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                         ENGLISH-BISAYA GRAMMAR

                        In Twenty Eight Lessons.



                       Abridged from the Grammars
                            Of the Recoleto
                  Fathers, Guillen, Nicolas and Zueco

     And translated into English for the use of the American people

                                   By

                        R. P. Fr. Pedro Jimenez
                               Recoleto.



                               Cebu--1904
                         Imprenta de "El Pais"







                   NOS DON SEVERINO PICZON Y QUINTO,

                 PRESBITERO PROVISOR VICARIO GENERAL Y
                      GOBERNADOR ECLESIASTICO DEL
                         OBISPADO DE CEBU S.V.

Por el tenor de las presentes y por lo que a nos toca, damos licencia
para que pueda imprimirse y publicarse la Gramatica Anglo-Visaya
escrita por el R.P.Fr. Pedro Gimenez, Recoleto, atento a que segun
lo manifestado por el M.R. Vicario Provincial de la orden, ha sido
censurada por dos Religiosos de la misma, que la han juzgado digna de
que se de a la estampa, no conteniendo cosa alguna contraria a la fe
y buenas costumbres, y mandamos que se inserte este nuestro permiso
al principio de cada ejemplar.

Dadas en Cebu, firmadas de nuestra mano, selladas con el de nuestro
oficio y refrendadas por el infrascrito Secretario de Gobierno a
treinta de Enero de mil novecientos cuatro.


SEVERINO PICZON.


(Hay un sello)    (Hay una rubrica)


Por mandado de SS. el Sr. Gobernador Eclesiastico.


JUAN P. GORORDO
(Hay una rubrica.)







PREFACE


In presenting this English-Bisaya Grammar I do not pretend to
be considered an author, my only aspiration is to be useful to my
American brethren in the priesthood, in order that they in turn, may
be so to the Bisaya people. The priest for the Bisaya people must
be one who will devote all his attention to them, live among them,
study their ways, their character, their tendencies, and therefore,
the study of their dialect is absolutely necessary to him, since
they, for the most part, do not know how to speak either Spanish or
English. In preparing this compilation I have used every effort to do
it as well as possible, but I am only a pupil in both the English and
Bisaya languages, and I believe, the work is not as perfect as would
be desired, but I indulge a hope that the kindness of my readers will
excuse my faults.







BISAYA ALPHABET.


The letters made use of in the Bisaya alphabet, are twenty in number
as follows:


               A.    Ah.           N.    Ai-nay.
               B.    Bay.          Ng.   Ai-ngay.
               C.    Thay.         N     Ai-nyay.
               D.    Day.          O.    Oh.
               E.    A or ay.      P.    Pay.
               G.    Hay.          Q.    Coo.
               H.    Atchay.       S.    Es say.
               I.    EE.           T.    Tay.
               L.    Ai-lay.       U.    OO.
               M.    Ai-may.       Y.    EE (griega).


The vowels are A, E, I, O, U, and Y at the end of a word. The vowels
are never silent, except U in the syllables que, qui, the sound of
which corresponds to that heard in the English words Kedge, Keep, Key.


A      sounds always like A in alam.
B      sounds like B in back
C      before a, o, u, sounds like K in English, as--caadlaoon--The
       dawn of the day--Coco--Nail of the fingers.
D      at the beginning of a word or in the middle, if preceded by a
       consonant, is pronounced like in English. At the end of a word
       or between two vowels has a sound between D and R, which may be
       obtained by placing the tip of the tongue against the higher
       teeth turning the thick part towards the roof of the mouth.
G      has always a very smooth sound like in English before a, o, u,
       as--ginicanan, forefathers--gintoon-an, scholar.
H      has a slight aspirated sound like a very faintly aspirated h in
       English in the words horse, hog--as--hocom, judge--habagat, a
       strong wind--hilanat, fever.
E, I   these vowels although sound like in English, nevertheless,
       natives confound them very often: the same shall be said of the
       vowels O and U; and this is the reason why the P. John Felix's
       Dictionary employs but I and O, instead E, I--O, U.
L      sounds like in English, as--lamdag, brightness--libac,
       backbiting.
M      sounds like in English: as--mata, eye--moto-top.
N      sounds like in English; as--nipis, fine, thin.
Ng     this letter has no equivalent in English, and it must be heard
       from the natives.
N      this letter has a strong nasal sound resembling that of n in the
       English word "poniard" out of Bohol province, where it is
       pronounced as in the English word--manger and written ny: as,
       caninyo, bonyag, instead of canino, bonag.
O      sounds like in English; as--olan, rain--uhao, thirst.
P      sounds as in English:--pito, seven--pono, fill.
Q      is always followed by u, and pronounced like K; as, quinabuhi,
       life, quilay, eyebrow, quilquil, scratching.
S      has always a harsh, hissing sound like ss in English. There is
       not a word in Bisaya beginning with s followed by a consonant.
T      sounds as in English, as--tabang, help, tiao, joke.
U      sounds like in English in the words "proof, goose" but it is
       frequently confounded with O. (See I and E on the preceding
       page).
Y      sounds like ee in English at the end of a word; but before a
       vowel, or between two vowels, sounds like in the English words
       "joke, jolt" as--yabo, pour.--This letter when after a noun or
       pronoun, if the same noun or pronoun, is employed instead of the
       particle ang, being as it does, an article of appellative nouns.
       Examples: I did that--aco ang nagbuhat niana, or, acoy nagbuhat
       niana--What is the reason of that.--?Onsa ba ang hingtungdan
       niana? or ?Onsay hingtungdan niana?







FIRST LESSON.

OF THE ARTICLE.


1.a The article in the Bisaya dialect is divided into determinate
and indeterminate and of the proper names.

2.a The determinate article is ang for singular, and ang mga or sa
mga according to the cases for plural.

3.a The indeterminate article is usa, one for the singular; and uban,
pila or mapila, some for the plural.

4.a The article of the proper names is si for both masculine and
feminine.


Declension of the Articles.


DEFINITE ARTICLE.

SINGULAR.


                  N.     The        dog.   Ang   iro.
                  G.     Of the     dog.   Sa    iro.
                  D.     To the     dog.   Sa    iro.
                  Ac.    The        dog.   Sa    iro.
                  Vc.    Oh         dog.   Sa    iro.
                  Abl.   With the   dog.   Sa    iro.


PLURAL.


                N.     The        dogs.   Ang mga   iro.
                G.     Of the     dogs.   Sa mga    iro.
                D.     To the     dogs.   Sa mga    iro.
                Ac.    The        dogs.   Sa mga    iro.
                Vc.    Oh         dogs.   Sa mga    iro.
                Abl.   With the   dogs.   Sa mga    iro.



INDEFINITE ARTICLE.

SINGULAR


                  A letter.         Usa ca sulat.
                  A dog.            Usa ca iro.
                  One and another   Ang usa ug ang usa


PLURAL.

Some wish, while others do not--ang uban bu-ut, ang uban dili--Some
of the trees, which are there--Pipila sa mga cahuy diha.



The Article of the Proper Names


SINGULAR.


                   N.            Peter.   Si Pedro.
                   G.     Of     Peter.   Ni Pedro.
                   D.     To     Peter.   Can Pedro.
                   Ac.           Peter.   Can Pedro.
                   Vc.           Peter.   Oy Pedro.
                   Abl.   With   Peter.   Can Pedro.


Remark l.a The article of the proper names is used also to point out
a person and his companions, as:


           N.   Joseph and his friends.         Sila si Jose.
           G.   Of Joseph and of his friends.   ila ni Jose.


2.a This article serves also to express kindness or love: as.--My
Mother, Si nanay.--My father, Si tatay.--The female child, Si
inday--The parish Priest, Si amoy--My eldest sister, Si manang.

3.a The English compounded words, wooden, golden etc. change the
affix en into nga, as:--The wooden cross, Ang cruz nga cahoy--The
golden ring, Ang singsing nga bulauan.

4.a When we point out the destination of a thing, it is employed the
article sa--Thus: The water vat, Ang tadyao sa tubig.--The bottle of
wine, Ang botella sa vino.

5.a When it refers to the property of any one, it is as
follows.--John's hat, Ang calo ni Juan.

6.a The article sa is employed, when the thing it refers to is
determinate, but when it is indeterminate, the article ug must be used,
as: Bring the money, Magdala ca sa sapi. Give me money, Taga-an mo
aco ug salapi.


PLURAL.

1.a The plural is formed in Bisaya by placing mga after the article
ang or sa.

Declension.


                  N.     The cats        Ang mga iring
                  G.     Of the cats     Sa mga iring
                  D.     To the cats     Sa mga iring
                  Ac.    The cats        Sa mga iring
                  Vc.    Oh cats         Mga iring
                  Abl.   With the cats   Sa mga iring


2.a When the possessive case is placed before the name, it must
be placed between ang and mga, thus--My friends, ang acong mga
higala--Your shoes, ang imong mga sapin.

3.a Rem. The Bisaya article like the English, does not distinguish
the gender, but there are two ways of distinguishing the masculine and
feminine in this dialect: 1. By using different words: Ex, ang bana,
the husband; ang asaua, the wife; ang amahan, the father: ang inahan,
the mother. 2. By the suffixes lalaqui and babaye; Ex. ang iro nga
lalaqui, the dog, ang iro nga babaye, she dog; ang bata nga lalaqui,
the boy; ang bata nga babaye, the girl.



Examples of the article.

Joseph's soul, ang calag ni Jose--John's ground. ang yuta ni Juan,
or ang can Juan nga yuta--Who is at Peter's house, ang sa can Pedro
nga balay, or ang sa balay ni Pedro--Bring the rice: Magdala ca
ug bugas--My mother and sister are at John's cottage, Si nanay ug
si inday tua sa camalig ni Juan--My brothers are rich, Ang acong
mga igso-on salapia-non man--Are you Peter's father?, Icao ba ang
amahan ni Pedro?--I am, Aco man--Who is the owner? ?Quinsa ba ang
tagia?--Where is your son?, Hain ba ang imong anac?--He is at the
cockfight, Tua sia sa bulangan--Has he much money?, Daghan ba ang iang
salapi?--He has but a few coins, Pipila lamang ca daco--Let us go. Tala
na quita--Good by. Ari na came--That man is a drunkard. Palahubog
man canang tao--He is a drinker, but not a drunkard. Palainom man
sia, apan dili palahubog--Where is my father?, ?Hain ba ang acong
amahan?--Here he is; Ania dinhi--Who are those men?, ?Quinsa ba canang
mga tao?--They are my friends. Mao ang acong mga higala.




