F. T. D. ronge; Th.
range. 267, 269. S. lond, fond; _rest_ londe, fonde. 271. Th. D. falshode;
F. S. falshed; T. falsehede. 276. Th. D. be; _rest_ ben.

277. S. sat; _rest_ sate, satte. 281. F. non ne may; _rest_ may non. 283.
D. oth; S. soth; _rest_ othe. 285. Th. F. T. P. clepe; D. speke; S. cleke
(!). 297. T. D. full_e_; Th. F. ful. 298. Th. S. one; _rest_ oon. 299. F.
more (_for_ any). 303. Th. cal. 305. Th. fal. 306. Th. al. 307. _All_ the
name; _I omit_ the. 308. _All_ the blame; _read_ ber'the.

314, 315. D. lowlyheed, speed; _rest_ -hede, spede. 322. _All_ Vn-to;
_read_ To. 323. F. sithe; S. sithen; _rest_ sith. 332. _Perhaps omit_ his.
D. payn; T. peyn; _rest_ payne (peyne). 337. S. bet; F. bette; _rest_
better. 338. Th. F. _om. 2nd_ his. 339. T. lady; F. ladye; _rest_ ladyes.
346. D. perelees; F. T. S. P. pereles; Th. peerles.

347. T. liste of hym; S. can of him. 349. F. Gades; S. Gadis; _rest_
Gaddes. 351. Th. P. _om._ ben. 352. S. Y-sett; D. Sette. 355. _I supply_
he. 357. S. [gh]it; _rest omit_. 360. S. fresch; _rest omit_. 363. T. dide;
_rest_ did. 368. S. eke; _rest omit_. 374. F. Tereus (_for_ Theseus). 378.
F. falshed; S. falshede. 379. _I supply_ knight. 380. _All_ eke; _read_
also. _I supply_ al.

382. S. and thair (_for_ and hir); _rest omit_ thair (= hir). 384. Th.
lieges. 386. _So all._ 391. S. worthi kny_ch_t & hir trew; _rest omit_
worthi _and_ trew. _I follow_ S.; _but omit_ and. 393. F. T. Ipomones; Th.
Ypomedes; S. P. Ypomenes; D. Ipomeus. 394. _I supply_ was. 400. F. lovers;
T. louys; _rest_ loues. 403. S. trewe; _rest_ trewe men. 405. Th. moost.
407. D. S. oth; _rest_ othe. 409. F. P. S. port; _rest_ porte. 411. S. no;
_rest omit_. 413. Th. lytel; P. litill; D. litle; _rest_ lyte.

414. F. nother; _rest_ nor. 415. Th. syknesse; F. sekenesse. 419. D.
Iupardy; _rest_ in partynge (_for_ iupartynge); _read_ juparting; cf. l.
475. 421. F. fals (_error for_ false); _rest omit_. 426. S. double (_for_
pitous). 429. S. falss; _rest om._ 435. Th. F. P. bye; D. bie; T. bey; S.
by. 437. Th. T. S. sene; F. seen; P. D. seyn. 438. Th. sticken; P. D.
stekyn. 439. S. P. the; _rest om._ 447. S. [gh]it; _rest om._

449. _I supply_ she. S. ysuorn; _rest om._ y-. 451. Th. _om._ have. 453. T.
D. S. aboue (_for_ of love); _see_ l. 454. 461. S. blend (_read_ blent);
_rest_ blynde (blinde). 462. S. as he wend (_read_ went); Th. by wende (!);
_rest_ by wenynge (!). 464. F. T. avise; D. avice; S. aviss; Th. aduyse.
467. S. P. frend; _rest_ frende. 468. B. _begins here_. _I supply_ and.
469. T. lette; F. leteth; Th. letteth; B. D. letith; S. lattith. 471. B. F.
S. he doth; Th. T. doth to. 475. Th. ieopardye; S. Iup_ar_tye; F. partie
(!); B. D. T. Iupardye; P. Iupard.

488. Th. systerne. 489. S. haue schapen (_for_ shopen). 494. F. hath; Th.
haue. 501. F. B. plentevous. Th. largnesse. 508. Th. trouthe; S. treuth;
_rest_ routhe; _see_ l. 679. 514. Th. Gyltlesse; F. Giltles; P. Gylteles.

523. F. B. P. ye (_for_ you). 530. F. B. S. gilt; _rest_ gylte (gilte).
533. S. a[gh]eynes; T. agaynes; F. B. D. ayens; Th. agaynst. 536. S. [gh]ow
to pay; _rest_ her to pay. 537. Th. _om._ eche. 538. T. D. liste; _rest_
list. 541. _All_ euery; _read_ al. 543. _All_ graunte (graunt); _read_
graunten. 545. Th. onely sle me; MSS. slee me only. 547. S. vnto; _rest
om._ 548. S. If (_for_ And). 549. S. apaid; _rest_ payd (paid). 550. _For_
to _read_ shal? 551. F. P. legeaunce; Th. D. ligeaunce; T. lygeaunce.

553. T. D. luste; Th. F. B. lust. S. Quherso hir list to do me lyue or
deye. 555. S. hoolly; Th. holy. 560. Th. T. D. lyste; F. S. P. list. 561.
S. vnto; _rest_ to. 566. S. quhill þ_a_t me. 568. Th. mater. 571. F. B. P.
hest. 573. T. liste; _rest_ list (lust). 575. T. sike; S. to sike; Th. D.
sygh; F. B. sile (!). 577. Th. no worde. 581. Th. long wisshing (!). Th. S.
for; F. B. D. P. for his; T. for her. 583. S. P. gan; _rest_ gonne (gunne).

587. S. compleynen; _rest_ complayne. 598. T. faste; _rest_ fast. 605. _I
supply_ here. 606. Th. dytte. 611. T. D. weste; _rest_ west. 617. T. D.
faste; _rest_ fast. S. D. F. doun; Th. adowne; D. T. Adoun. 622. T. you;
_rest om._

626. S. for to; _rest om._ 627. MSS. welwilly; Th. wyl I (!). 636. Th.
socouer (_misprint_). 645. S. vnto; _rest_ to. 647. S. verily; Th. T. D.
wery (!); B. very wery (!); F. werry wery (!); P. very. 650. F. B. reles;
T. D. relese; Th. release; S. relesche. 656. Th. T. S. P. _om._ his.

659. Th. _om._ that. 663. Th. ialousyes; D. Ielosies; _rest_ Ielosye. 664.
T. B. P. of; _rest_ of his. 665. S. Werreyed; D. Werried; _rest_ Werred.
666. MSS. Princes; Th. Pryncesse. Th. pleaseth; F. pleseth; P. plesith
(_read_ plese). Th. it to your; _rest om._ to. 667. S. P. for; _rest om._
669. Th. D. _om._ trewe. 673. S. for; _rest om._

       *       *       *       *       *

IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.

  In Fevrier, whan the frosty mone
  Was horned, ful of Phebus fyry light,
  And that she gan to reyse her stremes sone,
  Saint Valentyne! upon thy blisful night
  Of duetee, whan glad is every wight,                    5
  And foules chese (to voyde hir olde sorowe)
  Everich his make, upon the nexte morowe;

  The same tyme, I herde a larke singe
  Ful lustely, agayn the morowe gray--
  'Awake, ye lovers, out of your slombringe,             10
  This gladde morowe, in al the haste ye may;
  Some observaunce doth unto this day,
  Your choise ayen of herte to renewe
  In confirming, for ever to be trewe!

  And ye that be, of chesing, at your large,             15
  This lusty day, by custome of nature,
  Take upon you the blisful holy charge
  To serve love, whyl your lyf may dure,
  With herte, body, and al your besy cure,
  For evermore, as Venus and Cipryde                     20
  For you disposeth, and the god Cupyde.

  For joye owe we playnly to obeye
  Unto this lordes mighty ordinaunce,
  And, mercilesse, rather for to deye
  Than ever in you be founden variaunce;                 25
  And, though your lyf be medled with grevaunce,
  And, at your herte, closed be your wounde,
  Beth alway one, ther-as ye are bounde!'

  That whan I had herd, and listed longe,
  With devout herte, the lusty melodye                   30
  Of this hevenly comfortable songe
  So agreable, as by harmonye,
  I roos anon, and faste gan me hye
  Toward a grove, and the way [gan] take
  Foules to sene, everich chese his make.                35

  And yet I was ful thursty in languisshing;
  Myn ague was so fervent in his hete,
  Whan Aurora, for drery complayning,
  Can distille her cristal teres wete
  Upon the soile, with silver dewe so swete;             40
  For she [ne] durste, for shame, not apere
  Under the light of Phebus bemes clere.

  And so, for anguisshe of my paynes kene,
  And for constraynte of my sighes sore,
  I sette me doun under a laurer grene                   45
  Ful pitously; and alway more and more,
  As I beheld into the holtes hore,
  I gan complayne myn inward deedly smerte,
  That ay so sore +crampisshed myn herte.

  And whyl that I, in my drery payne,                    50
  Sat, and beheld aboute on every tree
  The foules sitten, alway twayne and twayne,
  Than thoughte I thus: 'alas! what may this be,
  That every foul hath his libertee
  Frely to chesen after his desyre                       55
  Everich his make thus, fro yeer to yere?

  The sely wrenne, the titmose also,
  The litel redbrest, have free eleccioun
  To flyen y-fere and +togider go
  Wher-as hem liste, abouten enviroun,                   60
  As they of kynde have inclinacoun,
  And as Nature, emperesse and gyde,
  Of every thing, liste to provyde;

  But man aloon, alas! the harde stounde!
  Ful cruelly, by kyndes ordinaunce,                     65
  Constrayned is, and by statut bounde,
  And debarred from alle such plesaunce.
  What meneth this? What is this purveyaunce
  Of god above, agayn al right of kynde,
  Withoute cause, so narowe man to bynde?'               70

  Thus may I [soothly] seen, and playne, alas!
  My woful houre and my disaventure,
  That dolefully stonde in the same cas
  So fer behynde, from al helth and cure.
  My wounde abydeth lyk a sursanure;                     75
  For me Fortune so felly list dispose,
  My harm is hid, that I dar not disclose.

  For I my herte have set in suche a place
  Wher I am never lykly for to spede;
  So fer I am hindred from her grace                     80
  That, save daunger, I have non other mede.
  And thus, alas! I not who shal me rede
  Ne for myn helpe shape remedye,
  For Male-bouche, and for false Envye:

  The whiche twayne ay stondeth in my wey                85
  Maliciously; and Fals Suspeccioun
  Is very cause also that I dey,
  Ginning and rote of my distruccioun;
  So that I fele, [as] in conclusioun,
  With hir traynes that they wol me shende,              90
  Of my labour that deth mot make an ende!

  Yet, or I dye, with herte, wil, and thought
  To god of love this avowe I make,
  (As I best can, how dere that it be bought,
  Wher-so it be, that I slepe or wake,                   95
  Whyl Boreas doth the leves shake)
  As I have hight, playnly, til I sterve,
  For wele or wo, that I shal [ay] her serve.

  And, for her sake, now this holy tyme,
  Saint Valentyne! somwhat shal I wryte                 100
  Al-though so be that I can not ryme,
  Nor curiously by no crafte endyte,
  Yet lever I have, that she putte the wyte
  In unconning than in negligence,
  What-ever I saye of her excellence.                   105

  What-ever I saye, it is of duetee,
  In sothfastnesse and no presumpcioun;
  This I ensure to you that shal it see,
  That it is al under correccioun;
  What I reherce in commendacioun                       110
  Of here that I shal to you, as blyve,
  So as I can, her vertues here discryve.--

  ¶ Right by example as the somer-sonne
  Passeth the sterre with his bemes shene,
  And Lucifer among the skyes donne                     115
  A-morowe sheweth to voyde nightes tene,
  So verily, withouten any wene,
  My lady passeth (who-so taketh hede)
  Al tho alyve, to speke of womanhede.

  And as the ruby hath the soverainte                   120
  Of riche stones and the regalye;
  And [as] the rose, of swetnesse and beaute,
  Of fresshe floures, withouten any lye;
  Right so, in sothe, with her goodly ye,
  She passeth al in bountee and fairnesse,              125
  Of maner eke, and of gentilnesse.

  For she is bothe the fairest and the beste,
  To reken al in very sothfastnesse;
  For every vertue is in her at reste;
  And furthermore, to speke of stedfastnesse,           130
  She is the rote; and of seemlinesse
  The very mirrour; and of governaunce
  To al example, withouten variaunce.

  Of port benigne, and wonder glad of chere,
  Having evermore her trewe advertence                  135
  Alway to reson; so that her desyre
  Is brydeled ay by witte and providence;
  Thereto, of witte and of hy prudence
  She is the welle, ay devoide of pryde,
  That unto vertue her-selven is the gyde!              140

  And over this, in her daliaunce
  Lowly she is, discret, wyse, [and secree],
  And goodly gladde by attemperaunce,
  That every wight, of high and low degree,
  Are gladde in herte with her for to be;               145
  So that, shortly, if I shal not lye,
  She named is 'The Flour of Curtesye.'

  And there, to speke of femininitee,
  The leste mannish in comparisoun,
  Goodly abasshed, having ay pitee                      150
  Of hem that been in tribulacioun;
  For she aloon is consolacioun
  To al that arn in mischeef and in nede,
  To comforte hem, of her womanhede.

  And ay in vertue is her besy charge,                  155
  Sadde and demure, and but of wordes fewe;
  Dredful also of tonges that ben large,
  Eschewing ay hem that listen to hewe
  Above hir heed, hir wordes for to shewe,
  Dishonestly to speke of any wight;                    160
  She deedly hateth of hem to have a sight.

  The herte of whom so honest is and clene,
  And her entent so faithful and entere
  That she ne may, for al the world, sustene
  To suffre her eres any word to here,                  165
  Of frend nor fo, neither fer ne nere,
  Amis resowning, that hinder shulde his name;
  And if she do, she wexeth reed for shame.

  So trewely in mening she is set,
  Without chaunging or any doublenesse;                 170
  For bountee and beautee ar togider knet
  In her persone, under faithfulnesse;
  For void she is of newefangelnesse;
  In herte ay oon, for ever to persever
  Ther she is set, and never to dissever.               175

  I am to rude her vertues everichoon
  Cunningly [for] to discryve and wryte;
  For wel ye wot, colour[es] have I noon
  Lyk her discrecioun craftely t'endyte;
  For what I saye, al it is to lyte.                    180
  Wherfor to you thus I me excuse,
  That I aqueynted am not with no muse!

  By rethoryke my style to governe,
  In her preyse and commendacioun,
  I am to blind, so hyly to discerne,                   185
  Of her goodnesse to make discripcioun,
  Save thus I saye, in conclusioun,
  If that I shal shortly [her] commende,
  In her is naught that Nature can amende.

  For good she is, lyk to Policene,                     190
  And, in fairnesse, to the quene Helayne;
  Stedfast of herte, as was Dorigene,
  And wyfly trouthe, if I shal not fayne:
  In constaunce eke and faith, she may attayne
  To Cleopatre; and therto as +secree                   195
  As was of Troye the whyte Antigone;

  As Hester meke; lyk Judith of prudence;
  Kynde as Alceste or Marcia Catoun;
  And to Grisilde lyk in pacience,
  And Ariadne, of discrecioun;                          200
  And to Lucrece, that was of Rome toun,
  She may be lykned, as for honeste;
  And, for her faith, unto Penelope.

  To faire Phyllis and to Hipsiphilee,
  For innocence and for womanhede;                      205
  For seemlinesse, unto Canacee;
  And over this, to speke of goodlihede,
  She passeth alle that I can of rede;
  For worde and dede, that she naught ne falle,
  Acorde in vertue, and her werkes alle.                210

  For though that Dydo, with [her] witte sage,
  Was in her tyme stedfast to Enee,
  Of hastinesse yet she did outrage;
  And so for Jason did also Medee.
  But my lady is so avisee                              215
  That, bountee and beautee bothe in her demeyne,
  She maketh bountee alway soverayne.

  This is to mene, bountee goth afore,
  Lad by prudence, and hath the soveraintee;
  And beautee folweth, ruled by her lore,               220
  That she +n'offende her in no degree;
  So that, in one, this goodly fresshe free
  Surmounting al, withouten any were,
  Is good and fair, in oon persone y-fere.

  And though that I, for very ignoraunce,               225
  Ne may discryve her vertues by and by,
  Yet on this day, for a remembraunce,
  Only supported under her mercy,
  With quaking honde, I shal ful humbly
  To her hynesse, my rudenes for to quyte,              230
  A litel balade here bineth endyte,

  Ever as I can suppryse in my herte,
  Alway with fere, betwixe drede and shame,
  Lest out of lose any word asterte
  In this metre, to make it seme lame;                  235
  Chaucer is deed, that hadde suche a name
  Of fair making, that [was], withoute wene,
  Fairest in our tonge, as the laurer grene.

  We may assaye for to counterfete
  His gaye style, but it wil not be;                    240
  The welle is drye, with the licour swete,
  Bothe of Clio and of Caliope;
  And first of al, I wol excuse me
  To her, that is [the] ground of goodlihede;
  And thus I saye until hir womanhede:--                245

              BALADE SIMPLE.

  ¶ 'With al my mighte, and my beste entente,
  With al the faith that mighty god of kynde
  Me yaf, sith he me soule and knowing sente,
  I chese, and to this bonde ever I me bynde,
  To love you best, whyl I have lyf and mynde':--       250
  Thus herde I foules in the daweninge
  Upon the day of saint Valentyne singe.

  'Yet chese I, at the ginning, in this entente,
  To love you, though I no mercy fynde;
  And if you liste I dyed, I wolde assente,             255
  As ever twinne I quik out of this lynde!
  Suffyseth me to seen your fetheres ynde':--
  Thus herde I foules in the morweninge
  Upon the day of saint Valentyne singe.

  'And over this, myn hertes lust to-bente,             260
  In honour only of the wodebynde,
  Hoolly I yeve, never to repente
  In joye or wo, wher-so that I wynde
  Tofore Cupyde, with his eyen blynde':--
  The foules alle, whan Tytan did springe,              265
  With devout herte, me thoughte I herde singe!

                  LENVOY.

  ¶ Princesse of beautee, to you I represente
  This simple dyte, rude as in makinge,
  Of herte and wil faithful in myn entente,
  Lyk as, this day, [the] foules herde I singe.         270

      HERE ENDETH THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.

_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532). TITLE: Th. The Floure of Curtesy; (ed. 1561
_adds_--made by Ihon Lidgate). _I note here the rejected spellings._ 1.
Feverier. 2. firy. 3. streames. 5. dutie. 6. her. 7. Eueryche; next. 9.
agayne. 11. glad. 12. dothe. 15. chosyng. 18. whyle; lyfe. 20. Cipride. 22.
obey.

26. lyfe. 26. closet. 27. there. 29. herde. 30. deuoute. 32. ermonye. 33.
rose. 34. Towarde; _supply_ gan. 35. eueryche chose. 39. distyl; (_read_
distille); chrystal teeres. 41. _Supply_ ne. 42. beames. 45. set; downe.
47. behelde. 48. inwarde. 49. aye; crampessh at (_read_ crampisshed). 50.
whyle. 51. Sate; behelde; tre. 52. sytte (_read_ sitten). 53. thought. 54.
foule. 55. chose (_read_ chesen). 56. Eueryche; yere to yere.

57. tytemose. 58. election. 59. togyther (_read_ togider). 60. Where as;
lyst aboute envyron. 61. inclynacion. 62. empresse (_read_ emperesse). 63.
lyst. 64. alone. 66. statute. 67. al suche. 69. agayne. 70. Without. 71.
_Supply_ soothly; sene. 73. doulfully; caas. 74. ferre. 75. lyke. 76.
lyste. 77. harme; dare. 79. lykely. 80. ferre. 81. none. 83. myne. 85. aye.
86. false suspection. 88. distruction. 89. _Supply_ as; conclusyon.

91. dethe mote. 94. howe. 95. Where so. 96. Whyle; dothe; leaues. 98. wel;
_supply_ ay. 99. nowe. 103. put. 106. say; dute (_read_ duetee). 107.
presumpcion. 108. se. 109. correction. 110. co_m_mendacion. 111. her
(_read_ here). 114. beames. 115. amonge. 122. _Supply_ as; swetenesse. 123.
without. 124. eye.

125. bountie; fayrenesse. 128. reken (_read_ reknen?). 131. semelynesse.
136. reason. 137. aye. 138. hye. 139. aye. 142. discrete and wyse (_read_
discret wyse; _and supply_ secree _for the rime_). 144. lowe. 145. glad.
147. Floure. 148. femynyte (!). 149. mannyshe; comparison. 150. aye pyte.
151. ben; trybulacion. 152. alone; -cion. 153. arne; mischefe. 155. aye.
157. Dredeful. 158. aye. 159. her (_twice_.)

164. worlde. 165. eeres; worde. 166. frende; foe; ferre. 167. Amysse. 169.
trewly; is in sette (_om._ in). 171. bountie; beautie are togyther knette.
173. voyde; newfanglenesse (_or read_ voide _and_ newfangelnesse). 174. aye
one. 175. There; sette. 176. euerychone. 177. _Supply_ for. 178. colour;
none. 179. Lyke; to endyte. 180. say. 181. Wherfore. 184. co_m_mendacion.
185. blynde; hylye. 186. discrypcion. 187. say; conclusyon. 188. _Supply_
her. 190. lyke. 191. fayrenesse.

193. wyfely. 194. faythe. 195. setrone (!); _read_ secree (_see note_).
197. lyke. 198. Alcest. 199. lyke. 202. lykened. 203. faythe. 206.
semelynesse; Canace. 208. al. 209, 210. fal, al. 211. _Supply_ her. 216.
bountie; beautie. 217. bountie. 218. meane bountie gothe. 220. beautie
foloweth. 221. ne fende (!); degre. 222. fre. 224. fayre; one.

228. Onely. 230. rudenesse. 233. feare; betwyxt. 234. Leste; worde. 236.
had. 237. fayre; _supply_ was; without. 239. assay. 240. gay. 241. lycoure.
242. Clye (!). 244. _Supply_ the; grounde. 245. say. 246. might; best
entent. 247. faythe. 248. yaue; sent. 250. whyle; lyfe. 251. daunynge. 252,
259. saynte Valentyne (? _om._ saynte). 253. begynnyng (_read_ ginning);
entent. 255. assent. 256. quicke; lyne (_misprint_). 257. sene; fethers.

258. mornynge (_for_ morweninge). 260. myne; luste. 261. onely; wodde
bynde. 262. Holy. 263. where so. 265. al. 266. deuoute hert; thought. 267.
Lenvoye. beautie; represent. 269. entent. 270. Lyke; _supply_ the.
COLOPHON: Floure; Curtesy.

       *       *       *       *       *

X. A BALADE; IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY.

(A DEVOUTE BALADE BY LIDEGATE OF BURY, MADE AT THE REVERENCE OF OURE LADY,
QWENE OF MERCY.--A.)

  A thousand stories coude I mo reherce
  Of olde poetes, touching this matere,
  How that Cupyde the hertes gan so perce
  Of his servauntes, setting hem on fere;
  Lo, here the fyn of th'errour and the were!             5
  Lo, here of love the guerdon and grevaunce
  That ever with wo his servaunts doth avaunce!

  Wherfor now playnly I wol my style dresse
  Of one to speke, at nede that wol nat fayle;
  Alas! for dole, I ne can ne may expresse               10
  Her passing pryse, and that is no mervayle.
  O wind of grace, now blow into my sayle!
  O aureat licour of Cleo, for to wryte
  My penne enspyre, of that I wolde endyte!

  Alas! unworthy I am and unable                         15
  To love suche oon, al women surmounting,
  To be benigne to me, and merciable,
  That is of pite the welle and eek the spring!
  Wherfor of her, in laude and in praysing,
  So as I can, supported by her grace,                   20
  Right thus I say, kneling tofore her face:--

  O sterre of sterres, with thy stremes clere,
  Sterre of the see, to shipmen light and gyde,
  O lusty living, most plesaunt to apere,
  Whos brighte bemes the cloudes may not hyde;           25
  O way of lyf to hem that go or ryde,
  Haven from tempest, surest up to ryve,
  On me have mercy, for thy joyes fyve!

  O rightful rule, O rote of holinesse,
  And lightsom lyne of pite for to playne,               30
  Original ginning of grace and al goodnesse,
  Clenest conduit of vertue soverayne,
  Moder of mercy, our trouble to restrayne,
  Chambre and closet clenest of chastite,
  And named herberwe of the deite!                       35

  O hoolsom garden, al voyde of wedes wikke,
  Cristallin welle, of clennesse clere consigned,
  Fructif olyve, of foyles faire and thikke,
  And redolent cedre, most dereworthly digned,
  Remembre on sinners unto thee assigned                 40
  Er wikked fendes hir wrathe upon hem wreche;
  Lanterne of light, thou be hir lyves leche!

  Paradyse of plesaunce, gladsom to al good,
  Benigne braunchelet of the pyne-tree,
  Vyneyerd vermayle, refressher of our food,             45
  Licour ayein languor, palled that may not be,
  Blisful bawme-blossom, byding in bounte,
  Thy mantel of mercy on our mischef sprede,
  And er wo wake, wrappe us under thy wede!

  O rody rosier, flouring withouten spyne,               50
  Fountayne filthles, as beryl currant clere,
  Som drope of graceful dewe to us propyne;
  Light withoute nebule, shyning in thy spere,
  Medecyne to mischeves, pucelle withouten pere,
  Flame doun to doleful light of thyn influence          55
  On thy servauntes, for thy magnificence!

  Of al Christen protectrice and tutele,
  Retour of exyled, put in prescripcioun
  To hem that erre in the pathe of hir sequele;
  To wery wandred tent and pavilioun,                    60
  The feynte to fresshe, and the pausacioun;
  Unto unresty bothe reste and remedye,
  Fruteful to al tho that in her affye.

  To hem that rennen thou art itinerarie,
  O blisful bravie to knightes of thy werre;             65
  To wery werkmen thou art diourn denarie,
  Mede unto mariners that have sayled ferre;
  Laureat crowne, streming as a sterre
  To hem that putte hem in palestre for thy sake,
  Cours of her conquest, thou whyte as any lake!         70

  Thou mirthe of martyrs, sweter than citole,
  Of confessours also richest donatyf,
  Unto virgynes eternal lauriole,
  Afore al women having prerogatyf;
  Moder and mayde, bothe widowe and wyf,                 75
  Of al the worlde is noon but thou alone!
  Now, sith thou may, be socour to my mone!

  O trusty turtle, trewest of al trewe,
  O curteyse columbe, replete of al mekenesse,
  O nightingale with thy notes newe,                     80
  O popinjay, plumed with al clennesse,
  O laverok of love, singing with swetnesse,
  Phebus, awayting til in thy brest he lighte
  Under thy winge at domesday us dighte!

  O ruby, rubifyed in the passioun                       85
  Al of thy sone, among have us in minde,
  O stedfast dyamaunt of duracioun,
  That fewe feres that tyme might thou finde,
  For noon to him was founden half so kinde!
  O hardy herte, O loving creature,                      90
  What was it but love that made thee so endure?

  Semely saphyre, depe loupe, and blewe ewage,
  Stable as the loupe, ewage of pite,
  This is to say, the fresshest of visage,
  Thou lovest hem unchaunged that serven thee.           95
  And if offence or wrything in hem be,
  Thou art ay redy upon hir wo to rewe,
  And hem receyvest with herte ful trewe.

  O goodly gladded, whan that Gabriel
  With joy thee grette that may not be nombred!         100
  Or half the blisse who coude wryte or tel
  Whan the holy goost to thee was obumbred,
  Wherthrough fendes were utterly encombred?
  O wemlees mayde, embelisshed in his birthe,
  That man and aungel therof hadden mirthe!             105

  Lo, here the blossom and the budde of glorie,
  Of which the prophet spak so longe aforn;
  Lo, here the same that was in memorie
  Of Isaie, so longe or she was born;
  Lo, here of David the delicious corn;                 110
  Lo, here the ground that list [him] to onbelde,
  Becoming man, our raunsom for to yelde!

  O glorious vyole, O vytre inviolat!
  O fyry Tytan, persing with thy bemes,
  Whos vertuous brightnes was in thy brest vibrat,      115
  That al the world embelisshed with his lemes!
  Conservatrice of kingdomes and remes;
  Of Isaies sede O swete Sunamyte,
  Mesure my mourning, myn owne Margaryte!

  O sovereignest, sought out of Sion,                   120
  O punical pome ayens al pestilence;
  And aureat urne, in whom was bouk and boon
  The agnelet, that faught for our offence
  Ayens the serpent with so high defence
  That lyk a lyoun in victorie he was founde;           125
  To him commende us, of mercy most habounde!

  O precious perle, withouten any pere,
  Cockle with gold dew from above berayned,
  Thou busshe unbrent, fyrles set a-fere,
  Flambing with fervence, not with hete payned;         130
  Thou during daysye, with no +weder stayned;
  Flees undefouled of gentil Gedeon,
  And fructifying yerd thou of Aaron.

  Thou misty arke, probatik piscyne,
  Laughing Aurora, and of pees olyve;                   135
  Columpne and base, up bering from abyme;
  Why nere I conning, thee for to discryve?
  Chosen of Joseph, whom he took to wyve,
  Unknowing him, childing by greet miracle,
  And of our manhode trewe tabernacle!                  140

_From_ Th.; _collated with_ A. (Ashmole 59); _and_ Sl. (Sloane 1212). 1. A.
I kouþe to you. 2. A. clerkis (_for_ poetes); the (_for_ this). 3. A. cane
mens hertes presse (!). 4. Th. hem; A. þeire hertes. Th. in fere; A. a
fuyre. 5. A. With ful daunger payeþe his subgettes hyre. Sl. weere; Th.
fere. 7. Th. Sl. euer; A. aye. Sl. A. his ... doth; Th. her ... do. 8. Th.
nowe; A. _om._ Sl. redresse. 10. A. Ellas I ne can ne may not ful expresse.
11. Th. Sl. and that; A. the whiche. 12. Th. wynde. Sl. into; Th. unto. A.
þou blowe nowe to my. 13. Th. auryate; A. aureate. A. _om._ of. 14. A.
tenspyre of whiche I thenk to wryte. Sl. wold; Th. wol. 15. A. But sith I
am sonworthy (!). 16. Sl. on; Th. A. one. 17. A. To; Th. Sl. But she.

18. A. Whiche of pytee is welle. 19. Th. Sl. of; A. to. 20. Th. Sl. can; A.
am. 22. A. O souereine sterre. 24. Sl. lemand (_for_ living). Sl. most; Th.
A. moste. 25. Th. Whose bright beames. Th. Sl. may; A. cane. 26. A. lyff;
Th. Sl. lyfe. 27. A. frome; Th. Sl. after. 29. Sl. rote; Th. A. bote. 31.
A. gynnyng of grace and; Th. Sl. begynning of grace and al. 32. A.
Clennest; Th. And clenest. Th. Sl. _ins._ most _bef._ sovereyne. 33. A.
Moder; Th. Mother. 34. A. al cloose closette; Th. Sl. and closet clennest.
35. Th. herbrough; Sl. herberwe. A. The hyest herber (!) of al the. 36. A.
holsome; Th. Sl. closed. A. _om._ al. 37. A. Welle cristallyne. A. Sl.
clennesse; Th. clerenesse. 38. A. Fructyff; Th. Fructyfyed. Th. fayre; A.
so feyre. 39. A. _om._ And. A. _om._ most. 40. A _om._ on. Sl. pecchours
(_for_ sinners). A. unto; Th. Sl. that to the be. 41. Th. Sl. Or wikked; A.
Er foule. A. on hem þeire wrathe. Sl. upon; Th. on. 42. Th. _om._ be. 43.
A. Thou Paradys plesante, gladnesse of goode. 44. A. And benigne braunche.
45. A. Vyneyerde vermayle; Th. Sl. Vynarie enuermayled. Sl. food; Th. A.
bote.

46. Th. ayen al langour; A. geyne langoure. A. palde that; Th. Sl. that
palled. 47. Sl. Blisful bawme; A. Thou blessed; Th. Blysful blomy. 48. Sl.
misericord on our myschef. Th. on our myserie; A. vppon vs spilt thou. 49.
Th. awake. A. wake and wrappe vs ay vnder. 50. A. O rede roos raylling
withouten. Th. without. 51. Th. al fylthlesse; A. _om._ al. A. currant as
beryle. Th. byrel. 52. Th. Sl. of thy; _I omit_ thy. A. Grace of thy dewe
til vs thou do propyne. 53. Th. O light; Sl. Thou lyght. A. Thou louely
light, shynynge in bright spere. 54. A. missers; Th. mischeues; Sl.
myscheuows. A. withouten; Th. without. 55. Th. Flambe; A. Dryve. Sl. to;
Th. A. the. A. _om._ doleful. 56. A. On; Th. Sl. Rem_em_bring. 58. Sl.
Retour; Th. Returne; A. Recure. A. Sl. in; Th. in the. 59. A. To therroures
of the pathe sequele. 60. A. For (_for_ To). Sl. wandrid; Th. forwandred;
A. wandering. 61. _So_ A. Th. To faynte and to fresshe the. 62. A. To wery
wightes ful reste. 63. Th. tho that; A. that hem. A. _omits_ ll. 64-119.
64. Th. arte. 66. Sl. thou art; Th. she is. Th. diourne. 68. Th. Laureate.
69. Th. put; palastre. 71. Sl. Thow; Th. O. Th. myrthe; swetter; sytole.
72. Sl. _om._ also. Th. donatyfe.

74. Th. -tyfe. 75. Th. Mother; wyfe. 76. Sl. In all this. Sl. noon; Th.
none. 78. Sl. trewest; Th. truefastest. 81. Sl. plumed; Th. pured. 82. Sl.
larke. 83. Sl. in; Th. on. 83, 84. lyght, dyght. 85. passyon. 86. Sl.
All_e_; Th. _om._ Th. sonne. Sl. among haue us; Th. vs haue amonge. 87. Sl.
dyamaunt; Th. dyametre. 88. Sl. that; Th. any. 89. halfe. 91. the. 92. Th.
saphre (_sic_); Sl. saffyr. 95. _So_ Sl. Th. unchaunged hem. 96. Sl.
writhyng; Th. varyeng. 97. arte; her. 98. hert; _see note_. 99. gladed.
100. the. 102. goste; the. 103. Sl. vtterly; Th. bytterly. 104. wemlesse.
Th. in; Sl. with.

106. blosme. 107. Th. prophete; Sl. prophetys. Sl. spak so long aforn; Th.
so longe spake beforne. 109, 110. borne, corne. 111. Th. of lyfe in to
bilde; Sl. that list to onbelde. 113. Sl. o vitre; Th. and vyte. Th.
inuyolate. 115. Th. _om._ thy; vibrate. 116. Sl. his; Th. the. 117. Sl.
kyngdamys; Th. kynges dukes. Sl. remys; Th. realmes. 118. Sl. o; Th. _om._
120. A. souereine. Th. A. sought; Sl. sowth. Th. out of; Sl. of out; A. fer
oute. 121-127. _In_ Sl. _only_. 121. Sl. alle. 122. Sl. auryat; book and
born (!); _see note_. 125. Sl. victory. 126. Sl. moost. 127. Sl. ony. 128.
Th. golde dewe; A. glorie. 129. A. Sl. Thou; Th. Dewe (!). Sl. ferlett (!)
set affere; A. fuyrles thou sette vppon; Th. fyrelesse fyre set on. 130.
Sl. peyned; A. empeyred (!). 131. Sl. Th. _om._ Thou. A. with; Th. that.
Th. A. wether. A. disteyned. 132. Th. Fleece. A. gentyle; Th. gentylest.
133. Th. Sl. _insert_ fayrest _after_ fructifyeng (_sic_). A. yerde thowe;
Th. Sl. the yerde.

134. A. Thowe; Sl. Th. The. Sl. mysti; Th. A. mighty. Sl. probatyk; Th.
probatyfe; A. the probatyf. 135. A. Aurora; Th. aurore. A. tholyve; Sl. Th.
olyue. 136. A. Pillor from base beryng from abysme. 137. A. Why nad I
langage. Sl. the for; A. hir for; Th. here. 138. Th. toke. A. Chosen of
god, whome Joseph gaf (!) to wyve. 139. Th. Sl. childyng; A. bare Cryste.
Th. Sl. _om._ greet. 140. Th. And of our manly figure the; Sl. And of oure
mar (!) figure; A. And of Ihesus manhode truwe.

       *       *       *       *       *

XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.

  I have non English convenient and digne
  Myn hertes hele, lady, thee with t'honoure,
  Ivorie clene; therfore I wol resigne
  In-to thyn hand, til thou list socoure
  To help my making bothe florisshe and floure;           5
  Than shulde I shewe, in love how I brende,
  In songes making, thy name to commende.

  For if I coude before thyn excellence
  Singen in love, I wolde, what I fele,
  And ever standen, lady, in thy presence,               10
  To shewe in open how I love you wele;
  And sith, although your herte be mad of stele,
  To you, withoute any disseveraunce,
  _J'ay en vous toute ma fiaunce_.

  Wher might I love ever better besette                  15
  Than in this lilie, lyking to beholde?
  The lace of love, the bond so wel thou knette,
  That I may see thee or myn herte colde,
  And or I passe out of my dayes olde,
  Tofore singing evermore utterly--                      20
  'Your eyen two wol slee me sodainly.'

  For love I langour, blissed be such seknesse,
  Sith it is for you, my hertely suffisaunce;
  I can not elles saye, in my distresse,
  So fair oon hath myn herte in governaunce;             25
  And after that I +ginne on esperaunce
  With feble entune, though it thyn herte perce,
  Yet for thy sake this lettre I do reherce.

  God wot, on musike I can not, but I gesse,
  (Alas! why so?) that I might say or singe,             30
  So love I you, myn own soverain maistresse,
  And ever shal, withouten departinge.
  Mirrour of beaute, for you out shuld I ringe,
  In remembraunce eke of your eyen clere,
  Thus fer from you, my soverain lady dere!              35

  So wolde god your love wold me slo,
  Sith, for your sake, I singe day by day;
  Herte, why nilt thou [never] breke a-two,
  Sith with my lady dwellen I ne may?
  Thus many a roundel and many a virelay                 40
  In fresshe Englisshe, whan I me layser finde,
  I do recorde, on you to have minde!

  Now, lady myn! sith I you love and drede,
  And you unchaunged finde, in o degree,
  Whos grace ne may flye fro your womanhede,             45
  Disdayneth not for to remembre on me!
  Myn herte bledeth, for I may nat you see;
  And sith ye wot my mening desirous,
  _Pleurez pur moi, si vous plaist amorous!_

  What marveyle is, though I in payne be?                50
  I am departed from you, my soveraine;
  Fortune, alas! _dont vient la destenee_,
  That in no wyse I can ne may attayne
  To see the beaute of your eyen twayne.
  Wherfore I say, for tristesse doth me grame,           55
  _Tant me fait mal departir de ma dame!_

  Why nere my wisshing brought to suche esploit
  That I might say, for joye of your presence,
  '_Ore a man cuer ce quil veuilloit,_
  _Ore a man cuer_ the highest excellence                60
  That ever had wight;' and sith myn advertence
  Is in you, reweth on my paynes smerte,
  I am so sore wounded to the herte.

  To live wel mery, two lovers were y-fere,
  So may I say withouten any blame;                      65
  If any man [per cas] to wilde were,
  I coude him [sone] teche to be tame;
  Let him go love, and see wher it be game!
  For I am brydled unto sobernesse
  For her, that is of women cheef princesse.             70

  But ever, whan thought shulde my herte embrace,
  Than unto me is beste remedye,
  Whan I loke on your goodly fresshe face;
  So mery a mirrour coude I never espye;
  And, if I coude, I wolde it magnifye.                  75
  For never non was [here] so faire y-founde,
  To reken hem al, and also Rosamounde.

  And fynally, with mouthe and wil present
  Of double eye, withoute repentaunce,
  Myn herte I yeve you, lady, in this entent,            80
  That ye shal hoolly therof have governaunce;
  Taking my leve with hertes obeysaunce,
  '_Salve, regina!_' singing laste of al,
  To be our helpe, whan we to thee cal!

  Al our love is but ydelnesse                           85
  Save your aloon; who might therto attayne?
  Who-so wol have a name of gentillesse,
  I counsayle him in love that he not fayne.
  Thou swete lady! refut in every payne,
  Whos [pitous] mercy most to me avayleth                90
  To gye by grace, whan that fortune fayleth.

  Nought may be told, withouten any fable,
  Your high renome, your womanly beaute;
  Your governaunce, to al worship able,
  Putteth every herte in ese in his degree.              95
  O violet, _O flour desiree_,
  Sith I am for you so amorous,
  _Estreynez moy_, [lady,] _de cuer joyous_!

  With fervent herte my brest hath broste on fyre;
  _L'ardant espoir que mon cuer poynt, est mort,_       100
  _D'avoir l'amour de celle que je desyre_,
  I mene you, swete, most plesaunt of port,
  _Et je sai bien que ceo n'est pas mon tort_
  That for you singe, so as I may, for mone
  For your departing; alone I live, alone.              105

  Though I mighte, I wolde non other chese;
  In your servyce, I wolde be founden sad;
  Therfore I love no labour that ye lese,
  Whan, in longing, sorest ye be stad;
  Loke up, ye lovers [alle], and be right glad          110
  Ayeines seynt Valentynes day,
  For I have chose that never forsake I may!

              _Explicit._

_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532); _I note rejected spellings_. 1. none
englysshe. 2. heale; the; to honour. 3. cleane. 4. thyne hande; socoure. 5.
helpe; flour. 6. howe. 8. thyne. 11. howe. 12. made. 13. withouten;
disceueraunce. 14. tout. 15. Where; beset. 17. bonde; knyt. 18. se the;
myne. 22. sicknesse. 23. Sythe. 24. els say. 25. fayre one; myne. 26.
begynne; _read_ ginne.

27. thyne. 28. letter. 30. wote. 31. owne; maistres. 32. without. 35.
ferre. 36. wolde (_twice_). 37. Sythe. 38. nylte; _I supply_ never; breake.
39. Sythe; dwel. 43. Nowe; myne sithe. 44. euer fynde (_om._ euer). 45.
Whose. 47. Myne; se. 48. sithe; wotte; meanyng. 49. Plures; moy. 52.
destenie. 53. canne. 54. se. 55. dothe. 56. male. 58. ioye. 61. sithe myne.

66. _Short line; I insert_ per cas. 67. _Short line; I insert_ sone. for
to; _I omit_ for. 68. Lette; se where. 70. chefe. 71. my hert shuld. 72.
best remedy. 74. espy. 76. none; _I insert_ here. 79. without. 81. holy.
82. leaue. 84. the. 86. your loue alone; _om._ loue. 89. refute. 90. Whose;
_I insert_ pitous. 92. tolde. 95. ease. 96. floure.

97. Sythe; amerous. 98. Estreynes; _I insert_ lady _to fill out the line_.
99. brost. 102. meane; porte. 103. say. 106. myght; none. 107. sadde. 109.
stadde. 110. _I supply_ alle; gladde. 111. Ayenst saynt. 112. chese (_read_
chose).

       *       *       *       *       *

XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.

  Consider wel, with every circumstaunce,
  Of what estat so-ever that thou be--
  Riche, strong, or mighty of puissaunce,
  Prudent or wyse, discrete or avisee,
  The doom of folke in soth thou mayst nat flee;          5
  What-ever that thou do, trust right wel this,
  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.

  For in thy port or in thyn apparayle
  If thou be clad or honestly be-seyn,
  Anon the people, of malice, wol nat fayle,             10
  Without advyce or reson, for to sayn
  That thyn array is mad and wrought in vayn;
  What! suffre hem speke!--and trust right wel this,
  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.

  Thou wilt to kinges be equipolent,                     15
  With grete lordes even and peregal;
  And, if thou be to-torn and al to-rent,
  Than wol they say, and jangle over-al,
  Thou art a slogard, that never thryve shal;
  Yet suffre hem speke!--and trust right wel this,       20
  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.

  If thou be fayr, excelling of beautee,
  Than wol they say, that thou art amorous;
  If thou be foul and ugly on to see,
  They wol afferme that thou art vicious,                25
  The peple of langage is so dispitous;
  Suffre hem speke, and trust right wel this,
  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.

  And if it falle that thou take a wyf,
  [Than] they wol falsly say, in hir entent,             30
  That thou art lykly ever to live in stryf,
  Voyd of al rest, without alegement;
  Wyves be maistres, this is hir jugement;
  Yet suffre hem speke--and trust right wel this,
  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.                    35

  And if it so be that, of parfitnesse,
  Thou hast avowed to live in chastitee,
  Than wol folk of thy persone expresse
  Say thou art impotent t'engendre in thy degree;
  And thus, whether thou be chast or deslavee,           40
  Suffre hem speke--and trust right wel this,
  A wikked tonge wel alway deme amis.

  And if that thou be fat or corpulent,
  Than wol they say that thou art a glotoun,
  A devourour, or elles vinolent;                        45
  If thou be lene or megre of fassioun,
  Cal thee a nigard, in hir opinioun;
  Yet suffre hem speke--and trust right wel this,
  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.

  If thou be riche, som wol yeve thee laud,              50
  And say, it cometh of prudent governaunce;
  And som wol sayen, that it cometh of fraud,
  Outher by sleight, or by fals chevisaunce;
  To say the worst, folk have so gret plesaunce;
  Yet suffre hem saye--and trust right wel this,         55
  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.

  If thou be sad or sobre of countenaunce,
  Men wol say--thou thinkest som tresoun;
  And if [that] thou be glad of daliaunce,
  Men wol deme it dissolucioun,                          60
  And calle thy fair speche, adulacioun;
  Yet let hem speke--and trust right wel this,
  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.

  Who that is holy by perfeccioun,
  Men, of malyce, wol calle him ipocryte;                65
  And who is mery, of clene entencioun,
  Men say, in ryot he doth him delyte;
  Som mourne in blak; som laughe in clothes whyte;
  What! suffre them speke--and trust right wel this,
  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.                    70

  Honest array, men deme, +is pompe and pryde,
  And who goth poore, men calle him a wastour;
  And who goth [mene], men marke him on every syde,
  And saye that he is a spye or a gylour;
  Who wasteth, men seyn [that] he hath tresour;          75
  Wherfore conclude, and trust [right] wel this,
  A wikked tonge wil alway deme amis.

  Who speketh moche, men calle him prudent;
  And who debateth, men say, he is hardy;
  And who saith litel with gret sentiment,               80
  Som men yet wol edwyte him of foly;
  Trouth is put down, and up goth flatery;
  And who list plainly know the cause of this,
  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.

  For though a man were al-so pacient                    85
  As was David, through his humilitee,
  Or with Salamon in wysdom as prudent,
  Or in knighthode egal with Josue,
  Or manly proved as Judas Machabee,
  Yet, for al that--trust right wel this,                90
  A wicked tonge wol alway deme amis.

  And though a man hadde the high prowesse
  Of worthy Hector, Troyes champioun,
  The love of Troilus or the kindenesse,
  Or of Cesar the famous high renoun,                    95
  With Alisaundres dominacioun,
  Yet, for al that--trust right wel this,
  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.

  And though a man of high or low degree
  Of Tullius hadde the sugred eloquence,                100
  Or of Senek the greet moralitee,
  Or of Catoun the foresight or prudence,
  Conquest of Charles, Arthurs magnificence,
  Yet, for al that--trust right wel this,
  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.                   105

  Touching of women the parfit innocence,
  Thogh they had of Hestre the mekenes,
  Or of Griseldes [the] humble pacience,
  Or of Judith the proved stablenes,
  Or Policenes virginal clennes,                        110
  Yit dar I say and truste right wel this,
  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.

  The wyfly trouthe of Penelope,
  Though they it hadde in hir possessioun,
  Eleynes beaute, the kindnes of Medee,                 115
  The love unfeyned of Marcia Catoun,
  Or of Alcest the trewe affeccioun,
  Yit dar I say and truste right wel this,
  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.

  Than sith it is, that no man may eschewe              120
  The swerde of tonge, but it wol kerve and byte,
  Ful hard it is, a man for to remewe
  Out of hir daunger, so they hem delyte
  To hindre or slaundre, and also to bakbyte;
  For [this] hir study fynally it is                    125
  And hir plesaunce, alwey to deme amis.

  Most noble princes, cherisshers of vertue,
  Remembreth you of high discrecioun,
  The first vertue, most plesing to Jesu,
  (By the wryting and sentence of Catoun),              130
  Is a good tonge, in his opinioun;
  Chastyse the revers, and of wysdom do this,
  Withdraw your hering from al that deme amis.

_From_ Th. (Thynne's edition, 1532); _collated with_ Ff. (MS. Ff. 1. 6,
Camb. Univ. Library). _Another copy in_ H. (Harl. 2251). 1. H. with; Ff.
wiht; Th. _om._ 2. Ff. H. estat; Th. estate. Th. _om._ that. 3. Th.
stronge. 4. Ff. avisee; H. avice; Th. besy. 5. Th. Ff. dome; H. doome. Th.
sothe. H. mayst; Th. Ff. may. Th. Ff. flye; H. flee. 6. H. that; _rest om._
Ff. H. do; Th. doste. Th. _om._ right. 7. H. Ff. deme; Th. say. 8. Ff.
port; Th. porte. Th. thyne. 9. _All_ cladde. Ff. H. or; Th. and. Ff.
beseyn; Th. be sayne. 10. Ff. Anon; Th. Anone (_and so in other places I
correct the spelling by the_ MSS.). 12. _All_ made. 13. Th. H. _om._ right.
14. Ff. H. deme; Th. say. 15. Ff. H. wylt; Th. wolde. Ff. H. equipolent;
Th. equiuolent. 16. Ff. H. grete; Th. great. 17. Ff. to-torn; Th. H. torn.
19. Ff. H. Thou; Th. That thou. 20. Th. H. _om._ right. 21. Ff. H. deme;
Th. say.

22-35. _So in_ H.; Th. Ff. _transpose_ ll. 21-28 _and_ 29-35. Th. fayre
and; Ff. H. _om._ and. H. excellyng; Ff. Th. excellent. 23. Ff. H. Than;
Th. Yet. _All_ amerous. 24. _All_ foule. 26. Ff. H. peple of; Th. peoples.
27. _So_ Ff.; Th. H. Suffre al their speche and truste (H. deme) wel this.
28. Ff. H. deme; Th. say. 29. Ff. And yif hit falle; Th. If it befal. 30.
_Insert_ Than; _see_ l. 23. 31. Ff. Thou art euer lykkely to lyue in
stryve. 32. Ff. alleggement. 33. Ff. H. be maistres; Th. hem maystren. 34.
_So_ Ff.; Th. suffren their speche; _om._ right. 35. Ff. H. deme; Th. say.
36. H. And if; Ff. And yif; Th. If. H. it; Th. Ff. _om._ Th. that thou; Ff.
H. _om._ thou. 37. Ff. H. Thou hast; Th. Haue. 39. Ff. H. Say; Th. That.
Th. tengendre; Ff. to gendre. 40. Ff. Th. chaste. Ff. dyslave (_better_
deslavee); Th. delauie. 41. Th. H. _om._ right. 42. Ff. H. deme; Th. say.
43. Th. _om._ And. 44. Th. H. _om._ that. 45. Th. H. deuourer; Ff. devowrer
(_better_ devourour). 46. Ff. H. lene or megre; Th. megre or leane. 47. Ff.
H. her; Th. H. their. 48. Th. H. _om._ right. 49. Ff. H. deme; Th. say.

50. _All_ the. Th. laude; Ff. H. lawde. 52. Ff. Th. say; H. sayne. H. that;
Th. Ff. _om._ 53. Ff. Outher; Th. H. Or. 55. Th. What; Ff. H. Yit. Ff. Th.
say. Th. H. _om._ right. 56. Ff. H. deme; Th. say. 57. _All_ sadde. 58. Ff.
tresone; Th. H. treason. 59. _I supply_ that. 60. Ff. it is; Th. H. _om._
is. 61. Th. Callyng; Ff. H. And calle. Th. _om._ thy. 62. Th. H. _om._
right. 63. Ff. H. deme; Th. say. 64. Ff. H. Who; Th. And who. 65. Th. him
an; Ff. H. _om._ an. 66. Th. who that; Ff. H. _om._ that. 69. Ff. speke;
Th. say. Th. H. _om._ right. 70. Ff. H. deme; Th. say. 71-77. _In_ H.
_only_. 71. H. in; _read_ is. 72. H. vastour. 73. _I insert_ mene; _see
note_. 75. H. wastith; _I insert_ that. 76. H. coclude(!); H. _om._ right.

78. Ff. H. men calle him; Th. is holden. 79. Th. And who; Ff. H. Who that.
Th. H. say that; Ff. _om._ that. 80. Th. who that; Ff. H. _om._ that. 81.
Th. men yet; Ff. folke. Ff. H. edwyte; Th. wyte. 82. Ff. H. vp; Th. nowe.
83. H. who; Ff. ho (= who); Th. who that. Ff. H. cause; Th. trouth. 84.
_So_ H. Ff.; Th. It is a wicked tonge th_a_t alway saythe amys. 85. Ff.
also; Th. H. as. 86. Th. _om._ his. 87. H. wisdom; Th. wisedome; Ff.
wysdome. 88. Ff. to; Th. H. with. 91. _So_ Ff. H.; Th. Some wycked tonge of
hym wol say amys. 92. Ff. _om._ a. _All_ had. Ff. H. _om._ high. 94. Ff. H.
kyndenes; Th. kyndnesse. 96. Th. Wyth al; Ff. H. _om._ al. 98. _So_ Ff.;
Th. Some wycked tonge of hym wol say amys. 99. Ff. H. And; Th. Or. 101. H.
Senek; Ff. Senec; Th. Seneca. Th. great; Ff. H. _om._ 102. Ff. or prudence;
Th. H. and prouidence. 103. Th. The conquest; Ff. _om._ The. Ff. Arthurs;
Th. H. Arturs. 105. _See note to_ 96.

106-112. _Not in_ Thynne; _from_ Ff. H. 106. H. of; Ff. to. 108. Ff.
grecildes; H. Gresieldis; _I supply_ the. 110. H. Polycenes; Ff. Penilops.
113. H. wyfly; Th. wyfely; Ff. wylfull_e_ (!). Th. H. trouth; Ff. trowth;
_read_ trouthe. 114. Th. had; Ff. H. hadde. Th. her; Ff. thaire; H. theyr.
115. H. Eleynes; Ff. Eleyons; Th. Holynesse (_for_ Heleynes). Th.
kyndenesse; Ff. kyndnes. 116. Ff. H. loue; Th. lyfe (!). Th. Mertia; Ff. H.
Marcia. Th. Caton; Ff. H. and catou_n_. 117. Ff. H. Alcestys (_om._ the).
119. _So_ Ff.; Th. A wycked tonge wol say of her amys. 120. Ff. suyth; H.
sith; Th. sythen. H. it is; Ff. it; Th. it is so (_om._ that). 121. Ff.
wyll (= wol); H. wil; Th. _om._ 122. Ff. H. _om._ for. 123. H. hir; Ff. ar;
Th. theyr. Ff. so them hem delyte; Th. him for to aquyte. 124. Ff. Tho
(_for_ To) hindre sclau_n_der, and also to bacbyte; Th. Wo to the tonges
that hem so delyte. 125. Ff. For thayre study fynaly it ys; Th. To hynder
or sclaunder, and set theyr study in this (cf. l. 124). 126. Th. And theyr
pleasaunces to do and say amis; H. And theyr plesaunce alwey to deme amys;
Ff. _has (as usual)_ A wicked tonge wol alway deme amis. 127. Ff.
princesse; Th. princes. 129. Th. and most; Ff. H. _om._ and. Ff. plesing;
Th. pleasyng.

132. H. revers; Th. reuerse; Ff. reu_er_ce. H. wisdom; Th. Ff. wysdome.
133. H. Voydeth (_for_ Withdraw). Ff. deme; Th. saine.

       *       *       *       *       *

XIII. BEWARE OF DOUBLENESS.

  (BALADE MADE BY LYDGATE.)

  This world is ful of variaunce
  In every thing, who taketh hede,
  That faith and trust, and al constaunce,
  Exyled ben, this is no drede;
  And, save only in womanhede,                            5
  I can [nat] see no sikernesse;
  But for al that, yet, as I rede,
  Be-war alway of doublenesse.

  Also these fresshe somer-floures
  Whyte and rede, blewe and grene,                       10
  Ben sodainly, with winter-shoures,
  Mad feinte and fade, withoute wene;
  That trust is non, as ye may seen,
  In no-thing, nor no stedfastnesse,
  Except in women, thus I mene;                          15
  Yet ay be-war of doublenesse.

  The croked mone, this is no tale,
  Som whyle is shene and bright of hewe,
  And after that ful derk and pale,
  And every moneth chaungeth newe;                       20
  That, who the verray sothe knewe,
  Al thing is bilt on brotelnesse,
  Save that these women ay be trewe;
  Yet ay be-war of doublenesse.

  The lusty fresshe somers day,                          25
  And Phebus with his bemes clere,
  Towardes night, they drawe away,
  And no lenger liste appere;
  That, in this present lyf now here
  Nothing abit in his fairnesse,                         30
  Save women ay be founde intere
  And devoid of doublenesse.

  The see eke, with his sterne wawes,
  Ech day floweth newe again,
  And, by concours of his lawes,                         35
  The ebbe foloweth, in certain;
  After gret drought ther comth a rain,
  That farewel here al stabelnesse,
  Save that women be hole and plain;
  Yet ay be-war of doublenesse.                          40

  Fortunes wheel goth round aboute
  A thousand tymes, day and night:
  Whos cours standeth ever in doute
  For to transmew; she is so light.
  For which adverteth in your sight                      45
  Th'untrust of worldly fikelnesse,
  Save women, which of kindly right
  Ne have no tache of doublenesse.

  What man may the wind restraine
  Or holde a snake by the tail,                          50
  Or a sliper eel constraine
  That it nil voide, withouten fail;
  Or who can dryve so a nail
  To make sure new-fangelnesse,
  Save women, that can gye hir sail                      55
  To rowe hir boot with doublenesse.

  At every haven they can aryve
  Wher-as they wote is good passage;
  Of innocence, they can not stryve
  With wawes nor no rokkes rage;                         60
  So happy is hir lodemanage,
  With nelde and stoon hir cours to dresse,
  That Salamon was not so sage
  To find in hem no doublenesse.

  Therfor who-so hem accuse                              65
  Of any double entencioun,
  To speke, rowne, other to muse,
  To pinche at hir condicioun;
  Al is but fals collusioun,
  I dar right wel the sothe expresse;                    70
  They have no better proteccioun
  But shroude hem under doublenesse.

  So wel fortuned is hir chaunce
  The dys to turnen up-so-doun,
  With sys and sink they can avaunce,                    75
  And than, by revolucioun,
  They sette a fel conclusioun
  Of ambes as, in sothfastnesse;
  Though clerkes make mencioun
  Hir kind is fret with doublenesse.                     80

  Sampsoun had experience
  That women were ful trewe founde,
  Whan Dalida, of innocence,
  With sheres gan his heer to rounde;
  To speke also of Rosamounde                            85
  And Cleopatras feithfulnesse,
  The stories plainly wil confounde
  Men that apeche hir doublenesse.

  Sengle thing ne is not preised,
  Nor oo-fold is of no renoun;                           90
  In balaunce whan they be peised,
  For lakke of weght they be bore doun;
  And for this cause of just resoun,
  These women alle, of rightwisnesse,
  Of chois and free eleccioun                            95
  Most love eschaunge and doublenesse.

              LENVOY.

  O ye women, which been enclyned,
  By influence of your nature,
  To been as pure as gold y-fyned
  In your trouth for to endure,                         100
  Arm your-self in strong armure
  Lest men assaile your sikernesse:
  Set on your brest, your-self t'assure,
  A mighty sheld of doublenesse.

1. _From_ F. (Fairfax 16); _collated with_ Ed. (ed. 1561). _Also in_ A.
(Ashmole 59), _in which it is much altered; other copies in_ Ha. (Harl.
7578), _and_ Ad. (Addit. 16165). 2. F. whoo. 6. _I supply_ nat. 9. F. A.
these; Ed. that. 12. F. feynt; Ha. Ed. feinte. 13. F. Ed. sene. 18. F. A.
Ad. is shene; Ed. ishene. 21. F. A. who so; Ha. Ad. Ed. who. 23. Ad. these;
_rest om._

28. Ha. Ad. no; F. Ed. non. 29. F. So; _rest_ That. 30. F. abytte; Ed.
abieth; Ad. abydeth. 32. _In the margin of_ F. Ad.--Per Antifrasim. 36. F.
Ad. Ha. foloweth; Ed. _repeats_ floweth _from_ l. 34. A. Soone affter that
comthe thebbe certeyne. 38. F. Ha. farewel al her; Ed. Ad. farewel here al.
48. F. Ad. Ha. haue; Ed. hath. F. tachche; Ed. teche. 51. F. slepur; Ha.
sleper; Ed. Ad. slipper. 52. A. nyl; Ad. nil; Ha. wol; F. wil; Ed. will.
53. A. dryve so depe a. 54. Ed. suere. 55, 56. Ad. hir; Ha. F. her; Ed.
their.

61. F. happe; Ha. Ed. happy. F. her (= hir); Ed. their. 62. F. nelde; Ed.
Ha. nedle. F. Ha. her; Ed. their. 64. F. Ha. hem; Ed. them. 65. F. Wherfor;
Ed. Ha. Ad. Therefore. MSS. hem; Ed. them. 67. Ed. rowme (!). 68. F. hyr;
Ad. hir; Ha. her; Ed. their. 69. A. Ad. nys (_for_ is). 71. Ed. better; F.
bette; Ha. Ad. bet. 72. MSS. hem; Ed. them. 73. Ad. Ed. their. 74. F. Ed.
turne; Ad. Ha. turnen. 78. F. Ambes ase; Ad. Ha. aumbes as; Ed. lombes, as
(!) 82. F. weren; Ed. A. were. MSS. founde; Ed. ifound. 84. A. heres; Ad.
here; Ed. heere; F. hede. 87. F. Ad. Ed. The; A. Hir. 88. MSS. hir, her;
Ed. their. 90. F. oo folde; A. oone folde; Ed. ofolde.

92. F. A. Ad. weght; Ha. wight; Ed. waighte. A. borne. 96. A. Ad. Haue
stuffed hem with doublenesse. 97. A. that (_for_ which). 100. A. In alle
youre touches for. Ad. trouthe for tendure. 101. _For_ Arm _read_ Armeth?
102. Ha. assaye. 103. F. A. Ad. tassure; Ed. Ha. to assure. 104. F. Ed.
shelde; A. sheelde.

       *       *       *       *       *

XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN TO BEWARE OF DECEITFUL WOMEN.

  Loke wel aboute, ye that lovers be;
  Lat nat your lustes lede you to dotage;
  Be nat enamoured on al thing that ye see.
  Sampson the fort, and Salamon the sage
  Deceived were, for al hir gret corage;                  5
  Men deme hit is right as they see at y;
  Bewar therfore; the blinde et many a fly.

  I mene, in women, for al hir cheres queinte,
  Trust nat to moche; hir trouthe is but geson;
  The fairest outward ful wel can they peinte,           10
  Hir stedfastnes endureth but a seson;
  For they feyn frendlines and worchen treson.
  And for they be chaungeable naturally,
  Bewar therfore; the blinde et many a fly.

  Though al the world do his besy cure                   15
  To make women stonde in stablenes,
  Hit may nat be, hit is agayn nature;
  The world is do whan they lak doublenes;
  For they can laughe and love nat; this is expres.
  To trust in hem, hit is but fantasy;                   20
  Bewar therfore; the blind et many a fly.

  What wight on-lyve trusteth in hir cheres
  Shal haue at last his guerdon and his mede;
  They can shave nerer then rasours or sheres;
  Al is nat gold that shyneth! Men, take hede;           25
  Hir galle is hid under a sugred wede.
  Hit is ful hard hir fantasy t'aspy;
  Bewar therfore; the blinde et many a fly.

  Women, of kinde, have condicions three;
  The first is, that they be fulle of deceit;            30
  To spinne also hit is hir propertee;
  And women have a wonderful conceit,
  They wepen ofte, and al is but a sleight,
  And whan they list, the tere is in the y;
  Bewar therfore; the blinde et many a fly.              35

  What thing than eyr is lighter and meveable?
  The light, men say, that passeth in a throw;
  Al if the light be nat so variable
  As is the wind that every wey [can] blow;
  And yet, of reson, som men deme and trow               40
  Women be lightest of hir company;
  Bewar therfore; the blind et many a fly.

  In short to say, though al the erth so wan
  Were parchemyn smothe, whyte and scribable,
  And the gret see, cleped the occian,                   45
  Were torned in inke, blakker then is sable,
  Ech stik a penne, ech man a scriveyn able,
  They coud nat wryte wommannes traitory;
  Bewar therfore; the blinde et many a fly.

_From_ Trin. (Trin. Coll. Cam. R. 3. 19), _printed in_ Ed. (ed. 1561); T.
(Trin. Coll. O. 9. 38); H. (Harl. 2251). 1. Trin. welle. T. abowte; Trin.
about. 2. Trin. leede. 3. Trin. se. 4. T. H. Salamon; Trin. Salomon. 5. T.
her_e_ (_read_ hir); Trin. H. theyr (_and elsewhere_). 6. _So_ T.; Trin. H.
hit right that they se with. T. eye; Trin. ey; H. ye; (_read_ y). 7. T.
ette, _alt. to_ ettyth; Trin. H. eteth (_read_ et, _and so elsewhere_). 8.
H. T. in; Trin. of. Trin. wemen; queynt. 9. Trin. H. hem nat (T. _om._
hem). Trin. trowth; geason (T. geson). 10. T. full_e_; Trin. H. _om._ Trin.
peynt. 12. Trin. feyne. 13. T. be; Trin. ar; H. are. Trin. chaungeabylle.
15-28. _So_ T. H.; Trin. _transposes_ 15-21 _and_ 22-28. 16. Trin. wemen
stond; stabylnes. 17. T. H. may; Trin. wolle. 18. Trin. doubylnes. 19.
Trin. lawgh; expresse. H. _om._ nat. 20. H. T. in; Trin. on. Trin. theym.

22. T. yn; Trin. on. Trin. cherys. 24. T. They; Trin. For wemen. 25. Trin.
shynyth. 26. Trin. sugryd. 27. T. harde; Trin. H. queynt. Trin. to aspy.
29. T. _has the note_: Fallere flere nere tria sunt hec in muliere. Trin.
thre. 30. T. that; Trin. H. _om._ 31. T. hyt; Trin. _om._ T. properte;
Trin. p_ro_purte. 32. H. haue; T. hath; Trin. _om._ Trin. conseyte. 33.
Trin. H. For they; T. _om._ For. T. wepyth (_read_ wepen); Trin. wepe. T.
H. but; Trin. _om._ H. a sleight; T. deceyt; Trin. asteyte; Ed. a sleite.
34. Trin. teere; ey. 36-42. _In_ T. _only_. 37. T. passyth. 38. T. All yff;
waryabylle. 39. T. wynde; ys blow (_alt. to_ blowth; _read_ can blow). 40.
T. yut; summen. 41. T. ther (_for_ hir). 43. T. schorte; Trin. sothe. Trin.
erthe; wanne. 44. Trin. parchemyne; scrybabylle. 45. T. H. that clepyd is;
Trin. that callyd ys (_read_ cleped). H. _om._ the. Trin. occiane. 46. T.
yn; Trin. into; H. to. T. H. is; Trin. _om._ 47. T. H. Eche; Trin. Euery.
Trin. yche; abylle. H. scryven; T. Trin. scriuener. 48. T. They cowde not;
Trin. Nat cowde then (!). T. wymmenys; Trin. womans; H. wommans. T.
treytorye; Trin. H. trechery.

       *       *       *       *       *

XV. THREE SAYINGS.

      (A). A SAYING OF DAN JOHN.

  Ther beth four thinges that maketh a man a fool,
  Honour first putteth him in outrage,
  And alder-next solitarie and sool;
  The second is unweldy croked age;
  Women also bring men in dotage;                         5
  And mighty wyne, in many dyvers wyse,
  Distempreth folk which [that] ben holden wyse.

          (B). YET OF THE SAME.

  Ther beth four thinges causing gret folye,
  Honour first, and [than] unweldy age;
  Women and wyne, I dar eek specifye,
  Make wyse men [to] fallen in dotage;
  Wherfore, by counseil of philosophers sage,             5
  In gret honour, lerne this of me,
  With thyn estat have [eek] humilitee.

      (C). BALADE DE BON CONSAIL.

  If it befalle, that god thee list visyte
  With any tourment or adversitee,
  Thank first the lord; and [than], thyself to quyte,
  Upon suffraunce and humilitee
  Found thou thy quarrel, what-ever that it be;           5
  Mak thy defence (and thou shall have no losse)
  The remembraunce of Crist and of his crosse.

A. _From_ Stowe (ed. 1561). 1. bethe foure; foole. 3. soole. 7. Distempren
(!); folke whiche; _supply_ that; bene.

B. _From the same._ 1. bene (_read_ beth, _as above_) foure. 2. _I supply_
than; vnwildy. 3. dare eke specify. 4. _I supply_ to. 6. learne. 7. thine
estate; _I supply_ eek.

C. _From the same._ 1. befall; the. 2. aduersite. 3. Thanke; lorde; _I
supply_ than; selfe. 4. humilite. 5. Founde; quarel. 6. Make.

       *       *       *       *       *

XVI. LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCY.

TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.

  Half in a dreme, not fully wel awaked,
  The golden sleep me wrapped under his wing;
  Yet nat for-thy I roos, and wel nigh naked,
  Al sodaynly my-selve remembring
  Of a mater, leving al other thing                       5
  Which I shold do, with-outen more delay,
  For hem to whom I durst nat disobey.

  My charge was this, to translate by and by,
  (Al thing forgive), as part of my penaunce,
  A book called Belle Dame sans Mercy                    10
  Which mayster Aleyn made of remembraunce,
  Cheef secretarie with the king of Fraunce.
  And ther-upon a whyle I stood musing,
  And in my-self gretly imagening

  What wyse I shuld performe the sayd processe,          15
  Considering by good avysement
  Myn unconning and my gret simplenesse,
  And ayenward the strait commaundement
  Which that I had; and thus, in myn entent,
  I was vexed and tourned up and doun;                   20
  And yet at last, as in conclusioun,

  I cast my clothes on, and went my way,
  This foresayd charge having in remembraunce,
  Til I cam to a lusty green valey
  Ful of floures, to see, a gret plesaunce;              25
  And so bolded, with their benygn suffraunce
  That rede this book, touching this sayd matere,
  Thus I began, if it plese you to here.

  Nat long ago, ryding an esy paas,
  I fel in thought, of joy ful desperate                 30
  With greet disese and payne, so that I was
  Of al lovers the most unfortunate,
  Sith by his dart most cruel, ful of hate,
  The deeth hath take my lady and maistresse,
  And left me sole, thus discomfit and mate,             35
  Sore languisshing, and in way of distresse.

  Than sayd I thus, 'it falleth me to cesse
  Eyther to ryme or ditees for to make,
  And I, surely, to make a ful promesse
  To laugh no more, but wepe in clothes blake.           40
  My joyful tyme, alas! now is it slake,
  For in my-self I fele no maner ese;
  Let it be written, such fortune I take,
  Which neither me, nor non other doth plese.

  If it were so, my wil or myn entent                    45
  Constrayned were a joyful thing to wryte,
  Myn pen coud never have knowlege what it ment;
  To speke therof my tonge hath no delyte.
  And with my mouth if I laugh moche or lyte,
  Myn eyen shold make a countenaunce untrewe;            50
  My hert also wold have therof despyte,
  The weping teres have so large issewe.

  These seke lovers, I leve that to hem longes,
  Which lede their lyf in hope of alegeaunce,
  That is to say, to make balades and songes,            55
  Every of hem, as they fele their grevaunce.
  For she that was my joy and my plesaunce,
  Whos soule I pray god of his mercy save,
  She hath my wil, myn hertes ordinaunce,
  Which lyeth here, within this tombe y-grave.           60

  Fro this tyme forth, tyme is to hold my pees;
  It werieth me this mater for to trete;
  Let other lovers put hem-self in prees;
  Their seson is, my tyme is now forgete.
  Fortune by strength the forcer hath unshet             65
  Wherin was sperd al my worldly richesse,
  And al the goodes which that I have gete
  In my best tyme of youthe and lustinesse.

  Love hath me kept under his governaunce;
  If I misdid, god graunt me forgifnesse!                70
  If I did wel, yet felte I no plesaunce;
  It caused neither joy nor hevinesse.
  For whan she dyed, that was my good maistresse,
  Al my welfare than made the same purchas;
  The deeth hath set my boundes, of witnes,              75
  Which for no-thing myn hert shal never pas.'

  In this gret thought, sore troubled in my mynde,
  Aloon thus rood I al the morow-tyde,
  Til at the last it happed me to fynde
  The place wherin I cast me to abyde                    80
  Whan that I had no further for to ryde.
  And as I went my logging to purvey,
  Right sone I herde, but litel me besyde,
  In a gardeyn, wher minstrels gan to play.

  With that anon I went me bakker-more;                  85
  My-self and I, me thought, we were y-now;
  But twayn that were my frendes here-before
  Had me espyed, and yet I wot nat how.
  They come for me; awayward I me drow,
  Somwhat by force, somwhat by their request,            90
  That in no wyse I coud my-self rescow,
  But nede I must come in, and see the feest.

  At my coming, the ladies everichoon
  Bad me welcome, god wot, right gentilly,
  And made me chere, everich by oon and oon,             95
  A gret del better than I was worthy;
  And, of their grace, shewed me gret curtesy
  With good disport, bicause I shuld nat mourne.
  That day I bood stille in their company,
  Which was to me a gracious sojourne.                  100

  The bordes were spred in right litel space;
  The ladies sat, ech as hem semed best.
  Were non that did servyce within that place
  But chosen men, right of the goodliest:
  And som ther were, peraventure most fresshest,        105
  That sawe their juges, sitting ful demure,
  Without semblaunt either to most or lest,
  Notwithstanding they had hem under cure.

  Among al other, oon I gan espy
  Which in gret thought ful often com and went          110
  As man that had ben ravished utterly,
  In his langage nat gretly diligent;
  His countenaunce he kept with greet tourment,
  But his desyr fer passed his resoun;
  For ever his eye went after his entent                115
  Ful many a tyme, whan it was no sesoun.

  To make good chere, right sore him-self he payned,
  And outwardly he fayned greet gladnesse;
  To singe also by force he was constrayned
  For no plesaunce, but very shamfastnesse;             120
  For the complaynt of his most hevinesse
  Com to his voice alwey without request,
  Lyk as the sowne of birdes doth expresse
  Whan they sing loude, in frith or in forest.

  Other ther were, that served in the hal,              125
  But non lyk him, as after myn advyse;
  For he was pale, and somwhat lene with-al;
  His speche also trembled in fereful wyse;
  And ever aloon, but when he did servyse.
  Al blak he ware, and no devyce but playn.             130
  Me thought by him, as my wit coud suffyse,
  His hert was no-thing in his own demeyn.

  To feste hem al he did his diligence,
  And wel he couth, right as it semed me.
  But evermore, whan he was in presence,                135
  His chere was don; it wold non other be.
  His scole-maister had suche auctorite
  That, al the whyle he bood stille in the place,
  Speke coude he nat, but upon her beaute
  He loked stil, with right a pitous face.              140

  With that, his heed he tourned at the last
  For to behold the ladies everichon;
  But ever in oon he set his ey stedfast
  On her, the which his thought was most upon.
  And of his eyen the shot I knew anon                  145
  Which federed was with right humble requestes.
  Than to my-self I sayd, 'By god aloon,
  Suche oon was I, or that I saw these gestes.'

  Out of the prees he went ful esely
  To make stable his hevy countenaunce;                 150
  And, wit ye wel, he syghed tenderly
  For his sorowes and woful remembraunce.
  Than in him-self he made his ordinaunce,
  And forth-withal com to bringe in the mes;
  But, for to juge his most ruful semblaunce,           155
  God wot, it was a pitous entremes!

  After diner, anon they hem avaunced
  To daunce about, these folkes everichoon;
  And forth-withal this hevy lover daunced
  Somtyme with twayn, and somtyme but with oon.         160
  Unto hem al his chere was after oon,
  Now here, now there, as fel by aventure;
  But ever among, he drew to her aloon
  Which he most dredde of living creature.

  To myn advyse, good was his purveyaunce               165
  Whan he her chase to his maistresse aloon,
  If that her hert were set to his plesaunce
  As moche as was her beauteous persone.
  For who that ever set his trust upon
  The report of the eyen, withouten more,               170
  He might be deed and graven under stoon
  Or ever he shulde his hertes ese restore.

  In her fayled nothing, as I coud gesse,
  O wyse nor other, prevy nor apert;
  A garnison she was of al goodnesse                    175
  To make a frounter for a lovers hert;
  Right yong and fresshe, a woman ful covert;
  Assured wel her port and eke her chere,
  Wel at her ese, withouten wo or smert,
  Al underneth the standard of Daungere.                180

  To see the feest, it weried me ful sore;
  For hevy joy doth sore the hert travayle.
  Out of the prees I me withdrew therfore,
  And set me down aloon, behynd a trayle
  Ful of leves, to see, a greet mervayle,               185
  With grene withies y-bounden wonderly;
  The leves were so thik, withouten fayle,
  That thorough-out might no man me espy.

  To this lady he com ful curteisly
  Whan he thought tyme to daunce with her a trace;      190
  Sith in an herber made ful pleasauntly
  They rested hem, fro thens but litel space.
  Nigh hem were none, a certayn of compace,
  But only they, as fer as I coud see;
  And save the trayle, ther I had chose my place,       195
  Ther was no more betwix hem tweyne and me.

  I herd the lover syghing wonder sore;
  For ay the neer, the sorer it him sought.
  His inward payne he coud not kepe in store,
  Nor for to speke, so hardy was he nought.             200
  His leche was neer, the gretter was his thought;
  He mused sore, to conquere his desyre;
  For no man may to more penaunce be brought
  Than, in his hete, to bringe him to the fyre.

  The hert began to swel within his chest,              205
  So sore strayned for anguish and for payne
  That al to peces almost it to-brest,
  Whan bothe at ones so sore it did constrayne;
  Desyr was bold, but shame it gan refrayne;
  That oon was large, the other was ful cloos;          210
  No litel charge was layd on him, certayn,
  To kepe suche werre, and have so many foos.

  Ful often-tymes to speke him-self he peyned,
  But shamfastnesse and drede sayd ever 'nay';
  Yet at the last so sore he was constrayned,           215
  Whan he ful long had put it in delay,
  To his lady right thus than gan he say
  With dredful voice, weping, half in a rage:--
  'For me was purveyd an unhappy day
  Whan I first had a sight of your visage!              220

  I suffre payne, god wot, ful hoot brenning,
  To cause my deeth, al for my trew servyse;
  And I see wel, ye rekke therof nothing,
  Nor take no hede of it, in no kins wyse.
  But whan I speke after my best avyse,                 225
  Ye set it nought, but make ther-of a game;
  And though I sewe so greet an entrepryse,
  It peyreth not your worship nor your fame.

  Alas! what shulde be to you prejudyce
  If that a man do love you faithfully                  230
  To your worship, eschewing every vyce?
  So am I yours, and wil be verily;
  I chalenge nought of right, and reson why,
  For I am hool submit to your servyse;
  Right as ye liste it be, right so wil I,              235
  To bynde my-self, where I was in fraunchyse!

  Though it be so, that I can nat deserve
  To have your grace, but alway live in drede,
  Yet suffre me you for to love and serve
  Without maugre of your most goodlihede;               240
  Both faith and trouth I give your womanhede,
  And my servyse, withoute ayein-calling.
  Love hath me bounde, withouten wage or mede,
  To be your man, and leve al other thing.'

  Whan this lady had herd al this langage,              245
  She yaf answere ful softe and demurely,
  Without chaunging of colour or corage,
  No-thing in haste, but mesurabelly:--
  'Me thinketh, sir, your thought is greet foly!
  Purpose ye not your labour for to cese?               250
  For thinketh not, whyl that ye live and I,
  In this matere to set your hert in pees!'

  _Lamant._ 'Ther may non make the pees, but only ye,
  Which ar the ground and cause of al this werre;
  For with your eyen the letters written be,            255
  By which I am defyed and put a-fer.
  Your plesaunt look, my verray lode-sterre,
  Was made heraud of thilk same defyaunce
  Which utterly behight me to forbarre
  My faithful trust and al myn affyaunce.'              260

  _La Dame._ 'To live in wo he hath gret fantasy
  And of his hert also hath slipper holde,
  That, only for beholding of an y,
  Can nat abyde in pees, as reson wolde!
  Other or me if ye list to beholde,                    265
  Our eyen are made to loke; why shuld we spare?
  I take no kepe, neither of yong nor olde;
  Who feleth smert, I counsayle him be ware!'

  _Lam._ 'If it be so, oon hurte another sore,
  In his defaut that feleth the grevaunce,              270
  Of very right a man may do no more;
  Yet reson wolde it were in remembraunce.
  And, sith Fortune not only, by her chaunce,
  Hath caused me to suffre al this payn,
  But your beaute, with al the circumstaunce,           275
  Why list ye have me in so greet disdayn?'

  _La D._ 'To your persone ne have I no disdayn,
  Nor ever had, trewly! ne nought wil have,
  Nor right gret love, nor hatred, in certayn;
  Nor your counsayl to know, so god me save!            280
  If such beleve be in your mynde y-grave
  That litel thing may do you greet plesaunce,
  You to begyle, or make you for to rave,
  I wil nat cause no suche encomberaunce!'

  _Lam._ 'What ever it be that me hath thus purchased,  285
  Wening hath nat disceyved me, certayn,
  But fervent love so sore hath me y-chased
  That I, unware, am casten in your chayne;
  And sith so is, as Fortune list ordayne,
  Al my welfare is in your handes falle,                290
  In eschewing of more mischevous payn;
  Who sonest dyeth, his care is leest of alle.'

  _La D._ 'This sicknesse is right esy to endure,
  But fewe people it causeth for to dy;
  But what they mene, I know it very sure,              295
  Of more comfort to draw the remedy.
  Such be there now, playning ful pitously,
  That fele, god wot, nat alther-grettest payne;
  And if so be, love hurt so grevously,
  Lesse harm it were, oon sorowful, than twayne!'       300

  _Lam._ 'Alas, madame! if that it might you plese,
  Moche better were, by way of gentilnesse,
  Of one sory, to make twayn wel at ese,
  Than him to stroy that liveth in distresse!
  For my desyr is neither more nor lesse                305
  But my servyce to do, for your plesaunce,
  In eschewing al maner doublenesse,
  To make two joyes in stede of oo grevaunce!'

  _La D._ 'Of love I seke neither plesaunce nor ese,
  Nor greet desyr, nor right gret affyaunce;            310
  Though ye be seke, it doth me nothing plese;
  Also, I take no hede to your plesaunce.
  Chese who-so wil, their hertes to avaunce,
  Free am I now, and free wil I endure;
  To be ruled by mannes governaunce                     315
  For erthely good, nay! that I you ensure!'

  _Lam._ 'Love, which that joy and sorowe doth departe,
  Hath set the ladies out of al servage,
  And largely doth graunt hem, for their parte,
  Lordship and rule of every maner age.                 320
  The poor servaunt nought hath of avauntage
  But what he may get only of purchace;
  And he that ones to love doth his homage,
  Ful often tyme dere bought is the rechace.'

  _La D._ 'Ladies be nat so simple, thus I mene,        325
  So dul of wit, so sotted of foly,
  That, for wordes which sayd ben of the splene,
  In fayre langage, paynted ful plesauntly,
  Which ye and mo holde scoles of dayly,
  To make hem of gret wonders to suppose;               330
  But sone they can away their hedes wrye,
  And to fair speche lightly their eres close.'

  _Lam._ 'Ther is no man that jangleth busily,
  And set his hert and al his mynd therfore,
  That by resoun may playne so pitously                 335
  As he that hath moche hevinesse in store.
  Whos heed is hool, and sayth that it is sore,
  His fayned chere is hard to kepe in mewe;
  But thought, which is unfayned evermore,
  The wordes preveth, as the workes sewe.               340

  _La D._ 'Love is subtel, and hath a greet awayt,
  Sharp in worching, in gabbing greet plesaunce,
  And can him venge of suche as by disceyt
  Wold fele and knowe his secret governaunce;
  And maketh hem to obey his ordinaunce                 345
  By chereful wayes, as in hem is supposed;
  But whan they fallen in-to repentaunce,
  Than, in a rage, their counsail is disclosed.'

  _Lam._ 'Sith for-as-moche as god and eke nature
  Hath +love avaunced to so hye degre,                  350
  Moch sharper is the point, this am I sure,
  Yet greveth more the faute, wher-ever it be.
  Who hath no cold, of hete hath no deynte,
  The toon for the tother asked is expresse;
  And of plesaunce knoweth non the certeynte            355
  But it be wonne with thought and hevinesse.'

  _La D._ 'As for plesaunce, it is nat alway oon;
  That you is swete, I thinke it bitter payne.
  Ye may nat me constrayne, nor yet right non,
  After your lust, to love that is but vayne.           360
  To chalenge love by right was never seyn,
  But herte assent, before bond and promyse;
  For strength nor force may not atteyne, certayn,
  A wil that stant enfeffed in fraunchyse!'

  _Lam._ 'Right fayr lady, god mote I never plese,      365
  If I seke other right, as in this case,
  But for to shewe you playnly my disese
  And your mercy to abyde, and eke your grace.
  If I purpose your honour to deface,
  Or ever did, god and fortune me shende!               370
  And that I never rightwysly purchace
  Oon only joy, unto my lyves ende!'

  _La D._ 'Ye and other, that swere suche othes faste,
  And so condempne and cursen to and fro,
  Ful sikerly, ye wene your othes laste                 375
  No lenger than the wordes ben ago!
  And god, and eke his sayntes, laughe also.
  In such swering ther is no stedfastnesse,
  And these wrecches, that have ful trust therto,
  After, they wepe and waylen in distresse.'            380

  _Lam._ 'He hath no corage of a man, trewly,
  That secheth plesaunce, worship to despyse;
  Nor to be called forth is not worthy
  The erthe to touch the ayre in no-kins wyse.
  A trusty hert, a mouth without feyntyse,              385
  These ben the strength of every man of name;
  And who that layth his faith for litel pryse,
  He leseth bothe his worship and his fame.'

  _La D._ 'A currish herte, a mouth that is curteys,
  Ful wel ye wot, they be not according;                390
  Yet feyned chere right sone may hem apeyse
  Where of malyce is set al their worching;
  Ful fals semblant they bere and trew mening;
  Their name, their fame, their tonges be but fayned;
  Worship in hem is put in forgetting,                  395
  Nought repented, nor in no wyse complayned.'

  _Lam._ 'Who thinketh il, no good may him befal;
  God, of his grace, graunt ech man his desert!
  But, for his love, among your thoughtes al,
  As think upon my woful sorowes smert;                 400
  For of my payne, wheder your tender hert
  Of swete pite be not therwith agreved,
  And if your grace to me were discovert,
  Than, by your mene, sone shulde I be releved.'

  _La D._ 'A lightsom herte, a folly of plesaunce       405
  Are moch better, the lesse whyl they abyde;
  They make you thinke, and bring you in a traunce;
  But that seknesse wil sone be remedyed.
  Respite your thought, and put al this asyde;
  Ful good disportes werieth men al-day;                410
  To help nor hurt, my wil is not aplyed;
  Who troweth me not, I lete it passe away.'

  _Lam._ 'Who hath a brid, a faucon, or a hound,
  That foloweth him, for love, in every place,
  He cherissheth him, and kepeth him ful sound;         415
  Out of his sight he wil not him enchace.
  And I, that set my wittes, in this cace,
  On you alone, withouten any chaunge,
  Am put under, moch ferther out of grace,
  And lesse set by, than other that be straunge.'       420

  _La D._ 'Though I make chere to every man aboute
  For my worship, and of myn own fraunchyse,
  To you I nil do so, withouten doute,
  In eschewing al maner prejudyse.
  For wit ye wel, love is so litel wyse,                425
  And in beleve so lightly wil be brought,
  That he taketh al at his own devyse,
  Of thing, god wot, that serveth him of nought.'

  _Lam._ 'If I, by love and by my trew servyse,
  Lese the good chere that straungers have alway,       430
  Wherof shuld serve my trouth in any wise
  Lesse than to hem that come and go al-day,
  Which holde of you nothing, that is no nay?
  Also in you is lost, to my seming,
  Al curtesy, which of resoun wold say                  435
  That love for love were lawful deserving.'

  _La D._ 'Curtesy is alyed wonder nere
  To Worship, which him loveth tenderly;
  And he wil nat be bounde, for no prayere,
  Nor for no gift, I say you verily,                    440
  But his good chere depart ful largely
  Where him lyketh, as his conceit wil fal;
  Guerdon constrayned, a gift don thankfully,
  These twayn may not accord, ne never shal.'

  _Lam._ 'As for guerdon, I seke non in this cace;      445
  For that desert, to me it is to hy;
  Wherfore I ask your pardon and your grace,
  Sith me behoveth deeth, or your mercy.
  To give the good where it wanteth, trewly,
  That were resoun and a curteys maner;                 450
  And to your own moch better were worthy
  Than to straungers, to shewe hem lovely chere.'

  _La D._ 'What cal ye good? Fayn wolde I that I wist!
  That pleseth oon, another smerteth sore;
  But of his own to large is he that list               455
  Give moche, and lese al his good fame therfore.
  Oon shulde nat make a graunt, litel ne more,
  But the request were right wel according;
  If worship be not kept and set before,
  Al that is left is but a litel thing.'                460

  _Lam._ 'In-to this world was never formed non,
  Nor under heven creature y-bore,
  Nor never shal, save only your persone,
  To whom your worship toucheth half so sore,
  But me, which have no seson, lesse ne more,           465
  Of youth ne age, but still in your service;
  I have non eyen, no wit, nor mouth in store,
  But al be given to the same office.'

  _La D._ 'A ful gret charge hath he, withouten fayle,
  That his worship kepeth in sikernesse;                470
  But in daunger he setteth his travayle
  That feffeth it with others businesse.
  To him that longeth honour and noblesse,
  Upon non other shulde nat he awayte;
  For of his own so moche hath he the lesse             475
  That of other moch folweth the conceyt.'

  _Lam._ 'Your eyen hath set the print which that I fele
  Within my hert, that, where-so-ever I go,
  If I do thing that sowneth unto wele,
  Nedes must it come from you, and fro no mo.           480
  Fortune wil thus, that I, for wele or wo,
  My lyf endure, your mercy abyding;
  And very right wil that I thinke also
  Of your worship, above al other thing.'

  _La D._ 'To your worship see wel, for that is nede,   485
  That ye spend nat your seson al in vayne;
  As touching myn, I rede you take no hede,
  By your foly to put your-self in payne.
  To overcome is good, and to restrayne
  An hert which is disceyved folily.                    490
  For worse it is to breke than bowe, certayn,
  And better bowe than fal to sodaynly!'

  _Lam._ 'Now, fair lady, think, sith it first began
  That love hath set myn hert under his cure,
  I never might, ne truly I ne can                      495
  Non other serve, whyle I shal here endure;
  In most free wyse therof I make you sure,
  Which may not be withdrawe; this is no nay.
  I must abyde al maner aventure;
  For I may not put to, nor take away.'                 500

  _La D._ 'I holde it for no gift, in sothfastnesse,
  That oon offreth, where that it is forsake;
  For suche gift is abandoning expresse
  That with worship ayein may not be take.
  He hath an hert ful fel that list to make             505
  A gift lightly, that put is in refuse;
  But he is wyse that such conceyt wil slake,
  So that him nede never to study ne muse.'

  _Lam._ 'He shuld nat muse, that hath his service spent
  On her which is a lady honourable;                    510
  And if I spende my tyme to that entent,
  Yet at the leest I am not reprevable
  Of feyled hert; to thinke I am unable,
  Or me mistook whan I made this request,
  By which love hath, of entreprise notable,            515
  So many hertes gotten by conquest.'

  _La D._ 'If that ye list do after my counsayl,
  Secheth fairer, and of more higher fame,
  Whiche in servyce of love wil you prevayl
  After your thought, according to the same.            520
  He hurteth both his worship and his name
  That folily for twayne him-self wil trouble;
  And he also leseth his after-game
  That surely can not sette his poyntes double.'

  _Lam._ 'This your counsayl, by ought that I can see,  525
  Is better sayd than don, to myn advyse;
  Though I beleve it not, forgive it me,
  Myn herte is suche, so hool without feyntyse,
  That it ne may give credence, in no wyse,
  To thing which is not sowning unto trouthe;           530
  Other counsayl, it ar but fantasyes,
  Save of your grace to shewe pite and routhe.'

  _La D._ 'I holde him wyse that worketh folily
  And, whan him list, can leve and part therfro;
  But in conning he is to lerne, trewly,                535
  That wolde him-self conduite, and can not so.
  And he that wil not after counsayl do,
  His sute he putteth in desesperaunce;
  And al the good, which that shulde falle him to,
  Is left as deed, clene out of remembraunce.'          540

  _Lam._ 'Yet wil I sewe this mater faithfully
  Whyls I may live, what-ever be my chaunce;
  And if it hap that in my trouthe I dy,
  That deeth shal not do me no displesaunce.
  But whan that I, by your ful hard suffraunce,         545
  Shal dy so trew, and with so greet a payne,
  Yet shal it do me moche the lesse grevaunce
  Than for to live a fals lover, certayne.'

  _La D._ 'Of me get ye right nought, this is no fable,
  I nil to you be neither hard nor strayt;              550
  And right wil not, nor maner customable,
  To think ye shulde be sure of my conceyt.
  Who secheth sorowe, his be the receyt!
  Other counsayl can I not fele nor see,
  Nor for to lerne I cast not to awayte;                555
  Who wil therto, let him assay, for me!'

  _Lam._ 'Ones must it be assayd, that is no nay,
  With such as be of reputacioun,
  And of trew love the right devoir to pay
  Of free hertes, geten by due raunsoun;                560
  For free wil holdeth this opinioun,
  That it is greet duresse and discomfort
  To kepe a herte in so strayt a prisoun,
  That hath but oon body for his disport.'

  _La D._ 'I know so many cases mervaylous              565
  That I must nede, of resoun, think certayn,
  That such entree is wonder perilous,
  And yet wel more, the coming bak agayn.
  Good or worship therof is seldom seyn;
  Wherefore I wil not make no suche aray                570
  As for to fynde a plesaunce but barayn,
  Whan it shal cost so dere, the first assay.'

  _Lam._ 'Ye have no cause to doute of this matere,
  Nor you to meve with no such fantasyes
  To put me ferre al-out, as a straungere;              575
  For your goodnesse can think and wel avyse,
  That I have made a prefe in every wyse
  By which my trouth sheweth open evidence;
  My long abyding and my trew servyse
  May wel be knowen by playn experience.'               580

  _La D._ 'Of very right he may be called trew,
  And so must he be take in every place,
  That can deserve, and let as he ne knew,
  And kepe the good, if he it may purchace.
  For who that prayeth or sueth in any case,            585
  Right wel ye wot, in that no trouth is preved;
  Suche hath ther ben, and are, that geten grace,
  And lese it sone, whan they it have acheved.'

  _Lam._ 'If trouth me cause, by vertue soverayne,
  To shew good love, and alway fynd contrary,           590
  And cherish that which sleeth me with the payne,
  This is to me a lovely adversary!
  Whan that pite, which long a-slepe doth tary,
  Hath set the fyne of al myn hevinesse,
  Yet her comfort, to me most necessary,                595
  Shuld set my wil more sure in stablenesse.'

  _La D._ 'The woful wight, what may he thinke or say?
  The contrary of al joy and gladnesse.
  A sick body, his thought is al away
  From hem that fele no sorowe nor siknesse.            600
  Thus hurtes ben of dyvers businesse
  Which love hath put to right gret hinderaunce,
  And trouthe also put in forgetfulnesse
  Whan they so sore begin to sighe askaunce.'

  _Lam._ 'Now god defend but he be havelesse            605
  Of al worship or good that may befal,
  That to the werst tourneth, by his lewdnesse,
  A gift of grace, or any-thing at al
  That his lady vouchsauf upon him cal,
  Or cherish him in honourable wyse!                    610
  In that defaut what-ever he be that fal
  Deserveth more than deth to suffre twyse!'

  _La D._ 'There is no juge y-set of such trespace
  By which of right oon may recovered be;
  Oon curseth fast, another doth manace,                615
  Yet dyeth non, as ferre as I can see,
  But kepe their cours alway, in oon degre,
  And evermore their labour doth encrese
  To bring ladyes, by their gret sotelte,
  For others gilte, in sorowe and disese!'              620

  _Lam._ 'Al-be-it so oon do so greet offence,
  And be not deed, nor put to no juyse,
  Right wel I wot, him gayneth no defence,
  But he must ende in ful mischevous wyse,
  And al that ever is good wil him dispyse.             625
  For falshed is so ful of cursednesse
  That high worship shal never have enterpryse
  Where it reigneth and hath the wilfulnesse.'

  _La D._ 'Of that have they no greet fere now-a-days,
  Suche as wil say, and maynteyne it ther-to,           630
  That stedfast trouthe is nothing for to prays
  In hem that kepe it long for wele or wo.
  Their busy hertes passen to and fro,
  They be so wel reclaymed to the lure,
  So wel lerned hem to withholde also,                  635
  And al to chaunge, whan love shuld best endure.'

  _Lam._ 'Whan oon hath set his herte in stable wyse
  In suche a place as is both good and trewe,
  He shuld not flit, but do forth his servyse
  Alway, withouten chaunge of any newe.                 640
  As sone as love beginneth to remewe,
  Al plesaunce goth anon, in litel space;
  For my party, al that shal I eschewe,
  Whyls that the soule abydeth in his place.'

  _La D._ 'To love trewly ther-as ye ought of right,    645
  Ye may not be mistaken, doutelesse;
  But ye be foul deceyved in your sight
  By lightly understanding, as I gesse.
  Yet may ye wel repele your businesse
  And to resoun somwhat have attendaunce,               650
  Moch better than to byde, by fol simplesse,
  The feble socour of desesperaunce.'

  _Lam._ 'Resoun, counsayl, wisdom, and good avyse
  Ben under love arested everichoon,
  To which I can accorde in every wyse;                 655
  For they be not rebel, but stille as stoon;
  Their wil and myn be medled al in oon,
  And therwith bounden with so strong a cheyne
  That, as in hem, departing shal be noon,
  But pite breke the mighty bond atwayne.'              660

  _La D._ 'Who loveth not himself, what-ever he be
  In love, he stant forgete in every place;
  And of your wo if ye have no pite,
  Others pite bileve not to purchace;
  But beth fully assured in this case,                  665
  I am alway under oon ordinaunce,
  To have better; trusteth not after grace,
  And al that leveth tak to your plesaunce!'

  _Lam._ 'I have my hope so sure and so stedfast
  That suche a lady shulde nat fail pite;               670
  But now, alas! it is shit up so fast,
  That Daunger sheweth on me his cruelte.
  And if she see the vertue fayle in me
  Of trew servyce, then she to fayle also
  No wonder were; but this is the surete,               675
  I must suffre, which way that ever it go.'

  _La D._ 'Leve this purpos, I rede you for the best;
  For lenger that ye kepe it thus in vayn,
  The lesse ye gete, as of your hertes rest,
  And to rejoice it shal ye never attayn.               680
  Whan ye abyde good hope, to make you fayn,
  Ye shal be founde asotted in dotage;
  And in the ende, ye shal know for certayn,
  That hope shal pay the wrecches for their wage!'

  _Lam._ 'Ye say as falleth most for your plesaunce,    685
  And your power is greet; al this I see;
  But hope shal never out of my remembraunce,
  By whiche I felt so greet adversite.
  For whan nature hath set in you plente
  Of al goodnesse, by vertue and by grace,              690
  He never assembled hem, as semeth me,
  To put Pite out of his dwelling-place.'

  _La D._ 'Pite of right ought to be resonable,
  And to no wight of greet disavantage;
  There-as is nede, it shuld be profitable,             695
  And to the pitous shewing no damage.
  If a lady wil do so greet out-rage
  To shewe pite, and cause her own debate,
  Of such pite cometh dispitous rage,
  And of the love also right deedly hate.'              700

  _Lam._ 'To comforte hem that live al comfortlesse,
  That is no harm, but worship to your name;
  But ye, that bere an herte of such duresse,
  And a fair body formed to the same,
  If I durst say, ye winne al this defame               705
  By Cruelte, which sitteth you ful il,
  But-if Pite, which may al this attame,
  In your high herte may rest and tary stil.'

  _La D._ 'What-ever he be that sayth he loveth me,
  And peraventure, I leve that it be so,                710
  Ought he be wroth, or shulde I blamed be,
  Though I did noght as he wolde have me do?
  If I medled with suche or other mo,
  It might be called pite manerlesse;
  And, afterward if I shulde live in wo,                715
  Than to repent it were to late, I gesse.'

  _Lam._ 'O marble herte, and yet more hard, parde,
  Which mercy may nat perce, for no labour,
  More strong to bowe than is a mighty tree,
  What vayleth you to shewe so greet rigour?            720
  Plese it you more to see me dy this hour
  Before your eyen, for your disport and play,
  Than for to shewe som comfort or socour
  To respite deth, that chaseth me alway!'

  _La D._ 'Of your disese ye may have allegeaunce;      725
  And as for myn, I lete it over-shake.
  Also, ye shal not dye for my plesaunce,
  Nor for your hele I can no surety make.
  I nil nat hate myn hert for others sake;
  Wepe they, laugh they, or sing, this I waraunt,       730
  For this mater so wel to undertake
  That non of you shal make therof avaunt!'

  _Lam._ 'I can no skil of song; by god aloon,
  I have more cause to wepe in your presence;
  And wel I wot, avauntour am I noon,                   735
  For certainly, I love better silence.
  Oon shuld nat love by his hertes credence
  But he were sure to kepe it secretly;
  For avauntour is of no reverence
  Whan that his tonge is his most enemy.'               740

  _La D._ 'Male-bouche in courte hath greet commaundement;
  Ech man studieth to say the worst he may.
  These fals lovers, in this tyme now present,
  They serve to boste, to jangle as a jay.
  The most secret wil wel that some men say             745
  How he mistrusted is on some partyes;
  Wherfore to ladies what men speke or pray,
  It shuld not be bileved in no wyse.'

  _Lam._ 'Of good and il shal be, and is alway;
  The world is such; the erth it is not playn.          750
  They that be good, the preve sheweth every day,
  And otherwyse, gret villany, certayn.
  Is it resoun, though oon his tonge distayne
  With cursed speche, to do him-self a shame,
  That such refuse shuld wrongfully remayne             755
  Upon the good, renommed in their fame?'

  _La D._ 'Suche as be nought, whan they here tydings newe,
  That ech trespas shal lightly have pardoun,
  They that purposen to be good and trewe--
  Wel set by noble disposicioun                         760
  To continue in good condicioun--
  They are the first that fallen in damage,
  And ful freely their hertes abandoun
  To litel faith, with softe and fayr langage.'

  _Lam._ 'Now knowe I wel, of very certaynte,           765
  Though oon do trewly, yet shal he be shent,
  Sith al maner of justice and pite
  Is banisshed out of a ladyes entent.
  I can nat see but al is at oo stent,
  The good and il, the vyce and eek vertue!             770
  Suche as be good shal have the punishment
  For the trespas of hem that been untrewe!'

  _La D._ 'I have no power you to do grevaunce,
  Nor to punisshe non other creature;
  But, to eschewe the more encomberaunce,               775
  To kepe us from you al, I holde it sure.
  Fals semblaunce hath a visage ful demure,
  Lightly to cacche the ladies in a-wayt;
  Wherefore we must, if that we wil endure,
  Make right good watch; lo! this is my conceyt.'       780

  _Lam._ 'Sith that of grace oo goodly word aloon
  May not be had, but alway kept in store,
  I pele to god, for he may here my moon,
  Of the duresse, which greveth me so sore.
  And of pite I pleyn me further-more,                  785
  Which he forgat, in al his ordinaunce,
  Or els my lyf to have ended before,
  Which he so sone put out of remembraunce.'

  _La D._ 'My hert, nor I, have don you no forfeyt,
  By which ye shulde complayne in any kynde.            790
  There hurteth you nothing but your conceyt;
  Be juge your-self; for so ye shal it fynde.
  Ones for alway let this sinke in your mynde--
  That ye desire shal never rejoysed be!
  Ye noy me sore, in wasting al this wynde;             795
  For I have sayd y-nough, as semeth me.'

              VERBA AUCTORIS.

  This woful man roos up in al his payne,
  And so parted, with weping countenaunce;
  His woful hert almost to-brast in twayne,
  Ful lyke to dye, forth walking in a traunce,          800
  And sayd, 'Now, deeth, com forth! thy-self avaunce,
  Or that myn hert forgete his properte;
  And make shorter al this woful penaunce
  Of my pore lyfe, ful of adversite!'

  Fro thens he went, but whider wist I nought,          805
  Nor to what part he drow, in sothfastnesse;
  But he no more was in his ladies thought,
  For to the daunce anon she gan her dresse.
  And afterward, oon tolde me thus expresse,
  He rente his heer, for anguissh and for payne,        810
  And in him-self took so gret hevinesse
  That he was deed, within a day or twayne.

                  LENVOY.

  Ye trew lovers, this I beseche you al,
  Such +avantours, flee hem in every wyse,
  And as people defamed ye hem cal;                     815
  For they, trewly, do you gret prejudyse.
  Refus hath mad for al such flateryes
  His castelles strong, stuffed with ordinaunce,
  For they have had long tyme, by their offyce,
  The hool countre of Love in obeysaunce.               820

  And ye, ladyes, or what estat ye be,
  In whom Worship hath chose his dwelling-place,
  For goddes love, do no such cruelte,
  Namely, to hem that have deserved grace.
  Nor in no wyse ne folowe not the trace                825
  Of her, that here is named rightwisly,
  Which by resoun, me semeth, in this case
  May be called LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCY.

              VERBA TRANSLATORIS.

  Go, litel book! god sende thee good passage!
  Chese wel thy way; be simple of manere;               830
  Loke thy clothing be lyke thy pilgrimage,
  And specially, let this be thy prayere
  Un-to hem al that thee wil rede or here,
  Wher thou art wrong, after their help to cal
  Thee to correcte in any part or al.                   835

  Pray hem also, with thyn humble servyce,
  Thy boldenesse to pardon in this case;
  For els thou art not able, in no wyse,
  To make thy-self appere in any place.
  And furthermore, beseche hem, of their grace,         840
  By their favour and supportacioun,
  To take in gree this rude translacioun,

  The which, god wot, standeth ful destitute
  Of eloquence, of metre, and of coloures,
  Wild as a beest, naked, without refute,               845
  Upon a playne to byde al maner shoures.
  I can no more, but aske of hem socoures
  At whos request thou mad were in this wyse,
  Commaunding me with body and servyse.

  Right thus I make an ende of this processe,           850
  Beseching him that al hath in balaunce
  That no trew man be vexed, causelesse,
  As this man was, which is of remembraunce;
  And al that doon their faythful observaunce,
  And in their trouth purpose hem to endure,            855
  I pray god sende hem better aventure.

             _Explicit._

_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532); _collated with_ F. (Fairfax 16); and H.
(Harl. 372). _Also in_ Ff. (Camb. Univ. Lib. Ff. 1. 6). _Bad spellings of_
Th. _are corrected by the_ MSS. TITLE. Th. H. La ... mercy; F. Balade de la
Bele Dame sanz mercy. H. _adds_--Translatid ... Ros. 1. Th. F. Halfe; H.
Half. 2. F. H. Ff. wrapt. 3. _All_ rose. 4. Th. Ff. -selfe; H. F. self. 5.
F. matere; H. matier. Th. leuynge. 6. Th. must; F. sholde; H. shold. 7. H.
to whom; F. the which; Th. whiche. Th. F. dysobey; H. sey nay. 9. Th.
thynge. Ff. part; _rest_ parte. 10. Th. F. boke; H. book. Th. La bel; F. la
bele; H. _om._ La. H. F. sanz; Th. sauns. 11. Th. Whiche. 12. Th.
secratairie; F. secretare; H. secretarie. 13. H. ther-; Th. F. her-. Th. F.
stode; H. stood. 14. Th. greatly ymagenynge. 15. Th. shulde; F. H. sholde;
Ff. shuld. Th. the; F. H. this. 16. Ff. avysement; _rest_ adv. 17. F. H.
Ff. Myn; Th. My. F. H. Ff. symplesse.

18. Th. -warde; strayte. 19. Th. myne. 20. Th. downe. 21. Th. conclusyon.
24. H. in-to. H. green; Th. F. grene. 25. Th. se; great. 26. F. H. Ff.
bolded; Th. boldly. F. benyng; Th. benygne; H. benyngne. 27. F. H. Ff.
That; Th. Whiche. Th. F. boke; H. booke. H. F. the; Th. Ff. this. Th. _om._
seid. 28. F. H. begynne. Th. please. (_From this point I silently correct
the spelling of_ Th.) 33. Th. Ff. by; F. H. with. 35. Ff. soleyne (_for_
sole thus); _perhaps better_. 41. F. H. Ff. is; Th. doth. 42. F. felde. Th.
maner of ease. 43. F. H. I; Th. as I. 44. F. H. Ff. nor doth noon other.
46. F. H. Ff. Were constreyned. 47. H. Myn eyen; F. Myn eyn; Th. My penne;
Ff. My pen. Ff. neu_er_ haue knolege; H. haue knowlege (!); Th. neuer
knowe; F. haue no knowlych.

49. F. H. Ff. And; Th. Tho. Th. _om._ if. 53. F. H. Ff. seke; Th. sicke.
54. Th. Ff. theyr; H. F. her (_often_). 55. F. H. balade or. 60. F. H. Ff.
lyth with hir vndir hir tumbe in graue (Ff. I-graue). 65. Th. Ff. by; F. H.
with. F. hath the forser vnschete. 66. Th. sperde; Ff. spred; F. sprad; H.
spradde (!). 73. Th. H. _om._ good. 74. Th. _om._ Al. H. made than. 75. F.
Ff. set; H. sette; Th. shette. F. H. Ff. boundes; Th. bondes. 77. F. H.
thoughtes. Th. _om._ my. 79. F. I (_for_ it). 80. H. I purposid me to bide.

81. H. forth to. 83. F. H. Ff. but; Th. a. 84. F. H. gardeyn; Th. garden.
88. F. _om._ yet I; H. _om._ yet. 89. F. H. come; Th. came. 90. Th. her; F.
H. Ff. their. 92. F. H. nede; Th. nedes. 95. H. F. Ff. eueryche by one and
one; Th. euery one by one. 103. _So_ Ff.; H. F. Were none that serued in
that place (!); Th. Ther were no deedly seruaunts in the place. 105. Ff.
_per_aunt_er_. H. _om._ most. 106. Th. _om._ sitting. 110. F. com; H. come;
Th. came. 111. H. F. man; Th. one; Ff. on.

115. Th. F. Ff. went; H. yode. 116. Th. F. Ff. Ful; H. At. 117. Th. _om._
good _and_ right. 122. F. H. Come; Th. Came. 124. F. H. _om. 2nd_ in. 133.
F. H. feste; Th. feest. 134. Th. coude; _rest_ couth. F. H. _om._ it. 138.
Th. H. bode. 143. F. eey; H. yee; Th. eye. Th. F. Ff. stedfast; H. faste.
144. Th. _om._ the.

145. F. H. And; Th. For. Th. Ff. shot; H. sight; F. seght. 146. H. fedired;
F. fedred; Ff. federid; Th. fereful. 148. Th. I, or that; F. ther that; H.
I that there. Th. iestes. 151. F. H. tendirly; Th. wonderly. 154. F. H.
come; Th. came. 155. F. H. _om._ most. F. H. ruful; Ff. rewfull; Th. woful.
F. H. Ff. semblaunce; Th. penaunce. 158. F. H. these; Th. the. 159. F. H.
louer; Th. man he. 160. Th. _om._ but. 166. _All_ chase. 168. F. H.
beautevous. 169. F. H. that; Th. so. F. H. set; Th. setteth. H. trist. 170.
Th. the (_rightly_); H. there; F. Ff. their. 171. F. vndir a. 173. F. H.
as; Th. that. 174. F. Ff. O; H. On; Th. One. F. H. vice. (!). H. ner (_for
1st_ nor). Th. Ff. nor; H. or; F. ne. Ff. apert; Th. H. perte;F. pert. 175.
Th. garyson. Th. goodlynesse. 176. _All_ frounter.

178. F. H. Ff. her; Th. of (_twice_). 180. Th. standerde; F. standarte; H.
standart. 183. Th. -drawe; H. -drewh. 184. Th. Ff. alone; F. H. _om._ 186.
F. withes; H. Ff. wythyes; Th. wrethes. 188. H. Ff. thorughe; Th. through;
F. thorgh. Th. no man might. 189. Th. this; H. his. F. H. come; Th. came.
191. Th. Set (_for_ Sith). H. herbier. 192. H. them. Th. but a. 193. Th. of
a certayne. 195. Th. _om._ And. 196. _So_ F. H.; Th. bytwene hem two. 201.
Th. more; H. Ff. neer. 204. Ff. hete; Th. heate; F. H. hert.

209. Th. Ff. gan; F. H. can. 210. F. H. The toon. 213-220. F. _omits_. 224.
F. H. Ff. kyns; Th. kynde. 225. H. Ff. avise; Th. aduyse. 226. Th. it at;
F. H. _om._ at. 227. H. enterprise. 228. F. H. It; Th. Yet. 229. Th. it be;
F. H. _om._ it. 231. Th. Ff. eschewynge; F. H. escusyng. 234. F. H. to; Th.
vnto. 235. _All_ ye. Th. Ff. right; F. even; H. euyn. 237. H. _om._ that.
238. Th. alway; F. H. ay to. 239. F. H. _om._ for. 240. Th. Withouten; F.
Without.

241. H. gif; F. geve. 242. F. H. ayein; Th. any (!). 243. F. withouten; H.
withoughtyn; Th. withoute. 248. F. Ff. mesurabely; Th. H. mesurably. 249.
Th. Ff. your thought is; F. H. ye do ful. 251. Th. thynketh; F. H. think
ye. Th. whyles; H. whil that; Ff. whils that. 252. F. matere; H. matier;
Th. mater. 258. F. Ff. dyffiaunce. 259. F. H. Ff. to forbarre; Th. for to
barre. 262. Th. _om._ hath. 263 Th. eye; F. eeye; H. yee; (_read_ y). 265.
F. if that ye lyst to beholde; H. Ff. if ye liste to biholde; Th. if ye
list ye may beholde. 267. H. nor; Th. F. Ff. ne.

273. Th. _om._ not. Th. her; F. H. Ff. his. 275. F. H. Ff. But; Th. By (!).
278. H. _om._ trewly. Th. Ff. nought; F. H. neuer. 281. F. beleue; H.
bileue; Th. loue (!). 282. _So_ Ff.; H. F. _om._ greet (Th. you
dyspleasaunce!). 284. _So_ F. Th.; H. encombrance. 290. F. I-falle; H.
y-falle; Ff. falle; Th. fal. 297. Th. F. Ff. now; H. nought. 302. Th. it
were; F. H. _om._ it. 303. F. sorow; H. sorwe; Th. Ff. sory. 304. F. H.
stroye; Th. destroye. 308. F. H. oo; Th. one.

309. Th. Ff. nor; F. H. ne. 310. F. H. grete desire nor; Th. haue therin
no. Th. _om._ right. 311. F. H. seke; Th. sicke. 312. Th. of; F. H. Ff. to.
313. F. H. their; Th. her. 317. Th. that ioy; F. H. _om._ that. 318. F. H.
_om._ al. 319. F. H. their; Th. her. 320. Th. maner of age. 322. Th. by; F.
H. Ff. of. Th. purchesse; F. H. purchace. 324. Th. tymes. F. _om._ the. H.
dere his richesse bought has. Ff. rechace; _rest_ richesse. 326. Th. in
(_for 2nd_ of). 327. F. ben; Th. be; H. are. 329. H. scoolys holden dieuly.
330. F. H. of; Th. al. 331. F. H. their hedes away. 334. F. set; Ff. sette;
Th. H. setteth. 337. F. H. _om._ that. 340. Th. shewe; F. sue; H. Ff. sewe.

341. Th. Ff. awayte; F. H. abayte. 342. F. worching; H. worsching; Th.
workyng. 344. F. H. know and fele. 346. F. H. him; Th. Ff. hem. 347. F. H.
when that; Th. _om._ that. 348. F. H. their; Th. her. 350. _All_ avaunced
loue. 351. Th. sharpe. F. H. this; Th. thus. 352. F. H. It; Th. Ff. Yet.
354. F. ton; H. toon; Th. one. F. H. the tother; Th. that other. 355. Th.
_om._ the. Th. certeyne (!). 356. F. wonne; H. wonnen; Th. one (!). F. H.
with; Th. in. 358. F. H. is; Th. thi_n_ke. 363. F. nor; H. ner; Th. and.
Th. _om._ certayn. 364. F. H. stant; Th. standeth. F. enfeoffed. 366. Th.
_om._ as. 371. F. H. rightwysly; Th. vnryghtfully (!).

384. Th. Ff. ayre; F. eir; H. heire. 386. Th. Thus be. F. H. Ff. man of;
Th. maner. 387. F. layth; Th. layeth; H. latith. 388. H. losith. 389. F.
Ff. currisch; H. kurressh; Th. cursed. 391. Th. F. right; H. ful. 392. F.
H. their; Th. her. F. worchyng; H. werchyng; Th. workynge. 393. Th. and; F.
H. a. F. Th. Ff. semyng; H. menyng. 394. F. H. Their; Th. Her (_thrice_).
Th. _om._ be. Th. but; F. H. not. 400. H. sorowe. 401. Th. wheder; Ff.
whedre; F. H. wher. 403. F. H. Ff. if; Th. of. 404. F. Ff. Then; H. Thanne;
Th. That.

408. Th. sicknesse. 410. Th. disporte. Th. me. 411. Th. Ff. nor; F. H. ne.
412. F. H. Ff. it; Th. hem. 413. Th. Ff. byrde; F. bride; H. bridde. 415.
H. _om. 2nd_ him. 416. F. H. _om. 2nd_ him. 419. Th. farther. 420. F. H.
sett lesse. 422. F. H. Ff. of; Th. for. 424. F. H. of all; Th. Ff. _om._
of. 425. Th. wote; F. H. wytt. 429-716. _Misarranged in_ F. H.; Th. Ff.
_follow the right order_. 429. (Th.) = 669 (F. H.). F. _om. 2nd_ by. 431.
F. There-of. F. H. shulde; Th. shal. 432. Th. him that cometh and goth.
433. Th. holdeth. 434. Th. as to; F. H. Ff. _om._ as. 435. F. H. wolde; Th.
Ff. wyl. 436. Th. desyringe (!).

438. Th. To; F. H. With. F. H. best and tendyrly; Th. Ff. _om._ best and.
440. F. H. _om._ no. F. H. Ff. yift; Th. gyftes. 442. F. Wheryn hym. 443.
F. H. Ff. constreynte. 444. F. H. Ff. may not; Th. ca_n_ neuer. F. H. ne;
Th. Ff. nor. 445. H. seche; F. beseche. 446. F. H. _om._ it. 450. Th. a
curtyse; Ff. a corteys; F. H. curteysy. 456. Th. _om._ al. 460. H. loste
(_for_ left). 461. F. H. Ff. neuer formed (fourmed); Th. founded neuer.
467. Th. no (_for_ non). F. eeyn; H. yeen. 468. H. That ne alle ar.

472. F. feoffeth. 474. Th. be (_for_ he). 475. F. H. _om._ his. 477-524.
_Follows_ 572 _in_ F. H. 477 (Th.) = 525 (F. H.). 478. Th. Ff. so; H. sum;
F. some. 479. H. sowndith. 481. H. Ff. thus; Th. this. 486. F. _om._ ye. H.
F. your sesoun spende not. 488. H. Ff. foly; Th. folly. 489. Th. H. herte.
H. F. folyly; Th. follyly. 492. H. F. And; Th. _om._ Th. to fal. 493. H.
Th. faire. 494. H. Ff. had (_for_ hath). H. F. your; Th. Ff. his. 495. F.
H. I neuer; Th. Ff. It neuer. 496. F. H. whiles. 500. H. F. not; Ff.
nought; Th. neyther.

501. Th. gyfte; H. yifte. 502. Th. _om._ that. 503. Th. a gifte; H. F. Ff.
_om._ a. 505. H. F. _om._ an. H. hurte ful fele (!). 506. H. F. Ff. in; Th.
to. 508. H. F. neuer; Th. neyther. 509. H. F. Who; Th. Ff. He. 512. F.
_om._ the. Th. reproveable. 513. F. H. feyled; Th. fayned. 514. Th. I
mystoke; H. F. Ff. me mystoke. 515. F. entrepris. 516. H. F. goten. 517. H.
Th. liste. 518. F. H. Secheth; Th. Seche a. 519. Th. preuayle. 523. H.
hosithe (_for_ leseth). 525-572. _Follows_ 716 _in_ F. H. 528. H. hoole;
Th. hole. 529. H. F. it; Th. I. H. F. _om._ ne. 530. H. soundyng. 531. H.
F. it ar; Th. I se be. Th. Ff. fantasise; F. fantasyse; H. fantaisise.

