VICTORIA'S REIGN***


Transcribed from the 1903 Hurst and Blackett edition by David Price,
email ccx074@pglaf.org

                    [Picture: Susannah and the elders]





                                  GOSSIP
                          IN THE FIRST DECADE OF
                             VICTORIA'S REIGN


                                    By
                               John Ashton
                                AUTHOR OF
                "_Social Life in the Reign of Queen Anne_"

                ILLUSTRATED BY REPRODUCTIONS FROM CARTOONS
                            AND OTHER DRAWINGS

                                  LONDON
                       HURST AND BLACKETT, LIMITED
                       13, Gt. Marlborough St., W.
                                   1903

                          _All rights reserved_

                   PRINTED BY KELLY'S DIRECTORIES LTD.
                           LONDON AND KINGSTON.

                       [Picture: Decorative flower]




PREFACE.


I have written this Gossip not only for the edification of those to whom
a portion, more or less, may be news, but for those who, like myself,
have lived through the whole of Queen Victoria's reign, to whom the
remembrance of things, almost forgotten, may bring pleasure and excite
interest.  The items, herein displayed, have been gathered from many
sources, and their authenticity is guaranteed by giving the name of the
authority whence they were taken, in very many instances _ipsissima
verba_, as paraphrasing would rob them of their freshness and
individuality.  All the illustrations are contemporaneous, and, good or
bad, belong to the text and should not be altered.

                                                              JOHN ASHTON.

                       [Picture: Decorative flower]




CONTENTS.


                       [Picture: Decorative flower]

                              CHAPTER I.
1837       The Queen's Accession--Proclamation--Funeral of           1
           the King--The Queen and Social Functions--Mr.
           Montefiore--Amusing Letter--Electric
           Telegraph--Knocker-wrenching: Amusements of the
           Young Aristocracy
                             CHAPTER II.
           Thames Tunnel Flooded--First Mention of the Nelson       12
           Column--Sale of the King's Stud--Marriage by
           Registrar--Commencement of New Houses of
           Parliament--Lunatics and the Queen--The Queen's
           Visit to the Guildhall--Lord Beaconsfield's Maiden
           Speech
                             CHAPTER III.
1838       Destruction of the Royal Exchange--Sale of the           23
           Salvage--Spring-heeled Jack and his Pranks--Lord
           John Russell's Hat
                             CHAPTER IV.
           Lords and Pugilists--"Penny Gaffs"--Steam between        34
           England and America--A Man-Woman--Designs for
           Nelson's Monument--A Termagant--Scold's Bridles,
           &c.
                              CHAPTER V.
           Thom, the Religious Fanatic--His Riots and               45
           Death--Delusions of his Followers
                             CHAPTER VI.
           The Queen's Coronation--The Carriages--The Fair          53
           and Festivities in Hyde Park--The Marquis of
           Waterford's Drive: His Freaks at Melton
           Mowbray--Steam Carriages--Dog Carriages--Grand
           Dinner at Guildhall
                             CHAPTER VII.
           Genesis of the "Charter"--London and North-Western       65
           Railway opened to Birmingham--Overland Route to
           India--A Bold Smuggler--Visitors to the
           Queen--"The Boy Jones"
                            CHAPTER VIII.
1839       Death of Lord Norbury--Birth of                          77
           Photography--Experimental Street
           Pavements--Forecast of the Queen's Marriage--Sad
           Story of Lady Flora Hastings--Story of a Climbing
           Boy--Van Amburgh--Embanking the Thames--Victoria
           Park--Robbery of Gold Dust
                             CHAPTER IX.
           Queen Elizabeth's Statue--The Ladies of the              89
           Bed-chamber--The Queen hissed at Ascot Races--Land
           at Melbourne--Sunday Trading--New Way of Paying
           Church Rates
                              CHAPTER X.
           The Eglinton Tournament--Sale of Armour, &c.--The       100
           Queen of Beauty and the Cook--Newspapers and their
           Sales
                             CHAPTER XI.
           The Chartists: Their going to Church--Dissolution       111
           of the Convention--Approaching Marriage of the
           Queen--The Queen and Lunatics--Raid on a Gaming
           House--Act of Penance
                             CHAPTER XII.
1840       Commencement of Penny Post--Postage Stamps--Prince      118
           Albert's Allowance--_The Times_' Comments on the
           Marriage--Royal Wedding Cake--Louis Napoleon's
           Duel--Nelson Column--Noblemen's Servants--Uproar
           at the Royal Italian Opera House
                            CHAPTER XIII.
           The Mulready Envelope--Plans of Royal Exchange          130
           decided on--Fire at York Minster--Queen shot at by
           Oxford--Oxford in Bedlam--Scientific
           Agriculture--Electro Metallurgy--Embossed
           Envelopes--Sale of Louis Napoleon's Effects
                             CHAPTER XIV.
           Lord Cardigan and the "Black Bottle" Case--Lord         142
           Cardigan's Duel with Lieut. Tuckett--Steam to
           India--Nelson Column--Mormonism--"The Boy
           Jones"--Napoleon's Body transferred to France
                             CHAPTER XV.
1841       Death of Scott, "the American Diver"--Prince            152
           Albert's Ducking--Monster Cheese--"The Boy
           Jones"--"Tracts for the Times"--Tract XC.--Earl of
           Cardigan flogs a Soldier on Sunday--Dispute as to
           the Discovery of the Electric Telegraph--Sale of
           Shakspere Autograph--The Census--Astley's
           Amphitheatre Burnt--Behaviour of "Gentlemen"
                             CHAPTER XVI.
           Story of an Irish Informer--Steam Cars--Sale of         165
           Vauxhall Gardens--First Jewish Baronet--New
           Railway opened--High Tide--Fire at the
           Tower--Birth of Prince of Wales: His Patent as
           such--The Thames at length Tunnelled--Antiquities
           found in the Royal Exchange
                            CHAPTER XVII.
1842       Foundation of Royal Exchange laid--Medal connected      177
           therewith--Father Mathew's Miracle--Christening of
           the Prince of Wales--King Edward VII.--Hard Work
           of the King of Prussia--The Earthquake in
           London--The Queen drinking
           "Grog"--Photography--Talbotype--Sale at Strawberry
           Hill--Presents to the King of Prussia
                            CHAPTER XVIII.
           The Royal "Bal Costume"--The Queen shot at by           187
           Francis and by Bean--Duke of Cambridge's
           Star--Chartism--Income Tax--Female Chartist
           Association--A Gipsy Trial--Closing of the Fleet
           Prison--Married in a Sheet--Enormous Damages in a
           Gambling Case
                             CHAPTER XIX.
1843       Murder of Mr. Drummond--Rebecca and her                 199
           Daughters--Spread of the Movement through
           Wales--Its End--Rebecca Dramatised--Rebecca in
           London
                             CHAPTER XX.
           Gretna Green Parsons--Number of Marriages--Chinese      209
           Indemnity--Thames Tunnel--The Aerial
           Machine--Treasure Trove--Accident to Mr.
           Brunel--Arkwright's Will--Secession in the Scotch
           Church--The "Gent"--Shakspere's Autograph
                             CHAPTER XXI.
           Exhibition of Cartoons--A Duel--Gambling--The           220
           "Albert Hat"--Nelson's Statue: Fun
           thereon--Soldier's Savings Banks--A Post Boy and
           Lord Mayor's Show--M. Jullien and his
           Orchestra--Prince Albert as a Farmer--George IV.'s
           Statue--Ojibbeway Indians
                            CHAPTER XXII.
1844       A Child for Sale--Trial, &c. of Daniel                  232
           O'Connell--General Tom Thumb: His Visit to the
           Queen--The Polka--How to dance it--"Jullien's
           Grand Polka"
                            CHAPTER XXIII.
           An English Dinner--Consols at Par--The "Running         245
           Rein" Case--Other Frauds--Royal Visitors--Opening
           Letters by Government--Duke of Wellington's
           Statue--Barry on the Thames--Visit of Louis
           Philippe--Guano--Queen opens Royal Exchange--Lord
           Mayor Hissed
                            CHAPTER XXIV.
1845       Murder by Tawell--Curious Story--Statue of King         256
           William IV.--Visits by the Queen--Testimonial to
           Rowland Hill--Breaking the Portland Vase--Sad End
           of William Austin--Sale of Van Amburgh's
           Stud--Hungerford Suspension Bridge--Accident at
           Yarmouth--An Excise Case--Beginning of the Railway
           Mania--Sailing of Sir John Franklin
                             CHAPTER XXV.
           The Queen's Costume Ball--Copper Coinage of             267
           William IV.--New Oxford Street opened--Sale of
           Napoleon Relics--Story of Nelson's Coat--Visit of
           the King of the Netherlands--Railway
           Speculation--Hire of Newspapers--Reverse of
           Fortune--Prince Albert and his Taxes--Waghorn's
           Overland Route
                            CHAPTER XXVI.
           The Railway Mania--Deposit of Plans                     277
                            CHAPTER XXVII.
1846       Collapse of the Railway Mania--Sheriffs'                284
           Officers--Hudson, the Railway King--First
           "Ethiopian Serenaders"--The <DW65> Minstrel
           Craze--Commencement of Irish Famine--"The Battle
           of the Gauges"--Railway Surveyors--Suicide of
           Haydon, the Painter
                           CHAPTER XXVIII.
           The Last Post Office Bell-man--The "Corn Law"           296
           Act--Sir Walter Scott's Monument--The Irish
           Famine--The Duke of Wellington's Statue--Gun
           Cotton--Introduction of Ether--Model Dwelling
           Houses--Baths and Washhouses--Smithfield Cattle
           Market--"The Bull Fight of Smithfield"--The first
           Submarine Telegraph
                            CHAPTER XXIX.
1847       Medals for the Army and Navy--Grenville                 307
           Library--Day of Fasting--"Binding of
           Satan"--Suspension of Transportation--New House of
           Lords--Jenny Lind--_Bunn v. Lind_--"Jenny
           Linden"--Death of O'Connell--Story of the Duke of
           Buccleugh--Abolition of Eton "Montem"

                       [Picture: Decorative flower]




ILLUSTRATIONS.


                       [Picture: Decorative flower]

Susannah and the Elders                               (_Frontispiece_)
Suggested Monument to the Marquis of Waterford                       7
Spring-heeled Jack                                                  31
Death of Sir William Courtenay (_Thom_)                             48
"Child's Play"                                                      94
The Eglinton Tournament                                            107
The Mulready Envelope                                              131
The Mulready Envelope (_H. B. Caricature_)                         132
Rebecca and her Daughters                                          201
"The Gent"                                                         216
Prince Albert's Studio                                             223
Nelson's Statue                                                    224
M. Jullien                                                         229
Prince Albert, the British Farmer                                  230
"Repeal" Button                                                    233
O'Connell's Cap                                                    234
Tom Thumb                                                          236
The Stage Polka (_Three Illustrations_)                            238
The Drawing Room Polka (_Three Illustrations_)               240-41-42
Barry, the Clown, on the Thames                                    252
Railway Speculators                                                262
The March of Speculation                                           276
Deposit of Railway Plans                                           282
Sheriffs' Officers                                                 288
The Original Ethiopian Serenaders                                  289
Lablache, Mario, and Tamburini                                     291
The Last Post Office Bell-man                                      297
Wonderful effects of Ether in a case of a                          302
Scolding Wife
The Bull Fight of Smithfield                                       303
Eton "Montem" Costumes                                             314

                       [Picture: Decorative flower]




CHAPTER I.


                       [Picture: Decorative flower]

The Queen's Accession--Proclamation--Funeral of the King--The Queen and
social functions--Mr. Montefiore--Amusing letter--Electric
telegraph--Knocker wrenching--Amusements of the young aristocracy.

King William the Fourth was as sincerely fond of his niece, Alexandrina
Victoria, as he cordially detested her mother, and he earnestly hoped
that she might obtain her majority, which took place on the 24th of May,
1837, before he died, for he had a horror of the Duchess of Kent having
even the shadowy power of a Regent.  Greville, in his _Memoirs_, writing
on 23rd of May, says: "The King prayed that he might live till the
Princess Victoria was of age, and he was very nearly dying just as the
event arrived.  He is better, but supposed to be in a very precarious
state.  There has been a fresh squabble between Windsor and Kensington
about a proposed allowance to the Princess."

The old King lived but a very short time after the desired event, for he
expired at 2.12 on the morning of the 20th of June, 1837, and how the sad
news was broken to the young Sovereign may best be told in the words of
that mine of anecdote, Miss Frances Williams Wynn, the daughter of Sir
Watkin Williams Wynn (the fourth baronet):

    "On Monday we were listening all day for the tolling of the bells,
    watching whether the guests were going to the Waterloo dinner at
    Apsley House.  On Tuesday, at 2.30 a.m., the scene closed, and in a
    very short time the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham, the
    Chamberlain, set out to announce the event to their young Sovereign.
    They reached Kensington Palace at about five; they knocked, they
    rang, they thumped for a considerable time before they could rouse
    the porter at the gates; they were again kept waiting in the
    courtyard, then turned into one of the lower rooms, where they seemed
    forgotten by everybody.  They rang the bell, desiring that the
    attendant of the Princess Victoria might be sent to inform H.R.H.
    that they requested an audience on business of importance.  After
    another delay, and another ringing to enquire the cause, the
    attendant was summoned, who stated that the _Princess_ was in such a
    sweet sleep, she could not venture to disturb her.  Then they said,
    'We come to the _Queen_ on business of State, and even her sleep must
    give way to that.'  It did; and, to prove that _she_ did not keep
    them waiting, in a few minutes she came into the room in a loose
    white night-gown and shawl, her nightcap thrown off, and her hair
    falling upon her shoulders, her feet in slippers, tears in her eyes,
    but perfectly collected and dignified."

Lord Melbourne was summoned to Kensington Palace by the Queen at 9 a.m.,
and a Privy Council was called for 11 a.m., but the notice was so short
that several of the Privy Councillors had no time to put on their
official costume, and were obliged to attend in undress.  Amongst others
who made their appearance at Court in this novel fashion were the Duke of
Cumberland (then, by the fact of the King's death, King of Hanover) and
Lord Glenelg.

The Queen was proclaimed the next day, but there is no need to detail the
ceremony, as we have all experienced a similar scene lately.  The
existing ministry was retained, and things settled down in their places,
yet not quite all at once, for _The Western Luminary_, a paper long since
defunct, says, "In one writ which came down to this city, a ludicrous
mistake was made in the date, as follows: 'In the year of Our Lady 1837,'
instead of 'Our Lord.'"  And the Royal Arms had to be altered from those
borne by Her Majesty's five predecessors.  Being a female, they had to be
borne on a lozenge, instead of a shield; the crest of a lion surmounting
a crown was discontinued, as was also the escutcheon of pretence bearing
the arms of Hanover, surmounted by the crown of that country.

The preparations for the funeral of the late King were at once commenced;
and, in connection therewith, I cannot help quoting from _The Times_'
Windsor Correspondent (28 June): "In the platform erected for the
interment of George IV., there were more than 70,000 superficial feet of
boarding, and 49,000 feet of quartering.  The quantity of black cloth
used for covering the floor of, and the roof over, amounted to more than
10,000 yards.  I understand that, after the interment, it becomes the
perquisite of the clergy of the chapel, as do, also, many of the
decorative ornaments placed on, and suspended over, the coffin.  You
will, perhaps, recollect what some people would willingly have you
forget--I mean the squabbling which occurred respecting the velvet
cushion upon which the coronet of the late Princess Charlotte rested at
her funeral, and the scramble which took place for the real or supposed
baton of the Duke of York, on the occasion of his burial.  Care was taken
to prevent the occurrence of any such indecent proceedings at the funeral
of George IV., and, hence, I do not anticipate any such scenes on the
present occasion."

The King was buried with great pomp on the night of the 8th of July, the
Duke of Sussex being chief mourner, and Queen Adelaide occupying the
Royal Closet.  At the close of the ceremony, the members of the
procession, who were much fatigued by the toil they had undergone and by
the sultry heat of the chapel, proceeded to quit as quickly and as
quietly as possible, but nothing like order was observed in the return to
the Palace.  In fact, it was, for a considerable time, a scene of
indescribable confusion.  Arrangements had been made, by orders of the
Earl Marshal, for the places at which the carriages of those who had to
take part in the procession were to set down and take up; but, owing to
the immense number of the carriages, the ignorance of many of the
coachmen as to the prescribed regulations, and the obstinacy of others,
the rules very soon became a dead letter, and every man seemed disposed
to take his own way.  This, as might be expected, caused such confusion
that it was long past midnight before anything like order was restored.
There were smashed panels and broken windows in abundance, but no serious
accidents were recorded.

The Queen soon had plenty of business on her hands, and on 30th June she
gave her assent to forty Bills, one of which (a remarkably short one),
the 7 Gul., iv. and i. Vic., c. 23, enacted: "That from and after the
passing of this Act, Judgment shall not be given and awarded against any
Person or Persons convicted of any Offence that such Person or Persons do
stand in, or upon the Pillory."  Owing to the recent change in
Sovereigns, there were a few slips in "Her Majesty," and "La Reine le
veult."  On the 13th July the Queen and her mother left Kensington Palace
and took up their residence in Buckingham Palace.  On the 17th, the Queen
dissolved Parliament in person, dressed in white satin, decorated with
gold and jewels, wearing the Order of the Garter and a rich diadem and
necklace of diamonds.  She bore the function remarkably well, although
one evening paper said that "Her emotion was plainly discernible in the
rapid heaving of her bosom, and the brilliancy of her diamond stomacher,
which sparkled out occasionally from the dark recess in which the throne
was placed, like the sun on the swell of the smooth ocean, as the billows
rise and fall"!  On the 19th July she held her first levee, and on the
20th her first drawing room.

Having dutifully chronicled the doings of Royalty, let us do the same by
meaner folk.  On 24th June, Mr. Moses Montefiore, the celebrated Jewish
philanthropist, who lived over one hundred years, was elected Sheriff of
London, and, on the 9th Nov. following, he received the honour of
Knighthood.  He was the first Jew who ever served the office of Sheriff,
or who had been made a Knight, in England.

Of course, there were no Board Schools in those days, and education was
somewhat lax, but it will do no harm to note a piece of orthography,
which will show the standard at which the middle lower class had then
arrived.  It is copied from _The Times_ of 29 June, 1837.  "(_From an
Evening Paper_)--Last autumn, Mrs. C---, of London, during a visit to ---
House, in the West of Scotland, called one day, along with some other
ladies, in the family carriage, at the Golden Arms Inn, of a sea bathing
place on the coast, and stopped for about an hour.  Some time after the
party had returned to D--- House, Mrs. C--- discovered that she had lost
a very fine boa, which she supposed she must have left at the Inn.  On
enquiry, no trace of the boa could be found; but, about two months after
Mrs. C---'s return to London, she received a parcel with a boa somewhat
torn, accompanied by the accompanying (_sic_) epistle, which we give as
rather a curiosity of its kind:--

                                          "Golden Arms Inn--29 Oct., 1836.

    "Mrs. C---, London,

    "MADUM,--I was sorry to heer that when you lost your Bowa in my huse,
    that the Bowa was stole by my sarvant lasses; and the sarvants at
    D--- House spred a report against my huses karakter, which no person
    ever questioned afore.  My wiffe, Peggy, was muckle vexed at the
    report, and sershed the trunks of all the lasses, but did not find
    your Bowa; she fund in Jenny McTavish's kist half a pund of tea which
    Jenny had stole from my wiffes cupboard.  Jenny denied taking your
    Bowa; but not doubting that you would tell a lee, and as Jenny tuke
    the tea, my wife thocht she must have taken your Bowa too, so I
    turned off Jeny for your satisfaction.  She went home to her mithers
    house in ---, and four Sundays after, wha should be cocken in the
    breist of the laft, all set round with ribbons in her heed, but Miss
    Jeny with your Bowa on her shoulders, like a sow with a saddle on its
    back.  I stopped her coming out of the kirk.  So So, Miss Jeny (says
    I) hae ye stumped the cow of her tale, or is this the ladies Bowa ye
    have on your sholders?  The brazen faced woman had the impudence to
    deny the Bowa was yours, and said her sweetheart had bot it for her
    in a secondhand shop in the Salt Market of Glasgow.  But I cut
    matters short wi' Jeny; I een, as if by your authority, tuke the law
    in my own hand, and tore the Bowa from her sholders; it was torn a
    little in the scuffle wi' Jeny and me afore the congregation in the
    kirk yard, but I carried it off in spite of her, and now send it to
    you, hopping you will put a letter in the newspaper of Lundon
    cleering the karacter of me and my wiffe Peggy, and my Inn of the
    Golden Arms.  As for Miss Jeny ye may mak her as black as auld nick,
    for over and above Peggies half pund of tea, and your Bowa, Jeny (I
    hae good reason to believe) is no better than she should be.  I am,
    Madum, your vera humbel sarvint,

                                                               "John ---."

It will hardly be credited that at the commencement of 1837 there was
only one railway running out of London, and that was the Greenwich
railway, which, however, only went as far as Deptford, where it deposited
its passengers in the midst of market gardens, leaving them to walk or
ride to Greenwich.  But there were several running in the midlands (six
railways in all England), and what was then called "The Grand Junction
Railway," from Liverpool to Birmingham, was opened on the 4th July of
this year.  Cognate with railways is the practical working of the
Electric Telegraph, now so necessary to their being.  On 12 June, 1837, a
patent was granted (No. 7390) to William Fothergill Cooke, of Breeds
Place, Hastings, and Charles Wheatstone, of Conduit Street, Hanover
Square, for their invention of "Improvements in giving signals and
sounding alarums at distant places by means of electric currents
transmitted through metallic circuits."  This hitherto scientific toy was
first tried on 25 July by permission of the London and North Western
Railway (then in progress) between Euston and Camden Town stations, and
its successful operation was witnessed with delight by Fox and R.
Stephenson, amongst many others.

A great feature in this year was the "Tom and Jerryism" (so called from
Pierce Egan's "Life in London," 1821) that existed, especially among the
upper class of young men.  Foremost of all was the Marquis of Waterford,
whose delight was in the company of prize fighters, _et hoc genus omne_,
and whose idea of amusement consisted in visiting the lowest public
houses, and treating everybody with liquor, even pails full of gin being
distributed to whoever would partake of it--being never so happy as when
the debauch ended in a fight.  Knocker wrenching and similar pranks were
his delight, and _Punch_, at the very commencement of vol. i., gives a
suggestion for a monument to him.  His pranks would fill a volume, and in
August of this year (during a yachting trip), whilst at Bergen, he
received a blow on the head from a stalwart watchman that nearly killed
him.

              [Picture: Punch, vol. I., p. 14.  July, 1841]

Here is a specimen police case.  _Times_, 10 _July_, 1837:

    BOW STREET.--On Saturday (8th July) three persons were brought before
    Mr. Minshull, charged with twisting knockers off hall doors,
    assaulting the police, and other disorderly conduct; and, it having
    been rumoured that one of the parties charged was the Marquis of
    Waterford, a great crowd of persons assembled in front of the Office
    to catch a glimpse of his Lordship.  It proved, however, that the
    gentleman alluded to was not the noble Marquis himself, but his
    brother, Lord William Beresford, who gave the name of Charles
    Ferguson.  Two other persons were placed in the dock besides his
    Lordship, one of whom gave the name of Edward Hammersley, of 41, St.
    James's Street, and the other, who was equipped in the garb of a
    waterman, said his name was George Elliott, and that he was his
    Lordship's coxswain.

    William Dodds, a police constable of the E division, No. 9, then
    stated that he was on duty in Museum Street, between 1 and 2, on the
    previous night, when he saw the two gentlemen at the bar go up to the
    house, No. 49, and wrench the knocker from the door.  Witness
    expostulated with them, and, seeing another knocker in the hand of
    the prisoner Elliott, he took him by the collar, upon which the
    prisoner Hammersley dropped the knocker which he had just carried
    off.  The prisoner Ferguson then came up, and said, "It's all right,
    old boy," and offered him money, which witness refused to take.  The
    two gentlemen then ran away, but were soon apprehended, witness still
    retaining hold of Elliott.  They were then conveyed to the police
    station, where Ferguson refused to be searched, declaring that he
    would not submit to such a rascally degradation, and, having said so,
    he struck witness.  The prisoners were then locked up.

    Mr. William Gibson, of 49, Museum Street, proved that one of the
    knockers produced belonged to him, and had been wrenched off his
    street door.

    Ferguson, in his defence, said he had been up the river on a boating
    excursion, and had taken "rather too much wine."  The other two
    prisoners also pleaded having taken a drop too much.

    Mr. Minshull observed that there were two charges against Ferguson,
    whom he should consider as the principal offender, and should fine
    him 5 pounds for unlawful possession of one of the knockers, and 5
    pounds for assaulting the police constable in the execution of his
    duty.  He should not fine the other two.

    Ferguson said he had no objection to pay 5 pounds for the knocker,
    but, as he denied the assault, he should appeal against the fine.

    Mr. Minshull informed him that there was no appeal in the case, but
    he intimated that Mr. Ferguson might go to prison, if he pleased,
    instead of paying the fine.

    Ferguson: Oh, there's no occasion for that; I shall pay the fine.

    Mr. Minshull then desired him to come round in front of the bench,
    and said to him: "I dare say, Sir, you have money enough at your
    disposal, but I pray you not to entertain the notion that you can
    therefore do as you think fit in the streets of this metropolis,
    either by night, or by day.  You were brought before me, recently,
    for a similar offence, when I fined you 5 pounds, and I now warn you,
    that if you should again appear before me, under circumstances like
    the present, I shall, most assuredly, feel it to be my duty, not to
    inflict a pecuniary fine upon you--for that is no punishment to a
    person in your station--but I shall send you, at once, as I am
    authorized to do, to hard labour in the House of Correction, and you
    will then see that neither rank, nor riches, can entitle you to the
    privilege of committing depredations upon the property of peaceable
    and industrious persons, or of disturbing the peace and quiet of this
    town with impunity."

The noble Lord was then handed over to the custody of the gaoler, and his
two companions were discharged.  It appeared that he had not sufficient
money about him to pay the fines, but his brother, the Marquis of
Waterford, after visiting him in "durance vile," released him from his
ignoble captivity by paying the fines.

On the same day, his brother, Lord James Beresford, was arrested for
disgusting behaviour, and two "young men of genteel appearance," who gave
false names, were taken in custody by the police for maliciously
upsetting a shell-fish stall.

One more illustration of the amusements and behaviour of the _jeunesse
doree_ of that period will suffice.  _Times_, 25 _Nov._

    MARLBOROUGH STREET.--Lord Harley, of Chester Place, Capt. W. E.
    Reynolds, of Jermyn Street, and Mr. Charles Lushington, of Tavistock
    Hotel, were on Thursday (23 Nov.) brought before Mr. Chambers,
    charged with having practised the fashionable amusement of ringing
    door bells.

    Mr. Young, surgeon, Piccadilly, said, about 5 o'clock that morning he
    was roused by a violent ringing at his bell.  He answered the summons
    immediately.

    Capt. Reynolds: It's a --- lie.  You have committed perjury.

    Mr. Lushington (to the complainant): You are a --- liar.  The fact
    is, I hurt my fingers and wanted some diachylum plaister, and I
    therefore rang the bell of the first surgeon I came to.  This is the
    truth.  So help me, God.

    Mr. Young continued: When he got to the door, he found that all the
    three defendants had gone away; and he immediately followed them, and
    demanded their reason for disturbing him.  The defendants turned upon
    him, and made use of language and epithets which he would not pollute
    his lips by repeating.

    Capt. Reynolds (shaking his stick at the witness): I wish I had you
    elsewhere.

    Mr. Lushington: I'd roll you in the kennel, if it was worth while.

    Mr. Young continued: The altercation attracted the notice of the
    police, and witness gave them into custody.  When they got to the
    station house, and witness was proceeding to make the charge, the
    defendants repeated their disgusting epithets and language.

    It is impossible to do more than to remark that the language was of a
    description hitherto presumed to be confined to the vilest class of
    the community.

    Mr. Young added that all the defendants appeared to be intoxicated.

    Lord Harley: I beg pardon, I was sober.

    Inspector Beresford was sworn to the fact.

    Inspector: His Lordship was more intoxicated than the others.

    Mr. Lushington (falling on his knees, and holding up his hands): I
    was not drunk this night--so help me, C---t.

    The Inspector swore that none of the defendants were sober.

    Mr. Lushington: The case shall be carried to a higher court.

    Mr. Chambers: Then, to give you an opportunity of taking your case
    elsewhere, I shall make you all find bail; and Mr. Young, if he
    pleases, may prefer an indictment against you.

    Mr. Chambers asked Mr. Lushington if he was a relative of Dr.
    Lushington, {10} and received a reply in the affirmative.

    Capt. Reynolds said, if his language had been offensive towards the
    bench, he was sorry for having used it.

    Mr. Chambers said, personally, he was indifferent to the language
    used to him.

    The parties having left the box, Mr. Young told Mr. Chambers that he
    had no wish to press the case further.  He wished an arrangement
    could be made, so that the bench could decide the matter summarily.

    The defendants were acquainted with this very handsome conduct on the
    part of the complainant, and, after some discussion, Capt. Reynolds
    and Mr. Lushington agreed to pay 5 pounds each to a charity.

    Lord Harley was fined 5/- for being intoxicated.

    When Mr. Chambers was inflicting the latter fine, he said to Lord
    Harley that he hoped he would exert his influence, if he had any,
    with some members of the Legislature, to get the fine for drunkenness
    increased to 1 pound where the party was a gentleman.

    The defendants paid the fines, and went away.




CHAPTER II.


Thames Tunnel flooded--First mention of the Nelson
column--Moustaches--Sale of the King's stud--Marriage by
Registrar--Commencement of New Houses of Parliament--Lunatics and the
Queen--The Queen's visit to the Guildhall--Lord Beaconsfield's maiden
speech.

Nowadays very little is thought of making a tunnel under the Thames, but
the first one, designed and carried out by Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, was
regarded, and rightly so, as a most wonderful feat of engineering.  One
was proposed in 1799, and a shaft was sunk in 1804, but the work went no
further.  The one now spoken of was approved by Act of Parliament 24
June, 1824, and the shaft was begun and the first brick laid on 2 March,
1825.  It suffered several times from irruptions of water; one, on 18
May, 1827; another, in which six lives were lost, on 12 Jan. 1828.  In
1837 there were two irruptions, the first taking place on 23 August, and
it is thus described by one of Brunel's assistants: "We were at work
about two o'clock on Wednesday, when we found the water coming in faster
than usual.  At first, we observed a quantity of loose sand falling near
the gallery, which changed to thin, muddy drops.  This convinced us that
the _stratum_ in which the men were working was bad, loose soil.  The
increase of water made it necessary to withdraw the men, which was done
by a passage under the crown of the arch, made for their safety in case
of accidents.  No injury was sustained by any of the men.  I was not
satisfied, at the time, of the real extent of the bad soil, and I ordered
a boat to be brought, with a rope of sufficient length to enable us to
float to the shield.  The boat was brought, but the rope attached to it,
and by which we were to be hauled into the shaft, was shorter than we had
ordered it.  This deficiency probably saved our lives.  We had not
proceeded far in the boat when I perceived, by the twinkling of the
lights in the tunnel, and other indications of inundation, that the
waters came in with increased rapidity.  I then gave the signal to be
hauled into the shaft, and had scarcely done so when I observed the
ground above give way, and the water descending in a thousand streams,
like a cascade, or the Falls of Niagara.  We were rescued, but, had the
rope by which we were relieved from our perilous situation been of a
length to allow the boat to go to the extremity of the tunnel, in all
probability we should have been drowned.  This happened about four
o'clock, and, soon after five, the tunnel was entirely filled.  No lives
were lost.  The only injury done is the suspension of the works.  The
steam engine, when the leak is stopped, will throw out a ton of water per
minute; and, in three days and nights, the whole of the tunnel may be
pumped dry."

The second irruption, on 3 Nov., also filled the Tunnel, but on this
occasion one man lost his life.

In the _Times_ of 9 Sep. of this year I find the first suggestion of a
monument to Nelson, in Trafalgar Square:

    "Sir, I observe in your paper of Tuesday last, that a correspondent
    has commented upon the proposed plan for laying out Trafalgar Square.

    "Allow me to suggest through your columns the favourable opportunity
    and most appropriate situation, now afforded, of erecting in the
    centre of the Square some worthy trophy, or statue, commemorating the
    glorious victories of the immortal Nelson.  Whilst other great
    commanders and statesmen are honoured with suitable public monuments
    to their fame, surely the British nation would be eager, if called
    on, to pay this tribute to the valour, intrepidity and success of
    this illustrious hero.  Yours, etc.--J. B."

In those days every man went clean shaven, or only had side whiskers, a
full beard being unknown, and moustaches were confined to foreigners and
to a few cavalry regiments, so that for a working man to sport them
(although now so exceedingly common) would probably lead to derision and
persecution, as in the following police case reported in the _Times_ of
21 Sep.:

    MARLBOROUGH STREET.--Yesterday, a young man, "bearded like the pard,"
    who said he was a carpenter employed on the London and Birmingham
    Railroad, applied to Mr. Rawlinson, the sitting magistrate, for an
    assault warrant, under the following ludicrous circumstances:

    Mr. Rawlinson: What do you want the warrant for?

    Applicant: I'll tell your worship, and you'll say it's the most
    haggrawating and provoking thing as ever was heard on.  Veil, then, I
    goes to my vork, as usual, this 'ere morning, ven one of my shopmates
    said to me, "Bill, you arn't shaved your hupper lip lately."  "Don't
    mean it," says I.  "Vy?" says he.  "'Cos," I replied, "I intends
    vearing mustachios to look like a gentleman."  "Vell, then," says he,
    "as you intends to become a fashionable gentleman, p'raps you'll have
    no objection to forfeit half-a-gallon of ale, as it's a rule here
    that every workman vot sports mustachios, to have them vetted a bit."
    Veil, has I refused to have my mustachios christened, they made game
    of them, and said they weren't half fledged; and, more nor all that,
    they hustled me about, and stole my dinner out of the pot, and
    treated me shameful, and so I want your advice respecting my
    mustachios.

    Mr. Rawlinson: My advice is, to go to a barber and have them shaved
    off without loss of time.

    Applicant: Can't part with a single hair.

    Mr. Rawlinson: You want to look like a grenadier, I suppose?

    Applicant: My granny-dear (God bless her old soul!), she never had
    such a fashionable and warlike appendage in her life.

    Mr. Rawlinson: What business has a carpenter with a quantity of long
    hair hanging from his lip?

    Applicant: The reason vy I vears it is 'cos it's fashionable, and
    makes me look like a man of some courage.

    Mr. Rawlinson: Fashionable, indeed!  I wish, with all my heart, that
    the fashion was discontinued.  Why need an Englishman make a Jew of
    himself?  It is disgusting to see persons strutting through the
    streets with mustachios, and, sometimes, a fringe of hair round the
    face and chin, which is dignified by the name of whiskers.  As you
    won't take my advice, I can't assist you.

    Applicant: Vot! not for striking me on the hupper lip?

    Mr. Rawlinson: Then your mustachios must have saved you.

    Applicant: No, they didn't.

    Mr. Rawlinson: How's that?

    Applicant: 'Cos the hair ain't long and thick enough; they're only
    young 'uns as yet.  There was no occasion to strike me.

    Mr. Rawlinson: And there's no occasion for you to wear mustachios.
    You may have a warrant, if you like, but I think you had better not.

    The man with mustachios then withdrew.

The late King's stud at Hampton was doomed to be sold, and the sale
thereof created something of a sensation.  On this subject there is, in a
little twopenny weekly magazine, called _The Torch_, 9 Sep., '37 (vol.
i., p. 19), a periodical now long forgotten, a poem by Tom Hood, which I
have not seen in any collection of his poems.  It is a



PETITION TO HER MAJESTY FOR PRESERVING THE ROYAL STUD AT HAMPTON COURT.


                             BY THOMAS HOOD.

                                      I.

    LIEGE LADY, all the nation's in high dud-
       geon that Lord Melbourne's brains should be so muddy
    As to advise you sell your royal _stud_,
       Which to preserve, should be your royal study.

                                     II.

    Poor nags you would not in your stable find,
       Like cavalry of Evans called De Lacey,
    No!  I do rather hope your royal mind
       Is naturally fond of something racy.

                                     III.

    Pray, what has Hampton done that you should trounce ill-
       naturedly its prancers and its sport?
    You have a breed of _asses_ in the _Council_,
       Do keep a breed of _horses_ in the _Court_.

                                     IV.

    His truth who says that you should sell them, fails.
       Believe me, Lady liege, he tells a crammer;
    You'll set your people biting all their _nails_,
       If you put up your horses to the _hammer_.

                                      V.

    I like these money-turning Whigs, indeed;
       Who, into coin, change everything they're able.
    You're just installed, and they would sell _the steed_,
       It doesn't make me think they're very _stable_.

                                     VI.

    I daresay they believe they're very knowing,
       I think they're close to their official shelves:
    And, when they set the horses "Going, going,"
       It's nearly time they should be gone themselves.

                                     VII.

    The nation quite in Hampton Court rejoices,
       What! sell its stud of steeds beyond all praise!
    _Nay_, shout the people with indignant voices,
       And the stud echoes with a hundred _neighs_.

                                    VIII.

    Then sell them not, dear lady, I implore ye;
       Of tears 'twill set your people shedding floods;--
    I tell ye what will make 'em all adore ye,--
       Kick out your ministers and keep your bloods!

But Hood must have laboured under a misapprehension, for the horses were
the private property of the late King, and his executors had no option
but to sell them.  It was said that William IV. in his lifetime wished
the country to take the stud over, at a valuation, and, after his death,
it was offered to Queen Victoria for 16,000 pounds.  The sale took place
on Oct. 25, and there were 80 lots, which did not fetch particularly high
prices, the highest being "The Colonel," who was bought, after winning
the St. Leger, by George IV. for 4,000 guineas; but the horse broke down
after running a dead heat at Ascot in 1831.  He only realised 1,150
guineas, and was bought by the auctioneer, Mr. Tattersall.  The next
highest price given was for "Actaeon," which fetched 920 guineas.  The
total proceeds of the sale was 15,692 guineas.

In October a great change was made in the matter of marriage, which had,
hitherto, been a purely ecclesiastical affair, but by the 6 & 7 Gul. iv.,
cap. 85, Registrars of births and deaths were empowered to marry couples,
and it became a purely civil contract.  This Act was to have come into
force on the first day of March; but a subsequent Act postponed it to the
last day of June, and it really only became effective in October.  It
surprised people by its simplicity, and the gist of the Act is in Section
xx.: "And be it enacted, That after the expiration of the said Period of
Twenty-one Days or of Seven Days, if the Marriage is by Licence,
Marriages may be solemnized in the registered Building stated as
aforesaid in the notice of such Marriage, between and by the Parties
described in the Notice and Certificate, according to such form and
ceremony as they may see fit to adopt: Provided nevertheless, that every
such Marriage shall be solemnized with open doors, between the Hours of
Eight and Twelve in the Forenoon, in the Presence of some Registrar of
the District in which such registered Building is situated, and of Two,
or more, credible Witnesses; provided also, that in some Part of the
Ceremony, and in the Presence of such Registrar and Witnesses, each of
the Parties shall declare:

"'I do solemnly declare, That I know not of any lawful Impediment why I,
A. B., may not be joined in Matrimony to C. D.'

"And each of the Parties shall say to the other:

"'I call upon these Persons here present to witness that I, A. B., do
take thee, C. D., to be my lawful wedded Wife [or Husband].'

"Provided also, that there be no lawful Impediment to the Marriage of
such Parties."

The old House of Commons was destroyed by fire on 16 Oct., 1834, and it
was not until September, 1837, that the first contracts for the
commencement of the construction of the new works, in connection with the
present building, were entered into.  They were for the formation of an
embankment 886 feet in length, projecting into the river 98 feet further
than that then existing, to be faced with granite, and a terrace 673 feet
long next the river, and 35 feet wide, in front of the new Houses, with
an esplanade at each end 100 feet square, with landing stairs from the
river 12 feet wide.  The whole surface of the front building was to be
excavated, and filled in with concrete 12 feet thick, thus forming a
permanent and solid foundation for the superstructure.  Towards the end
of this year, the Queen was somewhat pestered with lunatics.  On Nov. 4,
as she was going through Birdcage Walk on her return from Brighton, a man
of respectable appearance went near the Queen's carriage, held up his
fist, and made use of most insulting language towards Her Majesty and the
Duchess of Kent, declaring that the Queen was an usurper, and he would
have her off her Throne before a week was out.  He was afterwards
arrested, and turned out to be Mr. John Goode, a gentleman of large
property in Devonshire, who had been previously in custody on 24th of May
(Her Majesty's birthday) for creating a disturbance and forcibly entering
the enclosure of Kensington Palace.  He was taken before the Privy
Council, and when examined, declared that he was a son of George IV. and
Queen Caroline, born at Montague House, Blackheath, and that, if he could
but get hold of the Queen, he would tear her in pieces.  He was told to
find bail, himself in 1,000 pounds, and two sureties of 500 pounds each;
but these not being forthcoming, he was sent to prison.  On entering the
hackney coach, he instantly smashed the windows with his elbows, and
screamed out to the sentinels: "Guards of England, do your duty, and
rescue your Sovereign."  He was, after a very short imprisonment,
confined in a lunatic asylum.

The other case was a German baker, but he only uttered threats against
the Queen and her mother, and he, too, was put in an asylum.

A great event, and a very grand sight, was the Queen's visit to the City
of London on 9 Nov., when Alderman Cowan inaugurated his mayoralty.  The
Queen went in State, attended by all her Court, her Ministers, the
Judges, etc.  The procession started from Buckingham Palace soon after 2
p.m. and reached Guildhall about 3.30.

The interior of the Guildhall was "exceeding magnifical."  There was a
canopy of carved gilt, with draperies of crimson velvet and gold fringe
and tassels, its interior, being also of crimson velvet, was relieved by
ornaments in silver and a radiated oval of white satin with golden rays.
The back was fluted in white satin, enriched with the Royal Arms in
burnished gold.  The State chair was covered with crimson velvet with the
Royal Arms and Crown, with the rose, thistle and shamrock tastefully
interwoven.

At each end of the Hall, the walls were covered with immense plates of
looking-glass.  The window at the eastern end of the Hall, above the
throne, having been removed, a gigantic wooden framework was substituted,
on which was erected a gorgeous piece of gas illumination.  Above the
mouldings of the windows, and over the City Arms, waved the Royal
Standard and the Union Jack.  Above was the Royal cypher, V.R., in very
large characters, surmounted by the appropriate word "Welcome," the whole
being encircled by an immense wreath of laurels, which terminated, at the
lower extremity of the framework, with the rose, thistle and shamrock.
Over the clock at the western end, and reaching nearly the whole breadth
of the Hall, with Gog and Magog on the right and left, was placed an
immense stack of armour, with upwards of 30 furled flags as an
appropriate background.  Immediately above was the magnificently radiated
star of the Order of the Garter, surrounded by crimson drapery, and the
scroll "God save the Queen" entirely composed of cut glass, which, when
lit up, seemed, literally, one continued blaze of diamonds.  The whole
was surmounted by the imperial crown and wreaths of laurel, intermingled
with the rose, thistle and shamrock, covering the entire outline of the
window.  Where, formerly, was the musicians' gallery, on the opposite
side, was occupied by three stacks of armour; complete coats of mail
were, likewise, suspended in other parts of the Hall; two knights in
complete armour guarded the entrance of the Hall and Council Chamber,
which latter was fitted up for the Queen's reception room, and hung
throughout with crimson fluted cloth, finished with gold mouldings and
festoons of red and white flowers.  Upon a platform stood a chair of
state, splendidly gilt and covered with crimson velvet, and there was no
other chair nor seat of any kind in the apartment.  The Queen's
retiring-room was the Aldermen's Court, and was superbly decorated,
having a magnificent toilet table covered with white satin, embroidered
with the initials V.R., a crown and wreath in gold, and looped with gold
silk rope and tassels.

After the Queen's arrival at the Guildhall, and having spent some little
time on her toilet, her Majesty was conducted to the Council Chamber,
where--seated on her throne, and surrounded by Royal Dukes and Duchesses,
etc.--she listened to a dutiful address read by the Recorder, and, at its
conclusion, she was graciously pleased to order letters patent to be made
out conferring a baronetcy on the Lord Mayor and knighthood on the two
Sheriffs, John Carroll and Moses Montefiore, Esquires, the latter, as
before mentioned, being the first Jew who had received that honour.

At 20 minutes past 5 the Queen entered the Hall, in which was the
banquet, wearing a rich pink satin dress, ornamented with gold and
silver, a splendid pearl necklace, diamond earrings, and a tiara of
diamonds.  She occupied the centre of the Royal table, having on her
right the Duke of Sussex, the Duchess of Gloucester, the Duchess of
Cambridge, Prince George of Cambridge and the Duchess of Sutherland; and
on her left, the Duke of Cambridge, the Duchess of Kent, the Princess
Augusta of Cambridge and the Countess of Mulgrave.  As a specimen of the
magnificence of this banquet, it may be mentioned that at the Royal table
the whole of the service was of gold, as were the candelabra, epergnes,
soup tureens, cellarets, etc.; one firm furnished gold plate for the
Queen's table and sideboard to the value of 115,000 pounds, and another
firm nearly the same amount, whilst the value of plate lent by various
gentlemen was assessed at 400,000 pounds, besides which there was the
Civic plate.  The china dessert plates at the Queen's table cost 10
guineas each, and all the glass decanters and china were specially made
for the occasion.

At 20 minutes past 8, the Queen left the Hall, and in her retiring room
was served with tea from a splendid gold service made for the occasion,
and she reached Buckingham Palace about half-past 9--highly delighted
with her entertainment.

There is nothing more of interest in this year, if we except the maiden
speech of Lord Beaconsfield, in the House of Commons, which took place on
7th Dec.  Mr. Disraeli (as he then was) had the disadvantage of following
O'Connell, in a noisy debate on the legality of the Irish Election
Petition Fund.  He was not listened to from the first, and, in the middle
of his speech, as reported by _Hansard_, after begging the House to give
him five minutes, he said: "He stood there to-night, not formally, but,
in some degree, virtually, as the representative of a considerable number
of Members of Parliament (_laughter_).  Now, why smile?  Why envy him?
Why not let him enjoy that reflection, if only for one night?"  All
through his speech he was interrupted, and this is its close, as reported
in _Hansard_.  "When they recollected the 'new loves' and the 'old loves'
in which so much passion and recrimination was mixed up between the noble
Tityrus of the Treasury Bench, and the learned Daphne of Liskeard--(_loud
laughter_)--notwithstanding the _amantium ira_ had resulted, as he always
expected, in the _amoris integratio_--(_renewed
laughter_)--notwithstanding that political duel had been fought, in which
more than one shot was interchanged, but in which recourse was had to the
secure arbitrament of blank cartridges--(_laughter_)--notwithstanding
emancipated Ireland and enslaved England, the noble lord might wave in
one hand the keys of St. Peter, and in the other--(_the shouts that
followed drowned the conclusion of the sentence_).  Let them see the
philosophical prejudice of Man.  He would, certainly, gladly hear a cheer
from the lips of a popular opponent.  He was not at all surprised at the
reception which he had experienced.  He had begun several things many
times, and he had often succeeded at last.  He would sit down now, but
the time would come when they would hear him.  (_The impatience of the
House would not allow the hon. member to finish his speech_; _and during
the greater part of the time the hon. member was on his legs_, _he was so
much interrupted that it was impossible to hear what the hon. member
said_)."




CHAPTER III.


Destruction of Royal Exchange--Sale of the salvage--Spring-heeled Jack
and his pranks--Lord John Russell's hat.

As a sad pendant to the Civic festivities at the close of 1837 comes the
destruction by fire of the Royal Exchange on the night of the 10th of
January following.

It was first noticed a little after 10 p.m., when flames were observed in
Lloyd's Coffee Room in the north-east corner of the building, opposite
the Bank, the firemen of which establishment were soon on the spot, as
well as many other of the metropolitan engines.  But, before any water
could be thrown upon the building, it was necessary to thaw the hose and
works of the engines by pouring hot water upon them, as the frost was so
very severe; so that, by 11 p.m., all Lloyd's was a mass of flame.
Nothing could be done to stop the conflagration, it having got too great
a hold, and great fears were entertained that it would spread to the Bank
and surrounding buildings, the which, however, was fortunately prevented.
The Lord Mayor was present, and a large body of soldiers from the Tower
assisted the Police in keeping the crowd away from the immediate scene.

It must have been a magnificent sight, and somewhat curious, for amidst
the roar of the flames, and until the chiming apparatus was destroyed,
and the bells dropped one by one, the chimes went on pealing "There's nae
luck about the house," {23} "Life let us cherish," and "God save the
Queen."  The fire was not completely got under until noon the next day,
but, practically, the building was destroyed by 5 am., and, so bright was
the conflagration, that it was visible at Windsor--twenty-four miles off,
and at Theydon, in Essex, a distance of eighteen miles; whilst from the
heights of Surrey on the south, and Highgate and Hampstead on the north,
the progress of the fire was watched by crowds of people.

The following account of the Exchange after the fire is taken from the
_Times_ of 13 Jan.:

    "Yesterday afternoon the ruins of the Exchange were sufficiently
    cooled to allow the firemen and a party of gentlemen, amongst whom we
    noticed the Lord Mayor, Mr. Alderman Copeland, several members of the
    Gresham Committee, and other persons connected with the mercantile
    interest, to inspect them.  In consequence of the loose fragments of
    stone work belonging to the balustrades and ornamental parts of the
    building being covered over with ice, the difficulty of walking over
    the ruins was very great, and the chief magistrate fell more than
    once, receiving sundry bumps.  The lofty chimnies standing appeared
    to be in such a dangerous condition, that they were hauled down with
    ropes, to prevent their falling on the people below.  The iron chests
    belonging to the Royal Exchange Assurance Company could be distinctly
    seen, from the area, inserted in the walls.  Ladders were raised, and
    they were opened, when it was discovered that their contents,
    consisting of deeds and other papers connected with the Company and
    their insurances, were uninjured.  This afforded much satisfaction to
    the directors.  Another iron safe, belonging to Mr. Hathway, whose
    office, under the tower, was consumed, which was also in a recess in
    the wall, was opened at the same time, and a considerable sum in
    francs and bank-notes was taken out.

    "The walls of the west wing of the building, which seemed to bulge
    outward, were shored up in the afternoon, and they are not, now,
    likely to fall.  Cornhill presented a most desolate appearance, the
    shops, from Finch Lane to the termination of the street near the
    Mansion House, were all closed, and the place presented a deserted
    and desolated appearance; which, contrasted with the bustle hitherto
    observed during business hours, and the sight of the ruins, forced
    very unpleasant reflections on the mind.  Barriers were placed at the
    Mansion House end of Cornhill, and across that part of the street
    between Finch and Birchin Lanes, and no person was allowed to pass
    except the firemen and persons on business.  All the avenues leading
    to Cornhill were also blocked up in like manner; and, at each
    barrier, police officers and ward constables were placed to prevent
    people passing.  Various schemes were devised, by numerous
    individuals, to pass these barriers, and sums were, occasionally,
    offered to the police to be allowed to visit the ruins, but without
    effect.  The City police kept the thieves away by their presence and
    activity, and the conduct of the people was, yesterday, very quiet,
    forming a contrast with the disorder got up by the swell mob on
    Thursday last.  Those who viewed the ruins at a distance appeared to
    wear an air of melancholy, and no fire has occurred, for centuries,
    which has caused more universal regret.

    "On searching the ruins under the Lord Mayor's Court Office, the
    great City seal was picked up, with two bags, containing 200 pounds
    in gold, uninjured.  On this discovery being communicated to the Lord
    Mayor and Aldermen, it caused much gratification, it having been
    rumoured that the Corporation would lose their Charter by the loss of
    the seal, but we did not hear it explained how this could be.

    "Owing to the great body of fire underneath the ruins at the
    north-east angle of the Exchange, it was impossible for the firemen
    to ascertain, until a late hour, whether any injury had been done to
    Lloyd's books, which were deposited in a large iron safe inserted in
    the wall.  Two engines had been playing on it during the latter
    portion of the day.  In the presence of several of the Committee it
    was opened, when it was discovered that the fire had reached the
    books, and partially consumed them.  In the drawers were cheques on
    the Bank of England to a large amount, and also Bank of England notes
    to the amount of, it is said, 2,560 pounds.  The notes were reduced
    to a cinder, and, on the drawers being opened, the air rushing in on
    the tender fragments blew them over the Exchange.  They were,
    however, very carefully collected, and the cinders of the notes were,
    with much trouble and caution, put into a tin case, which was taken
    to the Bank, and the words 'Bank of England,' with the numbers and
    dates, were distinctly traced.  The amount will, in consequence, be
    paid to the owners.  From what information could be obtained from the
    gentlemen who took possession of the box, and who were understood to
    be underwriters, it was the usual custom of the secretary not to
    leave any money or notes in the safe, but to deposit the money in the
    Bank, which was done on the evening the fire took place.  The money
    and notes above mentioned, and which were found in the safe, belonged
    to a subscriber who, on the afternoon of Wednesday, asked permission
    to deposit his money in the safe until the next day, which was
    acceded to by the secretary.  Some idea may be formed of his state of
    mind on arriving at the Exchange on the following morning, to see it
    on fire, and he was in a state of distraction until the finding of
    the cinders of the notes yesterday, which has, in some measure,
    calmed his feelings.  The underwriters are severe sufferers, having
    left sums of money, to a large amount, in their desks, which, no
    doubt, will never be recovered.

    "During the confusion on the discovery of the fire, in removing some
    books from a room in the north-east corner, in addition to 500 pounds
    in Bank of England notes, which were taken to St. Michael's Church,
    twenty sovereigns, in a bag, were thrown out of the windows.  The bag
    broke, and the sovereigns rolled about the pavement; they were all
    picked up by the mob, who appropriated them to their own use.

    "It is firmly believed that the overheating of the stoves caused the
    disaster which the nation has now to deplore.  Wednesday was an
    exceedingly cold day, and large fires had been kept up from morning
    till night in the building.  There is no doubt the fire had been
    spreading, to some extent, in Lloyd's rooms, long before it was seen
    in the street.  Some few months back, two watchmen were on the
    premises all night, but, on the miserable plea of economy, they were
    discharged, and the sacrifice of one of the finest buildings in the
    Kingdom has been the consequence.  We believe that most of our
    cathedrals and large public buildings are left without watchmen
    during the night, and we hope that the fate of the Royal Exchange
    will bring about a change in this respect."

The merchants, who used to congregate "on 'Change," were accommodated in
the Guildhall, and the members of Lloyd's met at the Jerusalem Coffee
House--but these arrangements were, afterwards, modified.  The Royal
Exchange Insurance Coy. took Sir James Esdaile's house, in Lombard
Street.

_Times_, 4 Ap., 1838:--"THE ROYAL EXCHANGE.--Yesterday, the first day's
sale of the materials of the Royal Exchange took place.  It produced
nearly 2,000 pounds.  The porter's large hand-bell (rung every day at
half-past four p.m. to warn the merchants and others that 'Change ought
to be closed), with the handle consumed, and valued at 10/-, was sold for
3 pounds 3/-; the two carved griffins, holding shields of the City arms,
facing the quadrangle, 35 pounds; the two busts of Queen Elizabeth, on
the east and west sides, 10 pounds 15/-; the copper grasshopper vane,
{27} with the iron upright, was reserved by the Committee; the alto
relievo, in artificial stone, representing Queen Elizabeth proclaiming
the Royal Exchange, 21 pounds; the corresponding alto relievo,
representing Britannia seated amidst the emblems of Commerce, accompanied
by Science, Agriculture, Manufactures, etc., 30 pounds; the carved
emblematical figures of Europe, Asia, Africa and America, 110 pounds.
The sale of the remainder of the materials, etc., it is understood, will
take place in about a month."

In the Mansion House Police Court, on 10 Jan., the Lord Mayor announced
that he had received five letters relative to an individual who was going
about the metropolitan suburbs frightening females to such an extent that
they were afraid to go out at night, as they were met by a man, who,
under different disguises, would suddenly appear before them, and as
suddenly disappear with terrible bounds, which earned him the name of
"Spring-heeled Jack," and he inspired such terror, that the recital of
the victim had to be taken with caution.  Whoever he was, or why he so
acted, was never known, as he was never taken; but, certainly, robbery
had no part in his escapades, for he was quite content with paralysing
the poor women with fright.

The first facts I can gather about Jack are at the latter end of 1837, at
Barnes, where he appeared as a large white bull; at East Sheen he was a
white bear; he then visited Richmond, and after having terrorised that
town, he went to Ham, Kingston and Hampton, where he was clad in brass
armour, with large claw-like gloves.  Teddington, Twickenham and Hounslow
were all visited by him, and at Isleworth we hear of him wearing steel
armour, in which he seems to have been attired when seen at Uxbridge,
Hanwell, Brentford and Ealing.  At Hammersmith he took the form of a huge
baboon, and as such was seen in the moonlight, dancing at Kensington
Palace, ever and anon climbing over the forcing houses.  He varied his
localities frequently, one day being at Peckham, another at St. John's
Wood, and anon at Forest Hill.

This about brings up to the time of its being mentioned by the Lord
Mayor, the consequence of which was that a Committee was formed at the
Mansion House for the purpose of receiving subscriptions and deciding
upon the best means of capturing this erratic genius.  Probably feeling
that he had sufficiently terrorised the districts before mentioned, he
turned his attention to the East end of London, and particularly favoured
Bow.  A case is given in the _Times_ of 23 Feb.  A gentleman named Alsop,
living between Bow and Old Ford, appeared before the police magistrate at
Lambeth Street (then the Thames Police Office) accompanied by his three
daughters, one of whom stated that at about a quarter to nine o'clock on
the evening of the 21st February, 1838, she heard a violent ringing at
the front gate of the house, and, on going to the door to see what was
the cause, she saw a man standing outside, of whom she enquired what was
the matter.  The person instantly replied that he was a policeman, and
said, "For God's sake bring me a light, for we have caught Spring-heeled
Jack here in the lane."  She returned to the house, and brought a candle,
and handed it to the man, who was enveloped in a large cloak: The instant
she had done so, he threw off his outer garments, and, applying the
lighted candle to his breast, presented a most hideous and frightful
appearance, vomiting forth a quantity of blue and white flame from his
mouth, his eyes resembling red balls of fire.  From the hasty glance
which her fright enabled her to get at his person, she observed that he
wore a large helmet, and his dress, which appeared to fit him very
tightly, seemed to her to resemble white oilskin.  Without uttering a
sentence, he darted at her, and catching her partly by her dress and the
back part of her neck, placed her head under one of his arms, and
commenced tearing her clothes with his claws, which she was certain were
made of some metallic substance.  She screamed out as loud as she could
for assistance, and, by considerable exertion, got away from him, and ran
towards the house to get in.  Her assailant followed, and caught her on
the doorstep, when he again used considerable violence, tore her neck and
arms with his claws, as well as a quantity of hair from her head; her
story was fully corroborated by her parents and sisters, and her
injuries, which were very considerable, bore unmistakable testimony to
the truth of the assault.

At the same police court, on 8 Mar., 1838, a Miss Scales deposed that as
she and her sister were walking in Limehouse, about half-past eight in
the evening, on coming to Green Dragon Alley, they observed some person
standing in an angle in the passage.  She was in advance of her sister at
the time, and just as she came up to the person, who was enveloped in a
large cloak, he spirted a quantity of blue flame right in her face, which
deprived her of sight, and so alarmed her, that she instantly dropped to
the ground, and was seized with violent fits, which continued for several
hours.  In this case no violence to the person was done.

He had a literature of his own.  I know of three pamphlets on the
subject; one, from which is taken the accompanying illustration, is
entitled "Authentic particulars of the awful appearance of the London
Monster, alias Spring-heeled Jack, together with his extraordinary life,
wonderful adventures and secret amours.  Also an account of his horrible
appearance to Miss N--- and his singular letter to the Lord Mayor of
London."

    [Picture: Spring-heeled Jack.  Awful representation of the London
                                 monster]

There is much more to be related of Jack, but space will not permit; but,
whether too much attention was beginning to be paid to him with a view to
his capture, or whether his love of mischief had died out, cannot be
told; but certain it was that nothing was known publicly of this singular
being after April, 1838, having kept London in a ferment of excitement
and terror for about six months.

There is an amusing police case anent Lord John Russell's hat.--_Times_,
8 Feb.:

    THAMES POLICE COURT.--Yesterday, a poor woman, named Mary Ann Blay,
    who stated that she resided at Limehouse, applied to Mr. Ballantyne
    and Mr. Broderip, the magistrates, to request their interference
    under very odd circumstances.  The applicant stated that, about three
    or four months ago, she was on her way home from Poplar, where she
    had been purchasing some vegetables, when she saw something black
    lying on the ground.  She first supposed it was a piece of coal, but,
    on stooping to pick it up, discovered it was a hat.  She walked
    onward, with the hat in her right hand, until she reached the
    Commercial Road, when she was met by a policeman, who asked her where
    she had got the hat.  She informed him that she had picked it up at
    the corner of the New Road, and the policeman looked at it, and saw
    the name of Lord John Russell in the inside.  He demanded the hat of
    her, and, on her refusing to give it up to him, he seized the hat,
    and took her into custody.  She was locked up in the station houses
    and, on the following morning, was brought before the sitting
    magistrate at that office.  The justice, after hearing the
    policeman's statement, directed her to be discharged, and gave orders
    that the hat should be detained for a certain time, in the station
    house; and, if no owner was discovered, that it should be given up to
    her.  She had, since, made repeated inquiries of the police, but
    could obtain no information from them, nor any redress for the false
    imprisonment she had suffered.

    Mr. Ballantyne asked the applicant if she was sure the hat belonged
    to Lord J. Russell.

    The woman said there had been a whitebait Cabinet dinner at Mr.
    Lovegrove's, West India Dock Tavern, Blackwall, on the night she
    found the hat, and Lord John Russell was one of the party.

    Mr. Ballantyne: Well, I don't understand how his Lordship could lose
    his hat at the corner of the New Road.

    The woman said it was supposed that Lord J. Russell had put his head
    out of the carriage window, and looked back to see if his friends
    were following him, when his hat fell off his head, and, as he was a
    Lord, he would not stop until it was picked up again (laughter).

    Mr. Ballantyne: What do you want me to do in the matter?

    The applicant said she wanted to know to whom the hat belonged.

    Mr. Ballantyne: Why, I should say it belonged to Lord John Russell.

    The woman said the hat was worth a guinea, and that if she had
    accepted 5/- from the policeman, and given it up to him, he would not
    have taken her into custody.  She thought it was very hard to be
    subject to such tyranny because she had picked up Lord John Russell's
    hat, for she had done no harm to the crown of it.  She supposed Lord
    John Russell was in liquor, or he would have ordered his carriage to
    stop, and picked up his hat.  (Roars of laughter, in which the
    magistrates could not help joining.)  "You may laugh," said the
    woman; "but it's all true what I say; you may depend upon it, the
    Ministers don't eat whitebait without drinking plenty of wine after
    it, you may be sure.  (Increased laughter.)  I don't know why the
    gentlemen laugh, I am sure.  I was locked up all night away from my
    husband and children."

    Mr. Ballantyne said it was very singular the woman could not
    recollect what night it was she picked up the hat, and the number and
    letter of the policeman who took her into custody.

    The applicant said she was too much alarmed at being locked up in the
    station house, and brought before the magistrate, to recollect what
    night it was, or the policeman's identity.

    Mr. Ballantyne said it was a very odd affair, and he would direct the
    books to be searched to ascertain when the woman was brought before
    the magistrate.

    Soon afterwards, the woman was again brought up.

    Mr. Ballantyne said, it appeared from the minutes that she was
    brought before him on Tuesday, the 3rd of October last, on suspicion
    of stealing a hat, and that the policeman said that he had stopped
    her at two o'clock in the morning with the hat in her possession.  It
    appeared that he had discharged her, but no mention was made of the
    hat belonging to Lord John Russell.  If that fact had been mentioned
    to him, he would have ordered the hat to be restored to his Lordship
    immediately.

    The Applicant: I am sure it is his Lordship's hat.  There is Lord
    John Russell inside of it, quite plain; it's a new one.

    Mr. Ballantyne: Very well; an inquiry shall be made about the hat,
    and you can attend here to-morrow, and we will let you know what has
    become of it.  I think Lord John Russell has the best claim to the
    hat, if he has not already got it.