Exercise I.

Have you the bread?--Yes, sir, I have the bread: Have you your
bread?--I have my bread.--Have you the salt?--I have the salt--Have you
my salt?--I have your salt.--Have you the soap?--I have the soap--Which
(onsa nga) soap have you?--I have your soap--Which shirt have you?--I
have my shirt, (ang acong sinina)?--Have you much money?--I have much
money--Where is your sister?--She is at the garden (tanaman sa mga
bulac)--Where is your father?--He is here.







SECOND LESSON.

OF THE NOUNS.


Supposing the pupil knows the classification of the nouns into
proper, common or appellative &., we shall occupy ourselves with
their formation, being as it is, so much diverse and usual.

A great number of nouns and verbs are compounded in Bisaya by means
of roots and particles.

The root is the word which contains in itself the signification of
the thing, but can not express it without any other word, which we
call a particle, to which the root must be united.

1.a With the particle ca at the beginning of the root, and an
after, are formed collective nouns, and nouns of place, as:--Grove,
cacahoyan--Banana plantation, casagingan.

2.a With the particle ca before, are formed the nouns of quality,
as:--Whiteness,--Ang caputi.

3.a By placing the particle pagca before the roots, are formed the
abstract nouns, and those pointing out the essence of the things, as:


                      Sweetness.   Ang catam-is.
                      Mercy.       Ang calo-oy.
                      Kindness.    Ang caayo.
                      Divinity.    Ang pagca Dios.
                      Humanity.    Ang pagca taoo.
                      Hardness.    Ang pagca guhi.


4.a With the particle isigca before the root, are formed correlative
nouns, placing the possessive pronoun in genitive case, as:


                     My like.   Ang isigcataoo co.


5.a With the particles mag and man are formed substantive and adjective
nouns, duplicating the first syllable of the roots, thus:


                    The writer.      Ang magsusulat.
                    The tailor.      Ang magtatahi.
                    The maker.       Ang magbubuhat.
                    The surgeon.     Ang mananambal.
                    The almsgiver.   Ang manlilimos.


6. With the particle pala before, are formed several substantives, as:


                      The drunk.    Ang palahubog.
                      The tippler   Ang palainom.
                      The writer.   Ang palasulat.


7.a With tag before the root, are formed nouns expressing the owner
of a thing, as:


             The owner of the house.     Ang tagbalay.
             The master of the vessel.   Ang tagsacayan.
             The owner of the world.     Ang tagcalibutan.


8.a Putting this same particle before the words signifying the seasons
of the year or the atmospherical changes, points out the time of these
changes: and placing it before words signifying the farming-works,
it shows the time of those operations. In some provinces are used
also in this same sense, the particles tig and tin, thus:


              Rain time.      tagolan.
              Warm time.      tiginit.
              Harvest time.   tagani--tinani, or tig-ani.


9.a The particle taga before the nouns of countries or nations,
serves to ask some one about his town, as:


            Where are you from?   Taga di-in ca ba?
            I am from Spain.      Taga Espana man aco.
            Of which town?        Taga di-in ca nga longsod?
            From Cornago.         Taga Cornago.


10.a Taga signifies also until, and points out the end of the action,
as:


                   To the knee.           Taga tohod.
                   To the neck.           Taga liug.
                   As far as the floor.   Taga salug.


11.a By means of the articles pag and pagca are formed the verbal
substantives. Ex:


          Making or to make.                 Ang pagbuhat.
          Walking or to walk.                Ang paglacao.
          Reading or to read.                Ang pagbasa.
          Resuscitating or to resuscitate.   Ang pagcabanhao.
          Dying or to die.                   Ang pagcamatay.


12.a Placing the particle tagi before the root it points out permanency
on a place, as:


                 Inhabitant of a place.   Tagilongsod.
                 Countryman.              Tagibanua.



Declension of the common nouns.

SINGULAR.

                    N.   The cotton.      ang gapas.
                    G.   Of the cotton.   sa gapas.
                    D.   To the cotton.   sa gapas.


PLURAL

                 N.   The cottons.      ang mga gapas.
                 G.   Of the cottons.   sa mga gapas.
                 D.   To the cottons.   sa mga gapas.



Practical examples

Don't approach the intoxicated      Ayao icao dumo-ol sa palahubog.
man.
Hardness is the molave merit.       Ang caayo sa tugas ana-a sa cagahi
                                    nia.
Love your neighbour, for that is    Mahagugma ca sa imong isigcataoo,
a commandment of God.               cay gisugo sa Dios.
Don't sow nor plant in warm time.   Sa tigadlao ayo pagtanom ug
                                    pagpugas.
God is the Maker of all things.     Ang Dios mao ang Magbubuhat sa
                                    ngatanan.
The river water reaches as far as   Ang tubig sa suba miabut tagahaoac.
the waist.
Who has my book?                    ?Hain ba ang acong libro?
Where is my book?                   ?Hain ba ang libro co?
I have it.                          Ania man canaco.
Where is the horse?                 ?Hain ba ang cabayo?
I do not know.                      Ambut lamang.
How does that concern you?          ?Onsay imo diha?
Every oneself.                      Iyahay lang quita.
So must it be.                      Mao man cana unta.




Exercise II.

Good morning, how are you?--Very well, I thank you--Where are you
from?--I am from Spain--Of which town?--From Conago--Who (quinsa) has
my book?--I have it--Who is that young Lady?--She is Miss Kate--Where
is my trunk (caban)?--The servant has it--Have you my fine glasses?--I
have them--Have you the fine horses of my neighbours?--I have not
them--Who are you?--I am John--Are you Peter's father?--I am.







THIRD LESSON.

OF THE CARDINAL NUMBERS.


The father Encina divides the numbers into primitives, ordinals,
distributives and vicenales.

The primitive numerals are those which serve to count, and are the
followings:


             1   One.                    Usa.
             2   Two.                    Duha.
             3   Three.                  Tolo.
             4   Four.                   Upat.
             5   Five.                   Lima.
             6   Six.                    Unum.
             7   Seven.                  Pito.
             8   Eight.                  Ualo.
             9   Nine.                   Siam.
            10   Ten.                    Napolo.
            11   Eleven.                 Napolo ug usa.
            12   Twelve.                 Napolo ug duha.
            13   Thirteen.               Napolo ug tolo.
            14   Fourteen.               Napolo ug upat.
            15   Fifteen.                Napolo ug lima.
            16   Sixteen.                Napolo ug unum.
            17   Seventeen.              Napolo ug pito.
            18   Eighteen.               Napolo ug ualo.
            19   Nineteen.               Napolo ug siam.
            20   Twenty.                 Caluha-an.
            30   Thirty.                 Catlo-an.
            40   Forty.                  Capat-an.
            50   Fifty.                  Calim-an.
            60   Sixty.                  Canum-an.
            70   Seventy.                Capito-an.
            80   Eighty.                 Caualo-an.
            90   Ninety.                 Casiam-an.
           100   One hundred.            Usa ca gatus.
           101   One hundred and one     Usa ca gatus ug usa.
           200   Two hundred.            Duha ca gatus.
           300   Three hundred.          Tolo ca gatus.
          1000   One thousand.           Usa ca libo.
          1001   One thousand and one.   Usa ca libo ug usa.
          2000   Two thousand.           Duha ca libo.


   Ten children.                  Napolo ca bata.
   Twenty horses.                 Caluha-an ca cabayo.
   Two hundred and twenty guns.   Duha ca gatus caluha an ug duha ca
                                  fusil.
   Five hundred and ninety one    Lima ca gatus casiam-an ug usa ca
   soldiers.                      soldalo.
   One thousand men.              Usa ca libo ca taoo.



Remarks:

1.a The English forms "a hundred, a thousand", are rendered into
Bisaya by usa ca gatus, usa ca libo. Expressions like "eighteen
hundred" must be translated as:--one thousand eight hundred, ex:
The year 1898.--Usa ca libo ualo ca gatus casiaman ug usa.

2.a The unity begins by a consonant duplicates, the first syllable,
when points out any quantity. The denaries are formed by putting before
unity the particle ca and an after, as we have seen. Ca serves also
to join the numbers to the nouns, thus: Usa cataoo.--Napolo ca pisos,
upat ca adlao.



Ordinal Numbers.


                    1st.     Ang nahaona.
                    2d.      Ang icaduha.
                    3d.      Ang icatolo-tlo.
                    4th.     Ang icaupat-pat.
                    5th.     Ang icalima.
                    6th.     Ang icaunum.
                    7th.     Ang icapito.
                    8th.     Ang icaualo.
                    9th.     Ang icasiam.
                    10th.    Ang icapolo.
                    11th.    Ang icapolo ug usa.
                    12th.    Ang icapolo ug duha.
                    13th.    Ang icapolo ug tolo.
                    14th.    Ang icapolo ug upat
                    15th.    Ang icapolo ug lima.
                    20th.    Ang icacaluhaan.
                    21th.    Ang icacaluhaan ug usa.
                    30th.    Ang icacatloan.
                    40th.    Ang icacaupatan
                    50th.    Ang icacalim-an
                    100th.   Ang icausa ca gatus.


The month.--Ang bulan.
The day.--Ang adlao.
The week.--Ang semana.


What is the date to day.--?Icapila quita caron?--To-day is the sixth
of March of the year 1901.--Sa icaunum ca adlao sa bulan sa Marzo sa
usa ca libo siam ca gatus ng usa ca tuig.



Days of the week


                        Monday.      Lunes.
                        Tuesday.     Martes.
                        Wednesday.   Miercoles.
                        Thursday.    Jueves.
                        Friday.      Viernes.
                        Saturday.    Sabado.
                        Sunday.      Domingo.



Months of the year.