533. H. F. Ff. folily; Th. no foly (!). 534. H. Th. parte. 536. F. condyte.
538. Th. Ff. sute; H. F. suerte. H. F. in; Th. in to. 539. Th. _om._ which.
H. F. _om._ that. 540. H. F. Ff. left as; Th. lost and. F. dethe (!). 542.
H. Ff. Whils; Th. Whyles. Th. _om._ may. 544. Th. Than; H. F. Ff. That. H.
not; Th. F. _om._ 545. Ff. full; _rest om._ Th. H. harde. 546. H. triew;
Th. true. H. grete; Th. great. F. Ff. _om._ a. 547. F. H. _om._ the; _read_
mochel less? 550. H. F. nyl; Th. wyl. H. Th. harde. 551. Th. no man (_for_
nor maner). 555. Th. cast me not. 556. H. F. ther-to; Th. therof. 558. H.
F. beth. 559. H. trewe; Th. true. Ff. devoyr; H. duetes; F. dewtis; Th.
honour. 560. Th. gotten. H. F. due; Th. dewe. 562. H. grete; Th. great. H.
Th. -forte. 564. H. F. oo; Ff. on; Th. one. H. Th. -porte.

565. Ff. H. cases; _rest_ causes. 566. H. F. Which; Th. Ff. That. 567. H.
F. Ff. entre; Th. auenture (!). 570. Th. Where I ne wyl make suche. 571.
Th. but a; H. F. _om._ a. 573-620. _Follows_ 668 _in_ H. F. 573. F. matere;
Th. mater. 574. Th. fantasyse; F. fantasise; H. fantesye. 576. F. Ff.
avyse; Th. H. aduyse. 577. H. Ff. prefe; F. p_re_ue; Th. prise. 578. H.
trouthe; Th. truthe. 579. H. Th. trewe. 581. H. Th. trewe. 583. H. Ff.
deserue; Th. discerne (!). H. Th. knewe. 585. H. Ff. sueth; F. seweth; Th.
swereth. 587. Th. geten; H. F. getith. 588. H. F. Ff. it haue; Th. haue it.
590. Th. H. shewe; fynde. 593. H. F. a slepe; Th. on slepe. 595. Th. H.
comforte. 596. Ff. Shuld; H. F. Shulde; Th. Shal.

599. Th. sycke; H. F. seke. F. _om._ his. H. F. Ff. al awaye; Th. alway.
600. H. Ff. fele; Th. felen. H. sorwe; F. Ff. sorowe; Th. sore. 602. Th.
_om._ right. Th. hindraunce. 604. H. Ff. so; Th. ful; F. _om._ 605. H. Th.
defende. H. F. haueles; Th. harmlesse (!). 607. Th. _om._ the. 608. Th.
gyfte; H. yifte. 609. Th. Ff. vouchesafe; H. vouchith sauf. 610. H. F.
cherissh; Th. Ff. cherissheth. 611. H. Th. defaute. 613. H. F. of; Th. on.
H. Th. suche. 614. H. one; F. [=o]n; Th. loue. 615. H. Th. One. 616. H. Th.
none. 617. H. Th. her; _see_ 618. Th. course; H. corse. Th. H. one; F. a.
618. H. F. euere newe; Th. Ff. euermore. Ff. their; Th. theyr; H. there; F.
thair. 619. Th. Ff. their great; H. F. _om._ great. H. F. subtilite; Th.
subtelte; Ff. sotelte. 621-668. _Follows_ 524 _in_ F. H. 621. F. oone; H.
on; Th. one. Th. dothe; great. 622. H. F. Ff. be; Th. is. H. F. Ff. Iuyse;
Th. iustyse. 625. _So_ H. F. Ff.; Th. And al euer sayd god wyl. 626. Th.
_om._ so.

627. Ff. highe; H. F. her; Th. his. H. F. shal; Th. Ff. may. 629. Th.
great; F. H. _om._ Th. dayse; H. daies. 631. H. preys; Th. prayse. 632. F.
H. Ff. for; Th. in. 633. Th. F. Theyr; H. There. 637. Th. one; H. on; Ff.
won. 638. H. Ff. which (_for_ as). 643. _So_ F. H.; Th. As for my partie
that. 644. Th. Whyle; H. F. Ff. Whils that. 645. F. H. ye; Th. it. 647. Th.
H. foule. H. F. deceyued; Th. disceyued. 648. H. F. lightly; Th. light.
649. H. F. this; Th. Ff. your. 650. H. Ff. sumwhat haue; Th. haue some.
651. _All_ Moche. H. sonner; F. sunner; Th. Ff. better. Th. to abide. Ff.
fole; _rest_ foly. Th. simplenes; _rest_ simplesse. 653. F. Ff. avyse; Th.
H. aduyse. 656. Th. as a; H. F. Ff. _om._ a.

657. H. There. Th. H. one; Ff. won. 659. Th. Ff. as (_rightly_); H. F. is.
Th. H. none. 660. Th. H. bonde. 661. H. Ff. Who loueth; F. Who love; Th. Ye
loue. H. F. hym-; Th. your-. H. F. he be; Th. ye be. 662. _So_ H. F. Ff.;
Th. That in loue stande. 664. Th. bileue ye; _rest om._ ye. 665. H. F.
beth; Th. be. Th. as in; _rest om._ as. 666. Th. alway; H. F. alwaies. Th.
one; Ff. on; H. an. 667. F. H. trusteth; Th. trust. 668. Th. H. take.
669-716. _Follows_ 428 _in_ F. H. 670. Th. lacke; H. F. Ff. faile. 673. H.
faileth. 674. F. H. Ff. then she to; Th. thoughe she do. 675. Th. my; F. H.
Ff. the. H. surtee; F. seurte. 677. H. purpos; Th. pupose. 678. Th. For the
lenger ye. H. F. Ff. thus; Th. is. 680. H. F. Ff. ye; Th. you. 684. Th.
_om._ That. H. ther; Th. her. 686. Th. great.

688. F. H. Ff. felt; Th. fele. Th. great. 691. H. F. semeth; Th. semed.
694. H. F. of; Th. do no. 696. F. damage; H. da_m_mage; Th. Ff. domage.
697. H. F. _om._ wil. 699. H. dispetous. 700. Th. suche; H. F. Ff. the.
702. Th. H. harme. H. F. Ff. worship; Th. co_m_forte. 703. H. F. Ff. bere
an; Th. haue a. Th. H. suche. 704. H. F. Ff. _om._ And. _All_ fayre. H. F.
Ff. body; Th. lady (!). H. formed to; F. Ff. y-formed to; Th. I must
affirme (!). 710. H. F. Ff. that; Th. wel. 712. H. noght; Th. not. 714. H.
F. Ff. manerles; Th. mercylesse. 717. _Here_ H. F. _agree with_ Th.
_again_. Ff. marbre. Th. H. harde.

720. H. F. Ff. vaileth; Th. auayleth. Th. great. 721. H. F. Please; Th.
Pleaseth. Th. H. dye. 722. Th. H. dysporte. 723. H. F. Ff. or; Th. and.
724. Th. H. dethe. H. F. that; Th. whiche. 725. Th. H. disease. 726. H. F.
Ff. shake; Th. slake. 728. Th. heale. 729. H. F. Ff. nyl; Th. wyl. H. F.
Ff. hate myn herte; Th. hurte my selfe. 730. Th. they I; H. F. Ff. this I.
731. H. F. wel to: Th. wyl I. 732. H. F. you; Th. hem. 733. H. noo; Th.
nat. H. F. Ff. song; Th. loue. Th. alone. 735. H. F. Ff. I; Th. ye. Th. H.
wote. Th. none. 737. Th. One; H. On. 739. Th. H. a vauntour; _cf._ l. 735.
741. Th. great. 744. H. F. Ff. to boste; Th. best. 745. H. wil wele; F. Ff.
wille wel; Th. ywis. H. F. Ff. that; Th. yet. 746. H. F. on; Th. in. F. Th.
p_ar_tyse; Ff. partyes; H. party. 747. H. F. Ff. what; Th. whan so. Th. say
(_for_ pray). 748. H. F. shal; Ff. schuld; Th. shulde.

750. Th. H. suche. Th. Ff. erth; H. F. dethe. H. F. Ff. it is not; Th. is
not al. 751. H. F. preve; Th. profe. 752. Th. great villony. 753. F. Ff. Is
it; Th. H. It is. Th. H. one. 755. H. F. refuse. 756. Th. renomed; H.
renommeed. F. H. her (_for_ their). 757. Th. here; H. herde. 758. Th. H.
eche. 759. H. purposen; F. porposyn; Th. pursuen. 760. _So_ H. F. Ff.; Th.
Wyl not set by none il d. 761. Th. in euery; H. F. _om._ euery. 763. Ff.
thair; F. ther; H. theym; Th. the. F. H. _om._ hertes. 764. Th. faithe. Th.
Ff. softe and fayre; H. faire and softe. 766. F. H. Though; Th. Ff. If.
_All_ one. 768. H. banshid. 769. H. F. oo; Th. one. 770. Th. the (_for 1st_
and); H. F. and. Ff. eke; _rest_ eke the. 771. H. Ff. shal; Th. such. 772.
H. F. ben; Ff. beth; Th. lyue. 777. F. H. Ff. visage; Th. face (!). 778. H.
F. Ff. the; Th. these. Th. H. Ff. a wayte.

779. F. H. Ff. yf that we wil; Th. if we wyl here. 780. Th. H. co_n_ceyte.
781. F. H. oo; Th. a. Th. worde. H. F. Ff. allone; Th. nat one. 782. F. H.
not; Th. nowe. Th. kepte. 783. H. F. Ff. pele; Th. appele. _All_ mone
(_read_ moon). 785. H. Ff. pleyne me; F. pleyn me; Th. complayne. 786. Th.
H. forgate. 787. H. elles. 788. Ff. H. F. he so sone put; Th. so sone am
put. 789. Th. H. forfeyte. 791. _So_ H. F. Ff.; Th. Nothing hurteth you but
your owne conceyte. 792. H. shal ye. 793. H. F. Ones for; Th. Thus. 794.
_So_ H. Ff.; _so_ F. (_with_ the _for_ ye); Th. That your desyre shal neuer
recouered be. 796. Th. ynoughe. TITLE; _in_ H. 797. Th. rose; H. rosse. H.
F. al in; Th. Ff. in al. 798. Ff. partyd; _rest_ departed. 799. Th.
to-brast; H. F. Ff. it brest. 800. H. forth walkyng; Th. Ff. walkynge
forth. 801. Th. _om._ Now. 803. Th. Ff. shorter; H. shorte; F. short. 805.
H. Ff. whider; Th. whither. 806. F. party. F. Ff. drow; H. drowh; Th.
drewe.

809. Th. Ff. thus; H. it; F. _om._ 811. Th. great. TITLE; _in_ Th. 813. H.
F. Ff. Ye; Th. The. F. trew; H. trewe; Th. true. Th. thus; H. Ff. this.
814. Ff. aventours; _rest_ aventures (_see note_). Th. flie; H. F. fle.
816. Th. great. 817. Th. _omits this line; from_ H. F. Ff. H. F. made. H.
F. Ff. flaterise. 821. Th. H. estate; Ff. astate. 822. H. F. Ff. In; Th.
Of. 824. Ff. haue; F. hath; H. _om._ Th. _omits the line_. 825. H. folwe ye
not; F. folowe ye not; Ff. folowe not; Th. foule not. _After_ 828, F.
_has_--Explicit la bele dame sanz mercy; H. F. Verba translatoris. 829. Th.
H. Ff. the. 833. H. F. _om._ al. _All_ the. 834. Th. hir (_for_ their).
835. Th. H. The.

837. Th. cace; H. caas. 838. H. elles. 840, 841. Th. her (_for_ their).
843. Th. H. wote. 844. Th. _om._ and. 845. H. F. Wilde; Th. Ff. Lyke. 846.
Ff. tabyde; Th. to abyde. 847. H. axe. 848. Th. Ff. were made; F. was made;
H. made was. 850. H. F. Ff. processe; Th. prosses. 852. Th. H. trewe. 854.
Th. done her; Ff. do thair; H. dothe here; F. doth thair. 855. Th. her
(_for_ their). _After_ 856; Th. Explicit; H. Amen.

       *       *       *       *       *

XVII.

THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.

  Ane dooly sesoun to ane cairfull dyte
  Suld correspond, and be equivalent.
  Richt sa it wes quhen I began to wryte
  This tragedy; the wedder richt fervent,
  Quhen Aries, in middis of the Lent,                     5
  Shouris of haill can fra the north discend;
  That scantly fra the cauld I micht defend.

  Yit nevertheles, within myn orature
  I stude, quhen Tytan had his bemis bricht
  Withdrawin doun and sylit under cure;                  10
  And fair Venus, the bewty of the nicht,
  Uprais, and set unto the west full richt
  Hir goldin face, in oppositioun
  Of god Phebus direct discending doun.

  Throwout the glas hir bemis brast sa fair              15
  That I micht see, on every syde me by,
  The northin wind had purifyit the air,
  And shed the misty cloudis fra the sky.
  The froist freisit, the blastis bitterly
  Fra pole Artyk come quhisling loud and shill,          20
  And causit me remuf aganis my will.

  For I traistit that Venus, luifis quene,
  To quhom sum-tyme I hecht obedience,
  My faidit hart of luf sho wald mak grene;
  And therupon, with humbil reverence,                   25
  I thocht to pray hir hy magnificence;
  But for greit cald as than I lattit was,
  And in my chalmer to the fyr can pas.

  Thocht luf be hait, yit in ane man of age
  It kendillis nocht sa sone as in youthheid,            30
  Of quhom the blude is flowing in ane rage;
  And in the auld the curage +douf and deid,
  Of quhilk the fyr outward is best remeid,
  To help be phisik quhair that nature failit;
  I am expert, for baith I have assailit.                35

  I mend the fyr, and beikit me about,
  Than tuik ane drink my spreitis to comfort,
  And armit me weill fra the cauld thairout.
  To cut the winter-nicht, and mak it short,
  I tuik ane quair, and left all uther sport,            40
  Writtin be worthy Chaucer glorious,
  Of fair Cresseid and lusty Troilus.

  And thair I fand, efter that Diomeid
  Ressavit had that lady bricht of hew,
  How Troilus neir out of wit abraid,                    45
  And weipit soir, with visage paill of hew;
  For quhilk wanhope his teiris can renew,
  Quhill +esperans rejoisit him agane:
  Thus quhyl in joy he levit, quhyl in pane.

  Of hir behest he had greit comforting,                 50
  Traisting to Troy that sho suld mak retour,
  Quhilk he desyrit maist of eirdly thing,
  For-quhy sho was his only paramour.
  Bot quhen he saw passit baith day and hour
  Of hir gaincome, than sorrow can oppres                55
  His woful hart in cair and hevines.

  Of his distres me neidis nocht reheirs,
  For worthy Chaucer, in the samin buik,
  In guidly termis and in joly veirs
  Compylit hes his cairis, quha will luik.               60
  To brek my sleip ane uther quair I tuik,
  In quilk I fand the fatall desteny
  Of fair Cresseid, that endit wretchitly.

  Quha wait gif all that Chauceir wrait was trew?
  Nor I wait nocht gif this narratioun                   65
  Be authoreist, or fenyeit of the new
  Be sum poeit, throw his inventioun,
  Maid to report the lamentatioun
  And woful end of this lusty Cresseid,
  And quhat distres sho thoillit, and quhat deid.        70

  Quhen Diomed had all his appetyt,
  And mair, fulfillit of this fair lady,
  Upon ane uther he set his haill delyt,
  And send to hir ane lybel of repudy,
  And hir excludit fra his company.                      75
  Than desolait sho walkit up and doun,
  And, sum men sayis, into the court commoun.

  O fair Cresseid! the flour and _A-per-se_
  Of Troy and Grece, how was thou fortunait,
  To change in filth all thy feminitee,                  80
  And be with fleshly lust sa maculait,
  And go amang the Greikis air and lait
  Sa giglot-lyk, takand thy foull plesance!
  I have pity thee suld fall sic mischance!

  Yit nevertheles, quhat-ever men deme or say            85
  In scornful langage of thy brukilnes,
  I sall excuse, als far-furth as I may,
  Thy womanheid, thy wisdom, and fairnes,
  The quilk Fortoun hes put to sic distres
  As hir pleisit, and na-thing throw the gilt            90
  Of thee, throw wikkit langage to be spilt.

  This fair lady, in this wys destitut
  Of all comfort and consolatioun,
  Richt prively, but fellowship, on fut
  Disgysit passit far out of the toun                    95
  Ane myle or twa, unto ane mansioun
  Beildit full gay, quhair hir father Calchas,
  Quhilk than amang the Greikis dwelland was.

  Quhan he hir saw, the caus he can inquyr
  Of hir cuming; sho said, syching full soir,           100
  'Fra Diomeid had gottin his desyr
  He wox wery, and wald of me no moir!'
  Quod Calchas, 'Douchter, weip thow not thairfoir;
  Peraventure all cummis for the best;
  Welcum to me; thow art full deir ane gest.'           105

  This auld Calchas, efter the law was tho,
  Wes keeper of the tempill, as ane preist,
  In quhilk Venus and hir son Cupido
  War honourit; and his chalmer was thaim neist;
  To quhilk Cresseid, with baill aneuch in breist,      110
  Usit to pas, hir prayeris for to say;
  Quhill at the last, upon ane solempne day,

  As custom was, the pepill far and neir,
  Befoir the none, unto the tempill went
  With sacrifys devoit in thair maneir.                 115
  But still Cresseid, hevy in hir intent,
  In-to the kirk wald not hir-self present,
  For giving of the pepil ony deming
  Of hir expuls fra Diomeid the king:

  But past into ane secreit orature                     120
  Quhair sho micht weip hir wofull desteny.
  Behind hir bak sho cloisit fast the dure,
  And on hir kneis bair fell down in hy.
  Upon Venus and Cupid angerly
  Sho cryit out, and said on this same wys,             125
  'Allas! that ever I maid yow sacrifys!

  Ye gave me anis ane devyn responsaill
  That I suld be the flour of luif in Troy;
  Now am I maid an unworthy outwaill,
  And all in cair translatit is my joy.                 130
  Quha sall me gyde? quha sall me now convoy,
  Sen I fra Diomeid and nobill Troilus
  Am clene excludit, as abject odious?

  O fals Cupide, is nane to wyte bot thow
  And thy mother, of luf the blind goddes!              135
  Ye causit me alwayis understand and trow
  The seid of luf was sawin in my face,
  And ay grew grene throw your supply and grace.
  But now, allas! that seid with froist is slane,
  And I fra luifferis left, and all forlane!'           140

  Quhen this was said, doun in ane extasy,
  Ravishit in spreit, intill ane dream sho fell;
  And, be apperance, hard, quhair sho did ly,
  Cupid the king ringand ane silver bell,
  Quhilk men micht heir fra hevin unto hell;            145
  At quhais sound befoir Cupide appeiris
  The sevin planetis, discending fra thair spheiris,

  Quhilk hes power of all thing generabill
  To reull and steir, be thair greit influence,
  Wedder and wind and coursis variabill.                150
  And first of all Saturn gave his sentence,
  Quhilk gave to Cupid litill reverence,
  But as ane busteous churl, on his maneir,
  Com crabbitly, with auster luik and cheir.

  His face fronsit, his lyr was lyk the leid            155
  His teith chatterit and cheverit with the chin
  His ene drowpit, how, sonkin in his heid
  Out of his nois the meldrop fast can rin
  With lippis bla, and cheikis leine and thin
  The yse-shoklis that fra his hair doun hang           160
  Was wonder greit, and as ane speir als lang.

  Atour his belt his lyart lokkis lay
  Felterit unfair, ourfret with froistis hoir;
  His garmound and his +gyte full gay of gray;
  His widderit weid fra him the wind out woir.          165
  Ane busteous bow within his hand he boir;
  Under his gyrdil ane flash of felloun flanis
  Fedderit with yse, and heidit with hail-stanis.

  Than Juppiter richt fair and amiabill,
  God of the starnis in the firmament,                  170
  And nureis to all thing[is] generabill,
  Fra his father Saturn far different,
  With burely face, and browis bricht and brent;
  Upon his heid ane garland wonder gay
  Of flouris fair, as it had been in May.               175

  His voice was cleir, as cristal wer his ene;
  As goldin wyr sa glitterand was his hair;
  His garmound and his gyte full gay of grene,
  With goldin listis gilt on every gair;
  Ane burely brand about his middill bair.              180
  In his right hand he had ane groundin speir,
  Of his father the wraith fra us to weir.

  Nixt efter him com Mars, the god of ire,
  Of stryf, debait, and all dissensioun;
  To chyde and fecht, als feirs as ony fyr;             185
  In hard harnes, hewmound and habirgeoun,
  And on his hanche ane rousty fell fachioun:
  And in his hand he had ane rousty sword,
  Wrything his face with mony angry word.

  Shaikand his sword, befoir Cupide he com              190
  With reid visage and grisly glowrand ene;
  And at his mouth ane bullar stude of fome,
  Lyk to ane bair quhetting his tuskis kene
  Richt tuilyour-lyk, but temperance in tene;
  Ane horn he blew, with mony bosteous brag,            195
  Quhilk all this warld with weir hes maid to wag.

  Than fair Phebus, lanterne and lamp of licht
  Of man and beist, baith frute and flourishing,
  Tender nureis, and banisher of nicht,
  And of the warld causing, be his moving               200
  And influence, lyf in all eirdly thing;
  Without comfort of quhom, of force to nocht
  Must all ga dy, that in this warld is wrocht.

  As king royall he raid upon his chair,
  The quhilk Phaeton gydit sum-tyme unricht;            205
  The brichtnes of his face, quhen it was bair,
  Nane micht behald for peirsing of his sicht.
  This goldin cart with fyry bemes bricht
  Four yokkit steidis, full different of hew,
  But bait or tyring throw the spheiris drew.           210

  The first was soyr, with mane als reid as rois,
  Callit Eoey, in-to the orient;
  The secund steid to name hecht Ethioes,
  Quhytly and paill, and sum-deill ascendent;
  The thrid Peros, richt hait and richt fervent;        215
  The feird was blak, callit +Philegoney,
  Quhilk rollis Phebus down in-to the sey.

  Venus was thair present, that goddes gay,
  Hir sonnis querrel for to defend, and mak
  Hir awin complaint, cled in ane nyce array,           220
  The ane half grene, the uther half sabill-blak;
  Quhyte hair as gold, kemmit and shed abak;
  But in hir face semit greit variance,
  Quhyles perfit treuth, and quhyles inconstance.

  Under smyling sho was dissimulait,                    225
  Provocative with blenkis amorous;
  And suddanly changit and alterait,
  Angry as ony serpent venemous,
  Richt pungitive with wordis odious.
  Thus variant sho was, quha list tak keip,             230
  With ane eye lauch, and with the uther weip:--

  In taikning that all fleshly paramour,
  Quhilk Venus hes in reull and governance,
  Is sum-tyme sweit, sum-tyme bitter and sour,
  Richt unstabill, and full of variance,                235
  Mingit with cairfull joy, and fals plesance;
  Now hait, now cauld; now blyth, now full of wo;
  Now grene as leif, now widderit and ago.

  With buik in hand than com Mercurius,
  Richt eloquent and full of rethory;                   240
  With polite termis and delicious;
  With pen and ink to report all redy;
  Setting sangis, and singand merily.
  His hude was reid, heklit atour his croun,
  Lyk to ane poeit of the auld fassoun.                 245

  Boxis he bair with fine electuairis,
  And sugerit syropis for digestioun;
  Spycis belangand to the pothecairis,
  With mony hailsum sweit confectioun;
  Doctour in phisik, cled in scarlot goun,              250
  And furrit weill, as sic ane aucht to be,
  Honest and gude, and not ane word coud le.

  Nixt efter him com lady Cynthia,
  The last of all, and swiftest in hir spheir,
  Of colour blak, buskit with hornis twa,               255
  And in the nicht sho listis best appeir;
  Haw as the leid, of colour na-thing cleir.
  For all hir licht sho borrowis at hir brothir
  Titan; for of hir-self sho hes nane uther.

  Hir gyte was gray, and full of spottis blak;          260
  And on hir breist ane churl paintit ful evin,
  Beirand ane bunch of thornis on his bak,
  Quhilk for his thift micht clim na nar the hevin.
  Thus quhen they gadderit war, thir goddis sevin,
  Mercurius they cheisit with ane assent                265
  To be foir-speikar in the parliament.

  Quha had ben thair, and lyking for to heir
  His facound toung and termis exquisyte,
  Of rhetorik the praktik he micht leir,
  In breif sermone ane pregnant sentence wryte.         270
  Befoir Cupide vailing his cap a lyte,
  Speiris the caus of that vocacioun;
  And he anon shew his intencioun.

  'Lo!' quod Cupide, 'quha will blaspheme the name
  Of his awin god, outhir in word or deid,              275
  To all goddis he dois baith lak and shame,
  And suld have bitter panis to his meid.
  I say this by yonder wretchit Cresseid,
  The quhilk throw me was sum-tyme flour of lufe,
  Me and my mother starkly can reprufe.                 280

  Saying, of hir greit infelicite
  I was the caus; and my mother Venus,
  Ane blind goddes hir cald, that micht not see,
  With slander and defame injurious.
  Thus hir leving unclene and lecherous                 285
  Sho wald returne on me and [on] my mother,
  To quhom I shew my grace abone all uther.

  And sen ye ar all sevin deificait,
  Participant of devyn sapience,
  This greit injury don to our hy estait                290
  Me-think with pane we suld mak recompence;
  Was never to goddis don sic violence.
  As weill for yow as for myself I say;
  Thairfoir ga help to revenge, I yow pray.'

  Mercurius to Cupid gave answeir,                      295
  And said, 'Shir king, my counsall is that ye
  Refer yow to the hyest planeit heir,
  And tak to him the lawest of degre,
  The pane of Cresseid for to modify;
  As god Saturn, with him tak Cynthia.'                 300
  'I am content,' quod he, 'to tak thay twa.'

  Than thus proceidit Saturn and the Mone,
  Quhen thay the mater rypely had degest;
  For the dispyt to Cupid sho had done,
  And to Venus oppin and manifest,                      305
  In all hir lyf with pane to be opprest
  And torment sair, with seiknes incurabill,
  And to all lovers be abominabill.

  This dulefull sentence Saturn tuik on hand,
  And passit doun quhair cairfull Cresseid lay;         310
  And on hir heid he laid ane frosty wand,
  Than lawfully on this wyse can he say;
  'Thy greit fairnes, and al thy bewty gay,
  Thy wantoun blude, and eik thy goldin hair,
  Heir I exclude fra thee for evermair.                 315

  I change thy mirth into melancholy,
  Quhilk is the mother of all pensivenes;
  Thy moisture and thy heit in cald and dry;
  Thyne insolence, thy play and wantones
  To greit diseis: thy pomp and thy riches              320
  In mortall neid; and greit penuritie
  Thow suffer sall, and as ane beggar die.'

  O cruel Saturn, fraward and angry,
  Hard is thy dome, and to malicious!
  On fair Cresseid quhy hes thow na mercy,              325
  Quhilk was sa sweit, gentill, and amorous?
  Withdraw thy sentence, and be gracious
  As thow was never; so shawis thow thy deid,
  Ane wraikfull sentence gevin on fair Cresseid.

  Than Cynthia, quhen Saturn past away,                 330
  Out of hir sait discendit down belyve,
  And red ane bill on Cresseid quhair sho lay,
  Contening this sentence diffinityve:--
  'Fra heil of body I thee now depryve,
  And to thy seiknes sal be na recure,                  335
  But in dolour thy dayis to indure.

  Thy cristall ene minglit with blude I mak,
  Thy voice sa cleir unplesand, hoir, and hace;
  Thy lusty lyre ourspred with spottis blak,
  And lumpis haw appeirand in thy face.                 340
  Quhair thow cummis, ilk man sall flee the place;
  Thus sall thou go begging fra hous to hous,
  With cop and clapper, lyk ane lazarous.'

  This dooly dream, this ugly visioun
  Brocht to ane end, Cresseid fra it awoik,             345
  And all that court and convocatioun
  Vanischit away. Than rais sho up and tuik
  Ane poleist glas, and hir shaddow coud luik;
  And quhen sho saw hir face sa deformait,
  Gif sho in hart was wa aneuch, god wait!              350

  Weiping full sair, 'Lo! quhat it is,' quod she,
  'With fraward langage for to mufe and steir
  Our crabbit goddis, and sa is sene on me!
  My blaspheming now have I bocht full deir;
  All eirdly joy and mirth I set areir.                 355
  Allas, this day! Allas, this wofull tyde,
  Quhen I began with my goddis to chyde!'

  Be this was said, ane child com fra the hall
  To warn Cresseid the supper was redy;
  First knokkit at the dure, and syne coud call--       360
  'Madame, your father biddis you cum in hy;
  He has mervell sa lang on grouf ye ly,
  And sayis, "Your prayers been to lang sum-deill;
  The goddis wait all your intent full weill."'

  Quod sho, 'Fair child, ga to my father deir,          365
  And pray him cum to speik with me anon.'
  And sa he did, and said, 'Douchter, quhat cheir?'
  'Allas!' quod she, 'father, my mirth is gon!'
  'How sa?' quod he; and sho can all expone,
  As I have tauld, the vengeance and the wrak,          370
  For hir trespas, Cupide on hir coud tak.

  He luikit on hir ugly lipper face,
  The quhilk befor was quhyte as lilly-flour;
  Wringand his handis, oftymes he said, Allas!
  That he had levit to see that wofull hour!            375
  For he knew weill that thair was na succour
  To hir seiknes; and that dowblit his pane;
  Thus was thair cair aneuch betwix tham twane.

  Quhen thay togidder murnit had full lang,
  Quod Cresseid, 'Father, I wald not be kend;           380
  Thairfoir in secreit wyse ye let me gang
  To yon hospitall at the tounis end;
  And thidder sum meit, for cheritie, me send
  To leif upon; for all mirth in this eird
  Is fra me gane; sik is my wikkit weird.'              385

  Than in ane mantill and ane bevar hat,
  With cop and clapper, wonder prively,
  He opnit ane secreit yet, and out thairat
  Convoyit hir, that na man suld espy,
  Unto ane village half ane myle thairby;               390
  Deliverit hir in at the spittail-hous,
  And dayly sent hir part of his almous.

  Sum knew hir weill, and sum had na knawlege
  Of hir, becaus sho was sa deformait
  With bylis blak, ourspred in hir visage,              395
  And hir fair colour faidit and alterait.
  Yit thay presumit, for hir hy regrait
  And still murning, sho was of nobill kin;
  With better will thairfoir they tuik hir in.

  The day passit, and Phebus went to rest,              400
  The cloudis blak ourquhelmit all the sky;
  God wait gif Cresseid was ane sorrowful gest,
  Seeing that uncouth fair and herbery.
  But meit or drink sho dressit hir to ly
  In ane dark corner of the hous allone;                405
  And on this wyse, weiping, sho maid hir mone.

      THE COMPLAINT OF CRESSEID.

  'O sop of sorrow sonken into cair!
  O caytive Cresseid! now and ever-mair
    Gane is thy joy and all thy mirth in eird;
  Of all blyithnes now art thow blaiknit bair;          410
  Thair is na salve may saif thee of thy sair!
    Fell is thy fortoun, wikkit is thy weird;
    Thy blis is baneist, and thy baill on breird!
  Under the eirth god gif I gravin wer,
    Quhar nane of Grece nor yit of Troy micht heird!    415

  Quhair is thy chalmer, wantounly besene
  With burely bed, and bankouris browderit bene,
    Spycis and wynis to thy collatioun;
  The cowpis all of gold and silver shene,
  The swete meitis servit in plaittis clene,            420
    With saipheron sals of ane gude sessoun;
    Thy gay garmentis, with mony gudely goun,
  Thy plesand lawn pinnit with goldin prene?
    All is areir thy greit royall renoun!

  Quhair is thy garding, with thir greissis gay         425
  And fresshe flouris, quhilk the quene Floray
    Had paintit plesandly in every pane,
  Quhair thou was wont full merily in May
  To walk, and tak the dew be it was day,
    And heir the merle and mavis mony ane;              430
    With ladyis fair in carrolling to gane,
  And see the royal rinkis in thair array
    In garmentis gay, garnischit on every grane?

  Thy greit triumphand fame and hy honour,
  Quhair thou was callit of eirdly wichtis flour,       435
    All is decayit; thy weird is welterit so,
  Thy hy estait is turnit in darknes dour!
  This lipper ludge tak for thy burelie bour,
    And for thy bed tak now ane bunch of stro.
    For waillit wyne and meitis thou had tho,           440
  Tak mowlit breid, peirry, and syder sour;
    But cop and clapper, now is all ago.

  My cleir voice and my courtly carrolling,
  Quhair I was wont with ladyis for to sing,
    Is rawk as ruik, full hiddeous, hoir, and hace;     445
  My plesand port all utheris precelling,
  Of lustines I was held maist conding;
    Now is deformit the figour of my face;
    To luik on it na leid now lyking hes.
  Sowpit in syte, I say with sair siching--             450
    Lugeit amang the lipper-leid--"Alas!"

  O ladyis fair of Troy and Grece, attend
  My misery, quhilk nane may comprehend,
    My frivoll fortoun, my infelicitie,
  My greit mischief, quhilk na man can amend.           455
  Be war in tyme, approchis neir the end,
    And in your mynd ane mirrour mak of me.
    As I am now, peradventure that ye,
  For all your micht, may cum to that same end,
    Or ellis war, gif ony war may be.                   460

  Nocht is your fairnes bot ane faiding flour,
  Nocht is your famous laud and hy honour
    Bot wind inflat in uther mennis eiris;
  Your roising reid to rotting sall retour.
  Exempill mak of me in your memour,                    465
    Quhilk of sic thingis wofull witnes beiris.
    All welth in eird away as wind it weiris;
  Be war thairfoir; approchis neir the hour;
    Fortoun is fikkil, quhen sho beginnis and steiris.'--

  Thus chydand with her drery desteny,                  470
  Weiping, sho woik the nicht fra end to end,
  But all in vane; hir dule, hir cairfull cry
  Micht nocht remeid, nor yit hir murning mend.
  Ane lipper-lady rais, and till hir wend,
  And said, 'Quhy spurnis thou aganis the wall,         475
  To sla thyself, and mend na-thing at all?

  Sen that thy weiping dowbillis bot thy wo,
  I counsall thee mak vertew of ane neid,
  To leir to clap thy clapper to and fro,
  And +live efter the law of lipper-leid.'              480
  Thair was na buit, bot forth with thame sho yeid
  Fra place to place, quhill cauld and hounger sair
  Compellit hir to be ane rank beggair.

  That samin tyme, of Troy the garnisoun,
  Quhilk had to chiftane worthy Troilus,                485
  Throw jeopardy of weir had strikkin doun
  Knichtis of Grece in number mervellous.
  With greit triumph and laud victorious
  Agane to Troy richt royally thay raid
  The way quhair Cresseid with the lipper baid.         490

  Seing that company cum, all with ane stevin
  They gaif ane cry, and shuik coppis gude speid;
  Said, 'Worthy lordis, for goddis lufe of hevin,
  To us lipper part of your almous-deid.'
  Than to thair cry nobill Troilus tuik heid;           495
  Having pity, neir by the place can pas
  Quhair Cresseid sat, nat witting quhat sho was.

  Than upon him sho kest up baith her ene,
  And with ane blenk it com in-to his thocht
  That he sum-tyme hir face befoir had sene;            500
  But sho was in sic ply he knew hir nocht.
  Yit than hir luik in-to his mind it brocht
  The sweit visage and amorous blenking
  Of fair Cresseid, sumtyme his awin darling.

  Na wonder was, suppois in mynd that he                505
  Tuik hir figure sa sone, and lo! now, quhy;
  The idole of ane thing in cace may be
  Sa deip imprentit in the fantasy,
  That it deludis the wittis outwardly,
  And sa appeiris in forme and lyke estait              510
  Within the mynd as it was figurait.

  Ane spark of lufe than till his hart coud spring,
  And kendlit all his body in ane fyre;
  With hait fevir ane sweit and trimbilling
  Him tuik, quhill he was redy to expyre;               515
  To beir his sheild his breist began to tyre;
  Within ane whyle he changit mony hew,
  And nevertheles not ane ane-uther knew.

  For knichtly pity and memoriall
  Of fair Cresseid, ane girdill can he tak,             520
  Ane purs of gold and mony gay jowall,
  And in the skirt of Cresseid doun can swak;
  Than raid away, and not ane word he spak,
  Pensive in hart, quhill he com to the toun,
  And for greit cair oft-syis almaist fell doun.        525

  The lipper-folk to Cresseid than can draw,
  To see the equall distribucioun
  Of the almous; but quhan the gold they saw,
  Ilk ane to uther prevely can roun,
  And said, 'Yon lord hes mair affectioun,              530
  However it be, unto yon lazarous
  Than to us all; we knaw be his almous.'

  'Quhat lord is yon?' quod sho, 'have ye na feill,
  Hes don to us so greit humanitie?'
  'Yes,' quod a lipper-man, 'I knaw him weill;          535
  Shir Troilus it is, gentill and free.'
  Quhen Cresseid understude that it was he,
  Stiffer than steill thair stert ane bitter stound
  Throwout hir hart, and fell doun to the ground.

  Quhen sho, ourcom with syching sair and sad,          540
  With mony cairfull cry and cald--'Ochane!
  Now is my breist with stormy stoundis stad,
  Wrappit in wo, ane wretch full will of wane';
  Than swounit sho oft or sho coud refrane,
  And ever in hir swouning cryit sho thus:              545
  'O fals Cresseid, and trew knicht Troilus!

  Thy luf, thy lawtee, and thy gentilnes
  I countit small in my prosperitie;
  Sa elevait I was in wantones,
  And clam upon the fickill quheill sa hie;             550
  All faith and lufe, I promissit to thee,
  Was in the self fickill and frivolous;
  O fals Cresseid, and trew knicht Troilus!

  For lufe of me thou keipt gude countinence,
  Honest and chaist in conversatioun;                   555
  Of all wemen protectour and defence
  Thou was, and helpit thair opinioun.
  My mynd, in fleshly foull affectioun,
  Was inclynit to lustis lecherous;
  Fy! fals Cresseid! O, trew knicht Troilus!            560

  Lovers, be war, and tak gude heid about
  Quhom that ye lufe, for quhom ye suffer paine;
  I lat yow wit, thair is richt few thairout
  Quhom ye may traist, to have trew lufe againe;
  Preif quhen ye will, your labour is in vaine.         565
  Thairfoir I reid ye tak thame as ye find;
  For they ar sad as widdercock in wind.

  Becaus I knaw the greit unstabilnes
  Brukkil as glas, into my-self I say,
  Traisting in uther als greit unfaithfulnes,           570
  Als unconstant, and als untrew of fay.
  Thocht sum be trew, I wait richt few ar thay.
  Quha findis treuth, lat him his lady ruse;
  Nane but my-self, as now, I will accuse.'

  Quhen this was said, with paper sho sat doun,         575
  And on this maneir maid hir TESTAMENT:--
  'Heir I beteich my corps and carioun
  With wormis and with taidis to be rent;
  My cop and clapper, and myne ornament,
  And all my gold, the lipper-folk sall have,           580
  Quhen I am deid, to bury me in grave.

  This royall ring, set with this ruby reid,
  Quhilk Troilus in drowry to me send,
  To him agane I leif it quhan I am deid,
  To mak my cairfull deid unto him kend.                585
  Thus I conclude shortly, and mak ane end.
  My spreit I leif to Diane, quhair sho dwellis,
  To walk with hir in waist woddis and wellis.

  O Diomeid! thow hes baith broche and belt
  Quhilk Troilus gave me in takinning                   590
  Of his trew lufe!'--And with that word sho swelt.
  And sone ane lipper-man tuik of the ring,
  Syne buryit hir withoutin tarying.
  To Troilus furthwith the ring he bair,
  And of Cresseid the deith he can declair.             595

  Quhen he had hard hir greit infirmite,
  Hir legacy and lamentatioun,
  And how sho endit in sik poverte,
  He swelt for wo, and fell doun in ane swoun;
  For greit sorrow his hart to birst was boun.          600
  Syching full sadly, said, 'I can no moir;
  Sho was untrew, and wo is me thairfoir!'

  Sum said, he maid ane tomb of merbell gray,
  And wrait hir name and superscriptioun,
  And laid it on hir grave, quhair that sho lay,        605
  In goldin letteris, conteining this ressoun:--
  'Lo! fair ladyis, Cresseid of Troyis toun,
  Sumtyme countit the flour of womanheid,
  Under this stane, late lipper, lyis deid!'

  Now, worthy wemen, in this ballet short,              610
  Made for your worship and instructioun,
  Of cherite I monish and exhort,
  Ming not your luf with fals deceptioun.
  Beir in your mynd this short conclusioun
  Of fair Cresseid, as I have said befoir;              615
  Sen sho is deid, I speik of hir no moir.

_From_ E. (Edinburgh edition, 1593); _collated with_ Th. (Thynne, ed.
1532). 1. E. Ane; Th. A (_often_). E. doolie; Th. doly. E. to; Th. tyl. 4.
E. tragedie (_I substitute_ -y _for_ -ie). 6. E. Schouris (_I substitute_
Sh- _for_ Sch-). 7. Th. my[gh]t me defende. 8. E. oratur; Th. orature. 10.
Th. scyled. 16. _Both_ se. 17. Th. northern. 18. Th. shedde his. 19. Th.
frost. 20. E. Artick; Th. Artike. Th. whiskyng. 21. E. remufe; Th. remoue.

24. Th. faded. 28. Th. chambre. _Both_ fyre. 29. E. lufe; Th. loue. 30. E.
youtheid; Th. youthheed. 32. E. doif; Th. dull; _read_ douf. 34. E.
phisike. 36. E. mend; Th. made. _Both_ fyre. Th. beaked. 37. E. ane; Th. I.
40. Th. queare. 42. E. worthy; Th. lusty. 43. Th. founde. 45. Th. of his
wytte abrede. 46. Th. wepte. 48. Th. esperous; E. Esperus. 49. E. quhyle.
Th. and while (_for 2nd_ quhyl). 51. E. suld; Th. wolde. 52. Th. of al
erthly.

55. E. ganecome; Th. gayncome. Th. in (_for_ than). 58. Th. in that same.
63. Th. which ended. 66. Th. authorysed or forged. 67. Th. Of some; by
(_for_ throw). 70. Th. she was in or she deyde. 71. _Both_ appetyte. 73.
Th. sette was al his delyte. 74. Th. _om._ of. 77. Th. As (_for_ And); in
the courte as co_m_mune. 78. Th. Creseyde. _Both_ floure. 79. Th. were. 80.
E. feminitie. 82. Th. early (_for_ air). 84. Th. the; E. thow.

86. E. scornefull. E. brukkilnes; Th. brutelnesse. 88. E. wisdome. 91. E.
wickit. 92. E. in; Th. on. _Both_ wyse destitute. 94. E. but; Th. without.
Th. or refute; E. on fute. 95. E. Disagysit; Th. Dissheuelde. Th. passed
out. 99. E. inquyre; Th. enquyre. 101. _Both_ desyre. 108. E. sone; Th.
sonne. 109. E. hir; Th. his. Th. chambre. E. thame; Th. _om._ 110. E.
aneuch in; Th. enewed. 113. _Both_ custome. 115. _Both_ sacrifice. Th.
deuout.

117. Th. churche. 118. E. givin; Th. gyueng. E. pepill; Th. people. 120.
Th. oratore. 122. Th. closed; dore. 124. _Both_ Cupide. 125. Th. _om._
same. _Both_ wyse. 126. E. Allace; Th. Alas. _Both_ sacrifice. 127. E.
devine; Th. diuyne. 132. E. Sen; Th. Sithe. 135. E. lufe; Th. loue. E. the;
Th. that. 136. Th. vnderstande alway. 137. E. lufe; Th. loue. 138. Th.
souple grace. 139. E. allace; Th. alas. Th. frost. 140. Th. louers; -layne.
143. Th. herde. 144. _Both_ Cupide. E. ringand; Th. tynkyng. 145. Th.
in-to. 147. Th. speres.

150. Th. course. 151. _Both_ Saturne. 152. _Both_ Cupide. 153. Th.
boystous. E. on; Th. in. 154. _Both_ Come. E. crabitlie; Th. crabbedly. Th.
austryne. 155. E. frosnit (_for_ fronsit); Th. frounsed. E. lyre; Th. lere.
_Both_ lyke. 156. Th. sheuered. 157. Th. drouped hole. 158. E. of; Th. at.
Th. myldrop. 159. Th. blo. 160. E. ic-eschoklis; Th. yse-yckels. 162. E.
Atouir; Th. Attour. 163. E. ovirfret; Th. ouerfret; _read_ ourfret. 164.
Th. garment. E. gyis; Th. gate; _see_ l. 178. 165. Th. wyddred; wore. 166.
Th. boustous; bor[e]. 167. E. gyrdill. Th. a fasshe(!); flayns. 168. Th.
holstayns (!). 170. Th. sterres. 171. Th. norice; thinge. 172. _Both_
Saturne. 173. Th. burly. 174. Th. wonders. 175. E. bene; Th. ben.

177. E. wyre; Th. wyer. Th. glyttryng. 178. Th. garment. E. gyis; Th. gyte.
180. Th. A burly; myddle he beare. 182. Th. wrathe. E. weir; Th. bere. 183.
E. come; Th. came. 184. E. strife; Th. stryfe. 185. _Both_ fyre. 186. Th.
hewmo_n_de. 187. Th. fauchoun. 190. Th. Shakyng his brande. _Both_ come.
191. Th. glowyng. 192. E. bullar; Th. blubber. 193. Th. boore. 194. E.
tuilyeour; Th. tulsure (!). _Both_ lyke. 195. _Both_ horne; Th. _om._ he.
Th. boustous. 196. E. weir; Th. warre. 199. Th. norice. 201. _Both_ lyfe.
Th. erthly. 203. Th. _om._ all. Th. that al this worlde hath. 204. Th. a
chare. 205. Th. Phiton somtyme gyded. E. upricht (!); Th. unright.

210. Th. speres. 211. Th. sorde (_for_ soyr). 212. _Both_ Eoye. 213. Th.
Ethose. 215. Th. Perose; and eke. 216. E. Philologie; Th. Philologee. 218.
E. _om._ gay. 219. Th. _om._ for. 222. Th. kembet. 224. Th. While parfite.
E. perfyte. 227. E. suddanely; Th. sodaynly. 228. E. vennemous; Th.
venomous. 232. Th. tokenyng. 237. E. blyith; Th. blyth. 238. Th. wyddred.

239. _Both_ come. 242. E. reddie; Th. redy. 244. E. atouir; Th. attour.
245. _Both_ Lyke. 250. E. phisick. Th. cledde in a scarlet. 252. E. culd
lie; Th. couth lye. 253. _Both_ come. 254. Th. spere. 256. Th. tapere. 258.
E. hir (1); Th. the. 260. E. gyse; Th. gyte. 261. E. churle; Th. chorle.
262. E. bunche; Th. busshe. 263. Th. theft; no ner. 264. Th. gadred were
the. 267. E. bene. 269. E. rhetorick; Th. rethorike. E. prettick; Th.
practyke.

273. E. anone. E. schew; Th. shewde. 276. E. lak; Th. losse. 278. E. yone;
Th. yonder. Th. wretche Creseyde. 280. E. starklie; Th. she stately. 281.
E. -tie. 283. Th. She called a blynde goddes and myght. 286. E. returne;
Th. retorte. E. on; Th. in. _I supply 2nd_ on. 287. E. schew; Th. shewde
(_as in_ l. 273). Th. aboue. 289. E. devyne; Th. diuyne. 290. E. iniurie;
Th. iniure. _Both_ done. 290. E. hie; Th. hye. 292. _Both_ goddes done.
295. _Both_ Cupide. 299. E. modifie; Th. modifye. 300. _Both_ Saturne.

303, 309, 323, 330. _Both_ Saturne. 304. _Both_ Cupide. E. scho; Th. that
she. 305. Th. open. 306. _Both_ lyfe. 308. E. abhominabill; Th.
abhominable. 309. Th. doleful. 318. E. in; Th. into. 319. E. and; Th. and
thy. 321. E. In; Th. Into. E. penuritie; Th. -te. 322. Th. shalte. Th. dye.
324. E. malitious. 325. E. On; Th. Of. 328. Th. sheweth through. 329. Th.
_om._ fair. 331. Th. seate.

334. E. heit; Th. heale. 336. Th. endure. 338. Th. vnplesaunt heer. 339.
Th. lere. E. ouirspred; Th. ouerspred. 342. E. This; Th. Thus. 343. Th.
cuppe. _Both_ lyke. 344. _Both_ dreame. E. uglye. 347. Th. rose she. 348.
Th. polysshed. E. culd; Th. couth. 349. E. face; Th. visage. 350. Th. were
wo, I ne wyte god wate. 352. Th. _om._ for. E. mufe; Th. moue. 353. E.
craibit; Th. crabbed. 355. Th. erthly. 356. E. Allace; Th. Alas. 357. E.
for to; Th. _om._ for. 358. E. come; Th. came. 359. _Both_ warne. Th.
Creseyde. E. reddy; Th. redy. 360. E. syne culd; Th. efte couth. 362. E.
merwel; Th. marueyle. 363. E. prayers bene; Th. bedes bethe.

365. _Both_ chylde. 366. _Both_ anone. 368. _Both_ gone. 370. E. wraik; Th.
wrake. 371. E. culd. 372. E. uglye. Th. lepers. 374. Th. _om._ he. 378. Th.
ynow. E. thame; Th. he_m_. 380. Th. Creseyde. 382. Th. To yon; E. Unto
yone. 383. Th. charite. 384. Th. lyue; erthe. 385. Th. werthe(!). 386. E.
Than; Th. Whan(!). Th. Beuer; E. bawar. 387. Th. cuppe. 388. Th. secrete
gate. 389. Th. Conueyed. 390. Th. There to. 393. E. knawledge. 395. E.
ovirspred; Th. ouerspred.

397. E. hie; Th. hye. 399. Th. there (_for_ thairfoir). 401. E.
ovirquhelmit; Th. ouerheled. 402. E. was; Th. were. 403. Th. fare. 405,
406. _Perhaps read_ alane, mane. 408. E. cative; Th. caytife. E. for now;
Th. _om._ for. 409. Th. erthe. 410. Th. blake and bare. 411. Th. helpe
(_for_ saif thee of). 412. Th. werthe (!). 413. Th. bale vnberd (!). 414.
Th. Vnder the great god. 415. Th. men (_for_ nane). Th. herd. 416. Th.
chambre. 417. Th. burly; bankers brouded. 418. Th. wyne. 419. Th. cuppes.
420. Th. plates. 421. Th. sauery sauce. 423. Th. pene (!). 424. Th. arere.

425. Th. thy greces. 430. E. mawis. 432. Th. renkes. E. array; Th. ray. Th.
_omits_ ll. 433-437. 434, 437. E. hie. 438. Th. leper loge. E. burelie; Th.
goodly. 439. E. bunche; Th. bonch. 441. E. peirrie; Th. pirate. E. ceder;
Th. syder. 442. Th. cuppe. 443. E. _om._ my. 444. Th. _om. this line_. 445.
Th. ranke as roke, ful hidous heer. Th. _om._ ll. 446, 447. 448. Th.
Deformed is. 449. Th. no pleople (_sic_) hath lykyng (!). 450. Th. Solped
in syght. 451. E. Ludgeit; Th. Lyeng. Th. leper folke. E. allace; Th. alas.
453. Th. _omits_. 454. Th. freyle fortune.

455. Th. war therfore; your ende. 456. Th. _places after_ l. 460. 459. E.
that; Th. the. 460. Th. worse, if any worse. 464. Th. rosyng. 465. Th.
memore. 468. Th. your hour. 469. Th. _omits_. 471. Th. woke. 472. Th. dole.
473. Th. remedy ne. 474. Th. rose. 477. E. Sen; Th. Sithe. E. _om._ that.
Th. but doubleth. 479. E. To leir; Th. Go lerne. 480. E. leir; Th. lerne;
_read_ live. Th. lepers lede. 486. Th. warre.

488. _Both_ tryumphe; laude. 489. Th. rode. 490. E. baid; Th. stode. 491.
E. thai come; Th. come; _read_ cum. 492. Th. shoke cuppes. 493. Th. _om._
Said. 495. Th. her (_for_ thair). 496. Th. pyte; E. pietie. 499. _Both_
come. 501. E. plye; Th. plyte. 502. E. it; Th. he. 504. E. awin; Th. owne.
508. Th. enprynted. 512. E. culd; Th. couth. 514. E. fewir; Th. feuer. Th.
in swette. _Both_ trimbling. 515. E. reddie. 516. Th. brest. 517. Th. many
a hewe.

519. Th. pyte; E. pietie. 520. Th. gan. 521. Th. many a gay iewel. 522. E.
swak; Th. shake. 523. E. _om._ he. 524. E. come; Th. came. 525. E. -syis;
Th. -syth. 526. E. can; Th. couth. 527. _Both_ se. 529. E. prewelie; Th.
priuely. 530. Th. yon; E. yone. 534. Th. That dothe. E. humanitie; Th. -te.
536. Th. _ins._ a knight _after_ is. 540. E. ovircome; Th. ouerco_m_e. 541.
Th. colde atone (!). 542. Th. brest. 543. Th. _om._ ane; Th. one (_for_
wane). 544. Th. Than fel in swoun ful ofte. E. culd; Th. wolde. Th. fone
(!); _for_ refrane. 547. E. lufe; Th. loue. Th. laude and al thy. 549. Th.
So effated (_or_ essated).

551. Th. promytted. 552. Th. thy selfe; furious (!). 554. Th. countenaunce
(_om._ gude). 557. Th. were. 558. E. in; Th. on. 562. E. Quhome; Th. Whom.
E. quhome; Th. whan. 563. Th. thrughout. 565. Th. Proue. 569. Th. Brittel;
unto. 570. Th. great brutelnesse. 572. Th. Though. 576. Th. maner. 577. E.
beteiche; Th. bequeth. Th. corse. 578. Th. toodes. 579. Th. cuppe my. 580.
E. the; Th. these.

583. E. drowrie; Th. dowry (!). 587. Th. spirite. 590. E. takning; Th.
tokenyng; _read_ takinning. 593. E. withouttin. 596. E. infirmitie; Th.
-te. 598. E. povertie; Th. -te. 600. Th. _om._ greit. 605. Th. where as
she. 607. Th. Troy the toun. 612. E. cheritie; Th. charyte. 613. E. lufe;
Th. loue. 614. E. schort; Th. sore (!). 616. E. Sen; Th. Sithe.

       *       *       *       *       *

XVIII.

THE CUCKOO AND THE NIGHTINGALE;

OR

THE BOOK OF CUPID, GOD OF LOVE.

  The god of love, a! _benedicite!_
  How mighty and how greet a lord is he!
  For he can make of lowe hertes hye,
  And of hye lowe, and lyke for to dye,
  And harde hertes he can maken free.                     5

  And he can make, within a litel stounde
  Of seke folk ful hole, fresshe and sounde,
  And of [the] hole, he can make seke;
  And he can binden and unbinden eke
  What he wol have bounden or unbounde.                  10

  To telle his might my wit may not suffyse;
  For he may do al that he wol devyse.
  For he can make of wyse folk ful nyce,
  And [eke] in lyther folk distroyen vyce;
  And proude hertes he can make agryse.                  15

  Shortly, al that ever he wol he may;
  Ageines him ther dar no wight sey nay.
  For he can gladde and greve whom him lyketh;
  And, who that he wol, he laugheth or he syketh;
  And most his might he sheweth ever in May.             20

  For every trewe gentil herte free
  That with him is, or thinketh for to be,
  Ageines May now shal have som steringe
  Other to joye, or elles to morninge,
  In no sesoun so greet, as thinketh me.                 25

  For whan they mowe here the briddes singe,
  And see the floures and the leves springe,
  That bringeth into hertes remembraunce
  A maner ese, medled with grevaunce,
  And lusty thoughtes fulle of greet longinge.           30

  And of that longing cometh hevinesse,
  And therof groweth ofte greet seknesse,
  And al for lak of that that they desyre;
  And thus in May ben hertes sette on fyre,
  So that they brennen forth in greet distresse.         35

  I speke this of feling, trewely;
  For, althogh I be old and unlusty,
  Yet have I felt of that seknesse, in May,
  Bothe hoot and cold, an acces every day,
  How sore, y-wis, ther wot no wight but I.              40

  I am so shaken with the fevers whyte,
  Of al this May yet slepte I but a lyte;
  And also it naught lyketh unto me,
  That any herte shulde slepy be
  In whom that Love his fyry dart wol smyte.             45

  But as I lay this other night wakinge,
  I thoghte how lovers had a tokeninge,
  And among hem it was a comune tale,
  That it were good to here the nightingale
  Rather than the lewde cukkow singe.                    50

  And then I thoghte, anon as it was day,
  I wolde go som whider to assay
  If that I might a nightingale here;
  For yet had I non herd of al this yere,
  And hit was tho the thridde night of May.              55

  And than, anon as I the day espyde,
  No lenger wolde I in my bedde abyde,
  But unto a wode, that was faste by,
  I wente forth alone, boldely,
  And held my way doun by a broke-syde,                  60

  Til I com to a launde of whyte and grene;
  So fair oon had I never in[ne] been;
  The ground was grene, y-poudred with daisye,
  The floures and the gras y-lyke hye,
  Al grene and whyte; was nothing elles sene.            65

  Ther sat I doun among the faire floures;
  And saw the briddes trippe out of her boures
  Ther-as they had hem rested al the night.
  They were so joyful of the dayes light
  That they +begonne of May to don hir houres!           70

  They coude that servyce al by rote;
  Ther was many a lovely straunge note;
  Some songe loude, as they hadde pleyned,
  And some in other maner vois y-feyned,
  And some al out, with al the fulle throte.             75

  They proyned hem, and made[n] hem right gay,
  And daunseden, and lepten on the spray,
  And evermore two and two in-fere;
  Right so as they had chosen hem to-yere
  In Feverere, on seint Valentynes day.                  80

  And eke the river, that I sat upon,
  It made suche a noise, as it ron,
  Accordaunt with the briddes armonye,
  Me thoughte, it was the best[e] melodye
  That mighte been y-herd of any mon.                    85

  And for delyt ther-of, I wot never how,
  I fel in suche a slomber and a swow,
  Not al a-slepe, ne fully wakinge;
  And in that swow me thoughte I herde singe
  That sory brid, the lew[e]de cukkow.                   90

  And that was on a tree right fast[e] by;
  But who was than evel apayd but I?
  'Now god,' quod I, 'that dyed on the crois
  Yeve sorow on thee, and on thy lewde vois!
  For litel joye have I now of thy cry.'                 95

  And as I with the cukkow thus gan chyde,
  I herde, in the nexte bush besyde,
  A Nightingale so lustily singe
  That with her clere vois she made ringe
  Through-out al the grene wode wyde.                   100

  'A! goode Nightingale!' quod I thenne,
  'A litel hast thou been to longe henne;
  For here hath been the lew[e]de Cukkow,
  And songen songes rather than hast thou;
  I pray to god that evel fyr him brenne!'              105

  But now I wol you telle a wonder thing:
  As longe as I lay in that swowning,
  Me thoughte, I wiste what the briddes ment,
  And what they seyde, and what was her entent,
  And of her speche I hadde good knowing.               110

  And than herde I the Nightingale say,
  'Now, gode Cukkow! go som-where away,
  And let us that can singen dwellen here;
  For every wight escheweth thee to here,
  Thy songes be so elenge, in good fay!'                115

  'What?' quod he, 'what may thee eylen now?
  It thinketh me, I singe as wel as thou,
  For my song is bothe trewe and playn;
  Al-though I can not crakel so in vayn
  As thou dost in thy throte, I wot never how.          120

  And every wight may understande me;
  But, Nightingale, so may they not do thee;
  For thou hast many a nyce queinte cry.
  I have herd thee seyn, "_ocy! ocy!_"
  How mighte I knowe what that shulde be?'              125

  'A fole!' quod she, 'wost thou not what it is?
  Whan that I say "_ocy! ocy!_" y-wis,
  Than mene I that I wolde, wonder fayn,
  That alle they were shamfully y-slayn
  That menen aught ayeines love amis.                   130

  And also I wolde alle tho were dede
  That thenke not in love hir lyf to lede;
  For who that wol the god of love not serve,
  I dar wel say, is worthy for to sterve;
  And for that skil "_ocy! ocy!_" I grede.'             135

  'Ey!' quod the Cukkow, 'this is a queint lawe,
  That every wight shal love or be to-drawe!
  But I forsake al suche companye.
  For myn entent is neither for to dye,
  Ne, whyl I live, in loves yok to drawe.               140

  For lovers ben the folk that been on-lyve
  That most disese han, and most unthryve,
  And, most enduren sorow, wo, and care;
  And, at the laste, failen of welfare;
  What nedeth hit ayeines trouth to stryve?'            145

  'What?' quod she, 'thou art out of thy minde!
  How might thou in thy cherles herte finde
  To speke of loves servaunts in this wyse?
  For in this worlde is noon so good servyse
  To every wight that gentil is of kinde.               150

  For ther-of, trewly, cometh al goodnesse,
  Al honour, and [eke] al gentilnesse,
  Worship, ese, and al hertes lust,
  Parfit joye, and ful assured trust,
  Jolitee, plesaunce, and freshnesse,                   155

  Lowliheed, and trewe companye,
  Seemliheed, largesse, and curtesye,
  Drede of shame for to doon amis;
  For he that trewly Loves servaunt is
  Were lother to be shamed than to dye.                 160

  And that this is sooth, al that I seye,
  In that beleve I wol bothe live and deye,
  And Cukkow, so rede I thou do, y-wis.'
  'Ye, than,' quod he, 'god let me never have blis
  If ever I to that counseyl obeye!                     165

  Nightingale, thou spekest wonder fayre,
  But, for al that, the sooth is the contrayre;
  For loving is, in yonge folk, but rage,
  And in olde folk hit is a greet dotage;
  Who most hit useth, most he shal apeyre.              170

  For therof comth disese and hevinesse,
  Sorowe and care, and mony a greet seknesse,
  Dispyt, debat, [and] anger, and envye,
  Repreef and shame, untrust and jelousye,
  Pryde and mischeef, povertee, and woodnesse.          175

  What! Loving is an office of dispayr,
  And oo thing is ther-in that is not fayr;
  For who that geteth of love a litel blis,
  But-if he be alway therwith, y-wis,
  He may ful sone of age have his heyr.                 180

  And, Nightingale, therfor hold thee ny;
  For, leve me wel, for al thy queynte cry,
  If thou be fer or longe fro thy make,
  Thou shalt be as other that been forsake,
  And than[ne] thou shalt hoten as do I!'               185

  'Fy!' quod she, 'on thy name and on thee!
  The god of love ne let thee never y-thee!
  For thou art wors a thousand-fold than wood.
  For many on is ful worthy and ful good,
  That had be naught, ne hadde love y-be!               190

  For Love his servaunts ever-more amendeth,
  And from al evel taches hem defendeth,
  And maketh hem to brenne right as fyr
  In trouthe and in worshipful desyr,
  And, whom him liketh, joye y-nough hem sendeth.'      195

  'Thou Nightingale,' he seyde, 'hold thee stille;
  For Love hath no resoun but his wille;
  For ofte sithe untrewe folk he eseth,
  And trewe folk so bitterly displeseth
  That, for defaute of grace, he let hem spille.        200

  With such a lorde wol I never be;
  For he is blind alwey, and may not see;
  And whom he hit he not, or whom he fayleth;
  And in his court ful selden trouthe avayleth;
  So dyvers and so wilful is he.'                       205

  Than took I of the Nightingale kepe,
  She caste a sigh out of her herte depe,
  And seyde, 'Alas! that ever I was bore!
  I can, for tene, say not oon word more;'
  And right with that she brast out for to wepe.        210

  'Alas!' quod she, 'my herte wol to-breke
  To heren thus this false brid to speke
  Of love, and of his worshipful servyse;
  Now, god of love, thou help me in som wyse
  That I may on this Cukkow been awreke!'               215

  Me thoughte than, that I sterte up anon,
  And to the broke I ran, and gat a stoon,
  And at the Cukkow hertely I caste;
  And he, for drede, fley away ful faste;
  And glad was I when that he was a-goon.               220

  And evermore the Cukkow, as he fley,
  He seyde, 'Farewel! farewel, papinjay!'
  As though he hadde scorned, thoughte me;
  But ay I hunted him fro tree to tree
  Til he was fer al out of sighte awey.                 225

  And thanne com the Nightingale to me,
  And seyde, 'Frend, forsothe I thanke thee
  That thou hast lyked me thus to rescowe;
  And oon avow to Love I wol avowe,
  That al this May I wol thy singer be.'                230

  I thanked her, and was right wel apayed;
  'Ye,' quod she, 'and be thou not amayed,
  Though thou have herd the Cukkow er than me.
  For, if I live, it shal amended be
  The nexte May, if I be not affrayed.                  235

  And oon thing I wol rede thee also;
  Ne leve thou not the Cukkow, loves fo;
  For al that he hath seyd is strong lesinge.'
  'Nay,' quod I, 'therto shal no thing me bringe
  Fro love; and yet he doth me mochel wo.'              240

  'Ye, use thou,' quod she, 'this medicyne;
  Every day this May, or that thou dyne,
  Go loke upon the fresshe dayesye.
  And though thou be for wo in poynt to dye,
  That shal ful gretly lissen thee of thy pyne.         245

  And loke alwey that thou be good and trewe,
  And I wol singe oon of my songes newe,
  For love of thee, as loude as I may crye;'
  And than[ne] she began this song ful hye--
  'I shrewe al hem that been of love untrewe!'          250

  And whan she hadde songe hit to the ende,
  'Now farewel,' quod she, 'for I mot wende;
  And god of love, that can right wel and may,
  As mochel joye sende thee this day
  As ever yet he any lover sende!'                      255

  Thus took the Nightingale her leve of me.
  I pray to god, he alway with her be,
  And joye of love he sende her evermore;
  And shilde us fro the Cukkow and his lore;
  For ther is noon so fals a brid as he.                260

  Forth she fley, the gentil Nightingale,
  To al the briddes that were in that dale,
  And gat hem alle into a place in-fere,
  And +hem besoughte that they wolde here
  Her disese; and thus began her tale:--                265

  'Ye witen wel, it is not fro yow hid
  How the Cukkow and I faste have chid
  Ever sithen it was dayes light;
  I pray yow alle, that ye do me right
  Of that foule, false, unkinde brid.'                  270

  Than spak oo brid for alle, by oon assent,
  'This mater asketh good avysement;
  For we ben fewe briddes here in-fere.
  And sooth it is, the Cukkow is not here;
  And therefor we wol have a parlement.                 275

  And therat shal the Egle be our lord,
  And other peres that ben of record,
  And the Cukkow shal be after sent.
  And ther shal be yeven the jugement,
  Or elles we shal make som accord.                     280

  And this shal be, withouten any nay,
  The morow of seynt Valentynes day,
  Under a maple that is fayr and grene,
  Before the chambre-window of the quene
  At Wodestok, upon the grene lay.'                     285

  She thanked hem, and than her leve took,
  And fley into an hawthorn by the brook,
  And ther she sat, and song upon that tree,
  'Terme of [my] lyf, Love hath with-holde me,'
  So loude, that I with that song awook.                290

             EXPLICIT CLANVOWE.

_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532); _collated with_ F. (Fairfax 16); B. (Bodley
638); S. (Arch. Selden, B. 24); T. (Tanner 346); _also in_ Ff. (Camb. Univ.
Ff. 1. 6). TITLE: Th. Of the C. and the N.; F. B. The boke of Cupide, god
of loue. 1. Th. ah; F. a; S. a. a. 2. Th. Howe; gret; lorde. 4. Th. of his;
Ff. S. of hye; F. B. high hertis. 6. F. B. S. Ff. And he; Th. _om._ And. 7.
Th. folke; _om._ ful. 8. _I supply_ the. S. hole folke. 9. S. And he; _rest
om._ And. Th. F. B. bynde; _read_ binden. 10. Th. T. That; F. B. Ff. What;
S. Quhom. 11. Th. tel; wytte. 12, 13. Th. T. _transpose these lines_. 12.
Th. Ff. wol; _rest_ can. 13. Th. folke. 14. _I supply_ eke. Th. T. _om._ in
(S. _has_ in-to). F. lyther; S. lidd_er_; Th. Ff. lythy; T. leþi. Th.
folke. Th. T. to distroyen; _rest om._ to.

17. Ff. T. Ageynes; S. Ageynest; Th. Agaynst; F. B. Ayenst. Th. Ff. T.
_om._ ther. 18. Th. glad; _rest_ glade. 19. Th. loweth. S. _has 2nd_ he;
_rest omit_. F. B. don hym laugh or siketh. 20. Th. T. shedeth. 21. Th.
fre. 22. F. B. _om._ for. 23. S. Ff. A[gh]eynes; F. B. Ayenst; Th. T.
Agayne. Th. nowe. 24. F. B. Other; S. Outhir; Th. T. Ff. Or. Th. ioy. F. B.
S. T. ellis; Th. els. Th. T. Ff. some mournyng; _rest om._ some. 25. F. B.
grette; Ff. S. grete; Th. moche. 26. F. then; _rest_ whan (when). Th. may;
T. mai; F. B. S. mow; Ff. mowe. Th. byrdes; S. foulis; _rest_ briddes. 27.
Th. leaues. 28. Th. T. her (_for_ hertes). 29. Th. T. ease; S. ess; F. B.
case (!). Ff. y-medled. 30. Th. ful; Ff. fulle. Th. great. 32. Th. great
sicknesse. 33. S. all; _rest om._ Th. lacke. 35. Th. forthe; great. 36. S.
trewely; Th. trewly. 37. F. B. S. For althogh; Th. T. If(!). Th. olde. 38.
Th. T. I haue; _rest_ haue I. Th. felte; sicknesse. Th. Ff. through; _rest_
in. 39. _All_ hote. Th. F. B. colde. Th. T. and (!); _for_ an. Th. axes; F.
B. acces. 40. Th. Howe; wote.

42. Th. T. _om._ yet; (Ff. _has_ ne.) Th. T. slepe; Ff. S. slepte; F. B.
slept. 43. S. naught likith vnto me; Th. T. Ff. is not lyke to me; F. B. is
vnlike for to be. 45. Th. darte. 47. Th. howe. 48. Th. amonge. 50. Th.
cuckowe. 51. Th. thought. 52. T. Ff. whider; S. quhid_er_; F. B. whedir;
Th. where. 54. Th. none herde. F. B. T. this; Ff. the; Th. S. that. 55. S.
thridde; T. thridd; Th. F. B. thirde. 56. S. than; _rest om._ Th. aspyde.
58. Ff. to; Th. T. vnto; F. B. into; S. in. Th. wodde; F. B. wode. 59. Th.
T. went; F. B. wente. Th. forthe. Th. boldely; Ff. T. boldly; _rest_
priuely. 60. Th. helde. F. B. S. my; Th. Ff. the; T. me the. Th. downe. 61.
F. B. come; S. cam; Th. T. came (_read_ com). 62. _All_ in; _read_ inne. S.
_has_ in y-ben. 63, 64. B. _transposes_. 64. F. B. gras; S. greses; Th.
greues; T. Ff. grenes. S. ylike; F. B. al I-like; Th. T. Ff. lyke. 65. Th.
els.

66. Th. sate; downe. 67. Th. sawe; birdes. Th. trippe; T. trip; S. flee; F.
B. crepe. 68. Th. T. Ff. _om._ had. S. thame rested; _rest_ rested hem. 70.
Th. T. _om._ That. _All_ began; _read_ begonne. Ff. to don hir; Th. T. for
to done. F. B. of Mayes ben her houres (!); S. on mayes vss thair houres.
72. S. lusty (_for_ lovely). S. straunge; _rest om._ 73. Ff. lowe. T. hade;
_rest_ had. S. compleyned. 74. Th. voice yfayned. 75. Ff. S. all (2); _rest
om._ Th. Ff. T. the ful; S. full_e_; F. B. a lowde. 76. F. B. pruned. _All_
made; _read_ maden. 80. Th. Feuerere; T. Feuir[gh]ere; _rest_ Marche (!).
_All_ upon; _read_ on. 81. S. eke; _rest om._ 83. Th. T. with; _rest_ to.
T. Ff. briddes; S. birdis; Th. byrdes; F. B. foules. S. T. Ff. armonye; Th.
armony; F. B. ermonye. 84. Th. thought. _All_ best (!). 85. Th. myght;
yherde. 86. _All_ delyte. S. therof; _rest om._ Th. wotte; F. B. note; S.
wote; T. wot. F. B. ner (_for_ never). Th. howe. 87. Th. swowe; Ff. swough;
S. slowe (!); B. slow (!). 88. F. B. S. on slepe. 89. Th. swowe; thought.
90. F. B. Ff. That; _rest_ the. F. B. Ff. bridde; S. T. brid; Th. byrde.
Th. Cuckowe.

91. _All_ fast. 92. Th. yuel apayde. 93. Th. Nowe. F. B. vpon (_for_ on).
94. Th. the. 95. Th. nowe. 96. Th. cuckowe. Th. T. thus gan; Ff. now gan;
S. gan to; F. B. gan. 97. Th. B. busshe; Ff. T. bussh; F. busshes (!); S.
beugh. F. B. me beside. 100. Th. T. Ff. _om._ out. Ff. the greues of the
wode (_better_). 101. Th. Ah. Ff. S. thenne; T. thanne; _rest_ then. 102.
Th. haste. Ff. S. T. henne; _rest_ hen. 103. F. B. lewde; S. lewed; T. Ff.
loude (!). (_The line runs badly._) 104. F. B. _om._ hast. 105. Th. T.
_om._ that. Th. yuel fyre. Th. S. her; _rest_ him. Th. bren; _rest_ brenne.
106. Th. nowe; tel. 107. Th. laye. (_The line runs badly; read_ longe _or_
swowening.) 108. Th. thought; wyst. Th. T. what; _rest_ al that. 109. Th.
sayd. 110. T. hade; _rest_ had. 111. Th. _om._ And. Th. T. there (_for_
than). 112. Th. Nowe good. 113. Th. lette. 114. Th. the.

116. F. B. she (_for_ he). Th. the. 118. Th. songe; playne. 119. Th. T. And
though; _rest_ Al-though. Th. crakel; T. crakil; S. crekill; Ff. crake; F.
B. breke hit (!). Th. vayne. 120. Th. doest; S. dois; _rest_ dost. Th. Ff.
S. neuer; T. not; F. B. ner. 122. Th. done; T. S. Ff. do; F. B. _om._ Th.
the. 123. Th. haste. Th. T. Ff. nyce queynt(e); S. queynt feyned; F. B.
queint. 124. F. B. S. herd the; T. the herd; Th. the herde. Th. sayne; T.
seyn; F. B. seye; S. sing. 125. Th. Howe. F. B. Who myghte wete what; S.
Bot quho my_ch_t vnderstand quhat. 126. Th. Ah; Ff. T. A; _rest_ O. Th.
foole; woste. Th. T. Ff. it; _rest_ that. 128. Th. meane; fayne. 129. Ff.
all_e_; S. all; _rest_ al. Th. T. Ff. they; _rest_ tho. Th. yslayne. 130.
Th. meanen. S. a[gh]eines; F. B. ayen; T. again; Th. agayne. 131. F. B. al
tho were dede; Th. T. Ff. that al tho had the dede. S. And al they I wold
also were dede. 132. Th. thynke; T. think; S. thinkith; Ff. thenke; F. B.
thenk. F. B. S. Ff. her lyue in loue. 133. Th. S. who so; _rest om._ so.
Th. T. Ff. _place_ not _after_ wol. 134. Th. T. F. B. Ff. he is; S. _om._
he. Th. Ff. T. _om._ for. 136. Th. Eye; cuckowe. F. B. _insert_ ywis
_before_ this. 137. Th. T. Ff. That euery wight shal loue or be to-drawe;
F. B. That eyther I shal love or elles be slawe. 139. Th. myne. F. B.
neyther; S. nouthir; Th. T. Ff. not. 140. Th. T. Ff. Ne neuer; _rest om._
neuer. Th. T. on; _rest_ in.

141. Th. S. ben; Ff. T. bene; F. B. lyven (_for_ been). 142. Th. moste
(_twice_); disease. 143. Th. moste. F. B. S. enduren; Th. Ff. T. endure.
144. _So_ F. B. (_with_ of her _for_ of); Th. T. Ff. And leste felen of
welfare; S. And ald_er_last have felyng of welefare. 145. S. a[gh]eynes;
Th. B. ayenst; F. T. ayens. 146. S. Quhat brid q_uo_d. Th. arte. 147. Th.
T. Ff. might thou; F. maist thou; B. S. maistow. Th. Ff. churlnesse; T.
clerenes (!); F. B. cherles hert; S. cherlish hert. 148. Th. seruauntes.
149. Th. none. 152. S. Honestee estate and all gentilness; Th. T. F. Ff. Al
honour and al gentylnesse; B. Al honour and al gentillesse. 153. Th. ease.
154. Th. Parfyte. F. B. ensured. 155. S. and eke. 156, 157. _All but the
first words transposed in_ Th. T. 158. F. B. S. and for; Th. T. Ff. _om._
and. Th. done. 160. Th. T. Ff. _om. 1st_ to. 161. F. B. Ff. _om._ this. F.
B. S. al; Th. T. Ff. _om._ 162. Th. T. _om._ bothe. 163. F. B. S. rede I;
Th. T. Ff. I rede. Th. that thou. 164. Th. T. Ff. _om._ Ye. F. B. she;
_rest_ he. Th. T. _om._ god. 165. Th. T. vnto; F. B. Ff. S. to. F. B. thy
(_for_ that).

167. F. B. the sothe; S. full sooth. Th. T. Ff. is the sothe contrayre.
168. F. B. S. Ff. loving; Th. T. loue. Th. folke. 169. Th. folke; F. B. Ff.
_om._ F. B. hit is; Th. T. _om._ Th. great. 170. Th. moste (_twice_). F. B.
he; S. it; Th. T. Ff. _om._ 171. F. mony an; B. mony a; Th. T. S. Ff.
disease and. 172. Th. So sorowe; _rest om._ So. Th. many a gret. F. B.
_om._ greet. 173. Th. Dispyte debate. _I supply_ and. 174. F. Repreve and;
B. Repreff and; S. Repref and; Th. T. Deprauyng. 175. Th. T. B. Ff. _om.
1st_ and. Th. mischefe. S. pou_er_tee; Ff. pouerte; _rest_ pouert. 176. Th.
T. Ff. _om._ What. Th. dispayre. 177. B. T. oo; S. o; F. oon; Th. one. Th.
fayre. 178. Th. getteth; S. get (_better_). Th. blysse. 179. F. B. _om._
if. F. B. S. Ff. therby. 180. Th. heyre; T. eyre; S. aire; F. B. crie (!);
Ff. heiere. 181. F. B. therfor Nyghtyngale. Th. therefore holde the nye.
182. Th. Ff. T. S. queynt; F. B. loude. 183. Th. T. Ff. ferre. F. of (_for_
or). 184. Th. T. S. ben; F. B. be (_read_ been). 185. Th. Ff. than; F. B.
T. then (_read_ thanne); S. _om._ F. B. shalt thou. 186. Th. the. 188. Th.
T. worse. Th. folde. 189. Th. one; Ff. on; F. B. _om._ S. ar; _rest_ is.
190. T. hade (_twice_); _rest_ had.

191. Th. T. Ff. _put_ evermore _after_ For. Th. seruauntes; F. B. seruant.
192. Ff. T. euel; S. euell; Th. yuel; F. B. _om._ F. tachches; S. stachis
(!). F. B. him. 193. F. B. him. F. B. as eny; T. right as a; Ff. right as;
Th. right in a. S. be brynnyng as a. Th. fyre. 195. Th. whan; T. when; Ff.
whanne (_for_ whom). F. B. Ff. him; S. he; Th. T. hem. Th. ioy. 196. F. B.
Ye (_for_ Thou). Th. sayd. T. F. B. S. Ff. hold the; Th. be. Th. styl. 197.
F. B. S. Ff. his; Th. T. it is. Th. wyl. 198. F. B. Ff. sithe; Th. T. tyme;
S. tymes. Th. folke; easeth. 199. Th. folke. Th. T. Ff. he displeaseth;
_rest om._ he. 200. F. B. And (_for_ That). Th. corage; _rest_ grace. Th.
spyl. 201-205. _From_ F. B. Ff. S.; Th. T. _omit_. 201. Ff. will_e_; F.
wolde; B. wull; S. wole. 202. F. B. blynde; S. blynd. S. alweye; F. B. Ff.
_om._ 203. Ff. And whom he hit he not, or whom he failith (_best_); F. B.
And whan he lyeth he not, ne whan he fayleth; S. Quhom he hurtith he note,
ne quhom he helith (!). 204. _So_ Ff.; F. B. In; S. Into. Ff. S. his; F. B.
this. F. B. selde. 205. F. B. dyuerse. 206. Th. toke. 207. Th. T. Howe she;
F. B. S. _om._ Howe. Th. T. Ff. _om._ herte. 208. Th. sayd. 209. Th. not
say one; T. nou[gh]t sey oo. 210. Th. that worde; _rest om._ worde. F. B.
on (_for_ out). Th. _om._ for. 212. Th. leude; Ff. false; _rest_ fals. T.
B. brid; Ff. bridde; Th. byrde; S. bird. F. B. Ff. to; _rest om._ 214. Th.
helpe; some. 215. Th. cuckowe ben.

216. S. thocht; _rest_ thought (_read_ thoughte). F. B. S. that I; T. Ff.
I; Th. he. 217-219. Th. T. _omit_. 217. S. gat; F. B. gatte. 218. S.
hardily; F. B. Ff. hertly. 219. Ff. flye[gh]; F. flyed; B. flye; S. gan
flee (_read_ fley, _as in_ 221). 220. Th. _om._ when. Th. agon; T. S.
agone; Ff. goon; F. gone; B. gon. 221. F. B. fley; Th. flaye; Ff. S. flay;
T. flai. 222. Th. T. _om._ He. Th. sayd. Th. popyngaye; F. B. papyngay; S.
papaIay; Ff. papeiay. 223. T. hade; _rest_ had. F. B. Ff. thoght me; S. as
thocht me (_read_ thoughte me); Th. me alone (_to rime with_ 217). 224,
225. Th. T. _omit_. 225. F. B. Ff. sight away. 226. Th. S. than; F. B. T.
then; Ff. thanne. F. B. T. S. come; Th. Ff. came. 227. F. B. seyde; Th.
sayd. Th. the. 228. Th. haste. F. B. thus; S. for; Th. T. Ff. _om._ T.
rescow; _rest_ rescowe. 229. Th. one. Ff. I wol avowe; F. B. I avowe; Th.
T. make I nowe. S. And ry_ch_t anon to loue I wole allowe. 231. Th. apayde;
T. apaied. 232. F. B. Ff. S. amayed; Th. T. dismayde. 233. Th. herde. F. B.
er; Th. T. Ff. erst. 235. Ff. nexte; _rest_ next. Th. affrayde; T.
affraied. 236. Th. one. 237. S. leue; _rest_ loue (!). Th. cuckowe ne his;
F. B. S. _om._ ne his. 238. Th. stronge leasyng. 239. F. B. S. Ff. there
(_for_ therto). T. man (_for_ thing). 240. F. B. S. Fro; Th. T. Ff. For
(!). _So_ Ff. F. B. S.; Th. T. and it hath do me moche (T. myche) wo.

241. F. B. Yee; S. Ya. S. thou schalt vss. Th. T. Ff. _om._ thou. 242. Ff.
F. B. er; _rest_ or. Th. T. Ff. _om._ that. 243. F. B. S. fressh flour; Ff.
Th. T. _om._ flour. S. dayeseye. 245. Th. greatly. B. lisse; F. Ff. lyssen;
Th. T. S. lessen. S. _om._ thee. 246--_end_. _Lost in_ S. 247. Th. one. Ff.
my; _rest_ the. 248. Th. the. 249. Th. T. Ff. than; F. B. then (_read_
thanne). Th. songe. 250. F. B. Ff. hem al. Th. ben; T. bene. 251. Ff.
hadde; T. hade; _rest_ had. 252. Th. Nowe. F. most; B. must; Th. Ff. mote;
T. mot. 254. Ff. mochel; F. B. mekil; T. mykil; Th. moche. Th. the. 255.
_So_ F. B. Ff.; Th. T. As any yet louer he euer sende. 256. Th. T. Ff.
taketh; F. B. toke. Th. leaue. 257. Th. T. Ff. _om._ he. 259. Th. cuckowe.
260. Ff. noon; F. B. non; Th. T. not. T. Ff. brid; F. B. bridde; Th. byrde.
261. F. B. fley; T. fleigh; Ff. fle[gh]t; Th. flewe. 262. Th. byrdes;
_rest_ briddes. B. the vale; F. the wale; Th. T. Ff. that dale. 263. Th. T.
gate; F. B. gat. 264. _All put_ hem _after_ besoughte. Ff. bysought; _rest_
besoughten (!). 265. Th. T. disease.

266. Ff. Ye wyten; F. B. Ye knowe; Th. T. The cuckowe (!). F. B. fro yow
hidde; Th. T. for to hyde (!). 267. F. B. How that; _rest om._ that. Th. T.
Ff. fast; F. B. _om._ Th. chyde; T. chide; F. B. Ff. chidde. 268. Th. Ff.
daye; _rest_ dayes. 269. Th. Ff. praye; _rest_ pray (prey). Ff. all_e_;
_rest_ al. 270. Th. bride; T. Ff. brid; F. B. bridde. 271. Th. o; _rest_
oon. T. all; _rest_ al. Th. one; T. oon; F. B. _om._ 273. Th. _om._ fewe.
Th. byrdes. 274. _All_ soth. Th. cuckowe. 276. T. Ff. lord; _rest_ lorde.
277. T. Ff. record; _rest_ recorde. 278. Th. cuckowe. 279. Ff. Th. T. _om._
And. Th. There. Th. T. yeue; F. yeuen; B. yeuyn; Ff. youe. 280. F. B. make
summe; Th. T. fynally make. 281. Th. without; _rest_ withouten. Th. T. Ff.
_om._ any. 282. F. B. of; Th. T. Ff. after. 283 Th. T. Ff. a; F. B. the.
Th. fayre. 284. Th. wyndowe. 285. Th. wodestocke; F. B. wodestok. 286. F.
B. thanketh. Th. leaue toke. 287. F. B. fleye; Th. T. _om._ Th. T. Ff. an;
F. B. a. Th. hauthorne; T. hauthorn. _All_ broke. 288. _All_ sate. T. Ff.
song; _rest_ songe. Th. T. that; F. B. the; Ff. a. 289. _I supply_ my. Th.
T. Ff. lyfe; F. B. lyve. _After_ 290, Ff. _has_ Explicit Clanvowe.

       *       *       *       *       *

XIX. ENVOY TO ALISON.

  O lewde book, with thy foole rudenesse,
  Sith thou hast neither beautee n'eloquence,
  Who hath thee caused, or yeve thee hardinesse
  For to appere in my ladyes presence?
  I am ful siker, thou knowest her benivolence            5
  Ful agreable to alle hir obeyinge;
  For of al goode she is the best livinge.

  Allas! that thou ne haddest worthinesse
  To shewe to her som plesaunt sentence,
  Sith that she hath, thorough her gentilesse,           10
  Accepted thee servant to her digne reverence!
  O, me repenteth that I n'had science
  And leyser als, to make thee more florisshinge;
  For of al goode she is the best livinge.

  Beseche her mekely, with al lowlinesse,                15
  Though I be fer from her [as] in absence,
  To thenke on my trouth to her and stedfastnesse,
  And to abregge of my sorwe the violence,
  Which caused is wherof knoweth your sapience;
  She lyke among to notifye me her lykinge;              20
  For of al goode she is the best livinge.

                LENVOY.

  Aurore of gladnesse, and day of lustinesse,
  Lucerne a-night, with hevenly influence
  Illumined, rote of beautee and goodnesse,
  Suspiries which I effunde in silence,                  25
  Of grace I beseche, alegge let your wrytinge,
  Now of al goode sith ye be best livinge.

              _Explicit._

_From_ F. (Fairfax 16); _collated with_ T. (Tanner 346); _and_ Th. (Thynne,
ed. 1532). 1. F. boke; T. Th. booke. Th. foule. 2. _All_ beaute. 3. _All_
the (_twice_). 5. _So all._ 6. Th. abeyeng (!). 7. F. T. goode; Th. good.
Th. best; F. T. beste. 9. _All_ so_m_me, some. Th. plesaunt; F. plesant.
10. T. thurugh; F. thorgh; Th. through. 11. _All_ the. 12. _All_ ne
(_before_ had). 13. _So all_ (_with_ the _for_ thee). 14. Th. good. Th.
best; F. T. beste. 16. _I supply_ as. 17. T. Th. trouth; F. trouthe. 18. F.
abregge; Th. abrege; T. abrigge. T. sorow; F. sorwes; Th. sorowes. 20.
_All_ amonge. T. Th. notifye; F. notefye. 21. T. Th. al; F. alle. F. T.
goode; Th. good.

Th. Lenuoye; T. The Lenuoye; F. _om._ 24. Th. T. Illumyned; F. Enlumyned.
F. Rote (_with capital_). _All_ beaute. F. and of; Th. T. _om._ of. 25. F.
Suspiries; Th. Suspires. 26. T. beseke. Th. alege. 27. F. goode; Th. T.
good. _After_ 27: Th. Explicit; F. T. _om._

       *       *       *       *       *

XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.

  When that Phebus his chaire of gold so hy
  Had whirled up the sterry sky aloft,
  And in the Bole was entred certainly;
  Whan shoures swete of rain discended +soft,
  Causing the ground, fele tymes and oft,                 5
  Up for to give many an hoolsom air,
  And every plain was [eek y-]clothed fair

  With newe grene, and maketh smale floures
  To springen here and there in feld and mede;
  So very good and hoolsom be the shoures                10
  That it reneweth, that was old and deede
  In winter-tyme; and out of every seede
  Springeth the herbe, so that every wight
  Of this sesoun wexeth [ful] glad and light.

  And I, so glad of the seson swete,                     15
  Was happed thus upon a certain night;
  As I lay in my bed, sleep ful unmete
  Was unto me; but, why that I ne might
  Rest, I ne wist; for there nas erthly wight,
  As I suppose, had more hertes ese                      20
  Than I, for I n'ad siknesse nor disese.

  Wherfore I mervail gretly of my-selve,
  That I so long withouten sleepe lay;
  And up I roos, three houres after twelve,
  About the [very] springing of the day,                 25
  And on I put my gere and myn array;
  And to a plesaunt grove I gan passe,
  Long or the brighte sonne uprisen was,

  In which were okes grete, streight as a lyne,
  Under the which the gras, so fresh of hew,             30
  Was newly spronge; and an eight foot or nyne
  Every tree wel fro his felawe grew,
  With braunches brode, laden with leves new,
  That sprongen out ayein the sonne shene,
  Som very rede, and som a glad light grene;             35

  Which, as me thought, was right a plesaunt sight.
  And eek the briddes song[es] for to here
  Would have rejoised any erthly wight.
  And I, that couth not yet, in no manere,
  Here the nightingale of al the yere,                   40
  Ful busily herkned, with herte and ere,
  If I her voice perceive coud any-where.

  And at the last, a path of litel brede
  I found, that gretly had not used be,
  For it forgrowen was with gras and weede,              45
  That wel unneth a wight [ther] might it see.
  Thought I, this path som whider goth, parde,
  And so I folowed, til it me brought
  To right a plesaunt herber, wel y-wrought,

  That benched was, and [al] with turves new             50
  Freshly turved, wherof the grene gras
  So small, so thik, so short, so fresh of hew,
  That most lyk to grene +wol, wot I, it was.
  The hegge also, that yede [as] in compas
  And closed in al the grene herbere,                    55
  With sicamour was set and eglantere,

  Writhen in-fere so wel and cunningly
  That every braunch and leef grew by mesure,
  Plain as a bord, of on height, by and by,
  [That] I sy never thing, I you ensure,                 60
  So wel [y-]don; for he that took the cure
  It [for] to make, I trow, did al his peyn
  To make it passe al tho that men have seyn.

  And shapen was this herber, roof and al,
  As [is] a prety parlour, and also                      65
  The hegge as thik as [is] a castle-wal,
  That, who that list without to stond or go,
  Though he wold al-day pryen to and fro,
  He shuld not see if there were any wight
  Within or no; but oon within wel might                 70

  Perceive al tho that yeden there-without
  In the feld, that was on every syde
  Covered with corn and gras, that, out of dout,
  Though oon wold seeken al the world wyde,
  So rich a feld [ne] coud not be espyed                 75
  [Up]on no cost, as of the quantitee,
  For of al good thing ther was [greet] plentee.

  And I, that al this plesaunt sight [than] sy,
  Thought sodainly I felt so sweet an air
  [Come] of the eglantere, that certainly,               80
  Ther is no hert, I deme, in such despair,
  Ne with [no] thoughtes froward and contrair
  So overlaid, but it shuld soone have bote,
  If it had ones felt this savour sote.

  And as I stood and cast asyde myn y,                   85
  I was ware of the fairest medle-tree
  That ever yet in al my lyf I sy,
  As full of blossomes as it might be.
  Therin a goldfinch leping pretily
  Fro bough to bough, and, as him list, he eet           90
  Here and there, of buddes and floures sweet.

  And to the herber-syde was joining
  This faire tree, of which I have you told;
  And, at the last, the brid began to sing,
  Whan he had eten what he ete wold,                     95
  So passing sweetly, that, by manifold,
  It was more plesaunt than I coud devyse;
  And whan his song was ended in this wyse,

  The nightingale with so mery a note
  Answered him, that al the wode rong                   100
  So sodainly, that, as it were a sot,
  I stood astonied; so was I with the song
  Through ravished, that, [un]til late and long
  Ne wist I in what place I was, ne where;
  And +ay, me thought, she song even by myn ere.        105

  Wherfore about I waited busily
  On every syde, if I her mighte see;
  And, at the last, I gan ful wel aspy
  Wher she sat in a fresh green laurer-tree
  On the further syde, even right by me,                110
  That gave so passing a delicious smel
  According to the eglantere ful wel.

  Wherof I had so inly greet plesyr
  That, as me thought, I surely ravished was
  Into Paradyse, where my desyr                         115
  Was for to be, and no ferther [to] passe
  As for that day, and on the sote gras
  I sat me doun; for, as for myn entent,
  The birdes song was more convenient,

  And more plesaunt to me, by many fold,                120
  Than mete or drink, or any other thing;
  Thereto the herber was so fresh and cold,
  The hoolsom savours eek so comforting
  That, as I demed, sith the beginning
  Of the world, was never seen, or than,                125
  So plesaunt a ground of non erthly man.

  And as I sat, the briddes herkning thus,
  Me thought that I herd voices sodainly,
  The most sweetest and most delicious
  That ever any wight, I trow trewly,                   130
  Herde in +his lyf, for [that] the armony
  And sweet accord was in so good musyk,
  That the voice to angels most was lyk.

  At the last, out of a grove even by,            THE LEAF.
  That was right goodly and plesaunt to sight,          135
  I sy where there cam singing lustily
  A world of ladies; but to tell aright
  Their greet beaute, it lyth not in my might,
  Ne their array; nevertheless, I shal
  Tell you a part, though I speke not of al.            140

  +In surcotes whyte, of veluet wel sitting,
  They were [y-]clad; and the semes echoon,
  As it were a maner garnishing,
  Was set with emeraudes, oon and oon,
  By and by; but many a riche stoon                     145
  Was set [up-]on the purfils, out of dout,
  Of colors, sleves, and traines round about;

  As gret[e] perles, round and orient,
  Diamondes fyne and rubies rede,
  And many another stoon, of which I +want              150
  The names now; and everich on her hede
  A riche fret of gold, which, without drede,
  Was ful of statly riche stones set;
  And every lady had a chapelet

  On her hede, of [leves] fresh and grene,              155
  So wel [y-]wrought, and so merveilously,
  That it was a noble sight to sene;
  Some of laurer, and some ful plesauntly
  Had chapelets of woodbind, and sadly
  Some of _agnus-castus_ ware also                      160
  Chapelets fresh; but there were many tho

  That daunced and eek song ful soberly;
  But al they yede in maner of compas.
  But oon ther yede in-mid the company
  Sole by her-self; but al folowed the pace             165
  [Which] that she kept, whos hevenly-figured face
  So plesaunt was, and her wel-shape person,
  That of beaute she past hem everichon.

  And more richly beseen, by manifold,
  She was also, in every maner thing;                   170
  On her heed, ful plesaunt to behold,
  A crowne of gold, rich for any king;
  A braunch of _agnus-castus_ eek bering
  In her hand; and, to my sight, trewly,
  She lady was of [al] the company.                     175

  And she began a roundel lustily,
  That _Sus le foyl de vert moy_ men call,
  _Seen, et mon joly cuer endormi_;
  And than the company answered all
  With voice[s] swete entuned and so small,             180
  That me thought it the sweetest melody
  That ever I herde in my lyf, soothly.

  And thus they came[n], dauncing and singing,
  Into the middes of the mede echone,
  Before the herber, where I was sitting,               185
  And, god wot, me thought I was wel bigon;
  For than I might avyse hem, on by on,
  Who fairest was, who coud best dance or sing,
  Or who most womanly was in al thing.

  They had not daunced but a litel throw                190
  When that I herd, not fer of, sodainly
  So greet a noise of thundring trumpes blow,
  As though it shuld have departed the sky;
  And, after that, within a whyle I sy
  From the same grove, where the ladyes come out,       195
  Of men of armes coming such a rout

  As al the men on erth had been assembled
  In that place, wel horsed for the nones,
  Stering so fast, that al the erth[e] trembled;
  But for to speke of riches and [of] stones,           200
  And men and hors, I trow, the large wones
  Of Prester John, ne al his tresory
  Might not unneth have bought the tenth party!

  Of their array who-so list here more,
  I shal reherse, so as I can, a lyte.                  205
  Out of the grove, that I spak of before,
  I sy come first, al in their clokes whyte,
  A company, that ware, for their delyt,
  Chapelets fresh of okes cereal
  Newly spronge, and trumpets they were al.             210

  On every trumpe hanging a brood banere
  Of fyn tartarium, were ful richly bete;
  Every trumpet his lordes armes +bere;
  About their nekkes, with gret perles set,
  Colers brode; for cost they would not lete,           215
  As it would seme; for their scochones echoon
  Were set about with many a precious stoon.

  Their hors-harneys was al whyte also;
  And after hem next, in on company,
  Came kinges of armes, and no mo,                      220
  In clokes of whyte cloth of gold, richly;
  Chapelets of greene on their hedes on hy,
  The crownes that they on their scochones bere
  Were set with perle, ruby, and saphere,

  And eek gret diamondes many on;                       225
  But al their hors-harneys and other gere
  Was in a sute according, everichon,
  As ye have herd the foresayd trumpets were;
  And, by seeming, they were nothing to lere;
  And their gyding they did so manerly.                 230
  And after hem cam a greet company

  Of heraudes and pursevauntes eke
  Arrayed in clothes of whyt veluet;
  And hardily, they were nothing to seke
  How they [up]on hem shuld the harneys set;            235
  And every man had on a chapelet;
  Scochones and eke hors-harneys, indede,
  They had in sute of hem that before hem yede.

  Next after hem, came in armour bright,
  Al save their hedes, seemely knightes nyne;           240
  And every clasp and nail, as to my sight,
  Of their harneys, were of red gold fyne;
  With cloth of gold, and furred with ermyne
  Were the trappures of their stedes strong,
  Wyde and large, that to the ground did hong;          245

  And every bosse of brydel and peitrel
  That they had, was worth, as I would wene,
  A thousand pound; and on their hedes, wel
  Dressed, were crownes [al] of laurer grene,
  The best [y-]mad that ever I had seen;                250
  And every knight had after him ryding
  Three henshmen, [up]on him awaiting;

  Of whiche +the first, upon a short tronchoun,
  His lordes helme[t] bar, so richly dight,
  That the worst was worth[y] the raunsoun              255
  Of a[ny] king; the second a sheld bright
  Bar at his nekke; the thridde bar upright
  A mighty spere, ful sharpe [y-]ground and kene;
  And every child ware, of leves grene,

  A fresh chapelet upon his heres bright;               260
  And clokes whyte, of fyn veluet they ware;
  Their stedes trapped and [a]rayed right
  Without[en] difference, as their lordes were.
  And after hem, on many a fresh co[u]rsere,
  There came of armed knightes such a rout              265
  That they besprad the large feld about.

  And al they ware[n], after their degrees,
  Chapelets new, made of laurer grene,
  Some of oke, and some of other trees;
  Some in their handes bere boughes shene,              270
  Some of laurer, and some of okes kene,
  Some of hawthorn, and some of woodbind,
  And many mo, which I had not in mind.

  And so they came, their hors freshly stering
  With bloody sownes of hir trompes loud;               275
  Ther sy I many an uncouth disgysing
  In the array of these knightes proud;
  And at the last, as evenly as they coud,
  They took their places in-middes of the mede,
  And every knight turned his horse[s] hede             280

  To his felawe, and lightly laid a spere
  In the [a]rest, and so justes began
  On every part about[en], here and there;
  Som brak his spere, som drew down hors and man;
  About the feld astray the stedes ran;                 285
  And, to behold their rule and governaunce,
  I you ensure, it was a greet plesaunce.

  And so the justes last an houre and more;
  But tho that crowned were in laurer grene
  Wan the pryse; their dintes were so sore              290
  That ther was non ayenst hem might sustene;
  And [than] the justing al was left of clene;
  And fro their hors the +nine alight anon;
  And so did al the remnant everichon.

  And forth they yede togider, twain and twain,         295
  That to behold, it was a worldly sight,
  Toward the ladies on the grene plain,
  That song and daunced, as I sayd now right.
  The ladies, as soone as they goodly might,
  They breke[n] of both the song and dance,             300
  And yede to mete hem, with ful glad semblance.

  And every lady took, ful womanly,
  By the hond a knight, and forth they yede
  Unto a fair laurer that stood fast by,
  With leves lade, the boughes of gret brede;           305
  And to my dome, there never was, indede,
  [A] man that had seen half so fair a tree;
  For underneth it there might wel have be

  An hundred persons, at their own plesaunce,
  Shadowed fro the hete of Phebus bright                310
  So that they shuld have felt no [greet] grevaunce
  Of rain, ne hail, that hem hurt[e] might.
  The savour eek rejoice would any wight
  That had be sick or melancolious,
  It was so very good and vertuous.                     315

  And with gret reverence they +enclyned low
  [Un]to the tree, so sote and fair of hew;
  And after that, within a litel throw,
  +Bigonne they to sing and daunce of-new;
  Some song of love, some playning of untrew,           320
  Environing the tree that stood upright;
  And ever yede a lady and a knight.

  And at the last I cast myn eye asyde,         THE FLOWER.
  And was ware of a lusty company
  That came, roming out of the feld wyde,               325
  Hond in hond, a knight and a lady;
  The ladies alle in surcotes, that richly
  Purfyled were with many a riche stoon;
  And every knight of greene ware mantles on,

  Embrouded wel, so as the surcotes were,               330
  And everich had a chapelet on her hede;
  Which did right wel upon the shyning here,
  Made of goodly floures, whyte and rede.
  The knightes eke, that they in hond lede,
  In sute of hem, ware chapelets everichon;             335
  And hem before went minstrels many on,

  As harpes, pypes, lutes, and sautry,
  Al in greene; and on their hedes bare
  Of dyvers floures, mad ful craftily,
  Al in a sute, goodly chapelets they ware;             340
  And so, dauncing, into the mede they fare,
  In-mid the which they found a tuft that was
  Al oversprad with floures in compas.

  Where[un]to they enclyned everichon
  With greet reverence, and that ful humblely;          345
  And, at the last[e], there began anon
  A lady for to sing right womanly
  A bargaret in praising the daisy;
  For, as me thought, among her notes swete,
  She sayd, '_Si douce est la Margarete_.'              350

  Then they al answered her infere,
  So passingly wel, and so plesauntly,
  That it was a blisful noise to here.
  But I not [how], it happed sodainly,
  As, about noon, the sonne so fervently                355
  Wex hoot, that [al] the prety tender floures
  Had lost the beaute of hir fresh coloures,

  For-shronk with hete; the ladies eek to-brent,
  That they ne wist where they hem might bestow.
  The knightes swelt, for lak of shade ny shent;        360
  And after that, within a litel throw,
  The wind began so sturdily to blow,
  That down goth al the floures everichon
  So that in al the mede there laft not on,

  Save suche as socoured were, among the leves,         365
  Fro every storme, that might hem assail,
  Growing under hegges and thikke greves;
  And after that, there came a storm of hail
  And rain in-fere, so that, withouten fail,
  The ladies ne the knightes n'ade o threed             370
  Drye [up]on hem, so dropping was hir weed.

  And when the storm was clene passed away,
  Tho [clad] in whyte, that stood under the tree,
  They felt[e] nothing of the grete affray,
  That they in greene without had in y-be.              375
  To hem they yede for routh and pite,
  Hem to comfort after their greet disese;
  So fain they were the helpless for to ese.

  Then was I ware how oon of hem in grene
  Had on a crown[e], rich and wel sitting;              380
  Wherfore I demed wel she was a quene,
  And tho in greene on her were awaiting.
  The ladies then in whyte that were coming
  Toward[es] hem, and the knightes in-fere
  Began to comfort hem and make hem chere.              385

  The quene in whyte, that was of grete beaute,
  Took by the hond the queen that was in grene,
  And said, 'Suster, I have right greet pite
  Of your annoy, and of the troublous tene
  Wherein ye and your company have been                 390
  So long, alas! and, if that it you plese
  To go with me, I shal do you the ese

  In al the pleisir that I can or may.'
  Wherof the tother, humbly as she might,
  Thanked her; for in right ill aray                    395
  She was, with storm and hete, I you behight.
  And every lady then, anon-right,
  That were in whyte, oon of hem took in grene
  By the hond; which when the knightes had seen,

  In lyke wyse, ech of hem took a knight                400
  Clad in grene, and forth with hem they fare
  [Un]to an hegge, where they, anon-right,
  To make their justes, [lo!] they would not spare
  Boughes to hew down, and eek trees square,
  Wherewith they made hem stately fyres grete           405
  To dry their clothes that were wringing wete.

  And after that, of herbes that there grew,
  They made, for blisters of the sonne brenning,
  Very good and hoolsom ointments new,
  Where that they yede, the sick fast anointing;        410
  And after that, they yede about gadring
  Plesaunt salades, which they made hem ete,
  For to refresh their greet unkindly hete.

  The lady of the Leef then gan to pray
  Her of the Flour, (for so to my seeming               415
  They should[e] be, as by their [quaint] array),
  To soupe with her; and eek, for any thing,
  That she should with her al her people bring.
  And she ayein, in right goodly manere,
  Thanketh her of her most freendly chere,              420

  Saying plainly, that she would obey
  With al her hert al her commaundement,
  And then anon, without lenger delay,
  The lady of the Leef hath oon y-sent
  For a palfray, [as] after her intent,                 425
  Arayed wel and fair in harneys of gold,
  For nothing lakked, that to him long shold.

  And after that, to al her company
  She made to purvey hors and every thing
  That they needed; and then, ful lustily,              430
  Even by the herber where I was sitting,
  They passed al, so plesantly singing,
  That it would have comforted any wight;
  But then I sy a passing wonder sight:--

  For then the nightingale, that al the day             435
  Had in the laurer sete, and did her might
  The hool servyse to sing longing to May,
  Al sodainly [be]gan to take her flight;
  And to the lady of the Leef forthright
  She flew, and set her on her hond softly,             440
  Which was a thing I marveled of gretly.

  The goldfinch eek, that fro the medle-tree
  Was fled, for hete, into the bushes cold,
  Unto the lady of the Flour gan flee,
  And on her hond he set him, as he wold,               445
  And plesantly his winges gan to fold;
  And for to sing they pained hem both as sore
  As they had do of al the day before.

  And so these ladies rood forth a gret pace,
  And al the rout of knightes eek in-fere;              450
  And I, that had seen al this wonder case,
  Thought [that] I would assay, in some manere,
  To know fully the trouth of this matere,
  And what they were that rood so plesantly.
  And, when they were the herber passed by,             455

  I drest me forth, and happed to mete anon
  Right a fair lady, I you ensure;
  And she cam ryding by herself aloon,
  Al in whyte, with semblance ful demure.
  I salued her, and bad good aventure                   460
  +Might her befall, as I coud most humbly;
  And she answered, 'My doughter, gramercy!'

  'Madam,' quod I, 'if that I durst enquere
  Of you, I wold fain, of that company,
  Wit what they be that past by this herbere?'          465
  And she ayein answered right freendly:
  'My fair daughter, al tho that passed hereby
  In whyte clothing, be servants everichoon
  Unto the Leef, and I my-self am oon.

  See ye not her that crowned is,' quod she,            470
  'Al in whyte?' 'Madame,' quod I, 'yis!'
  'That is Diane, goddesse of chastite;
  And, for bicause that she a maiden is,
  In her hond the braunch she bereth, this
  That _agnus-castus_ men call properly;                475
  And alle the ladies in her company

  Which ye see of that herb[e] chaplets were,
  Be such as han kept +ay hir maidenhede;
  And al they that of laurer chaplets bere
  Be such as hardy were and +wan, indede,               480
  Victorious name which never may be dede.
  And al they were so worthy of hir hond,
  [As] in hir tyme, that non might hem withstond.

  And tho that were chapelets on hir hede
  Of fresh woodbind, be such as never were              485
  To love untrew in word, [ne] thought, ne dede,
  But ay stedfast; ne for plesaunce, ne fere,
  Though that they shuld hir hertes al to-tere,
  Would never flit, but ever were stedfast,
  Til that their lyves there asunder brast.'            490

  'Now, fair madam,' quod I, 'yet I would pray
  Your ladiship, if that it might be,
  That I might know[e], by some maner way,
  Sith that it hath [y-]lyked your beaute,
  The trouth of these ladies for to tel me;             495
  What that these knightes be, in rich armour;
  And what tho be in grene, and were the flour;

  And why that some did reverence to the tree,
  And some unto the plot of floures fair?'
  'With right good wil, my fair doughter,' quod she,    500
  'Sith your desyr is good and debonair.
  Tho nine, crowned, be very exemplair
  Of all honour longing to chivalry,
  And those, certain, be called the Nine Worthy,

  Which ye may see [here] ryding al before,             505
  That in hir tyme did many a noble dede,
  And, for their worthines, ful oft have bore
  The crowne of laurer-leves on their hede,
  As ye may in your old[e] bokes rede;
  And how that he, that was a conquerour,               510
  Had by laurer alway his most honour.

  And tho that bere boughes in their hond
  Of the precious laurer so notable,
  Be such as were, I wol ye understond,
  Noble knightes of the Round[e] Table,                 515
  And eek the Douseperes honourable;
  Which they bere in signe of victory,
  +As witness of their dedes mightily.

  Eek there be knightes olde of the Garter,
  That in hir tyme did right worthily;                  520
  And the honour they did to the laurer
  Is, for by [it] they have their laud hoolly,
  Their triumph eek, and martial glory;
  Which unto hem is more parfyt richesse
  Than any wight imagine can or gesse.                  525

  For oon leef given of that noble tree
  To any wight that hath don worthily,
  And it be doon so as it ought to be,
  Is more honour then any thing erthly.
  Witnesse of Rome that founder was, truly,             530
  Of all knighthood and dedes marvelous;
  Record I take of Titus Livius.

  And as for her that crowned is in greene,
  It is Flora, of these floures goddesse;
  And al that here on her awaiting been,                535
  It are such [folk] that loved idlenes,
  And not delyte [had] of no busines
  But for to hunt and hauke, and pley in medes,
  And many other such [lyk] idle dedes.

  And for the greet delyt and [the] plesaunce           540
  They have [un]to the flour, so reverently
  They unto it do such [gret] obeisaunce,
  As ye may see.' 'Now, fair madame,' quod I,
  'If I durst ask what is the cause and why
  That knightes have the signe of [al] honour           545
  Rather by the Leef than by the Flour?'

  'Sothly, doughter,' quod she, 'this is the trouth:
  For knightes ever should be persevering,
  To seeke honour without feintyse or slouth,
  Fro wele to better, in al maner thing;                550
  In signe of which, with Leves ay lasting
  They be rewarded after their degree,
  Whos lusty grene may not appeired be,

  But ay keping hir beaute fresh and greene;
  For there nis storm [non] that may hem deface,        555
  Hail nor snow, wind nor frostes kene;
  Wherfore they have this properte and grace.
  And for the Flour within a litel space
  Wol be [y-]lost, so simple of nature
  They be, that they no grevance may endure,            560

  And every storm wil blow hem sone away,
  Ne they last not but [as] for a sesoun,
  That +is the cause, the very trouth to say,
  That they may not, by no way of resoun,
  Be put to no such occupacioun.'                       565
  'Madame,' quod I, 'with al my hool servyse
  I thank you now, in my most humble wyse.

  For now I am acertained throughly
  Of every thing I desired to know.'
  'I am right glad that I have said, sothly,            570
  Ought to your pleysir, if ye wil me trow,'
  Quod she ayein, 'but to whom do ye ow
  Your servyce? and which wil ye honour,
  Tel me, I pray, this yeer, the Leef or Flour?'

  'Madame,' quod I, 'though I [be] leest worthy,        575
  Unto the Leef I ow myn observaunce.'
  'That is,' quod she, 'right wel don, certainly,
  And I pray god to honour you avaunce,
  And kepe you fro the wikked remembraunce
  Of Male-Bouche, and al his cruelte;                   580
  And alle that good and wel-condicioned be.

  For here may I no lenger now abyde,
  I must folowe the gret[e] company
  That ye may see yonder before you ryde.'
  And forth[right], as I couth, most humblely,          585
  I took my leve of her as she gan hy
  After hem, as fast as ever she might;
  And I drow hoomward, for it was nigh night;

  And put al that I had seen in wryting,
  Under support of hem that lust it rede.               590
  O litel book, thou art so unconning,
  How darst thou put thy-self in prees for drede?
  It is wonder that thou wexest not rede,
  Sith that thou wost ful lyte who shal behold
  Thy rude langage, ful boistously unfold.              595

              _Explicit._

_From_ Speght's edition (1598); _I note rejected readings_. 1. hie. 3.
Boole. 4. sweet; raine; oft (!). 6. wholesome aire. 7. plaine was clothed
faire. 8. new greene. small flours. 9. field and in mede. 10. wholsome. 11.
renueth. 13. hearbe. 14. season; _I supply_ ful. 15. season. 16. certaine.
17. sleepe. 19. earthly. 20. hearts ease. 21. Then; nad sicknesse; disease.

22. meruaile greatly; selfe. 24. rose; twelfe. 25. _I supply_ very. 26.
geare; mine. 27. pleasaunt. 28. bright. 29. great. 30. grasse. 31. sprong.
32. well; fellow. 33. lade. 34. ayen. 35. Some; red; some. 36. song (_read_
songes); fort (_sic_). 38. earthly. 40. Heare; all. 41. Full; herkened;
hart and with eare. 43. litle breade. 44. greatly. 45. grasse. 46. well; _I
supply_ ther. 47. some. 48. followed till. 49. pleasaunt; well. 50. _I
supply_ al; turfes. 52. thicke. 53. lyke vnto (_read_ to); wel (!; _read_
wol).

54. _I supply_ as. 55. (_Perhaps imperfect_); all; green. 56. eglatere;
_see_ l. 80. 57. Wrethen. 58. branch; leafe. 59. an (_better_ on). 60. _I
supply_ That; see. 61. done; tooke. 62. _I supply_ for; all; peine. 63.
all; seyne. 64. roofe. 65. _I supply_ is. 66. thicke; _I supply_ is; wall.
68. would all. 69. should. 70. one; well. 71. all. 72. field. 73. corne;
grasse; doubt. 74. one would seeke all. 75. field; _I supply_ ne; espide.
76. On; coast; quantity. 77. all; _I supply_ greet; plenty. 78. all;
pleasannt sight sie. 79. aire. 80. _I supply_ Come; eglentere. 81. heart;
dispaire. 82. with thoughts; contraire. 83. should. 84. soote.

85. mine eie. 87. all; life; sie. 88. blosomes. 89. leaping pretile. 91.
buds. 95. eaten; eat. 97. pleasaunt then. 98. when. 99. merry. 100. all;
wood. 101. sote. 103. Thorow; till. 104. I ne wist (_better_ Ne wist I).
105. ayen (!). 106. I waited about. 107. might. 108. full well. 109. greene
laurey (_error for_ laurer); _see_ l. 158. 111. smell. 112. eglentere full
well. 113. great pleasure. 115. desire. 116. _I supply_ to.

117. grasse. 118. downe; mine. 119. birds. 120. pleasaunt. 121. meat;
drinke. 123. wholsome; eke. 126. pleasaunt; none earthly. 127. birds
harkening. 128. heard. 131. Heard; their (_error for_ his); _I supply_
that. 132. musike. 133. like. 135. pleasant. 136. sie; came. 138. great
beauty; lieth. 139. shall. 140. speake; all. 141. The (!; _read_ In); wele.
142. were clad; echone. 144. Emerauds one and one. 145. rich. 146. on;
purfiles.

148. great pearles. 149. Diamonds; red. 150. stone; went (_for_ want). 151.
head. 152. rich; dread. 153. stately rich. 155. head; _I supply_ leves.
156. wele wrought; meruelously. 158. pleasantly. 160. were; _read_ ware,
_as in_ 335. 161. of tho (_om._ of). 162. eke. 163. all; compace. 164. one.
165. Soole; selfe; all followed. 166. _I supply_ Which; whose heauenly.
167. pleasaunt; wele. 168. beauty; -one. 169. beseene. 171. head;
pleasaunt. 172. golde (?). 173. eke bearing. 175. _I supply_ al. 176.
roundell lustely. 177. Suse; foyle. 178. Seen (_sic_); en dormy, _before
which we should perhaps supply_ est.

180. voice sweet. 182. heard. 183. came. 186. bigone. 187. one by one. 189.
all. 190. little. 191. heard. 192. great; thundering trumps. 193. skie.
194. sie. 196. comming. 197. all. 198. wele. 199. all; earth. 200. speake;
_I supply_ of. 201. horse. 202. Pretir (!); all. 204. their (_read_ hir?);
heare. 205. rehearse. 206. spake. 207. sie; all; their (_read_ hir?). 208.
were: _read_ ware (_as in_ 329); delite. 209. seriall (_for_ cereal). 210.
sprong; all.

211. broad. 212. fine; richely. 213. lords; here (_read_ bere); _see_ 223.
214. (_and often_): their (_for_ hir). neckes; great pearles. 216. echone.
217. stone. 218. horse; all. 219. them (_for_ hem); one. 220. kings. 222.
heads; hye. 223. crowns. 224. pearle. 225. eke great Diamonds; one. 226.
all; horse; geare. 227. euerichone. 228. heard. 230. there guiding. 231.
great. 232. herauds; purseuaunts. 233. white. 235. on; should. 237. horse.
238. him (_for 2nd_ hem). 240. heads; knights. 241. claspe; naile. 242.
their (_for_ hir?); _so in_ 214, 216, 218, 222, 223, 230 (there), 240; &c.

244. their (_for_ hir?); _so in_ 248, &c. 246. boose (!); bridle; paitrell.
248. heads well. 249. _I supply_ al. 250. made; sene. 252. on. 253. whiche
euery on a. 254. lords helme bare. 255. worth. 256. a (_read_ any); shield.
257. Bare; neck; thred bare. 258. spheare (!); ground. 260. haires. 261.
fine. were; _read_ ware (_as in_ 259). 262. steeds; raied. 263. Without;
lords. 265. knights. 266. field. 267. were; _read_ waren. 270. honds bare.
272. hauthorne.

274. horses. 276. sie; disguising. 277. knights. 279. their (_for_ hir?
_see_ 275); _so in_ 286, &c. 280. horse. 281. fellow; speare. 282. rest.
283. about. 284. Some brake; some. 285. field; steeds. 287. great
pleasaunce. 290. dints. 291. none. 292. _I supply_ than; all. 293. horse.
ninth; _read_ nine. 296. worldly (_perhaps read_ worthy). 297. green. 300.
brake; they (_error for_ the). 301. meet; full. 302. tooke. 304. faire.
305. great.

307. _I supply_ A; halfe; faire. 308. underneath. 309. their (_for_ hir?);
plesance. 310. heat. 311. should; _I supply_ greet. 312. raine; haile;
hurt. 313. eke. 314. sicke; melancolius. 316. enclining; _read_ enclyned;
_see_ 344. 317. To; soot; faire. 318. little. 319. They began to. 323.
mine. 325. field. 327. all; richely. 328. rich. 330. well. 331. hed. 332.
well. 333. red. 334. knights; led. 335. euerichone. 336. before hem; one.
338. heads. 339. made full craftely.

344. Whereto. 345. great; humbly. 346. last. 348. daisie. 350. douset & la.
351. all. 352. well; pleasauntly. 354. _I supply_ how. 355. noone. 356.
Waxe whote; _I supply_ al. 357. beauty. 358. Forshronke; heat; eke. 360.
knights; lack; nie. 361. little. 363. down goeth all; euerichone. 364. all;
one. 365. succoured. 366. assaile. 367. thicke. 368. storme; haile. 369.
raine in feare; faile. 370. knights. 371. on them so; her.

372. cleane. 373. _I supply_ clad. 374. felt; great. 376. them (_for_ hem).
377. Them (_for_ Hem); great disease. 378. faine; helplesse; ease. 379.
one. 380. crown; well. 384. Toward them; knights. 386. Queen; great beauty.
387. Tooke. 388. great pity. 390. bene. 391. please. 392. shall; ease. 393.
all; pleasure. 396. heat. 398. one; them. 399. knights; sene. 400. them.
402. To. 403. iusts; _supply_ lo. 404. downe; eke.

405. great. 406. weat. 407. hearbs. 409. wholsome. 410. annointing. 411.
gadering. 412. Pleasaunt; eat. 413. great; heat. 414. leafe; began (_for_
gan). 415. floure. 416. should; _I supply_ quaint. 417. eke. 418. all. 419.
ayen. 420. friendly cheare. 421. obay. 422. all; hart all. 424. Leafe; one.
425. _I supply_ al. 426. well; faire. 427. lacked; should. 428. all. 429.
horse. 432. all; pleasantly. 434. sie. 435. all. 437. whol seruice.