The sequel:

    _Times_, 10 Feb.:--On Thursday, Mary Ann Blay again appeared before
    Mr. Ballantyne upon the subject of Lord John's hat.  She adhered to
    her old story, that the hat had the noble Home Secretary's name in it
    when she picked it up, but it had, subsequently, been torn out, after
    it was taken out of her possession.  Mr. Ballantyne examined the hat,
    and said it was a dirty, greasy hat--a boy's hat, and that he would
    not give 6d. for it.  The policeman who took the woman in custody
    declared that the woman's statement was, altogether, a fabrication,
    and that the hat never had the name of Lord John Russell in it.  Mr.
    Ballantyne said he would make no order about the hat; and, if the
    woman thought she had been wrongly imprisoned, she might seek her
    remedy elsewhere.




CHAPTER IV.


Lords and pugilists--Penny "Gaffs"--Steam between England and America--A
man-woman--Designs for Nelson Monument--A termagant--Scold's bridles, &c.

I must give another police case, as showing the manners and customs of
the _jeunesse doree_ of this period.

_Times_, 19 Feb.:

    MARLBOROUGH STREET.--On Saturday, Samuel Evans, better known as
    "Young Dutch Sam," a pugilist, was brought before Mr. Conant, charged
    with having committed an unprovoked and violent assault on policeman
    Mackenzie, C 182, and Lord Waldegrave was also charged with
    attempting to rescue Evans from the police.

    The defendant Evans, when sober, is civil and well-conducted, but,
    when drunk, is one of the most dangerous ruffians connected with the
    prize-fighting gang.  Lord Waldegrave is a very young nobleman, with
    a fund of native simplicity in his countenance, rendered the more
    conspicuous by the style of dress he had adopted, namely, a large
     shawl round his neck, and a rough pilot coat.  Both parties
    exhibited unquestionable proofs of the effect of their previous
    night's potations.

    Policeman Mackenzie, who had his arm in a sling, made the following
    statement: About a quarter-past six that morning, after he had come
    off duty, he went to the Standard public house, in Piccadilly, for
    the purpose of getting some refreshment, but, on perceiving some of
    the saloon frequenters there, to whom he was personally obnoxious, in
    consequence of having taken disorderly persons of their acquaintance
    into custody, he was about to go back, when he found himself suddenly
    pushed into the house, with sufficient violence to cause his cape to
    fall off.  While engaged in folding up his cape, the defendant Evans
    said, "Will any gentleman like to see a policeman put on his back?"
    Complainant had not exchanged a single word with anybody; he,
    however, found himself suddenly and quite unexpectedly seized by the
    defendant, who had come behind him, and then thrown with violence
    upon the floor; the defendant Evans fell upon him at the same time;
    and, as complainant lay almost stunned and unable to rise, some
    persons called out "Shame!"  Complainant was then helped up and
    assisted out of the house.  He went immediately to the station house,
    and mentioned what had occurred to Inspector Beresford, who instantly
    sent a sufficient force to take the offenders into custody.
    Complainant went and pointed out Dutch Sam to his comrades, and the
    defendant was taken into custody.  Lord Waldegrave, who was in the
    pugilist's company, declared the police should not take his friend,
    and he attempted to prevent the police from doing their duty.
    Complainant, feeling his shoulder pain him very much, went to the
    surgeon, and, by that gentleman's advice, proceeded to the Charing
    Cross Hospital.  When he was examined, it was ascertained that one of
    the bones of his shoulder was broken.

    Another policeman stated that Lord Waldegrave was very drunk, and,
    when his Lordship attempted to resist the police, he was,
    accidentally, thrown down on the pavement, and witness picked him up.

    Lord Waldegrave: He! he! he!  Picked me up, did you?  Oh!  He! he!
    he!

    Mr. Conant: This is no laughing matter, I can tell you; and it is
    quite improper of you to make it a subject of merriment.

    Lord Waldegrave: He! he! he!  I beg pardon, but I can't help
    laughing.

    Mr. Conant asked Evans what he had to say in his defence?

    Evans: Why, you see, Lord Waldegrave and me had been supping
    together--hadn't we, my Lord?

    Lord Waldegrave: Yes, we had.

    Evans: And when we went into the public house there, we saw the
    policeman, who was drunk, and who had been drinking purl in the
    house.  The policeman asked me to wrestle with him, and, as I thought
    I could throw him, I accepted the challenge.

    The Inspector proved that there was not one word of truth in Evans's
    defence as far as regarded the sobriety of Mackenzie.  The assault
    took place within a few minutes after Mackenzie had come off duty,
    and, certainly, before he could have time to get refreshment.

    The policeman declared what the defendant asserted was entirely
    false.  He had taken nothing to drink; and, as to challenging a man
    like the defendant to wrestle, the assertion was improbable.

    Inspector Beresford, on being asked if he was certain Evans was
    drunk, answered that he was decidedly drunk.

    Evans: Silence, sweep, let a gentleman speak.  I can get a dozen
    oaths for half-a-crown.

    Mr. Conant said the assault on the policeman was wanton and
    unprovoked, and the matter was further aggravated by the fact that a
    person of the defendant's well-known pugilistic powers had chosen to
    attack an unoffending party.  He should, therefore, call on the
    defendant Evans to put in good bail.

    Evans: Serve his Lordship the same; for I like to have such a pal.

    Mr. Conant directed that Lord Waldegrave should be put back until a
    second magistrate arrived.

    Mr. Dyer having, soon afterwards, taken his seat on the bench, Lord
    Waldegrave was placed at the bar.

    Policeman Filmer, C 130, stated that he went with others to the
    Standard public house, and took Evans into custody.  Lord Waldegrave
    threw his arms round his friend, and swore he should not be taken.
    Witness swung his Lordship away, and, in doing so, his Lordship fell
    down.  Witness picked him up, and would have let him go had his
    Lordship abstained from repeating his conduct.  As he would not allow
    the police to do their duty, he took him into custody.

    Mr. Conant asked his Lordship what he had to say?

    Lord Waldegrave: I have nothing to say.  Perhaps I had taken too much
    that night.

    Policeman: His Lordship was very drunk.

    Lord Waldegrave: Not very.

    Mr. Conant: There has been no complaint of your conduct at the
    station house, and I daresay your Lordship feels hurt at being in the
    company of a person of the other defendant's description.  Taking
    into consideration the violence of the outrage committed by Evans, as
    a warning, we must inflict a heavy fine.  You must, therefore, pay 5
    pounds to the Queen.

    Mr. Dyer: And because--in our summary jurisdiction--we cannot go
    beyond that sum, we inflict it as being the highest penalty in our
    power.

    The sum was paid, and the noble defendant discharged.

The whole social tone was low, from the highest to the lowest, and if the
police court gives us occasional glimpses of aristocratic amusement, so
it affords us a view of the entertainments provided for the lower
classes.  Let us take one.

_Times_, 10 March:

    HATTON GARDEN.--For some time past, numerous complaints have been
    made to the magistrates of this office of two penny theatres, one in
    Mortimer Market, Tottenham Court Road, and the other in a field
    adjacent to Bagnigge Wells Road, where gangs of young thieves nightly
    assembled.  On Wednesday last, several inhabitants of Mortimer Market
    attended at the Office to complain of the former establishment, when
    Mr. Rogers granted a warrant to apprehend the whole of the parties
    concerned, and on Thursday night, Duke, Baylis and Halls, of this
    Office, in company with Inspector Jenkins and a body of constables,
    proceeded to the theatre, and captured the manager, performers, and
    musicians, and the whole of them were, yesterday, brought to the
    office, and placed at the bar, when the office was excessively
    crowded.

    There were twelve prisoners, some of whom were attired in their
    theatrical habiliments, with their countenances painted, which made a
    very grotesque appearance.

    Duke being sworn, stated that, in consequence of a warrant, on
    Thursday night last, about 9 o'clock, he proceeded, with other
    officers, to a penny theatre in Mortimer Market, St. Pancras, where
    he found the whole of the prisoners, some of whom were engaged in
    performing their parts, whilst Ewyn, the manager, was employed in
    taking money at the doors, and the woman, Green, was acting as check
    taker.  Campbell and Lewis were enacting their parts upon the stage,
    and Joseph Burrows was in his theatrical dress between them, with his
    face painted and wearing a huge pair of moustaches.  John Pillar was
    in a temporary orchestra with a large violoncello, scraping away most
    melodramatically, whilst the players were endeavouring to humour the
    sounds, and to suit their action to the word, and the word to the
    action; and just at that part of the performance when Burrows had to
    exclaim, "The officers of justice are coming," witness and his
    brother officers rushed upon the stage, and apprehended the whole of
    them.

    Mr. Rogers: What description of audience was there?

    Duke: A dirty, ragged set, principally consisting of boys and girls;
    two of them were barefooted, and had scarce a rag to cover them, and
    did not seem to have been washed for a month.  The theatre was of the
    most wretched description; there was a temporary stage, and bits of
    scenery.  The boys said they were errand boys and servants.  Brierly
    and Smith said they were country actors out of an engagement, and had
    visited the place out of curiosity.

    Mr. Mallett: Had they an inscription that they were "Licensed
    pursuant to Act of Parliament"?

    Duke: They had not.  On the gates was written up, "For this evening's
    performance The Spectre of the Grave; after which, a comic song by
    Mr. Ewyn; to conclude with The Key of the Little Door."  They found
    various theatrical dresses and other properties, with stars, swords,
    etc., now produced.

    Baylis proved having paid 1d. for admission.  He paid the money to
    the woman Green.  Ewyn was at the door, and he confessed that he was
    the manager.  He took him into custody, and, subsequently, he
    apprehended Lewis and Campbell, at the back of the stage, in their
    theatrical dresses.

    Mr. Rogers: Have you got "The Spectre of the Grave" here?

    Inspector Jenkins: No, your Worship, he vanished.  The other male
    performers were dressed in sandals and armour, with their helmets up.

    Hall and the other officers corroborated the above evidence.  Several
    inhabitants of Mortimer Market proved that they were, every night,
    alarmed by firing off guns, cries of "Fire," clashing of swords, the
    most boisterous ranting and shrieks from the voices of the ladies of
    the _corps dramatique_, and the place was a perfect nuisance to the
    neighbourhood.

    The owner of the place stated that, on the 24th of January, he let
    the place to a person named Summers, for chair making, when it was
    turned into a theatre.

    Ewyn said he had engaged with Summers to divide the profits of the
    theatrical speculation.  Summers agreed to take the place, and he
    (Ewyn) to provide the scenery and wardrobe; "and proud I am to say,
    that I have conducted the consarn respectably, which some of the
    neighbours can testify.  This is the head and front of my
    offending--no more."

    Inspector Jenkins said that, about a month ago, he called on Ewyn and
    cautioned him, but he said that the magistrates had nothing to do
    with the matter.

    Mr. Rogers, addressing the prisoners, said they had received a
    warning which they did not heed.  He should not order them to find
    bail, but would discharge them; and, if they dared to repeat their
    performances after this admonition, he would grant a warrant for
    their apprehension, and every one of them should find bail, or be
    committed.  They held out temptation to the children of poor persons,
    some of whom, it appears, were without shoes and nearly naked, who
    robbed their parents, or others, for the purpose of procuring the
    penny for admission.  He would order their paraphernalia to be
    restored to them, but, on condition that they would remove their
    fittings, and desist from any future performances.

    Ewyn: You must give me time to take down the seats and decorations.

    Mr. Rogers: You must take them down this day.

    Ewyn (with a start): What! this day?  Impossible.

    Mr. Rogers directed Inspector Jones to see the mandate obeyed.

The month of April is famous for the inauguration of steam traffic
between England and America.  A vessel named the _Savannah_ had in 1819
crossed from America to England, but her steam was only intended to be
auxiliary to her sailing power, for her boilers had only a pressure of 20
lbs. to the square inch.  She sailed from New York on 28 Mar., 1819,
reached Savannah on 7 Ap., and anchored at Liverpool on 19 June; on her
return home her engines were taken out, and she was finally lost off Long
Island.  In 1836 the Great Western Railway founded the Great Western
Steam Co., whose vessels were intended to run from Bristol in
co-operation with the railway, and the first ship built was the Great
Western, the largest steamer then afloat.  She was 236 feet long and her
engines showed 750 indicated horse power, her registered tonnage being
1,300.  She was intended to be the pioneer ship, and was ready for sea in
April, 1838; but competition was as keen then as now, and the St. Georges
Steam Packet Coy. started their s.s. Sirius, for the voyage to New York,
from London, on the 29th March.  She had a tonnage of 700 tons, and her
engines were of 320 horse-power.  She was elegantly fitted-up, and
started with 22 passengers, whose number was increased at Cork, and,
being intended solely for a passenger boat, carried no cargo.  On going
down the Thames, she encountered her rival, the Great Western, which had
a pleasure party on board, and a trial of speed took place between the
two, resulting in favour of the Sirius.  She sailed from Cork on 9th
April.  The Great Western sailed from Bristol on the 12th April, and both
reached New York on the same day, the Sirius being first.  The Great
Western made, in all, 64 passages between the two countries, her fastest
passage occupying 12 days, 7.5 hours.  At the present writing, the record
voyage for an English steamer (the _Lucania_) is 5 days, 7 hours, 23
minutes.

The _Manchester Guardian_ of 14th April gives an account of a woman
living in that city, who for many years passed as a man, which has
occurred before, but the extraordinary part of this story is that she
_married another woman_.--"Subsequent inquiries confirm the truth of the
statements made in the _Guardian_ of Wednesday last, as to this singular
case.  This woman man, who, for probably more than 25 years, has
succeeded in concealing her sex, and in pursuing a trade of more than
ordinarily masculine and hazardous description, with a degree of skill
and ability which has led to her establishment in a good business in this
town, bound herself apprentice, at the age of 16 or 17 years, to a Mr.
Peacock, a bricklayer and builder, at Bawtry, a small market town in the
West Riding of Yorkshire.  She did not remain with Mr. Peacock during the
whole period of her apprenticeship, but was 'turned over,' as it is
called, to another person in the same business.  It was during her
apprenticeship that she met with her present wife; and they were married
at the old parish church of Sheffield, in the year 1816, when the wife
was only 17 years old.  Since the investigation and disclosure of the
circumstances, on Thursday week, the wife and husband have separated.
She was, for many years, a special constable in the 13th division of that
body, acting for this town; and we are assured that, on all occasions
when the services of the division were required, as at elections, Orange
processions, and meetings of trades' unions, turn-outs, etc., so far from
absenting herself from what, as in the case of well founded apprehension
of a riot, must have been, to a woman, a post of some unpleasantness, she
is remembered to have been one of the most punctual in attendance, and
the most forward volunteer in actual duty, in that division.  We
understand that she is no longer a special constable, because she did
not, on the last annual special session, held for that purpose at the New
Bailey, present herself to be resworn.  She was not discarded or
discharged; there was no complaint against her; and, probably, the
extension of her own business was her only motive for not resuming the
duties of this office.  Altogether, this is the most singular case of the
kind which has ever reached our knowledge."

The following is an advertisement which appeared in the _Times_ of 27th
April:--"NELSON MONUMENT.--The Committee for erecting a Monument to the
Memory of Lord Nelson hereby give notice that they are desirous of
receiving from architects, artists, or other persons, DESIGNS for such a
MONUMENT, to be erected in Trafalgar Square.

"The Committee cannot, in the present state of the subscriptions, fix
definitely the sum to be expended, but they recommend that the estimated
cost of the several designs should be confined within the sums of 20,000
and 30,000 pounds.  This condition, and that of the intended site, are
the only restrictions to which the artists are limited."

In the same newspaper of 16 May, we read of a punishment which might,
occasionally, be revived with advantage, as being less dangerous than the
ducking stool, and, probably, quite as efficacious, although we have the
authority of St. James, "For every kind of beasts, and of birds, and of
serpents, and of things of the sea, is tamed, and hath been tamed of
mankind, but the tongue can no man tame."  It relates how, "at the
Mayor's Court, Stafford, last week, Mary, wife of Thomas Careless, of the
Broad Eye, a perfect termagant, was ordered to pay 1/- penalty, and 7/6
costs, for an unprovoked assault on Mary, the wife of Lewis Bromley.
During the investigation, her garrulity was so incessant that the mayor
was under the necessity of sending for the 'scold's bridle,' an iron
instrument of very antique construction, which, in olden times, was
occasionally called into use.  It is formed of an elliptical bow of iron,
enclosing the head from the lower extremity of one ear to the other, with
a transverse piece of iron from the nape of the neck to the mouth, and
completely covers the tongue, preventing its movement, and the whole
machinery, when adjusted, is locked at the back of the head.  The bridle
is to be put in thorough repair, and hung _in terrorem_ in the Mayor's
office, to be used as occasion may call it forth."

These "scold's bridles," or "branks," as they are sometimes called, are
not uncommon.  The earliest dated one is preserved at Walton-on-Thames,
and bears the date 1633, with the inscription:

    "Chester presents Walton with a bridle,
    To curb women's tongues that talk to idle."

Brayley, in his "History of Surrey," says that it was given by a
gentleman named Chester, who lost a valuable estate through a gossiping,
lying woman; but, as there are several examples of branks in the
Palatinate, one being kept in the gaol at Chester, some people think it
was a present from that city.  There is one at Leicester, and another at
Newcastle-on-Tyne, which used to hang in the mayor's parlour, and
tradition has it that many cases of disputes between women have been
speedily and satisfactorily settled on his worship's pointing to these
branks.

There is one in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, which is very tender as
far as the gag is concerned, but which has a leading chain fastened
between the eyes.  Hainstall, Ridware, Lichfield, Morpeth, Shrewsbury,
Holme, Kendal, Altrincham, Macclesfield, Congleton (where it was last
used in 1824), all have examples, whilst Chester has four!  There are
several in Scotland, and there are some in private hands, notably one
which used to be in the Mayer Museum, Liverpool, which came from
Warrington, where, however, the brank formerly used at Carrington is
preserved, and there are several places--Newcastle-under-Lyne (now in the
Mayer Collection), Manchester, and others--where they have existed.
There is a very grotesque one in Doddington Park, which is a mask, having
eyeholes, and a long funnel-shaped peak projecting from the mouth; and
there are some very terribly cruel ones, with fearful gags; but these can
scarcely come under scold's or gossip's bridles.  There was one at
Forfar, with a spiked gag, which pierced the tongue, and an even more
severe one is at Stockport; whilst those at Ludlow and Worcester are,
also, instruments of torture.




CHAPTER V.


Thom, the religious fanatic--His riots and death--Delusions of his
followers.

From the earliest ages of Christianity _pseudo-Christoi_, or false
Christs, existed.  Simon Magus, Dositheus, and the famous Barcochab were
among the first of them, and they were followed by Moses, in Crete, in
the fifth century; Julian, in Palestine, _circa_ A.D. 530; and Screnus,
in Spain, _circa_ A.D. 714.  There were, in the 12th century, some seven
or eight in France, Spain and Persia; and, coming to more modern times,
there was Sabbatai Zewi, a native of Aleppo, or Smyrna, who proclaimed
himself to be the Messiah, in Jerusalem, _circa_ 1666.  A list of
religious fanatics would be a long one, but the _pseudo-Christos_ of
modern times was, certainly, John Nicholl Thom, of St. Columb, Cornwall,
_alias_ Sir William Percy Honeywood Courtenay, Knight of Malta, and King
of Jerusalem; who also claimed to be Jesus Christ, in proof of which he
shewed punctures in his hands, and a cicatrice on his side.

He was first introduced to public notice in Michaelmas, 1832, when he
paid a visit to Canterbury, and took up his abode, for some time, at the
"Rose Inn," where he was remarkable for his eccentric behaviour, passing
under the name of Rothschild.  His countenance and costume denoted
foreign extraction, while his language and conversation showed that he
was well acquainted with almost every part of the kingdom.  He often
dressed in a fine suit of Italian clothing, and, sometimes, in the gayer
and more imposing costume of the east.  In December of the same year, he
surprised the inhabitants of Canterbury by proposing himself as a
candidate for the representation of that city in Parliament, under the
name of Sir W. P. H. Courtenay.  His canvass proceeded with extraordinary
success; and, such were his persuasive powers, that people of all ranks
felt an interest in his society; some, however, considered him insane,
while others were of a contrary opinion, and he did not succeed in his
ambition.

He next got mixed up in a smuggling affair, H.M. sloop _Lively_ having
captured a smuggling craft (the _Admiral Hood_) off the Goodwin Sands.
He attended the examination of the smugglers before the magistrates at
Rochester, attired in a fancy costume, and having a small scimitar
suspended from his neck, by a massive gold chain.  He defended one of the
men, who, despite his advocacy, was convicted.  He then offered himself
as a witness, swore that he had seen the whole transaction, that there
was no smuggling, and that the _Lively_ was to blame.  This the
prosecution could not stand; he was indicted for perjury, and was tried
at Maidstone on 25 July, 1833.  The sentence of the Court was
imprisonment and transportation, but, being proved to be insane, this was
commuted to confinement in the lunatic asylum, at Barming Heath.  After
about four years spent in this establishment, he was released, on
security being given for his future good behaviour.  He then went to live
at the residence of Mr. Francis, of Fairbrook, in the neighbourhood of
Boughton, near Canterbury.  Owing to some misunderstanding with the
family, he removed to an adjoining cottage, and, at the time of which I
write, he lived at a farm-house, called Bossenden farm, occupied by a
person named Culver.

The influence obtained, by this maniac, over the small farmers and
peasantry in his neighbourhood, is most astonishing.  They believed in
all he told them; first that he should be a great chieftain in Kent, and
that they should all live rent free on his land, and that if they would
follow his advice, they should have good living and large estates, as he
had great influence at Court, and was to sit at the Queen's right hand,
on the day of her Coronation.  It would seem as if his madness, then, was
personal and political, but the religious mania speedily developed
itself.  He told his deluded followers that they were oppressed by the
laws in general, but more particularly by the new poor law; and called
upon them to place themselves under his command.  Nearly 100 at once
joined him, and as they marched through the neighbouring parishes their
numbers increased.  It was then that he proclaimed his divinity--assuring
them that both he and they were not only invincible, but bullet proof,
and that they could never die.

          [Picture: Death of Sir Wm. Courtenay.  (Thom).  1838]

The following account, which appears to me to be the most succinct of
those I have seen, is from the _Times_ of 1 June:

    "On Monday (28 May) they sallied forth from the village of Boughton,
    where they bought bread, and proceeded to Wills's house, near
    Fairbrook.  A loaf was broken asunder, and placed on a pole, with a
    flag of white and blue, on which was a rampant lion.  Thence they
    proceeded to Goodnestone, near Faversham, producing throughout the
    whole neighbourhood the greatest excitement, and adding to their
    numbers by the harangues occasionally delivered by this ill-fated
    madman.  At this farm Courtenay stated that 'he would strike the
    bloody blow.'  A match was then taken from a bean stack, which had
    been introduced by one of the party.  They next proceeded to a farm
    at Herne Hill, where Courtenay requested the inmates to feed his
    friends, which request was immediately complied with.  Their next
    visit was at Dargate Common, where Sir William, taking off his shoes,
    said, 'I now stand on my own bottom.'  By Sir William's request, his
    party went to prayers, and then proceeded to Bossenden farm, where
    they supped, and slept in the barn that night.  At 3 o'clock, on
    Tuesday morning they left, and proceeded to Sittingbourne to
    breakfast, where Sir William paid 25s.; they then visited Newnham,
    where a similar treat was given at the 'George.'  After visiting
    Eastling, Throwley, Selwich Lees and Selling, and occasionally
    addressing the populace, holding out to them such inducements as are
    usually made by persons desirous of creating a disturbance, they
    halted, in a chalk pit, to rest, and, on Wednesday evening, arrived
    at Culver's farm, called Bossenden, close to the scene of action.
    Mr. Curling, having had some of his men enticed from their work,
    applied for a warrant for their apprehension.  Mears, a constable, in
    company with his brother, proceeded to Culver's house, when, on
    application being made for the men alluded to, Sir William
    immediately shot the young man who accompanied his brother in the
    execution of his duty.  Such was the excitement, and the desperate
    menaces of Sir William and his party, that it became necessary for
    the magistrates to interfere to put a stop to the proceedings, by the
    capture of the ringleader of the party, from whose advice to his
    followers the most serious consequences were likely to ensue.  At 12
    o'clock, they assembled at a place called the Osier Bed, where every
    means were resorted to, to quell the disturbance, but without
    success.  Sir William defied interruption to his men, and fired on
    the Rev. William Handley, of Herne Hill, who, with his brother, was
    assisting to take him into custody.  They then made their way to
    Bossenden Wood, where they lay in ambush; but, as no means appeared
    to present themselves, by which the ringleader could safely be
    secured, he being evidently mad, and in possession of loaded
    firearms, threatening to shoot the first man who interfered with him,
    it became necessary to apply for the assistance of the 45th regiment,
    stationed in Canterbury barracks.  On the arrival of a detachment of
    this regiment, they proceeded to the wood, where the party was
    awaiting their arrival.

    "A few minutes previous to the attack, Sir William loudly halloed to
    his companions, supposed for the purpose of getting them prepared for
    the fight.

    "Sir William, on perceiving his opponents, advanced with the greatest
    _sang froid_, and deliberately shot Lieutenant Bennett of the
    regiment, before his own men.  This occasioned a return from the man
    covering his officer, who advanced, and shot Sir William, who fell,
    and died instantly.  The excitement, at that period, occasioned by
    each party losing its commander, caused a desperate attack, which
    terminated in the death of ten persons, besides the brother of the
    constable shot in the morning, and several others seriously wounded,
    of some of whom little hopes are entertained of their recovery.  The
    weapons in the hands of the followers of Sir William, were chiefly,
    if not altogether, heavy bludgeons."

The following, from a correspondent, goes far to show the delusions
shared by this maniac and his followers:

    "The mention of this lad's name, reminds me that his mother is said
    to have done more than any other person in the parish to foster and
    encourage the belief which she herself entertained, that Thom was our
    blessed Redeemer and Saviour.  So steadfast was she in her belief,
    that when, after the battle in the wood, a neighbour went to tell her
    'the awful news,' that Thom was killed, and her own son wounded, she
    would not credit the information.  'Sir William killed!' said she,
    'no, no, you can't kill him; it is not the truth, it is not
    possible.'  The reply to her was: 'It is the truth, and it is
    possible.'  She again asserted that it was not possible.  Again the
    reply was: 'It is possible, and it is as true as that your poor boy
    has got a shot in his thigh.'  Then, and not till then, would she
    credit that her son was hurt.  But as to Sir William, she still
    remained incredulous, saying: 'Mind, three days will show you and all
    the world what Sir William is.  When that time is elapsed, you will
    see whether he is not that which he professes to be.'

    "Of the general belief in the neighbourhood that he was the Saviour,
    I saw a strong proof in some writing which I found on the parsonage
    barn at Herne Hill.  It has been there for the last ten days, and is
    said to be in the handwriting of Wills.  On the left side of the door
    is written, in one long line, these words, with spelling and capitals
    just as I have copied them:--'If you newho was on earth your harts
    Wod turn'; then in another: 'But dont Wate to late'; and then, in a
    third, 'They how R.'  On the right side of the door is the following:
    'O that great day of gudgment, is close at hand'; in another: 'it now
    peps in the dor every man according to his woks'; and in a third:
    'Our rites and liberties We Will have.'  I mentioned some of them in
    a former communication.  At one of the places where he ordered
    provisions for his followers, it was in these words: 'Feed my sheep.'
    To convince his disciples of his divine commission, he is said to
    have pointed his pistol at the stars, and told him that he would make
    them fall from their spheres.  He then fired at some particularly
    bright star; and, his pistol having been rammed down with tow steeped
    in oil, and sprinkled over with steel filings, produced, on being
    fired, certain bright sparkles of light, which he immediately said
    were falling stars.  Again, in the early part of his progress on
    Monday, he went away from his followers with a man named Wills, and
    two of the other rioters, saying to them, 'Do you stay here, whilst I
    go yonder,' pointing to a bean stack, 'and strike the bloody blow.'
    When they arrived at the stack, to which they marched with a flag,
    the flag bearer laid his flag on the ground, and knelt down to pray.
    The others then put in, it is said, a lighted match; but Thom seized
    it and forbade it to burn, and the fire was not kindled.  This, on
    their return to the company, was announced as a miracle worked by the
    Saviour.  There is another of his acts, which he mentioned as one of
    the proofs of his Divinity, that I confess myself at a loss to
    understand.  After he had fired one shot at the constable, Mears, and
    subsequently chopped at him with his dirk, he went into the house,
    seized a loaded pistol, and on coming out, said: 'Now, am I not your
    Saviour?'  The words were scarcely out of his mouth, when he pulled
    the trigger of his pistol, and shot Mears a second time."

He administered a parody on the blessed Sacrament, in bread and water to
his followers, before the encounter and harangued them.  He told them on
this occasion, as he did on many others, that there was great opposition
in the land, and, indeed, throughout the world, but, that if they would
follow him, he would lead them on to glory.  He told them he had come to
earth on a cloud, and that, on a cloud, he should some day be removed
from them; that neither bullets nor weapons could injure him, or them, if
they had but faith in him as their Saviour: and that if 10,000 soldiers
came against them, they would either turn to their side, or fall dead at
his command.  At the end of his harangue, Alexander Foad, a respectable
farmer, and one of his followers, knelt down at his feet and worshipped
him; and so did another man named Brankford.  Foad then asked Thom
whether he should follow him in the body, or go home and follow him in
heart.  To this Thom replied: "Follow me in the body."  Foad then sprang
on his feet in an ecstasy of joy, and, with a voice of great animation,
exclaimed: "Oh, be joyful!  Oh, be joyful!  The Saviour has accepted me.
Go on--go on, till I drop, I'll follow thee!"  Brankford was also
accepted as a follower, and exhibited the same enthusiastic fervour,
while Thom uttered terrific denunciations of eternal torture in hell fire
against all who should refuse to follow him.

With the death of Thom and his deluded followers, the excitement calmed
down, and entirely subsided after the trial of nine prisoners, which took
place at Maidstone, on the 9th of August, before Lord Denman.  They were
charged on two counts: first, with aiding and abetting John Thom, _alias_
Courtenay, in the murder of Nicholas Mears, on the 31st of May, and
second, with being principals in the murder.  Lord Denman charged the
jury that, if they were of opinion that Thom was of unsound mind, so
that, if he had been put upon his trial, he could not have been convicted
of murder, the principal being acquitted, the accessories must also be
acquitted, and the prisoners could not be found guilty on the first
count.  This, the jury acquiesced in, and brought in a verdict of
"guilty" on the second count, with a strong recommendation to mercy on
account of the infatuation under which they were led astray by Courtenay.
Lord Denman pronounced sentence of death upon the prisoners, but added,
that their lives would be spared.  Two were sentenced to transportation
for life; one to transportation for ten years; and the remainder to be
imprisoned for one year, and kept to hard labour in the House of
Correction, one month in solitary confinement.




CHAPTER VI.


The Queen's Coronation--The Carriages--The fair and festivities in Hyde
Park--The Marquis of Waterford's drive--His pranks at Melton
Mowbray--Steam carriages--Dog carriages--Grand dinner at Guildhall.

The next event which occupied the public attention was the Queen's
Coronation, which took place on the 28th of June.  It was, like the "Half
Crownation" of William IV., a much plainer affair than that of George the
Magnificent, the walking procession of all the estates of the realm, and
the banquet in Westminster Hall, with all the feudal services thereunto
belonging, being wholly dispensed with.  The day began badly, with a cold
shower about 8 a.m., but it cleared off, and the sun shone out fitfully,
throughout the time the ceremony occupied--the head of the procession
starting from Buckingham Palace at 10 a.m., and the Queen reaching
Westminster Abbey at half-past eleven.  Next to the Queen herself, the
principal attraction in the procession was the equipages and liveries of
the Ambassadors Extraordinary, chief among which was the carriage of
Marshal Soult (who represented France), which had formerly belonged to
the last great prince of the House of Conde, the father of the Duc de
Bourbon, and which, by its superior magnificence, eclipsed all other
vehicles.  Besides which, it held the Duke of Dalmatia, Wellington's old
foe, who had now come to visit, in peace, the country he had so manfully
fought against.

Of the ceremony itself, I say nothing--everything was done decorously and
in order.  It took a long time, for it was a quarter to four when the
royal procession reformed and took its way through the nave of the abbey.
The Queen entertained a party of 100 at dinner; and, in the evening,
witnessed, from the roof of her palace, the fireworks discharged in the
Green Park.  The Duke of Wellington gave a grand ball at Apsley House,
for which cards of invitation were issued for 2,000 persons.

As an indication of the numbers of people set down at the Abbey, I may
mention that the carriages which were ordered to proceed (after setting
down) to the south side of Westminster Bridge, occupied a line from the
bridge to Kennington Cross (more than a mile).  The carriages which were
to proceed, after setting down their company, to the west side of London,
formed a line nearly to Kensington (a mile and a half).  Those ordered to
wait in the Strand extended, in double lines, to St. Mary le Strand, and
those directed to wait in Bird Cage Walk, St. James's Park, occupied (in
double rows) the whole line to Buckingham Palace.

There was a balloon ascent from Hyde Park, which was a comparative
failure, for it descended in Marylebone Lane, quite done up with its
short journey, and another sent up from Vauxhall, which was more
successful.  There were grand displays of fireworks in the Green and Hyde
Parks, and all London was most beautifully and brilliantly illuminated.

But the great thing was the Fair in Hyde Park, which had official leave
to exist for two days--but which, in fact, lasted four.  The area
allotted to it comprised nearly one third of the Park, extending from
near the margin of the Serpentine to within a short distance of Grosvenor
Gate.  The best account I know of this Fair is in _The Morning Chronicle_
of 29 June, and I here reproduce it:

    "Of all the scenes which we witnessed, connected with the Coronation,
    probably this was the most lively, and that in which there was the
    least confusion, considering the mass of persons collected together.
    Our readers are already aware that the Fair was permitted to take
    place by the Government, on the petition of the present holders of
    the show which formerly belonged to the celebrated Richardson; and it
    was to their care, together with that of Mr. Mallalieu, the
    Superintendent of Police, that its general management was entrusted.
    In justice to those gentlemen, we must say that the arrangements made
    for the accommodation of the public were admirable, while they were
    carried out with the very greatest success.  The booths were arranged
    in a square form, and covered a space of ground about 1,400 feet long
    and about 1,000 feet broad.

    "They were arranged in regular rows, ample space being allowed
    between them for the free passage of the people; and they consisted
    of every variety of shape, while they were decked with flags of all
    colours and nations.  One portion of the fair was set apart
    exclusively for ginger-bread and fancy booths, while those rows by
    which these were surrounded were appropriated to the use of showmen,
    and of persons who dealt in the more substantial articles of
    refreshment.  Of the latter description, however, the readers would
    recognize many as regular frequenters of such scenes; but, probably,
    the booth which attracted the greatest attention, from its magnitude,
    was that erected by Williams, the celebrated boiled beef monger of
    the Old Bailey.  This was pitched in the broadest part of the fair,
    and immediately adjoining Richardson's show; and, at the top of it
    was erected a gallery for the use of those who were desirous of
    witnessing the fireworks in the evening, and, to which, access was to
    be procured by payment of a small sum.

    "While this person, and the no less celebrated Alger, the proprietor
    of the Crown and Anchor, were astonishing the visitors with the
    enormous extent of the accommodation which they could afford the
    public, others set up claims of a character more agreeable to the age
    in the exceedingly tasty mode in which they had decorated their
    temporary houses.  Of these, that which struck us as most to be
    admired, was a tent erected by a person named Bull, of Hackney, the
    interior of which, decorated with fluted pillars of glazed calico,
    had a really beautiful appearance.  It would be useless, however, to
    attempt to particularize every booth, for each held out its alluring
    attractions to the gaping crowd with equal force, and each appeared
    to be sufficiently patronized by the friends of its proprietor.

    "Not a few, in addition to the solid attractions of eating and
    drinking, held out those of a more 'airy' description, and, in many,
    it was announced that a 'grand ball' would be held in the evening,
    'to commence at six o'clock'; whilst, in others, bands of music were
    heard 'in full play,' joining their sweet sounds to the melodious
    beatings of gongs and shouting through trumpets of the adjoining
    shows.  In attractions of this kind we need only say that the fair
    was, in most respects, fully equal to any other at which we ever had
    the good fortune to be present, whether at Greenwich, or Croydon, or
    in any other of the suburban or metropolitan districts.  Beef and
    ham, beer and wine, chickens and salad, were all equally plentiful,
    and the taste of the most fastidious might be pleased as to the
    quality, or the quantity, of the provisions provided for him.  In the
    pastry cooks' booths, the usual variety of gingerbread nuts, and gilt
    cocks in breeches, and kings and queens, were to be procured; while,
    in some of them, the more refined luxury of ices was advertised, an
    innovation upon the ancient style of refreshment which we, certainly,
    had never expected to see introduced into the canvas shops of the
    fair pastry cooks.

    "While these _marchands_ were holding out their various attractions
    to the physical tastes of the assembled multitude, the showkeepers
    were not less actively employed in endeavouring to please the eye of
    those who were willing to enjoy their buffooneries, or their wonders.
    Fat boys and living skeletons, Irish giants and Welsh dwarfs,
    children with two heads, and animals without any heads at all, were
    among the least of the wonders to be seen; while the more rational
    exhibition of wild beasts joined with the mysterious wonders of the
    conjuror and the athletic performances of tumblers, in calling forth
    expressions of surprise and delight from the old, as well as from the
    young, who were induced to contribute their pennies 'to see the
    show.'

    "Nor were these the only modes of procuring amusement which presented
    themselves.  On the Serpentine river a number of boats had been
    launched, which had been procured from the Thames, and watermen were
    employed, during the whole day, in rowing about those who were
    anxious to enjoy the refreshing coolness of the water after the
    turmoil and heat of the fair.  Ponies and donkeys were in the
    outskirts of the fair, plentiful, for the use of the young who were
    inclined for equestrian exercise, while archery grounds and throw
    sticks held out their attractions to the adepts in such practices,
    and roundabouts and swings were ready to gratify the tastes of the
    adventurous.  Kensington Gardens were, as usual, open to the public,
    and not a few who were fearful of joining in the crowd, contented
    themselves here, in viewing the gay scene from a distance.  Timorous,
    however, as they might be, of personal inconvenience, they did not
    fail to enjoy the opportunities which were afforded them of looking
    into the book of fate; and we observed many of the fairest parts of
    the creation busily engaged in deep and private confabulations with
    those renowned seers, the gypsies.

    "With regard to those persons who visited the fair, we must say we
    never saw a more orderly body.  From an early hour the visitors were
    flocking in; but it was not until Her Majesty had gone to Westminster
    Abbey that the avenues approaching Hyde Park became crowded.  Then,
    indeed, the countless thousands of London appeared to be poured
    forth, and all seemed to be bound for the same point of destination.
    Thousands who had taken up their standing places at Hyde Park Corner,
    poured through the gate; whilst many who had assumed positions at a
    greater distance from the Parks, passed through the squares and
    through Grosvenor Gate.  Every avenue was soon filled, every booth
    was soon crammed full of persons desirous of procuring refreshment
    and rest after the fatigue of standing so long in the crowd to view
    the procession.

    "These, however, were not the only persons who joined the throng.
    Every cab, coach, or omnibus which had been left disengaged, appeared
    to be driving to the same point, full of passengers.  Fulham, Putney,
    Mile End and Brixton alike contributed their vehicles to carry the
    people to the Parks, and thousands from the very extremity of the
    City were to be seen flocking towards the Fair.  All seemed bent on
    the same object, that of procuring amusement, and work seemed to have
    been suspended, as if by common consent.  While the East-end thrust
    forth her less aristocratic workmen, the West-end was not altogether
    idle in furnishing its quota to the throng, and we noticed many
    really elegantly dressed ladies and gentlemen alight from their
    carriages to view the enlivening scene; and many of them, who were,
    apparently, strangers to such exhibitions, were, evidently, not a
    little amused at the grotesque imitations of those amusements in
    which the aristocracy delight.

    "Carriages of every description were admitted into the Parks, and the
    splendid carriage of an aristocrat was not unfrequently followed by
    the tilted waggon of some remover of furniture, with its load of men,
    women and children, who had come to 'see the fun.'  All seemed,
    alike, bent on amusement; all, alike, appeared to throw aside those
    restraints which rank, fashion, or station had placed upon them, and
    to enter fully into the enjoyment of the busy scene in which they
    were actors.  The delightful locality of the Fair, the bright
    sunbeams playing upon the many- tents, the joyous laughter of
    the people, untouched by debauchery, and unseduced by the gross
    pleasures of the appetite; the gay dresses of the women, all in their
    best; joined in making the scene one which must live long in the
    recollection of those who witnessed it.  All appeared to remember
    that this was the day of the Coronation of a Queen, so youthful, so
    beautiful, so pure, and all appeared to be determined that no act of
    insubordination or of disorder on their part should sully the bright
    opening of a reign so hopeful, and from which so much happiness is to
    be expected.

    "We have already said that the arrangements of the fair were
    excellent; but, while these called forth our admiration, the
    exceeding attention paid to the public by the police force appeared
    to prevent the possibility of accident or robbery.  All gambling
    booths and thimble riggers had, of course, been necessarily excluded,
    but we fear it was not possible to shut out all those persons whose
    recollection of the laws of _meum_ and _tuum_ was somewhat blunted.
    We heard of numerous losses of small sums, and of handkerchiefs and
    other trifles, but, throughout the day, we gained no information of
    any robbery which was of sufficient extent to produce more than a
    temporary inconvenience to the person robbed.  A temporary police
    station was erected in the grounds, in which Mr. Mallalieu and a
    considerable portion of his men were in attendance during the day;
    but, although there were, necessarily, some cases in which slight
    acts of intemperance were visible, nothing of any serious importance
    occurred during the whole of the early part of the day.

    "The orderly conduct of the people, which we have already described
    as having been observable during the morning, was maintained through
    the rest of the day.  Notwithstanding that the crowd, at three
    o'clock, had increased tenfold, no disturbance nor riot occurred.
    The return of Her Majesty attracted a few from the crowd, but nearly
    every one returned, and all remained for the grand attraction of this
    part of the day's amusement--the fireworks.  As evening closed in,
    the fatigue of the people rendered rest, as well as refreshment,
    necessary, and every booth was, in a short time, crowded with eager
    inquiries for eatables and drinkables.  The dancing booths were
    crowded to suffocation, and the viands of the purveyors of grog were
    soon put into requisition."

The next day was stormy and wet at first, but afterwards turned out fine,
and the Fair was crowded.  On the third day, a booth caught fire, but no
great damage was done.  On the fourth, and last day, the Queen drove as
close to it as she well could do, and all the booths were cleared away
that night.

The Marquis of Waterford still continued his mad pranks, and he was
brought before Mr. Dyer, the Magistrate at Marlborough Street, on 30
June, charged with being drunk and disorderly in Piccadilly at 5 o'clock
in the morning.

Policeman Ellis, C 91, saw the Marquis, with two or three other persons
and a woman in his cab, driving down the Haymarket, and committing the
insane freak of making the foot pavement his road.  The policeman had no
hope of overtaking the Marquis, from the speed at which his lordship was
driving; he, however, followed as fast as he could, and, when the Marquis
turned into Piccadilly, he saw his lordship again pull his horse on the
pavement, and drive on, to the imminent danger of foot passengers.  The
cab went against some posts, and this brought the horse to a standstill.
The policeman ran up, and after much difficulty and opposition on the
part of the Marquis's friends, he succeeded in lodging his lordship in
the station house.  His lordship was too drunk to allow his being
enlarged on bail.

In explanation, the Marquis said he had a young horse in his cab, which
was very difficult to drive.  The animal, having a heavy load behind him,
became unmanageable, and went, in spite of all he could do, on the
pavement.

The policeman, in the most positive manner, said he saw the Marquis pull
his horse upon the foot pavement, and whip the animal to make him go the
faster.

The Marquis declared, "upon his honour," he did not go more than five
yards upon the pavement.

The policeman declared the Marquis drove about 100 yards on the pavement
in the Haymarket, and about 100 yards more upon the pavement in
Piccadilly.  The concussion against the post was so great, that the woman
was thrown six yards out of the cab.

Marquis: I was thrown out myself.  The fact is, I consider this charge to
be quite unwarranted.  No one was hurt, and the policeman exceeded his
duty in taking me to the station house.

Mr. Dyer: The policeman states you were intoxicated.

Marquis: Why, I had been about all night, and I don't think I was very
sober.

Policeman: You had your collar and shirt open, and your chest was quite
exposed.

Marquis: I was dressed just as I am at present.

Policeman: Your coat is now buttoned up; it was not so when I took you in
charge.  You said, when I took you, you would defy your brother to drive
your horse.

Marquis: I might have said so because none of my brothers are in town.
But the horse is only four years old, has never had a collar on before,
and I'll defy any man to drive him the length of this street.

Mr. Dyer: It was the more imprudent on your lordship's part to bring such
an unsafe animal into the public streets, especially at the present time,
when the streets are more than usually thronged.  Have you any witnesses?

Marquis: Yes, I can bring them, but I had rather not.

Mr. Dyer: If they can allege anything in contradiction of the charge of
wilful driving on the footpath, I am willing to hear it.

Marquis: No.  It will be a fine, I suppose, and I had rather pay it than
trouble my friends to come forward.  I'll call my horse, if your Worship
thinks proper.

Mr. Dyer then inflicted a fine of 40s.

The Marquis paid the money, and, turning to the policeman, made some
unhandsome remarks on his evidence.

Mr. Dyer said the policeman bore an excellent character, and, as far as
the magistrates could judge, had always done his duty fairly and
respectably.

The Marquis took the arm of his friend, the Earl of Waldegrave, and left
the office.

We hear of him again very shortly afterwards, for on 31 July, at Derby
assizes, came on an indictment charging the Marquis of Waterford, Sir F.
Johnstone, Hon. A. C. H. Villiers, and E. H. Reynard, Esq., with a riot
and assault.  On the 5th April were the Croxton Park races, about five
miles distance from Melton Mowbray.  The four defendants had been dining
out at Melton on the evening of that day; and about two in the morning of
the following day, the watchmen on duty, hearing a noise, proceeded to
the Market Place, and near Lord Rosebery's house saw several gentlemen
attempting to overturn a caravan, a man being inside; the watchmen
succeeded in preventing this, when the Marquis of Waterford challenged
one of them to fight, which the watchmen declined.  Subsequently, hearing
a noise in the direction of the toll bar, they proceeded thither, and
found the gate keeper had been screwed up in his house, and he had been
calling out "Murder!"

On coming up with the gentlemen a second time, it was observed that they
had a pot of red paint with them, while one carried a paint brush, which
one of the constables wrested from the hand of the person who held it;
but, subsequently, they surrounded the man, threw him on his back, and
painted his face and neck with red paint.  They then continued their
games, painting the doors and windows of different persons; and, when one
of their companions (Mr. Reynard) was put in the lock up, they forced the
constable to give up the keys, and succeeded in getting him out.  The
jury found the defendants (who were all identified as having taken part
in the affray) guilty of the common assault, and they were sentenced to
pay a fine of 100 pounds each, and to be imprisoned till such fine be
paid.

Motor cars are not the modern invention we are apt to imagine them,
except as regards the power used--which, until lately, was always steam.
As far back as 1769, a Frenchman, named Cugnot, made a steam carriage
which carried four people, and attained a speed of two and a quarter
miles an hour!  But it was unfortunate to its inventor--for it came to
grief in a street in Paris, and the unhappy man was imprisoned.  In
England our engineers exercised their inventive power in making steam
carriages--Murdock in 1782, Watt in 1784, Symington in 1786--and others
made models, but the first which actually ran in England was made by
Trevithick and Vivian in 1803, and this, in the streets of London (which
were very far from being as good as they are now), attained a speed of
eight or nine miles an hour.  Between the years 1827-34 there were
numerous steam carriages built and tried, proving more or less
successful.  One made by Sir Goldsworthy Gurney ran for three months in
1831 with passengers between Cheltenham and Gloucester, while Hancock's
steam omnibuses (carrying 14 to 16 passengers) ran in London pretty
constantly during the years 1833-36, and often at a speed of 10 or 12
miles an hour; some of his coaches ran long journeys, such as from London
to Brighton, and he was the most successful of all inventors in this
line, unless we except Scott Russell, who, in 1834, ran six steam coaches
between Glasgow and Paisley.

We read in the _Standard_ of 21 June, 1838, that "Yesterday afternoon,
Hyde Park presented a more than usually gay appearance, in consequence of
a crowd of fashionables being assembled to witness the trial of a
newly-constructed steam cab.  Among the many splendid equipages were
observed those of the Dowager Duchess of Sutherland, the Marquis of
Salisbury, the Marquis of Northampton, the Earl of Winchilsea, Lord
Howick, Lord Holland, and many other distinguished personages.  About 3
o'clock the object of attraction moved forward at a slow pace from the
old Foot Guard Barracks, Knightsbridge, and threaded its way through the
various vehicles into the Park, passing through the centre gate of the
triumphal arch, and making, in the open space opposite the statue,
several turns within its own length.  The vehicle after the date hereof,
will render themselves liable to be hours round the Park, and, from the
slight noise it made, the horses passing did not appear to be frightened.
The average speed of the cab was about twelve miles an hour.  The vehicle
was guided by Mr. Hancock, the inventor."

But, if mechanical science had advanced as far as motor cars, we were, in
other ways, still as backward as Belgium and Germany are at the present,
in using dogs as draught animals.  This practice had increased to such an
extent that it was found necessary to placard the walls of the metropolis
with the following notice.  "Notice is hereby given, that all persons
using dogs under carts or trucks, as beasts of burden, after the date
hereof, will render themselves liable to be prosecuted, and fined 2
pounds, according to the provisions of an obsolete Act lately discovered.
London, 18 Aug., 1838."  This scandal did not last long, for in "an Act
for further improving the Police in and near the Metropolis," 2 and 3
Vict., c. 47 [17 Aug., 1839], we find that Section LVI. says, "And be it
enacted, That after the First Day of _January_ next, every person who,
within the Metropolitan Police District, shall use any Dog for the
purpose of drawing, or helping to draw any Cart, Carriage, Truck, or
Barrow, shall be liable to a penalty of not more than Forty Shillings for
the first offence, and not more than Five Pounds for the Second, or any
following offence."  This act was extended to all parts of the Kingdom by
the 17 and 18 Vict., c. 60.

On the 13th July the Corporation of the City of London gave a grand
banquet, at the Guildhall, to the foreign Princes, Ambassadors
extraordinary, and _Corps Diplomatique_, then in the metropolis, in
honour of the Queen's Coronation; and in order to completely divest the
occasion of anything like a political aspect, care was taken to invite,
besides the Ministers, an equal number of the _elite_ of both parties in
the State.  The principal guests went in their state carriages, and the
streets were crowded with sightseers who especially welcomed the Duke of
Wellington and Marshal Soult.  The arrangements and decorations in the
Hall were almost the same as those used for the Royal banquet in the
previous November, the tables and sideboards were ablaze with plate lent
by the various City Companies, and the General Bill of Fare was as
follows:

One hundred and twenty tureens of turtle soup, of five pints each; 17
dishes of fish, consisting of salmon, turbot, whitings, tench and eels;
40 haunches of venison; 80 dishes of fowls, capons and pullets; 40
cherry, gooseberry and currant tarts; 30 strawberry tarts; 40 dishes of
potatos; 60 dishes of French beans; 30 French pies; 30 pigeon pies; 30
hams; 30 tongues; 2 barons of beef; 37 Chantilly baskets; 30 dishes of
peas; 10 sirloins, ribs and rumps of beef; 45 dishes of shell fish; 30
ribs, chines and legs of lamb; 40 dishes of ducklings; 20 turkey poults;
80 jellies; 20 creams; 40 salads and cucumbers; 20 dishes of
cauliflowers.  DESSERT.--Seventy-five pine apples of 2lbs each; 100
dishes of hothouse grapes; 20 melons; 30 dishes of cherries; 100 dishes
of strawberries; 40 dishes of currants and gooseberries; 120 cream and
water ices, various; 40 dishes of dried fruit; 35 ornamented Savoy cakes;
30 dishes of preserves, biscuits and olives.

Marshal Soult stopped for some time in England, and visited many of the
manufacturing towns.




CHAPTER VII.


Genesis of "The Charter" - L. & N. W. Railway opened to
Birmingham--Overland route to India--A bold smuggler--Bull
baiting--Visitors to the Queen--"The Boy Jones."

Probably nearly all my readers have heard of the "Chartists," but it is
equally probable that few know when the agitation commenced, and the
reason for its existence.  The "Charter," as it was called, was the
Radical outcome of the Reform Bill of 1832.  For a time, after the
passing of that Bill, the land had peace, for all reasonable reforms had
been granted, but the demagogues were not going to be quietly
annihilated, and an agitation for more trenchant reform was got up, and a
mass meeting in its favour was held at Birmingham, on the 6th of August,
and at it were inaugurated the principles of "The People's Charter," as
it was called.  It is currently reported that this "Charter" was drawn up
by William Lovett, a carpenter and cabinet maker, who took an active part
in getting rid of the stamp tax upon newspapers; and it is very likely
that it was so, for he drew up most of the petitions and addresses for
the movement, and, in connection with it, he, the following year,
suffered 12 months' imprisonment.  He died Aug. 1877.  The demands of
this "Charter" were six, and they were familiarly known as the six
points.  They were:

    Universal Suffrage.
    Vote by Ballot.
    Annual Parliaments.
    Payment of the Members.
    Abolition of the Property Qualification.
    Equal Electoral Districts.

The meeting was got up by T. Atwood, Esq., M.P., and the site chosen for
it was a large vacant piece of ground, at Birmingham, on the north-west
side of the town, and there drinking booths galore were erected.  The
morning began very wet, and the different divisions from the neighbouring
country marched bemired and bedraggled to the rendezous.  There they soon
filled the drinking booths, in which they abode; hence, probably, the
very diverse statements as to the numbers present at the meeting, which
vary from 10,000 to 200,000.  The ground chosen was a natural
amphitheatre, and, if the weather had been finer, it would have been a
pretty sight, enlivened by the bright banners of the different Trades'
Societies.  However, Mr. Atwood read the Petition, which embodied the
above six points, and moved its adoption.  Feargus O'Connor, a well-known
firebrand, seconded it in a violent speech, in which occurred the
following balderdash.

   "On with your green standard rearing,
      Go, flesh every sword to the hilt;
   On our side is Virtue and Erin,
      On yours is the _parson_ and guilt."

Of course the Motion was enthusiastically carried, and then a very heavy
shower of rain terminated the proceedings.  The petition was afterwards
presented to Parliament by Mr. Atwood on the 14th of June, 1839.

On 17th Sept the London and North Western Railway (then called the London
and Birmingham Rly.) was opened throughout to Birmingham; the first
train, containing Directors and their friends, leaving Euston at 7.15
a.m.  The times of this train are useful for comparing with the present
time.  "The train left Euston at 15 minutes past 7, but did not take on
locomotive until 20 minutes past.  It arrived at Tring station at 25
minutes past 8, where there was five minutes' delay.  Arrived at
Wolverton at 6 minutes past 9, where the directors alighted and changed
engines.  The train arrived at Rugby at 11 o'clock, where the Duke of
Sussex and his suite alighted, and proceeded by carriage to the place of
his destination.  The directors remained at Rugby 10 minutes, and arrived
at Birmingham 3 minutes past 12, having performed the whole journey,
including stoppages, in 4 hours 48 minutes, and, exclusive of stoppages,
in 4 hours 14 minutes.  This is, unquestionably, the shortest time in
which the journey from London to Birmingham has ever been performed,
being upwards of two hours less than the time occupied by Marshal Soult
and attendants a few weeks ago."

"The fare for one person from London to Birmingham, or back, by the 'four
inside' carriages, by day, or the first class, 'six inside' by night,
will be 1 pound 12s. 6d; by the second-class carriages, open by day,
which is the cheapest, it will be 1 pound.  The intermediate fares will
be 1 pound 10s. and 1 pound 5s."

It is not generally known that the two lodges at the entrance of Euston
Station, were the original ticket office and waiting room.

People were beginning to wake from the torpor in which they had hitherto
slumbered, with regard to locomotion, and on 12th October an influential
meeting of merchants and others was held at the Jerusalem Coffee House to
hear a Captain Barber unfold his scheme for a quicker communication with
India.  This was that passengers and goods should be taken by steam to
Cairo, and thence, by omnibuses and vans to Suez--as was afterwards done
by Waghorn, who was already forming an Overland Mail (see _Times_, 29
Nov., 1838).

With the very heavy duties on foreign goods, of course smuggling was very
rife, and the Inland Revenue was defrauded on every possible occasion by
the sharp wits opposed to it; and the difficulty of conviction, unless
the smuggler was caught red-handed, was very considerable.  The following
is a case in point, and for sheer impudence, it bears the palm.  17 Oct.:

    MANSION HOUSE.--A Scotchwoman, named Frances Bodmore, the wife of a
    Frenchman, who has been engaged in smuggling, appeared to answer for
    her husband, on a charge of having two two-gallon bottles of French
    brandy in his possession, without having paid the duty thereon.

    Child, the constable, said he went into the house of the Frenchman,
    in Sugarloaf Court; and, while searching for other things, found the
    bottles under the pillows of the bed.

    The Lord Mayor: Why don't your husband attend?

    Woman: Why, because he knows nothing at all about the business.  I
    think he'd be a great fool to come here without knowing for what.

    The Lord Mayor: How do you get your living?

    Woman: Why, as well as I can.  I don't get it without running some
    risk for it, you may depend.

    The Lord Mayor: We know you to be a consummate smuggler.

    Woman: Whatever my business may be, I generally get through it like a
    trump.  There's no nonsense about me.

    The Lord Mayor (to the Revenue officer): She is constantly backward
    and forward between this and France, I daresay.

    Woman: Yes, my Lord, I travel a good deal for the benefit of my
    health, and I always come back stouter than I go.  (Laughter.)

    Officer: She's perfectly well known, my Lord, as one of a number that
    are commissioned by parties in London.  They are all very clever, and
    elude us in every possible way, and the steamers afford them great
    facilities.

    The Lord Mayor: I can't send this woman to prison, and she knows it
    well, but I shall punish every experienced smuggler I catch as
    severely as I can.  They cheat the fair trader, they endanger the
    vessel in which they come over, and they cheat the Government.

    Woman: Ay, my Lord, that's the cleverest thing of all.  Only think of
    cheating the Government!  Well, well, I wonder where the villainy of
    man will end!  (Laughter.)

    The Lord Mayor: Take care of yourself.  You think you are secure.
    You may go now.

    Woman: Good morning, my Lord.  Although you are so kind, I hope I
    shall never have the pleasure of seeing your face again.

    The Lord Mayor was informed that great quantities of lace were
    brought over by women.  Some had been found stitched up in the skins
    of wildfowl, and there was scarcely an article, dead or alive, that
    was not suspected of being a depository of contraband goods.  It was
    but a short time ago, that a wretched-looking object was discovered
    to be the carrier of a large stock of lace.  He had an old bedstead,
    which, in his trips to Boulogne, he used to take with him.  At last,
    somebody on board expressed his surprise, why a ricketty piece of
    furniture, which looked as if it was the tenement of living animals,
    should be so frequent a passenger.  Upon close examination, it was
    found that the several pieces of the bedstead had been hollowed and
    stuffed with lace.

The cruel old English sport of bull baiting was still continued at
Stamford, in Lincolnshire, where it is said to have existed since the
year 1209, in the reign of King John.  The story goes that, in that year,
William, Earl Warren, lord of the town, standing on the walls of his
castle, saw two bulls fighting for a cow, in the castle meadow, till all
the butchers dogs pursued one of the bulls (maddened by the noise and
multitude) clean through the town.  This sight so pleased the Earl, that
he gave the castle meadow, where the bulls' duel began, for a common, to
the butchers of the town, after the first grass was mown, on condition
that they should find a mad bull the day six weeks before Christmas
Day--for the continuation of that sport, for ever.

But the time had come for putting an end to this barbarous practice, and
it was this year put down by direct interference of the Secretary of
State.  At Stamford, and elsewhere, it was believed that this bull
baiting was legal, being established by custom; but the Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, with a view of setting the question at
rest by the decision of the Court of Queen's Bench, caused an indictment
to be preferred against several of the ringleaders.  The indictment was
tried at Lincoln, before Mr. Justice Park and a special jury, when
several of them were found guilty; and, upon their being brought up for
judgment in the Court of Queen's Bench, the Court unanimously declared
the practice to be illegal; the Chief Justice, in particular, said: "It
was supposed there was some matter of law--at first, there was a supposed
old Charter--for the future, it must be considered as an illegal
practice."

In consequence of this decision, a troop of the 14th Dragoons, together
with 12 Metropolitan policemen, were sent into the town of Stamford.
Placards, apprising the public of the illegality of the bull baiting,
were posted in the town and neighbourhood, and the threatened and
attempted repetition of this barbarous scene was prevented without any
loss of life or serious injury.  The _bullards_ (as they were called)
mustered in strong numbers.  They had provided two fierce bulls to be
hunted and tormented; but the bulls were seized and pounded by the
police; and, although the ruffian mob remained in considerable numbers,
no serious breach of the peace took place.  But they were determined not
to be altogether baulked of their _sport_; for a bull calf, enclosed in a
cart, and followed by its lowing mother, entered the town, and was
immediately seized on as a substitute for a bull.  It was taken out, and
hunted through the town for some time, until rescued by the police.

Every lunatic seems to have wanted to say something to the young Queen,
and visitors to Buckingham Palace were very frequent, although the object
of their wishes was never attained.  To show the nuisance involved by
these fools let me give one paragraph out of the _Times_, 19 Dec.:

    VISITORS TO HER MAJESTY.--On Saturday night, about 9 o'clock, a very
    respectably dressed young man rang the bell at the tradesmen's
    entrance of the new Palace, and, upon being asked the nature of his
    business, he said he had come for the direction of his house, as he
    was tired, and wished to go home.  Upon being asked to explain
    himself, he said he had just come from Sydney, and had been desired
    to call at the Palace by the Queen, who told him he should have a
    house to live in, and 150 pounds a year, for some very important
    spiritual communication he had made to her.  The young man, whose
    every action showed he was a lunatic, was then told the Queen was not
    in town, when he turned away, observing that he would go immediately
    to Lord Hill, and lay his case before him.  Visits of the preceding
    kind are very frequent at the Palace, and the tales told by the
    visitants are of the very strangest nature.  It is only a few weeks
    since, an elderly man, having the appearance of a farmer, called at
    the Palace, and handing to the porter the certificate of his birth,
    requested him to let Her Majesty sign it.  From inquiries made
    concerning this man, it was discovered that he was a respectable
    farmer in the neighbourhood of Exeter, from which distant place he
    had wandered on so strange an errand.

But of all visitors to the Royal Palace, THE BOY JONES was the most
frequent and successful.  Who, in this generation, knows anything about
THE BOY JONES?  Yet his escapades were very daring and his story is very
true--but so strange is it that, in order to be believed, I must, at
least, in part, give the chapter and verse for it:

_The Times_, 15 Dec.:

    QUEEN SQUARE.--Yesterday, a lad about 15 years of age, who gave his
    name as Edward Cotton, whose dress was that of a sweep, but who was
    stated to be the son of a respectable tradesman in Hertfordshire, was
    charged with being found in the Marble hall of Buckingham Palace,
    under circumstances of an extraordinary nature.  It should be stated
    that Buckingham Palace, even during the absence of the Queen, is
    guarded by the gentlemen porters of the establishment, two inspectors
    of the A division of police, and sentries from the Foot Guards.  In
    spite of this, a number of cases have lately occurred at this office,
    where persons have been found in the interior of the Palace under
    unaccountable circumstances.

    George Cox, one of the porters, having been sworn, said, that at five
    o'clock yesterday morning he saw the prisoner in the Marble hall.
    The latter endeavoured to make his escape into the lobby, but he
    pursued him, and he then took a contrary direction, across the lawn
    at the back of the Palace.  Witness called for the sentry at the
    gate, and a policeman of the B Division who was on duty in James
    Street, caught the lad, after a long chase over the lawn.  Mr. Cox
    added, that he found, in the lobby, a regimental sword, a quantity of
    linen, and other articles, all of which had been purloined from the
    Palace.  The sword was the property of the Hon. Augustus Murray, a
    gentleman attached to the Queen's establishment.  Witness went into
    that gentleman's bedroom, and the bedding was covered with soot.  The
    prisoner had, evidently, endeavoured to get up the chimney, in order
    to effect his escape; there was a valuable likeness of Her Majesty,
    in the Marble hall, which was broken, and covered with soot; and it
    was supposed that the lad, in the first instance, had descended from
    the top of the building, and had endeavoured to make his way back
    again in the same manner.