(The months and the days of the week are taken from the Spanish
language).


                        January.     Enero.
                        February.    Febrero.
                        March.       Marzo.
                        April.       Abril.
                        May.         Mayo.
                        June.        Junio.
                        July.        Julio.
                        August.      Agosto.
                        September.   Setiembre.
                        October.     Octubre.
                        November.    Noviembre.
                        December.    Diciembre.


           A century.               Usa ca siglo.
           A year.                  Usa ca tuig.
           A month.                 Usa ca bulan.
           A week.                  Usa ca semana.
           A day.                   Usa ca adlao.
           An hour.                 Usa ca horas.
           A minute.                Usa ca minuto.
           To day.                  Caron adlao.
           Yesterday.               Cahapon.
           To-morrow.               Ugma.
           Next year.               Tuig nga muabut.
           Last year.               Tuig nga miagui.
           Day before yesterday.    Cahapon sa usa ca adlao.
           Day after to-morrow.     Ugma damlag.
           Three days ago.          Canianhi.
           Last week.               Semana nga miagui.
           At half past one.        Sa a la una y media.
           At a quarter past one.   Sa a la una y cuarto.
           At a quarter to one.     Cuarto sa la una.




Partitive Numbers

The partitive numbers are formed by adding to the cardinals--ca
bahin--thus:


                      One part.     Usa ca bahin.
                      The half.     Ang ca tunga.
                      One third.    Ang ica tlo.
                      One fourth.   Ang ica upat.


Ex:


The half of the heirdom belongs to   Ang catunga sa cabilin nahatungud
me.                                  canaco.
Divide among them the half of the    Bahinan mo sila sa catunga sa
cocoa-nut.                           lubi.



Distributive numbers

The distributive numbers are formed by putting tag or tinag before
the cardinal numbers, thus:


   One after one.                     Tagsa or tinagsa.
   Two after two.                     Tagurha or tinagurha.
   Twenty after twenty.               Tagcaluhaan.
   Put the children in a row one by   Ipalumbay mo ang mga bata sa
   one.                               tinagsa.
   What wages did you pay them?       ?Sa tagpila guisoholan mo sila?
   Seven shillings to each one.       Sa tagpito ca sicapat.
   Each man shall be judged by God.   Ang tagsa ca taoo pagahocman sa
                                      Dios.



Vicenal Numbers

The vicenal or proportional numbers, so called for explaining the
proportion between two unities, one of which is contained in the other,
are formed in Bisaya by putting the particle naca or maca before the
cardinal numbers. Naca for past tense, and maca for the future: Thus:


Once.                              Naca or macausa.
Twice.                             Naca or macaduha.

Three times.                       Naca or macatolo.
Four times.                        Naca or macaupat.
One hundred times.                 Naca or maca usa ca gatus.
How many times have you read the   Sa nacapila ba icao nagbasa sa
letter?                            sulat?
Many times.                        Sa nacadaghan.
How many times have you weeped?    Sa nacapila ba icao naghilac?
Five times.                        Sa nacalima.
How many times have you visited    Sa nacapila ba icao nagduao sa
church?                            Singbahan?
Seven times                        Sa nacapito.
Are there some fish in the         Duna bay isda sa Longsod?
village?
There are a good plenty of fish.   Duna man ug daghan isda.
How old are you?                   Pila ca tuig ang edad mo?
I am twenty seven years old.       Caluhaan ug pito ca tuig ang acong
                                   edad.
You are a young man yet.           Bata pa icao.
How much is your daily wage?       Tagpila ang imong sohol sa usa ca
                                   adlao?
Two dimes.                         Duha ca sevillana (peseta)
What have you at home?             Onsa ba ang ana-a sa ino?
We have rice and fish.             Ania sa amo bugas ug isda.
Where is your shirt?               Hain ba ang sinina mo?




Exercise III.

Where is my book!--Under the chair--Where is my hat?--It is on the
table--Is it on the table?--No; it is upon the bed--Did you read the
book?--I did not--How many books have you written?--I have written
one--How many times have you read the letter?--Many times--How many
times have you weeped?--Five times--How much is your daily wage?--Two
dimes--How old are you?--I am twenty seven years old--How old is
she?--She is not yet twenty years old--Have you burnt yourself?--Each
man has his taste--Have you a mind to sleep?--No: I have a mind to
speak--Do you fear this man?--I don't fear him--At what o'clock do
you go to bed?--I go to bed at sunset, and I get up at sunrise.







FOURTH LESSON

OF THE PRONOUNS.


The Bisaya pronouns are divided into personal, demonstrative,
possessive and relative. The personal pronouns are:


              SINGULAR.                PLURAL.

              I.           Aco         We.     Quita, Came
              Thou, you.   Icao, ca.   You.    Camo.
              He, she.     Sia.        They.   Sila.



Declension of the personal pronouns

First Person


        SINGULAR.                        PLURAL.

   N.   I.          Aco.                 We.      Came, quita. (1)
   G.   Of me.      Aco, co, naco, ta.   Of us.   Amo, namo, ato, ta.
   D.   To me.      Canaco.              To us.   Canamo, canato.



(1) Quita is used when the speaker excludes not those, to whom he is
speaking, and came when he does.


2d. Person


             SINGULAR.                      PLURAL.

        N.   Thou or you.      Icao, ca.    You.      Camo.
        G.   Of thee or you.   Imo, nimo.   Of you.   Ino, nino
        D.   To thee, you.     Canimo.      To you.   Canino.


3d. Person


              SINGULAR.                  PLURAL.

         N.   He, she.       Sia.        They.      Sila.
         G.   Of him, her.   Iya, nia.   Of them.   Ila, nila.
         D.   To him, her.   Cania.      To them.   Canila.


The pronoun Icao may be used indifferently before or after the
verbs. The nominative case ca must be placed before the verbs in the
negative and final sentences; in other cases, always after them.


You will carry.             Icao magadala.
You will weep.              Icao magahilac.
Don't lie.                  Dili ca magbacac.
To make known to you.       Aron ca mahibalo.
We the Christians.          Quita (when all Christians.) ang mga
                            cristianos.
Lord, forgive us sinners.   Guino-o pasayloa came nga mga macasasala.


Both singular and plural objective cases of the first, second and
third persons begin by a vowel, are placed before the nouns and verbs,
and those begin by a consonant must be put after them: thus:


               My shoes.             Ang acong mga sapin.
               Your money.           Ang salapi mo.
               Our country.          Ang atong yuta.
               His vessel.           Ang sacayan nia.
               Your net.             Ang imong sahid.
               You are my beloved.   Hinigugma co icao.



Demonstrative pronouns.

Declension.


               SINGULAR.             PLURAL.

          N.   This.       Quini.    These.      Quining mga.
          G.   Of this.    Niini.    Of these.   Niining mga.
          D.   To this.    Niini.    To these.   Niining mga.


The demonstrative pronouns are used instead of repeating the
substantives. They also serve for distinguishing between substantives
exposed or understood; and when employed with substantives, for
pointing out clearly the distinction between them.


     SINGULAR.   PLURAL.
N.   That.       Cana; (far from the   Those.      Canang mga (far....)
                 speaker) cadto.                   Cadtong mga.
G.   Of that.    Niana; (far....)      Of those.   Nianang mga
                 niadto.                           (far....) Niadtong
                                                   mga.


                     This near.       Cari.
                     Of this near.    Niari
                     Those near.      Caring mga.
                     Of those near.   Niaring mga.
                     Now.             Caron.
                     Of now.          Niaron.


Remark

Quini, refers to the persons or things nearest to the speaker: cana,
to the persons or things nearest to the persons spoken to: cadto, is
used to point out persons or things distant, both from the speaker
and from the person spoken to. It is also employed this pronoun,
but in genitive case, when speaking of events long time ago past,
as: In those days.--Niadtong mga tiempo.

The adverb caron, is employed also as a demonstrative pronoun: thus:


This morning.                       Caron buntag.
Noon.                               Odto.
Afternoon.                          Hapon.
This night.                         Caron gabi-i
This woman.                         Quining babaye.
These women.                        Quining mga babaye.
Have you this pen or that?          Na-a ba canimo quining pluma cun
                                    cadto ba?
I have neither this nor that, but   Uala canaco quini ug cadto, apan
I have this other.                  ani-a canaco cari.
He arrived yesterday about this     Nacabut sia cahapon maingon niaron.
time.



Possessive pronouns.

Are formed by the genitives of the personal pronouns, and are always
joined to a noun before it, when begin by a vowel, and after, when
by a consonant, Ex:


                My hat.             Ang acong calo.
                Your shirt.         Ang sinina mo.
                Your shoes.         Ang inong mga sapin.
                Your religion.      Ang religion nino.
                Our house.          Ang atong balay.
                His parishioners.   Ang mga sacup nia.



Relative pronouns.--Interrogative.


The relative--interrogative pronouns, are:


                           Who?     ?Quinsa?
                           What?    ?Onsa?
                           Which?   ?Hain?


              Who is that man?      Quinsa ba canang taoo?
              Who is there?         Quinsa ba diha?
              Which of you?         Quinsa ba canino?
              What is that?         Onsa ba cana?
              Where is the money?   Hain ba ang salapi?


Remark

The particle ba, has not signification, but serves to point out the
interrogative and dubitative sentences.

The relative pronouns simple, are translated into Bisaya by nga, as:


   I saw him bathing himself.         Naquita co sia nga naligo.
   Dreadful shall be the punishment   Daco man ang castigo nga
   you shall have into hell           ipahamtang canimo sa infierno.
   The man whom I saw yesterday has   Ang tao nga naquita co cahapon
   fallen from the cocoa-tree.        naholog sa lubi.




Exercise IV.

Where are you going?--I am going into the church--Have you this pen
or that?--I have neither this nor that, but I have this other.

When did he arrive?--He arrived yesterday about this time--Where is
she? She is at home--Do you speak Bisaya?--Not yet--I have bought
the horse of which you spoke to me.

When did you buy it?--Yesterday--Where do you intend to take me
to?--What is the date to day?--To day is the twenty first--I speak
to those to whom you have spoken.

Where did you speak to them?--I spoke to them at the street.