438. gan. 439. leafe. 441. greatly. 442. eke; medill. 443. heat. 444.
Flower; fle. 445. hir. 446. pleasantly; wings. 448. all. 449. rode; great.
450. knights. 451. sene all. 452. _I supply_ that. 454. rode; pleasantly.
457. faire. 458. come; hir selfe alone. 459. All. 460. saluted (_read_
salued); bad her good (_omit_ her). 461. Must (_read_ Might). 464. faine.
465. arbere. 466. ayen; friendly. 467. faire; all. 468. euerichone. 469.
Leafe; selfe; one.

471. All; yes (_read_ yis). 472. goddes; chastity. 476. all. 477. hearb.
478. kepte; alway (_read_ ay); her. 479. beare. 480. manly (_read_ wan).
482. all; ther (_read_ hir). 483. _I supply_ As; none. 484. weare; ther
(_read_ hir). 486. untrue; _I supply_ ne. 487. aye; pleasance. 488. their
harts all. 490. Till; their (_read_ hir?). 491. faire. 493. know. 494.
liked. 495. tell. 496. knights. 497. weare. 499. faire. 500. will; doghter.
501. youre desire; debonaire.

502. exemplaire. 504. certaine. 505. _I supply_ here. 507. their (_read_
hir? _see_ 506); _so in_ 512, &c. 508. leaues. 509. old bookes. 512. beare.
bowes; _see_ 270. 514. woll. 515. knights; round. 516. eke; douseperis.
517. beare. 518. It is (_but read_ As). 519. Eke; knights old. 522. _I
supply_ it; wholly. 523. eke; marshall (!). 524. them; riches. 526. one
leafe. 527, 528. done. 529. earthly. 530. Witnes. 531. deeds.

535. all; beene. 536. _I supply_ folk. 537. delite of; busines. 539. _I
supply_ lyk. 540. great delite; _I supply_ the; pleasaunce. 541. to; and so
(_omit_ and). 542. _I supply_ gret. 543. faire. 544. aske. 545. knights; _I
supply_ al. 546. leafe; floure. 548. knights. 550. all. 551. leaues aye.
552. their; _read_ hir? 553. Whose; green May may (_sic_). 554. aye; their
beauty. 555. storme; _I supply_ non. 556. Haile; frosts. 557. propertie.
558. floure; little. 559. Woll; lost. 560. greeuance. 561. storme will;
them. 562. _I supply_ as; season. 563. That if their (_read_ That is the).
564. reason. 565. occupacion.

566. all mine whole. 567. thanke. 571. pleasure; will. 572. ayen; whome
doe; owe. 573. woll. 574. Tell; yeere; leafe or the flour. 575. I least.
576. leafe; owe mine. 577. well done. 580. male bouch; all; crueltie. 581.
all. 583. follow; great. 585. forth as; humbly. 586. tooke; hie. 587. them.
588. homeward. 589. all. 590. them; it to rede (_omit_ to). 591. little
booke. 594. shall. 595. full.

       *       *       *       *       *

XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.

  In Septembre, at the falling of the leef,
  The fressh sesoun was al-togider doon,
  And of the corn was gadered in the sheef;
  In a gardyn, about twayn after noon,
  Ther were ladyes walking, as was her wone,              5
  Foure in nombre, as to my mynd doth falle,
  And I the fifte, the simplest of hem alle.

  Of gentilwomen fayre ther were also,
  Disporting hem, everiche after her gyse,
  In crosse-aleys walking, by two and two,               10
  And some alone, after her fantasyes.
  Thus occupyed we were in dyvers wyse;
  And yet, in trouthe, we were not al alone;
  Ther were knightes and squyers many one.

  'Wherof I served?' oon of hem asked me;                15
  I sayde ayein, as it fel in my thought,
  'To walke about the mase, in certaynte,
  As a woman that [of] nothing rought.'
  He asked me ayein--'whom that I sought,
  And of my colour why I was so pale?'                   20
  'Forsothe,' quod I, 'and therby lyth a tale.'

  'That must me wite,' quod he, 'and that anon;
  Tel on, let see, and make no tarying.'
  'Abyd,' quod I, 'ye been a hasty oon,
  I let you wite it is no litel thing.                   25
  But, for bicause ye have a greet longing
  In your desyr, this proces for to here,
  I shal you tel the playn of this matere.--

  It happed thus, that, in an after-noon,
  My felawship and I, by oon assent,                     30
  Whan al our other besinesse was doon,
  To passe our tyme, into this mase we went,
  And toke our wayes, eche after our entent;
  Some went inward, and +wend they had gon out,
  Some stode amid, and loked al about.                   35

  And, sooth to say, some were ful fer behind,
  And right anon as ferforth as the best;
  Other ther were, so mased in her mind,
  Al wayes were good for hem, bothe eest and west.
  Thus went they forth, and had but litel rest;          40
  And some, her corage did hem sore assayle,
  For very wrath, they did step over the rayle!

  And as they sought hem-self thus to and fro,
  I gat myself a litel avauntage;
  Al for-weried, I might no further go,                  45
  Though I had won right greet, for my viage.
  So com I forth into a strait passage,
  Which brought me to an herber fair and grene,
  Mad with benches, ful craftily and clene,

  That, as me thought, ther might no creature            50
  Devyse a better, by dew proporcioun;
  Safe it was closed wel, I you ensure,
  With masonry of compas enviroun,
  Ful secretly, with stayres going doun
  Inmiddes the place, with turning wheel, certayn;       55
  And upon that, a pot of marjolain;

  With margarettes growing in ordinaunce,
  To shewe hemself, as folk went to and fro,
  That to beholde it was a greet plesaunce,
  And how they were acompanyed with mo                   60
  Ne-m'oublie-mies and sovenez also;
  The povre pensees were not disloged there;
  No, no! god wot, her place was every-where!

  The flore beneth was paved faire and smothe
  With stones square, of many dyvers hew,                65
  So wel joyned that, for to say the sothe,
  Al semed oon (who that non other knew);
  And underneth, the stremes new and new,
  As silver bright, springing in suche a wyse
  That, whence it cam, ye coude it not devyse.           70

  A litel whyle thus was I al alone,
  Beholding wel this delectable place;
  My felawship were coming everichone,
  So must me nedes abyde, as for a space.
  Rememb[e]ring of many dyvers cace                      75
  Of tyme passed, musing with sighes depe,
  I set me doun, and ther I fel a-slepe.

  And, as I slept, me thought ther com to me
  A gentilwoman, metely of stature;
  Of greet worship she semed for to be,                  80
  Atyred wel, not high, but by mesure;
  Her countenaunce ful sad and ful demure;
  Her colours blewe, al that she had upon;
  Ther com no mo [there] but herself aloon.

  Her gown was wel embrouded, certainly,                 85
  With sovenez, after her own devyse;
  On her purfyl her word [was] by and by
  _Bien et loyalment_, as I coud devyse.
  Than prayde I her, in every maner wyse
  That of her name I might have remembraunce;            90
  She sayd, she called was Perseveraunce.

  So furthermore to speke than was I bold,
  Where she dwelled, I prayed her for to say;
  And she again ful curteysly me told,
  "My dwelling is, and hath ben many a day               95
  With a lady."--"What lady, I you pray?"
  "Of greet estate, thus warne I you," quod she;
  "What cal ye her?"--"Her name is Loyalte."

  "In what offyce stand ye, or in what degre?"
  Quod I to her, "that wolde I wit right fayn."         100
  "I am," quod she, "unworthy though I be,
  Of her chambre her ussher, in certayn;
  This rod I bere, as for a token playn,
  Lyke as ye know the rule in such servyce
  Pertayning is unto the same offyce.                   105

  She charged me, by her commaundement,
  To warn you and your felawes everichon,
  That ye shuld come there as she is present,
  For a counsayl, which shal be now anon,
  Or seven dayes be comen and gon.                      110
  And furthermore, she bad that I shuld say
  Excuse there might be non, nor [no] delay.

  Another thing was nigh forget behind
  Whiche in no wyse I wolde but ye it knew;
  Remembre wel, and bere it in your mind,               115
  Al your felawes and ye must come in blew,
  Every liche able your maters for to sew;
  With more, which I pray you thinke upon,
  Your wordes on your sleves everichon.

  And be not ye abasshed in no wyse,                    120
  As many been in suche an high presence;
  Mak your request as ye can best devyse,
  And she gladly wol yeve you audience.
  There is no greef, ne no maner offence,
  Wherin ye fele that your herte is displesed,          125
  But with her help right sone ye shul be esed."

  "I am right glad," quod I, "ye tel me this,
  But there is non of us that knoweth the way."
  "As of your way," quod she, "ye shul not mis,
  Ye shul have oon to gyde you, day by day,             130
  Of my felawes (I can no better say)
  Suche oon as shal tel you the way ful right;
  And Diligence this gentilwoman hight.

  A woman of right famous governaunce,
  And wel cherisshed, I tel you in certayn;             135
  Her felawship shal do you greet plesaunce.
  Her port is suche, her maners trewe and playn;
  She with glad chere wol do her besy payn
  To bring you there; now farwel, I have don."
  "Abyde," sayd I, "ye may not go so sone."             140

  "Why so?" quod she, "and I have fer to go
  To yeve warning in many dyvers place
  To your felawes, and so to other mo;
  And wel ye wot, I have but litel space."
  "Now yet," quod I, "ye must tel me this cace,         145
  If we shal any man unto us cal?"
  "Not oon," quod she, "may come among you al."

  "Not oon," quod I, "ey! _benedicite!_
  What have they don? I pray you tel me that!"
  "Now, by my lyf, I trow but wel," quod she;           150
  "But ever I can bileve there is somwhat,
  And, for to say you trouth, more can I nat;
  In questiouns I may nothing be large,
  I medle no further than is my charge."

  "Than thus," quod I, "do me to understand,            155
  What place is there this lady is dwelling?"
  "Forsothe," quod she, "and oon sought al this land,
  Fairer is noon, though it were for a king
  Devysed wel, and that in every thing.
  The toures hy ful plesaunt shul ye find,              160
  With fanes fressh, turning with every wind.

  The chambres and parlours both of oo sort,
  With bay-windowes, goodly as may be thought,
  As for daunsing and other wyse disport;
  The galeryes right wonder wel y-wrought,              165
  That I wel wot, if ye were thider brought,
  And took good hede therof in every wyse,
  Ye wold it thinke a very paradyse."

  "What hight this place?" quod I; "now say me that."
  "Plesaunt Regard," quod she, "to tel you playn."      170
  "Of verray trouth," quod I, "and, wot ye what,
  It may right wel be called so, certayn;
  But furthermore, this wold I wit ful fayn,
  What shulde I do as sone as I come there,
  And after whom that I may best enquere?"              175

  "A gentilwoman, a porter at the yate
  There shal ye find; her name is Countenaunce;
  If +it so hap ye come erly or late,
  Of her were good to have som acquaintaunce.
  She can tel how ye shal you best avaunce,             180
  And how to come to her ladyes presence;
  To her wordes I rede you yeve credence.

  Now it is tyme that I depart you fro;
  For, in good sooth, I have gret businesse."
  "I wot right wel," quod I, "that it is so;            185
  And I thank you of your gret gentilnesse.
  Your comfort hath yeven me suche hardinesse
  That now I shal be bold, withouten fayl,
  To do after your avyse and counsayl."

  Thus parted she, and I lefte al aloon;                190
  With that I saw, as I beheld asyde,
  A woman come, a verray goodly oon;
  And forth withal, as I had her aspyed,
  Me thought anon, [that] it shuld be the gyde;
  And of her name anon I did enquere.                   195
  Ful womanly she yave me this answere.

  "I am," quod she, "a simple creature
  Sent from the court; my name is Diligence.
  As sone as I might come, I you ensure,
  I taried not, after I had licence;                    200
  And now that I am come to your presence,
  Look, what servyce that I can do or may,
  Commaunde me; I can no further say."

  I thanked her, and prayed her to come nere,
  Because I wold see how she were arayed;               205
  Her gown was blew, dressed in good manere
  With her devyse, her word also, that sayd
  _Tant que je puis_; and I was wel apayd;
  For than wist I, withouten any more,
  It was ful trew, that I had herd before.              210

  "Though we took now before a litel space,
  It were ful good," quod she, "as I coud gesse."
  "How fer," quod I, "have we unto that place?"
  "A dayes journey," quod she, "but litel lesse;
  Wherfore I rede that we onward dresse;                215
  For, I suppose, our felawship is past,
  And for nothing I wold that we were last."

  Than parted we, at springing of the day,
  And forth we wente [a] soft and esy pace,
  Til, at the last, we were on our journey              220
  So fer onward, that we might see the place.
  "Now let us rest," quod I, "a litel space,
  And say we, as devoutly as we can,
  A _pater-noster_ for saint Julian."

  "With al my herte, I assent with good wil;            225
  Much better shul we spede, whan we have don."
  Than taried we, and sayd it every del.
  And whan the day was fer gon after noon,
  We saw a place, and thider cam we sone,
  Which rounde about was closed with a wal,             230
  Seming to me ful lyke an hospital.

  Ther found I oon, had brought al myn aray,
  A gentilwoman of myn aquaintaunce.
  "I have mervayl," quod I, "what maner way
  Ye had knowlege of al this ordenaunce."               235
  "Yis, yis," quod she, "I herd Perseveraunce,
  How she warned your felawes everichon,
  And what aray that ye shulde have upon."

  "Now, for my love," quod I, "this I you pray,
  Sith ye have take upon you al the payn,               240
  That ye wold helpe me on with myn aray;
  For wit ye wel, I wold be gon ful fayn."
  "Al this prayer nedeth not, certayn;"
  Quod she agayn; "com of, and hy you sone,
  And ye shal see how wel it shal be doon."             245

  "But this I dout me greetly, wot ye what,
  That my felawes ben passed by and gon."
  "I warant you," quod she, "that ar they nat;
  For here they shul assemble everichon.
  Notwithstanding, I counsail you anon;                 250
  Mak you redy, and tary ye no more,
  It is no harm, though ye be there afore."

  So than I dressed me in myn aray,
  And asked her, whether it were wel or no?
  "It is right wel," quod she, "unto my pay;            255
  Ye nede not care to what place ever ye go."
  And whyl that she and I debated so,
  Cam Diligence, and saw me al in blew:
  "Sister," quod she, "right wel brouk ye your new!"

  Than went we forth, and met at aventure               260
  A yong woman, an officer seming:
  "What is your name," quod I, "good creature?"
  "Discrecioun," quod she, "without lesing."
  "And where," quod I, "is your most abyding?"
  "I have," quod she, "this office of purchace,         265
  Cheef purveyour, that longeth to this place."

  "Fair love," quod I, "in al your ordenaunce,
  What is her name that is the herbegere?"
  "For sothe," quod she, "her name is Acquaintaunce,
  A woman of right gracious manere."                    270
  Than thus quod I, "What straungers have ye here?"
  "But few," quod she, "of high degree ne low;
  Ye be the first, as ferforth as I know."

  Thus with tales we cam streight to the yate;
  This yong woman departed was and gon;                 275
  Cam Diligence, and knokked fast therat;
  "Who is without?" quod Countenaunce anon.
  "Trewly," quod I, "fair sister, here is oon!"
  "Which oon?" quod she, and therwithal she lough;
  "I, Diligence! ye know me wel ynough."                280

  Than opened she the yate, and in we go;
  With wordes fair she sayd ful gentilly,
  "Ye are welcome, ywis! are ye no mo?"
  "Nat oon," quod she, "save this woman and I."
  "Now than," quod she, "I pray yow hertely,            285
  Tak my chambre, as for a whyl, to rest
  Til your felawes come, I holde it best."

  I thanked her, and forth we gon echon
  Til her chambre, without[en] wordes mo.
  Cam Diligence, and took her leve anon;                290
  "Wher-ever you list," quod I, "now may ye go;
  And I thank you right hertely also
  Of your labour, for which god do you meed;
  I can no more, but Jesu be your speed!"

  Than Countenaunce asked me anon,                      295
  "Your felawship, where ben they now?" quod she.
  "For sothe," quod I, "they be coming echon;
  But in certayn, I know nat wher they be,
  Without I may hem at this window see.
  Here wil I stande, awaytinge ever among,              300
  For, wel I wot, they wil nat now be long."

  Thus as I stood musing ful busily,
  I thought to take good hede of her aray,
  Her gown was blew, this wot I verely,
  Of good fasoun, and furred wel with gray;             305
  Upon her sleve her word (this is no nay),
  Which sayd thus, as my penne can endyte,
  _A moi que je voy_, writen with lettres whyte.

  Than forth withal she cam streight unto me,
  "Your word," quod she, "fayn wold I that I knew."     310
  "Forsothe," quod I, "ye shal wel knowe and see,
  And for my word, I have non; this is trew.
  It is ynough that my clothing be blew,
  As here-before I had commaundement;
  And so to do I am right wel content.                  315

  But tel me this, I pray you hertely,
  The steward here, say me, what is her name?"
  "She hight Largesse, I say you suerly;
  A fair lady, and of right noble fame.
  Whan ye her see, ye wil report the same.              320
  And under her, to bid you welcome al,
  There is Belchere, the marshal of the hall.

  Now al this whyle that ye here tary stil,
  Your own maters ye may wel have in mind.
  But tel me this, have ye brought any bil?"            325
  "Ye, ye," quod I, "or els I were behind.
  Where is there oon, tel me, that I may find
  To whom that I may shewe my matters playn?"
  "Surely," quod she, "unto the chamberlayn."

  "The chamberlayn?" quod I, "[now] say ye trew?"       330
  "Ye, verely," sayd she, "by myne advyse;
  Be nat aferd; unto her lowly sew."
  "It shal be don," quod I, "as ye devyse;
  But ye must knowe her name in any wyse?"
  "Trewly," quod she, "to tell you in substaunce,       335
  Without fayning, her name is Remembraunce.

  The secretary yit may not be forget;
  For she may do right moche in every thing.
  Wherfore I rede, whan ye have with her met,
  Your mater hool tel her, without fayning;             340
  Ye shal her finde ful good and ful loving."
  "Tel me her name," quod I, "of gentilnesse."
  "By my good sooth," quod she, "Avysenesse."

  "That name," quod I, "for her is passing good;
  For every bil and cedule she must see;                345
  Now good," quod I, "com, stand there-as I stood;
  My felawes be coming; yonder they be."
  "Is it [a] jape, or say ye sooth?" quod she.
  "In jape? nay, nay; I say you for certain;
  See how they come togider, twain and twain!"          350

  "Ye say ful sooth," quod she, "that is no nay;
  I see coming a goodly company."
  "They been such folk," quod I, "I dar wel say,
  That list to love; thinke it ful verily.
  And, for my love, I pray you faithfully,              355
  At any tyme, whan they upon you cal,
  That ye wol be good frend unto hem al."

  "Of my frendship," quod she, "they shal nat mis,
  And for their ese, to put therto my payn."
  "God yelde it you!" quod I; "but tel me this,         360
  How shal we know who is the chamberlayn?"
  "That shal ye wel know by her word, certayn."
  "What is her word? Sister, I pray you say."
  "_Plus ne purroy_; thus wryteth she alway."

  Thus as we stood togider, she and I,                  365
  Even at the yate my felawes were echon.
  So met I hem, as me thought was goodly,
  And bad hem welcome al, by on and on.
  Than forth cam [lady] Countenaunce anon;
  "Ful hertely, fair sisters al," quod she,             370
  "Ye be right welcome into this countree.

  I counsail you to take a litel rest
  In my chambre, if it be your plesaunce.
  Whan ye be there, me thinketh for the best
  That I go in, and cal Perseveraunce,                  375
  Because she is oon of your aquaintaunce;
  And she also wil tel you every thing
  How ye shal be ruled of your coming."

  My felawes al and I, by oon avyse,
  Were wel agreed to do lyke as she sayd.               380
  Than we began to dresse us in our gyse,
  That folk shuld see we were nat unpurvayd;
  And good wageours among us there we layd,
  Which of us was atyred goodliest,
  And of us al which shuld be praysed best.             385

  The porter cam, and brought Perseveraunce;
  She welcomed us in ful curteys manere:
  "Think ye nat long," quod she, "your attendaunce;
  I wil go speke unto the herbergere,
  That she may purvey for your logging here.            390
  Than wil I go unto the chamberlayn
  To speke for you, and come anon agayn."

  And whan [that] she departed was and gon,
  We saw folkes coming without the wal,
  So greet people, that nombre coud we non;             395
  Ladyes they were and gentilwomen al,
  Clothed in blew, echon her word withal;
  But for to knowe her word or her devyse,
  They cam so thikke, that I might in no wyse.

  With that anon cam in Perseveraunce,                  400
  And where I stood, she cam streight [un]to me.
  "Ye been," quod she, "of myne olde acquaintaunce;
  You to enquere, the bolder wolde I be;
  What word they bere, eche after her degree,
  I pray you, tel it me in secret wyse;                 405
  And I shal kepe it close, on warantyse."

  "We been," quod I, "fyve ladies al in-fere,
  And gentilwomen foure in company;
  Whan they begin to open hir matere,
  Than shal ye knowe hir wordes by and by;              410
  But as for me, I have non verely,
  And so I told Countenaunce here-before;
  Al myne aray is blew; what nedeth more?"

  "Now than," quod she, "I wol go in agayn,
  That ye may have knowlege, what ye shuld do."         415
  "In sooth," quod I, "if ye wold take the payn,
  Ye did right moch for us, if ye did so.
  The rather sped, the soner may we go.
  Gret cost alway ther is in tarying;
  And long to sewe, it is a wery thing."                420

  Than parted she, and cam again anon;
  "Ye must," quod she, "come to the chamberlayn."
  "We been," quod I, "now redy everichon
  To folowe you whan-ever ye list, certayn.
  We have non eloquence, to tel you playn;              425
  Beseching you we may be so excused,
  Our trew mening, that it be not refused."

  Than went we forth, after Perseveraunce,
  To see the prees; it was a wonder cace;
  There for to passe it was greet comb[e]raunce,        430
  The people stood so thikke in every place.
  "Now stand ye stil," quod she, "a litel space;
  And for your ese somwhat I shal assay,
  If I can make you any better way."

  And forth she goth among hem everichon,               435
  Making a way, that we might thorugh pas
  More at our ese; and whan she had so don,
  She beckned us to come where-as she was;
  So after her we folowed, more and las.
  She brought us streight unto the chamberlayn;         440
  There left she us, and than she went agayn.

  We salued her, as reson wolde it so,
  Ful humb[el]ly beseching her goodnesse,
  In our maters that we had for to do
  That she wold be good lady and maistresse.            445
  "Ye be welcome," quod she, "in sothfastnesse,
  And see, what I can do you for to plese,
  I am redy, that may be to your ese."

  We folowed her unto the chambre-dore,
  "Sisters," quod she, "come ye in after me."           450
  But wite ye wel, there was a paved flore,
  The goodliest that any wight might see;
  And furthermore, about than loked we
  On eche corner, and upon every wal,
  The which was mad of berel and cristal;               455

  Wherein was graven of stories many oon;
  First how Phyllis, of womanly pite,
  Deyd pitously, for love of Demophoon.
  Nexte after was the story of Tisbee,
  How she slew her-self under a tree.                   460
  Yet saw I more, how in right pitous cas
  For Antony was slayn Cleopatras.

  That other syde was, how Hawes the shene
  Untrewly was disceyved in her bayn.
  There was also Annelida the quene,                    465
  Upon Arcyte how sore she did complayn.
  Al these stories were graved there, certayn;
  And many mo than I reherce you here;
  It were to long to tel you al in-fere.

  And, bicause the walles shone so bright,              470
  With fyne umple they were al over-sprad,
  To that intent, folk shuld nat hurte hir sight;
  And thorugh it the stories might be rad.
  Than furthermore I went, as I was lad;
  And there I saw, without[en] any fayl,                475
  A chayre set, with ful riche aparayl.

  And fyve stages it was set fro the ground,
  Of cassidony ful curiously wrought;
  With four pomelles of golde, and very round,
  Set with saphyrs, as good as coud be thought;         480
  That, wot ye what, if it were thorugh sought,
  As I suppose, fro this countrey til Inde,
  Another suche it were right fer to finde!

  For, wite ye wel, I was right nere that,
  So as I durst, beholding by and by;                   485
  Above ther was a riche cloth of estate,
  Wrought with the nedle ful straungely,
  Her word thereon; and thus it said trewly,
  _A endurer_, to tel you in wordes few,
  With grete letters, the better I hem knew.            490

  Thus as we stode, a dore opened anon;
  A gentilwoman, semely of stature,
  Beringe a mace, cam out, her-selfe aloon;
  Sothly, me thought, a goodly creature!
  She spak nothing to lowde, I you ensure,              495
  Nor hastily, but with goodly warning:
  "Mak room," quod she, "my lady is coming!"

  With that anon I saw Perseveraunce,
  How she held up the tapet in her hand.
  I saw also, in right good ordinaunce,                 500
  This greet lady within the tapet stand,
  Coming outward, I wol ye understand;
  And after her a noble company,
  I coud nat tel the nombre sikerly.

  Of their names I wold nothing enquere                 505
  Further than suche as we wold sewe unto,
  Sauf oo lady, which was the chauncellere,
  Attemperaunce; sothly her name was so.
  For us nedeth with her have moch to do
  In our maters, and alway more and more.               510
  And, so forth, to tel you furthermore,

  Of this lady her beaute to discryve,
  My conning is to simple, verely;
  For never yet, the dayes of my lyve,
  So inly fair I have non seen, trewly.                 515
  In her estate, assured utterly,
  There wanted naught, I dare you wel assure,
  That longed to a goodly creature.

  And furthermore, to speke of her aray,
  I shal you tel the maner of her gown;                 520
  Of clothe of gold ful riche, it is no nay;
  The colour blew, of a right good fasoun;
  In tabard-wyse the sleves hanging doun;
  And what purfyl there was, and in what wyse,
  So as I can, I shal it you devyse.                    525

  After a sort the coller and the vent,
  Lyk as ermyne is mad in purfeling;
  With grete perles, ful fyne and orient,
  They were couched, al after oon worching,
  With dyamonds in stede of powdering;                  530
  The sleves and purfilles of assyse;
  They were [y-]mad [ful] lyke, in every wyse.

  Aboute her nekke a sort of fair rubyes,
  In whyte floures of right fyne enamayl;
  Upon her heed, set in the freshest wyse,              535
  A cercle with gret balays of entayl;
  That, in ernest to speke, withouten fayl,
  For yonge and olde, and every maner age,
  It was a world to loke on her visage.

  Thus coming forth, to sit in her estat,               540
  In her presence we kneled down echon,
  Presentinge up our billes, and, wot ye what,
  Ful humb[el]ly she took hem, by on and on;
  When we had don, than cam they al anon,
  And did the same, eche after her manere,              545
  Knelinge at ones, and rysinge al in-fere.

  Whan this was don, and she set in her place,
  The chamberlayn she did unto her cal;
  And she, goodly coming til her a-pace,
  Of her entent knowing nothing at al,                  550
  "Voyd bak the prees," quod she, "up to the wal;
  Mak larger roum, but look ye do not tary,
  And tak these billes to the secretary."

  The chamberlayn did her commaundement,
  And cam agayn, as she was bid to do;                  555
  The secretary there being present,
  The billes were delivered her also,
  Not only ours, but many other mo.
  Than the lady, with good advyce, agayn
  Anon withal called her chamberlayn.                   560

  "We wol," quod she, "the first thing that ye do,
  The secretary, make her come anon
  With her billes; and thus we wil also,
  In our presence she rede hem everichon,
  That we may take good advyce theron                   565
  Of the ladyes, that been of our counsayl;
  Look this be don, withouten any fayl."

  The chamberlayn, whan she wiste her entent,
  Anon she did the secretary cal:
  "Let your billes," quod she, "be here present,        570
  My lady it wil." "Madame," quod she, "I shal."
  "And in presence she wil ye rede hem al."
  "With good wil; I am redy," quod she,
  "At her plesure, whan she commaundeth me."

  And upon that was mad an ordinaunce,                  575
  They that cam first, hir billes shuld be red.
  Ful gentelly than sayd Perseveraunce,
  "Resoun it wold that they were sonest sped."
  Anon withal, upon a tapet spred,
  The secretary layde hem doun echon;                   580
  Our billes first she redde hem on by on.

  The first lady, bering in her devyse
  _Sans que jamais_, thus wroot she in her bil;
  Complayning sore and in ful pitous wyse
  Of promesse mad with faithful hert and wil            585
  And so broken, ayenst al maner skil,
  Without desert alwayes on her party;
  In this mater desyring remedy.

  Her next felawes word was in this wyse,
  _Une sans chaungier_; and thus she did complayn,      590
  Though she had been guerdoned for her servyce,
  Yet nothing lyke as she that took the payn;
  Wherfore she coude in no wyse her restrayn,
  But in this cas sewe until her presence,
  As reson wolde, to have recompence.                   595

  So furthermore, to speke of other twayn,
  Oon of hem wroot, after her fantasy,
  _Oncques puis lever_; and, for to tel you plain,
  Her complaynt was ful pitous, verely,
  For, as she sayd, ther was gret reson why;            600
  And, as I can remembre this matere,
  I shal you tel the proces, al in-fere.

  Her bil was mad, complayninge in her gyse,
  That of her joy, her comfort and gladnesse
  Was no suretee; for in no maner wyse                  605
  She fond therin no point of stablenesse,
  Now il, now wel, out of al sikernesse;
  Ful humbelly desyringe, of her grace,
  Som remedy to shewe her in this cace.

  Her felawe made her bil, and thus she sayd,           610
  In playning wyse; there-as she loved best,
  Whether she were wroth or wel apayd
  She might nat see, whan [that] she wold faynest;
  And wroth she was, in very ernest;
  To tel her word, as ferforth as I wot,                615
  _Entierment vostre_, right thus she wroot.

  And upon that she made a greet request
  With herte and wil, and al that might be don
  As until her that might redresse it best;
  For in her mind thus might she finde it sone,         620
  The remedy of that, which was her boon;
  Rehersing [that] that she had sayd before,
  Beseching her it might be so no more.

  And in lyk wyse as they had don before,
  The gentilwomen of our company                        625
  Put up hir billes; and, for to tel you more,
  Oon of hem wroot _cest sanz dire_, verily;
  And her matere hool to specify,
  With-in her bil she put it in wryting;
  And what it sayd, ye shal have knowleching.           630

  It sayd, god wot, and that ful pitously,
  Lyke as she was disposed in her hert,
  No misfortune that she took grevously;
  Al oon to her it was, the joy and smert,
  Somtyme no thank for al her good desert.              635
  Other comfort she wanted non coming,
  And so used, it greved her nothing.

  Desyringe her, and lowly beseching,
  That she for her wold seke a better way,
  As she that had ben, al her dayes living,             640
  Stedfast and trew, and so wil be alway.
  Of her felawe somwhat I shal you say,
  Whos bil was red next after forth, withal;
  And what it ment rehersen you I shal.

  _En dieu est_, she wroot in her devyse;               645
  And thus she sayd, withouten any fayl,
  Her trouthe might be taken in no wyse
  Lyke as she thought, wherfore she had mervayl;
  For trouth somtyme was wont to take avayl
  In every matere; but al that is ago;                  650
  The more pite, that it is suffred so.

  Moch more there was, wherof she shuld complayn,
  But she thought it to greet encomb[e]raunce
  So moch to wryte; and therfore, in certayn,
  In god and her she put her affiaunce                  655
  As in her worde is mad a remembraunce;
  Beseching her that she wolde, in this cace,
  Shewe unto her the favour of her grace.

  The third, she wroot, rehersing her grevaunce,
  Ye! wot ye what, a pitous thing to here;              660
  For, as me thought, she felt gret displesaunce,
  Oon might right wel perceyve it by her chere,
  And no wonder; it sat her passing nere.
  Yet loth she was to put it in wryting,
  But nede wol have his cours in every thing.           665

  _Soyes en sure_, this was her word, certayn,
  And thus she wroot, but in a litel space;
  There she loved, her labour was in vayn,
  For he was set al in another place;
  Ful humblely desyring, in that cace,                  670
  Som good comfort, her sorow to appese,
  That she might live more at hertes ese.

  The fourth surely, me thought, she liked wele,
  As in her porte and in her behaving;
  And _Bien moneste_, as fer as I coud fele,            675
  That was her word, til her wel belonging.
  Wherfore to her she prayed, above al thing,
  Ful hertely (to say you in substaunce)
  That she wold sende her good continuaunce.

  "Ye have rehersed me these billes al,                 680
  But now, let see somwhat of your entent."
  "It may so hap, paraventure, ye shal.
  Now I pray you, whyle I am here present,
  Ye shal, parde, have knowlege, what I ment.
  But thus I say in trouthe, and make no fable,         685
  The case itself is inly lamentable.

  And wel I wot, that ye wol think the same,
  Lyke as I say, whan ye have herd my bil."
  "Now good, tel on, I hate you, by saynt Jame!"
  "Abyde a whyle; it is nat yet my wil.                 690
  Yet must ye wite, by reson and by skil,
  Sith ye know al that hath be don before:--"
  And thus it sayd, without[en] wordes more.

  "Nothing so leef as deth to come to me
  For fynal ende of my sorowes and payn;                695
  What shulde I more desyre, as seme ye?
  And ye knewe al aforn it for certayn,
  I wot ye wolde; and, for to tel you playn,
  Without her help that hath al thing in cure
  I can nat think that I may longe endure.              700

  As for my trouthe, it hath be proved wele,
  To say the sothe, I can [you] say no more,
  Of ful long tyme, and suffred every dele
  In pacience, and kepe it al in store;
  Of her goodnesse besechinge her therfore              705
  That I might have my thank in suche [a] wyse
  As my desert deserveth of justyse."

  Whan these billes were rad everichon,
  This lady took a good advysement;
  And hem to answere, ech by on and on,                 710
  She thought it was to moche in her entent;
  Wherfore she yaf hem in commaundement,
  In her presence to come, bothe oon and al,
  To yeve hem there her answer general.

  What did she than, suppose ye verely?                 715
  She spak herself, and sayd in this manere,
  "We have wel seen your billes by and by,
  And some of hem ful pitous for to here.
  We wol therfore ye knowe al this in-fere,
  Within short tyme our court of parliment              720
  Here shal be holde, in our palays present;

  And in al this wherin ye find you greved,
  Ther shal ye finde an open remedy
  In suche [a] wyse, as ye shul be releved
  Of al that ye reherce here, thoroughly.               725
  As for the date, ye shul know verily,
  That ye may have a space in your coming;
  For Diligence shal it tel you by wryting."

  We thanked her in our most humble wyse,
  Our felauship, echon by oon assent,                   730
  Submitting us lowly til her servyse.
  For, as we thought, we had our travayl spent
  In suche [a] wyse as we helde us content.
  Than eche of us took other by the sleve,
  And forth withal, as we shuld take our leve.          735

  Al sodainly the water sprang anon
  In my visage, and therwithal I wook:--
  "Where am I now?" thought I; "al this is gon;"
  And al amased, up I gan to look.
  With that, anon I went and made this book,            740
  Thus simplely rehersing the substaunce,
  Bicause it shuld not out of remembraunce.'--

  'Now verily, your dreem is passing good,
  And worthy to be had in remembraunce;
  For, though I stande here as longe as I stood,        745
  It shuld to me be non encomb[e]raunce;
  I took therin so inly greet plesaunce.
  But tel me now, what ye the book do cal?
  For I must wite.' 'With right good wil ye shal:

  As for this book, to say you very right,              750
  And of the name to tel the certeynte,
  L'ASSEMBLE DE DAMES, thus it hight;
  How think ye?' 'That the name is good, parde!'
  'Now go, farwel! for they cal after me,
  My felawes al, and I must after sone;                 755
  Rede wel my dreem; for now my tale is doon.'

  HERE ENDETH THE BOOK OF ASSEMBLE DE DAMYS.

_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532); _compared with_ A. (Addit. 34360); _and_ T.
(Trin. R. 3. 19). TITLE. Th. The assemble of ladies; T. the Boke callyd
Assemble de Damys. 1. A. leef; Th. lefe. 2. Th. ceason. 3. Th. corne;
gathered. A. in; Th. T. _om._ A. sheef; Th. shefe. 4. Th. gardyne aboute
twayne; noone. 6. Th. mynde dothe fal. 7. Th. fyfthe; A. T. fift. A. T.
_om._ the. Th. al. 13. Th. T. al; A. _om._ 16. Th. sayd ayen; A. seyde
ageyne. 17. Th. aboute. 18. _I supply_ of. 19. Th. ayen; A. ageyn. 21. Th.
lythe. [_Henceforward unmarked readings are from_ Thynne.]

22. _All_ me. A. wite; Th. T. wete. anone. 23. se; taryeng. 24. Abyde; ben.
25. A. wite; Th. T. wete. 26. great. 27. desyre; processe. 28. playne. 29.
noone. 30. one. 31. A. oure; Th. T. _om._ T. A. besynes was; Th. besynesses
were doone. 34. _All_ went (_twice_); _read_ wend (= weened). 35. A.
amyddis; Th. T. in the myd. aboute. 36. sothe. A. T. fer; Th. ferre.
behynde. 37. ferforthe; beste. 38. mynde. 40. forthe. 41. A. so (_for_
sore). 42. wrathe. A. stept (_for_ did step). 43. A. thus; T. Th. _om._
-selfe. 44. gate. 46. great. 47. came; A. com. forthe; strayte. 48. fayre.
49. _All_ Made. T. craftyly; A. Th. crafty. 51. T. dew; Th. dewe; A. _om._

53. masonrye. A. T. compas; Th. compace. 54. T. steyers. 55. whele. 56.
potte. A. Margoleyne; Th. Margelayne; T. Margelayn. 58. -selfe; folke. 59.
great. 60. howe. 61. A. Ne moubliemies; Th. Ne momblysnesse; T. Ne
momblynes. A. souenez; T. souenes; Th.souenesse. 62. _All_ penses. 63. A.
No no; Th. T. Ne (!). wote. 64. A. beneth; Th. T. and benche (!). Th.
smoth. 65. hewe. 67. one. A. who; Th. T. _om._ none; knewe. 68. streames
newe and newe. 70. came. 71. A. thus; Th. T. _om._ 74. muste. T. nedys; Th.
nedest; A. nede. A. as; Th. T. _om._ 76. A. musyng; Th. T. _om._ 77. downe.
78. A. com; Th. came. 80. Th. great. 82. sadde. A. ful (2); Th. T. _om._

84. A. com; Th.came. _I supply_ there. 85. gowne. A. embrowded; T.
enbrowdyd; Th. enbraudred. 86. A. souenez; Th. T. stones. 87. A. On; Th. T.
In. A. the; Th. T. her. _All_ worde; _read_ word was. 88. A. _Bien
loielment_ as I cowde me deuyse. 89. A. eu_er_y; T. many (_om._ in); Th.
any. 91. _All_ was called. 92. A. than; Th. T. _om._ bolde. 94. agayne;
curtesly; tolde. 95. be. 97. great. 99. stande. 100. A. wit; Th. T. wete.
A. ful; Th. T. right. 102. hussher (A. T. vssher); certayne. 103. rodde;
beare; playne. 104. knowe. 105. A. P_er_teyneng; Th. T. Apertaynyng. A.
vnto; Th. T. to. 107. warne; -one. 108. shulde. 109. counsayle; nowe anone.
110. gone. 111. shulde. 112. _I supply_ no.

113. A. nygh; Th. T. not(!). behynde. 114. knewe. 115. beare. 116. muste;
blewe. 119. T. wordys; sleuys. 120. _So_ A.; Th. T. be not abasshed in no
maner wyse. 122. Make. 124. grefe. 125. displeased. 126. helpe. A. shul;
Th. T. shal. eased. 127. T. (_heading_): Diligence Guyde. 129. A. shul; Th.
T. shal. 130. A. shul; Th. T. shal. A. one (= oon); Th. T. _om._ 132. one;
waye. 135. A. I sey yow for. 136. great. 137. porte; playne. 139. A. T.
farewele now have I. 140. A. quod (_for_ sayd.). 141. ferre. 144. wote.

145. Nowe; A. _om._ 147. one. Th. amonges; A. T. among. 148. A. Nat one
quod I ey; Th. Not one than sayd I eygh; T. Not oon then sayd I O. 149. A.
they; Th. T. I. done. 150. Th. Nowe; lyfe. 152. trouthe. T. A. nat; Th.
not. 153. questyons. Th. be to large; A. _om._ to. 154. A. medle; Th.
meddle. A. is (_in later hand_); Th. T. _om_, 155. vnderstande. 157. one;
lande. 158. none. 160. hye. A. shul; Th. shal. fynde. 161. A. fanes; Th.
phanes; T. vanes. wynde. 162. A. _om._ and. A. parlours; Th. parlers; T.
parlors. A. both; Th. T. _om._ A. oo; Th. T. a. sorte. 164. disporte. 166.
wote. 167. A. toke; Th. T. take. 168. Th. wol; A. T. wold. 169. A. this;
Th. T. the. nowe. 170. regarde; playne. 171. A. verray; T. v_er_rey; Th.
verey. wote. 172. A. _om._ right. 173. A. T. ful; Th. right.

174. T. shulde I; Th. I shulde; A. shal I. 175. A. that; Th. T. _om._ 176.
A. at; Th. T. of. 177. fynde. 178. Th. T. ye (_for_ it); A. _om._ (_but_ it
_seems required_). 180. _So_ A.; Th. T. you tel howe ye shal you. 181.
howe. Th. her; A. T. this. 182. A. T. yow; Th. ye. gyue. 183. Th. _om._
that. T. depart; Th. parte; A. part. 184. A. T. soth; Th. faythe. great.
185. wote. 186. thanke; great. 187. comforte. A. suche; Th. T. _om._ 188.
nowe; bolde; fayle. 189. A. auise; Th. aduyce. Th. and good; A. T. _om._
good. 198. courte. 201. nowe. 202. A. that; Th. T. _om._ 205. wolde se
howe. A. were; Th. T. was. arayde.

207. worde; sayde. 208. apayde. 209. A. For; Th. T. And. 210. trewe; herde.
211. nowe. 212. coude. 213. Howe farre. A. that; Th. T. the. 215. A.
onward; Th. T. outwarde. 217. _So_ A.; Th. T. wolde not we were the last.
218. A. parted; Th. T. departed. Th. T. at the; A. _om._ the. 219. _I
supply_ a. T. and an esy. 221. far. A. onward; Th. T. outwarde. se. 222.
Nowe. 225. A. myn hert quod she I gre me wele (_better?_). 226. A. shul;
Th. shal. 227. A. dele; T. dell_e_; Th. dyl. 228. A. was fer gon; Th. T.
was past farre. 229. sawe; came. 230. aboute. 232. fou_n_de I one. 233.
myne. 234. meruayle. 236. A. Yis yis; Th. Yes yes. herde.

237. T. A. your; Th. her. -one. 238. A. that; Th. T. _om._ A. shal. 239.
Nowe. 240. A. this (_for_ the). 241. wolde; myne. 242. wolde; gone. A. ful;
Th. T. ryght. fayne. 243. certayne. 244. agayne come; hye. 245. se. A. how
wele; Th. T. anone. done. 246. doute; greatly wote. 247. T. byn; A. bien;
Th. be. gone. 248. A. waraunt; Th. T. warne. 249. A. T. shul; Th. shal.
-one. 250. counsayle; anone. 251. A. ye (_twice_); Th. T. you (_twice_).
252. harme thoughe. A. afore; Th. T. before. 257. A. while; Th. whyles.
258. Came; sawe; blewe. 259. _All_ broke (_for_ brouk). _Before_ 260: Th.
T. Discrecyon purvyour. 260. wente. 261. yonge; semynge. 263. Dyscrecyon;
lesynge. 264. abydynge. 266. Chefe.

_Before_ 267: Th. T. Acquayntaunce herbyger. 267. Fayre. 268. A. herbegyer;
Th. T. herbygere. 272. fewe; hyghe degre; lowe. 273. knowe. _Before_ 274:
Th. Countenaunce porter. 274. came. 275. yonge. 276. Came; therate. 277.
anone. 278. Truely; fayre; one. 279. Whiche one; loughe. 280. knowe;
ynoughe. 281. T. yate; A. Th. gate. 282. fayre. 284. one. 285. Nowe. 286.
Take. A. as; Th. T. _om._ whyle. 288. A. gon; Th. go. A. eche on; Th. T.
euerychone. 289. _All_ without (!). 290. Came; toke; leaue onone. 291. A.
yow; Th. T. ye. nowe. 292. thanke. 293. laboure; whiche; mede. 294. spede.
295. anone. 296. A. now; Th. T. _om._ 297. A. eche one; Th. T. euerychone.

298. _So_ A; Th. T. But where they are I knowe no certaynte. 299. wyndowe
se. 300. amonge. 301. A. now; Th. _om._ 302. stode musynge. 304. gowne;
blewe; wote. 305. facyon. 306. worde. 307. A. The whiche. 308. A. _O_
(_for_ _A_). A. lettres; Th. letters. 309. A. Than ferforth as she com.
came. A. vnto; Th. to. 310. T. worde; Th. wordes; A. _om._ (_see_ 312).
fayne. 311. se. 312. worde; none; trewe. 313. ynoughe; blewe. _Above_ 316:
Th. Largesse stewarde; T. Belchere Marchall. 318. T. sewerly; Th. surely.
319. fayre. A. right of nobil. 320. se; reporte. 322. A. Bealchiere; T.
Belchere; Th. Belchier. A. the (1); Th. T. _om._ 323. Th. Nowe. 324. A.
matiers. mynde. 326. A. or; Th. T. and. behynde. 327. one; fynde.

328. playne. 329, 330. Chamberlayne. _Above_ 330: Th. T. Remembraunce
chamberlayne. 330. _I supply_ now. trewe. 332. aferde. A. aferd but lowly
til hir. Th. sewe; T. sew; A. shewe. 333. done. 334. A. me (_for_ ye). 335.
T. A. tell_e_; Th. shewe. 336. A. T. Without; Th. Withoute_n_. _Above_ 337:
T. Auysen[e]s. 337. A. yit may nat; Th. T. she may not yet be. 338. A. may
do; Th. T. doth. thynge. 339. A. T. met; Th. ymet. 340. matere hole;
faynynge. 341. louynge. 342. A. gentillesse. 343. sothe. 344. A. name; Th.
T. _om._ 345. se. 346. Nowe; come stande; stode. 348. _I supply_ a. sothe.
349. A. it (_for_ you). certayne. 350. Se; twayne (_twice_). 351. sothe. A.
it (_for_ that). 352. se comynge. 353. ben suche folke. A. I dare wele; T.
I dar_e_; Th. dare I. 354. A. ful; Th. T. _om._ 356. A. T. yow; Th. me (!).
357. frende. T. vnto; A. Th. to.

358. frenshyp; mysse. 359. ease; payne. 360. A. telle me; Th. T. take you.
361. Howe. A. whiche (_for_ who). chamberlayne. 362. worde certaine. 363.
worde. A. T. suster. 365. stode. 366. echone. 368. one (_twice_). 369. A.
forth com; Th. T. came forth. _I supply_ lady. 370. fayre. 372. counsayle.
374. Th. thynketh; Th. A. thynke it. 376. A. oon; Th. T. _om._ 377. thinge.
378. Howe; cominge. 379. one. A. Avise; Th. T. aduyse. 380. sayde. 381. T.
wyse (_for_ gyse). 382. folke. A. se; Th. T. say. vnpurueyde. 383. A.
wageours; Th. T. wagers. amonge; layde. 384. most goodlest (_read_
goodliest); _see_ 452. 385. whiche shulde. A. And whiche of vs al preysed
shuld be best. 386. came. 387. A. ful; T. Th. _om._ A. T. curteys; Th.
curtyse. 388. Thinke. Th. T. of your; A. _om._ of.

389. A. herbergier; Th. herbigere. 390. A. may; Th. T. _om._ lodginge. 391.
chamberlayne. 392. anone agayne. 393. _I supply_ that. 394. sawe; comynge.
395. great; coude; none. 397. echone; worde. 398. worde. 399. Th. T. I ne;
A. we (_om._ ne). 400. anone came. 401. stode; came. _All_ to. 404. worde.
405. A. pray yow; Th. T. you pray. secrete. 407. A. quod I fyve ladies; Th.
fyue ladyes quod I. 409, 410. her. 412. tolde. 413. blewe. 414. A. in; Th.
T. _om._ 415. shulde. 416. soth; wolde; payne. 417. moche. T. wold (_for
2nd_ did). 418. A. ye (_for_ we). 419. Great; tarienge. 420. longe. A. sue.
thynge.

421. came agayne anone. 422. -layne. 423. A. T. We bien quod I now redy;
Th. We be nowe redy quod I. -one. 424. A. yow (_for_ ye). certayne. 425.
playne. 426. Besechynge. 427. trewe meanynge. 428. wente. 429. se. 430.
great combraunce (_read_ comberaunce). 431. stode. 432. Nowe stande. 433.
ease. A. shal I. 435. amonge; -one. 436. T. thorow; Th. thorugh; A. thurgh.
passe. 437. ease; done. 438. T. beckenyd; Th. beckende. A. there (_for_
where). 440. -layne. 441. lefte. 442. T. salutyd. reason. 443. Th. great;
T. gret; A. _om._ (_after_ her). 444. A. matiers. 445. wolde. 447. se; A.
so. please. 448. ease. 451. A. wite; Th. wete; T. wote. 452. se.

453. aboute. 454. A. eche a corn_er_. 455. A. The; Th. T. _om._ made. A.
berel; Th. Burel; T. byralle. 456. one. 457. howe. 458. A. Deyd; Th. Dyed.
Demophone. 459. Th. Tysbe; A. T. Thesbe. 460. slowe; -selfe. 461. sawe;
howe. Th. T. a right; A. _om._ a. 462. slayne. 463. Th. T. was Hawes the
shene; A. was how Enclusene (? _error for_ Melusine). 464. A. Vntriewly
was; Th. T. Ful vntrewly. bayne. 466. howe; complayne. 467. certayne. 469.
longe. 470. shone (= shoon). 471. Th. A. vmple; T. vmpylle. 472. folke
shulde. 473. Th. through; A. thurgh (= thorugh; _see_ 436). 475. sawe.
_All_ without. fayle. 476. aparayle. 477. grounde. 479. rounde. 480. coude.
481. wote. T. thorow; A. thurgh (= thorugh); Th. through (_see_ 473). 482.
A. til; Th. T. to. 483. farre.

484. A. wite; Th. wete; T. wot. 487. T. nedylle. 488. worde. 489. A.
_endurer_; Th. T. _endure_. _All_ you. 490. great; knewe. 491. anone. 493.
came; alone. 494. Sothely. 495. spake nothynge. 496. A. T. hastily; Th.
hastely. warnynge. 497. A. roome; Th. T. rome. comynge. 498. sawe. 499.
helde; hande. 500. sawe. A. goode; Th. T. goodly. 501. great; stande. 502.
-stande. 504. coude. 505. (_above_): T. Attemperaunce chaunclere. wolde.
506. wolde. T. sew; A. sue. 507. A. Sauf oo; Th. Saue a. 508. sothely. 509.
moche. 510. A. matiers. alwaye. 511. forthe. 513. connynge. 514. A. dayes
of al my.

515. fayre. A. none sene; Th. sene none; T. noon seen. 517. A. you; Th. T.
_om._ 519-532. _Missing in_ A. 520. gowne. 522. coloure blewe. T. good; Th.
goodly. facyoun. 523. Th. taberde; T. taberd. T. dou_n_; Th. adowne. 526.
sorte; vente (T. vent). 527. T. ermyn; Th. Armyne. made; purfelynge. 528.
Th. great; T. gret. 529. one worchynge. 530. Th. diamondes; T. dyamond_es_.
powderynge. 531. T. purfyllys; Th. purfel (!). 532. _Both_ made lyke (!).
533. sorte. 534. enamayle. 535. A. fresshest; Th. T. fayrest. 536. A. with;
Th. T. of. great; entayle. 537. A. withouten; Th. T. without. fayle. 539.
worlde. A. T. loke; Th. loken. 540. comynge forthe; estate. 541. downe. A.
eche on; Th. T. euerychone. 542. A. T. vp; Th. _om._ wote. 543. toke; one
and one.

544. done; came; anone. 547. A. Whan; Th. T. And wha_n_. done. 548. -layne.
549. A. til; T. to; Th. vnto. 551. Voyde backe; preace. 552. Make. A.
larger; Th. T. large. roume; loke. 553. take; secretarye. 554. -layne. 555.
came agayne. 556. -tarye. 558. onely. 559. agayne. 560. -layne. 562. Th.
secretarye ye do make come; A. T. secretary make hir come. 565. maye. A.
avise; T. auyse. 566. counsayle. 567. Loke; done; fayle. 568. A. The
chambrelayn whan she wist; Th. T. Whan the chamberlayne wyste of. 569.
-tarye. 571. A. _om._ it. 572. A. ye rede hem al; T. yow there cal (!); Th.
ye hem cal (!). 573. A. gode.

576. came. Th. shuld; A. T. to. T. red; A. Th. redde. 578. Rayson. A. T.
wold that; Th. wyl. spedde. 579. spredde. 580. -tarie; downe echone. 581.
T. rad. T. theym (= hem); Th. A. _om._ one by one. 582. bearyng. 583. A. T.
in; Th. on. 585. made. 587. deserte; partye. 588. A. matier. Th. T. a
remedy; A. _om._ a. 589. A. next felawes word; Th. T. next folowing her
word. 590. A. Une; Th. T. Vng. T. saunz chaunger. co_m_playne. 592. toke;
payne. 593. restrayne. 594. case. 595. reason. 596. twayne. 597. wrote.
598. A. Oncques; Th. Vncques; T. Vnques. playne. 599. A. grevous (_for_
pitous). 600. great reason. 601. A. And; Th. T. _om._ 602. processe. 603.
made. 604. comforte. 605. Th. surete; A. suerte; T. seurte.

606. A. fonde; Th. T. sayd (!). 607. Nowe; wele. 608. Th. humbly; A. humble
(!); _read_ humbelly. her high grace; A. _om._ high. 609. A. Som remedy to
chewe (!) in; Th. T. Soone to shewe her remedy in. 610. sayde. 611.
playnynge. 612. wrothe. wele apayde. 613. se; wolde. _I supply_ that. 614.
wrothe. 615. worde; wote. 616. wrote. 617. great. 618. done. 620. mynde. A.
thus; Th. T. there. 621. whiche; boone. 622. Rehersynge. _I supply_ that.
623. Besechynge. 624. lyke; done. 626. A. vp; Th. T. _om._ 627. One; wrote.
628. hole. A. Of hir compleynt also the cause why; T. _om. this line_. 629.
writinge. 630. A. knowlachyng; Th. T. knowynge. 631. wote. 632. herte. 633.
toke. 634. one. A. til. A. it; Th. T. _om._ smerte. 635. thanke; deserte.

636. comforte. A. wayted; Th. T. wanted. comynge. 637. -thynge. 638.
besechynge. 639. A. T. for her wold; Th. wolde for her. 640. A. al; Th. T.
_om._ lyuynge. 641. trewe. A. so; Th. T. _om._ 642. saye. 643. nexte. A.
after; Th. T. _om._ forthe. 645. _diu_; wrote. 646. A. any; Th. T. _om._
fayle. 647. T. takyn; Th. A. take. 648. meruaile. 649. auayle. 652. shulde.
653. great. _All_ encombraunce. 654. moche. 655. Th. T. al her; A. _om._
al. 656. made. 659. wrote. 660. thinge. 661. felte great. 662. A. _om._
right. 663. sate; passynge. 664. lothe; wrytynge. 665. A. his; T. a; Th.
_om._ thinge.

666. A. _Se iour_ (for _Soyes_). worde certayne. 667. wrote. A. but; Th. T.
_om._ 668. vayne. 670. Th. T. humbly; A. humble (!); _see_ 607. desyrynge.
671. comforte; sorowe. 672. ease. 675. Th. _moneste_; T. A. _monest_.
farre; coude. 676. worde. 678. T. tell (_for_ say). 679. wolde. 681. lete
se. 683. Nowe. 684. A. T. parde have knowlache; Th. haue knowlege parde.
686. selfe. 687. wote. A. that; Th. T. _om._ thinke. 688. herde. 689. Nowe.
_All_ hate (= hote). 691. A. wite; Th. T. wete. reason. 692. A. knowe al
that hath be done afore; Th. T. haue knowlege of that was done before. 693.
A. it; Th. T. it is (_om._ is). _All_ without. A. any (_for_ wordes). 694.
Nothynge. A. lief; T. leef; Th. lefe. dethe. 695. payne.

697. aforne; certayne. 698. wote. 699. helpe; thinge. 700. thinke. T. I;
Th. A. it. 702. _I supply_ you. 703. longe. 706. thanke _I supply_ a. 707.
deserte. A. des_er_vith; Th. T. serueth. 708. -one. 709. A. This lady; Th.
T. The ladyes. toke. 710. A. ech; Th. T. _om._ 712. A. yaf; Th. T. yaue. T.
in; Th. A. _om._ 713. one. 714. A. hem there hir answere; Th. T. hem her
answere in. 716. spake; -selfe. 717. sene. 718. A. T. ful; Th. _om._ 720.
shorte; courte. 721. A. T. paleys. 722. fynde. 724. _I supply_ a. A. shul;
Th. T. shal. 725. T. thoroughly; Th. throughly; A. triewly. 726. shal
(_see_ 724); knowe. 728. _So_ Th.; A. shal bryng it yow bi; T. shall hyt
yow tell by.

729. moste. 730. eche one by one. 732. A. vs (_for 1st_ we). trauayle. 733.
_I supply_ a. 734. toke. 735. forthe; shulde. 736. sprange anone. 737.
woke. 738. nowe; gone. 739. A. Al amased vp; Th. T. Al mased and vp (_read_
And al amased up). loke. 740. boke. 741. _All_ simply. 742. shulde. Th. T.
be out; A. out (_om._ be). 743. Nowe; dreame. 745. stode. 746. shulde;
none. _All_ encombraunce. 747. toke; great. 748. nowe; boke. 749. A. wite;
Th. T. wete. 750. boke. 751. _So_ A.; Th. T. Of the name to tel you in
certaynte (T. certayn). 752. A. La semble; T. Lassembyll. 753. Howe thynke.
A. the; Th. T. _om._ 754. Nowe. 756. dreme; done. COLOPHON: _in_ T. _only_.

       *       *       *       *       *

XXII. A GOODLY BALADE.

  ¶ Moder of norture, best beloved of al,
  And fresshest flour, to whom good thrift god sende.
  Your child, if it list you me so to cal,
  Al be I unable my-self so to pretende,
  To your discrecioun I recommende                        5
  Myn herte and al, with every circumstaunce,
  Al hoolly to be under your governaunce.

  Most desyre I, and have, and ever shal
  Thing, whiche might your hertes ese amende;
  Have me excused, my power is but smal;                 10
  Natheles, of right ye ought[e] to commende
  My good[e] will, which fayn wolde entende
  To do you service; for al my suffisaunce
  Is hoolly to be under your governaunce.

  _Meulx un_: in herte, which never shal apal,           15
  Ay fresshe and newe, and right glad to dispende
  My tyme in your servyce, what-so befal,
  Beseching your excellence to defende
  My simplenesse, if ignoraunce offende
  In any wyse; sith that myn affiaunce                   20
  Is hoolly to be under your governaunce.

  ¶ Daisy of light! very ground of comfort!
  The sonnes doughter ye hight, as I rede;
  For when he westreth, farwel your disport!
  By your nature anon, right for pure drede              25
  Of the rude night, that with his boystous wede
  Of derkness shadoweth our emispere,
  Than closen ye, my lyves lady dere!

  Dawing the day to his kinde resort,
  Phebus your fader, with his stremes rede,              30
  Adorneth the morow, consuming the sort
  Of misty cloudes, that wolde overlede
  Trewe humble hertes with hir mistihede,
  Nere comfort a-dayes, whan eyen clere
  Disclose and sprede my lyves lady dere.                35

  [_A stanza lost; lines 36-42._]

  ¶ _Je vouldray_:--but [the] gret[e] god disposeth
  And maketh casuel by his providence
  Such thing as mannes frele wit purposeth;              45
  Al for the best, if that our conscience
  Nat grucche it, but in humble pacience
  It receyve; for god saith, without[e] fable,
  A faithful herte ever is acceptable.

  Cautels who useth gladly, gloseth;                     50
  To eschewe suche it is right high prudence;
  What ye said[e] ones, [now] myn herte opposeth,
  "That my wryting japes, in your absence,
  Plesed you moche bet than my presence!"
  Yet can I more, ye be nat excusable;                   55
  A faithful herte ever is acceptable.

  Quaketh my penne; my spirit supposeth
  That in my wryting ye finde wol som offence;
  Myn herte welkeneth thus sone, anon it +roseth;
  Now hot, now cold, and eft in [al] fervence;           60
  That mis is, is caused of negligence
  And not of malice; therfor beth merciable;
  A faithful herte ever is acceptable.

              LENVOY.

  ¶ Forth, complaynt! forth, lakking eloquence,
  Forth, litel lettre, of endyting lame!                 65
  I have besought my ladies sapience
  Of thy behalfe, to accept in game
  Thyn inabilitee; do thou the same!
  Abyd! have more yet; _Je serve Jonesse_.
  Now forth; I close thee, in holy Venus name;           70
  Thee shal unclose my hertes governeresse.

              _Finis._

_From_ Th. (Thynne's ed. 1532). TITLE. A goodly balade of Chaucer. _I note
here rejected spellings._ 3. childe; lust. 4. selfe. 5. discrecion;
recomende. 7. holy. 9. ease. 10. small. 11. Nathelesse; ought. 12. good;
whiche fayne. 14. holy. 17. befall. 20. sythe. 21. holy; ben.

22. grounde; comforte. 24. disporte. 27. derkenesse. 29. resorte. 30. And
Phebus (_I omit_ And); father. 31. morowe; sorte. 32. wolden. 34. comforte.
43. great (_read_ the grete). 45. Suche; mans (_read_ mannes); witte. 47.
grutche. 48. _Read_ Receyve it (?); saythe withoute. 52. sayd; _I supply_
now. 53. _Read_ wryting of iapes (?). 54. Pleased; better (_read_ bet). 58.
_Omit_ wol (?); some. 59. ryseth (!); _read_ roseth. 60. Nowe hotte, nowe
colde; efte; _I supply_ al.

61. mysse. 62. therfore bethe. 64. _Headed_ Lenuoye. Forthe; forthe
lackyng. 65. Forthe. 68. inabylite. 69. Iouesse. 70. Nowe; the. 71. The.

       *       *       *       *       *

XXIII. GO FORTH, KING.

      Rex sine sapiencia: Episcopus sine doctrina.
      Dominus sine consilio: Mulier sine castitate.
      Miles sine probitate: Iudex sine Iusticia.
      Diues sine elemosina: Populus sine lege.
      Senex sine religione: Seruus sine timore.
      Pauper superbus: Adolescens sine obediencia.

  Go forth, king, rule thee by sapience;
  Bishop, be able to minister doctryne;
  Lord, to trew consayl yeve audience;
  Womanheed, to chastite ever enclyne;
  Knight, let thy dedes worship determyne;                5
  Be rightwis, juge, in saving thy name;
  Rich, do almesse, lest thou lese blis with shame.

  People, obey your king and the lawe;
  Age, be thou ruled by good religioun;
  Trew servant, be dredful, and keep thee under awe,     10
  And thou, povre, fy on presumpcioun;
  Inobedience to youth is utter distruccioun;
  Remembre you how god hath set you, lo!
  And do your part, as ye be ordained to.

_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532); _I give rejected spellings_. 1. forthe; the.
2. Bishoppe. 3. Lorde; trewe counsayle. 4. Womanhede. 5. lette. 6. rightous
(_read_ rightwis); iuge. 7. blysse. 9. relygion. 10. Trewe; dredeful; kepe.
11. poore; presumption. 12. distruction. 13. howe. 14. parte.

       *       *       *       *       *

XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.

  With timerous hert and trembling hand of drede,
  Of cunning naked, bare of eloquence,
  Unto the flour of port in womanhede
  I write, as he that non intelligence
  Of metres hath, ne floures of sentence;                 5
  Sauf that me list my writing to convey,
  In that I can to please her hygh nobley.

  The blosmes fresshe of Tullius garden soote
  Present thaim not, my mater for to borne:
  Poemes of Virgil taken here no rote,                   10
  Ne crafte of Galfrid may not here sojorne:
  Why nam I cunning? O well may I morne,
  For lak of science that I can-not write
  Unto the princes of my life a-right

  No termes digne unto her excellence,                   15
  So is she sprong of noble stirpe and high:
  A world of honour and of reverence
  There is in her, this wil I testifie.
  Calliope, thou sister wise and sly,
  And thou, Minerva, guyde me with thy grace,            20
  That langage rude my mater not deface.

  Thy suger-dropes swete of Elicon
  Distill in me, thou gentle Muse, I pray;
  And thee, Melpomene, I calle anon,
  Of ignoraunce the mist to chace away;                  25
  And give me grace so for to write and sey,
  That she, my lady, of her worthinesse,
  Accepte in gree this litel short tretesse,

  That is entitled thus, 'THE COURT OF LOVE.'
  And ye that ben metriciens me excuse,                  30
  I you besech, for Venus sake above;
  For what I mene in this ye need not muse:
  And if so be my lady it refuse
  For lak of ornat speche, I wold be wo,
  That I presume to her to writen so.                    35

  But myn entent and all my besy cure
  Is for to write this tretesse, as I can,
  Unto my lady, stable, true, and sure,
  Feithfull and kind, sith first that she began
  Me to accept in service as her man:                    40
  To her be all the plesure of this boke,
  That, whan her like, she may it rede and loke.

  When I was yong, at eighteen yere of age,
  Lusty and light, desirous of pleasaunce,
  Approching on full sadde and ripe corage,              45
  Love arted me to do myn observaunce
  To his astate, and doon him obeysaunce,
  Commaunding me the Court of Love to see,
  A lite beside the mount of Citharee,

  There Citherea goddesse was and quene                  50
  Honoured highly for her majestee;
  And eke her sone, the mighty god, I wene,
  Cupid the blind, that for his dignitee
  A thousand lovers worship on their knee;
  There was I bid, on pain of death, t'apere,            55
  By Mercury, the winged messengere.

  So than I went by straunge and fer contrees,
  Enquiring ay what costes +to it drew,
  The Court of Love: and thiderward, as bees,
  At last I sey the peple gan pursue:                    60
  Anon, me thought, som wight was there that knew
  Where that the court was holden, ferre or ny,
  And after thaim ful fast I gan me hy.

  Anone as I theim overtook, I said,
  'Hail, frendes! whider purpose ye to wend?'            65
  'Forsooth,' quod oon that answered lich a maid,
  'To Loves Court now go we, gentill frend.'
  'Where is that place,' quod I, 'my felowe hend?'
  'At Citheron, sir,' seid he, 'without dowte,
  The King of Love, and all his noble rowte,             70

  Dwelling within a castell ryally.'
  So than apace I jorned forth among,
  And as he seid, so fond I there truly.
  For I beheld the towres high and strong,
  And high pinacles, large of hight and long,            75
  With plate of gold bespred on every side,
  And presious stones, the stone-werk for to hide.

  No saphir ind, no rube riche of price,
  There lakked than, nor emeraud so grene,
  Baleis Turkeis, ne thing to my devise,                 80
  That may the castell maken for to shene:
  All was as bright as sterres in winter been;
  And Phebus shoon, to make his pees agayn,
  For trespas doon to high estates tweyn,

  Venus and Mars, the god and goddesse clere,            85
  Whan he theim found in armes cheined fast:
  Venus was then full sad of herte and chere.
  But Phebus bemes, streight as is the mast,
  Upon the castell ginneth he to cast,
  To plese the lady, princesse of that place,            90
  In signe he loketh aftir Loves grace.

  For there nis god in heven or helle, y-wis,
  But he hath ben right soget unto Love:
  Jove, Pluto, or what-so-ever he is,
  Ne creature in erth, or yet above;                     95
  Of thise the revers may no wight approve.
  But furthermore, the castell to descry,
  Yet saw I never non so large and high.

  For unto heven it streccheth, I suppose,
  Within and out depeynted wonderly,                    100
  With many a thousand daisy, rede as rose,
  And white also, this saw I verily:
  But what tho daises might do signify,
  Can I not tell, sauf that the quenes flour
  Alceste it was that kept there her sojour;            105

  Which under Venus lady was and quene,
  And Admete king and soverain of that place,
  To whom obeyed the ladies gode ninetene,
  With many a thowsand other, bright of face.
  And yong men fele came forth with lusty pace,         110
  And aged eke, their homage to dispose;
  But what thay were, I coud not well disclose.

  Yet ner and ner furth in I gan me dresse
  Into an halle of noble apparaile,
  With arras spred and cloth of gold, I gesse,          115
  And other silk of esier availe:
  Under the cloth of their estate, saunz faile,
  The king and quene ther sat, as I beheld:
  It passed joye of Helisee the feld.

  There saintes have their comming and resort,          120
  To seen the king so ryally beseyn,
  In purple clad, and eke the quene in sort:
  And on their hedes saw I crownes tweyn,
  With stones fret, so that it was no payn,
  Withouten mete and drink, to stand and see            125
  The kinges honour and the ryaltee.

  And for to trete of states with the king,
  That been of councell chief, and with the quene,
  The king had Daunger ner to him standing,
  The Quene of Love, Disdain, and that was seen:        130
  For by the feith I shall to god, I wene,
  Was never straunger [non] in her degree
  Than was the quene in casting of her ee.

  And as I stood perceiving her apart,
  And eke the bemes shyning of her yen,                 135
  Me thought thay were shapen lich a dart,
  Sherp and persing, smale, and streight as lyne.
  And all her here, it shoon as gold so fyne,
  Dishevel, crisp, down hinging at her bak
  A yarde in length: and soothly than I spak:--         140

  'O bright Regina, who made thee so fair?
  Who made thy colour vermelet and white?
  Where woneth that god? how fer above the eyr?
  Greet was his craft, and greet was his delyt.
  Now marvel I nothing that ye do hight                 145
  The Quene of Love, and occupy the place
  Of Citharee: now, sweet lady, thy grace.'

  In mewet spak I, so that nought astert,
  By no condicion, word that might be herd;
  B[ut] in myn inward thought I gan advert,             150
  And oft I seid, 'My wit is dulle and hard:'
  For with her bewtee, thus, god wot, I ferd
  As doth the man y-ravisshed with sight,
  When I beheld her cristall yen so bright,

  No respect having what was best to doon;              155
  Till right anon, beholding here and there,
  I spied a frend of myne, and that full soon,
  A gentilwoman, was the chamberer
  Unto the quene, that hote, as ye shall here,
  Philobone, that loved all her life:                   160
  Whan she me sey, she led me furth as blyfe;

  And me demaunded how and in what wise
  I thider com, and what myne erand was?
  'To seen the court,' quod I, 'and all the guyse;
  And eke to sue for pardon and for grace,              165
  And mercy ask for all my greet trespace,
  That I non erst com to the Court of Love:
  Foryeve me this, ye goddes all above!'

  'That is well seid,' quod Philobone, 'in-dede:
  But were ye not assomoned to apere                    170
  By Mercury? For that is all my drede.'
  'Yes, gentil fair,' quod I, 'now am I here;
  Ye, yit what tho, though that be true, my dere?'
  'Of your free will ye shuld have come unsent:
  For ye did not, I deme ye will be shent.              175

  For ye that reign in youth and lustinesse,
  Pampired with ese, and +jolif in your age,
  Your dewtee is, as fer as I can gesse,
  To Loves Court to dressen your viage,
  As sone as Nature maketh you so sage,                 180
  That ye may know a woman from a swan,
  Or whan your foot is growen half a span.

  But sith that ye, by wilful necligence,
  This eighteen yere have kept yourself at large,
  The gretter is your trespace and offence,             185
  And in your nek ye moot bere all the charge:
  For better were ye ben withouten barge,
  Amidde see, in tempest and in rain,
  Than byden here, receiving woo and pain,

  That ordeined is for such as thaim absent             190
  Fro Loves Court by yeres long and fele.
  I ley my lyf ye shall full soon repent;
  For Love will reyve your colour, lust, and hele:
  Eke ye must bait on many an hevy mele:
  No force, y-wis, I stired you long agoon              195
  To draw to court,' quod litell Philobon.

  'Ye shall well see how rough and angry face
  The King of Love will shew, when ye him see;
  By myn advyse kneel down and ask him grace,
  Eschewing perell and adversitee;                      200
  For well I wot it wol non other be,
  Comfort is non, ne counsel to your ese;
  Why will ye than the King of Love displese?'

  'O mercy, god,' quod ich, 'I me repent,
  Caitif and wrecche in hert, in wille, and thought!    205
  And aftir this shall be myne hole entent
  To serve and plese, how dere that love be bought:
  Yit, sith I have myn own penaunce y-sought,
  With humble spirit shall I it receive,
  Though that the King of Love my life bereyve.         210

  And though that fervent loves qualite
  In me did never worch truly, yit I
  With all obeisaunce and humilite,
  And benign hert, shall serve him til I dye:
  And he that Lord of +might is, grete and highe,       215
  Right as him list me chastice and correct,
  And punish me, with trespace thus enfect.'

  Thise wordes seid, she caught me by the lap,
  And led me furth intill a temple round,
  Large and wyde: and, as my blessed hap                220
  And good aventure was, right sone I found
  A tabernacle reised from the ground,
  Where Venus sat, and Cupid by her syde;
  Yet half for drede I gan my visage hyde.

  And eft again I loked and beheld,                     225
  Seeing full sundry peple in the place,
  And mister folk, and som that might not weld
  Their limmes well, me thought a wonder cas;
  The temple shoon with windows all of glas,
  Bright as the day, with many a fair image;            230
  And there I sey the fresh quene of Cartage,

  Dido, that brent her bewtee for the love
  Of fals Eneas; and the weymenting
  Of hir, Anelida, true as turtill-dove,
  To Arcite fals: and there was in peinting             235
  Of many a prince, and many a doughty king,
  Whose marterdom was shewed about the walles;
  And how that fele for love had suffered falles.

  But sore I was abasshed and astonied
  Of all tho folk that there were in that tyde;         240
  And than I asked where thay had [y-]woned:
  'In dyvers courtes,' quod she, 'here besyde.'
  In sondry clothing, mantil-wyse full wyde,
  They were arrayed, and did their sacrifice
  Unto the god and goddesse in their guyse.             245

  '+Lo! yonder folk,' quod she, 'that knele in blew,
  They were the colour ay, and ever shall,
  In sign they were, and ever will be trew
  Withouten chaunge: and sothly, yonder all
  That ben in blak, with morning cry and call           250
  Unto the goddes, for their loves been
  Som fer, som dede, som all to sherpe and kene.'

  'Ye, than,' quod I, 'what doon thise prestes here,
  Nonnes and hermits, freres, and all thoo
  That sit in white, in russet, and in grene?'          255
  'For-soth,' quod she, 'they wailen of their wo.'
  'O mercy, lord! may thay so come and go
  Freely to court, and have such libertee?'
  'Ye, men of ech condicion and degree,

  And women eke: for truly, there is non                260
  Excepcion mad, ne never was ne may:
  This court is ope and free for everichon,
  The King of Love he will nat say thaim nay:
  He taketh all, in poore or riche array,
  That meekly sewe unto his excellence                  265
  With all their herte and all their reverence.'

  And, walking thus about with Philobone,
  I sey where cam a messenger in hy
  Streight from the king, which let commaund anon,
  Through-out the court to make an ho and cry:          270
  'A! new-come folk, abyde! and wot ye why?
  The kinges lust is for to seen you soon:
  Com ner, let see! his will mot need be doon.'

  Than gan I me present to-fore the king,
  Trembling for fere, with visage pale of hew,          275
  And many a lover with me was kneling,
  Abasshed sore, till unto tyme thay knew
  The sentence yeve of his entent full trew:
  And at the last the king hath me behold
  With stern visage, and seid, 'What doth this old,     280

  Thus fer y-stope in yeres, come so late
  Unto the court?' 'For-soth, my liege,' quod I,
  'An hundred tyme I have ben at the gate
  Afore this tyme, yit coud I never espy
  Of myn acqueyntaunce any with mine y;                 285
  And shamefastnes away me gan to chace;
  But now I me submit unto your grace.'

  'Well! all is perdoned, with condicion
  That thou be trew from hensforth to thy might,
  And serven Love in thyn entencion:                    290
  Swere this, and than, as fer as it is right,
  Thou shalt have grace here in my quenes sight.'
  'Yis, by the feith I ow your crown, I swere,
  Though Deth therfore me thirlith with his spere!'

  And whan the king had seen us everichoon,             295
  He let commaunde an officer in hy
  To take our feith, and shew us, oon by oon,
  The statuts of the court full besily.
  Anon the book was leid before their y,
  To rede and see what thing we must observe            300
  In Loves Court, till that we dye and sterve.

  And, for that I was lettred, there I red
  The statuts hole of Loves Court and hall:
  The _first_ statut that on the boke was spred,
  Was, To be true in thought and dedes all              305
  Unto the King of Love, the Lord ryall;
  And to the Quene, as feithful and as kind,
  As I coud think with herte, and will and mind.

  The _secund_ statut, Secretly to kepe
  Councell of love, nat blowing every-where             310
  All that I know, and let it sink +or flete;
  It may not sown in every wightes ere:
  Exyling slaunder ay for dred and fere,
  And to my lady, which I love and serve,
  Be true and kind, her grace for to deserve.           315

  The _thrid_ statut was clerely write also,
  Withouten chaunge to live and dye the same,
  Non other love to take, for wele ne wo,
  For brind delyt, for ernest nor for game:
  Without repent, for laughing or for grame,            320
  To byden still in full perseveraunce:
  Al this was hole the kinges ordinaunce.

  The _fourth_ statut, To purchace ever to here,
  And stiren folk to love, and beten fyr
  On Venus awter, here about and there,                 325
  And preche to thaim of love and hot desyr,
  And tell how love will quyten well their hire:
  This must be kept; and loth me to displese:
  If love be wroth, passe forby is an ese.

  The _fifth_ statut, Not to be daungerous,             330
  If that a thought wold reyve me of my slepe:
  Nor of a sight to be over squeymous;
  And so, verily, this statut was to kepe,
  To turne and walowe in my bed and wepe,
  When that my lady, of her cruelte,                    335
  Wold from her herte exylen all pite.

  The _sixt_ statut, it was for me to use,
  Alone to wander, voide of company,
  And on my ladys bewtee for to muse,
  And to think [it] no force to live or dye;            340
  And eft again to think the remedy,
  How to her grace I might anon attain,
  And tell my wo unto my souverain.

  The _seventh_ statut was, To be pacient,
  Whether my lady joyfull were or wroth;                345
  For wordes glad or hevy, diligent,
  Wheder that she me helden lefe or loth:
  And hereupon I put was to myn oth,
  Her for to serve, and lowly to obey,
  Shewing my chere, ye, twenty sith a-day.              350

  The _eighth_ statut, to my rememb[e]raunce,
  Was, To speke, and pray my lady dere,
  With hourly labour and gret attendaunce,
  Me for to love with all her herte entere,
  And me desyre, and make me joyfull chere,             355
  Right as she is, surmounting every faire,
  Of bewtie well, and gentill debonaire.

  The _ninth_ statut, with lettres writ of gold,
  This was the sentence, How that I and all
  Shuld ever dred to be to over-bold                    360
  Her to displese; and truly, so I shall;
  But ben content for thing[es] that may falle,
  And meekly take her chastisement and yerd,
  And to offende her ever ben aferd.

  The _tenth_ statut was, Egally discern                365
  By-twene thy lady and thyn abilitee,
  And think, thy-self art never like to yern,
  By right, her mercy, nor of equitee,
  But of her grace and womanly pitee:
  For though thy-self be noble in thy strene,           370
  A thowsand-fold more nobill is thy quene,

  Thy lyves lady, and thy souverayn,
  That hath thyn herte all hole in governaunce.
  Thou mayst no wyse hit taken to disdayn,
  To put thee humbly at her ordinaunce,                 375
  And give her free the rein of her plesaunce;
  For libertee is thing that women loke,
  And truly, els the mater is a-croke.

  The _eleventh_ statut, Thy signes for to +con
  With y and finger, and with smyles soft,              380
  And low to cough, and alway for to shon,
  For dred of spyes, for to winken oft:
  But secretly to bring a sigh a-loft,
  And eke beware of over-moch resort;
  For that, paraventure, spilleth al thy sport.         385

  The _twelfth_ statut remember to observe:
  For al the pain thow hast for love and wo,
  All is to lite her mercy to deserve,
  Thow must then think, where-ever thou ryde or go;
  And mortall woundes suffer thow also,                 390
  All for her sake, and thinke it well beset
  Upon thy love, for it may be no bet.

  The _thirteenth_ statut, Whylom is to thinke,
  What thing may best thy lady lyke and plese,
  And in thyn hertes botom let it sinke:                395
  Som thing devise, and take [it] for thyn ese,
  And send it her, that may her herte +apese:
  Some hert, or ring, or lettre, or device,
  Or precious stone; but spare not for no price.

  The _fourteenth_ statut eke thou shalt assay          400
  Fermly to kepe the most part of thy lyfe:
  Wish that thy lady in thyne armes lay,
  And nightly dreme, thow hast thy hertes wyfe
  Swetely in armes, straining her as blyfe:
  And whan thou seest it is but fantasy,                405
  See that thow sing not over merily,

  For to moche joye hath oft a wofull end.
  It longith eke, this statut for to hold,
  To deme thy lady evermore thy frend,
  And think thyself in no wyse a cocold.                410
  In every thing she doth but as she shold:
  Construe the best, beleve no tales newe,
  For many a lie is told, that semeth full trewe.

  But think that she, so bounteous and fair,
  Coud not be fals: imagine this algate;                415
  And think that tonges wikke wold her appair,
  Slaundering her name and worshipfull estat,
  And lovers true to setten at debat:
  And though thow seest a faut right at thyne y,
  Excuse it blyve, and glose it pretily.                420

  The _fifteenth_ statut, Use to swere and stare,
  And counterfet a lesing hardely,
  To save thy ladys honour every-where,
  And put thyself to fight [for her] boldly:
  Sey she is good, virtuous, and gostly,                425
  Clere of entent, and herte, and thought and wille;
  And argue not, for reson ne for skille,

  Agayn thy ladys plesir ne entent,
  For love wil not be countrepleted, indede:
  Sey as she seith, than shalt thou not be shent,       430
  The crow is whyte; ye, truly, so I rede:
  And ay what thing that she thee will forbede,
  Eschew all that, and give her sovereintee,
  Her appetyt folow in all degree.

  The _sixteenth_ statut, kepe it if thow may:--        435
  Seven sith at night thy lady for to plese,
  And seven at midnight, seven at morow-day;
  And drink a cawdell erly for thyn ese.
  Do this, and kepe thyn hede from all disese,
  And win the garland here of lovers all,               440
  That ever come in court, or ever shall.

  Ful few, think I, this statut hold and kepe;
  But truly, this my reson giveth me fele,
  That som lovers shuld rather fall aslepe,
  Than take on hand to plese so oft and wele.           445
  There lay non oth to this statut a-dele,
  But kepe who might, as gave him his corage:
  Now get this garland, lusty folk of age.

  Now win who may, ye lusty folk of youth,
  This garland fresh, of floures rede and whyte,        450
  Purpill and blewe, and colours +ful uncouth,
  And I shal croune him king of all delyt!
  In al the court there was not, to my sight,
  A lover trew, that he ne was adred,
  When he expresse hath herd the statut red.            455

  The _seventeenth_ statut, Whan age approchith on,
  And lust is leid, and all the fire is queint,
  As freshly than thou shalt begin to fon,
  And dote in love, and all her image paint
  In remembraunce, til thou begin to faint,             460
  +As in the first seson thyn hert began:
  And her desire, though thou ne may ne can

  Perform thy living actuell, and lust;
  Regester this in thy rememb[e]raunce:
  Eke when thou mayst not kepe thy thing from rust,     465
  +Yit speke and talk of plesaunt daliaunce;
  For that shall make thyn hert rejoise and daunce.
  And when thou mayst no more the game assay,
  The statut +bit thee pray for hem that may.

  The _eighteenth_ statut, hoolly to commend,           470
  To plese thy lady, is, That thou eschewe
  With sluttishness thy-self for to offend;
  Be jolif, fresh, and fete, with thinges newe,
  Courtly with maner, this is all thy due,
  Gentill of port, and loving clenlinesse;              475
  This is the thing that lyketh thy maistresse.

  And not to wander lich a dulled ass,
  Ragged and torn, disgysed in array,
  Ribaud in speche, or out of mesure pass,
  Thy bound exceding; think on this alway:              480
  For women +been of tender hertes ay,
  And lightly set their plesire in a place;
  Whan they misthink, they lightly let it passe.

  The _nineteenth_ statut, Mete and drink forgete:
  Ech other day, see that thou fast for love,           485
  For in the court they live withouten mete,
  Sauf such as cometh from Venus all above;
  They take non heed, in pain of greet reprove,
  Of mete and drink, for that is all in vain;
  Only they live by sight of their soverain.            490

  The _twentieth_ statut, last of everichoon,
  Enroll it in thyn hertes privitee;
  To wring and wail, to turn, and sigh and grone,
  When that thy lady absent is from thee;
  And eke renew the wordes [all] that she               495
  Bitween you twain hath seid, and all the chere
  That thee hath mad thy lyves lady dere.

  And see thyn herte in quiet ne in rest
  Sojorn, to tyme thou seen thy lady eft;
  But wher she won by south, or est, or west,           500
  With all thy force, now see it be not left:
  Be diligent, till tyme thy lyfe be reft,
  In that thou mayst, thy lady for to see;
  This statut was of old antiquitee.

  An officer of high auctoritee,                        505
  Cleped Rigour, made us swere anon:
  He nas corrupt with parcialitee,
  Favour, prayer, ne gold that cherely shoon;
  'Ye shall,' quod he, 'now sweren here echoon,
  Yong and old, to kepe, in that +ye may,               510
  The statuts truly, all, aftir this day.'

  O god, thought I, hard is to make this oth!
  But to my pouer shall I thaim observe;
  In all this world nas mater half so loth,
  To swere for all; for though my body sterve,          515
  I have no might the hole for to reserve.
  But herkin now the cace how it befell:
  After my oth was mad, the trouth to tell,

  I turned leves, loking on this boke,
  Where other statuts were of women shene;              520
  And right furthwith Rigour on me gan loke
  Full angrily, and seid unto the quene
  I traitour was, and charged me let been:
  'There may no man,' quod he, 'the statut[s] know,
  That long to woman, by degree ne low.                 525

  In secret wyse thay kepten been full close,
  They sowne echon to libertie, my frend;
  Plesaunt thay be, and to their own purpose;
  There wot no wight of thaim, but god and fend,
  Ne naught shall wit, unto the worldes end.            530
  The quene hath yeve me charge, in pain to dye,
  Never to rede ne seen thaim with myn ye.

  For men shall not so nere of councell ben,
  With womanhode, ne knowen of her gyse,
  Ne what they think, ne of their wit th'engyn;         535
  I me report to Salamon the wyse,
  And mighty Sampson, which begyled thryes
  With Dalida was: he wot that, in a throw,
  There may no man statut of women knowe.

  For it paraventure may right so befall,               540
  That they be bound by nature to disceive,
  And spinne, and wepe, and sugre strewe on gall,
  The hert of man to ravissh and to reyve,
  And whet their tong as sharp as swerd or gleyve:
  It may betyde, this is their ordinaunce;              545
  So must they lowly doon the observaunce,

  And kepe the statut yeven thaim of kind,
  Or such as love hath yeve hem in their lyfe.
  Men may not wete why turneth every wind,
  Nor waxen wyse, nor ben inquisityf                    550
  To know secret of maid, widow, or wyfe;
  For they their statutes have to thaim reserved,
  And never man to know thaim hath deserved.

  Now dress you furth, the god of Love you gyde!'
  Quod Rigour than, 'and seek the temple bright         555
  Of Cither[e]a, goddess here besyde;
  Beseche her, by [the] influence and might
  Of al her vertue, you to teche a-right,
  How for to serve your ladies, and to plese,
  Ye that ben sped, and set your hert in ese.           560

  And ye that ben unpurveyed, +pray her eke
  Comfort you soon with grace and destinee,
  That ye may set your hert there ye may lyke,
  In suche a place, that it to love may be
  Honour and worship, and felicitee                     565
  To you for ay. Now goth, by one assent.'
  'Graunt mercy, sir!' quod we, and furth we went

  Devoutly, soft and esy pace, to see
  Venus the goddes image, all of gold:
  And there we founde a thousand on their knee,         570
  Sum freshe and feire, som dedely to behold,
  In sondry mantils new, and som were old,
  Som painted were with flames rede as fire,
  Outward to shew their inward hoot desire:

  With dolefull chere, full fele in their complaint     575
  Cried 'Lady Venus, rewe upon our sore!
  Receive our billes, with teres all bedreint;
  We may not wepe, there is no more in store;
  But wo and pain us frettith more and more:
  Thou +blisful planet, lovers sterre so shene,         580
  Have rowth on us, that sigh and carefull been;

  And ponish, Lady, grevously, we pray,
  The false untrew with counterfet plesaunce,
  That made their oth, be trew to live or dey,
  With chere assured, and with countenaunce;            585
  And falsly now thay foten loves daunce,
  Barein of rewth, untrue of that they seid,
  Now that their lust and plesire is alleyd.'

  Yet eft again, a thousand milion,
  Rejoysing, love, leding their life in blis:           590
  They seid:--'Venus, redresse of all division,
  Goddes eterne, thy name +y-heried is!
  By loves bond is knit all thing, y-wis,
  Best unto best, the erth to water wan,
  Bird unto bird, and woman unto man;                   595

  This is the lyfe of joye that we ben in,
  Resembling lyfe of hevenly paradyse;
  Love is exyler ay of vice and sin;
  Love maketh hertes lusty to devyse;
  Honour and grace have thay, in every wyse,            600
  That been to loves law obedient;
  Love makith folk benigne and diligent;

  Ay stering theim to drede[n] vice and shame:
  In their degree it maketh thaim honorable;
  And swete it is of love [to] bere the name,           605
  So that his love be feithfull, true, and stable:
  Love prunith him, to semen amiable;
  Love hath no faut, there it is exercysed,
  But sole with theim that have all love dispised.

  Honour to thee, celestiall and clere                  610
  Goddes of love, and to thy celsitude,
  That yevest us light so fer down from thy spere,
  Persing our hertes with thy pulcritude!
  Comparison non of similitude
  May to thy grace be mad in no degree,                 615
  That hast us set with love in unitee.

  Gret cause have we to praise thy name and thee,
  For [that] through thee we live in joye and blisse.
  Blessed be thou, most souverain to see!
  Thy holy court of gladness may not misse:             620
  A thousand sith we may rejoise in this,
  That we ben thyn with harte and all y-fere,
  Enflamed with thy grace, and hevinly fere.'

  Musing of tho that spakin in this wyse,
  I me bethought in my rememb[e]raunce                  625
  Myne orison right goodly to devyse,
  And plesauntly, with hartes obeisaunce,
  Beseech the goddes voiden my grevaunce;
  For I loved eke, sauf that I wist nat where;
  Yet down I set, and seid as ye shall here.            630

  'Fairest of all that ever were or be!
  +Lucerne and light to pensif creature!
  Myn hole affiaunce, and my lady free,
  My goddes bright, my fortune and my ure,
  I yeve and yeld my hart to thee full sure,            635
  Humbly beseching, lady, of thy grace
  Me to bestowe into som blessed place.

  And here I vow me feithfull, true, and kind,
  Without offence of mutabilitee,
  Humbly to serve, whyl I have wit and mind,            640
  Myn hole affiaunce, and my lady free!
  In thilke place, there ye me sign to be:
  And, sith this thing of newe is yeve me, ay
  To love and serve, needly must I obey.

  Be merciable with thy fire of grace,                  645
  And fix myne hert there bewtie is and routh,
  For hote I love, determine in no place,
  Sauf only this, by god and by my trouth,
  Trowbled I was with slomber, slepe, and slouth
  This other night, and in a visioun                    650
  I sey a woman romen up and down,

  Of mene stature, and seemly to behold,
  Lusty and fresh, demure of countynaunce,
  Yong and wel shap, with here [that] shoon as gold,
  With yen as cristall, farced with plesaunce;          655
  And she gan stir myne harte a lite to daunce;
  But sodenly she vanissh gan right there:
  Thus I may sey, I love and wot not where.

  For what she is, ne her dwelling I not,
  And yet I fele that love distraineth me:              660
  Might ich her know, that wold I fain, god wot,
  Serve and obey with all benignitee.
  And if that other be my destinee,
  So that no wyse I shall her never see,
  Than graunt me her that best may lyken me,            665

  With glad rejoyse to live in parfit hele,
  Devoide of wrath, repent, or variaunce;
  And able me to do that may be wele
  Unto my lady, with hertes by plesaunce:
  And, mighty goddes! through thy purviaunce            670
  My wit, my thought, my lust and love so gyde,
  That to thyne honour I may me provyde

  To set myne herte in place there I may lyke,
  And gladly serve with all affeccioun.
  Gret is the pain which at myn hert doth stik.         675
  Till I be sped by thyn eleccioun:
  Help, lady goddes! that possessioun
  I might of her have, that in all my lyfe
  I clepen shall my quene and hertes wife.

  And in the Court of Love to dwell for ay              680
  My wille it is, and don thee sacrifice:
  Daily with Diane eke to fight and fray,
  And holden werre, as might well me suffice:
  That goddes chaste I kepen in no wyse
  To serve; a fig for all her chastitee!                685
  Her lawe is for religiositee.'

  And thus gan finish preyer, lawde, and preise,
  Which that I yove to Venus on my knee,
  And in myne hert to ponder and to peise,
  I gave anon hir image fressh bewtie;                  690
  'Heil to that figure sweet! and heil to thee,
  Cupide,' quod I, and rose and yede my way;
  And in the temple as I yede I sey

  A shryne sormownting all in stones riche,
  Of which the force was plesaunce to myn y,            695
  With diamant or saphire; never liche
  I have non seyn, ne wrought so wonderly.
  So whan I met with Philobone, in hy
  I gan demaund, 'Who[s] is this sepulture?'
  'Forsoth,' quod she, 'a tender creature               700

  Is shryned there, and Pite is her name.
  She saw an egle wreke him on a fly,
  And pluk his wing, and eke him, in his game,
  And tender herte of that hath made her dy:
  Eke she wold wepe, and morn right pitously            705
  To seen a lover suffre gret destresse.
  In all the court nas non that, as I gesse,

  That coude a lover +half so well availe,
  Ne of his wo the torment or the rage
  +Aslaken, for he was sure, withouten faile,           710
  That of his grief she coud the hete aswage.
  In sted of Pite, spedeth hot corage
  The maters all of court, now she is dede;
  I me report in this to womanhede.

  For weile and wepe, and crye, and speke, and pray,--  715
  Women wold not have pite on thy plaint;
  Ne by that mene to ese thyn hart convey,
  But thee receiven for their own talent:
  And sey, that Pite causith thee, in consent
  Of rewth, to take thy service and thy pain            720
  In that thow mayst, to plese thy souverain.

  But this is councell, keep it secretly;'
  Quod she, 'I nold, for all the world abowt,
  The Quene of Love it wist; and wit ye why?
  For if by me this matter springen out,                725
  In court no lenger shuld I, owt of dowt,
  Dwellen, but shame in all my life endry:
  Now kepe it close,' quod she, 'this hardely.

  Well, all is well! Now shall ye seen,' she seid,
  'The feirest lady under son that is:                  730
  Come on with me, demene you liche a maid,
  With shamefast dred, for ye shall spede, y-wis,
  With her that is the mir[th] and joy and blis:
  But sumwhat straunge and sad of her demene
  She is, be ware your countenaunce be sene,            735

  Nor over light, ne recheless, ne to bold,
  Ne malapert, ne rinning with your tong;
  For she will you abeisen and behold,
  And you demaund, why ye were hens so long
  Out of this court, without resort among:              740
  And Rosiall her name is hote aright,
  Whose harte +as yet [is] yeven to no wight.

  And ye also ben, as I understond,
  With love but light avaunced, by your word;
  Might ye, by hap, your fredom maken bond,             745
  And fall in grace with her, and wele accord,
  Well might ye thank the god of Love and lord;
  For she that ye sawe in your dreme appere,
  To love suche one, what are +ye than the nere?

  Yit wot ye what? as my rememb[e]raunce                750
  Me yevith now, ye fayn, where that ye sey
  That ye with love had never acqueintaunce,
  Sauf in your dreme right late this other day:
  Why, yis, parde! my life, that durst I lay,
  That ye were caught upon an heth, when I              755
  Saw you complain, and sigh full pitously;

  Within an erber, and a garden fair
  With floures growe, and herbes vertuous,
  Of which the savour swete was and the eyr,
  There were your-self full hoot and amorous:           760
  Y-wis, ye ben to nice and daungerous;
  A! wold ye now repent, and love som new?'--
  'Nay, by my trouth,' I seid, 'I never knew

  The goodly wight, whos I shall be for ay:
  Guyde me the lord that love hath made and me.'        765
  But furth we went in-till a chambre gay,
  There was Rosiall, womanly to see,
  Whose stremes sotell-persing of her ee
  Myn hart gan thrill for bewtie in the stound:
  'Alas,' quod I, 'who hath me yeve this wound?'        770

  And than I dred to speke, till at the last
  I gret the lady reverently and wele,
  Whan that my sigh was gon and over-past;
  And down on knees full humbly gan I knele,
  Beseching her my fervent wo to kele,                  775
  For there I took full purpose in my mind,
  Unto her grace my painfull hart to bind.

  For if I shall all fully her discryve,
  Her hede was round, by compace of nature,
  Her here as gold,--she passed all on-lyve,--          780
  And lily forhede had this creature,
  With lovelich browes, flawe, of colour pure,
  Bytwene the which was mene disseveraunce
  From every brow, to shewe[n] a distaunce.

  Her nose directed streight, and even as lyne,         785
  With fourm and shap therto convenient,
  In which the goddes milk-whyt path doth shine;
  And eke her yen ben bright and orient
  As is the smaragde, unto my juggement,
  Or yet thise sterres hevenly, smale and bright;       790
  Her visage is of lovely rede and whyte.

  Her mouth is short, and shit in litell space,
  Flaming somdele, not over-rede, I mene,
  With pregnant lippes, and thik to kiss, percas;
  (For lippes thin, not fat, but ever lene,             795
  They serve of naught, they be not worth a bene;
  For if the basse ben full, there is delyt,
  Maximian truly thus doth he wryte.)

  But to my purpose:--I sey, whyte as snow
  Ben all her teeth, and in order thay stond            800
  Of oon stature; and eke hir breth, I trow,
  Surmounteth alle odours that ever I fond
  In sweetnes; and her body, face, and hond
  Ben sharply slender, so that from the hede
  Unto the fote, all is but womanhede.                  805

  I hold my pees of other thinges hid:--
  Here shall my soul, and not my tong, bewray:--
  But how she was arrayed, if ye me bid,
  That shall I well discover you and say:
  A bend of gold and silk, full fressh and gay;         810
  With here in tresse[s], browdered full well,
  Right smothly kept, and shyning every-del.

  About her nek a flour of fressh devyse
  With rubies set, that lusty were to sene;
  And she in gown was, light and somer-wyse,            815
  Shapen full wele, the colour was of grene,
  With aureat seint about her sydes clene,
  With dyvers stones, precious and riche:--
  Thus was she rayed, yet saugh I never her liche.

  For if that Jove had [but] this lady seyn,            820
  Tho Calixto ne [yet] Alcmenia,
  Thay never hadden in his armes leyn;
  Ne he had loved the faire Europa;
  Ye, ne yet Dane ne Antiopa!
  For al their bewtie stood in Rosiall;                 825
  She semed lich a thing celestiall

  In bownte, favor, port, and semliness,
  Plesaunt of figure, mirrour of delyt,
  Gracious to sene, and rote of gentilness,
  With angel visage, lusty rede and white:              830
  There was not lak, sauf daunger had a lite
  This goodly fressh in rule and governaunce;
  And somdel straunge she was, for her plesaunce.

  And truly sone I took my leve and went,
  Whan she had me enquyred what I was;                  835
  For more and more impressen gan the dent
  Of Loves dart, whyl I beheld her face;
  And eft again I com to seken grace,
  And up I put my bill, with sentence clere
  That folwith aftir; rede and ye shall here.           840

  'O ye [the] fressh, of [all] bewtie the rote,
  That nature hath fourmed so wele and made
  Princesse and Quene! and ye that may do bote
  Of all my langour with your wordes glad!
  Ye wounded me, ye made me wo-bestad;                  845
  Of grace redress my mortall +grief, as ye
  Of all myne +harm the verrey causer be.

  Now am I caught, and unwar sodenly,
  With persant stremes of your yen clere,
  Subject to ben, and serven you meekly,                850
  And all your man, y-wis, my lady dere,
  Abiding grace, of which I you requere,
  That merciles ye cause me not to sterve;
  But guerdon me, liche as I may deserve.

  For, by my troth, the dayes of my breth               855
  I am and will be youre in wille and hert,
  Pacient and meek, for you to suffre deth
  If it require; now rewe upon my smert;
  And this I swere, I never shall out-stert
  From Loves Court for none adversitee,                 860
  So ye wold rewe on my distresse and me.

  My destinee, +my fate, and ure I bliss,
  That have me set to ben obedient
  Only to you, the flour of all, y-wis:
  I trust to Venus never to repent;                     865
  For ever redy, glad, and diligent
  Ye shall me finde in service to your grace,
  Till deth my lyfe out of my body race.

  Humble unto your excellence so digne,
  Enforcing ay my wittes and delyt                      870
  To serve and plese with glad herte and benigne,
  And ben as Troilus, [old] Troyes knight,
  Or Antony for Cleopatre bright,
  And never you me thinkes to reney:
  This shall I kepe unto myne ending-day.               875

  Enprent my speche in your memorial
  Sadly, my princess, salve of all my sore!
  And think that, for I wold becomen thrall,
  And ben your own, as I have seyd before,
  Ye must of pity cherissh more and more                880
  Your man, and tender aftir his desert,
  And yive him corage for to ben expert.

  For where that oon hath set his herte on fire,
  And findeth nether refut ne plesaunce,
  Ne word of comfort, deth will quyte his hire.         885
  Allas! that there is none allegeaunce
  Of all their wo! allas, the gret grevaunce
  To love unloved! But ye, my Lady dere,
  In other wyse may govern this matere.'

  'Truly, gramercy, frend, of your good will,           890
  And of your profer in your humble wyse!
  But for your service, take and kepe it still.
  And where ye say, I ought you well cheryse,
  And of your gref the remedy devyse,
  I know not why: I nam acqueinted well                 895
  With you, ne wot not sothly where ye dwell.'

  'In art of love +I wryte, and songes make,
  That may be song in honour of the King
  And Quene of Love; and than I undertake,
  He that is sad shall than full mery sing.             900
  And daunger[o]us not ben in every thing
  Beseche I you, but seen my will and rede,
  And let your aunswer put me out of drede.'

  'What is your name? reherse it here, I pray,
  Of whens and where, of what condicion                 905
  That ye ben of? Let see, com of and say!
  Fain wold I know your disposicion:--
  Ye have put on your old entencion;
  But what ye mene to serve me I noot,
  Sauf that ye say ye love me wonder hoot.'             910

  'My name? alas, my hert, why [make it straunge?]
  Philogenet I cald am fer and nere,
  Of Cambrige clerk, that never think to chaunge
  Fro you that with your hevenly stremes clere
  Ravissh myne herte and gost and all in-fere:          915
  This is the first, I write my bill for grace,
  Me think, I see som mercy in your face.

  And what I mene, by god that al hath wrought,
  My bill, that maketh finall mencion,
  That ye ben, lady, in myne inward thought             920
  Of all myne hert without offencion,
  That I best love, and have, sith I begon
  To draw to court. Lo, than! what might I say?
  I yeld me here, [lo!] unto your nobley.

  And if that I offend, or wilfully                     925
  By pompe of hart your precept disobey,
  Or doon again your will unskillfully,
  Or greven you, for ernest or for play,
  Correct ye me right sharply than, I pray,
  As it is sene unto your womanhede,                    930
  And rewe on me, or ellis I nam but dede.'

  'Nay, god forbede to feffe you so with grace,
  And for a worde of sugred eloquence,
  To have compassion in so litell space!
  Than were it tyme that som of us were hens!           935
  Ye shall not find in me suche insolence.
  Ay? what is this? may ye not suffer sight?
  How may ye loke upon the candill-light,

  That clere[r] is and hotter than myn y?
  And yet ye seid, the bemes perse and frete:--         940
  How shall ye than the candel-[l]ight endry?
  For wel wot ye, that hath the sharper hete.
  And there ye bid me you correct and bete,
  If ye offend,--nay, that may not be doon:
  There come but few that speden here so soon.          945

  Withdraw your y, withdraw from presens eke:
  Hurt not yourself, through foly, with a loke;
  I wold be sory so to make you seke:
  A woman shuld be ware eke whom she toke:
  Ye beth a clark:--go serchen [in] my boke,            950
  If any women ben so light to win:
  Nay, byde a whyl, though ye were all my kin.

  So soon ye may not win myne harte, in trouth
  The gyse of court will seen your stedfastness,
  And as ye don, to have upon you rewth.                955
  Your own desert, and lowly gentilness,
  That will reward you joy for heviness;
  And though ye waxen pale, and grene and dede,
  Ye must it use a while, withouten drede,

  And it accept, and grucchen in no wyse;               960
  But where as ye me hastily desyre
  To been to love, me think, ye be not wyse.
  Cese of your language! cese, I you requyre!
  For he that hath this twenty yere ben here
  May not obtayn; than marveile I that ye               965
  Be now so bold, of love to trete with me.'

  'Ah! mercy, hart, my lady and my love,
  My rightwyse princesse and my lyves guyde!
  Now may I playn to Venus all above,
  That rewthles ye me +give these woundes wyde!         970
  What have I don? why may it not betyde,
  That for my trouth I may received be?
  Alas! your daunger and your cruelte!

  In wofull hour I got was, welaway!
  In wofull hour [y-]fostred and y-fed,                 975
  In wofull hour y-born, that I ne may
  My supplicacion swetely have y-sped!
  The frosty grave and cold must be my bedde,
  Without ye list your grace and mercy shewe,
  Deth with his axe so faste on me doth hewe.           980

  So greet disese and in so litell whyle,
  So litell joy, that felte I never yet;
  And at my wo Fortune ginneth to smyle,
  That never erst I felt so harde a fit:
  Confounded ben my spirits and my wit,                 985
  Till that my lady take me to her cure,
  Which I love best of erthely creature.

  But that I lyke, that may I not com by;
  Of that I playn, that have I habondaunce;
  Sorrow and thought, thay sit me wounder ny;           990
  Me is withhold that might be my plesaunce:
  Yet turne again, my worldly suffisaunce!
  O lady bright! and save your feithfull true,
  And, er I die, yet on[e]s upon me rewe.'

  With that I fell in sounde, and dede as stone,        995
  With colour slain, and wan as assh[es] pale;
  And by the hand she caught me up anon,
  'Aryse,' quod she, 'what? have ye dronken dwale?
  Why slepen ye? it is no nightertale.'
  'Now mercy, swete,' quod I, y-wis affrayed:          1000
  'What thing,' quod she, 'hath mad you so dismayed?

  Now wot I well that ye a lover be,
  Your hewe is witnesse in this thing,' she seid:
  'If ye were secret, [ye] might know,' quod she,
  'Curteise and kind, all this shuld be allayed:       1005
  And now, myn herte! all that I have misseid,
  I shall amend, and set your harte in ese.'
  'That word it is,' quod I, 'that doth me plese.'

  'But this I charge, that ye the statuts kepe,
  And breke thaim not for sloth nor ignoraunce.'       1010
  With that she gan to smyle and laughen depe.
  'Y-wis,' quod I, 'I will do your plesaunce;
  The sixteenth statut doth me grete grevaunce,
  But ye must that relesse or modifie.'
  'I graunt,' quod she, 'and so I will truly.'         1015

  And softly than her colour gan appeare,
  As rose so rede, through-out her visage all,
  Wherefore me think it is according here,
  That she of right be cleped Rosiall.
  Thus have I won, with wordes grate and small,        1020
  Some goodly word of hir that I love best,
  And trust she shall yit set myne harte in rest.

    .    .    .    .    .    .

  'Goth on,' she seid to Philobone, 'and take
  This man with you, and lede him all abowt
  Within the court, and shew him, for my sake,         1025
  What lovers dwell withinne, and all the rowte
  Of officers; for he is, out of dowte,
  A straunger yit:'--'Come on,' quod Philobone,
  'Philogenet, with me now must ye gon.'

  And stalking soft with esy pace, I saw               1030
  About the king [ther] stonden environ,
  Attendaunce, Diligence, and their felaw
  Fortherer, Esperaunce, and many oon;
  Dred-to-offend there stood, and not aloon;
  For there was eke the cruell adversair,              1035
  The lovers fo, that cleped is Dispair,

  Which unto me spak angrely and fell,
  And said, my lady me deceiven shall:
  'Trowest thow,' quod she, 'that all that she did tell,
  Is true? Nay, nay, but under hony gall!              1040
  Thy birth and +hers, [they] be nothing egall:
  Cast of thyn hart, for all her wordes whyte,
  For in good faith she lovith thee but a lyte.

  And eek remember, thyn habilite
  May not compare with hir, this well thow wot.'       1045
  Ye, than cam Hope and said, 'My frend, let be!
  Beleve him not: Dispair, he ginneth dote.'
  'Alas,' quod I, 'here is both cold and hot:
  The tone me biddeth love, the toder nay;
  Thus wot I not what me is best to say.               1050

  But well wot I, my lady graunted me,
  Truly to be my woundes remedy;
  Her gentilness may not infected be
  With dobleness, thus trust I till I dy.'
  So cast I void Dispaires company,                    1055
  And taken Hope to councell and to frend.
  'Ye, kepe that wele,' quod Philobone, 'in mind.'

  And there besyde, within a bay-window,
  Stood oon in grene, full large of brede and length,
  His berd as blak as fethers of the crow;             1060
  His name was Lust, of wounder might and strength;
  And with Delyt to argue there he thenkth,
  For this was all his [hool] opinion,
  That love was sin! and so he hath begon

  To reson fast, and legge auctorite:                  1065
  'Nay,' quod Delyt, 'love is a vertue clere,
  And from the soule his progress holdeth he:
  Blind appetyt of lust doth often stere,
  And that is sin: for reson lakketh there,
  For thow [dost] think thy neighbours wyfe to win:    1070
  Yit think it well that love may not be sin;

  For god and seint, they love right verely,
  Void of all sin and vice: this knowe I wele,
  Affeccion of flessh is sin, truly;
  But verray love is vertue, as I fele,                1075
  For love may not thy freil desire akele:
  For [verray] love is love withouten sin.'
  'Now stint,' quoth Lust, 'thow spekest not worth a pin.'

  And there I left thaim in their arguing,
  Roming ferther in the castell wyde,                  1080
  And in a corner Lier stood talking
  Of lesings fast, with Flatery there besyde;
  He seid that women were attire of pryde,
  And men were founde of nature variaunt,
  And coud be false, and shewen beau semblaunt.        1085

  Than Flatery bespake and seid, y-wis:
  'See, so she goth on patens faire and fete,
  Hit doth right wele: what prety man is this
  That rometh here? Now truly, drink ne mete
  Nede I not have; myne hart for joye doth bete        1090
  Him to behold, so is he goodly fressh:
  It semeth for love his harte is tender nessh.'

  This is the court of lusty folk and glad,
  And wel becometh their habit and array:
  O why be som so sorry and so sad,                    1095
  Complaining thus in blak and whyte and gray?
  Freres they ben, and monkes, in good fay:
  Alas, for rewth! greet dole it is to seen,
  To see thaim thus bewaile and sory been.

  See how they cry and wring their handes whyte,       1100
  For they so sone went to religion!
  And eke the nonnes, with vaile and wimple plight,
  There thought that they ben in confusion:
  'Alas,' thay sayn, 'we fayn perfeccion,
  In clothes wide, and lak our liberte;                1105
  But all the sin mote on our frendes be.

  For, Venus wot, we wold as fayn as ye,
  That ben attired here and wel besene,
  Desiren man, and love in our degree,
  Ferme and feithfull, right as wold the quene:        1110
  Our frendes wikke, in tender youth and grene,
  Ayenst our will made us religious;
  That is the cause we morne and wailen thus.'

  Than seid the monks and freres in the tyde,
  'Wel may we curse our abbeys and our place,          1115
  Our statuts sharp, to sing in copes wyde,
  Chastly to kepe us out of loves grace,
  And never to fele comfort ne solace;
  Yet suffre we the hete of loves fire,
  And after than other haply we desire.                1120

  O Fortune cursed, why now and wherefore
  Hast thow,' they seid, 'beraft us liberte,
  Sith nature yave us instrument in store,
  And appetyt to love and lovers be?
  Why mot we suffer suche adversite,                   1125
  Diane to serve, and Venus to refuse?
  Ful often sith this matier doth us muse.

  We serve and honour, sore ayenst our will,
  Of chastite the goddes and the quene;
  Us leffer were with Venus byden still,               1130
  And have reward for love, and soget been
  Unto thise women courtly, fressh, and shene.
  Fortune, we curse thy whele of variaunce!
  There we were wele, thou revest our plesaunce.'

  Thus leve I thaim, with voice of pleint and care,    1135
  In raging wo crying ful pitously;
  And as I yede, full naked and full bare
  Some I behold, looking dispitously,
  On poverte that dedely cast their y;
  And 'Welaway!' they cried, and were not fain,        1140
  For they ne might their glad desire attain.

  For lak of richesse worldely and of +gode,
  They banne and curse, and wepe, and sein, 'Alas,
  That poverte hath us hent that whylom stode
  At hartis ese, and free and in good case!            1145
  But now we dar not shew our-self in place,
  Ne us embolde to duelle in company,
  There-as our hart wold love right faithfully.'

  And yet againward shryked every nonne,
  The prang of love so straineth thaim to cry:         1150
  'Now wo the tyme,' quod thay, 'that we be boun!
  This hateful ordre nyse will don us dy!
  We sigh and sobbe, and bleden inwardly,
  Freting our-self with thought and hard complaint,
  That ney for love we waxen wode and faint.'          1155

  And as I stood beholding here and there,
  I was war of a sort full languisshing,
  Savage and wild of loking and of chere,
  Their mantels and their clothes ay tering;
  And oft thay were of nature complaining,             1160
  For they their members lakked, fote and hand,
  With visage wry and blind, I understand.

  They lakked shap, and beautie to preferre
  Theim-self in love: and seid, that god and kind
  Hath forged thaim to worshippen the sterre,          1165
  Venus the bright, and leften all behind
  His other werkes clene and out of mind:
  'For other have their full shape and bewtee,
  And we,' quod they, 'ben in deformite.'

  And nye to thaim there was a company,                1170
  That have the susters waried and misseid;
  I mene, the three of fatall destine,
  That be our +werdes; and sone, in a brayd,
  Out gan they cry as they had been affrayd,
  'We curse,' quod thay, 'that ever hath nature        1175
  Y-formed us, this wofull lyfe t'endure!'

  And there he was contrite, and gan repent,
  Confessing hole the wound that Cithere
  Hath with the dart of hot desire him sent,
  And how that he to love must subjet be:              1180
  Than held he all his skornes vanite,
  And seid, that lovers lede a blisful lyfe,
  Yong men and old, and widow, maid and wyfe.

  'Bereve +me, goddesse,' quod he, '[of] thy might,
  My skornes all and skoffes, that I have              1185
  No power forth, to mokken any wight,
  That in thy service dwell: for I did rave:
  This know I well right now, so god me save,
  And I shal be the chief post of thy feith,
  And love uphold, the revers who-so seith.'           1190

  Dissemble stood not fer from him in trouth,
  With party mantill, party hood and hose;
  And said, he had upon his lady rowth,
  And thus he wound him in, and gan to glose
  Of his entent full doble, I suppose:                 1195
  And al the world, he seid, he loved it wele;
  But ay, me thoughte, he loved her nere a dele.

  Eek Shamefastness was there, as I took hede,
  That blusshed rede, and durst nat ben a-knowe
  She lover was, for thereof had she drede;            1200
  She stood and hing her visage down alowe;
  But suche a sight it was to sene, I trow,
  +As of these roses rody on their stalk:
  There cowd no wight her spy to speke or talk

  In loves art, so gan she to abasshe,                 1205
  Ne durst not utter all her privite:
  Many a stripe and many a grevous lasshe
  She gave to thaim that wolden loveres be,
  And hindered sore the simpill comonalte,
  That in no wyse durst grace and mercy crave;         1210
  For were not she, they need but ask and have;

  Where if they now approchin for to speke,
  Than Shamefastness returnith thaim again:
  Thay think, if +we our secret councell breke,
  Our ladies will have scorn on us, certain,           1215
  And [per]aventure thinken greet disdain:
  Thus Shamefastness may bringin in Dispeir,
  Whan she is dede, the toder will be heir.

  Com forth, Avaunter! now I ring thy bell!
  I spyed him sone; to god I make a-vowe,              1220
  He loked blak as fendes doth in hell:--
  'The first,' quod he, 'that ever [I] did +wowe,
  Within a word she com, I wot not how,
  So that in armes was my lady free;
  And so hath ben a thousand mo than she.              1225

  In Englond, Bretain, Spain, and Pycardie,
  Arteys, and Fraunce, and up in hy Holand,
  In Burgoyne, Naples, and [in] Italy,
  Naverne, and Grece, and up in hethen land,
  Was never woman yit that wold withstand              1230
  To ben at myn commaundement, whan I wold:
  I lakked neither silver, coin, ne gold.

  And there I met with this estate and that;
  And here I broched her, and here, I trow:
  Lo! there goth oon of myne; and wot ye what?         1235
  Yon fressh attired have I leyd full low;
  And such oon yonder eke right well I know:
  I kept the statut whan we lay y-fere;
  And yet yon same hath made me right good chere.'

  Thus hath Avaunter blowen every-where                1240
  Al that he knowith, and more, a thousand-fold;
  His auncetrye of kin was to Liere,
  For firste he makith promise for to hold
  His ladies councell, and it not unfold;
  Wherfore, the secret when he doth unshit,            1245
  Than lyeth he, that all the world may wit.

  For falsing so his promise and behest,
  I wounder sore he hath such fantasie;
  He lakketh wit, I trowe, or is a best,
  That can no bet him-self with reson gy.              1250
  By myn advice, Love shal be contrarie
  To his availe, and him eke dishonoure,
  So that in court he shall no more sojoure.

  'Take hede,' quod she, this litell Philobone,
  'Where Envy rokketh in the corner yond,              1255
  And sitteth dirk; and ye shall see anone
  His lene bodie, fading face and hond;
  Him-self he fretteth, as I understond;
  Witnesse of Ovid Methamorphosose;
  The lovers fo he is, I wil not glose.                1260

  For where a lover thinketh him promote,
  Envy will grucch, repyning at his wele;
  Hit swelleth sore about his hartes rote,
  That in no wyse he can not live in hele;
  And if the feithfull to his lady stele,              1265
  Envy will noise and ring it round aboute,
  And sey moche worse than don is, out of dowte.'

  And Prevy Thought, rejoysing of him-self,
  Stood not fer thens in habit mervelous;
  'Yon is,' thought [I], 'som spirit or some elf,      1270
  His sotill image is so curious:
  How is,' quod I, 'that he is shaded thus
  With yonder cloth, I not of what colour?'
  And nere I went, and gan to lere and pore,

  And frayned him [a] question full hard.              1275
  'What is,' quod I, 'the thing thou lovest best?
  Or what is boot unto thy paines hard?
  Me think, thow livest here in grete unrest;
  Thow wandrest ay from south to est and west,
  And est to north; as fer as I can see,               1280
  There is no place in court may holden thee.

  Whom folowest thow? where is thy harte y-set?
  But my demaunde asoile, I thee require.'
  'Me thought,' quod he, 'no creature may let
  +Me to ben here, and where-as I desire:              1285
  For where-as absence hath don out the fire,
  My mery thought it kindleth yet again,
  That bodily, me think, with my souverain

  I stand and speke, and laugh, and kisse, and halse,
  So that my thought comforteth me full oft:           1290
  I think, god wot, though all the world be false,
  I will be trewe; I think also how soft
  My lady is in speche, and this on-loft
  Bringeth myn hart +to joye and [greet] gladnesse;
  This prevey thought alayeth myne hevinesse.          1295

  And what I thinke, or where to be, no man
  In all this erth can tell, y-wis, but I:
  And eke there nis no swallow swift, ne swan
  So wight of wing, ne half [so] yern can fly;
  For I can been, and that right sodenly,              1300
  In heven, in helle, in paradise, and here,
  And with my lady, whan I will desire.

  I am of councell ferre and wyde, I wot,
  With lord and lady, and their previte
  I wot it all; but be it cold or hot,                 1305
  They shall not speke without licence of me,
  I mene, in suche as sesonable be;
  For first the thing is thought within the hert,
  Ere any word out from the mouth astert.'

  And with that word Thought bad farewell and yede:    1310
  Eke furth went I to seen the courtes gyse:
  And at the dore cam in, so god me spede,
  +Twey courteours of age and of assyse
  Liche high, and brode, and, as I me advyse,
  The Golden Love, and Leden Love thay hight:          1315
  The ton was sad, the toder glad and light.