    James Stone, 31 B, deposed that he was called upon by the last
    witness to secure the prisoner.  There were marks of soot in several
    of the bedchambers, as well as in one of the corridors of the Palace,
    and the Grand (or Marble) hall.  He found upon him two letters, one
    addressed to Her Majesty, and the other to the Hon. Mr. Murray.
    These letters had been placed underneath Her Majesty's portrait, and
    had, no doubt, been taken by the prisoner at the time the picture was
    destroyed.  Part of the scabbard of the sword was discovered in one
    of the beds, and a quantity of bear's grease, part of which he had
    placed upon his flesh, was taken from him--it belonged to one of the
    servants of the Palace.  Upon being taken to the station house, he
    said he came from Hertfordshire, and that his father was a
    respectable man.

    Mr. White, the sitting magistrate, observed that it was a most
    extraordinary thing that persons could get into the Palace under such
    circumstances.

    Several persons belonging to the Palace said that every inquiry had
    been made, but it could not be accounted for.

    Mr. White (to the prisoner): Where do you come from?

    Prisoner: I came from Hertfordshire 12 months ago, and I met with a
    man in a fustian jacket, who asked me to go with him to Buckingham
    House.  I went, and have been there ever since.  I got my victuals in
    the kitchen, and I thought myself very well off, because I came to
    London to better myself.

    Mr. White: Well, you could not go to a higher place.

    Prisoner: I declare it to be the case, and I lived very well.  To be
    sure, I was obliged to wash my shirt now and then.

    Mr. White: You fared, then, altogether, pretty well?

    Prisoner: Very well indeed, Sir, and I was always placed, when the
    Queen had a meeting with the Ministers, behind a piece of furniture
    in the room; but I, certainly, did live well.

    Mr. White: Indeed!  And which was your favourite apartment?

    Prisoner: The room in front of the gardens; but I was always in the
    secret when the Ministers came.

    Mr. White: Do you mean to tell me that you have lived in the Palace
    upwards of 11 months, and been concealed when Her Majesty held a
    Council?

    Prisoner: I do.

    Mr. White: Were you hid behind a chair?

    Prisoner: No.  But the tables and other furniture concealed me.

    Mr. White: Then you could hear all Her Majesty said?

    Prisoner: Oh, yes! and her Ministers too.

    The prisoner's answers to the questions of the magistrate were given
    in the most shrewd manner possible, and he evidently appeared to be a
    lad of some education, but nothing further could be elicited from
    him.

    Mr. White said it was a most singular affair, and that it should be
    strictly inquired into.  For the present, he should remand the
    prisoner until Wednesday next.  The magistrate also told Cox that, as
    he should be sitting there every day, he should be glad to receive
    any information upon the subject.

    The letters found upon the prisoner were directed to be sent to the
    Palace, under seal of the Office, the prisoner having broken them
    open.

The case excited great interest, and, in the first instance, was sent to
Bow Street; but Sir Frederick Roe being out of town, it was ordered to be
heard at this office.

    _The Times_, 20 Dec.--Yesterday, the lad found in Buckingham Palace,
    who had given his name as Edward Cotton, and described himself as the
    son of a respectable tradesman living in the town of Hertford, was
    brought before Messrs. White and Gregorie for final examination.  It
    will be recollected that he had purloined, amongst other articles,
    two letters, which were immediately sealed up, and sent back to the
    Palace.  The prisoner turns out to be the son of an industrious
    tailor, named Jones, residing in York Street, Westminster; and, it
    appears, had frequently expressed his intention to enter the Palace,
    under any circumstances.  He had often stated that he wished to see
    the grand staircase, in order to take a sketch of it, and had often
    expressed his determination to see the Queen, and to hear her
    sentiments when Her Majesty and her Ministers were assembled in
    Council.

    Frederick Blume now deposed that he was valet to the Hon. Mr. Murray,
    and that a sword, a quantity of linen and other articles, had been
    stolen from that gentleman's apartments in the Palace.

    Mr. White: When were they stolen?

    Witness: I can't recollect.

    Mr. White: Was it a week, a month, or three or four months ago?

    Witness: I cannot say.

    Mr. White: Where was your master's sword at the time you saw it last?

    Witness: When I went to Windsor.

    Mr. White: When was that?

    Witness: I cannot exactly recollect, and then he added, that about a
    week since, he had sent from Windsor to the Palace, a portmanteau
    containing his linen, and three pairs of trousers, four of stockings,
    and three cravats were missing.  The padlock of the portmanteau had
    been forced by the sword having been applied to it.  The sword had
    broken in the attempt.  He had also lost five 10 sous pieces, which
    had been found upon the prisoner.

    Mr. White: What is the value of the articles you have lost?

    Witness: I don't know; but I should like to give three guineas to get
    them back.

    Mr. White: Can you swear to the French coin found upon the prisoner
    as being yours?

    The witness was then shown the coin, and he said that he certainly
    could.  They had been taken from his bedroom.

                                  * * * * *

    Mr. White: Can any information be given as to the manner in which the
    prisoner gained access to the Palace?  Cox, one of the porters to the
    Palace, said that the principal entrance door was always locked, and
    the key in his possession.  At 5 o'clock on Saturday morning, just as
    he was about to get out of bed, the prisoner opened the door of his
    room, as witness considered, to obtain the key; his face and hands
    were disguised with soot and bear's grease, and he was asked whether
    he came to sweep a chimney: he did not make any answer, but
    endeavoured to escape.

    Inspector Steed, A division, said that upon examining the gates of
    the principal entrance of the Palace, he found that, at the Marble
    Arch, there was a vacuum sufficient to admit a boy into the Palace,
    without any inconvenience.

    Mr. White: And is there no sentry at this gate?

    Witness: There are two.

    The inspector said that he had examined the boy's boots, and the
    gravel upon them corresponded with that lately laid down close to the
    Marble Arch.  The boots had been taken off by the prisoner, and left
    in one of the apartments appropriated to the use of the porters of
    the Palace.

    Mr. Griffiths, builder, Coventry Street, said that the lad had been
    in his employment for a few months; he had always expressed his
    intention to get into the interior of the Palace by some means or
    other; he was a clever lad, and had made a sketch of the exterior,
    and a view of the enclosure fronting the Palace.  He had left his
    service two days since, and witness was very much distressed, as were
    his parents, to know what had become of him.  Upon reading the
    accounts in the newspapers, he immediately went to Tothill Fields,
    and identified him, much to the gratification of his father, who
    supposed that he had drowned himself, the latter having, on account
    of his son's bad conduct, turned him out of doors.

    The Magistrate, after telling the boy that he would, most likely, be
    committed for trial, asked him what he could say in his defence.

    Prisoner: I wished to see the Palace, and I went in with a man in a
    fustian jacket.  I had the whole range of the Palace for a day or
    two, but the money found upon me I picked up in one of the rooms.

    Mr. White: Tell me the truth, for I am about to send you for trial.

    Prisoner: Oh, very well; with all my heart.

    He was fully committed to the Westminster Sessions, and all parties
    bound over to prosecute.

He was tried on 28 Dec., and was most ably defended by his Counsel, Mr.
Prendergast, who turned everything to ridicule, and the jury returned a
verdict of Not Guilty, regarding the escapade in the light of a youthful
folly, and being, also, mindful of the fact that the boy did not enter
the Palace for the purpose of theft.

But we shall hear of THE BOY JONES again.




CHAPTER VIII.


Death of Lord Norbury--Birth of photography--Experimental street
pavements--Forecast of the Queen's marriage--Sad story of Lady Flora
Hastings--Story of a climbing boy--Van Amburgh--Embanking the
Thames--Victoria Park--Robbery of gold dust.

In a book, professedly of Gossip, politics should be strictly kept in the
background--but at this time Ireland was seething with sedition.  Still I
should hardly have adverted to it, had not the deliberate and brutal
murder of the Earl of Norbury, on 1 Jan., set all tongues wagging.  His
Lordship was walking in the shrubbery, near his own house at Kilbeggan,
in the county of Meath, talking to his steward, and pointing out to him
some trees he wished to have cut down, when some miscreant, behind a
hedge, fired a blunder-buss loaded with swan shot at him, and he fell,
mortally wounded.  He lived for 43 hours afterwards--but his assassin ran
away and escaped; nor, in spite of large rewards offered, was he ever
discovered.

Photography may be said to have been practically born early in this year,
for, on 7 Jan., the French Academy reported on the invention of M.
Daguerre, by which the pictures of the camera lucida were rendered
permanent.  All former attempts may be regarded as scientific
dilletanteism and nothing more.  The earliest known pictures caused by
light on a sensitive surface were made by Thomas Wedgwood (a son of
Josiah, the famous potter), whose researches were published in 1802 in
the _Journal of the Royal Institution_, under the title: "An account of a
Method of copying Paintings upon Glass, and making Profiles by the agency
of Light upon Nitrate of Silver: with Observations by H. Davy."
Afterwards, came Nicephore Niepce, of Chalon sur Saone, who produced
permanent light pictures in 1814, and he and Daguerre went into
partnership in this matter, in 1829.  Fox Talbot was the first to invent
a negative photograph, and he read a paper on "Photogenic Drawings"
before the Royal Society, on 31 Jan., this year; and that scientific
investigation of the new wonder excited the attention, even of amateurs,
is shown by a letter in the _Times_ of 21 Feb.:

"SIR,--Seeing in a newspaper, last week, that a German had found out M.
Daguerre's secret, I was so impressed with that testimony to the
possibility of _seizing a shadow_, that I thought over all the little I
knew of light, colours and chymistry.  The next day, I took a piece of
writing paper, hastily prepared by myself, placed it behind the lens of a
_camera obscura_, made on the spur of the moment, and obtained a
satisfactory result; for the trees, in front of my house, were produced,
but not the parts agitated by the wind.  Since that, I have obtained,
progressively improving, several landscapes, which may be called, most
appositely, 'lucigraphs.'  I mention my humble effort as corroborative of
the reality, or feasibility of M. Daguerre's beautiful discovery; and I
can readily conceive that, in a very short time, the traveller's
portmanteau will not be complete without the very portable means of
procuring a lucigraph at pleasure.--Yours, etc., CLERICUS, Welney,
Wisbeach."  This gentleman's prophecy has, long since, been verified, as
the "Kodakers" all over the world can testify.  But the first public
experiment in England (if we exclude Wedgwood's) was made, on Sept. 13,
1839, when M. St. Croix exhibited the whole process of Daguerreotype, in
presence of a select party of scientific men and artists.  He also
succeeded in producing a picture of the place of meeting; No. 7,
Piccadilly.

                                * * * * *

People were beginning to wake up as to social improvements, and the
better paving of, at least, the most public thoroughfares, was loudly
called for.  Hitherto people had been content with the old cobble stones,
and wide kennels, or gutters--but henceforth there was to be inaugurated
a newer and better _regime_, as we learn from the _Observer_ of 6 Jan.:

    "EXPERIMENTAL PAVEMENT OF OXFORD STREET.--This, doubtless, the most
    extraordinary and novel undertaking which has ever been attempted in
    the annals of road making, is, to the gratification, not only to the
    respectable inhabitants of Oxford Street, but to a curious public, at
    last, completed.  On Friday (4 Jan.) at 2 o'clock, the line of this
    great thoroughfare, occupied by the various specimens of paving,
    extending from Charles Street to Tottenham Court Road, presented a
    most animated spectacle, being thronged by thousands of spectators
    anxious to witness its opening to the public.  Shortly after 2
    o'clock, the Paving Committee appointed by the Marylebone Vestry to
    superintend the arrangement of this work of art, headed by the parish
    beadles, in full uniform, with their maces; and accompanied by the
    respective projectors and the parochial authorities, arrived on the
    spot in procession, and passed over the ground, followed by 21
    omnibuses, after which, the road was thrown open to the public.  From
    time to time, during the progress of the work, many erroneous
    statements have gone the rounds of our daily contemporaries, with
    respect to the extent of ground allotted to the experiments, and on
    other matters connected with the arrangements.  The following,
    however, being obtained from an official source, may be fully relied
    upon as correct: The whole space between Charles Street and Tottenham
    Court Road is occupied by 12 different specimens, which are completed
    in the following order, commencing at Charles Street: viz.--40 feet
    of Robinson's Parisian bitumen--24 feet laid in straight courses, and
    16 feet diagonally; 74 feet of parish stone paving, 54 feet of which
    is laid in straight courses, the stones 9 inches deep, and the
    interstices filled up with Claridge's asphalte; the remaining 20 feet
    consisting of stones only 4.5 inches deep, but laid diagonally, and
    filled up with the same composition; 60 feet of the Bastenne and
    Gaujac bitumen, partly laid in straight courses, and partly
    diagonally: 135 feet of parish stone paving, divided into three
    sections, in the following order--1st, 70 feet of dressed Aberdeen
    granite, with concrete bottom, and the joints grouted with lime and
    sand; 2nd, 40 feet of the same, laid diagonally; and 3rd, 25 feet of
    dressed Aberdeen granite, without concrete bottom, the joints filled
    in with fine gravel; this is followed by 50 feet of the Scotch
    asphaltum, which is entirely the produce of this country, laid down
    in straight courses: 60 feet of Mr. Stead's pavement, of wooden
    blocks, of a sexagonal form, 12 inches deep, divided into three
    compartments, one prepared with Kyan's patent, part dipped in, and
    joints run with asphalte, and part without any preparation whatever:
    the last specimen, at Tottenham Court Road, is 60 feet of the Val de
    Travers bitumen, a portion of which consists of square blocks, laid
    in straight courses, and the remainder consisting of a layer of clean
    Guernsey chippings cemented together by boiling asphalte, run among
    them nearly to the surface, and a face made with asphalte, merely
    showing the chippings, here and there, in patches.  The whole work
    presents a most even and beautiful road, and, yesterday, during the
    day, attracted the notice of many hundreds of persons.  The portion,
    however, it is but justice to add, to which attention was more
    particularly directed, was that of the wooden blocks, the noiseless
    tendency of which, made the vehicles passing along, appear to be
    rolling over a thick carpet or rug.  The time allowed by the Vestry
    of St. Marylebone for the test of these experiments, is until the
    last Saturday of June next, when the official report of the surveyors
    will be laid before that body, and upon which the fate of Oxford
    Street depends."

People began to feel that it was high time that the Queen should
marry--but, as yet, no signs of such a thing, and no speculations, as far
as I can see, were hazarded as to who her future consort should be.  At
length, one newspaper, the _Sun_, seems to have been inspired, by
authority, and is thus quoted in the _Times_ of 24 Jan.:--"'MARRIAGE OF
HER MAJESTY.--The country will learn with delight that the most
interesting part of the speech from the throne {81a} to both Houses of
Parliament, and the country at large, will be the announcement of Her
Majesty's intended marriage.  The happy object of Queen Victoria's choice
is Prince Albert, son of the reigning Duke of Saxe Coburg, and cousin of
Her Majesty.  Prince Albert is handsome, and about 22 years of age.  He
has resided, for some time, in this country, on a visit to his Royal
relatives.  How soon the happy event is to take place, we are not
prepared to say, but our readers may depend upon the authenticity of our
information.'--_The Sun_.  Has not some wag been hoaxing the editor?  We
suspect so, though, at the same time, we do not profess to have any
knowledge on the subject."

                                * * * * *

Indeed, it was about time that the Queen married, and got out of the
leading strings of the women folk who surrounded her.  Had she been
married, we should, probably, have never heard of the sad episode of Lady
Flora Hastings.

This lady, who was highly accomplished, and the authoress of some pretty
poems, {81b} which were published after her death, was the eldest
daughter of Francis, Marquis of Hastings, and Flora, Countess of Loudon,
and was lady of the bedchamber to the Duchess of Kent.  Two old
busybodies, the Ladies Portman and Tavistock, spread the vile and
unfounded rumour that the unfortunate lady was _enceinte_, and the Queen
forbade Lady Flora to appear at Court until she had submitted to the
indignity of a medical examination.  The case called forth some very
strong feeling--and a vast quantity of correspondence was published on
the subject, especially the indignant letters of the poor lady's mother
to the Queen; but, perhaps, the most temperate account of the whole
affair, is in a letter from Lady Flora's uncle, Mr. Hamilton Fitzgerald,
which was published in the _Examiner_ of Sunday, 24th of March, and,
afterwards, copied into all the daily papers.

    "SIR,--Many false and contradictory reports of the deplorable insult
    which has been lately offered to my niece, Lady Flora Hastings, at
    Buckingham Palace, having appeared in the public papers, I, as her
    ladyship's nearest connection, feel it my duty to request of you to
    publish the following account of the transaction, for the correctness
    of which I vouch.

    "Lady Flora arrived, some weeks since, from Scotland, very unwell.
    She immediately consulted Sir James Clark, the physician to both Her
    Majesty and the Duchess of Kent.  One symptom of her complaint was a
    swelling of the stomach.  By dint of exercise and medical treatment,
    she was getting better; the swelling had considerably subsided, and
    she had every hope of a speedy recovery; when, on or about the 1st of
    March, Sir James Clark went to her room, and announced to her the
    conviction of the ladies of the Palace that she was pregnant.  In
    answer to all his exhortations to confession, 'as the only means of
    saving her character,' Lady Flora returned an indignant, but steady
    denial that there was anything to confess.  Upon which, Sir James
    Clark told her, 'that nothing but her submitting to a medical
    examination would ever satisfy them, or remove the stigma from her
    name.'  Lady Flora found that the subject had been brought before the
    Queen's notice, and that all this had been discussed, arranged and
    denounced to her, without one word having been said on the subject to
    her own mistress, the Duchess of Kent; who had no suspicion of what
    was going on, and whose sanction was not sought for the humiliating
    proposition which had been made to Lady Flora.  On leaving Lady
    Flora's room, Sir James Clark went to the Duchess of Kent, and
    announced his conviction that Lady Flora was with child; and was
    followed by Lady Portman, who conveyed a message from Her Majesty to
    her mother, that the Queen would not permit Lady Flora to appear till
    the examination had taken place.  Lady Portman (who, with Lady
    Tavistock, are mentioned as most active against Lady Flora) expressed
    to the Duchess of Kent, her conviction of Lady Flora's guilt.

    "'Her beloved mistress' never, for a moment, doubted Lady Flora's
    innocence.  She said that she knew her, her principles, and her
    family too well to listen to such a charge.  However, the edict was
    given; and, the next day, Lady Flora having obtained the Duchess of
    Kent's very reluctant consent--'for Her Royal Highness could not bear
    the idea of her being exposed to such a humiliation'--but, Lady
    Flora, 'feeling it her duty to Her Royal Highness, to herself, and to
    her family, that a point blank refutation should be instantly given
    to the lie,' submitted herself to the most rigid examination; and now
    possesses a certificate, signed by Sir James Clark, and also by Sir
    Charles Clark, stating, as strongly as language can state it, that
    there are no grounds for believing that pregnancy does exist, or ever
    has existed.  Lord Hastings, though, at the time very ill from
    influenza, went to London immediately, and demanded, and obtained,
    from Lord Melbourne, a distinct disavowal of his participation in the
    affair; and demanded, and obtained, an audience of Her Majesty, in
    which, while he disclaimed all idea that the Queen had any wish to
    injure his sister, he plainly, though respectfully, stated his
    opinion of those who had counselled her, and his resolution to find
    out the originator of the slander, and bring him, or her, to
    punishment.  Lady Flora is convinced that the Queen was surprised
    into the order which was given, and that Her Majesty did not
    understand what she was betrayed into; for, ever since the horrid
    event, Her Majesty has shown her regret by the most gracious kindness
    to Lady Flora, and expressed it warmly, with 'tears in her eyes.'

    "The Duchess of Kent's conduct was perfect; 'a mother could not have
    been kinder.'  'She immediately dismissed Sir James Clark from her
    service, and refused to see Lady Portman'; and has crowned her
    goodness by a most beautiful letter she has written to the Dowager
    Lady Hastings, from whom the accounts were kept, till all hope of
    avoiding publicity was impossible."

Her brother, the Marquis of Hastings, was indefatigable in trying to
unearth the promoters of the scandal, but, from the published letters,
without much result; but the unfortunate affair involved the whole Court,
for a time, in unpopularity--Lady Loudon, her mother, demanded from the
Queen, Sir James Clark's dismissal, but was not successful.  Meantime,
the object of all this agitation, after resuming, for a time, the duties
of her situation, grew gradually worse, and, at length, expired, on the
5th July, at the age of 33.  By the desire of Lord Hastings, a _post
mortem_ examination of the body took place, the particulars of which,
attested by five of the most eminent surgeons of the metropolis, were
published in the papers, and fully established the unfortunate lady's
complete innocence of the charge brought against her, the cause of death
being clearly shown to be enlargement of the liver.

Lady Flora's remains were removed from the palace, at an early hour in
the morning, to be conveyed, by steamboat, to Scotland.  Even as early as
two o'clock, a considerable number of spectators were assembled, which
increased in every street through which the procession passed.  Four
Royal carriages, including those of the Queen and the Queen Dowager, and
many belonging to the nobility, accompanied the hearse.  Lady Flora's
body was interred, on the 15th of July, in the family vault at Loudon,
Ayrshire.

There were many books and pamphlets published with regard to this affair,
among which were her mother's letters to the Queen: "The Lady Flora
Hastings, a Brief Sketch"--"A Warning to the Baroness Lehzen, {84}
etc."--"The Palace Martyr, a Satire"--"The Dangers of Evil Council,
etc."--"A Dirge on the Death of Lady Flora Hastings"--"The late Lady
Flora Hastings: Statements of the Marquis of Hastings, etc."--"The Victim
of Scandal."

                                * * * * *

At the time of which I write, climbing boys were still employed to sweep
chimneys, and as a sample of the manner in which they were treated by
their masters, I give the following police case.  25 Jan.:

    MARLBOROUGH STREET.--Henry Riddle, foreman to Robert Towser, a
    chimney sweep, appeared before the magistrates on a summons charging
    him under the 4 & 5 Wil. IV., c. 35, with the following act of
    cruelty towards James Arnold, a boy about 12 years of age, and who,
    for some time past, had been in Towser's employ.

    Mr. Rice, a baker, of 31, Up. Seymour St., Portman Sq., deposed that,
    on the afternoon of the 18th instant, his kitchen chimney, by some
    accident, caught fire; and, in consequence of information thereof
    being communicated to the defendant Riddle, he, soon afterwards, came
    to the house, bringing with him the boy Arnold, whom he, at once,
    desired to ascend, notwithstanding that the lighted soot was, at the
    time, coming down into the grate in large flakes.

    Mr. Rawlinson: Did you remonstrate with Riddle upon the inhumanity of
    his conduct?

    Complainant: I did, and begged of him not to send the boy up, as he
    would, inevitably, be suffocated; to which he replied, "Oh, d---n it,
    I've many a time been up a chimney ten times worse than that, myself,
    and why can't he do it?"  At this period, I had occasion to go
    upstairs, and made my way on to the roof, just as a friend of mine
    was about to pour down a quantity of water, when I begged of him not
    to do so, as I fancied I heard the voice of someone within a short
    distance of the top of the chimney; we both listened, and heard
    someone faintly say, "For God's sake, take the chimney pot off, or I
    shall be suffocated."  With some difficulty we tore away the mortar,
    and, having removed the pot, we beheld the poor boy Arnold, who kept
    crying out, "Oh! pull me up, pull me up!"  My friend then thrust down
    his arm, and, laying hold of the little sufferer, succeeded in
    extricating him from his perilous situation.

    Mr. Rawlinson: Was the chimney, at the time, still on fire?

    Complainant: It was, Sir.

    Mr. Rawlinson: In what condition did the boy seem when lifted out of
    the chimney?

    Complainant: He seemed almost in a lifeless state, and when carrying
    him in my arms downstairs, I was fearful he would not recover.  After
    the lapse of a little time, I gave him a small quantity of brandy,
    and he, in a great measure, revived; Riddle then took hold of him,
    and leading him to the roof of the house, insisted upon his
    descending from the top to the bottom of the chimney, which he did,
    and he and Riddle then left the place.

    Mr. Rawlinson (to Riddle): What answer have you to make for
    ill-treating this poor boy in so shameful a manner?

    Riddle: The boy is not an apprentice, and he was not sent up the
    chimney until a quantity of water had been thrown down.

    Mr. Rawlinson, after remarking upon the atrocious nature of the
    offence, ordered Riddle to find bail to answer the charge at the
    Sessions; at the same time expressing a hope that a severe example
    would be made of him.

From 1838 to 1841, there was exhibiting in London a famous lion tamer
named Van Amburgh, and, in January, 1839, the Queen went to Drury Lane
Theatre to witness his performance, with which she was so pleased, that
she commissioned Sir Edwin Landseer to paint a picture of Van Amburgh and
his lions, which was exhibited in 1839, and is now in the Royal
Collection at Osborne.  If I am not very much mistaken there is another,
by the same artist, of the same subject, in the Duke of Wellington's town
mansion, at Apsley House.

We can see how long it takes to carry out well-known and wanted
improvements--take the Thames Embankment for example.  Originally
suggested by Wren after the great fire of London in 1666, and afterwards
by William Paterson, the founder of the Bank of England, about 1694, the
matter slumbered until 1767, when the Corporation of the City of London
embanked one mile of the river.  The question arose spasmodically until
1838, when the Corporation consulted with the Government as to the
advisability of embanking the Thames all the way between London and
Vauxhall Bridges, and, in Jan., 1839, the Government sanctioned surveys
being made and estimates prepared; the whole correspondence concerning
which may be found in the _Times_ of 2 Feb., 1839.  But no practical
steps were taken in the matter until 1860, when the Metropolitan Board of
Works memorialised the House of Commons, and a Committee was appointed
which sat for the first time on 30 Ap., 1861.  An Act for carrying out
the scheme was passed on 7 Aug., 1862, and the work was commenced in Nov.
of the same year.  The northern (Victoria) embankment, which terminated
at Whitehall Stairs, was opened (as far as the footway went) to the
public on 30 July, 1868.

Victoria Park took a shorter time to mature.  The first mention of it,
that I can find, is in the _Times_ of March, 1839: "The inhabitants of
St. Mary, Whitechapel, are bestirring themselves to obtain the formation
of a Royal Park in their neighbourhood, and the Vestry of the parish are
about to bring the matter before the public."  And they did so with such
good effect that an Act was passed on 21 June, 1841 (4 & 5 Vic., c. 27),
"To enable Her Majesty's Commissioners of Works to complete the Contract
for the Sale of York House, and to purchase certain lands for a Royal
Park."  York House was sold to the Duke of Sutherland, and with the
whole, or part, of the purchase money, the Commissioners were to purchase
certain lands or hereditaments containing about 290 acres, which "shall
for ever, thereafter, be taken and be a Royal Park, by the name of
'Victoria Park.'"  The Park was completed, and opened to the public, in
1845.

On Monday, 25 March, occurred a most daring robbery of gold dust valued
at 4,600 pounds, which, at the time, created a great sensation.  It seems
that two boxes of gold dust were brought to this country from Mexico, in
the Sea Gull Packet, consigned to the Brazilian Mining Co., and were
landed at Falmouth.  They were, subsequently, transshipped on board the
City of Limerick steamer, which arrived at Dublin on Sunday afternoon.
The boxes were not landed at the wharf until Monday morning, and, at noon
on that day, the stranger who obtained possession of them drove up to the
wharf in a cab which he had hired in the city.  The letter which he
presented to the wharfinger for the delivery of the boxes was in the same
handwriting as one which the wharfinger had received from Falmouth, and
which bore the postmark of that place, in the morning.  It gave
particular directions respecting the boxes, and that they were only to be
delivered to a gentleman who would call in the course of the day, and
present a letter in the same handwriting for their delivery.  The person
who obtained the boxes accurately described their contents, the marks on
them, and the time they were landed at Falmouth.  The wharfinger, as
might be expected, was completely put off his guard by the ingenuity and
cunning of the thief, and delivered them over to him.

On 3 April, two Jews, Ellis and Lewis Caspar, father and son, were
brought up at Lambeth Street Police Station for being concerned in the
robbery; afterwards, two other prisoners, Emanuel Moses and his daughter,
Alice Abrahams, were arrested, and all were committed for trial, the
Caspars for stealing the gold, the other two for feloniously receiving
the same, well knowing it to be stolen.  They were tried at the Central
Criminal Court on 24 June, the trial lasting eight days.  The jury found
them all guilty, but recommended Alice Abrahams to mercy, believing that
she acted under the advice and influence of her father.  Judgment was not
pronounced on them until 3 Feb., 1840, when the three male prisoners were
sentenced to fourteen years' transportation, and the female to four
months' hard labour.  The Jewish community tried all their influence to
get these sentences modified, but the convicts sailed for Sydney in the
following October.  The expenses of the prosecutor in connection with the
trial amounted to 2,900 pounds!




CHAPTER IX.


Queen Elizabeth's Statue--The Ladies of the Bedchamber--The Queen hissed
at Ascot Races--Land at Melbourne--Sunday Trading--New way of paying
Church Rates.

_Times_, 25 Ap.--"The workmen engaged some time since in taking down an
old public house adjoining St. Dunstan's Church, in Fleet St., discovered
in one of the cellars the ancient stone statue of Queen Elizabeth, which
formerly stood in the nave of the old church.  The parochial authorities
have resolved to place it on the east end of the church, fronting Fleet
Street."  An unfortunate position, for many raw, unlettered Irishmen, or
women, have mistaken it, owing to its environment, to be a statue of the
Virgin Mary, and have devoutly crossed themselves, and said their "Aves."

About this time occurred a political complication which afforded great
scope for gossip, and which showed that it was about time that the Queen
was freed from her female _entourage_, and had the protective advice of a
husband.  On the 7th May, Lord Melbourne, having been beaten, by a small
majority, on the Bill concerning the Suspension of the Constitution in
Jamaica, resigned, and Sir Robert Peel was commissioned by the Queen to
form a new Ministry.  He did so, but, for valid reasons, he required the
resignation, as was, and is, usual, of the ladies of the household.  In
order that there shall be no bias on this divergence of opinion between
the Sovereign and her Minister, I quote a portion of Sir Robert Peel's
speech in the House of Commons, on 13 May, taking it from the authorised
version of _Hansard_.  Sir Robert said that there was but one subject of
disunion between himself and Her Majesty.

"The difficulty arose with respect to certain portions of that part of
the establishment which is filled by the Ladies of the household.  Sir, I
think it infinitely better, on this point--the one on which the
difficulty arose--I think it infinitely better, after mature
consideration--that I should not enter--in the first instance, at least,
nor unless invited by the noble Lord (John Russell)--into any statement
whatever of impressions on my own mind with respect to what took
place--but that I should refer exclusively to the letters which passed on
the subject; because if I were to state, here, impressions of my own, I
must detail verbal communications that passed, where two parties only
were present; and myself one of the party, being alone in this House to
offer explanations of what occurred.  I approach, then, that point with
respect to which the difficulty, on this occasion, arose; and, for the
purpose of enabling the House to form a judgment with respect to the
nature of that difficulty, I shall confine myself, altogether, to the
written documents which passed on the occasion, in which are conveyed the
impressions on the mind of Her Majesty, and the impressions on my own
mind, with regard to the purport and effect of the communications which
passed between Her Majesty and myself, in respect to certain appointments
in the household, which are held by Ladies.  Now, whatever blame may
attach on account of imperfect explanations, I am content to bear it;
whatever consequences may result from misconception, let them be visited
on me; but, as to my intentions in regard to the Ladies of the household,
I must not only state them, but I must prove them by most unequivocable
testimony.

"On the Wednesday evening--that is, the day before I saw Her Majesty on
this particular point--I had an opportunity of conferring with all those
whom I proposed to submit to Her Majesty as Ministers.  I saw them on
Wednesday night, at my own house, about ten o'clock.  I then stated to
them--and there are four of them now present, who heard the
communication, and can give their evidence upon it--I stated to them, and
to the peers whom I have before named, the course which I meant to pursue
with respect to the household, and had very little considered the matter
(I am speaking of the female part of it); I, really, scarcely knew of
whom it consisted.  I took the 'Red Book' into my hand, and saw there the
different appointments of the household.  I said to those who were
intended to be my future colleagues, that, with respect to all the
subordinate appointments--meaning every appointment, without exception,
below the rank of a Lady of the Bedchamber--I should propose to Her
Majesty no change whatever with respect to those.  With respect to the
superior classes, I stated, that those Ladies who held offices of that
class, and who were immediate relatives of _our_ political opponents,
would, I took it for granted, relieve us from any difficulty by, at once,
relinquishing their offices.  But, I stated, at the same time, that I did
think it of great importance, as conveying an indication of Her Majesty's
entire support and confidence, that certain offices in the household, of
the higher rank, if not voluntarily relinquished by the Ladies holding
them, should be submitted to some change Even with respect to the higher
offices, namely, the Ladies of the Bedchamber, I did state, however, that
there were some instances, in which, from the absence of any strong
party, or political, connection, I thought it would be wholly unnecessary
to propose a change.  My noble and Right Hon. friends will confirm what I
assert.  This passed on the evening of Wednesday; and I mention it only
in complete proof of my intentions, being perfectly willing, as I have
before observed, to have transferred, exclusively to me, whatever blame
may be attached to the imperfect explanation of my views.

"I saw Her Majesty on Thursday, and verbal communications took place on
this subject.  As I stated before, into the nature of those
communications I shall not now enter in the slightest degree.  I shall
merely read the two letters which passed; one conveying the impressions
of Her Majesty, and the other my own.  The letter which I had the honour
of receiving from Her Majesty is dated May the 10th, 1839.  I received it
at an early hour on Friday morning, and it is as follows:

                                       "'Buckingham Palace.--May 10, 1839.

    "'The Queen, having considered the proposal made to her, yesterday,
    by Sir Robert Peel, to remove the Ladies of her Bedchamber, cannot
    consent to adopt a course which she conceives to be contrary to
    usage, and which is repugnant to her feelings.'

"Immediately--that is, in two or three hours after having received the
letter from Her Majesty, I addressed to Her Majesty a letter, of which
this is a copy:

                                               "'Whitehall.--May 10, 1839.

    "'Sir Robert Peel presents his humble duty to your Majesty, and has
    had the honour of receiving your Majesty's note of this morning.

    "'In respectfully submitting to your Majesty's pleasure, and humbly
    returning into your Majesty's hands the important trust which your
    Majesty had graciously pleased to commit to him, Sir Robert Peel
    trusts that your Majesty will permit him to state to your Majesty his
    impression with respect to the circumstances which have led to the
    termination of his attempt to form an Administration for the conduct
    of your Majesty's service.

    "'In the interview with which your Majesty honoured Sir Robert Peel,
    yesterday morning, after he had submitted to your Majesty the names
    of those whom he proposed to recommend to your Majesty for the
    principal executive appointments, he mentioned to your Majesty his
    earnest wish, to be enabled, with your Majesty's sanction, so to
    constitute your Majesty's household, that your Majesty's confidential
    servants might have the advantage of a public demonstration of your
    Majesty's full support and confidence; and that, at the same time, as
    far as possible, consistently with that demonstration, each
    individual appointment in the household should be entirely acceptable
    to your Majesty's personal feelings.

    "'On your Majesty's expressing a desire that the Earl of Liverpool
    should hold an office in the household, Sir Robert Peel requested
    your Majesty's permission at once to offer to Lord Liverpool the
    office of Lord Steward, or any other which he might prefer.

    "'Sir Robert Peel then observed, that he should have every wish to
    apply a similar principle to the chief appointments which are filled
    by the Ladies of your Majesty's household; upon which your Majesty
    was pleased to remark, that you must reserve the whole of those
    appointments, and that it was your Majesty's pleasure, that the whole
    should continue as at present, without any change.

    "The Duke of Wellington, in the interview to which your Majesty
    subsequently admitted him, understood, also, that this was your
    Majesty's determination, and concurred with Sir Robert Peel in
    opinion that, considering the great difficulties of the present
    crisis, and the expediency of making every effort, in the first
    instance, to conduct the public business of the country with the aid
    of the present Parliament, it was essential to the success of the
    commission with which your Majesty had honoured Sir Robert Peel, that
    he should have that public proof of your Majesty's entire support and
    confidence, which would be afforded by the permission to make some
    changes in that part of your Majesty's household, which your Majesty
    resolved on maintaining entirely without change.

    "Having had the opportunity, through your Majesty's gracious
    consideration, of reflecting upon this point, he humbly submits to
    your Majesty that he is reluctantly compelled, by a sense of public
    duty, and in interest of your Majesty's service, to adhere to the
    opinion which he ventured to express to your Majesty."

In a later portion of his speech, Sir Robert remarks:

    "I, upon that very question of Ireland, should have begun in a
    minority of upwards of twenty members.  A majority of twenty-two had
    decided in favour of the policy of the Irish Government.  The chief
    members of the Irish Government, whose policy was so approved of,
    were the Marquis of Normanby and Lord Morpeth.  By whom are the two
    chief offices in the household at this moment held?  By the sister of
    Lord Morpeth, and the wife of Lord Normanby.  Let me not, for a
    moment, be supposed to say a word not fraught with respect towards
    those two ladies, who cast a lustre on the society in which they
    move, less by their rank than their accomplishments and virtues; but
    still, they stand in the situation of the nearest relatives of the
    two Members of the Government, whose policy was approved by this
    House, and disapproved by me.  Now, I ask any man in the House,
    whether it is possible that I could, with propriety and honour,
    undertake the conduct of an Administration, and the management of
    Irish affairs in this House, consenting previously, as an express
    preliminary stipulation, that the two ladies 1 have named, together
    with all others, should be retained in their appointments about the
    court and person of the Sovereign?  Sir, the policy of these things
    depends not upon precedent--not upon what has been done in former
    times; it mainly depends upon a consideration of the present.  The
    household has been allowed to assume a completely political
    character, and that on account of the nature of the appointments
    which have been made by Her Majesty's present Government I do not
    complain of it--it may have been a wise policy to place in the chief
    offices of the household, ladies closely connected with the Members
    of the Administration; but, remember that this policy does seriously
    to the public embarrassment of their successors, if ladies, being the
    nearest relatives of the retired Ministers, are to continue in their
    offices about the person of the Sovereign."

So Lord Melbourne, returned to power.

 [Picture: Child's play.  Chorus:--"Can't get out!"--"Can't get out."  14
                               June, 1939]

The genial Caricaturist John Doyle, as there were no illustrated comic
papers in those days, illustrated this incident in his H. B. Sketches.
No. 591 is "A Scene from the farce of _The Invincibles_, as lately
performed in the Queen's Theatre"--in which the Duke of Wellington and
Sir Robert Peel are being expelled at the point of the bayonet, by ladies
clad as soldiers.  Sir Robert says: "These Household Troops charge in a
most disorderly manner, but they are too many for us."  While the Duke
observes: "Our position is no longer tenable; draw off in good order,
while I cover the retreat."  No. 592 is "The Balance of Power.  The
figure proposed to displace the old one of Justice at the top of
Constitution Hill."  It shows a statue of the Queen, as Justice, holding
a pair of scales, in which "Private Friendship," typified by two ladies
of the household, weighs down "Public Service" full of Ministers.  I have
here reproduced No. 597, "Child's Play," in which figure the Queen, the
Duchess of Sutherland, the Marchioness of Normanby, and other ladies of
the household.  No. 599 is a "Curious instance of (Ministerial)
'Resuscitation,' effected by distinguished members of the _Royal_ Humane
Society."  Lord Melbourne is lying on a couch, attended by the Queen and
ladies of the household.  The Queen holds a smelling bottle to his nose,
and says: "Ah, there's a dear, now do revive."

Whether it was owing to this affair, or not, I know not, but at Ascot
races this year the Queen was absolutely hissed at by some one, or more
persons--and the _Times_ of 25 June quotes from the _Morning Post_ thus:

    "At the last Ascot races, we have reason to believe that the Duchess
    of Montrose and Lady Sarah Ingestre received an intimation that Her
    Majesty was impressed with the idea that they were among the persons
    who had hissed at a moment when no sounds but those of applause,
    gratulation and loyalty ought to have been heard.  It was, we
    believe, further intimated to the noble ladies we have mentioned,
    that the Royal ear had been abused, to the effect already stated, by
    Lady Lichfield.  The ladies, who had reason to think that they had
    been thus unjustly and ridiculously accused, applied immediately to
    their supposed accuser, who denied that she had made any such
    communication.  On being urged to give this denial in writing, she
    declined to do so without first consulting her lord.  But, on the
    application being renewed at a subsequent period, her ladyship, as we
    understand, explicitly, and in writing, denied that she had given
    utterance to the calumny in question.  Here the matter stood, until,
    from some incidents connected with the late ball at Buckingham
    Palace, the two ladies, thus impeached, saw reason to believe that
    the erroneous impression communicated to Her Majesty at Ascot had not
    been entirely removed.  It was an impression, however, which they
    could not permit to remain without employing every means of removing
    it; and, accordingly, the Duchess of Montrose went to Buckingham
    Palace, and requested an audience of Her Majesty.  After waiting for
    a considerable period (two hours, as we have been informed), her
    Grace was informed by the Earl of Uxbridge, that she could not be
    admitted to an audience, as none but Peers and Peeresses in their own
    right could demand that privilege.  Her Grace then insisted upon Lord
    Uxbridge taking down in writing what she had to say, and promising
    her that the communication should immediately be laid before Her
    Majesty.  In this state, we believe, the matter remains,
    substantially, at the present moment, although it has taken a new
    form, the Duke of Montrose having, we understand, thought it
    necessary to open a correspondence upon the subject with Lord
    Melbourne."

There was only a partial denial given to the above, which appeared in the
_Times_ of 5 July.  "We are authorised to give the most positive denial
to a report which has been inserted in most of the public papers, that
the Countess of Lichfield informed the Queen that the Duchess of Montrose
and Lady Sarah Ingestre hissed Her Majesty on the racecourse at Ascot.
Lady Lichfield never insinuated, or countenanced any such report, and
there could have been no foundation for so unjust an accusation."

Melbourne, in Australia (named, of course, after the Premier), was
founded 1 June, 1837, and I mention the fact to shew the prosperity of
the infant city--for in two years' time, on this its second anniversary,
certain lots of land had advanced in price from 7 to 600 pounds, and from
27 to 930 pounds.

I cannot help chronicling an amusing story anent Sunday trading.  For
some time the parish authorities of Islington had been rigidly
prosecuting shopkeepers for keeping open their shops on Sunday, for the
sale of their goods, such not being "a work of necessity, or mercy," and
numerous convictions were recorded.  Most of the persons convicted were
poor, and with large families, who sold tobacco, fruit, cakes and sweets,
in a very humble way of business, and considerable discontent and
indignation was manifested in the parish in consequence of such
prosecutions; the outcry was raised that there was one law for the rich
and another for the poor, and a party that strongly opposed the
proceedings on the part of the parish, resolved to try the legality and
justice of the question, by instituting proceedings against the vicar's
coachman, for "exercising his worldly calling on the Sabbath day," by
driving his reverend master to church, that not being a work of
necessity, or mercy, as the reverend gentleman was able both to walk and
preach on the same day.  For this purpose a party proceeded to the
neighbourhood of the vicar's stables one Sunday, and watched the
proceedings of the coachman, whom they saw harness his horses, put them
to the carriage, go to the vicar's house, take him up, and drive him to
church, where he entered the pulpit, and preached his sermon.  One day,
the following week, they attended Hatton Garden Police Office and applied
to Mr. Benett for a summons against the coachman.  The magistrate, on
hearing the nature of the application, told them it was a doubtful case,
and the clerk suggested that if they laid their information the
magistrate might receive it, and decide on the legal merits of the case.
This was done, the summons was granted, and a day appointed for hearing
the case.

This took place on June 14, when John Wells, coachman to the vicar of
Islington, appeared to answer the complaint of Frederick Hill, a
tobacconist, for exercising his worldly calling on the Sabbath day.

John Hanbury, grocer, of 3, Pulteney Street, being sworn, stated that, on
Sunday, the 9th inst, about 1 o'clock, he saw the defendant, who is
coachman to the vicar of Islington, drive his coach to the Church of St.
Mary, Islington, where he took up the vicar and his lady, and drove them
to their residence in Barnsbury Park.

Mr. Benett: Are you sure it was the vicar?

Witness: I heard him preach.

John Jones, of Felix Terrace, Islington, corroborated this evidence.

Mr. Benett said, that the Act of Parliament laid down that no tradesman,
labourer, or other person shall exercise his worldly calling on the
Lord's day, it not being a work of necessity or charity.  He would ask
whether it was not a work of necessity for the vicar to proceed to church
to preach.  A dissenter might say it was not a work of necessity.  The
coachman was not an artificer who was paid by the hour or the day, but he
was engaged by the year, or the quarter, and was not to be viewed in the
light of a grocer, or tradesman, who opened his shop for the sale of his
goods on the Sabbath day.  After explaining the law upon the subject, he
said that he was of opinion that the defendant driving the vicar to
church on Sundays, to perform his religious duties, was an act of
necessity, and did not come within the meaning of the law, and he
dismissed the case.

The clergy did not seem to be much in favour with their flocks, for I
read in the _Annual Register_, 1 Aug., of "A NEW WAY OF PAYING CHURCH
RATES.--Mr. Osborne, a dissenter, of Tewkesbury, having declined to pay
Church Rates, declaring that he could not conscientiously do so, a
sergeant and two officers of the police went to his house for the purpose
of levying under a distress warrant to the amount due from him.  The
officers were asked to sit down, which they did, and Mr. Osborne went
into his garden, procured a hive of bees, and threw it into the middle of
the chamber.  The officers were, of course, obliged to retreat, but they
secured enough of the property to pay the rate, and the costs of the
levy, besides which, they obtained a warrant against Mr. Osborne, who
would, most likely, pay dearly for his new and _conscientious_ method of
settling Church Rate accounts."




CHAPTER X.


The Eglinton Tournament--Sale of Armour, &c.--The Queen of Beauty and her
Cook--Newspapers and their Sales.

The Earl of Eglinton had a "bee in his bonnet," which was none other than
reviving the tournaments of the Age of Chivalry, with real armour, horses
and properties; and he inoculated with his craze most of the young
aristocracy, and induced them to join him in carrying it out.  The
preliminary rehearsals took place in the grounds of the Eyre Arms Tavern,
Kilburn.  The last of these came off on 13 July, in the presence of some
6,000 spectators, mostly composed of the aristocracy.  The following is a
portion of the account which appeared in the _Times_ of 15 July:

    "At 4 o'clock the business of the day commenced.  There might be seen
    men in complete steel, riding with light lances at the ring,
    attacking the 'quintain,' and manoeuvering their steeds in every
    variety of capricole.  Indeed, the show of horses was one of the best
    parts of the sight.  Trumpeters were calling the jousters to horse,
    and the wooden figure, encased in iron panoply, was prepared for the
    attack.  A succession of chevaliers, _sans peur et sans reproche_,
    rode at their hardy and unflinching antagonist, who was propelled to
    the combat by the strength of several stout serving-men, in the
    costume of the olden time, and made his helmet and breastplate rattle
    beneath their strokes, but the wooden

    . . . Knight
    Was mickle of might,
    And stiff in Stower did stand,

    grinning defiance through the barred aventaile of his headpiece.  It
    was a sight that might have roused the spirit of old Froissart, or
    the ghost of Hotspur.  The Knight had, certainly, no easy task to
    perform; the weight of armour was rather heavier than the usual
    trappings of a modern dandy, and the heat of the sun appeared to be
    baking the bones of some of the competitors.  Be this as it may,
    there was no flinching.  The last part of the tournament consisted of
    the Knights tilting at each other.  The Earl of Eglinton, in a
    splendid suit of brass armour, with _garde de reins_ of plated chain
    mail, and bearing on his casque a plume of ostrich feathers, was
    assailed by Lord Cranstoun, in a suit of polished steel, which
    covered him from top to toe, the steel shoes, or sollarets, being of
    the immense square-toed fashion of the time of Henry VIII.  The
    lances of these two champions were repeatedly shivered in the attack,
    but neither was unhorsed; fresh lances were supplied by the esquires,
    and the sport grew 'fast and furious.'  Lord Glenlyon and another
    knight, whose armour prevented him from being recognized, next tilted
    at each other, but their horses were not sufficiently trained to
    render the combat as it ought to have been, and swerved continually
    from the barrier.  It was nearly eight o'clock before the whole of
    the sports were concluded and the company withdrawn.  We believe no
    accident happened, though several gentlemen who essayed to 'witch the
    world with noble horsemanship' were thrown, amidst the laughter of
    the spectators.  Captain Maynard proved himself a superior rider, by
    the splendid style at which he leaped his horse, at speed, repeatedly
    over the barrier, and the admirable manner in which he performed the
    modern lance exercise, and made a very beautiful charger curvet round
    and round his lance placed upright on the ground.  The whole of the
    arrangements were under the direction of Mr. Pratt, to whose
    discretion the ordering of the tilting, the armour and arming, and
    all the appliances for the tournament have been entrusted.

    "Considering that the business of Saturday was but a rehearsal, and,
    putting entirely out of the question the folly, or wisdom, of the
    whole thing, it must be acknowledged that it has been well got up.
    Some of the heralds' and pursuivants' costumes are very splendid.
    There is an immense store of armour of all sorts, pennons, lances,
    trappings, and all the details of the wars of the middle ages.  The
    display in Scotland will, certainly, be a gorgeous pageant, and a
    most extraordinary, if not most rational, piece of pastime."

The three days' jousting and hospitality at Eglinton Castle, Ayrshire,
which commenced on the 28th, and ended on the 30th, August, are said to
have cost the Earl of Eglinton the sum of 40,000 pounds.  He invited the
flower of the aristocracy to attend--all the armour was choice and old,
and the costumes were splendid.  Every accessory was perfect in its way;
and so it should have been, for it was two years in preparation.  The
Marquis of Londonderry was King of the Tourney, and Lady Seymour, a
grand-daughter of _the_ Sheridan, was the "Queen of Love and Beauty."

By the evening of the 27th, Eglinton Castle was not only filled from
cellar to garret, but the surrounding towns and villages were crammed
full, and people had to rough it.  Accommodation for man, or beast, rose
from 500 to 1,000 per cent.; houses in the neighbourhood, according to
their dimensions, were let from 10 to 30 pounds for the time; and single
beds, in the second best apartments of a weaver's cabin, fetched from
10/- to 20/- a night, while the master and mistress of the household,
with their little ones, coiled themselves up in any out of the way
corner, as best they might.  Stables, byres, and sheds were in
requisition for the horses, and, with every available atom of space of
this description, it was found all too little, as people flocked from all
parts of the country.

The invitation given by the Earl was universal.  Those who applied for
tickets of admission to the stands were requested to appear in ancient
costume, fancy dresses, or uniforms, and farmers and others were asked to
appear in bonnets and kilts, and many--very many--did so; but although
all the bonnet makers in Kilmarnock, and all the plaid manufacturers in
Scotland, had been employed from the time of the announcement, onwards,
they could not provide for the wants of the immense crowd, and many had
to go in their ordinary dress.

Unfortunately, on the opening day, the weather utterly spoilt the show.
Before one o'clock, the rain commenced, and continued, with very little
intermission, until the evening.  This, necessarily, made it very
uncomfortable for all, especially the spectators.  Many thousands left
the field, and the enjoyment of those who remained was, in a great
measure, destroyed.  The Grand Stand, alone, was covered in, and neither
plaid, umbrella, nor great-coat could prevail against a deluge so heavy
and unintermitting; thousands were thoroughly drenched to the skin; but
the mass only squeezed the closer together, and the excitement of the
moment overcame all external annoyances, although the men became sodden,
and the finery of the ladies sadly bedraggled.

It had been arranged that the procession should start from the Castle at
one o'clock, but the state of the weather was so unfavourable, that it
did not issue forth till about half-past two, and the weather compelled
some modifications; for instance, the Queen of Beauty should have shown
herself "in a rich costume, on a horse richly caparisoned, a silk canopy
borne over her by attendants in costume," but both she, and her attendant
ladies, who were also to have been on horseback, did not so appear, but
were in closed carriages, whilst their beautifully caparisoned
palfreys--riderless--were led by their pages.

There were 15 Knights, besides the "Lord of the Tournament," the Earl of
Eglinton, and much as I should like to give their description and
following, I must refrain, merely giving two as a sample--

                          "Retainers of the
                             Lord of the
                             Tournament.
                          Halberdiers of the
                         Lord, in Liveries of
                             his Colours.
     Man at Arms            The GONFALON,            Man at Arms
   in half armour.        Borne by a Man at        in half armour.
                                Arms.
                           THE LORD OF THE
                             TOURNAMENT.
                          EARL OF EGLINGTON.
        Groom.            In a suit of Gilt             Groom.
                            Armour, richly
                               chased,
                             on a barded
                         Charger--caparisons,
                                 &c.,
                          of blue and gold.
                             THE BANNER.
                           Borne by LORD A.
                               SEYMOUR
       Esquire.                Esquire.                Esquire.
      G. DUNDAS.          F. CAVENDISH, Esq.       G. M'DONAL, Esq.
                           Retainers of the
                           Lord, as before.
                         _Halberdiers of the
                            Knight of the
                              Griffin_,
                          in Liveries of his
                               Colours.
     Man at Arms            THE GONFALON,            Man at Arms
   in half armour.        Borne by a man at        in half armour.
                                Arms.
                          _The Knight of the
                              Griffin_.
                         THE EARL OF CRAVEN,
        Groom.          In a suit of engraved           Groom.
                           Milanese Armour
                         inlaid with gold, on
                          a barded charger.
                         Caparisons, &c., of
                          Scarlet, White and
                                Gold.
       Esquire.              THE BANNER,               Esquire.
 The HON. F. CRAVEN.      Borne by a man at          The HON. F.
                               Arms in                MACDONALD.
                             Half Armour.
                             Retainers--"



The other Knights were:--_The Knight of the Dragon_, MARQUIS OF
WATERFORD; _Knight of the Black Lion_, VISCOUNT ALFORD; _Knight of Gael_,
VISCOUNT GLENLYON; _Knight of the Dolphin_, EARL OF CASSILIS; _Knight of
the Crane_, LORD CRANSTOUN; _Knight of the Ram_, HON. CAPT. GAGE; _The
Black Knight_, JOHN CAMPBELL, ESQ., of Saddell; _Knight of the Swan_,
HON. MR. JERNINGHAM; _Knight of the Golden Lion_, CAPT. J. O. FAIRLIE;
_Knight of the White Rose_, CHARLES LAMB, ESQ.; _Knight of the Stag's
Head_, CAPT. BERESFORD; _The Knight of the Border_, SIR F. JOHNSTONE;
_Knight of the Burning Tower_, SIR F. HOPKINS; _The Knight of the Red
Rose_, R. J. LECHMERE, ESQ.; _Knight of the Lion's Paw_, CECIL BOOTHBY,
ESQ.

There were, besides, Knights Visitors, Swordsmen, Bowmen, the Seneschal
of the Castle, Marshals and Deputy Marshals, Chamberlains of the
household, servitors of the Castle, a Herald and two Pursuivants, a Judge
of Peace, and a Jester--besides a horde of small fry.

The first tilt was between the Knights of the Swan and the Red Rose, but
it was uninteresting, the Knights passing each other twice, without
touching, and, on the third course, the Knight of the Swan lost his
lance.

Then came the tilt of the day, when the Earl of Eglinton met the Marquis
of Waterford.  The latter was particularly remarked, as the splendour of
his brazen armour, the beauty of his charger, and his superior skill in
the management of the animal, as well as in the bearing of his lance,
attracted general observation.  But, alas! victory was not to be his,
for, in the first tilt, the Earl of Eglinton shivered his lance on his
opponent's shield, and was duly cheered by all.  In the second, both
Knights missed; but, in the third, the Earl again broke his lance on his
opponent's armour; at which there was renewed applause from the
multitude; and, amidst the cheering and music, the noble Earl rode up to
the Grand Stand, and bowed to the Queen of Beauty.

There were three more tilts, and a combat of two-handed swords, which
finished the outdoor amusements of the day, and, when the deluged guests
found their way to the Banqueting Hall, they found that, and its sister
tent, the Ballroom, utterly untenantable through the rain; so they had to
improvise a meal within the Castle, and the Ball was postponed.

Next day was wild with wind and rain, and nothing could be attempted out
of doors, as the armour was all wet and rusty, and every article of dress
that had been worn the preceding day completely soaked through, and the
Dining Hall and the Great Pavilion required a thorough drying.  The
former was given up to the cleansing of armour, etc., and, in the latter,
there were various tilting matches on foot, the combatants being clothed
in armour.  There was also fencing, both with sticks and broadsword,
among the performers being Prince Louis Bonaparte, afterwards Napoleon
III.  His opponent with the singlesticks was a very young gentleman, Mr.
Charteris, and the Prince came off second best in the encounter, as he
did, afterwards, in some bouts with broadswords with Mr. Charles Lamb.
Luckily, in this latter contest, both fought in complete mail, with
visors down, for had it not been so, and had the combat been for life or
death, the Prince would have had no chance with his opponent.

On the third day the weather was fine, and the procession was a success.
There was tilting between eight couples of Knights, and tilting at the
ring, and the tourney wound up with the Knights being halved, and started
from either end of the lists, striking at each other with their swords in
passing.  Only one or two cuts were given, but the Marquis of Waterford
and Lord Alford fought seriously, and in right good earnest, until
stopped by the Knight Marshal, Sir Charles Lamb.

In the evening, a banquet was given to 300 guests; and, afterwards, a
ball, in which 1,000 participated.  As the weather, next day, was so
especially stormy, the party broke up, and the experimental revival has
never again been attempted, except a Tourney on a much smaller scale,
which was held on 31 Oct., 1839, at Irvine, by a party from Eglinton
Castle; but this only lasted one day.

I regret that I have been unable to find any authentic engravings of this
celebrated tournament, but I reproduce a semi-comic contemporaneous
etching from the _Satirical Prints_, _Brit. Mus._

The armour and arms used in this tournament were shown in Feb., 1840, at
the Gallery of Ancient Armour in Grosvenor Street, and they were
subsequently sold by Auction on July 17 and 18 of that year.  They
fetched ridiculously low prices, as the following example will show:

A suit of polished steel _cap a pied_ armour, richly engraved and gilt,
being the armour prepared for the Knight of the Lion's Paw, with tilting
shield, lance, plume and crest _en suite_, 32 guineas.

The emblazoned banner and shield of the Knight of the Burning Tower, with
the suit of polished steel, _cap-a-pied_ armour, with skirt of chain
mail, 35 guineas.

The splendid suit of armour worn by the Knight of the Ram, with crest and
plume, 24 guineas.

The magnificent suit of polished steel armour, worn by the Knight of the
Swan, with the emblazoned tilting apparel, horse armour, and caparison,
tilting saddle, lances to correspond, and a splendid modelled horse of
life size, carved and painted after nature, 36 pounds.

                    [Picture: The Eglinton Tournament]

The armour worn as a Knight Visitor by Prince Louis Napoleon, with an
elaborate visored headpiece, and other appurtenances complete, 9 guineas.

The two beautifully-fashioned _melee_ swords, used in the combat between
Prince Louis and the Knight of the White Rose, seven shillings.

On the second day's sale some of the suits fetched better prices.  The
splendid suit of fluted mail, worn by the Marquis of Waterford, was the
gem of the collection.  It was in the finest preservation, elaborately
worked, and beautifully bright.  It was considered one of the most
perfect and complete suits in existence, and was bought at 240 guineas
for the Tower of London.  Lord Alford's and Mr. Lechmere's suits both
went for 100 guineas each.

The spirit of the Tournament seems even to have affected the ladies, for
we read of a passage of arms between Lady Seymour, the Queen of Beauty,
and Lady Shuckburgh.  It originally appeared in the _Observer_ of 8 Feb.,
1840, but was copied into the _Times_ and other papers.

    (Copy 1).  "Lady Seymour presents her compliments to Lady Shuckburgh,
    and would be obliged to her for the character of Mary Stedman, who
    states that she has lived twelve months, and still is, in Lady
    Shuckburgh's establishment.  Can Mary Stedman cook plain dishes well?
    make bread? and is she honest, good tempered, sober, willing and
    cleanly?  Lady Seymour would also like to know the reason why she
    leaves Lady Shuckburgh's service.  Direct, under cover, to Lord
    Seymour, Maiden Bradley."

    (Copy 2.)  "Lady Shuckburgh presents her compliments to Lady Seymour.
    Her Ladyship's note, dated Oct. 28, only reached her yesterday, Nov.
    3.  Lady Shuckburgh was unacquainted with the name of the
    kitchenmaid, until mentioned by Lady Seymour, as it is her custom
    neither to apply for, or give characters to any of the under
    servants, this being always done by the housekeeper, Mrs. Couch, and
    this was well known to the young woman; therefore Lady Shuckburgh is
    surprised at her referring any lady to her for a character.  Lady
    Shuckburgh having a professed cook, as well as a housekeeper, in her
    establishment, it is not very likely she, herself, should know
    anything about the ability or merits of the under-servants; therefore
    she is unable to answer Lady Seymour's note.  Lady Shuckburgh cannot
    imagine Mary Stedman to be capable of cooking for any, except the
    servants' hall table.  Nov. 4, Pavilion, Hans Place."

    (Copy 3.)  "Lady Seymour presents her compliments to Lady Shuckburgh,
    and begs she will order her housekeeper, Mrs. Pouch, to send the
    girl's character without delay; otherwise, another young woman will
    be sought for elsewhere, as Lady Seymour's children cannot remain
    without their dinners, because Lady Shuckburgh, keeping 'a proffessed
    cook and a housekeeper,' thinks a knowledge of the details of her
    establishment beneath her notice.  Lady Seymour understood from
    Stedman that, in addition to her other talents, she was actually
    capable of dressing food for the little Shuckburghs to partake of,
    when hungry."

[To this note was appended a clever pen-and-ink vignette, by the Queen of
Beauty, representing the three little Shuckburghs, with large,
turnip-looking heads and cauliflower wigs, sitting at a round table, and
voraciously scrambling for mutton chops, dressed by Mary Stedman, who is
seen looking on with supreme satisfaction, while Lady Shuckburgh appears
in the distance, in evident dismay.]

    (Copy 4.)  "MADAM,--Lady Shuckburgh has directed me to acquaint you
    that she declines answering your note, the vulgarity of which is
    beneath contempt; and, although it may be the characteristic of the
    Sheridans to be vulgar, coarse and witty, it is not that of 'a lady,'
    unless she happens to be born in a garret and bred in a kitchen.
    Mary Stedman informs me that your Ladyship does not keep either a
    cook, or a housekeeper, and that you only require a girl who can cook
    a mutton chop.  If so, I apprehend that Mary Stedman, or any other
    scullion, will be found fully equal to cook for, or manage the
    establishment of, the Queen of Beauty.

    "I am, your Ladyship's etc.--ELIZABETH COUCH (not Pouch.)"

Even in those days, Newspapers were somewhat given to vaunt themselves as
to their circulation, but they had no need to call in the aid of the
chartered accountant, as they could get their facts from the number of
stamps supplied--the stamp then being of the value of three halfpence per
newspaper, an impost which was not removed until 15 June, 1855, by the
Act 18 and 19 Vict., c. 27.  The _Times_ of 5 Aug., 1839, gives us

    "A return of the number of Newspaper Stamps issued to the several
    Newspapers in London, from 1 Ap. to 29 June, 1839, inclusive;
    specifying each Newspaper by name, and the number of Stamps issued
    each month during that period to each Newspaper."

                             April.         May.         June.
Morning Chronicle              180,000       210,000       140,000
Morning Post                    85,000        90,000        80,000
Morning Herald                 140,000       175,000       140,000
Times                          330,000       330,000       430,000
Courier                         29,000        33,000        27,000
Globe                           72,000        90,000        72,000
Standard                        83,000        80,000       101,000
Sun                            111,000       105,000       105,000
Evening Chronicle               30,000        20,000        10,000
Evening Mail                    25,000        50,000        35,000
St. James's Chronicle           52,000        58,000        66,000






CHAPTER XI.