FIFTH LESSON.

OF THE ADJECTIVE.


Remark: 1.a The Bisaya adjectives are formed by putting before the
root the particle Ma as:


                          Wiser.    Maalam.
                          Good.     Maayo.
                          Pretty.   Maanindut.
                          Ugly.     Mangil-ad.


2.a Putting after these adjectives the syllables on, hon, an, han
are formed the followings:


                        Sick-ill   Masaquit-on.
                        Envious.   Masinahon.
                        Pale.      Maluspad-on.
                        Sad.       Mamingao-on.


3.a By putting the particles on, hon, an, han, after the root, are
formed adjectives signifying qualities both moral and physical: ex.


                        Talker.        Tabian.
                        Pock marked.   Butihon.
                        Fat.           Tambocon.
                        Rich.          Adunahan.


4.a With the particle ha before are formed adjectives of distance:
by means of the particle hi are formed those pointing out frequency
in the action: thus:


                       Short.           Hamobo.
                       Often feeder.    Hingaon.
                       Far.             Halayo.
                       Often drinker.   Hinginom.


5.a Inserting la, li, lo, between the first two syllables of the root,
and placing on, after the last are formed adjectives of quality, as:


                       Worthy.       Talahoron.
                       Worshipful.   Silingbahon.


6.a Are also formed adjectives of quality by putting mangi before
the root, and an after, as:


                        Merciful.   Mangilooyan.
                        Wise.       Mangialaman.


7.a With the particle Maca, and duplicating the first syllable of
the root are formed adjectives, as:


                       Poisonous.   Macahihilo.
                       Dreadful.    Macalilisang.


8.a With the particle ma before the root and inserting in between the
first two syllables, and adding on to the last, are formed adjectives
of quality, thus:


                      Respectful.   Matinahoron.
                      Obedient.     Masinugtanon.


9.a Inserting pa between ma and the first syllable of the root, and
adding on to the last, are formed adjectives of quality; and also by
means of pa, before the root, as:


                       Humble.    Mapaubsanon.
                       Haughty.   Palabilabihon.


Ex:


The wise men understand the     Ang mga maquinaadmanon nacatuquib sa
high explanations.              mga hata-as nga mga casayodan.
I saw an awful snake.           Naquita co ug usa ca halas nga
                                macalilisang.
The merciful man helps to his   Ang taoo nga mangilooyan nacatabang sa
neighbour.                      isig-catao nia.




Exercise V.

I see the children to whom you have given the books, and I have met
also with the men to whom you have spoken. The wise men understand
the high explanations. The merciful man helps to his neighbour--What
have you to do?--I have to speak to the men--When have you to speak
to them?--This evening--At what o'clock?--At half past eight--Have
you my shirt or my sister's?--I have both--Have you the golden ribbons
of my mother?--I have not them--Who has them?--My sister has them--Do
you wish to go out?--I wish not to go out--Why?--Because I am sick.







SIXTH LESSON

DIMINUTIVE ADJECTIVES.


l.a The diminutive adjectives not only express diminution, but also
an accessory idea of either tenderness, love or contempt.

The diminutives are formed in Bisaya by means of the adjective
diutay. When they have but two syllables, are formed by duplicating
the root, and also, by placing the syllables la, li, lo, after the
first letter of the root, Ex:


                   Small horse.    Diutay nga cabayo.
                   Small eyes.     Mata mata.
                   Small house.    Balay balay.
                   Slight fault.   Sayop nga diutay.


2.a The adjectives of ma, become diminutives by putting before,
the particle malo, as:


                   Somewhat valiant.   Malomaisug.
                   Somewhat fat.       Matolotambuc.


3.a The same adjectives become diminutives by duplicating the root, as:


                   Somewhat sweet.    Matam-istam-is.
                   Somewhat bitter.   Mapait-pait.


4.a Adding a, to the nouns, are formed diminutives expressing contempt
or disregard, as:


                      Worthless woman.   Babayeha.
                      Nag.               Cabayoa.


5.a When this letter a is added, but not in contemptible sense,
serves to point out that the subject or object is unknown to us, as:


What kind of medicine is that?   ?Onsa nga tambala cana?
What kind of tree is that?       ?Onsa ba ang calainan nianang cahuya?



Degrees of Comparison

The degrees of comparison are formed in Bisaya by adding to the
superiority Lapi pa, to the equality ingon, and to the inferiority,
as we have seen, Diutay pa.

Ex.


                Large.         Daco.
                Larger.        Labi pa nga daco.
                Largest.       Ang labing daco.
                Small.         Diutay.
                Smaller.       Labi pa nga diutay.
                Smallest.      Ang labing diutay.
                Well, Good.    Maayo.
                Better.        Labi pang maayo.
                Best.          Ang labing maayo.
                Bad.           Dautan.
                Worse.         Labi pang dautan.
                Worst.         Ang labi nga dautan.
                More.          Labi pa.
                Less.          Diutay pa.
                More, than.    Labi pa; daghan pa, sa.
                Less, than.    Diriot pa; culang pa, sa.
                Very much.     Caayo or uyamut.
                As much, as.   Magsama sa cadaghan, ug.
                Not as much.   Dili ingon.


Ex:


Have you as many friends as I?   ?Magsama ba sa cadaghan sa mga higala
                                 mo ug ang aco?
I have less money than he.       Diriot pa ang acong salapi sa iya.
This book is small, that is      Quining libro diutay man, cadto labi
smaller, and that is the         pang diutay, ug cari mao ang lab ng
smallest of all.                 diutay sa ngatanan.
This hat is large, but that is   Quining calo daco man, apan cadto
larger.                          labi pang daco.

Is your hat as large as mine?    ?Ang imong calo daco ba ingon sa aco?
It is not so large as your.      Diutay pa sa imo?
Do your children write as much   Ang Pagsulat sa imong mga anac
as we?                           tagingon ba
                                 sa pagsulat namo?
Do you read as often as I?       ?Nagabasa ca ba sa masubsub ingon
                                 canaco?
As early as you.                 Masayo ingon canimo.
God is the best Father.          Ang Dios mao ang lobing maayo nga
                                 Amahan.


Remarks l.a The comparative of inferiority is formed by translating
the adverbs less by diutay, diriut pa, ingon nga, culang, and than,
into sa.

Ex.


  I have less rice than coffee.    Diriut pa ang acong bugas sa cape.
  Your father is less wise tan     Ang amahan mo culang sa quinaadman
  mine.                            sa aco.
  Your ring is not so nice as my   Ang singsing mo dili ingon nga
  mother's.                        maanindut sa can nanay.


2.a The comparative of equality is formed by translating the adverbs
as or so into magsama, and the second adverb as into ug, and both
terms of comparison in nominative case, as:

Ex:


  Have you as many friends as   ?Magsama ba ang cadaghan sa mga higala
  I?                            mo ug ang aco?


3.a The comparative of superiority is formed by translating more
by labi pa, and than into sa; and also into dili, but in this case,
both terms of comparison must be placed in nominative case, like in
the comparatives of majority and of inferiority: Ex.


Honor is more precious that   Labi pang tacus higugmaon ang catahod-an
riches.                       sa pagcadaghan sa catigayonan


4.a The relation of majority more, may be also rendered by daghan pa,
and than, by sa or dili.

Ex:


  I have more silver than        Daghan pa ang acong salapi sa bulaoan
  gold.                          co, or (dili ang bulaoan co).
  I have less shoes than hats.   Diutay pa ang mga sapin co, dili ang
                                 acong mga calo.




Exercise VI

I have as much money as you--Have you as many friends as I?--We have
less money than they--This book is small, that is smaller, and that
is the smallest of all--This hat is large, but that is larger--Is your
hat as large as mine? It is larger than yours--Do your children write
as much as we?--They write more than you--My father has more silver
than gold--Your ring is not so nice as my mother's--Your father
is less wise than mine--I have less rice than coffee--Do you read
as often as I?--Do you listen to what your brother tell you?--Yes,
I listen to it--God is the best Father.







SEVENTH LESSON

UNITIVE PARTICLES.


Before coming to the end of this part of the nouns, we shall have a
short speech about some ligaments, called unitive particles, which
serve for uniting elegantly the nouns, pronouns and adjectives, and
for joining together the sentences, and to give them a particular
energy. These particles are the followings:



Nga.

l.a This particle (when it is not used as relative) serves to link
the pronouns with the nouns and the adjectives.

When the preceding word ends by a vowel the letter a of nga, must be
suppressed, joining ng to the vowel, as:


                  Pretty house.   Maanindut nga balay.
                  Good horse.     Maayong cabayo.


2.a Serves also for joining both the sentences and verbs with the
adverbs, ex:


  Come back early.                  Bumalic cang masayo.
  I doubt very much I may forgive   Malisud caha nga pasaylo-an co sia
  him.                              (V. Pag 8), 3.a Remark.



Ug.

It is employed instead of the article in the objective cases of
indefinite objects, and in compounded sentences when are employed
instead of objective case. It serves also to link the cardinal
numbers: Ex:


      Buy rice.                     Pumalit ca ug bugas.
      The work weakens me           Naluya aco ug pagbuhat.
      All my neighbour's children   Ang mga anac sa acong silingan
      died of plague.               nahurut ug camatay sa salot.
      Seventeen.                    Napolo ug pito.



Ca.

This particle links the cardinal numbers with the nouns: Ex.


   Ten thousand.                      Napolo ca libo.
   My three horses were removed out   Nauala ang mga totolo ca cabayo
   of sight.                          naco.



Ing.

Serves for joining the sentences and the objective cases, when it is
spoken in indeterminate sense.


   There is not now who may seek.   Uala na ing macapatigayon.
   Have I a knife?                  ?Duna ba aco ing usa ca cuchillo?




Exercise VII.

You speak as much as I--They have not so many toys as books--Have you
as many books as I?--I have fewer than you--Has our friend as many
birds as chickens?--He has more of the former than of the latter--Are
we right in speaking?--You are not wrong in speaking, but you are
wrong in cutting my trees--Have you time to work?--1 have time, but
not mind to work--Have you still a mind to buy any thing?--Yes, I have
a mind to buy one more horse--Have you as much good as bad paper?--I
have as much of the one as of the other--Have our neighbours as much
honey as sugar?--They have more honey than sugar--Have your sons as
many slippers as shirts?--They have more of the latter than of the
former--I have a favour to beg of you.