              [_Some stanzas lost._]

  'Yis! draw your hart, with all your force and might,
  To lustiness, and been as ye have seid;
  And think that I no drop of favour hight,
  Ne never had to your desire obeyd,                   1320
  Till sodenly, me thought, me was affrayed,
  To seen you wax so dede of countenaunce;
  And Pite bad me don you some plasaunce.

  Out of her shryne she roos from deth to lyve,
  And in myne ere full prevely she spak,               1325
  "Doth not your servaunt hens away to dryve,
  Rosiall," quod she; and than myn harte [it] brak,
  For tender +reuth: and where I found moch lak
  In your persoune, +than I my-self bethought,
  And seid, "This is the man myne harte hath sought."' 1330

  'Gramercy, Pite! might I +but suffice
  To yeve the lawde unto thy shryne of gold,
  God wot, I wold; for sith that +thou did rise
  From deth to lyve for me, I am behold
  To +thanken you a thousand tymes told,               1335
  And eke my lady Rosiall the shene,
  Which hath in comfort set myn harte, I wene.

  And here I make myn protestacion,
  And depely swere, as [to] myn power, to been
  Feithfull, devoid of variacion,                      1340
  And her forbere in anger or in tene,
  And serviceable to my worldes quene,
  With al my reson and intelligence,
  To don her honour high and reverence.'

  I had not spoke so sone the word, but she,           1345
  My souverain, did thank me hartily,
  And seid, 'Abyde, ye shall dwell still with me
  Till seson come of May; for than, truly,
  The King of Love and all his company
  Shall hold his fest full ryally and well:'           1350
  And there I bode till that the seson fell.

    .    .    .    .    .    .

  On May-day, whan the lark began to ryse,
  To matens went the lusty nightingale
  Within a temple shapen hawthorn-wise;
  He might not slepe in all the nightertale,           1355
  But '_Domine labia_,' gan he crye and gale,
  'My lippes open, Lord of Love, I crye,
  And let my mouth thy preising now bewrye.'

  The eagle sang '_Venite_, bodies all,
  And let us joye to love that is our helth.'          1360
  And to the deske anon they gan to fall,
  And who come late, he pressed in by stelth:
  Than seid the fawcon, our own hartis welth,
  '_Domine, Dominus noster_, I wot,
  Ye be the god that don us bren thus hot.'            1365

  '_Celi enarrant_,' said the popingay,
  'Your might is told in heven and firmament.'
  And than came in the goldfinch fresh and gay,
  And said this psalm with hertly glad intent,
  '_Domini est terra_; this Laten intent,              1370
  The god of Love hath erth in governaunce:'
  And than the wren gan skippen and to daunce.

  '_Jube, Domine_, Lord of Love, I pray
  Commaund me well this lesson for to rede;
  This legend is of all that wolden dey                1375
  Marters for love; god yive the sowles spede!
  And to thee, Venus, +sing we, out of drede,
  By influence of all thy vertue grete,
  Beseching thee to kepe us in our hete.'

  The second lesson robin redebrest sang,              1380
  'Hail to the god and goddess of our lay!'
  And to the lectorn +amorously he sprang:--
  'Hail,' quod [he] eke, 'O fresh seson of May,
  Our moneth glad that singen on the spray!
  Hail to the floures, rede, and whyte, and blewe,     1385
  Which by their vertue make our lustes newe!'

  The thrid lesson the turtill-dove took up,
  And therat lough the mavis [as] in scorn:
  He said, 'O god, as mot I dyne or sup,
  This folissh dove will give us all an horn!          1390
  There been right here a thousand better born,
  To rede this lesson, which, as well as he,
  And eke as hot, can love in all degree.'

  The turtill-dove said, 'Welcom, welcom, May,
  Gladsom and light to loveres that ben trewe!         1395
  I thank thee, Lord of Love, that doth purvey
  For me to rede this lesson all of dewe;
  For, in gode sooth, of corage I +pursue
  To serve my make till deth us must depart:'
  And than '_Tu autem_' sang he all apart.             1400

  '_Te deum amoris_' sang the thrustell-cok:
  Tuball him-self, the first musician,
  With key of armony coude not unlok
  So swete [a] tewne as that the thrustill can:
  'The Lord of Love we praisen,' quod he than,         1405
  'And so don all the fowles, grete and lyte;
  Honour we May, in fals lovers dispyte.'

  '_Dominus regnavit_,' seid the pecok there,
  'The Lord of Love, that mighty prince, y-wis,
  He hath received her[e] and every-where:             1410
  Now _Jubilate_ +sing:'--'What meneth this?'
  Seid than the linet; 'welcom, Lord of blisse!'
  Out-stert the owl with '_Benedicite_,
  What meneth al this mery fare?' quod he.

  '_Laudate_,' sang the lark with voice full shrill;   1415
  And eke the kite, '_O admirabile_;
  This quere will throgh myne eris pers and thrill;
  But what? welcom this May seson,' quod he;
  'And honour to the Lord of Love mot be,
  That hath this feest so solemn and so high:'         1420
  '_Amen_,' seid all; and so seid eke the pye.

  And furth the cokkow gan procede anon,
  With '_Benedictus_' thanking god in hast,
  That in this May wold visite thaim echon,
  And gladden thaim all whyl the fest shall last:      1425
  And therewithall a-loughter out he brast,
  'I thank it god that I shuld end the song,
  And all the service which hath been so long.'

  Thus sang thay all the service of the fest,
  And that was don right erly, to my dome;             1430
  And furth goth all the Court, both most and lest,
  To feche the floures fressh, and braunche and blome;
  And namly, hawthorn brought both page and grome.
  With fressh garlandes, partie blewe and whyte,
  And thaim rejoysen in their greet delyt.             1435

  Eke eche at other threw the floures bright,
  The prymerose, the violet, the gold;
  So than, as I beheld the ryall sight,
  My lady gan me sodenly behold,
  And with a trew-love, plited many-fold,              1440
  She smoot me through the [very] hert as blyve;
  And Venus yet I thanke I am alyve.

_From_ MS. Trin. R. 3. 19, fol. 128; _collated with the print of the same
in_ (S.) Stowe's _edition_ (1561). _I note some rejected readings of the_
MS. 1. tym_er_os; tremlyng. 3. poort. 4. none. 9. matere. 10. Poemys;
Virgile. 11. Galfride. 15. termys. 17. honoure. 18. wille; S. wil. 19, 20,
23. thowe. 24. the; anone. 25. miste.

28. litill. 29. courte. 30. bene. 31. beseche. 32. whate; nede. 34. woo.
35. soo. 36. myne. 39. kynde. 41. pleasure. 48. courte. 49. mounte. 51.
maiestie. 52. sonne. 53. Cupyde; blynde; dignyte. 54. theire kne. 55.
bidde; S. bid. in (_read_ on). to pere (_read_ tapere). 56. Marcury. 57.
be; S. by. ferre. 58. whate; that it drewe (_read_ to it drew). 59. courte.
60. se (_read_ sey). 61. knewe. 62. courte; nye. 63. full_e_ faste; hie.

64. overtoke; seide. 65. Haile; wende. 66. Forsothe; one; mayde. 67. courte
nowe goo. 71. withynne. 74. behelde. 76. bespredde. 77. stone; S. stones.
werke. 79. thanne; emerawde. 80. Bales turkes. 82. bene. 83. shone; pease.
84. trespace; tweyne. 86. founde; faste. 87. harte. 88. maste. 89. gynith;
S. ginneth. 90. please. 94. whate. 97. discrive; S. descrie. 98. sawe;
none. 100. Withynne; oute.

102. sawe; verely. 103. whate; deyses; signifie. 104. floure. 105. yit; S.
it. kepte; soioure. 108. obeide. 111, 117. theire. 112. whate; cowde. 113.
nere (_twice_). 116. silke. 119. Helise. 121. beseen. 123. theire; sawe;
twayn. 124. frett; payne. 125. drynke. 126. ryaltie; S. rialtee. 128. bene.
129. nere. 130. disdeyne. 132. _I supply_ non. 133. ye; S. eye. 134. stode.
136. shapyn liche; darte. 137. Sherpe. 138. shone.

139. Disshivill crispe downe. 140. southly; spake. 141. the; faire. 143.
weneth (S. w[=o]neth). howe; eyre. 144. Grete; crafte; grete; delite. 146.
occupie. 147. Cithare; nowe swete. 148. spake. 149. worde; harde. 150.
myne; aduerte. 151. witte; harde. 152. bewtie; ferde. 154. Whenne. 155.
whate. 157. sone. 162. howe; whate. 163. come; whate. 164. sene; Courte.
166. aske; grete. 167. none; come; courte. 171. Mercurius (_see_ l. 56).
172. gentill feire; nowe. 173. whate thowe; S. what tho (i.e. then). 174.
youre fre wille. 175. dide; wille.

176. reigne. 177. ease. ioylof; S. ialous (_read_ iolif). 178. Youre
dewtie; ferre; canne. 179. courte; youre. 181. knowe. 182. whanne youre
fote; spanne. 183. be (_for_ by); wilfull. 184. kepte youre. 185. youre
(_often_). 186. motte. 188. S. Amidde the sea. rayne. 189. That(!); S.
Then. payne. 190. suche; absente. 191. courte. 192. sone. 193. wille; youre
coloure. 194. most bayte. 195. agoone. 196. drawe; Courte. 197. se howe
rowhe (S. rough). 198. shewe; se. 199. myne; knele downe; aske. 201. welle;
wolle none. 202. Comforte; none; councell; youre ease. 203. wille; thanne.
204. Iche. 207. please howe. 208. myne owen. 209. sprite.

211. the; S. that. 212. worche. 214. benigne harte. 215. myghtes (_read_
might is). 216. lyste; correcte. 217. punyssh; enfecte. 221. gode; founde.
222. grounde. 223. cupide. 225. behild; S. behelde. 226. Seyng. 227. folke;
wild (S. welde). 228. Theire; wele; case. 229. shone; wyndowes; glasse.
230. feire. 231. fressh. 232. bewtie. 235. penytyng (!). 237. aboute. 238.
howe; feale. 239. stonyed; S. astonied. 240. thoo folke. 241. hade. 244,
245. theire. 246. To (!); _read_ Lo; folke; blewe. 247. coloure.

248. signe. 249. southly. 250. calle. 251. bene. 252. ferre; sherpe. 253.
whate done. 254. hermytes. 256. theire woo. 257. goo 258. Frely; suche
libertie. 259. eche. 260. none. 261. made. 262. courte; fre; euerichone.
263. wille. 264. arraye. 265. mekely. 266. theire harte. 267. aboute. 268.
se; come; high (S. hie). 269. co_m_maunde. 270. -oute; courte; crye. 271.
newe; wote; whye. 272. luste; youe sone. 273. Come nere; se; wille mote
nede; done. 275. Tremelyng (S. Trembling); hewe. 277. unto the tyme (_om._
the); knewe. 278. yove (S. yeue); trewe. 279. laste. 280. sterne; whate.
281. ferre. 282. courte.

284. coude; espye. 285. myne; eny; myne ye. 286. gane. 287. nowe; submytte.
289. thowe; trewe. 290. seruen(!); thyne. 291. thanne. 292. Thowe shalte.
293. owe youre crowne. 295. sene; euerychone. 296. hie. 297. oure; shewe;
one by one. 298. statutis; courte. 299. boke; leide; her (S. their); ye.
300. se whate; most. 301. courte. 302. redde. 303. statutis; courte; halle.
304. firste statute. 307. kynde. 308. coude thynke; harte; wille; mynde.
309. secunde statute secretely. 311. knowe; and (_read_ or). 312. sowne.
315. kynde. 316. thridde statute. 317. _om._ the (_supplied in_ S.). 318.
None; woo.

319. brynde delite. 320. Withoute. 323. statute. 324. folke; fire. 325.
aboute. 326. hote desire. 327. howe. 328. kepte; displease. 329. ease. 330.
statute. 332. squymouse. 333. veryeuly (S. verely); statute. 335. crueltie.
336. harte exilyn. 337. statute. 339. bewtie. 340. thinke; _I supply_ it.
341. thynke. 342. Howe. 343. woo. 344. statute. 347. helden (_sic_). 348.
othe. 350. And shewing (_om._ And). 351. statute. 353. hourely laboure;
grete attendaunce (S. entte_n_daunce). 354. harte entier.

356. fire; S. faire. 357. debonayre. 358. statute. 361. displease. 363.
mekely; yerde. 365. statute; discerne. 367. thynke; arte; yerne. 373. thyne
harte. 374. disdayne. 375. the. 376. yf (S. giue); reyne. 377. libertie.
378. ellis. 379. statute. knowe (_read_ con). 380. Ie (_for_ y). 381. lowe;
kowigh (_for_ cough). 382. ofte. 383. bring vp (_om._ vp). 384. moche
resorte. 385. sporte. 386. statute. 387. payne; haste. 389. thou _or_ thon
(S. the_n_); thynke; goo. 392. bette.

393. statute. 394. Whate; please. 395. thyne hartes. 396. think; _I supply_
it; thyne ease. 397. sent (_read_ send); harte pease (_read_ herte apese).
398. letre; devise. 400. statute; shalte. 401. Formely; parte. 402. Wisshe.
403. thy nyghtes hart_es_ wife (_om._ nyghtes). 405. whanne. 406. merely.
408. statute. 409. frende. 410. thynke. 411. shuld. 412. beste. 413. semyth
(S. semth). 414. thinke; fayre. 415. Cowde. 416. thinke; wykked (_read_
wikke); appaier. 417. Sklaunderyng; estate. 418. debate. 419. fawte; thyne
ye. 421. statute. 422. counterfete. 423. honoure; -whare. 424. _I supply_
for her; boldely. 425. gode; gostely. 426. harte.

428. Agayne; plesire. 429. wille. 430. shalte thowe. 431. crowe. 432.
whate; the wille forbidde. 433. Eschewe; souerentie. 434. Hir appetide
felawe (_sic_; S. appetite folowe). 435. statute. 436. please. 437. morowe.
438. drynke; thyne ease. 439. thyne; dyssease. 440. wynne; alle. 441.
courte; shalle. 442. fewe thynke; statute. 443. reason. 445. please; ofte.
446. none othe; statute. 448. Nowe; garlant; folke. 449. (_From this point,
I cease to give minute corrections of spelling, such as are given above._)
451. fel (_read_ ful). 452. delite. 455. hard; statute redde. 458. fonne.
460. In the remembraunce (I _omit_ the). 461. And (_read_ As).

466. It (_read_ Yit). 468. gam; S. game. 469. bidde (_read_ bit). 470.
holy. 471. please. 476. mastresse. 481. but(!); _read_ been. 483. the (_for
1st_ they; S. thei). 490. be (_for_ by). MS. savioure(!); S. soueraine.
492. hartes. 495. MS. revowe; S. renewe; _I supply_ all. 497. made. 499.
sene(!). 500. wonne; S. won. be (_for_ by).

508. cherely (S. clerely); shone. 510. they (_read_ ye). 517. herkyn. 518.
othe; made. 519. loues (!); S. leaues. 523. bene. 524. statute (_read_
statuts; _see_ 520). 525. hie. 526. kepten ben. 527. ecchone. 528. owen.
531. youe; S. yeue. 534. guyse. 535. thengene.

541. be (_for_ by). 542. sugre. 543. hart. 547. youen; S. yeuen. 548. Or;
S. Of. yove; S. yeue. 551. widue; S. widowe. 552. Or (!); S. For. 554.
guyde. 556. Cithera. 557. _I supply_ the; enfluence. 559. ladis (S.
ladies); please. 560. hart; ease. 561. prayer (_for_ pray her). 563. hart.
565. filicite. 574. hote. 575. feele; S. fele.

579. woo. 580. blessedfull; S. blissedful. 581. bene. 582. ponysshe. 583.
counterfete. 584. dye; S. deie. 587. Baron (_read_ Barein); S. Barain. 588.
alleide. 590. blisse. 592. eternel (_read_ eterne); I-hired (_read_
y-heried). 594. wanne. 595. woman vnto woman (!); S. woman unto man. 599,
613. hartes. 605. _I supply_ to. 608. faute; excercised. 611. celcitude.
614. Compersion; S. Comparison. 615. made.

618. _I supply_ that. 626. godely. 628. Beseche. 632. Lucorne; S. Liquor
(!). 634. vse (!); S. vre. 635. harte. 637. blissed; S. blessed. 643. yove
(S. yeue); to me (S. me aie, _which seems better_). 644. and nedely most
(_om._ and). 648. be (_for 1st_ by). 650. vision. 651. se (_read_ sey).
654. _I supply_ that; shone. 655. fercid.

663. by; S. be. 669. hartes hie. 671. guyde. 673. harte. 674. affeccion.
675. hart; styke. 679. hart_es_. 682. for to (_om._ for). 684. in kepen
(!); S. I kepen. 687. preice. 689. harte; peice.

695. ye. 697. wounderly. 698. hie. 699. Who; _read_ Whos. 704. harte. 705.
piteously; S. pitously. 708. haue (!); _read_ half. 710. Asslike_n_ (_read_
Aslaken); S. Asken (!). 711. gryfe; S. grief. 714. womanhode (!). 717.
meane; ease. 718. owen. 721. please. 724. witte. 725. spryngen (_sic_).
726. dowte. 729. sene. 730. sonne.

731. demeane. 732. spede; S. speke (_a needless alteration_). 733. MS. mir
and ioye and blisse; S. mirrour ioye and blisse. 738. abeisen. 740.
withouten. 742. is (_read_ as); _supply_ is; youen (S. yeuon). 745. be; S.
by. 747. think; S. thanke. 749. the (= þe, _error for_ ye); S. thei (!).
751. fayne. 755. opon. 756. piteously; S. pitously. 757. faier. 758.
vertuse (_sic_). 759. heire (!). 760. ote (!); S. hote. 764. godely; whoes.

768. ye (_read_ ee). 769. harte. 770. you (!); S. yeue. 772. grete. 776.
toke. 777. harte. 781. lylly. 782. loueliessh (!); S. liuelishe. flawe
(_for_ flave). 794. prengnaunte. 800. stand. 801. one. 802. oders (!); S.
odours; found. 803. switnesse; S. swetenesse.

806. pease; hidde. 807. bewry; S. bewraie. 808. bidde. 811. her intresse
(_read_ here in tresses). 812. kepte (_perhaps for_ kempt). 820. _I supply_
but. 821. _I supply_ yet. MS. alcenia (!). 823. eurosa (!). 825. stode.
828. delite. 832. godely. 834. toke. 840. folowith. 841. _I supply_ the
_and_ all. 843. I (!); S. ye.

846. give (!); _read_ grief. 847. harte (!); _read_ harm. 850. mekely. 852.
require (!). 856. harte. 857. meke. 862. and me (S. me); _read_ my. 868.
rase. 870. delite. 871. please; harte. 872. _I supply_ old. 874. thynkes
(_sic_). 876. Eprent (_for_ E_n_prent). 878. becom_m_en. 879. owyn; S.
owne. 880. most. 882. yf (= yif); S. giue.

883. one; harte. 884. refute. 886. allegaunce (!). 890. gode wille. 893.
cheryssh. 894. gref. 896. southly. 897. and (!); _read_ I. 902. sene
(_sic_). 908. vppon; _read_ on. 909. nete (_error for_ note = noot). 910.
hete (_error for_ hote = hoot). 911. hart why (_rest of line blank; I
supply_ make it straunge). 914. For (!); S. Fro. 915. harte. 918. goddes
(S. gods); _read_ god.

921. harte. 922. beganne. 924. _I supply_ lo; nobly (S. nobleye). 927. done
(_sic_). 928. growen (_sic_); S. greuen. 939. clere; hatter (S. hotter);
ye. 944, 945. done, sone. 946. ye. 948. syke; _read_ seke. 950. serchynne;
_read_ serchen in. 951. wynne. 952. abide (_read_ byde); thowe; kynne. 954.
guyse. 955. rewth. 956. owen; lawly. 958. thowe. 959. most.

963. Cease (_twice_). 965. optayne. 968. rightwose (!). 970. ye may gise
(_or_ gife) this wounder wide (_no sense_). 973. Alas thanne youre (_om._
thanne); crueltie. 974. gote. 975. fostered and Ifedde. 977. Ispedde. 984.
arst. 985. spritis. 993. sauf. 994. ar (_for_ er).

998. Aryse anon quod (_om._ anon). 999. nytirtale. 1001. made. 1004. _I
supply_ ye. 1006. myne harte. 1007. harte; ease. 1008. please. 1009.
steutes (!); _error for_ statuts. 1014. most. 1018. thynke that it (_I
omit_ that). 1021. godely. 1023. phelobone. 1027. officers him shewe for
(_om._ him shewe). 1030. easy pase. 1031. _I supply_ ther.

1032. felowe. 1033. asperaunce. 1034. stode. 1035. adu_er_sary (!). 1036.
displesire (!); _for_ Despair (_see_ l. 1047). 1038. dysseyuene (!); _error
for_ dysseyuen. 1039. Throwest (!); S. Trowest. 1041. his (!); _read_ hers;
_I supply_ they. 1043. gode; louith. 1048. hote. 1054. dye. 1059. Stode
one. 1062. thynketh; S. thinkth. 1063. _I supply_ hool. 1064. synne;
begonne. 1065. reason. 1066. delite.

1068. appityde (!); stirre (S. stere). 1069. synne; reason. 1070. _I
supply_ dost; do wyn (_read_ to win). 1071. synne. 1072. verely. 1073.
synne; vise. 1074. synne. 1076. For verray loue may not thy freyle desire
akkele (_too long_). 1077. _I supply_ verray; synne. 1078. pynne. 1081.
stode. 1083. woman (!). 1085. beawe. 1089. her; S. here. 1091. godely.
1094. abite. 1097. gode. 1098. sene. 1099. bene.

1106. synne. 1108. hire (!); S. here. 1114. monke; _read_ monks. 1115.
course (S. curse); abbes. 1120. aftir than other happly. 1122. libartie.
1124. appetide (!). 1127. matiers (!). 1134. revist. 1136. woo; petiously.
1138. beholde (_perhaps read_ beheld); dispiteously. 1139. ye.

1142. gold (!); _read_ gode _or_ good. 1145. eas; gode. 1146. _Not in the_
MS.; _supplied by_ Stowe. 1150. prange (_and so in_ S.). 1151. woo; boune.
1152. dye. 1156. stode. 1157. ware. 1159. mantaylles. 1161. there; S.
their. 1168. shappe; bewtie. 1173. wordes (!). 1176. to endure. 1177.
_Sic._ 1179. sent; _perhaps read_ shent.

1182. blissed full (!). 1183. widue. 1184. my (_read_ me); _I supply_ of.
1186. forth (S. for). 1187. ded (_for_ did). 1189. Chife. 1192. hode. 1198.
toke. 1199. blasshed (_for_ blusshed); darst (_for_ durst). 1203. And (!);
_read_ As. 1205. harte (!); _for_ art. 1206. previte. 1208. gaven (!).
1209. co_mo_naltie. 1211. nede. 1214. thay (_read_ we); secrites (!). 1215.
ladys; certen. 1216. _I supply_ per-. 1217, 1218. bryngyn; dispeire; heire.

1222. firste; _I supply_ I; ded vowe. 1228. _I supply_ in. 1229. lond.
1230. withstond. 1233. the (!); S. this. 1235. goith one; wotte; whate.
1236. Yonne. 1237. one. 1242. kynne; lier. 1244. ladys. 1245. vnshitte.
1246. That leith; S. Than lieth; witte. 1248. fantasie. 1250. canne; bette;
reason guy. 1251. Be (_for_ By). 1253. soiorne (!); S. soioure. 1255.
rokketh (_perhaps read_ rouketh); Cornor (!).

1259. methamorphosees; S. Methamorphosose. 1260. foo; gloose. 1263. hartes.
1269. Stode; ferre; abite. 1270. Yonne; _I supply_ I; sprite. 1271.
corious; S. curious. 1275. _I supply_ a. 1277. bote. 1280. ferre; canne.
1285. Nowe; _read_ Me. 1287. kyndelith. 1288. bodely. 1294. from (!);
_read_ to; _I supply_ greet.

1299. _I supply_ so. 1302. laday (!); S. lady. 1305. hoote or cold. 1306.
withouten. 1307, 1308. harte, astarte. 1311. sene; cortis guyse. 1313.
Twenty (!); _read_ Twey. 1316. The tone. 1320. vnto; _read_ to. 1322. sene.
1323. pleasaunce. 1324. shyne (S. shrine); rose. 1325. eke (!); S. eare.
1327. _I supply_ it; blak (_for_ brak). 1328. reiche (_read_ reuth). 1329.
and I me; _read_ than I myself.

1331. not (!); _read_ but. 1333. she (_sic_); _read_ thou. 1335. taken (!);
S. thanken. 1339. _I supply_ to. 1341. heree (!); _for_ her. 1343. reason.
1348, 1351. season. 1358. bewreye; S. bewrye. 1362. preced. 1363. oure
owen. 1365. brenne; hote.

1366. Cely enarant. 1369. thus (!; S. this); hartily. 1375. dye. 1376. yf
(_for_ yive). 1377. signe (!). 1382. amoryly (!); sprong. 1383. _I supply_
he. 1384. _Sic._ 1386. maketh; _read_ make. 1387. toke. 1388. _I supply_
as. 1389. mut; dyene; suppe. 1390. gife. 1398. south; purpose (!); _read_
pursue. 1399. most. 1400. tue (!). 1403. on-lok. 1404. _I supply_ a.

1406. light; _read_ lyte. 1411. sang (!); _read_ sing. 1412. lynette. 1416.
ki[gh]t; S. kight. 1417. throwe. 1418. season. 1420. solempne. 1425. lest.
1431. goith. 1432. bleme (!). 1434. garlantis. 1435. reioyson; theire grete
delite. 1441. smote; thrugh; _I supply_ very; harte.

       *       *       *       *       *

XXV. VIRELAI.

  Alone walking, In thought pleyning,
  And sore sighing, All desolate,
  Me remembring Of my living,
  My deth wishing Bothe erly and late.

  Infortunate Is so my fate                               5
  That, wote ye what? Out of mesure
  My lyf I hate Thus desperate;
  In pore estate Do I endure.

  Of other cure Am I nat sure,
  Thus to endure Is hard, certain;                       10
  Such is my ure, I yow ensure;
  What creature May have more pain?

  My trouth so pleyn Is take in veyn,
  And gret disdeyn In remembraunce;
  Yet I full feyn Wold me compleyn                       15
  Me to absteyn From this penaunce.

  But in substaunce Noon allegeaunce
  Of my grevaunce Can I nat finde;
  Right so my chaunce With displesaunce
  Doth me avaunce; And thus an ende.                     20

              _Explicit._

_From_ Trin. (Trin. Coll. Cam. R. 3. 19); _collated with_ S. (Stowe's ed.
1561). 4. S. death. Trin. wyssyng; S. wishyng. S. early. 5. Trin. soo; S.
so. 6. Trin. whate Oute. S. measure. 7. Trin. lyfe; S. life. 8. Trin. In
suche pore (I _omit_ suche). S. Doe. 9. S. not. 12. S. Maie. 13. S. truthe;
plain; vain. 14. S. greate disdain. 15. Trin. feyne; S. faine. S. Would.
Trin. co_m_pleyne; S. co_m_plaine. 16. Trin. absteyne; S. abstaine. 17. S.
None. 18. S. not. 20. S. Doeth.

       *       *       *       *       *

XXVI. PROSPERITY.

  Richt as povert causith sobirnes,
  And febilnes enforcith contenence,
  Richt so prosperitee and gret riches
  The moder is of vice and negligence;
  And powere also causith insolence;                      5
  And honour oftsiss chaungith gude thewis;
  Thare is no more perilous pestilence
  Than hie estate geven unto schrewis.
                    Quod Chaucere.

XXVI. _From_ MS. Arch. Seld. B. 24, fol. 119; _I give rejected spellings_.
3. Ry_ch_t; grete. 7. p_er_ilouss.

       *       *       *       *       *

XXVII. LEAULTE VAULT RICHESSE.

  This warldly joy is only fantasy,
  Of quhich non erdly wicht can be content;
  Quho most has wit, lest suld in it affy,
  Quho taistis it most, most sall him repent;
  Quhat valis all this richess and this rent,             5
  Sen no man wat quho sall his tresour have?
  Presume nocht gevin that god has don but lent,
  Within schort tyme the quhiche he thinkis to crave.

          _Leaulte vault richesse._

XXVII. _From_ MS. Arch. Seld. B. 24, fol. 138; _I give rejected spellings_.
1. Ioy; onely. 3. leste. 6. wate. 7. done. 9. richess.

       *       *       *       *       *

XXVIII. SAYINGS PRINTED BY CAXTON.

  1. Whan feyth failleth in prestes sawes,
  And lordes hestes ar holden for lawes,
  And robbery is holden purchas,
  And lechery is holden solas,
  Than shal the lond of Albyon                            5
  Be brought to grete confusioun.

  2. Hit falleth for every gentilman
  To saye the best that he can
  In [every] mannes absence,
  And the soth in his presence.                          10

  3. Hit cometh by kynde of gentil blode
  To cast away al hevines,
  And gadre to-gidre wordes good;
  The werk of wisdom berith witnes.

          _Et sic est finis._

XXVIII. _From_ Caxton's print of Chaucer's Anelida, &c.; see vol. i. p. 46.
Also in ed. 1542, in later spelling.

7. Cx. euery. 9. _I supply_ every. 12. Cx. heuynes. 14. Cx. wisedom.

       *       *       *       *       *

XXIX. BALADE IN PRAISE OF CHAUCER.

  Master Geffray Chauser, that now lyth in grave,
  The nobyll rethoricien, and poet of Gret Bretayne,
  That worthy was the lawrer of poetry have
  For thys hys labour, and the palme attayne;
  Whych furst made to dystyll and reyne                   5
  The gold dew-dropys of speche and eloquence
  In-to Englyssh tong, thorow hys excellence.

              _Explicit._

XXIX. _From_ MS. Trin. R. 3. 19, fol. 25; _also in_ Stowe (ed. 1561). 1.
MS. Chaus_er_s; Stowe, Chauser. 2. Rethoricion (!). 6. elloquence.

       *       *       *       *       *


NOTES.

Sec. I. THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE.

The text is from Thynne's first edition (1532); the later reprints are of
inferior value. No MS. of this piece is known. Rejected spellings are given
at the bottom of each page. Conjectural emendations are marked by a
prefixed obelus (+). In many places, words or letters are supplied, within
square brackets, to complete or improve the sense. For further discussion
of this piece, see the Introduction.

BOOK I.

PROLOGUE. 1. The initial letters of the chapters in Book I. form the words
MARGARETE OF. See the Introduction.

3. _by queynt knitting coloures_, by curious fine phrases, that 'knit' or
join the words or verses together. For _colours_ = fine phrases, cf. Ch.,
HF. 859; C. T., E 16, F 726.

7. _for_, because, seeing that; _boystous_, rough, plain, unadorned; cf. l.
12. The Glossary in vol. vi should be compared for further illustration of
the more difficult words.

19. _for the first leudnesse_, on account of the former lack of skill.

21. _yeve sight_, enable men to see clearly.

30. _conne jumpere suche termes_, know how to jumble such terms together.
_Jumpere_ should rather be spelt _jumpre_; cf. _jompre_ in the Gloss. to
Chaucer. For such words, see the Glossary appended to the present volume.

_but as_, except as the jay chatters English; i.e. without understanding
it; cf. Ch. Prol. 642.

43. _necessaries to cacche_, to lay hold of necessary ideas. Throughout
this treatise, we frequently find the verb placed _after_ the substantive
which it governs, or relegated to the end of the clause or sentence. This
absurd affectation often greatly obscures the sense.

45. The insertion of the words _perfeccion is_ is absolutely necessary to
the sense; cf. ll. 47, 50. For the general argument, cf. Ch. Boeth. iii.
proses 10 and 11, where 'perfection' is represented by _suffisaunce_, as,
e.g., in iii. pr. 11. l. 18.

50. Aristotle's Metaphysics begins with the words: [Greek: pantes anthropoi
tou eidenai oregontai phusei], all men by nature are actuated by the desire
of knowledge. The reference to this passage is explicitly given in the
Romans of Partenay, ll. 78-87; and it was doubtless a much worn quotation.
And see l. 64 below.

58. _sightful and knowing_, visible and capable of being known.

61. _David_. The whole of this sentence is so hopelessly corrupt that I can
but give it up. Possibly there is a reference to Ps. cxxxix. 14. _me in
makinge_ may be put for 'in makinge me.' _Tune_ is probably a misprint for
_time_; _lent_ may be an error for _sent_; but the whole is hopelessly
wrong.

64. Apparently derived from Aristotle, De Animalibus, bk. i. c. 5. The
general sense is that created things like to know both their creator and
the causes of natural things akin to them ([Greek: oikeia]).

67. _Considred_; i.e. the forms of natural things and their creation being
considered, men should have a great natural love to the Workman that made
them.

68. _me_ is frequently written for _men_, the unemphatic form of _man_, in
the impersonal sense of 'one' or 'people'; thus, in King Horn, ed. Morris,
366, 'ne recche i what _me_ telle' means 'I care not what people may say.'
Strict grammar requires the form _him_ for _hem_ in l. 69, as _me_ is
properly singular; but the use of _hem_ is natural enough in this passage,
as _me_ really signifies created beings in general. Cf. _me_ in ch. i. l.
18 below.

80. _Styx_ is not 'a pit,' but a river. The error is Chaucer's; cf. 'Stix,
the put of helle,' in Troil. iv. 1540. Observe the expression--'Stygiamque
paludem'; Vergil, Aen. vi. 323.

86. I. e. 'rend the sword out of the hands of Hercules, and set Hercules'
pillars at Gades a mile further onward.' For the latter allusion, see Ch.
vol. ii. p. lv; it may have been taken from Guido delle Colonne. And see
Poem VIII (below), l. 349. _Gades_, now Cadiz.

89. _the spere_, the spear. There seems to be some confusion here. It was
King Arthur who drew the magic sword out of the stone, after 150 knights
had failed in the attempt: see Merlin, ed. Wheatley (E. E. T. S.), pp.
100-3. Alexander's task was to untie the Gordian knot.

90. _And that_; 'and who says that, surpassing all wonders, he will be
master of France by might, whereas even King Edward III could not conquer
all of it.' An interesting allusion.

96. _unconninge_, ignorance. There is an unpublished treatise called 'The
Cloud of Unknowing'; but it is probably not here alluded to.

98. _gadered_, gathered. Thynne almost invariably commits the anachronism
of spelling the words _gader_, _fader_, _moder_, _togider_, and the like,
with _th_; and I have usually set him right, marking such corrections with
a prefixed obelus (+). Cf. _weder_ in l. 123 below.

100. _rekes_, ricks. The idea is from Chaucer, L. G. W. 73-4.

101, 102. _his reson_, the reason of him. _hayne_, hatred.

110. _Boece_, Boethius. No doubt the author simply consulted Chaucer's
translation. See the Introduction.

115. _slye_, cunning; evidently alluding to the parable of the unjust
steward.

117. _Aristotle_. The allusion appears to be to the Nicomachean Ethics, bk.
i. c. 7: [Greek: doxeie d' an pantos einai proagagein, ... pantos gar
prostheinai to elleipon].

122. _betiden_, happened to me; the _i_ is short. This sudden transition to
the mention of the author's pilgrimage suggests that a portion of the
Prologue is missing here.

CHAP. I. 1. Copied from Ch. Boeth. bk. i. met. 1. ll. 1, 2.

12. _thing_ seems to mean 'person'; the person that cannot now embrace me
when I wish for comfort.

15. _prison_; probably not a material prison. The author, in imitation of
Boethius, imagines himself to be imprisoned. At p. 144, l. 132, he is 'in
good plite,' i.e. well off. Cf. note to ch. iii. 116.

16. _caitived_, kept as a captive; the correction of _caytisned_ (with s
for _s_) to _caytifued_ (better spelt _caitived_) is obvious, and is given
in the New E. Dict., s.v. _Caitive_.

17, 18. _Straunge_, a strange one, some stranger; _me_, one, really meaning
'myself'; _he shulde_, it ought to be.

21, 22. _bewent_, turned aside; see New E. Dict., s.v. _Bewend_. The
reading _bewet_, i.e. profusely wetted, occurs (by misprinting) in later
editions, and is adopted in the New E. Dict, s.v. _Bewet_. It is obviously
wrong.

23. _of hem_, by them; these words, in the construction, follow
_enlumined_. The very frequent inversion of phrases in this piece tends
greatly to obscure the sense of it.

24. _Margarite precious_, a precious pearl. Gems were formerly credited
with 'virtues'; thus Philip de Thaun, in his Bestiary (ed. Wright, l.
1503), says of the pearl--

'A mult choses pot valier, ki cestes peres pot aveir,' &c., or, in Wright's
translation: 'For him who can have this stone, it will be of force against
many things; there will never be any infirmity, except death, from which a
person will not come to health, who will drink it with dew, if he has true
faith.' See l. 133 below.

28. _twinkling in your disese_, a small matter tending to your discomfort.
Here _disese_ = dis-ease, want of ease. Cf. l. 31 below.

42. 'It is so high,' &c. The implied subject to which _it_ refers is
_paradise_, where the author's _Eve_ is supposed to be. Hence the sense
is:--'paradise is so far away from the place where I am lying and from the
common earth, that no cable (let down from it) can reach me.'

59. _ferdnes_ is obviously the right word, though misprinted _frendes_. It
signifies 'fear,' and occurs again in ch. ii. ll. 9, 16; besides, it is
again misprinted as _frendes_ in the same chapter, l. 13.

63. _weyved_ is an obvious correction for _veyned_; see the Glossary.

70. _mercy passeth right_, your mercy exceeds your justice. This was a
proverbial phrase, or, as it is called in the next clause, a 'proposition.'

79. _flitte_, stir, be moved; 'not even the least bit.'

80. _souded_ (misprinted _sonded_ by Thynne), fixed; cf. Ch. C.T., B 1769.
From O.F. _souder_, Lat. _solidare_.

83. _do_, cause; 'cause the lucky throw of comfort to fall upward';
alluding to dice-play.

96. _wolde conne_, would like to be able to.

99, 100. _me weninge_, when I was expecting. _ther-as_, whereas.

116. _no force_, it does not matter; no matter for that.

117-20. Evidently corrupt, even when we read _flowing_ for _folowing_, and
_of al_ for _by al_. Perhaps _ther_ in l. 119 should be _they_; giving the
sense:--'but they (thy virtues) are wonderful, I know not which (of them it
is) that prevents the flood,' &c. Even so, a clause is lacking after
_vertues_ in l. 118.

126. Thynne has _ioleynynge_ for _ioleyuynge_, i.e. _joleyving_, cheering,
making joyous. The word is riot given in Stratmann or in Maetzner, but
Godefroy has the corresponding O.F. verb _joliver_, to caress.

CHAP. II. 18. _a lady_; this is evidently copied from Boethius; see Ch.
Boeth. bk. i. pr. 1. l. 3. The visitor to the prison of Boethius was named
Philosophy; the visitor in the present case is Love, personified as a
female; see l. 53 below.

20. _blustringe_, glance. But the word is not known in this sense, and
there is evidently some mistake here. I have no doubt that the right word
is _blushinge_; for the M.E. _blusshen_ was often used in the sense of 'to
cast a glance, give a look, glance with the eye'; as duly noted in the New
E. Dict, s.v. _Blush_. The word was probably written _bluschinge_ in
Thynne's MS., with a _c_ exactly (as often) like a _t_. If he misread it as
_blusthinge_, he may easily have altered it to _blustringe_.

32. _neighe_, approach; governing _me_.

37. _O my nory_, O my pupil! Copied from Ch. Boeth. bk. i. pr. 3. l. 10;
cf. the same, bk. iii. pr. 11. l. 160. In l. 51 below, we have _my
disciple_.

60. _by thyn owne vyse_, by thine own resolve; i.e. of thine own accord;
see _Advice_ in the New E. Dict. Sec. 6. _Vyse_ is put for _avyse_, the
syllable _a_ being dropped. Halliwell notes that _vice_, with the sense of
'advice,' is still in use.

64. 'Because it comforts me to think on past gladness, it (also) vexes me
again to be doing so.' Clumsily expressed; and borrowed from Ch. Boeth. bk.
ii. pr. 4. ll. 4-7.

74-84. From Matt. xviii. 12; Luke, xv. 4; John, x. 11.

92. Love was kind to Paris, because he succeeded in gaining Helen. Jason
was false to Love, because he deserted Hypsipyle and Medea. It is probable
that _false_ is misprinted for _faire_ in l. 93; otherwise there is no
contrast, as is implied by _for_.

93. _Sesars sonke_ (_sic_) should probably be _Cesars swink_, i.e. Caesar's
toil. I adopt this reading to make sense; but it is not at all clear why
Caesar should have been selected as the type of a successful lover.

95. _loveday_, a day of reconciliation; see note to Ch. C. T., A 258.

96. 'And chose a maid to be umpire between God and man'; alluding to the
Virgin Mary.

114-5. _cause, causing_, the primary cause, originating these things and
many others besides. See note to Troil. iv. 829.

123-4. _wo is him_; Lat. ve soli, Eccl. iv. 10; quoted in Troil. i. 694.

125. Cf. 'weep with them that weep'; Rom. xii. 15.

138. Here the author bemoans his losses and heavy expenses.

143. For _wolde endeynous_ I here read _wolde ben deynous_, i.e. would be
disdainful; see _Deynous_ in the Gloss. to Chaucer. The New E. Dict. adopts
the reading _wolde [be] endeynous_, with the same sense; but no other
example of the adj. _endeynous_ is known, and it is an awkward formation.
However, there are five examples of the verb _endeign_, meaning 'to be
indignant'; see Wyclif, Gen. xviii. 30; Ex. xxxii. 22; Is. lvii. 6; Job,
xxxii. 2; Wisd. xii. 27.

166. Copied from Troil. iv. 460-1:--

 'But canstow playen raket, to and fro,
  Netle in, dokke out, now this, now that, Pandare?'

See the note on the latter line.

_Wethercocke_ is a late spelling; the proper M.E. spelling is _wedercokke_,
from a nom. _wedercok_, which appears in the poem Against Women Unconstant,
l. 12.

173. _a_, an unemphatic form of _have_; 'thou wouldest have made me.'

180. _voyde_, do away with. _webbes_; the _web_, also called _the pin and
web_, or _the web and pin_, is a disease of the eyes, now known as
cataract. See Nares, s.v. _Pin_; Florio's Ital. Dict., s.v. _Cateratta_;
the New E. Dict., s.v. _Cataract_; King Lear, iii. 4. 122; Winter's Tale,
i. 2. 291.

191, 192. _truste on Mars_, trust to Mars, i.e. be ready with wager of
battle; alluding to the common practice of appealing to arms when a
speaker's truthfulness was called in question. See ch. vii. 10 below (p.
31).

CHAP. III. 14. _Come of_, lit. come off; but it is remarkable that this
phrase is used in M.E. where we should now say rather 'come on!' See note
to Troil. ii. 1738.

21. _mayst thou_, canst thou do (or act)?

25-7. 'I never yet set any one to serve anywhere who did not succeed in his
service.'

32. 'the nut in every nook.' Perhaps _on_ should be _in_.

37-8. There is some corruption here. I insert _Tho gan I_ to help out the
sense, but it remains partially obscure. Perhaps the sense is:--'Often one
does what one does not wish to do, being stirred to do so by the opinion of
others, who wanted me to stay at home; whereupon I suddenly began to wish
to travel.' He would rather have stayed at home; but when he found that
others wanted him to do so, he perversely began to wish to travel.

39. _the wynding of the erthe_; an obscure expression; perhaps 'the
envelopment of the earth in snow.'

40. 'I walked through woods in which were broad ways, and (then) by small
paths which the swine had made, being lanes with by-paths for seeking
(there) their beech-mast.'

42. _ladels_, by-paths (?). No other example of the word appears. I guess
it to be a diminutive of M.E. _lade_, a path, road, which occurs in the
Ormulum; see Stratmann. Perhaps it is a mere misprint for _lades_.

44, 45. _gonne to wilde_, began to grow wild; cf. _ginne ayen waxe ramage_,
in l. 48, with the like sense. I know of no other example of the verb _to
wilde_.

52. _shippe_, ship; not, however, a real ship, but an allegorical one named
Travail, i.e. Danger; see ll. 55, 75 below. _many_ is here used in place of
_meynee_, referring to the ship's company; some of whom had the allegorical
names of Sight, Lust, Thought, and Will. The 'ship' is a common symbol of
this present life, in which we are surrounded by perils; compare the
parable of 'the wagging boat' in P. Plowm. C. xi. 32, and the long note to
that line.

58. _old hate_; probably borrowed from Ch. Pers. Tale, I 562; see the note.

64. _avowing_, vowing; because persons in peril used to vow to perform
pilgrimages.

75. _my ship was out of mynde_, i.e. I forgot all about my previous danger.

84. _the man_, the merchant-man in Matt. xiii. 45.

105. _enmoysed_, comforted. _Enmoise_ or _emmoise_ is a variant of M.E.
_amese_, _ameise_, from O.F. _amaiser_, _amaisier_, to pacify, appease,
render gentle (Godefroy); answering to the Low Lat. type _*ad-mitiare_ from
_mitis_, gentle. See _Amese_ in the New E. Dict. No other example of the
form _enmoyse_ is known.

111. _of nothing now may serve_, is now of no use (to you).

116. _prison_; the author has forgotten all about his adventure in the
ship, and is now back in prison, as in ch. i.

118. _renyant forjuged_, a denier (of his guilt) who has been wrongfully
condemned.

121. _suche grace and non hap_, such favour and no mere luck.

124. _let-games_; probably from Troil. iii. 527; spoilers of sport or
happiness. _wayters_, watchers, watch-men, guards.

131. _nothing as ye shulde_, not at all as you ought to do.

148. _feld_, felled, put down, done away with.

153-4. _For he ... suffer_, a perfect alliterative line; imitated from P.
Plowm. C. xxi. 212:--'For wot no wight what wele is, that never wo
suffrede.' Clearly quoted from memory; cf. notes to bk. ii. ch. 9. 178, and
ch. 13. 86.

157. _happy hevinesse_, fortunate grief; a parallel expression to _lyking
tene_, i.e. pleasing vexation, in l. 158. These contradictory phrases were
much affected by way of rhetorical flourish. For a long passage of this
character, cf. Rom. Rose, 4703-50.

158. _harse_ is almost certainly a misprint for _harme_; then _goodly_
_harme_ means much the same as _lyking tene_ (see note above). So, in Rom.
Rose, 4710, 4733, 4743, we find mention of 'a sweet peril,' 'a joyous
pain,' and 'a sweet hell.'

CHAP. IV. 2. _semed they boren_, they seemed to bore; _boren_ being in the
infin. mood.

18. For _or_ read _for_, to make sense; _for of disese_, for out of such
distress come gladness and joy, so poured out by means of a full vessel,
that such gladness quenches the feeling of former sorrows. Here _gladnesse
and joy_ is spoken of as being all one thing, governing the singular verb
_is_, and being alluded to as _it_.

25. _commensal_, table-companion; from F. _commensal_, given in Cotgrave.
See the New E. Dict.

27. _soukinges_, suckings, draughts of milk; cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. i. pr. 2.
l. 4.

36. _clothe_, cloth. This circumstance is copied from Ch. Boeth. bk. i. pr.
2. l. 19.

42. This reference to Love, as controlling the universe, is borrowed from
Boeth. bk. ii. met. 8.

47. Read _werne_ (refuse) and _wol_ (will); 'yet all things desire that you
should refuse help to no one who is willing to do as you direct him.'

56. _every thing in coming_, every future thing. _contingent_, of uncertain
occurrence; the earliest known quotation for this use of the word in
English.

61-2. _many let-games_; repeated from above, ch. iii. ll. 124-8. _thy
moeble_; from the same, ll. 131-2.

64. _by the first_, with reference to your first question; so also _by that
other_, with reference to your second question, in l. 71.

CHAP. V. 8. Acrisius shut his daughter Danae up in a tower, to keep her
safe; nevertheless she became the mother of Perseus, who afterwards killed
Acrisius accidentally.

14. _entremellen_, intermingle hearts after merely seeing each other.

16. _beestes_, animals, beings; not used contemptuously; equivalent to
_living people_ in ll. 17, 18.

20. _esployte_, success, achievement; see _Exploit_ in the New E. Dict.

29. Supply _don_; 'and I will cause him to come to bliss, as being one of
my own servants.'

35. _and in-to water_, and jumps into the water and immediately comes up to
breathe; like an unsuccessful diver.

37. _A tree_, &c.; a common illustration; cf. Troil. i. 964.

43. _this countre_; a common saying; cf. Troil. ii. 28 (and note), 42. And
see l. 47 below.

45. 'the salve that he healed his heel with.' From HF. 290.

71. _jangelers_; referring to l. 19 above. _lokers_; referring to
_overlokers_;  in ch. iii. l. 128.

72. _wayters_; referring to ch. iii. l. 128.

77. 'It is sometimes wise to feign flight.' Cf. P. Plowman, C. xxii. 103.

85. _cornes_, grains of corn. I supply _bare_, i.e. empty.

86-7. _Who_, &c.; a proverb; from Troil. v. 784.

87-8. _After grete stormes_; see note to P. Plowman, C. xxi. 454.

92. _grobbed_, grubbed; i.e. dug about. Cf. Isaiah, v. 2.

95. _a_, have (as before). _Lya_, Leah; Lat. _Lia_, in Gen. xxix. 17
(Vulgate).

103. _eighteth_, eighth; an extraordinary perversion of the notion of the
sabbatical year. So below, in l. 104, we are informed that the number of
workdays is _seven_; and that, in Christian countries, the day of rest is
the eighth day in the week! _kinrest_, rest for the _kin_ or people; a
general day of rest. I know of no other example of this somewhat clumsy
compound.

110. _sothed_, verified; referring to Luke, xiv. 29.

113. _conisance_, badge. Badges for retainers were very common at this
date. See Notes to Richard the Redeless, ii. 2.

117-9. Copied from P. Plowman, C. vii. 24, 25:--

 'Lauhynge al aloude, for lewede men sholde
  _Wene_ that ich were _witty_, and _wyser than anothere_;
  _Scorner_ and unskilful to hem that _skil_ shewed.'

As these lines are not found in the earlier versions, it follows that the
author was acquainted with the _latest_ version.

124. _a bridge_; i.e. to serve by way of retreat for such as trust them.
_wolves_, destroyers; here meant as a complimentary epithet.

127. This idea, of Jupiter's promotion, from being a bull, to being the
mate of Europa, is extremely odd; still more so is that of the promotion of
Aeneas from being in hell (l. 129). Cf. _Europe_ in Troil. iii. 722.

128. _lowest degre_; not true, as Caesar's father was praetor, and his aunt
married Marius. But cf. C. T., B 3862.

CHAP. VI. 3. _enfame_, infamy, obloquy; from Lat. _infamia_. Godefroy gives
_enfamer_, to dishonour. The word only occurs in the present treatise; see
ll. 6, 7, 15.

12. From Prov. xxvii. 6: 'Meliora sunt vulnera diligentis quam fraudulenta
oscula odientis.'

17. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 6. ll. 5-13.

23. Cf. the same; bk. iv. pr. 7. ll. 34-42.

27. Cf. the same; bk. ii. pr. 5. ll. 121, 122.

30. Cf. the same; bk. iv. pr. 6. ll. 184-191.

48. _Zedeoreys_ (or _[gh]edeoreys_). I can find nothing resembling this
strange name, nor any trace of its owner's dealings with Hannibal.

53. The (possibly imaginary) autobiographical details here supplied have
been strangely handled for the purpose of insertion into the life of
Chaucer, with which they have nothing to do. See Morris's Chaucer, vol. i.
p. 32 (Aldine edition). The author tells us very little, except that
tumults took place in London, of which he was a native, and that he had
knowledge of some secret which he was pressed to betray, and did so in
order to serve his own purposes.

77-8. From Chaucer, Troil. v. 6, 7:--

                --'shal dwelle in pyne
  Til Lachesis his threed no lenger twyne.'

107. Referring to John, xiv. 27.

114. _Athenes_; Athene was the goddess who maintained the authority of law
and order, and in this sense was 'a god of peace.' But she was certainly
also a goddess of battles.

139. _mighty senatoures_. It has been conjectured that the reference is to
John of Gaunt. In the Annals of England, under the date 1384, it is noted
that 'John of Northampton, a vehement partisan of the duke, is tried and
sentenced to imprisonment and forfeiture. An attempt is also made to put
the duke on his trial.' John of Northampton had been mayor of London in
1382, when there was a dispute between the court and the citizens regarding
his election; perhaps the words _comen eleccion_ (common election), in l.
125 above, may refer to this trouble; so also _free eleccion_ in l. 140. In
l. 143 we must read _fate_, not _face_; the confusion between _c_ and _t_
is endless. Perhaps _governours_ in l. 144 should be _governour_, as in l.
147. Note that the author seems to condemn the disturbers of the peace.

157. _coarted by payninge dures_, constrained by painful duress (or
torture).

165. _sacrament_, my oath of allegiance. Note that the author takes credit
for giving evidence _against_ the riotous people; for which the populace
condemned him as a liar (l. 171).

178. _passed_, surpassed (every one), in giving me an infamous character.

181. _reply_, i.e. to subvert, entirely alter, recall; lit. to fold or bend
back.

189. Here the author says, more plainly, that he became unpopular for
revealing a conspiracy.

193. _out of denwere_, out of doubt, without doubt. Such is clearly the
sense; but the word _denwere_ is rejected from the New E. Dict., as it is
not otherwise known, and its form is suspicious. It is also omitted in
Webster and in the Century Dictionary. Bailey has '_denwere_, doubt,' taken
from Speght's Chaucer, and derived from this very passage. Hence Chatterton
obtained the word, which he was glad to employ. It occurs, for instance, in
his poem of Goddwyn, ed. Skeat, vol. ii. p. 100:--

  --'No _denwere_ in my breast I of them feel.'

The right phrase is simply _out of were_; cf. 'withoute were' in the Book
of the Duchess, 1295. I think the letters _den_ may have been prefixed
accidentally. The line, as printed in Thynne, stands thus: 'denwere al the
sothe knowe of these thinges.' I suggest that _den_ is an error for _don_,
and the word _don_ ought to come at the _end_ of the line (after _thinges_)
instead of at the beginning. This would give the readings 'out of were' and
'these thinges don in acte'; both of which are improvements.

194. _but as_, only as, exactly as.

198. _clerkes_, i.e. Chaucer, HF. 350; Vergil, Aen. iv. 174.

200. _of mene_, make mention of. Cf. 'hit is a schep[h]erde _that I of
mene_'; Ancient Metrical Tales, ed. Hartshorne, p. 74.

CHAP. VII. 10. _profered_, offered wager of battle; hence the mention of
_Mars_ in l. 11. Cf. note to ch. ii. 191 above, p. 455.

23. _he_, i.e. thine adversary shall bring dishonour upon you in no way.

34. _Indifferent_, impartial. _who_, whoever.

38. _discovered_, betrayed; so that the author admits that he betrayed his
mistress.

46. _that sacrament_, that the oath to which you swore, viz. when you were
charged upon your oath to tell the truth. That is, his oath in the court of
justice made him break his private oath.

49. _trewe_ is certainly an error for _trewthe_; the statement is copied
from Jer. iv. 2:--' Et iurabis ... in veritate, et in iudicio, et in
justitia.' So in l. 58 below, we have: 'in jugement, _in trouthe_, and
rightwisenesse'; and in l. 53--'for a man to say truth, unless judgement
and righteousness accompany it, he is forsworn.'

54. _serment_, oath; as in l. 52: referring to Matt. xiv. 7.

56. 'Moreover, it is sometimes forbidden to say truth rightfully--except in
a trial--because all truths are not to be disclosed.'

60. _that worde_: 'melius mori quam male vivere'; for which see P. Plowman,
C. xviii. 40. Somewhat altered from Tobit, iii. 6:--'expedit mihi mori
magis quam vivere.'

61, 62. _al_, although, _enfame_, dishonour; as in vi. 3 (see note, p.
458).

63. _whan_, yet when.

73. _legen_, short for _alegen_; 'allege against others.'

75. Here misprinted; _read_:--'may it be sayd, "in that thinge this man
thou demest,"' &c. From Rom. ii. 1; 'in quo enim iudicas alterum, teipsum
condemnas.'

83. _shrewe_, wicked man, i.e. Ham; Gen. ix. 22.

101. _emprisonned_; so in Thynne; better, _emprisouned_.

104. _brige_, contention, struggle, trouble; see note to Ch. C. T., B 2872.

105. _after thyne helpes_, for your aid; i.e. to receive assistance from
you.

108. _Selande_, Zealand, Zeeland. The port of Middleburg, in the isle of
Walcheren, was familiar to the English; cf. note to C. T., Prol. 277. The
reference must be to some companions of the author who had fled to Zealand
to be out of the way of prosecution. _rydinge_,  expedition on horseback,
journey.

109, 110. _for thy chambre_, to pay the rent of your room. _renter_,
landlord; 'unknown to the landlord.'

112. _helpe of unkyndnesse_, relieve from unkind treatment.

115-6. _fleddest_, didst avoid. _privite to counsayle_, knowledge of a
secret.

120-1. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 8. ll. 31-3.

CHAP. VIII. 1. _Eft_, again. Thynne prints _Ofte_, which does not give the
sense required. Fortunately, we know that the first letter _must_ be E, in
order that the initial letters of the Prologue and chapters I. to VIII. may
give the word MARGARETE. The reading _Ofte_ would turn this into MARGARETO.

4, 5. From Ch. Troil. iv. 3; Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 8. ll. 19-21.

13. _and thou_, if thou. Cf. Matt. xviii. 12.

27. _in their mouthes_, into their mouths; Matt. xii. 34.

31. _leve for no wight_, cease not on any one's account.

32. _use Jacobs wordes_. The allusion seems to be to the conciliatory
conduct of Jacob towards Esau; Gen. xxxiii. 8, 10, 11. Similarly the author
is to be patient, and to say--'I will endure my lady's wrath, which I have
deserved,' &c.

41. _sowe hem_, to sew them together again. _at his worshippe_, in honour
of him; but I can find no antecedent to _his_. Perhaps for _his_ we should
read _her_.

44. The text has _forgoing al errour distroyeng causeth_; but _distroyeng_
(which may have been a gloss upon _forgoing_) is superfluous, and _al_
should be _of_. But _forgoing_ means rather 'abandonment.'

55. _passest_, surpassest.

59. _by_, with reference to.

61. Hector, according to Guido delle Colonne, gave counsel against going to
war with the Greeks, but was overborne by Paris. See the alliterative
Destruction of Troy, ed. Panton and Donaldson (E. E. T. S.), Book VI; or
Lydgate's Siege of Troye, ch. xii.

65. _leveth_, neglects to oppose what is wrong.

66. The modern proverb is: 'silence gives consent.' Ray gives, as the Latin
equivalent, 'qui tacet consentire videtur (inquiunt iuris consulti).' This
is the exact form which is here translated.

73. Alluding to the canticle 'Exultet' sung upon Easter Eve, in the Sarum
Missal:--'O certe necessarium Ade peccatum.' See note to P. Plowman, C.
viii. 126 (or B. v. 491).

80. _lurken_, creep into lurking-holes, slink away.

95. _centre_, central point; from Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 7. ll. 18-20. The
whole passage (ll. 94-105) is imitated from the same 'prose' of Boethius.

103. _London_ is substituted for 'Rome' in Chaucer's Boethius. Chaucer
has--'may thanne the glorie of a singuler Romaine strecchen thider as the
fame of the name of Rome may nat climben or passen?' See the last note.

112-6. From Ch. Boethius, bk. ii. pr. 7. 58-62.

116-25. From the same, ll. 65-79. Thus, in l. 123, the word _ofte_ (in
Thynne) is a misprint for _of the_; for Chaucer has--'For of thinges that
han ende may be maked comparisoun.' The whole passage shews that the author
consulted Chaucer's translation of Boethius rather than the Latin text.

127. _and thou canst nothing don aright_; literally from Chaucer: 'Ye men,
certes, _ne conne don nothing aright_'; Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 7. 79. _but thou
desyre the rumour therof be heled and in every wightes ere_; corresponds to
Chaucer's--'but-yif it be for the audience of the people and for ydel
rumours'; Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 7. 80. Hence _heled_ (lit. hidden) is quite
inadmissible; the right reading is probably _deled_, i.e. dealt round.

134. The words supplied are necessary; they dropped out owing to the
repetition of _vertue_.

135-6. Again copied from Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 7. 106: 'the sowle ...
unbounden fro the prison of the erthe.'

CHAP. IX. 13. _than leveth there_, then it remains.

15. _for thy moebles_, because thy goods.

20. This proverb is given by Hazlitt in the form--

 'Who-so heweth over-high,
  The chips will fall in his eye.'

Cf. 'one looketh high as one that feareth no chips'; Lyly's Euphues, ed.
Arber, p. 467. And see IX. 158 (p. 270).

34. From Chaucer, Boeth. bk. i. pr. 4. 186. The saying is attributed to
Pythagoras; see the passage in Chaucer, and the note upon it.

39. _a this halfe god_, on this side of God, i.e. here below; a strange
expression. So again in bk. ii. ch. 13. 23.

46. _the foure elementes_, earth, air, fire, and water; see notes to Ch. C.
T., A 420, 1247, G 1460. _Al universitee_, the whole universe; hence man
was called the microcosm, or the universe in little; see Coriolanus, ii. 1.
68.

64. _I sette now_, I will now suppose the most difficult case; suppose that
thou shouldst die in my service.

71. _in this persone_; read _on this persone_; or else, perhaps, _in this
prisoune_.

86. _til deth hem departe_; according to the phrase 'till death us depart'
in the Marriage Service, now ingeniously altered to 'till death us _do
part_.'

96. 'and although they both break the agreement.'

98, 99. _accord_, betrothal. _the rose_, i.e. of virginity; as in the
Romance of the Rose, when interpreted.

99, 100. _Marye his spouse_. But the Vulgate has; 'Surge, et accipe puerum
et _matrem eius_'; Matt. ii. 13. The author must have been thinking of
Matt. i. 18: 'Cum esset _desponsata_ mater eius Maria Ioseph.'

113. _al being thinges_, all things that exist.

118. _prophete_; David, in Ps. xcvi. 5: (xcv. 5 in the Vulgate): 'omnes dii
gentium daemonia.'

129. This refers back to ch. iv. 71-2, ch. ix. 14, 20, 56.

CHAP. X. 5. _last objeccion_; i.e. his poverty, see ch. iii. 131, iv. 73,
ix. 14.

12-8. Imitated from Ch. Boeth. bk. i. pr. 4. 200-17.

18. _sayd_, i.e. it is said of him.

19. _aver_, property, wealth; 'lo! how the false man, for the sake of his
wealth, is accounted true!'

20. _dignitees_; cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 6.

21. _were he out_, if he were not in office; cf. l. 23.

26-37. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. i. met. 5. 22-39. Thus, _slydinge chaunges_ in l.
31 answers to Chaucer's _slydinge fortune_ (l. 24); and _that arn a fayr
parcel of the erthe_, in l. 32, to _a fayr party of so grete a werk_ (l.
38); and yet again, _thou that knittest_, in l. 35, to _what so ever thou
be that knittest_ (l. 36).

37-40. From Ch. Boeth. bk. i. met 5. 27-30.

64-7. From the same; bk. ii. pr. 2. 7-12.

71-6. From the same; bk. ii. pr. 2. 23-5.

76-80. Cf. the argument in the same; bk. iii. pr. 3.

85-120. From Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 8. For literal imitations, compare _the
other haleth him to vertue by the hookes of thoughtes_ (l. 104-5) with
Chaucer's 'the contrarious Fortune ... haleth hem ayein as with an hooke'
(l. 21); and _Is nat a greet good ... for to knowe the hertes of thy
sothfast frendes_ (ll. 107-9) with Chaucer's 'wenest thou thanne that thou
oughtest to leten this a litel thing, that this ... Fortune hath discovered
to thee the thoughtes of thy trewe frendes' (l. 22). Also ll. 114-6 with
Chaucer (ll. 28-31).

126. _let us singen_; in imitation of the Metres in Boethius, which break
the prose part of the treatise at frequent intervals. Cf. 'and bigan anon
to singen right thus'; Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 9. 149.

BOOK II.

CHAP. I. The initials of the fourteen Chapters in this Book give the words:
VIRTW HAVE MERCI. Thynne has not preserved the right division, but makes
_fifteen_ chapters, giving the words: VIRTW HAVE MCTRCI. I have set this
right, by making Chap. XI begin with 'Every.' Thynne makes Chapter XI begin
with 'Certayn,' p. 86, l. 133, and another Chapter begin with 'Trewly,' p.
89, l. 82. This cannot be right, because the latter word, 'Trewly,' belongs
to the last clause of a sentence; and the Chapter thus beginning would have
the unusually small number of 57 lines.

1. Chapter I really forms a Prologue to the Second Book, interrupting our
progress. At the end of Book I we are told that Love is about to sing, but
her song begins with Chap. II. Hence this first Chapter must be regarded as
a digression, in which the author reviews what has gone before (ll. 10-3),
and anticipates what is to come (l. 61).

9. _steering_, government (of God), _otherwysed_, changed, varied; an
extraordinary form.

12, 13. _after as_, according as. _hildeth_, outpours.

14-8. There is clearly much corruption in this unintelligible and imperfect
sentence. The reference to 'the Roman emperor' is mysterious.

21. _woweth_; so in Thynne, but probably an error for _waweth_, i.e. move,
shift; see _wa[gh]ien_ in Stratmann.

23. _phane_, vane; cf. 'chaunging as a vane'; Ch. C. T., E 996.

34. _irrecuperable_, irrecoverable; _irrecuperabilis_ is used by Tertullian
(Lewis and Short).

40. _armes_; this refers, possibly, to the struggle between the pope and
anti-pope, after the year 1378.

51-2. _lovers clerk_, clerk of lovers; but perhaps an error for _Loves
clerk_; cf. Troil. iii. 41.

62-3. _ryder and goer_, rider on horseback and walker on foot.

77. Translated from 'Fides non habet meritum ubi humana ratio praebet
experimentum'; as quoted in P. Plowman, C. xii. 160. This is slightly
altered from a saying of St. Gregory (xl. Homil. in Evangelium, lib. ii.
homil. 26)--'nec fides humana habet meritum cui humana ratio praebet
experimentum.' See note to P. Plowman (as above).

83. _as by a glasse_, as in a mirror; 1 Cor. xiii. 12.

93. _cockle_, tares. This seems to refer to the Lollards, as puns upon the
words _Lollard_ and _lolia_ were very rife at this period. If so, the
author had ceased to approve of Lollard notions. In l. 94, _love_ seems to
mean Christian charity, in its highest sense; hence it is called, in l. 95,
the most precious thing in nature.

96, 97. The passage seems corrupt, and I cannot quite see what is meant.
Perhaps read: 'with many eke-names, [and] that [to] other thinges that the
soule [seketh after, men] yeven the ilke noble name.' The comma after
_kynde_ in l. 96 represents a down-stroke (equivalent to a comma) in
Thynne; but it is not wanted.

99. _to thee_, i.e. to the 'Margaret of virtue' whose name appears as an
acrostic at the head of the Chapters in Book I. and Chapters I-V of Book
II; moreover, we find at last that Margaret signifies Holy Church, to which
the treatise is accordingly dedicated. _tytled of Loves name_, entitled the
Testament of Love.

103. _inseeres_, lookers into it, readers.

104. _Every thing_; with respect to everything to which appertains a cause
which is wrought with a view to its accomplishment, Aristotle supposes that
the doing of everything is, in a manner, its final cause. 'Final cause' is
a technical term, explained in the New E. Dict. as 'a term introduced into
philosophical language by the schoolmen as a translation of Aristotle's
fourth cause, [Greek: to hou heneka] or [Greek: telos], the end or purpose
for which a thing is done, viewed as the cause of the act; especially as
applied in Natural Theology to the design, purpose, or end of the
arrangements of the universe.' The phrase 'the end in view' comes near to
expressing it, and will serve to explain 'A final cause' in the next
clause.

107. _is finally to thilke ende_, is done with a view to that result.

109. After _so_, understand 'is it with regard to.'

110. _the cause_, the cause whereby I am directed, and that for which I
ought to write it, are both alike noble.

113. _this leude_, &c.; I have set about learning this alphabet; for I
cannot, as yet, go beyond counting up to three.

115. _in joininge_, &c.; by proceeding to the joining together of
syllables.

124. _in bright whele_, in (its) bright circuit. Chaucer has _wheel_ in the
sense of orbit; HF. 1450.

126. _another tretyse_. As to this proposed treatise nothing is known.
Perhaps it never was written.

CHAP. II. 2. _in Latin_. This suggests that the present chapter may be
adapted from some Latin original; especially as the author only gives the
_sentence_ or general drift of it. But the remark may mean nothing, and the
tone of the chapter is wholly medieval.

24. _Saturnes sphere_, Saturn's orbit; the supposed outer boundary of the
spheres of the seven planets.

27. _me have_, possess me (i.e. love), since Love is the speaker; i.e. they
think they can procure men's love by heaping up wealth.

28. Perhaps place the comma after _sowed_ (sewn), not after _sakke_.

29. _pannes_, better spelt _panes_; see _pane_ in Stratmann. From O.F.
_pan_, _panne_, Lat. _pannus_, a cloth, garment, robe. _mouled_, become
mouldy; the very form from which the mod. E. _mould-y_ has been evolved;
see _muwlen_ in Stratmann, and _mouldy_ in my Etym. Dict. (Supplement).
_whicche_, chest, from A.S. _hwaecca_; see P. Plowm. A. iv. 102, where some
copies have _huche_, a hutch, a word of French origin. Thus _pannes mouled
in a whicche_ signifies garments that have become mouldy in a chest. See
note to C. T., C 734.

30. _presse_, a clothes-press; observe the context.

35. _seventh_; perhaps an error for _thirde_; cf. 'percussa est tertia pars
solis'; Rev. viii. 12. He is referring to the primitive days of the Church,
when 'the pope went afoot.'

40. _defended_, forbade (opposed) those taxations. See _Taylage_ in Ch.
Glossary.

42. _maryed_, caused to be married; cf. P. Plowman, B. vii. 29.

47. _symonye_, simony; cf. note to P. Plowman, C. iii. 63.

48. Observe the rimes: _achates, debates_; _wronges, songes_.

49. _for his wronges_, on account of the wrongs which he commits.
_personer_, better _parsoner_ or _parcener_, participant, sharer; i.e. the
steward, courtier, escheator, and idle minstrel, all get something. See
_parcener_ in Stratmann.

50. 'And each one gets his prebend (or share) all for himself, with which
many thrifty people ought to profit.'

51. _behynde_, behindhand; even these wicked people are neglected, in
comparison with the _losengeour_, or flatterer.

52. Note the rimes, _forsake, take_. _it acordeth_, it agrees, it is all
consistent; see note to l. 74 below.

55. _at matins_; cf. P. Plowm. C. i. 125, viii. 27.

56. _bene-breed_, bean-bread; cf. P. Plowm. C. ix. 327.

57, 58. Cf. P. Plowman, C. vi. 160-5.

60. _shete_, a sheet, instead of a napkin to cover the bread; _god_ refers
to the eucharist.

62. _a clergion_, a chorister-boy; see Ch. C. T., B 1693, and the note.

65. _broken_, torn; as in P. Plowm. B. v. 108, ix. 91.

66. _good houndes_; cf. P. Plowm. C. vi. 161-5.

69. _dolven_, buried; 'because they (the poor) always crave an alms, and
never make an offering, they (the priests) would like to see them dead and
buried.'

69. _legistres_, lawyers; 'legistres of bothe the lawes,' P. Plowm. B. vii.
14.

71. 'For then wrong and force would not be worth a haw anywhere.' Before
_plesen_ something seems lost; perhaps read--'and [thou canst] plesen,'
i.e. and you can please no one, unless those oppressive and wrong-doing
lawyers are in power and full action.'

74. _ryme_, rime. The reference is not to actual jingle of rime, but to a
proverb then current. In a poem by Lydgate in MS. Harl. 2251 (fol. 26),
beginning--'Alle thynge in kynde desirith thynge i-like,' the refrain to
every stanza runs thus:--'It may wele ryme, but it accordith nought'; see
his Minor Poems, ed. Halliwell, p. 55. The sense is that unlike things may
be brought together, like riming words, but they will not on that account
agree. So here: such things may seem, to all appearance, congruous, but
they are really inconsistent. Cf. note to l. 52 above.

79. _beestly wit_, animal intelligence.

99. _cosinage_, those who are my relatives.

104. _behynde_, behindhand, in the rear. _passe_, to surpass, be prominent.

109. _comeden_ is false grammar for _comen_, came; perhaps it is a
misprint. The reference is to Gen. ix. 27: 'God shall enlarge Japheth  ...
and Canaan shall be his servant.' The author has turned _Canaan_ into
_Cayn_, and has further confused Canaan with his father Ham!

112. _gentilesse_; cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 6. 31-4; C. T., D 1109.

116. _Perdicas_, Perdiccas, son of Orontes, a famous general under
Alexander the Great. This king, on his death-bed, is said to have taken the
royal signet-ring from his finger and to have given it to Perdiccas. After
Alexander's death, Perdiccas held the chief authority under the new king
Arrhidaeus; and it was really Arrhidaeus (not Perdiccas) who was the son of
a _tombestere_, or female dancer, and of Philip of Macedonia; so that he
was Alexander's half brother. The dancer's name was Philinna, of Larissa.
In the Romance of Alexander, the dying king bequeaths to Perdiccas the
kingdom of Greece; cf. note to bk. iii. c. ii. l. 25. Hence the confusion.

122. Copied from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. met. 6:--'Al the linage of men that
ben in erthe ben of semblable birthe. On allone is fader of thinges.... Why
noisen ye or bosten of your eldres? For yif thou loke your biginninge, and
god your auctor and maker,' &c.

135. _one_; i.e. the Virgin Mary.

139. After _secte_, supply _I_:--'that, in any respect, I may so hold an
opinion against her sex.' _Secte_ is properly 'suite'; but here means
_sex_; cf. l. 134.

140. _in hem_, in them, i.e. in women. And so in l. 141.

CHAP. III. 8. _victorie of strength_; because, according to the first book
of Esdras, iv. 14, 15, women are the strongest of all things.

9. _Esdram_, accus. of Esdras, with reference to the first book of Esdras,
called 'liber Esdrae tertius' in the Vulgate.

9, 10. _whos lordship al lignes_. Something is lost here; _lordship_ comes
at the end of a line; perhaps the insertion of _passeth_ will give some
sort of sense; _whos lordship [passeth] al lignes_, whose lordship
surpasses all lines. But _lignes_ is probably a corrupt reading.

10. _who is_, i.e. who is it that? The Vulgate has: 'Quis est ergo qui
dominatur eorum? Nonne mulieres genuerunt regem,' &c. But the A. V. has:
'Who is it then that ruleth them, or hath the lordship over them? Are they
not women? Women have borne the king,' &c. This translates a text in which
_mulieres_ has been repeated.

17-21. From 1 Esdras, iv. 15-7: 'Women have borne the king and all the
people that bear rule by sea and land. Even of them came they: and they
nourished them up that planted the vineyards, from whence the wine cometh.
These also make garments [Lat. _stolas_] for men; these bring glory unto
men; and without women cannot men be.'

21-5. Adapted from 1 Esdras, iv. 18, 19.

30. 'That by no way can they refuse his desire to one that asks well.'

32. _of your sectes_, of your followers, of those of your sex. Cf. chap. 2.
139 above, and the note.

38. _wenen_, imagine that your promises are all gospel-truth; cf. Legend of
Good Women, 326 (earlier version).

41. _so maked_; 'and that (i.e. the male sex) is so made sovereign and to
be entreated, that was previously servant and used the voice of prayer.'
Men begin by entreating, and women then surrender their sovereignty.

43. _trewe_; used ironically; i.e. untrue.

45, 46. _what thing to women it is_, what a thing it is for women. Ll.
45-58 are borrowed, sometimes word for word, from Ch. HF. 269-85. See note
to l. 70 below, and the Introduction, Sec. 11.

47. 'All that glisters is not gold'; see Ch. C. T., G 962, and the note.
But it is here copied from Ch. HF. 272.

55. _whistel_, pipe. Cf. note to P. Plowm. B. xv. 467.

60. _is put_, i.e. she (each one of them) is led to suppose.

63, 64. Copied from Ch. HF. 305-10.

67. _they_, i.e. women; cf. l. 58. So also in l. 68.

68. _ye_, i.e. ye men; so also _you_ in l. 69.

70-81. Expanded from Ch. HF. 332-59; observe how some phrases are
preserved.

91. 'Faciamus ei adiutorium simile sibi'; Gen. ii. 18.

92. _this tree_, i.e. Eve, womankind. So in l. 96.

100. 'What is heaven the worse, though Saracens lie concerning it?'

111. _dames_, mothers; cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. met. 6. 1-9.

114. _way_, path; _it lightly passe_, easily go along it.

115. This proverb is copied from Ch. HF. 290-1; just as the proverb in l.
47 is from the same, l. 272. Compare p. 22, ll. 44-5.

131-2. Obscure; and apparently imperfect.

CHAP. IV. 2. Either _my_ or _to me_ should be struck out.

4-8. From Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 2. 3-8. 14-6. From the same, 8-12.

20-1. _by wayes of riches_; cf. _richesses_ in Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 2.
20; so also _dignite_ answers to _digne_ of _reverence_ in the same, l. 21;
_power_ occurs in the same, l. 24; and _renome_ answers to _renoun_ in l.
26.

21. _wening me_, seeing that I supposed.

22. _turneth_; 'it goes against the hair.' We now say--'against the grain.'

45. The words between square brackets must be supplied.

55. _holden for absolute_, considered as free, separate, or detached; as in
Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 6. 169.

56. _leveth in_, there remain in, i.e. remain for consideration, remain to
be considered. When 'bestial' living is set aside, 'manly' and 'resonable'
are left.

61. _riches_, &c.; from Boethius. See _riches_ discussed in Ch. Boeth. bk.
ii. pr. 5; _dignite_, in pr. 6; _renome_, or fame, in pr. 7; and _power_,
along with _dignite_, in pr. 6.

99. _as a litel assay_, as if for a short trial, for a while.

100. _songedest_, didst dream; from F. _songer_. I know of no other example
of this verb in English. However, Langland has _songewarie_, interpretation
of dreams, P. Plowman, C. x. 302.

113. _thy king_; presumably, Richard II; cf. l. 120.

116. _to oblige_, to subject thy body to deeds of arms, to offer to fight
judicially; as already said above; cf. bk. i. c. 7. 10.

138. 'Love and the bliss already spoken of above (cf. 'the parfit blisse of
love,' bk. ii. c. 1. 79) shall be called "the knot" in the heart.' This
definition of "the knot," viz. as being the perfect bliss or full fruition
of love, should be noted; because, in later chapters, the author
continually uses the phrase "the knot," without explaining what he means by
it. It answers to 'sovereyn blisfulnesse' in Chaucer's Boethius.

141. _inpossession_ is all one word, but is clearly an error. The right
word is certainly _imposition_. The Lat. _impositio_ was a grammatical
term, used by Varro, signifying the _imposing_ of a name, or the
application of a name to an object; and the same sense of O.F. _imposition_
appears in a quotation given by Godefroy. It is just the word required.
When Love declares that she shall give the name of "the knot" to the
perfect bliss of love, the author replies, 'I shall well understand the
application of this name,' i.e. what you mean by it; cf. l. 149.

147. _A goddes halfe_, lit. on the side of God; with much the same sense as
in God's name; see Ch. C. T., D 50.

CHAP. V. 3. _richesse_ is singular; it was probably Thynne who put the
following verbs into plural forms.

5. _Aristotle_. Perhaps the reference is to the Nicomachean Ethics, i. 1.

15-20. The argument is from Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 5. 84, 122.

57, 58. From Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 5. 45-7.

65. Cf. 'Why embracest thou straunge goodes as they weren thyne?' Ch.
Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 5. 50.

67-77. From Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 5. 52-69.

79-110. From the same; ll. 71-80; 88-133.

CHAP. VI. Suggested by Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 6.

11-4. From the same, 57, 58; 54-7; 62-4.

25. _dignites ... is as the sonne_; the verb _is_ agrees with the latter
substantive _sonne_.

26-9. From the same as above, 4-6; the author substitutes _wilde fyre_ for
Chaucer's _flaumbe of Ethna_.

30. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 6. 75-8.

38. Perhaps read _dignite in suche thing tene y-wrought_; 'as dignity in
such a case wrought harm, so, on the contrary, the substance in dignity,
being changed, rallied (so as) to bring in again a good condition in its
effect.' Obscure. 'Dignities' are further discussed in Boeth. bk. iii. pr.
4.

74-7. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 4. 64-70.

78. _Nero_. The name was evidently suggested by the mention of Nero
immediately after the end of Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 4 (viz. in met. 4); but
the story of Nero killing his mother is from an earlier passage in
Boethius, viz. bk. ii. met. 6.

81. _king John_. By asserting his 'dignity' as king against prince Arthur,
he brought about a war in which the greater part of the French possessions
of the crown were lost.

82. _nedeth in a person_, are necessary for a man.

99. _such maner planettes_, planets such as those; referring to the sun and
moon mentioned just above; ll. 87, 91. The sun and moon were then accounted
as being among the seven planets.

100-1. 'That have any desire for such (ill) shining planets to appear any
more in that way.'

117-8. _I not_, I do not know. _and thou see_, if thou shouldst see. Cf.
Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 4. 22-7.

123-8. From Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 4. 31-9.

127. _besmyteth_, contaminates, defiles. Note that the author is here
reproducing Chaucer's _bispotten and defoulen_ (pr. 4. 38). The word is
noted in Stratmann, because the A.S. _besm[=i]tan_, in this sense, occurs
in Mark, vii. 15. The form _besmitten_ is commoner, four examples of it
being given in the New E. Dict., s.v. _besmit_. The verb _besmite_ has
escaped recognition there, because the present passage has not been noted.
So also, in the next line, _smyteth_ has a like sense. _Smitted_ occurs in
Troilus, v. 1545.

129. _fyr_, fire; from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 4. 47.

132-4. From the same; ll. 48-53.

138. The sentence is incomplete and gives no sense; probably a clause has
dropped out after the word _goodnesse_. I cannot set it right.

143-5. Imitated from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 4. 55-7.

153-6. Suggested by the same; ll. 64-70.

164. Cf. 'leve hem in [_or_ on] thy lift hand'; P. Plowman, C. viii. 225.

CHAP. VII. Suggested by Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 5.

8. _Nero_; from the same, bk. iii. met. 4. 4, 5.

14. _ensamples_; answers to _ensaumples_ in the same, bk. iii. pr. 5. 4.

17. _Henry Curtmantil_, Henry II. 'Henry short mantell, or Henry the
seconde'; Fabyan, ed. Ellis, p. 260. 'In his fifty-fifth year he thus
miserably expired, and his son Geoffrey of Lincoln with difficulty found
any one to attend to his funeral; the attendants had all fled away with
everything valuable that they could lay their hands on'; Miss Yonge, Cameos
from English History (1869); p. 180.

20. Copied _without material alteration_ from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 5.
5-7.

23. _power of realmes_; from the same, l. 7.

30-9. Copied, in part literally, from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 5. 8-17.

39-42. From the same; ll. 20-5.

50-2. Cf. 'Holdest thou thanne thilke man be mighty, that thou seest that
he wolde don that he may nat don?' the same; ll. 23-5.

72. _overthrowen_ would be better grammar.

74-8. From the same prose, ll. 25-9.

78. _warnisshed_, guarded. _warnishe,_ guard; _the hour of warnishe_, the
time of his being guarded.

81. _famulers_, household servants; borrowed from Chaucer's _familieres_ in
the same prose, l. 29.

82. _sypher_, cipher in arithmetic. Though in itself it signifies nothing,
yet appended to a preceding figure it gives that figure a tenfold value.
Cf. Richard the Redeless, iv. 53-4:--

 'Than satte summe as siphre doth in awgrym
  That noteth a place, and no-thing availeth.'

92. _the blynde_; alluding to a common fable.

95-6. From Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 5. 32-4.

98-9; 101-3. From the same; ll. 41-6.

105-8. From the same, ll. 48-51.

109-12. From Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. met. 5.

114-6. Here the author suddenly dashes off to another book of Boethius; see
bk. ii. pr. 6. 44-5.

117. _Buserus_; Chaucer has _Busirides_ in his text of Boethius, bk. ii.
pr. 6. 47 (whose text our author here follows); but _Busirus_ in the Monkes
Tale, B 3293. The true name is _Busiris_, of which _Busiridis_ is the
genitive case. Chaucer evolved the form _Busirides_ out of the accusative
_Busiridem_ in Boethius. See note in vol. ii. p. 433.

118. _Hugest_; substituted for the example of Regulus in Boethius. Hugest
is probably an error for Hengest, i.e. Hengist. The story of his slaughter
of the Britons at Stonehenge by a shameful treachery is famous; he
certainly 'betrayed many men.' See Fabyan, ed. Ellis, p. 66; Rob. of
Gloucester, l. 2651 (ed. Hearne, p. 124). The story of his death is not
inconsistent with the text. Rob. of Gloucester, at l. 2957 (ed. Hearne, p.
140) tells how he was suddenly seized, in a battle, by Eldol, earl of
Gloucester, who cried out for help; many came to his assistance, and
Hengist was taken alive. Shortly afterwards, at the instance of Eldad,
bishop of Gloucester, Eldol led him out of the town of Corneboru, and smote
his head off. Eldad's verdict was:--

 'Also doth by this mon that so moche wo ath y-do,
  So mony child y-mad faderles, dighteth him al-so.'

The name of his betrayer or capturer is given as _Collo_ in our text; but
proper names take so many forms that it is not much to go by. Thus, the
very name which is given as _Eldol_ in one MS. of Robert of Gloucester (l.
2679) appears as _Cadel_ in another. Fabyan calls him _Edolf_ (p. 66), and
makes him Earl of Chester. Layamon (ed. Madden, ii. 268) calls him
_Aldolf_.

120. 'Omnes enim, qui acceperint gladium, gladio peribunt'; Matt. xxvi. 52.

122. _huisht_, hushed, silent; cf. _hust_ in Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. met. 5. 16.

130-2. Cf. the same, bk. iv. pr. 2. 31-4.

132. 'But then, as for him who could make you wretched, if he wished it,
thou canst not resist it.' The sentence appears to be incomplete.

135. _flye_, fly; substituted for Chaucer's _mous_; see his Boeth. bk. ii.
pr. 6. 22-4.

139-42. From the same, ll. 25-9.

148-9. _Why there_, i.e. 'wherefore (viz. by help of these things) there is
no way,' &c. Cf. 'Now is it no doute thanne that thise weyes ne ben a maner
misledinges to blisfulnesse'; Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 8. 1-2.

CHAP. VIII. 5. _renome_, renown; answering to _glori_ and _renoun_ in Ch.
Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 6. 1, 6. But there is not much imitation of Chaucer in
the former part of this chapter.

37. _abouten_, round about; i.e. you have proved a contradiction.

39. _acorden_, agree; _by lacking_, with respect to blame and praise.

42. _elementes_, the four elements. Sir T. Elyot's Castel of Helthe (1539)
presents the usual strange medieval notions on medicine. He begins by
saying that we must consider the things natural, the things not natural,
and the things against nature. The things natural are seven, viz. elements,
complexions, humours, members, powers, operations, and spirits. 'The
Elementes be those originall thynges vnmyxt and vncompounde, of whose
temperance and myxture all other thynges, hauynge corporalle substance, be
compacte: Of them be foure, that is to saye, Erthe, Water, Ayre, and Fyre.

ERTHE is the moost grosse and ponderouse element, and of her proper nature
is _colde_ and _drye_.

WATER is more subtyll and lyght thanne erthe, but in respect of Ayre and
Fyre, it is grosse and heuye, and of hir proper Nature is _colde_ and
_moyste_.

AYRE is more lyghte and subtylle than the other two, and beinge not altered
with any exteriour cause, is properly _hotte_ and _moyste_.

FYRE is absolutely lyght and clere, and is the clarifier of other
elementes, if they be vyciate or out of their naturall temperaunce, and is
properly _hotte_ and _drye_.' Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. met. 9. 13-7.

50. _oned_, united; see the last note.

52. _erthe_ (see the footnote) is an obvious error for _eyre_; so also in
l. 53. But the whole of the argument is ridiculous.

68-9. Copied from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 6. 3-4. From the Andromache of
Euripides, l. 319; see the note in vol. ii. p. 439.

69-71. From Chaucer, as above, ll. 5-9.

75-81. From the same, ll. 9-17.

82. _obstacles_; they are enumerated in bk. i. c. 8. l. 98 (p. 37).

85-7; 89-97. From Chaucer, bk. iii. pr. 6. ll. 21-34.

99. I do not know the source of this saying. Cf. C.T., D 1109-12.

102-7. From Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 8. 26-35.

104-5. _fayre and foule_, handsome and ugly men; _hewe_, beauty.

107-10. _thilke--knotte_; equivalent to 'they ne ben nat weyes ne pathes
that bringen men to blisfulnesse'; Ch., as above, ll. 42-3.

122. Cf. 'But alday fayleth thing that fooles wenden'; certainly the right
reading of Troil. i. 217; see note on the line; vol. ii. p. 463.

124. _the sterre_, the star of the Southern pole; so in the next line, the
Northern pole-star.

126. _out-waye-going_, going out of the way, error of conduct; which may be
called, as it were, 'imprisonment,' or 'banishment.' It is called
_Deviacion_ in bk. iii. ch. i. 6, which see.

127. _falsed_, proved false, gave way.

130. Cf. 'It suffyseth that I have shewed hiderto the forme of false
welefulness'; Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 9. 1. With line 131, cf. the same,
ll. 5-7.

CHAP. IX. 1-5. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 9. 9-11.

9. The 'harmony' or music of the spheres; see Troil. v. 1812-3; Parl.
Foules, 59-63, and the note in vol. i. p. 507.

37-8. _sugre ... soot_; cf. 'sucre be or soot,' Troil. iii. 1194; and 'in
her hony galle'; C. T., B 3537.

54. _Flebring_; omitted in the New E. Dict., as being a false form; there
is no such word. Mr. Bradley suggests _flekring_ or _flekering_, which is
probable enough. The M.E. _flekeren_, also spelt _flikeren_, meant not only
to flutter, but to be in doubt, to vacillate, and even to caress. We may
take it to mean 'light speech' or 'gossip.'

65. 'Good and yvel ben two contraries'; Ch. Boeth. bk. iv. pr. 2. 10.

74. _in that mores_, in the possession of that greater thing.

77-8. Cf. l. 81 below. Hence the sense is: 'and that thing which belongs to
it (i.e. to the knot) ought to incline to its superior cause out of honour
and good-will.' But it is clumsy enough; and even to get this sense (which
seems to have been that intended) we must alter _mores_ to _more_. The form
was probably miswritten _mores_ here owing to the occurrence of _mores_
just above (l. 74) and just below (l. 79). It proceeds thus:--'otherwise,
it is rebellious, and ought to be rejected from protection by its
superior.'

116. From Troil. iii. 1656-9.

129-38. Perhaps the finest passage in the treatise, but not very original.
Cf. P. Plowman, C. xxi. 456-7; Ch. Boeth. bk. iv. met. 6. 20-3.

133. Cf. 'ones a yere al thinges renovelen'; Ch. C. T., I 1027.

134. Cf. 'To be gayer than the heven'; Book of the Duch. 407.

139. Imitated from Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 2. 54-5; but with the
substitution of 'garmentes' for 'tonnes.'

143. _proverbe_, proverb. 'When bale is hext (highest), then bote is next';
Proverbs of Hending; see notes to Gamelyn, ll. 32, 631, in vol. v. pp. 478,
486. For _hext_ our author substitutes _a nyebore_, i.e. a neighbour, nigh
at hand.

151. The truth of astrology is here assumed.

155-70. I suspect that this account of the days of the week (though no
doubt familiar in those days to many) was really copied from Chaucer's
Treatise on the Astrolabe, part ii. sect. 12 (vol. iii. p. 197). For it
contains a remarkable blunder. The word _noon_ in l. 163 should, of course,
be _midnight_; but, as Chaucer omits to say when the first planetary hour
of the day occurs, the author was left to himself in regard to this point.
Few people understand _why_ the day after Sunday must needs be Monday; yet
it is very simple. The principle is given in the footnote to vol. iii. p.
197 (cf. vol. v. p. 86), but may here be stated a little more plainly. The
earth being taken as the centre of the planetary system, the planets are
arranged in the order of the radii of their orbits. The nearest planet is
the Moon, then Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. These
were arranged by the astrologers in the _reverse_ order; viz. Saturn,
Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon; after which the rotation began
over again, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, &c.; as before. If we now divide Sunday
into twenty-four hours, and assign the _first_ of these to the Sun, the
_second_ to Venus (next in rotation), the _third_ to Mercury, and so on,
the _eighth_ hour will again fall to the Sun, and so will the _fifteenth_
and the _twenty-second_. Consequently, the _twenty-third_ (like the
_second_) belongs to Venus, the _twenty-fourth_ to Mercury, and the
_twenty-fifth_ to the Moon. But the twenty-fifth hour is the first hour of
the new day, which is therefore the day of the Moon. And so throughout.

Since the twenty-second hour belongs to the Sun, and the twenty-fifth to
the Moon, the planetary interval from day to day is really obtained by
pitching upon every _third_ planet in the series, i.e. by skipping two.
Hence the order of ruling planets for each day (which rule depends upon the
assignment of the _first_ hour) is obviously--the Sun, the Moon, Mars,
Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn; or, in Anglo-Saxon terminology, the Sun,
the Moon, T[=i]w, W[=o]den, Thunor (Thur), Frige, and Saetern (Saeter).

178. Cf. 'here wo into wele wende mote atte laste'; P. Plowman, C. xxi.
210. See notes to ch. 13. 86 below, and bk. i. 3. 153.

180. Cf. Troil. iv. 836, and the note (vol. ii. p. 490).

196. _slawe_, slain; the usual expression; cf. Compl. of Mars, 186; Compl.
unto Pite, 112.

CHAP. X. 1-6. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 9. 1-4; pr. 10. 1-4.

7. _three lyves_; as mentioned above, bk. ii. ch. 4. 44-6.

18. _firste sayde_; viz. in bk. ii. ch. 4. 56.

28-34. Borrowed from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. met. 7.

37. _a fair parcel_. Similarly, Boethius recites his former good fortune;
bk. ii. pr. 3. 20-43.

45. He insists that he was only a servant of conspirators; he would have
nothing to do with the plot (l. 50); yet he repented of it (l. 49); and it
is clear that he betrayed it (bk. i. ch. 6. l. 189).

58. _farn_, for _faren_, fared. _Fortune_; cf. the complaints of Boethius,
bk. i. met. 1. 19; pr. 4. 8; bk. ii. met. 1.

68-71. From Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 4. 57-61.

81-3. From the same; bk. ii. pr. 4. 122; pr. 3. 61.

84-7. From the same; pr. 4. 127-32.

88-105. From the same; pr. 3. 48-63.

96. _both_, booth; Chaucer has _tabernacle_; pr. 3. 56.

105-10; 115-20. From the same; bk. ii. pr. 4. 33-42.

126-9. From the same; ll. 43-7.

133. Here begins a new chapter in Thynne; with a large capital C. See note
to book ii. ch. i.

148-50. From Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 4. 97-101.

155. 'The soules of men ne mowe nat deyen in no wyse'; the same, ll. 122-3.

163. _oon of three_; see ch. 10. 10 above (p. 83).

CHAP. XI. 11-3. Not in character; the author forgets that Love is supposed
to be the speaker, and speaks in his own person.

40-8. From Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. met. 8. 3-7, 16-8; pr. ix. 12-16, 66-70;
somewhat varied.

56. _over his soule_; cf. 'but only upon his body'; the same, bk. ii. pr.
6. 31.

56-69. The general idea corresponds with the same, bk. iii. pr. 9. I
observe no verbal resemblance.

82. Thynne begins a new chapter here, with a large capital T. See note to
bk. ii. ch. i.

93. _Plato_. This story is told of Socrates, and is given in the note to C.
T., I 670, in vol. v. p. 466; from Seneca, De Ira, lib. i. c. 15.

111. _conclude_ seems here to mean 'include,' as in C. T., G 429.

121. _habit ... monk_; 'Cucullus non facit monachum'; a common medieval
proverb; see Rom. Rose, 6192, and the note.

125. _cordiacle_ is Thynne's misprint for _cardiacle_; cf. 'That I almost
have caught a cardiacle'; C.T., C 313.

CHAP. XII. 8. _in place_, i.e. present; _chafinge_, warming.

14. _neigheth_, approaches; _and it ... be_, if it can be.

17. _Donet_, primer, elementary book of instruction; named from _Donatus_,
the grammarian; see note to P. Plowman, C. vii. 215.

32. _muskle_; referring to bk. i. ch. 3. 78.

35. _excellence of coloures_, its (outward) blue colour. Blue was the
emblem of constancy and truth; see note to C. T., F 644 (vol. v. p. 386).
For _coloures_ we should rather read _colour_; the same error occurs in l.
43 below (see footnote).

45. 'When pleasant weather is above.'

46. 'Betokening steadfastness (continuance) in peace'; cf. note to l. 35
above.

47. The following is Pliny's account of the Pearl, as translated by
Holland; bk. ix. c. 35.

'This shell-fish which is the mother of Pearle, differs not much in the
manner of breeding and generation from the Oysters; for when the season of
the yeare requireth that they should engender, they seeme to yawne and
gape, and so do open wide; and then (by report) they conceive a certaine
moist dew as seed, wherewith they swell and grow big; ... and the fruit of
these shell-fishes are the Pear[l]es, better or worse, great or small,
according to the qualitie and quantitie of the dew which they receiued. For
if the dew were pure and cleare which went into them, then are the Pearles
white, faire, and Orient: but if grosse and troubled, the Pearles likewise
are dimme, foule, and duskish; ... according as the morning is faire, so
are they cleere; but otherwise, if it were misty and cloudy, they also will
be thicke and muddy in colour.'

50. The sense of _Margaryte_ in _this_ passage is the visible church of
Christ, as the context shews. In book iii. ch. 9. 160, the author tells us
that it signifies 'grace, lerning, or wisdom of god, or els _holy church_.'

52. _mekenesse_, humility; cf. l. 63. The church is descended from Christ,
who is the heavenly dew.

56. _reduced in-to good_, connected with good; _mene_, intermediate.

58. _beestes_, living things that cannot move; the very word used by
Chaucer, Boeth. bk. v. pr. 5. 20; compare the passage.

64. There is something wrong; either _discendeth_ should be _discended_, or
we should understand _and_ before _to_; and perhaps _downe_ should be
_dewe_; cf. l. 68. The reference seems to be to the Incarnation.

68. Here the Protean word _Margaryte_ means 'the wisdom of god,' judging by
the context; see note to l. 50 above.

78. This does not mean 'I would have explained it better,' but 'I should
like to have it better explained.'

86. _Margaryte_ here means the visible church, as before (l. 50); to the
end of the chapter.

91. _welde_, possess; and all that he now possesses is his life.

108. _yvel spekers_; this seems to allude to the Lollards, who ought (he
says) to be 'stopped and ashamed.'

114. This shews that Margarete does not mean a woman; for it is declared to
be as precious as a woman, to whom it is likened.

121. _deedly_, mortal. Hence Margarete does not mean the church in general,
but the visible church at the time of writing, the church militant.

CHAP. XIII. 11. 'To be evil, is to be nothing.' The general argument
follows Ch. Boeth. bk. iv. pr. 2. 143-94, and pr. 4.

23. _a this halfe_, on this side of, under; cf. note to bk. i. ch. 9. 39.

30. _determinison_, determination; a correct form. Cf. _venison_ from Lat.
acc. _uenationem_. Accordingly, the O.F. forms were _determinaison_,
_-eson_, _-oison_, as given by Godefroy. He supplies the example:
'Definicio, difinicion ou _determineson_,' from an old glossary. Hence
_determination_ is here used in the sense of 'definition,' as is obvious
from the context. Thynne prints _determission_, which makes nonsense; and
there is no such word. The present passage is entered in the New E. Dict.
under _determission_, with the suggestion that it is an error; it might
have been better to enter it under _determinison_ (or _-eson_); but it is
always difficult to know how to deal with these mistakes of printers and
editors.

33. _your-selfe sayd_; referring to l. 4 above.

35. _y-sayd good_, called 'good.'

40. _participacion_; from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 10. 110.

43. _Austen_, St. Augustin; and so Pope, Essay on Man, i. 294:--'One truth
is clear, Whatever is, is right.'

49. _Boece_, Boethius; whom the author here mentions just once more; see
his former allusion in bk. i. prologue, 110. The reference is to bk. iii.
pr. 10. 153-84.

53. _apeted to_, sought after, longed for, desired. _Apete_ is a correct
form, as it represents an O.F. _*apeter_; but the usual O.F. form is
_appeter_ (Littre, s.v. _appeter_), from Lat. _appetere_. See New E. Dict.,
s.v. _Appete_, where a quotation is given from Chaucer, L. G. W. 1582. But
the right reading in that line is surely _appetyteth_, as _appeteth_ will
not scan; unless we strongly accent the initial _As_. See vol. ii. p. 137,
l. 1582 and footnote, and the note to the line, at p. 328.

56. _This_ stands for _This is_, as usual; see notes to C. T., A 1091, E
56.

71. _betterer_, better; not necessarily a misprint. The form _bettyrer_
occurs in the Catholicon Anglicum.

72. _his kyndely place_, its natural position; cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr.
11. 100-2.

77. _blacke_; cf. Troil. i. 642.

82. _yeven by the ayre_, endowed by the air with little goodness and
virtue; because the dew that produced the pearl fell through the air; see
note to ch. xii. 47 above. Hence _matier_ is material, viz. the dew.

86. _unpees_, war. The general argument, with the contrast of colours above
mentioned, occurs in P. Plowman, C. xxi. 209-21; cf. also ll. 144-66. Of
these lines, ll. 210 and 212 have already been explicitly cited above: see
notes to bk. i. ch. 3. 153, and to bk. ii. ch. 9. 178.

92. _Pallas_; we should have expected 'Minerva'; however, _Pallas_ occurs
five times in Troilus.

94. _and Mercurie_, if Mercury; but it is obscure.

99. _a dewe and a deblys_. Under _Adieu_, in the New E. Dict., we find:
'_fig._ an expression of regret at the loss or departure of anything; or a
mere exclamatory recognition of its disappearance; = away, no longer, no
more, all is over with. _c._ 1400 _Test. Love_ ii. (1560) 292/1. Adewe and
adewe blis.'

Something has gone wrong here; the edition of 1561 (not 1560) has, at fol.
306, back (not 292) the reading 'a dewe and a deblis'; as in the text. The
same reading occurs in all the earlier black-letter editions and in
Chalmers; there being no other authority except Thynne. I do not understand
the passage; the apparent sense is: 'his name is given _a dieu_ and to
devils'; i.e. (I suppose) is renounced. _Deblis_ for 'devils' is a possible
form; at any rate, we find _deblet_, _deblerie_, for _devilet_ and
_diablerie_; see New E. Dict., under _Dablet_ and _Deblerie_.

115-6. 'That which is good, seems to me to be wholly good.' This is
extremely significant. 'The church is good, and therefore wholly good,' is
evidently intended. In other words, it needs no reform; the Lollards should
let it alone. In ch. 14. 24, he plainly speaks of 'heretics,' and of the
errors of 'mismeninge people.'

130. _leve_, believe. L. 120 shews that he hopes for mercy and pity; we may
safely conclude that he had been a Lollard once. Cf. ch. 14. 2-4.

CHAP. XIV. 6. _Proverbes_. He refers to Prov. vii. 7-22: 'Considero
uecordem iuuenem, qui ... graditur in obscuro, in noctis tenebris; et ecce
occurrit illi mulier ornatu meretricio, praeparata ad capiendas animas,
garrula et uaga, quietis impatiens ... dicens ... ueni, inebriemur
uberibus, et fruamur cupitis amplexibus ... statim eam sequitur quasi bos
ductus ad uictimam.'

25. _skleren and wimplen_, veil and cover over. He probably found the word
_skleire_, a veil, in P. Plowman, C. ix. 5 (cf. also B. vi. 7, A. vii. 7),
as that is the only known example of the substantive. The verb occurs here
only. Other spellings of _skleire_, sb., in the MSS., are _sklayre_,
_scleyre_, _slaire_, _skleir_, _sleire_, _sleyre_. Cf. Du. _sluier_, G.
_Schleier_.

29. _by experience_; i.e. the author had himself been inclined to 'heresy';
he was even in danger of 'never returning' (l. 38).

36. _weyved_, rejected; he had rejected temptations to Lollardry.

38. _shewed thee thy Margarite_; meaning (I suppose) shewn thee the
excellence of the church as it is.

40. _Siloe_, Siloam. It is a wonder where the author found this description
of the waters of the pool of Siloam; but I much suspect that it arose from
a gross misunderstanding of Isaiah, viii. 6, 7, thus:--'the waters of
Shiloah that go softly ... shall come up over all his channels, and go over
all his banks.' In the Vulgate: 'aquas Siloe, quae uadunt cum silentio ...
ascendet super omnes riuos eius, et fluet super uniuersas ripas eius.'
Hence _cankes_ in l. 44 is certainly an error for _bankes_; the initial _c_
was caught from the preceding _circuit_.

46. After _Mercurius_ supply _servaunts_ or _children_. The children or
servants of Mercury mean the clerks or writers. The expression is taken
from Ch. C. T., D 697:--

 'The children of Mercurie and of Venus
  Ben in hir wirking ful contrarious.'

47. _Veneriens_, followers of Venus; taken from Ch. C. T., D 609.

52. _that ben fallas_; that is to say, deceptions. See _Fallace_ in the New
E. Dict.

60. _sote of the smoke_, soot of the smoke of the fire prepared for the
sacrificed ox; 'bos ductus ad uictimam'; Prov. vii. 22.

61. _it founde_, didst find it; referring, apparently, to _thy langoring
deth_.

67-8. _thilke Margaryte_, the church; by serving which he was to be
delivered from danger, by means of his amendment.

70. _disese_, misery, discomfort; because he had to do penance.

74. He had formerly sinned against the church.

80. 'And yet thou didst expect to have been rejected for ever.'

83. _lache_, loosen (it); from O.F. _lascher_, to loosen, relax. Or it may
mean 'turn cowardly.'

85. 'Inueni Dauid seruum meum; oleo sancto meo unxi eum'; Ps. lxxxix. 20
(lxxxviii. 21, Vulgate).

93. _openly_; hence the author had publicly recanted.

BOOK III.

CHAP. I. This chapter is really a Prologue to the Third Book.

2. _discrete_, separate; _tellinge_, counting.

3. _Three_ was considered a perfect number; see below.

6. Time was divided into three ages; first, the age of Error, before the
coming of Christ; all that died then went to hell, whence some were rescued
by Christ when He descended thither. The second, the age of Grace, from the
time of Christ's coming till His second advent. The third, the age of Joy,
enduring for ever in heaven.

_Deviacion_; Thynne prints _Demacion_, an obvious error for _Deuiacion_
(_m_ for _ui_); in l. 26, it is replaced by _Errour of misgoinge_, which
has the same sense, and in bk. ii. ch. 8. 126, it is called
_out-waye-going_. The New E. Dict. has no quotation for _deviation_ older
than 1603; but here we find it.

25. I. e. Book I treats of Error or Deviation; Book II, of Grace; and Book
III, of Joy.

28. _whiche is faylinge without desert_, which is failure without merit;
these words are out of place here, and perhaps belong to the preceding
clause (after _shewed_ in l. 26). _thilke_, &c.; amending that first fault.

29. Perhaps for _and_ read _an_; it refers to guidance into the right path.

37. He says that the English alter the name _Margarite-perle_ into
_Margery-perle_, whereas Latin, French, and many other languages keep the
true form. Cf. Lat. _margarita_, O.F. _marguerite_, _margarete_, Gk.
[Greek: margarites], Pers. _marw[=a]r[=i]d_, Arab. _marj[=a]n_; all from
Skt. _manjar[=i]_, a pearl.

45. _the more Britayne_, greater Britain (England and Scotland), as
distinguished from lesser Britain (Brittany); see note to bk. ii. ch. 12.
47 above. Pliny says (tr. by Holland, bk. ix. c. 35):--'In Brittaine it is
certain that some [pearls] do grow; but they be small, dim of colour, and
nothing orient.'

56. _conninge_, certain knowledge; _opinion_, uncertain knowledge,
supposition; as he proceeds to say.

62. We thus learn that it was at this date an open question, whether the
sun was bigger than the earth; there were some who imagined it to be so.

68. He here mentions the _quadrivium_, or group of four of the seven
sciences, viz. arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy; see note to P.
Plowman, C. xii. 98.

73. These are the four cardinal virtues, Prudence, Justice, Temperance, and
Fortitude; see note to P. Plowman, C. i. 131.

79. Why 'two things' are mentioned, is not clear. It was usual to introduce
here the _trivium_, or second group of the seven arts (see note to l. 68);
which contained logic, grammar, and rhetoric. For the two former he has
substituted 'art,' the general term.

99. _twey_, two; viz. _natural_ and _reasonable_; cf. l. 53. The third is
_moral_. Hence we have the following scheme.

                                      { _natural_: the quadrivium.
              { relating to the body  {
  Philosophy  {                       { _reasonable_: the trivium.
              {
              { relating to the soul: _moral_: the cardinal virtues.

              { law: _natural_.
              {
              { right: _reasonable_.
  Law         {
              {         { written: _constitution_.
              { custom  {
                        { unwritten: _usage_.

122. I. e. 'so that harm, (as punishment) for harm, should restrain
evil-doers by the bridle of fear.'

125. _contrarioustee of_, that which is contrary to.

130. _and unworthy_, even if they be unworthy.

_professe and reguler_; the 'professed' were such as, after a year of
probation, had been received into a monastic order; the 'regular' were such
as were bound by the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and
obedience.

131. _obediencer_, bound by obedience; used adjectivally; cf. Low Lat.
_obedientiarius_.

134. Thus the author was himself bound by monastic vows, and was one of the
'regular' clergy.

146-7. _abouten_, about (me), near at hand. _eche_, to increase, lengthen.

156. _refrete_, refrain, burden of a song; O.F. _refrait_, _refret_
(Godefroy). 'Sobs are a ready (ever-present) refrain in its meditations';
where _his_ (its) refers to _goost_, or spirit, in l. 155.

157-8. _comming about I not than_, recurring I know not when. For _than_
read _whan_, to make sense.

160. _he_, Christ; referring to Matt. xxi. 16.

161. _whos spirit_; 'Spiritus ubi uult spirat'; John, iii. 8; 'Spiritus,
diuidens singulis prout uult'; 1 Cor. xii. 11.

170. _wyte that_, lay the blame for that upon. Such is the right idiom; cf.
'Wyte it the ale of Southwerk, I yow preye'; Ch. C. T., A 3140. Thynne
prints _with_ for _wite_ or _wyte_, making nonsense of the passage.

CHAP. II. 14. _lybel of departicion_, bill (or writ) of separation; taken
from _libellum repudii_ in Matt. v. 31, which Wyclif translates by 'a libel
of forsakyng.'

16. 'I find, in no law, (provision for) recompensing and rewarding in a
bounteous way, those who are guilty, according to their deserts.'

19. _Paulyn_, Paulinus. But there is some mistake. Perhaps he refers to L.
Aemilius Paulus, brother of M. Aemilius Lepidus the Triumvir. This Paulus
was once a determined enemy of Caesar, but was won over to his side by a
large bribe.

21-3. I cannot explain or understand this clause; something seems to be
omitted, to which it refers.

23. Julius Caesar was accounted as following Cato in justice. The statement
is obscure.

25. Perdiccas, according to the romances, succeeded Alexander the Great;
see note to Bk. ii. c. 2. 116. I do not find the anecdote referring to
Porus. It is not improbable that the author was thinking of Philip the
physician, who revealed to Alexander 'a privy hate' entertained against
that monarch by Parmenion; see the Wars of Alexander, ed. Skeat, 2559-83.

49. _right as mater_. Cf. 'sicut ad formam de forma procedere materiam
notum est'; an often quoted passage in Guido delle Colonne's Historia
Troiae; see note to Legend of Good Women, 1582 (vol. iii. p. 329).

65. _and right_, if right-doing were not in the original working.

82. _muste do good nedes_, must necessarily do good.

87. _ende_, object. The reference seems to be to Aristotle, Nicomachean
Ethics, bk. i. c. 1, c. 2, or c. 5.

90. _goodly_, with a good motive. In l. 99, it simply means 'a good
motive.'

112. _praysing ne lacking_, praise nor blame.

115. The Latin would be _nemo inuite beatus_; but I do not know where to
find it.

128. _free arbitrement_, Lat. liberum arbitrium; introduced in order to
lead up to a discussion of free will, necessity, and providence; as in
Boeth. bk. v.

140. _closing_, including, implying.

154-60. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 3. 1-18.

CHAP. III. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 3 and pr. 4.

26. Cf. the same, pr. iii. 29, and the context.

58. _for I love_, i.e. because (or since) I love.

74. _commende_, coming; probably the original MS. had _command_, the
Northern form. We have a similar form _lykende_, in l. 133 below. In ll.
82, 83, the usual form _comming_ appears.

82-3. In many places, _comming_ is used nearly with the sense of 'future';
cf. ll. 177-8.

126. Here again we have the usual ridiculous contradictions; the sense
is--'being wet, I burn; without wasting, I fade.' Cf. Rom. Rose, Eng.
version, 4703-50.

128. Thynne has (here and in ch. 6. 147, p. 132) _vnbyde_, an obvious error
for _onbyde_, i.e. abide, remain; see ch. 7. 161, 163.

131. 'God grant (that) that thing may soon draw nigh to thee.' _Neigh_ is
here a verb, as in Bk. ii. ch. 12. 14.

164. _that_, that which; _with nothing_, yet not so as to be constrained by
anything else.

171. _rysinge of the sonne_, rising of the sun; this example is borrowed
from Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 6. 103, 165.

CHAP. IV. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 6. 157-89.

29. _and nedeful is_, 'and it is necessary that, in order to desire (a
thing), he may also _not_ desire (it)'; otherwise, he does not make any
choice.

30-1. The words 'But thilke ... the same to wilne' are _repeated_ in
Thynne's edition, to the destruction of the sense.

59. _as now_, present; cf. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 6. 28-32.

96-9. A clear case of reasoning in a circle.

112. 'Constituisti terminos eius, qui praeteriri non poterunt'; Job, xiv.
5.

121-6. See Rom. viii. 29, 30. _conformes_; the Vulgate has: 'Nam quos
praesciuit, et praedestinauit _conformes_ fieri imaginis Filii sui.'

129. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 6. 35, 71-8.

140. Cf. the same, 12-9, 28-33, &c.

152. Referring to ll. 121-6 above.

165. _close and one_, are closed and united; here _close_ and _one_ seem to
be verbs.

169. _by_, with reference to.

198-9. _no art_, in no way (?); but surely an error for _nat_, as _wrytest
nat_ is repeated in l. 200.

206. _defendeth_, 'forbids something to be movable,' &c.

220. Too obscure to deserve the encomium for perspicuity which follows in
ll. 222-5.

232. _for right_, &c.; 'for nothing at all exists there (i.e. in eternity)
after the manner of that which is temporal.'

243. _ben to ben_, are to come because of God's knowledge.

249. _philosophical poete_; Chaucer, because he translated The Consolation
of Philosophy, and introduced passages from it into his poem of Troilus,
notably in Book iv. 963-6, 974-1078. In l. 254, Troilus is expressly
mentioned. Most likely, the allusion is to Bk. iv. 974-1078; although this
deals rather with predestination than with the origin of evil.

257. _storiers_, gen. pl. of _storier_, a teller of a story; cf. O.F.
_historieur_, an historian (Godefroy). Thynne prints _starieres_; which
gives no sense.

262. _two the laste_, the last two; chapters 13 and 14; but chapter 14 has
little to do with the subject.

CHAP. V. 4. 'Or as an ook comth of a litel spyr'; Troil. ii. 1335.

33-7. The word _welked_ occurs twice in Chaucer, C. T., C 738, D 277; and
_wiver_ once, Troil. iii. 1010.

57. _with yvel ... acomered_, desires not to be encumbered with evil.

63. 'Why, as soon as one has sprung up on high, does not the other spring
up also?' Here 'one' and 'the other' seem to refer to 'will' and 'bliss';
cf. ll. 16, 17, 70, 71.

73-6. Cf. HF. 737-46; Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 11. 98-101.

CHAP. VI. 4-7. Imitated from Ch. Boeth. bk. i. met. 6. 5-11.

10. _seconde boke_; cf. Book ii. ch. 11. 51-69, 102.

12. _setling_; misprinted _setteles_; but see _setling_ in ch. 5. l. 23.

17. He here contemplates the possibility of yielding to persecution and
threats.

50-1. The _five wits_ are the five senses; P. Plowman, C. ii. 15, and the
note.

60. _aptes_, natural tendencies; used here only; see New E. Dict.

64. _terme of equivocas_, terms of like signification; _terme_ being an
error for _termes_. Answering to Lat. _uerba aequiuoca_, words of like
signification; Isidore, Orig. ii. 26 (Lewis and Short). _Equivocas_ is
formed by adding the Eng. pl. _-s_ to the Lat. neuter plural (New E.
Dict.).

Cf. the passage in P. Plowman, where _Liberum-arbitrium_ recites his names;
C. xvii. 201. The first name, 'instrument of willing,' corresponds to
_animus_: '_dum uult, animus est_'; but the rest vary.

68. _reson_. Compare the same passage: '_dum iudicat, racio est_.'

73. Compare the same: '_dum recolit, memoria est_.'

77. _affeccion_: a disposition to wish for sleep.

90. _that lambes_, who scorn and despise lambs.

104. Thynne has _vs_, which is a not uncommon spelling of 'use.' I merely
print 'us[e]' because _us_ looks so unintelligible. In l. 103, the word is
_usage_; in l. 110, we have _use_.

140. _thinges_; viz. riches, honour, and power; discussed in Book ii.
chapters 5-7.

147. _onbyde_, misprinted _unbyde_; see note above, to ch. 3. 128.

CHAP. VII. 11. The idea of this Tree is copied from P. Plowman, C. xix.
4-14. Thus in l. 11, the ground in which the tree grows is said to be 'ful
in thyne herte'; and in P. Plowman, the tree grows in _cor-hominis_, the
heart of man. In P. Plowman, the tree is called True-love, the blossoms are
Benign-Speech (cf. l. 16), and the fruits are deeds of Charity. See note to
l. 69 below.

38. Cf. 'As, wry the gleed, and hotter is the fyr'; Legend of Good Women,
735.

50. _pype_; see Troil. v. 1433; C. T., A 1838 (and note).

53. _no wode lay use_, sing no mad song.

59. _Aristotel_. The reference appears to be to Aristotle, De
Interpretatione ([Greek: peri hermeneias]), ch. 1. _Voice_ seems to mean 'a
word unrelated to a sentence,' i.e. not related to something else as
forming part of a sentence.

69. So in P. Plowman, C. xix. 29, the tree is attacked by three wicked
winds; especially 'in flouryng-tyme,' l. 35.

97. _A marchaunt_; so in Chaucer, C. T., G 945-50.

99. _So ofte_; from Ch. Troil. ii. 1380-3; note the epithet _happy_, the
use of the sb. _sweigh_ or _swaye_, and the phrase _come al at ones_, in
both passages.

101. Cf. 'Gutta cauat lapidem'; Ovid, Ex Ponto, iv. 10. 5.

_lethy_, weak; see Prompt. Parv., and Gloss. to P. Plowman.

117-121. Compare Bk. iii. ch. 2. 122-9.

123. 'Quod debuimus facere, fecimus'; Luke, xvii. 10.

145. _al is_, it is all to be accounted to her wholly. _To wyte_ usually
has a bad sense; as implying blame.

160. _this lady_; i.e. Heavenly Love suddenly took up its place in his
heart. This is rather inartistic; no wonder that the author was much
astonished at such a proceeding (ch. 8. 2 below). This of course puts an
end to the dialogue, but in Thynne's misarranged print the lady speaks to
him again, as if it were _out of his heart_!

CHAP. VIII. 7. _lynes_, written lines of writing, which he imagines to be
imprinted on his understanding; see ll. 8, 13, 14 below.

10. _me might_, one might; _me_ for _men_ = _man_, as often.

21. _but for_, except because; so in l. 22. _wol_, desires.

42. _owe I not alowe_, I ought not to applaud.

46. _it make_, cause it (to be so); as in Troil. ii. 959.

91. 'Quia Christi bonus odor sumus Deo, in iis qui salui fiunt; ... aliis
quidem odor mortis in mortem'; 2 Cor. ii. 15-6.

120. _ne had_, had; disregarding _ne_, which is inserted after the word
_denyed_.

123. _without ... nede_, without any kind of necessity.

125. _him nedeth_, something is lacking to him.

146. _forward_, thenceforward, afterwards.

155-6. _in his owne comodite_, in what is suitable for him; _comodites_,
desires that are suitable. The examples of the word in this passage are
older than any given, s.v. _Commodity_, in the New E. Dict. Cf. ll. 159,
165.

CHAP. IX. 7. _destenee_, destiny; cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iv. pr. 6. 39, 44.

12. _non inconvenient_, convenient; i.e. befitting.

21. _chapitre_, chapter; viz. ch. 3 of Book iii.

46. Here Thynne's text returns to the right order.

52. The author now concludes his work with a prayer and a short
recommendation of his book to the reader. Ll. 58-61 speak of its
imperfections; ll. 61-6 tell us that the effort of writing it has done him
good. In ll. 67-75 he anticipates future freedom from anxiety, and
continuance 'in good plight.' He was then evidently unaware that his death
was near at hand.

86. 'My dull wit is hindred by the stepmother named Forgetfulness.' A
curious expression.

92. _horisons_, put for _orisons_, prayers.

98. _sightful_, visible; an obvious allusion to the eucharist (l. 100).
Similarly, a gem denotes a pearl, or 'margaret'; and Margaret (a woman's
name) denotes grace, learning, or wisdom of God, or else holy church.