The Chartists--Their going to church--Dissolution of the
Convention--Approaching marriage of the Queen--The Queen and
lunatics--Raid on a Gaming House--Act of Penance.

This year Chartism was rampant and very militant.  On 1 April there were
riots at Devizes, on 3 May, seven men were arrested at Manchester for
drilling, and, on the 25th of that month a great meeting was held on
Kersall Moor, four miles from Manchester.  On 4th July there were very
serious riots at Birmingham, and again on the 15th.  On the same date
between 3,000 and 4,000 Chartists met on Clerkenwell Green to condemn the
action of the authorities at Birmingham, and, towards the end of the
month, numerous meetings were held in the North of England, and there
were riots at Newcastle and Stockport.  In August there was great unrest
in the North, and some trials took place at Birmingham and Manchester for
rioting and sedition.

A new, and somewhat unexpected method of agitation, was, about this time,
adopted by the Chartists.  They betook themselves, suddenly, to
attendance in a body at public worship, taking early possession on the
Sundays of the various cathedrals and parish churches, to the exclusion
of the more regular attendants.  On the afternoon of Sunday, 11 Aug., a
party of them, about 500 in number, met together in West Smithfield, and
walked in procession to St. Paul's Cathedral.  On arriving there, many of
them refused to take off their hats; but, after some remonstrance from
the Vergers, they submitted.  The majority of them wore a little piece of
red ribbon in their button holes, and conducted themselves quite
peaceably.  On the Sunday following, their brethren at Norwich pursued a
similar course at the Cathedral of that city, which was crowded almost to
suffocation.  The Bishop, who preached, took the opportunity to deliver
an impressive remonstrance on the folly and danger of their proceedings.
The Chartists behaved well in the Cathedral; but, at St. Stephen's Church
in the evening, they made a disturbance.  The Chartists at Manchester,
following the advice of Feargus O'Connor, attended the Old Church (now
the Cathedral) in great numbers.  The authorities, having been previously
advised of their intention, had the military in readiness to act, should
the Chartists behave in a disorderly manner: but they conducted
themselves with great decorum.  It is said that, previous to Divine
Service, they handed the clergyman a Chartist text to preach from, but he
selected as his text, "My house is the house of prayer, but ye have made
it a den of thieves"; on announcing which, the Chartists rose, and
quitted the church.  The same tactics were followed in the principal
towns all over the country, but, either from the success of them not
being very apparent, or from the distastefulness of the method employed,
the practice was not followed up for long--nor with any great regularity.

On the 14th Sep. the Chartist National Convention was dissolved; and, on
the 20th Feargus O'Connor was arrested for sedition, on a Judge's
Warrant, at Manchester, and things were fairly quiet during the remainder
of the year, with the exception of a serious Chartist riot, on 4 Nov., at
Newport, in Monmouthshire, where many rioters were killed.

We have seen how, in the beginning of the year, the _Sun_ had prophesied
the marriage of the Queen and Prince Albert, for which it was duly
pooh-poohed by the _Times_--but on 22 Aug., the _Morning Post_ had the
dreadful temerity to announce the same--and the _Court Circular_ of 11
Oct. tells us, that "The Hereditary Prince (Ernest) and Prince Albert of
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, landed at the Tower, at 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon,
from the Continent.  Their Serene Highnesses were conveyed in two of the
Royal landaus to the Royal Mews at Pimlico, and, shortly afterwards, left
town with their suite in two carriages and four, for Windsor Castle, on a
visit to the Queen."

On the 14th Oct., the Queen informed Lord Melbourne of her intention to
marry Prince Albert, which met with the Premier's warm approbation.  Next
day she told the Prince that she wished to marry him.  He had been out
early, with his brother, hunting, but returned at twelve, and
half-an-hour afterwards, the Queen sent for him, and he found her alone
in her room.  That it was a love match on both sides is well known, and,
until the untimely death of the Prince Consort, they were models of
conjugal love and felicity.

On 14 Nov. the Prince and his brother left Windsor--and departed for the
Continent, via Dover; and, at a Privy Council held at Buckingham Palace
on 23rd of that month, the Queen communicated her intention of marriage.
The declaration was as follows:

    "I have caused you to be summoned at the present time, in order that
    I may acquaint you with my resolution in a matter which deeply
    concerns the welfare of my people, and the happiness of my future
    life.

    "It is my intention to ally myself in marriage with the Prince Albert
    of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.  Deeply impressed with the solemnity of the
    engagement which I am about to contract, I have not come to this
    decision without mature consideration, nor without feeling a strong
    assurance that, with the blessing of Almighty God, it will at once
    secure my domestic felicity, and serve the interests of my country.

    "I have thought fit to make this resolution known to you, at the
    earliest period, in order that you may be fully apprised of a matter
    so highly important to me and to my Kingdom, and which, I persuade
    myself, will be most acceptable to all my loving subjects."

Upon this announcement, all the Privy Councillors present made it their
humble request that Her Majesty's most gracious declaration to them might
be made public; which Her Majesty was pleased to order accordingly.

The Queen suffered severely from lunatics.  In June a man got into the
gardens of Buckingham Palace, and, when arrested, declared he had come
there for the sole purpose of killing Her Majesty, and was duly committed
to Tothill Bridewell.  Within a day or two of his release, in the middle
of October, he went to Windsor and broke three or four panes of glass in
the Castle.  He was afterwards apprehended, but what became of him, I do
not know; in all probability he was sent to a lunatic asylum.

In the paper which gives the account of the above, I read, "James Bryan,
the Queen's Scotch suitor, was in Windsor the whole of yesterday (Sunday,
13 Oct.).  In the morning, he was waiting, for a considerable period, at
the door of St. George's Chapel, leading to the Cloisters, to have a view
of the Queen, as Her Majesty and the two Princes of Saxe-Coburg, and the
Duchess of Kent left the Chapel.  In the afternoon, he walked on the
Terrace, and conducted himself in his usual manner, very respectfully
bowing to the Queen, as Her Majesty passed him on the New Terrace."--By
the above, he must have been well known.

On 29 Nov., a respectably-dressed man got over the high iron gates
leading to the Castle, a place at which there were no sentries, and
walked across the Park, to the grand entrance to the Castle.  Upon seeing
the porter in attendance at the lodge, he said: "I demand entrance into
the Castle as King of England"; to which the porter replied: "Very well,
your Majesty, but be pleased to wait until I get my hat," and then taking
him to the Castle, handed him over to the police.  He turned out to be a
man named Stockledge, who was partner in an extensive wholesale business
in Manchester.  He had been in two lunatic asylums, and when questioned
by the Mayor of Windsor, as to the object of his visit, said that: "he
was like all other men who wanted wives--he was looking after one,"
evidently alluding to Her Majesty.  On being further questioned, he said
"he was the King of England, and was impelled by the Spirit."  He
afterwards said that "an unknown power had done it," and that "it was the
Spirit which helped him over the gates."  Of course he _was_ mad.

There was yet another fool this year, but, this time, he was not a
maniac--only a Post Office Clerk, who wanted to have an interview with
Her Majesty.  On the afternoon of the 8th Dec., a carriage and four drove
up to Windsor Castle, and, from it, alighted a personage wearing a
foraging cap, a fur boa round his neck, and fur gloves, who announced
himself as the bearer of important despatches which he must deliver into
the Queen's own hands.  This, of course, was not complied with, and as he
would not part with the documents, he was handed over to the police, and
taken to the station, where he made a sturdy resistance when they were
taken from him.  He turned out to be a junior clerk in the Foreign Post
Office, named William Saunders, who, being on duty when the Foreign Mails
arrived, found some letters and papers addressed to the Queen, and put
them into his pocket with the intention of delivering them himself.  He
was suspended from his duties, but I do not know his ultimate fate.

Gambling houses were still in existence, although the Police Act of this
year (2 & 3 Vict., c. 47, s. 48) gave the police great and additional
power towards suppressing them.  Here is a sample raid as reported in the
_Observer_ of 15 Dec.:

"Superintendent Baker, C, succeeded on Saturday night week, in breaking
his way into a gambling house, 60 Jermyn Street (commonly called the
Cottage), and some persons, therein found, were fined, on Monday, at
Marlborough Street Office.  In all, seven persons were captured, of whom,
two were connected with the management of the gambling house; the others
were gentlemen players.  They were taken to the Station house in Vine
Street; and, as we know it to be the anxious desire of the police
authorities to suppress the nuisance of gaming houses, we feel that we
are but lending our humble aid towards effecting that object in now
publishing the real names of those gentlemen who were captured, and who
passed themselves off to the police and the magistrate as being 'Jones,'
'Smith,' and other conventional misnomers.  (Here follow the names.)  Our
Correspondent has told us of a certain noble lord, who was running here
and there, on the night of the capture of his friends, striving, in the
first instance, to get them bailed out, and, failing in that, to provide
for them creature comforts in their cells.  We cannot avoid mentioning
one or two little incidents connected with this affair.  The admission of
spirits to prisoners in a station house is strictly forbidden, but, on
this occasion, their friends outside succeeded in introducing eight soda
water bottles filled with excellent pale brandy, so regularly corked and
wired, as to deceive even the sharp eyes of the Inspector.

"Next day (Sunday), at 12 o'clock, they were bailed out, but, on the
following morning at Marlborough Street Office, a sad mishap had all but
blown up the misnomers; for, when the name of 'Jones' was called from the
police sheet, the gentleman who had honoured that name by assuming it,
quite forgot his condescension, until one of his companions in trouble
nudged him in the side, saying, 'D---n it, that's you.'  By the way, the
croupier escaped through the skylight, with the bank, amounting, it is
supposed, to, at least, 500 pounds.  He, and a boy who escaped with him,
had but a minute or two the start of the police.  As it was, the croupier
met with a most severe accident, having cut his thigh so deeply as to
cause a most serious hemorrhage.  The gutter was flooded with his blood."

I wind up the year by chronicling an event which, I fancy, will never
occur again, one of the most singular circumstances connected with it
being, that the penitent was a Jewess.  It occurs in a letter in the
_Times_ of 19 Dec.:

                                 "ACT OF PENANCE, ST. JOHN'S, CLERKENWELL.

"Sir.--Understanding that many stories are afloat concerning the above
act, performed on Sunday last (15 Dec.) by a young woman of the Jewish
persuasion, named Deborah Cohen, I thought the particulars might be
acceptable.  This affair appears to have arisen from some family quarrel,
the action in the Ecclesiastical Court, having been brought against her
by her brother, for having made use to her sister-in-law, Rosetta Cohen,
of a term contrary as well to this part of our laws, as to the usages of
society.  To avoid expenses she had no means to meet, and the
consequences thereof, her solicitor advised her to admit her fault, and
abide the award of the Court.  This having got wind, the unpretending
church of St. John's was beset, early on Sunday last, by great crowds,
amongst whom it required great exertion of the parish officers and the
police to preserve a proper decorum.  The crowds were, however,
disappointed in seeing this young woman exposed in the open church, with
the covering of a white sheet, etc., the order from the Ecclesiastical
Court only having enjoined her to appear in the vestry room of this
church, on Sunday morning last, after service and a sermon, and before
the minister, churchwardens, and five or six of the plaintiff's friends
(some of whom attended), to recite, after the minister, her regret, etc.,
in the words laid down in the order.  This was carried into effect,
accordingly, the crowds in the church and St. John's Square remaining
long after the ceremony had been performed, and the parties had left the
vestry.

                                                                      "W."




CHAPTER XII.


Commencement of Penny Post--Postage Stamps--Prince Albert's
allowance--The _Times_ comments on the Marriage--Royal Wedding
Cake--Louis Napoleon's duel--Nelson Column--Noblemen's servants--Uproar
at the Italian Opera House.

The most important event in the beginning of this year was the
inauguration of the Penny Post on Jan. 10.  At the end of 1839, an
uniform postage rate of 4d. per letter was tried on Dec. 5, which was so
successful that the present penny postage was established, one feature of
which, the prepayment of letters, was much appreciated by the public.
The number of letters despatched by the Mails from the Metropolis, on the
10th, was much greater than was expected, amounting to 112,000, the daily
average for January, 1839, having been about 30,000 only.  Out of the
112,000 letters there were only 13,000 or 14,000 unpaid, and this was
probably owing to the fact that people could not get out of their old
habits all at once.

The Postage Stamps, however, were not ready, for we read in the _Times_
of 17 Jan.: "The construction of the stamps is advancing with all speed,
the several artists to whom they are intrusted being actively engaged
upon them.  In the stamp for letter paper and the adhesive stamp, a
profile of the Queen is the principal ornament.  The letter paper stamp
is being engraved by Mr. Wyon, R.A., medallist to the Mint.  Charles
Heath is engraving the drawing taken from Wyon's City medal, by H.
Corbould, intended for the adhesive stamp.  W. Mulready, R.A., has
furnished the design for the cover and envelope, which is in the hands of
John Thompson for engraving."

And, now, until the Queen was married, all the talk was of that event.
First of all Prince Albert must be made a naturalised Englishman, and a
bill to that effect was read for the third time in the House of Lords on
21 Jan., in the Commons on the 22nd, and received the Royal Assent on the
24th. {119a}  On the 23rd he was invested with the Order of the Garter at
Gotha.  The second reading of the Act for his naturalization was heard in
the House of Lords on the 27th, but owing to some dispute as to the
question of his precedence, it was adjourned until the 31st, when it was
read, and on 3 Feb. it was read a third time, and it received the Royal
Assent on 7 Feb.  But there was another thing yet to be done, which was
to supply His Serene Highness with Funds, and on Jan. 22 Lord John
Russell proposed the sum of 50,000 pounds per annum.  The discussion
thereon was adjourned until the 24th, and re-adjourned until the 27th,
when Mr. Hume moved a reduction to 21,000 pounds, which was lost by a
majority of 267.  Col. Sibthorp then proposed a sum of 30,000 pounds,
which was agreed to, and the Act received the Royal Assent on 7 Feb.

The feeling of the country on the subject of the Royal Marriage is, to my
thinking, very fairly summarised in a leading article in the _Times_ of
10 Feb., portions of which I transcribe: "It has followed from this
policy, {119b} that an English monarch should, _coeteris paribus_, rather
avoid than court an alliance with one of the first-rate powers of Europe,
but should prefer security to aggrandizement, satisfied with a consort
selected from a less prominent, and, therefore, less exposed, position.
If there be safety, therefore, in comparative weakness and
insignificance, we know not that, on such a ground, any other princely
house throughout Europe, could offer inducements preferable to those
possessed by those of Saxe-Coburg.  Objections against this individual
member of the family might, perhaps, present themselves to reflecting
minds, on the score of his close consanguinity to Queen Victoria, a
circumstance not usually looked upon as propitious to the hope of a
flourishing offspring.

"Another argument might be urged against the match, from the undoubted
fact that the name of Saxe-Coburg is not popular in this country, a
misfortune for which we do not undertake to account; nor shall we longer
dwell upon either of the above considerations, which we have hinted at,
merely to shew that they have not wholly escaped our notice. . . .

"Prince Albert has now become one of us.  He is, actually, now an English
subject.  He is tied to us by law and self-interest.  Let us bind him to
us by gratitude and affection.  The happiness of our youthful Queen is
now in his hands.  He has the means of so directing and assisting her
future footsteps, as to retrieve for Her Majesty (we speak with
frankness, but with all respect) all she has forfeited in the hearts of
the most loyal, enlightened and virtuous of her subjects, through her
unhappy bias towards persons and principles which are hourly undermining
the deep foundations of her Throne.

"We have said that it devolves upon Prince Albert to counteract a host of
'evil influences,' and to aid his Royal Consort in repairing 'many very
grievous errors' into which selfish and treacherous counsellors have
betrayed her, and which her constant separation (contrived by them) from
all but one section, or coterie of her subjects, has served to render
extremely difficult of correction.

"Queen Victoria has scarcely been permitted to see the general aspect of
the British aristocracy, or to become acquainted with their sentiments,
their characters, or their manners.  The petty, artificial world framed
and got up for her deception, is no more capable of suggesting to her
mind the vast moral and social creation beyond its narrow boundaries,
than one or two leaves of a _hortus siccus_ exemplify the productions of
a noble forest, or a varied and inimitable landscape. . . .

"Are the heads of the nation to be discovered at the Queen of England's
Court?  Has the worth, or wisdom, or eminence of the nation any access to
the society of the Sovereign?  Have the clergy of England, or any of
them--have their representatives--bishops, priests, or deacons, the
opportunity of communicating personally with the temporal head of the
Church of England?  Are they, or any of them, ever seated at the Royal
table, or received into the Royal presence, or favoured with the Royal
smile?  No; such associations comport not with the policy of her
ministers; the ear of the Sovereign is whispered from the choicest of her
subjects--the palace doors are locked inexorably against all but a
certain clique."

Let us turn from this little lecture to the Queen, honest and faithful
though it be, to the all-absorbing subject of Gossip, the Royal
Marriage--and first, and foremost, comes the Royal Wedding Cake, which
weighed nearly 300lbs.  It was three yards in circumference and about 14
inches deep.  This was the cake itself, which, according to a
contemporary account, "is covered with sugar of the purest white; on the
top is seen the figure of Britannia in the act of blessing the
illustrious bride and bridegroom, who are dressed, somewhat
incongruously, in the costume of ancient Rome.  These figures are not
quite a foot in height; at the feet of His Serene Highness is the effigy
of a dog, said to denote fidelity; and, at the feet of the Queen is a
pair of turtle doves, denoting the felicities of the marriage state.  A
Cupid is writing in a volume expanded on his knees, the date of the
marriage, and various other Cupids are sporting and enjoying themselves
as such interesting little individuals generally do.  These little
figures are well modelled.  On the top of the cake are numerous bouquets
of white flowers tied with true lover's knots of white satin ribbon,
intended for presents to the guests at the nuptial breakfast."

On 6 Feb. the Prince landed at Dover from Ostend, and on the 7th went to
Canterbury; on the 8th he reached London and Buckingham Palace; and, on
the 10th they were married at the Chapel Royal, St. James'; spent the
honeymoon at Windsor, and made their _rentree_ into society on 26 Feb.,
when they went, in State, to Drury Lane Theatre.

Duelling, although on the wane, was far from dead.  I could have given
numerous instances of duels in the earlier part of this reign, but have
refrained, as they were of no particular interest; but the following is
an exception, as it relates to one who, in after years, was to make a
great name in history for himself.

_Times_, 4 March:

    BOW STREET.--Shortly after the opening of the court yesterday
    morning, and before any of the night charges had been disposed of,
    Prince Louis Napoleon and Le Comte Leon, who is said to be the son of
    Bonaparte, to whom he hears a striking resemblance, were brought
    before Mr. Jardine, charged by Nicholas Pearce, inspector of the A
    division, with having met at Wimbledon Common, and attempted to
    commit a breach of the peace, by fighting a duel with swords and
    pistols.

    Lieut.-Col. Jeremiah Ratcliffe, 6th Dragoons, as second to the last
    defendant, and Col. Charles Parquin, second to the Prince, together
    with Count D'Orsay, and a servant, named Mertial Kien, with aiding
    and assisting the principals in the intended combat.

    Previous to the evidence being taken, two brace of pistols, with
    powder flasks, and a pair of rapiers, were laid on the table for the
    inspection of the magistrate.

    Inspector Pearce, being sworn, said, about 2 o'clock this morning he
    received information from Superintendent Baker, that certain parties
    had an intention of meeting in a hostile manner on Wimbledon Common,
    some of whom were to start from Fenton's Hotel and the others from
    Carlton Gardens; in consequence of which I went into St. James's
    Street, where I saw a post-chaise drive up to the door of the hotel,
    about 7 o'clock, but I could not ascertain if any person had got into
    it.  After delaying a short time, it moved slowly on in the direction
    of Piccadilly, followed by Col. Ratcliffe, and stopped again at
    Tattersall's, where another person followed towards Hyde Park Corner.
    The chaise was then driven westward, and I followed it on horseback;
    but, previous to arriving at Hyde Park Corner, the defendant
    Ratcliffe passed, on horseback, in Piccadilly.

    Mr. Jardine: What hour might it be then?

    Witness: It was then nearly 7 o'clock.  On arriving at the Common, I
    saw the entire party collected near to the Windmill, and the
    post-chaise proceeding in that direction.  Having dismounted, and
    left the horse in the care of a countryman, I proceeded to where the
    chaises were standing, and then I saw the defendants walking away,
    from them, some yards down, to a hollow part of the ground, each
    party apparently making arrangements about the duel.  They then
    stopped, and as I approached Col. Parquin, seeing two letters in one
    hand, and the two swords produced, in the other, I took them from
    him.  At that time, the pistols produced, in a case, were lying on
    the ground, near to another brace, which were wrapped up in paper.
    Some conversation passed between Count D'Orsay and Col. Parquin,
    which appeared to be whether the combat was to be fought with pistols
    or with swords, and the Count asked me what I wanted; my authority
    for interfering; and who it was that gave me information of the
    circumstance.  At that moment, Inspector Partridge, accompanied by
    Sergt. Otway and other constables, came up, and, on Col. Ratcliffe
    taking the pistols from the case, he was taken into custody.  I
    instantly went to him, and, shewing him my staff, told him I was an
    officer, and that I was, in duty, bound to take him into custody, for
    attempting to commit a breach of the peace.  Count D'Orsay requested
    to be told who it was who had given the information, and, on being
    refused, the entire party were quietly conveyed to the station house.

    Mr. Jardine: Have you since ascertained that the pistols contained
    powder and balls?

    Witness: Yes, Sir; there are balls in them, and caps upon them.

    Colonel Ratcliffe declared there was no powder in the pistols, which
    belonged to him, as could be seen; for it had been arranged that the
    duel was to be fought with swords.

    Mr. Jardine inquired if any of the defendants, who were foreigners,
    and not sufficiently conversant with the English language, would wish
    to hear the evidence read over to them in French?

    Le Comte Leon replied in French, that he could not sufficiently
    understand the evidence that had been given, but he was quite
    satisfied that all the proceedings were perfectly legal and correct.

    Prince Louis said, he was prepared, if required, to enter into an
    explanation of the circumstances which gave rise to the offence with
    which he was charged.

    Mr. Jardine did not wish to hear any statement on either side, as his
    duty was only to prevent a breach of the peace, and he hoped the
    defendants were prepared with the sureties he would require, to
    prevent further inconvenience.

    Count D'Orsay said, he had come prepared with bail, which he thought
    there could be no objection to.

    Prince Louis requested that the two letters, which had been taken
    from his friend, should be delivered up to him.

    Mr. Jardine immediately delivered up the letters, saying he should
    require the principals to enter into bail, themselves in 500 pounds
    each, and two sureties in 250 pounds each, to keep the peace with all
    Her Majesty's subjects, and particularly with each other, for the
    next 12 months.

    Count D'Orsay: One surety in 500 pounds, would, perhaps, answer as
    well as two in 250 pounds each, if it meets with your approbation.

    Mr. Jardine said he had no objection to such a course, and, if the
    other defendants were prepared with bail, it might be taken.

    Col. Ratcliffe said his surety was present.

    Mr. Jardine: The bail I shall require is, that each of the other
    defendants enter into his own recognizance in 100 pounds, and two
    sureties in 50 pounds each, to keep the peace for the same period,
    with the exception of the defendant Kien, who may put in his own
    recognizances in 100 pounds.

    Mr. Joshua Bates, of Portland Place, having offered himself as surety
    for Prince Louis Napoleon and Col. Parquin, was accepted.

    Mr. Fenton was accepted as bail for Le Comte Leon, and the Hon.
    Francis Baring, M.P., became surety for Col. Ratcliffe and Count
    D'Orsay.

    The Chief Clerk having conducted the parties into the Magistrate's
    private room, where they were furnished with the requisite notices,
    returned to the Court to take directions respecting the disposal of
    the weapons and other articles which were found upon the defendants
    on their being taken into custody.

    Mr. Jardine said he could make no order about them, but he thought
    that, as the defendants had put in bail, there could be very little
    apprehension of their committing a similar offence, if they were
    restored to their proper owners.

    It appeared that the two letters had been written by the Comte Leon
    to his cousin, as he was styled, demanding that he would retract
    certain expressions respecting their relationship, which he was
    alleged to have made use of; and, his not complying, gave rise to the
    quarrel.

    On the 10th of April the offer of Messrs. Grissell and Peto was
    accepted, to erect the Nelson Column in Trafalgar Square, within two
    years, for a sum of 17,860 pounds.

    There is a curious police case as to the habits and customs of
    Noblemen's servants, which may be interesting to my readers.  It was
    brought before the Magistrate at Queen Square on 14 April, when the
    House Steward of the Earl of Galloway applied for summonses against
    the footmen attending the carriages of Viscount Melbourne, the
    Marquis of Normanby, the Marquis of Lansdowne and Lord Tankerville,
    for assault and damage.

    It appeared from the statement of the applicant, that the servants
    attending the carriages of peers, to the House of Lords, have a
    waiting room, which they call their Club room, and that they have
    formed themselves into a society, governed by one of their body, whom
    they call their "Constable."  They have a set of rules, dated as far
    back as 1759, obedience to which is strictly enforced under pain of
    certain fines.

    On Friday evening, the coachman of the Earl of Galloway set his
    lordship down at the House of Lords, with orders to wait.  The
    footman, who was, it appears, a new comer, was, on entering the club
    room, called upon to pay a fine, or "footing" of two shillings, to be
    spent in beer, but he replied that he had no money about him; and, on
    their insisting on its being paid, he left the room, and got on the
    carriage box, with the coachman, but the "members," headed by their
    Constable, with his staff of office, pursued him, insisted upon his
    coming down, and were about to pull him off the box, when the
    coachman told them that his fellow servant had no money with him,
    but, if they would go, he would be answerable that it should be paid.
    They, however, insisted that it should be spent in their Club, and
    that the new servant should be present.

    Mr. Burrell: How many were there of them?

    Applicant said there were, he understood, 10 or 12, but it was only
    intended to proceed against the four ringleaders.  The coachman,
    finding that they were determined to have his fellow servant off the
    box, drove on a little way, and, on returning to his place, Lord
    Normanby's carriage ran against his, and seriously damaged it.  The
    footman was, at length, dragged from the box, and very roughly
    handled: his foot was hurt.  The coachman was also struck with the
    long "staff" carried by the "constable."

    Samuel Linturn, the footman, corroborated this statement.

    The summonses were granted.

    It was stated that Lord Normanby, at once, offered to make good the
    damage done, but this the Earl of Galloway declined, having
    determined that the whole matter should be publicly investigated by a
    magistrate.

    Two days afterwards, four footmen in the employ of Lords Melbourne,
    Lansdowne, Normanby and Tankerville appeared to answer the summonses.

    The complainant, in the course of his evidence, said that he had been
    to the House of Lords on several previous occasions, but had never
    been asked for anything, nor did he even know of the existence of
    such a room.  Turk asked him whose servant he was, but he refused to
    tell him.  Turk, at the time, had, in his hand, a pointed stick,
    which he called a staff; he made no demand for money then, but went
    away, and the complainant got on the box with the coachman, who took
    the coach to the stand.  Turk, accompanied by several others, then
    came up.  The Marquis of Bute's footman said he would pay the fine,
    or footing, and placed two shillings on the footboard of the carriage
    for that purpose.  This did not satisfy them.  Several persons,
    amongst whom were the defendants, got upon the coach, and swore that
    if he did not come down, they would pull him down.  There were
    several police about, and, although he called upon them for
    assistance, they would not come.

    Both he and the coachman told them that he had no money, and the
    coachman said he would secure them payment, if they would go and
    drink the beer, but they insisted upon the complainant's presence in
    the "club."  He still refused, and then they brought a long pole,
    which they called a "horse."  The coachman drove up Abingdon Street
    to avoid them, but several of the carriages drew out of the rank, and
    followed them, and, as the coachman turned to regain his station,
    Lord Normanby's carriage was driven against him, and the Earl of
    Galloway's carriage sustained considerable damage; it was forced on
    the footway, and was obliged to stop, upon which, several of the
    footmen ran, and seized the horses by their heads.  The defendants
    dragged the complainant off the box; one had hold of his foot, and
    another, who seized upon his greatcoat, tore the buttons from it, and
    from his gaiters and breeches.  They then placed him upon the pole,
    which they called "putting him on horseback."

    They then rode him into the room mentioned, where Lord Holland's
    footman sat as chairman, and decided that he should pay two
    shillings.  He borrowed the money from Lord Lansdowne's servant, and
    was about to leave the room, but he was forced to resume his seat, as
    he was told he could, from the room, easily hear when the carriage
    was called, and that "he must sit and drink his beer."  He was also
    told that he was now sworn in, and had only to kiss the staff, which
    was presented to him, but he refused to do it.  He was detained
    three-quarters of an hour, against his will.  His foot was hurt, and
    the coachman was injured by a blow from the "staff."

    The coachman corroborated the evidence, and the defendants were fined
    ten shillings each.

On the 29th April, there was an uproar in the Italian Opera House, which
might have expanded into another O.P. riot of 1809.  The Impresario, M.
Laporte, had not engaged Tamburini, because his terms were too high, and
the singer's friends were highly indignant.  On this evening, at the
conclusion of the opera of _I Puritani_, several voices began calling for
M. Laporte, with shouts of "Tamburini!"  Poor M. Laporte appeared and
began a speech in which he sought to excuse himself, but it was drowned
by a torrent of groans and hisses, which came, principally, from the
occupants of the "omnibus" box. {128}  M. Laporte so clearly perceived
this, that, in a few minutes, his speech to the audience merged into a
private conversation with its occupants.  The noise increased, and M.
Laporte declared that he was not to be "intimidated," a word which roused
the "omnibus" party to perfect fury.  He retired, and the curtain rose
for the ballet, in which a new dancer was to have made her appearance.
The noise, now, became terrible; yells, hisses, and all sorts of uncouth
sounds were blended in frightful discord.  The dancers, perceiving all
attempts at a performance were in vain, and, at the same time, being
afraid to quit the stage, sat quietly, all round.

Again and again Laporte came forward, and tried to bring matters to a
settlement, and once he ventured to say, that, as manager, he had a right
to engage performers at his own discretion, and that he was not to be
responsible to an audience--which, it is needless to say, added fuel to
fire.  Then he told them his engagements would not allow him to employ
Tamburini, which meant ruin to him, but it only provoked more noise.
Then he appealed to their better feelings by telling them of the many
years he had catered for their amusement, and this did bring him some
support, for cries of "Shame," "No Tamburini," and "No Intimidation,"
were heard, but this only had the effect of dividing the audience, and
increasing the hubbub.

Once again poor Laporte came forward, and talked of engaging Tamburini on
"Conditions."  This word upset all, and the Tamburinists asked: "Will you
engage him?  Yes, or No?"  Laporte said he would make proposals, and, if
those proposals, etc.  This would not do; "Yes, or No?" said his
persevering interrogators.  "Say 'No,'" said his supporters.  He began
talking about terms.  "Same terms as last year," shouted all the
"Omnibus" party, upon which he retired, without proposing anything
satisfactory.  Everyone was getting tired, when, at last, a gentleman, in
a box opposite the "Omnibus," stepped over the front of his box on to the
stage, and was followed by a party; the "Omnibus" party entered the stage
from the opposite side, and, at one o'clock, the Tamburinists had taken
possession, and waved their hats triumphantly, on the stage, as the
curtain fell.

It was this episode that the Rev. R. H. Barham has immortalized in his
_Ingoldsby Legends_, under the title of "A Row in an Omnibus (box),"
beginning:

    Doldrum the Manager sits in his chair,
    With a gloomy brow and dissatisfied air,
       And he says, as he slaps his hand on his knee,
       'I'll have nothing to do with Fiddle-de-dee!

    '--But Fiddle-de-dee sings clear and loud,
    And his trills and his quavers astonish the crowd.
          Such a singer as he,
          You'll nowhere see,
    They'll all be screaming for Fiddle-de-dee!

    '--Though Fiddle-de-dee sings loud and clear,
    And his tones are sweet, yet his terms are dear!
          The glove won't fit!
          The deuce a bit.
    I shall give an engagement to Fal-de-ral-tit!'"




CHAPTER XIII.


The Mulready Envelope--Plans of Royal Exchange decided on--Fire at York
Minster--Queen shot at by Oxford--Oxford in Bedlam--Scientific
Agriculture--Electro-metallurgy--Embossed envelope--Sale of Louis
Napoleon's effects.

On the 1st of May, the Post Office issued the long expected postal
envelope designed by W. Mulready, R.A., and the opinion of _The Times_
may be taken as the expression of most people's feelings about it.

    _Times_, 2 May.--"We have been favoured with a sight of one of the
    new stamp covers, and we must say we never beheld anything more
    ludicrous than the figures or allegorical device by which it is
    marked with its official character--why not add embellished?
    Cruickshank could scarcely produce anything so laughable.  It is,
    apparently, a spirited attempt to imitate the hieroglyphic which
    formed one of the ornaments to _Moore's Almanack_; Britannia is
    seated in the centre, with the lion couchant (Whiggish) at her feet;
    her arms are extended, scattering little flying children to some
    elephants on the left; and, on the right, to a group of gentlemen,
    some of whom, at all events, are not enclosed in _envelopes_, writing
    on their knees, evidently on account of a paucity of tables.  There
    are, besides, sundry figures, who, if they were to appear in the
    streets of London, or any of our highways, would be liable to the
    penalties of the Vagrant Act for indecent exposure.  Under the
    tableland by which these figures are supported, some evidence of a
    laudable curiosity is depicted, by three or four ladies, who are
    represented reading a billet doux, or valentine, and some little
    boys, evidently learning to spell, by the mental exertion which their
    anxious faces disclose.  One serious omission we must notice.  Why
    have those Mercuries in red jackets, who traverse London and its
    environs on lame ponies, been omitted?  We must admit that, as they
    have been, recently, better mounted, that is one reason why they
    should not appear in this Government picture."

But the reader can judge how far this description is borne out.

                       [Picture: Mulready envelope]

As a matter of fact, it was so universally disapproved of by the public,
and was the object of so much ridicule, as to necessitate the destruction
of nearly all the vast number prepared for issue.  To do this, a machine
had to be specially constructed; the attempt to do the work by fire, in
close stoves (fear of robbery forbade the use of open ones), having
absolutely failed.  They are now somewhat scarce, but are extensively
forged.  It was satirized and laughed at by all, and a contemporary
criticism, which has been reproduced in _The Philatelist_, vol. vii., p.
145, is very amusing:

    "Britannia is sending her messengers forth
    To the East, to the West, to the South, to the North:
       At her feet is a lion wot's taking a nap,
       And a dish-cover rests on her legs and her lap.
    To the left is a Mussulman writing a letter,
    His knees form a desk, for the want of a better;
       Another believer's apparently trying
       To help him in telling the truth, or in lying.
    Two slaves 'neath their burden seem ready to sink,
    But a sly-looking elephant 'tips us the wink';
       His brother behind, a most corpulent beast,
       Just exhibits his face, like the moon in a mist.
    On each is a gentleman riding astraddle,
    With neat Turkey carpets in lieu of a saddle;
       The camels, behind, seem disposed for a lark,
       The taller's a well-whisker'd, fierce-looking shark.
    An Arab, arrayed with a coal-heaver's hat,
    With a friend from the desert is holding a chat;
       The picture's completed by well-tailed Chinese
       A-purchasing opium, and selling of teas.
    The minister's navy is seen in the rear--
    They long turned their backs on the service--'tis clear
       That they now would declare, in their typical way,
       That Britannia it is who has done it, not they.
    A reindeer and Laplander cutting through snow,
    The rate of their progress (down hill) seems to show.
       To the right, is the King of the Cannibal Islands,
       In the same pantaloons that they wear in the Highlands
    Some squaws by his side, with their infantile varments,
    And a friend, in the front, who's forgotten his garments.
       Frost, Williams and Jones {132} have this moment been hook
       And are fixing the day they would choose to be cook'd.
    There a planter is giving and watching the tasks
    Of two worthy <DW65>s, at work on two casks.
       Below, to the left, as designed by Mulready,
       Is sorrow's effect on a very fat lady;
    While joy at good news may be plainly descried,
    In the trio engaged on the opposite side."

      [Picture: Left--Lord Monteagle and Mr. Baring, Britannia, Lord
        Palmerston.  Right--O'Connell and the Duke of Wellington]

There were very many pictorial satires on this unfortunate wrapper, but
none bore so near a resemblance to it as the accompanying illustration by
John Doyle (H.B. Sketches, 26 May, 1840, No. 639).  Lord Palmerston, as
Britannia, is dispatching Mercuries with fire and sword, to the east,
typical of the wars in Egypt and China.  On the other hand, he sends a
flight of Cupids to Father Mathew, the apostle of Temperance, who was
then doing such good work in Ireland, whilst a man is knocking the bung
out of a whisky barrel.  Beneath this group is O'Connell, who is roaring
out "Hurrah for Repeal!" to the horror of the Duke of Wellington, who is
behind him.  On the left is Lord Monteagle, late Chancellor of the
Exchequer, ill in bed; whilst his successor, Mr. Baring, reads to him the
result of his policy: "Post Office deliveries in the quarter, 272,000
pounds!  Total deficiency in the year, to be made up by new taxation,
2,000,000 pounds!"

On 7 May, the Gresham Committee met to decide on the two plans for the
New Royal Exchange, one prepared by Mr. Cockerell, R.A., and the other by
Mr. Tite, President of the Architectural Society, which was in favour of
the latter by 13 votes to 7.  The works were immediately proceeded with.

Talking of one fire seems to lead on to another, for on 20 May, York
Minster was for the second time visited with a conflagration--this time,
however, it was caused accidentally, and not the work of an incendiary.

The following extract from a letter dated York, 21 May, gives a graphic
account of the fire, and is of especial interest, as being from the pen
of a spectator.

    "You may hear the rumour of the alarming and truly awful calamity
    that has occurred in this city, before you receive this.  I have
    witnessed it, and shall hold the recollection as long as my memory
    exists.  About 20 minutes to 9 last evening, I was told the Minster
    was on fire.  I ran out, immediately, towards it, and stood by it,
    just as the flames had issued from the top part of the south-west
    tower, at a height that an engine could not have played upon.  The
    fire continued to rage until it had entire possession of the upper
    part; flames issuing from every window, and piercing the roof.  To
    describe the feelings under which I witnessed the devouring flames
    preying upon a national monument, which every man must look upon with
    admiration, requires a pen more descriptive than mine.  Grief, awe,
    wonder and admiration were the emotions with which I regarded the
    destruction of this venerable church.  I soon obtained admission into
    the nave of the Cathedral, and observed the first falling down of the
    burnt embers.  The flames illumined the interior with more than
    mid-day brightness; the light, pouring through the crevices, threw a
    brilliancy over the scene which imagination cannot paint.  The fire,
    at this time, was wholly confined to the tower.

    "After the space of half an hour, the flooring of the belfry in the
    tower began to be forced by the falling bells and lighted beams.  At
    this period, my nerves were strung to the highest excitement.  The
    noise was extraordinary.  The shouting of the firemen, the roaring of
    the flames rushing up the tower with the rapidity of a furnace
    draught, sounded in the high and arched space, awful and terrific.
    The falling masses of wood, and bells, sounded like the near
    discharge of artillery, and were echoed back from the dark passages,
    whose glomy shade, and hollow responses seemed mourning at the
    funeral pile that burned so fiercely.  In one hour, the tower was
    completely gutted, and masses of burning timber lay piled against the
    south-west door.  The upper and under roof, composed principally of
    fir timber, covering the nave, as far as the centre tower, had, by
    this time, become fired, and burned with extraordinary rapidity.  The
    firemen, by a well-managed direction of the water, prevented the
    flames passing through the west windows of the centre tower, and
    continued their exertions at that spot, until the whole of the roof
    had fallen in, and lay, in the centre of the aisle, a sea of fire.

    "The west doors had, now, become nearly burnt through, and planks
    were brought to barricade them, and prevent the rushing of air to fan
    the embers to flame, which might have communicated to the organ, and
    thence, throughout the whole pile of buildings.

    "At 1 o'clock, this morning, I again entered the Cathedral, and then
    concluded there was no further danger of destruction.  The tower is
    standing, also the walls and pillars of the nave; and, beyond that,
    the building, I am happy to state, is saved.

    "The fire is supposed to have originated from a clock maker, who has
    been, for some time past, occupied in repairing the clock in that
    tower, who might accidentally, have dropped a spark from a candle."

The repairs in 1829, when the Cathedral was fired by the fanatic, John
Martin, cost 65,000 pounds, which was raised by subscription, and it was
estimated that the cost of the present repairs would amount to about
20,000 pounds.

                                * * * * *

I know of no other general topic of conversation in May, but, in June,
there was one which set every one in the United Kingdom, and the whole
civilized world, a talking.--THE QUEEN HAD BEEN SHOT AT!!!  A little
after 6 p.m. the Queen and Prince Albert left Buckingham Palace for their
before-dinner drive, and had barely got one-third up Constitution Hill,
when a young man, who had been walking backwards and forwards, as the
carriage came near, and was nearly opposite him, turned round, and,
drawing a pistol from his breast, fired at the carriage, which, however,
went on its way.  The man then looked back, to see whether any person was
standing near enough to prevent him, and drew another pistol, which he
discharged at the carriage.  Prince Albert ordered the postillions to
drive on, and they went as far as Hyde Park Corner, and thence to the
Duchess of Kent's mansion in Belgrave Square, and, after staying there
some little time, drove to Buckingham Palace, where the Queen was
received by crowds of her subjects, cheering vociferously.  To say that
she was not affected by the incident would not be true, but she soon
recovered from its effects.

The person who shot at her was a little undersized boy (5ft. 4in.), about
18, named Edward Oxford, a publican's barman, out of work, and as "Satan
finds work for idle hands to do," this boy must needs buy two pistols,
bullets, powder and caps, and begin practising shooting.  Whatever made
it enter into his wicked little head to shoot at the Queen, no one knew,
but he did, and was speedily in the hands of the police.  He was examined
and re-examined, and finally tried at the Central Criminal Court on 9
July, the trial lasting two days.  The defence was the plea of insanity,
and, as no bullets could be found, the jury brought in a verdict of
"Guilty, he being, at the time, insane"; and, in accordance with such
verdict, the judge sentenced him to be imprisoned during Her Majesty's
pleasure.

On the day after being shot at, the Queen and Prince Albert took their
wonted drive in the Park, amidst the shouts of crowded thousands, and the
next day, she, in State, received the congratulations of the Houses of
Lords and Commons, the latter having the first audience.  At two o'clock,
the state carriage of the Speaker entered the court, followed by 109
carriages filled with members of the House of Commons; never before, it
was said, was the Speaker followed by so numerous a _cortege_, on the
occasion of presenting an address.  As soon as the carriages of the
Commons had left the court, the procession of the Lords began to enter,
the barons first, then the other peers, rising in rank to the royal
dukes.  They wore all their stars and garters, and made a brave show.

We get a glimpse of Oxford in prison in a paragraph of the _Times_, 28
Feb., 1843, copied from a Sunday paper.

    "As numberless strange and conflicting rumours have been propagated,
    relative to the treatment experienced by Edward Oxford, in his place
    of incarceration, the curiosity of the visitor on this head was,
    naturally, great, especially as it is generally understood that those
    who are favoured with permission to visit Bethlehem, are not allowed
    to see Oxford.  This is not, however, the fact.  In a compartment of
    the establishment, principally allotted to those who are supposed to
    have committed heinous crimes in moments of madness, Edward Oxford is
    confined.  He is not separated from the other unfortunate persons who
    reside in that division of the building, but is allowed free
    intercourse with them.  Among his comrades are Mr. Pierce, surgeon,
    who shot his wife whilst labouring under a paroxysm of madness
    produced by jealousy; and Captain Good, whose favourite phantasy is
    the assumption of the attribute of Majesty.  There is, in the same
    division of the establishment, a very diminutive man, who imagines
    himself to be Lord John Russell.  He amuses himself, nearly all day
    long, with knitting.  Captain Good is fond of smoking, and Pierce
    hovers over the fireplace (a stove) all day.  Oxford diverts himself
    with drawing and reading.  He told the visitor, who furnished us with
    this account, that he had taught himself to read French with ease,
    during his incarceration, but that he was unable to speak the
    language, for want of an opportunity of studying the pronunciation.
    He said that he was terribly tired of his sojourn at Bethlehem, and
    that he wished he could obtain his liberty, even though he should be
    placed under _surveillance_ during the remainder of his life.  The
    visitor remarked that there was no such thing as _surveillance de
    police_ in England.  To which Oxford replied that he was perfectly
    acquainted with that fact; and that the condition upon which he thus
    desired his liberty, was rather an imaginary one, than a strictly
    legal and feasible one.  Upon another question being put to him, he
    said he knew he had been placed in Bethlehem under an impression that
    he was mad, but that he was, really, very far from being mad.  He
    exhibited some of his drawings, which were uncommonly well executed,
    and evinced a natural talent for the art.  There were a view of
    Abbotsford, a horse's head, a portrait of the Virgin Mary, and one or
    two other designs, which were, really, most tastefully sketched and
    shaded.  He appeared pleased when complimented on his proficiency in
    the art of drawing, and observed that he was self-taught.  In
    manners, he is modest, civil and unassuming, and certainly exhibits
    not the slightest symptom of insanity.  We know that medical
    jurisprudence admits that it is very difficult to determine the exact
    line of demarcation where sound sense stops, and insanity commences;
    but he, who has visited a receptacle for the insane, will speedily
    observe the strange state and appearance of the eyes of those whose
    intellects are unhinged.  This appearance cannot be mistaken either
    in lucid or rabid intervals; it is still perceptible, although, of
    course, in a greater or lesser degree.  Now, the visitor to
    Bethlehem, on the occasion here refered to, particularly observed the
    eyes of all the inmates; and those of one only showed not the
    least--not the most remote symptoms of insanity.  This one individual
    was Edward Oxford.  He appears in his conversation, his manners, his
    countenance and his pursuits, as sane, collected, and intelligent as
    possible.  Of course, the deed for which he is now in durance was not
    touched upon; nor was any information relative to that subject sought
    of the turnkeys, or keepers.  With respect to food, Oxford is not
    treated one atom better than his fellow sufferers; the diet of the
    inmates of the hospital is plentiful and good, but no favour is shown
    to any particular individual, with regard either to quality, or
    quantity.  Oxford appears to enjoy very excellent health; and he is
    remarkably clean and neat in his person."

He was, afterwards, removed to Broadmoor, and I have been told, although
I cannot vouch for the fact, that he was liberated some years ago, and
sent to Australia.

Early in July, we begin to hear of a higher style of farming than that
previously in use, as we find the _Dumfries Courier_ advocating the use
of nitrate of soda as a manure, but, yet, are cautious on the
subject.--"An extensive trial of it will be necessary before any proper
judgment can be pronounced.  It is, as yet, unknown whether its effects
are lasting, and until this is ascertained, caution must be used."

Another thing, too, was just beginning to attract
attention--Electro-metallurgy.  True it is that Wollaston applied the
principle of the Voltaic pile to the deposition of one metal upon another
in 1801, and it was further developed by Bessemer (1834), Jacobi and the
Elkingtons in 1838, and Spencer in 1839, but for practical utility it was
still in its infancy, and we can see how far it had advanced, in the
following extract from a German Paper: "Munich, 22 July, 1840.--Much is
at present said in the public papers respecting the imitations of medals,
reliefs, etc., by means of a galvanic deposition of copper.  This art,
called Galvano plastic, first discovered by Professor Jacobi of St.
Petersburg, and brought to greater perfection by Mr. Spencer, of
Liverpool, and by Professor Von Kebel, of Munich, may justly be classed
as one of the most useful of modern inventions; and, from its great
importance, its employment in technical operations must soon become
general.  Indeed, some persons in England, perceiving the great influence
which this invention is destined to have on manufacturing industry, are
already applying it to the production of buttons, arabesques, and various
ornaments in Copper.  Herr G. A. Muller, mechanician of Leipsic, has
recently called attention to the application of Galvano plastic to
typography.  He has, however, been, in some measure, anticipated by the
experiments made in 1839, in Rosel's printing office, in Munich; where,
by following the methods of Jacobi and Spencer, the lines of copperplate
were produced in relief.  Wood cuts were, also, converted into metallic
plates, which, to say nothing of the advantage of the solidity of the
metal, far exceeded the effect of the most perfect casting.  The
experiments for making stereotype plates in copper have, also, been
successful.  In short, the invention has now reached that stage which
must secure for it the attention of all practical men."

Mulready's postal wrapper having been killed by universal derision: in
July was produced an envelope with an embossed head of the Queen thereon,
and these could be bought until the close of her reign.

Prince Louis Napoleon, previously to his ill-starred expedition to
Boulogne, had left instructions for his furniture and jewellery to be
sold; and sold they accordingly were by Christie and Manson on 21 Aug.,
and Mr. Bernal and other _virtuosi_ went to the sale to see what
Napoleonic relics they could pick up.  Among these were two silver cups,
with the eagle and initial of Queen Hortense, 5 pounds 10/- and a casket
of camei, formerly the property of the Empress Josephine, was divided
into 22 lots, one of which was a pair of earrings, the gift of Pius VI.
to Josephine during the first campaign in Italy, in 1796, sold for 46
pounds 4/-, and the original marble bust of Napoleon, when Consul, dated
1804, by Canova, fetched 232 pounds 11/-.

On 28 Aug. Prince Albert received the freedom of the City of London; and,
on 11 Sep., he was made a Privy Councillor.




CHAPTER XIV.


Lord Cardigan and the "Black bottle" case--Lord Cardigan's duel with
Lieut. Tuckett--Steam to India--Nelson Column--Mormonism--"The Boy
Jones"--Napoleon's body transferred to France.

About this time the Earl of Cardigan made himself particularly
conspicuous before the public, and the commencement of it was the famous
"black bottle" question, and I well remember that that useful utensil
was, for many years, called a "Cardigan."  My Lord was Colonel of the
11th Hussars, "Prince Albert's Own," and it so happened that, on the 18th
May, 1840, when the Inspecting Officer dined with the mess, Captain
Reynolds of "Ours" ordered, at mess, a bottle of Moselle, which, instead
of being decanted, was served in its original envelope, a proceeding
which gave offence to the aristocratic taste of the Colonel, and,
according to a statement which was published in many newspapers:

    "The following morning Capt. Jones delivered the following message to
    Capt. Reynolds: 'The Colonel has desired me, as president of the mess
    committee, to tell you that you were wrong in having a black bottle
    placed on the table, at a great dinner like last night, as the mess
    should be conducted like a gentleman's table, and not like a tavern,
    or pothouse,' or words to that effect.  Capt. Reynolds received the
    message with astonishment, but without remark, and, subsequently,
    waited on the Earl of Cardigan, and complained of it, but received no
    satisfactory answer.

    "A short time afterwards, Capt. Reynolds met Capt. Jones in the
    mess-room, and, in the presence of two officers, said to him:
    'Captain Jones, I wish to speak to you about the message you brought
    me this morning.  In the first place, I do not think you were
    justified in giving it at all; as a brother captain, having no
    possible control over me, it would have been better taste if you had
    declined to deliver it.'  He replied: 'I received it from the
    Commanding Officer, and, as such, I gave it; and, if you refuse to
    receive it from me, I shall report it.'  Capt. Reynolds replied: 'Do
    not misunderstand me, Captain Jones; I have received, and do receive
    it; but the message was an offensive one; and I tell you, once for
    all, that, in future, I will not allow you, or any man, to bring me
    offensive messages.'  Capt. Jones said: 'If I am ordered to give a
    message, I shall give it.'  Capt. Reynolds said: 'Well, you may do as
    you please; but if you bring me improper messages, you must take the
    consequences.'  Capt. Jones replied, 'he should certainly do so,' and
    left the room.

    "The two captains who were present (one not an officer of the
    regiment) proved that Capt. Reynolds' manner was quiet and
    inoffensive.  Capt. Jones reported the conversation; and, soon
    afterwards, Capt. Reynolds was summoned to the orderly room; where,
    in presence of Major Jenkins, the adjutant, and Capt. Jones, Lord
    Cardigan thus addressed Capt. Reynolds, in no very agreeable tone, or
    manner: 'If you cannot behave quietly, Sir, why don't you leave the
    regiment?  This is just the way with you Indian officers; you think
    you know everything; but I tell you, Sir, that you neither know your
    duty, nor discipline.  Oh, yes, you do know your duty, I believe, but
    you have no idea whatever of discipline, and do not, at all, justify
    my recommendation.'  Capt. Reynolds remained silent; when Lord
    Cardigan added, 'Well, I put you in arrest.'

    "Capt. Jones then offered Capt. Reynolds his hand, upon which, Capt.
    Reynolds, turning towards him, said, 'No, Capt. Jones, I will not
    shake hands with you; nothing has passed which renders it necessary.
    I have no quarrel with you, and I deny having insulted you, and see
    no reason why I should shake hands with you, or the contrary.'

    "Lord Cardigan said, 'But I say you have insulted Capt. Jones.'
    Capt. Reynolds quietly replied, 'I have not, my Lord'; upon which
    Lord Cardigan said, 'Well, I put you under arrest, and shall report
    the matter to the Horse Guards.'  Capt. Reynolds said, 'I am sorry
    for it;' and retired.

    "The matter was reported to the Horse Guards, after Capt. Reynolds
    had been in close arrest three days.  Lord Hill sent a memorandum,
    recommending Capt. Reynolds to acknowledge the impropriety of his
    conduct towards Lord Cardigan, and to declare his readiness to resume
    friendly intercourse with Capt. Jones.  This recommendation Capt.
    Reynolds obeyed; but he still refused to shake hands with Capt.
    Jones, which would seem to imply a previous quarrel, or to drink wine
    with him within any specified time.

                                  * * * * *

    "On the 9th of June, Gen. Sleigh went to Canterbury; had all the
    officers of the regiment brought before him, and, without any
    investigation, read to them a letter from Headquarters, condemning
    Capt. Reynolds's conduct in very strong language; approving of that
    of Lord Cardigan, throughout, in every particular, stigmatizing Capt.
    Reynolds's motives as pernicious and vindictive, and refusing a
    court-martial, because many things would be brought to light which
    would not be for the good of the Service.

    "Capt. Reynolds then requested that he might be brought to a
    court-martial for the offences for which he had now been charged.
    This was also refused, as it was stated Lord Hill had determined it
    should be considered as settled.  And, as if this was not enough,
    Gen. Sleigh told Capt. Reynolds that he had forfeited the sympathy of
    every officer of rank in the Service.

    "Capt. Reynolds applied for copies of all letters referred to in this
    statement, which are not given at length, and was refused them."

He still kept in the regiment, which, perhaps, was unwise on his part, as
the sequel shows.  Early in September, an evening party was given by the
Earl of Cardigan, to which, as usual, several officers of the regiment
were invited.  In the course of the evening, a young lady casually
observed, aloud, that she "did not see Capt. Reynolds there."  The Earl
of Cardigan, who happened to be near, heard the remark, and replied, "Oh,
no; he is not one of my visitors."  The words were uttered without any
marked expression, and did not, at the time, attract particular
attention.  They were, however, carried to Capt. Reynolds, who,
conceiving that the expression was calculated to affect him as a
gentleman, wrote a letter to the Earl of Cardigan, to know if the
expression had been used, and in what sense.  This letter remained
unanswered, and the consequence was, that Capt. Reynolds, stung with this
apparently further slight, was induced to send a second and a stronger
letter, couched in terms which could bear no other interpretation than
that of a challenge.

On receiving this letter, the Earl of Cardigan consulted with his
friends; and, after fairly considering the matter, it was determined to
submit the letters with the whole of the circumstances connected with the
case, to the consideration of the Colonel of the regiment, Prince Albert.
The Prince, on receiving the papers, laid them before the
Commander-in-Chief, Lord Hill, for his opinion thereon, when it was
resolved, by the latter, to let the matter come fairly before the public,
in the shape of a court-martial, which was, shortly afterwards, held at
Brighton.  This court confined itself chiefly to the consideration of the
second letter written by Capt. Reynolds, which they conceived to be
couched in a spirit so insubordinate, ungentlemanly, and insolent, as to
afford the writer no sort of excuse, or palliation for his conduct, on
the alleged grounds of previous provocation on the part of his commanding
officer, and they adjudged that Capt. Reynolds should be cashiered (Oct.
20).

It certainly was not from a wish not to fight a duel that Lord Cardigan
thus acted with regard to Capt. Reynolds (and no one who remembers his
heading the charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava, can question his
courage), for he challenged and fought with Lieut. Tuckett, on 12th Sep.;
a duel which was thus reported in the papers:

In consequence of the Earl of Cardigan having ascertained that certain
letters published recently in the _Morning Chronicle_, reflecting, as his
lordship supposed, on his character as an officer and a gentleman, were
written by Lieut. Tuckett, late of the same regiment (11th Hussars), the
noble lord sent him, through Captain Douglas, of the 11th, a challenge,
which was at once accepted, and Capt. Wainwright (half-pay) was the
friend selected by Mr. Tuckett to arrange the preliminaries.  An apology
was demanded by the noble lord, to which the reply was, that if he would
deny the allegations contained in the letters referred to, it should be
given.  Lord Cardigan declared that certain portions of those letters
were true, but that the greater part were calumnies.  On this, the
apology was refused, and a meeting was the consequence.  It took place on
the afternoon of the 12th Sep., on Wimbledon Common.  The first shot was
ineffectual, on both sides; but, on the second fire, Mr. Tuckett received
his adversary's ball in the back part of the lower ribs, which traversed
round to the spine.  The ball was extracted, and Mr. Tuckett, after a
time, recovered.

Subsequently, warrants were issued, and Lord Cardigan and his second were
brought before the Bench of Surrey Magistrates, at Wandsworth; and after
several examinations, Lord Cardigan was committed for trial on the charge
of "Shooting at Capt. H. Tuckett with a pistol, with intent to murder, or
do him some bodily harm"; and his second, for aiding and abetting him.
The charge was laid under "An Act to amend the Laws relating to Offences
against the Person" (1 Vic., c. 85, s. 3), which makes the offence set
forth in the charge, a felony, punishable, at the discretion of the
Court, with transportation beyond the seas, for the term of his, or her,
natural life, or for any term not less than fifteen years, or to be
imprisoned for any term not exceeding three years.

He was tried in the House of Lords, on 16 Feb., 1841, by his peers, and
the case against him broke down through a technicality.  His counsel, Sir
William Follett, pointed out that the prosecution had failed in proving a
material part of their case, inasmuch as no evidence had been given that
Captain Harvey Garnett Phipps Tuckett was the person alleged to have been
on Wimbledon Common on the 12th September last, and whose card only bore
the name of Captain Harvey Tuckett.  The peers present returned a verdict
of "Not guilty," with the exception of the Duke of Cleveland, who added
"Not guilty, legally."

The use of steam at sea was beginning to assert itself.  It was only two
years since, that I had to chronicle the voyages of the _Sirius_ and the
_Great Western_ across the Atlantic--now we have the first steamship to
India, sailing on 25 Sep.  She was called _The India_, and was 1,200 tons
and nearly 400 horse-power.  She sailed for Calcutta, calling at the Cape
of Good Hope, where she was to stop five days.  It was expected that she
would complete her voyage, including stoppages, within 75 days.

On 30 Sep. the foundation stone of the Nelson Column in Trafalgar Square
was laid, without ceremony.  It was a large block of Dartmoor granite,
weighing 14 tons; and, on 16 Oct. the tenders for building the new Royal
Exchange were settled.  They varied very considerably, and the contract
was given to the lowest, that of Messrs. Webb, of Clerkenwell, whose
tender was 2,000 pounds under the architect's estimate.

About this time we begin to hear of Mormonism in England; not that it was
absolutely new, for, on 20 July, 1837, Heber C. Kimball, Orson Hyde,
Willard Richards, Joseph Fielding and others, landed at Liverpool, on the
first mission sent out by the Mormons.  Three days after landing they
began preaching at Preston, and met with such remarkable success that,
within the next eight months, at the expiration of which time, Kimball
and Hyde returned to America, they had converted and baptised about 2,000
people.  But the sect was uncommon, as we may see from the following
extract from the _Leeds Times_, copied into the _Times_ of 31 Oct.:

    "A NEW SECT.--One of the most recent developments of fanaticism is
    the appearance of a new sect, in different parts of England, entitled
    _Latter Day Saints_.  We believe that it made its first appearance in
    Hertfordshire and Leicestershire, from which counties great numbers
    of its members have lately emigrated to the United States.  The sect
    has extended to Lancashire and Yorkshire; and, by the labours of its
    preachers, is now travelling northward into Durham and
    Northumberland.  The _Latter Day Saints_ assume to do many
    extraordinary things.  Among other accomplishments peculiar to those
    who believe in the new doctrines, they are declared to possess the
    power of casting out devils, or curing the sick by laying hands on
    them, of resisting the operation of the deadliest poisons, of
    speaking with new tongues, and of working miracles of various kinds.
    They state that no ministers, now on earth, preach the Gospel, but
    themselves, and that, only to them have the supernatural gifts of the
    Church been vouchsafed.  The Kingdom of God, they say, is only open
    to those who have been baptised by immersion.  In addition to the
    Bible, they state they are in possession of another work, of equal
    authority, entitled _The Book of Mormon_, the original of which was
    found engraved on brass plates, in the central land of America.
    Finally, they consider this is the last generation of mankind, and
    that they have been sent into the world, expressly to prepare the way
    for the Son of Man!"

Has my reader forgotten THE BOY JONES?  He turns up again in this
chronicle, for, on Wednesday, the 2nd of December, the inmates of
Buckingham Palace were, shortly after midnight, aroused by an alarm being
given that a stranger had been discovered under the sofa in Her Majesty's
dressing-room, and the officers of the household were quickly on the
alert.  It was soon ascertained that the alarm was not without
foundation, and the daring intruder was immediately secured, and safely
handed over to the tender mercies of the police.  The report of the
occurrence spread very rapidly, and created the most lively interest in
London, as it was feared that the consequent alarm might be attended with
the most dangerous effects to the health of the Queen, who had been
confined only eleven days previously.  Happily, neither mother, nor child
suffered in any way.

The facts, as far as can be gathered--the examination being a private
one, conducted by the Privy Council--seem to have been as follows:
Shortly after midnight, one of Her Majesty's pages, accompanied by other
domestics of the Royal household, was summoned into Her Majesty's
dressing-room, which adjoined the bed chamber in which Her Majesty's
accouchement had taken place, by Mrs. Lilly, the nurse, who thought she
heard a noise.  A strict search was made; and, under the sofa on which
Her Majesty had been sitting, only about two hours' previously, they
discovered a dirty, ill-looking fellow, who was immediately dragged from
his hiding place, and given into custody.  The prisoner was searched, but
nothing of a dangerous nature was found upon him, and the police, at
once, recognised their captive as the Edward Jones, who had, two years
previously, entered the palace in such a mysterious way.  He is described
as being very short for his age, seventeen, and of a most repulsive
appearance; but he was, apparently, unconscious of this defect, as he
affected an air of great consequence, and repeatedly requested the police
to address him in a becoming manner; also behaving with the greatest
nonchalance at his examination before the Privy Council, the next day.

His first version of the matter was this: On Monday night, the 30th of
November, he scaled the wall of Buckingham Palace, about half-way up
Constitution Hill; he then proceeded to the Palace, and gained an entry
through one of the windows.  He had not, however, been long there, when
he considered it unsafe for him to stay, as so many people were moving
about; and he left by the same manner as he entered.  The next day,
Tuesday, about nine o'clock in the evening, he again effected an entrance
by the same means as before.  He then went on to state that he remained
in the Palace the whole of Tuesday night, all Wednesday, and up to one
o'clock on Thursday morning, when the inquisitive youth was captured.  He
was not satisfied with this dull and prosaic account of his entry; but,
on the following day, he tried to invent something marvellous, and
alleged that he ascended the roof of the Palace, and got down the
chimney; but there were no marks of soot on his person, and his first
story was, doubtless, the correct one.

The greatest mystery attending the affair was, how he could have found
his way to the room adjoining that in which Her Majesty slept, without
being observed.  The delinquent stated that, during the day, he secreted
himself under different beds, and in cupboards, until, at length, he
gained an entrance into the dressing room; he, moreover, alleged that he
sat upon the throne, that he saw the Queen, and heard the Princess Royal
cry, but his story was such a romance, that no reliance could be placed
upon it.  He was extremely reticent as to the cause of his intrusion into
the Palace, the only explanation which he vouchsafed, on being arrested,
was, that he wanted to see what was going on in the Palace, that he might
write about it, and, if discovered, he should be as well off as Oxford,
who fared better in Bedlam, than he, Jones, did out of it.  Even the
stern discipline of the treadmill, to which he was promptly consigned,
failed to extract anything more out of him; his only remark, when
interrogated, being that he had got into the scrape, and must do the best
he could.