EIGHTH LESSON

THE VERB.


The verb is the most important part of all languages, and also the
most difficult. By this reason, to speak with somewhat perfection the
Bisaya dialect, it is necessary a perfect acquaintance with it. The
Bisaya dialect has not verbs, and they must be formed by adding to
the roots particles, which shall be placed either before of after,
as we shall explain.

In Bisaya the verbs is divided into substantive, adjective, passive,
neuter, reciprocal and reflexive.



Of the substantive verb TO BE--MAO, MAN.

The verb TO BE and its like TO HAVE, are irregulars in their
conjugation, and to form their sentences, it is necessary to use a
very new form. They are expressed by means of particles, adverbs,
conjunctions, and sometimes by means of the employment of both
nominative and genitive cases.



Conjugation of the verb TO BE--Mao, Man.

Indicative mood--Present Tense.


     SINGULAR.                    PLURAL.

     I am.       Aco mao, man.    We are.     Came, quita mao, man.
     Thou art.   Icao mao, man.   You are.    Camo mao, man.
     He is.      Sia mao, man.    They are.   Sila mao, man.


Rem. The particle man, is euphonic, when the sentences are not of
the verb TO BE, ex;


            Did you go to Spain?   Nacaadto ca ba sa Espana?
            I did not.             Uala man aco umadto.



PAST TENSE.


I was good when I was younger.   Maayo man aco sa bata pa aco.
I was rich the last year.        Salapian man aco sa tuig nga miagui.



FUTURE


             I shall or will be serious.   Buutan man aco.


IMPERATIVE.


                      Be serious.   Magbuutan ca.


SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.


     It is necessary you be saint.   Quinahanglan nga masantos ca.


CONDITIONAL FUTURE.


   If I were humble, I should be   Cun mapaubsanon aco unta, masantos
   saint.                          unta.


INDEFINITE FUTURE.


       I would be saint, if I   Santos man aco unta cun macatuman
       fulfilled God's law.     unta aco sa mga sugo sa Dios.


Rem. l.a It will be observed by the preceding conjugation, that the
particle Mao--To be, is used but in the present tense of indicative
mood.

2.a The particle Man--To be, does not point out by itself the tense,
but it does the determining, may it be a noun or a whole sentence.

3.a To point out the subjunctive mood is used unta, when the sentences
are obtative, in another cases are employed cun, ug, or pa.

4.a As auxiliaries of the verb Man, are employed the article ang
before or after the noun, or the particle Y after the subjective case.

5.a The same must be said of the particle Nay. Are formed also
sentences of the verb Man, by placing the attribute, before the
subject it refers to.

6.a With pagca or mag, before the adjective are formed also these
kind of sentences.

A few examples may elucidate these remarks:


The priest is God's succeeder,      Ang Pare mao ang ilis sa Dios, ug
and also the Father of the souls.   mao man usab, ang amahan sa mga
                                    calag.
The flowers are pretty.             Manindut man ang mga bulac.
I will make it.                     Acoy magabuhat.
Who will be my comforter?           ?Quinsa nay macalipay canaco?
What a beautiful effigy!            iPagca maanindut nga laraoan!
What does concern you, about my     ?Onsay labut mo, cun maayo ba aco,
good or bad behaviour?              cun dili ba?
Behave well at teacher's house.     Magbuutan ca baya sa balay sa
                                    magtoto-on.
How? is ill my behave?              Diay? ?dautan ba aco?
God is the Almighty.                Ang Dios maoy macagagahum sa
                                    ngatanan.
I am who shall go.                  Acoy moadto didto.
Good should be.                     Maayo unta.
A moment.                           Cariot da.
Are you a chattering fellow?        ?Hinultihon ca ba?
What countryman is he?              ?Tagadi-in ba sia?
God is every where.                 Ang Dios ana-a sa bisan di-in.




Exercise VIII.

Who is the Priest?,--The Priest is God's succeeder, and the father of
the souls--Are pretty the flowers?--Yes; all the flowers are pretty;
but the lily is the most beautiful, then it is the symbol of purity,
chastity, virginity, innocence and candour--Where are you from?--I
am from Aloran, my parents are from Cornago, my eldest brother from
Oroquieta, and my younger from Tagbilaran--Do you wish to send one
more horse to our friends?--I wish to send many more to them--Are
you going for any thing?--I am going for some thing--What are you
going for?--I am going for some wine--Does your father send for any
thing?--Yes, sir: he sends for some wine--Whom does your neighbour
send for?--He sends for the physician--Does your servant take off
his shirt to make the fire?--He takes it off to make it.







NINTH LESSON

TO BE--ANI-A, NA-A OR ANA-A, TUA.


When the verb TO BE points out TO BE IN A PLACE, is translated into
Bisaya by ani-a, to be here: na-a or ana-a, to be there: and tua,
to be far from the speaker.

Instead of the English adverbs HERE, THERE, are used in Bisaya dinhi,
here: diha, there: didto, there (further).

The indicative present does not need adverbs of place.


INDICATIVE PRESENT.


       I am here.                 Ania man aco. (dinhi)
       Thou art there.            Naa ca man. (diha)
       He is there. (further)     Tua man sia. (didto)
       We are here.               Ania man quita or came (dinhi)
       You are there.             Naa man camo. (diha)
       They are there (further)   Tua man sila. (didto)


PAST TENSE.


    I was here, when you was there.   Dinhi man aco sa didto ca pa.
    (further)
    I was there yesterday.            Didto man aco cahapon.


FUTURE.


            I will be there to-morrow.   Didto man aco ngma.


CONDITIONAL FUTURE.


     I would be there, if you were   Didto unta aco, cun buut ca pa
     pleased.                        unta.



Subjunctive Mood

FUTURE.


       It is necessary you be there.   Quinahanglan nga didto ca.


ABSOLUTE INDEFINITE.


                That I might be here.   Dinhi unta aco.


CONDITIONATE INDEFINITE.


               If I were there.   Cun didto pa unta aco.


IMPERATIVE MOOD.


                    Be there (ye, you).   Diha camo.


GERUND.


        Being there, I saw him.   Sa didto aco, naquita co sia.


Rem. When the verb TO BE, points out the actual conditions of persons
or things, the root pointing out such a condition, becomes verb by
means of the particle ma of the neuter verbs.


INDICATIVE MOOD.


                     I am sick.   Masaquit man aco.


PAST TENSE.


  He was sick, when I was well or   Masaquit sia, sa pagca maayo co ug
  strong.                           laoas.


ABSOLUTE FUTURE.


        He will or shall be ill to-morrow.   Masaquit sia ugma.


CONDITIONAL FUTURE.


If I were sick, you would care   Cun masaquit aco unta, icao magalima
of me.                           unta canaco.


GERUND.


Being he sick, was not willing to   Sa iyang pagcasaquit uala sia buut
take the medicines.                 uminom sa mga tambal.



Conjugation of the Verb TO HAVE.


The verb TO HAVE in a determinate sense is translated into Bisaya by
ania, for first persons; na-a or  ana-a, for the seconds; and tua,
for the thirds.

INDICATIVE MOOD--PRESENT TENSE.


              I have the shirt.    Ania canaco ang sinina.
              They have the hat.   Tua canila ang calo.


PAST TENSE.


  When you were looking after the   Sa pagpangita mo sa sinina, dinhi
  shirt it was with me.             man canaco.


Rem. The others tenses of this conjugation, are formed by means of
the adverbs Dinhi, Diha. and Didto, according to the persons, placing
the person in ablative case immediately after the adverb or particle.


  I had the hat yesterday.          Cahapon dinhi canaco ang calo.
  I shall or will have the hat      Ugma dinhi na canaco ang calo.
  to-morrow.
  I would have the fan, if I        Dinhi unta canaco ang paypay, cun
  bought it.                        paliton co unta.
  If I had the ring, I would give   Cun dinhi pa unta canaco ang
  it to you.                        singsing, ihatag co unta canimo.


TO HAVE--(In Partitive Sense.)


l.a The verb TO HAVE in partitive sense, is translated into Bisaya
by May, Duna or Aduna, with the person in nominative or genitive case.


INDICATIVE MOOD--PRESENT TENSE.


                Have you money?      ?May salapi ca ba?
                I have some money.   Dunay acong salapi


PAST TENSE.


   I had money yesterday, and you   Cahapon duna ma acong salapi, ug
   had not.                         icao uala.


ABSOLUTE FUTURE.


       I shall have money tomorrow.   Ugma duna may acong salapi.


CONDITIONAL FUTURE.


      You might have money, if you   Icao duna unta ug salapi, cun
      worked.                        magtrabajo ca unta.


SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.


I if had money, I would give it   Cun dunay unta aco ug salapi, ihatag
to you.                           co unta canimo.


GERUND.


    Having money, all is easy.   Sa pagca dunay salapi, ang ngatanan
                                 mahimo.


2.a When speaking of immaterials things, the root becomes verb with
the particle Na of neuter verbs; thus.


     I am cold.                      Natugnao man aco.
     I was cold yesterday, and you   Cahapon guitugnao aco ug icao
     warm.                           gui-initan.


3.a The root Tugnao admits gui instead of Ma and the root Init admits
also gui with the passive of an.


           I was warm yesterday.        Cahapon nainitan aco.
           You will or shall be warm.   Mainitan ca.


The impersonal expression--There--To be.



Duna

INDICATIVE MOOD--PRESENT TENSE.


Is there a man in the street?        ?Duna bay usa ca taoo sa dalan?
There are twenty.                    Duna man caluha-an.
There is no body in the street.      Ualay taoo sa dalan.
There was rice yesterday at the      Cahapon dunay bugas sa longsod,
town, but there was not money.       apan ualay salapi.
The last month there was rice.       Sa bulan nga miagui, dunay bugas.
If there were rice, there would be   Cun dunay bugas unta, uala unta
not hunger at the province.          ug gutum sa provincia.




Exercise IX.