104. From John, vi. 63.

107. From 2 Cor. iii. 6.

109, 110. Printed as prose in Thynne; but two riming verses seem to be
intended. If so, _al-le_ is dissyllabic.

Sec. II. THE PLOWMAN'S TALE.

Numerous references are given to Pierce the Ploughman's Crede, ed. Skeat
(E.E.T.S.); a poem by the same author. See the Introduction.

9. _tabard_; a ploughman's loose frock; as in Ch. C. T., A 541.

11. _saynt Thomas_; i.e. his shrine at Canterbury.

30. _therwith to fynd_, to provide for thereby.

40. _queynt_, quenched; because, in the solemn form of excommunication used
in the Romish church, a bell was tolled, the book of offices for the
purpose was used, and three candles were extinguished. See Nares, s.v.
_Bell, Book, and Candle_. Cf. ll. 165, 1241.

44. Four lines are here lost, the stanza being incomplete. We might supply
them thus:--

  They have the loof and we the crust,
  They eten more than kinde hath craved;
  They been ungentle and unjust,
  With sinners shullen such be graved.

53. _stryf_, strife. The struggle was between the secular and regular
clergy on the one hand, and the Lollards on the other; see ll. 61-76. Each
side accused the other of falseness, and the author hopes that the falser
of them may suffer shame. He evidently sides with the Lollards; but, not
caring to decide so weighty a question for himself, he contrives that the
dispute shall be carried on by two birds, the Griffin and the Pelican.

55. _sedes_, seeds. The Lollards were accused of sowing tares (_lolia_).
The author hints that seeds were sown by _both_ of the contending parties.

57. _some_; referring rather to the sowers than to the seeds. In any case,
it refers to the two parties.

58. _souple_; the text has _souble_, which is an obvious error. The O.F.
_souple_ means 'humble,' which is the sense here intended.

71. _a-cale_, chilled, frozen; cf. note to P. Plowman, C. xxi. 439; and see
the New E. Dict.

72. _ever in oon_, always in the same condition, without increasing in
wealth.

73. _I-cleped_, called; the old text has _Iclepeth_, but some editions make
this obvious correction. _lollers_, idle fellows; see the note to P.
Plowman, C. x. 213.

74. 'Whoever looks on them (sees that) they are the reverse of tall.' Cf.
'a _tall_ fellow,' and 'a _tall_ man of his hands' in Shakespeare.

81. _wro_, nook; see _wr[=a]_ in Stratmann.

86. _Griffon_, griffin; a fabulous monster with the head and wings of an
eagle, and the hinder parts of a lion; with probable reference to the
Vulture. 'In that contre ben many _griffounes_ ... thei han the body upward
as an egle, and benethe as a lyoun.... But o griffoun is more strong thanne
.viij. lyouns'; Mandeville's Travels; ch. xxvi. See l. 1317 below.

87. 'A Pelican laid his lure to (attracted to him) these lollers.' The
Pelican was supposed to feed its young with blood which it drew from its
own breast by wounding it, and was early considered as the type of
Christian love or Charity, or of Christ himself; see l. 1293. See the
illustration at p. 172 of Legends of the Holy Rood, ed. Morris. Hence it is
here supposed to plead on behalf of meekness, in the long passages
contained in ll. 95-716, 719-988, 991-1072, 1110-32, 1177-232, 1245-68. The
Pelican is responsible for the greater part of the poem, as the author
distinctly says in l. 1373. Anything that is amiss, we are told, must be
put down to the Pelican; the author is irresponsible, as it is only a
fable.

106. _pelure_, costly fur; also spelt _pellour_; but _pylloure_ (as in the
old text) is a bad spelling. See Gloss. to P. Plowman.

111. _batail_, battle. It was notorious that William Spenser, bishop of
Norwich, used to lead military expeditions. Thus he led one such expedition
into Flanders, in 1382. Cf. l. 128.

129. 'God is not the master of them that consider no man equal to them.'

130. _peragall_, equal; spelt 'p_er_agal' or 'p_ar_agal' in Rich. the
Redeless, i. 71. The old text has _permagall_, where the _m_ is clearly for
_in_; the spelling _peringall_ being intended. Godefroy has O.F. _parivel_,
also _parigal_, _paregal_, _perigal_, _paringal_ [with intrusive _n_],
'adj. et s., tout a fait egal, tout a fait semblable.' From Lat.
_peraequalis_.

135. 'Painted and adorned with colours.' Cf. 'peynt and portred'; P. Pl.
Crede, 192; 'portreid and paynt,' 121.

139. _boystous_, rough. The O.F. _boistous_ meant 'lame' (F. _boiteux_);
but Godefroy shews, in his Supplement, that it was also applied to a very
rough road (as being likely to lame one); hence, generally, rough, and
finally, rude, noisy, as in the E. _boisterous_; a word of which the
etymology has not yet been fully accounted for, but may be thus explained.

159. _perrey_, precious stones, jewellery; see _Perree_ in the Glossary
(vol. vi). The old text has _pyrrey_.

162. _gown_, an obvious correction; old text, _gold_, repeated from l. 161.
For 'grene gownes,' see l. 925 below.

178. This line seems to be corrupt.

186. _crallit_, curled, twisted; cf. _crulle_ in Chaucer; see New E. Dict.

187. _gold-mastling_ is a compound word, and should have been printed with
a hyphen. It means the same as _latoun_, unless _latoun_ was an imitation
of an older and richer alloy. Thus, in Wright's A.S. Vocabularies, we find:
'_Auricalcum_, goldmaeslinc,' col. 334, 10; '_Auricalcum_, goldmestling,'
col. 550, 34; '_Auricalcum_, _Anglice_ latoun,' col. 567, 5. As to
_latoun_, see note in vol. v. p. 270. Cf. A.S. _maestling_, G. _Messing_;
words of uncertain origin.

193-4. Cf. 1 John, iv. 3. _admirall_, prince, chief.

198. _demed_; an easy correction; old text, _done_, which will not scan.

201. _All-holyest_, i.e. _Sanctissimus_ (l. 230); a title given to the head
of a religious order.

208. 'The very thing which Christ forbad to the apostles.'

212. 'They regard him (the pope) as wholly omnipotent.'

213-6. _He_, the Pope. _another_, (apparently) a head of a religious order,
an abbot or prior. _mystere_, ministry, office.

220. 'He reserves nothing at all'; _opin_, open, a thing that is free;
_joint_, a thing that is connected.

226. _An angell_; see Rev. xxii. 9.

235. Read _Christ his_; 'Christ keep his people from them'; the printer
evidently regarded _Christ his_ as a form of the genitive case. The proper
sense of _wisse_ is guide, or direct.

242. _which of hem_, which of the two popes. The rival popes were Boniface
IX, elected Nov. 2, 1389, and Benedict XIII, elected Sept. 28, 1394.
Clement VIII, predecessor of the latter, died Sept. 16, 1394.

245. 'Omnes enim, qui acceperint gladium, gladio peribunt'; Matt. xxvi. 52.

255. Swearing was a dismembering of Christ; see note to C. T., C 474 (vol.
v. p. 275).

264. 'But curse all that oppose them.'

275. 'But he, who so acquires it, shall part from it.'

281. _rent_, income, profit; the method of doing this is explained in The
Freres Tale, D 1371-4.

282. 'They anoint the sheep's sore'; as a shepherd does with tar; see
_Tar-box_ in Halliwell; and cf. l. 707.

298. _Maximien_; Galerius Valerius Maximianus, usually called Galerius;
emperor of Rome, 305-11; a cruel persecutor of the Christians.

297. 'They follow Christ (who went upward) to heaven, just as a bucket
(that goes downward) into a well.' Said ironically; their ascent towards
heaven is in a downward direction; cf. l. 402. _wall_ for 'well' is rare,
but not unexampled; cf. _walle-stream_, well-stream, in Layamon, vol. i. p.
121, and see _walle_ in Stratmann.

305. 'The truth has (often) slain such men.'

306. 'They comb their "crockets" with a crystal comb.' A _crocket_ was a
curl or roll of hair, as formerly worn; see the New E. Dict. There is a
lost romance entitled 'King Adelstane with gilden kroket'; see footnote to
Havelok, ed. Skeat, p. vi. Sir F. Madden remarks that 'the term _crocket_
points out the period [i.e. the earliest possible date] of the poem's
composition, since the fashion of wearing those large rolls of hair so
called, only arose at the latter end of the reign of Henry III.'

321. Cf. 'turpis lucri'; Tit. i. 7, 11; 1 Pet. v. 2.

322. _meynall_, perhaps better spelt _meyneall_. It is the adj. formed from
M.E. _meynee_, a household, and is the same word as mod. E. _menial_.
Wyclif uses _meyneal_ to translate Lat. _domesticam_ in Rom. xvi. 5. The
sense here is--the exaction of tithes is, with these masters, a household
business, a part of their usual domestic arrangements.

325. Lit. 'They betake to farm to their sumners,' i.e. they farm out to
their sumners the power of harming people as much as they can; they let
their sumners make exactions. The method of doing this is fully exposed in
Chaucer's Freres Tale. Cf. ll. 328, 725.

333. 'Such rascals are sure to slander men, in order to induce them to win
their favour'; i.e. by compounding.

338. _call_, caul or head-dress, richly ornamented, and therefore
expensive; see note to C. T., D 1018 (vol. v. p. 318).

375. 'Or, to commit such a tool (instrument) to such cursed men.'

402. 'As good a bishop as is my horse Ball.' Said ironically; 'no better a
bishop than,' &c. Ball was, and still is, a very common name for a horse.

406. _nothing_, not at all, not a whit.

410. Old text, _one fors_, with _s_ attached to the wrong word.

417-8. _goodes_, property. _somme totall_, sum total of wealth.

421, 431. _for Christes love_, for love of Christ. The words _forsake_ in
l. 421, and _wake_ in l. 431, are used ironically.

434. _Lamuall_, Lemuel; who was a king; Prov. xxxi. 1.

443. _the stoon_, the rock; Matt. xvi. 18; cf. 1 Cor. x. 4.

445. _croysery_, crusade, as in Rob. of Glouc. 9938. No serious crusade was
intended at this time; however, the author affirms that the rival popes
discouraged the idea; for each wanted men to fight for him.

464. _hye seet_, sat aloft; the form _seet_ occurs in Ch. C. T., A 2075.

471. _fettes_, fetch; observe the use of this Northern plural.

473. 'Their servants are unfaithful [or unserviceable] to them unless they
can double their rental.'

477. The author can find no more rimes to rime with _fall_, so he proceeds
to 'shew' or propose another word, viz. _amend_.

487. 'They tell men nothing, nor (explain) how; yet, in God's word, they
tell of (or count) many a slip, or omission,' i.e. find errors in the
Scriptures. See _Balk_ in the New E. Dict.

490. _offrend_; O.F. _offrende_; cf. '_Offrande_, an offering'; Cotgrave.

520. Read _punishements_, as in the old edition; it is a word of four
syllables; from O.F. _punissement_ (Godefroy), which often appears in verse
as a word of four syllables.

531. 'They hate guests of the poor,' i.e. hate to entertain them; cf. l.
747.

542. _careckes_, characters, signs, marks; see the New E. Dict.

567. 'One, to curse to hell; the other, to slay men here (on earth)'; cf.
Luke, xxii. 38.

575. 'A sword is no implement to guard sheep with, except for shepherds
that would devour the sheep.' In later English, at any rate, a
_sheep-biter_ meant a thief (Halliwell). Cf. l. 583.

594. _untrend_, unrolled; not rolled up, but freshly pulled off.

605. _Sathan_, Satan; Heb. _s[=a]t[=a]n_, adversary, opponent.

610. Read _reprende_; cf. _comprende_ in Chaucer.

625. _ensyse_, variant of _assyse_, fashion, sort; 'they are, surely, of
the same sort.' See _Assize_, sect. 8, in the New E. Dict. Bailey gives:
'_Ensise_, quality, stamp; _Old word_'; with reference, doubtless, to this
very line. Cf. _assyse_, fashion, manner, in l. 843 below.

626. _frend_, evidently put for _fremde_, strange, foreign, averse; which
was difficult to pronounce.

633. Read _maundements_, i.e. commandments (trisyllabic). The form
_commaundementes_ is too long for the line. See _mandement_ in Stratmann
and in Chaucer.

642. _to prison_. Evidently written before 1401, when Lollards were
frequently sent to the stake for heresy. Cf. l. 650; and see note to l.
827.

645. 'The king's law will judge no man angrily, without allowing the
accused to answer.'

661. _testament_, a will; the friars had much to do with the making of
wills.

681. 'For they (the people) are faster in their bonds, worse beaten, and
more bitterly burnt than is known to the king.' For the word _brent_, see
note to l. 827.

693. _The emperour_; Constantine, according to a legend which the Lollards
loved to repeat; see the full note to P. Plowman, C. xviii. 220.

695. _sely kyme_, innocent (or silly) wretch. _Kyme_ answers to an A.S.
_*c[=y]ma_ = _*k[=u]m-ja_, lit. 'one who laments,' from the verb found in
O.H.G. _k[=u]mjan_, to lament, _ch[=u]-mo_, a lament; cf. Gk. [Greek:
goos], wailing; Skt. _gu_, to sound. See O.H.G. _c[=u]m_, _c[=u]mjan_ in
Schade; and the Idg. root _gu_, in Fick.

723. 'A title of dignity, to be as a play-mate to them'; a curious
expression. Godefroy gives O.F. '_personage_, s.m., dignite, benefice
ecclesiastique; en particulier personnat, dignite ecclesiastique qui
donnait quelque preeminence au _chanoine_ qui en etait revetu dans le
chapitre auquel il appartenait.' Cotgrave has: '_Personat_, a place, or
title of honour, enjoyed by a beneficed person, without any manner of
jurisdiction, in the church.'

724. Possibly copied from P. Plowman, B. prol. 92:--'Somme serven the king,
and his silver tellen.' These ecclesiastics often busied themselves in the
law-courts, to their great profit. Cf. l. 790.

725. 'And let out to farm all that business.'

743. _builde_; so in P. Pl. Crede, 118: 'For we buldeth a burwgh, a brod
and a large.' Cf. Wyclif's Works, ed. Arnold, iii. 380.

748. 'Nor (will they) send anything to Him who hath given them everything.'

759. _gigges_, concubines; see Stratmann. Roquefort has: '_Gigues_, fille
gaie, vive.' Cf. _giglot_ in Shakespeare. (Initial _g_ is here sounded as
_j_.)

760. 'And provide them with fine clothes.'

773. Here all the 'seven sins' are mentioned except gluttony.

780. 'The wisdom of such willers is not worth a needle.'

791. _jay_; so also in Chaucer, C. T., A 642.

801. _maynteyners_, abettors of wrongdoers; see note to P. Plowman, B. iii.
90.

827. _brent_, burnt; still more strongly put in l. 1234. That heretics were
sometimes burnt before 1401, is certain from Wyclif's Sermons, ed. Arnold,
vol. i. pp. x, 205, as compared with p. 354. There is a case given in
Bracton of a man who was burnt as early as in the reign of Henry III. See
the whole subject discussed in my edition of P. Plowman (E. E. T. S.), in
the Pref. to B-text, p. v, Pref. to C-text, pp. xi-xiv, and the note to B.
xv. 81, where Langland has 'ledeth me to brennynge.' Observe that the king
is here spoken of as not presuming to burn heretics.

855. The seven sacraments of the Romish church; cf. l. 875.

856. Compare--'And also y sey coveitise _catel to fongen_'; P. Pl. Crede,
146.

857. 'They want to meddle in everything, and to perform matters amiss is
their amusement.'

868. _sturte_, variant of _sterte_, start up; _stryve_, struggle.

870. _at the nale_ = _at then ale_, at the ale-house; cf. note to P.
Plowman, C. i. 43.

871. Cf. 'At marketts and miracles we medleth us nevere'; P. Pl. Crede,
107.

872. 'They dance and hoot with the cry of "heave and hale."' _Heave_ is
here to use exertion; cf. Troil. ii. 1289; and _hale_ is to haul or pull.
_Heave and hale_, or _heave and hoe_, was a cry used for men to pull all
together; hence _with heve and hale_ just corresponds to the modern 'with
might and main.' Cotgrave has (s.v. _Cor_) the phrase: '_A cor et a cry_,
by proclamation; also, by might and maine, with heave and hoe, eagerly,
vehemently, seriously.'

878. _they_, i.e. the husbands; _sory_, aggrieved.

880. _For_, for fear of being summoned.

893. _stocke_, i.e. some image of a saint. An image of a favourite saint
was honoured with many candles burning before it; whilst other saints were
left in the dark, because they could work no miracles. The most favourite
image was that of Mary; see l. 902, and cf. P. Pl. Crede, 79.

915. 'And alle povere in gost god himself blisseth'; P. Pl. Crede, 521.

918. _Baudriks_, belts; _baselardes_, short swords, sometimes curved. See
note to P. Plowman, C. iv. 461.

927. _counten ... of gownes_, they think much (_counten_) of scarlet and
green gowns, that must be made in the latest fashion, in order to embrace
and kiss the damsels. An awkward sentence.

929. _sewe_, sue, suit, lit. follow; unless it be for _schewe_, i.e. shew.

930. _pykes_, peaks. Long-peaked shoes were much in fashion; cf. note to P.
Plowman, C. xxiii. 219.

941. 'Such men will ask them (i.e. those that confess to them) for money
for shriving them.' _is_ = _es_, them; a curious form of the plural pronoun
of the third person; see _es_ in Stratmann.

942. 'And they desire men to creep to the cross.' 'Creeping to the cross'
was an old ceremony of penance, most practised on Good Friday; see note to
P. Plowman, C. xxi. 475.

943. _askes_, ashes; alluding to the sacrament of penance. For all other
sacraments (as baptism, confirmation, holy orders, the eucharist,
matrimony, and extreme unction) men had to pay.

955. _sans ... dyre_, without (saying) 'if I may say so.' That is, _ose je
dyre_, (dare I say it) is an apologetic phrase for introducing an
unpalatable remark.

957. 'Either they give the bishops (some reason) why.'

961. _agryse_, dread, here used in an imperative sense; 'let such men dread
God's anger.' Cf. ll. 964, 1216.

979. _for he_, because he would fain earn something.

993. _Benet_, Benedict; cf. Ch. C. T., A 173, and note.

1002. Cf. 'Of double worstede y-dight'; P. Pl. Crede, 228.

1035. Compare--'And his syre a soutere' (cobbler); P. Pl. Crede, 752.

1042-4. _honged_, hung upon, followed after. Cf. 'opon the plow hongen,' P.
Pl. Crede, 421. And compare also the same, 784-8.

1050. The line is imperfect. I have supplied _but_, but the right word is
_not_. For _cherelich_ means 'expensive' or 'prodigal,' from O.F. _cher_,
dear. This we know from the occurrence of the same rare form as an adverb
in P. Pl. Crede, 582; where the sense is--'but to maintain his chamber as
expensively (_chereliche_) as a chieftain.' See _cherely_ in the New E.
Dict. The parallel phrase _not lordlych_ occurs in l. 1052.

1066. _Crede_, i.e. Pierce the Ploughman's Crede, written shortly before by
the same author, and describing at length the four orders of friars.

1089. _sad_, sated, tired. The more usual old sense was 'staid.'

1097. 'If they were poor, filthy, and dirty.'

1102. _honest_, honourable, worthy of respect; cf. l. 1105.

1115. _Maysters_, masters; Matt. xxiii. 10. Cf. P. Pl. Crede, 574-6, 838;
and C. T., D 2185, and the note (vol. v. p. 340).

1135. Read _leve_, not _lyve_; _with hir leve_, with what is permitted to
them. For _leve_ (leave), see l. 1238.

1153. _For ye woll_, because you wish to.

1166. _distaunce_, disagreement, strife; see Maetzner.

1174. 'Why do ye meddle, who have nothing to do with it?'

1189. _lette_, to prevent men from living in that way.

1193. _soule-hele_, salvation for the soul.

1200. Pronounce _this is_ as _this_.

1212. _Wedding_, matrimony; considered as a sacrament.

1222. 'subject or accident'; cf. note to C. T., C 539.

1231. The line should end with a semicolon.

1244. 'Unless ye will act otherwise.'

1271. _cockes_, euphemistic for _goddes_.

1272. _doule_, small feather, down-feather. I derive it from O.F. _doulle_,
variant of _douille_, soft, something soft, from Lat. _ductilis_. Hence it
meant something downy, and, in particular, the 'down-feather' of a bird.
This is clearly the sense in Shakespeare also, where Ariel uses the
expression--'one _dowle_ that's in my plume'; Temp. iii. 3. 65; i.e. one
down-feather (small feather) that is in my plumage. Dr. Schmidt is in doubt
whether _plume_ here means 'plumage,' but the stage-direction expressly
says that 'Ariel enters like a harpy, and claps his _wings_ upon the
table.' It is very interesting to see how well this passage illustrates
Shakespeare. See Mr. Wright's note for other passages where _dowl_ means
'soft down.' Of course, the words _dowl_ and _down_ are in no way
connected. See my note in Phil. Soc. Trans. 1888-90, p. 3.

1280. _God wolde_, i.e. oh! that it might be God's will. Cf. _would God_,
Numb. xi. 29; Deut. xxviii. 67; 2 Kings, v. 3; Rich. II, iv. 1. 117.

1293. Christ was likened to the pelican; see note to l. 87.

1305. _The foul_, the former or _bird_-like part of the griffin; see note
to l. 86, and cf. l. 1317.

1315. 'Because bribery may break God's prohibition.'

1317. Referring to the form of the griffin; see notes to ll. 86, 1305.

1336. _Y-gurd_, lit. girt; hence, prepared, ready.

1339. _ly_, lie, i.e. deceive; because the lapwing tries to delude those
who search for its nest.

1340. _for-gerd_, destroyed, utterly done away with; from M.E. _for-garen_.

1343. _the Phenix_. The Phoenix is here supposed, as being an unique bird,
to be the king or master of all birds, and to execute vengeance on
evil-doers.

1359. The sense of _of_ is here uncertain. Perhaps _of flight_ means 'as
regards my flight,' and so 'to protect my flight.'

1361. This line is somewhat 'set back,' as in the original. But there seems
to be no reason for it.

1362. The original has: 'And the lambe that slayn was'; imperfect.

1367. Here the author speaks for himself, and excuses the Pelican's
language.

Sec. III. JACK UPLAND.

To this piece, which is an attack upon the friars, a reply was made by one
of them (probably a Dominican, see notes to ll. 100, 130), which is printed
at length in Wright's Political Poems and Songs (Record Series), vol. ii.
pp. 39-114; together with a rejoinder by Jack Upland, printed on the same
pages. The friar's reply is often cited in the Notes below, where the
number refers to the page of the above-named volume. See further in the
Introduction.

1. _Jack Uplande_, Jack the Countryman, a nickname for one who is supposed
to have had but little education; cf. the _Plowman's_ Tale.

6. _fellest folk_, the wickedest people; referring to the friars.

7. The friar's reply copies several of these expressions: thus we
find--'_On wounder wise_, seith Jak, freres, ye ben growun'; p. 42.

8. '_sowen_ in youre sectes of _Anticristis_ hondes'; p. 42.

9. _not obedient_; 'unboxom _to bishopis_, not _lege men to kynges_'; p.
42. The friar asserts that they _do_ obey the bishops; but carefully
adds--'although not so fer forth as seculer preestes'; p. 44.

11. '_wede, corn, ne gras_, wil ye not hewen'; p. 42; repeated on p. 44.
The friar retorts that they are not expected to cleanse ditches, like a
Jack Upland; p. 44. We thus learn that _woode_ in l. 11 is almost certainly
an error for _weede_.

15. _where to been_, where they will (hereafter) go to.

21. See 1 Cor. xiii. 1-3.

27. _skilfully_, reasonably; _skill_ often has the sense of reason.

28. The friar evades the question as to the number of orders, and replies
that he is of Christ's order; pp. 59-61.

35. Reply: St. James makes mention of two kinds of life, the active and the
contemplative; we belong to the latter; pp. 63-6.

37. _apostata_, apostate; a term applied to a friar who left his order (see
l. 42) _after_ his year of probation had been completed, or else (see l.
42) after a probation of three months. See ll. 273-5, and 310-2 below; and
the note to P. Plowman, C. ii. 98 (B. i. 104). The question here put was
not answered.

40-1. Reply: it is shocking to speak of men leaving their wives like this;
we are not wedded to our habit any more than a priest is to his tonsure; p.
67.

44. Reply: no. We are only punished for leaving off our habits because it
implies forsaking of our rule. Our habits are not sendal, nor satin nor
golden; pp. 67-8.

50. Reply: what, Jack, does your tippet mean? My wide cope signifies
charity. My hood, patience in adversity. The scapulary denotes obedience to
our superiors. As for the knotted girdle, ask the Franciscans; pp. 68-71.

52. Reply: Why do most of the Lollards wear gray clothes? p. 71.

58. No reply to this question.

60. Reply: see Eccles. iii. 7; Prov. xxv. 28; p. 71.

62. Reply: a question rather for monks than friars. Why do you not put your
dining-table in your cow-house? p. 72.

65. Reply: perhaps some of us go to Rome for dispensations, but most of us
have need to stay at home, to keep watch over Lollards; p. 73.

70. Reply: you have forgotten the text, 2 Cor. vi. 9; p. 74.

74. Reply: Christ, at His transfiguration, had only three witnesses from
among His apostles. And He chose only twelve apostles, out of His many
followers; and see Prov. xii. 15; p. 75.

77. Reply: a man is better than a beast; yet even for your beasts you make
cattle-sheds and stables. Our houses are often poor ones. Did you ever see
any that resembled the Tower, or Windsor Castle, or Woodstock? Your lies
are shameless; pp. 77-8. I note here Jack Upland's rejoinder; he says that
he does not object to the friars having houses, but he objects to the
needless grandeur of them; for it does not follow that a man who drinks a
quart of wine must therefore proceed to drink a gallon; p. 76.

83. Reply: you say that we let the whole realm to farm. Why, it is not ours
at all! It belongs to the king. We have no more estate in the country than
you have in heaven; pp. 78-9. The incompleteness of this reply is amazing.

86. The original reading must have been different here. The friar puts the
question thus: Why do you pay no tribute to the king, whereas Christ paid
tribute to the emperor? Reply: Christ did not pay it as a debt, but only to
perform the law in meekness. The Jewish priests did not pay taxes like the
commons. Priests may pay if they are willing, but not friars; pp. 79, 80.

90. Reply: we are glad to have the prayers of the poor, if their letters of
fraternity are genuine; but we do not desire _your_ paternosters; p. 80.

92. Reply: we do not make men more perfect than their baptism makes them;
p. 81.

95. Reply: the golden trental, 'that now is purchasid of preestis out of
freris hondis,' delivers no soul, except as it is deserved; p. 81. See note
to Ch. C. T., D 1717 (vol. v. p. 331).

100. Reply: you are quite mistaken. Perhaps some Carmelite told you this,
or some Franciscan. The Austin friars and the Dominicans do not say so; p.
82.

105. Reply: if you accuse us of stealing children, Christ practically did
the same, by enticing disciples to follow him. See Matt. xix. 21; Luke,
xiv. 33; John, xv. 19. To win souls is no robbery; pp. 83-4.

109. _undernime_, reprove. Reply: according to you, not even the king
should maintain any discipline. The pope has a prison; and so has the
bishop of Canterbury, and the bishop of London. But you do not like
prisons, for you often experience them; pp. 85-6.

114. Reply: burial is _not_ a sacrament, as you say. You contradict
yourself; p. 86.

116. Reply: if, as you say, we never shrive the poor, why are
parish-priests so angry with us for doing so? p. 87. Cf. note to P.
Plowman, C. xiii. 21. Questions 26, 27, and 28 are passed over.

127. Reply: we do right to live of the gospel; see 1 Cor. ix. 14; Luke, x.
7; Rom. xv. 26.

130. Reply: God knows how much good the preaching of the friars has
wrought; p. 89. The Dominicans especially were proud of their preaching.

133. The friar here remarks that the Wycliffites are heretics, and ought to
be burnt; p. 90. The same remark is all the answer made to question 32.

141. Reply: the friars do not _sell_ the mass; they only freely give it to
those who freely give to them. Even if we did sell it, surely the
parish-priests receive money for the same; this is not simony; pp. 93-5.
See note to Ch. C. T., D 1749; vol. v. p. 333.

149. Reply: we write down the names only to help our _own_ memories; for
special prayers are very profitable for souls; pp. 99, 100. See note to Ch.
C. T., D 1741; vol. v. p. 332.

153. _berest god in honde_, accusest Christ. Reply: Christ was lord of all
spiritually; but, as a man, he was needy. David says of Him, 'I am poor and
needy, yet the Lord thinketh upon me'; Ps. xl. 17. I refer you to Matt.
viii. 20; pp. 95-8.

156. No special answer is given to questions 36-9.

187. Reply: you expect your servant to call you 'master.' It is not the
being called 'master,' but ambition, that Christ forbids; pp. 100-1. Cf.
note to Ch. C. T., D 2185; vol. v. p. 340.

189. The reply is singular, to the effect that pope John XXIV wrote against
this matter, and the friars Minors (Franciscans) against him. 'Examyne her
actis, and loke who hath the beter; and knowe noon other ordre this
perfitnesse approveth'; p. 101.

208. There is no reply to question 42.

211. Reply; going two and two together is a scriptural custom. Barnabas and
Paul did so. So did Paul and Timothy. Besides, there were _two_ tables in
the law, _two_ cherubim in the temple, and _two_ in the tabernacle. It was
not good for Adam to be _alone_; pp. 101-3. Cf. note to P. Plowman, C. xi.
8; and to Chaucer, C. T., C 1740.

213. There seems to be no reply to questions 44-8.

246. As regards question 49, the friar replies to ll. 249-51, saying that,
according to this, no one could pray for any one; for we cannot tell his
future destiny; p. 103. Cf. note to Ch. C. T., D 2126; vol. v. p. 339.

258. Questions 50 and 51 do not seem to be noticed. Question 52 is partly
answered in the reply to question 22. See l. 105.

277. Reply: you admit (l. 283) that God made _all things_ according to
weight, number, and measure. But a friar is _something_; ergo, God made
friars according to weight, &c. Why are priests so numerous? As to a man's
hand (l. 287), the number of fingers is fixed, and an extra finger is
monstrous. But neither God nor holy church have fixed the number of priests
or friars. 'Many hondis togider maken light werk'; pp. 105-6. Cf. note to
P. Plowman, C. xxiii. 270.

At this point the friar introduces a subject not discussed in the copy of
Jack Upland here printed, viz. the subject of transubstantiation. He says
that Jack accuses the friars of saying that the bread is not Christ's body,
but mere roundness and whiteness, and accident without subject; and Wyclif
is adduced as saying that it remains material bread, and only Christ's body
in a figurative sense; pp. 106-10. The rest of the friar's reply (which
goes but little further) is inapplicable to our text, so that the latter
part of the treatise, ll. 294-end, is left unanswered. Perhaps sections
54-64 were, at first, a somewhat later addition.

296. This has been partly said before; see l. 77 above.

310. It was thought that to die in a friar's habit increased a man's chance
of salvation; see l. 100 above.

320. Cf. note to P. Plowman, C. xiii. 21. See l. 246 above.

336. Cf. P. Plowman, C. xxiii. 323-72.

368. This enquiry takes up a large portion of the Ploughman's Crede. The
jealousy of one order against the other was very remarkable. See note to l.
100 above.

399. See James, i. 27; cf. l. 36 above.

411. See Matt. xi. 30. Wyclif has--'For my yok is _softe_, and my charge
light.'

421. The Franciscans claimed that St. Francis sat in heaven above the
Seraphim, upon the throne from which Lucifer fell; see note to P. Plowman,
C. ii. 105 (B. i. 105).

424-7. Evidently intended for four alliterative lines, but the third is too
long; read--'And whan ye han soiled that I saide,' &c. Again, the first is
too short; read--'Go, _frere_, now forth,' &c.

430. _even-Christen_, fellow-Christian; see Gloss. to P. Plowman.

433. 'Benefac humili, et non dederis impio: prohibe panes illi dari, ne in
ipsis potentior te sit'; Ecclus. xii. 6.

Sec. IV. GOWER: THE PRAISE OF PEACE.

This piece has no English title except that printed at p. 205; for the
Latin title, see p. 216. See the Introduction.

12, 13. Henry founded his title on conquest, hereditary right, and
election. The first of these is referred to in ll. 9, 10; the second, in l.
12; and the third, in l. 13. See note in vol. i. p. 564, to XIX. 23.

17. _boun_, ready; better than the reading _bounde_.

21. I note here an unimportant variation. For _this is_, the MS. has _is
this_.

27. I find that there is no need to insert _the_. Read _requeste_, in three
syllables, as it really had a final _e_, being a feminine substantive. Cf.
'Et lor _requeste_ refaison'; Rom. Rose, 4767. _Requeste_ is trisyllabic in
Troil. iv. 57; L. Good Wom. 448.

36. According to the romance of Alexander, the god Serapis, appearing in a
dream, told him that his great deeds would be remembered for ever. Before
this, Alexander had told his men that he hoped to conquer all the
earth--'with the graunt of my god.' See Wars of Alexander, ed. Skeat, ll.
990, 1095.

57. This obviously refers to Bolingbroke's invasion, when he came, as he
said, to claim his inheritance; cf. l. 65.

81. _Of pestilence_, out of pestilence, to free him from pestilence.

86. _lyf_, person, man; lit. 'living soul.' Common in P. Plowman.

174, 179. Matt. v. 9; John, xiv. 27.

185. _out of herre_, out of (off) the hinge; like mod. E. 'out of joint.' A
favourite phrase of Gower's; see his Conf. Amant. ii. 139; iii. 43, 52,
203, 211.

197. Knights were expected to defend the faith; see note to P. Plowman, C.
ix. 26. Cf. ll. 243-5.

202. I supply _alday_ (i.e. continually) to complete the line.

204. _wayted_, watched, carefully guarded; in contrast to l. 207.

211. For _any_ perhaps read _a_; the line runs badly.

218. 'It is easier to keep a thing than acquire it.'

236. _assysed_, appointed; as in Conf. Amant. i. 181; iii. 228.

251. 'Let men be armed to fight against the Saracens.'

253. Three points; stated in ll. 254, 261-2, and 268; i.e. the church is
divided; Christian nations are at variance; and the heathen threaten us.

281-3. These are the nine worthies; of whom three were heathen (281), three
Jewish (282), and three Christian (283); as noted in Reliquiae Antiquae, i.
287. Sometimes they varied; thus Shakespeare introduces Hercules and Pompey
among the number; L. L. L. v. 2. 538. _Machabeus_, Judas Maccabeus.
_Godfray_, Godfrey of Bouillon. _Arthus_, King Arthur.

294. For _men_, MS. T. has _pes_ = _pees_; which perhaps is better.

295. For _tennes_, as in Thynne, the Trentham MS. has the older spelling
_tenetz_, which gives the etymology of 'tennis.' _Tenetz_ is the imperative
plural of the verb _tenir_, and must have been a cry frequently used in the
_jeu de paume_; probably it was used to call attention, like the modern
'play!' This is the earliest passage in which the word occurs. 'No one can
tell whether he will win or lose a "chace" at tennis, till the ball has run
its course.' _Chace_ is a term 'applied to the second impact on the floor
(or in a gallery) of a ball which the opponent has failed or declined to
return; the value of which is determined by the nearness of the spot of
impact to the end wall. If the opponent, on both sides being changed, can
"better" this stroke (i.e. cause his ball to rebound nearer the wall) he
wins and scores it; if not, it is scored by the first player; until it is
so decided, the "chace" is a stroke in abeyance'; New E. Dict.

306. _be gete_, begotten, be obtained; _begete_ gives no sense.

323. _lyf_, life; not as in l. 86. See 1 Cor. xiii. 1.

330. _Cassodore_, Cassiodorus. Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus, born about A.D.
468, was a statesman and author; his chief work being his _Variarum
Epistolarum Libri XII_, which is six times quoted in Chaucer's Tale of
Melibeus. Gower, in his Conf. Amantis, iii. 191, quotes this very passage
again; thus--

 'Cassiodore in his aprise telleth,
  The regne is sauf, where pite dwelleth.'

I find: 'Pietas est quae regit et celos'; Cass. _Var._ xi. 40.

332. _assysed_, fixed, set; cf. l. 236. Unless it means assessed, rated; a
sense which is also found in Gower, viz. in his Conf. Amant. i. 5; see the
New E. Dict. The passage is a little obscure.

336. 'On account of which mercy should turn aside.'

339. _Constantyn_, Constantine the Great, Roman emperor from A.D. 306 to
337. Eusebius wrote a life of him in four books, which is rather a
panegyric than a biography. The story here told is hardly consistent with
the facts, as Constantine caused the death of his own son Crispus and of
young Licinius; as to which Gibbon (c. xviii) remarks that 'the courtly
bishop, who has celebrated in an elaborate work the virtues and pieties of
his hero, observes a prudent silence on the subject of these tragic
events.' In his Conf. Amantis, iii. 192, Gower again says:--

 'Thus saide whylom Constantyn:--
  What emperour that is enclyn
  To pite for to be servaunt,
  Of al the worldes remenaunt
  He is worthy to ben a lord.'

But the particular story about the 'yonge children' to which Gower here
alludes is given at length in the Conf. Amantis, bk. ii. vol. i. pp.
266-77. Very briefly, it comes to this. Constantine, while still a heathen,
was afflicted with leprosy. The physicians said he could only be healed by
bathing in the blood of young children. On due reflection, he preferred to
retain his leprosy; whereupon, he was directed in a vision to apply to pope
Silvester, who converted him and baptised him; and he was cured of his
leprosy when immersed in the baptismal font. The whole city followed the
emperor's example, and was converted to Christianity. This explains ll.
354-5:--'so that the dear ones, (converted) from being the hateful ones who
had formerly been at enmity with Christ,' &c.

363. For _debated_, MS. T. has _deleated_, for _delated_, i.e. deferred;
see _Dilate_ in the New E. Dict.

380. 'these other Christian princes'; viz. in particular, Charles VI, king
of France, and Robert III, king of Scotland.

393. These interesting lines tell us that blindness befell the poet in the
first year of Henry IV (Sept. 30, 1399--Sept. 29, 1400); and we gather that
the present poem was meant to be his last. As a matter of fact, he wrote a
still later couplet in the following words:--

 'Henrici regis annus fuit ille secundus
  Scribere dum cesso, sum quia cecus ego.'

These lines occur in MSS. of his Vox Clamantis; see Morley, Eng. Writers,
iv. 157. Notwithstanding his infirmity, Gower survived till the autumn of
1408; and was interred, as is well known, in the church of St. Mary
Overies--now St. Saviour's--in Southwark, towards the rebuilding of which
he had liberally contributed.

It appears that negotiations for peace, both with Scotland and France, were
being prosecuted in the latter part of 1399; see Wylie, History of Henry
IV, i. 82, 86. It is also probable that Gower must have written the 'Praise
of Peace' before the death of Richard II in Feb. 1400, as he makes no
allusion to that event, nor to the dangerous conspiracy against Henry's
life in the early part of January. For these reasons, we may safely date
the poem in the end of the year 1399.

Sec. V. THOMAS HOCCLEVE: THE LETTER OF CUPID.

This poem is imitated, rather than translated, from the French poem
entitled L'Epistre au Dieu d'Amours, written by Christine de Pisan in May,
1399; printed in Oeuvres Poetiques de Christine de Pisan, publiees par
Maurice Roy, ii. 1-27; Societe des Anciens Textes Francais, 1891. Hoccleve
even rearranges some of the material; and Dr. Furnivall has printed all the
lines of the original of which the English poet has made use, in the Notes
to his edition of Hoccleve's Works, published for the Early English Text
Society, in 1892. It thus appears that the lines of Christine's poem are to
be taken in the following order: 1-116, 537-54, 126-30, 531-4, 131-96,
721-5, 259-520, 321-5, 271-4, 387-460, 643-77, 608-23, 559-75, 759-800. The
following stanzas, on the other hand, are wholly Hoccleve's own: 71-7,
92-8, 127-33, 141-7, 162-8, 176-89, 267-73, 316-29, 379-434. The last set
extends to 56 lines.

Cupid, god of Love, is supposed to write a letter to all lovers, who are
his subjects, reproving men for their slander and ill-treatment of women,
and defending women against all that is alleged against them. In fact, it
is a reply, by Christine de Pisan, to the numerous severe things that Jean
de Meun had said about women in the famous Roman de la Rose. He is
expressly mentioned by name in l. 281.

I here quote, as a specimen, the first 7 lines of the original, answering
to Hoccleve's first stanza--

 'Cupido, roy par la grace de lui,
  Dieu des amans, sans aide de nullui,
  Regnant en l'air du ciel tres reluisant,
  Filz de Venus la deesse poissant,
  Sire d'amours et de tous ses obgiez,
  A tous vos vrais loiaulx servans subgiez,
  Salut, Amour, Familiarite!'

5. 'Son of the goddess Cithera,' i.e. Venus. Cithera is an alternative
spelling of Citherea, occurring in the Cambridge and Petworth MSS. of the
Cant. Tales, A 2215. For the construction, see note to Ch. C. T., F 209.

16. _Albion_. Of course Hoccleve has adapted the poem for English readers.
The original has:--'Sur tous pais se complaignent de _France_.'

28. I read _mot_ for the sake of the grammar and scansion; the MSS. have
_most_, bad spelling for _most-e_, the past tense. But _moot_ occurs,
correctly, as the emphatic form of _mot_, in l. 35. Cf. l. 410.

30. _As doth_, pray, do; a common idiom; see note to C. T., E 7.

37. _man_, i.e. 'human being'; used generally, and including women.

38. 'When no word can proceed out of his mouth but such as may reasonably
please any one, it apparently comes from the heart.'

50. 'Has the pot by the handle'; i.e. holds it securely.

54. Note the accentuation: 'Any woman.' This accentuation of words on the
latter syllable in rather unlikely cases, is a marked peculiarity of
Hoccleve's verse. Cf. _woman_ in l. 79, _journey_ in l. 106; _axing_ in l.
122, _purpos_ in l. 130. Cf. _womman_ in l. 170 with _womman_ in l. 174.

71. _To here?_ to her? Dr. Furnivall notes that Hoccleve frequently makes
_here_ dissyllabic, when it represents the personal pronoun. Cf. l. 70; and
see his Preface, p. xli. The reading 'To hir name yet was yt no reprefe,'
given in Dr. Furnivall's edition from one MS. only, affords no sense, and
will not scan, as _name_ is properly dissyllabic.

90. _souneth in-to_, tends to; cf. note to C. T., B 3157.

95. 'They procure such assistants as have a double face.' The accentuation
of _procuren_ on the _o_ was at this time common; we even find the form
_proker_ (see Stratmann).

120-2. _wolde ... Men wiste_, would like men to know.

131. 'Unless he be so far advanced in madness as to spoil all with open
coarseness; for _that_, as I suppose, women do not like.'

145. 'Reason follows it so slowly and leisurely.'

184. _dishonest_, unworthy of honour, blameworthy. Ray gives the
proverb--'it's an ill bird that bewrays its own nest'; and compares the
Greek--[Greek: ton oikoi thesauron diaballein].

192. _lakken_, blame, find fault with; as in Chaucer.

196. _bilowen_, lied against; pp. of _bil[=e]o[gh]en_, A.S. _bil[=e]ogan_.

204. Alluding to Ovid's _Remedium Amoris_. Cf. Ch. C. T., D 688-710.

215. 'They say, it is profitable to consider peril.'

225. Rather close to the original French:--

 'Et aucuns sont qui iadis en mes las
  Furent tenus, mais il sont d'amer las,
  Ou par vieillece ou deffaulte de cuer,
  Si ne veulent plus amer a nul fuer,
  Et convenant m'ont de tous poins nye,
  Moy et mon fait guerpy et renie,
  Comme mauvais serviteurs et rebelles.'

257. _hente_, caught; _in hir daunger_, under their control, within their
power.

258. It was thought that one poison would expel another; see P. Plowman, C.
xxi. 156-8, and the notes.

272. 'It cannot long abide upon one object.'

281. Jean de Meun, author of the latter and more satirical part of the
famous Roman de la Rose; see vol. i.

298. 'They are not so void of constancy.' Read _constaunce_.

302. See Ch. Legend of Good Women, 1580.

305. _wold_, desired; pp. of _willen_; see note to C. T., B 2615.

309. See Ch. Legend of Good Women, 924.

316-29. These two stanzas are wholly original. Hoccleve, remembering that
the examples of Medea and Dido both occur in Chaucer's Legend of Good
Women, here takes occasion to make an express reference to that work, which
he here calls 'my Legende of Martres.' _My_ refers to Cupid; _Legend_, to
Chaucer's title; and _Martres_, to the Latin titles to some of the Legends.
Thus the Legend of Hypsipyle and Medea is entitled--'Incipit Legenda
Ysiphile et Medee, _Martirum_.' Instead of _Martres_, Thynne has the
ridiculous reading _Natures_, which the editions carefully retain.

357. 'And, had it not been for the devil,' &c.

360. _her_, the serpent. There was a legend that the serpent had the face
of a beautiful virgin. See Ch. C. T., B 360, and note; P. Plowman, B.
xviii. 335, and note.

379-434. These eight stanzas are all Hoccleve's own.

393. _happy to_, fortunate for; because it brought about Christ's
incarnation. The allusion is to the oft-quoted sentence--'O _felix culpa_,
O necessarium peccatum Ade,' from the Sarum missal. See note to P. Plowman,
C. viii. 126. Cf. l. 396.

421. The day of St. Margaret, Virgin and Martyr, was July 20, in the Latin
Church. See the edition of Seinte Marherete, by O. Cockayne, E. E. T. S.,
1866.

428. _I_, i.e. Cupid. This stanza is spoken by Cupid, in his own character;
cf. l. 431. In l. 464, he assumes the royal style of _we_. It is, moreover,
obvious that this stanza would hardly have been approved of by Christine.

473-6. Imitated from the closing lines of Christine's poem:--

 'Donne en l'air, en nostre grant palais,
  Le jour de May la solempnee feste
  Ou les amans nous font mainte requeste,
  L'An de grace Mil trois cens quate vins
  Et dix et neuf, present dieux et divins,' &c.

It thus appears that 'the lusty month of May,' in l. 472, is merely copied
from the French; but, to the fortunate circumstance that Christine gives
the exact date of her poem as 1399, we owe the fact that Hoccleve likewise
gives the exact date of his poem as being 1402.

Sec. VI. THOMAS HOCCLEVE: TO THE KING; AND TO THE KNIGHTS OF THE GARTER.

These two Balades, each of 32 lines, are written in a highly artificial
metre; for, in each case, the four stanzas of which each consists shew the
same rimes throughout. The riming syllables in Balade 1 are _-esse_,
_-our_, and _-alle_; and in Balade 2, are _-ame_, _-aunce_, and _-ee_. A
similar example of metrical arrangement occurs in Chaucer's Balade to
Rosemounde.

2. _king_, Henry V, as we see from the French title.

3. _Justinian_; emperor of Constantinople, A.D. 527-65, whose fame rests
upon the justly celebrated Justinian Code of laws. The reference,
fortunately, is explained by Hoccleve himself, in a longer Balade
concerning Sir John Oldcastel, printed in _Anglia_, v. 23; and again in
Hoccleve's Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 8. Hoccleve is praising Justinian's
orthodoxy, to which (as he tells us) Henry V was heir; and the exact
reference is to the following clause in one of Justinian's laws, which is
quoted in full in the margin of the Balade above mentioned; see _Anglia_,
v. 28; or Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 14. 'Nemo clericus vel militaris, vel
cuiuslibet alterius conditionis _de fide Christiana_ publice turbis
coadunatis et audientibus tractare conetur,' &c. So that Justinian's
'devout tenderness in the faith' was exhibited by repressing religious
discussion; cf. l. 27. See Gibbon's Roman Empire, ch. 44.

5. _the Garter_. The noble Order of the Garter was founded by Edward III on
St. George's day, Apr. 23, 1349; cf. l. 54.

10. _Constantyn_. He now proceeds to liken Henry V to Constantine the
Great, who was a great supporter of the church; see note above, to Poem no.
IV, l. 339. Cf. _Anglia_, v. 29; or Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 15; st. 28.

15. _do forth_, proceed, continue to do as you have done in the past. Not a
common expression; see _forth_ in Maetzner.

18. Very characteristic of Hoccleve; the accents required by the verse are
thrown upon the weak words _your_ and _the_. But perhaps _your_ is
emphatic. Cf. _fully_ in l. 20, _a sharp_, 21.

30. Hoccleve is clearly urging the King to repress Lollardry.

37. 'God would have it so; and your allegiance would also have it so.' This
is explained in a sidenote in the margin: 'quia Rex illam iustissimam
partem tenet.' That is, the lords ought to put down heresy, because their
master the king was against it.

41. _Your style_, your motto; the famous 'Honi soit qui mal y pense.' Hence
_shame_ here means scandal; but _foos to shame_ is an awkward expression in
this connexion.

47. _nuisaunce_, annoyance; referring to heresy; cf. l. 50.

52. _Slepe nat this_, be not sleepy about this; a rare construction.

58. _norice of distaunce_, nurse of debate or strife.

60. 'Variation from the faith would be a damnable thing.'

64. The remark--_Cest tout_--instead of the usual word _explicit_, occurs
at the end of several poems by Hoccleve; see his Poems, ed. Furnivall, pp.
8, 24, 47, 51, 57, 58, 61, 62, 64, &c.

Sec. VII. HENRY SCOGAN: A MORAL BALADE.

For remarks upon the heading of this poem, see the Introduction.

3. _Sende_; that is, he did not come and recite the poem himself.

8. This reminds us of the Knight's appeal: 'Now late us ryde, _and herkneth
what I seye_'; C. T., A 855.

30. _to queme_, according to your pleasure. _Queme_ is here a substantive;
see Stratmann. Cf. _to pay_ in Chaucer.

49. _Tak'th_ is monosyllabic, as in l. 57. So also _Think'th_, in l. 59.

51. From James, ii. 17.

56. 'To the honour of your life and the benefit of your soul.'

65. The exclamation shews that Chaucer was then dead.

67. The quotation is inexact; cf. ll. 120, 121 below. The reference is to
the Wyf of Bathes Tale, D 1121:--

 'Yet may they [our eldres] nat biquethe us, for no-thing,
  To noon of us hir virtuous living.'

81. Read _Think'th_; so also _Dryv'th_ in l. 86; _Tak'th_ in l. 89.

97. Here the quotation, again from the Wyf of Bathes Tale (D 1131), is very
close:--

 'For of our eldres may we no-thing clayme
  But temporel thing, that man may hurte and mayme.'

100. 'Therefore God is the source of virtuous nobleness.' This depends on a
passage in Boethius, bk. iii. met. 6. l. 2; see notes to poem XIV, in vol.
i. pp. 553-5.

105. See this poem of Chaucer's in vol. i. p. 392.

143. _ful rage_, very fierce. But I know of no other example of _rage_ as
an adjective.

146. _kalends_, the beginning; as in Troil. v. 1634.

150. The passage in Boethius is in Book i. met. 6. 11-15. Cf. Ch. vol. ii.
p. 19.

 'Nec quaeras auida manu Vernos stringere palmites,
  Vuis si libeat frui: Autumno potius sua
  Bacchus munera contulit.'

166. From Chaucer, Wyf of Bathes Tale, D 1165:--

 'Thenketh how noble, as seith Valerius,
  Was thilke Tullius Hostilius,
  That out of povert roos to heigh noblesse.'

And Chaucer found it in Valerius Maximus, iii. 4; see vol. v. p. 320.

168. From Chaucer, Monkes Tale, B 3862. But it may be doubted if Caesar's
alleged poverty is an historical fact. Cf. p. 24, l. 128 (above).

174. Read the story of Nero in the Monkes Tale, B 3653; that of Balthasar
(Belshazzar) in the same, B 3373; and that of Antiochus in the same, B
3765. Compare the lines in B 3800-1:--

 'For he so sore fil out of his char
  That it his limes and his skin to-tar.'

187. 'I should be sorry, if ye choose amiss.'

Sec. VIII. JOHN LYDGATE; COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT.

There are some excellent notes relative to this poem in Schick's edition of
Lydgate's _Temple of Glas_ (E. E. T. S.); I refer to them below as 'Schick,
T. G.'

4. _Bole_, Bull. The sun entered Taurus, in the fifteenth century, just
before the middle of April. Hence the phrase _Amid the Bole_ refers, not to
the first degree of the sign, but (literally) to the _middle_ of it. The
reference must be to May 1, when the sun had just passed a little beyond
the middle (or 15th degree) of Taurus.

Even here we trace the influence of Chaucer's translation of the Romaunt of
the Rose; for which see notes to ll. 36, 74 below. Chaucer reiterates the
mention of _May_, R. R. 49, 51, 55, 74, 86; and ll. 1 and 2 of the present
poem answer to R. R. 53-56:--

 'For ther is neither busk ne hay
  _In May_, that it nil shrouded been,
  And it with newe leves wreen.'

12. _with seint Johan_, with St. John for their security or protection;
probably suggested by The Compleynt of Mars, l. 9, which opens in a similar
strain; cf. note to C. T., F 596; vol. v. p. 385.

15, 16. Compare Rom. Rose (Chaucer's version), ll. 94-5.

21. _halt_, holds, constrains; the present tense.

22, 23. Compare Rom. Rose (Chaucer's version), ll. 100-1.

28. Lydgate is fond of calling the sun _Tytan_; Chaucer has the name only
once; in Troil. iii. 1464. Lydgate is here thinking of the passage in the
Knightes Tale, A 1493-6, about _fyry Phebus_. Note that he is fond of the
word _persaunt_; see ll. 358, 591, 613; cf. Schick, note to T. G. 328.

33. It is odd that no MS. has the form _splayen_; yet the final _n_ is
required for the metre, or, at any rate, to save an hiatus.

36. Lydgate here copies l. 134 of the English Romaunt of the Rose--'The
river-syde costeying'--and is a witness to the genuineness of Fragment A of
that poem; as appears more clearly below; see note to l. 75. The whole
passage seems founded upon the Romaunt; for this walk by the river brings
him to a _park_ (a _garden_ in the Romaunt) enclosed by a wall that had a
small gate in it. It is further obvious that l. 42 is borrowed from l. 122
of the Parliament of Foules--'Right of a park walled with grene stoon.' I
may remark here that I have seen a wall constructed of red sandstone so
entirely covered with a very minute kind of vegetable growth as to present
to the eye a bright green surface.

40. _gate smal_; usually called a _wiket_ in similar poems; see Rom. Rose,
528, and Schick, note to T. G. 39.

43-49. This stanza answers to Rom. Rose, ll. 105-8, 78-9.

52. _celured_, canopied, over-arched (New E. Dict.).

53-6. Cf. Rom. Rose, 1398-1400.

57. _attempre_, temperate; observe that this word occurs in the Rom. Rose,
l. 131 (only three lines above the line quoted in the note to l. 36), where
the F. text has _atrempee_.

62. _take_, take effect, take hold, become set; an early example of this
curious intransitive use of the verb.

63. 'Ready for (men) to shake off the fruit.'

64. _Daphne_. Cf. Troil. iii. 726:--'O Phebus, thenk whan Dane hirselven
shette _Under the bark, and laurer wex_ for drede.' And cf. C. T., A 2062;
and Schick, note to T. G. 115.

66. _myrre_; see Troil. iv. 1138-9.

67. Cf. the mention of laurel, pine, and cedar in Rom. Rose, 1313-4.

68. The resemblance of _philbert_ (Philibert's nut) to Phyllis is
accidental, but it was then believed that the connexion was real; merely
because Vergil has 'Phyllis amat corylos'; Ecl. vii. 63. Thus Gower has
(Conf. Amant. ii. 30):--

 'And, after Phillis, _philiberd_
  This tree was called in the yerd'--

and he gives the story of Phyllis and Demophon, saying that Phyllis hanged
herself on a nut-tree. See the Legend of Good Women, 2557. Pliny alludes to
'the almond-tree whereon ladie Phyllis hanged herselfe'; Nat. Hist. xvi. 26
(in Holland's translation). See further in Schick, note to T. G. 86.

71. _hawethorn_; often mentioned in poems of this period; see Schick, note
to T. G. 505. Cf. XX. 272, p. 369; XXIV. 1433, p. 447.

74, 75. The list of trees was evidently suggested by the Rom. Rose; see
Chaucer's translation, 1379-86. Hence the next thing mentioned is a _well_;
see the same, ll. 1409-11, 109-30. Note that the water was _cold_, as in R.
R. 116; _under a hill_, as in R. R. 114; and ran over _gravel_, as in R. R.
127, 1556. And then note the same, 1417-20:--

 'About the _brinkes_ of thise welles,
  And by the stremes over-al elles
  _Sprang up the gras_, as thikke y-set
  _And softe as any veluet_.'

It is remarkable that the French original merely has 'Poignoit l'erbe
freschete et drue,' without any mention of _softe_ or of _veluet_. It thus
becomes clear that Lydgate is actually quoting _Chaucer's version_.

81. The reading seems to be _lustily cam springing_; it would be a great
improvement to transpose the words, and read _cam lustily springing_. Cf.
'Abouten it is gras springing'; R. R. 1563.

82. Cf. 'That shadwed was with braunches grene'; R. R. 1511.

87. _Narcisus_, Narcissus; introduced as a matter of course, because he is
here mentioned in the Romaunt; see R. R. 1468--'Here starf the faire
Narcisus.'

88. _Cupyde_; cf. R. R. 1523--'Wel couthe Love him wreke tho.' And see the
same, 1601-29.

89. Cf. R. R. 1617--'Hath sowen there of love the seed.'

92. _pitte_, i.e. well of Helicon, most likely; which Chaucer mixed up with
the Castalian spring on Parnassus; see note to Anelida, 15. And cf. _the
Pegasee_ in C. T., F 207; and 'I sleep never on the mount of Pernaso,' F
721.

95. _Dyane_, Diana; see C. T., A 2065-6.

97. _his houndes_, his _own_ dogs; not _her_, as in several MSS. For see C.
T., A 2067--'his houndes have him caught.'

102. _pensifheed_, pensiveness; common in Lydgate; see Schick, note to T.
G. 2.

103. Cf. 'To drinke and fresshe him wel withalle'; R. R. 1513.

107-12. Suggested by R. R. 1507-16; especially 1515-6.

127. 'Of gras and _floures, inde_ and pers'; R. R. 67. And compare l. 126
with R. R. 68.

129. _hulfere_, holly; Icel. _hulfr_, dogwood. Spelt _hulwur_, _huluyr_ in
the Prompt. Parv. 'The holly is still called in Norfolk _hulver_, and in
Suffolk _hulva_'; Way. Cotgrave has:--'_Houx_, the holly, holme, or
hulver-tree.' Also '_Petit houx_, kneehulver, butchers broom.'

131. MS. P. has _of colour_; which suggests the reading--'In blakke and
whyte, of colour pale and wan'; but this, though a better line, cannot
stand, as it makes the words _also of his hewe_ in l. 132 superfluous;
indeed l. 132 then becomes unmeaning.

136. _accesse_, feverish attack; see Schick, note to T. G. 358.

151. _ure_, destiny; O.F. _eur_, Lat. _augurium_; cf. F. _mal-heur._ See l.
302 below, and Barbour's Bruce, i. 312.

154. _among_; so in all the copies; _among as_, whilst.

161. _ado_, to do; put for _at do_; a Northern idiom.

168. _awhaped_, stupefied: see Gloss. in vol. vi. _amat_, dismayed. Cf.
Schick, note to T. G. 401.

169. _sitting_, suitable; cf. R. R. 986.

172. _grounde_ (dissyllabic) improves the line; but _ground_ is the correct
form.

176. Here the Ashmole MS. inserts 'La compleynt du Chiualier'; but wrongly.
For see l. 218.

178. _Niobe_; mentioned in Troil. i. 699. So _woful Myrre_, Troil. iv.
1139.

227. _cheste_, receptacle; '_cheste_ of every care'; Troil. v. 1368.

229. Cf. Troil. i. 420; also Rom. Rose, 4746-50.

233. _fro_, from being, after being.

250. _Daunger_; see Schick, note to T. G. 156.

253. Cf. 'his arwes ... fyle'; Parl. Foules, 212.

260. _Male-Bouche_, Evil Tongue; cf. R. R. 7357, &c.; where Fragment C has
'Wikkid-Tonge,' the F. original has _Male Bouche_. Cf. IX. 84 (p. 269). See
Schick, note to T. G. 153.

274-6. _forjuged_ and _excused_ only give an assonance, not a rime.

291. _through-girt ... wounde_; from C. T., A 1010.

303. _purveyaunce_, providence; a reminiscence of the argument in Troil.
iv. 961, &c.

304. _god_; for _the god_; but the article is unnecessary; see Schick, note
to T. G. 132.

305. 'And true men have fallen off the wheel'; i.e. the wheel of Fortune;
cf. Troil. iv. 6.

330. _Palamides_, Palamedes. There were two different heroes of this name.
One was the son of Nauplius, king of Euboea, who lost his life before Troy,
by the artifices of Ulysses. It is said that Ulysses, envious of his fame,
forged a letter to him purporting to come from Priam, and then accused him
of treachery; whereupon he was condemned to be stoned to death. But the
reference is rather to a much later hero, the unsuccessful lover of La bele
Isoude. He was defeated by the celebrated knight Sir Tristram, who made him
promise to resign his pretensions to the lady; a promise which he did not
keep. See Sir T. Malory, Morte Arthure, bk. viii. c. 10, &c.

344. _Hercules_. See the Monkes Tale, B 3285.

349. _Gades_, Cadiz; where, according to Guido, Hercules set up some
columns or pillars, to shew that he had come to the end of the world. There
is an extraordinary confusion as to the locality and maker of these
pillars. Lydgate here follows the account in the Alexander romances, viz.
that Alexander set up a pillar of marble in the furthest end of India (l.
351); on which was inscribed--'Ego Alexander Philippi Macedonis post obitum
Darii usque ad hunc locum expugnando viriliter militaui'; see Alexander and
Dindimus, ed. Skeat, p. 42. Lydgate has confused the two accounts.

354. Copied from Troil. i. 518:--'Of hem that Love list febly for to
avaunce'; which is preceded by 'he may goon in the daunce'; see the next
line.

358. _Phebus_. Cf. 'Whan Phebus dwelled here in this erthe adoun'; C. T., H
1. Lydgate is not, however, referring to the story in the Manciples Tale,
but rather to the hopeless love of Phoebus for the daughter of Admetus; for
which see Troil. i. 659-65. Cf. Schick, note to T. G. 112.

365. _Piramus_. See Legend of Good Women, 724; and Schick, note to T. G.
80.

366. _Tristram_. See notes to Parl. Foules, 288, and to Rosamounde, 20; and
to Temple of Glas, ed. Schick, l. 77.

367. Achilles fell in love with Polyxena, a daughter of Priam, according to
Guido; see note to Book of the Duch. 1070; and Schick, note to T. G. 94.
_Antonius_, Antony; see Legend of Good Women, 588.

368. See the Knightes Tale; but it is a little extraordinary that Lydgate
should instance Palamon here.

372. _Jason_; see Legend of Good Women, 1580. For _Theseus_, see the same,
1945; and for _Enee_ (Aeneas), the same, 924.

379. An interesting allusion, as the story of the false Arcite was of
Chaucer's invention; see his Anelida.

380. _Demophon_; already mentioned above, l. 70.

386. _Adon_, Adonis; see Troil. iii. 721; C. T., A 2224.

390. _chorl_, churl; Vulcan; cf. C. T., A 2222, and Compl. of Mars.

393. _Ipomenes_, Hippomenes, the conqueror of Atalanta in the foot-race;
and therefore _not_ 'guerdonles.' He is thinking of Meleager, the
unsuccessful lover of the _other_ Atalanta, her of Calydon. Chaucer seems
likewise to have confused these stories; see note to Parl. Foules, 286; and
cf. C. T., A 2070-2.

412. Cf. Book Duch. 1024, and my note; and Schick, note to T. G. 169.

419. The correction is obvious. The scribes read _iupartyng_ as _inpartyng_
and then made it into two words. Cf. l. 475. Chaucer has _juparten_, Troil.
iv. 1566.

458. 'So variable is thy chance'; cf. C. T., B 125, and the note.

461. _blent_, blinded. Evidently the right reading, for which MS. S. has
_blend_. This was turned into _blynde_, destroying the rime.

462. _went_, weeneth, weens, supposes, guesses; he shoots by guess.
Evidently the right word, for which MS. S. has _wend_. But it was easily
misunderstood, and most MSS. have _by wenynge_, which preserves the sense,
but destroys the rime. Cf. _let_ = lets, in l. 464.

480. This line resembles l. 229 of the Temple of Glas.

484. For references to similar lines, see Schick, note to T. G. 60.

488. _Parcas_, Parcae, the Fates; the form is copied from Troil. v. 3.
Lines 486-9 are reminiscences of Troil. iii. 734 and C. T., A 1566.

491. Nature is the deputy of God; see P. F. 379, and note; C. T., C 20.

512. With the following stanzas compare Chaucer's Complaint to his Lady,
and An Amorous Complaint.

525. 'Out of your mercy and womanliness, charm my sharp wounds.'

554. A stock line of Lydgate's; it occurs twice in the Temple of Glas, ll.
424, 879.

574. Here the Knight's Complaint ends.

590. 'Parfourned hath the sonne his ark diurne'; C. T., E 1795.

596. Cf. 'among yon rowes rede'; Compl. Mars, 2.

597. _deaurat_, gilded, of a golden colour; see _Deaurate_ in the New E.
Dict.

612. _Esperus_, Hesperus, the evening-star, the planet Venus. See note to
Boeth. bk. i. m. 5. 9.

621. Cf. C. T., A 2383, 2389; and Temple of Glas, 126-8.

627. 'Venus I mene, the _wel-willy_ planete'; Troil. iii. 1257. Cf.
_gude-willy_ in Burns.

644. 'For thilke love thou haddest to Adoun'; C. T., A 2224.

647. MS. B. has _for very wery_, meaning 'because I was very weary,' which
is a possible expression; see Schick, note to T. G. 632; but _verily_ seems
better, as otherwise the line is cumbersome.

663. _Jelousye_; cf. Parl. Foules, 252.

Sec. IX. JOHN LYDGATE: THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.

I know of no MS. copy of this piece.

4. Valentine's day is Feb. 14; cf. Parl. Foules, 309-11.

8. _larke_; cf. the song of the bird in Compl. Mars, 13-21.

20. _Cipryde_, really the same as Venus, but here distinguished; see Parl.
Foules, 277.

38. Apparently accented as 'Aurora'; Ch. has Aurora, L. G. W. 774.

49. _crampessh at_ must be _crampisshed_, i.e. constrained painfully,
tortured; see note to Anelida, 171 (vol. i. p. 535).

62. Imitated from Parl. Foules, 379-89.

75. _sursanure_; a wound healed outwardly only; cf. note to C. T., F 1113.

84. _Male-bouche_, Evil Tongue, Slander; from the Roman de la Rose. See
VIII. 260 above.

96. _Boreas_, only mentioned by Ch. in his Boethius, bk. i. m. 5. 17, m. 3.
8.

113. _somer-sonne_; imitated from the Book of the Duch. 821-4.

125. 'To speke of bounte or of gentilles,' &c.; T. G. 287.

140. 'To alle hir werkes virtu is hir gyde'; C. T., B 164.

158. Alluding to the proverb--'He that hews above his head, the chips fall
in his eye'; which is a warning to men who attack their betters. See I. i.
9. 20, and the note (p. 462).

190-3. _Policene_, Polyxena; cf. note to VIII. 367. _Helayne_, Helen.
_Dorigene_; see Frankleyns Tale, F 815.

195. _Cleopatre_; see the first legend in the Legend of Good Women.
_secree_, secret, able to keep secrets; a praiseworthy attribute; cf. Parl.
of Foules, 395; and Lydgate's Temple of Glas, 294-5:--

               'and mirrour eke was she
  Of _secrenes_, of trouth, of faythfulnes.'

It is obvious that the extraordinary word _setrone_ (see the footnote)
arose from a desire on the part of the scribe to secure a rime for the name
in the next line, which he must have imagined to be _An-ti-gone_, in
_three_ syllables, with a mute final _e_! This turned _secree_ into
_secrone_, which Thynne probably misread as _setrone_, since _c_ and _t_
are alike in many MSS. But there are no such words as _secrone_ or
_setrone_; and _secree_ must be restored, because _An-ti-go-ne_ is a word
of four syllables. We know whence Lydgate obtained his 'white Antigone'; it
was from Troilus, ii. 887, where we find 'fresshe Antigone the whyte.'
Antigone was Criseyde's niece, and was so 'secree' that Pandarus considered
her to be the most fitting person to accompany Criseyde when she visited
Troilus (Troil. ii. 1563), and again when she came to visit Pandarus
himself (iii. 597).

197. _Hester_, Esther; see Book Duch. 987; but especially Legend of Good
Women, 250: 'Ester, lay thou thy _mekenesse_ al adoun.' _Judith_; cf. Cant.
Tales, B 939, 2289, 3761, E 1366.

198. _Alceste_, Alcestis; see L. G. W. 432, 511, 518. _Marcia Catoun_,
Martia, daughter of Cato of Utica; see note to L. G. W. 252 (vol. iii. p.
298).

199. _Grisilde_; the Griselda of the Clerkes Tale. Again mentioned by
Lydgate in the Temple of Glas, 75, 405, and elsewhere; see Schick's note to
T.G. l. 75.

200, 201. _Ariadne_; see L. G. W. 268, 2078, &c. _Lucrece_, Lucretia; see
the same, 1680; especially l. 1691:--'this Lucresse, that starf _at Rome
toun_.'

203. _Penelope_; see note to L. G. W. 252.

204. _Phyllis_, _Hipsiphilee_; both in L. G. W.; 2394, 1368.

206. _Canacee_; may be either the Canace mentioned in L. G. W. 265, or the
heroine of the Squieres Tale; probably the latter. See Schick, note to l.
137 of the Temple of Glas.

209. _naught_, not. _falle_, stoop, droop; hence, fail.

211-3. Dido slew herself; see L. G. W. 1351.

214. _Medee_, Medea; see L. G. W. 1580. But Chaucer does not there relate
how Medea committed any 'outrage.' However, he refers to her murder of her
children in the Cant. Tales, B 72.

216. 'That, while goodness and beauty are both under her dominion, she
makes goodness have always the upper hand.' See l. 218.

221. Read _n'offende_, offend not. Probably the MS. had _nofende_,  which
Thynne turned into _ne fende_.

229. It is remarkable how often Lydgate describes his hand as 'quaking';
see Schick's note to the Temple of Glas, 947. Chaucer's hand quaked but
once; Troil. iv. 14. Cf. note to XXII. 57 (p. 539).

232. _suppryse_, undertake, endeavour to do. _Suppryse_ is from O.F.
_sousprendre_, for which Godefroy gives the occasional sense
'entreprendre.'

234. _lose_, praise; _out of lose_, out of praise, discreditable.

236. Perhaps this means that Chaucer's decease was a very recent event.
Schick proposes to date this piece between 1400 and 1402.

242. Chaucer invokes Clio at the beginning of Troilus, bk. ii. (l. 8); and
Calliope at the beginning of bk. iii. (l. 45).

251. Cf. Compl. Mars, 13, 14. The metre almost seems to require an accent
on the second syllable of _Valentyn_, with suppressed final _e_; but a much
more pleasing line, though less regular, can be made by distributing the
pauses artificially thus: Upon . the day of . saint Valen . tyne . singe.
The word _saint_ is altogether unemphatic; cf. ll. 4, 100.

257. _fetheres ynde_, blue feathers; possibly with a reference to blue as
being the colour of constancy. Cf. _floures inde_; VIII. 127.

261. The woodbine is an emblem of constancy, as it clings to its support;
cf. XX. 485-7.

Sec. X. IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY.

4, 5. In l. 4, _fere_ is the Kentish form of 'fire.' In l. 5, Thynne again
prints _fere_, but MS. A. has _hyre_ (not a rime), and MS. Sl. has _were_,
which means 'doubt,' and is the right word.

7. For _her_, we must read _his_, as in l. 4. The reference is to Love or
Cupid; see VIII. 354, and the note.

12. Cf. 'O wind, O wind, the weder ginneth clere,' &c.; Troil. ii. 2.
Observe that Chaucer invokes _Cleo_ (Clio) in his next stanza.

22. We may compare this invocation with Chaucer's ABC, and his introduction
to the Second Nonnes Tale; but there is not much resemblance. Observe the
free use of alliteration throughout ll. 22-141.

24. 'O pleasant ever-living one' seems to be meant; but it is very obscure.
Notice that the excellent Sloane MS. has _O lusty lemand_ (= _leming_), O
pleasant shining one. Perhaps we should read _leming_ for _living_; cf. l.
25.

27. Cf. 'Haven of refut'; ABC, 14. _up to ryve_, to arrive at; see _rive_
in Halliwell.

28. The five joys of the Virgin are occasionally alluded to. See the poem
on this subject in An Old Eng. Miscellany, ed. Morris, p. 87. The five joys
were (1) at the Annunciation; (2) when she bore Christ; (3) when Christ
rose from the dead; (4) when she saw Him ascend into heaven; (5) at her own
Assumption into heaven.

30. 'And cheering course, for one to complain to for pity.' Very obscure.

52. _propyne_, give to drink; a usage found in the Vulgate version of Jer.
xxv. 15: 'Sume calicem ... et _propinabis_ de illo cunctis gentibus.'

56. Cf. _magnificence_ in Ch. Sec. Nonnes Tale, G 50.

58. _put in prescripcioun_, i.e. prescribed, recommended.

60. Cf. 'I flee for socour to thy tente'; ABC, 41.

64. _itinerarie_, a description of the way.

65. _bravie_, prize, especially in an athletic contest; Lat. _brauium_, Gk.
[Greek: brabeion], in 1 Cor. ix. 24. See note to C. T., D 75.

66. _diourn denarie_, daily pay, as of a penny a day; referring to Matt.
xx. 2: 'Conventione autem facta cum operariis ex _denario diurno_.'

68. _Laureat crowne_, crown of laurel.

69. _palestre_, a wrestling-match; cf. Troil. v. 304.

70. _lake_, fine white linen cloth; as in C. T., B 2048.

71. _citole_, harp; as in C. T., A 1959.

78. 'The wedded turtel, with her herte trewe'; Parl. Foules, 355.

83. _Phebus_; here used, in an extraordinary manner, of the Holy Spirit, as
being the spirit of wisdom; perhaps suggested by the mention of the
_columbe_ (or dove) in l. 79.

87. Here Thynne prints _dyametre_, but the Sloane MS. corrects him.

88. _Fewe feres_, few companions; i.e. few equals.

92, 93. _loupe_; cf. F. _loupe_, an excrescence, fleshy kernel, knot in
wood, lens, knob. It was also a term in jewellery. Littre has: 'pierre
precieuse que la nature n'a pas achevee. Loupe de saphir, loupe de rubis,
certaines parties imparfaites et grossieres qui se trouvent quelquefois
dans ces pierres.' Hence it is not a very happy epithet, but Lydgate must
have meant it in a good sense, as expressing the densest portion of a
jewel; hence his 'stable (i.e. firm) as the loupe.' Similarly he explains
_ewage_ as being 'fresshest of visage,' i.e. clearest in appearance.
_Ewage_ was a term applied to a jacinth of the colour of sea-water; see New
E. Dict. and P. Plowman, B. ii. 14; but it is here described as _blue_, and
must therefore refer to a stone of the colour of water in a lake.

98. Read _herte_ for the scansion; but it is a bad line. It runs:--And hem
. receyvest . with . herte . ful trewe.

99. _gladded_, gladdened; referring to the Annunciation.

102. _obumbred_, spread like a shadow; 'uirtus Altissimi _obumbrabit_
tibi'; Luke, i. 35. This explains _to thee_, which answers to _tibi_.

106. This stanza refers to Christ rather than to Mary; see l. 112. But Mary
is referred to as the _ground_ on which He built (l. 111).

107. Cf. Isaiah, xi. 1; Jerem. xxiii. 5.

110. _corn_, grain; 'suscitabo Dauid germen iustum'; Jer. xxiii. 5. Cf. 'ex
semine Dauid uenit Christus; John, vii. 42.

111. _ground_; the ground upon which it pleased Him to build. Referring to
Mary.

113. _vytre_, glass; Lat. _uitreum_. The Virgin was often likened to glass;
sun-rays pass through it, and leave it pure.

114. _Tytan_, sun; curiously applied. Christ seems to be meant; see l. 116.
But _thy_ in l. 115 again refers to Mary. Hence, in l. 114 (as in 116) we
should read _his_ for _thy_.

118. _Sunamyte_, Shunammite; Lat. _Sunamitis_, 2 Kings, iv. 25. She was an
emblem of the Virgin, because her son was raised from the dead.

119. _Mesure_, moderate, assuage. _Margaryte_, pearl; as an epithet of the
Virgin.

121. _punical pome_, pomegranate; Pliny has _Punicum malum_ in this sense;
Nat. Hist. xiii. 19.

122. _bouk and boon_, body and bone; see _Bouk_ in the New E. Dict.

123. _agnelet_, little lamb; not in the New E. Dict., because this stanza
is now first printed.

126. _habounde_, abundant; of this adj. the New E. Dict, gives two
examples.

128. _Cockle_, shell; referring to the shell in which the pearl was
supposed to be generated by dew. See note to I. ii. 12. 47, p. 475.

129. 'O bush unbrent'; C. T., B 1658; see the note, _fyrles_, set on fire
without any fire (i.e. without visible cause).

132. Referring to Gideon's fleece; Judges, vi. 39.

133. Referring to Aaron's rod that budded; Heb. ix. 4.

134. _misty_, mystic; cf. 'mysty, _misticus_,' in Prompt. Parv.

_arke_, ark; the ark of the covenant.

_probatik_; certainly the right reading (as in MS. Sl.), instead of
_probatyf_ or _probatyfe_, as in A. and Thynne. The reference is to the
O.F. phrase _piscine probatique_, which Godefroy explains as being a
cistern of water, near Solomon's temple, in which the sheep were washed
before being sacrificed. The phrase was borrowed immediately from the
Vulgate version of John v. 2: 'Est autem Ierosolymis _probatica piscina_,
quae cognominatur hebraice Bethsaida'; i.e. the reference is to the
well-known pool of Bethesda. The Greek has: [Greek: epi tei probatikei
kolumbethra]. The etymology is obvious, from Gk. [Greek: probaton], a
sheep. We may translate the phrase by 'sheep-cleansing pool.' Cotgrave
explains it very well; he has: '_piscine probatique_, a pond for the
washing of the sheep that were, by the Law, to be sacrificed.'

135. _Aurora_, dawn; mentioned in Ch. L. G. W. 774. Cf. 'al the orient
_laugheth_'; C. T., A 1494. And cf. 'Th'olyve of pees'; Parl. Foules, 181.

136. 'Column, with its base, which bears up (or supports) out of the
abysmal depth.'

137. 'Why could I not be skilful?'

140. I make up this line as best I can; the readings are all bad.

Note that, at this point, the MS. copies come to an end, and so does the
alliteration. Poem no. XI is joined on to no. X in Thynne without any
break, but is obviously a different piece, addressed to an earthly
mistress.

Sec. XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.

1. Imitated from C. T., B 778: 'I ne have noon English digne,' &c. Cf. l.
41. And see the Introduction.

8. 'For if I could sing what I feel in love, I would (gladly do so).'

14. 'I have all my trust in thee.' The scansion is got by grouping the
syllables thus: J'ay . en vous . toute . ma . fiaunce. It is a line of the
Lydgate type, in which the first syllable in the normal line, and the first
syllable after the caesura, are alike dropped.

17. _thou knette_, mayst thou knit; the subj. or optative mood.

21. This quotation is most interesting, being taken from the first line in
'Merciless Beauty'; Ch. Minor Poems; no. XI. Cf. l. 54.

23. _it is_; pronounced either as _it's_ or _'t is_. The latter sounds
better.

26. The substitution of _ginne_ for _beginne_ much improves the line.

_on esperaunce_, in hope.

44. _in o degree_, (being) always in one state.

49. 'Weep for me, if a lover pleases you.'

56. 'So much it grieves to be away from my lady.'

59. 'Now my heart has what it wished for.'

64. _were_, should be, ought to be (subjunctive).

68. _go love_, go and love, learn to love. _wher_, whether.

77. _and also_, including. The 'fair' Rosamond is mentioned in P. Plowman,
B. xii. 48; which shews that her name was proverbial.

98. 'Embrace me closely with a joyful heart.'

100. 'The ardent hope that pricks my heart, is dead; the hope--to gain the
love of her whom I desire.'

103. 'And I know well that it is not my fault; (the fault of me) who sing
for you, as I may, by way of lament at your departure.' O.F. _sai_, I know,
is a correct form.

107. _sad_, fixed, resolute, firm, constant.

Sec. XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.

7. Cf. Prov. xvii. 20: 'He that hath a perverse tongue falleth into
mischief.'

15. _equipolent_, equal in power; used by Hoccleve (New E. Dict.).

16. _peregal_, the same as _paregal_, fully equal; Troil. v. 840.

22. I follow the order of stanzas in MS. H. (Harl. 2251), which is more
complete than any other copy, as it alone contains ll. 71-7. Th. and Ff.
transpose this stanza and the next one.

23. _amorous_ is evidently used as a term of disparagement, i.e. 'wanton.'

33. _this is_; pronounced as _this_, as often elsewhere.

40. _deslavee_, loose, unchaste; see Gloss. to Chaucer.

45. Accent _devourour_ on the first syllable.

60. _dissolucioun_, dissolute behaviour.

71-7. In Harl. 2251 only. In l. 71, read _is_; the MS. has _in_.

73. The missing word is obviously _mene_, i.e. middling; missed because the
similar word _men_ happened to follow it.

78. _prudent_ seems here to be used in a bad sense; cf. mod. E. 'knowing.'

86. In the course of ll. 86-103, Lydgate contrives to mention all the Nine
Worthies except Godfrey of Bouillon; i.e. he mentions David, Joshua, Judas
Maccabaeus, Hector, Julius Caesar, Alexander, Charles (Charlemagne), and
King Arthur. His other examples are Solomon, Troilus, Tullius Cicero,
Seneca, and Cato; all well known.

96. Thynne has--'With _al_ Alisaundres.' The word _al_ is needless, and
probably due to repeating the first syllable of _Alisaundre_.

107. We now come to examples of famous women. _Hestre_ is Esther, and
_Griseldes_, the Grisildis of Chaucer's Clerkes Tale. Others are Judith (in
the Apocrypha), Polyxena, Penelope, Helen, Medea, Marcia the daughter of
Marcus Cato Uticensis (see note to Legend of Good Women, 252), and
Alcestis. They are all taken from Chaucer; Esther, Polyxena, Penelope,
Helen, 'Marcia Catoun,' are all mentioned in the 'Balade' in Legend of Good
Women, Prologue, B-text, 249-69; and Alcestis is the heroine of the same
Prologue. The Legend contains the story of Medea at length; and Judith is
celebrated in the Monkes Tale. See the similar list in IX. 190-210.

110. For _Policenes_, Ff. has _Penilops_ (!); but Penelope is mentioned in
l. 113. _Policenes_ is right; see IX. 190.

115. For _Eleynes_, the printed editions have the astonishing reading
_Holynesse_, a strange perversion of _Heleynes_.

121. _kerve_, cut; suggested by Chaucer's use of _forkerveth_ in the
Manciple's Tale, H 340. This _is_ tolerably certain, as in l. 129 he again
refers to the same Tale, H 332-4.

130. Chaucer does not mention Cato; he merely says--'Thus lerne children
whan that they ben yonge.' Both Chaucer and Lydgate had no doubt been
taught some of the sayings of Dionysius Cato in their youth; for see Troil.
iii. 293-4. This particular precept occurs in the third distich in Cato's
first book; i.e. almost at the very beginning. See note to C. T., H 332
(vol. v. p. 443).

Sec. XIII. BEWARE OF DOUBLENESS.

This piece is gently ironical throughout, as, for example, in ll. 15, 23,
31, 39, 47, &c.

30. _abit_, abideth, abides, remains, is constant.

32 (footnote). The remark in the margin--'Per antifrasim'--simply means
that the text is ironical.

48. _tache_, defect; this is Shakespeare's _touch_, in the same sense;
Troilus and Cressida, iii. 3. 175.

51. _sliper_, slippery; A.S. _slipor_; as in XVI. 262. Cf. HF. 2154, and
the note.

55. 'Who can (so) guide their sail as to row their boat with craft.' Not
clearly put. Is there a reference to Wade's boat? Cf. C. T., E 1424, and
the note. The irony seems here to be dropped, as in ll. 71, 79.

75. _sys and sink_, six and five, a winning throw at hazard; see C. T., B
124, and the note. _avaunce_, get profit, make gain.

77, 78. Here _sette_ seems to mean 'lay a stake upon,' in the game of
hazard; when, if the player throws double aces (_ambes as_), he loses; see
the note on C. T., B 124 as above; and see _Ambs-Ace_ in the New E. Dict.
It is amusing to find that Stowe so wholly misunderstood the text as to
print _lombes, as_ (see footnote on p. 293); for _lombes_ means 'lambs'!

83. _innocence_ is, I suppose, to be taken ironically; but the constancy of
Rosamond and Cleopatra is appealed to as being real. For the ballad of
'Fair Rosamond,' see Percy's Reliques of Ancient Poetry.

 'Her chiefest foes did plaine confesse
        She was a glorious wight.'

89, 90. _sengle_, single. _oo-fold_, one-fold, as distinct from _double_.
See the whimsical praise of 'double' things in Hood's Miss Kilmansegg, in
the section entitled 'Her Honeymoon.'

Sec. XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN, ETC.

6. _see at y_, see by the outward appearance; cf. C. T., G 964, 1059. This
Balade resembles no. XIII. Cf. l. 4 with XIII. 63, 81.

7. _et_, eateth, eats. This contracted form evidently best suits the
scansion. The copy in MS. T. had originally _ette_, mis-spelt for _et_,
with _ettyth_ written above it, shewing that the old form _et_ was
obsolescent. _Et_ (eateth) occurs in P. Plowman, C. vii. 431; and again, in
the same, B. xv. 175, the MSS. have _eet_, _eteth_, _ette_, with the same
sense. 'The blind eat many flies' is given in Hazlitt's Collection of
Proverbs. Skelton has it, Works, ed. Dyce, i. 213; and Hazlitt gives four
more references.

9. _geson_, scarce, rare, seldom found; see note to P. Plowman, B. xiii.
270.

19. Remember to pronounce _this is_ (_this's_) as _this_.

25. A common proverb; see note to C. T., G 962.

26. 'But ay fortune hath in hir hony galle'; C. T., B 3537.

29. The proverbial line quoted in T. is here referred to, viz. 'Fallere,
flere, nere, tria sunt hec in muliere.' In the margin of the Corpus MS. of
the C. T., opposite D 402, is written--'Fallere, flere, nere, dedit Deus in
muliere.' See that passage in the Wife's Preamble.

33. _sleight_; pronounced (_sleit_), riming with _bait_; shewing that the
_gh_ was by this time a negligible quantity.

36. The reference is to the proverb quoted in the note to C. T., B 2297
(vol. v. p. 208):--

 'Vento quid leuius? fulgur; quid fulgure? flamma.
  Flamma quid? mulier. Quid muliere? nichil.'

Hence _light_ in l. 37 should be _leit_, as it means 'lightning'; which
explains 'passeth in a throw,' i.e. passes away instantly. We also see that
Lydgate's original varied, and must have run thus:--

 'Aere quid leuius? fulgur; quid fulgure? uentus.
  Vento quid? mulier. Quid muliere? nichil.'

43. Curiously imitated in the modern song for children:--

 'If all the world were paper, And all the sea were ink,
  And all the trees were bread and cheese, What _should_ we do for drink?'

  The Baby's Bouquet, p. 26.

Sec. XV. THREE SAYINGS.

(A). 2. _Honour_, i.e. advancement. The Lat. proverb is--'Honores mutant
mores'; on which Ray remarks--'As poverty depresseth and debaseth a man's
mind, so great place and estate advance and enlarge it, but many times
corrupt and puff it up.' _outrage_, extravagant self-importance.

Sec. XVI. LA BELLE DAME.

1-28. The first four stanzas are original; so also are the four at the end.
These stanzas have seven lines; the rest have eight.

10. Read _called_ as _call'd_; _Bell-e_ and _Dam-e_ are dissyllabic.

11. _Aleyn_; i.e. Alain Chartier, a French poet and prose writer, born in
1386, who died in 1458. He lived at the court of Charles VI and Charles
VII, to whom he acted as secretary. Besides La Belle Dame sans Merci, he
wrote several poems; in one of these, called Le Livre de Quatre Dames, four
ladies bewail the loss of their lovers in the battle of Agincourt. He also
wrote some prose pieces, chiefly satirical; his _Curial_, directed against
the vices of the court, was translated by Caxton. Caxton's translation was
printed by him in 1484, and reprinted by the Early English Text Society in
1888. The best edition of Chartier's works is that by A. Duchesne (Paris,
1617); a new edition is much wanted.

45. I here quote the original of this stanza, as it settles the right
reading of l. 47, where some MSS. have _eyen_ or _eyn_ for _pen_.

 'Qui vouldroit mon vouloir contraindre
  A ioyeuses choses escrire,
  _Ma plume_ n'y scauroit attaindre,
  Non feroit ma langue a les dire.
  Ie n'ay bouche qui puisse rire
  Que les yeulx ne la desmentissent:
  Car le cueur l'en vouldroit desdire
  Par les lermes qui des yeulx issent.'

53. The original French is clearer:--

 'Je laisse aux amoureulx malades,
  Qui ont espoir d'allegement,
  Faire chansons, ditz, et ballades.'

65, 66. _forcer_, casket; _unshet_, opened; _sperd_, fastened, locked up.

103 (footnote). _deedly_, inanimate, dull, sleepy; an unusual use of the
word. Only in Thynne, who seems to be wrong.

105, 106. _som_, i.e. some male guests. _their juges_, (apparently) the
ladies who ruled them, whom they wooed; cf. l. 137. _demure_, serious,
grave; an early example of the word; cf. XX. 459, XXI. 82.

105. _most fresshest_, who had most newly arrived; 'Tels y ot qui a l'heure
vinrent.'

137. _scole-maister_, i.e. his mistress who ruled him; cf. _her_ in l. 139.

145. The right reading is _shot_, as in Thynne and MS. Ff., which are
usually better authorities than MSS. F. and H. The original has:--

 'I'apperceu le _trait_ de ses yeulx
  Tout empenne d'humbles requestes.'

154, 156. _mes_, dish or course of meats. _entremes_, ill-spelt _entremass_
in Barbour's Bruce, xvi. 457; on which my note is: 'it is the O.F.
_entremes_, now spelt _entremets_, [to mark its connection with F.
_mettre_; but] _mets_, O.F. _mes_, is the Lat. _missum_ [accusative of
_missus_], a dish as _sent in_ or served at table (Brachet). An _entremes_
is a delicacy or side-dish (lit. a between-dish)'; and I added a reference
to the present passage. It is here used ironically.

166. _chase_, chose; apparently, a Northern form.

174. _apert_, as in MS. Ff., is obviously right; _pert_, as still in use,
is due to the loss of the former syllable. _prevy nor apert_, neither
secretly nor openly, i.e. in no way; just as in Ch. C. T., F 531.

176. _frounter_; answering here, not to O.F. _frontier_, forehead, but to
O.F. _frontiere_, front rank of an army, line of battle; whence the phrase
_faire frontiere a_, to make an attack upon (Godefroy). So here, the lady's
beauty was exactly calculated to make an attack upon a lover's heart. Sir
R. Ros has 'a frounter _for_'; he should rather have written 'a frounter
_on_.' The original has:--'Pour faire au cueur d'amant _frontiere_'; also
_garnison_ in the preceding line.

182. 'Car ioye triste cueur traueille.' Sir R. Ros actually takes _triste_
with _ioye_ instead of with _cueur_. There are several other instances in
which he does not seem to have understood his original. See below.

184. _trayle_, trellis-work, or lattice-work, intertwined with pliant
thick-leaved branches; Godefroy has O.F. '_treille_, _traille_, treillis,
treillage'; cf. l. 195. The original has:--'Si m'assis dessoubz une
treille.' A note explains _dessoubz_ as _derriere_.

198. _neer_, nearer; as in l. 201. _sought_, attacked (him).

230. 'Et se par honneur et sans blasme Ie suis vostre.' That is, if I am
yours, with honour _to myself_. But the translator transfers the _worship_,
i.e. the honour, to the lady.

259. 'Which promised utterly to deprive me of my trust.'

265. _Other or me_, me or some one else. But the French is:--'Se moy ou
autre vous regarde,' if I or some one else look at you; which is quite a
different thing.

269-72. Obscure, and perhaps wrong; the original is:--

 'S'aucun blesse autruy d'auenture
    Par coulpe de celuy qui blesse,
  Quoi qu'il n'en peult mais par droicture,
    Si en a il dueil et tristesse.'

282-3.

 'Que peu de chose peult trop plaire
  Et vous vous voulez deceuoir.'

300. 'It were less harm for one to be sad than two.'

303. Read _sory_: 'D'ung _dolent_ faire deux joyeulx.'

324. _rechace_, chasing it back, which gives small sense; and the reading
_richesse_ is worse, and will not rime. The French has _rachatz_ =  mod. F.
_rachat_, redemption, ransom; which has been misunderstood.

340. 'Preuue ses parolles par oeuure.'

348. _their_ is an error for _his_ (Love's), due to the translator. 'Lors
il [Amour] descouure sa fierte.'

351.

 'Tant plus aspre en est la poincture,
  Et plus desplaisant le deffault.'

357. _oon_, one; i.e. the same. MS. Ff. has _wone_, a very early example of
the prefixed sound of _w_, as in modern English. See Zupitza's notes to Guy
of Warwick.

393. Something is wrong. The French is:--'La mesure faulx semblant porte';
meaning (I suppose) moderation has a false appearance.

400. _As think_, i.e. pray think; see _As_ in the Gloss. in vol. vi.

443. 'A constrained reward, and a gift offered by way of thanks, cannot
agree'; i.e. are quite different.

449. _wanteth_, is wanting, is lacking.

468. 'Qui soit donne a autre office.'

469. 'D'assez grant charge se cheuit,' he gets rid of a great
responsibility. The translator gives the contrary sense.

506. 'D'en donner a qui les reffuse.'

509. That _He_, not _Who_, should begin the line, is certain by comparison
with the French:--'_Il_ ne doit pas cuider muser.'

514. _me mistook_, that I mistook myself, that I made a mistake.

519, 520. _prevayl you_, benefit you; _after_, according to.

523-4. _after-game_, return-match, a second game played by one who has lost
the first. I believe l. 524 to mean 'who cannot thoroughly afford to double
his stakes.' To _set_ often means to stake. The French is:--

 'Et celuy pert le ieu d'attente
  Qui ne scet faire son point double.'

531. _it ar_, they are. This use of _ar_ with _it_ is due to the pl. sb.
_fantasyes_ (i.e. vain fancies) immediately following; _other counsayl_ is
equivalent to 'as for any other counsel,' which implies that there are more
alternatives than one.

536. 'Who would like to conduct himself,' i.e. to regulate his conduct.
'Qui la veult conduire et ne peult.'

538. Read _sute_: 'Desespoir le met de sa _suite_.'

555. 'Ne de l'aprendre n'ay-ie cure.'

559. 'Et le deuoir d'amours payer Qui franc cueur a, prise et droit.'

566. _That_ is a mere conjunction; the reading _Which_ alters the sense,
and gives a false meaning.

583. _let_, makes as though he knew not; French, 'scet celler.'

594, 595. _Hath set_; 'Mettroit en mes maulx fin et terme.' Line 595 should
begin with _Then_ rather than _Yet_, as there is no contrast.

605. 'De tous soit celuy deguerpiz.'

608. _or anything at al_, &c.; 'et le bien fait De sa Dame qui l'a reffait
Et ramene de mort a vie'; i.e. and the kindness of his Lady, who has new
made him, and brought him back from death to life. The English follows some
different reading, and is obscurely expressed.

614. 'A qui l'en puisse recourir'; to whom he could have recourse. But
_recourir_ has been read as _recovrir_, giving no good sense.

627. The reading _high_ is right; 'Que iamais _hault_ honneur ne chiet.'

634. _reclaymed_, taught to come back; a term in falconry; French, 'bien
reclamez.' Opposed to _hem to withholde_, i.e. to keep themselves from
coming back.

635.

 'Et si bien aprins qu'ils retiennent
  A changer des qu'ils ont clamez.'

651. _fol_, foolish; F. text, 'fol plaisir.'

667. _To have better_, to get a better lover. But the sense is wrongly
given. In the French, this clause goes with what follows:--'D'auoir mieulx
ne vous affiez,' i.e. expect to get nothing better.

667. _to have better_, to get a better lover.

668. 'Et prenez en gre le reffus.'

673. The original shews that _she_ really refers to _Pity_, denoted by _it_
in l. 671, not to the Lady herself.

680. 'Et iamais a bout n'en vendrez.'

706. _By_; French, _De_; hence _By_ should be _Of_. Read _defame of
cruelty_, an ill name for cruelty. The mistake is the translator's.

741. _Male-bouche_, Slander; a name probably taken from the Rom. de la
Rose, 2847; called _Wikked-Tonge_ in the English version, 3027.

750. _playn_, (all equally) flat. 'La terre n'est pas toute unie.'

757. _be nought_, are naughty, are wicked; as in K. Lear, ii. 4. 136.

788. 'Que si tost mis en obli a.'

814. _avantours_, boasters; see l. 735. F. text, 'venteus'; cf. '_Vanteux_,
vaunting'; Cotgrave.

817. _Refus_, i.e. Denial; personified. 'Reffuz a ses chasteaulx bastiz.'

829. The last four stanzas are original. Note the change from the 8-line to
the 7-line stanza.

Sec. XVII. THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.

This sequel to Chaucer's 'Troilus,' written by Robert Henryson of
Dunfermline, is in the Northern dialect of the Scottish Lowlands. Thynne
has not made any special attempt to alter the wording of this piece, but he
frequently modifies the spelling; printing _so_ instead of _sa_ (l. 3),
_whan_ for _quhen_ (l. 3), _right_ for _richt_ (l. 4), and so on. I follow
the Edinburgh edition of 1593. See further in the Introduction.

1. _Ane_, a; altered by Thynne to _a_, throughout.

_dooly_ (Th. _doly_), doleful, sad; from the sb. _dool_, sorrow.

4-6. Here _fervent_ seems to mean 'stormy' or 'severe,' as it obviously
does not mean hot. _Discend_ is used transitively; _can discend_ means
'caused to descend.' This is an earlier example than that from Caxton in
the New Eng. Dictionary. _Aries_ clearly means the influence of Aries, and
implies that the sun was in that sign, which it entered (at that date)
about the 12th of March; see vol. iii. p. 188 (footnote). _Lent_ is
'spring'; and the Old Germanic method is here followed, which divided each
of the seasons into three months. In this view, the spring-months were
March, April, and May, called, respectively, foreward Lent, midward Lent,
and afterward Lent; see A Student's Pastime, p. 190. Hence the phrase in
_middis of the Lent_ does not mean precisely in the middle of the spring,
but refers to the month of April; indeed, the sun passed out of Aries into
Taurus on the 11th of the month. The date indicated is, accordingly, the
_first week in April_, when the sun was still in Aries, and showers of
hail, with a stormy north wind, were quite seasonable.

10. _sylit under cure_, covered up, (as if) under his care. The verb _to
syle_ is precisely the mod. E. _ceil_; which see in the New E. Dict.

12. _unto_, i.e. over against. The planet Venus, rising in the east, set
her face over against the west, where the sun had set.

20. _shill_, shrill. _Shille_ occurs as a variant of _schrille_ in C. T., B
4585; see _schil_ in Stratmann.

32. _douf_ (spelt _doif_ in the old edition) is the Northern form of
'deaf,' answering to the Icel. _daufr_; thus a nut without a kernel is
called in the South 'a deaf nut,' but in Scotland 'a douf nit'; see
Jamieson. For _deaf_ in the senses of 'dull' and 'unproductive,' see the
New E. Dict.

39. _cut_, curtail; illustrated from Lydgate in the New E. Dict.

42. Read _lusty_, to avoid the repetition of _worthy_; cf. l. 41. It should
have been stated, in the footnotes, that the readings are: E. worthy; Th.
lusty.

43. Referring to Troil. bk. v. In l. 92, we are told how Diomede led
Criseyde away. Note particularly that, in l. 45, Henryson quotes Chaucer
rather closely. Cf. 'For which wel neigh out of my wit I breyde'; Troil. v.
1262. And cf. ll. 47-9 with--'Betwixen hope and drede his herte lay';
Troil. v. 1207.

48. _Quhill_, till. The reading _Esperus_ in E. is comic enough. Even
Thynne has misread _esperans_, and has turned it into _esperous_. There can
be little doubt that _esperans_ here means 'hope,' as it is opposed to
_wanhope_ in the line above. The word was known to Henryson, as we find, in
st. 8 of his Garment of Gude Ladyis: 'Hir slevis suld be of _esperance_, To
keip hir _fra dispair_.' Cf. l. 49.

50. _behest_, promise; because she had promised to return to Troy within
ten days; Troil. iv. 1595.

65. _this narratioun_, i.e. the sequel of the story, which he is about to
tell. He does not tell us whence he derived it, but intimates that it is a
fiction; I suppose he invented it himself.

74. _lybel of repudy_, Lat. 'libellum repudii,' as in Matt. xix. 7.

77. 'And, as some say, into the common court'; i.e. she became a courtesan.

78. _A-per-se_, i.e. the first letter of the alphabet, standing alone. A
letter that was also a word in itself, as _A_, or _I_, or _O_, was called
'per se,' because it could stand alone. Of these, the _A-per-se_ was a type
of excellence. One of Dunbar's Poems (ed. Small, i. 276) begins:--'London,
thou art of townes _A-per-se_.'

79. _fortunait_, the sport of fortune; oddly used, as it implies that she
was 'an unfortunate.' Cf. l. 89.

94. _but_, without; and Thynne actually prints _without_ in place of it.

97. _quhair_, where her father Calchas (was). He was living among the
Greeks; Troil. i. 80, 87.

106. In the medieval legend, Calchas was not a priest of Venus, but of
Apollo, as Chaucer notes; see Troil. i. 66-70. So also in Lydgate, Siege of
Troy, bk. ii. c. 17. Henryson probably altered this intentionally, because
it enabled him to represent Criseyde as reproaching her father's god; see
ll. 124, 134.

129. _outwaill_, outcast; one who is chosen out and rejected; from the verb
_wail_, _ wale_, to choose. There seems to be no other example of the word,
though Jamieson gives '_outwailins_, leavings, things of little value.'

140. _forlane_ can hardly mean 'left alone.' If so, it would be a word
invented for the occasion, and improperly formed from _lane_, which is
itself a docked form of _alane_. In all other passages _forlane_ or
_forlain_ is the pp. of _forliggen_; and the sense of 'defiled' is quite
applicable. And further, it rimes with _slane_, which means 'slain.'

143. 'And, as it seemed, she heard, where she lay,' &c.

147. The seven planets; which, in the order of the magnitude of their
orbits, are Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury, and the Moon.
And to this order the author carefully adheres throughout ll. 151-263.

155. _fronsit_, wrinkled; _frounse_ is the mod. E. _flounce_, which
formerly meant 'a pleat'; see _frounce_, _frouncen_ in Stratmann, and the
Gloss. to Chaucer. Misprinted _frosnit_ in E.

'His complexion was like lead.' Lead was Saturn's metal; see C. T., G 828,
and the note.

164. That _gyte_ is the correct reading, is obvious from ll. 178, 260,
where Thynne has preserved it. It is a Chaucerian word; see the Glossary in
vol. vi. It seems to mean 'mantle.' The Edinburgh printer altered it to
_gyis_, which is too general a term, at least in l. 260.

182. 'To ward off from us the wrath of his father (Saturn).'

198. Compare Ch. C. T., F 1031--'god and governour Of every plaunte, herbe,
tree, and flour.'

205. Alluding to Phaethon's misguidance of the chariot of the sun; 'And
that his faders cart amis he dryve'; Troil. v. 665. Laing prints _unricht_;
but omits to say that E. has _upricht_.

211. _soyr_, sorrel-, reddish-brown; see _Sorrel_ in my Etym. Dict.

212-6. The names of the four horses are curiously corrupted from the names
given in Ovid, Met. ii. 153, viz. Eoeus, AEthon, Pyroeeis, and Phlegon. As
_Eous_ means 'belonging to the dawn,' we may consider the words _into the
Orient_, i.e. in the East, as explanatory of the name _Eoy_; 'called Eoy,
(which signifies) in the East.' As to the name of the last horse, it was
obviously meant to take the form _Philegoney_, in order to rime with _sey_
(sea), and I have therefore restored this form. The two authorities, E. and
Th., give it in the amazing form _Philologie_ (_Philologee_), which can
only mean 'philology'!

231. _lauch_ and _weip_ are infinitives, but appear to be meant for past
tenses. If so, the former should be _leuch_; _weip_ may answer to the
strong pt. t. _weep_ in Chaucer (A.S. _w[=e]op_).

246. He seems to be thinking of Chaucer's Doctor of Phisyk; cf. Ch. Prol. A
425-6, 439.

254. 'The last of all (in order), and swiftest in her orbit.'

256. Thynne has _tapere_ = to appear; this passage is curiously cited, in
Richardson's Dictionary, in illustration of the sb. _taper_!

261. _churl_, man; this is Chaucer's _cherl_, in Troil. i. 1024. See the
note to that line.

263. _na nar_, no nearer; the moon's orbit, being the least, was the most
remote from the outer heaven that enclosed the _primum mobile_.

273. _shew_, shewed; but it is false grammar, for the verb to _shew_ (or
_show_) was weak. Formed by analogy with _blew_, _grew_, _knew_; cf. _rew_,
_mew_, _sew_, old strong preterites of _row_, _mow_, and _sow_.

290. As Henryson usually refrains from the addition of a syllable at the
caesura, we should probably read _injure_, not _injury_; see Troil. iii.
1018.

297, 298. _hyest_, i.e. Saturn; _lawest_ (lowest), i.e. Cynthia.

299. _modify_, determine, specify; not here used in the modern sense.

318. Heat and moisture characterised the _sanguine_ temperament (see vol.
v. p. 33); coldness and dryness characterised the melancholy temperament
(see P. Plowman, B-text, p. xix). Cf. l. 316.

343. 'With cup and clapper, like a leper.' It was usual for lepers to carry
a cup (for their own use), and a clapper or clap-dish, which was used in
order to give warning of their approach, and also as a receptacle for alms,
to prevent actual contact; cf. l. 479 below. Compare the following:--

 'Coppe and claper he bare ...
  As he a mesel [_leper_] were.'--Sir Tristrem, 3173.

 'Than beg her bread with dish and clap' (referring to Criseyde).

  Turbervile's Poems: The Lover in utter dispaire.

See further under _Clapper_ in the New Eng. Dict.

_lazarous_ is formed as an adj. in _-ous_ from the sb. _lazar_, a leper;
see l. 531.

350. _wa_, woful; 'God knows if she was woful enough.'

382. The accent on the second syllable of _hospital_ was not uncommon;
hence its frequent contraction to _spittal_ or _spittel-house_; for which
see l. 391 below.

386. Read _bevar_ or _bever_ (Th. has _beuer_); the reading _bawar_ in E.
gives no sense. I see no connection with Lowl. Sc. _bevar_, 'one who is
worn out with age,' according to Jamieson, who merely guesses at the sense,
as being perhaps allied to _bavard_, which he also explains as 'worn out';
although, if from the F. _bavard_, it rather means talkative, babbling, or
idle. I believe that _bevar hat_ simply means 'beaver hat,' formerly used
by women as well as by men. Even Dickens alludes to 'farmer's wives in
beaver bonnets,' in Martin Chuzzlewit, ch. 5. No doubt a beaver hat was,
when new, an expensive luxury, as worn by Chaucer's 'Merchant' (Prol. l.
272); but they wore well and long, and were doubtless gladly used by
beggars when cast off by their original owners.

407. The metre, in ll. 407-69, is borrowed from Chaucer's Anelida.

410. _blaiknit_, is not a derivative of M.E. _blak_, black, but of M.E.
_bl[=a]k_, _bleik_, bleak, pallid, cheerless. It is here used in the sense
of 'rendered cheerless'; and _bair_ means 'bare' or 'barren.' See
_bl[=a]kien_ in Stratmann.

413. 'Thy bale is in the growth,' or is sprouting. See _Braird_, the first
shoots of corn or grass, in the New E. Dict., where two more examples of
this phrase are cited from Henryson.

417. 'With goodly bed, and convenient embroidered bench-covers.' _Burelie_
(mod. E. _burly_, prov. E. _bowerly_) answers to an A.S. form
_b[=u]r-l[=i]c_, i.e. suitable for a lady's bower. This explains why it was
appropriately used as an epithet for a bed. Cf. 'Quhair ane _burely_ bed
was wrocht in that wane'; Rauf Coilyear, 264. Hence 'a burly knight' was
one suitable for a lady's bower, and therefore handsome, strong,
well-grown, large; and by a degradation of meaning, huge, corpulent. The
changes in sense are curious and instructive. In the New E. Dict., the
etymology is not given. For _bene_, see _bain_ in the New E. Dict.; and for
_bankouris_, see _banker_.

421. _saipheroun sals_, saffron sauce. _Saffron_ and _salt_ were often used
together in medieval cookery; see Two Fifteenth-Century Cookery Books, ed.
Austin (E. E. T. S.). The Glossary to that book gives the spellings
_safroun_, _saferon_, _saferoun_, and _sapheron_.

423. This is a very early mention of _lawn_. It is also mentioned in st. 10
of Lydgate's 'London Lickpeny.'

429. _walk_, wake. The history of this spelling is not quite clear; but the
_l_ was, in any case, mute; another spelling is _wauk_. I suspect that it
originated in the misunderstanding of a symbol. The scribe, who wished to
write _wakk_, used a symbol resembling _lk_, where the _l_ was _really_ the
first _k_, indicated by its down-stroke only. For example, the word _rokke_
was (apparently) written _rolke_. See my article on Ghost-words; Phil. Soc.
Trans. 1885, p. 369.

_tak the dew_, gather May-dew. The old custom of bathing the face with
fresh dew on the 1st of May is referred to in Brand's Popular Antiquities.
He gives an example as late as 1791. See Pepys' Diary, May 28, 1667, May
11, 1669; where we find that _any_ day in May was then considered suitable
for this health-giving operation.

433. I take _on every grane_ to mean 'in every particular'; cf. 'a _grain_
of sense.' We may also note the Fr. _teindre en graine_, to dye in grain,
to dye of a fast colour; and we occasionally find _grain_ in the sense of
'tint.' Godefroy cites 'ung couvertoer d'une _graigne_ vermeille'; and 'une
manche vermeille, ne scay se c'est _graine_ ou autre taincture.' _Grane_
also means 'groan,' and 'groin,' and 'fork of a tree'; but none of these
senses suit.

438. 'Take this leper-lodge in place of thy stately bower.'

450. In l. 407, we have _sop of sorrow_, i.e. sop, or sup, of sorrow. So
here _sowpit in syte_, sopped, or drenched, in sorrow; an expression which
Jamieson illustrates from Holland's Houlate, i. 4, and Douglas's Vergil,
prologue to Book viii, l. 5.

463. This expression is imitated from Chaucer's Boethius, bk. iii. pr. 6.
3--'O glorie, glorie, thou art nothing elles but a greet sweller of eres!'
See note to I. ii. 8. 68 (p. 472).

480. _leir_ (Th. _lerne_); surely miscopied from l. 479. Read _live_.

490. _lipper_ seems to be used collectively; so also in l. 494.

492. _shuik coppis_, shook their cups; it implies that they waved them
aloft, to attract attention. They also used their clappers.

501. _ply_, plight. I know of no other example of _ply_ in this sense; but
_ply_ (usually, a fold) and _plight_ (incorrect spelling of M.E. _plyte_)
are closely related; the former represents Lat. _plicitum_, the latter,
Lat. _plicita_; from _plicare_, to fold (whence E. _ply_, verb, to bend).

541. 'With many a sorrowful cry and cold _or_ sad (cry of) O hone!' Here
_cald_ = sad; and _Ochane_ is the Irish and Scotch cry of _O hone!_ or _Och
hone!_ See _O hone_ in the Century Dict., s.v. _O_.

543. _will of wane_, lit. wild of weening, at a loss what to do. See Gloss.
to Barbour's Bruce, s.v. _Will_.

550. 'And climbed so high upon the fickle wheel' (of Fortune). Cf. Troil.
iv. 6, 11.

567. 'For they (women) are as constant as a weathercock in the wind.' Cf.
'_unsad_ ... and chaunging as a vane'; Ch. C. T., E 995.

588. _wellis_, streams, rills; as in Book Duch. 160.

589. _broche and belt_; Criseyde gave Diomede the brooch she had received
from Troilus; see Troil. v. 1661, 1669, 1688. The _belt_ is Henryson's
addition.

600. 'His heart was ready to burst.'

Sec. XVIII. THE CUCKOO AND THE NIGHTINGALE.

In this piece, the final _-e_ is much used as forming a distinct syllable;
indeed, more freely than in Chaucer.

1, 2. Quoted from the Knightes Tale, A 1785-6.

4. The word _of_ is inserted in Th., Ff. and S., and seems to be right; but
as _hy-e_ should be two syllables, perhaps the words _And of_ were rapidly
pronounced, in the time of a single syllable. Or omit _And_.

11-5. The lines of this stanza are wrongly arranged in Thynne, and in every
printed edition except the present one; i.e. the lines 12 and 13 are
transposed. But as the rime-formula is _aabba_, it is easy to see that
_suffyse_, _devyse_, _agryse_ rime together on the one hand, and _nyce_,
_vyce_, on the other. The pronunciation _suffice_ is comparatively modern;
in Chaucer, the suffix _-yse_ was pronounced with a voiced _s_, i.e. as
_z_. Note the rimes _devyse_, _suffyse_ in the Book of the Duch. 901-2;
_suffyse_, _wyse_, _devyse_, in the C. T., B 3648-9; &c. The MSS. Ff., F.,
and B. all give the right arrangement.

18. _whom him lyketh_, him whom it pleases him (to gladden or sadden).

20, 23. _May_; cf. Troil. ii. 50-63; Rom. Rose, 51-2, 74-6, 85-6; Legend of
Good Women, 108; C. T., A 1500-2.

36. _of feling_, from experience. _Spek-e_ is dissyllabic.

39. _hoot_, hot, i.e. hopeful; _cold_, full of despair; _acces_, feverish
attack, as in Troil. ii. 1315, 1543, 1578.

41. _fevers whyte_, feverish attacks (of love) that turn men pale; the same
as _blaunche fevere_ in Troil. i. 916; see note to that line.

48. _a comune tale_, a common saying. As a fact, one would expect to hear
the cuckoo first. Prof. Newton, in his Dict. of Birds, says of the cuckoo,
that it 'crosses the Mediterranean from its winter-quarters in Africa at
the end of March or beginning of April. Its arrival is at once proclaimed
by the peculiar ... cry of the cock.' Of the nightingale he says--'if the
appearance of truth is to be regarded, it is dangerous to introduce a
nightingale as singing in England before the 15th of April or after the
15th of June.'

As the change of style makes a difference of 12 days, this 15th of April
corresponds to the 3rd of April in the time of Chaucer. It is remarkable
that Hazlitt, in his Proverbs, p. 305, gives the following:--'On the third
of April, comes in the cuckoo and the nightingale'; which may once have
been correct as regards the latter. Hazlitt also says that, in Sussex, the
14th of April is supposed to be 'first cuckoo-day'; whereas it would better
apply to the nightingale. And again, another proverb says (p. 380)--'The
nightingale and the cuckoo sing both in one month.' It is clear that,
whatever the facts may be, our ancestors had a notion that these birds
arrived nearly at the same time, and attached some importance, by way of
augury, to the possibility of hearing the nightingale first. They must
frequently have been disappointed. See Milton's sonnet, as quoted in the
Introduction.

54. _of_, during; exactly as in l. 42.

62. Read _inne_, the adverbial form; for the sake of the grammar and
scansion. See _Inne_ in the Gloss. in vol. vi. p. 135. _been_ gives a false
rime to _gren-e_ and _sen-e_; shewing that _grene_ and _sene_ are here
monosyllabic (really _green_ and _seen_), instead of being dissyllabic, as
in Chaucer. _Sene_ is the adj., meaning visible, not the pp., which then
took the form _seyn_.

70. For _began_, which is singular, substitute the pl. form _begonne_. _to
don hir houres_, to sing their matins, &c.; referring to the canonical
hours of church-service. Bell has the reading _to don honoures_, for which
there is no early authority. Morris unluckily adopts the meaningless
reading found in MSS. F. and B.

71. 'They knew that service all by rote,' i.e. by heart. Bell actually
explains _rote_ as a hurdy-gurdy; as to which see _Rote_ (in senses 2 and
3) in the Gloss. in vol. vi. p. 218.

80. _Feverere_ seems to have been pronounced _Fev'rer'_. Surely it must be
right. Yet all the MSS. (except T.) actually have _Marche_ (written _Mars_
in Ff.), followed by _upon_, not _on_. Even Th. and T. have _upon_, not
_on_; but it ruins the scansion, unless we adopt the reading _March_. It
looks as if the author really _did_ write _Marche_!

82, 85. _ron_, _mon_, for _ran_, _man_, are peculiar. As such forms occur
in Myrc and Audelay (both Shropshire authors) and in Robert of Gloucester,
they are perfectly consistent with the supposition that they are due to
Clanvowe's connection with Herefordshire.

87. _swow_, swoon; cf. Book Duch. 215.

90. As _brid_ is a monosyllable (cf. ll. 212, 260, 270, 271), it is
necessary to make _lew-ed-e_ a trisyllable; as also in l. 103. But it
becomes _lew'de_ in ll. 50, 94. Chaucer has _lew-ed_, P. F. 616, &c.

105. _him_; the cuckoo is male, but the nightingale, by way of contrast, is
supposed to be female.

118. _playn_, simple, having simple notes; cf. 'the plain-song cuckoo,'
Mids. Nt. Dr. iii. 1. 134.

119. _crakel_, 'trill or quaver in singing; used in contempt'; New E. Dict.

124. _I_ seems to be strongly accented. It is a pity that there is no
authority for inserting _For_ before it. Otherwise, read _I hav-e_.

In Old French, _oci oci_, represented the cry of the nightingale; Godefroy
gives examples from Raoul de Houdenc, Froissart, and Deschamps. Moreover,
_oci_ was also the imperative of the O.F. verb _ocire_, to kill; with which
it is here intentionally confused. Accordingly, the nightingale retorts
that _oci_ means 'kill! kill!' with reference to the enemies of love.

135. _grede_, exclaim, cry out. Not used by Chaucer, though found in most
dialects of Middle-English. Clanvowe may have heard it in Herefordshire, as
it occurs in Langland, Layamon, Robert of Gloucester, and in the Coventry
Mysteries, and must have been known in the west. But it was once a very
common word. From A.S. _gr[=ae]dan_.

137. _to-drawe_, drawn asunder; cf. Havelok, 2001; Will. of Palerne, 1564.

140. _yok_, yoke; cf. Ch. C. T., E 113, 1285.

142. _unthryve_, become unsuccessful, meet with ill luck. A very rare word;
but it also occurs in the Cursor Mundi (Fairfax MS.), l. 9450, where it is
said of Adam that 'his wyf made him _to unthryve_.'

146. The first syllable of the line is deficient. Accent _What_ strongly.
Cf. 153-8 below.

151. The sentiment that love teaches all goodness, is common at this time;
see Schick's note to Lydgate's Temple of Glas, l. 450.

152. The true reading is doubtful.

153-8. Here the author produces a considerable metrical effect, by
beginning all of these lines with a strong accent. There are three such
consecutive lines in the Wyf of Bathes Tale, D 869-71. Cf. ll. 161, 232,
242, 252, 261, 265, 268, 270, 278.

180. Bell and Morris read _haire_, without authority, and Bell explains it
by 'he may full soon have the _hair_ (!) which belongs to age, _scil._,
grey hair, said to be produced by anxiety.' But the M.E. form of 'hair' is
_heer_, which will not give a true rime; and the word _heyr_ represents the
mod. E. _heir_. As the _h_ was not sounded, it is also written _eir_ (as in
MS. T.) and _air_ (as in MS. S.). The sense is--'For he who gets a little
bliss of love may very soon find that his heir has come of age, unless he
is always devoted to it.' This is a mild joke, signifying that he will soon
find himself insecure, like one whose heir or successor has come of age,
and whose inheritance is threatened. On the other hand, 'to have one's hair
of age' is wholly without sense. Compare the next note.

185. 'And then you shall be called as _I_ am.' I. e. your loved one will
forsake you, and you will be called a cuckold. This remark is founded on
the fact that the O.F. _coucou_ or _cocu_ had the double sense of cuckoo
and cuckold. See _cocu_ in Littre. This explains l. 186.

201-5. Bell, by an oversight, omits this stanza.

203. This reading (from the best MS., viz. Ff.) is much the best. The sense
is--'And whom he hits he knows not, or whom he misses'; because he is
blind.

216-25. All the early printed editions crush these two stanzas into one, by
omitting ll. 217-9, and 224-5, and altering _thoughte me_ (l. 223) to _me
aloon_. This is much inferior to the text.

237. _leve_, believe; yet all the authorities but S. have the reading
_loue_! Cf. l. 238.

243. _dayesye_, daisy. Cf. Legend of Good Women, 182-7, 201-2, 211.

266. _Ye witen_ is the right reading; turned into _ye knowe_ in F. and B.
The old printed editions actually read _The cuckowe_!