His father stated that, in his belief, his unfortunate son was not of
sound mind; but the medical evidence went to show that, though his head
was of a most peculiar formation, he was not insane.  The Council,
therefore, came to the decision that it would be better to inflict
summary punishment, and he was committed to the House of Correction for
three months, as a rogue and vagabond.

If he is to be believed, he fared remarkably well whilst in his royal
residence, as he said he helped himself to soup and other eatables from a
room, which he called the "Cook's Kitchen," but no dependence whatever
could be placed on his word.

Prince Albert was taking leave of Her Majesty for the night, when the
miscreant was discovered; and the Prince, hearing a noise proceeding from
the adjoining apartment, opened the door, and ascertained the cause; but
it was not made known to the Queen till the following day, so as to
prevent any undue alarm on her part.

It is needless to say that this event excited the greatest interest, and
engrossed public attention, nothing else being talked of.  The punishment
was considered far too light to deter a repetition of the offence, which
opinion was subsequently justified.  Such an occurrence, of course, was
considered fair material for the humourists of the day to exercise their
wit upon, and there are many allusions to it in the _Age_ and _Satirist_
of the period; but, as their remarks are not always conceived in the best
taste, they are better left in the obscurity in which they now dwell.
Perhaps, however, this little couplet from the _Satirist_ may be
excepted:

    "Now he in chains and in the prison garb is
    Mourning the crime that couples Jones with darbies." {151}

It was Jones's extraordinary powers of finding an entrance into the
Palace that caused Samuel Rogers to declare that he must be a descendant
of the illustrious In---i---go.

On the 15 Dec. the remains of the Emperor Napoleon, which had been
removed from St. Helena, were laid, with great pomp, into the tomb
prepared for them at the Invalides, Paris; and, contrary to all
expectation, there was no disturbance on the occasion.




CHAPTER XV.


Death of Scott, "the American Diver"--Prince Albert's ducking--Monster
cheese--"The Boy Jones"--"Tracts for the Times," Tract XC--Earl of
Cardigan flogs a soldier on Sunday--Dispute as to the discovery of
Electric Telegraph--Sale of Shakspere autograph--The Census--Astley's
burnt--Behaviour of "gentlemen."

The first bit of gossip of this year was the tragic death of Sam Scott,
"the American diver," who was born at Philadelphia, and, at an early age,
entered the American navy.  His extraordinary courage and prowess as a
diver rendered him very popular, and, after quitting the naval service,
he travelled about the Union exhibiting.  He, subsequently, visited
Canada, and made some tremendous leaps from the banks of the St.
Lawrence, and the lakes which intersect that country; but his _chef
d'oeuvre_ was leaping from a precipice below the Falls of Niagara, where,
according to his own statement, he jumped the amazing distance of 595
feet, into the water, which he accomplished without injury or
inconvenience!

He was performing in England in 1838, and came to London in the latter
part of 1840; and we now hear of him as issuing a "Challenge to the World
for 100 Guineas!  Monday next, Jan. 11, 1841, and during the week, Samuel
Scott, the American diver, will run from Godfrey's White Lion, Drury
Lane, to Waterloo Bridge, and leap into the water, forty feet high from
the bridge, and return back within the hour, every day during the week,
between one and two o'clock."  There were about 8,000 or 10,000 people
assembled to see the feat, which was to be performed from a scaffolding
overhanging the river.  Here he swung by a rope noose round his chin, and
afterwards, with his head downwards and one of his feet in the noose.  He
then again hung suspended by his chin, but the noose slipped, and he was
hanged in sight of all that huge crowd.  This fatal accident created a
great impression at the time.

I do not know the Evening paper from which the following "small beer"
chronicle is copied into the _Times_ of 12 Feb., but it purports to be an
"authentic account" of an accident to Prince Albert: "It appears that His
Royal Highness was walking in the Royal gardens, in company of Her
Majesty, the only attendant present being the Hon. Miss Murray, one of
the Maids of Honour in waiting upon the Queen.  It not being understood
by Col. Bouverie and Lieut. Seymour that His Royal Highness intended to
skate, they were not, as usual, in attendance on the Prince, who had left
the Palace, with Her Majesty, without their knowledge.  After walking for
a short time with the Queen, on the margin of the lake, His Royal
Highness put on his skates, and left Her Majesty, who remained watching
the movements of the Prince from the gardens.  He had not been on the ice
more than two or three minutes, when, as he was proceeding at a rapid
rate towards the spot where the Queen was standing, and had reached
between three or four feet of the water's edge, the ice suddenly broke,
and, instantaneously he was immersed, head over ears, in the water.  His
Royal Highness immediately rose to the surface, when Her Majesty, with
great presence of mind, joined her hand to that of the Hon. Miss Murray
(telling her to stand firm, and to betray no fear), and, extending her
right hand to the Prince, dragged him to the shore.  Her Majesty
manifested the greatest courage upon the occasion, and acted with the
most intrepid coolness.  As soon as the Prince was safe on dry land, the
Queen gave way to the natural emotions of joy and thankfulness at his
providential escape.

"The Prince then lost no time in proceeding to the Palace, where a warm
bath was immediately prepared, and His Royal Highness, within an hour
afterwards, was sufficiently well to receive the King of the Belgians,
upon His Majesty's arrival from Claremont.  The ice in the centre of the
lake being nearly a foot in thickness, some surprise has been created
that the accident should have occurred; but it appears that the keepers
appointed to attend on the numerous and various aquatic birds which are
preserved in the gardens of the palace, had broken the ice along the
sides of the lake to enable them to take the water during the frost.
These portions had again become slightly frozen over, since they were
broken at an early part of the morning.  This was unknown to the Prince,
or the Queen, and, hence, the accident occurred.  There was no person
present, at the time, connected with the gardens, to point out his danger
to His Royal Highness.  Yesterday morning, the Prince was suffering from
the effects of a slight cold; but, beyond this, His Royal Highness has
sustained no inconvenience."

On the 10th Feb. the Princess Royal was christened.

On 19 Feb. the Queen had a monster cheese presented to her, "on which
occasion, she was pleased to express her satisfaction."  It was made from
the morning's milking of 737 cows, prepared by the labour of 50 dairy
women, at West Pennard, Somersetshire, and it weighed 11 cwt.  It was
octagon in shape, and its upper surface was decorated with the Royal
Arms, surmounted with a wreath of roses, thistles and shamrocks.
Unfortunately, although it had been made over two years, it was not
considered to be fit to eat for another eighteen months.

_Ecce iterum_ the irrepressible BOY JONES!  Prison evidently had no
terrors for him; for, no sooner was he liberated from Tothill Fields, on
2 Mar., than he, almost immediately, set to work to repeat his former
escapades.  On the day previous to his liberation, he was visited by Mr.
Hall, a magistrate, who tried to persuade him to go to sea; but Jones
made certain conditions which could not be acceded to, and he did not go.
This gave an opportunity for the _Satirist_ to come out with the
following appropriate lines:

    "The impudent urchin, whom sure the devil owns,
       And Government wants to send into the Navy;
    Will not go to sea--and 'tis cunning of Jones,
       Who, thus, may avoid his relation, Old Davey."

He was then delivered into the care of his parents, with strict
injunctions to them to watch his actions; and, for some days, his conduct
was unexceptionable; he frequently attended a Methodist chapel, and
expressed his intention of joining a teetotal society.  But the charms of
notoriety were too strong for him; and, again, he was drawn, as it were
by a magnet, to Buckingham Palace.  Indeed, it possessed such attractions
for him, that, when required to pledge himself, before leaving prison,
not to visit the Palace again, he said he would not promise, as his
curiosity was so great.

On 15 March, shortly after 1 a.m., the sergeant of police on duty at the
Palace imagined, as he was going along the Grand Hall, that he saw
someone peeping through the glass door, and this turned out to be the
case; for, on his approach, Jones ran up against him, and was, of course,
immediately secured.  In consequence of his previous visits, two extra
policemen had been appointed, whose duty it was, on alternate nights, to
watch all the staircases and interior of the building, and it was owing
to this arrangement that Master Jones was stopped early in his career, on
this last occasion.

Like most boys, Jones had a keen appreciation of a feast, all the more
enjoyable because irregularly come by; and, when he was arrested, he was
found to have been sitting at his ease in one of the royal apartments,
regaling himself with some cold meat and potatoes, which he had conveyed
upstairs in his handkerchief.  On being questioned how he obtained an
entrance, his reply was, "the same way as before"; and he boasted,
moreover, that he could, at any time he pleased, get into the palace; but
he was extremely taciturn, and refused to satisfy curiosity, more
particularly on this point.

What he confessed at his examination by the Privy Council is not known,
as the proceedings were in private, reporters being excluded, and the
public were left in possession of only the above bare facts.  He
persisted that the only motive for his intrusion was to hear the
conversation at Court, and to write an account of it; but this plea of
simplicity did not save him from a repetition of his old sentence of
three months imprisonment in the House of Correction, with the
uncomfortable addition, this time, of hard labour.  Perhaps the best
punishment for this juvenile addition of Paul Pry would have been that
suggested by the _Satirist_, in the following paragraph: "As the urchin
Jones, in a letter to his father, stated that his reason for entering the
Queen's house was to 'seek for noose, in order to rite a book,' it is a
matter of general regret that, instead of magnifying the affair into Home
Office importance, the young rogue was not accommodated with a rope's
end."  His visit, however, necessitated the appointment of three
additional sentries at the palace.

What became of him afterwards, nobody knows and nobody cares, but, one
thing is certain, he was _persuaded_ to go to sea, and _Punch_ (born 17
July) devotes a page (vol. i., p. 46) to "The Boy Jones's Log," a portion
of which is as follows:

    "This mellancholly reflexion threw me into a poeticle fitte, and
    though I was werry uneasy in my _stommik_, and had nothing to rite on
    but my _chest_, I threw off as follows in a few 2nds, and arterards
    sung it to the well-none hair of 'Willy Reilly':--

    "Oakum to me, {156} ye sailors bold,
       Wot plows upon the sea;
    To you I mean for to unfold
       My mournful historie.
    So pay attention to my song,
       And quick-el-ly shall appear,
    How innocently, all along,
       I was in-weigle-ed here.

    "One night, returnin home to bed,
       I walk'd through Pim-li-co,
    And, twigging of the Palass, sed,
       'I'm _Jones_ and In-i-go.'
    But afore I could get out, my boys,
       Pollise-man 20A,
    He caught me by the corderoys,
       And lugged me right a-way.

    "My cuss upon Lord Melbun, and
       On Jonny Russ-all-so,
    That forc'd me from my native land,
       Across the waves to go-o-oh!
    But all their spiteful arts is wain,
       My spirit down to keep;
    I hopes I'll soon git back again,
       To take another peep."

To follow Chronology compels me to turn suddenly from gay to grave
topics.  In September, 1833, Newman commenced the _Tracts for the Times_,
which, according to its advertisement, had the object of "contributing
something towards the practical revival of doctrines (such as the
Apostolic Succession, and the Holy Catholic Church) which, although held
by the great divines of our Church, have become practically obsolete with
the majority of her members."  Keble and others joined him at once, as
did Pusey as soon as the state of his health permitted, together with
nearly all the advanced thinkers at Oxford.  These Tracts, issued from
time to time, caused a mighty upheaval in the Church of England, which
was known as the "Tractarian movement," the effects of which have lasted
to this day, as may be witnessed in the vast extension of Church
building, the larger attendance and more devout behaviour of
congregations, the brighter and more ornate services, which are so great
a contrast to the general sleepiness both of pastor and flock which then
existed.

Some of these Tracts went farther than people were, as yet, able to
follow, they were "strong meat for babes," and the publication of Tract
XC., by Newman, on the Thirty-nine Articles, brought things to a climax,
and on 15 March, the Vice-Chancellor and the Heads of Houses met to
censure the publication; they came to the resolution: "That modes of
interpretation, such as are suggested in the said Tract, evading rather
than explaining the sense of the Thirty-nine Articles, and reconciling
subscription to them, with the adoption of errors which they were
designed to counteract, defeat the object, and are inconsistent with the
due observance of the Statutes of the University."  They only expressed
their opinion which was all they could do, but Newman avowed the
authorship of the Tract, and whilst he was still unconvinced of his
error, he wrote, "I am sincerely sorry for the trouble and anxiety I have
given to the members of the Board, and I beg to return my thanks to them,
for an act which, even though founded on misapprehension, may be made as
profitable to myself, as it is religiously and charitably intended."

At this time, neither the writers of the Tracts, nor their readers, had
any intention of severing themselves from the Church of England, their
sole endeavours were to wake it from the torpor into which it had fallen;
and, had there been any tolerance on the other side, such men as Newman,
Manning, and others, would have been kept to the Church, for they merely
enunciated doctrine and practices which are now almost universal.

The old flint-lock Brown Bess was still in use in the Army, although
percussion arms were introduced in 1840; but we read (13 Ap.) that "the
exchange of flint for percussion cap guns to the Army, will cost, this
year, 130,000 pounds."

That amiable gentleman, the Earl of Cardigan, was still making himself
notorious.  This time it was flogging a soldier on Easter Sunday, after
Church; and the very first question asked in the House of Commons, when
it met after the Easter recess, was by Mr. Hume, relating to it.  Mr.
Macauly replied that: "Whatever other imputations there might be cast on
Lord Cardigan, a disposition for the infliction of corporal punishment
was not one which could justly be thrown on him.  From inquiries which he
had made, he had found that, since 1839, up to the recent case, there was
not an instance of the infliction of corporal punishment in this
regiment.  The charge, however, for which he was justly liable to public
censure, was the immediate infliction of punishment, on a Sunday, after
Divine Service.  Such a proceeding was clearly contrary to the religious
feelings and habits of the people of this country, and could not be
reconciled with either good sense, or good feeling."  Lord Hill, the
Commander-in-Chief, only felt "surprised" at Lord Cardigan's conduct; but
the _Times_ of 24 Apl. had a most scathing leading article on the
subject, winding up with "we trust some independent member of the House
of Commons will take an early opportunity of cutting the Gordian knot,
and move an address to the Crown for the removal of the Earl of Cardigan
from the Lieut.-Colonelcy of the 11th Hussars." {159}

The Electric Telegraph being now a _fait accompli_, the honour of the
discovery was disputed between Cooke and Wheatstone--both claiming it.
It was settled by arbitration, the referees being Marc Isimbard Brunel,
the eminent civil engineer, and Professor Daniell, the inventor of the
Galvanic battery which bears his name, and their Solomonian judgment was
as follows: "While Mr. Cooke is entitled to stand alone, as the gentleman
to whom this country is indebted for having practically introduced and
carried out the Electric Telegraph as a useful undertaking, promising to
be a work of national importance; and Professor Wheatstone is
acknowledged as the scientific man, whose profound and scientific
researches had, already, prepared the public to receive it as a project
capable of practical application; it is to the united labours of two
gentlemen so well qualified for mutual assistance, that we must attribute
the rapid progress which this important invention has made during the
five years since they have been associated."

On 24 May was sold by auction an undoubtedly authentic signature of
Shakspere, attached to a deed, thus described in the catalogue:
"Shakspere's autograph affixed to a deed of bargain and sale of a house
purchased by him, in Blackfriars, from Henry Walker, dated March 10,
1612, with the seals attached."  The poet is described as "Wm.
Shakspeare, of Stratforde upon Avon, in the countie of Warwick,
gentleman"; and the premises thus: "All that dwelling house, or tenement,
with the appurtenance, situate and being within the precinct, circuit and
compasse of the late black ffryers, London, sometymes in the tenure of
James Gardiner, Esqre., and since that time, in the tenure of John
Ffortescue, gent, and now, or late being in the tenure or occupacon of
one William Ireland, or of his assignee or assignees; abutting upon a
streete leading down to Pudle Wharffe on the east part, right against the
King's Majesties Wardrobe; part of wch said tenement is erected over a
great gate leading to a capitall messuage, wch sometyme was in the tenure
or occupacon of the Right Honourable Henry now Earle of Northumberland."
The deed, at the commencement is stated to be "betweene Henry Walker,
Citizen and Minstrell, of London, of thone partie, and William
Shakspeare, of Stratforde upon Avon, in the countie of Warwick,
gentleman; William Johnson, Citizen and Vintner, of London; John Jackson
and John Hemyng, of London, of thother partie"; and that the property was
absolutely sold to all four, "theire heires and assigns for ever."  The
deed is regularly entered in the Rolls' Court Sir F. Madden (continues
the catalogue) states in his "Observations on the autograph of
Shakspere," in Florio's translation of _Montaigne's Essays_, which was
sold in 1838: "There are five acknowledged genuine signatures in
existence, exclusive of the one which forms the subject of this
communication.  Of these, three are attached to his will in the
Prerogative Court, executed the 25th March, 1615-16; the fourth is
written on a mortgage deed, dated 11 March, 1612-13; of a small estate
purchased by Shakspere, of Henry Walker, in Blackfriars; and the fifth,
on the counterpart of the deed of bargain and sale of the said property,
dated 10 March, 1612-13; and, speaking of the last, Sir F. Madden says,
at p. 14: 'What has become of this document?' a query which the
auctioneers say is answered.  Of these six signatures, three to the will
are in Doctors' Commons (two of them much injured by the hands of the
lovers of Shakspere); the one in _Montaigne's Essays_ is now in the
British Museum; what has become of the mortgage deed is quite unknown:
this, then, is the only autograph of Shakspere ever likely to be offered
for sale."  After many and very animated biddings it was eventually
knocked down to Mr. Elkins for 165 pounds 15s.  These two deeds are now
in safe keeping, one being in the British Museum, the other belonging to
the Corporation of the City of London.  The authenticity of the signature
in _Montaigne's Essays_ is open to discussion.  At the same sale was sold
"the Shakspere Cup," made from the mulberry tree said to have been
planted by Shakspere, carved on the sides with a medallion of Shakspere,
and his Coat of Arms.  This was for nearly 30 years in the possession of
Munden, the actor, and it realised 21 pounds.  In the British Museum is a
beautifully-carved casket, made of the same wood, which, together with
the freedom of Stratford-on-Avon, was given to Garrick by the Corporation
of the town in 1769.

The decennial Census, which began in 1801, was, according to the Act 3
and 4 Vic., c. 29, taken of the number of individuals who slept in the
respective houses in each parish, throughout England and Wales, on the
night of Sunday, 6 June.  Scotland, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of
Man were also taken, but Ireland was not; and the following return
includes only such part of the Army, Navy, and Merchant Seamen, as were,
at the time of the Census, within the Kingdom on shore:

                           Males.         Females.         Total.
England                     7,321,875       7,673,633       14,995,508
Wales                         447,533         463,788          911,321
Persons ascertained             4,003             893            4,896
to have been
travelling by
railroads and canals
on night of 6 June
Scotland                    1,241,276       1,379,334        2,620,610
Islands in the                 57,598          66,481          124,079
British Seas
                                                Total       18,656,414

On 8 June, Astley's Amphitheatre was burnt down, one life being
sacrificed, and causing a monetary loss of over 30,000 pounds.  This
calamity so affected the proprietor, Mr. Ducrow, that he lost his reason,
and died soon after, on 28 Jan., 1842.

Here is another little story of the behaviour of gentlemen in those days,
copied from the _Times_, 11 June:

    "WINDSOR, 10 June.  Yesterday evening there was a large party
    consisting of the officers of the 60th Rifles, and several of the 1st
    Life Guards, at the mess of the infantry barracks, in Sheet Street,
    in consequence of several promotions which have recently taken place
    in the Rifles, occasioned by vacancies caused by the decease of the
    Hon. Col. Molyneux.  The festivities of the evening were kept up till
    past 12 o'clock, when a large party sallied forth for 'a spree.'
    They first proceeded to the extensive canvas amphitheatre of Mr. Van
    Amburgh, in the Bachelor's Acre, but, there, they were, fortunately,
    kept at bay by several of Mr. Van Amburgh's men, before they had
    committed any excesses.  The knockers, bell handles and brass plates
    from several doors in the neighbourhood were then wrenched off, and
    the whole party then made for a well-known gambling house (which has
    been tolerated in this town for upwards of twelve months), at No. 4,
    Augusta Place, where they were immediately admitted.  What took place
    there before the row commenced, or what was the occasion of the havoc
    and destruction which almost immediately afterwards ensued, I have
    not been able to ascertain.  However, they had not been there more
    than half an hour before there was a scene of the greatest confusion
    throughout the whole house, causing alarm and terror, from the noise
    which was created, around the entire neighbourhood.  The police were
    sent for soon after 1 o'clock, previously to which a portion of the
    60th Rifles, who were on guard at the Castle, had been despatched to
    the scene of action, and whom the police met on their return to the
    guard room.  Upon the Superintendent, Sergeant and several policemen
    entering the house (which they found empty, with the exception of one
    of the gamblers, who, it appeared, had secreted himself) they found
    scarcely one piece of furniture left whole.  The green baize was torn
    from the billiard and other tables, the doors of the different rooms
    broken down, the windows, with the sashes and frames, broken to
    pieces; all the lamps smashed, chairs and tables dislocated, the
    fanlight over the front door gone, and the balustrades upon the
    stairs torn away.  At this time, the whole of the party had gone off;
    and, as for the proprietors of the gaming house, they were glad to
    effect their escape, across the garden, into a large piece of waste
    land, called the Lammas.  It was expected that some complaint would
    have been lodged before the borough magistrates, to-day, at the Town
    Hall; but no application was made to the Bench on the subject during
    the hours of business.  A large brass plate, which had been wrenched
    from a garden gate, was found, this morning, by the police, in the
    infantry barracks, where there are sundry knockers and bell handles
    awaiting to be identified and returned to their respective owners."
    {163}

The following incident is very little known, and is copied from the
_Salopian Journal_ of 3 July: "It is known to many of our readers that
the Whig-Radical faction in Shrewsbury, despairing (as the event has
proved) of winning the election by fair and honest means, have resorted
to the infamous trick of publishing anonymous slanders against Mr.
Disraeli, one of the Tory Candidates.  He rebutted the slanders so
promptly and effectually, that, at last, the opposite party resolved to
try the desperate expedient of publishing them with a name attached, as a
sort of guarantee.  Accordingly, a letter, repeating these slanders,
"with additions," appeared in the _Shrewsbury Chronicle_ on Friday,
signed by a barrister, who had been employed by the Radical candidates to
manage their part of the contest.  Mr. Disraeli, without any loss of
time, issued a handbill commenting on conduct which appears to us at once
ungentlemanly and unprofessional, and plainly designated the barrister's
statements as 'utterly false.'  This handbill appeared early in the
forenoon of Friday, and, at an advanced hour of the afternoon, a
gentleman waited upon Mr. Disraeli with a hostile message from his
calumniator.  He found Mr. Disraeli in company with his lady, and
communicated that he had business of importance to settle with him.  A
challenge from the barrister was then handed to Mr. Disraeli.  About an
hour afterwards, Mr. Jonathan Sheppard having learnt that such a
transaction had taken place--and it is certain that the information had
not come from the challenged party--waited upon the Mayor, and, upon his
information, our worthy Chief Magistrate called upon both parties to
enter into recognizances to keep the peace.  How far Mr. Disraeli would
have been justified in meeting a person who had acted as the barrister
had acted, is a question which need not be discussed here."




CHAPTER XVI.


Story of an Irish informer--Steam Cars--Sale of Vauxhall Gardens--First
Jewish Baronet--New Railways opened--High tide--Fire at the Tower--Birth
of Prince of Wales--His patent as such--The Thames at length
tunnelled--Antiquities found in Royal Exchange.

We have known something about Irish crime, but the following true tale
takes a lot of beating.  On the last day of the Clonmel Assizes, in July,
Judge Torrens heard a case of arson, in which the prisoners, who were
four in number, were all acquitted, after a trial which lasted eight
hours.

The principal witness for the prosecution was an approver, named Lysaght;
and, in all the annals of informers, it would be extremely difficult to
find a parallel to this same Lysaght.  Indeed, the admission by the Crown
of the testimony of such a miscreant, in the matter of life or death,
appears to be highly reprehensible, as the following abstract of his
evidence will plainly evince:

    John Lysaght examined: I remember the time when Walsh's house was
    burnt.  Anthony Ryan came to me before the house was burned to borrow
    a gun.  I brought it to him on a Monday night, and he told me to come
    with him to McCarthy's house, who wanted to see me.  I went to
    McCarthy's, and near his place was an old house, in which some of our
    party were assembled.  McCarthy brought some bread and spirits, and
    we took share of it.  McCarthy asked me if I would go with the men to
    frighten Walsh, and burn the house.  I promised to do so, and he then
    furnished us with powder and ball; we went down to the river side,
    and McCarthy gave his pistols and 7/6 in money to Anthony Ryan.  He
    gave me some powder, flax, and something like saltpetre, and showed
    me, by putting some powder into the pan, and snapping it, how the
    flax was to be lighted.  McCarthy then parted with us, and we, after
    eating the bread and meat, went to Walsh's.  I lighted the tow, and
    Paddy Ryan put the fire into the roof.  I and two of the party then
    went and stood sentry near the road.  After a time, I heard a noise,
    and ran back to give an alarm.  We then left, and went by Toom
    homewards, and separated near Marshall's gate; this was about three
    or four in the morning.  I and Paddy Ryan had shot guns, Ned Ryan had
    a long one, Darby Ryan a bayonet on a pole, and the two Ryans had
    McCarthy's pistols.  We left the house after it was in flames.  I
    knew a man named Bryan Noonan; he is dead.

    Judge Torrens: Was it you murdered Noonan?

    Witness: No.  I joined in it.

    Mr. Hatchell: How many men did you murder before this?

    Witness: None.

    You say it was Anthony Ryan went to you to get the gun?--It was.

    He has, since, been transported?--Yes.

    You went with the party to the burning for the love of
    amusement?--They induced me to go with them, but did not force me; I
    was not very unwilling to go after getting the liquor; but, when I
    brought the gun, had no such intention.

    Did you load the gun before you went out?--I did.

    Had you liberty to carry a gun?--Yes, from a magistrate, Mr. Coates,
    who is since dead.

    Were you ever tried before you committed the murder on
    Noonan?--Indeed I was; I was tried before, for posting a threatening
    notice, but it was no such thing.

    Were you not sentenced to be transported?--I was.

    Did you not fire shots at the same time?--Yes.

    Judge Torrens: And the reward you gave the Government for bringing
    you back was murdering Noonan

    Mr. Hatchell: Was not your brother Caravat tried?--Yes.

    You say you were only present at the murder of Noonan; now, was it
    not you who knocked down the unfortunate man with the butt-end of a
    blunderbuss?--Yes, the very first.  (Sensation.)

    And you don't call that murdering the man?--We were all murdering
    him.

    Were you not one of the men who carried him into the ditch to hide
    the body?--I was.

    Where is your brother, the Caravat?--I don't know.

    Was he at the burning of Walsh's house?--No.

    Did you know Leonard, the smith?--I did.

    Did you see him killed?--I saw him struck, but was not looking on at
    his killing.

    Did you give him a blow then?--I did not strike a blow at the man.

    Did you give a blow that day?--Yes, when myself was struck.

    Do you remember Wat Hayes?--Yes.

    You attacked him, but he shot you off?--No, he did not.

    Was not one of your companions shot by Mr. Hayes?--No, but a man near
    me.

    Now, tell me, did he not kill one of your friends?--Oh, he had a
    party against us, and waylaid us.

    Did you remember Jemmy Hughes, who was killed with a hatchet?--I did.

    Were you not looking at his murder?--Oh, no; he was married to my
    first cousin.

    Were you not taxed with the murder?--The whole country knew who was
    in that affair.

    You recollect David Hickey, who was killed at Bilboa?--I was in the
    fair.

    You were of the party?--I was looking at him.

    That was your third murder.

    A Juror: His fifth murder.

    Did you rob Michael Rogers?--No, but I got the course of law, and was
    acquitted.

    You knew Mick Griffin, Lord Stradbroke's herd?--I heard he was shot.

    Was your brother Caravat accused of this business?--No, I never heard
    of it.

    Did you not say you would put a rope about McCarthy's neck?--I did
    not.  I remember when Kennedy was put out of possession.  McCarthy's
    cattle and premises were burned after this, but the country say it
    was himself did it.  I never asked a farm of Lord Stradbroke, but my
    father or brothers might.  I never heard that McCarthy prevented us
    getting the farm, on the ground of our being so bad.

    Do you remember you and your uncle carrying away a woman?--I do.

    Your uncle was transported?--He was.

    So you have been guilty of one abduction, five murders, and one
    burning; what else did you do?  Would you suggest any other crime in
    the catalogue, of which you were not guilty?

    Judge Torrens: Did you commit a rape?--No.

    Mr. Hatchell: Were any of your brothers convicted of a rape?--Yes.

    Were you not charged with holding the unfortunate woman while your
    brother committed the rape?--No, but another brother was.

    Judge Torrens: Did you steal cattle?--No.

    Mr. Hatchell: That would be too shabby an offence.  When you came to
    Walsh's house, you lifted one of the Ryans up in the roof?--Yes.

    And you lit the fire?--I did.

    Did you know there were women in the house?--I partly guessed there
    were.

    Did you mind how many innocent people might have been burned?--I did
    not care.  (Great sensation.)

    Judge and Counsel, with great disgust, ordered the wretch off the
    table.

In these days of Motor Cars, any gossip about their progenitors must be
of interest.  On 7 Aug., a steam carriage, carrying 16 persons, belonging
to the General Steam Company, was tried between the York and Albany,
Regent's Park, and the Manor House at Tottenham--i.e., along the Camden
Road to Finsbury Park--doing the distance in rather less than
half-an-hour.  Another ran on 13 Sep. from Deptford to Sevenoaks, about
21 miles, in 2 hours 37 minutes, but there were small accidents by the
way.  Later on in the month the first-named carriage performed about
Windsor, Frogmore and Dachet, and frequently reached a speed of 18 to 20
miles an hour; and on Oct. 1 it was shown to the Queen and Prince Albert,
the latter expressing himself highly pleased with it.  It then only did
16 miles an hour.

On 9 Sep. Vauxhall Gardens, which had been a place of amusement since the
time of Charles I., were sold for 20,000 pounds.  In _Punch_ of 14 Aug.
we find a sad account of a last visit:

    "Impelled by a sense of duty, we wended our way to the 'Royal
    property,' {169a} to take a last look at the long expiring gardens.
    It was a wet night--the lamps burnt dimly--the military band played
    in the minor key--the waiters stalked about with so silent,
    melancholy a tread, that we took their towels for pocket
    handkerchiefs; the concert in the open _rain_ went off
    tamely--dirge-like, in spite of the 'Siege of Acre,' which was
    described in a set of quadrilles, embellished with blue fire and
    maroons, and adorned with a dozen double drums, thumped at intervals,
    like death notes, in various parts of the doomed gardens.  The
    _divertissement_ was anything but diverting, when we reflected upon
    the impending fate of the 'Rotunda,' in which it was performed.

    "No such damp was, however, thrown over the evolutions of 'Ducrow's
    beautiful horses and equestrian _artistes_,' including the 'new grand
    _entree_ and calvacade of Amazons.'  They had no sympathy with the
    decline and fall of the _Simpsonian_ {169b} empire.  They were
    strangers, interlopers, called in, like mutes and feathers, to grace
    the 'funeral show,' to give a more graceful flourish to the final
    exit.  The horses pawed the sawdust, evidently unconscious that the
    earth it covered would soon be 'let on lease for building ground';
    the riders seemed in the hey-day of their equestrian triumph.  Let
    them, however, derive from the fate of Vauxhall a deep, a fearful
    lesson!--though we shudder as we write, it shall not be said that
    destruction came upon them unawares--that no warning voice had been
    raised--that even the squeak of _Punch_ was silent!  Let them not
    sneer, and call us superstitious--we do _not_ give credence to
    supernatural agency as a fixed and general principle; but we did
    believe in Simpson, and stake our professional reputation upon
    Widdicomb! {170a}

    "That Vauxhall Gardens were under the special protection of, that
    they drew the very breath of their attractiveness from, the
    ceremonial Simpson, who can deny?  When he flitted from walk to walk,
    from box to box, and welcomed everybody to the 'Royal property,'
    right royally did things go on!  Who would _then_ have dreamt that
    the illustrious George {170b}--he of the Piazza--would ever be
    'honoured with instructions to sell'? that his eulogistic pen would
    be employed in giving the puff superlative to the Elysian haunts of
    quondam fashion--in other words--painting the lily-gilding refined
    gold?  But, alas!  Simpson, the tutelar deity, departed ('died,' some
    say, but we don't believe it), and, at the moment he made his last
    bow, Vauxhall ought to have been closed; it was madness--the madness
    which will call us, peradventure, superstitious--which kept the gates
    open when Simpson's career closed--it was an anomaly, for, like Love
    and Heaven, Simpson was Vauxhall, and Vauxhall was Simpson!

    "Let Ducrow reflect upon these things--we dare not speak out--but a
    tutelar being watches over, and giveth vitality to his arena--his
    ring is, he may rely upon it, a fairy one--while _that_ mysterious
    being dances and prances in it, all will go well; his horses will not
    stumble, never will his clowns forget a syllable of their antiquated
    jokes.  Oh! let him, then, whilst seriously reflecting upon Simpson
    and the fate of Vauxhall, give good heed unto the Methuselah, who
    hath already passed his second centenary in the circle!

    "These were our awful reflections while viewing the scenes in the
    circle, very properly constructed in the Rotunda.  They overpowered
    us--we dared not stay to see the fireworks, 'in the midst of which
    Signora Rossini was to make her terrific ascent and descent on a rope
    three hundred feet high.'  She _might_ have been the sprite of Madame
    Saqui; {171} in fact, the 'Vauxhall Papers,' published in the
    gardens, put forth a legend which favours such a dreadful
    supposition.  We refer our readers to them--they are only sixpence
    apiece.

    "Of course, the gardens were full, in spite of the weather; for what
    must be the callousness of that man who could let _the_ Gardens pass
    under the hammer of George Robins, without bidding them an
    affectionate farewell?  Good gracious! we can hardly believe such
    insensibility does exist.  Hasten then, dear readers, as you would
    fly to catch the expiring sigh of a fine old boon companion--hasten
    to take your parting slice of ham, your last bowl of arrack--even
    now, while the great auctioneer says 'going.'"

On 24 August Sir J. L. Goldsmid was made a Baronet, and was the first
Jewish gentleman who ever received that title.  Perhaps it is not
generally known that an honour, not much inferior, had, once, very nearly
fallen to the lot of a brother Israelite.  At one of those festive
meetings at Carlton House, in which George IV. sometimes allowed a few of
his most favoured subjects to participate, Mr. Braham was introduced to
sing his then newly-composed song, "A Bumper of Burgundy," when the
gratified monarch, rising from his chair, was, with difficulty,
restrained from conferring immediate knighthood on the flattered
musician.

                                * * * * *

Three well-known railways were opened this year; the Great Western, from
London to Bristol, on 30 June; the London and Blackwall, on 2 Aug.; and
the London and Brighton, on 21 Sep.

On 18 Oct. was a remarkably high tide in the Thames, which did an immense
amount of damage.  This, and another event were celebrated in a
contemporary ballad, beginning:

    "There's lately been a great high tide,
       Nor can it be surprising,
    When everything is getting dear,
       That water should be rising,"

and after dealing with that event in a very witty manner, it went on:

    "The Tower of London, envying
       Father Thames's notoriety,
    Resolved to have a 'flare up'
       And be talked of in society;
    Ten thousand guns were fired at once,
       With very few escapers,
    But, though no one heard the great report,
       There was one in the papers."

This terrible conflagration was first noticed about half-past ten, on the
night of 31 Oct., by a sentinel on duty on the terrace near the Jewel
Office, whose attention was attracted to a glimmering light under the
cupola of the Round, or Bowyer Tower--which was close to the Armoury, in
which was deposited an immense amount of stores, such as muskets, etc.,
and many priceless trophies of war.  When the sentinel found the light
increased, he gave the alarm by firing his musket, and the whole of the
garrison, officers and men, turned out; but the fire had got so great a
hold that, before a sufficient supply of water could be obtained, the
entire roof of the Armoury was in flames.

Unfortunately, it was low tide in the Thames, and, although the
fire-engines soon arrived, and there were the Garrison and 250 policemen
to render assistance, the flames spread rapidly; so fast, indeed, that
the only things then got out and saved, were the Duke of York's sword and
belt, and a beautiful Maltese gun.

The grand staircase of this Armoury was considered one of the finest in
Europe, and the following is a contemporary description of it.  "In a
recess on the landing was a platform supported on eight brass six-pounder
guns, taken at Waterloo, and which served as pillars.  On this was a
splendid trophy, consisting of arms and weapons, ancient and modern,
comprising nearly 200 varieties, and nearly all differing in form or
pattern.  In the centre was a marble bust of William IV.  Upon the walls,
at the sides, were two large stars, formed of swords, and their brass
scabbards, bayonets and pistols, one representing the Star of the Garter,
and the other of the Bath.  Also two figures in gilt suits of armour on
ornamented pedestals.  The rails of the stairs and the cornice of the
ceiling were ornamented with architectural figures, curiously formed with
arms.  Below, upon pedestals, were two very striking groups, one
representing a knight in gilt armour, preparing for action, attended by
his esquire, who was in the act of buckling on his spurs, and a pikeman,
with his 18 feet pike.  The other group was a knight in a handsome suit
of bright armour, of the time of Elizabeth, in action, having seized a
banner from the enemy, waving his followers on.  On each side of the
entrance door was a knight in a suit of gilt armour, and two others,
similarly clad, stood on brackets.  The whole of these were destroyed,
with the exception of the Waterloo cannon."

The fire was soon perilously near to the Jewel Office, which was
scorching hot--yet Mr. Swifte, the keeper of the jewels, saved the whole
of the Regalia, down to the minutest article, and was earnestly begged to
retire and leave the last thing, a huge silver wine fountain, to its
fate, but he would not, and this, also, was salved.

   "Then Mr. Swifte was nothing slow
      The Crown and Jewels saving;
   And to get the great Wine Cooler out,
      Great danger he was braving.
   Now, Mr. Swifte, of all the wine,
      Should now be made the ruler,
   For while the fire was getting hotter,
      He was getting _the Wine Cooler_."

There was an awful scare as to the chance of the store of gunpowder
catching alight--but 400 barrels of powder, and 200 boxes of grenades and
ball cartridges, were removed to the magazine, and the remainder was
thrown into the moat.

On the 8th Dec. the general public were allowed to inspect the ruins, and
to purchase mementos of the fire; the prices were, 6d. for half-a-dozen
gun-flints, and the same amount for a few burnt percussion caps; pieces
of fused iron and arms went at prices varying from 1s. to 20s., the
latter, the maximum price.  For many years I had a fused cavalry pistol,
and some calcined flints which were very pretty.  The fused cannon were
sold as old metal.

On the 9 Nov. His Majesty Edward VII. was born, and, on the 8th Dec. was
created Prince of Wales.  His patent is as follows:

    "Victoria, by the grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great
    Britain and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith.

    "To all Archbishops, Dukes, Earls, Viscounts, Bishops, Barons,
    Baronets, Knights, Justices, Provosts, Ministers, and all other our
    faithful subjects, greeting--

    "Know ye, that we have made and created, and by these our letters
    patent, do make and create, our most dear Son, the Prince of the
    United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Duke of Saxony, Duke of
    Cornwall and Rothsay, Earl of Carrick, Baron Renfrew, Lord of the
    Isles, and Great Steward of Scotland), Prince of Wales and Earl of
    Chester; and to the same, our most dear Son, the Prince of the United
    Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, have given and granted, and by
    this our present Charter do give, grant and confirm, the name, style,
    title, dignity and honour of the same Principality and Earldom, and
    him, our said most dear Son, the Prince of the United Kingdom of
    Great Britain and Ireland, as has been accustomed, we do ennoble and
    invest with the said Principality and Earldom, by girting him with a
    sword, by putting a coronet on his head, and a gold ring on his
    finger, and, also, by delivering a gold rod into his hand, that he
    may preside there, and may direct and defend those parts.  To hold to
    him and his Heirs, Kings of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
    Ireland, for ever, wherefore we will, and strictly command for us,
    our heirs, and successors, that our said most dear Son, the Prince of
    the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, may have the name,
    style, title, state, dignity, and honour of the Principality of
    Wales, and Earldom of Chester aforesaid, unto him and his heirs,
    Kings of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, as is above
    mentioned.

    "In witness whereof, we have caused these, our letters, to be made
    patent.  Witness ourself at Westminster, this 8th day of December,
    1841.

                                                     By the QUEEN herself.
                                                                "Edmunds."

We read in the _Times_ of 25 Nov., anent the Thames Tunnel, that "a
thoroughfare was, yesterday, effected in this work, and made use of, for
the first time, by the whole of the directors, and some of the original
subscribers, who had assembled upon the occasion.  The shield having been
advanced to the shaft at Wapping, a considerable opening was cut in the
brickwork, and it was through this the party, who had met at Rotherhithe,
were enabled to pass, thus opening the first subterranean communication
between the opposite shores of the river.  Upon their arrival at the
shaft, the party was greeted by the workmen with most hearty cheers.  A
curious and interesting incident was connected with the event; a few
bottles of wine, preserved since the dinner given on the occasion when
the foundation stone was laid, with the understanding that it was to be
drunk only when it could be carried under the Thames, having been opened
and enjoyed by the company, to the health of Her Majesty and the infant
Prince.  It was remarked, too, as a singular coincidence, that a seal on
one of the corks bore the impress of the Prince of Wales's feathers, a
circumstance that caused some merriment.  The engineer, Sir I. Brunel,
appeared highly gratified at the happy result of his past anxiety and
arduous labour.  The shield will continue its advance, until it has
afforded space for the formation of the remainder of the tunnel, which is
expected to be completed in about three weeks."

By the end of the year the foundations of the New Royal Exchange were dug
out and concreted, and, as it was always anticipated that some important
discoveries might take place in the course of the excavation, proper
arrangements were made on the commencement of the work, that any articles
of interest which might be disinterred, should be secured for the Gresham
Committee.  In the Specification for the Works, issued in 1840, the
Contractor and Excavator were required, in taking out the soil, to
deliver up "any plate, coins, antiquities, or curiosities, whether in
metal, or otherwise, or any carved stones, or carvings in marble,
pottery, terra cotta, or tesserae, which may be found in the course of
the excavations; it being understood that all such matters, or things,
are to be taken up with all requisite care, and are to remain the
property of the Gresham Committee."

They found a portion of a Roman building, but the greatest haul was in an
old gravel pit, some 50ft. by 34, filled with hardened mud, in which were
contained considerable quantities of animal and vegetable remains,
apparently the discarded refuse of the inhabitants of the vicinity.  In
the same depository were also found very numerous fragments of the red
Roman pottery, usually called "Samian Ware," pieces of glass vessels,
broken terra-cotta lamps, parts of amphorae, mortaria, and other articles
made of earth, and all the rubbish which might naturally become
accumulated in a pond in the course of years.  In this mass likewise
occurred a number of Imperial Roman coins, several bronze and iron
styles, parts of writing tablets, a bather's strigil, a large quantity of
caliga soles, sandals and remains of leather, all of which can now be
seen in the highly interesting Museum of the Corporation of the City of
London, at the Guildhall.




CHAPTER XVII.


Foundation of Royal Exchange laid--Medal connected therewith--Father
Mathew's miracle--Christening of the Prince of Wales--King Edward
VII.--Hard work of the King of Prussia--The Earthquake in London--The
Queen drinking "grog"--Photography-Talbotype--Sale at Strawberry
Hill--Presents to the King of Prussia.

The first event of note in this year was the laying, by Prince Albert, of
the foundation stone of the Royal Exchange, on 17 Jan., with all the pomp
at the command of the City authorities.  The usual coins, etc., were
deposited in a cavity, together with a Latin inscription, engraved on
zinc, of which the following is a translation: "Sir Thomas Gresham,
Knight, erected, at his own charge, a building and colonnade for the
convenience of those persons who, in this renowned Mart, might carry on
the commerce of the World, adding thereto, for the relief of indigence,
and for the advancement of literature and science, an Almshouse and
College of Lecturers, the City of London aiding him, Queen Elizabeth
favouring the design; and, when the work was complete, opening it in
person with a solemn procession.  Having been reduced to ashes with
almost the entire city, by a calamitous and wide spreading conflagration,
they were rebuilt in a more splendid form by the City of London and the
Ancient Company of Mercers, King Charles II. commencing the building on
23 Oct., A.D. 1667; and, when they had been again destroyed by fire, on
the 10th Jan., AD. 1838, the same Bodies, undertaking the work,
determined to restore them at their own cost, on an enlarged and more
ornamental plan; the munificence of Parliament providing the means of
extending the site, and of widening the approaches and crooked streets,
in every direction; in order that there might, at length, arise, under
the auspices of Queen Victoria, built a third time from the ground, an
Exchange, worthy of this great Nation and City, and suited to the
vastness of a Commerce extending to the circumference of the habitable
Globe.  His Royal Highness of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Consort of Her
Sacred Majesty, laid the first stone on 17 Jan., 1842, in the Mayoralty
of the Rt. Hon. John Pirie.  Architect, William Tite, F.R.S.  May God,
our Preserver, ward off destruction from this building, and from the
whole City."

After the manner of the City of London, a medal was struck to commemorate
the event, having on the obverse a profile portrait of Prince Albert,
with the legend "Albertus ubique honoratus," the reverse having a view of
the western portico of the Exchange.  On 13 Jan. Mr. Roach Smith
exhibited at the Society of Antiquaries a medalet, found on the site of
the Exchange, evidently struck to commemorate Queen Elizabeth's patronage
of the original building, as it bore the Tudor Arms surrounded with the
inscription "Anglioe Regina ubique honorata."

Father Mathew was still doing his grand work in Ireland, but there is a
story told about him in the _Limerick Chronicle_, copied into the _Times_
of 17 Jan., that is too good to be omitted: "The Rev. Mr. Mathew arrived
in this city, last evening, by the Cork mail, _en route_ to Loughrea, and
put up at Moore's hotel.  Immediately after his arrival became known,
hundreds of persons visited him at the hotel, where he administered the
pledge.  One circumstance which came within public observation, we may
mention here, as illustrative of the effects of breaking the temperance
pledge:--A man, named Moynehan, a teetotaller, who worked at the Butter
Weigh-house, got drunk on Christmas Eve, and the next day, became
paralysed, his left arm, side and thigh being perfectly inanimate.  He
was removed to Barrington's Hospital, and remained there under the care
of the surgeons, without improvement, until last evening, when his
friends, having heard of Father Mathew's arrival in town, went to the
hospital, and brought him out of his bed, on a man's back, to where the
Rev. Mr. Mathew was staying; a crowd had collected round the door, when
the unhappy invalid was carried into his presence, and the reverend
gentleman administered to him the pledge again, in a kind and impressive
manner, and the man instantly stood up, was assisted by his friends to
dress; and, to the astonishment of all, walked up William Street to his
home, followed by a crowd of people."

On 25 Jan., the Prince of Wales was christened in St. George's Chapel,
Windsor, by the name of Albert Edward, and on 20 Jan. appeared a letter
in the _Times_ from "A Conservative":

    "Sir.--We learn from the _Times_ of to-day, that the Prince will be
    called Albert Edward.

    "It is natural, indeed, that the illustrious father, and still more,
    that the illustrious mother, should prefer Albert Edward to Edward
    Albert.

    "But as I pray God that the boy may live to be King, to whatever
    period his mother's life may be graciously extended, so I trust that
    he may have every qualification for popularity as well as goodness,
    and, amongst others, an old, and beloved, and accustomed _English
    name_.

    "And what so fit as Edward?  Who more beloved, or glorious, than
    Edward the Confessor--Edward I.--Edward III.--Edward VI.?  A Catholic
    Saint--a law-giver--a conqueror--a Protestant Reformer?

    "The Princess Alexandrina Victoria was known by her second name
    before she ascended the throne.  So, I trust, may the young Prince be
    known as Edward, Prince of Wales, to the people, hereafter, Edward
    VII."

We all know how this gentleman's aspirations have been verified.

The King of Prussia was one of the Sponsors, and spent a few days after
the christening in England.  Poor man! how they did make him work!

On the 26th he had to be at the presentation of new colours to the 72nd
Highlanders, and, in the afternoon, he visited Eton College.

27th.--Came to London by railway, and held a Court at Buckingham Palace,
where he received the _Corps Diplomatique_ and the Corporation of the
City of London.  On his return to Windsor, he visited Hampton Court.

28th.--Again came to London, visited the Zoological Gardens, lunched with
Sir Robert Peel, and, afterwards, went to the Chapel Royal, Whitehall,
and the National Gallery--dining at Windsor.

29th.--Saw a review in the Home Park, then went to London, and dined with
his Minister, Chevalier Bunsen, in Carlton Terrace.

The 30th was Sunday, so the poor man was trotted off to St. Paul's
Cathedral to hear the Bishop of London preach.  Lunched at the Mansion
House, visited the King of Hanover's apartments in St. James's Palace,
and Stafford House; attended afternoon service at the Royal German
Chapel, St. James's; visited the Duchess of Gloucester, in Piccadilly,
and returned to Windsor.

After this rest on the 30th, he visited Newgate Prison, when he was
received by the Lady Mayoress, Mrs. Fry, the Quaker philanthropist, the
Sheriffs, etc., and thence proceeded to lunch with Mrs. Fry, at Upton,
near Barking; at six he went to Drury Lane Theatre, and saw _The Two
Gentlemen of Verona_; dined with the Duke of Sutherland at Stafford
House, and slept at Buckingham Palace.

Next day, 1 Feb., at 10 a.m., he visited the Royal Society, Society of
Antiquaries and the Geological Society.  Thence he went to the British
Museum, taking Mr. Solly's collection of pictures _en route_; and after
spending three hours at the Museum, he lunched with the Duke of Sussex at
Kensington Palace.  In the evening, he underwent a dinner and concert
given by the Duke of Wellington at Apsley House.

Early in the morning of the 2nd, he sat to Mr. Hayter for his portrait in
a picture of the Christening.  At 8.30 he embarked at Hungerford Wharf,
on a steamer, bound for the Thames Tunnel; after visiting which, he went
to the Tower of London.  At 12 he returned to Buckingham Palace, where he
received addresses from the Bishop and Clergy of the Diocese of London;
the members of King's College, London; the Society for Promoting
Christianity among the Jews; the Prussian subjects resident in London;
and the German Lutheran clergy.  He also received deputations from the
Bible Society, the Church Missionary Society, the Imperial Continental
Gas Company; and gave audience to the Prince of Capua, etc.; visited the
Archbishop of Canterbury at Lambeth; dined with the Duke of Cambridge;
saw the _Merry Wives of Windsor_ played at Covent Garden, and afterwards
attended an evening, party at Cambridge House.

On the 3rd he was present at the Queen's Opening of Parliament, then
received a deputation from the general body of Protestant Dissenters; and
visited the Queen Dowager, Earl of Jersey, the Dowager Duchess of
Richmond, the Duke of Cambridge and the Duke of Wellington; winding up
with dining with the Queen.

On the 4th they let him go--he paid a visit to the Queen at 9.30, went to
Woolwich and saw a review of Royal Artillery, lunched there, visited
Plumstead Marshes and the Arsenal, took leave of Prince Albert, and
everyone else, and went off to Ostend.

About this time was a curious craze, which took strange hold on the
people, that London was to be destroyed on the 16th of March, a belief
which seems to have been founded on two metrical prophecies, dated
respectively A.D. 1203 and 1598, said to be in the British Museum, where,
however, I have failed to find them; the former is:

    "In eighteen hundred and forty-two
    Four things the sun shall view;
    London's rich and famous town
    Hungry earth shall swallow down;
    Storm and rain in France shall be,
    Till every river runs a sea;
    Spain shall be rent in twain,
    And famine waste the land again;
    So say I, the Monk of Dree,
    In the twelve hundredth year and three."

The other is fathered on the famous astrologer, Dr. Dee:

    "The Lord have mercy on you all,
    Prepare yourselves for dreadful fall
    Of house and land and human soul--
    The measure of your sin is full.

    "In the year One, Eight, and Forty-two,
    Of the year that is so new,
    In the third month, of that sixteen,
    It may be a day or two between.

    "Perhaps you'll soon be stiff and cold,
    Dear Christian, be not stout and bold;
    The mighty Kingly proud will see
    This comes to pass, as my name's Dee."

And people were found to believe in this doggerel--especially frightened
were the Irish in London, and the lower classes generally.  There was a
great exodus of the former, some even listening to the entreaties of
their friends, and returning to Ireland, and many of the latter moved
eastward of the church of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, which they considered
would be the last edifice to fall.  Nor was belief in the earthquake
confined to the east end of London, for I read of a man, formerly a
police constable, living in Paddington, St. Marylebone, who sold a good
business to provide the means of his leaving London; and of a clerk, with
a salary of 200 pounds a year, residing in the same parish, resigning his
post, so that he might escape the calamity.

The fateful day arrived and passed, and, of course, the dreaded event did
not take place, but the belief in it is evidenced in a paragraph in the
_Times_ of 17 March:

    "THE EARTHQUAKE.--The scene witnessed in the neighbourhoods of St.
    Giles's and Seven Dials during the whole of yesterday was, perhaps,
    the most singular that has presented itself for many years.  Many of
    the Irish resident in those localities have left for the shores of
    the Emerald Isle, but by far the larger number, unblessed with this
    world's goods, have been compelled to remain where they are, and to
    anticipate the fearful event which was to engulf them in the bowels
    of the earth.  The frantic cries, the incessant appeals to Heaven for
    deliverance, the invocations to the Virgin and the Saints for
    mediation, the heartrending supplications for assistance, heard on
    every side during the day, sufficiently evidenced the power with
    which this popular delusion had seized the mind of these
    superstitious people.  Towards the end of the day, a large number of
    them determined not to remain in London during the night, and, with
    what few things they possessed, took their departure for what they
    considered more favoured spots.  Some violent contests arose between
    the believers and the sceptics--contests, which in not a few cases,
    were productive of serious results.

    "The poor Irish, however, are not the only persons who have been
    credulous in this matter; many persons from whom better things might
    have been expected, were amongst the number who left London to avoid
    the threatened catastrophe.  To the Gravesend steamboat companies the
    'earthquake' proved a source of immense gain; and the same may be
    said with regard to the different railways.  Long before the hour
    appointed for the starting of steamboats from London Bridge Wharf,
    Hungerford Market, and other places, the shore was thronged by crowds
    of decently attired people of both sexes; and, in many instances,
    whole families were to be seen with an amount of eatables and
    drinkables which would have led one to suppose that they were going a
    six-weeks' voyage.  About 11 o'clock, the _Planet_ came alongside the
    London Bridge Wharf, and the rush to get on board of her was
    tremendous, and, in a few minutes, there was scarcely standing room
    on board.  The trains on the various railways were, during the whole
    of Tuesday and yesterday morning, unusually busy in conveying
    passengers without the proscribed limits of the Metropolitan
    disaster.  To those who had not the means of taking trips to
    Gravesend, or by railway, other places which were supposed to be
    exempted from the influence of the 'rude commotion' about to take
    place, were resorted to.  From an early hour in the morning, the
    humbler classes from the east end of the Metropolis sought refuge in
    the fields beyond the purlieus of Stepney.  On the north, Hampstead
    and Highgate were favoured with a visit from large bodies of the
    respectable inhabitants of St. Giles's; and Primrose Hill, also, was
    selected as a famous spot for viewing the demolition of the leviathan
    city.  The darkness of the day, and the thickness of the atmosphere,
    however, prevented it being seen."

Brighton, too, felt the advantage of the "earthquake," as numbers of
families of the middle and upper classes went there to avoid its
consequences.  It was noted that on the night of the 15th nearly 20
carriages arrived there, a circumstance that had not occurred since the
opening of the London and Brighton Railway.

                                * * * * *

To "talk scandal about Queen Elizabeth" is a matter serious enough, but
to say that Queen Victoria drank grog on board one of her own ships is
rank treason, and must be explained, as it was by the _John Bull_.  "The
true version of Her Majesty's tasting the grog on board of _The Queen_,
during her late visit to Portsmouth, is as follows: Strict orders had
been given to the men, that when Her Majesty came down to the lower deck,
to see them at mess, they should not speak a word, but preserve as
profound a silence as possible.  Jack, of course, was too much taken up
with watching the Royal visitor, to think of talking, save, perhaps, the
desire of whispering to his messmate a comment or so on the meteor
passing before him.  All was still.  Her Majesty tasted the cocoa, and
approved of it--yet all was still.  Her Majesty then inquired whether
there was no stronger beverage allowed the men, and forthwith a tumbler
of 'three-water grog' was handed her.  She raised it to her lips--when
Jack forgot his orders, and three distinct cheers ran round the deck,
with such 'a will,' that the ship's sides seemed to start with the sudden
explosion; the honour done was more than a sailor could bear without
clearing his heart with an huzzah."

It was on 8 Feb., 1841, that Fox Talbot provisionally registered his
patent "for improvements in obtaining pictures, or representations of
objects," which is now in vogue, his improvement being the printing of
the photo on paper.  He, himself, made no public practical use of his
invention, and one of the first, if not the first photographer who
adopted it was Mr. Beard, of Parliament and King William Streets.  It was
quite a new thing when Prince Albert went to his studio on 21 Mar., 1842,
and sat for his portrait.  This made the process fashionable, and
henceforth photography was a practical success.

There is nothing much to gossip about, until the Strawberry Hill sale.
It was all very well for the Earl of Bath to eulogise the place,

    "Some cry up Gunnersbury,
       For Sion some declare,
    And some say that with Chiswick House
       No villa can compare;
    But, ask the beaux of Middlesex,
       Who know the country well,
    If Strawberry Hill, if Strawberry Hill
       Don't bear away the bell."

but I fancy no one can endorse the opinion, or see anything to admire in
this heterogeneous pile of Carpenter's and Churchwarden's Gothic.  If it
had applied to the contents that would have been another thing; for,
although there was, as is the case in most large collections, an amount
of rubbish, it was counterbalanced by the undoubted rarity of the greater
portion, which are thus set forth by the perfervid auctioneer, George
Robins, who, speaking of himself in the third person, says:

    "When there pass before him, in review, the splendid gallery of
    paintings, teeming with the finest works of the greatest
    masters--matchless Enamels, of immortal bloom, by Petitot, Boit,
    Bordier, and Zincke; Chasings, the work of Cellini and Jean de
    Bologna; noble specimens of Faenza Ware, from the pencils of Robbia
    and Bernard Palizzi; Glass, of the rarest hues and tints, executed by
    Jean Cousin and other masters of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries;
    Limoges enamels of the period of the Renaissance, by Leonard and
    Courtoise; Roman and Greek antiquities in bronze and sculpture;
    Oriental and European china, of the choicest forms and colours;
    exquisite and matchless Missals, painted by Raphael and Julio Clovo;
    magnificent specimens of Cinque-Cento Armour; Miniatures,
    illustrative of the most interesting periods of history; a valuable
    collection of Drawings and Manuscripts; Engravings in countless
    numbers, and of infinite value; a costly Library, extending to
    fifteen thousand volumes, abounding in splendid editions of the
    Classics, illustrated, scarce and unique works, with ten thousand
    other relics of the arts and history of bygone ages, he may well feel
    overpowered at the evident impossibility of rendering to each that
    lengthened notice which their merits and their value demand."

The first private view took place on 28 March, and the sale lasted 24
days, commencing on 25 April and ending 21 May.  No one can hazard a
guess as to what such a collection would fetch now, the sum then
obtained, 33,450 pounds 11s. 9d., being utterly inadequate according to
modern ideas.  The sale took place in a temporary shed, erected in the
grounds, and on the first day of the sale, which was confined to books,
there were not 200 persons present, and among them, not more than a dozen
bidders.

                                * * * * *

By way of recognition to the King of Prussia for his being sponsor of the
Prince of Wales, the Queen sent him some presents, which, if the
_Wurtzburg Gazette_ is to be credited, were of somewhat mixed
description.  1.--A cradle with the figure of nurse holding an infant,
representing the Prince of Wales, in her arms, all of pure gold.  2.--A
pistol, which, when the trigger is pulled, opens and exhibits a
completely furnished dressing-case.  3.--A gold mosaic snuff-box, upon
which are seen allegorical _souvenirs_ relating to the baptism of the
Prince of Wales.  4.--Four boxes containing snuff.  5.--A dozen knives
and forks of gold, except the blades of the knives, which are of Damascus
steel, and the handles ornamented with a crown set in brilliants.  6.--A
stone vase, containing the rarest Indian fruits.  7.--Two extraordinarily
large legs of mutton.




CHAPTER XVIII.


    The Royal "Bal Costume"--The Queen shot at by Francis and by
    Bean--Duke of Cambridge's star--Chartism--Income Tax--Female Chartist
    Association--A gipsey trial--Closing of the Fleet prison--Married in
    a sheet--Enormous damages in a gambling case.

There was a great flutter of excitement over the Queen's Fancy Dress
Ball, which took place in the Throne Room of Buckingham Palace on 12th
May.  Its leading feature was the assembling and meeting of the two
Courts of Anne of Bretagne (the Duchess of Cambridge) and Edward III. and
Queen Phillipa (The Queen and Prince Albert).

A separate entrance to the Palace was set apart for the Court of
Brittany, the Duchess of Cambridge assembling her Court in one of the
lower rooms of the Palace, while the Queen and Prince Albert, surrounded
by a numerous and brilliant circle, prepared to receive her Royal
Highness in the Throne Room, which was altered so far, as to be made as
much as possible to harmonise with the period.  The throne was removed
and another erected, copied from an authentic source, of the time of
Edward III.  It was lined (as well as the whole alcove in which it was
placed) with purple velvet, having worked on it, in gold, the Crown of
England, the Cross of St. George, and emblazoned shields with the Arms of
England and France.  The state chairs were as near those of the period as
the archaeology of the time could compass, and the throne was surrounded
with Gothic tracery.  At the back of the throne were emblazoned the Royal
Arms of England in silver.  Seated on this throne, the Queen and Prince
Albert awaited the arrival of Anne of Bretagne, which, ushered in by
heralds, took place at half-past ten.

The various characters then formed a procession divided into Quadrilles,
the French, German, Spanish, Italian, Highland, Russian, Waverley and
Crusaders Quadrilles, and marched into the Ball Room, where dancing at
once commenced, the Queen and Prince Albert watching the scene, seated on
a _haut pas_.  At one o'clock, the Earl of Liverpool, the Lord Steward,
conducted the Queen and Prince Albert to supper; and when they had
finished the guests were attended to.  After supper, the Queen danced a
quadrille with Prince George of Cambridge, their _vis-a-vis_ being the
Duchess of Buccleugh and the Duke of Beaufort; then some reels were
danced, and the Queen retired at half-past two.

This account would be strangely incomplete without some account of two or
three of the principal dresses, to give an idea of the splendour of the
show.  The Queen's petticoat was of red velvet, trimmed with ermine.  The
ground of the jacket was garter blue, with a large pattern of leaves
woven in it, of gold, and ornamented with precious stones; hanging
sleeves, lined with ermine.  The mantle was of cloth of gold, worked in
silver, and trimmed with gold lace and pearls, lined with ermine, and
fastened in front with a broad gold band, worked in diamonds and other
precious stones.  Her shoes were red silk, worked with gold and diamonds.

The crown was a _fac-simile_ of that worn by Queen Philippa, and was
ornamented with diamonds and precious stones.  Under the crown,
descending to the sides of the face, was a network of red velvet and
diamonds.

Prince Albert's under dress, of a garter-blue ground, was worked in large
gold flowers, lined with red silk.  The collar and cuffs were ornamented
with diamonds and precious stones.  The cloak was of red velvet, trimmed
with gold lace and pearls, and was fastened in front with a band of
diamonds and different  precious stones, and was lined with
ermine.  His hose were of red silk, and he wore shoes of red velvet,
embroidered with gold and satin.  His crown was that of Edward III.,
ornamented with diamonds and precious stones.  The sword-belt was of red
velvet, studded with rosettes of gold and diamonds; the sword was richly
ornamented with the rose, thistle, oak, and shamrock, in diamonds and
precious stones, the cross, forming the handle, containing some very
large emeralds.