When does your father intend to depart?--He intends to depart to
day--At what o'clock?--At four o'clock--Where is he going?--He goes
to Madrid--Does the butcher kill oxen?--He kills sheep instead of
killing oxen--Do you always take off your hat, when you speak to my
father?--I always take it off--What do you take in the morning, tea
or coffee?--I take coffee--Do you take coffee every morning?--I take
coffee every morning and every evening--What does your father take?--He
drinks chocolate--How far did the children go this morning?--As far
as their cousin's--Has any one stolen any thing from you?--Some one
has stolen a fine horse from me.







TENTH LESSON

THE ADJECTIVE VERBS.


The verbs, as we have said, are formed by means of roots and particles
equivalents to the four tenses, Present, Past, Future and Imperative of
the Bisaya conjugation. The other tenses are formed with the particles
of the four primitives, as we shall see in the conjugation.

The particles we refer to, are Naga and its compounds: Nagaca, Nagapa,
Nagapaca, Naca, mi, and many others we shall use at their place.

In order to aid the scholars in the knowledge and formation of the
tenses, we shall conjugate here a verb in active voice, by means of
the particle Naga, which is the most common.

The pupils shall not lose of sight, that, in this dialect all the
last syllables are like, being only changed the persons.



To Choose--PAGPILI.


              Infinitive.        To choose.   Pagpili.
              Gerund.            Choosing.    Sa pagpili.
              Past participle.   Chosen.      Pinili.


INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.


             I choose.           Aco nagapili.
             Thou choosest.      Icao nagapili.
             He (she) chooses.   Sia nagapili.
             We choose.          Came (or quita) nagapili.
             You choose.         Camo nagapili.
             They choose.        Sila nagapili.


IMPERFECT PRETERIT.


                 I chose. (when)    Nagapili aco, (sa)
                 Thou chosest, &.   Nagapili ca, (sa)


PAST PERFECT.


                    I have chosen.      Nagpili aco.
                    Thou hast chosen.   Nagpili ca


PLUPERFECT.


              I had chosen.        Nagpili na aco.
              Thou hadst chosen.   Human na icao nagpili.
              He had chosen.       Ubus na sia nagpili.


IMPERFECT FUTURE.


              I shall or will choose.      Aco magapili.
              Thou shalt or wilt choose.   Icao magapili.


PERFECT FUTURE.


             I shall have chosen.      Nagpili na caha aco.
             Thou shalt have chosen.   Nagpili ca na caha


IMPERATIVE.


                    Choose.            Magpili ca.
                    Let him choose.    Magpili sia.
                    Choose.            Magpili camo.
                    Let them choose.   Magpili sila.


SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD--PRESENT.


         That I may choose or not.   Magpili aco unta, ug dili.
         That thou mayest choose.    Nga magpili ca.
         That he may choose.         Apat sia magpili.
         That we may choose.         Nga quita magpili.
         That you may choose.        Nga camo unta magpili.
         That they may choose.       Nga sila unta magpili.


IMPERFECT PRETERIT,


        That I might choose.         Ug aco pay magapili.
        That thou mightest choose.   Ug icao unta magapili.
        That he might choose.        Ug magapili pa lamang sia.
        That we might choose.        Ug magpili pa quita.
        That you might choose.       Ug camo untay magapili.
        That they might choose.      Ug sila pa lamang magpili.


PERFECT PRETERIT.


    That I may have chosen, or not   Nga nagpili aco unta, cun uala.
    That thou mayest have chosen.    Nga nagpili ca na unta.
    That he may have chosen.         Nga siay nagpili.
    That we may have chosen.         Nagpili quita (or came) unta.
    That you may have chosen.        Nga nagpili camo.
    That they may have chosen.       Nga nagpili sila.


PLUPERFECT.


       If I might have chosen.         Cun aco pay nacagpili.
       If thou mightest have chosen.   Cun icao diay nacagpili.
       If he might have chosen.        Cun nacagpili pa unta sia.
       If we might have chosen.        Cun nacagpili unta quita.
       If you might hare chosen.       Cun nacagpili unta camo.
       If they might have chosen.      Cun sila diay nacagpili.


IMPERFECT FUTURE.


         If I shall or will choose.   Ug dao aco ang magapili.
         If thou shalt choose.        Ug dao magapili ca.
         If he shall choose.          Ug dao sia magapili.
         If we shall choose.          Ug dao magapili quita.
         If you shall choose.         Ug dao camo magapili.
         If they shall choose.        Ug dao sila ang magapili.


PERFECT FUTURE.


   If I shall or will have chosen.   Cun dao nagpili aco ogaling.
   If thou shalt &.                  Cun icao ogaling nagpili na.
   If he shall &.                    Cun sia ogaling nagpili na.
   If we shall &.                    Cun came ogaling nagpili na.
   If you shall &.                   Cun camo na ogaling nagpili.
   If they shall & have chosen.      Cun dao sila na ogaling nagpili.


Rem. It must be observed that the adverbs and conjunctions we have
made use of in subjunctive mood, are not characteristic signs of this
mood, and very often we speak in subjunctive without them.

Although the passive voice is the most usual in the Bisaya Dialect,
the active sentences have however a very important place at the
conversation, and therefore it is necessary to know, that when the
speech begins by a nominative agent, express or tacite, the sentence
is active. The same must be said when the sentence is about an
indeterminate thing, when exclamatory, interrogative or emphatical,
and when points out a part of a whole, Ex:


You shall hear mass now.            Icao musingba caron.
Who does observe God's              Ang macatuman sa mga sugo sa Dios,
commandments, will obtain the       macadangat sa paghimaya nga dayon
everlasting life.                   sa Langit.
Which of you will accompany me?     ?Quinsa ba canino ang muuban
                                    canaco?
Will you sew the shirt?             Magatahi ca ba sa sinina?
I will not sew it, but my sister.   Dili aco magatahi, cun dili ang
                                    igso-on co nga babaye.
Who will read this letter?          ?Quinsa ba ang magabasa niining
                                    sulat?
Look for a child from the school.   Mangita ca ug usa ca bata sa
                                    escuelahan.
If I know how to read or not what   Cun mahibalo aco magbasa cun dili
does it concern you?                ba ?onsay labut mo niana?




Exercise X.

Can you walk, and do you not can go to Church?--I am not able to go
the Church, because I am sick--Will you can endure it?--Do not pretend
to be a learned man, because your own wit avails but little--Do you
wish to work?--I wish to work and they let me not--Where is your
wife?--I do not know--When did you see her?--I saw her at seven
o'clock in the morning--Whom are you speaking to? I am speaking to
my sister--Do you speak to her every day?--What does this man spend
his time in?--He is a good for nothing fellow; he spends his time in
drinking and playing--Who are the men that have just arrived?--They
are Russians--Is your father arrived at last?--Every body says that
he is arrived but I have not seen him yet--Has the Physician hurt
your son?--He has hurt him. for he has cut his finger.







ELEVENTH LESSON

OF THE PASSIVES.


The Bisaya dialect being almost completely passive, the study of this
speaking mood is of great importance. Three are the passives or moods
of expressing the verbs in passive voice. Passive the first or passive
of I (ee). The second passive or of On, and the third passive or of
An. The passive of I (ee) is formed by putting Gui before the root for
present and past tenses, and I (ee) for future and imperative. Passive
the second or of On, is formed by placing the particle Gui before
the root for present and past tenses; the future by duplicating the
first syllable of the root putting On after: or by placing one of
the particles of future tense before the root, and On after.

The third passive or of An is formed by putting the particle Gui
before the root and An after, for present and past tenses; the future
is formed by duplicating the first syllable of the root, and placing
before the root one of the particles of future tense and An after.

The imperative mood is formed by putting An after the root.



Conjugation of the Passives


Passive of I. (EE)


PRESENT AND PAST TENSES.


       I leave him or he has been left by me.   Guibilin co sia.


FUTURE AND IMPERATIVE.


      He will be left, or let him be left by me.   Ibilin co sia.


INFINITIVE.


                 When he left him.   Sa pagbilin cania.




Passive of ON.

PRESENT AND PAST TENSES.


        It is, or it has been written by them.   Guisulat nila.


FUTURE.


       Will be written by them.   Susulaton or pagasulaton nila.


IMPERATIVE.


              Let it be written by them.   Susulaton nila.


INFINITIVE.


               To be written by them.   Sa pagsulat nila.


IMPERATIVE.


                     Write that.   Sulaton mo cana.




Passive of AN.

PRESENT AND PAST TENSES.


            It is or has been opened by me.   Guilucaban co.


FUTURE.


          Will be opened by me.   Lulucaban or pagalucaban co.


IMPERATIVE.


                 Let it be opened by you.   Lucaban mo.


IMPERSONAL IMPERATIVE.


                Be that opened.   Lucabi or Lucabi cana.


Rem. The other tenses are formed by means of conjunctions and adverbs
of the active conjugation. To speak well the Bisaya dialect, it is
absolutely necessary to understand when and how every one of the
passives must be used, and also the mechanism of their sentences,
which is the more difficult part, since are so many the moods and so
diverse their syntax, In order to make easy to the learners the use
of the passive tenses, we shall explain them as clearly as possible
by Examples.


Sell the plantation of               Ibaligya mo ang calubihan.
cocoa-trees.
We have sold it now.                 Guibaligya na namo.
Count the cows.                      Isipon mo ang mga vaca.
We have counted them, and four are   Gui-isip na namo ug culang pa ug
out of sight yet.                    upat ca bo-oc.
Order to have them searched at       Papangitaa lamang sa madali.
one.
Water the plants, because it is      Boboan mo ang mga tanom, cay
very warm.                           mainit ca-ayo.
Cover the child, because it very     Taboni ang bata, cay matugnao
cold.                                ca-ayo.
Did you go very far?                 ?Halayo ba ang imong guilactan?
I am gone as far as my brother's.    Guilactan co cutub sa balay sa
                                     acong igso-on.




Exercise XI.