267. A syllable seems lacking after _I_; such lines are common in Lydgate.
The reading _y-chid_ would render the line complete; or we may read
_hav-e_, as perhaps in l. 124.

275. An obvious allusion to Chaucer's Parlement of Foules, in which he
gives 'the royal egle' the first place (l. 330).

284. _The quene_; queen Joan of Navarre, second wife of Henry IV, who
received the manor of Woodstock as part of her dower.

285. _lay_, lea; not a common word in M.E. poetry, though occurring in P.
Plowman. The parliament of birds required a large open space.

289. _Terme_: during the whole term of my life; cf. C. T., G 1479.

Sec. XIX. ENVOY TO ALISON.

1. _lewde book_, unlearned book. It is not known to what book this refers.
It has nothing to do with the preceding poem. My guess, in vol. i. p. 40,
that this piece might be Hoccleve's, is quite untenable. His pieces are all
known, and the metrical form is of later date. See the next note.

11. Too long; perhaps _servant_ should be struck out. So in l. 13 we could
spare the word _als_. But ll. 17, 18, 19, 20, are all of an unconscionable
length.

22-7. I believe I was the first to detect the obvious acrostic on the name
of Alison; see vol. i. p. 40. The sense of ll. 25-6 (which are forced and
poor) is--'I beseech (you) of your grace, let your writing (in reply)
alleviate the sighs which I pour out in silence.'

Sec. XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.

I give numerous references below to 'A. L.', i.e. the Assembly of Ladies,
printed at p. 380. The two poems have much in common.

1-2. Imitated from C. T., F 671; see note in vol. v. p. 386.

3. _Bole_, Bull, Taurus. The sun then entered Taurus about the middle of
April; hence the allusion to April showers in l. 4. Compare the opening
lines of Chaucer's Prologue. But we learn, from l. 437, that it was already
May. Hence the sun had really run half its course in Taurus. _certeinly_;
used at the end of the line, as in A. L. 85.

10. _very good_; this adverbial use of _very_ is noticeable; cf. ll. 35,
315, 409, and A. L. 479. I believe Chaucer never uses _very_ to qualify an
adjective. It occurs, however, in Lydgate.

20. Cf. '_more_ at _hertes ese_'; A. L. 672.

25. Cf. 'at _springing of the day_'; A. L. 218.

26. Cf. 'That ye wold help me _on_ with _myn aray_'; A. L. 241.

27-8. This rime of _passe_ with _was_ occurs again below (114-6); and in A.
L. 436-8.

30. Chaucer has _hew-e_, _new-e_; but here _hew_, _new_ rime with the pt.
t. _grew_. So, in A. L. 65-8, _hew_, _new_ rime with the pt. t. _knew_.

31-2. Copied from the Book of the Duch. 419-20:--

 'And every tree stood by him-selve
  Fro other wel ten foot or twelve.'

35. 'The young leaves of the oak, when they first burst from the bud, are
of a red, cinereous colour'; Bell.

37. Cf. 'this proces _for to here_'; A. L. 27. And again, 'pitous _for to
here_; A. L. 718.

39-42. This seems to be a direct allusion to the Cuckoo and the
Nightingale, ll. 52-4:--

 'I wolde go som whider to assay
  If that I might _a nightingale here_;
  For yet had I non _herd of al this yere_.'

43-5. From the Book of the Duch. 398-401:--

 'Doun by a floury grene wente
  _Ful thikke of gras_, ful softe and swete,...
  _And litel used_, it semed thus.'

Cf. A. L. 47; 'into a strait passage,' and the context.

47. _parde_; a petty oath (being in French), such as a female writer might
use; so in A. L. 753.

49, 50. For the _herber_ and _benches_, see A. L. 48-9; also L. G. W.
203-4. For the phrase _wel y-wrought_, see A. L. 165.

53. Bell and Morris read _wool_, which is obviously right; but neither of
them mention the fact that _both_ Speght's editions have _wel_; and there
is no other authority! Clearly, Speght's MS. had _wol_, which he misread as
_wel_.

56. _eglantere_, eglantine, sweet-briar. Entered under _eglatere_ in the
New E. Dict., though the earlier quotations, in 1387 and 1459, have
_eglentere_. I find no authority for the form _eglatere_ except Speght's
misprint in this line, which he corrects in l. 80 below. Tennyson's
_eglatere_ (Dirge, 23) is clearly borrowed from this very line.

58. _by mesure_; a tag which reappears in A. L. 81.

59. _by and by_; another tag, for which see A. L. 87, 717.

60. _I you ensure_; yet another tag; see l. 457, and A. L. 52, 199, 495,
517.

62. The final _e_ in _peyn-e_ is suppressed; so in A. L. 359, 416.

68. Cf. 'And as they sought hem-self thus _to and fro_'; A. L. 43.

75. Here _espyed_ rimes with _syde_, _wyde_; in A. L. 193, it rimes with
_asyde_ and _gyde_.

89. The _goldfinch_ is afterwards opposed to the _nightingale_. Hence he
replaces the _cuckoo_ in the poem of the Cuckoo and Nightingale. Just as
the Cuckoo and Nightingale represent the faithless and the constant, so the
goldfinch and the nightingale are attached, respectively, to the bright
Flower and the long-lasting Leaf. This is explicitly said below; see ll.
439, 444.

98. _in this wyse_; appears also at the end of a line in A. L. 589; cf. _in
her gyse_, A. L. 603; _in ful pitous wyse_, A. L. 584; _in no maner wyse_,
A. L. 605.

99, 100. These lines correspond to the Cuckoo and Nightingale, 98-100.

113. _inly greet_, extremely great; cf. _inly fair_, A. L. 515.

115. 'Ye wold it _thinke a_ very _paradyse_'; A. L. 168.

118. Better _I set me doun_, as in A. L. 77.

121. 'Withouten sleep, withouten mete or drinke'; L. G. W. 177 (note the
context).

134. Here begins the description of the adherents of the Leaf, extending to
l. 322, including the Nine Worthies, ll. 239-94. The reader must carefully
bear in mind that the followers of the Leaf are clad in _white_ (not in
green, as we should now expect), though the nine Worthies are crowned with
green laurel, and all the company gather under a huge Laurel-tree (l. 304).
On the other hand the followers of the Flower, shortly described in ll.
323-50, are clad in _green_, though wearing chaplets of white and red
flowers; for green was formerly an emblem of _inconstancy_.

137. Cf. '_to_ say you _very right_'; A. L. 750.

144. _oon and oon_, every one of them. This phrase is rare in Chaucer; it
seems only to occur once, in C. T., A 679; but see A. L. 368, 543, 710.

146. _purfil_ occurs in A. L. 87, in the same line with _by and by_; and in
A. L. 522-4, we find _colour_, _sleves_, and _purfyl_ close together.

148. Cf. 'With _grete perles_, ful fyne _and orient_'; A. L. 528. For
_diamonds_, see A. L. 530.

150. Borrowed from Chaucer, Parl. Foules, 287: 'of whiche the name I
wante.' Hence _wante_, i.e. lack, is the right reading. The rime is
imperfect.

155. The missing word is not _branches_, as suggested by Sir H. Nicolas,
nor _floures_, as suggested by Morris, but _leves_; as the company of _the
Leaf_ is being described; cf. l. 259. The epithets _fresh and grene_ are
very suitable. The leaves were of laurel, woodbine, and _agnus-castus_.

160. For _were_ read _ware_; see ll. 267, 329, 335, 340; the sense is
_wore_. Chaucer's form is _wered_, as the verb was originally weak; Gower
and Lydgate also use the form _wered_. The present is perhaps one of the
earliest examples of the strong form of this preterite.

_agnus-castus_; 'from Gk. [Greek: agnos], the name of the tree, confused
with [Greek: agnos], chaste, whence the second word Lat. _castus_, chaste.
A tree, species of Vitex (_V. Agnus Castus_), once believed to be a
preservative of chastity, called also Chaste-tree and Abraham's Balm'; New
E. Dict. The same Dict. quotes from Trevisa: 'The herbe agnus-castus is
alwaye grene, and the flowre therof is namly callyd Agnus Castus, for wyth
smelle and vse it makyth men chaste as a lombe.'

163. For _But_ Morris reads _And_, which is simpler.

164. _oon_, one. She was the goddess Diana (see l. 472), or the Lady of the
Leaf.

171. Cf. 'That to beholde it was a greet plesaunce'; A. L. 59.

172. Cf. 'though it were _for a king_'; A. L. 158.

177-8. Speght has _Suse le foyle de vert moy_ in l. 177, and _Seen et mon
joly cuer en dormy_ in l. 178. I see little good in guessing what it ought
to be; so I leave it alone, merely correcting _Suse_ and _foyle_ to _Sus_
and _foyl_; as the O.F. _foil_ was masculine.

Bell alters _de vert_ to _devers_, and for _Seen_ puts _Son_; and supplies
_est_ after _cuer_; but it all gives no sense when it is done. We should
have to read _Sus le foyl devers moy sied, et mon joli cuer est endormi_;
sit down upon the foliage before me, and my merry heart has gone to sleep.
Which can hardly be right. The Assembly of Ladies has the same peculiarity,
of presenting unintelligible scraps of French to the bewildered reader.

180. _smal_, high, treble; chiefly valuable for explaining the same word in
Chaucer's Balade to Rosemounde.

188-9. A parallel passage occurs in A. L. 384-5.

201. _the large wones_, the spacious dwellings; cf. Ch. C. T., D 2105.

202. Speght has _Pretir_, an obvious error for _Prester_. The authoress may
easily have obtained her knowledge of Prester John from a MS. of
Mandeville's Travels; see cap. 27 of that work. And see Yule's edition of
Marco Polo. He was, according to Mandeville, one of the greatest potentates
of Asia, next to the Great Khan.

209. _cereal_; borrowed from Chaucer:--'A _coroune_ of a grene _ook
cerial_'; C. T., A 2290. And Chaucer took it from Boccaccio; see note in
vol. v. p. 87.

210. _trumpets_, i.e. trumpeters; as several times in Shakespeare. Cf. l.
213.

212. _tartarium_, thin silk from Tartary. Fully explained in my note to P.
Plowman, C. xvii. 299 (B. xv. 163), and in the Glossary to the same.
_bete_, lit. beaten; hence, adorned with beaten gold; see note to C. T., A
978 (vol. v. p. 64). _were_, (all of which) were; hence the plural.

213. Read _bere_, as in l. 223; A.S. _b[=ae]ron_, pt. t. pl.

220. _kinges of armes_, kings-at-arms; who presided over colleges of
heralds. Sir David Lyndsay was Lord Lion king-at-arms.

224. Cf. '_Set with saphyrs_'; A. L. 480.

233. _vel-u-et_ is trisyllabic; as in The Black Knight, 80.

234. 'And certainly, they had nothing to learn as to how they should place
the armour upon them.'

238. _in sute_, in their master's livery.

240. The celebrated Nine Worthies; see notes to IV. 281, XII. 86.

243. Cf. '_and furred_ wel _with gray_'; A. L. 305.

252. _henshmen_, youths mounted on horseback, who attended their lords. See
numerous quotations for this word in A Student's Pastime, Sec.Sec. 264, 272,
415-8. Each of them is called _a child_, l. 259.

253. For _every on_, it is absolutely necessary to read _the first upon_;
for the sense. Each of the nine worthies had three henchmen; of these
three, the first bore his helmet, the second his shield, and the third his
spear.

257. Bell and Morris alter _nekke_ to _bakke_; but wrongly. The shields
were carried by help of a strap which passed round the _neck_ and over the
shoulders; called in Old French a _guige_. The convenience of this
arrangement is obvious. See note to C. T., A 2504 (vol. v. p. 88).

272. In Lydgate's Temple of Glas, 508, we are told that hawthorn-leaves do
not fade; see ll. 551-3 below.

274. Read _hors_, not _horses_; _hors_ is the true plural; see l. 293.

275. Cf. '_trompes_, that ... blowen _blody sounes_'; C. T., A 2511-2.

286-7. 'That _to beholde it was a greet plesaunce_'; A. L. 59. And
again--'_I you ensure_'; A. L. 52.

289. I. e. the Nine Worthies; see ll. 240, 249.

293. The reading _ninth_ (as in Speght) is an absurd error for _nine_; yet
no one has hitherto corrected it. How could the ninth man alight from
_their horses_? The 'remnant' were the twenty-seven henchmen and the other
knights.

295. Cf. 'See how they come _togider, twain and twain_'; A. L. 350.

302. Cf. '_Ful womanly_ she gave me,' &c.; A. L. 196.

305. 'Laden with leaves, with boughs of great breadth.'

323. Here begins the description of the company of the Flower. They were
clad in _green_.

330. Cf. 'Her gown was _wel embrouded_'; A. L. 85.

348. _bargaret_, a pastoral; a rustic song and dance; O.F. _bergerete_,
from _berger_, a shepherd. Godefroy notes that they were in special vogue
at Easter.

350. We have here the refrain of a popular French pastoral. Warton suggests
it may have been Froissart's; but the refrain of Froissart's Ballade de la
Marguerite happens to be different: 'Sur toutes flours j'aime la
margherite'; see Spec. of O. French, ed. Toynbee, p. 302. In fact, Warton
proceeds to remark, that 'it was common in France to give the title of
Marguerites to studied panegyrics and flowery compositions of every kind.'
It is quite impossible to say if a special compliment is intended; most
likely, the authoress thought of nothing of the kind. She again mentions
_margarettes_ in A. L. 57.

351. _in-fere_, together; very common at the end of a line, as in ll. 384,
450; A. L. 407, 469, 546, 602, 719.

369. _withouten fail_; this tag recurs in A. L. 567, 646, in the form
_withouten any fail_; and, unaltered, in A. L. 188, 537.

373. Those in white, the party of the Leaf.

379. _oon_, one of those in green; this was queen Flora; see l. 534.

403. Bell thinks this corrupt. I think it means, that, before engaging with
them in jousts in a friendly manner, they procured some logs of wood and
thoroughly dried them. Hence _To make hir justes_ = in order to joust with
them afterwards.

410. 'Quickly anointing the sick, wherever they went.'

417. _for any thing_, in any case, whatever might happen; cf. C. T., A 276,
and the note (vol. v. p. 30).

427. 'For nothing was lacking that ought to belong to him.'

450. Here the story ends, and the telling of the moral begins.

457. The meeting with a 'fair lady' was convenient, as she wanted
information. In the Assembly of Ladies, this simple device is resorted to
repeatedly; see ll. 79, 191, 260, 400.

459. We find _ful demure_ at the end of A. L. 82.

462, 467. _My doughter_; this assumes that the author was a female; so in
ll. 500, 547; and in A. L. throughout.

475. Referring to l. 173; so l. 477 refers to l. 160; l. 479, to l. 158.

493. _some maner way_, some kind of way; cf. _what maner way_, A. L. 234.

502. Refers to ll. 240, 249. With l. 510, cf. C. T., A 1027.

512. Speght prints _bowes_ for _boughes_; but the meaning is certain, as
the reference is to ll. 270-1. Bows are not made of laurel; yet Dryden fell
into the trap, and actually wrote as follows:--

 'Who bear the bows were knights in Arthur's reign;
  Twelve they, and twelve the peers of Charlemagne;
  For bows the strength of brawny arms imply,
  Emblems of valour and of victory.'

This is probably the only instance, even in poetry, of knights being armed
with bows and arrows.

515. For the knights of Arthur's round table, see Malory's Morte Arthure.

516. _Douseperes_; _les douze pers_, the twelve peers of Charlemagne,
including Roland, Oliver, Ogier the Dane, Otuel, Ferumbras, the traitor
Ganelon, and others. The names vary.

520. _in hir tyme_, formerly, in their day; shewing that the institution of
the Knights of the Garter on April 23, 1349, by Edward III, was anything
but a recent event.

530. I. e. 'Witness _him_ of Rome, who was the founder of knighthood.'
Alluding to Julius Caesar, to whom was decreed by the senate the right of
wearing a laurel-crown; Dryden mentions him by name.

550. Cf. '_De mieulx en mieulx_'; Temple of Glas, 310.

551-6. Apparently imitated from The Temple of Glas, 503-16.

567. Cf. 'We _thanked_ her _in our most humble wyse_'; A. L. 729.

580. _Male-Bouche_, Slander; borrowed from the Rom. de la Rose. See note
above, to VIII. 260.

589. Cf. 'to _put_ it _in wryting_'; A. L. 664; 'she _put_ it _in
wryting_'; A. L. 629.

590. I. e. in the hope that it will be patronised.

591. Cf. 'As for this _book_'; A. L. (last stanza).

592. 'How darest thou thrust thyself among the throng?' i.e. enter into
contest. Cf. 'In suych materys to _putte mysylff in prees_'; Lydgate,
Secrees of Philosophers, ed. Steele, l. 555.

Sec. XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.

For numerous references to this poem, see Notes to the preceding poem.

Though apparently written by the authoress of the Flower and the Leaf, it
is of later date, and much less use is made of the final e. That the author
was a woman, is asserted in ll. 7, 18, 259, 284, 370, 379-85, 407, 450,
625.

17. _the mase_. They amused themselves by trying to find a way into a maze,
similar to that at Hampton Court. Cf. l. 32.

29. Ll. 1-28 are introductory. The story of the dream now begins, but is
likewise preceded by an introduction, down to l. 77.

34. The word _went_ is repeated; the second time, it is an error for
_wend_, weened. 'Some went (really) inwards, and imagined that they had
gone outwards.' Which shews that the maze was well constructed. So, in l.
36, those who thought they were far behind, found themselves as far forward
as the best of them.

42. That is, they cheated the deviser of the maze, by stepping over the
rail put to strengthen the hedge. That was because they lost their temper.

44. The authoress got ahead of the rest; although sorely tired, she had
gained a great advantage, and found the last narrow passage which led
straight to the arbour in the centre. This was provided with benches
(doubtless of turf, Flower and Leaf, l. 51) and well enclosed, having stone
walls and a paved floor with a fountain in the middle of it.

54. There were stairs leading downwards, with a 'turning-wheel.' I do not
think that turning-wheel here means a turn-stile, or what was formerly
called a turn-pike. It simply means that the stair-case was of spiral form.
Jamieson tells us that, in Lowland Scotch, the term _turn-pike_ was applied
(1) to the winding stair of a castle, and (2) to any set of stairs of
spiral form; and quotes from Arnot to shew that a spiral stair-case was
called a _turnpike stair_, whereas a straight one was called a _scale
stair_. The pot of marjoram may have been placed on a support rising from
the newel.

It may be noted that arbours, which varied greatly in size and
construction, were often set upon a small 'mount' or mound; in which case
it would be easy to make a small spiral stair-case in the centre. In the
present case, it could hardly have been very large, as it occupied a space
in the centre of a maze. For further illustration, see A History of
Gardening in England, by the Hon. Alicia Amherst, pp. 33, 52, 78, 116, 118,
314.

60. 'And how they (the daisies) were accompanied with other flowers
besides, viz. forget-me-nots and remember-mes; and the poor <DW29>s were
not ousted from the place.'

61. _Ne-m'oublie-mies_; from O.F. _ne m'oublie-mie_, a forget-me-not.
Littre, s.v. _ne m'oubliez pas_, quotes, from Charles d'Orleans, 'Des
fleurs de _ne m'oubliez mie_'; and again, from a later source, 'Un diamant
taille en fleur de _ne m'oblie mie_.' The recovery of this true reading (by
the help of MS. A.) is very interesting; as all the editions, who follow
Thynne, are hopelessly wrong. Thynne, misreading the word, printed _Ne
momblysnesse_; whence arose the following extraordinary entry in Bailey's
Dictionary:--'_Momblishness_, talk, muttering; Old Word.' This ghost-word
is carefully preserved in the Century Dictionary in the
form:--'_Momblishness_, muttering talk; Bailey (1731).'

_sovenez_ doubtless corresponds to the name _remember-me_, given in
Yorkshire and Scotland to the _Veronica chamaedrys_, more commonly called
the germander speedwell, and in some counties forget-me-not. But we should
rather, in this passage, take forget-me-not (above) to refer, as is most
usual, to the _Myosotis_; as Littre also explains it. Here Thynne was once
more at a loss, and printed the word as _souenesse_, which was 'improved'
by Stowe into _sonenesse_. Hence another ghost-word, recorded by Bailey in
the entry:--'_Sonenesse_, noise.' Cf. l. 86.

62. _pensees_, <DW29>s; alluding, of course, to the _Viola tricolor_. The
spelling is correct, as it represents the O.F. _pensee_, thought; and it
seems to have been named, as Littre remarks, in a similar way to the
forget-me-not, and (I may add) to the remember-me.

68. _stremes_, jets of water; there was a little fountain in the middle.

73. The authoress had to wait till the other ladies also arrived in the
centre of the maze. Cf. note to l. 736.

82. _sad_, settled, staid. _demure_, sober; lit. mature.

83. _blewe_, blue; which was the colour of constancy; see note to C. T., F
644 (vol. v. p. 386). For the lady's name was Perseverance. It is
convenient to enumerate here the officers who are mentioned. They are:
Perseveraunce, usher (91); Diligence (133, 198, 728); Countenance, porter
(177, 277, 295); Discretion, purveyour (263); Acquaintance, herbergeour
(269); Largesse, steward (318); Belchere, marshall (322); Remembrance,
chamberlain (336); Avyseness, or Advisedness, secretary (343); and
Attemperance, chancellor (508). The chief Lady is Loyalty (98), dwelling in
the mansion of Pleasant Regard (170).

87. Here _word_ means 'motto.' I here collect the French mottoes mentioned,
viz. Bien et loyalement (88); Tant que je puis (208); A moi que je voy
(308); Plus ne purroy (364); A endurer (489). Afterwards, four ladies are
introduced, with the mottoes Sans que jamais (583); Une sanz chaungier
(590); Oncques puis lever (598); and Entierment vostre (616). These ladies
afterwards present petitions, on which were written, respectively, the
phrases Cest sanz dire (627); En dieu est (645); Soyez en sure (666); and
Bien moneste (675). The words, or mottoes, were embroidered on the sleeves
of the ladies (119). See Lydgate's Temple of Glas, 308-10.

224. They said a pater-noster for the benefit of St. Julian, because he was
the patron-saint of wayfarers. 'Of this saynt Julyen somme saye that this
is he that pylgryms and wey-faryng men calle and requyre for good
herberowe, by-cause our lord was lodgyd in his hows'; Caxton's Golden
Legend. The story occurs in the Gesta Romanorum, c. xviii., and in the
Aurea Legenda. The following extract from an old translation of Boccaccio,
Decam. Day 2. Nov. 2, explains the point of the allusion. 'Nevertheless, at
all times, when I am thus in journey, in the morning before I depart my
chamber, I say a _pater-noster_ and an _Ave-Maria_ for the souls of the
father and mother of St. Julian; and after that, I pray God and St. Julian
to send me a good lodging at night'; &c. Dunlop, in his Hist. of Fiction,
discussing this Novella, says: 'This saint was originally a knight, and, as
was prophecied to him by a stag, he had the singular hap to kill his father
and mother by mistake. As an atonement for his carelessness, he afterwards
founded a sumptuous hospital for the accommodation of travellers, who, in
return for their entertainment, were required to _repeat pater-nosters_ for
the souls of his unfortunate parents.'

241. Because she was to change her dress, and put on blue; see ll. 258-9,
313-4, 413.

457. The reference is to the Legend of Good Women, which contains the story
of Phyllis, Thisbe, and 'Cleopataras.' Cf. l. 465.

463. _Hawes_, probably the same name as _Havise_, which occurs in the old
story of Fulke Fitzwarine. But it is remarkable that MS. A. has the
reading:--'That other syde was, how Enclusene'; and this looks like an
error for _Melusene_, variant of _Melusine_. This would agree with the next
line, which means 'was untruly deceived in her bath.' The story of Melusine
is given in the Romance of Partenay. She was a fairy who married Raymound,
son of the Earl of Forest, on the understanding that he was never to watch
what she did on a Saturday. This he at last attempts to do, and discovers,
through a hole in the door, that she was _in a bath_, and that her lower
half was changed into a serpent. He tries to keep the knowledge of the
secret, but one day, in a fit of anger, calls her a serpent. She reproaches
him, and vanishes from his sight. See the Romans of Partenay, ed. Skeat
(E.E.T.S.).

465. From Chaucer's poem of Anelida and the false Arcite; vol. i. p. 365;
for her Complaint, see the same, p. 373.

471. _umple_ (MS. T. _vmpylle_), smooth gauze; from O.F. _omple_, smooth,
used as an epithet of cloth, satin, or other stuff (Godefroy). Here
evidently applied to something of a very thin texture, as gauze; see l.
473.

477. _stages_, steps. The chair or throne was set on a platform accessible
by five steps, which were made of _cassidony_. Cotgrave explains O.F.
_cassidonie_ as meaning not only chalcedony, but also a kind of marble; and
this latter sense may be here intended.

488. _Her word_, her motto; _her_ must refer to the great lady (l. 501) to
whom the throne belonged.

499. _tapet_, a hanging cloth (Halliwell); here a portion of the hangings
that could be lifted up, to give entrance.

526. _After a sort_, of one kind, alike. _vent_, slit in front of a gown.
'_Vente_, the opening at the neck of the tunic or gown, as worn by both
sexes during the Norman period, and which was closed by a brooch'; Gloss.
to Fairholt's Costume in England. O.F. _fente_, a slit, cleft; from Lat.
_findere_. The collar and slit were alike bordered with ermine, covered
with large pearls, and sprinkled with diamonds. Cf. also: 'Wyth armynes
powdred bordred at the vent'; Hawes, Pastime of Pleasure, ed. Wright, p.
80.

536. _balays_, a balas-ruby; 'a delicate rose-red variety of the spinel
ruby'; New. E. Dict. _of entail_, lit. 'of cutting,' i.e. carefully cut;
the usual phrase; see New E. Dict.

539. _a world_, worth a world; cf. _a world_ (great quantity) of ladies;
Flower and the Leaf, 137.

576-8. Alluding to the proverb: 'first come, first served'; cf. C. T., D
389, and the note (vol. v. p. 301).

581. We find that the 'bills' are petitions made by the four ladies
regarding their ill success in love-affairs.

592. I. e. yet not so much as she ought to have been, as she had all the
trouble; _she_ refers to the lady herself.

598. _Oncques_, ever; Lat. _unquam_. 'I can ever rise' seems at first sight
to be meant; but _ne_ must be understood; the true sense is, 'I can never
rise'; i.e. never succeed. See the context, ll. 605-9.

645. 'I trust in God'; see l. 655.

675. 'Admonish well'; from O.F. _monester_, to admonish, warn.

680. Here, and in l. 689, the speaker is the lady of the castle. In l. 682
(as in l. 690), the speaker appears to be the fourth lady; it is none too
clear.

689. _I hate you_, I command you. _Hate_ should rather be written _hote_;
perhaps it was confused with the related pt. t. _hatte_, was called. The
reference to Saint James of Compostella is noteworthy.

693. _it_, i.e. the bill, or petition; it takes the form of a Complaint.

697-8. _And_, if. _ye wolde_, i.e. _ye wolde seme_, (see l. 696), ye would
think so. _Seem_ is still common in Devonshire in the sense of think or
suppose; usually pronounced _zim_.

699. _her_ refers to the lady of the castle; at least, it would appear so
from l. 705. Else, it refers to Fortune.

736. _the water_, water thrown in her face by one of her companions, who
had by this time entered the arbour.

752. A headless line; accent the first syllable.

754-5. The Flower and the Leaf has a similar ending (ll. 582-3).

Sec. XXII. A GOODLY BALADE.

Obviously Lydgate's. See the Introduction.

1. _Moder of norture_, model of good breeding. The poem is evidently
addressed to a lady named Margaret.

2. _flour_, daisy (for Margaret); see ll. 22, 23.

4. _Al be I_, although I am; common in Lydgate.

9. _Thing_, i.e. anything, everything, whatever thing.

15. _Mieulx un_, one (is) better; evidently cited from a motto or device.
The meaning seems to be: it is better to have but _one_ lover, and you have
found one in a heart that will never shrink. In the Temple of Glas, 310,
Lydgate uses the motto _de mieulx en mieulx_.

22-3. 'Daisy (born) of light; you are called the daughter of the sun.'
Alluding to the name _day's eye_, which was also applied by Lydgate to the
sun; see note in vol. iii. p. 291 (l. 43). Imitated from Legend of Good
Women, 60-4.

29. 'When the day dawns, (repairing) to its natural place (in the east),
then your father Phoebus adorns the morrow.'

34. 'Were it not for the comfort in the day-time, when (the sun's) clear
eyes make the daisy unclose.' Awkward and involved; cf. Legend of Good
Women, 48-50, 64-5.

43. _Je vouldray_, I should like; purposely left incomplete.

44. _casuel_, uncertain; see New E. Dict.

48-9. _god saith_; implying that it is in the Bible. I do not find the
words; cf. Prov. xxi. 3; 1 Pet. ii. 20.

50. _Cautels_, artifices, deceits; a word not used by Chaucer, but found in
Lydgate; see New E. Dict.

57. _Quaketh my penne_, my pen quakes; an expression used once by Chaucer,
Troil. iv. 13, but pounced upon by Lydgate, who employs it repeatedly. See
more than twenty examples in Schick's note to the Temple of Glas, 947. Cf.
IX. 229.

59. Read _roseth_, grows rosy, grows red, as opposed to _welkeneth_,
withers, fades. We find the pp. _rosed_ twice in Shakespeare; 'a maid yet
_rosed over_,' Henry V, v. 2. 423; and 'thy _rosed_ lips'; Titus And. ii.
4. 24. The emendation seems a safe one, for it restores the sense as well
as the rime.

_welkeneth_ should probably be _welketh_; I find no other example of the
verb _welkenen_, though _welwen_ occurs in a like sense; and _welketh_
suits the rhythm.

60. _eft_, once again hot. These sudden transitions from cold to heat are
common; see Temple of Glas, 356:--'For thoughe I brenne with _feruence_ and
with hete.'

64. Lydgate is always deploring his lack of eloquence; cf. notes to Temple
of Glas, ed. Schick, ll. 1393, 1400.

69. I can find no such word as _jouesse_, so I alter it to _jonesse_, i.e.
youth. For the spelling _jonesce_ in the 14th century, see Littre, s.v.
_jeunesse_. The expression _have more yet_ implies that the phrase or motto
_je serve jonesse_ is added as a postscript, and that there was some
special point in it; but the application of it is now lost to us. Cf.
'Princes _of youthe_, and flour of gentilesse,' Temple of Glas, 970.

Sec. XXIII. GO FORTH, KING.

This poem really consists of twelve precepts, intended to redress twelve
abuses. The twelve abuses are given by the Latin lines above, which should
be compared throughout. The whole poem is thus easily understood.

The accent is on the first syllable of the line in most of the lines. In l.
3, the word _Lord_ stands alone in the first foot. The lines are somewhat
unsteady, quite in Lydgate's usual manner. In l. 6, _jug-e_ is probably
dissyllabic. See further in the Introduction.

Sec. XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.

This late piece abounds with imitations of Lydgate, especially of his
Temple of Glas; many of the resemblances are pointed out in Schick's
edition of that poem, which I refer to by the contraction 'T. G.'

1. Cf. 'With quaking hert[e] of myn inward drede'; T. G. 978.

'Another feature characteristic of Lydgate is his self-deprec[i]atory
vein'; T. G., Introd. p. cxl. We have here an instance of an imitation of
it.

6. Cf. 'Save that he wol conveyen his matere'; C. T., E 55.

8. He refers to Cicero's flowers of rhetoric. He may have found the name in
Chaucer, P. F. 31. But he probably took the whole idea from a line of
Lydgate's:--'Of rethoriques _Tullius_ fond the _floures_': Minor Poems, p.
87.

9. _borne_, burnish, adorn; it rimes (as here) with _sojorne_ in Troil. i.
327.

11. _Galfrid_, Geoffrey de Vinsauf; his 'craft' refers to his treatise on
the art of poetry, entitled 'Nova Poetria'; see note to C. T., B 4537 (vol.
v. p. 257). [I once thought (see vol. i. p. 43) that _Galfrid_ here means
Chaucer himself, as he also is twice called _Galfrid_ in Lydgate's
Troy-book. But I find that Dr. Schick thinks otherwise, and the use of the
word _craft_ is on his side. At the same time, this renders it impossible
for Chaucer to have written 'The Court of Love'; _his_ opinion of his
namesake was the reverse of reverential.] With ll. 4-11 compare the opening
lines of Benedict Burgh's Poem in Praise of Lydgate, pr. at p. xxxi of
Steele's edition of Lydgate's Secrees of Philosophers.

19. _Calliope_; twice mentioned by Chaucer; also by Lydgate, T. G. 1303.
Lydgate's Troy-book opens with an invocation to Mars, followed by one to
Calliope:--'Helpe me also, o thou Callyope'; and only four lines above
there is a mention of 'Helicon the welle' (see l. 22 below).

22. _Elicon_, mount Helicon in Boeotia, sacred to Apollo and the Muses;
confused by Chaucer and his followers with the fountain Hippocrene; see
note in vol. i. p. 531. Hence Lydgate's expression 'Helicon the welle' in
the last note and in T. G. 706, and the reference in the text to its
_dropes_.

_suger-dropes_; Lydgate was fond of sugar; he has 'soote _sugred_ armonye,'
Minor Poems, p. 182; and '_sugrid_ melody,' ib., p. 11. Also '_sugred_
eloquence'; XII. 200 (p. 288); with which cf. l. 933 below. I have observed
several other examples.

24. _Melpomene_; the muse who presided over tragedy.

28. Cf. 'This simpil tretis for to take _in gre_'; T. G. 1387. 'Taketh _at
gre_ the rudness of my style'; Lydgate, Secrees of Philosophers, 21.

30. _metriciens_, skilful in metre, poets; a word which has a remarkably
late air about it. Richardson gives an example of it from Hall's Chronicle.

36. Compare the following, from T. G. 1379-81.

 'I purpos here to maken and to write
  A litil tretise, and a processe make
  In pris of women, oonli for hir sake.'

40. _man_, servant, one who does her homage; cf. Chaucer, C. T., I 772; La
Belle Dame, 244; T. G. 742.

42. Cf. 'So that here-after my ladi may it _loke_'; T. G. 1392.

45. Cf. 'Ther was enclosed _rype and sad corage_'; C. T., E 220.

49, 50. Here the mountain of Cithaeron, in Boeotia, is confused with the
island of Cythera, sacred to Venus, whence her name Cytherea was derived.
The mistake arose, of course, from the similarity of the names, and occurs
(as said in vol. v. p. 78, note to A 1936), in the Roman de la Rose, where
we find:--

 'Citeron est une montaigne ...
  Venus, qui les dames espire,
  Fist la son principal manoir'; ll. 15865-71.

Hence Chaucer makes the same confusion, but in a different way. Chaucer
preserves the right name of the mountain, in the form _Citheroun_, which he
rimes with _mencioun_ (A 1936) and with _Adoun_ (A 2223); but here we have
the form _Citharee_, riming with _see_. For all this, the scribe corrects
it to _Citheron_ in l. 69, where he has no rime to deal with.

56. Cf. 'the _winged_ god, Mercurie'; C. T., A 1385.

58. The MS. has _costes that it drewe_; Bell alters this to _had to it
drew_, under the impression that _drew_ is the pp. of _draw_! So again, in
l. 78, he alters _saphir ind_, which is correct, to _saphir of Inde_; and
in general, alters the text at will without the least hint that he has done
so.

78. _ind_, blue; as in The Black Knight, 127.

80. _Baleis Turkeis_ (MS. _Bales turkes_). _Baleis_ is a better spelling,
answering to F. _balais_ in Littre. It also occurs as _balai_ in O.F.; and
the word was probably suggested by the mention of it in Rom. de la Rose,
20125:--'Que saphirs, rubis, ne _balai_.' Hence also the mention of it in
the King's Quhair, st. 46, which see; and in the Assembly of Ladies, 536.
_Turkeis_ is the A. F. equivalent of O.F. _Turkois_, i.e. Turkish, as in C.
T., A 2895, on which see the note (vol. v. p. 93).

81. _shene_, a misspelling of _shine_, intimating that the author has
confused the adj. _shene_ with the verb; or rather, that the poem was
written at a time when the word _shine_ could be used as riming to _been_;
since we find similar examples in lines 561, 768. So also we find _pretily_
riming with _be_ in The Flower and the Leaf, 89. The pt. t. _shoon_ occurs
in l. 83.

82. Cf. 'As doon the sterres in the frosty night'; C. T., A 268. And again:
'_bryght As sterrys in_ the _wyntyr_ nyght'; Lydgate, Compleint following
T. G., l. 548.

86. Cf. Compl. of Mars, 78-84, 104-5; C. T., A 2388 (and note); and T. G.
126-8.

88. Cf. 'Long as _a mast_,' &c.; C. T., A 3264.

92. Cf. Troil. iii. 8-21: '_In hevene and helle_,' &c.; from Boccaccio; see
note (vol. ii. p. 475).

105. _Alceste_; evidently borrowed from Ch., Legend of Good Women, 224,
293-9, 432; cf. T. G. 70-4. _The quenes flour Alceste_ = the flower of
queen Alcestis; a common idiom; see note to C. T., F 209 (vol. v. p. 376).

107. _Admete_, Admetus; see Troil. i. 664, and the note; T. G. 72.

108. _ninetene_; copied from the Legend of Good Women, 283; just as the
next line is from the same, 285-9. This is the more remarkable, because
Chaucer never finished the poem, but mentions ten ladies only, in nine
Legends. Cf. 'the book of _the nynetene Ladies_'; C. T., I 1086. Hawes also
refers to Chaucer's 'tragidyes ... of the xix. ladyes'; Pastime of
Pleasure, ed. Wright, p. 53.

115. 'So fair was noon in alle Arras'; R. R. 1234.

116. _of esier availe_, of less value; see _Avail_ in the New E. Dict.

117. _saunz faile_; thrice in Ch.; HF. 188, 429; C. T., B 501.

119. _Helisee_, Elysium; '_the feld_ ... That hight _Elysos_'; Troil. iv.
789.

120. _saintes_, saints, martyrs for love; cf. V. 316, above (p. 227), and
the note. Cf. T. G. 414.

129. 'The king had Danger standing near him, and the queen had Disdain, who
were chief of the council, to treat of affairs of state'; Bell.

138. Cf. T. G. 271, and the note, shewing how common gold hair is in
Lydgate.

139, 140. 'Bihinde _her bak, a yerde long_'; C. T., A 1050.

148. _In mewet_, in an inaudible voice, to myself; like mod. F. _a la
muette_ (Littre).

167. _non erst_; false grammar for _non er_, no sooner; 'no soonest' is
nonsense. We find, however, the phrases _not erst_ and _never erst_
elsewhere; see New E. Dict., s.v. _Erst_, Sec. B. 4.

170. This is the earliest quotation given in the New E. Dict., s.v.
_Assummon_; and the next is from the poet Daniel.

177. Chaucer has the compound _for-pampred_; Former Age, 5. I read _jolif_,
joyful, to make sense; the MS. has the absurd word _ioylof_ (_sic_); and
Stowe has _ialous_, jealous, which is quite out of place here.

181. 'An allusion to the monkish story of the man who brought up a youth
ignorant of women, and who, when he first saw them, told him they were
geese. The story is in the _Promptuarium Exemplorum_. It was adopted by
Boccaccio, from whom it was taken by Lafontaine, liv. iii. conte 1. See
_Latin Stories_, edited by Mr. [T.] Wright.'--Bell.

194. From C. T., B 466: '_On many a_ sory _meel_ now _may she bayte_.'

202. Cf. '_Comfort is noon_'; Chaucer's A B C, 17.

207. _how_, however. Cf. 'that _boghten love_ so _dere_'; Legend of Good
Women, 258.

229. See the Book of the Duchess, 323-34, where the painted glass windows
contain subjects from the Romance of the Rose and others. The story of Dido
is common enough; but the reference to Chaucer's Anelida and the false
Arcite, is remarkable, especially as it occurs also in XXI. 465 above (p.
395). 'The turtel trewe' is from the Parl. Foules, 577. See the parallel
passage in T. G. 44-142, where Lydgate's _first_ example is that of _Dido_,
while at the same time he mentions Palamon, Emilie, and Canacee, all from
Chaucer.

246. _blew_, blue, the colour of constancy; see l. 248.

250. 'And why that ye ben clothed thus _in blak_?' C. T., A 911.

255. _grene_ only gives an assonance with _here_, not a rime. Green was the
colour of inconstancy, and was sometimes used _for despyt_, to use
Chaucer's phrase; see note to C. T., F 644 (vol. v. p. 386). White may
refer to the White Friars or Carmelites, and russet to the hermits; cf. P.
Plowman, C. prol. 3, C. xi. 1.

270. _an ho_, a proclamation commanding silence; see C. T., 2533. Quite
distinct from _hue_ (and cry), with which Bell confuses it. A hue and cry
was only raised against fleeing criminals.

280. Clearly suggested by the God of Love's stern question in the Legend of
Good Women, 315:--'What dostow heer So nigh myn owne flour, so boldely?' At
the same time the phrase _fer y-stope in yeres_ is from Chaucer's _somdel
stape in age_, C. T., B 4011, on which see the note (vol. v. p. 248). See
the next note.

288. Similarly the God of Love pardoned Chaucer (L. G. W. 450), but upon a
condition (ib. 548).

290. _serven_, false grammar for _serve_.

302. Here follow the twenty statutes; ll. 302-504. They are evidently
expanded from the similar set of injunctions given by Venus to the Knight
in The Temple of Glas, ll. 1152-213; as clearly shewn by Schick in his
Introduction, p. cxxxi. The similarity extends to the first, second, third,
fifth, sixth, seventh, ninth, tenth, twelfth, fourteenth and eighteenth
statutes, which resemble passages found in the Temple of Glas, ll.
1152-213, or elsewhere in the same poem. It is also possible that the
author, or Lydgate, or both of them, kept an eye upon Ovid's Art of Love.
See also Rom. Rose (Eng. version), 2355-950, which is much to the point.

305. This is also the first injunction in T. G. 1152-3, and is immediately
followed by the second, which enjoins _secrecy_. The reader should compare
the passages for himself.

311. MS. _synk and flete_; which must of course be corrected to 'sink _or_
flete,' as in Anelida, 182; C. T., A 2397.

317. '_Withoute chaunge_ in parti or in al'; T. G. 1155.

319. The MS. has _brynde_, and Stowe has _brinde_; so I let the reading
stand. Morris has _blynde_, and Bell _blind_; neither of them has a note as
to the change made. Perhaps _brind_ = _brend_ = burnt, in the sense of
'inflamed by passion'; or it may be an error for _brim_ = _breme_, furious,
applied especially to the desire of the boar for the sow. The sense
intended is clear enough; we should now write 'base.'

324-5. From C. T., A 2252-3:--

 'And on thyn [_Venus'_] _auter_, wher I ryde or go,
  I wol don sacrifice, and _fyres bete_.'

329. _passe forby_, to pass by, i.e. to get out of his way; cf. C. T., B
1759, C 668. _an ese_, a relief, a way of escape. There is no difficulty,
but all the editions have altered it to _passe, for thereby_, which will
not scan.

330. _daungerous_, grudging, reluctant; see C. T., D 514.

332. _of a sight_, of what one may see. _squeymous_ (MS. _squymouse_, Stowe
_squmous_), squeamish, particular; see note to C. T., A 3337 (vol. v. p.
102). It is added that when the lady, on her part, was cruel, it was the
lover's duty to toss about in bed and weep; cf. T. G. 12:--'The longe nyght
_walowing_ to and fro.' 'To _walwe and wepe_'; Troil. i. 699. And see Rom.
Rose (Eng. version), 2553-62.

338. Cf. 'Him to complein, that he walk [_read_ welk = walked] so sole'; T.
G. 552. And cf. Book Duch. 449; Black Knight, 143; Rom. Rose, 2391-6,
2517-9.

340. Cf. 'as though he roughte nought Of life ne deth'; T. G. 939-40.

344. 'Abide awhile,' T. G. 1203; '_patiently_ t'endure'; T. G. 1267.

347. _helden_, false grammar for _held_. The metre shews that it was
intentional.

349. 'Fulli _to obeye_,' T. G. 1151; cf. 1145-50.

360-4. Cf. T. G. 1012-25; especially 'And when I trespas, goodli me
correcte'; and 'neuyr yow offende.' And Ovid, Art. Amat. lib. ii. 199-202.

367. _yern_, earn; so _yearne_ in Spenser, F. Q. vi. 1. 40; A.S.
_geearnian_.

368-9. 'Of _grace and pite_, and nought of rightwisnes'; T. G. 979.

378. _a-croke_ (MS. _a croke_), awry; see _Acrook_ in the New E. Dict.

379-81. In l. 381, the MS. has _shon_ (shun) distinctly; yet Morris prints
_shoue_, and Stowe _showe_, destroying the sense. All have _knowe_ in l.
379, but it should rather be _con_, which gives a perfect rime; for _con_
represents A.S. _cunnan_, to know, and is frequently spelt _cun_; see _Con_
in the New E. Dict. This statute refers to 'the comfort of Sweet-Looking';
see Rom. Rose, 2893-922; Gower, C. A., iii. 26-7.

390. See T. G. 170-1, 1014.

397. 'Yeve hir giftes, and get hir grace'; Rom. Rose, 2699. 'Auro
conciliatur amor'; Ovid, Art. Amat. lib. ii. 278.

403. Cf. Rom. Rose, 2568-85.

412. 'And for no tales thin herte not remue'; T. G. 1182. Cf. C. T., A
3163-4; F 1483-5; and XII. 113-9 above (p. 289).

429. 'For love ne wol nat countrepleted be'; Legend of Good Women, 476.
'Quisquis erit cui favet illa, fave'; Ovid, Art. Amat. lib. i. 146.

431. '_Whyt_ was this _crowe_'; C. T., H 133; cf. note to C. T., D 232.

456. Compare the Merchant's Tale; C. T., E 1245.

469. Cf. T. G. 1168-70: 'All trwe louers to relese of her payne,' &c.

475. 'Ai fressh and wel besein'; T. G. 1167. Cf. Rom. Rose, 2279-84.
'Munditiae placeant,' &c.; Ovid, Art. Amat. lib. i. 513.

484. 'Who loveth trewe hath no fatnesse'; Rom. Rose, 2686; 'Arguat et
macies animum'; Ovid, Art. Amat. lib. i. 733.

491-504. Cf. Rom. Rose, 2419-39, 2817-20. In particular, ll. 496-7 seem to
be actually copied from Rom. Rose, 2819-20: 'or of hir _chere That to thee
made thy lady dere_.' This raises the suspicion that the Court of Love was
written after 1532.

499. _thou seen_ would be in Latin _tu videatis_; another example of false
grammar.

523. _let been_, to let (them) be, to leave off.

526. _kepten been_ (MS. _bene_); so in all the copies; but _kepten_ is the
pt. t. plural, as if we should say in Latin _seruauerunt sunt_. Unless,
indeed, the _-en_ is meant for the pp. suffix of a strong verb, as if we
should make a Latin form _seruatiti_. The scansion shews that this false
grammar came from the author.

529. 'Except God and the devil.'

536-7. Solomon and Samson; the usual stock examples. But probably in this
case borrowed from Lydgate's Balade, XIV. 4 (p. 295), which is certainly
quoted thrice again below.

542. This line is made up from Lydgate's Balade, XIV. 29-33, and 26; so
again l. 544 resembles the same, l. 24. And Lydgate merely versifies the
medieval proverb: 'Fallere,' &c.; see note to XIV. 29; p. 516.

547. _of kind_, by nature; as in XIV. 29 (p. 296).

550. 'An housbond shal _nat been inquisitif_'; C. T., A 3163.

556. _Citherea_ is right; see l. 50; MS. and Stowe have _Cithera_.

560. 'You that are provided already with a lady.'--Bell. Cf. l. 561.

561-3. _eke_, _lyke_, a permissible rime, at a time when _e_ had gained the
mod. E. sound. See note to l. 81 above.

570. See T. G. 143-6. With l. 577, cf. T. G. 50.

580. The reading _blisful_ is certain; it is from T. G. 328:--'O _blisful_
sterre, persant and ful of light.' The author uses _persant_ below, in l.
849.

582. See the second of the interpolated stanzas in T. G., p. 21, ll. 6,
7:--

 'Withoute desert; wherefore that ye vouche
  To _ponysshe_ hem dewely for here male-bouche.'

586. _loves daunce_; see references in the Glossary to vol. vi., s.v.
_Daunce_.

589. In T. G. 144, the lovers are only many a thousand; in the Kingis
Quair, st. 78, they are 'mony a' million; here they are a thousand million.
Such is evolution.

591. '_redresse_ is elegantly put for _redresser_';--Bell. Then let the
credit of it be Lydgate's; cf. '_Redresse_ of sorow, O Citheria'; T. G.
701.

592. Bell prints _yheried_, which is obviously right; but he does not say
that both the MS. and Stowe have _I hired_; see Troil. ii. 973, iii. 7,
1804.

593. _loves bond_; founded on Boethius, lib. ii. met. 8, but doubtless
taken from Troil. iii. 1766; see note in vol. ii. p. 483.

598, 603. 'Make him teschwe euere synne and vice'; T. G. 450.

611-3. _Celsitude_ and _pulcritude_ are words that savour of the revival of
learning. Such words are common in Dunbar, who uses both of them. For
_celsitude_, see Dunbar, ed. Small, p. 271, 76, and p. 325, 25; for
_pulcritude_, see the same, p. 271, 74; p. 274, 2; p. 279, 5. He even rimes
them together; p. 271. Hawes also uses _pulchritude_; Pastime of Pleasure,
ed. Wright, pp. 5, 18.

614. Cf. '_Comparisoun may noon y-maked be_'; Legend of Good Women, 122.

623. _fere_, fire (not fear); as in Troil. iii. 978.

628. _Beseech_, to beseech; note the anachronism in using the French infin.
_void-en_ with a suffix, and the Eng. _beseech_ with none at all.

634. _ure_, destiny; from O.F. _eur_, Lat. _augurium_. A word that first
appeared in Northern English; it occurs at least eight times in Barbour's
Bruce. And in the Kingis Quair, st. 10, we have the whole phrase--'my
fortune and ure.' It is also used by Lydgate; see VIII. 151, 302, 482 (pp.
250, 254, 260).

641. An exact repetition of l. 633 above.

642. Here, for a wonder, is an example of the final _e_; the author took
the whole phrase 'In thilk-e place' from some previous author; cf. 'In
thilke places' (_sic_); Rom. Rose, 660 (Thynne). _sign_, assign.

648. 'Bi god and be my trouthe'; T. G. 1011.

683. '_And holden werre_ alwey with chastitee'; C. T., A 2236.

684. _I kepen_; false grammar; equivalent to Lat. _ego curamus_.

688. _yove_, gave; but in l. 690 the form is _gave_. I suspect that in l.
690, _gave_ should be _gan_, and that _image_ (for _images_) is to be taken
as a genitive case; then the sense is--'And I began anon to ponder and
weigh in my heart her image's fresh beauty.'

701. The idea is due to Chaucer's Compleynt to Pity; cf. l. 1324.

702. Cf. 'Him deyneth nat to _wreke him on a flye_'; Legend of Good Women,
381.

703. _eke him_, him also; but perhaps read _ete him_.

704. Cf. 'and tendre herte'; C. T., A 150.

725. _springen_; false grammar, as it is a plural form.

727. _endry_, suffer, endure; so again in l. 941. This ridiculous hybrid is
rightly excluded from the New E. Dict., which gives, however, several
similar formations. It was coined by prefixing the F. prefix _en-_, with an
intensive force, to M.E. _drien_, variant of _dreogen_, to endure (A.S.
_dr[=e]ogan_), Lowl. Sc. _dree_. No other author uses it.

732. _spede_, succeed; Stowe's alteration to _speke_ is unnecessary.

749. 'How are you the nearer for loving,' &c.

751. _fayn_, put for _feyn_, i.e. feign, tell an untruth.

755. _heth_, heath. Here, and in l. 757, the author refers to two occasions
when he was in great danger of falling in love; but he does not go into
details.

768. Here we must read _ee_ (eye) for the rime; in other cases it appears
as _eye_, _ye_, _y_, riming with words in _-y_. This points to a somewhat
late date; see note to l. 81 above. As for _stremes_, it is Lydgate's word
for glances of the eye; see T. G. 263, 582. And Lydgate had it from
Chaucer, who mostly uses it of sunbeams, but twice applies it to the beams
from the eyes of Criseyde; Troil. i. 305, iii. 129.

782. _flawe_, generally explained as representing Lat. _flauus_, yellowish,
or the O.F. _flave_, with the same sense. Her hair was gold, so her
eyebrows may have been of a similar colour. I suspect that _flawe_ was a
Northern form; cf. _braw_, as a Northern variant of _brave_.

783. _mene disseverance_, a moderate distance; evidently meant with
reference to Criseyde, whose one demerit was that her eye-brows joined each
other; Troil. v. 813.

787. _milk-whyt path_, the galaxy, or milky way; but surely this is quite a
unique application of it, viz. to the prominent ridge of Rosial's nose.

789. _smaragde_, emerald. The eyes of Beatrice are called _smeraldi_;
Dante, Purg. xxxi. 116. Juliet's nurse said that an eagle's eye was not so
green as that of Paris; Romeo, iii. 5. 222. Eyes in Chaucer are usually 'as
gray as glas'; the O.F. _vair_, an epithet for eyes, meant grayish-blue.

797. _basse_, kiss, buss; see _Bass_ in the New E. Dict. _ben_ is yet
another instance of a false concord; read _be_, as _basse_ is singular. See
next note.

798. Cornelius Maximianus Gallus, a poet of the sixth century, wrote six
elegies which have come down to us. The quotation referred to occurs in the
first Elegy (ll. 97-8), which is also quoted by Chaucer; see note to C. T.,
C 727 (vol. v. p. 287). The lines are:--

 'Flammea dilexi, modicumque tumentia labra,
  Quae mihi gustanti basia plena darent.'

Hence the epithet _Flaming_ in l. 793.

810. _bend_, a band, sash; see New E. Dict., s.v. _Bend_ (2), sb., 1. a.

811. 'With hair in tresses'; like Criseyde's; see Troil. v. 810.

813. Cf. the Assembly of Ladies, 533-4 (p. 397):--

 '_Aboute her nekke_ a sort of faire _rubyes_
  In whyte _floures_ of right fyne enamayl.'

See also the Kingis Quair, st. 48.

815-6. See my note to Ch. Minor Poems, XXI. 20 (vol. i. p. 566).

821. _Calixto_, Callisto; called _Calixte_ in Parl. Foules, 286. The story
is in Ovid, Met. ii. 409, _Alcmenia_, Alcmene, mother of Hercules; see
Ovid, Met. ix. 281; cf. Troil. iii. 1428; T. G. 123.

823. _Europa_, the story is in Ovid, Met. ii. 858. See Legend of Good
Women, 113, and the note; T. G. 118.

824. _Dane_, Danae, mother of Perseus; see Ovid, Met. iv. 610. In Chaucer,
C. T., A 2062, _Dane_ means Daphne. _Antiopa_, mother of Amphion and
Zethus; it may be noted that Jupiter's intrigues with Europa, Antiopa,
Alcmene, and Danae, are all mentioned together in Ovid, Met. vi. 103-13. It
follows that our author had read Ovid.

831. '_There is no lak, saue_ onli of pite'; T. G. 749.

841. The word _the_ was probably written like _ye_, giving, apparently, the
reading _ye ye_; then one of these was dropped. The long passage in ll.
841-903 may be compared with the pleadings of the lover in La Belle Dame
sans Merci (p. 307, above); with T. G. 970-1039; and with the Kingis Quair,
st. 99. Note the expression 'of beaute rote,' T. G. 972; and '_Princes_ of
youthe,' T. G. 970 (two lines above); see l. 843.

849. _persant_, piercing; common in Lydgate; T. G. 328, 756, 1341; Black
Knight, 28, 358, 591, 613. Cf. 'And _with_ the _stremes of your percyng_
light'; Kingis Quair, 103.

852-3. Cf. T. G. 1038-9; Kingis Quair, st. 103, l. 7.

858. 'Of verrey routhe upon my peynes rewe'; T. G. 1001.

865. 'To love him best ne shal I _never repente_'; The Compleynt of Venus,
56, 64, 72. See note to l. 875.

872-3. Referring to Ch. Troilus, and Legend of Good Women, 580. 'To ben as
trewe as was Antonyus To Cleopatre'; T. G. 778.

874. _thinkes_; observe this Northern form.

875. 'And therfore, certes, _to myn ending-day_'; The Compleynt of Venus,
55. See note to l. 865.

882. _expert_, experienced; 'expert in love,' Troil. ii. 1367.

891. 'With al my hert I thanke yow _of youre profre_'; T. G. 1060.

897. Read _I_; this the scribe must have mistaken for the contraction for
'and.'

901. 'And I beseech you not to be disdainful.'

902. _seen my wil_, to see what I wish; but surely _wil_ is an error for
_bill_, petition; see l. 916. Then _rede_ means 'read it.'

906. _com of_, be quick; see Troil. ii. 1738, 1742, 1750; and the numerous
examples in Schick's note to T. G. 1272.

911. Stowe, like the MS., ends the line with _why_. Bell supplied _makes
thou straunge_.

913. _Cambrige_; this form is not found till after 1400. Chaucer has
_Cant-e-brigg-e_ (C. T., A 3921) in four syllables, which appears as
_Cambrugge_ in the late Lansdowne MS., after 1420. See Skeat, A Student's
Pastime, pp. 397-8.

922. _and have_, i.e. and have loved. On this construction, see Schick's
note to T. G. 1275.

925-7. _I ... doon_; more false grammar; equivalent to Lat. _ego faciamus_.

929. 'And, whan I trespace, goodli _me correcte_'; T. G. 1018.

931-52. Compare the answers of the lady in La Belle Dame sans Merci (p.
309, &c.).

988-9. Cf. Parl. Foules, 90-1; Compl. to his Lady, 47-9.

998. _dwale_, an opiate, a sleeping-draught; made from the _dwale_ or
'deadly nightshade' (_Atropa belladonna_). It occurs once in Chaucer; C.
T., A 4161. See my note to P. Plowman, C. xxiii. 379.

1000. _y-wis afrayed_, (being) certainly frightened. The use of _y-wis_ in
such a position is most unusual.

1016-7. 'Right as the fressh[e] rodi rose nwe Of hir coloure to wexin she
bigan'; T. G. 1042-3.

1023. Something is lost here. There is no gap in the MS.; but there was
probably one in the MS. from which it was copied. I think six stanzas are
lost; see the Introduction.

1032-3. 'And their fellow-furtherer,' i.e. fellow-helper.

1034. _Dred_ is one of the personifications from the Roman de la Rose; see
Rom. Rose, 3958; so in T. G. 631.

1040. 'Gall under honey'; see l. 542 above. Cf. T. G. 192.

1042. 'Lay aside your confidence (courage), for all her white (flattering)
words'; cf. Troil. iii. 901.

1045. _thow wot_, false grammar for _thou wost_.

1049. _The ton_ = _thet on_, the one; _the toder_ = _thet oder_, the other.
_Oder_ is a remarkable form; see Halliwell. So also _brodur_, in Le Bon
Florence of Rome, ed. Ritson, 931.

1053-4. 'Hir kind is fret with doublenesse'; XIII. 80 (p. 293).

1055. 'So I cast about to get rid of Despair's company'; hence _taken_, in
l. 1056, is in the infin. mood.

1058. _bay-window_; cf. Assembly of Ladies, 163. The earliest known
quotation for _bay-window_ is dated 1428, in a prosaic document.

1060. 'As any ravenes _fether_ it shoon _for-blak_'; spoken of hair; C. T.,
A 2144.

1065. 'Ther needeth non _auctoritee allegge_'; C. T., A 3000.

1072. Cf. Troil. ii. 855-61.

1083. _were_, wear; altered by Bell to _ware_, which is a form of the past
tense.

1087. _she_ seems to be spoken casually of some woman in the company; and
_prety man_, in l. 1088, is used in a similar way.

_goth on patens_, walks in pattens. A very early example of the word
_paten_. It occurs in Palsgrave (1530). _fete_, neat, smart; used by
Lydgate; see _Feat_ in the New E. Dict.

1095. Here the author comes back again to the Temple of Glas, 143-246,
which see; and cf. The Kingis Quair, stanzas 79-93.

1096. _black_, Dominican friars; _white_, Carmelites; _gray_, Franciscans.

1100. From T. G. 196-206; for the nuns, see T. G. 207-8.

1104. '_In wide_ copis _perfeccion to feine_'; T. G. 204. See l. 1116.

1106. 'That _on hir freendis al the_ wite they leide'; T. G. 208.

1116. '_In wide copis_ perfeccion to feine'; T. G. 204.

1134. '_Ther thou were weel_, fro thennes artow weyved'; C. T., B 308.

1136. Cf. 'With sobbing teris, and with ful pitous soune'; T. G. 197.

1139. Cf. 'And other eke, that for _pouerte_'; T. G. 159.

1150. _prang_, pang (MS. _prange_; and so in Stowe); altered to _pang_ by
Bell and Morris. '_Pronge_, Erumpna' [aerumna]; Prompt. Parv. '_Throwe_
[throe], _womannys pronge_, Erumpna'; the same. '_Prange_, oppression, or
constraint'; Hexham's Dutch Dict. Cf. Gothic: 'in allamma _ana-pragganai_,'
we were troubled on every side, 2 Cor. vii. 5; where _gg_ is written for
_ng_, as in Greek. The mod. E. _pang_ seems to have been made out of it,
perhaps by confusion with _pank_, to pant.

1160, 1164. 'And pitousli _on god and kynde pleyne_'; T. G. 224. But the
context requires the reading _god of kind_, i.e. God of nature. In l. 1166,
_leften_ must be meant for a pp.; if so, it is erroneously formed, just
like _kepten_ above; see note to l. 526.

1173. _werdes_, Fates; obviously the right reading; yet the MS., Stowe, and
Morris have _wordes_, and Bell alters the line. The confusion between _e_
and _o_ at this time is endless. See _Werdes_, _Wierdes_ in the Gloss. to
Chaucer.

1177. _he_, another of the company; cf. _she_ in l. 1087. Both Morris and
Bell alter the text. Bell reminds us that the character here described is
that of Shakespeare's Benedict. But it is obviously copied from Troilus!
see Troil. i. 904-38.

1189. The word _post_ is from Troil. i. 1000: 'That thou shalt be the beste
_post_, I leve, Of al his lay.'

1198. _Shamefastness_, Bashfulness; borrowed from _Honte_ in the Rom. de la
Rose, 2821; called _Shame_ in the E. version, 3034. Hence the reference to
_roses_ in l. 1203, though it comes in naturally enough.

1211. _were not she_, if it had not been for her.

1213. _returnith_, turns them back again; used transitively.

1218. 'When Bashfulness is dead, Despair will be heir' (will succeed in her
place). Too bold lovers would be dismissed.

1219. _Avaunter_, Boaster; as in Troil. iii. 308-14. The line sounds like
an echo of 'Have at thee, Jason! now thyn horn is blowe!' Legend of Good
Women, 1383.

1222. _wowe_, woo; evidently the right reading; so in Morris. Cf. The
Letter of Cupid, V. 274-80 (p. 226).

1238. _statut_, i.e. the sixteenth statute (l. 435).

1242. '_Avauntour_ and _a lyere_, al is on'; Troil. iii. 309.

1253. _sojoure_, sojourn, dwell, used quite wrongly; for O.F. _sojur_
(originally _sojorn_) is a sb. only, like mod. F. _sejour_. The O.F. verb
was _sojorner_, _sojourner_, whence M.E. _sojornen_, _sojournen_, correctly
used by Chaucer. The sb. _sojour_ occurs in Rom. Rose, 4282, 5150. The
mistake is so bad that even the scribe has here written _soiorne_; but,
unluckily, this destroys the rime.

1255. 'Envy is admirably represented as rocking himself to and fro with
vexation, as he sits, dark, in a corner.'--Bell. For all this, I suspect
the right word is _rouketh_, i.e. cowers, as in C. T., A 1308. _Rokken_ is
properly transitive, as in C. T., A 4157.

1257. For the description of Envy, see Rom. Rose, 247. But the author (in
l. 1259) refers us to Ovid, Met. ii. 775-82, q. v.

1259. _Methamorphosose_; this terrible word is meant for _Metamorphoseos_,
the form used by Chaucer, C. T., B 93. But the true ending is _-e[=o]n_,
gen. pl. The scribe has altered the suffix to _-ees_, thus carelessly
destroying the rime.

1268. _Prevy Thought_ is taken from _Doux-Pensers_ in the Rom. de la Rose,
2633, called _Swete-Thought_ in the E. Version, 2799; see the passage.

1288. Cf. 'Hir person he shal afore him sette'; R. R. 2808.

1290. Cf. 'This comfort wol I that thou take'; R. R. 2821.

1295. Cf. 'Awey his anger for to dryve'; R. R. 2800.

1315. Schick refers us, for this fiction, to the Rom. Rose, 939-82, where
Cupid has two sets of arrows, one set of _gold_, and the other set _black_.
Gower, Conf. Amantis (ed. Pauli, i. 336), says that Cupid shot Phoebus with
a dart of _gold_, but Daphne with a dart of _lead_. In the Kingis Quair,
stanzas 94-5, Cupid has _three_ arrows, one of _gold_, one of _silver_, and
one of _steel_. But the fact is, that our author, like Gower, simply
followed Ovid, Met. i. 470-1. Let Dryden explain it:--

 'One shaft is pointed with refulgent gold
  To bribe the love, and make the lover bold;
  One blunt, and tipped with lead, whose base allay
  Provokes disdain, and drives desire away.'

1317. There is here a gap in the story. The speaker is Rosial, and she is
addressing Philogenet, expressing herself favourably.

1319-20. _hight_, promised. _had_, would have.

1324. _she_, i.e. Pity, as in l. 701.

1328. MS. _tender reich_; Stowe, _tenderiche_; which must be wrong; read
_tender reuth_. Confusion between _ch_ and _th_ is common. _where I found_,
where I (formerly) found much lack.

1332. For Pity's golden shrine, see l. 694.

1353. This notion of making the birds sing matins and lauds is hinted at in
the Cuckoo and Nightingale--'That they begonne of May _to don hir houres_';
l. 70. It is obviously varied from Chaucer's Parl. Foules, where all the
birds sing a roundel before departing. Next, we find the idea expanded by
Lydgate, in the poem called Devotions of the Fowls; Minor Poems, ed.
Halliwell, p. 78; the singers are the popinjay, the pelican, the
nightingale, the lark, and the dove. All these reappear here, except the
pelican. A chorus of birds, including the mavis, merle, lark, and
nightingale, is introduced at the close of Dunbar's Thistle and Rose. The
present passage was probably suggested by Lydgate's poem, but is conceived
in a lighter vein.

The Latin quotations are easily followed by comparing them with The Prymer,
or Lay Folks' Prayer-Book, ed. Littlehales (E. E. T. S.). They all appear
in this 'common medieval Prayer-book'; and, in particular, in the Matins
and Lauds of the Hours of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The Matins end at l.
1407. The Matins contain:--the opening, the _Venite_, a Hymn, three Psalms,
an Antiphon, Versicles and Responses, three Lessons (each with Versicles
and Responses), and the _Te Deum_. The Lauds contain:--the opening, eight
Psalms (the _Benedicite_ considered as one), Antiphon, Chapter, Hymn, the
_Benedictus_; &c. I point out the correspondences below.

1354. Observe that the nightingale sings _in a hawthorn_ in the Cuckoo and
Nightingale, 287 (p. 358).

1356. _Domine, labia mea aperies_, Lord, open thou my lips; 'the opening'
of Matins.

1358. _bewrye_, a variant of _bewreye_, to bewray; used by Dunbar.

1359. _Venite, exultemus_, Ps. xcv (Vulgate, xciv); still in use.

1362. 'The unhappy chorister who comes late skulks in behind the desks and
stalls.'--Bell.

1364. _Domine, Dominus noster_, Ps. viii. The 'first psalm.'

1366. _Celi enarrant_, Ps. xix (Vulgate, xviii). The 'second psalm.'

1370. _Domini est terra_, Ps. xxiv (Vulgate, xxiii). The 'third psalm.'
_this Laten intent_, this Latin signifies; _intent_ is the contracted form
of _intendeth_; by analogy with _went_ for _wendeth_.

1372. A queer reminiscence of Troil. iii. 690:--'There was no more to
_skippen nor to_ traunce.'

1373. _Jube, Domine, benedicere_, 'Lord, comaunde us to blesse'; versicle
preceding the first lesson; which explains l. 1374.

1375. Cf. 'Legende of Martres'; Letter of Cupid, 316 (p. 227); and the
note.

1380. Here follows the second lesson. The _lectorn_ is the mod. E. lectern,
which supports the book from which the lessons are read.

1384. 'The glad month of us who sing.' Cf. 'lepten _on the spray_'; Cuckoo
and Nightingale, 77 (p. 350).

1387. Here follows the third lesson, read by the dove.

1390. This looks like an allusion to the endless joke upon cuckolds, who
are said, in our dramatists, to 'wear the horn'; which the offender is said
'to give.' If so, it is surely a very early allusion. Here _give an horn_ =
to scorn, mock.

1400. _Tu autem, domine, miserere nobis_, 'thou, lord, have merci of us,'
said at the conclusion of each lesson; to which all responded _Deo
gratias_, 'thanke we god!' See The Prymer, p. 5.

1401. _Te deum amoris_; substituted for _Te deum laudamus_, which is still
in use; which concludes the matins.

1402. _Tuball_, who was supposed to have been 'the first musician.' As to
this error, see note in vol. i. p. 492 (l. 1162).

1408. _Dominus regnavit_, Ps. xciii (Vulgate, xcii); the 'first psalm' at
Lauds.

1411. _Jubilate deo_, Ps. c (Vulgate, xcix); the 'second psalm.' The third
and fourth psalms are not mentioned.

1413. _Benedicite, omnia opera_; still in use in our morning service;
counted as the 'fifth psalm.'

1415. _Laudate dominum_, Ps. cxlviii; the 'sixth psalm.' The seventh and
eighth are passed over.

1416. _O admirabile_; the anthem. The E. version is:--'O thou wonderful
chaunge! the makere of mankynde, takynge a bodi with a soule of a maide
vouchide sauf be bore [_born_]; and so, forth-goynge man, with-outen seed,
yaf to us his godhede'; Prymer, p. 12. The 'chapter' and hymn are omitted.

1422. _Benedictus Dominus Deus Israel_; still in use in our morning
service. This is the last extract from 'the hours.'

1434. 'She gadereth floures, _party_ whyte and rede To make a sotil
_garland_'; C. T., A 1053.

1436. This is exactly like 'the battle of the flowers,' as seen in Italy.

1437. _the gold_, the marigold; see C. T., A 1929.

1440. _trew-love_; a name for herb paris (_Paris quadrifolia_). But as the
'true-love' is described as being _plited_, i.e. folded, it must rather be
supposed to mean a true lover's knot or love-knot, which was simply a bow
of ribbon given as a token of affection, and frequently worn by the lover
afterwards. The bestowal of this token nearly made an end of him.

Sec. XXV. VIRELAI.

Not a true virelay, as the ending _-ing_ does not reappear in the second
stanza; for a correct example, see note to Anelida and Arcite, 256 (vol. i.
p. 536). But it is of the nature of a virelay, inasmuch as the rime _-ate_,
which concludes the first stanza, reappears in the second; and similarly,
the ending _-ure_, which concludes the second stanza, reappears in the
third; and so on, with the rime-endings _-ain_ and _-aunce_. Compare the
poem by Lord Rivers, in the same metre, alluded to in vol. i. p. 42.

11. _ure_, destiny; as above, sect. XXIV. 634 (and note, p. 546).

20. The pronunciation of _ende_ as _ind_ is not uncommon in East Anglia,
and may have been intended.

Sec. XXVI. PROSPERITY.

From John Walton's translation of Boethius, A.D. 1410. See the
Introduction.

Sec. XXVII. LEAULTE VAULT RICHESSE.

From the same MS. as the last.

7. _don but lent_, lit. 'done but lent,' i.e. merely lent (you). For this
idiom, see note to Ch. C. T., B 171 (vol. v. p. 145).

Sec. XXVIII. SAYINGS.

5. Cf. Shak. King Lear, iii. 2. 91; see the Introduction.

Sec. XXIX. BALADE.

This Balade, printed by Stowe, seems like a poor imitation of the style of
Lydgate.

       *       *       *       *       *


GLOSSARIAL INDEX.

References to I. (The Testament of Love) are to the Book, Chapter, and
Line; thus 'I. ii. 1. 7' = Testament of Love, bk. ii. ch. 1. l. 7.
References containing '_pr._' refer to the prologue to the same. In all
other cases, the references are to the piece and to the line: thus 'V. 50'
= Letter of Cupid, l. 50.

A, _v._ have, I. i. 2. 173; _ger._ I. i. 5. 93.

A DEBLYS, (_perhaps_) to the devil, as if devoted to the devil, I. ii. 13.
99. See the note.

A DEWE, (_perhaps for_ a dieu), I. ii. 13. 99. See the note.

A THIS HALFE, on this side, below, I. i. 9. 39.

A. B. C., _s._ alphabet, I. ii. 1. 113.

ABACKE, _adv._ backward, III. 300; Abakke, VIII. 326.

ABBEYS, _s. pl._ abbeys, XXIV. 1115.

ABEISEN, _v._ (_for_ Abasen), abase, put down, reprove, XXIV. 738.

ABIT, _pr. s._ abides, IV. 284; XIII. 30.

ABLE, _imp. s._ enable, VII. 32; Abled, _pp._ I. ii. 9. 95; fitted, I. ii.
6. 4.

ABODE, _2 pt. s._ didst abide, I. ii. 4. 101; Abood, _pt. s._ remained, I.
i. 5. 31.

ABOUTEN, _adv._ all about, all round, I. ii. 8. 37.

ABREGGE, _ger._ to abridge, shorten, XIX. 18.

ABREYDE, _ger._ to start up, awake, VIII. 15; Abraid, _pt. s._ started,
went suddenly, XVII. 45; Abrayde, awoke, VIII. 154.

ABYDINGE, _s._ waiting, delay, I. i. 3. 38.

ABYE, _v._ pay for (it), II. 1233; pay for, II. 1199.

ABYME, _s._ the abyss, X. 136.

A-CALE, _pp. as adj._ frozen, afflicted with the cold, II. 71.

ACCEPT, _pp._ accepted (as), I. ii. 13. 36; Accepte, _as adj. pl._
accepted, VIII. 427.

ACCES, _s._ feverish attack, VIII. 229; XVIII. 39; Accesse, VIII. 136.

ACCIDENT, _s._ accidental quality, I. ii. 7. 144; accident, II. 1222.

ACCOMPTE, _1 pr. s._ account, I. ii. 13. 91; _pp._ I. ii. 9. 48.

ACCOMPTES, _s. pl._ accounts, II. 778.

ACCORD, _s._ agreement, XVIII. 280.

ACCORDAUNCE, _s._ agreement, I. ii. 5. 27.

ACCORDAUNT, _adj._ agreeing, XVIII. 83.

ACCORDE, _ger._ to agree, to rime, II. 477; _pr. s._ suits, VIII. 183; _2
pr. pl._ agree, III. 212; _pr. pl._ I. ii. 5. 26; _pres. pt._ XX. 112. See
ACORDE.

ACERTAINED, _pp._ made sure, informed, XX. 568.

ACHATES, _s. pl._ purchases, I. ii. 2. 48.

ACOMERED, _pp._ encumbered, I. iii. 5. 57; troubled, I. iii. 7. 41.

ACOMPT, _v._ reckon, I. ii. 10. 88.

ACORDAUNCES, _s. pl._ agreements, I. ii. 8. 54.

ACORDE, _ger._ to agree, I. ii. 8. 47; _pr. s._ I. ii. 2. 52; _pr. pl._ IX.
210; _a. nothing_, in no wise agree, I. ii. 2. 74.

ACORN, _s._ acorn, VIII. 73.

A-CROKE, _adv._ amiss, XXIV. 378.

A-DAYES, _adv._ by day-time, XXII. 34.

ADHERAND, _pres. pt._ cleaving, I. i. 9. 103.

ADMIRALL, _s._ prince, chief, II. 194.

ADNULLED, _pp._ annulled, I. iii. 3. 49.

ADNULLINGE, _s._ annulling, I. i. 4. 22.

ADO, to do, VIII. 161.

A-DOWN, _adv._ down here, II. 1319.

A-DRAD, _pp._ afraid, I. ii 7. 61; IV. 89; filled with fear, I. i. 2. 12,
182.

ADULACIOUN, _s._ flattery, XII. 61.

ADVERSAIR, _s._ adversary, XXIV. 1035.

ADVERTENCE, _s._ attention, XI. 61.

ADVERTETH, _imp. pl._ heed, note, XIII. 45.

A-FERD, _pp._ afraid, II. 433; Aferde, I. i. 2. 10.

A-FERE, on fire, X. 129.

A-FERRE, _adv._ afar, VIII. 610.

AFFECT, _s._ desire, I. iii. 9. 43.

AFFECTUOUSLY, _adv._ with desire, I. iii. 6. 64.

AFFERMED, _pp._ affirmed, IV. 13.

AFFICHED, _pp._ fixed, set, I. ii. 9. 28.

AFFIRMATIF, _s._ the affirmative, I. iii. 8. 40.

AFFRAY, _s._ conflict, trouble, XX. 374.

AFFRAYED, _pp._ frightened away, XVIII. 235; frightened, XXIV. 1000.

AFFY, _v._ trust, XXVII. 3; Affye, _pr. pl._ X. 63.

AFORN, _adv._ previously, VIII. 451; X. 107.

AFRAY, _ger._ to frighten, II. 859.

AFTER, _adv._ afterwards, XVI. 380; After as, according as, I. i. _pr._ 44.

AFTER, _prep._ for, I. ii. 3. 35; i.e. to get, I. ii. 14. 94; After oon,
i.e. always alike, XVI. 161.

AFTER-GAME, _s._ second game, return-match, XVI. 523.

AFTER-REWARD, _s._ following reward, I. iii. 2. 123.

AGADRED, _pp._ gathered together, II. 1335.

AGASTETH, _pr. s._ frightens greatly, I. ii. 7. 77.

AGILTED, _pt. s._ sinned against, II. 1308.

AGNELET, _s._ little lamb, X. 123.

AGNUS-CASTUS (see the note, p. 531), XX. 160.

AGOON, _pp._ gone away, VIII. 24; Ago, XVII. 238.

AGRAMED, _pp._ angered, II. 343.

AGRYSE, _v._ feel terror, II. 360, 841, 1216; XVIII. 15; _pr. pl. subj._
let them fear, II. 961.

AGUE, _s._ feverish attack, IX. 37.

AIR, _adv._ early, XVII. 82.

AKELE, _v._ cool, XXIV. 1076.

AKEN, _pr. pl._ ache, IV. 260; Ake, VIII. 524.

A-KNOWE, _pp._ perceived, recognised, XXIV. 1199.

AL, _conj._ although, I. i. 7. 61.

ALAY, _s._ alloy, I. ii. 4. 131; Alayes, _pl._ VII. 136.

ALAYE, _v._ allay, VIII. 109.

ALDAY, _adv._ continually, I. i. 2. 162; IV. 270.

ALDER-LAST, _adv._ last of all, VIII. 561.

ALDERNEXT, _adj._ next of all, XV. _a._ 3.

ALE, _s._ ale, II. 432.

ALEGEAUNCE, _s._ alleviation, XVI. 54.

ALEGED, _pp._ alleged, adduced, I. ii. 9. 143.

ALEGEMENT, _s._ alleviation, XII. 32.

ALEGGE, _v._ alleviate (me), XIX. 26.

ALGATE, _adv._ in any case, IV. 249; VIII. 519; always, IV. 271.

ALGATES, _adv._ in all ways, I. iii. 6. 14; at any rate, I. ii. 5. 71.

A-LIGHTE, _v._ be glad, be cheerful, I. i. 3. 71.

ALLEGEAUNCE, _s._ alleviation, relief, XVI. 725; XXIV. 886; XXV. 17.

ALL-HOLYEST, _adj._ holiest of all, II. 201.

ALMESSE, _s._ alms, II. 301; XXIII. 7; Almous, (his) pittance, XVII. 392.

ALMOIGNER, _s._ almoner, I. i. _pr._ 108.

ALOES, _s._ aloes, I. i. 1. 100.

AL-ONLY, _adv._ only, I. iii. 3. 44.

A-LOUGHTER, a-laughing, XXIV. 1426.

AL-OUT, _adv._ altogether outside, XVI. 575.

ALOWE, _pr. s. subj._ may (He) approve, II. 1379; Alowed, _pp._ approved
of, I. i. 8. 7.

ALS, _adv._ as, XVII. 161, 571; Al-so, as, XII. 85.

ALTERAIT, _pp._ altered, XVII. 227.

ALTHER-GRETTEST, _adj._ greatest of all, very great, XVI. 298.

ALTHER-LAST, _adv._ last of all, VIII. 503.

A-MAISTRY, _v._ conquer, I. ii. 11. 63; rule, I. i. 2. 105; Amaistrien,
_v._ subdue, I. ii. 11. 32; _pr. s._ masters, overpowers, I. ii. 9. 60;
compels, I. iii. 6. 157; _pp._ conquered, got by mastery, I. ii. 11. 59;
overcome, I. i. 4. 28.

AMAT, _pp._ cast down, VIII. 168.

AMAYED, _pp._ dismayed, XVIII. 232.

AMBES AS, double aces, XIII. 78. See note, p. 515.

AMENDES, _s. pl._ amends, retribution, II. 1090.

AMERCED, _pp._ fined, II. 1023.

AMISSE-GOING, _s._ trespass, I. ii. 14. 94.

AMONESTETH, _pr. s._ admonishes, I. i. 6. 109.

AMONG, _adv._ meanwhile, VIII. 154; X. 86; XXI. 300.

AND, _conj._ if, I. i. 8. 13.

ANE, a, XVII. 1.

ANEUCH, _adj._ enough, XVII. 110, 350.

ANGUIS, _adj._ distressful, I. ii. 8. 120; I. ii. 10. 94. See N. E. D.

A-NIGHT, by night, XIX. 23.

ANIS, _adv._ once, XVII. 127.

ANKERS, _s. pl._ anchors, I. ii. 10. 117.

ANON-RIGHT, _adv._ immediately, XX. 397, 402.

ANOY, _s._ vexation, I. ii. 1. 34; Annoy, discomfort, XX. 389.

ANOYNT, _pp._ anointed, IV. 274.

ANTECEDENT, _s._ antecedent statement, premiss, I. ii. 5. 12.

ANULLED, _pp._ annulled, I. iii. 2. 81.

A-PACE, _adv._ quickly, VIII. 120.

APAL, _v._ be appalled, faint, XXII. 15.

APART, _adv._ apart, XXIV. 1400.

APAYED, _pp._ pleased, satisfied, III. 133, 248; Apayd, XXI. 208; _wel a._,
well pleased, XVIII. 231; _evel a._, ill pleased, XVIII. 92.

APAYRED, _pp._ depreciated, I. ii. 1. 66.

APECHE, _pr. pl._ impeach, XIII. 88; Apeched, _pp._ I. i. 9. 138.

APEND, _v._ belong, II. 666.

A-PER-SE, A by itself, the chief letter, prime thing, XVII. 78.

APERT, _adj._ open; _prevy nor apert_, secret nor open, in no respect, XVI.
174.

APERTLY, _adv._ openly, I. iii. 8. 108; without concealment, I. i. 8. 29;
Apertely, I. iii. 2. 28.

APETED, _pp._ sought after, I. ii. 13. 53. See the note, p. 476.

APEYRE, _v._ suffer evil, be harmed, XVIII. 170; Apeyred, _pp._ injured, I.
iii. 5. 24; defamed, I. i. 6. 11.

APEYSE, _v._ appease, XVI. 391.

A-PLACE, into its right place, IV. 50.

APOSTATA, _s._ apostate, III. 37, 312; Apostatas, _pl._ III. 43.

APPAIR, _v._ blame, harm, XXIV. 416.

APPALLE, _pr. s. subj._ fade, VI. 8.

APPARAILE, _s._ ornamentation, XXIV. 114.

APPARAYLEN, _pr. pl._ attempt, I. i. 6. 171.

APPEIRED, _pp._ impaired, XX. 553; harmed (i.e. much harm is done), I. ii.
6. 161.

APPERCEYVED,_ pp._ perceived, I. i. 2. 34.

APPERTLY, _adv._ openly, evidently, I. ii. 9. 178.

APPROPRED, _pp._ appropriated, reserved, I. ii. 6. 63; assigned, VI. 34.

APTES, _s. pl._ natural tendencies, I. iii. 6. 60. (Unique.)

AQUYTEST, _pr. s._ payest, I. iii. 7. 152.

AR, _pr. pl._ are; It ar, they are, XVI. 531.

ARAYSE, _ger._ to raise, I. ii. 14. 45.

ARBITREMENT, _s._ choice, I. iii. 2. 128; I. iii. 3. 76.

AREIR, _adv._ behindhand, XVII. 423.

ARERED, _pp._ set up, I. i. 5. 124.

AREST, _s._ spear-rest, XX. 282. 'With spere in thyn _arest_ alway'; Rom.
Rose, 7561.

AREST, _s._ stopping, arresting, I. ii. 6. 83; arrest, I. ii. 10. 98.

AREYSED, _pp._ raised up, I. ii. 5. 113; raised, V. 144.

ARK, _s._ arc, course, VIII. 590.

ARKE, _s._ ark, X. 134.

ARMONY, _s._ harmony, I. ii. 9. 9; I. ii. 13. 75; XXIV. 1403.

ARMURE, _s._ armour, XIII. 101.

ARN, _pr. pl._ are, VI. 43; IX. 153.

ARRAS, _s._ cloth of Arras, XXIV. 115.

ARSMETRIKE, _s._ arithmetic, I. iii. 1. 68.

ARTED, _pl. s._ provoked, XXIV. 46.

ARTYK, _adj._ northern, XVII. 20.

AS, _with imp._, pray, V. 30; As than, at that time, just then, XVII. 27.

AS, _s. pl._ aces, XIII. 78.

ASH, _s._ ash-tree, VIII. 73.

ASKAUNCE, _adv._ askance, aside, XVI. 604.

ASKER, _s._ one who asks, I. ii. 3. 30.

ASKES, _s. pl._ ashes (i.e. penance), II. 943.

ASKETH, _pr. s._ requires, I. i. _pr._ 124; I. ii. 5. 28.

ASLAKEN, _v._ assuage, XXIV. 710.

ASOTTED, _pp._ besotted, XVI. 682.

ASSAY, _s._ trial, I. i. 5. 53; V. 147; attempt, XVI. 572; Assayes, _pl._
trials, I. ii. 3. 72.

ASSEMBLED, _pt. s._ brought (them) together, XVI. 691.

ASSENTAUNT, _pres. pt._ assenting, I. i. 6. 53, 87; I. iii. 6. 150.

ASSHEN, _s. pl._ ashes, I. iii. 7. 38.

ASSOMONED, _pp._ summoned, XXIV. 170.

ASSOYLE, _ger._ to explain, I. iii. 4. 18; Asoile, _v._ answer, XXIV. 1283;
_pp._ explained, I. iii. 4. 255; absolved, III. 312.

ASSYSE, _s._ way, fashion, II. 843; size, XXIV. 1313; _of a._, of a like
size, suitable to each other, XXI. 531.

ASSYSED, _pp._ fixed, set; _or perhaps_, assessed, rated, IV. 332;
regulated, IV. 236.

ASTARTE, _pt. s._ escaped, II. 1350.

ASTATE, _s._ estate, rank, XXIV. 47.

ASTERTE, _v._ escape, I. i. 7. 87; V. 38; VIII. 490; start aside, give way,
I. ii. 1. 70; _pr. s. subj._ escape, IX. 234; _pt. s._ escaped, XXIV. 148.

ASTONIED, _pp._ astonished, I. i. 2. 17; XX. 102.

ASTRANGLED, _pp._ strangled, I. iii. 7. 128.

ASTRAY, _adv._ astray, II. 673; XX. 285.

ASTRONOMYE, _s._ astronomy, I. iii. 1. 69.

ASURED, _pp._ rendered blue, blue, I. ii. 13. 78.

AT, _prep._ from, XVII. 258.

ATASTE, _v._ taste, I. i. 1. 101; I. iii. 7. 7; Atasted, _pp._ I. iii. 5.
91.

A-THROTED, _pp._ throttled, strangled, I. ii. 5. 71. (Unique.)

ATOUR, _prep._ beyond, XVII. 162.

ATTAME, _v._ subdue (lit. tame), XVI. 707. See _Atame_ in N. E. D.

ATTEMPERAUNCE, _s._ Moderation, XXI. 507.

ATTEMPRE, _adj._ temperate, VIII. 57.

ATTOURNEY, _s._ attorney, I. i. 8. 111; VIII. 281.

ATTYRED, _pp._ attired, II. 192.

AUCTORITE, _s._ authority, I. i. 4. 9; XVI. 137.

AUCTOUR, _s._ author, I. iii. 4. 245.

AUGRIM, _s._ arithmetic, I. ii. 7. 83.

AULD, _adj._ old, XVII. 32.

AUNCESTRYE, _s._ ancestry, IV. 12; Auncetrye, XXIV. 1242.

AUREAT, _adj._ golden, X. 13; XXIV. 817.

AURORE, _s._ dawn, XIX. 22.

AUTER, _s._ altar, I. ii. 2. 57.

AUTHORYSED, _pp._ considered as authoritative, IV. 330; Authoreist, _pp._
authorised, XVII. 66.

AUTHOUR, _s._ author, I. iii. 1. 169.

AUTUMPNE, _s._ autumn, VIII. 63.

AVAILE, _s._ value; _esier a._, less value, _or_, easier to obtain, XXIV.
116.

AVANTOURS, _s. pl._ boasters, XVI. 814. See note, p. 520.

AVAUNCE, _s._ advancement, II. 215.

AVAUNCE, _v._ promote, VIII. 354; X. 7; succeed, XIII. 75; _imp. s. refl._
advance, come forward, approach, XVI. 801; _pt. pl. refl._ advanced, came
forward, XVI. 157; _pp._ promoted, I. i. 7. 69.

AVAUNCEMENT, _s._ promotion, I. iii. 8. 145.

AVAUNT, _s._ boast, V. 64; XVI. 732.

AVAUNTE, _1 pr. s._ boast, I. i. 6. 186; _pr. pl._ boast, I. ii. 2. 124.

AVAUNTOUR, _s._ boaster, XVI. 735, 739; Avaunter, Boaster, XXIV. 1219.

AVAYL, _s._ prevalence, XXI. 649.

AVAYL, _v._ be of use, II. 1080; _pp._ made valid, IV. 191; _pres. pt._
useful, I. i. 7. 96.

AVENTURE, _s._ fortune, XVI. 499; luck, XVI. 856.

AVER, _s._ wealth, I. i. 10. 19. A. F. _aveir_, F. _avoir_.

AVISEE, _adj._ prudent, IX. 215; XII. 4.

AVOIDE, _ger._ to depart, I. i. 1. 131.

AVOW, _s._ vow, II. 29; XVIII. 229; Avowe, IX. 93.

AVOWE, _v._ vow, IV. 243; XVIII. 229; own, acknowledge (it), II. 1374.

AVOWING, _s._ vowing, I. i. 3. 64.

AVOWRIES, _s. pl._ protectors, III. 355.

AVYSE, _s._ advice, XVI. 225; XXI. 189; consideration, VIII. 464.

AVYSEMENT, _s._ consideration, VIII. 278; XVIII. 272.

AVYSENESSE, _s._ Advisedness, XXI. 343.

AVYSINGE, _pres. pt._ considering, I. i. 4. 5.

AWAYT, _s._ lying in wait, watching an opportunity, XVI. 341; attendance,
VIII. 408; ambush, snare, XVI. 778.

AWAYTE, _v._ wait, XVI. 474; _ger._ to wait for, try, XVI. 555.

AWAYWARD, _adv._ away, I. i. 1. 115; aside, XVI. 89.

A-WERKE, at work, I. ii. 3. 124; I. iii. 6. 67.

A-WHAPED, _pp._ amazed, VIII. 168.

AWIN, _adj._ own, XVII. 275.

AWREKE, _pp._ avenged, XVIII. 215.

AWTER, _s._ alter, XXIV. 325.

AXE, _v._ ask, III. 24.

AXING, _s._ asking, request, V. 122.

AY, _s._ egg, II. 862.

AYEIN, _adv._ back again, XVI. 504.

AYEN-BRINGE, _v._ bring back, I. i. 2. 77.

AYENCOMING, _pres. pt._ returning, I. iii. 9. 66.

AYENES, _prep._ in return for, II. 1297; Ayens, ready for, VIII. 63.

AYEN-LOOKING, _pres. pt._ looking back, I. i. 8. 17.

AYENST, _prep._ against, II. 826.

AYENTURNING, _s._ power of turning again, I. ii. 7. 136.

AYENWARD, _adv._ back again, I. ii. 6. 15; in return, I. i. 2. 102; on the
contrary, on the other hand, I. iii. 4. 130; XVI. 18.

AYRE, _s._ air, XVI. 384.

AZURE, _s._ azure, i.e. _lapis lazuli_, I. iii. 5. 124, 132.



BADDE, _adj._ bad, evil, I. ii. 13. 11.

BADDE-MENINGE, _adj._ ill-intentioned, I. ii. 1. 94; I. ii. 13. 16.

BAID, _pt. s._ abode, XVII. 490.

BAILL, _s._ bale, sorrow, XVII. 110; harm, XVII. 413.

BAIR, _s._ boar, XVII. 193.

BAIR, _adj._ bare, XVII. 180, 206.

BAIT, _s._ food (for horses), XVII. 210.

BAIT, _v._ feed, XXIV. 194 (see note, p. 543); Baited, _pp._ baited, II.
648.

BAKBYTE, _ger._ to backbite, XII. 124.

BAKKER-MORE, _adv._ further back, XVI. 85.

BAL, _s._ ball, IV. 296; eye-ball, I. i. 4. 2.

BALAUNCE, _s._ balance, IV. 263; the balance, XIII. 91; _in b._, in His
sway, XVI. 851.

BALAYS, _s._ balas-ruby, XXI. 536; Baleis, XXIV. 80.

BALE, _s._ evil, I. ii. 9. 143.

BALEFULL, _adj._ evil, II. 120, 1234.

BALKE, _s._ balk, check, difficulty, II. 488.

BALL, _s._ a horse's name, II. 402.

BALLET, _s._ ballad, poem, XVII. 610.

BANDON, _s._ disposal, I. ii. 5. 107.

BANERE, _s._ banner, XX. 211.

BANKES, _s. pl._ banks, I. ii. 14. 44. See note to l. 40, p. 478.

BANKOURIS, _s. pl._ benches, soft seats, XVII. 417.

BANNE, _pr. pl._ swear, XXIV. 1143.

BAPTYME, _s._ baptism, III. 93.

BAR, _pt. s._ bore, carried, XX. 254, 257.

BAREYNE, _adj._ barren, void, V. 298.

BARGARET, _s._ a pastoral song, XX. 348. See note, p. 533.

BARGE, _s._ boat, XXIV. 187; ship, IV. 231.

BASELARDES, _s. pl._ short swords, II. 918.

BASSE, _s._ base, I. ii. 7. 90.

BASSE, _s._ kiss, buss, XXIV. 797.

BATAYLED, _pp._ assaulted, IV. 194.

BAUDRIKS, _s. pl._ belts, II. 918.

BAUME, _s._ balm, VIII. 27.

BAWME-BLOSSOM, _s._ balm-blossom, X. 47.

BAY, _s._ bay; _at bay_, II. 139.

BAYN, _s._ bath, XXI. 464.

BAY-WINDOW, _s._ window with a bay or recess, XXIV. 1058; _pl._ XXI. 163.

BE, _adv._ by the time that, when, XVII. 358.

BEAU, _adj._ fair, XXIV. 1085.

BEDE, _pt. s._ bade, II. 1229.

BEDRED, _adj._ bedridden, III. 119.

BEDREINT, _pp._ drenched, wetted, XXIV. 577.

BEESTLY, _adj._ animal, I. ii. 2. 79.

BEET, _pt. s._ beat, II. 1353.

BEFORE-WETING, _s._ foreknowledge, I. iii. 4. 63; Beforn-, I. iii. 4. 49.

BEFORE-WIST, _pp._ foreknown, I. iii. 4. 154.

BEGETEN, _pp._ begotten, I. iii. 4. 123; Begete, II. 1030.

BEGGAIR, _s._ beggar, XVII. 483.

BEGONNE, _pt. pl._ began, XVIII. 70; _pp._ IV. 22.

BEHAVE, _v._ behave (himself), I. i. 10. 16.

BEHEST, _s._ promise, I. i. 2. 93; _pl._ I. ii. 3. 38.

BEHESTEN, _pr. pl._ promise, III. 334.

BEHIGHT, _1 pr. s._ promise, assure, XX. 396; _pt. s._ promised, IV. 41;
(apparently) commanded, XVI. 259.

BEHOLD, _pp._ beheld, XXIV. 279.

BEHOTEN, _pp._ promised, I. iii. 8. 76.

BEHOVE, _s._ behoof, I. ii. 3. 86.

BEHOVELY, _adj._ fit, suitable, IV. 304.

BEIKIT, _1 pt. s._ warmed, XVII. 36.

BEILDIT, _pp._ built, XVII. 97.

BEING, _s._ existence, I. ii. 5. 29.

BEINGE-PLACE, _s._ home, I. iii. 5. 77.

BE-KNOWE, _ger._ to acknowledge, I. ii. 1. 127.

BELCHERE, _s._ Good Cheer, XXI. 322.

BELEVE, _s._ belief, XVI. 426; XVIII. 162.

BELEVED, _pp._ left, I. ii. 10. 109.

BELIVE, _adv._ at once, XVII. 331.

BELLE, _s._ bell, VIII. 262; _gen._ II. 40.

BENCHED, _pp._ provided with benches, VIII. 126; XX. 50.

BENCHES, _s. pl._ benches, or banks of turf, XXI. 49.

BEND, _s._ band, girdle, XXIV. 810; Bendes, _pl._ bonds, II. 537.

BENE, _adv._ excellently, XVII. 417.

BENE, _s._ bean, XXIV. 796.

BENE-BREED, _s._ bean-bread, I. ii. 2. 56.

BENIMEN, _v._ take away, I. i. 9. 77.

BEQUATH, _pt. s._ bequeathed, IV. 178.

BERAFT, _pp._ bereft, I. i. 10. 53; V. 362.

BERAYNED, _pp._ rained upon, X. 128.

BERE, _s._ bear, II. 139, 648.

BERE HIM IN HONDE, make him believe, III. 323; _pt. pl._ bore, carried, XX.
213, 223; Berest in honde, _2 pr. s._ accusest, III. 153; Beren on honde,
accuse falsely, V. 274.

BEREL, _s._ beryl, VIII. 37; XXI. 455.

BERNES, _s. pl._ barns, I. i. 3. 31.

BESEEN, _pp._ adorned, XX. 169; Besene, arrayed, XVII. 416.

BESETTE, _v._ bestow, place, I. i. 9. 72; XI. 15; _pp._ bestowed, XXIV.
391; used, II. 1040; set up, VIII. 352.

BE-SEYN, _pp._ adorned, XII. 9; XXIV. 121.

BESHET, _pp._ shut up, I. i. 3. 99.

BESMYTETH, _pr. s._ defiles, I. ii. 6. 127. See the note, p. 469.

BESPRAD, _pt. pl._ spread over, XXIV. 266.

BESTAD, _pp._ hardly beset, IV. 88; Be-sted, _pp._ bestead, circumstanced,
II. 403.

BESTIAL, _adj._ bestial, I. ii. 4. 4; I. ii. 10. 12.

BESTIALLICH, _adj._ bestial, I. ii. 4. 45.

BESTIALTE. _s._ fleshliness, I. iii. 9. 48.

BESWINKE, _ger._ to toil for, I. i. 1. 40.

BET, _adv._ better, VIII. 337; XXII. 54.

BETAKE, _pp._ committed (to), I. ii. 6. 42.

BETE, _pp._ adorned with beaten gold, XX. 212.

BETEICH, _1 pr. s._ bequeath, XVII. 577.

BETEN, _v._ kindle, XXIV. 324.

BETIDEN (= betidden), _pt. pl._ happened (to), I. i. _pr._ 122.

BETOKENETH, _pr. s._ means, III. 50.

BETRAPPED, _pp._ entrapped, V. 252.

BETRAYDEN, _pt. pl._ betrayed, V. 198.

BETRAYSSHED, _pt. s._ betrayed, I. ii. 7. 118.

BETTERER, _adj._ better, I. ii. 13. 71.

BEVAR, _adj._ made of beaver, XVII. 386.

BEWENT, _pp._ turned aside, I. i. 1. 21.

BEWRYE, _v._ disclose, utter, XXIV. 1358.

BICCHE, _s._ bitch, II. 889.

BIGGE, _ger._ to build, II. 473.

BIGON, _pp._ beset; _wel b._, well placed, well situate, in a good position
or case, XX. 186. See _Bego_ in the New E. Dict.

BIL, _s._ petition, XXI. 325; Billes, _pl._ XXI. 352.

BILEVED, _pp._ believed, I. ii. 6. 20.

BILOWEN, _pp._ lied against, belied, V. 196.

BIQUATH, _pt. s._ bequeathed, VII. 68.

BIT, _pr. s._ bids, XXIV. 469.

BITTE, _s._ bit, I. ii. 6. 83.

BLA, _adj._ livid, XVII. 159. Icel. _blar_.

BLABBING, _pres. pt._ prattling, V. 116.

BLAIKNIT, _pp._ lit. made bleak, deprived, XVII. 410.

BLASOURS, _s._ proclaimers, trumpeters, I. i. 10. 10.

BLEMISSHED, _pp._ injured, I. ii. 12. 93.

BLEND, _pp._ blinded, II. 852.

BLENK, _s._ glance, look, XVII. 499.

BLENKING, _s._ look, XVII. 503.

BLENT, _pp._ blinded, II. 771; VIII. 461 (see note, p. 508).

BLERE, _adj._ blear, dim, I. ii. 1. 123.

BLERED, _pp._ bleared, dimmed, V. 105.

BLISS, _1 pr. s._ bless, XXIV. 862.

BLOBERE, _v._ to blubber, to sob, I. ii. 3. 59.

BLUSTRINGE (_probably for_ bluschinge), _s._ brightness, I. i. 2. 20. See
note, p. 454.

BLYFE; _as bl._, as quickly as possible, XXIV. 161; heartily, XXIV. 404; as
soon as possible, IX. 111; XXIV. 1441.

BLYVELY, _adv._ soon, I. iii. 4. 19.

BOCHOUR, _s._ butcher, II. 584.

BODE, _1 pt. s._ remained, XXIV. 1351.

BODEN, _pp._ bidden, III. 134.

BOISTOUSLY, _adv._ rudely, XX. 595.

BOKET, _s._ bucket, I. iii. 1. 145.

BOLDED, _pp._ emboldened, XVI. 26.

BOLE, _s._ bull, I. i. 5. 127; XX. 3; Taurus, VIII. 4.

BOLLEN, _pp._ swollen, overcharged, VIII. 101.

BOLNE, _ger._ to swell, I. ii. 14. 42.

BOND, _s._ bond, II. 681.

BOND, _pt. s._ bound, VIII. 623.

BONDMEN, _s. pl._ serfs, II. 1009.

BOOD, _1 pt. s._ abode, XVI. 99.

BOON, _s._ boon, petition, XXI. 621.

BOOT, _s._ boat, XIII. 56.

BORDES, _s. pl._ tables, XVI. 101.

BORDURE, _s._ border, rim, VIII. 594.

BORE, _s._ boar, VIII. 386.

BOREN, _v._ bore, I. i. 4. 2.

BORNE, _ger._ to burnish, ornament, adorn, XXIV. 9.

BOROWE, _s._ pledge; _to b._, as a security, VIII. 12.

BOSARDES, _s. pl._ buzzards, II. 1337.

BOSSE, _s._ stud, boss, XX. 246.

BOST, _s._ boast, V. 234.

BOSTEOUS, _adj._ noisy, XVII. 195.

BOSTER, _s._ boaster, II. 401.

BOTE, _s._ good, benefit, VII. 56; help, XX. 83.

BOTH, _s._ booth, tabernacle, I. ii. 10. 95.

BOUK, _s._ body; _bouk and boon_, body and bone, X. 122. See New E. D.

BOUN, _adj._ ready, IV. 17; XVII. 600.

BOUR, _s._ bower, II. 120.

BOWE, _v._ bend, give way, XVI. 491, 492.

BOWES, _s. pl._ boughs, VIII. 53, 583.

BOYSTOUS, _adj._ rough, boisterous, I. i. _pr._ 7; II. 139; rough, poor,
lowly, II. 1052; rude, XXII. 26.

BRAK, _pt. s._ brake, V. 378.

BRAST, _pt. s._ burst, XVIII. 210; _1 pt. s._ I. i. 4. 1; _pt. pl._ XX.
490; penetrated, XVII. 15.

BRAUNCHELET, _s._ small branch, X. 44.

BRAUNCHES, _s. pl._ branches, I. iii. 7. 4.

BRAVIE, _s._ prize of running, X. 65. See note.

BRAYD, _s._ moment, XXIV. 1173.

BRAYING, _pres. pt._ clanging, II. 166.

BREDE, _s._ breadth, VIII. 162; XX. 43.

BREIRD, _s._ lit. blade (of grass, &c.); _on br._, in growth, on the
increase, XVII. 413.

BREIST, _s._ breast, XVII. 110.

BRENNE, _pr. s. subj._ burn, XVIII. 105; _pr. pl._ XVIII. 35; Brende, _1
pt. s._ burnt, XI. 6; _pt. s. subj._ should burn, I. ii. 6. 29; Brent, _pt.
s._ burnt, XXIV. 232; Brent, _pp._ II. 1234; Brend, _pp._ II. 674; _pres.
pt._ burning, I. i. 3. 101; Brennende, I. i. 1. 21; Brennande, I. i. 1.
104.

BRENNINGLY, _adv._ hotly, V. 239.

BRENT, _adj._ high, smooth, XVII. 173.

BRETHERHEDES, _s. pl._ brotherhoods, III. 88.

BRID, _s._ bird, XVIII. 260, 270; Briddes, _pl._ VIII. 43; XVIII. 262.

BRIGE, _s._ contention, trouble, I. i. 7. 104. See note, p. 460.

BRIND, _adj._ hot (lit. burnt), XXIV. 319. See note, p. 544.

BRINKE, _s._ brink, edge, margin, I. ii. 14. 41; VIII. 90.

BROCHED, _pt. s._ violated, XXIV. 1234.

BROCHES, _s._ brooches, II. 904.

BROKE, _s. dat._ brook, XVIII. 217; -syde, brook-side, XVIII. 60.

BROKEN, _pp._ torn, I. ii. 2. 65.

BROSTE, _pp._ burst, XI. 99. See BRAST.

BROTEL, _adj._ brittle, frail, I. i. 10. 110.

BROTELNESSE, _s._ frailty, XIII. 22.

BROUK, _2 pr. pl._ use, make use of, enjoy, XXI. 259.

BROWDERED, _pp._ braided, XXIV. 811; ornamented, XVII. 417.

BRUKILNES, _s._ frailty, XVII. 86.

BRUKKIL, _adj._ brittle, XVII. 569.

BRYDEL, _ger._ to restrain, I. ii. 6. 83.

BUCKELERS, _s. pl._ bucklers, II. 917.

BUCKET, _s._ bucket, II. 298. See note.

BUIT, _s._ advantage, profit, help, XVII. 481. See BOTE.

BULLAR, _s._ bubble, XVII. 192.

BULLE, _s._ bull, IV. 208.

BURELY, _adj._ fit for a lady's bower, XVII. 417; handsome, XVII. 173;
large, XVII. 180. See p. 524.

BURJONEN, _v._ bud, I. iii. 7. 51.

BURJONING, _s._ budding, bud, I. ii. 11. 105; I. iii. 7. 45.

BURJONING-TYME, _s._ time of budding, I. iii. 7. 70.

BURJONS, _s. pl._ buds, I. iii. 7. 49.

BUSKIT, _pp._ adorned, XVII. 255.

BUSTEOUS, _adj._ boisterous, rough, XVII. 153; huge, XVII. 166. See
BOYSTOUS.

BUT, _prep._ without, I. iii. 4. 135; XVII. 94, 194; except, I. iii. 6. 40.

BUT-IF, _conj._ unless, I. i. 1. 124; I. ii. 7. 86.

BUXOM, _adj._ obedient, hence, subject, I. i. 9. 40.

BUXUMNESSE, _s._ obedience, VI. 11.

BY, _prep._ with reference to, XVII. 278; By that, for the reason that, I.
i. 7. 57.

BY AND BY, in due order, IX. 226; XX. 59, 145.

BYE, _v._ buy, I. i. 3. 123; _1 pr. s._ VIII. 435.

BYLIS, _s. pl._ boils, tumours, XVII. 395.

BY-PATHES, _s. pl._ by-ways, I. i. 4. 42.

BYTE, _v._ bite, devour, II. 576; Bytande, _pres. pt._ biting, bitter, I.
i. 10. 90.



CABLES, _s. pl._ cables, I. ii. 10. 117.

CACCHENDE, _pres. pt._ catching, comprehensive, I. ii. 1. 57.

CACCHING, _s._ getting money, II. 1017.

CACE, _s._ case; _in c._, perchance, XVII. 507.

CAIRFUL, _adj._ full of care, mournful, XVII. 1, 310.

CAITIF, _adj._ wretched, XXIV. 205.

CAITIVED, Caytifved, _pp._ imprisoned, kept as a captive, I. i. 1. 16.

CALD, _adj._ cold, XVII. 541.

CALL, _s._ caul, head-dress, II. 338.

CALL, _adj._ (_prob. error for_ Tall), II. 466. See UNTALL.

CALM, _s._ calm, VII. 140.

CAN, _1 pr. s._ know, possess, XVI. 733; _can pas_, did pass, went, XVII.
28; _can discend_, caused to descend, XVII. 6; Canst, _pr. s._ knowest, II.
1073.

CAPTYVES, _s. pl._ wretches, captives, II. 291.

CARDIACLE, _s._ a disease of the heart, pain in the heart, I. ii. 11. 125.

CARDINALL, _s._ cardinal, II. 314, 456.

CARE, _s._ misery, I. i. 3. 118.

CARECKES, _s. pl._ characters, marks, II. 542.

CARKE, _v._ be anxious, II. 250, 1123.

CARPEN, _1 pr. pl._ talk about, discuss, I. ii. 8. 30.

CASSIDONY, _s._ chalcedony, XXI. 478. See note.

CAST ME, _1 pt. s._ designed, intended, XVI. 80.

CASUEL, _adj._ subject to chance, XXII. 44.

CATEL, _s._ wealth, I. ii. 5. 56; Catell, II. 385; Cattal, II. 250.

CATHEDRALS, _s. pl._ cathedrals, II. 313.

CATTEL-CACCHING, _s._ getting money, II. 856.

CAULD, _s._ cold, XVII. 7.

CAUSEFUL, _adj._ circumstantial, weighty, I. iii. 5. 54.

CAUTEL, _s._ trick, III. 303; Cautele, V. 286; _pl._ deceits, XXII. 50.

CAWDELL, _s._ a warm gruel, mixed with wine or ale, and sweetened or
spiced, given chiefly to sick people, XXIV. 438. See _Caudle_ in the N. E.
D.

CAYTIF, _s._ captive, wretch, I. i. 1. 122; _pl._ II. 71.

CAYTIFNESSE, _s._ captivity, wretchedness, I. i. 2. 31.

CAYTIVE, _adj._ wretched, XVII. 408.

CEDRE, _s._ cedar, X. 39; _pl._ VIII. 67.

CEDULE, _s._ schedule, writing, XXI. 345.

CELLER, _s._ cellar, I. ii. 2. 27.

CELSITUDE, _s._ highness, XXIV. 611.

CELURED, _pp._ ceiled, canopied, VIII. 52.

CERCLE, _s._ circle, XXI. 536.

CEREAL, _adj._; _c. okes_, holm-oaks, XX. 209. See note.

CESSE, _ger._ to cease, XVI. 37; Cessing that, when that ceases, V. 415.

CHACE, _s._ chase (at tennis), IV. 295. See note.

CHAFED, _pp._ heated, warmed, I. ii. 12. 8; Chafinge, _pr. pt._ I. ii. 12.
8.

CHAFFREN, _pr. pl._ bargain for, II. 146.

CHAIR, _s._ chariot, car, XVII. 204; XX. 1.

CHALENGE, _v._ claim, I. i. 10. 66; _1 pr. s._ claim, XVI. 233; _pr. pl._
III. 22.

CHALMER, _s._ chamber, XVII. 28, 416.

CHAMBERER, _s._ lady of the chamber, XXIV. 158.

CHANONS, _s. pl._ canons, II. 717, 1062; III. 280.

CHAPELAYNS, _s. pl._ chaplains, III. 348.

CHAPELET, _s._ chaplet, XX. 154, 236; Chapelets, _pl._ XX. 159, 161, 209,
222.

CHAPITRE, _s._ chapter, I. iii. 9. 21.

CHAPMAN, _s._ trader, III. 147; Chapmen, _pl._ III. 128.

CHAPTER-HOUSE, _s._ chapter-house, III. 75.

CHAR, _s._ chariot, VII. 177; VIII. 595.

CHARGE, _s._ responsibility, VIII. 328; XVI. 469; burden, I. i. 3. 15;
blame, XXIV. 186; _pl._ burdens, I. ii. 7. 69.

CHASE, _pr. pl._ chase, persecute, II. 1322.

CHASE, _pt. s._ chose, XVI. 166.

CHAUNCELLERE, _s._ chancellor, XXI. 507.

CHAUNSEL, _s._ chancel, I. ii. 2. 63.

CHAUNTEMENTS, _s. pl._ enchantments, I. i. 9. 28.

CHAUNTOURS, _s._ singers, II. 870.

CHAYRE, _s._ throne, XXI. 476.

CHEES; see CHESE.

CHERE, _s._ demeanour, XXIV. 575; good cheer, XVI. 95; _pl._ looks, XIV. 8.

CHERELICH, _adj._ prodigal, II. 1050. Read _not cherelich_; see note, p.
491.

CHERYCE, _v._ cherish, VII. 16; Cheryse, XXIV. 893.

CHESE, _ger._ to choose, I. ii. 10. 21; Chesen, _ger._ VII. 185; _1 pr. s._
IX. 249; _imp. s._ _3 p._ let him choose, XVI. 313; Chees, _pt. s._ chose,
IV. 31; VIII. 395; Cheisit, _pt. pl._ chose, XVII. 265.

CHESING, _s._ choice, IX. 15.

CHESTE, _s._ chest, VIII. 227.

CHEVERIT, _pt. pl._ shivered, shook, XVII. 156. See CHIVER.

CHEVISAUNCE, _s._ usury, dealing for profit, XII. 53.

CHEVYCE, _v._ preserve, V. 325.

CHID, _pp._ chid (pp. of _chide_), XVIII. 267.

CHILDING, _pres. pt._ bearing a child, X. 139.

CHIPPES, _s. pl._ chips, I. i. 9. 20.

CHIVER, _1 pr. s._ shiver, VIII. 230.

CHORL, _s._ churl, VIII. 390.

CHOSE, _pp._ chosen, IV. 4.

CHOWETH, _pr. s._ chews, II. 258.

CHRISTNED, _pp._ christened (person), II. 101.

CHURLICH, _adj._ churlish, poor, II. 1051.

CIRCUTE, _s._ circuit; _c. cours_, complete course, I. iii. 7. 75.

CITOLE, _s._ zedoary, X. 71.

CLADDE, _pp. pl._ clothed, II. 1014.

CLAM, _pt. s._ climbed, XVII. 550.

CLAMURE, _ger._ to clamour, I. i. 6. 120.

CLAPPE, _pr. pl._ prate, V. 328; Clappen, I. i. 8. 33; Clappeth, _pr. s._
prates, V. 142.

CLAPPER, _s._ clap-dish, as carried by lepers, XVII. 343, 387.

CLATTER, _ger._ to proclaim, applaud, I. i. 8. 24.

CLERGION, _s._ chorister-boy, I. ii. 2. 62.

CLEPE, _1 pr. s._ cry, VIII. 285; _pr. pl._ call, name, VI. 6; _pr. pl._
II. 201; _imp. s._ call, I. ii. 14. 75; _pt. pl._ called, I. ii. 2. 96;
_pp._ I. iii. 4. 154; V. 16.

CLIM, _v._ climb, XVII. 263.

CLINKE, _s._ clink, sound, II. 40.

CLIPPINGES, _s. pl._ embraces, I. i. 5. 97.

CLIPS, _s._ eclipse, I. ii. 2. 15; I. ii. 6. 94.

CLOKES, _s. pl._ cloaks, XX. 207.

CLOSE, _pr. pl._ are included, come together, I. iii. 4. 165; _pp._
enclosed, I. i. 1. 133; XXI. 52.

COACCION, _s._ compulsion, I. iii. 3. 53.

COARTED, _pp._ constrained, I. i. 6. 157; compelled, I. iii. 3. 63.

COCKES, _s._ (_for_ Goddes), II. 1271.

COCKLE, _s._ darnel, I. ii. 1. 93.

COCKLE, _s._ shell, X. 128.

COCOLD, _s._ cuckold, XXIV. 410.

COFREN, _ger._ to put in a chest, II. 107.

COKKOW, _s._ cuckoo, XXIV. 1422.

COLERS, _s. pl._ collars, XX. 215.

COLES, _s. pl._ coals, i.e. charcoal, I. i. _pr._ 15.

COLLATIOUN, _s._ banquet, XVII. 418.

COLLINGES, _s. pl._ embracings, I. ii. 14. 12.

COLOUR, _s._ pretence, III. 3, 341; VIII. 425.

COLUMBE, _s._ dove, X. 79.

COLUMPNE, _s._ column, X. 136.

COM OF, be quick! XXI. 244; Come of, come on, I. i. 3. 14.

COMBERAUNCE, _s._ trouble, XXI. 430.

COMBRED, _pp._ encumbered, burdened, I. i. 3. 103.

COMFORTABLE, _adj._ comforting, I. ii. 2. 1.

COMINALTEE, _s._ a community, I. i. 6. 65.

COMMENDE, _pres. pt._ coming, I. iii. 3. 74.

COMMENS, _s._ commons, rations of food, I. i. 7. 106.

COMMENS, _s. pl._ the commons, I. i, 7. 64.

COMMENSAL, _adj._ partaking of a common repast, feeding with others, I. i.
4. 25.

COMMINALTE, _s._ commons, II. 654; _pl._ communities, I. iii. 1. 89.

COMMING, _pres. pt. as adj._ future, sure to happen, I. iii. 3. 26; I. iii.
3. 82.

COMODITE, _s._ advantage, I. iii. 8. 155.

COMONALTE, _s._ commonalty, XXIV. 1209.

COMPARACION, _s._ comparison, I. ii. 11. 35.

COMPARISONED, _pp._ compared, I. i. _pr._ 49; I. i. 1. 68; I. ii. 13. 50.

COMPAS, _s._ circuit, XX. 54; _a certain of c._, within a certain distance
round, XVI. 193; _of compas_, in a circle, XXI. 53.

COMPASSED, _pp._ contrived, V. 369.

COMPTETH, _pr. s._ accounts, I. iii. 5. 45; Compted, _pp._ accounted, I.
ii. 10. 16; counted, I. ii. 5. 77.

COMPULCION, _s._ compulsion, I. iii. 2. 145.

COMUNE WELE, commonwealth, I. i. 6. 84.

CON, _ger._ to observe, note, XXIV. 379.

CONCEIT, _s._ liking, fancy, XVI. 442; Conceyt, XVI. 476; imagination, V.
364; XVI. 791.

CONCLUDE, _v._ include, I. ii. 11. 111. See note, p. 475.

CONCLUSIOUN, _s._ result, XIII. 77.

CONCOURS, _s._ due course, XIII. 35.

CONDING, _adj._ excellent, XVII. 446.

CONDUIT, _s._ conduit, X. 32.

CONDUITE, _v._ conduct, demean, XVI. 536.

CONFESSOURES, _s. pl._ confessors, III. 336.

CONFITEOR, _s._ confession, III. 353.

CONFORMES, _adj. pl._ similar, shewing conformity (with), like (to), I.
iii. 4. 122.

CONFOUNDE, _v._ confuse, trouble, VIII. 481.

CONGELED, _pp._ congealed, I. ii. 12. 52.

CONGELEMENT, _s._ congealment, I. ii. 12. 39.

CONISAUNCE, _s._ cognisance, badge, I. i. 5. 113.

CONJECTEMENTS, _s._ devices, I. ii. 3. 73.

CONJUNCCION, _s._ conjunction, I. iii. 1. 113; conjoining, I. ii. 5. 40.

CONJURACIONS, _s. pl._ conspiracies, I. i. 6. 54.

CONNE, _v._ know how (to), I. i. 1. 96; I. iii. 3. 120; be able, I. ii. 4.
37; _pr. pl._ know, II. 413, 842; IV. 24; can, V. 18; may, I. iii. 7. 160.

CONNECCION, _s._ connexion, I. ii. 8. 56.

CONNING, _s._ skill, I. i. _pr._ 99.

CONSERVATRICE, _s._ preserver. X. 117.

CONSIGNED, _pp._ dedicated, X. 37.

CONSISTORY, _s._ consistory-court, II. 880.

CONSTAUNCE, _s._ constancy, XIII. 3.

CONSTREWE, _v._ construe, translate, I. ii. 2. 7; _imp. s._ I. iii. 6. 148.

CONTENENCE, _s._ continence, XXVI. 2.

CONTINGENCE, _s._ contingence, conditional state, I. ii. 9. 181.