The mantle of the Duchess of Cambridge, as Anne of Bretagne, was of
crimson velvet, bordered with ermine, looped up at the sides, displaying
the petticoat of cloth of silver, worked in silver and gold, fastened
with diamond ornaments; the top was edged with two rows of large pearls,
having between them a variety of ornaments, formed of sapphires, emeralds
and diamonds; the lower row of pearls had beneath it a fringe of large
diamonds, formed into drops.  The stomacher had rows of large pearls, of
very great value, mixed with diamonds.  Extending from the stomacher to
the bottom of the mantle were rosettes and other ornaments of diamonds,
sapphires and emeralds, forming a broad band down the mantle.  The
_ceinture_ was also composed of brilliants, emeralds and sapphires.  The
sleeves were fastened with diamonds and sapphires, and the necklace was
of emeralds and brilliants.

The diadem was composed wholly of pearls and diamonds, except the _fleur
de lys_ by which it was surmounted, which was composed of emeralds and
sapphires.  The head-dress was decorated with two rows of large diamonds
and one of pearls.  The veil was of gold tulle.

The Duke of Beaufort having been selected by the Duchess of Cambridge to
personate Louis XII., in the French Quadrille, of which Her Royal
Highness was the leader, His Grace appeared in one of the most splendid
dresses handed down by Monfaucon, in his _Monarchie Francaise_.  The
dress consisted of rich blue velvet, sumptuously embroidered in gold,
with which were intermixed rubies, emeralds, pearls and other precious
stones, with a large diamond star in the centre, and an opal, of
priceless value, set with diamonds.  The cloak was of cloth of gold,
lined with white satin, and trimmed over with powdered ermine.  The belt
worn by the Noble Duke, on this occasion, was of crimson, richly studded
with precious stones, and fastened in the centre by a large diamond
buckle.  Sword, a valuable specimen of the art of that period, the hilt
being of gold, exquisitely chased; a crimson velvet hat with feathers,
confined in the front by a costly jewel.

Space prevents my giving any more of the dresses, and I only notice that
the Earl of Cardigan appeared in the French Quadrille, clad in armour, as
_Bayard_, _the_ "_Chevalier sans reproche_"!!!

As almost everyone's dress was ablaze with diamonds and other jewels, it
is pleasant to think, that very few losses were sustained, and those
were, generally, of trifling value.  The only loss of any moment was that
sustained by Prince Albert, from the girdle of whose gorgeous dress, is
supposed to have dropped a valuable brilliant of great size.

On 30 May, about half-past six in the evening, as the Queen was returning
from her usual drive, and was close to Buckingham Palace, she was fired
at by a young miscreant named John Francis, aged 20, described as a
carpenter.  He was at once seized, and examined by the Privy Council.
The simplest account of the event was given at the boy's trial by Col.
Arbuthnot, one of the Queen's equerries, whose testimony was as follows:
"My general position is about five yards in the rear of Her Majesty.
Before we left the Palace, I had received an intimation which induced me
to ride as close to Her Majesty as I could; and Colonel Wylde, Prince
Albert's equerry, rode in the same position, on the other side.  Between
6 and 7 o'clock, we were coming down Constitution Hill, when, about
halfway down the Hill, I observed the prisoner; and, on the carriage
reaching him, he took a pistol from his side, and fired it in the
direction of the Queen.  As quickly as I could, I pulled up my horse, and
gave the prisoner into custody.  The prisoner had, before this, caught my
attention as appearing anxious to see Her Majesty.  The Colonel went on
to say that the utmost distance from the carriage, when Francis fired,
was seven feet.  The _cortege_ had been going at the rate of eleven miles
an hour; but the Colonel had given instructions at this spot, to go
faster, and the postillions were driving at the rate of twelve or
thirteen miles an hour.  The Queen was sitting on the back seat of the
carriage, on the side nearest to the prisoner.  The pistol seemed to the
witness to be pointed in the direct line of Her Majesty."

On the news being communicated to the Houses of Parliament, they
adjourned in confusion, as it was found impossible to carry on the public
business whilst in that state of excitement.  Next day both Houses voted
congratulatory addresses, and the same were sent by every corporate body
throughout the Kingdom.  The Queen, who could not fail to be affected by
this attempt upon her life, nevertheless attended the Opera the same
evening, and met with a most enthusiastic reception.

Francis was tried, on the charge of High Treason, at the Central Criminal
Court, on 17 June, and found guilty; there being no reasonable doubt but
that the pistol was loaded with something more than gunpowder.  His
sentence was: "That you, John Francis, be taken from hence to the place
from whence you came, that you be drawn from thence on a hurdle to the
place of execution, and that you be hanged by the neck until you be dead:
that your head be, afterwards, severed from your body, and that your body
be divided into four quarters, to be disposed of in such manner as Her
Majesty shall deem fit.  And the Lord have mercy on your soul!"

This sentence was commuted to transportation for life, and on 6 July he
left Newgate for Gosport, and he was sent to Norfolk Island by the first
transport sailing thither.

This mania for shooting at the Queen was infectious.  If Oxford had not
been treated so leniently, there would have been no Francis; and if there
had been no Francis, there would have been no Bean.  This was another
young miscreant, aged 18, deformed, and very short.  It was on Sunday, 3
July, when the Queen was going from Buckingham Palace to the Chapel
Royal, St. James's, that, in the Mall, this boy was seen to present a
pistol at the Queen.  A young man named Dassett saw the act, and this is
a resume of his evidence at the trial on 25 Aug.: He said he saw the
royal carriages coming along, and saw the prisoner come from the crowd,
draw a pistol from his breast, and present it at the carriage, at arm's
length, and breast high; and then he heard the click of a pistol hammer
upon the pan; but there was no explosion.  He seized him, and, assisted
by his brother, took him across the Mall, and gave him to Police
Constable Hearn, who said "it did not amount to a charge."  Another
policeman, likewise, refused to take the prisoner, who only asked to have
his pistol back again.  The pressure of the crowd was so great, that he
was obliged to let Bean go; and, afterwards, the people said that witness
himself had been shooting at the Queen, and a policeman took the pistol
away from him.

In his cross-examination, Dassett said that some person in the crowd
laughed, and others called out that the pistol was not loaded.  An
Inspector of Police deposed to having received the pistol from witness,
and he unloaded it; the charge was not large, and consisted of coarse
gunpowder, some short pieces of tobacco pipe, and four small pieces of
gravel.

Bean got away for a time, but was, afterwards, captured and tried, found
guilty, and sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment in Millbank
Penitentiary.

The old Duke of Cambridge (the Queen's uncle) had a fright, on the 6
July, when he was at a fete at Jesus College, Cambridge, for he lost the
diamond star from his breast, valued at 500 pounds.  Everybody thought it
had been stolen by an expert thief, but it was afterwards found by a
Police Inspector, in the gardens, much trodden on, and with three
diamonds missing; so it was "All's well that ends well."

There was great distress in the manufacturing districts, and disturbances
originating in a strike for higher wages, were inflamed by the Chartists,
and other political agitators.  Beginning in Lancashire, the riots spread
through Cheshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Yorkshire, and,
finally, extended to the manufacturing towns of Scotland, and the
collieries of Wales.  There were conflicts with the military, and people
were killed; altogether, matters were very serious.

It was better in London.  On 19 Aug. a Chartist meeting was to be held on
Clerkenwell Green, but plenty of police were there to meet them.  Most of
the mob were discouraged, and went home, but the police were obliged to
arrest some 50 of them, and some banners were captured.  Then they went
to Lincoln's Inn Fields, and in Long Acre, they came into collision with
the police, and some damage was done.  So serious was the outlook, that
all the military in the Metropolis and the suburbs were kept under arms,
and there were large reserves of police at every Station House; and, next
day, the magistrate, at Bow Street, had a busy day, hearing cases arising
from this outbreak.  On the 22nd Aug. there were Chartist meetings at
Clerkenwell Green and Paddington (the latter numbering upwards of
10,000), but the worst cases were managed by the police, and no very
great harm came of them.

On 22 June, Sir Robt. Peel's Bill, imposing an Income Tax, received the
Royal sanction.  It is 5 and 6 Vic., c. 35: "An Act for granting Her
Majesty Duties on Profits arising from Property, Professions, Trades, and
Offices, until the 6th day of April, 1845."  We see that it was imposed
only for three years, but the Old Man of the Sea, once on the popular
back, has never come off; and, in all probability, never will.  It began
at 7d. in the pound, has been as high as 16d., and as low as 2d.  There
is in _Blackwood's Magazine_ for Aug., 1842:

                               "THE INCOME TAX.
                            An excellent New Song.

    All you who rents, or profits draw,
    Enough to come within the law,
    Your button'd pockets now relax,
    And quickly pay your Income Tax.

    A pleasant medicine's sure to kill,
    Your only cure's a bitter pill:
    The drugs of base deluding quacks
    Made Peel prescribe the Income Tax.

    You can't enjoy your pint, or pot,
    And then refuse to pay the shot;
    You can't pursue expensive tracks
    With a toll, or Income Tax.

    Ye Quakers, clad in sober suit,
    And all ye Baptist tribes to boot,
    'Twas right, perhaps, to free the blacks,
    But, thence arose this Income Tax.

    Ye bagmen bold, ye lovers fond,
    Who daily like to correspond,
    Remember, as you break the wax,
    Cheap postage means an Income Tax.

    Ye noisy fools, who made a rout
    To try and keep the Tories out,
    The blunders of your Whiggish hacks
    Have brought us to this Income Tax.

    Old Cupid's {194} wish to crush the Czar
    Has cost us, in the Afghan war,
    Both English lives and Indian lacs,
    And hastened on the Income Tax.

    Regardless of the price of teas,
    They anger'd, too, the poor Chinese,
    The Mandarins have shown their backs,
    But war soon brings an Income Tax.

    Yet now I hope the new tariff
    Will something save in beer and beef;
    If that be so, you'll all go snacks,
    And half escape your Income Tax.

    At least, we poor folks fear no shock
    At hearing the collector's knock;
    His jest, the poundless poet cracks
    On him who calls for Income Tax."

The day of reckoning for the Rioters of August duly came, and both at
York and Salford Assizes many were punished, and at the end of September
Feargus O'Connor was arrested in London for sedition, as were other
Chartist leaders at Manchester and Leeds.  In October, more rioters were
tried, and sentenced, at Stafford and Liverpool.

Even women meddled with Chartism, and on 17 Oct. a meeting of female
Chartists was held at the National Charter Association in the Old Bailey,
to form a female Chartist Association to co-operate with the original
society.  A Mr. Cohen created some dissatisfaction by speaking _against_
the interposition of women in political affairs; he "put it to the
mothers present, whether they did not find themselves more happy in the
peacefulness and usefulness of the domestic hearth, than in coming forth
in public, and aspiring after political rights?"  Miss Inge asked Mr.
Cohen, did he not consider women qualified to fill public offices? it did
not require much "physical force" to vote!  Mr. Cohen replied with an
_argumentum ad foeminam_:--He would, with all humility and respect, ask
the young lady, what sort of office she would aspire to fill?  If she
would fill one, she would fill all?  He was not going to treat the
question with ridicule; but he would ask her to suppose herself in the
House of Commons, as Member for a Parliamentary Borough, and that a young
gentleman, a lover, in that House, were to try to influence her vote,
through his sway over her affections; how would she act? whether, in
other words, she could resist, and might not lose sight of the public
interests?  (Order!  Order!)  He wished to be in order.  He was for
maintaining the _social_ rights of women; _political_ rights, such as he
understood that meeting to aspire to, she could never, in his opinion,
attain.  This drew forth an energetic speech from Miss Mary Anne Walker;
she "repudiated, with indignation, the insinuation that, if women were in
Parliament, any man, be he husband, or be he lover, would dare to be so
base a scoundrel as to attempt to sway her from the strict line of duty."
Miss Walker was much applauded; and, after the business of the evening,
she received the thanks of the meeting.

                                * * * * *

In the _Times_ of Oct. 5, there is a paragraph about a gipsey trial, and
as that curious nomad race is fast disappearing, it may prove of interest
to my readers:

    "A short time since, a very remarkable circumstance took place in the
    New Forest, Hampshire, in the instance of a gipsey, named Lee, being
    cast out of the fraternity.  The spot where the scene took place was
    at Bolton's Bench, near Lyndhurst.  Between 300 and 400 gipsies,
    belonging to different tribes, including the Lees, Stanleys, and
    Coopers, were assembled upon this unusual occasion.  The concourse
    consisted of a great many females; and so secretly had the meeting
    been got up, that scarcely a person residing in the neighbourhood was
    aware that a circumstance of the sort was about to take place.  The
    offender, a handsome-looking man, apparently between 38 and 40 years
    of age, was placed in the middle of a ring, composed of the King of
    the Gipsies, and the patriarchs of different tribes.  This ring was
    followed by a second, made up of the male portion of the assembly;
    and an exterior circle was formed by the women.  The King (one of the
    Lees), who was a venerable old man, and one who looked as though he
    had seen upwards of 90 summers, then addressed the culprit for nearly
    an hour, but in a tongue that was perfectly strange to the
    bystanders.  The address was delivered in a most impressive manner,
    as might be conceived by the vehemence of the gesticulations which
    accompanied it.  None but the gipsies themselves had the slightest
    knowledge of the crime which had been committed by the offender, but
    it must have been one evidently very obnoxious to the tribe, as the
    act of expulsion from among them is an exceedingly rare occurrence.
    As soon as the King had finished his speech to the condemned man, he
    turned round, and harangued the whole of the gipsies assembled; and,
    expressing himself in English, he informed them that Jacob Lee had
    been expelled from among them, that he was no longer one of their
    fraternity, and that he must leave the camp of the gipsies for ever.
    The King, then advancing towards him, spat upon him, and the circle
    which enclosed him simultaneously opened to admit of his retreating
    from among them, while they smote him with branches of trees, as he
    left the ground.  The meeting then broke up, and the parties
    assembled went their different ways; some of them having come some
    considerable distance, in order to be present at the tribunal."

Early in November Mr. J. Simon, LL.B., was called to the Bar, being the
first Jewish barrister connected with the Middle Temple.  A Hebrew bible
had to be obtained, on which he could be sworn, and a difficulty having
arisen, owing to the custom of Jews putting on their hats when taking an
oath, the size of the wig rendering it impossible in this case, it was
ruled that the head was sufficiently covered by the wig.

On 31 May, 1842, an Act (5 & 6 Vic., c. 22) was passed for the demolition
of the Fleet prison, and on 30 Nov., the records, books, etc., and the
remaining prisoners, seventy in number, were removed to the Queen's
prison.  The Marshalsea was also closed, and its three prisoners were
also transferred.  The Fleet had been a prison ever since the time of
William the Conqueror.

Writing about the Fleet prison sets one thinking of the marriages
solemnized within its rules, and there is an entry in one of the
registers: "The Woman ran across Ludgate Hill in her shift."  In the
_Times_ of 15 Dec., I find the following, copied from the _Boston
Herald_:

    "GEDNEY.--A most extravagant exhibition took place here on Friday.  A
    widow, named Farrow, having four children, was married to a man named
    David Wilkinson; and the woman having been told that if she was
    married, covered by nothing but a sheet, her husband would not be
    answerable for her debts, actually had the hardihood to go to church
    with nothing on but a sheet, sewn up like a sack, with holes in the
    sides for her arms, and in this way was married."  I have come across
    several instances of this vulgar error.

On the 3rd Dec. was tried a famous gambling case which ended in the
discomfiture of a notorious gaming-house keeper, named Bond.  It was a
case in the Court of Exchequer--Smith _v._ Bond.  At the gaming house
kept by the latter, the game played was, usually, "French Hazard"; and
persons of rank were in the habit of staking large sums against the
"bank" held by Bond, to whom reverted all the profits of the game; in one
evening they amounted to 2,000 or 3,000 pounds.  Considerable losses were
sustained, on various occasions, by Mr. Bredall, Capt. Courtney, Mr.
Fitzroy Stanhope, the Marquis of Conyngham, Lord Cantelupe and General
Churchill.  The action was brought under the Act 9th Anne, c. 14, to
recover from Bond the sums alleged to have been unlawfully won.  A
verdict for the plaintiff was returned on five out of ten counts, with
damages including the treble value of 3,508 pounds, the sum lost.  Half
the damages went to the parish.




CHAPTER XIX.


Murder of Mr. Drummond--Rebecca and her Daughters--Spread of the Movement
through Wales--Its End--Rebecca Dramatised--Rebecca in London.

The year opened badly, with the assassination of Edward Drummond, Esqre.,
the private secretary of Sir Robert Peel.  Walking quietly down
Parliament Street, he was suddenly fired at by a man named Daniel
McNaughton.  Poor Mr. Drummond did not die at once, but lingered for a
few hours.  It was believed by very many people, myself among the number,
that it was a political assassination, the Secretary being taken for the
Premier, but the man got off on a plea of insanity, a plea which was very
fashionable in favour of criminals at that time, and highly conducive to
their benefit.

An episode in the Social History of England, almost unknown to the rising
generation, was the reappearance, in Wales, of "Rebecca and her
daughters," a riotous mob, whose grievance was, at first, purely
local--they resisted the heavy and vexatious tolls, to which, by the
mismanagement and abuses of the turnpike system, they were subjected.
Galled by this burden, to which they were rendered more sensitive by
reason of their poverty, and hopeless of obtaining any assistance or
relief by legitimate means, the people resolved to take the law in their
own hands, and abate the source of so much annoyance and distress by the
strong arm.

The first act of destruction of the toll gates occurred in 1839, and the
gates then destroyed were particularly obnoxious to the people, who
entertained doubts of the legality of their erection.  They were broken
down in open day, with no attempt at concealment, by a mob of persons
rather in a spirit of mischievous frolic than otherwise.  The proposal to
re-erect these gates, on the part of the trustees, was overruled by a
large body of magistrates and gentlemen, many of whom qualified for
trustees expressly for the occasion.  This decision gave strength and
encouragement to the discontented, and, no doubt, prepared the way for
further violence.  The gate breakers had learned their power and though
they did not immediately renew the exercise of it, the lesson was not
forgotten, although it slumbered until the commencement of 1843, when it
appeared in a systematic and organised form.

This organization was called "Rebecca and her daughters," their leader
having taken this scriptural name from a misconception of the meaning of
_Genesis_ xxiv., 60: "And they blessed Rebekah, and said unto her. . . .
'let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them.'"  This captain
of the gate breakers in the guise of a woman, always made her marches and
attacks by night, and her conduct of the campaign manifested no small
dexterity and address.  A sudden blowing of horns and firing of guns
announced the arrival of the assailants at the turnpike selected for
attack.  They were mounted on horseback, and generally appeared in
considerable force.  The leader, who gave the word of command, and
directed the motion of those whom she called her daughters, was attired
in a female dress of some description, wearing, also, a bonnet, or
head-dress, which served the purpose of disguise.  Her bodyguard were
dressed up in similar manner.

Immediately on arriving at the gate, they commenced the business of the
night, and proceeded to raze gate, posts, and tollhouse, with an alacrity
and perseverance which soon accomplished its purpose.  They, generally,
sawed off the gate posts close to the ground, broke the gate to
fragments, and pulled down the toll-house to its foundations.  To show
that the abatement of the specific grievance was their only object, they,
commonly, dealt very leniently with the toll-keeper, offering him, except
in rare cases, no personal violence, and allowing him to remove his
furniture and property, which they never attempted to destroy or plunder.
The work was no sooner done than the mysterious assailants galloped off,
firing their guns, and blowing their horns, as before.  No trace nor clue
was to be found of the quarter whence they had come, or of the retreats
to which they dispersed themselves; nor did anything in the outward
appearance of the country, by day, even when these nightly outrages were
at their height, give sign of the extension and compact organization
which evidently subsisted among the population.

   [Picture: Rebecca and her Daughters.  Ill. Lon. News, 11 Feb., 1843]

The first notice I can find (in this year) of these riots is in the
_Times_ of 10 Jan., in which is the following paragraph from the
_Welshman_:

    "The state of society in Wales may surprise some of our English
    readers, especially when we acquaint them with the fact, that there
    has been, for some months past, in the neighbourhood of St. Clear, a
    mob of lawless depredators, amounting to about 600, who assembled
    nightly, for the purpose of destroying the turnpike gates on the
    various lines of road in the neighbourhood of St. Clear.  These
    ruffians are headed by a very tall man, dressed, for disguise, as a
    female, who goes by the name of Rebecca; and, as many of his
    associates are likewise dressed as females, the whole gang have been
    christened 'Rebecca and her daughters.'  These men are nearly all
    ably mounted, and are a terror to the neighbouring country.  The
    Pwiltrap gate has been destroyed a great number of times and as
    frequently replaced by the trustees of the road; but, immediately
    after its re-erection, the fellows have invariably assembled in
    greater force than before; and, riding up to the gate, the following
    interesting colloquy has taken place.  The leader of the mob,
    addressing the others in Welsh, says, 'My children this gate has no
    business here, has it?' to which her children reply, that it has not;
    the mother again asks, what is to be done with it, when the children
    reply, that it should be levelled with the ground.  They then
    immediately break it down, and disperse in different directions.

    "This system has continued for a length of time; and, although a
    reward of 50 pounds has been offered, not one of the offenders has
    been discovered.  About 100 constables have been sworn in, and three
    constables from London are down there; but all precautions are
    ineffectual; for so surely as the constables show the slightest
    diminution of their vigilance, Rebecca and her daughters appear, and
    level the gates.  A very short time ago, the policemen were after a
    fellow whom they suspected to belong to the gang and, while at a
    public house, baiting their horse, Rebecca and her daughters suddenly
    came in sight, and the affrighted officers of the law were obliged to
    fly for their lives.  The gates have now been re-erected, and no
    fresh act of violence has occurred since the 16th ult., but the
    organisation of the depredators still continues; and, it is feared,
    will break out with fresh violence if the constabulary force be
    removed."

That this movement was serious and no joke, is evidenced by the fact that
I have, in my notes, 45 paragraphs in the _Times_ on the subject.

From Pembroke and Caermarthen, it gradually spread to Cardiganshire, on
one side, and to Radnorshire and Glamorganshire, on the other.
Brecknockshire, alone of the South Wales counties, enjoyed exemption from
these disturbances.  The destruction which the rioters effected in some
of these districts was most extensive and unsparing.  There were, at the
time of the outbreak, between 100 and 150 gates, including side bars and
chains, in the county of Caermarthen; of these, no less than between 70
and 80 were destroyed, the toll-houses, as well as the gates and posts,
being, in many cases, razed to the ground; in some trusts not a single
gate was left standing.  In Pembrokeshire, and in one of the divisions of
Cardiganshire, the destruction was carried on in the same wholesale
manner.  The trustees, at first, re-erected the gates which had been
broken down, but they were again as speedily demolished by the rioters;
again they were rebuilt, and again they were levelled with the ground.
The trustees were, at length, compelled to desist, and the roads were
left free of toll.  None of these counties, except Glamorgan, possessed a
paid constabulary, or any other force which could be of avail in checking
the proceedings of the rioters; and the magistrates finding all local
efforts unavailing, were obliged to appeal to Government for protection
and support.

One of the boldest steps ventured on by the insurgents, whose confidence
was, of course, much increased by their uninterrupted success, was an
entry, which was made, at midday, into the town of Caermarthen, by a
large body of persons on the 10th of June.  About noon, the rioters began
to march into the town, through the Water Street gate, which they had
destroyed some time before.  They were headed by a band.  The leading
body consisted of some thousands on foot, many of whom were Chartists and
rabble of the town; a large number of women was among the crowd, and men
bearing inflammatory placards.  They were followed by a man in disguise,
representing Rebecca; some bearing brooms with which to sweep the
foundations of the tollhouse and the workhouse, and the rear was brought
up by about 300 farmers on horseback.  They paraded the town, passing the
Hall and hooting the magistrates, and proceeded to the workhouse, which
they attacked.  They climbed over the high wall with which the building
was surrounded, and then burst open the lodge gates and the porter's
door; the horsemen rode into the yard, and surrounded the premises; and
the rioters on foot soon forced an entrance into the building, and
commenced their work of destruction.  While the rioters were in the act
of pulling down the inner doors and partitions of the Board Room, and
other parts of the premises, and pitching the beds out of windows, the
governor was ringing the alarm bell; and, in the midst of the tumult,
came the military.

Representations of the excited state of the neighbourhood had been sent
to the Home Office, and a troop of the 4th Light Dragoons had been
ordered from Cardiff.  An express from Caermarthen had met the Dragoons
at four o'clock in the morning, just after they had passed through Neath,
and were still 31 miles from their destination.  They pushed on, riding
the last 15 miles in an hour and a half, two horses dying from fatigue as
they entered the town.  They were met by one of the Magistrates, who led
them to the Workhouse and read the Riot Act.  The rioters were summoned
to surrender; but they made an attempt to rush on the military.  The
Dragoons charged, using the flat of their swords, and soon put the
rioters, outside the wall, to flight.  Those within offered some
resistance; and, for a moment, the edge of the sword was turned upon
them, when they succumbed.  Many escaped over the wall; but about 100
were taken prisoners, and several horses were abandoned by their riders.
The disturbance which menaced so seriously the safety of the town, was
thus happily put an end to, without any bloodshed or calamitous result.

As time advanced, the insurrection, which had at first been lightly
thought of, and for which much allowance had been made, under the belief
that the people had real grievances to complain of, assumed a more
malignant and dangerous aspect.  The farmers and peasantry, who in their
impatience under the vexations of the tolls, had commenced it, soon fell
into the hands of ill-disposed and designing men, who aggravated the
excitement that prevailed, and availed themselves of the name and
disguise of "Rebecca," in order to carry out their own evil and lawless
purposes.  Threatening letters were one of the means most freely resorted
to; and great numbers, under the signature of "Rebecca," were sent about
the country, conveying the most sanguinary menaces to those whose conduct
had, in any way, given offence to the dastardly writers.  Certain rules
were laid down by conclaves of the disaffected, respecting the occupation
of farms; and all who presumed to contradict the edicts of this invisible
authority, were marked out, and denounced as victims to the just
vengeance of Rebecca.  The more active magistrates, as well as the
tithe-owners and clergy, were made the special objects of this cowardly
system of intimidation.  In some instances, the rioters proved that their
threats were not without meaning.  Guns were fired into the houses of
persons who had fallen under the popular displeasure.  Some had their
property fired, or otherwise injured; and a growing feeling of alarm and
insecurity began to pervade the peaceable and well-disposed portion of
the community.  This feeling was further increased by a cold-blooded and
shocking act of murder, committed on a poor old woman who kept a
turnpike, called the Hendy gate, on the confines of Glamorganshire and
Caermarthenshire.  A party of rioters came to attack the gate at which
she lived, and one of the number, actuated by some motive which was not
distinctly accounted for, fired at her, and shot her dead.  A coroner's
inquest sat upon the body, and all the facts attending the revolting
transaction were fully and clearly stated in evidence; but, such was the
excitement of feeling then prevailing in the neighbourhood, or such the
influence of fear exercised over the minds of the jurymen who
investigated the case, that they actually brought in a verdict: "That the
deceased died from suffusion of blood, which produced suffocation, but
from what cause, is, to the jurors, unknown!"

By the continuance of these outrages, which threatened, 'ere long, to
disorganise society, and render the tenure of life and property, in
Wales, insecure, the Government were, at length, aroused to the necessity
of adopting very vigorous measures for the enforcement and vindication of
the law.  A large body of troops was sent down to Wales, and a general
officer, of skill and experience, appointed to the command of the
disturbed districts.  A strong body of London police was imported, to
exercise their skill in ferreting out the actors in these lawless
exploits, who had so long succeeded in eluding detection.  The districts
most infested by the Rebeccaites were closely occupied by parties of
soldiers, some of whom were quartered, at short intervals, in the
villages and hamlets wherein mischief was suspected to lurk, and in the
neighbourhood of turnpike gates, which had, previously, been the objects
of attack.  It was not, however, the policy of the insurgents to place
themselves in open collision with the soldiers; but the clandestine and
shifting mode of warfare which they had adopted with so much success, was
but imperfectly counteracted by the presence of a military force.  Under
cover of the night, and with the advantages afforded by a knowledge of
the country, and the sympathy of the population, they could sweep down a
gate, which was but the work of a few minutes, with very little risk of
interruption or discovery.  The presence of the police and soldiers, if
it could not entirely put an end to the attacks on the turnpikes,
prevented the disaffected from proceeding to further acts of violence,
and checked the growth of a conspiracy which might, otherwise, have gone
to the full length of open rebellion.  From this, and other causes, the
spirit of disturbance in Wales began to decline, about the latter end of
the summer.  The most obnoxious of the turnpike gates had been swept
away; and, on some of the trusts, the trustees had announced their
determination not to re-erect those which were most complained of as
oppressive.  Some of the more active leaders of the riots were captured,
in an affray with the County police, on the borders of Glamorganshire,
and the terrors of a Special Commission impended over the Principality.

The movement was even dramatised, and on 20 Sep., at the Royal
Amphitheatre, Liverpool, was produced a new play, called: "Rebecca and
her Daughters; or, Paddy the Policeman"; the programme of scenery etc.,
as described on the play bill being: "Vigilance of the civil and military
authorities; 100 pounds reward for the apprehension of Rebecca, and 10
pounds for each of her daughters; False alarm; Invincible courage of the
Yeomanry; Arrival of the London Police in disguise; Paddy Whack
undertakes to capture the delinquents; Admonitions to the Constabulary;
The inspection; Mysterious appearance of Rebecca and her daughters in the
Glen of Llandilo, at midnight; Tried before the Justice of the Peace;
Happy _denouement_."

I can find only one reference to Rebecca in connection with London--and
that refers to a bar in Gower Street, which was taken down some few years
since.  It occurs in the _Times_ of 30 Sep.: "During the last two or
three days, considerable excitement has prevailed in the northern suburbs
of the Metropolis, in consequence of rumours obtaining circulation that
threatening notices had been posted about, signed, 'Rebecca,' intimating
that it was the intention of that lady and her daughters to destroy the
various turnpike and other gates, which they were pleased to term 'public
obstructions.'  It appears that these rumours were not altogether
unfounded; for, whether intended as a joke, or otherwise, the doings of
the notorious Rebecca and her daughters in Wales, have, in reality, found
persons foolhardy enough to follow their example in London.  A few
evenings since, Mr. Hill, the porter and keeper of the gate at the London
University College, which crosses Gower Street, and prevents carriages
from passing along the front of University College Hospital, received a
letter, with the signature of 'Rebecca' attached, declaring it to be the
intention of herself and others to remove the 'obstruction called a gate'
on the following night.  Mr. Hill, thinking the matter a joke, took no
notice of the circumstance; but, to his astonishment, early in the
morning following the night on which the threatened attack was promised,
he was awakened by the night porter, who informed him that the gate (a
large wooden one, such as the ordinary toll bars) was gone.  On
examination, it was found that not only had the large padlock by which it
was fastened, been broken and carried away, but the gate had absolutely
been filed off its hinges, and conveyed by the depredators into the
College grounds, and hidden behind some shrubs.  The gate has again been
re-instated; but, since the occurrence, Mr. Hill has received another
threatening notice, informing him that it is the intention of Rebecca and
her daughters, on Monday night next, to effect its entire destruction.
What is most extraordinary in connection with the affair is, that the
gate should have been removed without the knowledge of the police, the
beats of two constables joining close to the spot, or that of the night
porters, either at the College, or the Hospital.  It is to be remarked
that frequent complaints have been made at the erection of the gate in
question, as it interrupts the otherwise direct communication between
Holborn and Broad Street, Bloomsbury, with the Hampstead Road, and
compels carriages, etc., to go considerably out of the way round Sussex
and University Streets, before they can get into the New Road."




CHAPTER XX.


Gretna Green parsons--Number of marriages--Chinese indemnity--Thames
tunnel--The aerial machine--Treasure trove--Accident to Mr.
Brunel--Arkwright's will--Secession in the Scotch Church--The
"Gent"--Shakspere's autograph.

At this time, Gretna Green marriages were in full blast (they were only
made unlawful in 1856), and we learn from the _Carlisle Journal_, copied
into the _Times_ of 20 Feb., something about the Parsons: "We observe by
announcement in some of the London papers, that some worthy gentlemen in
London, are about to enlighten the public on the subject of Gretna Green
marriages, by the publication of a book called _The Gretna Green
Memoirs_, by Robert Elliott, with an introduction and appendix by the
Rev. Caleb Brown.  In addition to this information, we have been honoured
with a copy of what Mr. Elliott calls a 'cercler,' which he is desirous
we should publish as a paragraph for the benefit of our readers.  From
this 'cercler' we learn that 'this interesting work contains an accurate
account of remarkable elopements, pursuits, anecdotes, etc., never before
published.'  Then we are further informed that there is 'in the press,'
to be published by subscription, _The Gretna Green Register_, containing
the names of 7,744 persons married by Robert Elliott, the Gretna Green
Parson.  It is added, that 'the whole is being carefully printed from the
original registers, written and kept by himself.'  The Gretna Green
Parson, we suspect, has fallen into dishonest hands, or he would not have
suffered it to be said that he was about to publish registers which never
had existence.  The Gretna Green Parson is pretty well known in this
neighbourhood.  He married a grand daughter of old Joe Paisley, the
'original' blacksmith; and, after the death of that worthy 'parson,' he
set up an opposition shop, in the marriage line to David Laing, who had
acquired some notoriety in the business.  This was in 1811, and he
continued to 'trade' until 1822, when it either fell away from him, or he
from it.  His reverence subsequently condescended to act as horsekeeper,
or hostler, at one of the inns in this city, and a few months ago was
sent for to London, as a witness, in some marriage case, and is now set
up as an author!  We suspect the whole thing is an attempt to gull the
public into the purchase of a book of inventions.  If 7,000 were deducted
from the names of those to be inserted in the 'Register,' the number
would still exceed, by many a score, those who were actually 'married,'
as it is called, by 'Robert Elliott, the Gretna Green Parson.'"

The poor "Parson" could not stand this attack on his veracity, and wrote
a letter to the _Times_, which appeared in its issue of 23 Feb., in which
he does not deny the bulk of the paragraph taken from the _Carlisle
Journal_, but gives his figures as to his matrimonial business: he says
that in the following years; he married so many couples:

1811             58  1821            152  1831            168
1812             57  1822            178  1832            153
1813             59  1823            188  1833            100
1814             68  1824            196  1834            108
1815             87  1825            198  1835            124
1816             89  1826            187  1836             98
1817             96  1827            188  1837             55
1818            109  1828            186  1838             46
1819            121  1829            180  1839             42
1820            124  1830            179

He says he married 7,744 persons, but, either his arithmetic, according
to the above account, is faulty, or there is an inaccuracy in the _Times_
figures.

On 3 March arrived, in London, the first instalment of the Chinese
indemnity--1,000,000 pounds, all in silver.  I remember seeing the dock
wagons guarded by soldiers, and wondering, until told, what they
contained.  Some more arrived on the 7th.

The Thames Tunnel was opened to the public on 25 March, with as much
ceremony as a private company could manage.  There were the Lord Mayor,
the directors, and a host of scientific persons, who solemnly went in
procession down the staircase on the Rotherhithe side, passed along the
western archway of the Tunnel, ascended and descended the staircase at
Wapping, and returned through the eastern archway.  In the evening there
was a grand dinner at the "London Tavern," where "Prosperity to the
Thames Tunnel" was drunk in some wine which had been preserved from the
commencement of the enterprise, to celebrate its completion.

As with motor cars, so with aeronautics, the time of which I write, was
well in advance.  We know of Sen. Santos Dumont's performances with his
motor balloon, in connection with the Eiffel Tower, but Mr. Samuel Henson
was before him in applying mechanical power in aeronautics.  He took out
a patent (No. 9,478), dated 29 Sep., 1842, for "Apparatus and machinery
for conveying letters, goods and passengers, from place to place through
the air."

It was an aeroplane.  The car which contained passengers, engineer,
engines, etc., was suspended in the centre of a framework, which combined
strength with lightness, covered with a light, but close, woven fabric.
It was started by descending an inclined plane, the impetus from which
caused it to rise in the air, when the steam engine was put in action, to
continue its motion.  The area of the sustaining surface was some 4,500
square feet, and the weight to be borne by it, including the carriage,
etc., was estimated at 3,000lbs., which was claimed to be considerably
less per square foot than that of many birds.

In April, 1843--but on what exact date I do not know, an experimental
voyage was made from the Hill of Dumbuck, near Glasgow, by Professor
Geolls.  He successfully negotiated the descent of the inclined plane,
and rapidly rose in the air, until he reached an altitude of nearly 3
miles.  Feeling giddy, he determined to descend to a mile and a half
above the earth.  "This I easily effected by depressing the tail of the
machine, which, up to this moment, I had kept at an angle with the
horizon of 9.75 degrees, to that of 45.  My course I had not varied since
leaving the hill; it was, per compass, south-west, and by west,
half-west, passing over Ayrshire, and in a direct line from Dumbuck to
Ailsa Craig, whither, indeed, I was tending, with the view of landing,
the latter being admirably suited for launching the machine in a similar
way to that adopted at Dumbuck, on my return home again.

"Daylight had now broken, and the scene was most gorgeous.  I passed many
ships; and, in particular, one steamer, but whose paltry speed, in
comparison with mine, was nothing.  Alas! however, this was not destined
to last; for, just as I had shot ahead of the steamer, something went
wrong with the machinery, and the fanners stopped.  This did not at all
alarm me; for, as described by Mr. Henson, these fanners are only
necessary for propulsion, and not at all requisite for maintaining the
machine in the air.  Unfortunately, however, I perfectly forgot, in the
hurry of the moment, to remove the weights from the safety valve, and the
effects from this were disastrous in the extreme.  The great accumulation
of steam that took place was too much for the pipes; and, consequently,
bang went three of them, at the same instant.  The machine, at this exact
moment, feeling its equilibrium altered, surged considerably, and the
remaining pipes necessarily followed the example of the others:
fizz--bizz--whizz, away they went, one after the other, like pop guns.
Unfortunately, one of these pipes, in flying off, struck a bamboo
stretcher, and shattered it so, that the machine, losing bearance on one
side, toppled over and became perfectly unmanageable; she, in fact,
whirled over and over in a way that may be imagined, but which it is
altogether impossible to describe.

"I, of course, was now descending with fearful rapidity, and nothing was
left me to contemplate but death and destruction.  I can only compare my
sensations at this moment to those experienced in a nightmare, which,
everyone knows, are not the most agreeable in the world.  Sensibility now
forsook me; and, indeed, this was not to be wondered at, in consequence
of the whirling of the machine.  On coming to my senses again, I found
myself in bed, with severe headache, nausea and vomiting, the usual
accompaniments of such a flight through the air; but, thanks to
Providence, I am now in a fair way of recovery, and willing to perform
the same feat again."

Luckily for the aeronaut, the accident was seen by the master of a
steamer, who sent a boat to his assistance, but the machine was lost.

We often hear of "treasure trove," but seldom find the owner.  However,
here is a case: On 11 April, the magistrate at Clerkenwell Police Court
had a man named Benjamin Thomas, and five other labourers, brought before
him, under the following circumstances.  It seems they had been recently
engaged in grubbing up the roots of some trees in Tufnell Park, Holloway,
when they found, buried in the earth, two jars full of sovereigns,
supposed to have amounted to 400 pounds.  They divided the money between
them; but it was claimed by Mr. Henry Tufnell, as Lord of the Manor; and
all of them consented to give up what they had, except Thomas, who said
that his share was 51 pounds, but that he had spent, or lost it.  The sum
recovered only amounted to 231 pounds 17s.  Thomas was remanded for a few
days, but, in the interval, a new claimant appeared, in the person of Mr.
Joseph Frost, of the firm of J. and J. Frost, brass founders in
Clerkenwell.  It appeared that, some time in August last year, in a
temporary fit of mental delusion, he had carried the money out at night,
and buried it.  Mr. Tufnell waived his claim in favour of Mr. Frost, and
Thomas was committed for trial, on the charge of feloniously
appropriating the money to his own use.

A very curious accident happened to Brunel, the eminent engineer.  He was
playing with the child of a friend, pretending to swallow a
half-sovereign, and bring it out at his ear, when it slipped, and stuck
in his trachaea, whence it could not be disloged.  This must have been in
the latter part of April, for it is mentioned in the _Times_ of 28 April,
as having occurred some short time previously.  All efforts of the
surgeons could not reach the coin, even though they constructed a machine
which suspended him by the heels, when he was shaken and thumped.  On 27
April Sir B. Brodie performed trachaeotomy on the unfortunate gentleman,
but without avail; so they waited until he had somewhat recovered, and
again hung him up by his heels.  This was on 13 May, and, after a few
gentle thumps, the half-sovereign quitted its place, and dropped out of
his mouth, without causing him any pain or inconvenience.

In these days, millionaires, and multi-millionaires are exceedingly
common, but not so in the time of which I write, and much astonishment
was created at the sum of money which Mr. Richard Arkwright, son of Sir
Richard, the inventor of the spinning jinny, left behind him.  His will
was proved, on 24 May, in Canterbury Prerogative Court, and his personal
property was sworn to exceed 1,000,000 pounds; the stamp duty on the
probate of which was 15,000 pounds, which was the highest duty then
payable, when the testator's personal estate was 1,000,000 pounds or
upwards.  In this case the deceased left behind him a fortune of nearly
3,000,000 pounds.

The 18th of May is memorable in the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, for
the great secession of its members, and the foundation of the Free
Church.  This was the day appointed for the opening of the General
Assembly, and Dr. Welsh, the Moderator of the former Assembly, took the
Chair.  As soon as business commenced, he read a protest from those who
were dissatisfied with the then state of the Church.  It was a very long
document, and having read it, the Doctor, and those who were of the same
opinion, quietly left the Hall, forming a procession and marching four
abreast, to a Hall in Canon-mills, where they elected Dr. Chalmers as
their Moderator.

A contemporary account of this movement is given in the _Observer_ of 29
May: "The number of clergymen who have seceded from the Church of
Scotland, is now 450; and it cannot be a question that, by the middle of
the week, the number will be close on 500.  This is nearly the half of
the entire clergy, the number being under 1,200.  Among the leaders will
be found the name of almost every minister distinguished for talent,
moral worth, or weight of character.  Nearly the whole of the people have
left the Establishment with their ministers--so that the Free
Presbyterian Church, instituted by those who have left the Establishment,
may be considered the Church of Scotland.  The general impression in
Scotland is, that the residuary church cannot long exist.  About 240,000
pounds have been raised in less than ten weeks, for the erection of new
churches, and for the support of the seceding clergy; and there can be no
question that, in a few weeks, the amount will considerably exceed
300,000 pounds.  Among the contributors, are the Marchioness of
Breadalbane, 1,000 pounds; a Colonel in the Army, whose name we do not
remember, 6,000 pounds, in three yearly instalments of 2,000 pounds; Mr.
Henry Paul, a private gentleman, 2,000 pounds; Mr. Nisbet, bookseller,
London, 1,000 pounds; a Dissenter, 500 pounds; and there are various
other subscriptions of 2,000 and 1,000 pounds each.  Mr. Fox Maule is to
build and endow a church at his own expense; Mr. A. Campbell, member for
Argyleshire, is to do the same.  In Elgin, the pious and spirited
inhabitants have raised 1,000 pounds to build a church for the Rev.
Alexander Topp, a young and popular minister; and they will also
liberally contribute to his support.  So that, in many instances,
churches will be built, and ministers be provided for, solely by private
munificence and local exertion, without requiring any aid from the
general fund.  The General Assembly of the Establishment is now sitting
in Edinburgh, but its proceedings excite little interest.  The General
Assembly of the Free Church, which the people recognise as the Church of
Scotland, is also sitting in Edinburgh, and its proceedings excite an
intensity of interest hitherto unparalleled in the ecclesiastical history
of Scotland."

About this time there arose an objectionable class of men, who tried to
ape the gentleman, but could not, and they went by the generic term of
"Gents."  _Punch_ was death upon them, and I give one of the satirist's
onslaughts, as it reproduces the costumes and amusements of the day.
First let us see the "Gent" pictorially, and then, afterwards, read what
manner of animal he was.

                    [Picture: Punch, vol. IV., p. 142]

                                    AN ACT

    _For amending the Public Deportment of certain individuals called_
    "_Gents_," _abiding in London and other places_.

    WHEREAS it having been represented that there are, at present
    existing in the Metropolis, as well as in the provincial districts,
    certain individuals known and spoken of as "Gents," whose bearing and
    manners are perfectly at variance with the characters, which, from a
    monomania, they appear desirous of assuming:

    AND WHEREAS, in consequence of cheap clothes, imitative dispositions,
    and intellectual poverty, this class is greatly on the increase, it
    has been thought necessary that this Act should be framed to control
    their vicious habits:

    May it, therefore, please your Majesty, that it be enacted: AND BE IT
    ENACTED henceforth, that all Gents, not actually in the employ of the
    _Morning Post_, or Mr. Simpson, of the "Albion," be prevented from
    wearing white cravats at parties, the same being evidently an attempt
    of sixth-rate individuals to ape the manners of first-class circles.
    And that no Gent, who does not actually keep a horse, and is not in
    the Army, be allowed to strut up and down the Burlington Arcade, with
    a whip and moustachios, such imposition being exceedingly offensive,
    and amounting to a passive swindling of the spectators.

    AND BE IT ENACTED, that all such things as light-blue stocks, large
    figured shawls, cheap primrose gloves, white Chesterfield coal sacks,
    half-guinea Albert boots; in fact, all those articles ticketed in the
    shop windows as "Gent's last style," be considered the distinctive
    marks of the class, and condemned accordingly.  And that every
    individual, moreover, smoking outside an omnibus, sticking large pins
    in his cravat, wearing fierce studs in his shirt, walking with others
    four abreast in Regent Street, reading slang publications, and
    adopting their language, playing billiards in public rooms, sporting
    dingy white gloves in the slips of the theatres, frequenting night
    taverns, and being on terms of familiarity with the singers and
    waiters, thinking great things of champagne, as if everything at a
    party depended upon it; and, especially, wearing the hat on one side,
    be the signs of most unmitigated Gents, and shunned equally with
    hydrophobia.

    AND BE IT FURTHER ENACTED that no Gent be, in future, allowed to
    cross a hired horse with a view to ten shillings worth of Sunday
    display in the Parks, the turnout being always detected; nor shall be
    permitted to drive a gig, in a fierce scarf, under similar
    circumstances.  Nor shall any Gent imagine that an acquaintance with
    all the questionable resorts of London is "knowing life"; or that
    trousers of large check pattern are anything but exceeding Gentish.

    SAVING ALWAYS that the Gents have not the sense to endeavour
    bettering their condition, which is exceedingly probable; under which
    circumstances they had better remain as they are, in ignorance of
    their melancholy position.  But, on the other hand, it is commanded
    that people of common intellect, henceforth cease to designate any of
    their male friends as "Gents," the word being one of exceedingly bad
    style, and equally objectionable with "genteel," which is, possibly,
    derived from it.  And that if, after this, anyone speaks of a "Gent,"
    or "Party" he knows, it is ordered that such speaker be immediately
    set down as one of the unfortunate class in question.

The Shakspere autograph which was sold on 24 May, 1841, came again into
the market, and was bought on 19 May, for 145 pounds, by the Corporation
of the City of London.  The _Patres Conscripti_ of the Common Council
were not of one mind as to the eligibility of the purchase.  On the
motion "that the Court agree to the report, and that the Chamberlain be
instructed to pay the sum," Mr. Warton rose to move, as an amendment,
that the report should lie upon the table.  (A laugh, and loud cries of
"Hear, hear.")  He had, he said, done all he could in the Committee, to
prevail upon the members that the purchase of the autograph was a most
wasteful and prodigal expenditure.  ("Hear, hear," and "No, no.")  The
precedent was a most mischievous one.  If the Court sanctioned such a
proceeding as that which the report had described, by and by the
autographs of archbishops and bishops, and other individuals who had, in
times long past, distinguished themselves, would supply apologies for
wasting the City cash, in order to gratify gentlemen who were afflicted
with that description of mania.  (Laughter.)  He hoped the Court would
not catch the infection, but second his rational effort to check it, by
condemning the report to its proper station on the table.  After all, the
document was doubtful; but there was no doubt at all as to the profligacy
of the expenditure.  (Laughter, and cries of "Hear, hear," and "No, no.")
Mr. Knott said it was quite ridiculous to think for a moment, of voting
145 pounds for a few doubtful, illegible, almost obliterated scratches of
a pen.  (Laughter, and cries of "Hear, hear.")  He defied any man on
earth to say what those scratches represented.  On a division there were,
for the motion 41; for the amendment 31.




CHAPTER XXI.


Exhibition of cartoons--A duel--A monster--Gambling--The "Albert
Hat"--Nelson's statue--Fun thereon--Soldiers' savings banks--A post boy
and Lord Mayor's show--M. Jullien and his orchestra--Prince Albert as a
farmer--George IV.'s Statue--Ojibbeway Indians.

The public exhibition of Cartoons for the frescoes for the new Palace of
Westminster, took place in Westminster Hall, on 3 July.  There were 140
subjects altogether, varying in size from 15ft. to 10ft. square, none
being admitted over, or under those standards.  Prizes of 300 pounds each
were awarded to Armitage, Watts and Cope; of 200 pounds to Calcott, Bell
and Townsend; of 100 pounds to Frost, Harris, Selous, Bridges and Severn;
the judges being the Marquis of Lansdowne, Sir R. Peel and Messrs. S.
Rogers, Westmacott, Cook and Etty.  The Cartoons remained in Westminster
Hall for 6 months; and, in Nov. were removed to the Suffolk Street
Gallery.  They were finally adjudicated upon by the Royal Commission of
Fine Arts, on 12 July, 1844, the successful artists chosen to execute
frescoes were Cope, Horsley, Dyce, Maclise, Redgrave, and Cave Thomas.

The practice of duelling was fast dying out, and I give the following
case as being nearly one of the last, and one in which the seconds and
surgeon were tried for being accessory to murder.  Two
brothers-in-law--Lt.-Col. Fawcett of the 55th Regiment and Lt. Munro of
the Royal Horse Guards--quarrelled, and on the morning of the 1st July
fought a duel with pistols in a field at the back of the "Brecknock Arms
Tavern," in Camden Road.  Lt.-Col. Fawcett fell, mortally wounded, and
died on the 3rd July.  The Coroner's jury found Lt. Munro, and the two
seconds, guilty of wilful murder, and the surgeon as guilty in the second
degree only, as it was believed he was present only as medical attendant.
Lieut. Munro and his second got out of the way, but Lt-Col. Fawcett's
second and the surgeon were tried at the Central Criminal Court on 25
Aug.  No evidence was tendered against the surgeon, and he was at once
discharged, and the jury found the second "Not Guilty."  Lt. Munro's
second surrendered himself, was tried on 14 Feb., 1844, and acquitted.
Lieut. Munro was cashiered from the Army for being absent without leave;
he afterwards surrendered, and was tried, 18 Aug., 1847, found guilty,
and sentenced to death; which sentence was commuted to 12 months'
imprisonment in Newgate.

The _Times_ of 30 June, quoting the _Reading Mercury_, has the following:
"A MONSTER.--A day or two since, a gentleman travelling along the road
near Colnbrook, had his attention attracted to the screams of a child in
the care of a tramping woman, who had with her, two other children
totally blind.  The cries of the child were so distressing, that he
insisted on knowing the cause; but; not getting a satisfactory answer, he
forcibly removed a bandage from its eyes, when, horrid to relate, he
found these encased with two small perforated shells, in which were two
live black beetles, for the purpose of destroying the sight.  The woman
was instantly seized, and given into custody; and, at the magistrate's
meeting, at Eton, on Wednesday last, committed for trial.  There is too
much reason to fear that the wretch produced the blindness of the other
two children, by similar means."  This was rendered into a street ballad.

A correspondent pointed out that it was well known to all who pass
through the parish of St. James's, at night, that the district absolutely
swarmed with gaming houses; there was, in fact, no concealment about the
matter, as the keepers vied with each other in illuminating their doors
and windows to attract the notice of their victims.  How was it that this
disgrace was permitted to exist from season to season?  The police seemed
satisfied with the occasional conviction of one or more minor delinquents
from the neighbourhood of Leicester Square, but the Leviathans in crime
were allowed to continue their nightly course of profligacy and plunder
with impunity.  The French authorities, by a law which was strictly
enforced, entirely swept away this nuisance from their capital,
notoriously, for years, the very hotbed of the vice of gaming; but we
were lamentably behind our neighbours; for, while we boasted of a Court
pure in morals, and strict in the performance of every religious duty, we
allowed the Sabbath to be desecrated, and the Palace of the Sovereign to
be contaminated by the close vicinage of houses expressly open for the
practice of this demoralising habit.--Are we much better now?

At the latter end of October, a new headdress for the infantry was
proposed, and Prince Albert was universally credited as being its
godfather--but public opinion was so unequivocally expressed against it,
that it was never likely to be popular.  It was neither soldier-like, nor
appropriate, and bore a strong resemblance to the old Hessian cap, which
was introduced into the German service.  This headgear was covered with
black cloth, the crown and brim being of black-varnished leather; the
band was of white worsted, as was the tuft, which was placed on a ball of
red worsted.  Beneath this ball was a royal crown, underneath which was a
Maltese cross, in the centre of which was inscribed the number of the
regiment.

_Punch_ was especially severe upon the Albert hat--and with the pictorial
satire of "Prince Albert's Studio" (by the way the hat is in no ways
exaggerated), is the following: "Ever since the accession of Prince
Albert to the Royal Husband-ship of these realms, he has devoted the
energies of his mind, and the ingenuity of his hands to the manufacture
of Infantry caps, Cavalry trousers, and Regulation sabretaches.  One of
his first measures was to transmogrify the pantaloons of the Eleventh
Hussars; and, as the regiment alluded to is "Prince Albert's Own," His
Royal Highness may do as he likes with his own, and no one can complain
of his bedizening the legs of the unfortunate Eleventh, with scarlet
cloth and gold door leather.  When, however, the Prince, throwing the
whole of his energies into a hat, proposed to encase the heads of the
British soldiery in a machine which seemed a decided cross between a
muff, a coal scuttle and a slop pail, then _Punch_ was compelled to
interfere, for the honour of the British Army.  The result has been that
the headgear has been summarily withdrawn, by an order from the War
Office, and the manufacture of more of the Albert hat has been absolutely
prohibited.

        [Picture: Prince Albert's Studio.  Punch, vol. V., p. 179]

"Greatness of mind is shown in various ways by different individuals.
Hannibal was a great cutter out, for he cut a passage through the Alps;
but Prince Albert cuts out Hannibal, inasmuch as His Royal Highness
devotes his talent to the cutting out of coats, and 'things
inexpressible.'  The Prince's studio could not fail to be an object of
interest to the readers of _Punch_.  We have, therefore, at an enormous
sacrifice of time and specie, obtained a view of it."

                        [Picture: Nelson's Statue]

On the morning of Nov. 3, at 4 a.m., the raising of a portion of the
colossal statue of Nelson, on the pillar in Trafalgar Square, commenced.
This figure is 17 feet high from its base to the top of the hat, and is
made of stone from the Granton quarry, belonging to the Duke of
Buccleugh.  It weighs nearly 18 tons, and, needless to say, is made in
segments.  These were put together before it was raised, to show the
public--and during the two days it was on view, it was visited by 100,000
persons.

The building this column had seemed slow, but that was nothing compared
to its completion; the bas reliefs were long in being placed, and it was
not till 31 Jan., 1867, that Landseer's four couchant lions were exposed
to public gaze.  Of the progress of its building, _Punch_ (25 Nov., 1843)
has some very fine fooling.

                        "THE NELSON COLUMN DRAMA.

The earliest announcement of the late Covent Garden management, was a
piece entitled 'Trafalgar Square, or the Nelson Monument.'  We have
obtained the following slight information respecting it.  The drama is
described as 'a grand architectural and historical burletta,' in two
acts; and the prologue was to have been spoken by Mr. Widdicomb, as
_Time_.  The two acts comprise the commencement and completion, and a
lapse of twenty years is supposed to take place between them, in which
time 'the boy,' who is the principal character, becomes a middle-aged
man.  The following speech is very fine.  The boy enquires of the mason
when the column will be finished, who replies, in an interval of the
steak banquet, which they are enjoying together:

    _Mason_.--I've asked that fearful question of the stars,
    Who wink responding--of the Board of Works,
    Whose works have bored us--of the misty moon,
    Towards whose lodgings, after years of toil,
    We rise no nearer.  All were still, but now,
    Whilst gazing on that steak of beef,
    Sent up to form our capital repast,
    And cheer us in our lonely solitude,
    I hope the best--the best can hope no more.
    'Twill rise, like College honours, by degrees,
    And to our limbs a pillar be, of ease:
    Our hearts are warm--although upon the frieze.

The following duet is also introduced by the man and the boy in the
second act:

                                    BOY.

   I remember, I remember,
      When I was a little boy,
   On the column, in November,
      I was given some employ.

   I helped the man to build it,
      And we labour'd hard and long,
   But the granite came up slowly,
      For we were not very strong.

            I remember, I remember,
               How we raised its form on high,
            With one block in December,
               And another in July.

                                    BOTH.

   We remember, we remember,
      When St. Martin's bells were rung,
   In the laying of the first stone, for
      We both were very young.

   But weary years have past, now,
      Since we our work begun;
   We fear we shall not last now,
      To see our labour done.

            We remember, we remember,
               But we heard it on the sly,
            'Twon't be finished next November,
               Nor the subsequent July."

Very early in November, a War Office circular (dated 31 Oct.) was issued,
to regulate and establish regimental savings banks, which have done so
much to encourage thrift among our soldiers.  The maximum of each
soldier's deposit was limited to 30 pounds in any one year, and to 200
pounds in the whole.  The rate of interest on deposits was fixed at 3
pounds 15 s. per cent per annum, but no interest was to be allowed upon
less than 6s. 8d. and 13s. 4d., nor upon any sums that had not remained
on deposit for at least one month, to be reckoned from the last monthly
muster day.

In the _Times_ of 10 Nov. is the following: "A rather amusing scene took
place in Cheapside, yesterday, shortly before the Lord Mayor's procession
to Westminster.  Whilst the streets were blocked up against the passage
of vehicles and horses, one of those sharp little urchins, known by the
generic title of the 'twopenny cavalry,' who rattle through the streets
with Her Majesty's suburban mails, was stopped, opposite Bow Church, by a
party of police, who told him they acted under the orders of the Lord
Mayor.  The post-boy, with all the dignity of Her Majesty's
representative, assuming an air of great condescension, assured the
police that he had the highest possible respect for the Lord Mayor, but,
being express upon Her Majesty's business, he was determined to proceed.
The police persisted in stopping him, a crowd collected, and it was clear
their sympathies sided with the post-boy, who carried himself, throughout
the controversy, with great courage, calmness, and self-possession.  The
police had, by this time, seized the bridle, whilst the boy endeavoured
to force his way forward, backed by the strenuous exertions of his steed,
who also appeared as if inspired by the authority of a Royal Commission.
The post-boy, finding physical force insufficient, tried what authority
would do, and threatened them with the vengeance of the Home Secretary,
for attempting to stop Her Majesty's mails.  This had the desired effect
of bringing the police to a parley; and, as the post-boy was backed by
popular applause, he gained momentarily in the discussion, but did not
complete his advantage until he took out a memorandum book, and began,
coolly, to note down the numbers of the constables.  This stroke was
decisive; they, at once, capitulated, merely stipulating that they should
have his address in return.  To this, he readily assented, and searched
diligently for his cardcase, but that mark of gentility was not at hand.
He, however, made a page from his memorandum book serve his purpose, and
took his leave amid the loud congratulations of the applauding crowd,
with the following pithy address to the constables: 'I can't well see
what use you are.  A hundred years ago there were no police, and Lord
Mayor's shows went off better than they do now.  For my part, I can't see
what you do here at all, for you know'--he added with a significant
grin--'you know you don't look so very well in a procession.'  Shouts of
laughter followed the post-boy's brief speech, as he rode on
triumphantly."

It was about this time that M. Louis Antoine Jullien, to whom we owe so
much for the popularisation of good music, and for the improvement of our
orchestras, came into notoriety as a caterer for the public's amusement,
and for his promenade concerts.  These had been popular in the open air
at Vauxhall, Ranelagh, Marylebone, and other public gardens; but the
first, under cover, was given in 1838 at the Lyceum Theatre, or, as it
was then called, The English Opera House, when the pit was boarded over,
and an orchestra erected on the stage exactly as we are now so familiar
with.  Jullien, in 1838, had been unlucky in Paris, was bankrupt, and
came to London, where, in 1840, he was assistant to Eliason, the
violinist and conductor of an orchestra of 100 performers, and a small
chorus.  Next year Jullien was the conductor; and, in 1842, on 2 Dec., he
started for himself, at the English Opera House, the series of promenade
concerts with which his name will always be associated.

He always would have the very best musicians that he could find for his
orchestra, and in this year (1843) among them were Barrett, Baumann,
Harper, Koenig, Richardson, Hill, Lazarus, Patey, Howell and Jarrett, and
in after years he had such, soloists as Ernst, Sivori, Bottesini
Wieniawski and Sainton.  In 1857 he came, financially, to grief; he then
went to Paris, was imprisoned for debt in Clichy, in 1859, and died in a
lunatic asylum on 14 March, 1860.

       [Picture: M. Jullien.  Ill. Lon. News, 25 Nov. 1843, p. 348]

In his later years he became much stouter than he is here represented,
and, as a conductor, posed a great deal too much.  Those of my readers
who recollect him will acknowledge the truth of the following description
of him, when conducting his British Army Quadrilles, taken from his
biography in _Grove's History of Music and Musicians_: "With coat thrown
widely open, white waistcoat, elaborately embroidered shirt front,
wristbands of extravagant length, turned back over his cuffs, a wealth of
black hair, and a black moustache--itself a striking novelty--he wielded
his baton, encouraged his forces, repressed the turbulence of his
audience with indescribable gravity and magnificence, went through all
the pantomime of the British Army or Navy Quadrilles, seized a violin or
a piccolo at the moment of climax, and, at last, sunk exhausted into his
gorgeous velvet chair.  All pieces of Beethoven's were conducted with a
jewelled baton, and in a pair of clean kid gloves, handed him, at the
moment, on a silver salver."

               [Picture: Prince Albert, the British Farmer]

Prince Albert took a great interest in Agriculture, and his Flemish Farm
at Windsor was a model; but it was hard to make the average Englishman
believe that a foreigner could ever do any good as a Farmer, and John
Leech drew a fancy portrait of the prince in _Punch_, 25 Nov., where it
illustrates a portion of a speech of Sir Robert Peel at Tamworth: "Prince
Albert has turned his attention to the promotion of agriculture; and, if
you have seen, as most probably you have, an account of the sale of
Prince Albert's stock, and the price they fetched, I have not the
slightest doubt you will give one cheer more to Prince Albert, as a
British Farmer."

In the beginning of December the bronze equestrian statue of George IV.
was set up on a pedestal at the north-east corner of Trafalgar Square.
It is the work of Chantrey, and was intended to be mounted on the Marble
Arch, which was, originally, the gateway to Buckingham Palace, until its
removal to Cumberland Gate, Hyde Park, in 1851.

In the very early part of December, some of Her Majesty's subjects,
Canadian Indians, from the north-eastern shores of Lake Huron, came to
visit England.  They were of the Ojibbeway tribe, and were nine in
number, two old chiefs, four warriors, two women, and a little girl, 10
years old.  On the 20 Dec. they were presented to the Queen at Windsor,
and received from Her Majesty a cheque for 20 pounds, and a quantity of
gorgeous plaid, with which to astonish the other natives, on their
return.  They afterwards exhibited themselves, danced war dances, etc.,
at the Egyptian Hall, at an admission fee of half-a-crown.




CHAPTER XXII.


A child for sale--Trial, &c, of Daniel O'Connell--General Tom Thumb--His
visit to the Queen--The Polka--How to dance it--"Jullien's Grand Polka."