Are you pleased with your servant?--I am much pleased with him, for he
is lit for any thing--Has your brother returned at last from Spain?--He
has returned thence, and has brought you a fine horse--Has he told his
groom to bring it to me?--He has told him to bring it to you--?What do
you think of that horse?--I think that it is a fine and good one, and
beg you to lead it to my brother's that he may see it--In what did you
spend your time yesterday?-I went to my father's in law, and afterwards
to the ball--When did that man go down in to the well?--He went down
into it this morning--Has he come up again yet?--He came up an hour
ago--Where is your brother?--He is in his room--Will you tell him to
come down (nga manaug sia)?--I will tell him so, but he is not dressed.







TWELFTH LESSON

SOME RULES UPON THE PASSIVES AND THEIR SENTENCES.


Passive of I. (ee)


This passive is made use of when the agent person exercises its action
removing from itself the patient person.

The sentences of this passive are formed by putting Gui before the
root for the present and past tenses, and I (ee) for the future and
imperative. This passive points out the harm, detriment, obsequiousness
or favour made to another, placing the receiver person in nominative
case, the donor in genitive, and in accusative with ug or sa the
favour or harm.



Passive of ON.

It is employed when the agent person attracts towards itself to
the patient person. When it is spoken by means of this passive, the
present and past tenses are formed by placing Gui before the root;
the future doubling the first syllable of the root and putting On
after, and the imperative mood by placing On after the root.



Passive of AN.

It is employed when the agent person exercises its action upon a place
or quasi-place, putting the said place or quasi-place in nominative
case. The present and past tenses are formed with gui, before the
root and An after it; the future, by duplicating the first syllable
of the root and by adding An to it, and the imperative mood by putting
An after the root. Examples:


  Pull off that herb.                 Ibton mo canang balili.
  Wherever they may place me I will   Bisan asa aco ibutang nila,
  follow my own mind.                 macatuman aco sa acong pagbu-ut.
  I imitate him.                      Guipanig-ingnan co sia.
  Speak to him.                       Pamolongan mo sia.
  I gave him the book.                Guihatag co na cania ang libro.
  Please accept that.                 Daoato cana.
  Please to explain it to me.         Sagdi aco.




Exercise XII.

On what lived our ancestors?--They lived on fish and game, for they
went a hunting and a fishing every day--You have learned your lesson:
why has not your sister learned hers?--She has taken a walk with
my mother, so that she could not learn it, but she will learn it
to-morrow--When will you correct my exercises?--I will correct them
when you bring me those of your sister--Do you think you have made
faults in them?--I do not know--If you have made faults, you have
not studied your lessons well; for the lessons must be learned well
to make no faults in the exercises--It is all the same; if you do not
correct them to day--I shall not learn them before to-morrow--You must
not make any faults in your exercises, for you have all you want in
order to make none--Who is there?--It is I--Who are those men?--I do
not know--Of what country are they?--They are Americans--Why do you
sit near the fire?--My hands and feet are cold; that is the reason
why I sit near the fire--Are your sister's hands cold?--No; but her
feet are cold--What is the matter with your cousin?--fem.--Her leg
hurts her--What is the matter with this woman?--Her tongue hurts her.







THIRTEENTH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLES


NAGA.

l.a The particle Naga, the most usual in the Bisaya dialect has the
same signification as the root to which is joined. Its tenses are
formed with naga for the present time, nag for past; maga for the
future; and mag for the imperative mood. they all before the root. As:


              To write.                    Pagsulat.
              I write.                     Aco nagasulat.
              You wrote.                   Icao nagsulat.
              They will, or shall write.   Sila magasulat.
              Write. (pl.)                 Magsulat camo.


2.a This particle admits the three above mentioned passives, and its
tenses are formed by placing some times before, and some times after,
the particles at 12th. Lesson mentioned. They may be also formed
by putting Paga before the root for future tense, and Pag for the
imperative. Examples:


PRESENT AND PAST.


                    I write or wrote.   Guisulat co.


FUTURE.


          I will or shall write.   Sulaton or pagasulaton co.


IMPERATIVE.


                   Write.   Sulaton or pagsulaton mo.


3.a This particle signifies to do what the root to which precedes
points out, but in many ways, as we shall demonstrate.

4.a Placing it before the nouns of dress, garment or garb, signifies
to use them or to put on them. thus:


                   He wears shoes.    Sia nagasapin.
                   Put on your hat.   Magcalo ca.


5.a Before roots of musical instruments, signifies to play on them, as:


              Play you on the guitar?   ?Nagasesta ca ba?
              She harps.                Sia naga-arpa.
              Play on the piano.        Magpiano ca.


6.a When it is joined to the nouns of nations and in is inserted
between the first two syllables of the root, signifies to speak or to
translate into that nation's language, and in this case, the second
passive will be employed; but when addressing a person, the third
must be used, Ex:


Speak to me in Latin.              Maglinatin ca canaco.
Translate that book into Bisaya.   Binisayaon mo or pagbinisayaon mo
                                   canang libro.
Speak not to me in Spanish.        Dili aco nimo quinatchilaan.
Time to.                           Tiempo sa.
Courage to.                        Gahum sa.
To be right in.                    Catarungan sa.
To be wrong in.                    Ualay catarungan sa.
Afraid to.                         Cahadluc sa.
Wish or mind to.                   Nahagugma or gugma sa.
To work.                           Pagbuhat.
To speak.                          Pagsulti, pagpolong.

To buy.                            Pagpalit.
To tear.                           Pagguisi.
To break.                          Pagbo-ong.
I have a mind to work.             Nahagugma aco magbuhat.
Have you time to work.             ?Duna ba camo ug tiempo sa pagbuhat?
We have time but not mind to       Dunay tiempo, apan dili came
work.                              mahagugma.
Have you a mind to buy my horse?   Nahagugma ba camo mupalit sa acong
                                   cabayo?
I am afraid to break the glass     Nahadluc aco magbo-ong sa vaso.




Exercise XIII.

One of the valet de Chambres of Louis XIV requested that prince, as
he was going to bed, to recommend to the first President a lawsuit
which he had against his father-in-law, and said in urging him:
"Alas; Sire, you have but to say one word." "Well," said Louis XIV,
"it is not that which embarrasses me, but tell me, if thou wert in
thy father-in-law's place, and thy father-in-law in thine; wouldst
thou be glad, if I said that word?"--If the men should come, it would
be necessary to give them something to drink--If he could do this
he would do that--I have always flattered myself, my dear brother,
that you loved me as much as I love you; but I now see that I have
been mistaken--I have heard, my sister, that you are angry with me,
because I went a-walking without you; but I assure you that had
I known that you were not sick, I should have come for you; but I
inquired at your physician's after your health, and he told me that
you had been keeping your bed the last eight days.







FOURTEENTH LESSON

OF THE IMPERATIVE, CALLED IMPERSONAL.


1.a The second and third passives have a second imperative called
impersonal, because does not mention the person: wherefore, their
sentences are called impersonals. The imperative of the second passive
ends by a, and that of the third by i. Their sentences are formed
by placing the object in nominative case, and the verb in imperative
mood, Ex:


               Kill the dog.         Patia ang iro.
               Put an end to that.   Hudta cana.
               Help us.              Tabangi came.
               Write it.             Sulata.
               Read that book.       Basaha canang libro.
               Call to Mr. Louis.    Taoga si Sr. Louis.
               Wait for me.          Hulata aco.
               Light the globe.      Dagcuti ang globo.


2.a When the sentence is negative, the English not, is translated
into Bisaya by Ayao or uala Ex:


         It was not met.           Uala hiquiti.
         Be not turbulent.         Ayao pagsamoca.
         Cry not to me.            Ayao pagsinggiti.
         Put not out the candle.   Ayao pagpalnga ang candela.


3.a The impersonal imperative of the passive of an, is not compounded
with the particle Pag, Ex:


Pay what you owe, and comfort      Bayri ang mga utang nino ug lipayon
the afflicted.                     nino ang mga tao nga ana-a sa
                                   calisud.
Love God and your neighbour as     Higugmaon nino ang Dios ng ang
yourselves.                        isigcatao nino maingon canino.
Let us love and practise virtue,   Higugmaon ug buhaton ta ang
and we shall be happy both in      catarungan ug mapaladan quita niini
this life and in the next.         ug sa umalabut nga quinabuhi.



PRESENT PARTICIPLES OR GERUNDS.

We have said, that the Bisaya conjugation has but four tenses, but
in order to make the scholar acquainted with the tenses, the English
conjugation must be referred to, we make use of all the tenses. The
sentences of present participle are formed some times by placing sa
and Pag before the root. Examples:


  This morning when you was          Canina sa pag-oali mo nagduladula
  preaching, were the children       ang mga bata.
  playing.
  Our Lord spent his night-time in   Ang Guinoo ta guicabuntagan sa
  praying                            pag-ampo.


3.a The Gerunds are formed also with the adverb labon nga, and the
verb in future or in subjunctive, as:


The sinners despise to our       Guipasaipad-an sa mga macasasala ang
Lord, seeing they should adore   atong Guino-o, labon nga
him.                             pagasingbahon nila unta.


4.o By means of verbal nouns are formed also gerunds called of time
or causals, and their sentences are formed by placing the leading
verb in nominative with Pag before the root, and the subordinate is
formed with the particle Na or Maoy and the particle of future Iga Ex:


When seeing you, my heart was    Ang pagtan-ao co canimo, nalipay ang
gladded.                         casing-casing co.
When you departed he grew sad.   Ang pag-guican mo namingao sia.




Exercise XIV.


Would you have money if your father were here?--Should have some if
he were here--A French officer having arrived at the court of Vienna,
the Empress Theresa asked him if he believed that the Princess of
N. whom he had seen the day before, was really the handsomest woman
in the world, as was said: Madam, replied the officer, I thought
so yesterday--What has become of your uncle?--I will tell you what
has become of him: here is the chair upon which he often sat--Is he
dead?--He is dead--When did he die?--He died three weeks ago--I am
very sorry at it--Why do you not sid down?--If you will sit down to
my side, I will sit down also; but if you go, I shall go along with
you--WIll you tell me what has become of your sister?--I will tell
you what has become of here.--Is she dead?--She is not dead--What
has become of her?--She is gone to Manila--What has become of your
sisters?--I can not tell what has become of them, for I have not seen
them six years ago.