CONTINGENT, _adj._ contingent, I. i. 4. 56; conditional, I. ii. 9. 147.

CONTRADICCION, _s._ a contradiction, I. ii. 11. 116.

CONTRADICTORIE, _s._ opposite, I. ii. 13. 129.

CONTRARIAUNT, _adj._ opposing, I. iii. 2. 96; Contrariant, I. ii. 9. 65;
Contrariauntes, _pl._ contravening, I. i. 5. 64.

CONTRARIEN, _pr. pl._ contradict (it), II. 936; _pt. s. subj._ should
contradict, I. ii. 4. 117; would oppose, I. iii. 2. 152.

CONTRARIES, _s. pl._ contrary things, I. ii. 6. 11.

CONTRARIOUS, _adj._ contrary, I. ii. 6. 95.

CONTRARIOUSTE, _s._ contrariety, I. ii. 8. 50; contradiction, I. iii. 4.
229; opposition, I. iii. 1. 125.

CONTRARY-DOERS, _s. pl._ trespassers, I. iii. 2. 8.

CONVENIENT, _adj._ fitting, suitable, XI. 1; XX. 119; XXIV. 786.

COP, _s._ cup, XVII. 343, 387.

COP, _s._ top, I. iii. 1. 151.

COPE, _s._ cope, cape, III. 51; I. i. 3. 149; _pl._ XXIV. 116.

CORNES, _s. pl._ grains of corn, I. i. 5. 85.

COROWNED, _pp._ crowned, I. iii. 2. 12.

COSINAGE, _s._ relationship, I. ii. 2. 101; relatives, I. ii. 2. 99.

COST, _s._ side, XX. 76; _pl._ coasts, regions, XXIV. 58.

COSTAGES, _s. pl._ expenses, I. i. 2. 139.

COSTEY, _v._ coast along, VIII. 36.

COTE, _s._ coat, I. iii. 7. 132.

COUCHED, _pp._ set, XXI. 529.

COUDE, _pt. pl._ knew, XVIII. 71.

COUNTEN, _pr. pl._ (they) count, expect, II. 927.

COUNTENAUNCE, _s._ sign, I. ii. 7. 122; semblance, XVI. 50.

COUNTERFAYTOURS, _s. pl._ counterfeit dealers, II. 1061.

COUNTERPAYSING, _s._ an equivalent, I. i. 2. 128.

COUNTERPLETE, _v._ plead against, contradict, I. i. 8. 30; _v._ plead
against me, I. ii. 12. 101; _pp._ pleaded against, XXIV. 429.

COUNTERVAYLE, _ger._ to equal, I. i. 3. 132; _pp._ balanced, I. iii. 5.
131.

COUNTOURS, _s._ accountants, II. 802.

COUPABLE, _adj._ culpable, V. 152.

COURE, _v._ cower, cringe, II. 207.

COURSER, _s._ horse, II. 1004.

COURTEOURS, _s._ courtiers, XXIV. 1313.

COURTES, _s. pl._ court-houses, III. 81.

COURT-HOLDING, _s._ holding of courts, II. 790.

COUTH, _pt. s._ knew how, XVI. 134.

COVENABLE, _adj._ suitable, I. iii. 8. 116.

COVER, _v._ recover (themselves), I. ii. 7. 97; obtain, I. ii. 5. 121.

COVERT, _adj._ secretive, sly, very prudent, XVI. 177.

COVERTOURS, _s._ coverings, II. 105.

COVINS, _s. pl._ complots, I. i. 6. 167.

COWPIS, _s. pl._ cups, flagons, XVII. 419.

CRABBED, _adj._ crabbed, perverse, V. 324; Crabbit, cross, XVII. 353.

CRABBITLY, _adv._ crabbedly, morosely, XVII. 154.

CRAKE, _pr. pl._ boast, V. 328.

CRAKEL, _v._ quaver, XVIII. 119. See note.

CRALLIT, _pp._ curled, twisted, II. 186.

CRAMPISSHED, _pt. s._ oppressed, constrained, pained, IX. 49.

CRAVE, _ger._ to ask for again, XXVII. 8.

CREDE, _s._ Creed, II. 413, 1066.

CREPE, _v._ creep, II. 942.

CRESSE, _s._ blade of a cress, I. i. 5. 133; I. ii. 7. 109; I. iii. 5. 45.

CROKE, _pr. pl._ go crooked, bend in, I. ii. 7. 69.

CROKED, _adj._ crooked, indirect, I. ii. 6. 163; curved, XIII. 17.

CROKEN, _adj._ crooked, I. ii. 7. 91.

CROKETS, _s. pl._ rolls of hair, II. 306. See note.

CROMMES, _s. pl._ crumbs, I. i. _pr._ 105.

CRONIQUE, _s._ chronicle, story, IV. 338, 369.

CROPE, _pp._ crept, I. i. 4. 54.

CROPPE, _s._ shoot, sprout, top, V. 17.

CROSSE, _s._ cross, the cross marked on a piece of money, III. 225.

CROSSE-ALEYS, _s. pl._ cross-alleys, XXI. 10.

CROUCHE, _s._ cross, II. 942.

CROWES, _s. pl._ crows, II. 1334.

CROYSERY, _s._ crusade, II. 445.

CUKKOW, _s._ cuckoo, XVIII. 50.

CULLETH, _pr. s._ kills, II. 593, 1314; _pr. pl._ II. 267.

CULTRE, _s._ coulter, II. 7.

CURE, _s._ care, XVI. 494; XXIV. 986; guard, XVII. 10; diligence, VIII.
311; attention, I. iii. 8. 52; cure (of souls), II. 1173; responsibility,
XX. 61.

CURIOUS, _adj._ curious, anxious, II. 384; nice, II. 1013; choice, VII. 66.

CURRANT, _s._ current, _or adj._ running, X. 51.

CURREYDEN, _pt. pl._ curried favour, I. i. 10. 11.

CURRISH, _adj._ like a cur, XVI. 389.

CURTEYS, _adj._ gentle, II. 482.

CUSTOME, _s._ custom, I. iii. 1. 106.

CUT, _ger._ curtail, XVII. 39; _pp._ cut short, II. 929.



DAME, _s._ mother, I. ii. 2. 117; II. 1361; Dames tonge, mother-tongue, I.
i. _pr._ 37.

DAMOSELLES, _s. pl._ damsels, I. ii. 2. 42; girls, II. 928.

DAMPNABLE, _adj._ damnable, VI. 60.

DAMPNE, _v._ condemn, II. 630; _pr. s._ II. 224; _pp._ damned, I. i. 7. 55;
condemned, VIII. 276.

DASED, _pp._ dazed, II. 1326.

DAUNGER, _s._ control, V. 257.

DAUNGEROUS, _adj._ disdainful, XXIV. 901; cross, XXIV. 330; difficult to
please, XXIV. 761; forbidding, I. i. 2. 102.

DAUNTEN, _v._ subdue, I. ii. 2. 131.

DAWE, _s. pl. dat._ days; _by elder dawe_, in olden times, II. 643. A.S.
_dagum_.

DAWENINGE, _s._ dawning, IX. 251.

DAWING, _pres. pt._ dawning, XXII. 29.

DAYESYE, _s._ daisy, XVIII. 243.

DAYNETH, _pr. s._ deigns, I. ii. 9. 122.

DEAURAT, _pp._ gilded, made of a golden colour, VIII. 597.

DEBAT, _s._ strife, VII. 59; uneasiness, XVI. 698; _pl._ I. ii. 2. 48;
combats, I. i. 4. 44.

DEBATED, _pp._ striven about, IV. 363. But read _delated_, i.e. deferred;
the Trentham MS. has _deleated_, meant for _delated_.

DEBONAIR, _adj._ courteous, XX. 501; gentle, V. 347.

DEED, _adj._ dead, II. 198.

DEEDLY, _adj._ mortal, I. ii. 12. 121; Deedliche, I. iii. 3. 65; Dedly, I.
iii. 3. 68.

DEETH, _s._ death, VIII. 140.

DEFAME, _ger._ to accuse falsely, III. 305.

DEFASED, _pp._ defaced, I. i. 8. 115; made cheerless, I. i. 1. 66.

DEFAUT, _s._ default, trespass, I. i. 3. 95; XVI. 270 (obscure); XVI. 611;
Defaute, fault, I. ii. 2. 17; III. 398; _pl._ IV. 267.

DEFENCE, _s._ power to defend, X. 124.

DEFEND, _v._ forbid, II. 570; _pt. s._ forbade, I. iii. 8. 122; II. 1115;
_pp._ forbidden, I. iii. 3. 57.

DEFENDINGE, _s._ forbidding, I. iii. 3. 55.

DEFORMAIT, _adj._ deformed, ugly, XVII. 349.

DEFOULE, _ger._ to defile, V. 186; _1 pt. s._ defiled, I. i. 8. 83; _pp._
I. ii. 13. 74.

DEGEST, _pp._ digested, considered, XVII. 303.

DEID, _s._ death, XVII. 70, 585.

DEID, _s._ deed, doing, XVII. 328.

DEIFICAIT, _pp._ accounted as gods, XVII. 288.

DEL, _s._ portion; _every del_, every bit, XXI. 227.

DELATED; see DEBATED.

DELECTABLE, _adj._ delightful, XXI. 72.

DELITABLE, _adj._ delightful, VIII. 122.

DELIVER, _adj._ nimble, VIII. 164.

DELIVERAUNCE, _s._ deliverance, I. i. 7. 102.

DELYTABLE, _adj._ delightful, I. ii. 4. 47.

DELYTE, _v._ delight, VIII. 61, 381.

DEME, _v._ judge, XII. 7; _2 pr. s. subj._ VII. 32; _pr. s._ condemns, I.
ii. 7. 117; _pp._ judged, adjudged to be true, approved, II. 67; condemned,
II. 198.

DEMENE, _s._ demeanour, XXIV. 734.

DEMEYNE, _s._ control, IX. 216; XVI. 132.

DEMIN, _v._ deem, suppose, I. iii. 3. 111; _pr. pl._ (?), II. 510. See
DEME.

DEMING, _s._ suspicion, XVII. 118.

DEMURE, _adj._ sedate, IX. 156; XVI. 106; XX. 459; XXI. 82; XXIV. 653.

DEMURELY, _adv._ sedately, XVI. 246.

DENARIE, _s._ pay, wages, X. 66.

DENOMINACION, _s._ naming, I. ii. 9. 162.

DENT, _s._ stroke, blow, dint, I. iii. 7. 92, 100; XXIV. 836.

DENWERE, _s._ doubt, I. i. 6. 193. A false form; see note, p. 459.

DEPARTE, _v._ separate, XVI. 317; sever, I. i. 1. 90; part, XXIV. 1399;
impart, XVI. 440; _pr. s. subj._ part, I. i. 9. 86; _pp._ divided, I. ii.
10. 9; parted, XI. 51; rent, XX. 193.

DEPARTICION, _s._ divorce, I. iii. 2. 14.

DEPARTING, _s._ separation, I. iii. 6. 158; XVI. 659; distributing, I. ii.
5. 44.

DEPEYNT, _pp._ painted, VIII. 425; Depeynted, XXIV. 100.

DEQUACE, _v._ suppress, I. i. 5. 77; put down, I. i. 7. 26; _ger._ to
repress, I. ii. 1. 74.

DERE, _v._ do harm, I. i. 5. 72.

DEREWORTHINESSE, _s._ fondness (for), I. ii. 5. 99.

DEREWORTHLY, _adv._ preciously, X. 39.

DERE-WORTHY, _adj._ precious, I. i. 10. 117.

DESCRY, _ger._ to describe, XXIV. 97.

DESESPERAUNCE, _s._ despair, desperation, XVI. 538, 652.

DESLAVEE, _adj._ unchaste, inordinate in conduct, XII. 40.

DESTENYED, _pp._ predestined, I. iii. 9. 13.

DESYROUSLY, _adv._ eagerly, I. iii. 6. 70.

DETERMINACIONS, _s. pl._ ordinances, settlements, I. i. 5. 52.

DETERMINE, _adj._ fixed, XXIV. 647.

DETERMINE, _ger._ to end, I. iii. 3. 129; _pp._ settled, fixed, I. ii. 6.
20.

DETERMINISON, _s._ determination, definition, I. ii. 13. 30.

DETTOUR, _s._ debtor, VI. 31.

DEVIACION, _s._ deviation, going astray, I. iii. 1. 6.

DEVOIR, _s._ duty, XVI. 559. (F. text, _devoir_.)

DEVOIT, _adj._ devout, XVII. 115.

DEVYN, _adj._ divine, XVII. 127.

DEVYNLY, _adj._ divine-like, I. iii. 1. 55.

DEVYSE, _s._ device, XXI. 207.

DEVYSE, _v._ relate, XX. 97; XXI. 525.

DEW, _adj._ due, XXI. 51.

DEW-DROPYS, _s. pl._ dewdrops, XXIX. 6.

DEWE, _s._ due; _of dewe_, duly, XXIV. 1397.

DEWETE, _s._ duty, due course, IV. 232.

DEYDEST, _2 pt. s._ didst die, were to die, I. i. 9. 65; _pt. s._ died,
VII. 102.

DEYNE, _v. refl._ deign, I. ii. 3. 3.

DEYNOUS, _adj._ disdainful, I. i. 1. 130; I. i. 2. 143 (see note); I. i. 3.
70; Deynouse, _fem._ V. 150.

DEYNTEES, _s._ dainties, II. 1008.

DIAMANT, _s._ diamond, XXIV. 696.

DIFFAME, _pr. pl._ defame, I. i. 3. 7.

DIFFYNE, _v._ define, V. 463.

DIGHTETH, _pr. s._ gets ready, II. 978; _pr. s. subj._ may (He) arrange
_or_ place, X. 84; _pp._ ornamented, II. 894; XX. 254.

DIGNE, _adj._ worthy, V. 457; XIX. 11.

DIGNED, _pp._ honoured, X. 39.

DINNE, _s._ din, noise, I. ii. 9. 31.

DIOURN, _adj._ daily, X. 66.

DIRIGES, _s. pl._ dirges, burials, III. 125.

DIRK, _adv._ in the dark, XXIV. 1256.

DISALOWE, _v._ disapprove of, dispraise, IV. 242.

DISAVENTURE, _s._ ill fortune, IX. 72.

DISCEYVABLE, _adj._ deceitful, I. ii. 4. 89.

DISCIPLYNING, _s._ correction, I. ii. 11. 137.

DISCLAUNDER, _v._ slander, II. 333; _pr. pl._ II. 1053; _pr. s._ speaks
slander, I. ii. 8. 74.

DISCLAUNDRING, _s._ slandering, I. ii. 3. 112.

DISCOMFIT, _adj._ discomfited, sad, XVI. 35.

DISCOMFITETH, _pr. s._ discomforts himself, grieves, I. ii. 11. 55; _pp._
discomforted, I. ii. 11. 57.

DISCORDAUNCE, _s._ disagreement, I. ii. 8. 47.

DISCORDAUNT, _adj._ discordant, I. i. 9. 106; Discordantes, _s. pl._ things
discordant, I. ii. 8. 54.

DISCOVERT, _pp._ discovered, made known, XVI. 403.

DISCRETE, _adj._ separate, I. iii. 1. 2.

DISCRYVE, _v._ describe, VIII. 156; IX. 112; XXIV. 778; _ger._ XXI. 512.

DISENCREES, _s._ decrease, VIII. 202.

DISESE, _s._ misery, woe, XVIII. 265; XX. 377; annoyance, I. i. 1. 20, 28;
anger, II. 1260.

DISESED, _pp._ made wretched, I. i. 1. 31.

DISESELY, _adj._ uncomfortable, I. iii. 1. 172.

DISHEVEL, _adj._ dishevelled, XXIV. 139.

DISHONEST, _adj._ shameful, V. 184.

DISLOGED, _pp._ banished, XXI. 62.

DISMAYE, _v._ feel dismay, I. ii. 9. 144.

DISPENCE, _s._ expence, II. 523; _pl._ I. i. 7. 107.

DISPENDE, _ger._ to spend, VII. 40; XXII. 16; _pr. pl._ II. 762; Dispent,
_pp._ spent, I. i. 10. 53.

DISPENSE, _ger._ to dispense, III. 367.

DISPITOUS, _adj._ contemptuous, I. i. 10. 90; spiteful, XII. 26.

DISPLESAUNCE, _s._ displeasure, XVI. 544; XXI. 661; XXV. 19.

DISPORT, _s._ amusement, XVI. 98; _pl._ XVI. 410.

DISPORTE, _ger._ to amuse, interest, VIII. 602; _v. refl._ be merry, VIII.
10; _1 pr. s. refl._ throw myself about, tumble and toss, I. i. 3. 102.

DISPREYSE, _v._ blame, I. ii. 6. 91.

DISPYT, _s._ contempt, II. 712; VIII. 240.

DISSEVER, _v._ part, depart, IX. 175; _pp._ separated, II. 1242.

DISSEVERAUNCE, _s._ separation, XI. 13; XXIV. 783.

DISSIMULACION, _s._ (_ill used for_ simulation), imitation, I. ii. 14. 10.

DISSIMULAIT, _adj._ full of dissimulation, XVII. 225.

DISSIMULEN, _v._ dissimulate, V. 18.

DISSOLUCIOUN, _s._ dissolute conduct, XII. 60.

DISTAUNCE, _s._ strife, VI. 58; VII. 161; disagreement, II. 1166.

DISTEMPRETH, _pr. s._ intoxicates, XV. _a._ 7.

DISTOURBOUR, _s._ disturbance, I. iii. 5. 30.

DISTRAINETH, _pr. s._ constrains, XXIV. 660; _pp._ afflicted, VIII. 134.

DISTRUCCIOUN, _s._ destruction, IX. 88.

DISTRYE, _v._ destroy, II. 1235. (In II. 1144, perhaps _distry_ should be
_discry_, i.e. describe.)

DIURNAL, _adj._ daily, VIII. 590.

DO, _imp. s._ cause, I. i. 1. 83; _pp._ done, IV. 97; come to an end, XIV.
18; Do way, do (it) away, put (it) aside, abandon (the idea), I. i. 9. 89.

DOCKE, _s._ dock (plant), I. i. 2. 167; I. iii. 6. 7.

DOCTRINE, _s._ learning, I. ii. 11. 136.

DOLE, _s._ sorrow, woe, X. 10; XXIV. 1098.

DOLEFUL, _adj._ sad (ones), X. 55.

DOLVEN, _pp._ buried, I. ii. 2. 69; wrought, I. i. _pr._ 11.

DOMBE, _adj._ dumb, I. ii. 5. 98.

DOME, _s._ judgement, XX. 306; _gen._ II. 331.

DOMESDAY, _s._ doom's-day, X. 84.

DON, _pp._ done; _d. but lent_, only lent, XXVII. 7.

DONATYF, _s._ gift, reward, X. 72.

DONET, _s._ primer, I. ii. 12. 17. See note, p. 475.

DONNE, _adj. pl._ dun, dark, IX. 115.

DOOLY, _adj._ mournful, XVII. 1, 344.

DOON, _error for_ Do, _1 pr. s. subj._ do, act, XXIV. 927.

DOTAGE, _s._ folly, XV. _a._ 5, XV. _b._ 4.

DOTE, _ger._ to be a fool, I. i. 2. 71; _v._ XXIV. 1047.

DOTH, _imp. pl._ cause, make, XXIV. 1326.

DOUBLENESSE, _s._ duplicity, XIII. 8.

DOUCEPERES, _s. pl._ the twelve peers (of Charlemagne), XX. 516.

DOUF (_old text_ doif), benumbed (lit. deaf), XVII. 32. See note.

DOULE, _s._ down-feather, II. 1272. See note.

DOUR, _adj._ stern, severe, oppressive, XVII. 437.

DOUT, _s._ fear, II. 697.

DOUTE, _ger._ to be feared, IV. 138; _1 pr. s. refl._ fear, XXI. 246.

DRADDE, _1 pt. s._ dreaded; feared, I. i. 3. 74; Drad, _pp._ frightened,
II. 561; afraid, II. 1088.

DRAUGHT, _s._ draught, drawing, I. iii. 7. 102.

DREDE, _s._ dread; _withoute d._, without doubt, XX. 152.

DREDE, _ger._ to fear, V. 330.

DREDFUL, _adj._ timid, V. 348; XVI. 218; fearful, IX. 157; fearful (to
offend), XXIII. 10.

DRENCHE, _1 pr. s._ am drowned, I. i. 3. 162.

DRERIHEED, _s._ dreariness, VIII. 9.

DRESSE, _v. refl._ advance, XXIV. 113; address myself, VIII. 203; _ger._ to
direct, XXIV. 179; Dresse, XIII. 62; _pr. pl. refl._ direct themselves, II.
379; _1 pr. pl. subj._ direct our way, go forward, XXI. 215; Dress you,
_imp. pl. (as s.)_, direct yourself, go, XXIV. 554; Drest, _1 pt. s. refl._
advanced, XX. 456; Dressed, _pt. s. refl._ advanced, I. iii. 3. 2.

DRIVE, _pp._ driven, I. i. 1. 2.

DROPPING, _pres. pt._ dripping, XX. 371.

DROW, _pt. s._ withdrew, XVI. 806.

DROWPIT, _pt. pl._ drooped, XVII. 157.

DROWRY, _s._ love-token, XVII. 583.

DUALITE, _s._ duality, doubleness, I. ii. 13. 30.

DUCHEES, _s. pl._ duchies, V. 333.

DUETEE, _s._ duty, VI. 38; IX. 5, 106.

DULEFUL, _adj._ grievous, XVII. 309.

DULLEN, _v._ render dull, I. iii. 3. 196.

DURACIOUN, _s._ duration, endurance, X. 87.

DURESSE, _s._ hardness, XVI. 703; force, I. iii. 7. 71; constraint, I. i.
6. 157; stress, I. i. 1. 87; cruelty, XVI. 784.

DURETH, _pr. s._ lasts, I. i. 3. 20.

DURING, _adj._ enduring, X. 131.

DWALE, _s._ a sleeping draught made from the deadly nightshade, XXIV. 998.

DYAMAUNT, _s._ diamond, X. 87.

DYKING, _pres. pt._ ditching, II. 1043.

DYS, _s. pl._ dice, XIII. 74.

DYTE, _s._ ditty, song, poem, VIII. 606; IX. 268; XVII. 1.



EBBE, _s._ ebb, VII. 143; XIII. 36.

ECHE, _ger._ to increase, I. iii. 1. 147; Eched, _pp._ I. ii. 8. 79.

EDEFYE, _ger._ to build, I. i. 5. 110; _v._ VII. 77.

EDWYTE, _v._ accuse, reproach, XII. 18.

EE, _s._ eye, XXIV. 768. See EYE.

EET, _pt. s._ ate, I. i. 8. 55; XX. 90; Eten, _pp._ eaten, XX. 95.

EFFUNDE, _1 pr. s._ pour out, XIX. 25.

EFTER, _conj._ according as, XVII. 106.

EGALL, _adj._ equal, XXIV. 1041.

EGALLY, _adv._ equally, impartially, XXIV. 365.

EGLANTERE, _s._ sweet-briar, XX. 56, 80. See the note, p. 520.

EIGHTETH, _adj._ eighth, I. i. 5. 103.

EIRD, _s._ earth. XVII. 384.

EIRDLY, _adj._ earthly, XVII. 52, 355.

EKE-NAMES, _s. pl._ nicknames, I. ii. 1. 96.

ELDE, _s._ old age, I. i. 6. 94; I. i. 8. 115.

ELDE-FADERS, _s. pl._ ancestors, I. ii. 2. 125.

ELECCIOUN, _s._ choice, V. 236.

ELECTUAIRIS, _s. pl._ electuaries, XVII. 246.

ELEMENTES, _s. pl._ elements, I. ii. 9. 41.

ELENGE, _adj._ mournful, miserable, XVIII. 115.

EMBELISSHED, _pp._ honoured, dignified, X. 104.

EMBROUDED, _pp._ embroidered, XXI. 85.

EMERAUD, _adj._ emerald, XXIV. 79; _s. pl._ XX. 144.

EMISPERE, _s._ hemisphere, XXII. 27.

EMPRYSE, _s._ enterprise, II. 960; design, V. 119; _pl._ VIII. 416.

ENAMAYL, _s._ enamel, XXI. 534.

ENBOLDED, _pp._ emboldened, I. i. 2. 23.

ENCHACE, _v._ chase, XVI. 416.

ENCHESOUN, _s._ reason, V. 429.

ENCHEYNEN, _ger._ to link together, _or_, to be linked together, I. ii. 6.
4.

ENCOMBERAUNCE, _s._ encumbrance, trouble, XVI. 284, 775; XXI. 746.

ENCOMBRED, _pp._ encumbered, hindered, defeated, X. 103.

ENCREES, _s._ increase, II. 72.

ENDRY, _v._ suffer, endure, XXIV. 727, 941. See note, p. 547.

ENDUCED, _pp._ induced, I. ii. 1. 60.

ENDYTE, _v._ indite, VIII. 196; IX. 231; _pr. pl._ indict, II. 1026.

ENDYTING, _s._ composition, inditing, XXII. 65.

ENE, _s. pl._ eyes, XVII. 157.

ENFAME, _s._ disgrace, I. i. 8. 51; reproach, I. i. 6. 6.

ENFECT, _pp._ infected, stained, XXIV. 217.

ENFEFFED, _pp._ invested (with), possessed (of), XVI. 364.

ENFORME, _ger._ to inform, I. ii. 11. 127; to give information, I. ii. 1.
51; _pr. pl._ instruct, I. ii. 2. 79.

ENFOURMER, _s._ instructor, I. ii. 2. 87.

ENGENDRURE, _s._ conception, I. ii. 6. 80; nativity, I. i. 6. 101; _pl._ I.
ii. 9. 174.

ENGYN, _s._ device, XXIV. 535; ingenuity, V. 296.

ENHAUNCE, _ger._ to exalt, V. 455; _pr. pl._ increase, I. ii. 8. 85; _pp._
advanced, II. 448.

ENLUMINETH, _pr. s._ illumines, I. ii. I. 127; _pp._ I. i. 1. 23.

ENMOYSED, _pp._ cheered, comforted, I. i. 3. 105. See note, p. 456.

ENPECHE, _v._ impeach, accuse, I. i. 6. 86.

ENPEYRED, _pp._ injured, I. i. 6. 8.

ENPIGHT, _pp._ infixed, I. i. 2. 48.

ENPITED, _pp._ filled with pity, I. ii. 4. 111. (The sole known example of
the word.)

ENPLEDE, _v._ plead against, II. 734.

ENPOYSONEN, _ger._ to poison, I. iii. 5. 115.

ENPRENT, _imp. s._ imprint, XXIV. 876.

ENPRISONED, _pp._ imprisoned, I. ii. 4. 104.

ENSAMPLE, _s._ example, I. i. 5. 1.

ENSELED, _pp._ sealed, I. i. 9. 94.

ENSURE, _1 pr. s._ assure, XX. 60, 287; XXI. 52.

ENSYSE, _s._ kind, sort, II. 625.

ENTALENTED, _pp._ excited, V. 338. See N.E.D.

ENTAYL, _s._ cutting; _of e._, with excellent cutting, XXI. 536.

ENTENCION, _s._ intention, design, I. ii. 4. 42; V. 553; XXIV. 908;
signification, I. iii. 2. 140; VIII. 431.

ENTENDAUNCE, _s._ service, VII. 173.

ENTENDE, _v._ intend, XXII. 12.

ENTENT, _s._ intent, desire, XVI. 768; XXIV. 206; _pl._ II. 1159.

ENTENTYF, _adj._ attentive, V. 439.

ENTERCHAUNGED, _pp._ interchanged, I. ii. 9. 156.

ENTERE, _adj._ entire, XXIV. 354;   true, IX. 163.

ENTERMETING, _pres. pt._ intermeddling, I. iii. 7. 163.

ENTRECHANGEN, _v._ interchange, I. ii. 9. 176.

ENTRECOMUNED, _pp._ had communication, I. i. 5. 7.

ENTREMELLEN, _pr. pl._ intermingle, I. i. 5. 14.

ENTREMES, _s._ course between two more substantial ones, XVI. 156. See
note.

ENTREPRISE, _s._ enterprise, XVI. 515.

ENTUNE, _s._ tune, tone, XI. 27.

ENTUNED, _pp._ kept in tune, XX. 180.

ENVIROUN, _adv._ all round, XXI. 53;   Environ, XXIV. 1031.

ENVOLVED, _pp._ enwrapped, I. i. 1. 111.

ENVYRONED, _pp._ surrounded, I. ii. 7. 94;   Envyroning, _pres. pt._
encircling, VIII. 79.

EQUIPOLENT, _adj._ equal in power, XII. 15.

EQUIVOCAS, _s. pl._ words of like meaning, I. iii. 6. 64. See note, p. 482.

ER, _adv._ sooner, XVIII. 233.

ERBER, _s._ arbour, XXIV. 757.

ERDLY, _adj._ earthly, XXVII. 2.

ERMYNE, _s._ ermine, XX. 243.

ERNEST-SILVER, _s._ earnest money, I. i. 3. 151.

ERST, _adv._ soonest; _non erst_ (error for _non er_), no sooner, XXIV.
167.

ESCHAUNGE, _s._ change, XIII. 96.

ESCHETOUR, _s._ an escheator, I. ii. 2. 49.

ESCHEWING, _s._ avoidance, avoiding, XVI. 291, 307.

ESCLAUNDRE, _s._ scandal, V. 70.

ESPERAUNCE, _s._ Hope, XXIV. 1033; Esperans, XVII. 48; _on e._, in hope,
XI. 26.

ESPERUS, Hesperus, the evening-star, VIII. 612.

ESPLOIT, _s._ result, success, XI. 57;   Esployte, I. i. 5. 20.

ESPOIRE, _s._ hope, I. ii. 8. 23.

ESTATE, _s._ state, XXI. 486; _pl._ VII. 6.

ET, _pr. s._ (_short for_ eteth), eats, XIV. 7, 14.

ETERNE, _adj._ eternal, I. iii. 4. 205.

EVANGELY, _s._ gospel, II. 97; IV. 217.

EVEN, _adv._ close; _e. by_, close by, XX. 134.

EVEN-CHRISTEN, _s._ fellow-Christian, III. 430.

EVENFORTH, _adv._ continually, I. ii. 11. 21;   forwards, I. i. 1. 110.

EVENHED, _s._ equality, I. iii. 1. 89; I. iii. 5. 150.

EVENLICH, _adv._ equally, I. iii. 4. 62; similarly, I. iii. 3. 95.

EVENLICHE, _adj._ equal, I. ii. 2. 122; I. iii. 5. 152.

EVEN-LYK, _adv._ exactly so, VIII. 201; exactly, VIII. 194.

EVER, _adv. as s._ eternity, I. i. 8. 117.

EVER IN OON, _adv._ continually, VIII. 528.

EVERICH, _adj._ each one, XX. 151.

EVERICHON, _pron._ every one, XX. 168.

EVE-STERRE, _s._ evening-star, I. ii. 13. 96.

EWAGE, _s._ a precious stone having the colour of sea-water, X. 92, 93. See
note.

EXCITATION, _s._ instigation, I. i. 3. 37.

EXCITOURS, _s. pl._ exhorters, instigators, I. i. 6. 56.

EXCUSACION, _s._ excuse, I. i. 7. 33; V. 471.

EXEMPLAIR, _s._ exemplar, XX. 502.

EXEMPT, _pp._ exempted, III. 232.

EXPERT, _adj._ experienced, XXIV. 882.

EXPLOYTES, _s. pl._ successes, successful results, I. i. 5. 69.

EXPONE, _v._ recount, XVII. 369;   Expowne, _imp. s._ expound, I. iii. 5.
10.

EXPULS, _s._ expulsion, repulse, XVII. 119.

EXTEND, _s._ extent, II. 658.

EYE, _s._ eye; _at e._, visibly, I. ii. 6. 16;   Eyen, _pl_. XVI. 266. See
EE.

EYLEN, _v._ ail, XVIII. 116.

EYRE, _s._ air, I. ii. 8. 48; VIII. 14;   Eyr, XIV. 36.



FACHIOUN, _s._ falchion, curved sword, XVII. 187.

FACOUND, _adj._ eloquent, XVII. 268.

FACULTEES, _s. pl._ facilities, opportunities, I. i. 2. 29.

FADE, _adj._ dull, sombre, IV. 102.

FADE, _ger._ to cause to wither, I. i. 1. 27; Faidit, _pp._ XVII. 24.

FAIN, _adj._ glad, XX. 378.

FAIR, _s._ fare, XVII. 403.

FALLAS, _s._ deceit, I. ii. 14. 52, 54.

FALLE, _v._ happen, I. i. 1. 77; XVI. 539; _pr. s._ is suitable, III. 78.

FALOWEN, _pr. pl._ fade, I. ii. 8. 114.

FALSEN, _ger._ to deceive, V. 307; _pt. s._ gave way, failed, I. ii. 8.
127; was false to, I. i. 2. 92.

FALSETE, _s._ falsehood, I. ii. 3. 57; _pl._ I. ii. 1. 73.

FALSHEED, _s._ falsehood, I. iii. 6. 127.

FAMED, _pp._ defamed, II. 341.

FAMILIER, _adj._ familiar, (once) friendly, I. ii. 7. 108.

FAMULERS, _s. pl._ familiar friends, I. ii. 7. 81.

FAND, _1 pt. s._ found, XVII. 43.

FANES, _s. pl._ vanes, weather-cocks, XXI. 161.

FANTASY, _s._ fancy, XXI. 597; XXVII. 1; folly, XIV. 20; pleasure, I. i.
_pr._ 26; _pl._ XXI. 11.

FARCED, _pp._ stuffed, filled, XXIV. 655.

FARE, _pr. pl._ go, XX. 341; fare, II. 1134; Farn, _pp._ fared, I. ii. 10.
58.

FASOUN, _s._ make, XXI. 305, 522; Fassioun, habit, XII. 46.

FAUCON, _s._ falcon, XVI. 413.

FAUTE, _s._ lack, VIII. 443; Faut, fault, XXIV. 608.

FAY, _s._ faith, XVII. 571; XVIII. 115.

FAYN, _2 pr. pl._ feign, make a pretence, XXIV. 751.

FAYRHEDE, _s._ beauty, I. ii. 3. 124.

FAYTOURS, _s._ deceivers, II. 148, 327.

FECHT, _ger._ to fight, XVII. 185.

FEDERED, _pp._ feathered, XVI. 146; Fedderit, XVII. 168.

FEFFE, _ger._ to endow, XXIV. 932; _pr. s._ XVI. 472.

FEILL, _s._ experience, knowledge, XVII. 533.

FEIRD, _adj._ fourth, XVII. 216.

FEL, _adj._ cruel, wicked, XVI. 505; evil, XIII. 77.

FELAUSHIP, _s._ company, XXI. 730.

FELAWES, _s. pl._ companions, XXI. 247.

FELD, _pp._ overthrown (lit. felled), I. i. 3. 148.

FELE, _adj._ many, XX. 5; XXIV. 110, 191.

FELED, _pp._ felt, perceived, I. ii. 1. 86.

FELL, _adj._ cruel, II. 859; terrible, XVII. 187; Fellest, worst, III. 6.

FELLE, _v._ overturn, V. 234.

FELLOUN, _adj._ destructive, XVII. 167.

FELLY, _adv._ cruelly, IX. 76.

FELONOUS, _adj._ evil, I. i. 6. 167; wicked, I. ii. 6. 56.

FELTERIT, _pp._ entangled, XVII. 163.

FEMININITEE, _s._ womanhood, IX. 148.

FEMINITEE (_for_ Femininitee), _s._ womanliness, XVII. 80.

FEND, _s._ the fiend, XXIV. 529; _pl._ II. 1165.

FENYEIT, _pp._ feigned, XVII. 66.

FEORTHE, _adj._ fourth, VII. (_title_).

FER, _adv._ far, XXI. 141.

FERD, 1. _pt. s._ fared, was, XXIV. 152.

FERDE, _s._ fear, I. i. 2. 15.

FERDE, _adj. pl._ afraid, I. ii. 9. 138.

FERDETH, _pr. s._ feels fear, I. ii. 7. 42.

FERDFUL, _adj._ timid, I. ii. 7. 43.

FERDNESSE, _s._ fear, terror, I. i. 1. 9; I. i. 1. 59; I. i. 2. 13; I. ii.
4. 102; I. iii. 1. 123; I. iii. 6. 126.

FERE, _s._ companion, comrade, I. i. 2. 123; I. i. 5. 128; Feres, _pl._ X.
88.

FERE, _s._ fire, VIII. 55; _on f._, on fire, X. 4.

FERFORTH, _adv._ far onward, I. ii. 10. 66; XXI. 37; far, XXI. 273.

FERME, TO, to farm, on hire, II. 325, 725; III. 83.

FERVENCE, _s._ ardour, VIII. 205; X. 130; XXII. 60.

FERVENT, _adj._ severe, XVII. 4.

FETE, _adj._ neat, XXIV. 473.

FETTES, _pr. pl._ fetch, II. 471; Fet, _pp._ I. ii. 13. 40.

FEVERS WHYTE, _s. pl._ attacks of lovelonging, XVIII. 41. See note.

FEYNTYSE, _s._ feigning, deceit, XVI. 385.

FIG; _a fig for_, XXIV. 685.

FIGURAIT, _pp._ figured, imaged, XVII. 511.

FIKILNESSE, _s._ fickleness, VI. 19.

FIL, _pt. s._ came to pass, IV. 43.

FILTHES, _s. pl._ low women, V. 262.

FIRRE, _s._ fir, VIII. 73.

FIT, _s._ bout, XXIV. 984.

FLAMBING, _pres. pt._ flaming, X. 130.

FLAMING, _adj._ flame-, XXIV. 793. See note to l. 798.

FLANIS, _s. pl._ arrows, XVII. 167.

FLASH, _s._ sheaf, quiver (?), XVII. 167.

FLAWE, _adj._ yellowish (?), XXIV. 782. See note.

FLEBRING, _s._ gossip (?), I. ii. 9. 54. Or is it an error for _fabling_?

FLEES, _s._ fleece, V. 303; X. 132.

FLETE, _v._ float, XXIV. 311.

FLEY, _pt. s._ flew, XVIII. 219, 221.

FLICKERING, _adj._ wavering, I. ii. 5. 104.

FLITTE, _v._ stir, I. i. 1. 79; move, I. i. 9. 69; change, XVI. 639;
remove, XX. 489; _pr. pl._ go away, I. i. 7. 95; Flittinge, _pres. pt._
volatile, fading, I. ii. 8. 102.

FLOON, _s. pl._ arrows, VIII. 468. See FLANIS.

FLORISHED, _pp._ garnished, III. 26.

FLORISSHINGE, _s._ adornment, florid use, I. ii. 14. 33.

FLOUR, _s._ flower, chief, XXIV. 3; chastity, IV. 108.

FLOURED, _pp._ full of flower, VII. 48.

FLOWE, _pp._ flown, II. 1306, 1311, 1344; come, I. i. 1. 128; gone, I. ii.
3. 69.

FLYTE, _pr. pl._ chide, scold, II. 1022.

FOIR-SPEIKAR, _s._ first speaker, XVII. 266.

FOL, _adj._ foolish, XVI. 651.

FOLDE, _pp._ enfolded, I. iii. 9. 76.

FOLE, _s._ fool, II. 373; _voc._ XVIII. 126.

FON, _v._ to be foolish, act foolishly, dote, XXIV. 458.

FOND, _pt. s._ found, VIII. 622.

FONGETH, _pr. pl._ take, II. 967.

FOOLE, _adj._ foolish, XIX. 1.

FOON, _s. pl._ foes, V. 466; VIII. 280.

FOR, _prep._ on account of, I. i. 3. 156; for fear of, II. 880; XVII. 118,
207.

FOR, _conj._ because, I. iii. 8. 22; III. 161.

FORAYNE, _adj._ foreign, alien, I. i. 2. 56; I. ii. 8. 97.

FOR-BARRE, _v._ bar up, repress, XVI. 259.

FORBED; see FORBIT.

FORBERE, _v._ forbear, XXIV. 1341.

FORBIT, _pr. s._ forbids, I. iii. 3. 71; Forbood, _pt. s._ forbade, II.
701; Forbed, II. 200; Forbode, _pp._ forbidden, I. ii. 2. 78; Forboden,
_pp._ I. i. 7. 57.

FORBODE, _s._ prohibition, II. 1315.

FORBY, _adv._ by; _passe forby_, to pass by, to take no notice, XXIV. 329.

FORCAST, _pp._ cast away, VIII. 236.

FORCE; _of f._, of necessity, XVII. 202; _no f._, it is no matter, I. i. 1.
53.

FORCER, _s._ casket, shrine, XVI. 65.

FORDO, _v._ annul, III. 218; For-don, _pp._ destroyed, III. 431.

FORDOINGE, _s._ annulling, I. iii. 8. 63; destruction, I. iii. 1. 11.

FORE-NEMPNED, _pp._ aforenamed, I. ii. 9. 2.

FORFAYTURE, _s._ trespass, IV. 133.

FOR-FERDE, _pp. pl._ extremely afraid, I. i. 6. 135.

FORFEYT, _s._ injury, XVI. 789.

FORFEYTEST, _2 pr. s._ offendest, I. ii. 14. 75.

FORGED, _pp._ made, XXIV. 1165.

FOR-GERD, _pp._ ruined, destroyed, II. 1340. See Stratmann.

FORGETE, _pp._ forgotten, XVI. 662.

FORGO, _v._ forgo, II. 319.

FORGOING, _s._ giving up, I. i. 8. 44.

FORGROWEN, _pp._ overgrown, XX. 45.

FORJUGED, _pp._ condemned, I. i. 3. 118; VIII. 274.

FORLANE, _pp._ lit. for-lain, deflowered, XVII. 140.

FORLETEN, _pp._ forsaken, I. ii. 11. 45.

FORLYTH, _pr. s._ lies with, IV. 108.

FORNCAST, _pp._ forecast, I. i. 6. 73.

FOR-QUHY, _adv._ because, XVII. 53.

FORS, _s._ matter, III. 327; V. 273.

FORSAKE, _pp._ refused, rejected, XVI. 502.

FOR-SHRONK, _pp._ shrunken up, XX. 358.

FORSOKEN, _pt. pl._ forsook, V. 441.

FORSWAT, _pp._ covered with sweat, II. 14.

FORSWONKE, _pp._ worn with toil, II. 14.

FORSWORE, _pp._ forsworn, V. 310.

FORT, _adj._ strong, XIV. 4.

FORTH, _adv._ forward; _do f._, go on, V. 327.

FOR-THAN, _adv._ therefore, II. 603.

FORTHERER, _s._ Advancer, Promoter, XXIV. 1033.

FORTHERINGE, _s._ helping forward, preparing, I. ii. 3. 105.

FORTHREN, _v._ further, II. 1080; _pr. s._ advances, VIII. 384; _pp._ I. i.
9. 8.

FORTHRIGHT, _adv._ immediately, XX. 439.

FOR-THY, _adv._ therefore, V. 264; _nat for-thy_, all the same,
nevertheless, XVI. 3.

FORTUNAIT, _adj._ afflicted by fortune, XVII. 79.

FORTUNED, _pp._ directed by fortune, XIII. 73.

FORWARD, _adv._ afterwards, I. iii. 8. 146.

FORWARD, _s._ covenant, agreement, I. i. 9. 96; -warde, I. i. 3. 152.

FOR-WERIED, _pp._ tired out, XXI. 45.

FORWETING, _s._ foreknowledge, I. iii. 2. 159; I. iii. 3. 78.

FORWOT, _pr. s._ foresees, I. iii. 2. 155.

FORYETE, _v._ forget, V. 423; Foryet, _pr. s._ II. 465; _pr. pl._ I. ii.
11. 136; _pp._ I. i. 2. 52.

FORYETING. _s._ forgetfulness, I. iii. 9. 86.

FOTEN, _pr. pl._ foot, dance, XXIV. 586.

FOUL, _s._ a foul or evil fate, II. 60.

FOULE, _adj._ ugly, VIII. 390.

FOULERS, _gen._ fowler's, I. ii. 3. 55.

FOULES, _s. pl._ birds, II. 83.

FOUNDEMENT, _s._ foundation, I. i. 5. 111; I. ii. 14. 64.

FOYLES, _s. pl._ leaves, X. 38.

FRA, _adv._ from, XVII. 7; from the time that, as soon as, XVII. 101.

FRATERNITE, _s._ fraternity, III. 246.

FRAUNCHYSE, _s._ freedom, XVI. 236, 364;   liberality, XVI. 422;
privileged place, VIII. 273.

FRAWARD, _adj._ froward, XVII. 352.

FRAY, _ger._ to quarrel, XXIV. 682.

FRAYNE, _imp. s._ ask, III. 424; _1 pt. s._ XXIV. 1275.

FREEL-WITTED, _adj._ thin-witted, I. iii. 7. 57.

FREESED, _adj._ very cold, I. ii. 6. 105.

FREISIT, _pt. s._ froze, XVI. 19.

FRELE, _adj._ frail, VII. 22; XXII. 45.

FREND, _for_ Fremd, _adj._ strange, II. 626.

FRENDED, _pp._ befriended, I. iii. 9. 109.

FRERES, _s. pl._ friars, II. 1065; XXIV. 1097.

FRESSHE, _ger._ to refresh, X. 61.

FRET, _s._ ornament, XX. 152.

FRET, _pp._ lit. adorned, XXIV. 124;   hence, furnished, XIII. 80.

FRETE, _pr. pl._ fret, annoy, XXIV. 940;   Fretes, _pr. pl._ eat, devour,
II. 151;   Frettith, _pr. pl._ (_or s._), vex, XXIV. 579.

FRITH, _s._ coppice, XVI. 124.

FRIVOLL, _adj._ frivolous, hence, poor, base, XVII. 454.

FRO, _prep._ after, VIII. 233.

FRONSIT, _pp._ wrinkled, XVII. 155.

FROUNTER, _s._ first attack, XVI. 176. See note.

FRUCTIF, _adj._ fruitful, X. 38.

FRUCTIFYING, _pres. pt._ fruit-producing, X. 133.

FULFILLED, _pp._ filled full, I. ii. 9. 54; V. 301.

FUTUR, _adj._ future, I. iii. 3. 177.

FYLE, _ger._ to file, to whet, VIII. 253, 441.

FYNDING, _s._ food, II. 794.

FYNE, _s._ end, VIII. 343, 400; XVI. 594.

FYNED, _pp._ refined, I. ii. 4. 130.

FYNESSE, _s._ fineness, I. ii. 12. 44;   Fynenesse, I. ii. 12. 48.

FYRLES, _s._ without fire, X. 129.



GA, _v._ go; _ga dy_, go and die, XVII. 203.

GABBEST, _2 pr. s._ talkest idly, I. iii. 4. 171;   Gabbeth, _pr. s._ lies,
V. 142.

GABBING, _s._ boasting, XVI. 342.

GADER, _ger._ gather, III. 301; _pp._ I. i. _pr._ 98.

GAINCOME, _s._ coming again, XVII. 55.

GAIR, _s._ gore, strip, XVII. 179.

GALERYES, _s. pl._ galleries, XXI. 165.

GALLE, _s._ gall, bitterness, XIV. 26.

GAN, _1 pt. s._ did, XXIV. 274.

GARMOUND, _s._ garment, XVII. 164.

GARNEMENT, _s._ garment, I. iii. 7. 132.

GARNISHING, _s._ ornamentation, XX. 143.

GARNISOUN, _s._ garrison, XVII. 484;   complete array, XVI. 175.

GASTETH, _pr. s._ frightens, I. ii. 7. 76.

GAYNETH, _pr. s._ serves, helps, XVI. 623.

GEDER, _2 pr. pl._ gather, III. 191; _pres. pt._ collecting, II. 733.

GEMETRYE, _s._ geometry, I. i. 1. 79.

GENERABILL, _adj._ that can be produced, created, XVII. 148, 171.

GENERALTEE, _s._ generality, V. 402.

GENTILLESSE, _s._ nobility, I. ii. 8. 94.

GENTILWOMAN, _s._ gentlewoman, XXI. 133.

GENTYLED, _pp._ ennobled, I. ii. 8. 100.

GERE, _s._ dress, XX. 26;   array, II. 651.

GERNERE, _s._ garner, I. ii. 2. 27.

GESON, _adj._ scarce, XIV. 9.

GESSE, _pr. pl._ guess, make guesses, II. 170.

GEST, _s._ guest, I. ii. 5. 51; _pl._ II. 531.

GET, _pr. s._ gets, II. 275;   Gete, _pp._ gotten, obtained, IV. 306; XVI.
67.

GIF, _pr. s. subj._ grant, XVII. 414.

GIF, _conj._ if, XVII. 64.

GIGGES, _s. pl._ concubines, II. 759.

GIGLOT-LYK, _adj._ like a giglot, like a common woman, XVII. 83.

GINNE, _1 pr. s._ begin, XI. 26; _pr. pl._ I. i. 3. 48.

GINNING, _s._ beginning, I. i. 3. 61; IX. 88, 253.

GLAD, _adj._ pleasant, XX. 35.

GLADDE, _ger._ to gladden, please, I. ii. 12. 86; _pp._ X. 99.

GLADSOM, _adj._ pleasant, X. 43.

GLASSE, _s._ glass, i.e. mirror, I. ii. 1. 83.

GLEDES, _s. pl._ kites, II. 1337.

GLEED, _s._ glowing coal, VIII. 231; Gledes, _pl._ I. iii. 7. 37.

GLEYVE, _s._ glaive, sword, XXIV. 544.

GLITERANDE, _pres. pt._ glittering, I. ii. 13. 75; Glitterand, II. 134.

GLOSE, _s._ explanation, comment, II. 842.

GLOSE, _v._ explain (it) away, XXIV. 1260; _imp. s._ XXIV. 420; _pr. s._
glosses over (things), dissembles, XXII. 50; _pt. pl._ flattered, I. ii. 7.
105; _pp._ commented upon, II. 312.

GLOSING, _s._ explaining, II. 1140; flattery, I. i. 6. 14; deception, I. i.
10. 58.

GLOSOURS, _s. pl._ flatterers, I. i. 10. 11.

GLOTON, _adj._ gluttonous, devouring, I. iii. 9. 65.

GLOTOUN, _s._ glutton, XII. 44.

GLOWRAND, _pres. pl._ glowering, lowering, XVII. 191.

GNAT, _s._ gnat, II. 459.

GNAWEN, _pp._ gnawed, I. ii. 9. 113.

GODLIHEED, _error for_ Godheed, _s._ godhead, I. i. 9. 117.

GOER, _s._ walker (on foot), I. ii. 1. 63.

GOINGE, _s._ departure, I. i. 10. 110.

GOLD, _s._ marigold, XXIV. 1437.

GOLD-BURNED, _pp._ burnished like gold, VIII. 34.

GOLDFINCH, _s._ XX. 89; XXIV. 1368.

GOLD-MASTLING, _s._ latten, II. 187. See note.

GONG, _s._ privy, II. 152.

GONNEN, _pt. pl._ began, VIII. 61; Gonne, VIII. 32.

GOODLIHEDE, _s._ excellence, IX. 244.

GOODLY, _adj._ courteous, XXI. 367.

GOODLY, _adj. as s._ goodness, I. iii. 2. 99, 104.

GOODLY, _adv._ well, justly, I. iii. 2. 106.

GOSPEL, _s._ gospel, truth, I. ii. 3. 38.

GOSPELL-BOOK, _s._ gospel, II. 595.

GOSTLY, _adj._ spiritual, II. 1118.

GOVERNAUNCE, _s._ guidance, VII. 139.

GOVERNAYL, _s._ steersman, II. 1078.

GOVERNED, _pp._ steered, I. i. 1. 36.

GOVERNERESSE, _s._ mistress, XXII. 71.

GRAFFEN, _pr. pl._ graft, I. ii. 3. 19; _pp._ I. ii. 3. 92; _gr. in_,
become grafted into, I. i. _pr._ 6.

GRAME, _s._ anger, II. 961; XXIV. 320; harm, XI. 55.

GRAME, _v._ make angry, VI. 57.

GRAMERCY, _s._ great thanks, XX. 462.

GRANE, _s._ grain, minute particular, XVII. 433. See note.

GRAUNTETH, _pr. s._ admits (a thing), I. i. 7. 32.

GRAVE, _ger._ to engrave, V. 280; _pp._ buried, VII. 67; XVI. 171;
engraved, I. iii. 8. 14.

GRAY, _adj._ gray (referring to the Franciscans), XXIV. 1096.

GREDE, _1 pr. s._ exclaim, cry out, XVIII. 135.

GREE, _s._ rank, grade, I. iii. 1. 116; favour, II. 334; XXIV. 28; _to take
in gr._, to receive with favour, XVI. 842.

GREET-NAMED, _adj._ renowned, I. i. 8. 112.

GREISSIS, _s. pl._ grasses, XVII. 425.

GRETTE, _pt. s._ greeted, X. 100; XXIV. 772.

GREVAUNCE, _s._ grievance, harm, XX. 311.

GREVE, _v._ grieve, VI. 57; Greven, _error for_ Greve, _1 pr. s. subj._
grieve, XXIV. 928.

GREVES, _s. pl._ groves, XX. 367.

GREYNED, _pp._ formed like grain, I. ii. 2. 124.

GRIFFON, _s._ griffin, II. 86.

GRIPE, _s._ grip, grasp, I. ii. 11. 71.

GRITH, _s._ protection, II. 247.

GROBBED, _pp._ grubbed, dug round about, I. i. 5. 92.

GROME, _s._ groom, XXIV. 1433.

GROUF; _on gr._, in a grovelling posture, XVII. 362. See GRUFFE.

GROUNDE, _pp._ ground down, VIII. 225.

GROUNDED, _pp._, founded, I. ii. 5. 118.

GRUCCHEN, _v._ murmur, XXIV. 960; grumble, II. 1164; _pr. s. subj._ may
grumble (at), II. 886; murmur at, XXI. 47.

GRUFFE, _adv._ grovelling, VIII. 167.

GRYPEN, _pr. pl._ grasp, II. 667.

GUBERNATIF, _adj._ governing, relating to government, political, I. i. 6.
120.

GUERDON, _s._ reward, I. i. 8. 136; VIII. 371; X. 6; XVI. 443.

GUERDONETH, _pr. s._ rewards, V. 97; _pp._ XXI. 591.

GUERDONING, _s._ reward, I. i. 8. 135.

GUERDONLES, _adj._ without reward, VIII. 399.

GUYSE, _s._ way, XXIV. 245.

GYDIT, _pt. s._ guided, XVII. 205.

GYE, _v._ guide, VIII. 177; XIII. 55; preserve, VII. 79; direct, XXIV.
1250.

GYLOUR, _s._ traitor, XII. 74.

GYSE, _s._ manner, XXI. 9.

GYTE, _s._ mantle, XVII. 164, 178, 260. See note, p. 522.

GYVES, _s. pl._ fetters, II. 651.



HABIRGEOUN, _s._ coat of mail, XVII. 186.

HABIT, _s._ friar's dress, III. 101; dress, I. ii. 11. 121.

HABOUNDE, _adj._ abundant, X. 126.

HABOUNDETH, _pr. s._ abounds, I. i. 1. 75; I. ii. 2. 140.

HABUNDAUNCE, _s._ abundance, VI. 63.

HACE, _adj._ hoarse, XVII. 338, 445.

HAILL, _adj._ whole, XVII. 73.

HAILSUM, _adj._ wholesome, XVII. 249.

HAIT, _adj._ hot, XVII. 29, 237.

HALE, _s._ the cry of 'haul,' II. 872.

HALETH, _pr. s._ draws, I. i. 10. 104.

HALFE, _s._ side, direction, I. ii. 3. 47; _a goddes h._, in God's name, I.
ii. 4. 147.

HALKE, _s._ nook, I. i. 3. 32; II. 489.

HALOWE, _pr. pl._ consecrate, II. 277.

HALSE, _1 pr. s._ embrace, XXIV. 1289.

HALT, _pr. s._ holds, I. ii. 3. 12; VIII. 21; keeps, I. i. 1. 115.

HALTE, _adj._ halt, VI. 43.

HALVE, _s._ side, I. ii. 1. 7; part, I. iii. 7. 32; IV. 120; way, respect,
I. ii. 12. 86.

HAN, _pr. pl._ have, possess, I. ii. 5. 42; II. 601.

HANCHE, _s._ haunch, hip, XVII. 187.

HANDLE, _ger._ to handle, feel, I. iii. 6. 52.

HANG, _pt. pl._ hung, XVII. 160.

HAP, _s._ chance, mere luck, I. i. 3. 121.

HAPPED, _pp._ chanced; _was happed_, had such fortune, XX. 16.

HAPPY, _adj._ due to chance, casual, I. i. 3. 157; fortunate, V. 393.

HAPPYOUS, _adj._ chance, casual, I. i. 10. 29.

HARBEROWED, _pp._ harboured, lodged, I. ii. 2. 19.

HARD, _pt. s._ heard, XVII. 143.

HARDILY, _adv._ certainly, XX. 234.

HARDYED, _pp._ emboldened, I. iii. 7. 30.

HARDYER, _adj._ more difficult, I. i. _pr._ 116.

HARLOTRY, _s._ evil conduct, II. 1100.

HARNEYS, _s._ defensive armour, I. i. 4. 45; XX. 242; Harnes, XVII. 186.

HARSE, _s._ _perhaps an error for_ harm, I. i. 3. 158.

HART, _s._ hart, I. ii. 11. 43.

HASEL, _s._ hazel-bush, I. iii. 6. 5.

HAT, _pr. s._ is called, II. 454.

HATE, _v._ hate; hence, put force upon, XVI. 729.

HATE, _1 pr. s._ command, bid, XXI. 689. (Better, _hote_.)

HAUNCE, _pr. pl._ enhance, advance, VIII. 430.

HAUTAYN, _adj._ haughty, I. iii. 6. 89.

HAVELESSE, _adj._ indigent, as one that possesses nothing, XVI. 605.

HAW, _adj._ wan, dull of colour, XVII. 257; livid, XVII. 340.

HAWE, _s._ haw, II. 304; _sette nat an h._, care not a haw, I. i. 7. 100.

HAYLES, _s. pl._ hailstorms, I. iii. 5. 22.

HAYNE, _s._ hatred, dislike, I. i. _pr._ 102; I. i. 7. 43.

HECHT, _1 pt. s._ promised, XVII. 23; _pt. s._ was named, XVII. 213.

HEDE-TAKING, _s._ taking heed, I. ii. 4. 67.

HEEP, _s._ crowd, VI. 43.

HEER, _s._ hair, I. ii. 4. 22 (see note); XIII. 84.

HEERDES, _s. pl._ herds, I. i. 3. 44.

HEGGE, _s._ hedge, XX. 54, 66.

HEIDIT, _pp._ headed, XVII. 168.

HEIL, _s._ health (E. _heit_) XVII. 334.

HEIRD, _prob. for_ Heir it, hear it, XVII. 415. Cf. Lowl. Sc. _dude_, do it
(Jamieson).

HEKLIT, _pp._ drawn forward over, XVII. 244. Cf. Icel. _hekla_, _hoekull_.

HELDE, _v._ hold, II. 704; Helden, _3 pr. s. subj._ might hold, XXIV. 347
(ungrammatical).

HELDED, _pp._ inclined, poured out, I. i. 4. 19.

HELE, _s._ health, XXIV. 193, 666; salvation, IV. 343; VII. 24.

HELEDEST, _pr. s._ didst conceal, I. i. 7. 117; _pp._ hidden, I. i. 8. 128
(obviously a false reading; read _deled_, distributed).

HELEN, _v._ (to) heal, I. ii. 11. 23; _pt. s._ healed; _h. with his hele_,
healed his heel with, I. i. 5. 45.

HELES, _s. pl._ heels, IV. 113.

HELL-YATES, _s. pl._ hell-gates, II. 419.

HENNE, _adv._ hence, XVIII. 102.

HENS-FORWARD; _from h._, from henceforth, I. ii. 10. 144.

HENSHMEN, _s. pl._ henchmen, XX. 252.

HENTE, _v._ catch, I. i. _pr._ 12; seize, I. i. 1. 12; _pr. s._ catches, I.
iii. 4. 115; _pt. pl._ caught, seized, V. 257; _pp._ caught, II. 555;
seized, XXIV. 1144; gained, I. i. 3. 121.

HEPED, _pp._ heaped, i.e. great, V. 407.

HERAUD, _s._ herald, XVI. 258; _pl._ XX. 233.

HERBER, _s._ arbour, VIII. 125, 127; XVI. 191; XX. 48; XXI. 48.

HERBERGERE, _s._ harbinger, officer who provides apartments, XXI. 268, 389.

HERBEROWED, _pp._ lodged, I. ii. 2. 34.

HERBERWE, _s._ harbour, X. 35;   Herbery, shelter, XVII. 403.

HERDES, _s. pl._ shepherds, II. 339.

HERE, _s._ hair, XX. 332.

HERE, _pron._ her, V. 70, 71; IX. 111.

HERE-TOFORN, _adv._ formerly, I. i. 8. 6.

HERNES, _s. pl._ corners, II. 489.

HERRE, _s._ hinge;   _out of h._, off the hinge, IV. 185.   A.S. _heorr_.

HERTED, _pp._ hardened, strengthened, I. iii. 7. 91.

HERTELY, _adj._ dear to my heart, XI. 23;   Hertly, severe, VIII. 139.

HEST, _s._ promise, VIII. 319;   Heste, VIII. 571;   command, III. 106;
_pl._ commands, II. 209; V. 354.

HETE, _s._ heat, XXIV. 1379.

HETE, _v._ be called (_probably an error for_ hote), I. ii. 6. 86.   See
HOTE.

HETH, _s._ heath, XXIV. 755.

HETHENESSE, _s._ pagan country, VI. 17.

HEVE, _s._ the cry of 'heave,' II. 872. See note.

HEVEN-KAY, _s._ the key of heaven, II. 865.

HEVYE, _ger._ to be sorrowful, I. i. 4. 4.

HEWE, _ger._ to hew, IX. 158.

HEWMOUND, _s._ helmet, XVII. 186.

HEY, _interj._ hey! II. 890.

HEYR, _s._ heir, successor, XVIII. 180 (see note); _pl._ III. 207.

HIGHNES, _s._ exaltation, II. 116.

HIGHT, _pr. s._ is named, XXI. 169;   _2 pr. pl._ XXII. 23;   _do h._, are
called, XXIV. 145;   _1 pt. s._ promised, XXIV. 1319;   _pp._ promised,
VIII. 319; IX. 97.

HILDETH, _pr. s._ pours out, I. ii. 1. 13.

HING, _pt. s._ hung, XXIV. 1201;   Hingen, _pt. pl._ I. i. 4. 36;   _pres.
pt._ hanging, XXIV. 139.   See HONG.

HIT, _pr. s._ hits, XVIII. 203.

HO, _s._ proclamation, XXIV. 270. See note.

HOGGES, _s. pl._ hogs, I. i. _pr._ 121.

HOIR, _adj._ lit. hoary, XVII. 163;   old, feeble, XVII. 338, 445.   See
HORE.

HOLD, _s._ fortress, II. 475.

HOLDEN, _pp._ beholden, I. ii. 4. 122;   compelled, I. iii. 7. 120;
Holde, _pp._ bound, IV. 7.

HOLE, _adj._ whole, IV. 226; XVIII. 7;   entire, XXIV. 302;   trustworthy,
XIII. 39.

HOLE, _adv._ wholly, II. 212; XXIV. 322.

HOLOWNESSE, _s._ hollow vault, concave, I. ii. 9. 109.

HOLPEN, _pp._ helped, I. ii. 12. 23.

HOLTES, _s. pl._ woods, copses, VIII. 119; IX. 47.

HONDE, _s._ hand, IV. 384.

HONG, _v._ hang, XX. 245;   Hongen, _pr. pl._ IV. 263;   Hong, _pt. s._
hung, II. 8;   Honged, _pp._ hung on, II. 1042.   See HING.

HONY, _s._ honey, I. i. 2. 46; I. ii. 9. 38; XXIV. 1040.

HONYED, _adj._ full of honey, I. ii. 14. 24.

HONY-SOUKELS, _s. pl._ honeysuckles, I. iii. 6. 6.

HOOKES, _s. pl._ hooks, I. i. 10. 105.

HOOL, _adj. as adv._ wholly, XVI. 234;   in full, XXI. 628.

HOOLLY, _adv._ wholly, XXII. 14.

HOOLSOM, _adj._ wholesome, VIII. 14; X. 36; XX. 6.

HOOMLINESSE, _s._ plainness of speech, V. 132.

HOOT, _adj._ hot, VIII. 136.

HOPPEN, _pr. pl._ dance, II. 872.

HORE, _adj. pl._ hoary, old, hence bare (as trees in winter), VIII. 119;
IX. 47.   See HOIR.

HORISONS, _s. pl._ prayers, I. iii. 9. 92.

HORN, _s._ horn;   _give us an horn_, scoff at us, XXIV. 1390.

HOROWE, _adj._ dirty, II. 1097.

HORS, _s. pl._ horses, XX. 201, 274.

HORS-HARNEYS, _s._ horse-trappings, XX. 218, 226, 237.

HOSPITALL, _s._ hospital, XVII. 382.

HOSTEL, _s._ lodging, I. i. 2. 57.

HOTE, _v._ be called, I. ii. 4. 139;   Hoten, have a name, XVIII. 185;
Hote, _pt. s._ was named, XXIV. 159;   _pp._ called, XXIV. 741.

HOUGE, _adj._ huge, great, II. 1109.

HOURES, _s. pl._ services, as matins, &c., XVIII. 70. See note.

HOUSELIN, _ger._ to receive the eucharist, II. 1211.

HOUTEN, _pr. pl._ hoot, shout, II. 872.

HOW, _adv._ however, XXIV. 207.

HOW, _adj._ hollow, XVII. 157.

HOWSINGE, _s._ building of houses, III. 296.

HUDE, _s._ hood, XVII. 244.

HUISHT, _adj._ silent, I. ii. 7. 122.   See below.

HUISSHT, _interj._ whist! peace! I. i. 5. 90.

HULFERE, _s._ holly, VIII. 129.

HY, _s._ haste; _in hy_, XVII. 361; XXIV. 268, 698.

HYE, _v. refl._ hasten, I. iii. 5. 71; IX. 33;   _imp. pl. refl._ XXI. 244;
_pr. s._ I. iii. 4. 98.

HYLY, _adv._ highly, IX. 185.

HYND, _s._ hind, I. ii. 11. 43.

HYNE, _s._ hind, farm-labourer, II. 26.



I-CLEPED, _pp._ called, II. 73.

IDEOT, _s._ idiot, I. i. 9. 87;   _pl._ I. ii. 1. 94.

IDOLE, _s._ image, XVII. 507.

ILKE, _adj_. same, I. i. 3. 80; I. i. 9. 62.

IMPEDIMENTES, _s. pl._ hindrances, I. ii. 6. 96.

IMPERCIABLE, _adj._ impervious, not to be pierced, I. i. 4. 45.

IMPERFITE, _adj._ imperfect, III. 186, 199.

IMPORTABLE, _adj._ unbearable, I. i. 1. 108; V. 26.

IMPOSSIBLE, _s._ a thing impossible, I. ii. 4. 152; Impossible, VII. 12.

IMPRENTIT, _pp._ imprinted, XVII. 508.

IMPRESSION, _s._ impression, I. ii. 9. 32.

IN PRINCIPIO, first verse of St. John's gospel, III. 136.

INCHAUNGEABLE, _adj._ unchangeable, I. i. _pr._ 52.

INCLOSE, _pp._ included, I. iii. 4. 164.

INCOMMODITE, _s._ inconvenience, I. iii. 8. 141.

INCONVENIENCE, _s._ unfitness, I. iii. 4. 139;   mistake, I. ii. 4. 153.

INCONVENIENT, _adj._ unfitting, I. iii. 9. 12.

IND, _adj._ blue, XXIV. 78;   Inde, _pl._ VIII. 127.

INDIFFERENT, _adj._ impartial, I. i. 7. 34.

INDUCTATIFE, _adj._ capable of being reduced, I. ii. 13. 48.

INFAME, _s._ ill fame, disgrace, I. i. 8. 49;   ill report, I. i. 6. 70.

INFECTED, _pp._ impaired, XXIV. 1053.

IN-FERE, _adv._ together, II. 1212; V. 458; XVIII. 78, 263, 273; XXI. 407;
fully, XXI. 602.

INFLAT, _pp._ inflated, blown, XVII. 463.

INFORTUNE, _s._ misfortune, IV. 49.

INHAUNSING, _s._ enhancing, II. 112.

INKE, _s._ ink, I. i. _pr._ 15.

INLY, _adv._ inwardly, extremely, XX. 113;   very, XXI. 515, 747.

IN-MIDDES, _prep._ amid, XXI. 55.

INNE, _s._ inn, lodging, II. 977.

INNE, _adv._ within, in, XVIII. 62.

INNOMINABLE, _adj._ unnameable, I. i. 9. 55; I. ii. 4. 53.

INOBEDIENCE, _s._ disobedience, XXIII. 12.

INPOSSESSION, _s._ an error for 'imposition,' i.e. the imposing of a name,
I. ii. 4. 141.   See the note.

INPUT, _pp._ placed in, implanted, I. ii. 2. 120.

INSEER, _s._ investigator, looker into, I. iii. 1. 141; I. iii. 9. 91;
reader, I. iii. 1. 25;   _pl._ I. ii. 1. 103.

INSIGHT, _s._ perception, I. ii. 6. 96.

INSPIRACION, _s._ inspiration, I. ii. 1. 13.

INSUFFISANCE, _s._ insufficiency, I. i. 9. 13.

INSUFFYSAUNT, _adj._ insufficient, I. i. 4. 63.

INTENT, _pr. s._ means, XXIV. 1370.

INTERE, _adj._ entire, sincere, XIII. 31.

IN-TO, _prep._ in, XVII. 212.

INTRUCIOUN, _s._ intrusion, I. i. 1. 17.

INWIT, _s._ conscience, I. i. 4. 17.

I-PAYNTED, _pp._ painted, II. 135.

I-PERLED, _pp._ adorned with pearls, II. 158.

IPOCRYTE, _s._ hypocrite, XII. 65.

IRRECUPERABLE, _adj._ irrecoverable, I. ii. 1. 34.

IS, _pron._ them, II. 941.

ISSEWE, _s._ issue, flow, XVI. 52.

ITINERARIE, _s._ road-book, guide, X. 64.

IVORIE, _s._ ivory, XI. 3.



JANGELING, _adj._ prattling, vain, I. iii. 6. 89.

JANGLE, _ger._ to prattle, XVI. 744;   _pr. s._ prates, II. 791; XVI. 333.

JANGLERS, _s. pl._ praters, I. i. 4. 64.

JANGLES, _s. pl._ idle words, I. ii. 9. 93.

JANGLINGE, _s._ discord, I. ii. 9. 52;   gossip, I. i. 5. 19;   _pl._
babblings, I. ii. 14. 10.

JAPE, _s._ jest, I. i. 10. 87; XXI. 348;   _pl._ XXII. 53.

JAY, _s._ jay, I. i. _pr._ 30; II. 791.

JEUSE, _s._ juice, I. iii. 5. 115.

JOCOUNDE, _adj._ jocund, pleasant, V. 475.

JOLEYVINGE, _pres. pt._ cheering, I. i. 1. 126.

JOLIF, _adj._ happy, XXIV. 177;   spruce, XXIV. 473.

JONESSE, _s._ Youth, XXII. 69.

JORNED, _1 pt. s._ journeyed, XXIV. 72.

JOURNEY, _s._ day's work, I. i. 5. 31.

JOWALL, _s._ jewel, XVII. 521.

JOYNT, _pp. as s._ a thing closed, II. 220.

JUMPERE, _v._ jumble together;   _conne j._, know how to mix, I. i. _pr._
30.

JUPARDYE, _s._ risk, peril, VIII. 475.

JUPARTING, _s._ jeoparding, risking, VIII. 419.

JURISDICCIOUN, _s._ jurisdiction, VIII. 271.

JUSTES, _s. pl._ jousts, tournaments, XX. 282.

JUSTIFICACION, _s._ justification, I. ii. 13. 88.

JUVENTE, _s._ youth, VII. 11.

JUYSE, _s._ penalty, XVI. 622.



KALENDS, _s._ the beginning, VII. 146.

KELE, _ger._ to cool, XXIV. 775.

KEMBE, _pr. pl._ comb, II. 306;   Kemmit, _pp._ XVII. 222.

KEND, _pp._ known, XVII. 380.

KENDILLIS, _pr. s._ kindles, takes fire, XVII. 30.

KEPE, _s._ heed, XVIII. 207;   _I take no kepe_, I take no heed, XVI. 267.

KEPEN, _1 pr. s._ (_for_ Kepe), take care, XXIV. 684.

KEPTEN, _pp._ (_false form, for_ Kept), kept, XXIV. 526.

KERVE, _v._ cut, XII. 121;   _pr. pl._ V. 245.

KIDDE, _pt. s._ shewed, V. 314;   Kid, _pp._ made known, I. iii. 5. 70.

KIND, _s._ nature, XIII. 80.

KINDE, _adj._ natural, XXII. 29.

KINGES OF ARMES, _s. pl._ kings-at-arms, XX. 220.

KINREDE, _s._ kindred, I. ii. 2. 113; V. 2; _pl._ III. 8.

KINREST, _s._ rest for the people, time of rest, I. i. 5. 103.   See the
note.

KIRK, _s._ church, XVII. 117.

KITE, _s._ kite, XXIV. 1416.

KITH, _s._ native country, I. i. _pr._ 123.

KNETTE, _v._ knit, weave, suggest, I. i. 7. 39;   Knitten, _pr. pl._
accept, lit. knit together, I. ii. 5. 34;   _imp. s._ knit, fasten, XI. 17;
_pp._ knit, IX. 171;   Knit, _pp._ chosen, I. ii. 8. 62.

KNITTING, _s._ choosing friends, I. ii. 8. 19.

KNOT, _s._ knot, a fanciful term for the bliss for which a man strives, the
_summum bonum_, I. ii. 4. 140.

KNOWERS, _s. pl._ men who know (it), I. ii. 8. 28.

KNOWING, _s._ knowledge, I. ii. 9. 17.

KNOWLEGEDEN, _pt. pl._ acknowledged, I. i. 6. 157.

KNOWLEGINGE, _s._ knowledge, I. i. 8. 99;   meaning, I. i. _pr._ 29.

KNYF, _s._ knife, II. 241.

KYME, _s._ wretch, II. 695. See note.

KYNDE, _adj._ kindred, I. i. 6. 49.

KYNDELY, _adj._ natural, I. i. _pr._ 36; I. ii. 3. 52.

KYTHEN, _v._ (to) manifest, V. 224;   _imp. pl._ shew, VI. 42.



LABORIOUS, _adj._ full of endeavour, VII. 69.

LACCHE, _ger._ to seize, grasp, I. i. 3. 51.

LACE, _s._ tie, bond, XI. 17.

LACED, _pp._ bound, I. i. 3. 144.

LACHE, _2 pr. s. subj._ loosen (it), let go, _or perhaps_, turn coward,
relax, I. ii. 14. 83. F. _lacher_.

LACKE, _v._ fail, III. 222.

LACKED, _pp._ dispraised, I. i. 8. 104; I. i. 10. 83.

LACKING, _s._ blaming, I. ii. 8. 33;   dispraise, I. iii. 2. 112.

LADDE, _2 pt. pl._ led, I. i. 3. 76; _pp._ IX. 219.

LADE, _pp._ laden, XX. 305.

LADELS, _s. pl._ cross-paths, by-paths, I. i. 3. 42. (See note, p. 456.)

LAFT, _pt. s._ remained, XX. 364.

LAK, _s._ reproof, blame, reproach, XVII. 276.

LAKE, _s._ linen cloth, X. 70.

LAKKEN, _pr. pl._ blame, V. 192.

LAMENTACIOUS, _adj._ mournful, I. i. 1. 128.

LANES, _s. pl._ pathways, tracks, I. i. 3. 41.

LANGORING, _adj._ full of langour, swooning, I. ii. 14. 59.

LAPWINGES, _s. pl._ lapwings, II. 1339.

LARDER, _s._ larder (i.e. slaughter), I. ii. 14. 13.

LARGE, _adj._ loose, too free, IX. 157;   liberal, XVI. 455.

LARGE, _s._; _at hir l._, at freedom, free, VIII. 329;   _at your l._, IX.
15.

LARGESSE, _s._ bounty, II. 511; XVIII. 157; XXI. 318.

LARSON, _s._ larceny, II. 323.

LAS, _adj. pl._ less, XXI. 439.

LASSE, _adj._ less, I. ii. 9. 77; IV. 109.

LASSHED, _pt. pl._ burst, ran forth, flowed, I. i. 6. 71.

LAST, _pt. pl._ lasted, XX. 288.

LAT, _adj._ late, behindhand, II. 457.

LATTIT, _pp._ hindered, XVII. 27.

LAUCH (_for_ Leuch?), _pt. s._ laughed, XVII. 231   (_or infin._ to laugh).

LAUDEST, _2 pr. s._ praisest, I. i. 10. 76.

LAUGHANDE, _pres. pt._ laughing, I. i. 1. 47.

LAUNDE, _s._ glade, VIII. 120; XVIII. 61.

LAUREAT, _adj._ made of laurel, X. 68.

LAURER, _s._ laurel, VIII. 65; IX. 238; XX. 158;   -tree, XX. 109.

LAURIOLE, _s._ laurel crown, X. 73.

LAVEROK, _s._ lark, X. 82.

LAWDE, _s._ praise, XXIV. 1332.

LAWEST, _adj._ lowest, XVII. 298.

LAWFULLY, _adv._ in a low tone, XVII. 312.

LAWN, _s._ lawn covering, lawn kerchief, XVII. 423.

LAY, _s._ lea, XVIII. 285.

LAY, _s._ lay, song, I. iii. 7. 53.

LAY, _s._ law, faith, belief, V. 433.

LAY-FEE, _s._ fee belonging to laymen, II. 686, 741.

LAYSER, _s._ leisure, XI. 41.

LAZAROUS, _s._ leprous person, leper, XVII. 343, 531.

LECHE, _s._ physician, I. iii. 7. 79; X. 42.

LECHECRAFT, _s._ healing, I. iii. 9. 69.

LECTORN, _s._ lectern, XXIV. 1382.

LEED, _s._ lead, II. 160.

LEEF, _adj._ lief, dear, longed for, XXI. 694.

LEEFFUL, _adj._ permissible, VII. 75.

LEEFLY, _adj._ permissible, I. ii. 14. 8.

LEEL, _adj._ loyal, II. 755.

LEES, _s._ lie, V. 444.

LEET, _pt. s._ caused; _leet do crye_, caused to be cried or proclaimed,
IV. 174.

LEFFER, _adj._ liefer, XXIV. 1130.

LEFFUL, ADJ. permissible, I. iii. 2. 51;   Leful, I. i. 3. 129.

LEFTE, _1 pt. s._ remained, V. 443; XXI. 190;   abandoned, IV. 342;
Leften, _error for_ Left, _pp._ left, XXIV. 1166.

LEGE, _adj._ liege, III. 10.

LEGEAUNCE, _s._ allegiance, VIII. 551.

LEGENDE, Legend, V. 316. See note.

LEGGE, _v._ allege, XXIV. 1065;   Legen, _pr. pl._ allege, I. i. 7. 73;
Leged, _pp._ alleged (to be), I. ii. 2. 103.

LEGISTRES, _s. pl._ lawyers, I. ii. 2. 69.

LEID, _s._ lead, XVII. 155.

LEID, _s._ person, man, XVII. 449.

LEIF, _ger._ to live, XVII. 384.

LEIR, _ger._ to learn, XVII. 479.

LEMES, _s. pl._ rays, X. 116.

LEMMAN, _s._ leman, II. 883; _gen._ II. 338.

LENE, _pr. s. subj._ may lend, I. iii. 9. 78.

LENE, _adj._ lean, weak, V. 408.

LENETH, _pr. s._ leans, inclines, I. ii. 6. 53.

LENGER, _adv._ the longer, XVI. 678.

LENGEST, _adv._ longest, I. ii. 9. 86.

LENT, _s._ spring, XVII. 5.

LEPRE, _s._ leprosy, IV. 349.

LERE, _ger._ to learn, XX. 229;   _pp._ learned, II. 754.

LERNE, _ger._ to learn, to be taught, XVI. 535;   _2 pr. pl._ teach, I. i.
4. 41;   _pp._ instructed, XVI. 635.

LESE, _ger._ to lose, II. 591; IV. 295;   _2 pr. s._ I. i. 8. 131;   _pr.
s._ XVI. 388;   _pr. pl._ XVI. 588;   _imp. pl._ VII. 87.

LESERS, _s. pl._ losers, I. i. 10. 62.

LESING, _s._ losing, loss, I. ii. 7. 65; I. ii. 10. 120.

LESING, _s._ falsehood, lie, XVIII. 238; XXI. 263; XXIV. 422;   _pl._ I. i.
6. 159; VIII. 421.

LESTE, _pt. s._ lasted (_or_, might last), I. i. 5. 32.

LET, _pr. s._ letteth, lets, VIII. 464.

LET, _pr. s._ hinders, I. i. 1. 119.

LET, _pr. s._ leads, I. iii. 9. 11.

LETE, _v._ let go, spare, let alone, XX. 215;   Let, _v._ pretend, XVI.
583;   Lete, _2 pr. pl._ allow to be, III. 362;   Let commaunde, caused men
to command, XXIV. 296.

LET-GAMES, _s. pl._ hinderers of sport, I. i. 3. 124; I. i. 4. 61.

LETHY, _adj._ weak, I. iii. 7. 101.

LETTE, _v._ hinder, III. 289; VIII. 251;   _ger._ to prevent, II. 1189;
_pp._ hindered, I. i. 8. 100.

LETTING, _s._ hindrance, I. i. 9. 114.

LETTOURS, _s. pl._ hinderers, I. i. 3. 126.

LETTRED, _pp._ learned, XXIV. 302.

LEUDE, _adj._ ignorant, I. i. _pr._ 16.

LEUDNESSE, _s._ ignorance, want of skill, I. i. _pr._ 19.

LEVE, _s._ belief, II. 1135.

LEVE, _adj. pl._ dear ones, IV. 354.

LEVE, _v._ leave, abandon, XVI. 534;   _pr. s._ leaves off, ceases, I. ii.
5. 46;   remains, I. ii. 4. 7;   is left, XVI. 668;   _pp._ left, I. i. 7.
22;   neglected, I. ii. 9. 191.

LEVEN, _ger._ to believe, II. 895; V. 56;   _v._ I. ii. 13. 130;   _1 pr.
s._ XVI. 710;   _imp. s._ XVIII. 237;   _pp._ I. i. 4. 69.

LEVER, _adv._ sooner, rather, I. ii. 10. 71; VIII. 535.

LEVES, _s. pl._ leaves, XXIV. 519.

LEWED, _adj._ ignorant, II. 146, 970;   Lewde, unskilful, XIX. 1;
ill-omened, XVIII. 50.

LEYSER, _s._ leisure, V. 129; XIX. 13;   Leysar, I. i. 2. 43.

LICH, _adj._ like, similar, I. i. 5. 42; II. 303; XXIV. 696; Liche, _pl._
alike, I. i. 5. 46.

LICHE, _adv._ alike, XXI. 117.

LIERE, _s._ Liar, XXIV. 1242.

LIFT, _adj._ left, I. i. 1. 111; I. ii. 1. 6.

LIGE, _adj._ liege, VI. 9.

LIGEAUNCE, _s._ allegiance, I. i. 6. 165; VI. 37.

LIGGE, _ger._ to lie, I. ii. 6. 90; Lig, _v._ II. 4; _2 pr. pl._ lodge,
III. 81; _pr. pl._ lie still, III. 181.

LIGGEN, _2 pr. pl._ lay, III. 46. (Incorrectly used.)

LIGHT, _adj._ easy, IV. 218; Lighter, _comp._ I. ii. 12. 202.

LIGHT, _s._ lightning, XIV. 37. See note. As 'lightning' is certainly
meant, a better reading would be _leyt_.

LIGHTE, _pr. s. subj._ may alight, alight, X. 83; _pt. s._ I. i. 2. 5.

LIGHTINGE, _pres. pt._ shining; _suche lightinge_, giving such a kind of
light, I. ii. 6. 101.

LIGHTLES, _adj._ deprived of light, I. i. 1. 20.

LIGHTLY, _adv._ easily, I. ii. 5. 121; XVI. 426.

LIGHTSOM, _adj._ light, XVI. 405; pleasant, X. 30.

LIGNES (?), I. ii. 3. 10; see note, p. 467.

LIMITACION, _s._ boundary, limit, III. 85.

LIMITORS, _s. pl._ friars begging within a fixed limit, III. 83.

LIMMES, _s. pl._ limbs, IV. 260; XXIV. 228.

LINET, _s._ linnet, XXIV. 1408.

LIPPER, _adj._ belonging to lepers, XVII. 438; leprous, XVII. 372.

LIPPER-LEID, _s._ leper-folk, XVII. 451.

LISSE, _s._ comfort, alleviation, I. ii. 14. 3.

LISSEN, _v._ ease, relieve, XVIII. 245; _pp._ I. iii. 6. 13.

LIST, _pr. s._ is pleased, I. i. 3. 35; XVI. 455; _pr. s._ prefers, likes,
XVII. 256; List, _2 pr. pl._ are (you) pleased, XVI. 276; _pr. s. subj._
may please, IX. 63; _pt. s. subj._ (it) should please, IX. 255.

LISTED, _pp._ listened, IX. 29.

LISTIS, _s. pl._ borders, XVII. 179.

LIVING, _pres. pt._ living, existing, (_but perhaps an error for_ leming,
i.e. shining), X. 24. See note.

LIVINGES, _s. pl._ modes of life (?), I. ii. 1. 119 (_perhaps an error for_
livinge).

LODEMANAGE, _s._ pilotage, steering, XIII. 61.

LODESTERRE, _s._ lode-star, guiding star, XVI. 257.

LOENGE, _s._ praise, IV. 371.

LOGGE, _s._ lodge, VIII. 585.

LOGGED, _pp._ lodged, I. i. 2. 18.

LOGGING, _s._ lodging, abode, XVI. 82.

LOKE, _ger._ to look, I. iii. 6. 97; _pr. s. subj._ let (him) see, II. 834;
Lokeden, _pt. pl._ looked, I. i. 7. 105.

LOKERS, _s. pl._ onlookers, I. i. 5. 71.

LOLLERS, _s._ Lollards, II. 73, 88.

LONDE, _s._ country, II. 1138.

LONDLEES, _adj._ landless, II. 73.

LOND-TILLERS, _s. pl._ farmers, I. i. 3. 32.

LONGETH, _pr. s._ belongs, I. ii. 9. 78; II. 965; XVI. 53; is suitable,
XXIV. 408; _pt. s._ XXI. 518.

LOOS, _s._ praise, I. i. 7. 26; fame, VI. 8; _badde l._, ill fame, I. i. 6.
179.

LORDLYCH, _adj._ lordly, II. 1052.

LORE, _s._ teaching, I. i. 4. 48; IX. 220.

LORE, _pp._ lost, II. 731, 986.

LORELL, _s._ abandoned wretch, II. 374, 1138.

LORN, _pp._ lost, I. i. 4. 28; I. ii. 3. 77.

LOSE, _s._ praise; _out of lose_, to my dispraise, IX. 234.

LOSED, _pp._ praised, I. i. 8. 113, 126.

LOSEL, _s._ abandoned wretch, I. ii. 2. 49.

LOSENGEOUR, _s._ flatterer, I. ii. 2. 52.

LOSENGERY, _s._ flattery, II. 635; III. 202.

LOTHE, _adj._ hated, I. i. 3. 37; _pl._ hostile ones, IV. 354.

LOTHER, _adj._ more loath, XVIII. 160.

LOUGH, _pt. s._ laughed, XXI. 279.

LOUPE, _s._ a hard knot in a gem, X. 92, 93. See note.

LOUTE, _v._ bow down, II. 181; _pt. pl._ I. i. 10. 10.

LOUTINGES, _s._ salutations, respects, I. i. 5. 116.

LOVEDAY, _s._ day of reconciliation, I. i. 2. 95.

LOWE, _s._ blaze; _on a l._, in a blaze, V. 61.

LOWED, _pp._ set low, put down, I. iii. 6. 11.

LUCERNE, _s._ lantern, XIX. 23; XXIV. 632.

LUCIFER, the morning-star, IX. 115.

LUIFFERIS, _s. pl._ lovers, XVII. 140.

LUIFIS, _gen. sing._ love's, of love, XVII. 22.

LURE, _s._ lure, enticement, II. 88; XVI. 634.

LURKEN, _pr. pl._ lurk, I. i. 8. 80.

LUST, _s._ pleasure, I. i. _pr._ 74; XXIV. 272.

LUST, _pr. pl._ please, are pleased, XX. 590.

LUSTY, _adj._ pleasureable, I. iii. 1. 129. _adv._ jollily, II. 434.

LYART, _adv._ gray, XVII. 162.

LYBEL, _s._ bill (of divorce), I. iii. 2. 14; XVII. 74. (See note, p. 480.)

LYF, _s._ person, IV. 86.

LYFELICH, _adj._ lively, I. iii. 9. 107; life-giving, I. i. _pr._ 12.

LYKE, _v._ please, XXIV. 394; _pr. s. impers._ XVIII. 43.

LYKINGE, _adj._ pleasant, I. i. _pr._ 74; delicate, III. 297.

LYKLY, _adj._ similar, II. 1303.

LYNDE, _s. dat._ lime-tree, IX. 256.

LYNES, _s. pl._ lines, I. iii. 8. 7. See the note, p. 483.

LYNX, _s._ lynx, I. ii. 8. 104.

LYOUN, _s._ lion, II. 1317.

LYRE, _s._ complexion, hue, XVII. 339.

LYTE, _s._ little, XVIII. 42; XX. 205; _adv._ VIII. 413.

LYTHER, _adj._ vicious, XVIII. 14.

LYVELODE, _s._ livelihood, I. iii. 5. 104; Lyvelod, II. 34.



MACULAIT, _adj._ stained, XVII. 81.

MAD, _pp._ made, XIII. 12; written, I. iii. 9. 84.

MADDING, _s._ madness, V. 131.

MAIST, _adv._ most, XVII. 52.

MAISTRES, _s._ mistress, I. iii. 4. 227.

MAISTRYE, _s._ mastery, power, I. i. 3. 128; miracle, II. 900.

MAKE, _s._ companion, V. 57; IX. 56; XVIII. 183.

MAKERS, _s. pl._ poets, I. iii. 4. 258.

MAKING, _s._ composition of poetry, IX. 237; poem, II. 1066.

MALAPERT, _adj._ malapert, XXIV. 737.

MALE, _s._ bag, II. 145.

MALE-BOUCHE, _s._ Scandal, VIII. 260; IX. 84; XVI. 741; XX. 580.

MANACE, _s._ threat, II. 1370.

MANACE, _v._ menace, XVI. 615.

MANERLESSE, _adj._ devoid of good manners, rude, XVI. 714.

MANLICH, _adj._ manly, I. ii. 4. 46.

MANNA, _s._ manna, I. iii. 9. 98; II. 784.

MAPLE, _s._ maple-tree, XVIII. 283.

MARCHANDRY, _s._ trade, II. 800.

MARCIAL, _adj._ warlike, I. i. 5. 29.

MARGARETTES, _s. pl._ daisies, XXI. 57.

MARGARIT-PERLE, _s._ pearl, I. iii. 1. 35; _pl._ I. iii. 1. 37.

MARJOLAIN, _s._ marjoram, XXI. 56.

MARKET-BETERS, _s. pl._ haunters of the market, II. 871.

MARS, i.e. ordeal by combat, I. i. 7. 11.

MARTYR, _s._ martyr, I. i. 7. 115; _pl._ Martres, V. 316; XXIV. 1376.

MARTYRE, _ger._ to be martyred, IV. 341; Martred, _pp._ martyred, full of
martyrdom, I. ii. 9. 108.

MASE, _s._ maze, XXI. 17, 32.

MASED, _pp._ amazed, confused, I. i. 3. 103; perplexed, XXI. 38.

MASONRY, masonry, _s._ XXI. 53.

MASSEDAY, _s._ day when mass is said, I. i. 5. 103.

MAST, _s._ mast (of a ship), XXIV. 88.

MASTE, _s._ mast fallen from trees, beech-mast, I. i. 3. 42.

MATE, _adj._ depressed, XVI. 35.

MATED, _pp._ overcome, I. i. 1. 120.

MATENS, _s. pl._ matins, XXIV. 1353.

MATER, _s._ matter, I. iii. 9. 85.

MAUGRE, _prep._ in spite of, II. 886; V. 232; _m. me_, in spite of myself,
unwillingly, I. iii. 3. 114.

MAUGRE, _s._ ill will, XVI. 240; Maugree, dislike, V. 376; displeasure, I.
ii. 6. 53.

MAUNDEMENTS, _s. pl._ commandments, II. 633.

MAVIS, _s._ thrush, XVII. 430; XXIV. 798.

MAY, _pr. s._ can (do a thing), I. ii. 7. 131.

MAYNTENAUNCE, _s._ abetting, II. 1256.

MAYNTEYNOURS, _s. pl._ maintainers, abettors, II. 302, 801.

MAYRE, _s._ mayor, I. ii. 6. 132.

MAYSTERFULLY, _adv._ tyrannously, II. 656.

MAYSTERS, _s. pl._ masters, II. 1115.

MAYSTRESHIP, _s._ sovereignty, I. ii. 3. 40; rank of a master, II. 1122.

MAYSTRESSE, _s._ mistress, I. i. 4. 18.

MAYSTRY, _s._ mastery, II. 1117; superior powers, I. ii. 2. 23. (_That
wolden m. me have_, who wished me to have authority.)

ME, _indef. pron._ one, I. i. _pr._ 68; I. i. 1. 18; I. ii. 11. 10; I. iii.
8. 10; XXI. 22.

MEDE, _s._ reward, II. 944.

MEDED, _pp._ rewarded, I. ii. 9. 98; I. iii. 2. 11.

MEDEFULLY, _adv._ deservedly, I. iii. 2. 37.

MEDLEST, _pr. s._ takest part, interferest, I. i. 7. 111; _pp._ mingled, I.
ii. 13. 76; I. iii. 7. 33; XVI. 657.

MEDLE-TREE, _s._ medlar, XX. 86, 442.

MEDLINGE, _pres. pt._ meddling, I. ii. 10. 51; mixture, I. ii. 1. 92;
interference, I. i. 6. 77.

MEEDFUL, _adj._ meritorious, III. 178.

MEES, _s. pl._ dwellings, houses, V. 334. O.F. _mes_, _meis_, _meix_,
'ferme ... habitation, demeure'; Godefroy.

MEID, _s._ reward, recompense, XVII. 277.

MELANCOLIOUS, _adj._ melancholy, XX. 314.

MELDROP, _s._ hanging drop of mucus, XVII. 158.

MELES, _s. pl._ meals, II. 1036.

MELL, _v._ meddle, II. 857.

MEMORIAL, _s._ memory, XXIV. 876.

MEMOUR, _s._ memory, XVII. 465.

MENE, _adj._ intermediate, I. ii. 12. 56; middle, XXIV. 652.

MENE, _s._ mean, intermediate, III. 162; mean, I. iii. 5. 53; middle
course, III. 170; mediator, I. ii. 2. 100; method, way, I. i. _pr._ 54;
moderation (?), I. ii. 10. 43.

MENING, _s._ intention, XVI. 393; _pl._ I. i. 8. 30.

MERCHANDE, _s._ (_perhaps_) merchants' meeting, VII. (_title_).

MERCIABLE, _adj._ merciful, II. 96; XXII. 62; XXIV. 645.

MERCIABLY, _adv._ mercifully, I. iii. 9. 73.

MERLE, _s._ blackbird, XVII. 430.

MERVAYL, _s._ marvel, XXI. 648.

MERY, _adj._ pleasant, I. ii. 9. 131.

MES, _s._ dish, course of meats, XVI. 154.

MESCHAUNCE, _s._ misfortune, VII. 179.

MESCREAUNCE, _s._ unbelief, VI. 50.

MESURABELLY, _adv._ with moderation, XVI. 248.

MESURABLE, _adj._ moderate, V. 350.

MESURE, _imp. s._ moderate, X. 119.

METE-BORDE, _s._ dining-table, I. ii. 2. 61.

METELY, _adj._ moderate, i.e. of middle height, XXI. 79.

METRICIANS, _s. pl._ men skilled in metre, XXIV. 30.

MEVABLE, _adj._ moveable; i.e. (more) moveable, XIV. 36.

MEVE, _ger._ to move, I. i. 1. 109; _pr. s._ moves, V. 432; _2 pt. pl._
discussed, I. iii. 5. 158.

MEVINGES, _s. pl._ motions, I. ii. 9. 45.

MEWARD; _to m._, towards me, i. ii. 9. 123.

MEWE, _s._ mew, coop; _in mewe_, under restraint, XVI. 338.

MEWET, _adj._ mute; _in m._, in a tone unheard, to myself, XXIV. 148.

MEYNALL, _adj._ belonging to their household, domestic, II. 322. See note,
p. 487.

MEYNT, _pp._ mingled, VIII. 229.

MEYNY, _s._ household, I. ii. 5. 52; crowd, I. i. 7. 104; followers, I. i.
6. 145.

MICHEL, _adv._ much, V. 142.

MIDDIS, _s._ midst, XVII. 5.

MIDLE-ERTH, _s._ the earth, I. iii. 1. 65.

MILK-WHYT, _adj._ milk-white, XXIV. 787.

MINDE, _s._ remembrance, XI. 42.

MING, _imp. s._ mix, XVII. 613; _pp._ 236.

MIROUR, _s._ mirror, V. 179.

MIRTHED, _pp._ cheered, I. ii. 3. 98.

MIS, _adj._ wrong, I. ii. 5. 111; II. 1197; VIII. 603; XXII. 61; _pl._
things that are wrong, I. ii. 9. 84.

MISCARY, _v._ go astray, fail, I. ii. 14. 98; _pp._ gone astray, I. ii. 4.
106.

MISCHAUNCE, _s._ a curse, ill luck, II. 1168; III. 423.

MISCHESE, _2 pr. pl._ choose amiss, VII. 187.

MISCHEVES, _s._ diseases, X. 54.

MISCLEPINGE, _s._ misnaming, I. i. 10. 46.

MISCORDEN, _pr. pl._ disagree, I. ii. 14. 27.

MISCREANTS, _s. pl._ unbelievers, IV. 268.

MISESE, _s._ lack of ease, misery, I. ii. 5. 21.

MISESY, _adj._ uneasy, I. i. 3. 150.

MISGLOSED, _pp._ misinterpreted, I. ii. 1. 59.

MISGO, _pp._ gone astray, II. 756.

MISGOING, _s._ error, I. ii. 8. 129.

MISHAPPED, _pp._ come to misfortune, V. 217.

MISPEND, _v._ misspend, II. 618.

MISPLESAUNCE, _s._ displeasure, grief, I. i. 3. 22.

MISQUEME, _pr. s. subj._ displease, II. 647.

MIS-SECHING, _s._ seeking amiss, I. ii. 11. 48.

MISSE-MENING, _adj._ ill-intentioned, I. ii. 9. 88.

MISTER, _s._ occupation, handicraft; _m. folk_, craftsmen, XXIV. 227.

MISTIHEDE, _s._ mistiness, darkness, XXII. 33.

MISTURNEN, _v._ overturn, change the fortunes of, I. i. 10. 31; _pp._
altered amiss, I. ii. 5. 88; misdirected, I. ii. 4. 11.

MISTY, _adj._ mystic, mysterious, X. 134.

MISUSING, _s._ misuse, VII. 95.

MISWENT, _pp._ gone astray, I. ii. 10. 143.

MO, _adv._ besides, X. 1; XVI. 713; _adj._ others, I. i. 5. 11; others
besides, XVI. 329, 480; XXI. 60.

MOCHE-FOLDE, _adj._ manifold, I. i. 8. 43.

MOCHEL, _adj._ much, XVIII. 240.

MODER, _s._ mother, I. iii. 8. 86.

MODIFY, _ger._ to adjudge, appoint, specify, XVII. 299.

MOEBLE, _s._ (moveable) property, wealth, I. i. 3. 231; I. i. 4. 62; _pl._
I. i. 9. 15.

MOKEL, _adv._ much, I. ii. 6. 161.

MOKKEN, _ger._ to mock, XXIV. 1186.

MOLLES, _s. pl._ birds of the kite or buzzard family (see the context); II.
1338. (The exact sense is not known.)

MONE, _s._ moon, II. 2.

MONE, _s._ moan, lament, I. iii. 7. 23; X. 77; XI. 104.

MONED, _pp._ bemoaned, I. i. 2. 124.

MONETH, _s._ month, I. ii. 8. 113; XIII. 20.

MOO, _adj._ more numerous, III. 421.

MOON, _s._ moan, lament, XVI. 783.

MOOT, _pr. s._ must, V. 35.

MORE, _adj._ greater, I. i. 1. 69; I. ii. 9. 73; I. iii. 1. 63; Mores,
_adj. gen._; _that mores_, of that greater thing, I. ii. 9. 74.

MORNING, _s._ mourning, XXIV. 250.

MOROW-DAY, _s._ morn, XXIV. 437.

MOROWNING, _s._ morning, VIII. 25.

MOTE, _pr. s. subj._ may, II. 60; V. 111.

MOTLE, _s._ motley, VIII. 72.

MOUCHE, _pr. pl._ sneak about, II. 947.

MOULE, _v._ go mouldy, be putrid, II. 1275; _pp._ gone mouldy, I. ii. 2.
29.

MOUN, _2 pr. pl._ can, are able to, I. i. 5. 22.

MOUNTENANCE, _s._ amount, period, I. i. 9. 49.

MOUSTRE, _s._ example, pattern, I. ii. 6. 86.

MOW, _pr. pl._ may, V. 381; Mowe, _2 pr. pl._ can, III. 94; _pr. pl._ I.
ii. 6. 155.

MOWLIT, _adj._ mouldy, XVII. 441.

MUFE, _ger._ to move, provoke, XVII. 352.

MURTHED, _pt. s._ cheered, I. i. 1. 11.

MUSE, _v._ study, meditate, V. 238; _pt. s._ considered, II. 89.

MUSKLE, _s._ mussel (shell-fish), I. ii. 12. 32; _pl._ I. iii. 1. 45.

MYND, _s._ memory, II. 1076; remembrance, I. i. 1. 20.

MYRRE, _s._ myrrh, VIII. 66.

MYSTERE, _s._ ministry, II. 216.

MYSTRY, _s._ mystery, II. 1219.

MYTE, _s._ mite, I. ii. 3. 68.



NAD, _pt. s._ had not, V. 357.

NAKED, _pt. s._ deprived, V. 353.

NALE, _s._; _at the nale_ = _at then ale_, at the ale-house, II. 870.

NAME-CLEPING, _s._ naming, I. iii. 1. 42.

NAMELICHE, _adv._ especially, I. iii. 6. 100; Namely, I. i. 2. 27; III.
264; V. 322; VIII. 480.

NAMORE, no more, V. 357.

NAR, _adv._ nearer, XVII. 263.

NAT-FOR-THAN, _adv._ nevertheless, I. iii. 5. 52.

NAUGHT, _adj._ wicked, XVIII. 190; Naughty, I. ii. 5. 7.

NAY, _s._ denial, XVIII. 281; denying, XXI. 351, 521.

NAYED, _pp._ said no, I. i. 7. 7.

NEBULE, _s._ mist, X. 53.

NEDE, _s._ need, V. 77.

NEDES, _adv._ of necessity, I. iii. 2. 83.

NEDEST, _2 pr. s._ art needy, I. ii. 5. 16.

NEDY, _adj._ needy, II. 1086.

NEEDLY, _adv._ needs, XXIV. 644.

NEER, _adv._ nearer, XVI. 198, 201.

NEET, _s. pl._ neat cattle, I. ii. 2. 31.

NEIGHE, _v._ approach, I. i. 2. 32; _pr. s._ approaches, I. ii. 12. 14; I.
iii. 4. 100; Neigh, _pr. s. imp._ may it come near to, I. iii. 3. 131.

NEIST, _adj._ nearest, XVII. 109.

NELD, _s._ needle, II. 780; XIII. 62.

NE-MOUBLIE-MIES, _s. pl._ forget-me-nots, XXI. 61. See note, p. 535.

NEMPNE, _v._ name, mention, I. i. 6. 172; I. iii. 8. 14; _2 pr. s._ I. iii.
5. 143; _2 pt. s._ didst name, I. ii. 4. 30; _pp._ I. i. 7. 48.

NER, _adv._ nearer, XXIV. 113; Nere, XXIV. 749, 1274; nearly (i.e. it
touched her very nearly), XXI. 663.

NERE, _adv._ never, I. i. 6. 89; XXIV. 1197.

NERE, _for_ Ne were, were it not (for), XXII. 34; _n. it_, were it not, I.
i. 3. 119.

NESSH, _adj._ soft, XXIV. 1092.

NETTIL, _s._ nettle, I. i. 2. 167.

NEVER-THE-LATTER (-LATER), nevertheless, I. i. 1. 19; I. i. 6. 137; I. ii.
1. 94.

NEWE, _adj._; _for the n._, in the new guise, II. 926.

NEWEFANGELNESSE, _s._ newfangledness, IX. 173; XIII. 54.

NEXT, _adj._ nearest, most intimate, I. i. 4. 17.

NEYGHED, _1 pt. s._ drew near, I. i. 3. 45.

NIGARD, _s._ niggard, XII. 47; Nigges, _pl._ II. 757.

NIGHTERTALE, _s._ night-time, XXIV. 999, 1355.

NIL, _pr. pl._ will not, I. i. 1. 102; II. 950; Nilt, wilt not, XI. 38.

NIST, _2 pr. s._ knowest not, II. 1172.

NOBLERER, _adj._ more noble, I. ii. 1. 106.

NOBLES, _s. pl._ coins so called, I. iii. 5. 120. A _noble_ was worth 6_s._
8_d._

NOBLEY, _s._ nobility, I. iii. 1. 142; VII. 73; nobleness, I. i. 1. 62;
XVI. 473; excellence, I. ii. 9. 62.

NOGHT, _adj._ evil, V. 321.

NO-KINS WYSE, lit. 'a way of no kind,' no kind of way, XVI. 384.

NOMBRE, _s._ number, proportion, I. i. 8. 119.

NOMBRED, _pp._ numbered, estimated, X. 100.

NOMPERE, _s._ umpire, I. i. 2. 96.

NON, none, i.e. not, I. i. 2. 62.

NON-CERTAYN, _s._ uncertainty, I. iii. 1. 61.

NONES; _for the n._, for the occasion, XX. 198.

NONNES, _s. pl._ nuns, XXIV. 1102.

NONPOWER, _s._ weakness, I. ii. 7. 36.

NOOT, _1 pr. s._ know not, XXIV. 909.

NORICE, _s._ nurse, VI. 58.

NORITURE, _s._ nutriment, I. i. 1. 34.

NORTURE, _s._ good breeding, XXII. 1.

NORY, _s._ pupil. I. i. 2. 37; _pl._ I. i. 2. 121.

NOT, _1 pr. s._ know not, I. i. 1. 119; I. iii. 1. 158; _pr. s._ knows not,
XVIII. 203.

NOTHING, _adv._ not at all, in no respect, I. i. 2. 139; XVI. 132.

NOUGHTY, _adj._ needy, II. 1097.

NOVELLERIES, _s. pl._ novelties, I. ii. 14. 42.

NOW-A-DAYES, _adv._ now-a-days, VII. 134.

NOY, _2 pr. pl._ annoy, XVI. 795.

NUISAUNCE, _s._ annoyance, VI. 47.

NUNCUPACION, _s._ naming, I. i. 9. 119.

NUREIS, _s._ nurse, nourisher, XVII. 171, 199.

NUTTE, _s._ nut, I. i. 3. 32.

NYCE, _adj._ foolish, V. 148; VII. 14; XVIII. 13; Nyse, I. i. 4. 55.

NYCETE, _s._ folly, I. iii. 4. 257.

NYE-BORE, _s._ neighbour, I. ii. 9. 144.



O, _adj._ one and the same, XI. 44.

OBEDIENCER, _adj._ under obedience, I. iii. 1. 131.

OBEYSAUNCE, _s._ obedience, XXIV. 47.

OBEYSAUNT, _adj._ obedient, II. 182.

OBUMBRED, _pp._ overshadowed, X. 102. See note, p. 512.

OCCIAN, _s._ ocean, XIV. 45.

OCCUPACIOUN, _s._ occupation, employment, XX. 565.

OCCUPYER, _s._ owner, user, I. ii. 5. 75; I. ii. 6. 30.

OCHANE, _s._ och hone! cry of woe, XVII. 541.

OCY, _s._ French _oci_, an exclamation imitating the cry of a nightingale,
XVIII. 124, 127, 135. See note.

OF, _prep._ for (with _biseche_), XIX. 26; during, XVIII. 42, 54; XX. 40.

OF-DROW, _pt. s._ drew off, II. 7.

OFFEND, _pp._ offended, II. 538.

OFFICE, _s._ duty, XVI. 468.

OFFREND, _s._ offering, II. 490.

OF-NEW, _adv._ anew, XX. 319.

OFTSISS, _adv._ oftentimes, XXVI. 6; -syis, XVII. 525.

OKES, _s. pl._ oaks, I. iii. 6. 6.

ON, _prep._ against, I. ii. 3. 101.

ONBELDE, _ger._ to build on, X. 111.

ON-BREDE, _adv._ abroad, VIII. 33.

ONBYDE, _ger._ to abide, I. iii. 5. 68; _v._ I. iii. 6. 147; remain, I.
iii. 7. 161; _1 pr. s._ await, I. iii. 3. 128.

ONE, _pr. pl._ unite, I. iii. 4. 165; _pp._ joined together, I. ii. 8. 50.

ONHEED, _s._ unity, I. iii. 3. 9; Onhed, I. ii. 13. 21.

ON-LOFT, _adv._ aloft, upwards, XXIV. 1293.

ON-LYVE, _adv._ alive, II. 1223; IV. 71; VIII. 158; XIV. 22; XVIII. 141;
XXIV. 780.

ONY, _pron._ any, III. 30; XVII. 118.

OO, one, V. 165, 258.

OO-FOLD, _adj._ simple, lit. one-fold, XIII. 90. Cf. Lat. _sim-plex_.

OOK, _s._ oak, VIII. 73.

OON, one, any one, XX. 74; Oon and oon, severally, XX. 144.

OONHED, _s._ unity, I. iii. 2. 34.

OPE, _adj._ open, XXIV. 262; Open, displayed, I. ii. 6. 79; _as s._ a thing
open, II. 220.

OR, _conj._ ere, IV. 176; VII. 32; Or that, before, XVI. 802.

ORATURE, _s._ oratory, XVII. 8.

ORDENAUNCE, _s._ arrangement, XXI. 235. See ORDINAUNCE.

ORDERS, _s. pl._ orders (of friars), III. 28.

ORDINABLE, _adj._ adjustable, brought into relation with, I. ii. 13. 29.

ORDINAUNCE, _s._ order, XXI. 575; (apparently) self-control, decision, XVI.
153; warlike array, XVI. 818; orderly disposition, I. ii. 5. 43; a row,
XXI. 57.

ORIENT, _adj._ (_as applied to gems_), of prime excellence, XX. 148 (see
note); XXI. 528; XXIV. 788.

ORIZONT, _s._ horizon, VIII. 6.

ORNAT, _adj._ ornate, XXIV. 34.

OTHERWHILE, _adv._ sometimes, I. i. 7. 56; I. ii. 13. 96; V. 49.

OTHERWYSED, _pp._ changed, altered, I. ii. 1. 9.

OUCHES, _s._ settings for jewels, II. 904, 1006.

OURFRET, _pp._ covered over, XVII. 163.

OURQUHELMIT, _pt. pl._ overwhelmed, covered, XVII. 401.

OURSPRED, _pp._ overspread, marked all over, XVII. 339.

OUT-BRINGE, _v._ educe, I. ii. 6. 88.

OUTFORTH, _adv._ externally, I. ii. 5. 85; I. ii. 10. 145.

OUT-HELPES, _s. pl._ external aids, I. ii. 5. 46.

OUTHER, _conj._ either, V. 171.

OUTHERWHILE, _adv._ sometimes, I. iii. 3. 107.

OUTRAGE, _s._ violent act, IX. 213; extravagance of conduct, XV. _a._ 2.

OUTRAGE, _ger._ to banish, drive out, VII. 85.

OUTRAGIOUSNESSE, _s._ extravagance, II. 507.

OUTRANCE, _s._ excessive injury, defeat, VI. 36.

OUT-THROWE, _pp._ thrown out, I. ii. 5. 116.

OUTWAILL, _s._ outcast, XVII. 129. See note.

OUT-WAYE, out of the way, I. i. 8. 15. (But read _out-waye-going_ as one
word, meaning deviation; see note to bk. iii. 1. 6; p. 479.)

OUT-WAYE-GOING, _s._ deviation, error, I. ii. 8. 126.

OUT-WRESTE, _v._ force out, VIII. 48.

OVER, _prep._ besides, I. i. _pr._ 88.

OVER-AL, _adv._ everywhere, I. i. 3. 136; XII. 18.

OVERCHARGE, _ger._ to overburden, III. 265.

OVERCHAUNGINGES, _s._ changes, I. iii. 2. 49.

OVERCOOM, _2 pt. s._ didst overcome, V. 425.

OVERLEDE, _pr. pl._ oppress, treat cruelly, V. 332; overwhelm, XXII. 32.

OVERLEYN, _pp._ covered, I. iii. 7. 39.

OVERLOKE, _ger._ to oversee, I. i. 3. 125.

OVERLOKERS, _s. pl._ overseers, I. i. 3. 128; I. i. 4. 62.

OVER-REDE, _adj._ too red, XXIV. 793.

OVERSEE, _pr. pl._ are overseers of, II. 1021.

OVERSHAKE, _v._ pass away, XVI. 726.

OVERSPRAD, _pp._ overspread, VIII. 51.

OVERTHROWE, _v._ tumble over, I. ii. 7. 70.

OVERTHWARTLY, _adv._ contrarily, adversely, I. i. 3. 56; perversely, I.
iii. 7. 155.

OVERTOURNING, _pres. pt._ overwhelming, I. i. 9. 83.

OVER-WHELMED, _pt. s._ overturned, I. ii. 2. 13.

OVERWHELMINGES, _s. pl._ circuits overhead, I. iii. 4. 145.

OW, _pr. s._ ought, II. 545; Oweth, _pr. s._ I. iii. 5. 54; ought (to be),
I. ii. 8. 64; Owe, _pr. pl._ I. iii. 4. 251; Owande, _pres. pt._ due, I.
ii. 1. 104.

OYNTMENTES, _s. pl._ ointments, I. iii. 9. 78.



PAAS, _s._ pace, XVI. 29.

PACKE, _s._ pack, bundle of garments, I. ii. 3. 65; Pak, V. 110.

PADDE, _s._ frog, toad, I. iii. 5. 37.

PALASY-YUEL, _s._ paralysis, I. iii. 7. 40.

PALESTRE, _s._ wrestling match, struggle, X. 69.

PALEYS, _s._ palace, V. 473.

PALFRAY, _s._ horse (for a lady), XX. 425.

PALL, _s._ fine cloth, II. 106, 299.

PALLED, _pp._ rendered vapid, as stale liquor, X. 46; enfeebled, VII. 145.

PALME, _s._ palm-branch, XXIX. 4.

PAMFLET, _s._ pamphlet, I. iii. 9. 54.

PAMPIRED, _pp._ pampered, XXIV. 177.

PANE, _s._ pain, XVII. 291; Panis, _pl._ 277.

PANE, _s._ plot of ground, bed for flowers, XVII. 427; Pannes, _s. pl._
clothes, I. ii. 2. 29. See the note. (A better spelling is _panes_.)

PAPINJAY, _s._ parrot, used merely in scorn, XVIII. 222.

PARCEL, _s._ part, portion, I. i. 10. 32; _as adv._ in part, VIII. 224.

PARDE, pardieu, XX. 47; XXI. 753.

PARDURABLE, _adj._ everlasting, I. ii. 8. 87.

PARFYTE, _adj. fem._ perfect, IV. 316.

PARISHENS, _s. pl._ parishioners, II. 767; III. 114.

PARTABLE, _adj._ divisible, I. ii. 10. 76.

PARTED, _pt. s._ departed, XVI. 798.

PARTY, _s._ part, I. ii. 9. 95; XXIV. 1192; _pl._ _On some p._, in some
respects, XVI. 746; Partie, _adv._ partly, XXIV. 1434.

PASSE, _ger._ to surpass, excel, I. ii. 2. 12; _v._ II. 972; XX. 63; Pas,
_v._ pass beyond, XVI. 76; _pr. s._ IX. 114; _pr. pl._ III. 298; _pp._ past
away, long ago dead, I. i. _pr._ 77.

PASSIF, _adj._ passive (man), I. i. 6. 122; (thing), I. ii. 9. 102.

PASSING, _adj._ surpassing, great, severe, I. i. _pr._ 118.

PASSINGE, _prep._ surpassing, beyond, I. i. _pr._ 90.

PASSINGLY, _adv._ surpassingly, XX. 352.

PASSIVE, _s._ subject, I. ii. 12. 6.

PASTOUR, _s._ shepherd, pastor, II. 582.

PATENS, _s. pl._ pattens, XXIV. 1087.

PATRON, _s._ patron, founder, III. 33.

PAUSACIOUN, _s._ waiting, repose, X. 61.

PAVILIOUN, _s._ tent, X. 60.

PAY, _s._ satisfaction; _her to pay_, for a satisfaction to her, VIII. 536.

PAYEN, _adj._ pagan, IV. 45; _s. pl._ IV. 183.

PAYNIMS, _pl. adj._ pagan, I. ii. 1. 49; _s. pl._ I. ii. 1. 46.

PAYNTURE, _s._ painting, I. ii. 13. 78.

PECOK, _s._ peacock, XXIV. 1408.

PEES, _s._ peace, IV. 62.

PEES, _s._ pea, I. i. 8. 118; Peese, I. ii. 9. 126.

PEIRRY, _s._ perry, XVII. 441.

PEISE, _ger._ to weigh, consider, XXIV. 689; _pp._ XIII. 91.

PEITREL, _s._ poitrel, breast-strap (of a horse), XX. 246.

PELE, _1 pr. s._ appeal, XVI. 783.

PELURE, _s._ fur, I. ii. 2. 30; II. 106.

PEND, _pp._ penned, II. 650.

PENNY, _s._ money, fee, II. 309.

PENSEES, _s. pl._ <DW29>s, XXI. 62.

PENSIFHEED, _s._ pensiveness, VIII. 102.

PENSIVENES, _s._ sadness, XVII. 317.

PENURITIE, _s._ penury, XVII. 321.

PENY, _s._ money, III. 142.

PERAGALL, _s._ equal, II. 130.

PERAUNTER, _adv._ perhaps, I. ii. 13. 44.

PERCAS, _adv._ perchance, XXIV. 794.

PERCE, _v._ pierce, X. 3.

PERDONED, _pp._ pardoned, XXIV. 288.

PERDURABLE, _adj._ everlasting, I. ii. 9. 40; IV. 371.

PERE, _s._ peer, II. 219; _pl._ XVIII. 277.

PEREGAL, _adj._ fully equal, XII. 16.

PERELES, _adj._ peerless, VIII. 346.

PERFITER, _adj._ more perfect, III. 387.

PERFITEST, _adj._ most perfect, III. 29.

PERREY, _s._ jewellery, II. 159.

PERSAUNT, _adj._ piercing, VIII. 28, 358; XXIV. 849.

PERSE, _pr. pl._ pierce, XXIV. 940.

PERSEVER, _v._ persevere, IX. 174.

PERSONAGE, _s._ dignity, title, II. 269, 723; titles, II. 953. See note to
II. 723, p. 465.

PERSONER, _s._ a participant, I. ii. 2. 49. See the note.

PERTE, _adj._ open, evident, I. iii. 7. 70.

PERTINACIE, _s._ obstinacy, I. ii. 1. 46.

PERTURBAUNCE, _s._ distress, VIII. 214.

PESE, _s._ pea, II. 1163.

PEYNTURE, _s._ painting, description, I. i. 10. 42.

PEYRETH, _pr. s._ impairs, XVI. 228. (Short for _apeyreth_.)

PEYSE, _v._ weigh, ponder, IV. 143; _pr. pl._ I. ii. 9. 125.

PHANE, _s._ vane, weathercock, I. ii. 1. 23.

PHENIX, _s._ phoenix, II. 1343.

PHILBERT, _s._ filbert, VIII. 68.

PILER, _s._ pillar, VI. 13; _pl._ VIII. 358.

PILGRIMAGED, _1 pt. s._ made a pilgrimage, I. i. _pr._ 122.

PILL, _ger._ to pillage, rob, II. 355; III. 338; _pp._ III. 317.

PINCHE AT, _ger._ to find fault with, XIII. 68.

PISCYNE, _s._ fish-pool, X. 134.

PITOUS, _adj._ merciful, IV. 345; Pitouse, _fem._ piteous, V. 23.

PITTE, _s._ pit, well, VIII. 92.

PLAIN, _adj._ open, true, XIII. 39.

PLAT, _adv._ flatly, plainly, II. 12.

PLATE, _s._ coin, I. i. 7. 98.

PLAYING-FERE, _s._ playmate, II. 723.

PLAYN, _s._ plain, VIII. 44.

PLAYN, _adj._ flat, free from mountains, XVI. 750.

PLAYNE, _v._ complain, I. i. 3. 130; lament, IX. 71.

PLAYNING, _adj._ complaining, sad, XXI. 611.

PLAYNTE, _s._ complaint, VIII. 599.

PLAYTED, _adj._ pleated, involved, I. i. 8. 45.

PLEDOURS, _s._ pleaders, II. 802.