The _Times_ of 19 Jan. copies the following from the _Worcester
Chronicle_: "A CHILD FOR SALE.--The following extraordinary letter was
received, a short time ago, by a gentleman in the neighbourhood of
Tewkesbury, from a person residing here.  The letter is dated from a
certain court in this town, but we omit the precise locality, and the
writer's name, hoping that, without pursuing the exposure to that extent,
it will be sufficient to teach him that natural affection is not to be
made a matter of bargain and sale, and that it is the duty of a parent
himself to cherish the child which he has been the means of bringing into
the world:--'Sir,--Having heard that you expressed a wish to have a child
and did not mind giving a sum of money as an inducement i flatter myself
that I have it in my power to furnish you with one to answer your purpose
in every respect it is a boy 2 years old a good looking healthy spirited
child and sound in wind and limb and that you can rair him up to suit
your inclination you can send word by the bearer and appoint any time to
inspect the child.'"

With every wish, in this book of Gossip, to steer as clear of politics as
possible, yet it would belie its name were the famous trial of Daniel
O'Connell not to be mentioned.  "Repeal of the Union" was his watchword
and perpetual cry, and with it he stirred up the Irish people to a pitch
when he found it difficult to manage and restrain them.  On 16 March,
1843, was held at Trim the first of great public meetings which he
designed, but did not carry out; and on 15 Aug. was a monster meeting on
the Hill of Tara; but the one to be held at Clontarf on 8 Oct. was to
have eclipsed its predecessors.  But this was forbidden by the
Government, and, a week later, warrants were issued for the arrest of
O'Connell, his son John, and his chief colleagues, on a charge of
conspiring to create discontent and disaffection among the liege subjects
of the Queen, and with contriving, "by means of intimidation, and the
demonstration of great physical force, to procure and effect changes to
be made in the government, laws, and constitution of this realm."
O'Connell was allowed bail, but on 8 Nov. a true bill was found by the
jury, yet the trial did not take place till the 15th Jan. of this year.
On the 12th Feb., the jury returned a verdict of guilty of unlawful and
seditious conspiracy, but judgment was not delivered till 30 May, when he
was sentenced to imprisonment for twelve months, a fine of 2,000 pounds,
and to find surety to keep the peace for seven years.  He had to go to
prison, where he was well treated and allowed to see his friends; his
sentence was appealed against, and reversed in the House of Lords, on 4
Sep., 1844, when he was instantly liberated.

                         [Picture: Repeal button]

During all this time there was great excitement, people wearing Repeal
buttons, one of which is here delineated, and other emblems, while the
uncrowned King of Ireland was presented, at Mullaghmast, with a velvet
cap surmounted with shamrocks, and having a green tassel; the cap, in
fact, with which readers of _Punch_ are so familiar.

Of course, his release from prison was an occasion to be made the most
of.  An amphitheatrical triumphal car was provided, and, upon it, were
mounted O'Connell, his son, and the Rev. Dr. Miley, and this gimcrack
piece of property was drawn by six horses ridden by postillions.  The
following is an account by an eye witness:

    "The ovation commenced at two o'clock.  First came the trades of
    Dublin, each preceded by the banner of its body, and a band playing
    such music as only temperance bands can play, and, generally, with
    much discrimination, selecting rather difficult pieces for their
    performance, and eschewing all national airs.  The banners were
    usually displayed from coaches, intended to hold four, but contriving
    to allow from sixteen to eighteen to fit into, and hang on by them.
    Thus they came on: Bricklayers (with a painting of the Bank of
    Ireland, and the superscription of 'Our Old House at Home'); slaters,
    woollen operatives (in a small open car); nailors (with a picture of
    Brian Boroihme 'nailing' the Danes at Clontarf); coach makers,
    tailors (with a very gorgeous equipage, six horses, postillions and
    outriders); tinplate workers, displaying as their sign, a man with a
    tin helmet on his head, and a dish cover of the same metal on his
    arm--otherwise unassumingly attired in a blue coat and white
    trousers; and other bodies of tradesmen too numerous to mention, with
    their appropriate emblems and banners.

                        [Picture: O'Connell's Cap]

    "Next came a number of Repeal wardens, bearing wands, and occupying
    respectable-looking coaches and carriages.  After them drove the
    committee of the political trades' unions; the members of it attired
    in green sashes and scarves, and bearing wands with green flags in
    their hands.  Next in order were the various members of the
    Corporation, aldermen, town councillors, and officers, dressed in
    their robes of office and cocked hats, glittering with chains, and
    furred from head to foot.  The majority of these gentlemen were in
    their own carriages, into each of which were packed as many of the
    owner's friends as could find standing room, several private vehicles
    being mixed up through the order of procession.  Then came the
    private carriages of the Lord Mayor, who was in full dress; and then,
    preceded by a confused mass of wand bearers, the triumphal chariot
    itself, surrounded by a mob so dense that it was with great
    difficulty that the six splendid dappled greys could force the
    cumbrous vehicle along, which, every instant, seemed to become a
    second Car of Juggernaut, and crush some of its adorers.  More
    vehicles, a few horsemen, multitudes of hack cars and pedestrians, a
    tail of old women and little boys, followed; and so the monster
    procession, after winding its slow length along through the greater
    part of Dublin, and causing a total cessation of business in the line
    of its progress, terminated."

In February appeared, in London, at the Princess's Theatre, "General Tom
Thumb," the most popular of modern dwarfs--thanks to the advertising
qualities of his exhibitor, P. T. Barnum.  The real name of this mite was
Charles S. Stratton, and he was said to have been born on 11 Jan., 1832,
but this, as with all data connected with him, must be accepted with
caution.  It was said of him, that, at his birth, he weighed 9 lbs. 2
oz., somewhat more than the average weight of a newly born infant.  At
about 5 months old, he weighed 15 lbs., and measured 25 inches in height;
since which time he never increased in stature; and, at the time of his
arrival in England, he weighed but 15 lbs. 2 oz.  He had, previously,
been exhibited in New York and the principal cities of America, where his
miniature palace, furniture and equipage excited considerable curiosity.
When he embarked from New York for England, he was escorted to the packet
by not less than 10,000 persons.

On 1 April, he appeared, by command, before Her Majesty at Buckingham
Palace, when the Queen presented him, _with her own hand_, with "a superb
souvenir, of the most exquisite handicraft, manufactured of mother of
pearl, and mounted with gold and precious stones.  On one side are the
crown and Royal initials, V.R., and, on the reverse, bouquets of flowers
in enamel and rubies.  In addition to this splendid gift, Her Majesty
subsequently presented the General with a beautiful gold pencil case,
with the initials of Tom Thumb, and his coat of arms, engraved on the
emerald surmounting the case."

       [Picture: Tom Thumb.  Ill. Lon. News, 24 Feb., 1844, p. 124]

Anent this, _Punch_ is exceedingly satirical: "Her Majesty has again
commanded 'the performances of _Tom Thumb_, the Yankee Dwarf.'  This,
indeed, was to have been expected.  We have only to reflect upon the
countless acts of patronage towards the Arts and Sciences--had only to
remember a few of the numerous personal condescensions of the Queen
towards men of letters, artists and philosophers--to be assured that even
TOM THUMB would be welcomed with that graceful cordiality which has,
heretofore, made Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle the homes of Poetry
and Science.  _De minimis curat Regina_!  Continental monarchs stop short
in their Royal favours at full-grown authors and artists; but the
enthusiasm of Her Majesty QUEEN VICTORIA, not content with showering all
sorts of favours and rewards upon the literary and artistic spirits of
her own country and age, lavishes, with prodigal hand, most delicate
honours upon an American TOM THUMB, whose astounding genius it is, to
measure, in his boots, five-and-twenty inches!  To this, how small is
VICTOR HUGO at the Tuileries; to this, how mean and petty Gothe at the
Court of Saxe-Weimar!

                                * * * * *

"TOM THUMB being--according to the biography published by his showman,
BARNUM--the son of a Yankee carpenter, we should much like to know the
General's arms.  Did Her Majesty, before the 'performance,' send to learn
them, that they might be duly engraved? or were they, as MATHEW'S French
Shoemaker made his little boot, struck off in 'a moment of enthusiasm'?"

About this time came to us "that sweet boon," THE POLKA.  Originally a
Bohemian Peasant dance, it was imported into fashionable saloons of
Berlin and St. Petersburg.  It was, at this time, the rage in Paris, as
the _Times_ observes: "The Paris papers are destitute of news.  Our
private letters state that 'politics are, for the moment, suspended in
public regard, by the new and all-absorbing pursuit--the Polka--a dance
recently imported from Bohemia, and which embraces in its qualities the
intimacy of the waltz, with the vivacity of the Irish jig.  You may
conceive how completely is 'the Polka' the rage, from the fact that the
lady of a celebrated ex-minister, desiring to figure in it at a _soiree
dansante_, monopolised the professor, _par excellence_, of that
_specialite_ for three hours, on Wednesday morning last, at 200 francs
the hour.'"

On its first importation into England, it was used as a _ballet_, on the
stage, with very fancy Bohemian costume, as we may see in the three
following illustrations of Mdlle. Carlotta Grisi and M. Perrot, dancing
their idea of it at Her Majesty's Theatre in 1844.

 [Picture: The Polka.--Figure 2.  Ill. Lon. News, 27 April, 1844, p. 301]

But it soon became a Drawing-room dance, and it is edifying to know
exactly how it was danced then.  It was found too elaborate, and the
number of steps had to be reduced in quantity, and curtailed in quality.
But this is the dance as given in the _Illustrated London News_ of 11
May:

                         "THE DRAWING-ROOM POLKA.

We are much gratified in being enabled to lay before our readers an
accurate description of the _veritable_, or _Drawing-room Polka_, as
danced at Almack's, and at the halls of the nobility and gentry of this
country.

_La Polka_ having appeared amongst us under so many different guises, we
determined to spare no pains to procure a true description of its
_danse_; for which we are indebted to Mrs. James Rae, who has been
fortunate enough to secure the details from M. Coralli, fils, the
instructor of the young noblemen and gentry in Paris.

_La Polka_, like its predecessors, the waltz and galop, is a _danse a
deux_, couples following each other in the _salle de danse_, commencing
at pleasure, and adopting, of the following figures, that which pleases
them most at the moment.  All those anxious to shine in _La Polka_, will
dance the whole of them, returning from time to time, by way of rest, to
the first figure.

_The measure_, or time, is 2-4; but, to facilitate our definition, we
subdivide each measure, or bar, into one--two--three--four; the accent on
the two, etc., to be played not so fast as the galop.

_The steps_ are two, and the following description may, in some measure,
convey them to our readers; we commence with the first, and most general.
At the one, hop on the right leg, lifting, or doubling up your left leg
at the same moment; at the two, put your left leg boldly forward on the
ground; at the three, bring your right toe up to your left heel; at the
four, advance your left foot a short step forward: now, at the one, in
the next measure, or bar of the time, hop on the left leg, doubling, or
lifting up your right leg, and so on, proceeding in this step, with your
arm encircling your partner's waist, round the room.  This may be termed
the first figure.

Figure 2.--Still adopting the same step, with your right arm round your
partner's waist, and her right hand in your left, you place your lady
exactly before you, and back all round the room, your lady pursuing you
(as shown in the sketch); you then reverse this figure, and let your
partner do the back step, whilst you pursue her, and, at the same time,
carefully guide her round the room.

  [Picture: The Drawing-room Polka.--Figure 2.  Ill. Lon. News, 11 May,
                              1844, p. 301]

In backing, the leg which in figure one, you put boldly forward on the
ground, you now fling boldly backward, and are thus enabled to effect
your progress round the room.

Figure 3.--With the same step you waltz round the room--in other words,
you perform the Galop waltz, substituting the Polka step as described.

Figure 4.--This is also a waltz with the second step, which we will now
describe as "the Heel and Toe step."   At the one, make a little hop on
your right leg, dropping your left heel close to your right foot; at the
two, another little hop on the right leg, pointing your left toe (not
forward, but as close to your right foot as possible); at the tree,
another little hop on the right leg, advancing one step forward with the
left foot; at the four, bring up the right foot, turning at the same
instant, and passing your partner over to your left arm from your right
arm; in your next measure, return your lady to your left arm, and so on.

               [Picture: The Drawing-room Polka.--Figure 5]

Figure 5.--This is termed the back waltz.  The step adopted in it by
yourself and partner, is the back step described in figure two, and you
turn in this waltz exactly the contrary way to that in which you turn in
all other waltzes--hence its name.

In _La Polka_, before commencing the figures we have just described,
there is a short introduction (of which we give a sketch), consisting of
four measures, danced thus; leading your partner from her seat, and
giving her her place in the circle, and placing themselves _vis-a-vis_,
you take her left hand in your right, and make the first step four
times--first forward, then backward, forward again, and then backward,
taking care to gain ground in the forward steps; you then start with the
first figure.

             [Picture: The Drawing-room Polka.--Introduction]

There was a furore about the Polka; not only in dancing it, but there was
an absolute mania for naming articles of dress after it.  Ladies wore
Polka hats, Polka jackets and Polka boots, and men had Polka ties.
Jullien published a new Polka about every fortnight, and the whole people
were Polka mad.  Here is a street ballad on the subject:

                           "JULLIEN'S GRAND POLKA.

    Oh! sure the world is all run mad,
    The lean, the fat, the gay, the sad--
    All swear such pleasure they never had,
    Till they did learn the Polka.

                                  _Chorus_.

       First cock up your right leg--so,
       Balance on your left great toe,
       Stamp your heels, and off you go
       To the Original Polka.  Oh!

    There's Mrs. Tibbs, the tailor's wife,
    With Mother Briggs is sore at strife,
    As if the first and last of life
    Was but to learn the Polka.

    Quadrilles and waltzes all give way,
    For Jullien's Polkas bear the sway,
    The chimney sweeps, on first of May,
    Do, in London, dance the Polka.

    If a pretty girl you chance to meet,
    With sparkling eyes and rosy cheek,
    She'll say, young man, we'll have a treat,
    If you can dance the Polka.

    A lady who lives in this town,
    Went and bought a Polka gown,
    And for the same she gave five pound,
    All for to dance the Polka.

    But, going to the Ball one night,
    On the way she got a dreadful fright,
    She tumbled down and ruined quite
    The gown to dance the Polka.

    A Frenchman has arrived from France,
    To teach the English how to dance,
    And fill his pocket--"what a chance"--
    By gammoning the Polka.

    Professors swarm in every street,
    'Tis ground on barrel organs sweet;
    And every friend you chance to meet
    Asks, if you dance the Polka.

    Then over Fanny Ellsler came,
    Brilliant with trans-Atlantic fame;
    Says she, I'm German by my name,
    So best I know the Polka.

    And the row de dow she danced,
    And in short clothes and red heels pranced,
    And, as she skipped, her red heels glanced
    In the Bohemian Polka.

    But, now, my song is near its close,
    A secret, now, I will disclose,
    Don't tell, for it's beneath the rose,
    A humbug is the Polka.

    Then heigh for humbug France or Spain,
    Who brings back our old steps again,
    Which John Bull will applaud amain,
    Just as he does the Polka."




CHAPTER XXIII.


An English dinner--Consols at par--The "Running Rein" case--Other
frauds--Royal visitors--Opening letters by Government--Duke of
Wellington's Statue--Barry on the Thames--Visit of Louis
Philippe--Guano--Queen opens Royal Exchange--Lord Mayor hissed.

As the length of time between this date, and the present writing is
great, and our social habits have somewhat changed, it may be interesting
to some of my readers to hear a Frenchman's account of an upper-class
dinner.  It is taken from the _Constitutionel_, the organ of M. Thiers:

    "Madeira wine has been out of fashion, in England, for some time.
    Sherry and Port (to which are occasionally added Bordeaux and
    Champagne, Rhenish wines and Hermitage) are, now, the only wines to
    be seen on the tables of the rich.  As for beer (the national drink),
    it only makes its appearance at a banquet, for remembrance sake, and
    in very small quantity.  Port wine is held in especial favour by the
    English, because, while it is more impregnated with alcohol than any
    other, it is, at the same time the least irritating, and facilitates,
    more than all the rest, the important operations of the digestive
    organs.  In order, however, to be possessed of all the requisite
    qualities, it must not only be of the finest growth, or have been
    eight or nine years in the cellar, but the regular connoisseurs
    insist that it must cross the line several times, in order to be
    first-rate.  Five or six servants, with powdered wigs, in silk
    stockings and knee breeches, hover about the table.  The covers are
    always changed at every successive course, and there is no fear of
    eating off the dirty plate of one's neighbour, or using his knife or
    fork, the sideboard being laden with piles of plates and conveniences
    of every description.  After fish, which always constitutes the first
    course, the host invites one of his guests to drink a glass of wine
    with him, desiring him to help himself to that which he likes best.
    You take that which is offered you.  Your host then pours out a glass
    for himself, and sends you the bottle by a servant.  You fill your
    glass, you raise it to your lips with a half bow, and drink as much
    of it as you feel inclined.  The same ceremony is repeated among the
    other guests.  It should be mentioned that, if you ask a lady to take
    wine, you always fill her glass before your own; but, if you invite a
    gentleman so to do, you never fail to help yourself first.  This
    custom was, formerly, very inconvenient to strangers, it being, then,
    absolutely necessary to empty one's glass; at present, you need only
    drink a portion, and ladies may satisfy the rules of etiquette by
    merely moistening their lips.  After fish, come roast meats, boiled
    vegetables, and various delicate sauces, with which you make your
    _cuisine_ upon your own plate; puddings and game of all sorts follow,
    amongst which there is, always, to begin with, one dish, especially
    appropriate to the season.  It is to the former article of diet
    (puddings), that English children are indebted, it is said, for their
    excellent health, and their magnificent rosy complexions.  The cloth
    is at length removed, and the mahogany table shines forth in all its
    splendour.  Dessert follows, consisting of a few sweetmeats, or
    _confitures_, but abounding in fruits from all five parts of the
    world, and the produce of all the four seasons, and including superb
    pineapples, Portugal grapes, almonds, red nuts of a delicious
    flavour, dates, figs, rich juicy oranges, etc., etc.  The wine is
    brought on in glass decanters, ticketed and placed in silver stands.
    These stands glide along the shining table, which is as smooth as
    ice, in the midst of silver, or crystal vases filled with fruit, etc.
    The host, after helping himself to wine, pushes about the whole
    'battery' of decanters, which, going the round of the table, soon
    regain their original situation.  A quarter of an hour elapses, when
    the mistress of the house rises and retires, followed by all the
    ladies.  It is then that the _seance de vin_ begins.  The subject of
    conversation soon changes, and political questions are discussed.
    The conversation, without getting stormy, acquires that degree of
    warmth and animation, which a good dinner, when one is blessed with a
    strong head and a good digestion, generally inspires.  Hard drinking
    has, generally speaking, fallen into desuetude.  It is only
    foxhunters and country gentlemen who remain faithful, nowadays, to
    that ignoble custom.  A gentleman who has any self-respect, never so
    far forgets himself as to get tipsy, for he would certainly be looked
    upon with an evil eye, by the company, if he were to enter the
    drawing-room with an indistinct articulation, or with trembling legs.
    Dinner is over about half-past nine.  The gentlemen then rejoin the
    ladies to take tea and coffee, and the conversation turns, as before,
    upon the news of the day."

On 8 April, Consols rose to par, or 100 pounds for 100 pounds stock, for
the first time for nearly a century.  The last time they were at 100
pounds was in 1749, the year after the peace of Aix la Chapelle; at which
period the public debt was rather more than 78,000,000 pounds.  The
highest price the Three per Cents, ever rose to, previously, was in June,
1737, and again, in May, 1739, when they attained the high price of 107
pounds.  In September, 1797, they fell to 47.375, which is the lowest
price to which they have ever fallen.

On 23 May, the Derby was won by a horse called _Running Rein_, which was
the occasion of an Action in the Court of Exchequer, on 1 July, before
Baron Alderson.  It was alleged that the horse had not been truly
described, that he was not of the age which qualified him to run for the
Derby, and that he ought not, therefore, to be deemed the winner of the
race.  Colonel Peel, the owner of Orlando, the second horse, claimed the
stakes, on the ground that Running Rein was not the horse represented;
and Mr. Wood, the owner of Running Rein, brought this action against the
Colonel.

Mr. Cockburn, who conducted the plaintiff's case, gave the pedigree of
Running Rein, and his whole history.  Among other things, Mr. Cockburn
mentioned that, in October, 1843, Running Rein won a race at Newmarket;
that he was objected to on the score of age; but, eventually, the
stewards had decided in his favour.  The horse was, originally, the
property of Mr. Goodman; and, Mr. Cockburn said, it was because suspicion
attached to some transactions of Goodman, and because certain persons had
betted heavily against Running Rein, that opposition was raised against
Mr. Wood receiving the stakes.  He made a severe attack on Lord George
Bentinck, who, he asserted, was the real party in the cause.  Witnesses
for the plaintiff described the horse at various periods of its career;
it was of a bay colour, with black legs, and a little white on the
forehead; its heels were cracked, and, in 1842, it broke the skin on one
leg, which left a scar.  George Hitchcock, a breaker of colts, employed
to break Running Rein in October, 1842, was cross-examined to this
effect:

    "I know George Dockeray, the trainer.  I never said to him, 'Damn it,
    this colt has been broken before; here is the mark of the pad on his
    back.'  I showed him the mark, but I never said those words, or any
    words to that effect.  I don't know why I showed him the mark.  It
    was not big enough for the mark of a pad, and it was not the place
    for the saddle to make it.  I told Lord George Bentinck the same.
    The mark of the pad never wears out.  I recollect being asked, in the
    presence of Mr. Smith, what I had there? and I recollect answering, a
    four-year-old.  I have not the slightest doubt of it.  Mr. Smith
    struck me for it.  I did not say, afterwards, that I had forgotten
    all about the horsewhipping, and that the marks of the pad had worn
    out.  I never said, either, that somebody had behaved very well to
    me."

At an early period of the examination of witnesses, Mr. Baron Alderson
expressed a wish that he and the jury should see the horse; and Mr.
Cockburn said he had no objection.  On the cross-examination of William
Smith, a training groom residing at Epsom, it came out that the horse had
been smuggled out of the way, that it might not be seen by the
defendant's agents.  The judge, animadverting on this, and on the evident
perjury of the witness, said it would be better that the horse should be
seen by him and other parties.  The Solicitor-General, who appeared for
the defendant, was anxious that the horse should be seen by veterinary
surgeons.  To which the other side objected, maintaining that the mark of
mouth, by which, alone, those surgeons could judge of the age of a horse,
was a fallible criterion.

On the conclusion of the evidence for the plaintiff, the
Solicitor-General, in addressing the jury for the defence, denounced the
case as a gross and scandalous fraud on the part of the plaintiff.  The
case for the defendant was, that the horse was not Running Rein at all,
but a colt by Gladiator, out of a dam belonging originally to Sir Charles
Ibbotson; and that it had the name, Running Rein, imposed upon it, being
originally called Maccabeus, and having been entered for certain stakes
under that designation.  But his allegations were against Goodman, not
against Mr. Wood; the former had entered into a conspiracy with other
persons to run horses above the proper age.  The Gladiator colt had been
entered for races, under the name of Maccabeus, before Goodman purchased
him; and to run these races while the colt was in training for the Derby,
for which he was entered as Running Rein, Goodman hired an Irish horse,
which he disguised as Maccabeus, though a year older than that horse.
The Gladiator colt, the _soi-disant_ Running Rein, when he ran for the
Derby, in 1844, was four years old, the race being for three-year-old
horses.  After hearing some evidence in support of these statements, the
case was adjourned till the following day.

The next day, when Mr. Baron Alderson took his seat upon the Bench, a
conversation ensued between Mr. Cockburn and the Judge, respecting the
production of the horse.  Mr. Cockburn asserted that it had been taken
away without Mr. Wood's knowledge, and thus it was out of his power to
produce it; he felt it would be vain to strive against the effect which
must be felt by the non-production of the horse, after the remarks of the
learned Judge on that point.  After some conversation, however, the case
proceeded, and two witnesses for the defence were examined, whose
evidence went to prove that Running Rein was, in fact, the Gladiator
colt.  Mr. George Odell, a horse dealer at Northampton, said he could
swear to that fact; the colt had two marks on one leg.

Mr. Baron Alderson remarked: "Now, if we could see the horse, that would
prove the case.  Who keeps him away?  It is quite childish to act in this
manner."

Mr. Cockburn now stated that Mr. Wood was convinced that he had been
deceived, and gave up the case.

Mr. Baron Alderson then briefly addressed the jury with much warmth, and
in a most emphatic manner; directing them to find a verdict for the
defendant, observing:

"Since the opening of the case, a most atrocious fraud has proved to have
been practised; and I have seen, with great regret, gentlemen associating
themselves with persons much below themselves in station.  If gentlemen
would associate with gentlemen, and race with gentlemen, we should have
no such practices.  But, if gentlemen will condescend to race with
blackguards, they must expect to be cheated."

The jury found for the defendant, and the effect of their verdict was,
that the Derby Stakes went to Orlando, and that Crenoline should be
considered the winner of the Two-Year-Old Plate at Newmarket, run the
previous year.

_Punch_, in commenting upon Mr. Baron Alderson's remarks, says: "They"
(the gentlemen) "go among these knaves and swindlers, these low-bred
ruffians, reeking of gin and the stables, _to make money of them_.  They
associate with boors and grooms, Jew gambling-house keepers, boxers and
bullies, for money's sake to be sure.  What other motive could bring such
dandies into communication with such scoundrels, any more than he would
willingly incur an infection, unless he had some end in view.  And the
noble patrons of the Turf _have_ a great end in view--that of money."

This ought to have been sufficient roguery, one would think, for one
race, but it was not.  A horse, named Rattan, was so evidently "nobbled,"
that two men connected with it, Rogers and Braham, were warned off all
the Jockey Club's premises.

And yet another case.  A horse, named Leander, ran in this race, and so
injured its leg, that it was shot.  Shortly afterwards, it was suspected
that it was four, instead of three years old; and, on its being exhumed,
_the lower jaw was missing_.  The resurrectionists, however, cut off the
head, and veterinary experts confirmed the previous suspicions.  For
this, the owners, Messrs. Lichtwald, were, for ever, disqualified from
racing.  This case occupied much time before the Select Committee of the
House of Lords.

The Select Committee on Gaming, in the Commons, in 1844, report that:
"Your Committee have some evidence to show that frauds are, occasionally,
committed in Horse Racing, and in betting on the Turf; but they feel
difficulty in suggesting any remedy for this evil, more stringent, or
more likely to be effectual, than those already in existence."

On June 1, two Royal visitors arrived here, the Emperor of Russia and the
King of Saxony.  They had to pay the usual penalty of hard labour for a
week.

In the House of Commons, on 14 June, Mr. T. Duncombe presented a petition
from W. J. Linton, Joseph Mazzini, and two others, complaining of their
letters being opened before delivery, and praying that "The House would
be pleased to grant, without delay, a Committee to inquire and give
immediate redress to the petitioners, and prevent the recurrence of so
unconstitutional and infamous a practice."  Sir James Graham (Home
Secretary) replied that "the House must be aware that from as early a
period as the reign of Queen Anne, power existed in the hands of the
Principal Secretary of State, to detain and open letters passing through
the Post Office; and the House would also be aware that this power had
come under the review of Parliament, at so late a period as the year
1837, and by the Act of 1 Vic., this power of issuing warrants to open
and detain letters, continued still vested in the Secretaries of State.
He must, for fear of creating misapprehension by his answer, state that
the circumstances mentioned in the petition were, to a great extent,
untrue.  As to three of the petitioners, he doubted if their letters had
ever been detained, and no warrant as to them had been issued; but, as to
one of the petitioners, he had to state, that, on his responsibility, a
warrant had been issued as to the correspondence of that person, which
warrant was no longer in force."

On 2 July, a Committee of Secrecy was appointed "to inquire into the
state of the Law in respect to the detaining and opening of Letters at
the General Post Office, and into the mode under which the authority
given for such detaining and opening has been exercised, and to report
their opinion and observations thereupon to the House."  The Committee
met, took evidence, and duly reported, when it being shewn that the
privilege was not often exercised (the total number of warrants issued
between 1799 and 1844 being only 372), and that, of late years, the
average of warrants had decreased, the public were satisfied, and the
subject dropped.

Chantrey's equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington, which stands in
front of the Royal Exchange, was uncovered, amidst much cheering.  It
cost 9,000 pounds besides the metal.

                [Picture: Barry, the Clown, on the Thames]

On 23 Sept. Barry, a clown at Astley's, fulfilled his promise of sailing
in a washing-tub drawn by geese, from Vauxhall to Westminster.  He
successfully accomplished his voyage, and repeated it on Oct. 11, from
the Red House, Battersea (where now is Battersea Park), to Vauxhall.

On 8 Oct. Louis Philippe, the King of the French, landed at Portsmouth on
a visit to the Queen.  He was made a Knight of the Garter, and generally
feted, and should have returned to France, from Portsmouth on the 12th,
but the sea was too rough, and he had to cross from Dover, instead; but
even this trip was delayed by a great conflagration at New Cross Station,
so that he really did not depart until the 13th.

I meet with the first mention of that eminent fertiliser, Guano, in a
commercial point of view, in the _Times_ of the 18 Oct., where it says
that on 16th were put up for sale, at Liverpool, in lots of 10 tons each,
180 tons of the best African guano.  But one lot of five tons was sold,
and that fetched 5 pounds 12s. 6d.  The next lot was not sold, in
consequence of the price offered being under that, and the whole of the
remaining lots were withdrawn, there being no probability of the reserved
price being realised.  It was then being fetched from Ichaboe, an island
off the south-west coast of Africa--but it was afterwards procured in
large quantities from the Chincha Islands, off the coast of Peru.

On 28 Oct. the Queen opened the New Royal Exchange, with great State, and
the Lord Mayor (W. Magnay, Esq.) was made a baronet; the reading-room at
Lloyd's was made into a Throne room for the occasion, and a sumptuous
_dejeuner_ was served in the Underwriters' room.  It was a very imposing
pageant and pretty sight; but, although the Exchange was formally opened,
no merchants assembled within its quadrangle until the first of the
following January.

Whilst on matters civic I must mention the very rare fact of Sir William
Magnay's successor in the office of Lord Mayor (Mr. Alderman Gibbs),
being hooted and yelled at, on 9 Nov., whilst going to Westminster, and
returning thence.  He had been churchwarden of St. Stephen's, Walbrook,
and the popular mind was imbued with the idea that something was wrong
with his accounts, so they virtuously insulted him.  He had a hard enough
time of it both by land and water, when going, what his returning was, is
best told by a contemporary:

"The ceremony within the Court of Exchequer having terminated, similar
uproarious shouts to those which had hailed the arrival of the new Lord
Mayor, now marked his embarcation for the city; and, in his passage down
the Thames, with but here and there a solitary exception, the civic barge
was the target of repeated vollies of yells and groans, levelled by no
unskilful, or ineffective voices at it, from the banks and bridges of the
river.  The landing at Blackfriars was attended with a more concentrated
attack of 'public execration,' for, there, an immense multitude was
wedged together, anxious to be spectators of the scene, though not
inactive ones.  On the procession passed amid the continued
manifestations of public disapprobation of the present, and respect for
the retiring Lord Mayor.  Many interrogations of a searching nature were
repeatedly bawled forth, not that they could reach the right honourable
ear, but they were exercises in that peculiar art, styled 'talking at
folks.'  The same description must apply to Ludgate Hill, St. Paul's
Churchyard, and Cheapside, in which place some merriment was created by a
party chanting in appropriate style:

    'Oh, Alderman Gibbs,
    Pray dub up the dibbs!'

"It was somewhat after 4 o'clock, when the cortege arrived at the bottom
of King Street, where, immediately before Guildhall Yard, about 2,000
persons had collected, and others pressing out of the several streets,
caused a dense mass to be formed.  This was the place where a parting
salutation was to be presented to the new Lord Mayor, by his pitiless
persecutors, and a very good view of the scene was attainable from an
upper window at the western angle of Gresham Street.  Hearty and
continued cheering announced the progress of Sir William Magnay; but, as
soon as the State coach with the new Lord Mayor arrived, the yells and
groans which broke forth, were perfectly stunning.  Never was the manner
in which the two Lord Mayors had been received throughout the day, marked
with stronger contrast.  The accumulation of carriages in Guildhall Yard,
caused the detention of the State coach for some minutes, during which a
real tempest of execration was poured forth upon the unfortunate
gentleman; and many persons did not hesitate to testify their dislike to
him in a manner to be condemned, by spitting at the carriage, their
distance from which, however, defeated their intention.  In truth, Mr.
Gibbs had to endure a perpetual and pitiless storm of hisses, yells,
groans, gibes, sneers and jeers; and at every stoppage where the crowd
was in close proximity to his carriage, unusually furious bursts of
indignation broke forth; yet no missile was thrown during any portion of
the day."




CHAPTER XXIV.


Murder by Tawell--Curious story--King William IV.'s Statue--Visits by the
Queen--Testimonial to Rowland Hill--Breaking the Portland Vase--Sad end
of William Austin--Sale of Van Amburgh's stud--Hungerford Suspension
bridge--Accident at Yarmouth--An Excise case--Beginning of the Railway
Mania--Sailing of Sir J. Franklin.

This year begins badly--with a murder--which I should not chronicle, were
it not that it was the first case in which the electric telegraph lent
its services for the detection of a crime.  A man named John Tawell, a
member of the Society of Friends, and who occupied a decent position in
life, poisoned a poor woman at Salt Hill.  A Quaker who seemed much
confused had been met close by her house, and he went by train from
Slough to Paddington.  Suspicion being aroused, a message was sent from
Slough, giving a description of him, and asking that he should be
shadowed on his arrival.  This was done, and, next day, he was arrested.
He was tried, found guilty, and duly executed.  The case, at the time,
created an immense sensation, mainly because the villain was a member of
the Society of Friends.  _Apropos_ of this, the _Observer_ of 23 March is
responsible for the following:

    "THE MURDERER TAWELL.--The following strange statement has been made
    by a person, who is a Quaker, living near Berkhampstead, and who is
    acquainted with Tawell: About a year ago, the stillness and decorum
    of the Quakers' meeting at Berkhampstead, at which Tawell attended,
    was disturbed by one of the male members, who suddenly rose from his
    seat and exclaimed, with frantic earnestness, that there was then
    present, a person who was, at that very moment, meditating a most
    fearful crime.  His conviction was so strong, that he passionately
    besought this individual, whoever, he might be, to reflect upon the
    wickedness of his intention, and to implore his Maker's pardon for
    his murderous thoughts.  As may be imagined, the Friends were thrown
    into great consternation by this strange and impetuous appeal, and
    the meeting broke up in alarm and confusion.  Tawell was present at
    the time."

Early in January the statue of King William IV., by Samuel Nixon, was
placed on its pedestal, fronting London Bridge; but, as far as I know,
there was no public ceremony at its inauguration, for the _Times_ of 1
Feb. says: "That workmen are now actively employed in cleansing down the
colossal figure of King William IV., preparatory to the hoarding being
removed, and the statue thrown open to the view of the public.  The base
will present a very novel and pleasing appearance, it being ornamented
with numerous naval trophies.  The four cross footpaths leading to the
figure will be lighted by four gas lamps, on massive granite pillars.  In
a few days the whole work will be completed, when it will be inspected by
Her Majesty, the Queen Dowager, and His Royal Highness Prince Albert,
those illustrious personages having intimated their desire to view it
when finished."@

On 15 January the Queen paid a visit to the Duke of Buckingham, at Stowe,
and the magnificence of her reception had much to do with the financial
collapse of the too generous Duke.  On leaving Stowe she went to
Strathfieldsaye to stay with the Duke of Wellington.  It was on this
occasion that the old Duke gave a lesson to the gentlemen of the Press,
which the interviewers of our times might well take to heart:
"Field-Marshal the Duke of Wellington presents his compliments to Mr.
---, and begs to say he does not see what his house at Strathfieldsaye
has to do with the public press."

On 21 Jan. a National Testimonial was presented to Rowland Hill for his
labours in connection with the introduction of the Penny Post, and Mr.
Larpent, the Chairman of the City of London Mercantile Committee on
Postage, handed him a cheque for 10,000 pounds, which handsome sum had
been raised by a public subscription, which was not confined to the
mercantile community alone, persons of every rank, and of both sexes,
contributing amounts varying from large sums to a few pence.

Just before the closing of the British Museum at 4 p.m. on 7 Feb., a
crash was heard, and the famous Barberini, or Portland Vase, was found in
pieces on the floor.  A man, named Lloyd, in a fit of delirium produced
by drink, had smashed it out of pure wantonness.  The vase was valued at
1,000 pounds by the Museum authorities, but, of course, that sum was
purely nominal, as the vase was unique.  It was deposited in the British
Museum in the year 1810 by the Duke of Portland, and was considered as
his property; hence the name of the "Portland Vase."  It was found about
the middle of the 16th century, about two and a half miles from Rome, on
the road leading from Frascati.  At the time of its discovery it was
enclosed in a marble sarcophagus, within a sepulchral chamber, under the
mount called Monte di Grano.  The material of which it is made is glass,
the body being of a beautiful transparent dark blue, enriched with
figures in relief, of opaque white glass.  For more than two centuries it
was the principal object of admiration in the Barberini Palace.  It came
into the possession of Sir William Hamilton, from whom it was purchased
by the Duchess of Portland.

On 11 Feb. the delinquent was brought before Mr. Jardine, at Bow Street,
and the Museum authorities electing to prosecute him for the minor
offence of breaking the glass case which held the vase, and which was
under the value of 5 pounds, he was convicted of that offence, and
sentenced to pay 3 pounds, or two months' hard labour in the House of
Correction.  He could not pay, and was committed to prison, in default,
but on 13 Feb., someone paid the money, and the man was released.

An employe of the British Museum, named Doubleday, undertook, and
effected, the restoration of the Vase, and it may now be seen in the Gold
Room of the British Museum, but, alas! "all the King's horses, and all
the King's men," can never make it as it was.  Wedgwood feebly reproduced
it in ceramic ware, copies of which are now worth 200 pounds each, and
one copy, if not more, was made in silver.

I come across a curious paragraph in the _Morning Post_ of March 13:
"WILLIAM AUSTIN.--This person, whose name must be familiar to all who
have had any acquaintance with the history of the Parliamentary
proceedings in the case of the late Queen Caroline, or the eventful life
of that unhappy Princess, arrived in London, last week, from Milan, where
he has been residing for several years, for the most part, in a state of
fatuity, the inmate of a lunatic asylum.  We understand that he has been
removed to this country through the intervention of the British
Government, under an authority from the Lord Chancellor, in whose care,
his person, and some considerable property, left to him by the late
Queen, have been placed by certain proceedings on the part of his
relations.  He was conveyed hither from Milan under the charge of a
medical and two other attendants; and immediately on his arrival, was
visited by two London physicians, who, after an interview with him of
some duration, at the hotel where he stopped, signed the necessary
certificate for his detention in a private asylum, where he now remains.
Austin is a very good-looking man, apparently about 40 years of age; and
though, beyond doubt, mentally enfeebled, has no betrayal of such
imbecility in the expression of his face.  He has been in his present
unfortunate condition since the year 1830; and, for a great part of that
time, he has maintained an immovable taciturnity.  No ingenuity has been
able to extract a syllable from him.  He answers no questions, nor asks
any--enters into no conversation--and, even during the whole journey from
Milan to London, he never spoke a word to his attendants, or any one
else.  Neither could the medical gentlemen who waited upon him here
induce him to reply to any of their inquiries; and no doubt, this fact,
of itself, formed no inconsiderable ingredient in the judgment at which
they arrived.  The unhappy man is extremely docile, has no disposition to
violence, and readily understands and obeys any signs made to him."

Van Amburgh's stud, lions, etc., were sold at Manchester on 17 March, and
fetched high prices; a fine black maned lion, 350 pounds; another, 6
years old, 310 pounds; two lion cubs, eight months old, male and female,
sold, the one for 12 pounds 10/-, the other for 35 pounds.  An elephant
realised 750 pounds, and a giraffe 400 pounds.

Hungerford Suspension Bridge, the first of its kind over the Thames, was
opened on 1 May, and, although a toll was demanded, it was calculated
that, before dusk, some 25,000 persons had crossed from one side of the
Thames to the other.  It was taken down in July, 1862, to make room for
the Charing Cross Railway Bridge.  It was transferred to Clifton, and
there opened, on 8 Dec., 1864, and it now spans the Avon.

On the next day (2 May) a terrible accident occurred at the Suspension
bridge at Great Yarmouth.  A clown was to emulate Barry's folly, and
cross the river in a washing-tub drawn by geese; and thousands of people
assembled to see him, of whom a great number (accounts vary from 300 to
600), containing very many children, were on the bridge.  Some of the
suspension rods snapped, and the crowd fell into the water.  Every
assistance was rendered, but the number of recovered dead bodies, nearly
all children, or young persons, was 77, and many are supposed to have
been swept away by the current.

On the 2nd of May, the famous Excise trial at Bar, _i.e._, before twelve
judges, the Attorney General _v._ Smith, came to an end, after lasting
eight days.  Mr. George Smith was a distiller, in a large way of
business, at Whitechapel, and the premises of his brother James, who was
a rectifier, adjoined his.  The law forbids the junction of the
businesses of distilling and rectifying, or any communication between
premises carrying on such businesses; and, in this case, it was presumed
that all spirit would be conveyed from one to the other by means of the
highway.  But the contention of the prosecution was, that the Excise
officers, finding a great deficiency in the spirits ostensibly produced,
as compared with the "wash," had detected holes in a large receiver, and
found, moreover, that they could themselves convey spirits from the
distillery to the rectifying house, through pipes under ground, which
were mixed up with those which supplied water, and so escaped detection.
This the defendants denied, and brought forward evidence that the pipes
were obsolete and disused.  In the end, the verdict of the jury was, "We
find for the Crown; but we are anxious to express our opinion that there
has not been any evidence adduced before us which shows that the pipe has
been fraudently used by the defendant."  The amount of damages claimed by
the Crown was 150,000 pounds; but, by agreement, this was reduced to
76,000 pounds; and, finally, after an appeal from Mr. Smith, the
Government were content with a cheque for 10,000 pounds.

About this time commenced what is well termed "The Railway Mania," or,
rather, public attention was particularly called to it, as it was
becoming a crying scandal.  So much so, that it attracted the notice of
the legislature; and, if we look at a "Return to the Order of the
Honourable the House of Commons, dated 8th April, 1845, for an
alphabetical list of the Names, Description, and Places of Abode, of all
Persons subscribing to the Amount of 2,000 pounds and upwards to any
Railway Subscription Contract deposited in the Private Bill Office during
the present Session of Parliament," we shall see that amongst the names
will be found many of the leading nobility, large manufacturing firms,
names well known in commerce and literature, mingled together in a most
heterogeneous manner.  The same column shows a combination of peers and
printers, vicars and vice-admirals, spinsters and half-pay officers,
Members of Parliament and special pleaders, professors and cotton
spinners, gentlemen's cooks and KC.'s, attorneys' clerks and college
scouts, waiters at Lloyd's, relieving officers and excisemen, editors and
engineers, barristers and butchers, Catholic priests and coachmen,
dairymen and dyers, braziers, bankers, beer sellers and butlers, domestic
servants, footmen and mail guards, and almost every calling under the
sun.

And these, it must be remembered, were subscribers for 2,000 pounds and
upwards; those who put down their names for less were supposed to be
holders of 21,386 pounds 6s. 4d. in Stock.

Of course, _Punch_ could not overlook this mania for speculation, and we
find the following in the number for 31 May:

    "The night was stormy and dark.  The town was shut up in sleep;  Only
    those were abroad who were out on a lark,  Or those, who'd no beds to
    keep.

       [Picture: "How many hundred shares have you wrote for?" Railroad
                                 Speculators]

    "I pass'd through the lonely street,  The wind did sing and blow;  I
    could hear the policeman's feet  Clapping to and fro.

    "There stood a potato-man  In the midst of all the wet; He stood with
    his 'tato can  In the lonely Haymarket.

    "Two gents of dismal mien, And dank and greasy rags.  Came out of a
    shop for gin,  Swaggering over the flags:

    "Swaggering over the stones,  Those shabby bucks did walk;  And I
    went and followed those needy ones,  And listened to their talk.

    "Was I sober, or awake?  Could I believe my ears?  Those dismal
    beggars spake  Of nothing but railroad shares.

    "I wondered more and more; Says one, 'Good friend of mine,  How many
    shares have you wrote for  In the Diddlesex Junction Line?'

    "'I wrote for twenty,' says Jim,  'But they wouldn't give me one';
    His comrade straight rebuked him  For the folly he had done:

    "'Oh, Jim, you are unawares  Of the ways of this bad town;  _I_
    always write for five hundred shares,  And _then_, they put me down.'

    "'And yet you got no shares,'  says Jim, 'for all your boast';  'I
    _would_ have wrote,' says Jack, 'but where  Was the penny to pay the
    post?'

    "'I lost, for I couldn't pay  That first instalment up;  But, here's
    taters smoking hot, I say  Let's stop, my boy, and sup.'

    "And at this simple feast,  The while they did regale,  I drew each
    ragged capitalist  Down on my left thumb nail.

    "Their talk did me perplex,  All night I tumbled and tossed,  And I
    thought of railroad specs,  And how money was won and lost.

    "'Bless railroads everywhere,'  I said, 'and the world's advance;
    Bless every railroad share  In Italy, Ireland, France;  For never a
    beggar need now despair,  And every rogue has a chance.'"

And yet another extract.  Who does not remember Thackeray's _Diary of C.
Jeames de la Pluche_, _Esqre._? but few know how the idea was started.
It was by W. M. T. himself in _Punch_ of Aug. 2:

                           A LUCKY SPECULATOR.

Considerable sensation has been excited in the upper and lower circles in
the West End, by a startling piece of good fortune which has befallen
JAMES PLUSH ESQ., lately footman in a respected family in Berkeley
Square.

One day, last week, MR. JAMES waited upon his master, who is a banker in
the City; and, after a little blushing and hesitation, said he had saved
a little money in service, and was anxious to retire, and invest his
savings to advantage.

His master (we believe we may mention, without offending delicacy, the
well-known name of SIR GEORGE FLIMSY, of the firm of FLIMSY, DIDDLER AND
FLASH) smilingly asked MR. JAMES what was the amount of his savings,
wondering considerably how--out of an income of thirty guineas, the main
part of which he spent in bouquets, silk stockings and perfumery--MR.
PLUSH could have managed to lay by anything.

MR. PLUSH, with some hesitation, said he had been _speculating in
railroads_, and stated his winnings to have been thirty thousand pounds.
He had commenced his speculations with twenty, borrowed from a
fellow-servant.  He had dated his letters from the house in Berkeley
Square, and humbly begged pardon of his master, for not having instructed
the railway secretaries, who answered the applications, to apply at the
area bell.

SIR GEORGE, who was at breakfast, instantly arose, and shook Mr. P. by
the hand; LADY FLIMSY begged him to be seated, and partake of the
breakfast which he had laid on the table; and has, subsequently, invited
him to her grand _dejeuner_ at Richmond, where it was observed that MISS
EMILY FLIMSY, her beautiful and accomplished seventh daughter, paid the
lucky gentleman _marked_ attention.

We hear it stated that Mr. P. is of very ancient family (HUGO DE LA
PLUCHE came over with the Conqueror); and the new Brougham which he has
started, bears the ancient coat of his race.

He has taken apartments at the Albany, and is a director of thirty-three
railroads.  He purposes to stand for Parliament at the next general
election, on decidedly conservative principles, which have always been
the politics of his family.

Report says that, even in his humble capacity, MISS EMILY FLIMSY had
remarked his high demeanour.  Well, "none but the brave," say we,
"deserve the fair."

This we may call the commencement of the mania; in their proper places
will be noticed its culmination and collapse.

On 18 May sailed from Greenhithe the two Arctic discovery ships, the
_Erebus_ and _Terror_, under the command of Sir John Franklin, whose
instructions were "to push to the westward, without loss of time, in the
latitude of about 74.25 degrees, till you have reached the longitude of
that portion of land on which Cape Walker is situated, or about 98
degrees west.  From that point we desire that every effort be used to
endeavour to penetrate to the southward and westward, in a course as
direct towards Behring's Straits as the position and strength of the ice,
or the existence of land, at present unknown, may admit.  We direct you
to this particular part of the Polar Sea, as affording the best prospect
of accomplishing the passage to the Pacific."

They were provisioned for three years, but when, in 1850, Captain
Ommanney discovered, on Beechey Island, traces of the expedition having
spent their first winter there, he found large stacks of preserved meat
canisters, which, there is little doubt, contained putrid filth, and had
been condemned by survey.

As nothing was heard of the expedition, another was organised, in 1847,
to start, for search and relief, from Hudson's Bay; and, indeed, no one
can say that the two exploring vessels were forgotten; for, from that
date, till 1857, _thirty-nine different expeditions were sent to look
after them_.  The first to find traces of them was that of Capt.
Ommanney, in 1850; then, in April, 1854, Dr. Rae heard, from the natives,
of a party of white men having been seen, four winters previously, and
that their bodies had afterwards been seen.  From these Eskimo, Rae
obtained some silver spoons and other small articles which left no doubt
but that they had belonged to the ill-fated expedition.  But it was the
_Fox_ yacht, which was fitted out by Lady Franklin, and commanded by
Capt. McClintock, which settled the question of their fate.  Early in
1859, a boat, a few skeletons, chronometers, clothing, instruments,
watches, plate, books, etc., were discovered; and, towards the end of
May, a written paper was found, which gave news of them up to 25 Apl.,
1848, and told that "Sir John Franklin died on 11 June, 1847, and the
total losses by deaths in the expedition has been, to this date, nine
officers and 15 men; we start on, to-morrow, 26th, for Back's Fish
River."  From the Eskimo was learned how one of the ships sunk in deep
water, and the other was wrecked, after which they all perished
miserably, some "falling down and dying as they walked," as an old woman
told Capt. McClintock.




CHAPTER XXV.


The Queen's Costume Ball--Copper Coinage of William IV.--New Oxford
Street opened--Sale of Napoleon's relics--Story of Nelson's coat--Visit
of King of the Netherlands--Railway speculation--Hire of
newspapers--Reverse of fortune--Prince Albert and his taxes--Waghorn's
overland route.

The Queen gave a Costume Ball, at Buckingham Palace, on 6th June, which
was a magnificent affair, and gave plenty of food for conversation.
Every guest had to appear in a costume appropriate to the period of
English history between 1740 and 1750; but, with the exception of the
minuet, the dances were modern.

I have only space for the dresses of the Queen and Prince Albert.  Her
Majesty's dress was composed of gold tissue, brocaded in 
flowers, green leaves and silver, trimmed round the top, bottom and sides
(the upper dress being open in front) with point lace over red ribbon;
the dress looped up with red satin ribbons, and two large bows, in each
of which was a diamond bow and tassel.  The stomacher was composed of two
large diamond bows, and a diamond point; the sleeves, which were tight,
finished with point lace ruffles, and trimmed with red ribbon; on the
left arm, the Garter in diamonds, and, on the right, a diamond rosette.
She wore the blue ribbon and diamond George as usual.  The under
petticoat was of white and silver tissue, trimmed with a deep flounce of
rich point lace (which had belonged to Queen Charlotte), headed by a
quilling of red satin ribbon and bows; above, a narrower flounce of point
lace, trimmed like the other; in each ribbon bow, a diamond rosette.

Prince Albert wore a suit of the richest crimson velvet (of Spitalfields
manufacture); the coat lined with white satin, edged throughout with
gold; and the buttons were of gold.  On his left breast His Royal
Highness wore a most splendid star of the order of the Garter, composed
of diamonds, with the exception of the cross, which was formed of rubies.
The badge of the Order was confined at the shoulder by an epaulette
composed of large brilliants, and a most splendid George was suspended
from the ribbon, wholly formed of brilliants.  The Prince also wore the
insignia of the Golden Fleece, formed of opals and diamonds.  The Garter
was set in brilliants, and the hilt of His Royal Highness's sword was
covered with diamonds.  The waistcoat was of white satin, richly and
elegantly embroidered with gold, the buttons being of gold.  Shoe buckles
of diamonds.  Hat, three cornered, edged with gold lace, with handsome
diamond ornament in the cockade in front.

The Earl of Cardigan could not masquerade as Bayard, but "he excited no
little attention.  He wore the uniform of the 11th Dragoons at Culloden;
and, with the costume, which became him extremely, he contrived to assume
the portentous bearing, and the true jack-boot stride and swagger."

The _Morning Chronicle_ is answerable for the following: "For some time
past the copper coinage of William IV. has been eagerly purchased by
persons who are stated to be Jews, and a report has, in consequence,
gained ground that gold is contained in it.  What reason there may be for
this it is impossible to say; but it is a well-known fact, that agents
have been at work for the last two months buying up those particular
coins in Westminster, and they now fetch double the price of their legal
issue.  The mania has extended eastward, and twopence for a penny piece,
and a penny for a halfpenny, etc., are now asked for the 'precious
issue.'"

On 9 June, the new street connecting Holborn with Oxford Street, and now
called New Oxford Street, was thrown open for carriages.

Messrs. Christie and Manson sold, at the Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, on 23
June, the first portion of the "Napoleon Museum," collected by Mrs.
Sainsbury, and which had long been on exhibition.  The prices fetched
were ridiculously low, as the following examples will show.  Among the
bronzes, an infantine bust of the King of Rome, formerly in the
possession of Josephine, at Malmaison, cost 20 guineas, sold for 1 pound
10s.  A drawing in sepia, by Debret, of Napoleon visiting the wounded on
the field, after the battle of Eylau, 5 pounds 5s.  The pictures
illustrative of the principal events in the life of Napoleon, were almost
given away; the highest price obtained, being 12 pounds for one by the
great French painter David, of Napoleon, with the crown raised in both
his hands, to place on the head of Josephine, at the Coronation in Notre
Dame.  Twenty beautiful enamels by Lienard, of Napoleon, Ney, Berthier,
Junot, Joseph, Lucien, Louis and Jerome Bonaparte, Murat, Caroline, the
youngest sister of Napoleon, Cardinal Fesch, Marie Louise, etc., fetched
but 76 pounds, and, on the other days' sales, the lots went for far under
their value.

My readers may possibly remember how, on 8 Dec., 1900, a number of Nelson
relics in the Painted Hall, at Greenwich Hospital, were stolen, during
the night, by a burglar, who escaped; and may like to know the story of
Nelson's coat.  The _Times_ of 9 July, copies the following from the
_Spectator_:

    "An interesting relic of Nelson has been discovered; and some
    interest also attaches to the manner in which it has been secured to
    the nation.  Sir Harris Nicolas, in his laborious researches for
    editing the hero's Despatches, had satisfied himself that the coat
    and waistcoat which Nelson wore when he fell at Trafalgar, were
    carefully preserved.  In pursuance of the Admiral's directions, they
    were given, with several other things, by Sir Thomas Hardy, his
    captain, to Lady Hamilton; by her, they were transferred, under
    peculiar circumstances, to a late alderman of London, and they
    remained in the possession of the alderman's widow.  The lady is not
    rich, and she asked 150 pounds for the relic.  This sum being beyond
    his own means, Sir Harris determined to raise it by subscription, in
    order that the coat and waistcoat might be deposited, like the coat
    which Nelson wore at the battle of the Nile, in Greenwich Hospital.
    With that view, he put the proposition in writing, and had it printed
    as a circular.  Before issuing this circular, however, he sent a copy
    to Prince Albert, who immediately desired that the purchase might be
    made for himself, as he should feel 'pride and pleasure' in
    presenting the precious memorials to Greenwich Hospital.  Sir Harris
    Nicolas took them to the Royal purchaser on Wednesday; and we
    understand that the Prince manifested a very fine feeling on the
    occasion.  There is kind and generous wisdom in this act; for nothing
    could so help to identify the Queen's husband with the British
    people, as such little tributes to their maritime pride.  The coat is
    thus described in Sir Harris Nicolas's circular, and it will be seen
    that it has an historic value: 'The coat is the undress uniform of a
    vice-admiral, lined with white silk, with lace on the cuffs, and
    epaulettes.  Four stars--of the Order of the Bath, St. Ferdinand and
    Merit, the Crescent, and St. Joachin--are sewn on the left breast, as
    Nelson habitually wore them; which disproves the story that he
    purposely adorned himself with his decorations on going into battle!
    The course of the fatal ball is shewn by a hole over the left
    shoulder, and part of the epaulette is torn away; which agrees with
    Dr. Sir William Beattie's account of Lord Nelson's death, and with
    the fact, that pieces of the bullion and pad of the epaulette adhered
    to the ball, which is now in Her Majesty's possession.  The coat and
    waistcoat are stained in several places with the hero's blood."

Further confirmatory evidence is given in the _Globe_, copied into the
_Times_ of 22 July.  "It will scarcely be believed that the coat of the
great naval hero, together with his cocked hat, and an immense quantity
of his property, was, as it were, mortgaged for the sum of 120 pounds,
yet such was the fact.  The late Alderman Jonathan Joshua Smith was
executor of Lord Nelson with Lady Hamilton; and, prior to his death,
goods sufficient to fill six crates (amongst which were the coat, hat,
breeches, etc.), were placed in the Town Hall, Southwark, under the care
of Mr. Kinsey, the chief officer, and who now attends the aldermen at the
Central Criminal Court.  Kinsey was Alderman Smith's confidential servant
for a number of years, and to whom 120 pounds was owing at his master's
death.  Application was made to the Court of Aldermen, by some members of
the Nelson family, for the restitution of the property; and, after a long
discussion, Alderman Lucas consented to act as arbitrator between the
family and Kinsey, and 30 pounds was paid to the latter, in satisfaction
of his claim, upon which, the things were repacked, and sent to Mrs.
Smith, at Heron Court, Richmond, in whose possession they remained, until
the purchase of the coat was made by Prince Albert."

The King of the Netherlands paid the Queen a visit on 24 July, and the
good man must have thought well of us, inasmuch as he was very much let
do as he liked.  In London he stopped at Mivart's Hotel, went to the
Opera, paid a few visits, was a guest of the Duke of Richmond for
Goodwood Races, was made a Field Marshal, held a review in Hyde Park, and
went back again; a far lighter sentence than is usually passed on Royalty
when visiting this country.

We now find the inflation of Railway speculation attracting attention;
and, in the _Times_ of Aug. 1 is a letter, a column in length, of which I
give the following extract, referring to the inquiry into the Dublin and
Galway Railway:

    "The next case is that of letters addressed to 1, Park Place,
    Devonshire Street, Mile End Road.  So great is the number of letters
    delivered here, that additional assistance has been given in the
    duty.  Upwards of 1,000 letters have been delivered here within nine
    months; only last week 120 were taken in on one day, of which, at one
    time, no less than 16, and, at another, 30, letters were delivered.
    This No. 1, Park Place, is up an obscure court, consisting of three
    small houses, of about 5/6 rent per week.  No. 1 is occupied by a man
    and woman, and the next door by their daughter.  The proceedings of
    these persons have been closely watched.  Directly a packet of
    letters has been received in the morning, off starts the old man and
    woman, and, sometimes, the daughter, to the places appointed to meet
    the receiver.  On the first occasion, the old woman, who had received
    16 letters, evidently wanted to deposit her treasure at Crosby Hall
    Chambers; for, opposite to them, she halted, carefully looking about
    her; but, unfortunately, she found she was watched; and, escaping
    through the Excise Office, hid herself somewhere, till her pursuer
    lost her.  The next morning, another packet was received, with which
    the old man was intrusted; he started immediately, and, after a most
    circuitous route, to avoid detection as to where he deposited his
    treasure, he was seen to enter the King's Arms Tavern, Bishopsgate
    Churchyard, where he was seen to deliver his despatches to a smart,
    dapper Jew, well known, who, after a few moments' deliberation, left
    the house, and was speedily joined by several confederates at the top
    of the churchyard, who, after dividing the letters, dispersed as
    instantaneously as can be imagined.  The next day, it became
    necessary to augment the detective force, for the old people became
    more wary; the old man went out before post time, and the daughter
    was selected as the messenger with despatches; she was fleet of foot,
    but she had been carefully identified, therefore that did not avail
    her much, as the detective force was divided, and stationed at such
    places as were likely to succeed.  She took a most circuitous route,
    but, eventually, found herself opposite the Auction Mart, evidently
    looking out anxiously for someone; she saw she was watched, and away
    she started, and, after a long round, found shelter in Maidenhead
    Court, Aldersgate Street, in a little smith's shop--which turned out
    to belong to the identical party who resides at No. 1, Park Place,
    where the letters were first delivered.  Here the pursuit was given
    up.  No further attempt to trace the receiver was made, the inquiry
    before the select committee coming on; but sufficient is shown to
    exhibit the system existing to this hour.  How, it may be asked, do
    they procure the signatures to the deed, one party holding so many
    letters of allotment?  The system is this: one party signs the deed
    as often as disguise will shield him from discovery; then the
    practice is resorted to of procuring persons, from 15 years to 60, to
    accompany the holder of the banker's receipt to the Railway Office,
    to sign the deed in such name as he may direct; for which, when done,
    he receives remuneration, varying from one shilling to ten, according
    to the premium the scrip may bear in the market."  There were several
    police cases as to writing and forging these bogus names, and prudent
    people were beginning to look shy at railway scrip.

Here is a case which we can hardly understand nowadays.  As long as
Newspapers were stamped, it was a misdemeanour to allow anyone to read
them, unless they purchased them, as it was considered a fraud upon the
Revenue.  On 23 Aug., in the Court of Requests, Kingsgate Street, a case
came before the Commissioners for adjudication, in which a newsvendor
summoned a person for a small sum, for "reading" the various newspapers.
The plaintiff, in stating the case, said the defendant had been in the
habit of seeing the papers daily, for which a penny a day was charged,
and the present proceedings were taken to recover a balance due on that
account.  The Commissioners said that he could not recover, as he had
been guilty of a gross fraud upon the Stamp Office in letting newspapers
out for hire.  The plaintiff: But he was in the habit of coming to my
shop, and seeing them.  The Commissioner: That don't matter; it is a
fraud upon the Stamp Office, and you render yourself liable to an
information being laid against you for it.

                                * * * * *

Here is a little anecdote chronicled in the _Annual Register_ (6 Sep.):
"REVERSE OF FORTUNE.--Edward Riley, living with his family in Hadley
Street, Burton Crescent, having been proved next of kin to Maj.-Gen.
Riley, who recently died at Madras, leaving property to the amount of
50,000 pounds, to the whole of which he has become entitled, has greatly
amused the neighbourhood by his conduct.  From having been but a workman
in the dust-yard in Maiden Lane, he has, now, become a man of
independence.  Some days after his sudden acquisition of wealth, he
called, in his cab, on a tailor in Seymour Street, and, taking him to the
dust yard, desired him to measure the whole of the men in the yard for a
suit of clothes, which being accomplished, he ordered them to go to a
bootmaker, where they were all served.  On the following Sunday, he
ordered a butcher to supply each of them with a joint of meat.  Riley has
taken a house in Argyle Square; and, upon entering it, purposes to give a
dinner to all the dustmen in London, and illuminate the front of his
house."

We have seen, in 1843, _Punch's_ idea of Prince Albert as a farmer, and
we next hear of him, in connection with this business, as refusing to pay
parish rates for the Flemish Farm; so at a vestry meeting held at
Windsor, on 18 Sep., the subject was brought forward.  It appeared that
the estimated rental of the property was 450 pounds, and that the last
rate, at 8d. in the pound, amounting to 15 pounds, had not been paid.  It
was stated that the Prince had refused to pay the rates on two grounds,
first, that he had no "beneficial occupation," and, secondly, that "the
property belonged to the Queen."  The reply to this was, that the Prince
certainly had a beneficial occupation in the farm, for the two prize oxen
sold by him, last year, at 70 and 80 pounds, were fatted on this farm, to
say nothing of the crops and agricultural produce, from which His Royal
Highness received great profits, and it was thought there was no reason
why he should be let off, and the poorer farmers made to pay the rates.
It was settled that the collector should make application for the
arrears, amounting to over 200 pounds.

_Punch_ drew a harrowing picture, of the brokers being put into Windsor
Castle, and of a paragraph which might appear in the _Court Circular_:
"Yesterday, Her Gracious Majesty visited Prince Albert at her own Bench."
But matters did not go so far, for on 14 Jan. next following, the Prince
vouchsafed an answer to the Vestry, in which he denied his liability _in
toto_, acting on the advice of the Attorney and Solicitor General, and
Sir Thomas Wilde; and, after crushing the poor vestry, the letter winds
up thus: "And His Royal Highness feels himself at liberty to take the
course which is most satisfactory to his own feelings, and to pay, as a
voluntary contribution, a sum equal to the rate which would have been
annually due, had the legal liability of His Royal Highness been
established.  It is also His Royal Highness's intention that the payment
of the sum referred to should commence from the year 1841."

And so it has continued to the present day, if we may credit the
authority quoted in the accompanying cutting from the _Globe_ of 8 June,
1901: "HOW THE KING PAYS TAXES.--It is not generally known (says the
_Free Lance_) that the King pays taxes under protest--that is to say, His
Majesty, like Queen Victoria, claims to be exempt from impost, and yet is
willing to contribute, without prejudice, to the rates.  For instance,
part of the Windsor farm land lies within the radius of the borough.  The
municipal authority issues demand notes for the rates.  The Royal
officials respond by paying a sum just under the amount requested, and
the collector is satisfied.  There is no question of going to law, for
how can the King be summoned in his own Courts?"

On 31 Oct. Lieut. Waghorn practically demonstrated the feasibility of his
"Overland Route" to India.  The regular Mail and his Express arrived at
Suez by the same steamer on 19 Oct.  The Express was given to a man on a
dromedary, who, stopping nowhere, entered Alexandria on the 20th.  The
Express was delivered to Mr. Waghorn, who started at 11 o'clock.  He had
been waiting on board an Austrian steamer, which had remained in
quarantine, so that he arrived at Trieste in free _pratique_.  He landed,
however, at Divina, twelve miles nearer London than Trieste, and hurried
through Austria, Prussia, Baden, and Bavaria, with a passport ready
_vised_ by the representatives of those countries.  He reached Mannheim
in 84 hours, proceeded by a steamer to Cologne, thence by special train
to Ostend, by boat to Dover, to London by railway, and arrived at 4.30 in
the morning of the 31st.  The news from India thus brought, was published
in all the London papers, which were in Paris before the Mail from
Marseilles was on its way to London.

                      [Picture: Punch Illustration]




CHAPTER XXVI.


The Railway Mania--Deposit of plans.

The accompanying illustration from _Punch_ (18 Oct.) justly holds up to
ridicule the Railway Mania, which might then be said to have been at its
height.  It is called "THE MARCH OF SPECULATION.--'This is the young
Gent, as takes my Business, Mem.  I'm agoin' into the Railway--Director
Line myself.'"

As a proof of this Madness, see this paragraph: "Oct. 25.  During the
past week there were announced, in three newspapers, eighty-nine new
schemes, with a capital of 84,055,000 pounds; during the month, there
were 357 new schemes announced, with an aggregate capital of 332,000,000
pounds."

On 17 Nov. the _Times_ published a table of all the railway companies
registered up to the 31st October, numbering 1,428, and involving an
outlay of 701,243,208 pounds.  "Take away," it said, "140,000,000 pounds
for railways completed, or in progress, exclude all the most extravagant
schemes, and divide the remainder by ten, can we add, from our present
resources, even a tenth of the vast remainder?  Can we add 50,000,000
pounds to the railway speculations we are irretrievably embarked in?  We
cannot, without the most ruinous, universal and desperate confusion."

Here is a Parody on the situation, 1 Nov.:

    "There was a sound, that ceased not day or night,
       Of speculation.  London gathered then
    Unwonted crowds, and moved by promise bright,
       To Capel Court rushed women, boys and men,
       All seeking railway shares and scrip; and when
    The market rose, how many a lad could tell
       With joyous glance, and eyes that spake again,
    'Twas e'en more lucrative than marrying well;--
    When, hark, that warning voice strikes like a rising knell.

    Nay, it is nothing, empty as the wind,
       But a "bear" whisper down Throgmorton Street;
    Wild enterprise shall still be unconfined;
       No rest for us, when rising premiums greet
       The morn, to pour their treasures at our feet;--
    When, hark! that solemn sound is heard once more,
       The gathering bears its echoes yet repeat--
    'Tis but too true, is now the general roar,
    The Bank has raised her rate, as she has done before.

    And then, and there were hurryings to and fro,
       And anxious thoughts, and signs of sad distress,
    Faces all pale, that, but an hour ago
       Smiled at the thought of their own craftiness;
       And there were sudden partings, such as press
    The coins from hungry pockets, mutual sighs
       Of brokers and their clients.  Who can guess
    How many a "stag" already panting flies,
    When upon times so bright, such awful panics rise?"

Mr. Francis, in his _History of the English Railway_, says: "The daily
press was thoroughly deluged with advertisements; double sheets did not
supply space enough for them; double doubles were resorted to, and, then,
frequently, insertions were delayed.  It has been estimated that the
receipts of the leading journals averaged, at one period 12,000 and
14,000 pounds a week, from this source.  The railway papers, on some
occasions, contained advertisements that must have netted 700 to 800
pounds on each publication.  The printer, the lithographer, and the
stationer, with the preparation of prospectuses, the execution of maps,
and the supply of other requisites, also made a considerable harvest.

"The leading engineers were, necessarily, at a great premium.  Mr. Brunel
was said to be connected with fourteen lines, Mr. Robert Stephenson with
thirty-four, Mr. Locke with thirty-one, Mr. Rastrick with seventeen, and
other engineers with one hundred and thirteen.

"The novelist has appropriated this peculiar portion of commercial
history, and, describing it, says gravely and graphically: 'A colony of
solicitors, engineers and seedy accountants, settled in the purlieus of
Threadneedle Street.  Every town and parish in the Kingdom blazed out in
zinc plates over the doorways.  From the cellar to the roof, every
fragment of a room held its committee.  The darkest cupboard on the
stairs contained a secretary, or a clerk.  Men, who were never seen east
of Temple Bar before, or since, were, now, as familiar to the pavement of
Moorgate Street, {279} as the stockbrokers; ladies of title, lords,
Members of Parliament, and fashionable loungers thronged the noisy
passages, and were jostled by adventurers, by gamblers, rogues and
imposters.'

"The advantages of competition were pointed out, with the choicest
phraseology.  Lines which passed by barren districts, and by waste
heaths, the termini of which were in uninhabitable places, reached a high
premium.  The shares of one company rose 2,400 per cent.  Everything was
to pay a large dividend; everything was to yield a large profit.  One
railway was to cross the entire Principality without a single curve.

"The shares of another were issued, the company formed, and the directors
appointed, with only the terminal points surveyed.  In the Ely railway,
not one person connected with the country through which it was to pass,
subscribed the title deed.

"The engineers who were examined in favour of particular lines, promised
all and everything in their evidence.  It was humourously said of them,
'they plunge through the bowels of mountains; they undertake to drain
lakes; they bridge valleys with viaducts; their steepest gradients are
gentle undulations; their curves are lines of beauty; they interrupt no
traffic; they touch no prejudice.'

"Labour of all kinds increased in demand.  The price of iron rose from
sixty-eight shillings to one-hundred-and-twenty per ton.  Money remained
abundant.  Promoters received their tens and twenties of thousands.
Rumours of sudden fortunes were very plentiful.  Estates were purchased
by those who were content with their gains; and, to crown the whole, a
grave report was circulated, that Northumberland House, with its princely
reminiscences, and palatial grandeur, was to be bought by the South
Western.  Many of the railways attained prices which staggered reasonable
men.  The more worthless the article, the greater seemed the struggle to
obtain it.  Premiums of 5 and 6 pounds were matters of course, even where
there were four or five competitors for the road.  One company, which
contained a clause to lease it at three-and-a-half per Cent., for 999
years, rose to twenty premium, so mad were the many to speculate.

"Every branch of commerce participated in the advantages of an increased
circulation.  The chief articles of trade met with large returns; profits
were regular; and all luxuries which suited an affluent community,
procured an augmented sale.  Banking credit remained facile; interest
still kept low; money, speaking as they of the City speak, could be had
for next to nothing.  It was advanced on everything which bore a value,
whether readily convertible, or not.  Bill brokers would only allow
one-and-a-half per cent. for cash; and what is one-and-a-half to men who
revelled in the thought of two hundred?  The exchanges remained
remarkably steady.  The employment of the labourer on the new lines, of
the operative in the factory, of the skilled artisan in the workshop, of
the clerk at the desk, tended to add to the delusive feeling, and was one
of the forms in which, for a time, the population was benefitted.  But,
when the strength of the Kingdom is wasted in gambling, temporary,
indeed, is the good, compared with the cost.  Many, whose money was
safely invested, sold at any price, to enter the share market.  Servants
withdrew their hoards from the savings banks.  The tradesman crippled his
business.  The legitimate love of money became a fierce lust.  The peer
came from his club to his brokers; the clergyman came from his pulpit to
the mart; the country gentleman forsook the calmness of his rural domain
for the feverish excitement of Threadneedle Street.  Voluptuous tastes
were indulged in by those who were previously starving.  The new men vied
with the old, in the luxurious adornments of their houses.  Everyone
smiled with contentment; every face wore a pleased expression.  Some,
who, by virtue of their unabashed impudence, became provisional
committee-men, supported the dignity of their position in a style which
raised the mirth of many, and moved the envy of more.  Trustees, who had
no money of their own, or who had lost it, used that which was confided
to them; brothers speculated with the money of sisters; sons gambled with
the money of their widowed mothers; children risked their patrimony; and
it is no exaggeration to say, that the funds of hundreds were
surreptitiously endangered by those in whose control they were placed."

But Railways had been projected, and, in order to carry them through, the
plans must, by law, be deposited with the Board of Trade, before, or on
30 Nov.; and, on this occasion, there was a scene, which is very well
told in the _Annual Register_:

"An extraordinary scene occurred at the office of the Railway Department
of the Board of Trade on this day (Sunday, 30 Nov.), being the last day
on which the plans of the new projects could be deposited with the
Railway Board, in order to enable Bills to authorise them to be brought
before Parliament, in compliance with the Standing Orders.

"Last year, the number of projects, in respect of which plans were lodged
with the Board of Trade, was 248; the number, this year, is stated to be
815.  The projectors of the Scotch lines were mostly in advance, and had
their plans duly lodged on Saturday.  The Irish projectors, too, and the
old-established companies, seeking powers to construct branches, were
among the more punctual.  But upwards of 600 plans remained to be
deposited.  Towards the last, the utmost exertions were made to forward
them.  The efforts of the lithographic draughtsmen and printers in London
were excessive; people remained at work, night after night, snatching a
hasty repose for a couple of hours, on lockers, benches, or the floor.
Some found it impossible to execute their contracts; others did their
work imperfectly.  One of the most eminent was compelled to bring over
four hundred lithographers from Belgium, and failed, nevertheless, with
this reinforcement, in completing some of his plans.  Post horses and
express trains, to bring to town plans prepared in the country, were
sought in all parts.  Horses were engaged days before, and kept, by
persons specially appointed, under lock and key.  Some railway companies
exercised their power of refusing express trains for rival projects, and
clerks were obliged to make sudden and embarrassing changes of route, in
order to travel by less hostile ways.  A large establishment of clerks
were in attendance to register the deposits; and this arrangement went on
very well, until eleven o'clock, when the delivery grew so rapid, that
the clerks were quite unable to keep pace with the arrivals.  The
entrance hall soon became inconveniently crowded, considerable anxiety
being expressed lest twelve o'clock should arrive 'ere the requisite
formalities should have been gone through.  This anxiety was allayed by
the assurance that admission into the hall before that hour, would be
sufficient to warrant the reception of the documents.

   [Picture: Deposit of Railway Plans with the Board of Trade, 30 Nov.,
               1845.  Ill. Lon. News, 6 Dec., 1845, p. 358]

"As the clock struck twelve, the doors of the office were about to be
closed, when a gentleman with the plans of one of the Surrey railways
arrived, and, with the greatest difficulty, succeeded in obtaining
admission.  A lull of a few minutes here occurred; but, just before the
expiration of the first quarter of an hour, a post chaise, with reeking
horses, drove up, in hot haste, to the entrance.  In a moment, its
occupants (three gentlemen) alighted, and rushed down the passage,
towards the office door, each bearing a plan of Brobdingnagian
dimensions.  On reaching the door, and finding it closed, the
countenances of all drooped; but one of them, more valorous than the
rest, and prompted by the bystanders, gave a loud pull at the bell.  It
was answered by Inspector Otway, who informed the ringer it was now too
late, and that his plans could not be received.  The agents did not wait
for the conclusion of the unpleasant communication, but took advantage of
the door being opened, and threw in their papers, which broke the passage
lamp in their fall.  They were thrown back into the street.  When the
door was again opened, again went in the plans, only to meet a similar
fate.

"In the whole, upwards of 600 plans were duly deposited."




CHAPTER XXVII.


Collapse of the Railway Mania--Sheriff's Officers--Hudson, the Railway
King--First "Ethiopian Serenaders"--The <DW65> Minstrel
Craze--Commencement of Irish Famine--"The Battle of the Gauges"--Railway
Surveyors--Suicide of Haydon, the painter.

Although the collapse of the Railway Mania really began in 1845, its
effects were not fully felt until the commencement of this year, when 10
per cent. on Railway Capital had to be lodged with the Accountant
General, within seven days from the assembling of Parliament, which in
this case meant the 29th Jan.  It really received its first serious wound
when the Bank of England rose its rate of discount on 16 Oct., but it was
only when the calls had to be paid, that it was found how rotten the
whole concern was, as the Marquis of Clanricarde, in a speech, plainly
exposed.  Said he: "One of the names to the deed, to which he was anxious
to direct their attention, was that of a gentleman, said to reside in
Finsbury Square, who had subscribed to the amount of 25,000 pounds; he
was informed no such person was known at that address.  There was, also,
in the Contract deed, the name of an individual who had figured in the
Dublin and Galway Railway Case, who was down for 5,000 pounds, and who
was understood to be a half-pay officer, in the receipt of 54 pounds a
year, but who appeared as a subscriber in different railway schemes to
the amount of 41,500 pounds.  The address of another, whose name was down
for 12,200 pounds, was stated to be in Watling Street, but it appeared he
did not reside there.  In the case of another individual down for 12,500
pounds, a false address was found to have been given.  Another
individual, whom he would not name, was a curate in the parish in Kent;
he might be worth all the money for which he appeared responsible in
various railway schemes, but his name appeared for 25,000 pounds in
different projects, and stood for 10,000 pounds in this line.  Another
individual, who was down for 25,000 pounds, was represented to be in poor
circumstances.  A clerk in a public company was down for upwards of
50,000 pounds.  There were several more cases of the same kind, but he
trusted he had stated enough to establish the necessity of referring the
matter to a Committee.  There were, also, two brothers, sons of a
charwoman, living in a garret, one of whom had signed for 12,500 pounds,
and the other for 25,000 pounds; these two brothers, excellent persons,
no doubt, but who were receiving about a guinea and a half between them,
were down for 37,000 pounds."

The story of the collapse is so admirably told by Mr. Francis, that I
prefer giving his version than writing of it myself:

    "Money was scarce, the price of stock and scrip lowered; the
    confidence of the people was shaken, and a vision of a dark future on
    every face.  Advertisements were suddenly withdrawn from the papers,
    men of note were seen no more as provisional committeemen; distrust
    followed the merchant to the mart and the jobber to the Exchange.
    The new schemes ceased to be regarded; applications ceased to be
    forwarded; premiums were either lowered, or ceased to exist.  Bankers
    looked anxiously to the accounts of their customers; bill brokers
    scrutinised their securities; and every man was suspicious of his
    neighbour.

    "But the distrust was not confined to projected lines.  Established
    railways felt the shock, and were reduced in value.  Consols fell one
    and a half per cent.; Exchequer bills declined in price, and other
    markets sympathised.  The people had awoke from their dream, and
    trembled.  It was a national alarm.

    "Words are weak to express the fears and feelings which prevailed.
    There was no village too remote to escape the shock, and there was,
    probably, no house in town some occupant of which did not shrink from
    the morrow.  The Statesman started to find his new Bank Charter so
    sadly and so suddenly tried; the peer, who had so thoughtlessly
    invested, saw ruin opening to his view.  Men hurried with bated
    breath to their brokers; the allottee was uneasy and suspicious, the
    provisional committeeman grew pale at his fearful responsibility;
    directors ceased to boast their blushing honours, and promoters saw
    their expected profits evaporate.  Shares which, the previous week,
    were a fortune, were, the next, a fatality, to their owners.  The
    reputed shareholders were not found when they were wanted;
    provisional committeemen were not more easy of access.

    "One Railway advertised the names and addresses of thirty--none of
    whom were to be heard of at the residences ascribed to them.  Letters
    were returned to the Post Office day after day.  Nor is this to be
    wondered at, when it is said that, on one projected line, only 60
    pounds was received for deposits, which should have yielded 700,000
    pounds.

    "It was proved in the Committee of the House of Commons, that one
    subscription list was formed of 'lame ducks of the Alley'; and that,
    in another, several of the Directors, including the Chairman, had,
    also, altered their several subscriptions to the amount of 100,000
    pounds, the very evening on which the list was deposited, and that
    five shillings a man was given to anyone who would sign for a certain
    number of shares.

    "Nothing more decidedly marked the crisis which had arrived, than the
    fact that everyone hastened to disown railways.  Gentlemen who had
    been buried in prospectuses, whose names and descriptions had been
    published under every variation that could fascinate the public, who
    had figured as Committeemen, and received the precious guineas for
    their attendance, were eager to assure the world that they were
    ignorant of this great transgression.  Men who, a month before, had
    boasted of the large sums they had made by scrip, sent advertisements
    to papers denying their responsibility, or appealed to the Lord Mayor
    to protect their characters.  Members of Parliament who had remained
    quiet under the infliction, while it was somewhat respectable, fell
    back upon their privileges, when they saw their purses in danger.
    There is no doubt that an unauthorised use of names was one feature
    of fraudulent companies, and that, amidst a list of common names, it
    was thought a distinguished one might pass unnoticed.  The
    complaints, therefore, of those who were thus unceremoniously
    treated, were just; but the great mass of denials emanated from
    persons who, knowingly, encountered the risk, and, meanly, shrunk
    from the danger.

    "It is the conviction of those who were best informed, that no other
    panic was ever so fatal to the middle class.  It reached every
    hearth, it saddened every heart in the metropolis.  Entire families
    were ruined.  There was scarcely an important town in England but
    what beheld some wretched suicide.  Daughters, delicately nurtured,
    went out to seek their bread; sons were recalled from academies;
    households were separated, homes were desecrated by the emissaries of
    the law.  There was a disruption of every social tie.  The debtors'
    jails were peopled with promoters; Whitecross Street was filled with
    speculators; and the Queen's Bench was full to overflowing.  Men, who
    had lived comfortably and independently, found themselves suddenly
    responsible for sums they had no means of paying.  In some cases,
    they yielded their all, and began the world anew; in others, they
    left the country for the continent, laughed at their creditors, and
    defied pursuit.  One gentleman was served with four hundred writs; a
    peer, when similarly pressed, when offered to be relieved from all
    liabilities for 15,000 pounds, betook himself to his yacht, and
    forgot, in the beauties of the Mediterranean, the difficulties which
    had surrounded him.  Another gentleman who, having nothing to lose,
    surrendered himself to his creditors, was a director of more than
    twenty lines.  A third was Provisional Committeeman to fifteen.  A
    fourth, who commenced life as a printer, who became insolvent in 1832
    and a bankrupt in 1837, who had negotiated partnerships, who had
    arranged embarrassed affairs, who had collected debts, and turned his
    attention to anything, did not disdain, also, to be a Railway
    promoter, a Railway director, or to spell his name in a dozen
    different ways."

The Sheriff's Officers had a busy time of it, and _Punch_, in "GOING OUT
ARRESTING," gives the following colloquy between two of the fraternity:

    "'Vell, Aaron, my tear, have yer 'ad any sport?'

    "'Pretty vell, I've bagged four Allottees, and two Provisionals!'"

                [Picture: Picture of two men in carriages]

But a notice of the Railway Mania would be very incomplete without a
mention of George Hudson, the Railway King.  He was born at Howsham, a
village near York, in March, 1800; was apprenticed to a draper in York;
and, subsequently, became principal in the business; thus, early in life,
becoming well off, besides having 30,000 pounds left him by a distant
relative.  In 1837, he was Lord Mayor of York; and, the same year, was
made Chairman of the York and North Midland Railway, which was opened in
1839.  In 1841, he was elected Chairman of the Great North of England
Company; and, afterwards, held the same position in the Midland Railway
Company.  He speculated largely in railways, and, in the Parliamentary
return, already alluded to, his subscriptions appear as 319,835 pounds.

He came to London, and inhabited the house at Albert Gate, Knightsbridge
(now the French Embassy), where he entertained the Prince Consort, and
the aristocracy generally.  He was elected M.P. for Sunderland in Aug.,
1845, and again served as Lord Mayor of York in 1846.  The Railway smash
came; and, year by year, things went worse with him, until, early in the
year 1849, he had to resign the Chairmanship of the Eastern Central (now
Great Eastern), Midland, York, Newcastle and Berwick, and the York and
North Midland Railway Companies.  He went abroad, where he lived for some
time, and tried, unavailingly, to retrieve his fortune.  In July, 1865,
he was committed to York Castle for Contempt of the Court of Exchequer,
in not paying a large debt, and was there incarcerated till the following
October.

He fell so low, that, in 1868, some friends took pity on him, and raised
a subscription for him, thus obtaining 4,800 pounds, with which an
annuity was purchased.  He died in London, 14 Dec., 1871.

We have been so accustomed to have <DW65> minstrels with us that I
suppose very few of us know when they began.  Of course, I do not mean
the solitary minstrel like Rice of "Jump Jim Crow" fame, who was the
first, coming over here in 1836; but the first troupe.  I find it in the
_Illustrated News_ of 24 Jan., 1846, whence also comes this illustration:

                   [Picture: The Ethiopian Serenaders]

"A party of American minstrels, under the above designation, commenced on
Wednesday night (21 Jan.), at the Hanover Square Rooms, a series of
concerts, for the avowed purpose of affording an accurate notion of <DW64>
character and melody.  These artists are remarkably clever, and admirably
'made up.'  They are painted jet black, with ruddy lips, and large
mouths; and, being capital actors, the deception created is so great,
that wagers have been offered that they are really '<DW54>s.'  They dress
in dandy costume, _a la Jullien_--that is, white waistcoated and
wristbanded, turned up in the most approved D'Orsay fashion.  Of course,
it is impossible to come to any right conclusion as to the authenticity
of the African airs, especially as they have arranged the compositions of
the great European masters in such a grotesque manner.  The executants
are five in number; one plays the tambourine, Mr. Germon, who is the
leader; another the bone castanet; the third, the accordion; and the two
others, the banjo, or African guitar.  The castanet player does not sing;
but his four colleagues have good voices, and, in glees, harmonize
charmingly.  In a quartet, the parody on the Phantom Chorus, from
Bellini's 'Sonnambula'; and in a glee, 'You'll See Them on the Ohio,'
nothing can be more effective than the skilful blending of the parts.  It
is, perhaps, the _buffo_ exhibition which will create the greatest
sensation, and in this quality they are inimitable.  The tambourine
performer affects a ludicrous air of pompous sentiment, while the
castanet sable hero indulges in all kinds of buffoonery and antics.  He
is a wonderful player--no Spaniard can rival him in rapidity, delicacy
and precision.  A scene called a 'Railway Overture,' causes an explosion
of laughter; they seem to be endowed with perpetual motion; and the
scream of the whistle, at the same time as the noise of the engine,
beggars all description.  The entertainment is quite a novelty, and will,
no doubt, be attractive.  They have been provided with letters of
recommendation from President Polk, and some leading persons in America,
who must be better able to appreciate the accuracy of their African
delineations than Europeans."

They _were_ popular, with a vengeance--for every little street arab had
beef bones for castanets, and every new song was roared out in the
streets until it nauseated.  _Punch_ drew policemen and dustmen as
Ethiopian Serenaders, and even suggested that Lablache, Mario and
Tamburini should adopt the style.

                     [Picture: Picture of musicians]

The Queen opened Parliament on 19 Jan., and in her speech, whilst
deprecating "the very frequent instances in which the crime of deliberate
assassination has been, of late, committed in Ireland," she went on: "I
have to lament that, in consequence of a failure of the potato crop in
several parts of the United Kingdom, there will be a deficient supply of
an article of food which forms the chief subsistence of great numbers of
my people.  The disease by which the plant has been affected, has
prevailed to the utmost extent in Ireland.  I have adopted all such
precautions as it was in my power to adopt, for the purpose of
alleviating the sufferings which may be caused by this calamity; and I
shall confidently rely on your co-operation in devising such other means
for effecting the same benevolent purpose, as may require the sanction of
the Legislature."

On 13 March, Parliament talked somewhat about the matter, and Sir James
Graham, the Home Secretary, confessed that distress "pervades the whole
of Ireland.  It is to be found in every province, in every county, in
every union; nay, almost in every parish in Ireland.  The course Her
Majesty's Government has taken, has been this.  We have, in particular
parts of Ireland, established depots, where food can be bought at an easy
price, at the very lowest price, and, thinking that eleemosynary relief
ought to be avoided as much as possible, we propose to afford, to the
utmost possible extent, either by means of public works to be undertaken,
or by works already established, the means by which the people may be
enabled to earn wages, and so to purchase food at the moderate cost at
which it will be supplied."

But, in spite of all the Government could do, with the very best
intentions, gaunt famine was stalking through the land, and the hungry
folk could not be quiet, with the sight of food before them.  They were
not going to starve when they saw the bakers' shops full of bread, and
the butchers', of meat.  Human nature and a hungry belly could not stand
it--so we can scarcely wonder at the famine riots which ensued.  The
shops were wrecked, the food was taken; they even laid their hands on a
boat proceeding from Limerick to Clare with relief, and plundered it of
its cargo of corn and maize flour.  But, alas! this was only the
commencement of the sad story.

There was an alternative, open to those who had the money--to
emigrate--and this they did--see the following, from the _Cork Reporter_,
copied into the _Times_ of 18 April: "For the last fortnight our quays
have been daily thronged with the fine and stalwart peasantry of this and
the adjoining counties, preparing to emigrate to various parts of the
trans-Atlantic world.  Perhaps, upon no former occasion, even before the
hope of railway employment was held out to the people, and when
"Government grants" for their relief were never heard of, did the number
of emigrants from this quarter exceed the proportion of this present
year.  Besides the various large and full-freighted vessels, which have
left the quays of Cork, direct for America, several ships were despatched
to the west of the county, and had no difficulty in obtaining their full
complement of passengers.  Two large ships went round to Berehaven, a few
days ago, and have, since, left the shores of that bleak district, with
over 200 passengers.  Several other vessels have proceeded, or are about
to proceed, for Baltimore and Berehaven, localities in which the
destitution of the present year has been severely felt.  Three hundred
persons have been ready, for the last fortnight, to embark from Dingle;
but, not being able to get a ship to visit them, sufficiently commodious
for their accommodation, have been obliged to make the best of their way
to Cork.  Several vessels, now lying at Passage, will sail this day,
these taking five hundred and fifty passengers . . . At a moderate
computation, about 9,000 emigrants have, or, within the next month, will
have, left this port for America.  It is to be hoped their anticipations
will be realised.  There can be little fear, however, that their
condition could be worse, or their prospects more disheartening than
those which the 'potato famine' in this country, little mended by the
promise of Indian corn, had occasioned.  _La faim chasse le loup hors du
bois_.  To starve, or emigrate, are the only alternatives of the people."

The _Waterford Chronicle_ thus comments: "There will have gone, after the
season is over, upwards of 3,000 people, from this country, by this port
alone.  Not to talk of the rearing of these people--the trouble and
expense of bringing up a healthy man, woman, or child, and, especially,
leaving out the irreparable loss to society, in this country, of their
affections, hopes, and family ties--all, now, sundered and destroyed--not
to talk of the countless living deaths of wholesale emigration from a
feeling and warm-hearted mother country--the amount of capital taken by
these 3,000 is immense.  Assuming that each individual spends 10 pounds
in his passage, and before he settles, and that he has 10 pounds more to
establish himself, here is direct taking away, in hard cash, of 60,000
pounds gone out of the bleeding pores of Ireland, to increase the misery
which is left behind.  We are in possession of facts which show that many
cunning landlords are sending away their people yearly, but by degrees,
and not in such a manner as to subject themselves to a 'clearance
notice.'  If this system be continued, we shall be tempted to give names.
After these things, who will blame the people for outbreaks occasioned by
famine?  There is nothing plentiful in the land but ruin!  Employment is
scarce--money is scarce--the people are being thinned--farms are being
consolidated--bullock land is progressing--

    "Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
    Where cows accumulate, and men decay."

For some long time there had been a conflict of opinion as to the merits
of different sized gauges for railways.  Brunel, the magnificent,
advocated a width of seven feet, and practised it on the Great Western;
others wished for something far more modest.  Great was the wrangling
over this "battle of the gauges," and a Royal Commission was appointed to
inquire into the matter.  They gave in their Report on 30 May, and the
question was settled by "An Act for regulating the Gauge of Railways" (9
and 10 Vic., c. 57--passed 18 Aug., 1846) by which it was settled that,
in future, all Railway lines in England were to be 4 feet 8.5 in. wide,
and in Ireland, the width was to be 5 ft. 3 in.

By the way, Railway surveyors were paid well, and almost everyone that
had ever dragged a chain posed as a surveyor.  As a sample--on 23 Ap. is
reported the case of White _v._ Koe and Maun--where a witness said
"Levellers are always well paid.  I have received, before this 10 pounds
a mile, and I could level from seven to eight miles a day.  These are not
extraordinary terms.  I had to find hands to help me.  I had three men at
7s. a day each."

On 22 June poor Haydon, the painter, committed suicide.  He was extremely
egotistical, and nothing could persuade him that he was not the best
painter of his time.  His fixed idea was that he was without a peer--but
no one else thought so.  His diary is very sad reading.  Here is an entry
(Ap. 13) relative to the exhibition of his picture, "The Banishment of
Aristides": "Receipts 1 pound 3s. 6d.  An advertisement of a finer
description could not have been written to catch the public; but not a
shilling more was added to the receipts.  They rush by thousands to see
Tom Thumb.  They push--they fight--they scream--they faint--they cry
'Help!' and 'Murder!'  They see my bills and caravans, but do not read
them; their eyes are on them, but their sense is gone.  It is an
insanity--a _rabies furor_--a dream--of which I would not have believed
Englishmen could have been guilty."  He even wrote to the _Times_ about
it: "GENERAL TOM THUMB, last week, received 12,000 people, who paid him
600 pounds; B. R. HAYDON, who has devoted 42 years to elevate their
taste, was honoured by the visits of 133.5, producing 5 pounds 13s. 6d.,
being a reward for painting two of his finest works, 'Aristides and
Nero.'  HORACE VERNET, LA ROCHE, INGRES, CORNELIUS, HESS, SNORR, and
SCHEFFER, hasten to this glorious country of fresco and patronage, and
grand design, if you have a tender fancy to end your days in a Whig
Union."




CHAPTER XXVIII.


The last Post Office Bellman--The "Corn Law" Act--Sir Walter Scott's
monument--The Irish famine--The Duke of Wellington's statue--Gun
cotton--Introduction of ether--Model dwelling houses--Baths and
Wash-houses--Smithfield Cattle market--"The Bull Fight of
Smithfield"--The first submarine telegraph.

_The Illustrated London News_, of 27 June, gives us "THE LETTER CARRIER'S
LAST KNELL.--We have just lost another of what poor Thomas Hood called,
'Those evening bells.'  The Postmaster General having issued his fiat for
the abolition of 'ringing bells' by the Letter Carriers, the last knell
was rung out on the evening of Wednesday last; and, as a memorial of the
departure of what appeared to most persons, a very useful practice, our
artist has sketched a Letter Carrier, on his last evening call at our
office; and another hand has appended the following lament:

   The Dustman was first to forego his brass clapper,
      The Muffinboy speedily followed his shade;
   And, now, 'tis the Postman--that double-tongued rapper--
      Must give up his Bell for the eve's promenade.
   "_Tantae Animis_?' sage Legislators!
      Why rage against trifles like these?  Prithee tell,
   Why leave the solution to rude commentators,
      Who say, that at home, you've enough in one _Belle_?"

On 26 June the Royal Assent was given to an Act (9-10 Vic., c. 22),
called "An Act to amend the Laws relating to the Importation of Corn."
This regulated the duty on corn by a sliding scale of prices, which was
to be in force until 1 Feb., 1849, when it was fixed at 1s. per quarter.
The passing of this Act caused general rejoicing throughout the country,
and put an end to a great deal of political rancour.

 [Picture: The last Post Office Bellman.  Ill. Lon. News, 27 June, 1846]

The inauguration of Sir Walter Scott's Monument, at Edinburgh, took place
on 15 Aug., the anniversary of his birth.  It was erected in 1840-44,
after designs by Mr. George M. Kemp, at a cost of 15,650 pounds.  It is
cruciform, with a Gothic spire, chiefly modelled on the details of
Melrose Abbey; and includes, beneath its basement arches, a Carrara
marble sitting statue of Scott, with his dog _Maida_, by his side, which
is the work of Mr. Steel, and cost 2,000 pounds.

The potato crop utterly failed again in Ireland, and the outlook there
was indeed black.  In the _Times_ of 2 Sep., its correspondent, writing
from Dublin, on 31 Aug., says: "As it is now an admitted fact, on all
sides, that the destruction of the early potato crop is complete, there
can be no earthly use in loading your columns with repetitions of the sad
details, as furnished day after day in the accounts published by the
Irish newspapers.  It will, therefore, nearly suffice to say that,
according to the reports from all quarters, the crisis of deep and
general distress cannot be much longer averted, and that it will require
all the energies of both Government and Landlords to mitigate the
inevitable consequences of a calamity, of which both parties have been
duly forewarned.  In the meantime, the following statement in a Limerick
paper of Saturday, is another curious illustration of the Irish
'difficulty'.

"'In the Corn Market, this day, there appeared about 4,000 bushels of
oats, and about an equal quantity of wheat.  All this grain was purchased
up, principally for exportation, whilst the food of the people, as
exhibited this day in the Potato Market, was a mass of disease and
rottenness.  This is an anomaly which no intricacies of political
economy--no legal quibbles, or crochets--no Government arrangements can
reconcile.  In an agricultural country which produces the finest corn for
the food of man, we have to record that the corn is sold and sent out of
the country, whilst the individuals that raised it by their toil and
labour, are threatened with all the horrors of starvation.'

"From a multiplicity of concurrent statements respecting the pestilence,
I shall merely subjoin one, which appears in the last _Tralee_ paper: 'A
man would hardly dig in a day, as much sound potatoes as himself would
consume.  But that is not the worst of it.  Common cholera has set in
among the people of the town, owing to the use of potatoes, which contain
a large quantity of poisonous matter.  A professional gentleman in this
town, of considerable experience and unquestioned integrity, assures me,
that he has attended, within the last fortnight, in this town and
neighbourhood, more than 12 cases of common cholera, and that he would
think a person as safe in consuming a certain quantity of arsenic, as in
using the potatoes now exposed for sale.'"

This is how the Famine of 1846-7 began, and what followed is a matter of
history, which everyone ought to know, and ponder well over, but it can
hardly come under the name of Gossip.  There were, naturally, a few food
riots in different parts of the country, but everyone tried to do their
best, even in a blundering way, to alleviate the distress.  The
Archbishop of Canterbury composed a Special Form of Prayer, to be used on
Sunday, 11 Oct.

On 29 Sep. the gigantic equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington,
which used to crown the arch opposite Apsley House, and which was taken
down 24 Jan., 1883, and then set up at Aldershot, was moved from the
artist's (Wyatt) studio, in Harrow Road, to Hyde Park.  It was 27 feet
high, and weighed about 40 tons, being made of brass guns taken by the
Duke in various victories.  Being of so great a weight, the appliances to
remove it were on an equally massive scale, the carriage and framework in
which it was placed weighing about 20 tons.  It took 100 soldiers to haul
the statue out of the studio; and, when mounted on its carriage, it took
29 huge dray horses, lent by Mr. Goding, of the Lion Brewery, Waterloo,
to drag it to its destination.  It was escorted by soldiers and military
bands, and did the distance in about an hour a half.  The next day was
spent in preparing to hoist it; the day after, it was lifted some 50
feet, and there remained all night--and the next day was safely landed
and put in position.  From that time, until it was taken down, it was the
butt of scoffs and jeers, and no one regretted its departure.

Gun cotton was brought into public notice by some experiments by its
inventor, Professor Schonbein, of Basel, before the chairman of the East
India Company, and a number of scientists.  Professor Brande had
previously lectured upon it, at the Royal Institution, on 15 Jan., when
he stated that, about fifteen years before, Braconnot had ascertained
that sawdust, wood shavings, starch, linen and cotton fabrics, when
treated with concentrated nitric acid, produced a gelatinous substance,
which coagulated into a white mass, on the addition of water; this
substance, which he called "xyloidine," was highly inflammable.
Schonbein, however, made his explosive from purified cotton, steeped in a
mixture of equal parts of nitric and sulphuric acids, which when
carefully washed, and dried, kept its appearance of cotton wool.  In the
_Times_ of 4 Nov., is a notice of Gun sawdust (a powder now much used),
made by Mr. George Turner of Leeds.

Whilst on the subject of Chemicals, I may as well mention, what was much
talked of at the time--the discovery of sulphuric ether, when inhaled,
being an anaesthetic.  Previous to this, Nitrous Oxide, or, as it was
called, "Laughing Gas," somewhat inadequately performed the same
function.  This latter was discovered by Dr. Priestley, in 1776, and its
use, as an anaesthetic, recommended by Sir H. Davey in 1880, was put into
practice by Mr. Wells, in America, to lessen the pain in extracting teeth
in 1844.

The first notice of the inhalation of sulphuric ether that I know of, is
in No. XLV. of the _British and Foreign Medical Review_, which says:
"Just as our last proof was passing through our hands, we received from
our medical friends in Boston, the account of a matter so interesting to
surgeons, and, indeed to everyone, that we take the opportunity of
introducing it here.  We know nothing more of this new method of
eschewing pain than what is contained in the following extracts from two
private letters, kindly written to us by our excellent friends Dr. Ware
and Dr. Warren, of Boston--both men of the highest eminence in their
profession in America--and, we may truly say, in Europe also.  It is
impossible, however, not to regard the discovery as one of the very
highest importance, not in the practice of operative surgery only, but,
also, as Dr. Ware suggests, in practical medicine.  We trust our friends
will forgive us for putting into print their private communications.  The
importance of the subject, and the necessity of authenticating the
statements, are our excuses.  The authors of the discovery are Dr. C. T.
Jackson and Dr. Morton.

Dr. Warren writes, under date of 24 Nov., that "In six cases, I have had
it applied with satisfactory success, and no unpleasant sequel."  And Dr.
Ware (29 Nov.) says: "It was brought into use by a dentist, and is, now,
chiefly employed by that class of practitioners.  He has taken out a
patent for the discovery, and has despatched persons to Europe to secure
one there also; so you will soon hear of it, and, probably, have an
opportunity of witnessing its effects."

Then follows a long list of operations performed in America--wound up
with this postscript: "Dec. 22.  Yesterday, we had, ourselves, this new
mode of cheating pain put in practice by a master of chirurgery, on our
own side of the Atlantic.  In the theatre of University College Hospital,
Mr. Liston amputated the thigh of a man, previously narcotized by the
inhalation of ether vapour.  Shortly after being placed on the operating
table, the patient began to inhale, and became apparently insensible in
the course of two or three minutes.  The operation was then commenced,
and the limb was removed in, what seemed to us, a marvellously short
time--certainly less than a minute; the patient remaining during the
incisions and the tying of the arteries, perfectly still and motionless.
While the vessels were being secured, on being spoken to, he roused up
partially (still showing no signs of pain), and answered questions put to
him, in a slow, drowsy manner.  He declared to us that at no part of the
operation had he felt pain, though he seemed to be partially conscious;
he had heard some words, and felt that something was being done to his
limb.  He was not aware, till told, that the limb was off; and, when he
knew it, expressed great gratification at having been saved from pain.
The man seemed quite awake when removed from the operating room, and
continued so.  Everything has since proceeded as usual, and very
favourably.

"Mr. Liston afterwards performed one of the minor--but most painful
operations of surgery--the partial removal of the nail, in _onychia_, on
a man similarly narcotised, and with precisely the same result.  The
patient seemed to feel no pain; and, upon rousing up, after the
operation, declared that he had felt none."

_Punch_ found another and more domestic use for this anaesthetic.

Patient: "This is really most delightful--a most beautiful dream."

    [Picture: Wonderful effects of Ether in a case of a scolding wife]

Not only was there advance in medicine, but, also, in social
science--people began to think that the condition of the working classes
might be ameliorated by giving them better dwellings.  As yet, little or
nothing had been done, in this way, in London, but a grand opportunity
occurred at Liverpool, in the building of Birkenhead, and an extensive
range of model dwellings were erected, four-storied, with ornate
exterior, the rents varying from 3s. to 5s. per set of rooms, according
to position; but this included a constant supply of water, and the use of
one gas burner in each set of rooms, and all rates and taxes; with,
moreover, two iron bedsteads, a grate with an oven, and convenient
fixtures; and they were found to answer financially.

The Queen's consent was given on 26 Aug. to an "Act to Encourage the
Establishment of Public Baths and Wash-houses" (9-10 Vic., c. 74).  How
it was appreciated by the animals called "Vestrymen" may be seen by the
fact that at a Vestry meeting of the inhabitants of St. Leonard's,
Shoreditch, held 26 Oct., the subject was brought forward, when an
amendment was moved "that it be taken into consideration that day six
months."  For the amendment, 28; against 20!

The dangers of Smithfield Market were becoming too apparent, as we see by
a letter in the _Times_ of 26 Nov.:

                 [Picture: The Bull Fight of Smithfield]

    "Sir,--Your paper of this morning again gives an account of more
    accidents arising in consequence of cattle being driven along our
    crowded streets, and we may expect to hear of numerous, probably some
    fatal, injuries being sustained during the short, and, often, very
    dark days, which are common for some months in the winter.  Everyone,
    whose avocations call him into the city, has to complain of the delay
    arising from the over-crowded state of the leading thoroughfares;
    and, on Smithfield Market days, the obstruction is greatly increased
    by the droves of cattle and sheep which, in a bewildered, and
    frequently infuriated state, are being forced by crowds of men, boys,
    and dogs, along the streets, to the great annoyance, and, often,
    danger, of the passengers.  I do not here dwell on the revolting
    scenes of cruelty to the animals, which everyone has to witness and
    deplore; but, on the ground of danger to human life, and, also,
    because of the seriously increased obstruction to the general
    traffic, which is caused by having the cattle market in the heart of
    the metropolis, I would urge the removal of Smithfield Market to some
    more appropriate place.  When this has been effected--when
    _abattoirs_ have been constructed, where, alone, all the larger
    animals are permitted to be slaughtered, and when cattle are allowed
    to be driven through the streets only at hours before the business of
    the day has commenced--then, and not before, will London be, in
    reference to its cattle market and slaughter houses, what is required
    in the middle of the nineteenth century."

_Punch_ gives us the following lyric on the subject:

                        THE BULL FIGHT OF SMITHFIELD.

    There's trampling feet in Goswell Street, there's row on Holborn
    Hill,
    There's crush and crowd, and swearing loud, from bass to treble
    shrill;
    From grazier cad, and drover lad, and butcher shining greasy,
    And slaughter men, and knacker's men, and policemen free and easy.

    'Tis Monday morn, and onward borne to Smithfield's mart repair
    The pigs and sheep, and, lowing deep, the oxen fine and fair;
    They're trooping on from Islington, and down Whitechapel road,
    To wild halloo of a shouting crew, and yelp, and bite, and goad.

    From combs of distant Devonshire, from sunny Sussex wold,
    From where their Durham pastures the stately short-horns hold;
    From Herefordshire marches, from fenny Cambridge flat,
    For London's maw they gather--those oxen fair and fat.

    The stunted stocks of Cambria's rocks uneasily are lowing,
    With redder blaze of wild amaze their eyes around them throwing;
    And the unkempt stot of Galloway, and the Kyloe of the Mearns,
    Whose hoof, that crush'd the heather tuft, the mild MACADAM spurns.

    They may talk of _plaza mayors_, of _torero's_ nimble feat,
    Of MONTEZ, the famed _matador_ of _picadors_ so fleet;
    But what is Spanish Bull fight to deeds which we can show,
    When through the street, at all they meet, the Smithfield oxen go?

    See there, see there, where, high in air, the nurse and nurseling
    fly!
    Into a first-floor window, see, where that old gent, they shy!
    Now they're bolting into parlours, now they're tumbling into cellars,
    To the great disgust and terror of the peaceable indwellers.

    Who rides so neat down Chiswell Street?  A City Knight, I ween;
    By girth and span an alderman, nor less by port and mien.
    Look out, look out! that sudden shout! the Smithfield herd is nigh!
    Now turn, Sir Knight, and boldly fight, or, more discreetly, fly.

    He hath eased round on his saddle, all fidgetty and fast;
    There's another herd behind him, and the time for flight is past.
    Full in his front glares a rabid runt, thro' tears of pain that blind
    him,
    For the drover's almost twisted off the tail that hangs behind him.

    All lightly armed for such a shock was stout SIR CALIPEE,
    But he couched his new umbrella, and "Police" aloud cried he!
    Crash--smash--slap-dash!  The whalebone snaps, the saddle seat is
    bare,
    And the Knight, in mazy circles, is flying thro' the air!

    The runt tears on, the rout is gone, the street is calm once more,
    And to Bartlemy's they bear him, extended on a door;
    Now, gramercy, good SIR CALIPEE, to the turtle and the haunch,
    That padded out thy civic ribs, and lined thy stately paunch.

    No ribs are broke, but a shattering stroke thy system has sustain'd;
    Any other than an alderman had certainly been brained.
    And, soon as he had breath to swear, the Knight right roundly swore
    That, straight, he'd put down Smithfield, and set up an _abattoir_.

In this year there were sold at Smithfield 226,132 beasts, 1,593,270
sheep and lambs, 26,356 calves, and 33,531 pigs--to deal with which there
were about 160 salesmen.  Things went on very much in the same style as
described in _Punch_ until 1851, when the contracted space of the market,
the slaughtering places adjoining, and many other nuisances, gave grounds
for general dissatisfaction, and after an investigation, an Act (14-15
Vic., c. 61) was passed on 1 Aug. "For providing a Metropolitan Market,
and conveniences therewith, in lieu of the Cattle Market at Smithfield."
A suitable site was found in Copenhagen Fields, Islington; the last
market at Smithfield was held on 11 June, and the first at the new one on
13 June, 1855.

The _Hampshire Guardian_, copied into the _Times_ of 12 Dec., gives us
the story of the first submarine Telegraph: "We are enabled to supply the
following additional particulars respecting the submarine Telegraph laid
down across our harbour.  It is now about three years since the telegraph
from the Nine Elms terminus to the terminus at Gosport was first
established.  Subsequently, from the inconvenience experienced at the
Admiralty Office here, because of the distance to the telegraph station,
the wires were continued from that place to the Royal Clarence Yard.
With this addition, although the inconvenience was lessened, it was far
from being removed, the harbour intervening, leaving a distance of
upwards of a mile, to the Admiral's house, unconnected; and,
notwithstanding the wish of the authorities, both here and in London,
that the telegraph should be carried to the Dockyard, no attempt has,
hitherto, been made to do so, because it has been considered almost
impossible to convey it under water.  An offer, indeed, was made to the
Admiralty, to lay down a telegraph enclosed in metallic pipes, which were
to be fixed under the water by the aid of diving bells.  This scheme,
having been found to be impracticable, has been very prudently abandoned.
Whatever difficulties may have hitherto interfered to prevent the
establishment of submarine telegraphs, appear, now, to have been entirely
overcome, for the time occupied from the commencement of carrying the
telegraph from shore to shore, and transmitting signals, did not occupy a
quarter of an hour.  The telegraph, which has the appearance of an
ordinary rope, was coiled into one of the dockyard boats, one end of it
being made fast on shore, and, as the boat was pulled across, the
telegraphic rope was gradually paid out over the stern, its superior
gravity causing it to sink to the bottom immediately. . . . Independently
of the simplicity of this submarine telegraph, it has an advantage which
even the telegraphs on land do not possess--in the event of an accident,
it can be replaced in ten minutes.  The success of the trial here has, we
understand, determined the inventors to lay down their contemplated line
across the Channel, from England to France, under the sanction of the
respective Governments."

Such was the germ of the multitudinous cables which now span every ocean.




CHAPTER XXIX.


Medals for Army and Navy--Grenville library--Day of fasting--"Binding of
Satan"--Suspension of transportation--New House of Lords--Jenny
Lind--_Bunn v. Lind_--"Jenny Linden"--Death of O'Connell--Story of the
Duke of Buccleugh--Abolition of Eton "Montem."

At this time, at all events, we did not plaster our soldiers with medals
for every trifling deed of duty, and it was not until January of this
year, that a Commission was appointed to decide upon the medals which
were to be presented to the officers and men who served in the Peninsula,
under Wellington and other commanders.  And it was not till the 1st of
June, that an Order was issued from the Horse Guards, that claims might
be sent in by those who were present in battles from 1793 to 1814--or,
rather, the list began with Maida, 1806, and ended with Toulouse, 1814.
The medals for naval service began with the "Glorious First of June,"
1794, and ended with the fight between the Endymion and President on 25
Jan., 1815.  The Medal for Waterloo was granted some long time
afterwards.

In January, the British Museum received the splendid bequest of the
Library of Thomas Grenville, Esqre., who died 17 Dec., 1846.  This
magnificent library of over 20,000 volumes, valued at the very low
estimate of 50,000 pounds, contains two copies of the Mazarin bible, one
on vellum, a first folio of Shakespere, Caxton's "Reynard the Fox," and
countless other literary treasures and rarities.  He had intended to
leave this library to the Duke of Buckingham--but, reflecting that as
most of the books had been paid for with the proceeds of a sinecure
office (Chief Justice in eyre, south of the Trent) of 2,000 pounds a
year, which he had held from 1800 to 1817, when it was abolished, he felt
it only just that they should be given to the nation, who had virtually
paid for them.  With them came, as curator, his valet, Mr. Holden, who
remained with his master's beloved books until three or four years since.

On 9 March a Royal Proclamation was issued for a day of Fasting and
humiliation on account of the famine and distress in Ireland, and it was
duly kept on the day set apart for it, 24 March.

There is a curious paragraph in the _Times_ of 23 March: "BINDING OF
SATAN.--During the past two or three weeks, a number of persons have been
going round the streets, on the Surrey side of the water, wearing belts,
like those worn by the fire brigade, on which passages from the
Scriptures are painted, carrying with them an inkhorn and long sheets of
paper, soliciting signatures to what they pretend to be a petition to
Heaven, for the binding of Satan, the Prince of darkness.  So eager are
those persons to get the paper signed, that men, women, and children are
stopped indiscriminately, and requested to sign.  Those who are too young
to sign, or unable to write their names, have the same done for them by
the men, who do not attempt to disguise the fact of belonging to the
followers of Joanna Southcote.  Upon several occasions, a great deal of
confusion has been created by the parties, for they generally manage to
go about with knots of forty or fifty persons; and, occasionally,
discussions ensue, which are calculated to bring the Scriptures into
perfect ridicule.  One person, more intelligent than the persons who are
hawking the petitions about, inquired who it is that will present the
petition? when the man replied, with the greatest coolness, that as soon
as a sufficient number of names are attached to the petition, it will be
presented to the Throne of Mercy by Joanna Southcote herself.  Surely it
is high time that such exhibitions were put down by the police."

Early in April a circular from the Home Secretary was forwarded to the
magistrates at the various gaols, telling them that, in consequence of
the suspension of transportation of male convicts to Van Diemen's Land,
it would be requisite for them to make immediate provision for the
confinement and employment, in this country, of a great number of such
offenders.

On the 14th of April the Queen paid a visit of inspection to the New
House of Lords, and, on the next day, the Peers took possession of it,
and transacted business there for the first time.

Talk of Gossip, was there ever such food for it as the arrival of Jenny
Lind--it was a furore, a madness.  She arrived in London late on the
afternoon of Ap. 17, and was present in the evening at the performance at
Her Majesty's Theatre.  On May 4 she made her first appearance on the
Stage in England--in this Theatre--where she played in "Robert le
Diable," and, from that moment, until the end of the season, nothing else
was thought of--nothing else talked of--but Jenny Lind, and it was no
short-lived fit of enthusiasm, for she was _the_ favourite of the public
until her retirement; her beautiful voice and simplicity of manner
charming everyone, from Royalty downwards.  Unfortunately her debut was
somewhat marred by a pecuniary squabble between her and Bunn, the
operatic poet, a rival _impresario_, Lumley, having secured her services.
Here is Punch's version of the squabble:

                                "JENNY-LINDEN.

    A DREADFUL ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN THE SWEDISH NIGHTINGALE AND THE POET
    BUNN.

    On LIND, when Drury's sun was low,
    And bootless was the wild-beast show,
    The lessee counted for a flow
          Of rhino to the treasury.

    But JENNY LIND, whose waken'd sight
    Saw Drury in a proper light,
    Refused, for any sum per night,
          To sing at the Menagerie.

    With rage and ire in vain display'd,
    Each super drew his wooden blade,
    In fury half, and half afraid
          For his prospective salary.

    BUNN in a flaming frenzy flew,
    And speedily the goose quill drew,
    With which he was accustomed to
          Pen such a deal of poetry.

    He wrote the maiden to remind
    Her of a compact she had signed,
    To Drury Lane's condition blind,
          And threatened law accordingly.

    Fair as in face, in nature, she
    Implored the man to set her free,
    Assuring him that he should be
          Remunerated handsomely.

    Two thousand pounds she offered, so
    That he would only let her go;
    BUNN, who would have his bond, said NO!
          With dogged pertinacity.

    And, now, his action let him bring, {310}
    And try how much the law will wring
    From her to do the handsome thing,
          Who had proposed so readily!

    The Swedish Nightingale to cage,
    He failed; she sought a fitting stage,
    And left him to digest his rage,
          And seek his legal remedy.

    Then shook the House, with plaudits riven,
    When JENNY'S opening note was given,
    The sweetest songstress under heaven
          Forth bursting into melody.

    But fainter the applause shall grow,
    At waning Drury's wild-beast show,
    And feebler still shall be the flow
          Of rhino to the treasury.

    The Opera triumphs!  LUMLEY brave,
    Thy bacon thou shalt more than save;
    Wave, London, all thy 'kerchiefs wave,
          And cheer with all thy chivalry.

    'Tis night; and still yon star doth run;
    But all in vain for treasurer DUNN,
    And Mr. HUGHES, and poet BUNN,
          And quadrupeds, and company.

    For Sweden's Nightingale so sweet,
    Their fellowship had been unmeet,
    The sawdust underneath whose feet
          Hath been the Drama's sepulchre."

Died on 15th May, at Genoa, on his route to Rome, aged 72, Daniel
O'Connell, the erst "uncrowned King of Ireland," who, during his
lifetime, had been a thorn (and a very troublesome one) in the side of
every English government.  His heart was forwarded to Rome, but his body
was embalmed, and, in due time, was sent to Ireland for interment.

The _Liverpool Albion_, quoted in the _Times_ of 14 May, is responsible
for the following story: "Some time ago, the Duke of Buccleugh, in one of
his walks, purchased a cow from a person in the neighbourhood of
Dalkeith, and left orders to send it to his palace on the following
morning.  According to agreement, the cow was sent, and the Duke, who
happened to be _en deshabille_, and walking in the avenue, espied a
little fellow ineffectually attempting to drive the animal to its
destination.  The boy, not knowing the Duke, bawled out to him: 'Hi! mun,
come here an' gi'us a han' wi' this beast.'  The Duke saw the mistake,
and determined to have a joke with the little fellow.  Pretending,
therefore, not to understand him, the Duke walked on slowly, the boy
still craving his assistance.  At last, he cried in a tone of apparent
distress: 'Come here, mun, an' help us, an' as sure as onything, I'll
give ye half I get.'  This last solicitation had the desired effect.  The
Duke went and lent a helping hand.  'And now,' said the Duke, as they
trudged along, 'how much do you think you will get for this job?'  'Oh,
dinna ken,' said the boy, 'but I am sure o' something, for the folk up at
the house are good to a' bodies.'  As they approached the house, the Duke
darted from the boy, and entered by a different way.  He called a
servant, and put a sovereign into his hand, saying, 'Give that to the boy
that has brought the cow.'  The Duke returned to the avenue, and was soon
rejoined by the boy.  'Well, how much did you get?' said the Duke.  'A
shilling,' said the boy, 'an' there's the half o't to ye.'  'But, surely,
you got more than a shilling,' said the Duke.  'No,' said the boy, with
the utmost earnestness, 'as sure's death, that's a' I got--an' d'ye not
think it's a plenty?'  'I do not,' said the Duke; 'there must be some
mistake; and, as I am acquainted with the Duke, if you return, I think
I'll get you more.'  The boy consented; back they went.  The Duke rang
the bell, and ordered all the servants to be assembled.  'Now,' said the
Duke to the boy, 'point out the person who gave you the shilling.'  'It
was that chap, there, with the apron,' pointing to the butler.  The
delinquent confessed, fell on his knees, and attempted an apology; but
the Duke interrupted him, indignantly ordered him to give the boy the
sovereign, and quit his service instantly.  'You have lost,' said the
Duke, 'your money, your situation, and your character, by your
covetousness; learn, henceforth, that honesty is the best policy.'  The
boy, by this time, recognised his assistant, in the person of the Duke,
and the Duke was so delighted with the sterling worth and honesty of the
boy, that he ordered him to be sent to school, kept there, and provided
for at his own expense."

Eton "Montem" was abolished this year.  It was a triennial custom, and
had for its purpose the presentation of a sum of money to the Captain of
the school on his departure to the University.  Every third year, on
Whitsun Tuesday, some of the Eton boys, clad in fancy costume (as is here
given from the Montem of 1844), went to Salt Hill, and the neighbourhood
generally, and levied contributions, or "Salt," from all passers-by.  The
custom led to grave abuses, and the Provost and Head Master determined
that it should end, but, that the boy who benefited by it should not be a
loser, the latter, Dr. Hawtrey, gave him 200 pounds out of his own
pocket.  The following is an account of the death and burial of Eton
"Montem":

    "Tuesday, 25 May.--This being the day on which the triennial festival
    of 'Montem' would have been celebrated at Eton and Salt Hill, had it
    not been abolished by the Provost and the authorities of Eton,
    considerable excitement prevailed in the vicinity of the College from
    an early hour this morning, in consequence (from rumours which had
    been in circulation for some time past) of its being apprehended that
    some 'demonstration' would be made by the boys, assisted by several
    old Etonians from Oxford and Cambridge (who are strongly opposed to
    the abolition of the ceremony), which might lead to a breach of the
    peace.  With the exception of about a thousand small squares of glass
    being demolished in the vicinity of the lower school, and similar
    breakages, but to a much smaller extent, at the houses of parties who
    were supposed to be in favour of the determination which had been
    come to by the Provost, we have heard of no demonstration of a
    riotous character on the part of the boys.  This being a 'whole
    holiday,' several of the head boys had permission to proceed in
    boats, up the Thames, for the day, as far as Cliefden.  Between 100
    and 200 have, also, left for the Whitsun holidays; thus thinning the
    number remaining at College to a considerable extent.

                 [Picture: Dresses, Eton "Montem."  1844]

    "As soon as 'absence' had been called by the head master, the Rev.
    Dr. Hawtrey, shortly after 12 o'clock, the boys, numbering between
    200 and 300, formed in procession in the playing fields, and marched
    across the fields, preceded by a black flag, to the celebrated mount
    at Salt Hill.  They were joined by a great many of the old Etonians
    from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, who arrived at Eton
    this morning.  Each wore, on his left arm, a band and rosette of
    black crape, and many had white hatbands and scarves.  As they were
    seen wending their way towards Salt Hill, they had all the appearance
    of mourners (merry though they might be) in a funeral procession.
    Upon their arrival at the Mount, the black flag was waved in solemn
    silence, and, afterwards, placed on the summit, drooping on the
    ground, typical of the lost glories of Montem.  The large party then
    proceeded to Botham's, at the Windmill Hotel, whence, after partaking
    of a luncheon, they again returned to the Mount, and, with the flag,
    retraced their steps back to College.

    "A match at cricket was played during the day, between the Oxonians
    and the present Etonians, in the shooting fields attached to the
    College.  A splendid cold collation was provided, in the evening, for
    the players, by Mr. Clarke, of the Christopher Inn.  The waiters who
    attended upon the guests were compelled to wear black crape around
    their arms, 'in keeping,' as it was observed, 'with the solemnity of
    the occasion.'  Such were the fears entertained by some of the
    College authorities that a disturbance might take place in the course
    of the day, that a strong body of the Metropolitan A division of
    police was stationed at Slough, in plain clothes (as we are
    informed), to be in readiness to assist the local authorities, in the
    event of their services being required, it being expected that a mob,
    composed of the idle and lazy of the two towns, might, in the course
    of the evening, show some disposition to create a disturbance.  The
    abolition of Montem is not only considered to be a most unpopular
    proceeding on the part of the old and present Etonians; but, also, by
    the tradesmen of Eton and Windsor, amongst the former of whom a large
    sum of money was triennially circulated, both before and during the
    festival."

_Punch_ has a lament on it, of which I reproduce three verses:

    "Say, Hill of Salt, for thou hast seen
       Full many a noble race
    Do what might be considered mean
       In any other case--
    With cap in hand, and courtly leg,
    Waylay the traveller, and beg;
       Say, was it not a pleasing sight
    Those young Etonians to behold,
    For eleemosynary gold,
       Arrest the passing wight.

    Whilst some, of more excursive bent,
       Their vagrant arts to ply,
    To all the various places went,
       That in the neighbourhood lie;
    To Datchet, Slough, or Horton they,
    Or e'en to Colnbrook, took their way,
       Or ancient Windsor's regal town;
    Stopp'd every body they could meet,
    Knocked at each house, in every street,
       In hopes of half a crown.

    Gay clothes were theirs, by fancy made;
       Some were as Romans drest,
    Some in the Grecian garb array'd,
       Some bore the knightly crest;
    Theirs was attire of every hue,
    Of every fashion, old, or new,
       Various as Nathan's ample store.
    Angelic beings!  Ladies! say
    Will ye let these things pass away?
       Must Montem be no more?"

From this, to the Accession of the Queen, there is no more Gossip to
chronicle.

            [Picture: Decorative picture of person with crown]




Footnotes:


{10}  Then a very active M.P.; afterwards Judge in the Admiralty and
Probate Courts, Dean of Arches, &c.

{23}  It is said that this was the last chime rung.

{27}  Still in use on the Royal Exchange.

{81a}  It is needless to say that the Queen's Speech to Parliament on 5th
Feb. was absolutely silent on the matter; indeed, the Queen did not
inform her Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, of her choice until October of
this year.

{81b}  Poems by the Lady Flora Hastings, edited by her sister.
Edinburgh, 1841, 8vo.

{84}  The Queen's most intimate companion from her childhood.

{119a}  This was preliminary, and was entitled "An Act for Exhibiting a
Bill in this present Parliament for naturalising His Serene Highness
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha."

{119b}  That of intermarriage with Protestants only.

{128}  A private box, on the level of the stage, with which it
communicated.

{132}  Three Chartist leaders, who were condemned to death on 16 Jan.,
1840, but were never executed, and subsequently pardoned.

{151}  Handcuffs.

{156}  The nautical way of writing "Oh, come to me."

                                                        _Printer's Devil_.

{159}  He put up for election at the Senior United Service Club, was
balloted for on 6 June, 1840, when out of 194 balls, 166 were black.

{163}  An action was brought against them at Reading, and on 24 Feb.,
1843, the jury found for the plaintiff against all the defendants, and
gave 1_s._ damages for the assault, and 55 pounds for the injury done to
the house and furniture.

{169a}  It was held copyhold of the Queen, as Lord of the Manor.

{169b}  Mr. Simpson had been a famous Master of the Ceremonies.

{170a}  Ring Master at Astley's.

{170b}  George Robins, a famous auctioneer.

{171}  A famous Rope dancer.

{194}  A well known nick-name for Lord Palmerston.

{279}  From Moorgate Street 83 prospectuses, demanding 90,175,000 pounds,
were sent out.  Gresham Street issued 20, requiring 17,580,000 pounds.

{310}  The case of _Bunn v. Lind_ came on, in the Court of Queen's Bench,
on 22 Feb., 1848.  Damages laid at 10,000 pounds.  The jury found a
verdict for the plaintiff, and the case was ultimately settled by a
payment of 2,000 pounds.




***