PLEE, _s._ plea, pleading, I. ii. 5. 22.

PLENTUOUSLY, _adv._ fully, I. iii. 5. 16.

PLESANDLY, _adv._ pleasantly, XVII. 427.

PLESAUNCE, _s._ pleasure, XVI. 382.

PLESYR, _s._ pleasure, XX. 113.

PLEYN, _1 pr. s. refl._ complain, XVI. 785; _pp._ XVIII. 73.

PLIGHT, _pp._ folded, XXIV. 1102.

PLITED, _pp._ folded, XXIV. 1440.

PLITES, _s. pl._ folds, I. iii. 9. 77.

PLOT, _s._ plot, bed (of flowers), XX. 499.

PLOW, _s._ plough, II. 1042.

PLUCKINGE, _s._ inducement, I. ii. 14. 78.

PLY, _s._ plight, XVII. 501. See note.

PLYTE, _s._ condition, state (lit. fold), I. ii. 1. 8; I. ii. 9. 103; IV.
318.

POESIES, _s. pl._ poems, songs, I. iii. 7. 57.

POESYE-MATER, _s._ composition, I. i. _pr._ 25.

POINTE; _in p. to_, ready to, I. i. 2. 70.

POKES, _s. pl._ pockets, II. 933.

POLEIST, _pp._ polished, XVII. 347.

POME, _s._ apple; _punical p._, Punic apple, i.e. pomegranate, X. 121.

POMELLES, _s. pl._ pommels, balls, XXI. 479.

POPINJAY, _s._ parrot, X. 81; XXIV. 1366.

PORT, _s._ demeanour, I. i. 5. 73; VIII. 409; XXI. 137.

PORTRED, _pp._ pourtrayed, II. 135.

POSSED, _pp._ pushed about, VIII. 236.

POST, _s._ support, XXIV. 1189.

POSTERIORITE, _s._ being behind, I. iii. 4. 166.

POTHECAIRIS, _s. pl._ apothecaries, XVII. 248.

POVERT, _s._ poverty, II. 430.

POVRE, _adj._ poor, VII. 89; XXI. 62.

POWDERING, _s._ sprinkling (with bright ornaments), XXI. 530.

POYNTE; _in p. to_, ready to, I. i. _pr._ 126; _pl._ (_perhaps_) stakes,
XVI. 524. See note, p. 519.

PRAKTIK, _s._ practice, XVII. 269.

PRANG, _s._ pang, XXIV. 1150.

PRAUNCE, _v._ prance about, I. ii. 6. 84.

PRAY, _s._ prey, II. 355.

PRAYS, _ger._ to praise, to be worthy of praise, XVI. 631.

PRECELLING, _pres. pt._ excelling, XVII. 446.

PREEF, _s._ proof, I. ii. 13. 103; Prefe, XVI. 577.

PREES, _s._ press, throng, crowd, XX. 592; XXI. 429; _putten me in p._,
force me, I. i. _pr._ 96.

PREGNANT, _adj._ pregnant, full, comprehensive, XVII. 270.

PREIF, _imp. pl._ prove, make trial, XVII. 565.

PREJUDYCE, _s._ harm, XVI. 229.

PRENE, _s._ brooch, XVII. 423.

PREROGATYF, _s._ prerogative, first claim, X. 74.

PREST, _adj._ ready, II. 745.

PRETENDE, _pr. pl._ tend to advance, I. i. 1. 110.

PRETERIT, _adj._ preterite, gone by, I. iii. 4. 56.

PRETILY, _adv._ prettily, XX. 89.

PRETY, _adj._ pretty, XXIV. 1088.

PREVAYL, _v._ benefit, be of service to, help, XVI. 519.

PREVE, _s._ proof, XVI. 751.

PREVEN, _ger._ to prove, to test, I. i. 5. 15; _v._ V. 55; _pr. s._ XVI.
350; _pp._ XVI. 586.

PREVY NOR APERT, i.e. in no respect, XVI. 174.

PRICKE, _s._ dot, point, I. i. 8. 95; moment, I. i. 8. 128.

PRIME FACE, first look; _at the p. f._, prim[=a] facie, I. i. 6. 57.

PRINCIPALITE, _s._ rule, I. i. 9. 47; -alte, dominion, I. ii. 3. 12.

PRINT, _s._ impression, XVI. 477.

PRINTED, _pp._ imprinted, I. ii. 12. 106.

PRISE, _s._ prize, I. i. 7. 22.

PRISONMENT, _s._ imprisonment, I. ii. 11. 54.

PROBATYK, _adj._ sheep-cleansing, X. 134. See note, p. 513.

PROCESSE, _s._ work, business, XVI. 15.

PROCURATOUR, _s._ proctor, II. 733.

PROCUREN, _pr. pl._ procure, suborn, V. 95. (Accented on the _o_.)

PROFESSE, _s._ the professed member of a religious order, I. iii. 1. 130.

PROFESSED, _pp._ professed as members, III. 70; devoted, VIII. 296.

PROPER, _adj._ own, I. i. 10. 112; Propre, peculiar, I. ii. 6. 135.

PROPER, _s._ personal property, III. 190.

PROPINQUITE, _s._ nearness of kin, I. ii. 2. 101.

PROPORCIONS, _s. pl._ suppositions, I. iii. 3. 19. (_Probably for_
propositions.)

PROPYNE, _imp. s._ give to drink, afford, X. 52.

PROTECTRICE, _s._ protectrix, X. 57.

PROVE, _s._ proof, I. iii. 4. 73.

PROVED, _pp._ approved, VIII. 161.

PROVENDRE, _s._ prebend, I. ii. 2. 50.

PROYNED, _pt. pl._ preened, trimmed, XVIII. 76.

PRUNITH, _pr. s. refl._ preens himself, trims himself, XXIV. 607.

PRYDED, _pp._ made proud, IV. 257.

PRYEN, _v._ pry (about), XX. 68.

PRYMEROSE, _s._ primrose, XXIV. 1437.

PRYSE, _s._ value, X. 11; Prys, glory, V. 308.

PSAUTER, _s._ psalter, I. ii. 14. 85.

PUCELLE, _s._ maiden, X. 54.

PUISSANCE, _s._ power, XII. 3.

PULCRITUDE, _s._ beauty, XXIV. 613.

PULL, _ger._ to pluck, tear, II. 1329.

PUNGITIVE, _adj._ pungent, i.e. ready to sting, XVII. 229.

PUNICAL, _adj._ Punic, X. 121. See Pome.

PUNISSHEMENT, _s._ punishment, V. 467; _pl._ II. 520.

PURCHACE, _s._ earning (it), obtaining (it), XVI. 322; Purchas, bargain,
XVI. 74; purchase, XXVIII. 3.

PURCHACE, _imp. s._ purchase, procure, obtain, IV. 124; _1 pr. s. subj._
XVI. 371.

PURFELING, _s._ edging, ornamenting an edge, XXI. 527.

PURFYL, _s._ edge (of her sleeve), XXI. 87, 524; _pl._ XX. 146.

PURFYLED, _pp._ ornamented at the edge, XX. 328.

PURGACIOUN, _s._ purgation, a clearing of a false charge, II. 342.

PURPOSE, _pr. s. subj._ intend, V. 372.

PURSE, _ger._ to put in their purse, II. 178.

PURSEVAUNTES, _s. pl._ pursuivants, XX. 232.

PURTREYTURE, _s._ drawing, I. i. _pr._ 17; _pl._ I. ii. 13. 76.

PURVEY, _ger._ to provide, XX. 429; _v._ XXIV. 1396; _pp._ I. ii. 14. 9;
XVI. 219; destined, I. i. 1. 46.

PURVEYAUNCE, _s._ providence, disposal, I. i. 3. 130; IV. 21; VIII. 303;
IX. 68; provision, XVI. 165.

PURVEYOUR, _s._ purveyor, XXI. 266.

PUTRYE, _s._ whoredom, II. 287.

PUTTOCKES, _s. pl._ kites, II. 1338. (Lit. poult(ry)-hawks.)

PYE, _s._ magpie, II. 1334; XXIV. 1421.

PYKES, _s. pl._ peaks, II. 930.

PYLES, _s. pl._ piles, strong stakes, I. ii. 5. 116.

PYMENT, _s._ piment, wine mixed with honey and spices, II. 432.

PYNANDE, _pres. pt._ wearisome, I. i. 6. 77; Pynd, _pp._ pined, tortured,
II. 481.

PYNE, _s._ pain, XVIII. 245; punishment, V. 399.

PYNE, _s._ pine, VIII. 65; -tree, X. 44.

PYPE, _v._ pipe, whistle, I. iii. 7. 50.



QUAIR, _s._ book (lit. quire), XVII. 40; Quayre, VIII. 674.

QUAKE, _v._ quake, VIII. 181.

QUARELE, _s._ complaint, IV. 242.

QUARTERS, _s. pl._ quarters (measures so called), I. iii. 5. 120.

QUAYNTLY, _adv._ curiously, II. 186.

QUEME, _s._; _to qu._, to your pleasure, VII. 30.

QUEME, _v._ please, V. 39.

QUERE, _s._ choir, XXIV. 1417.

QUEYNT, _pp._ quenched, I. ii. 2. 33; II. 40; Queint, XXIV. 457.

QUEYNTE, _adj._ curious, XVIII. 182; particular, II. 1013; Queinte, pretty,
XIII. 8.

QUEYNTYSE, _s._ finery, ornaments, II. 627; Queyntyses, contrivances, I. i.
7. 40.

QUHAIR, _adv._ where, XVII. 34.

QUHAIS, _pron._ whose, of which, XVII. 146.

QUHEN, _adv._ when, XVII. 5.

QUHETTING, _pres. pt._ whetting, XVII. 193.

QUHILK, _pron._ which, XVII. 33.

QUHILL, _adv._ until, XVII. 48, 482.

QUHISLING, _pres. pt._ whistling, XVII. 20.

QUHYL, _adv._ sometimes, XVII. 49.

QUHYTLY, _adj._ whitish, XVII. 214.

QUIK, _adj._ alive, IX. 256; Quicke, living, III. 71.

QUYTE, _v._ requite, VIII. 401; repay, IV. 279; _ger._ to requite, XV. _c._
3; to redeem, IX. 230; Quitte, _pt. s._ requited, V. 304; _pt. pl._ V. 263.

QUYTINGE, _s._ requital, I. iii. 7. 125, 142.



RACE, _pr. s. subj._ pluck, XXIV. 868.

RADDEST, _2 pt. s._ readest, hast thou read, I. i. 5. 6; Rad, _pp._ read,
I. i. 2. 91; I. ii. 1. 101; XXI. 473.

RAGE, _adj._ raging, VII. 143.

RAKET, _s._ the game of rackets, I. i. 2. 166.

RAMAGE, _adj._ wild, I. i. 3. 49.

RANCOUR, _s._ hatred, I. ii. 1. 63; _pl._ heartburnings, I. ii. 6. 32.

RANK, _adj._ rank, overgrown, II. 407.

RASOURS, _s. pl._ razors, XIV. 24.

RATHE, _adv._ soon, I. ii. 8. 9; _to r._, too soon, I. ii. 3. 50; Rather,
_comp._ XVIII. 104; Rathest, _superl._ I. i. 5. 30.

RAUGHTE, _1 pt. s._ reached down, VIII. 111.

RAUNSOUN, _s._ ransom, XX. 255.

RAVE, _ger._ to rave, be mad, XVI. 283.

RAVEYNOUS, _adj._ ravenous, I. ii. 2. 90.

RAVINOUR, _s._ gluttonous destroyer, II. 735; Ravinere, spoiler, II. 1318.

RAVINS, _s. pl._ ravens, II. 1334.

RAVISSHED, _pp._ torn away, I. ii. 7. 4.

RAWK, _adj._ hoarse, XVII. 445. Lat. _raucus_.

RAYED, _pp._ arrayed, XXIV. 819.

RAYLE, _s._ rail, bar, XXI. 42. See note.

REALMES, _s. pl._ kingdoms, I. ii. 7. 23, 33.

REBEL, _adj._ rebellious, XVI. 656.

RECCHE, _v._ reck, care, I. iii. 2. 68; III. 332; _pr. s. subj._ I. ii. 7.
63; _pr. s._ I. iii. 6. 118.

RECEYT, _s._ receipt, receiving, XVI. 553.

RECHACE, _s._ ransom, XVI. 324. (An erroneous form, meant to answer to F.
_rachat_; see note.)

RECHELESS, _adj._ reckless, V. 149.

RECLAYMED, _pp._ reclaimed (as a hawk), XVI. 634.

RECOMFORTE, _ger._ to comfort anew, VIII. 8.

RECORDE, _s._ example, VIII. 330.

RECOVER, _s._ recovery, I. i. 1. 45; Recour, I. i. 4. 14; Recure, XVII.
335; remedy, VIII. 681.

RECURED, _pp._ recovered, VIII. 651.

REDBREST, _s._ redbreast, IX. 58.

REDE, _s._ advice, II. 739.

REDE, _1 pr. s._ advise, VII. 77; XXI. 215; Red, _pp._ read, II. 400.

REDRESSE, _s._ redresser, XXIV. 591.

REED, _adj._ red, I. i. 4. 31.

REFRAYNE, _v._ restrain, XVI. 219; hold back, VIII. 341.

REFRESSHMENTS, _s. pl._ aids, I. iii. 7. 31.

REFRETE, _s._ burden (of a song), I. iii. 1. 156. See Halliwell.

REFUSE, _s._ denial, rejection, XVI. 506, 755; Refus, Denial, XVI. 817.

REFUT, _s._ refuge, XI. 89; shelter, XVI. 845; XXIV. 884.

REGALL, _adj. as s._ chief, II. 202.

REGALYE, _s._ sovereignty, royalty, IX. 121; royal rank, IV. 9.

REGESTER, _imp. s._ register, note, XXIV. 464.

REGNES, _s. pl._ kingdoms, IV. 261.

REGRAIT, _s._ complaint, XVII. 397.

REGULER, _s._ full member of a religious order, I. iii. 1. 131.

REHERSAYLE, _s._ rehearsal, I. iii. 6. 160.

REID, _adj._ red, XVII. 211.

REID, _s._ redness, XVII. 464.

REIGNATIF, _adj._ governing, I. ii. 2. 83. A coined word.

REJOICE, _ger._ to enjoy, XVI. 680; _pp._ gained, XVI. 794.

REJOYSE, _s._ joy, enjoyment, XXIV. 666.

REKES, _s. pl._ ricks, I. i. _pr._ 100.

RELEES, _s._ release, VIII. 332; Reles, VIII. 20.

RELESSE, _v._ relax, XXIV. 1014.

RELIEF, _s._ remnant, remnants, orts, I. i. _pr._ 109. F. _relief_.

RELIGIOSITEE, _s._ religiousness, piety, XXIV. 686.

RELIGIOUN, _s._ a life as of one of a religious order, II. 1041; XXIV.
1101.

RELYED, _pt. s._ united, I. ii. 6. 39.

REMEDYE, _s._ Remedy (of Love), V. 204.

REMEID, _s._ remedy, XVII. 33.

REMEID, _v._ remedy, cure, XVII. 473.

REMENANT, _s._ rest, V. 163.

REMES, _s. pl._ realms, V. 333; X. 117.

REMEWE, _v._ move away, change, XVI. 641; _ger._ to remove, XII. 122;
Remuf, XVII. 21.

REMISSAILES, _s. pl._ left fragments, scraps, leavings, I. i. _pr._ 108.

RENEGATES, _s. pl._ recreants, renegades, I. ii. 3. 101.

RENEY, _ger._ to deny, renounce, XXIV. 874.

RENNE, _ger._ to run, I. i. 1. 107; _pr. pl._ X. 64; _pres. pt._ running,
variable, VIII. 458.

RENOME, _s._ renown, fame, I. ii. 4. 21; XI. 93.

RENOMMED, _pp._ renowned, XVI. 756.

RENOVEL, _ger._ to spring anew, I. ii. 9. 133.

RENT, _s._ income, II. 281.

RENTER, _s._ landlord, I. i. 7. 110.

RENTEST, _2 pt. s._ didst rend, I. i. 8. 40.

RENYANT, _s._ renegade, I. i. 3. 118.

REPARATRYCE, _s._ restorer, V. 403.

REPELE, _v._ recall, repeal, XVI. 649.

REPENT, _s._ repentance, XXIV. 667.

REPENTAUNT, _adj._ repentant, I. ii. 10. 49.

REPLY, _ger._ to turn back, recall, unsay, I. i. 6. 181.

REPREEF, _s._ reproof, V. 71; XVIII. 174.

REPRENDE, _v._ reprehend, II. 610.

REPRESENTATIVE, _adj._ capable of representing, I. ii. 13. 40.

REPREVABLE, _adj._ reprehensible, V. 319; XVI. 512.

REPUDY, _s._ divorce, XVII. 74.

REPUGNAUNCE, _s._ opposition, contrariety, I. iii. 3. 49.

REPUGNAUNT, _adj._ opposite, contrary, I. iii. 3. 32.

REPUGNETH, _pr. s._ opposes, I. iii. 2 158.

REQUESTE, _s._ request (trisyllabic), IV. 27 (not _request_, as in the
text); _withoute r._, unintentionally, XVI. 122.

RESCEYT, _s._ receptacle, VIII. 226.

RESCOWE, _ger._ to rescue, XVIII. 228; _v._ XVI. 91; _pp._ I. i. 3. 55.

RESONABLES, _s. pl._ reasonable beings, I. ii. 10. 12.

RESONABLICH, _adj._ reasonable, I. ii. 10. 25.

RESONFULLY, _adv._ reasonably, I. iii. 1. 136.

RESORT, _s._ place of resort, XXII. 29.

RESOWNING, _pres. pt._ resounding, sounding, IX. 167.

RESPIRETH, _pr. s._ breathes again, comes up to breathe, I. i. 5. 35.

RESPONSAILL, _s._ response, XVII. 127.

RESPYTE, _ger._ to respite, pardon, VIII. 403.

RESSOUN, _s._ reason; hence, sentence, declaration, XVII. 606.

RESTINGE-WHYLES, _s. pl._ times of rest, I. i. 9. 24.

RETHORICIEN, _s._ rhetorician, XXIX. 2.

RETHORIKE, _s._ rhetoric, I. i. 2. 133; I. iii. 1. 180; _r. wise_, manner
of rhetoric, I. ii. 2. 3.

RETHORY, _s._ rhetoric, XVII. 240.

RETOUR, _s._ return, X. 58; XVII. 51.

RETOUR, _v._ return, XVII. 464; Returnith, _pr. s._ sends back, XXIV. 1213.

REULE, _s._ rule, order, IV. 259; Reull, XVII. 233.

REVE, _v._ tear away, remove, I. ii. 4. 102; _2 pr. s._ XXIV. 1134.

REVERS, _adj._ reverse, XXIV. 96; opposite, I. iii. 4. 83, 84.

REVERS, _s._ reverse, opposite, contrary, XII. 132; XXIV. 1190.

REVERSEST, _pr. s._ goest in the opposite direction, I. iii. 4. 86.

REVERSINGE, _s._ retrogradation, I. iii. 4. 90.

REVOLVEN, _v._ turn round, exercise, I. i. 7. 72.

REVOLVING, _s._ revolution, I. ii. 9. 158.

REWARDE, _v._ reward, III. 151.

REWETH, _imp. pl._ have mercy, XI. 62.

REYNE, _s._ reign, VIII. 510.

REYNINGE, _pres. pt._ raining, I. i. 2. 46.

REYVE, _v._ reave, take away, XXIV. 193; bereave, XXIV. 331; _ger._ to rob,
XXIV. 543.

RIBAUD, _adj._ ribald, XXIV. 479.

RICHEN, _v._ enrich, II. 738.

RIGHT, _s._ justice, XVI. 483.

RIGHTFUL, _adj._ just, I. iii. 3. 66.

RIGHTWYSE, _adj._ righteous, II. 361.

RIGHTWYSED, _pp._ justified, I. i. 8. 35.

RIGHTWYSENESSE, _s._ righteous dealing, I. iii. 2. 28.

RIGHTWYSLY, _adv._ justly, XVI. 371.

RIN, _v._ run; _can rin_, ran, did run, XVII. 158.

RINDE, _s._ bark, VIII. 64.

RINGAND, _pres. pt._ ringing, XVII. 144.

RINKIS, _s. pl._ men, people, XVII. 432.

RINNING, _pres. pt. as adj._ running, talkative, XXIV. 737.

ROBBERYE, _s._ robbery, II. 190.

ROBIN REDEBREST, XXIV. 1380.

RODE, _s._ road, common use, V. 102.

RODE, _s._ rood, cross, II. 256, 1294.

RODY, _adj._ ruddy, X. 50; XXIV. 1203.

ROIS, _s._ rose, XVII. 211.

ROISING, _pres. pt._ growing rosy, roseate, XVII. 464.

ROKES, _s. pl._ rooks, II. 1334.

ROKKETH, _pr. s._ rocks; _but prob. an error for_ Rouketh, i.e. cowers,
XXIV. 1255.

ROMEN, _v._ roam, XXIV. 651.

RON, _pt. s._ ran, XVIII. 82; Ronne, _pp._ run, I. i. 6. 70; run (its full
course), IV. 296.

RONG, _pt. s._ rang, VIII. 45; XX. 100.

RORE, _s._ tumult, I. i. 6. 150.

ROSE-FLOUR, _s._ rose, II. 752.

ROSEN, _adj._ rosy, VIII. 656.

ROSETH, _pr. s._ grows rosy, grows red, revives, XXII. 59. See note.

ROSIER, _s._ rose-bush, X. 50.

ROTE, _s._ rote, XVIII. 71. See note.

ROUGHT, _pt. s. refl._ recked, I. i. 5. 61.

ROUM, _s._ room, space, XXI. 552.

ROUNDE, _ger._ to cut all round, XIII. 84.

ROUNDEL, _s._ roundel, XI. 40; XX. 176.

ROUSTY, _adj._ rusty, XVII. 187.

ROUT, _s._ great company, XX. 196.

ROWE BY ROWE, in rows, I. i. 9. 70.

ROWES, _s. pl._ beams, VIII. 596.

ROWNE, _ger._ to whisper, XIII. 67.

ROWNING, _s._ whispering, I. i. 5. 89.

ROWTE, _s._ company, XXIV. 70.

RUBIFYED, _pp._ reddened, X. 85.

RUIK, _s._ rook (bird), XVII. 445.

RUSE, _v._ praise, XVII. 573.

RUSSET, _adj._ russet-brown, XXIV. 255.

RYALL, _adj._ royal, XXIV. 306.

RYALLY, _adv._ royally, XXIV. 71, 1350.

RYALTEE, _s._ royalty, XXIV. 126.

RYATOURS, _s. pl._ rioters, riotous persons, II. 281.

RYDER, _s._ rider (on horseback), I. ii. 1. 62.

RYME, _v._ rime, I. ii. 2. 74 (see the note, p. 466); write verses, IX.
101.

RYPING, _adj._ ripening, VII. 153.

RYVE, _v._ be rent, VIII. 576.

RYVE, _ger._ to arrive (at), X. 27.



SA, _adv._ so, XVII. 3.

SACRAMENT, _s._ oath, I. i. 6. 165.

SAD, _adj._ settled, constant, steadfast, firm, XI. 107; XVII. 567; XXIV.
45.

SADLY, _adv._ staidly, in a staid manner, XX. 159; firmly, I. i. 1. 79;
permanently, XXIV. 877.

SAFE-CONDUCTE, _s._ safe conduct, I. iii. 1. 122.

SAIPHERON, _adj._ made with saffron, XVII. 421.

SAIT, _s._ seat, XVII. 331.

SALS, _s._ sauce, XVII. 421.

SALUED, _1 pt. s._ saluted, I. i. 2. 25; XX. 460; _1 pt. pl._ XXI. 442.

SALVE, _s._ salve, healing, medicament, IV. 122.

SAMIN, _adv._ same, XVII. 58, 484.

_Sans ose ieo dyre_, without saying 'may I dare to mention it,' II. 955.

SAPHYRE, _s._ sapphire, X. 92; XX. 224; _pl._ XXI. 480.

SAPIENCE, _s._ wisdom, VII. 50; XIX. 19; XXII. 66; XXIII. 1.

SARAZINS, _s. pl._ Saracens, I. ii. 3. 100; IV. 250.

SAT, _pt. s._ affected, pressed upon, XXI. 663.

SAUF, _prep._ save, except, XXI. 507.

SAUF, _adj._ safe, IV. 158; Save, _pl._ IV. 291.

SAUNZ, _prep._ without, XXIV. 117.

SAUTES, _s. pl._ assaults, VIII. 418.

SAUTRY, _s._ psaltery, XX. 337.

SAVOUR, _s._ understanding, I. iii. 4. 79.

SAWE, _s._ saying, command, II. 359; teaching, II. 641; sayings, XXVIII. 1.

SAWIN, _pp._ sown, XVII. 137.

SCAPLERYE, _s._ scapulary, III. 50.

SCHREWIS, _s. pl._ wicked persons, XXVI. 8.

SCLAUNDER, _pr. pl._ slander, III. 198; _2 pr. s._ III. 153.

SCOCHONES, _s. pl._ escutcheons, XX. 216, 223, 237.

SCOLE-MAISTER, _s._ schoolmaster, oddly used to mean mistress, XVI. 137.

SCOLERS, _s. pl._ scholars, schoolboys, V. 211.

SCOLES, _s. pl._ schools, XVI. 329.

SCORGES, _s. pl._ scourges, I. iii. 9. 69.

SCOURGE, _ger._ to scourge, I. ii. 11. 94; Scorged, _pp._ I. iii. 9. 74.

SCRIBABLE, _adj._ fit to write on, XIV. 44.

SCRIPPE, _s._ scrip, II. 13.

SCRIPTURE, _s._ writing, I. i. 6. 195.

SCRIVEYN, _s._ scrivener, scribe, XIV. 47.

SECHERS, _s. pl._ seekers, I. i. _pr._ 117.

SECHETH, _imp. pl._ seek, XVI. 518.

SECREE, _adj._ secret, IX. 195.

SECTE, _s._ order, III. 38, 58, 106; sex, I. ii. 2. 139.

SEE, _s._ seat, II. 113.

SEEMELY, _adj._ handsome, XX. 240.

SEEMLIHEED, _s._ seemly behaviour, XVIII. 157.

SEER, _adj._ sere, withered, I. ii. 11. 105; I. iii. 7. 22.

SEE-SYDES, _s. pl._ coasts, I. iii. 1. 45.

SEET, _pt. s._ sat, II. 464.

SEETH, _imp. pl._ see, VII. 158.

SEE-WARD, sea-ward, I. iii. 5. 78.

SEID, _s._ seed, XVII. 137, 139.

SEINT, _s._ girdle, XXIV. 817.

SEKE, _adj. pl._ sick, XVI. 53; XVIII. 7; XXIV. 948.

SEKE, _ger._ to seek, to learn, XX. 234 (cf. 229).

SEKER, _adv._ surely, II. 625.

SELE, _s._ seal, III. 260; _pl._ II. 328.

SELF, _adj._ same, XVII. 552.

SELINESS, _s._ happiness, I. i. 10. 79; I. ii. 4. 6.

SELY, _adj._ happy, I. ii. 10. 108; simple, IX. 57; innocent, II. 695,
1312.

SEMBLABLE, _adj._ like, I. i. 9. 37; similar, V. 390.

SEMBLAUNT, _s._ notice, appearance of taking notice, XVI. 107; glance, I.
ii. 12. 3; mien, XVI. 293; method, I. i. 4. 13.

SEMELICH, _adj._ seemly, pleasing, I. i. _pr._ 11.

SEMES, _s. pl._ seams, XX. 142.

SEN, _conj._ since, XVII. 288.

SEND, _pp._ sent, II. 546.

SENE, _adj._ visible, VIII. 437; XVII. 353; XVIII. 65; obvious, I. ii. 6.
156.

SENE, _ger._ to behold, XX. 157.

SENGED, _pp._ singed, II. 19.

SENGLE, _adj._ single, XIII. 89.

SENTEMENT, _s._ feeling, VIII. 197.

SENTENCE, _s._ meaning, I. i. _pr._ 9, 12.

SEPULTURE, _s._ sepulchre, XXIV. 699.

SEQUELE, _s._ following, X. 59.

SERE, _adj._ sear, withered, dead (?), I. i. 4. 23. Cf. '_derke_ opinions.'
Or _sere_ may mean 'several, particular.'

SERMENT, _s._ oath, I. i. 7. 52.

SERPENTYNES, _adj. pl._ winding, tortuous, I. i. 7. 40.

SERVAUNT, _s._ lover, XVI. 321.

SERVEN, _error for_ Serve, _2 pr. s. subj._ serve, XXIV. 290.

SESSOUN, _s._ seasoning, XVII. 421.

SET BY, _pp._ esteemed, XVI. 420.

SETE, _s._ seat, I. ii. 10. 126.

SETE, _pp._ sat, XX. 436.

SETLING, _s._ sapling, shoot, I. iii. 5. 23; I. iii. 6. 12.

SETTE, _v._ (_perhaps_) lay down (a stake), XVI. 524 (see note); _1 pr. s._
suppose, I. i. 9. 64; _pr. pl._ lay stakes (upon), run risk (upon), XIII.
77.

SEW, SEWE, _ger._ to follow up, pursue, XXI. 117; to sue, XXI. 420; _v._
sue, XXI. 594; pursue, XVI. 541; _1 pr. s._ follow, pursue, XVI. 227; _pr.
pl._ follow, II. 608, 776; go, II. 928; sue, XXIV. 265; _imp. s._ sue, XXI.
332.

SEWE, _pp._ sown, II. 55.

SEWE, _error for_ Shewe, _ger._ to shew, II. 929.

SEY, _s._ sea, XVII. 217.

SEY, _1 pt. s._ saw, XXIV. 693; Seye, _pp._ seen, I. ii. 12. 13.

SHAD, _pp._ shed, IV. 105.

SHADDOW, _s._ reflexion, image, XVII. 347.

SHADOWE, _v._ shelter, II. 587.

SHAKE, _ger._ to be shaken down, VIII. 63.

SHALL, _1 pr. s._ owe, XXIV. 131.

SHAPEN, _pp._ shaped, XX. 64; Shape, II. 926; _imp. pl._ endeavour, VII.
40.

SHARE, _s._ plough-share, II. 7.

SHEDE, _v._ part, II. 275.

SHEDE, _ger._ to shed, VIII. 3; _v._ part, II. 275; _pp._ dispersed, XVII.
18; poured out, I. ii. 2. 27.

SHEDINGE, _s._ that which is shed or dropped, I. i. _pr._ 112.

SHEEF, _s._ sheaf, XXI. 3.

SHEL, _s._ shell, I. i. 3. 78.

SHENDE, _ger._ to disgrace, I. i. 2. 122; I. iii. 9. 56; to harm, I. ii. 9.
57; to reprove, II. 485; _v._ disgrace, IX. 90; destroy, I. ii. 1. 19; _pr.
s._ disgraces, I. ii. 2. 47; _pr. s. subj._ spoil, V. 132; _pr. pl. subj._
may (they) disgrace, XVI. 370; Shent, _pp._ reproached, II. 24; scolded,
XVI. 766; exhausted, XX. 360; ill-treated, II. 259; disgraced, I. ii. 3.
77.

SHENE, _adj._ showy, fair, XVII. 419; bright, VIII. 3; XX. 34.

SHENE, _ger._ to shine, XXIV. 81. Misused for _shine_.

SHEPY, _adj._ sheepish, I. i. 6. 161.

SHERES, _s. pl._ shears, XIII. 84; XIV. 24.

SHERTE, _s._ shirt, VIII. 489.

SHETETH, _pr. s._ shoots, VIII. 462.

SHETH, _s._ sheath, II. 571.

SHETINGE, _s._ shooting, VIII. 466.

SHEW, _1 pr. s._ shew, XVII. 287.

SHILDE, _pr. s. subj._ shield, XVIII. 259.

SHILL, _adv._ shrilly, XVII. 20.

SHIPCRAFT, _s._ use of a ship, I. i. 3. 46.

SHIR, _s._ sir, XVII. 296.

SHIT, _pp._ shut, XVI. 671; XXIV. 792.

SHIVER, _v._ break, be shattered, VIII. 46.

SHO, _pron._ she, XVII. 142.

SHOCKES, _s. pl._ shocks of corn, I. i. _pr._ 105.

SHON, _ger._ to shun, XXIV. 381; _pp._ avoided, I. iii. 4. 38.

SHOON, _s. pl._ shoes, II. 930.

SHOOP, _pt. s._ endeavoured, I. i. 6. 148; Shopen, _pt. pl._ appointed,
made, I. i. 6. 77; decreed, VIII. 489.

SHORERS, _s._ posts to shore a thing up, props, I. ii. 7. 87.

SHOT, _s._ glance, XVI. 145. (F. _trait_.)

SHOVE, _imp. pl._ push, VI. 36.

SHREUDNES, _s._ wickedness, I. ii. 6. 14.

SHREWE, 1 PR. S. curse, XVIII. 250.

SHRIFTE-FATHERS, _s. pl._ confessors, III. 118.

SHROUDE, _v. refl._ (to) shelter themselves, XIII. 72; _ger._ to cover,
hide, VIII. 147.

SHRYFT-SILVER, _s._ money for shriving, II. 941.

SHRYKED, _pt. s._ shrieked, XXIV. 1149.

SHYNANDE, _pres. pt._ shining, I. ii. 2. 15; Shynende, I. i. 10. 39.

SHYRE, _s._ shire, II. 952.

SICAMOUR, _s._ sycamore, XX. 56

SIGHTFUL, _adj._ visible, I. iii. 9. 98.

SIKER, _adj._ secure, I. iii. 6. 3; sure, I. ii. 6. 62; IV. 319; XIX. 5.

SIKER, _adv._ certainly, II. 1268.

SIKERNESSE, _s._ security, VIII. 459; XIII. 6; XVI. 470.

SILDE, _adv._ seldom, I. ii. 10. 77.

SIMPLELY, _adv._ simply, XXI. 741.

SIMPLESSE, _s._ simplicity, XVI. 651.

SINGULER, _adj._ single, I. i. 8. 103.

SIT, _pr. s. impers._ suits, IV. 166; V. 339; befits, IV. 52; becomes,
VIII. 552. See SITTETH.

SITH, _s. pl._ times, XXIV. 621, 1127.

SITH, _conj._ since, III. 59; VII. 101; XIX. 2; Sithe, VIII. 323; Sithen,
I. i. 2. 13; XVIII. 278.

SITHEN, _adv._ since, ago, I. ii. 13. 34.

SITTETH, _pr. s._ suits, XVI. 706; _impers._ (it) oppresses, I. iii. 5. 81;
_pres. pt._ fitting, VIII. 169; XX. 141.

SKALL, _s._ sore place, scab, II. 282.

SKERE, _adj._ sheer, clean, pure, II. 987.

SKIL, _s._ reason, I. ii. 6. 121; Skille, VIII. 378; _pl._ I. i. 4. 7; I.
i. 9. 5.

SKILFULLY, _adv._ reasonably, III. 27.

SKIPPEN, _v._ skip, XXIV. 1372.

SKLAUNDRINGE, _pres. pt._ slandering, I. i. 7. 70.

SKLEREN, _pr. pl._ veil, I. ii. 14. 25.

SKOFFES, _s. pl._ scoffs, XXIV. 1185.

SKRIVENERE, _s._ scrivener, VIII. 194.

SLAKE, _adj._ slack, ended, XVI. 41.

SLAKE, _v._ pay slight heed to, XVI. 507; become slack, get loose, IV. 220.

SLEE, _v._ (to) slay, II. 567; XI. 21; _pr. s._ VIII. 385; Slawe, _pp._
slain, I. ii. 9. 196; II. 305; VIII. 259.

SLEIGH, _adj._ cunning, I. iii. 1. 141.

SLEIGHT, _s._ subtlety, V. 394; trick, XIV. 33.

SLEIGHTLY, _adj._ sly, VIII. 255.

SLENDRE, _adj._ thin, slim, V. 171.

SLEVELESSE, _adj._ sleeveless, vain, I. ii. 8. 77.

SLEVES, _s. pl._ sleeves, XX. 147; XXI. 119, 523.

SLIDDEN, _pp._ slid, slipped, I. i. 8. 114.

SLIPER, _adj._ slippery, XIII. 51; XVI. 262.

SLO, _v._ slay, XI. 36.

SLOGARD, _s._ sluggard, XII. 19.

SLOGARDRYE, _s._ sluggishness, VII. 76, 161.

SLOUTHE, _s._ sloth, VIII. 380.

SLOWE, _pt. s. subj._ should slay, IV. 132.

SLUTTE, _s._ slut, V. 237.

SLUTTISHNESS, _s._ slovenliness, XXIV. 472.

SLYE, _adj._ cunning, I. ii. 8. 7.

SMAL, _adj._ high, treble, XX. 180. See note, p. 532.

SMARAGDE, _s._ emerald, XXIV. 789.

SMERE, _pr. pl._ smear, II. 282; _pr. pl. (or v.)_, smear, II. 707.

SMERTETH, _pr. s._ causes to smart, XVI. 454; Smertande, _pres. pt._
smarting, I. ii. 3. 115; painful, I. ii. 10. 29.

SMYTETH, _pr. s._ defiles, I. ii. 6. 128.

SNAK, _s._ snack, share, V. 109.

SOBBINGES, _s. pl._ sobs, I. iii. 1. 156.

SOCOURES, _s. pl._ assistance, XVI. 847.

SODAINLY, _adv._ suddenly, XI. 21; XX. 79.

SODAYN, _adj._ sudden, I. iii. 5. 142.

SOFTE, _adj._ easy, III. 412.

SOGET, _s._ subject, XXIV. 1131; _adj._ XXIV. 93.

SOILL, _v._ absolve, III. 427.

SOJORN, _pr. s. subj._ dwell, XXIV. 499.

SOJOUR, _s._ abode, XXIV. 105.

SOJOURE, _v._ sojourn, XXIV. 1253.

SOJOURNANT, _s._ visitor, guest, II. 772.

SOJOURNE, _s._ residence, rest, XVI. 100.

SOLE, _adj._ alone, XX. 165.

SOLEYN, _adj._ sole, unsupported, I. iii. 1. 90.

SOMER-SONNE, _s._ summer-sun, IX. 113.

SOMER-WYSE, _adj._ suitable for summer, XXIV. 815.

SOMME, _s._ sum, II. 418.

SOMPNING, _s._ summoning, II. 880.

SOMPNOUR, _s._ summoner, II. 325.

SONDE, _s._ sending, ordinance, IV. 84.

SONE, _s._ son, V. 5.

SONGE, _pp._ sung, III. 95.

SONGEDEST, _2 pt. s._ didst dream, I. ii. 4. 100. F. _songer_.

SOOT, _s._ soot, I. ii. 9. 38.

SOOTE, _adj._ sweet, XXIV. 8.

SOP, _s._ sup, XVII. 407.

SORT, _s._ kind, set, XXI. 533; company, XXIV. 1157; multitude, XXII. 31;
_after a s._, after one pattern, XXI. 526.

SOT, _s._ foolish person, XX. 101.

SOTE, _s._ soot, I. ii. 14. 60.

SOTE, _adj._ sweet, I. ii. 14. 57; XX. 84.

SOTELL-PERSING, _adj._ subtly piercing, XXIV. 768.

SOTELTE, _s._ subtlety, XVI. 619.

SOTH, _s._ truth, II. 171.

SOTHED, _pp._ verified, I. i. 5. 110.

SOTILLY, _adv._ subtly, V. 255.

SOTILTEE, _s._ subtilty, V. 78.

SOTTED, _pp._ besotted, I. i. 10. 18; XVI. 326.

SOTTES, _s. pl._ dolts, I. iii. 7. 89.

SOUDED, _pp._ fixed, I. i. 1. 80.

SOUKE, _v._ suck, I. ii. 14. 53; I. iii. 1. 141.

SOUKINGES, _s. pl._ food for infants, I. i. 4. 27.

SOULED, _pp._ conferred on the soul, I. iii. 1. 15.

SOULE-HELE, _s._ health of the soul, salvation, II. 1193.

SOUN, _s._ sound, VIII. 200.

SOUNDE, _s._ swoon, XXIV. 995.

SOUNDE, _ger._ to heal, VIII. 292.

SOUPE, _v._ sup, II. 1096; _ger._ XX. 417.

SOUPLE, _adj._ supple, weak, II. 58.

SOUVERAIN, _s._ mistress, XXIV. 1288.

SOVENEZ, _s. pl._ remember-me's, plants of germander, XXI. 61, 86. See
note, p. 536.

SOVERAINNESSE, _s._ sovereignty, I. ii. 2. 85.

SOVERAYNE, _adj._ supreme, IX. 217.

SOVERAYNTEE, s. supremacy, I. ii. 6. 47; IX. 219.

SOWE, _pp._ sown, I. iii. 5. 32; V. 10.

SOWE, _ger._ to sew together, I. i. 8. 41.

SOWN, _v._ sound, be heard, XXIV. 312; _pr. pl._ tend, XXIV. 527; _pres.
pt._ tending, XVI. 530.

SOWNE, _s._ sound, voice, I. i. 1. 127; XVI. 123; _pl._ XX. 275.

SOWPIT, _pp._ drenched, XVII. 450. See note.

SOYLE, _ger._ to absolve, II. 986.

SOYR, _adj._ sorrel (in colour), reddish brown, XVII. 211.

SPAN, _s._ span (in length), XXIV. 182.

SPECES, _s. pl._ kinds, sorts, I. iii. 1. 52.

SPEDE, _v._ prosper, XXI. 226; expedite, II. 395; _pr. pl._ succeed, XXIV.
945; Sped, _pp._ provided with a mate, XXIV. 560.

SPEID, _s._ speed; _good sp._, quickly, eagerly, XVII. 492.

SPEIR, _s._ spear, XVII. 161.

SPEIRIS, _pr. s._ asks, XVII. 272.

SPERD, _pp._ fastened, shut up, XVI. 66.

SPERE, _s._ sphere, VIII. 34; X. 53.

SPERKELANDE, _pres. pt._ wandering in different directions, I. i. 2. 75.

SPILLE, _ger._ to destroy, I. i. _pr._ 127; I. ii. 14. 43; to perish, to
pine, I. i. 1. 7; _v._ perish, XVIII. 200; _pr. s._ spoils, XXIV. 385;
Spilte, _pp._ destroyed, I. i. 2. 86.

SPINNE, _ger._ to spin, XIV. 31.

SPIRE, _s._ blade, young shoot, I. iii. 5. 4, 9.

SPITTAIL-HOUS, _s._ hospital, XVII. 391.

SPLAYE, _ger._ to display, VIII. 33.

SPLENE, _s._ spleen, ill temper, XVI. 327.

SPONNE, _pp._ spun, IV. 299; VIII. 487.

SPONTANYE, _adj._ spontaneous, I. iii. 4. 33.

SPOUSAYLE, _s._ espousal, I. i. 9. 96; I. ii. 12. 27.

SPRAD, _pp._ spread, I. i. _pr._ 1; I. i. 3. 55.

SPREIT, _s._ spirit, XVII. 587; _pl._ XVII. 37.

SPRINGEN, _pr. s. subj._ (_for_ Springe), may spring, should spring
(abroad), XXIV. 725.

SPRINGES, _s. pl._ growths, growing things, shoots, I. iii. 6. 4; sources,
I. ii. 13. 59.

SPRINGING, _s._ dawning, XX. 25; XXI. 218.

SPRONGE, _pp._ sprinkled, I. i. 1. 100. (The right form is _spreyned_.)

SPRYT, _s._ spirit, II. 1182.

SPURNIS, _2 pr. s._ kickest, XVII. 475.

SPYCES, _s. pl._ species, sorts of people, I. ii. 3. 86.

SPYNE, _s._ thorn, X. 50.

SQUARE, _v._ to square, make square by cutting, XX. 404.

SQUEYMOUS, _adj._ squeamish, XXIV. 332.

STABELNESSE, _s._ stability, XIII. 38.

STABLISSHMENT, _s._ establishment, I. iii. 1. 132.

STAD, _pp._ bestead, beset, XI. 109; XVII. 542.

STAL, _pt. s._ stole, II. 618.

STALE, _adj._ late, II. 873.

STALKING, _pres. pt._ going stealthily, XXIV. 1030.

STALLE, _s._ stall, papal chair, IV. 483.

STALLE, _v._ install, VI. 32.

STAMPED, _pp._ stamped, pressed, I. iii. 5. 114.

STANCHE, _ger._ to quench, I. iii. 1. 152.

STANT, _pr. s._ stands, I. iii. 4. 15; IV. 6; is, XVI. 364.

STARKLY, _adv._ strongly, severely, XVII. 280.

STARNIS, _s. pl._ stars, XVII. 170.

STATLY, _adj._ stately, costly, XX. 153.

STATUT, _s._ statute, XXIV. 304.

STAUNCHING, _s._ staying, I. iii. 1. 50.

STAYRES, _s. pl._ stairs, XXI. 54.

STEDFASTNESSE, _s._ assurance, VIII. 425.

STEDSHIP, _s._ security, safety (?), I. i. 4. 40. A coined word.

STEERING, _s._ guidance, I. ii. 1. 9.

STEIR, _ger._ to govern, XVII. 149.

STEIR, _ger._ to stir, XVII. 352.

STELE, _s._ handle, V. 50.

STELTHE, _s._ stealth, subtle trick, V. 362.

STENT, _s._ rate; _at oo s._, at one rate, valued equally, XVI. 769.

STEPMODER, _s._ stepmother, I. iii. 9. 86.

STERE, _s._ rudder, IV. 230; VII. 138.

STERE, _ger._ to stir, move men to, IV. 71; I. i. 8. 1; _pp._ I. ii. 1.
111; displaced, I. i. 9. 10; _pres. pt._ moving, XX. 199; active, I. ii.
11. 1.

STERING, _pres. pt._ guiding, XXIV. 603.

STERING, _s._ stirring, I. i. 4. 67; movement, I. i. _pr._ 82; provocation,
XVIII. 23.

STERINGE, _s._ management, I. ii. 3. 107.

STERNE, _s._ rudder, I. i. 1. 35.

STERRE, _s._ star, X. 22, 23, 68; (of Bethlehem), I. ii. 1. 50.

STERRY, _adj._ starry, XX. 2.

STERTE, _pt. s._ started, leapt, I. iii. 7. 160; darted, XVII. 537; _1 pt.
s._ started, XVIII. 216.

STERVE, _ger._ to die, XVIII. 134; _v._ I. i. 3. 120; _1 pr. s._ IX. 97.

STEVIN, _s._ voice, XVII. 491.

STEYE, _ger._ to climb, I. i. 1. 45.

STEYERS, _s. pl._ stairs, I. i. 1. 44.

STIGH, _pt. s._ ascended, IV. 177.

STIK, _v._ stick, remain, XXIV. 675.

STINTE, _v._ leave off, I. i. 3. 88; _pr. s._ ceases, I. iii. 5. 74;
Stinten, _pr. pl._ (_error for_ Stinteth, _pr. s._ ceases), I. ii. 9. 172;
_pt. s._ ceased, I. ii. 3. 1; _pt. s. subj._ were to leave off, I. iii. 7.
104; _pp._ stopped, VIII. 256.

STIRPE, _s._ stock, race, XXIV. 16.

STOCKE, _s._ trunk, stem, I. iii. 7. 12; idol, II. 893; _pl._ the stocks,
I. i. 3. 144.

STONDMELE, _adv._ at various times, I. ii. 9. 156.

STOON, _s._ stone (but here used with reference to the magnet), XIII. 62.

STORIED, _pp._ full of stories, representing various stories, I. ii. 13.
76.

STORIERS, _s. pl. gen._ of story-tellers, I. iii. 4. 257. (Th.
_starieres_.)

STORIES, _s. pl._ histories, XIII. 87.

STOUNDE, _s._ time, IX. 64; XVIII. 6; meanwhile, XXIV. 769; sudden pain,
XVII. 537; _pl._ times, hours, I. i. 1. 2; _pl._ acute pains, XVII. 542.

STOUNDEMELE, _adv._ sometimes, now and then, I. ii. 13. 105; I. iii. 3.
108.

STOUT, _adj._ proud, II. 699.

STRAIT, _adj._ strict, XVI. 28; narrow, XXI. 47.

STRAUNGE, _adj._ distant in manner, XXIV. 834; _as s._ a stranger, I. i. 1.
17.

STRAYNE, _v._ constrain, I. ii. 14. 72.

STRAYT, _adj._ strict, XVI. 550; close, XVI. 563; vexatious, I. ii. 5. 48.

STRECCHEN, _v._ extend, last, suffice, I. ii. 5. 22.

STREMES, _s. pl._ glances, beams, XXIV. 768; glances, XXIV. 849; rays,
VIII. 3, 592; X. 22; XXII. 30.

STREMING, _pres. pt._ beaming, X. 68.

STRENE, _s._ race, kindred, strain, stock, XXIV. 370.

STRENGTHETH, _pr. s._ strengthens, I. iii. 8. 64.

STRENGTHINGE, _s._ strengthening, I. ii. 4. 145.

STREYGHT, _pt. s._ stretched, I. ii. 14. 99.

STRO, _s._ straw, XVII. 439.

STROY, _ger._ to destroy, XVI. 304.

STUDIENT, _adj._ studious, I. iii. 6. 137.

STULTY, _adj._ foolish, I. ii. 3. 106.

STURDILY, _adv._ strongly, XX. 362.

STURTE, _pr. pl._ start up, II. 868.

STYLE, _s._ style, VIII. 177.

STYRED, _1 pt. s._ stirred, I. ii. 14. 79.

STYROPPES, _s._ stirrups, II. 187.

SUBGET, _s._ subject, II. 1222.

SUBMIT, _pp._ submitted, XVI. 234.

SUBSTANCIAL, _adj._ that which is substance, I. ii. 7. 144.

SUERLY, _adv._ surely, verily, XXI. 318.

SUFFISAUNCE, _s._ sufficiency, XI. 23; what suffices (me), XXII. 13.

SUFFRAUNCE, sufferance, XVI. 545; patience, II. 518.

SUGER-DROPES, _s. pl._ sweet drops, XXIV. 22.

SUGETS, _s. pl._ subjects, V. 7.

SUGRE, _s._ sugar, XXIV. 542.

SUGRED, _adj._ sugared, sweet, I. i. 4. 34; XII. 100; XIV. 26.

SULD, _pt. s._ should, XXVII. 3.

SUPERSCRIPTIOUN, _s._ title, description, XVII. 604.

SUPPLE-WERCHINGE, _adj._ pliant, I. iii. 7. 103.

SUPPORTACIOUN, _s._ support, XVI. 841.

SUPPOSAILE, _s._ expectation, I. iii. 3. 129.

SUPPRYSE, _v._ undertake, IX. 232.

SURCOTES, _s. pl._ surcoats, XX. 141, 327.

SURFETTES, _s. pl._ surfeits, I. ii. 14. 58.

SURPLICE, _s._ surplice, I. ii. 2. 65.

SURQUEDRY, _s._ arrogance, I. iii. 2. 60; VIII. 430.

SURSANURE, _s._ a wound that only heals outwardly, IX. 75.

SUSPENT, _pp._ suspended, II. 283.

SUSPIRIES, _s. pl._ sighs, XIX. 25.

SUSTENE, _v._ sustain, endure, bear up, XX. 291; _pr. s._ maintains, V.
161.

SUSTENOUR, _s._ sustainer, VI. 12.

SUSTERN, _s. pl._ sisters, I. iii. 1. 93; Sustren, VIII. 488; Susters,
XXIV. 1171.

SUTE, _s._ suit, XVI. 538; livery, XX. 227, 238, 335; set, row, VIII. 82.

SWAK, _v._ throw; _can swak_, _v._ threw, cast quickly, XVII. 522.

SWAYE, _s._ sway, I. iii. 7. 160.

SWEIT, _s._ sweat, XVII. 514.

SWELT, _pt. pl._ fainted, XVII. 599; XX. 360; died, XVII. 591.

SWETE, _s._ sweat, I. i. 1. 40.

SWETE, _1 pr. s._ sweat, VIII. 231; Swetande, _pres. pt._ sweating,
laborious, I. i. _pr._ 72.

SWINK, _s._ toil, I. i. 1. 13; I. i. 2. 93 (see note, p. 454).

SWINKE, _ger._ to toil, II. 29.

SWOTE, _adv._ sweetly, VIII. 72.

SWOUGH, _s._ swoon, VIII. 154.

SWOUN, _s._ swoon, XVII. 599; Swow, XVIII. 87.

SWOWNING, _s._ trance, XVIII. 107.

SWYRE, _s._ neck, II. 1236.

SY, _1 pt. s._ saw, XX. 60.

SYCHING, _pres. pt._ sighing, XVII. 601; _s._ XVII. 540.

SYDER, _s._ cider, XVII. 441.

SYE, _pt. pl._ saw, II. 765.

SYKE, _v._ sigh, VIII. 575; _pr. s._ XVIII. 19.

SYLIT, _pp._ lit. ceiled; hence, covered, XVII. 10.

SYNE, _adv._ afterwards, XVII. 593.

SYPHER, _s._ cipher, I. ii. 7. 82.

SYROPIS, _s. pl._ syrups, XVII. 247.

SYS AND CINQ, six and five, XIII. 75. See note.

SYTE, _s._ sorrow, XVII. 450.

SYTHES, _s. pl._ scythes, I. i. _pr._ 99.



TABARD, _s._ ploughman's coat, II. 9.

TABARD-WYSE, (in) a way like a tabard, or herald's coat, XXI. 523.

TABLES, _s. pl._ writing-tablets, III. 149.

T'ABYDE, _ger._ to abide, II. 777.

TACHE, _s._ defect, blame, XIII. 48; _pl._ XVIII. 192.

TAIDIS, _s. pl._ toads, XVII. 578.

TAIKNING, _s._ token, XVII. 232.

TAISTIS, _pr. s._ tastes, tries, XXVII. 4.

TAKE, _v._ be set, VIII. 62.

TALENT, _s._ pleasure, XXIV. 718.

T'APERE, to appear, XXIV. 55.

TAPET, _s._ piece of tapestry, XXI. 499, 579; Tapites, _pl._ tapestry, I.
ii. 2. 64; carpets, VIII. 51.

TARTARIUM, _s._ Tartary cloth, XX. 212.

T'ASSURE, _ger._ to secure, protect, XIII. 103.

TAYLAGES, _s. pl._ taxes, I. ii. 2. 40.

TELLE, _v._ recount, I. ii. 3. 66; _pr. pl._ count, II. 488.

TELLINGE, _s._ counting, I. ii. 1. 114; I. iii. 1. 2.

TENAUNTES, _s. pl._ tenants, III. 339.

TEND, _pr. pl._ attend, II. 506.

TENDER, _v._ affect, cherish, XXIV. 881.

T'ENDURE, to endure, XXIV. 1176.

T'ENDYTE, _ger._ to indite, IX. 179.

TENE, _s._ vexation, I. ii. 10. 89; XVIII. 209; XX. 389; sorrow, I. i. 1.
3; V. 242; harm, VII. 157; anger, XVII. 194.

TENEFUL, _adj._ distressful, I. ii. 11. 132; miserable, I. ii. 5. 49.

TENETH, _pr. s._ grieves, vexes, I. i. 2. 66.

TENETZ, _s._ tennis, IV. 295. See note.

T'ENPRINTE, to imprint, VII. 131.

TERME, _s._ term, appointed age, I. iii. 4. 112; _t. of my lyf_, for all my
lifetime, XVIII. 289.

TERRESTRE, _adj._ terrestrial, I. ii. 9. 33.

TEWNE, _s._ tune, XXIV. 1404.

T'EXCUSE, to excuse, VIII. 282.

TEYED, _pp._ tied, bound, I. iii. 2. 144.

THAN, _adv._ then; _or than_, ere then, before, XX. 125.

THANK, _s._ thanks, VIII. 249.

THANKFULLY, _adv._ by way of thanks, XVI. 443.

THANK-WORTHY, _adj._ worthy of thanks. I. i. _pr._ 39.

TH'AYR, the air, V. 472.

THEE, _v._ prosper, succeed, II. 339.

THEE-WARDES, to, towards thee, I. i. 10. 121.

TH'EFFECT, the effect, V. 14; the tenour, VIII. 217.

THENKEN, _ger._ to think, VIII. 432; _pr. s._ XXIV. 1062.

TH'ENTENT, the intent, I. i. 1. 93.

THERAFTER, _adv._ accordingly, I. i. 6. 20; III. 32.

THER-AS, _adv._ where that, I. i. _pr._ 91; XVI. 645.

THER-AYEINES, _adv._ there-against, VIII. 533; Ther-ayenst, on the
contrary, VII. 158.

THERETO, _adv._ moreover, XX. 122.

THERE-WITHOUT, _adv._ outside, XX. 71.

THER-INNE, _adv._ therein, V. 469.

THERTHOROUGH, _adv._ thereby, I. iii. 8. 89; There-thorow, I. i. 9. 10.

TH'ESCHAUNGE, _s._ the exchange, I. iii. 6. 36.

THEWES, _s. pl._ customs, manner, V. 339; XXVI. 6.

THILKE, _adj._ that (person), I. i. _pr._ 85; that same, I. iii. 4. 15;
_pron._ those, IV. 115.

THINKES ME, _pr. s. impers._ it seems to me, I intend, XXIV. 874.

THIR, _pron._ those, XVII. 264.

THIRLITH, _pr. s._ pierces, XXIV. 294.

THO, _adv._ then, I. i. 6. 175; XVII. 106.

THOILLIT, _pt. s._ suffered, XVII. 70.

THOO, _pron._ those, XXIV. 254.

THOROUGH, _prep._ through, by, XIX. 10.

THOROUGH-SOUGHT, _pp._ (that has) penetrated (me), I. i. 1. 120.

THOUGHTFUL, _adj._ anxious, I. ii. 9. 185.

THRALL, _adj._ subject, II. 178. (Doubtful; perhaps _wol come thrall_ =
will consent to become servants.)

THRALLE, _v._ enthral, VI. 22; _pp._ made subject, I. ii. 3. 40; I. iii. 8.
168.

THRALLES, _s. pl._ thralls, II. 41.

THREED, _s._ thread, XX. 370.

THRESHING, _pres. pt._ thrashing, II. 1043.

THRESTEN, _pr. pl._ endeavour (lit. thrust), I. i. 2. 153.

THRIDDE, _adj._ third, XVIII. 55; XX. 257.

THRIST, _1 pr. s._ thirst, I. i. 3. 160.

THRONGE, _pp._ thrust, I. i. 3. 98.

THROUGH-GIRT, _pp._ pierced through, VIII. 291.

THROW, _s._ time, XX. 190; moment, short time, XIV. 37; XXIV. 538; space of
time, XX. 318.

THROW-OUT, _as adj._ thorough, I. ii. 5. 105; I. ii. 6. 69.

THRUST, _s._ thirst, VIII. 107.

THRUSTELL-COK, _s._ thrush, XXIV. 1401.

THURSTING, _pres. pt._ thirsting, I. iii. 3. 126.

TIFFELERS, _s. pl._ triflers, II. 195. See _Tiffle_ in Halliwell.

TILLOUR, _s._ tiller, II. 453; _pl._ II. 868.

TILTHE, _s._ tillage, I. iii. 5. 107.

TITMOSE, _s._ titmouse, IX. 57.

TO, _adv._ too, XVII. 324.

TO, _prep._ up to; _to thy might_, as far you can, XXIV. 289.

TO-BENTE, _pp. as adj._ bowed down, subject, rendered obedient, IX. 260.

TO-BRAST, _pt. s._ burst asunder, XVI. 799.

TO-BREKE, _v._ break in two, XVIII. 211.

TO-BRENT, _pp._ (were) much burnt, XX. 358.

TO-BREST, _pt. s._ burst in twain, XVI. 207.

TO-BROKE, _pp._ utterly broken, IV. 221.

TODER; _the toder_ = _that oder_, the other, XXIV. 1049, 1218.

TO-DRAWE, _pp._ drawn, II. 1237; drawn asunder, XVIII. 137.

TOFORE, _adj._ before, IX. 264.

TOFOR(E)GOING, _adj._ foregoing, antecedent, I. iii. 3. 180.

TOFORE-NEMPNED, _pp._ aforenamed, I. ii. 3. 122.

TOFORN, _prep._ before, I. i. _pr._ 98; _conj._ before that, I. ii. 2. 35.

TOFORN-GOING, _adj._ antecedent, I. iii. 8. 30.

TO-FORN-HAND, _adv._ beforehand, I. i. 6. 154.

TO-FORN-SAYD, _pp._ aforesaid, I. ii. 2. 73; I. iii. 4. 261.

TO-HEMWARD, towards them, I. ii. 5. 114.

TO-HIM-WARDES, towards him, I. iii. 8. 148.

TOLE, _s._ tool, instrument, II. 375, 575; _pl._ II. 919.

TOMBESTERE, _s._ female dancer, I. ii. 2. 117.

TO-MORNE, to-morrow, I. iii. 4. 214.

TONE; _the tone_ = _thet one_, the one, XXIV. 1049, 1316.

TO-PULL, _pr. pl._ pull to pieces, II. 179.

TO-RACE, _v._ tear to pieces, II. 1274.

TORCENCIOUS, _adj._ exacting, I. i. 9. 131. Apparently a false form; it
should rather be _torcenous_, from O.F. _torconos_, _torcenous_, exacting;
see Godefroy.

TORCIOUS, _adj._ exacting, I. ii. 2. 73. Probably for _torcenous_ (see
above).

TORE, _pp._ torn, VIII. 220.

TO-RENT, _pp._ with garments much rent, XII. 17; much torn, II. 20.

TORNED, _pp._ turned, XIV. 46.

TORT, _s._ wrong, I. ii. 2. 71.

TO-TERE, _v._ rend in pieces, II. 255; XX. 488; _pt. s._ tore to pieces,
VII. 178.

TOTETH, _pr. s._ looks, II. 74, 418.

TOTHER; _the tother_ = _thet other_, that other, XX. 394.

TO-TORN, _pp._ with garments much torn, XII. 17.

TOUR, _s._ tower, I. i. 5. 8.

TOWAYLE, _s._ towel, I. ii. 2. 60; Towelles, _pl._ I. ii. 2. 62.

TOWN, _s._ farm, II. 1043.

TO-YERE, _adv._ this year, XVIII. 79. Cf. _to-day_.

TRACE, _s._ a round (in a dance), XVI. 190.

TRAINES, _s. pl._ trains (of dresses), XX. 147.

TRAISTIT, _1 pt. s._ trusted, hoped, XVII. 22.

TRAITORY, _s._ treachery, III. 234; XIV. 48.

TRANSITORIE, _adj._ transitory, I. iii. 1. 11; I. iii. 4. 148.

TRANSMEW, _ger._ to move across, change, XIII. 44.

TRANSVERSE, _v._ gainsay, I. i. 2. 195.

TRAPPED, _pp._ adorned with trappings, XX. 262.

TRAPPURES, _s. pl._ trappings, XX. 244.

TRAUNCE, _s._ trance, dream, XVI. 407.

TRAVAYLE, _s._ toil, XVI. 471.

TRAVEYLED, _pp._ worked for, I. iii. 5. 112; Travall, _pr. pl._ labour, II.
426.

TRAY, _ger._ to betray, II. 808; _v._ II. 621.

TRAYLE, _s._ trellis, XVI. 184, 195. (F. text, _treille_.)

TRAYNES, _s. pl._ snares, IX. 90.

TRENCHOURS, _s. pl._ trenchers, i.e. pieces of bread used as plates, I. i.
_pr._ 109.

TRENTALL, _s._ trental, mass repeated for thirty days, III. 95.

TRESORY, _s._ treasury, III. 302; XX. 202.

TRETED, _pp._ treated, IV. 312.

TRETIS, _s._ treatise, I. iii. 4. 253; Tretesse, XXIV. 28.

TREW-LOVE, _s._ true-lover's knot, bow of ribbon, XXIV. 1440. See note.

TRISTESSE, _s._ sadness, XI. 55.

TRONCHEOUN, _s._ thick and short staff (properly, a broken piece of a
spear), XX. 253.

TRONE, _s._ throne, IV. 378.

TRONED, _pp._ enthroned, I. i. 2. 94.

TROUBLOUS, _adj._ troublesome, XX. 389.

TRUMPE, _s._ trumpet, XX. 211; _pl._ XX. 192.

TRUMPET, _s._ trumpeter, XX. 213; _pl._ XX. 210.

TRUSSE, _pr. pl._ pack up, II. 750.

TUCKE, _s._ fold, I. i. 5. 132.

TUILYOUR, _s._ quarreller; _t.-lyk_, quarrelsome, XVII. 194.

TURKEIS (lit. Turkish), an epithet of Baleis, XXIV. 80.

TURTILL-DOVE, _s._ turtle-dove, XXIV. 234, 1387.

TURTLE, _s._ turtle-dove, X. 78.

TURVED, _pp._ turfed, XX. 51.

TURVES, _s. pl._ pieces of turf, XX. 50.

TUTELE, _s._ guardian, X. 57.

TWEY, _num._ two, I. iii. 1. 99; XXIV. 1313; Twa, XVII. 301.

TWINKLING, _s._ small point, least matter, I. i. 1. 28. (Lit. glimmer,
glimpse.)

TWINNE, _1 pr. s. subj._ may depart, IX. 256; _2 pr. s._ V. 104.

TYTHEN, _ger._ to pay tithes, II. 1209.

TYTHING, _s._ tithe, II. 317, 861; _pl._ II. 1159.

TYTLED, _pp._ entitled, I. ii. 1. 99.



UMPLE, fine stuff in a single fold, fine gauze or lawn, XXI. 471.

UNABLE, _adj._ weak, I. iii. 1. 171.

UNBODYE, _ger._ to quit the body, I. i. 1. 88.

UNBRENT, _pp._ unburnt, X. 129.

UNCONNING, _adj._ unskilful, I. i. 3. 164.

UNCONNING, _s._ ignorance, I. iii. 4. 224; VII. 7; Uncunning, III. 391.

UNCOUTH, _adj._ strange, unusual, XXIV. 451; unknown, I. ii. 11. 45.

UNDEFOULED, _pp._ undefiled, X. 132.

UNDERFONGEN, _pp._ undertaken, IV. 264.

UNDERNEMINGE, _s._ reproof, III. 110.

UNDERNIME, _2 pr. pl._ reprove, III. 109.

UNDERPUT, _pp._ shored up, supported, I. ii. 7. 72; subjected, I. i. 9. 38;
subject, I. i. 9. 52.

UNDERSTONDE, _pp._ understood, I. iii. 3. 77; II. 683; Understande, I. iii.
6. 65; Understont, _pr. s._ II. 792; Understondeth, _imp. pl._ V. 428.

UNDERSTONDING, _adj._ intelligible, I. i. _pr._ 56.

UNDER-THROWEN, _pp._ made subject, I. iii. 8. 151.

UNFAIR, _adv._ horribly, XVII. 163.

UNFOLD, _pp._ unfolded, XX. 595.

UNGENTIL, _adj._ not of gentle birth, I. ii. 2. 129.

UNGOODLY, _adj._ unkind, II. 387.

UNGOODLY, _adv._ evilly, unfairly, VIII. 385.

UNHOLD, _adj._ faithless, II. 473.

UNIVERSAL, _s._ the whole, I. ii. 13. 70.

UNIVERSITEE, _s._ the universe, I. i. 9. 46.

UNKINDLY, _adj._ unnatural, XX. 413.

UNKNIT, _pp._ rejected, I. ii. 8. 36.

UNKNOWE, _pp._ unknown, I. ii. 10. 71.

UNKYNDELY, _adv._ unusually, I. i. _pr._ 126.

UNLEFFUL, _adj._ not permissible, forbidden, I. ii. 14. 23.

UNLOK, _v._ unlock, XXIV. 1403.

UNLUST, _s._ listlessness, V. 227.

UNMETE, _adj._ unsuitable, XX. 17.

UNMIGHTY, _adj._ weak, feeble, I. ii. 7. 39; III. 394.

UNNETH, _adv._ scarcely, I. i. _pr._ 28; II. 789; IV. 196; XX. 46; with
difficulty, I. iii. 9. 76.

UNNETHES, _adv._ scarcely, II. 311; V. 380.

UNPEES, _s._ war, I. ii. 13. 86.

UNPERFIT, _adj._ imperfect, III. 66.

UNPOWER, _s._ weakness, III. 391.

UNPURVEYED, _pp._ unprovided, XXI. 382; XXIV. 561.

UNRESON, _s._ lack of reason, I. iii. 6. 133.

UNRESTY, _adj._ restless, X. 62.

UNRICHT, _adv._ wrongly, amiss, XVII. 205.

UNRIGHT, _s._ injustice, II. 1071; VIII. 334.

UNRIGHTFUL, _adj._ unjust, I. iii. 3. 68.

UNSELY, _adj._ unhappy, I. i. 10. 80.

UNSENE, _adj._ invisible, I. i. _pr._ 57.

UNSHITTE, _v._ open, unfasten, I. iii. 1. 160; Unshit, disclose, XXIV.
1245; Unshet, _2 pr. pl._ I. i. 4. 41; _pp._ opened, XVI. 65.

UNSHRIVE, _pp._ unshriven, II. 751.

UNTALL, _adj._ not tall, weak, II. 74.

UNTHRIFTY, _adj._ unprofitable, I. i. 4. 55.

UNTHRYVE, _v._ prosper ill, have ill luck, XVIII. 142. See note.

UNTREND, _pp._ not rolled up, II. 594. See note.

UNWAR, _adv._ at unawares, XXIV. 848.

UNWELDY, _adj._ unwieldy, hence, infirm, XV. _a._ 4; XV. _b._ 2; weak, VII.
145.

UNWETINGE, _pres. pt._ unwitting, I. i. 7. 110; _but an error for_ unwist,
i.e. unknown.

UNWORSHIP, _s._ discredit, I. i. 5. 24.

UNWORSHIPPED, _pp._ treated with disrespect, I. ii. 6. 125.

UNWYSE, _adj._ not wise, III. 155.

UPHAP, _adv._ perhaps, I. i. 8. 132.

UPLANDE, i.e. living in the country, countryman, III. 1.

UPPEREST, _adj._ highest, I. i. 10. 32.

UPRAIS, _pt. s._ rose, XVII. 12.

URE, _s._ fortune, destiny, VIII. 151, 302, 482; XXIV. 634, 862; XXV. 11.

US(E), _s._ use, I. iii. 6. 104; Use, 110.

USSHER, _s._ usher, XXI. 102.



VAILABLE, _adj._ useful, IV. 142.

VAILE, _s._ veil, XXIV. 1102.

VAILING, _pres. pt._ lowering, XVII. 271.

VALE, _s._ valley, VIII. 44.

VALEWE, _s._ value, I. i. 7. 97.

VALEY, _s._ valley, XVI. 24.

VALIS, _pr. s._ avails, XXVII. 5. (Sing. after _what_.)

VARYAUNT, _adj._ changeable, I. ii. 1. 24; variable, I. ii. 6. 148.

VASSALAGE, _s._ prowess, VII. 148.

VAYLANCE, _s._ benefit, profit, I. ii. 5. 85.

VAYLETH, _pr. s._ availeth (it), XVI. 720; _pp._ I. i. 2. 163.

VELUET, _s._ velvet, VIII. 80; XX. 233; Veluet, XX. 141, 261.

VENGEABLE, _adj._ revengeful, I. ii. 11. 92; II. 805.

VENT, _s._ slit of a gown at the neck, XXI. 526. F. _fente_.

VENYM, _s._ venom, V. 258.

VERAMENT, _adv._ truly, II. 1224.

VERE, _s._ spring-time, I. ii. 9. 133.

VERMAYLE, _adj._ crimson, X. 45.

VERMELET, _adj._ red, XXIV. 142.

VERTULES, _adj._ without virtue, VII. 133, 157.

VERTUOUS, _adj._ endowed with virtue or power, I. iii. 1. 45.

VERY, _adv._ extremely, XX. 10, 35; very, XX. 409; XXI. 479.

VESTEMENT, _s._ vestment, II. 278, 934.

VIAGE, _s._ voyage, journey, I. i. 5. 84; IV. 57; XXI. 46.

VIBRAT, _pp._ vibrated, X. 115.

VICAIRE, _s._ vicar, II. 830; _pl._ III. 279.

VINOLENT, _adj._ drunken, XII. 45.

VIOLET, _s._ violet, II. 96; XXIV. 1437.

VIRELAY, _s._ lay with recurring rimes, XI. 40. (Such as _aabaab .
bbabba_.)

VIRGINAL, _adj._ virgin-like, XII. 110.

VOCACIOUN, _s._ calling of an assembly together, XVII. 272.

VOIDEN, _v._ (to) take away, XXIV. 628; escape, XIII. 52; _pr. s._
retreats, I. i. 5. 34.

VOLUNTARIOUS, _adj._ voluntary, free, I. ii. 8. 116.

VOLUNTE, _s._ free will, VIII. 299.

VOLUPTUOUSLY, _adv._ luxuriously, I. ii. 10. 18.

VOUCHE, _pr. pl._ avouch, II. 945.

VOYDE, _ger._ to banish, IX. 116; _v._ escape, I. i. 3. 140; set aside, I.
iii. 6. 15; _pr. s._ dispels, I. ii. 10. 34; departs, I. i. 10. 95.

VYNTRE, Vintry, VII. (_title_).

VYOLE, _s._ vial, X. 113.

VYSE, _s._ advice, intention, I. i. 2. 60.

VYTRE, _s._ glass, X. 113.



WA, _adj._ sad, XVII. 350.

WAGEOURS, _s. pl._ wagers, XXI. 383.

WAGGE, _v._ move, stir, I. i. _pr._ 90; _ger._ XVII. 196.

WAILLIT, _pp._ chosen, choice, XVII. 440.

WAIT, _pr. s._ knows, XVII. 64.

WAITED, _1 pt. s._ watched, XX. 106.

WAKE, _s._ fair, II. 869.

WAKE, _v._ keep a revel, I. ii. 2. 54.

WALD, _pt. s._ would (have), desired, XVII. 102.

WALET, _s._ wallet, bag, I. i. _pr._ 106.

WALL,_ s._ well, II. 298. See note.

WALLED, _pp._ walled, VIII. 42.

WALOWE, _ger._ to toss about, XXIV. 334; _1 pr. s._ I. i. 3. 102.

WAN, _adj._ pale, dim of colour, XIV. 43.

WAN, _pt. pl._ won, XX. 480. (A guess; the old ed. has _manly_!)

WANDRED, _pp._ men who have wandered, X. 60.

WANE, _s._ weening, thought, XVII. 543. See WILL.

WANG-TOOTH, _s._ molar tooth, II. 16.

WANHOPE, _s._ despair, I. i. 1. 112; I. i. 4. 54; XVII. 47.

WANT, _1 pr. s._ lack, do not possess, do not know, XX. 150; _pr. s._ is
lacking, XVI. 449.

WANTINGE, _s._ lacking, I. i. _pr._ 83.

WANTRUST, _s._ distrust, I. i. 8. 19; I. ii. 9. 50.

WAR, _adj._ aware, I. i. 3. 76; _be w._, beware, VII. 180.

WAR, _adj._ worse, XVII. 460.

WARANTYSE, _s._ surety; _on w._, on my surety, XXI. 406.

WARDEROBE, _s._ wardrobe, I. ii. 9. 140.

WAREN, _pt. pl._ wore, XX. 267.

WARIED, _pp._ cursed, XXIV. 1171.

WARLDLY, _adj._ worldly, XXVII. 1.

WARNE, _v._ refuse, I. ii. 3. 31.

WARNISSHE, _s._ protection, I. ii. 7. 78.

WARNISSHED, _pp._ defended, I. ii. 7. 78.

WASTOUR, _s._ waster, XII. 72.

WAVED, _pp._ wavered, I. i. 2. 167.

WAWES, _s. pl._ waves, I. i. _pr._ 125; I. i. 3. 57; VII. 80; XIII. 33.

WAXE, _v._ grow to be, II. 128; _pp._ become, II. 371.

WAYTED, _pp._ watched, IV. 204.

WAYTERS, _s. pl._ spies, I. iii. 6. 88; guards, sentinels, I. i. 3. 124.

WAYTINGE, _s._ watching, lying in wait, I. ii. 9. 59.

WEBBES, _s. pl._ dimness of vision, I. i. 2. 180. See note, p. 455.

WEDE, _s._ covering, XIV. 26.

WEDEN, _pr. pl._ weed, III. 11.

WEDER, _s._ weather, I. i. _pr._ 123; Wedder, XVII. 4; _pl._ storms, I. i.
3. 63; I. ii. 9. 130; I. iii. 5. 25.

WEDES, _s. pl._ weeds, X. 36.

WEDRING, _s._ tempest, I. iii. 7. 74.

WEED, _s. (as pl.)_ garments, apparel, XX. 371; Weid, XVII. 165.

WEGHT, _s._ weight, XIII. 92.

WEIP, _pt. s._ wept, XVII. 231 (or _infin._ to weep).

WEIR, _s._ war, XVII. 196, 486.

WEIR, _ger._ to guard, ward off, XVII. 182.

WEIRD, _s._ destiny, XVII. 384, 412.

WEIRIS, _pr. s._ wears, wastes away, XVII. 467.

WEKED, _pp._ rendered weak (but read _wikked_), I. i. 6. 25.

WEL-CONDICIONED, _adj._ of good condition, XX. 581.

WELDE, _v._ possess, II. 118, 416, 702; manage, XXIV. 227; _1 pr. s._ I.
ii. 12. 91.

WELDOING, _s._ well-doing, I. ii. 10. 120.

WELE, _s._ wealth, II. 812; VII. 165.

WELFULNESSE, _s._ wealth, I. i. 6. 24.

WELKE, _1 pr. s._ wither, I. ii. 11. 105; Welked, _pp._ withered, old, I.
iii. 5. 33; withered, wrinkled, I. iii. 5. 37.

WELKEN, _s._ sky, I. i. 3. 57.

WELKENETH, _pr. s._ withers, fades, XXII. 59.

WELLE, _s._ well, source, IX. 139; _pl._ streams, rills, XVII. 588.

WELLEN, _pr. pl._ rise up, have their source, I. i. 2. 151; _pres. pt._
flowing, I. i. 1. 86.

WEL-MENINGE, _adj._ well-intentioned, I. ii. 5. 117.

WELTERIT, _pp._ overturned, XVII. 436.

WELTH, _s._ happiness, I. i. 1. 39.

WELWILLY, _adj._ benignant, favourable, VIII. 627.

WEM, _s._ stain, I. i. 1. 74.

WEMLEES, _adj._ spotless, X. 104.

WENDE, _v._ go, XVIII. 252; _pt. s._ went, XVII. 474; _pp._ gone, II. 498.

WENE, _s._ _withoute w._, without doubt, IX. 237; XIII. 12.

WENEN, _pr. pl._ imagine, I. ii. 3. 38; _1 pt. s._ expected, I. i. 3. 65;
_2 pt. s._ didst expect, I. ii. 14. 80; Wenden, _pt. pl._ imagined, I. ii.
11. 9; Wend (_old text_, went), imagined, XXI. 34; Went, _pr. s._ weens,
imagines, guesses, VIII. 462. See note.

WENING, _s._ fancy, XVI. 286.

WENT, _pp._ gone, departed, I. ii. 1. 34.

WEPEN, _s._ weapon, II. 1092.

WERBLES, _s. pl._ warblings, notes, I. ii. 2. 6; I. iii. 1. 157.

WERCHE, _pr. s. subj._ operate, I. ii. 13. 127; _pres. pt._ working,
active, I. ii. 5. 43.

WERCHER, _s._ agent, I. iii. 2. 63.

WERCHINGE, _s._ operation, I. ii. 13. 118.

WERDES, _s. pl._ fates, XXIV. 1173.

WERE, _s._ doubt, IX. 223; X. 5.

WERE, _pt. pl. subj._ should be, XI. 64; Wern, _pt. pl._ were, I. iii. 8.
91.

WERETH, _pr. s._ wears away, III. 45; _pr. pl._ wear, XXIV. 247.

WERIEN, _v._ grow weary, II. 1068.

WERNE, _2 pr. pl._ refuse, I. i. 4. 47; _pp._ IV. 26.

WERNINGES, _s. pl._ refusals, I. i. 2. 58.

WERRE, _s._ war, VIII. 256.

WERREY, _1 pr. s._ war, V. 431; _pp._ warred against, VIII. 665.

WERREYOUR, _s._ warrior, IV. 130; VI. 13.

WESTRETH, _pr. s._ sets in the west, XXII. 24.

WETE, _adj._ wet, I. iii. 3. 126; XX. 406.

WETE, _ger._ to know, I. i. 3. 18; Weten, _2 pr. pl._ I. i. 8. 80; II.
1206; _pr. pl._ I. iii. 8. 128.

WETHERCOCKE, _s._ weathercock, I. i. 2. 167.

WETING, _s._ knowledge, I. iii. 4. 62, 243.

WEXETH, _pr. s._ grows, XX. 14; _pres. pt._ I. iii. 1. 30; Wexte, _pt. s._
became, I. i. 2. 24.

WEXING, _s._ growth, I. i. 9. 42.

WEYE, _ger._ to weigh, IV. 91; _pp._ 320.

WEYMENTING, _s._ lamenting, XXIV. 233.

WEYVE, _ger._ to put away, I. ii. 10. 40; _v._ put aside, I. ii. 7. 100;
_pr. s. subj._ I. iii. 1. 136; _2 pr. s._ rejectest, I. iii. 6. 154; _pr.
s._ rejects, I. ii. 13. 95; _pp._ I. i. 1. 63; I. ii. 14. 36; I. iii. 8.
154.

WHEDER, _conj._ whether (or no), I. iii. 3. 30; XVI. 401.

WHEEL, _s._ _turning wheel_, winding staircase, XXI. 55 (see note); orbit,
I. ii. 1. 124.

WHEROF, _adv._ to what purpose, XVI. 431.

WHERTHROUGH, _adv._ whereby, I. i. 4. 53; X. 103; wherefore, I. ii. 13.
109.

WHERTO, _adv._ why? I. i. 3. 87.

WHICCHE, _s._ hutch, chest, I. ii. 2. 29.

WHIRLED, _pp._ whirled, driven, XX. 2.

WHISTEL, _s._ whistle, I. ii. 3. 55.

WHYLE, _s._ time, VIII. 244.

WHYT, _adj._ white, II. 1338; plausible, XXIV. 1042.

WICCHE, _s._ witch, II. 891.

WICHT, _s._ wight, man, XXVII. 2.

WIDDERCOCK, _s._ weathercock, XVII. 567.

WIDDERIT, _pp._ withered, XVII. 238; soiled by weather, XVII. 165.

WIGHT, _s._ person, XX. 38, 46.

WIKKE, _adj._ noxious, X. 36.

WIKKIT, _adj._ evil, XVII. 412.

WILDE, _adj._ wild (i.e. unquenchable), I. ii. 6. 29.

WILDE, _ger._ to become wild, I. i. 3. 45.

WILL OF WANE, lit. wild of weening, at a loss as to what to do, XVII. 543.

WILLERS, _s. pl._ wishers, II. 228; _gen._ _such w._, of men who so desire,
II. 780.

WILLINGLY, _adv._ wilfully, V. 391.

WILNE, _ger._ to desire, I. i. 6. 101; _v._ I. iii. 4. 11; _2 pr. pl._ II.
1250; _pr. pl._ II. 118; _pp._ I. iii. 6. 111.

WIMPELN, _pr. pl._ cover as with a wimple, I. ii. 14. 25; _pp._ covered up,
I. iii. 9. 76.

WIMPLE, _s._ chin-cloth, XXIV. 1102.

WINNE, _v._ make a gain, II. 979.

WISSE, _pr. s. subj._ may (He) guide, keep away, II. 235.

WITE, _v._ know, XXI. 749; Witen, _2 pr. pl._ know, XVIII. 266; Wistest, _2
pt. s._ I. i. 8. 31; Wist, _pp._ known, II. 1092.

WITHDRAWE, _ger._ to draw back, hold in, I. ii. 6. 84; _pr. s._ draws away,
I. ii. 5. 129.

WITH-HOLDE, _pp._ retained, I. ii. 8. 121; XVIII. 289; kept back, I. iii.
3. 114.

WITHIES, _s. pl._ withies, twigs of willow, XVI. 186. (F. text, Entrelacee
de _saulx vers_.)

WITHIN-BORDE, on board, I. i. 3. 54.

WITHOUT, _conj._ unless, XXI. 299.

WITHSAYE, _ger._ to contradict, I. i. 2. 184; I. i. 8. 65; _v._ gainsay,
II. 599.

WITHSETTEN, _pp._ opposed, I. iii. 1. 133; Withset, I. ii. 7. 66.

WITHSITTE, _v._ resist, I. ii. 7. 133; _ger._ I. iii. 8. 64.

WITHSITTINGE, _s._ opposition, I. ii. 7. 142.

WITLES, _adj._ ignorant, II. 528.

WITTES, _s. pl._ wits, senses, I. iii. 5. 51.

WIVERS, _s. pl._ vipers, serpents, snakes, I. iii. 5. 34.

WLATE, _v._ loathe, II. 1098.

WO-BESTAD, _pp._ beset with woe, XXIV. 845.

WODE, _adj._ mad, I. iii. 7. 53.

WODEBINDE, _s._ woodbine, VIII. 129; IX. 261.

WOIR, _pt. s._ carried, wafted away, XVII. 165. (It seems to be merely a
peculiar use of E. _wore_, pt. t. of _wear_; cf. _boir_, bore, in l. 166.)

WOL, _s._ wool, XX. 53. See WOLLE.

WOLDE, _pt. s. subj._ would wish, XVI. 272; Wold, _pp._ desired, V. 305.

WOLLE, _s._ wool, I. ii. 2. 28 (see the note, p. 465); IV. 299; Woll, II.
177, 594.

WOMANLY, _adj._ woman-like, I. ii. 12. 114.

WON, _pr. s. subj._ dwell, XXIV. 500.

WONDER, _adj._ wonderful, III. 7; XX. 434.

WONDERLY, _adv._ wondrously, XXIV. 100, 697.

WONDERS, _adv._ wondrously, I. ii. 3. 45.

WONE, _s._ custom, XXI. 5.

WONES, _s. pl._ dwellings, XX. 201.

WONETH, _pr. s._ dwells, XXIV. 143; Wonneth, II. 1140.

WONNE, _pp._ won, XVI. 356.

WONNING, _s._ abode, VII. 86.

WOOD, _adj._ mad, II. 299, 764, 1075, 1269; XVIII. 188.

WOODBIND, _s._ woodbine, XX. 159.

WOODE, _s._ _an error for_ Weede, weed, III. 11. See note.

WOODNESSE, _s._ madness, VI. 50; XVIII. 175.

WOOK, _1 pt. s._ awoke, XXI. 737.

WORCH, _pr. pl._ work, II. 411.

WORD, _s._ motto, XXI. 87, 310, 312; Wordes, _pl._ XXI. 119.

WORLD, _s._ great quantity, XX. 137; a thing worth the world, XXI. 539.

WORSHIP, _s._ honour, XIV. 382.

WORSTED, _s._ worsted, II. 1002.

WORTHYED, _pp._ honoured, I. i. 2. 109.

WOST, _2 pr. s._ knowest, XVIII. 126; Wottest, I. i. 2. 74.

WOWE, _v._ woo, XXIV. 1222.

WOWETH, _pr. pl._ move, I. ii. 1. 21. _Put for_ waweth; and properly
singular.

WOX, _1 pt. s._ became, I. i. 4. 30; grew, XVII. 102; Woxen, _pp._ I. iii.
5. 24.

WRAIKFUL, _adj._ vengeful, XVII. 329.

WRAIT, _pt. s._ wrote, XVII. 64.

WRAITH, _s._ wroth, XVII. 182.

WRAK, _s._ vengeance, XVII. 370.

WRALL, _pr. pl._ pervert, II. 370. Cf. M.E. _wrawe_, perverse.

WRANGLEN, _pr. pl._ wrangle, II. 426.

WRAPPED, _pp._ involved; _in be w._, been mixed up with, V. 216.

WRECHE, _s._ misery, I. i. 1. 60; vengeance, VIII. 471.

WREKE, _v._ avenge, XXIV. 702;   _pp._ VIII. 284;   Wreche, _pr. pl. subj._
X. 41.

WRENNE, _s._ wren, IX. 57;   Wren, XXIV. 1372.

WRETHE, _s._ a wreath, garland, I. iii. 6. 158.

WRINGING, _pres. pt._ wringing (wringing wet), XX. 406.

WRITHEN, _pp._ wreathed, twined, XX. 57.

WRO, _s._ corner, II. 81. Icel. _r[=a]_.

WROCHT, _pp._ wrought, made, XVII. 203.

WRY, _adj._ deformed, XXIV. 1062.

WRYE, _v._ turn aside, XVI. 331.

WRYETH, _pr. s._ disguises, I. ii. 5. 102.

WRYTHING, _s._ twisting, turning aside, error, rebellion, X. 96.

WYDE-WHERE, _adv._ far and wide, I. ii. 11. 107.

WYNDE, _s._ breath, XVI. 795.

WYNDE, _1 pr. s. subj._ wind, go, IX. 263.

WYNDING,_ s._ envelopment (in snow) (?), I. i. 3. 39.

WYR, _s._ wire, I. iii. 7. 103.

WYR-DRAWER, _s._ wire-drawer, I. iii. 7. 103.

WYTE, _s._ blame, VIII. 603; IX. 103.

WYTE, _ger._ to blame, I. iii. 7. 145; II. 577; XVII. 134;   _1 pr. s._
blame (for it), VIII. 460;   _imp. s._ blame (for), I. iii. 1. 170;   _imp.
pl._ II. 1373; V. 376.



Y, _s._ eye, XVI. 263; XX. 85; XXIV. 229, 1139;   _at y_, in appearance,
XIV. 6.

YAF, _pt. s._ gave, IX. 248.

YALL, _v._ yell, II. 386, 1355.

YATE, _s._ gate, XXI. 274;   _pl._ II. 65.

Y-BE, _pp._ been, XVIII. 190; XX. 375.

Y-BORE, _pp._ born, XVI. 462.

Y-BRENT, _pp._ burnt, II. 18;   Y-brend, II. 634.

Y-BUILDE, _v._ build (_or pp._ build), II. 120.

Y-CALLED, _pp._ named, VIII. 70.

Y-CHASED, _pp._ chased, XVI. 287.

Y-CLEPED, _pp._ called, I. iii. 1. 12.

Y-DAMPNED, _pp._ damned, II. 1243.

YDEL; _in y._, in vain, I. i. 1. 70; I. ii. 11. 109.

Y-DIGHT, _pp._ dressed, II. 1002.

Y-DON, _pp._ made, XX. 61.

YE, yea, I. i. 7. 34.

YE, _s._ eye, IX. 124.

YEDE, _1 pt. s._ went, VIII. 120;   _pt. s._ I. i. 10. 111; XX. 54;   _pt.
pl._ XX. 295, 301.

YEF, _pr. pl._ give, II. 957.

YEFTES, _s. pl._ gifts, bribes, I. i. 10. 41.

YELDE, _ger._ to pay, X. 112;   _v._ yield, render, II. 778;   _pr. s.
subj._ may (He) repay, XXI. 360;   _pr. pl. subj._ may yield, I. iii. 9.
93.

YELDINGE, _s._ yielding, giving, I. iii. 1. 13.

YELKE, _s._ yolk, hence centre, nucleus, I. iii. 4. 198.

YEN, _s. pl._ eyes, XXIV. 135, 154.

YERDE, _s._ rod, I. ii. 11. 136; X. 133;   correction, XXIV. 363.

YERN, _ger._ to earn, XXIV. 367.

YERNE, _adv._ quickly;   _as y._, very quickly, I. ii. 8. 41;   Yern,
eagerly, XXIV. 1299.

YET, _s._ gate, XVII. 388.

YEVE, _1 pr. s._ give, XI. 80;   _2 pr. pl._ III. 208;   _pr. pl._ I. i.
_pr._ 18;   _pp._ XVIII. 279; XXIV. 278.

YEVER, _s._ giver, I. iii. 7. 134, 138; III. 176.

YEXINGE, _s._ sobbing, outburst (of grief), I. i. 1. 6.

Y-FED, _pp._ fed, XXIV. 975.

Y-FERE, _adv._ together, in company, IX. 59, 224; XI. 64.

Y-FEYNED, _pp._ feigned, XVIII. 74.

Y-FURTHERED, _pp._ advanced, VIII. 327.

Y-FYNED, _pp._ refined, XIII. 99.

Y-GRAVE, _pp._ buried, XVI. 60.

Y-GROUNDED, _pp._ rooted, I. ii. 9. 19.

Y-GURD, _pp._ girt, i.e. ready, II. 1336.

Y-HANDLED, _pp._ handled, treated of, I. ii. 11. 101.

Y-HERD, _pp._ heard, XVIII. 85.

Y-HERIED, _pp._ praised, XXIV. 592.

Y-KEND, _pp._ taught, II. 482;   known, II. 530.

YLE, _s._ isle, I. i. 3. 64; V. 15; VI. 17.

Y-LOST, _pp._ lost, VII. 36.

Y-LYKE, _adv._ alike, equally, XVIII. 64.

Y-MAD, _pp._ made, VIII. 163.

Y-MEYNT, _pp._ mingled, VIII. 457.

YNDE, _adj. pl._ blue, IX. 257.

Y-NEMPNED, _pp._ named, I. i. 1. 5.

Y-NOMEN, _pp._ taken up, II. 1031.

Y-NOW, _adj._ enough, II. 3, 1044;   _pl._ (men) enough, I. i. 3. 51.

YOK, _s._ yoke, XVIII. 140.

YOKKIT, _pp._ yoked, XVII. 209.

YOLDEN, _pp._ yielded, I. i. 7. 30;   returned, I. i. 3. 107;   repaid, I.
iii. 5. 140.

YON, _adj._ yonder, yon, that, XVII. 533.

YOUTHHEID, _s._ time of youth, XVII. 30.

YOVE, _1 pt. s._ gave, XXIV. 688.

Y-PASSED, _pp._ past, VIII. 591.

Y-PENT, _pp._ pent, II. 22;   fastened, II. 939.

Y-POUDRED, _pp._ besprinkled, XVIII. 63.

Y-RENT, _pp._ torn, II. 256.

YS, _s._ ice, VIII. 234; Yse, XVII. 168.

YSE-SHOKLIS, _s. pl._ icicles, XVII. 160.

Y-SET, _pp._ appointed, XVI. 613.

Y-SHONED, _pp._ shunned, I. ii. 11. 10.

Y-SLAYN, _pp._ slain, VIII. 88.

Y-SOGHT, _pp._ importuned, V. 128.

Y-SPED, _pp._ granted, XXIV. 977.

Y-STOCKED, _pp._ fastened as in the stocks, I. i. 1. 41.

Y-STOPE, _pp._ advanced, XXIV. 281.

Y-TAKE, _pp._ taken, II. 1281.

Y-THEE, _v._ prosper, XVIII. 187.

Y-TOURNED, _pp._ turned, I. i. 7. 51.

Y-TYED, _pp._ tied, V. 226.

YVE-LEFE, _s._ ivy-leaf, I. iii. 7. 50.

YUEL-SPEKERS, _s. pl._ evil-speakers, I. i. 9. 6.

Y-WHET, _pp._ whetted, V. 243.

Y-WIS, _adv._ verily, I. i. 2. 116.

Y-WONED, _pp._ dwelt, XXIV. 241.

Y-WONNE, _pp._ won, V. 49.

Y-WOUNDED, _pp._ wounded, VIII. 361.

Y-WROUGHT, _pp._ made, XX. 48.

       *       *       *       *       *


INDEX OF NAMES.

AARON, X. 133.

ABRAHAM, I. i. 8. 59.

ACHILLES, VIII. 367.

ACRISIUS, I. i. 5. 8.

ACTEON, Actaeon, VIII. 97.

ADAM, I. i. 1. 39; I. i. 8. 73; I. iii. 8. 104; V. 199, 366.

ADMETE, Admetus, XXIV. 107.

ADON, Adonis, VIII. 386;   Adoun, VIII. 644.

ALBION, V. 16; XXVIII. 5.

ALCESTE, Alcestis, IX. 198; XII. 117; XXIV. 105.

ALCMENIA, Alcmene, XXIV. 821.

ALEXANDER, I. iii. 2. 26; II. 335;   Alisaundre, I. ii. 2. 114; IV. 36;
Alisander, I. i. _pr._ 89; IV. 281; _gen._ XII. 96.

ALEYN, Alain Chartier, XVI. 11.

ANNELIDA, XXI. 465;   Anelida, XXIV. 234.

ANTICHRIST, II. 191, 493; III. 2; _gen._ II. 956.

ANTIGONE, IX. 196.

ANTIOCHUS, VII. 177.

ANTIOPA, XXIV. 824.

ANTONIUS, VIII. 367;   Antony, XXI. 462; XXIV. 873.

ARCITE, VIII. 368, 379; XXI. 466; XXIV. 235.

ARIADNE, IX. 200.

ARISTOTEL, I. iii. 2. 87; I. iii. 7. 59;   Aristotle, I. i. _pr._ 64, 117;
I. ii. 1. 105; I. ii. 5. 5.

ARTEYS, Artois, XXIV. 1227.

ARTOUR, Arthur, I. ii. 2. 116;   Arthus, IV. 283; _gen._ XII. 103.

ATHALANS, Atalanta, VIII. 396.

ATHENES, Athens, I. i. 9. 114.

AURORA, IX. 38; X. 135.

AUSTEN, St. Augustine, I. ii. 13. 43; _gen._ III. 112.



BALTHASAR, Belshazzar, VII. 175.

BEDFORD, duke of, VII. (_title_).

BELIAL, II. 234.

BENET, St. Benedict, II. 993, 1011.

BOECE, Boethius, I. i. _pr._ 110; I. ii. 13. 49; VII. 150.

BOREAS, north wind, I. i. _pr._ 124; IX. 96.

BRETAYNE, Britain, VII. 126; XXIV. 1226; XXIX. 2;   Britayne, I. iii. 1.
45.

BURGOYNE, _s._ Burgundy, XXIV. 1228.

BUSERUS, Busiris, I. ii. 7. 117.



CALCHAS, XVII. 97.

CALIOPE, Calliope, IX. 242; XXIV. 19.

CALIXTO, Callisto, XXIV. 821.

CAMBRIGE, Cambridge, XXIV. 913.

CANACEE, IX. 206.

CARTAGE, Carthage, V. 311; XXIV. 231.

CASSODORE, Cassiodorus, IV. 330.

CATOUN, Cato, XII. 102;   Dionysius Cato, XII. 130; _gen._ I. iii. 2. 24.

CAYNES, Cain's, I. ii. 2. 107.

CESAR, Julius Caesar, XII. 95.

CHARLES, Charlemagne, XII. 103;   Charlemayne, IV. 283.

CHAUCER, VII. 65, 98; IX. 236; XVII. 41; XXIX. 1.

CIPRYDE, Venus, IX. 20. (_Venus and Cipryde_, Venus and the Cyprian
goddess, really one and the same.)

CITHAREA, Venus, XXIV. 50, 556; Cithera, V. 5; Cithere, XXIV. 1178.

CITHAREE, Cythera, _but an error for_ Cithaeron, XXIV. 49. See note.

CITHERON, Cithaeron, XXIV. 69. (See l. 49.)

CLARENCE, DUKE OF, VII. (_title_).

CLEO, Clio, X. 13; Clio, IX. 242.

CLEOPATRE, Cleopatra, IX. 195; XXIV. 873; Cleopatras, XXI. 462; _gen._
XIII. 86.

COLKOS, Colchis, VIII. 373.

COLLO, I. ii. 7. 119.

CONSTANTYN, Constantine, IV. 339; VI. 10.

CRESSEID, XVII. 42.

CUPIDO, Cupid, V. 1; Cupyde, VIII. 88; _gen._ VIII. 361.

CYNTHIA, the Moon, XVII. 253.



DALIDA, Delilah, XIII. 83; XXIV. 538.

DANE, Danae, I. i. 5. 8; XXIV. 824.

DAPHNE, VIII. 64.

DAVID, I. i. 5. 126; I. i. 8. 73; &c.

DEMOPHOON, Demophon, XXI. 458; _spelt_ Demophon, VIII. 380; Demophoun,
VIII. 70.

DIANE, Diana, XVII. 587; XX. 472; XXIV. 682; Dyane, VIII. 95.

DIDO, V. 311; XXIV. 232; Dydo, IX. 211.

DIOMEID, Diomede, XVII. 43.

DIVES, II. 533.

DOMINIKS, _gen._ St. Dominic's, III. 406.

DORIGENE, Dorigen, IX. 192.



EDWARD, Edward III, I. i. _pr._ 91.

EGYPTE, Egypt, I. i. 9. 100.

ELEYNES, Helen's, XII. 115.

ELICON, Helicon, XXIV. 22.

ENEAS, Aeneas, I. i. 5. 129; V. 309; XXIV. 233; Enee, VIII. 375; IX. 212.

ENGLISSH, English, I. iii. 4. 249.

ENGLOND, England, XXIV. 1226; Engelond, IV. 358.

EOY, Eous, XVII. 212.

ESDRAM, Ezra, I. ii. 3. 8.

ETHIOS, Aethon, XVII. 213.

EUROPA, XXIV. 823; _gen._ I. i. 5. 127.

EVE, I. i. 1. 39; I. iii. 8. 104; V. 361, 365.



FEVRIER, February, IX. 1.

FLORA, goddess of flowers, VIII. 1; XVII. 426; XX. 534.

FRAUNCE, France, I. i. _pr._ 91; XXIV. 1227.

FRAUNCES, St. Francis, III. 356; _gen._ III. 215.



GABRIEL, X. 99.

GADES, Cadiz, in Spain (see note), I. i. _pr._ 88; VIII. 349.

GALFRID, Geoffrey de Vinsauf, XXIV. 11. See note.

GARTER, _s._ the Garter, VI. 5; (Knights of the), XX. 519.

GEDEON, Gideon, X. 132.

GEORGES, St. George's, VI. 54.

GLOUCESTRE, DUKE OF, VII. (_title_).

GODFRAY, Godfray of Bouillon, IV. 283.

GOWER, IV. 374.

GRECE, Greece, I. i. 5. 29; I. ii. 2. 116; XXIV. 1229.

GREGORY, ST., III. 49.

GRISILDE, Griselda, IX. 119; Griseldes, XII. 108. _See_ The Clerkes Tale.



HANIBAL, Hannibal, I. i. 6. 49.

HAWES, Havise (?), XXI. 463.

HECTOR, I. i. 8. 61; I. ii. 2. 115; IV. 281; XII. 93.

HELAYNE, Helen, IX. 191; Heleyne, I. i. 5. 7.

HELISEE, Elysium, XXIV. 119.

HENRY CURTMANTIL, Henry II. (see the note), I. ii. 7. 17; Henry (IV.), IV.
358; _gen._ IV. 272.

HERCULES, I. ii. 7. 118; VIII. 344; _gen._ I. i. _pr._ 87.

HERODES, Herod, I. i. 7. 54; I. ii. 6. 80.

HESTER, Esther, IX. 197; Hestre, XII. 107.

HIPSIPHILEE, Hypsipyle, IX. 204.

HOLAND, Holland, XXIV. 1227.

HUGEST, _for_ Hengist (?), I. ii. 7. 118. See note.



INDE, India, VIII. 351; XXI. 482.

IPOMENES, Hippomanes, VIII. 393.

ISAIE, Isaiah, X. 109; _gen._ X. 118.

ITALY, XXIV. 1228.



JACOBES, _s._ Jacob's, I. i. 8. 32.

JAMES, St. James, III. 389; XXI. 689.

JAPHETES, Japhet's, I. ii. 2. 105.

JASON, I. i. 2. 92; VIII. 372; IX. 214; Jasoun, V. 302.

JEWES, _pl._ Jews, I. ii. 1. 43.

JOHAN, St. John, VIII. 12; John, II. 226; _gen._ II. 193; king John, I. ii.
6. 81.

JOHN DE MEUN, V. 281.

JOSEPH, X. 138.

JOSUE, Joshua, IV. 282; XII. 88.

JOVE, Jupiter, XXIV. 94, 820; Jovis, I. ii. 9. 167.

JUDAS, II. 615; III. 147.

JUDAS MACHABEE, Judas Maccabeus, XII. 88.

JUDITH, IX. 197; XII. 109.

JULIAN, SAINT, XXI. 224. See note.

JULIUS CESAR, I. i. 5. 128; I. iii. 2. 23; Julius, IV. 281; VII. 168.

JUPITER, I. i. 5. 10, 127; I. ii. 9. 108; Juppiter, XVII. 169; _gen._ I. i.
9. 68.

JUSTINIANS, Justinian's, VI. 3.



LABAN, I. i. 5. 94.

LACHASES, Lachesis, I. i. 6. 78.

LAMUALL, Lamuel, II. 434.

LONDENOYS, Londoner, I. i. 8. 103.

LONDON, I. i. 6. 98; I. i. 8. 103.

LOTHE, _s._ Lot, I. i. 8. 58; _gen._ I. i. 8. 17.

LUCIFER, II. 119, 380, 833, 937; VIII. 5.

LUCRECE, Lucretia, IX. 201.

LYA, Leah, I. i. 5. 95.



MACHABEUS, IV. 282.

MARCES, _gen._ of Mars, I. ii. 4. 116.

MARCIA CATOUN, Marcia, daughter of Cato, IX. 198; XII. 116.

MARGARIT, Margaret, I. i. 1. 19, &c.; Margarete, V. 421; X. 119.

MARS, I. i. 2. 192; XVII. 183.

MAXIMIAN, the poet, XXIV. 798.

MAXIMIEN, Maximianus, II. 293.

MEDEA, V. 302; Medee, VIII. 373; IX. 214; XII. 115.

MELPOMENE, the muse, XXIV. 24.

MERCURIUS, Mercury, XVII. 239; _gen._ I. ii. 14. 46; Mercury, I. ii. 13.
92; XXIV. 56.

METAMORPHOSOSE, Ovid's Metamorphoses, XXIV. 1259. See note.

MINERVA, XXIV. 20.

MIRRE, Myrrha, VIII. 180.



NAPLES, XXIV. 1228.

NARCISUS, Narcissus, VIII. 87.

NAVERNE, Navarre, XXIV. 1229.

NERO, I. ii. 3. 110; I. ii. 6. 78; I. ii. 7. 8; II. 294, 1250; VII. 174.

NIOBE, VIII. 178.

NOE, Noah, I. i. 8. 56; Noes, _gen._ I. i. 7. 83; I. ii. 2. 108.

NORMANDES, _s. pl._ Normans', I. ii. 7. 19.

NOVEMBRE, November, I. i. 3. 30.



OCTOBRE, October, I. i. 3. 30.

OVYDE, Ovid, V. 204, 246; XXIV. 1259.



PALAMIDES, Palamedes, VIII. 330.

PALEMOUN, VIII. 368.

PALLAS, I. ii. 13. 92.

PARCAS, _s. pl._ the Fates, VIII. 483.

PARIS, I. i. 2. 92; I. i. 5. 6; I. i. 8. 63.

PAULYN, Paulinus, I. iii. 2. 19, 21. See note.

PEGACE, _s._ Pegasus, VIII. 92.

PENELOPE, IX. 203; XII. 113.

PERDICAS, Perdiccas, I. ii. 2. 116; I. iii. 2. 25.

PERNASO, _s._ Parnassus, VIII. 93.

PEROS, Pyroeis, XVII. 215.

PETER, II. 365, 443; _gen._ II. 66.

PHAETON, Phaethon, XVII. 205.

PHARISEES, _pl._ III. 351.

PHEBUS, Phoebus, VIII. 3, 358; XVII. 197; the sun, XVII. 14; XX. 1; XXII.
30; (an emblem of the Holy Ghost), X. 83; _gen._ VIII. 55, 597; XXIV. 88.

PHILEGONEY, Phlegon, XVII. 216.

PHILOBONE, XXIV. 160, 912, 1028.

PHILOGENET, XXIV. 912, 1029.

PHYLLIS, IX. 204; XXI. 457.

PIRAMUS, Pyramus, VIII. 365.

PLATO, I. ii. 11. 93.

PLUTO, XXIV. 94.

POLICENE, Polyxena, IX. 190; _gen._ XII. 110.

POMPEUS, Pompey, I. iii. 2. 20.

PORRUS, Porus, I. iii. 2. 27.

POULE, Paul, I. iii. 4. 120.

PRESTER JOHN, XX. 202.

PRIAMUS, _gen._ of Priam, I. i. 2. 92.

PYCARDIE, Picardy, XXIV. 1226.



RACHEL, I. i. 9. 95.

ROMANCE OF THE ROSE, V. 283.

ROMAYNE, Roman, I. i. 6. 48; I. ii. 1. 14.

ROME, I. i. 5. 130.

ROSAMOUNDE, XI. 77; XIII. 85.

ROSIALL, XXIV. 741, 767, 1019, 1327.



SALAMOUN, Solomon, I. i. 8. 74; IV. 29; V. 199; XIII. 63; XIV. 4.

SAMPSOUN, Samson, V. 199; XIII. 81; XIV. 4.

SARAZINS, _s. pl._ Saracens, IV. 250.

SATAN, II. 1208.

SATURN, XVII. 151; _gen._ I. ii. 2. 24.

SCOGAN, HENRY, VII. (_title_).

SELANDE, _s._ Zealand, I. i. 7. 108. See note, p. 460.

SENEK, Seneca, XII. 101.

SEPTEMBRE, September, XXI. 1.

SILOE, Siloam, I. ii. 14. 40.

SILVESTER, pope, IV. 346.

SION, X. 120.

SONDAY, Sunday, I. ii. 9. 162.

SPAIN, XXIV. 1226.

STYX, considered as 'the pit of hell,' I. i. _pr._ 80.

SUNAMYTE, Shunammite, X. 118. See 2 Kings, iv. 12.



THEBES, VIII. 379.

THESEUS, VIII. 374.

THOMAS, St. Thomas, II. 11.

TISBEE, Thisbe, XXI. 459.

TITUS LIVIUS, Livy, XX. 532.

TRISTRAM, VIII. 366.

TROILUS, I. iii. 4. 254; XII. 94; XVII. 42; XXIV. 872.

TROY, I. i. 2. 92; I. i. 5. 6; V. 81.

TUBALL, Tubal, XXIV. 1402.

TULLIUS, Cicero, XII. 100; XXIV. 8.

TULLIUS HOSTILIUS, VII. 166.

TYTAN, _s._ the sun, VIII. 28; IX. 265; XVII. 9; (as an emblem of Jesus),
X. 114.



URYE, Uriah, I. i. 8. 60; _gen._ I. i. 8. 74.



VALENTYNE, SAINT, IX. 4, 252.

VENERIENS, _s. pl._ servants of Venus, I. ii. 14. 47.

VENUS, XVII. 218; (the planet), VIII. 614; _gen._ VIII. 360.

VIRGIL, XXIV. 10.

VULCANUS, Vulcan, VIII. 389.



WODESTOK, Woodstock, XVIII. 285.



ZEDEOREYS (see note), I. i. 6. 48.

ZEPHERUS, Zephyr, VIII. 57.

       *       *       *       *       *


INDEX

TO SOME

SUBJECTS EXPLAINED IN THE NOTES.

A large number of the Notes refer to explanations of peculiar words and to
proper names; the references to these will be found in the Glossarial Index
and in the Index of Names. A few other subjects of more general interest
are also discussed; the chief of these are indexed below. The references
are to the pages.

  Arbours described, 535.

  Bell, Book, and Candle, cursing by, 485.
  Birds singing the 'hours,' 552.
  _burly_, etymology of, 524.
  Burning of heretics, 489, 490, 494.

  Cardinal Virtues, 479.
  Chaucer's death alluded to, 510.
  Chaucer's Boethius, alluded to, 451, 453-4, 457-8, 461-3, 466-76, 481-3.
  -- Anelida, 537, 543.
  -- Book of the Duchess, 473, 530.
  -- Canterbury Tales, 456, 503, &c.
  -- Compleynt of Venus, 548-9.
  -- House of Fame, imitated, 467-8.
  -- Legend of Good Women, 452, 467, 483, 500-1, 537, 542-3, 547.
  -- Merciless Beaute, 513.
  -- Rom. of the Rose, 456-7, 504-6, 545, 549, 551.
  -- Troilus, 452, 455, 457, 459, 472, 481-3, 521-3, 525, 551.
  Christine de Pisan, 499.
  Creeping to the cross, 490.
  Cupid's arrows, 531-2.

  _determission_ (a false form), 476.

  Elements, the four, 462, 472.

  Final cause, 464.
  Forget-me-not, 536.
  Friars, the, 493-6.

  Geoffrey de Vinsauf, 540.
  Gower's blindness, 498.
  Griffin, the, 485.

  Hengist, perhaps alluded to, 471.
  Hercules, pillars of, 507.
 'Hours,' Canonical, 552-3.

  Knot, the, defined, 468.

  Lent, three divisions of, 521.
  Lepers, 523, 525.
  Lollards, the, 464, 485, 489.
  London, election of the mayor, 459.
  Lydgate's Temple of Glass, imitated, 540, &c.

  Margaret, meaning of, 475-6, 484;
    derivation of, 479.
  Maze described, 535.
  _me_, for _men_ = _man_, 452.
  Mottoes worn on sleeves, 536.

  Pearl, virtues of the, 453, 475.
  Pelican, the, 485.
  Piers Plowman, imitated, 456-8, 464-6, 477, 482-4.
  Popes, schism of the, 487.
  Prester John, 532.
  Proverbs, Book of (quoted), 477-8.
  Proverbs:--a cipher in augrim, 470;
    against the hair, 468;
    all day fails the fool's thought, 472;
    he that hews above his head, the chips fall in his eye, 462, 509;
    it may rime, but it accords not, 466;
    silence gives consent, 461;
    the habit makes not the monk, 475;
    when bale is highest, boot is nighest, 473;
    _fallere, flere_, &c., 516, 546;
    _vento quid levius_, &c., 516.

  Remember-me, 536.
  Romance of the Rose, 456-7, 504-6, 545, 549, 551.

  St. Julian's paternoster, 536-7.
  Sun, four horses of the, 523;
    greater than the earth, 479.

  Virgin, five joys of the, 511.

  _web and pin_, 455.
  Week, names of the days of the, 473-4.
  Worthies, the nine, 497, 514, 532.

  Zealand, 460.

THE END.

       *       *       *       *       *


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       *       *       *       *       *

FOOTNOTES.

[1] In this connection, we must not forget the curious story told in
Francis Thynne's _Animadversions_ on Speght's edition of 1598, to the
effect that his father (William Thynne) had some thoughts of inserting in
the volume a piece called _The Pilgrim's Tale_, but was advised by the king
to let it alone; and this, _not_ on the ground that the Tale was written
after 1536, and contained an allusion to _Perkin Warbeck_, but solely in
deference to the king's remark--'William Thynne, I doubt this will not be
allowed, for I suspect the bishops will call thee in question for it.' See
F. Thynne, _Animadversions_, &c., ed. Furnivall (Ch. Soc.), pp. 9, 89.

[2] These names are given, in the margin, in MS. Addit. 34360 only.

[3] Morris printed _sleepe_, giving no sense; MS. 10303 has _slepye_.

[4] The way in which the spelling was gradually altered can be seen even
from the following example, in which the eighth line of the Plowman's Tale
is represented:--

  Ed. 1542. And honge his harneys on a pynne; fol. cxix.
  Ed. 1550. And honged his harnys on a pynne; fol. xc.
  Ed. 1561. And honged his harnis on a pinne; fol. xciii.

[5] So in Thynne. But 'tyme' really concludes a sentence; and 'there'
should have a capital letter.

[6] He had been imprisoned in 1384 (p. 33, l. 101); but at p. 49, l. 126,
he is leisurely planning a _future_ treatise! At p. 60, l. 104, he is in
prison _again_.

[7] See p. 128, l. 16. He did not care to be 'a stinking martyr'; p. 34, l.
115.

[8] Perhaps this is why Langland refers to 'the castel of Corf'; P.
Plowman, C. iv. 140.

[9] Rolls of Parliament, iii. 234 a.

[10] Professor Morley says:--'As Boethius ... wrote three books of the
Consolation of Philosophy," &c. But Boethius wrote _five_ books.

[11] One line is enough to shew the order of the texts; see p. xv,
footnote.

[12] But this proves nothing, as Urry departs from all sound texts in an
erratic manner all his own.

[13] The expression 'the quenes heed,' at l. 158, hardly implies that there
was then a queen of England. If it does, it makes the poem later than
October, 1396.

[14] The line, as it stands, is ambiguous; what Spenser meant to say
was--'the Ploughman that the Pilgrim playde awhyle'; which expresses the
fact. The subject is 'the Ploughman'; and 'that' means 'whom.'

[15] Mr. Wright says 1401, and refers to Capgrave's Chronicle. But this is
surely an error; see J. H. Wylie's Hist. of Henry IV, i. 277-8; with a
reference to the Close Rolls, 3 Hen. IV, 2. 16.

[16] Fairfax deduced the date from the poem here printed, l. 393.

[17] Shirley also refers to Lydgate's Temple of Glas; see Schick's edition
of that poem; p. lxxxii.

[18] Which is not the case; the text in the Trinity MS. is in the correct
order.

[19] Richard Ros, born March 8, 1428-9; Nichols, Hist. of Leicestershire,
vol. ii. p. 37.

[20] There is _no_ copy in MS. Harl. 7333, as said by error in vol. i. p.
39.

[21] There is no authority, except Thynne, for the title The Cuckoo and the
Nightingale. It has been repeated in all the printed editions, but does not
appear in any MS.

[22] 'In Hereford and the far West, not Oldcastle alone, but the Actons,
Cheynes, Clanvowes, Greindors, and many great gentlemen of birth, had begun
to mell of Lollardy and drink the gall of heresy.'--Wylie, Hist. of Henry
IV, vol. iii. p. 296. Sir T. Clanvowe was alive in 1404 (Test. Vetusta).

[23] The MSS. have _ran_ in C. T., B 661. _Man_ rimes with _can_ in Parl.
Foules, 479, and with _began_ in the same, 563.

[24] Perhaps, more strictly, a dedication, the true envoy consisting of the
last six lines only. But it is no great matter.

[25] Hence F. 148, 'As gret-e perl-es, round and orient,' reappears in A.
528 without the final _-e_, in the form: 'With gret' perles, _ful_ fyne and
orient.'

[26] The examples of _trewly_ in Book Duch. 1111, 1151, are doubtful. It is
a slippery poem to scan. Elsewhere, we find _trew-e-ly_.

[27] F. and L. 134-138.

[28] F. and L. 151-158, 333.

[29] F. and L. 148, 224.

[30] F. and L. 192, 193.

[31] Cf. F. and L. 358-364.

[32] See the English translation in Bohn's Library, i. 214.

[33] A piece entitled 'De Duodecim Abusivis' is one of three pieces
appended to AElfric's Lives of the Saints in MS. Julius E. 7.

[34] No. 61 is The Storie of Thebes, which he of course knew to be
Lydgate's; he adds it _after_ the note--'Thus endeth the workes of Geffray
Chaucer.'

[35] At the same time he struck out no. 56 (p. 34), as being by Lydgate.

[36] In Moxon's Chaucer, which professed to accept Tyrwhitt's canon, this
piece was omitted; but it was revived once more by Bell.

[37] See The Athenaeum, Nov. 4, 1876; The Academy, June 3, 1878; Aug. 3,
1878.

[38] My remark upon the Trinity MS. in vol. i. p. 56, that 'most of the
pieces are in a handwriting of a later date [than 1463], not far from
1500,' does not apply to The Court of Love. This poem, together with two
poems by Lydgate, fills part of a quire of twenty-four leaves _near the
end_ of the MS., of which the seventeenth has been cut out and the last
three are blank; and this quire is quite distinct from the rest as regards
the date of the writing, which is considerably later than 1500, and
exhibits a marked change. There are two _lacunae_ in the poem, one after l.
1022, and another after l. 1316; probably six stanzas are lost in each
case, owing to the loss of the two corresponding leaves in the original
from which the existing copy was made.

[39] I doubt if speculation as to the possible meaning of these names will
really help us.

[40] Which looks as if the author had written _grewen_ for _greven_, like a
Scotchman.

[41] A very bad mistake occurs in l. 1045, viz. _thou wot_ instead of _thou
wost_, as if one should say in Latin _tu scio_. It rimes with _dote_,
which, in Chaucer, is dissyllabic.

[42] There are many more; _fon-ne_ becomes _fon_, to rime with _on_, 458;
_tell-e_ is cut down to _tell_, 518; _behold-e_, to _behold_, 652;
_accord-e_, to _accord_, 746; &c. The reader can find out more for himself;
see ll. 771, 844, 862, 896, 1032, 1334, 1389, &c. In ll. 1063-4, we have
_opinion_ riming with _begon_, the Chaucerian forms being _opinioun_ and
_bigonne_ or _bigunne_!

[43] See vol. vi. p. xlv.

[44] The MS. has:--'Than is is lande'--by mistake.

[45] It is clear that The Plowmans Tale and Jack Upland were inserted by
Thynne and Speght respectively on religious grounds.

[46] We may safely assign to Lydgate the pieces numbered XXII and XXIII, as
well as those numbered VIII to XV.

       *       *       *       *       *


Corrections made to the printed original.

P. lx. "Of sek-e folk ful hol-e" corrected from "seke-e".

P. 142. Line 93. "come; read com" corrected from "com; read come".

P. 297. Line B 7. "I supply eek" corrected from "suppy".

P. 346. "Th. Thynne, ed. 1532" corrected from "Thyme".

P. 358. Line 267 "Th. chyde; T. chide" - "T." corrected from "Th.".

P. 522. Line 97 "her father Calchas" corrected from "Chalcas".

P. 537. Line 477. "meaning not only chalcedony" corrected from "chaledony".

P. 556. s.v. Alegge. "XIX. 26." corrected from "XVIII. 26."






End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chaucerian and Other Pieces, edited by Walter Skeat

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