FIFTEENTH LESSON

INFINITIVE SENTENCES.


1.a The infinitive sentences are composed of leading verb and
subordinate verb, the latter in infinitive mood, as:


              I want to sew.          Bu-ut aco magtahi.
              I want to take a wife   Bu-ut aco mangasaoa.


2.a When the sentences have between both leading and subordinate verbs
a relative pronoun, express or tacit, this pronoun is translated into
Bisaya by nga, and the subordinate verb must be placed in subjunctive
mood or in future, either active or passive. In a same way are they
formed, when between leading and subordinate verbs, is the conjunction
if, which is translated into Bisaya by cun. Ex:


  It is not suit you go to the      Dili Angay nga muadto ca sa
  cock-fight                        bulungan.
  My teacher told me, that I must   Mi-ingon ang Magtoto-on canaco nga
  learn to count.                   magto-on aco sa pagisip.

  I wish you to talk                Bu-ut aco nga mulacao ca.
  I wish you to write me.           Nagatinguha aco nga musulat ca
                                    canaco.
  I doubt that I can make it.       Ambut cun macabuhat aco niana.


3.a When the leading verb is the verb to be, the sentences are also
of to be, and the subordinate verb, is used as a substantive with
the particle pag or pagca in nominative, preceded by the article ang,
to wit:


   Is it decent to dance?             ?Maayo ba ang pagsayao?
   It is necessary to go to school    Quinahanglan ang pagadto sa
                                      escuelahan.
   It is indecorous to bathe before   Mangil-ad man ang pagcaligo sa
   people.                            atubangan sa mga tao.


4.a In this manner are formed these sentences with the neuter verbs,
Example:


   The excessive rain does not suit.   Dili angay ang hinlabihan nga
                                       pag-ulan.


5.a When the governed verb is preceded by the propositions to, for,
in order to, these sentences are called finals, and are translated into
Bisaya by cay aron, being the governed verb translated by subjunctive
mood, active or passive, Examples:


I did come here for visiting my     Mianhi aco cay aron magduao aco sa
uncle.                              oyo-an co.
We have been ordered by the         Nadaoat namo ug orden ni Amba cay
Governor to carry (pay) the tax.    aron ihatud namo ang buhis.
I pray to be loved by the people.   Nangadye aco cay aron higugmaon aco
                                    sa mga taoo.


6.a When the leading verb is one of the auxiliary may, can or to be
able, it is translated by the potential Naca. Signifying to incite,
to invite, is rendered by Naquig; when to implore, to be fond of or
to give one's mind to, is translated by Naqui; when signifies to
have made, to bespeak, by Naga and Pa; and when to allow, to let,
must be rendered by Napa; which particles before the root include in
themselves the signification of the governed verb, Examples:


Did you can go up to the belfry?      ?Nacasaca ca ba sa campanario?
Will you be able to carry away that   ?Macadala ca ba nianang baluyot
rice bag?                             sa bugas?
The children incite me to speak       Ang mga bata naquigsulti canaco
into church.                          sa Singbahan.
Mother, Anthony is inviting me to     Nanay, si Antonio naquigsayao
dance.                                canaco.
Francis begs me to have pity on       Si Francisco naquimalooy canaco.
him.
I have got the rice plantation        Guipatanom co na ang basacan.
made.
Bespeak a cane for me.                Pabuhaton mo ug usa ca songcod
                                      canaco.
When do you intend to have my         ?Anus-a ba icao magapatahi sa
habits sewed?                         acong mga habito?
Will you consent to be deceived by    Palimbong ca ba nianang bacacon?
that liar?
Allow not your daughter to go to      Ayao mapasayao sa imong anac.
the ball.


Remark upon the change of letters.

The most important changes which the scholar is advised attentively
to study to avoid ambiguity are these:

l.a Roots beginning by c or qu, changes in composition these letters
into g, as: To see, Quita nan-gita.

2.a When the first syllable is b or p, it is changed into m, and
those beginning with m, retain this letter, but the particle drops
the final n, as: To make--Buhat, namuhat: To speak, Po-long, namolong:
To grow dark--Molat, namolat.

3.a When the initials are d, s, or t, change the said syllables into
n, and the component particle drops the n, thus: To be angry, Tuyo,
nanuyo.--To cry, Singgit, naninggit--To visit, Duao, nanuao.




Exercise XV.

Why do you open the door?--Do you not see how it smokes here?--I see
it, but you must open the window instead of opening the door--The
window does not open easily; that is the reason why I open the
door--When will you shut it?--I will shut it as soon as the smoke is
gone--Is it useful to speak much?--When we wish to learn a foreign
language it is useful to speak a great deal--Is it as useful to write
as to speak?--It is more useful to speak than to write; but in order
to learn a language one must do both--Is it useful to write all that
one says?--That is useless--Where did you take this book from?--I took
it out of the room of your friend--Is it right to take the books of
other people?--It is not right, I know; but I wanted it, and I hope
that your friend will not be displeased, for I will return it to him
as soon as I have read it.







SIXTEENTH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLES PA AND IGA.


PA.


The particle Pa which is also an adverb of time and mood, and signifies
yet, still, notwithstanding, has a very important place in the Bisaya
dialect, and is sometimes used only redundantly, to give more force
to the sentence.

For the benefit of learners, we shall explain it here, before speaking
of the verbals particles to which is joined to form the sentences.

l.a Before some verbs has the signification of to wish, to try,
to desire and to allow that the signification of the root may take
place on the subject, as:


  The haughty wishes to be requested   Ang palabilabihon pa-ampo
  by everybody.                        guihapon.
  Father, give me only the             Pahilog lamang aco, Pare.
  Extremaunction.
  I want to have some money so as to   Pahatag man aco ug salapi nga
  buy a fine shirt, and they give me   igapalit co ug usa ca maanindat
  not, for they say, it is vanity.     nga sinina, ug dili aco taga-an
                                       cay parayeg cono.


2.a Before nouns of place signifies to go there, as:


Where are you going?               ?Asa icao paingon?
I turn to home.                    Pauli aco sa amo.
Where will you go, when you die?   Sa pagcamatay mo, asa icao pa-ingon?
I shall ascend into heaven.        Palangit aco gayud.


3.a It is employed also as a joining conjunction, and in this case,
is used to exaggerate the phrase, placing the thing or the object
refers to, before; thus:


You also deceive me?         Icao pa nagalimbong canaco?
He is a gambler and thief.   Sia sugarol man ug caoatan pa.
He is sick and does play.    Nagalingaolingao sia ug nasaquit pa man.


4.a Bisan pa ngani, answers to the English conjunctions though,
notwithstanding, for all that &.

Ex:


   Although they allow me not to    Bisan pa ngani dili aco pa sugal
   play, I will play.               nila. musugal aco gayud.
   Although they may punish me, I   Bisan pa ngani latuson aco nila,
   will have not answer.            dili aco mutingog.


5.a Serves also to point out the beginning and the end of an action,
Ex:


    I was called, when I had just   Igo pa aco miabut, guitaoag aco
    arrived.                        nila.



IGA or ICA.

These particles signify the instrument, tool, or mean with which a
thing is done. They answer to the future of the passive mood, Ex:


This is the axe with which you     Mao quini ang oasay nga iga or
have to cut the tree.              icaputul mo sa cahuy.
But for.                           Ug dili pa unta.
But for he is a gambler this man   Quining tao maingoningon ug bu-utan
would be so good as your           sa igsoon mo, ug dili pa unta sia
brother.                           nga sugarol.
If you allow me, I will teach      Acoy magato-on canimo ug quinachila,
you Spanish.                       ug tugutan pa aco.




Exercise XVI.

This man has altered a great deal--Where did you be born?--I will
not to answer you--If you do not make your appearance before him,
I will not speak to him--How is this said?--That can not be said
in Bisaya--Children must be accustomed early to the labor--I am
accustomed to write--I cannot express myself in Bisaya. because
I am not in the habit of speaking it--The man laughs and weeps by
turns--If I knew what you have done.... will you allow me to go to
the shore?--I do not permit you to go there--Do it in haste--Why does
Ferdinand complain of his wife?--Thomas complains of Fructuosa and
Fructuosa of Thomas --Who is right?--They are both wrong, for Thomas
wishes to take Fructuosa's toys and Fructuosa Thomas's.







SEVENTEENTH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLE NAGAPA


NAGAPA.


This particle is formed from the particles naga and pa; and signifies
to allow, to order, to have done what the root points out. The active
tenses are formed according to the rules laid down for naga adding
invariably pa.

ACTIVE VOICE--PRESENT.


                      I bespeak.   Aco nagapabuhat


PAST TENSE.


                      I bespoke.   Aco nagpabuhat.


FUTURE.


                 They will bespeak.   Sila magapabuhat.


IMPERATIVE MOOD.


          Order the tailor to sew.   Magpatahi ca sa mananahi.


2.a This particle admits the three passives according to the above
mentioned rules for each of them.

The present and past tenses of the first passive are formed by placing
Guipa, before the root, the future and imperative with Ipa, before,
and the infinitive mood with Pagpa.

PRESENT TENSE.


          I order to sew the shirt.   Guipatahi co ang sinina.


PAST TENSE.


         I have had the shirt sewed.   Guipatahi co ang sinina.


FUTURE.


     You will order the shirt to be sewed.   Ipatahi mo ang sinina.


IMPERATIVE.


         Order the shirt to be sewed.   Ipatahi mo ang sinina.


3.a The sentences of this first passive are formed by placing in
nominative case the object of the commandment, the verb in passive
voice; in genitive the orderer, and in dative, the errand.


Tell the servant to bring the         Ipasaca mo sa bata ang maleta nga
portmanteau, it is on the coach, up   tua didto sa coche.
stairs.
Tell him to carry this letter to      Ipadala mo cania quining sulat sa
the post-office.                      correo.
Send them for grass for the horse.    Ipahatud mo canila ug compay sa
                                      cabayo.


4. a The present and past tenses of the second passive, are formed with
Guipa, before the root; the future and imperative by putting Pa before
the root, and On after; and the infinitive mood with Pagpa, before.


PRESENT.


                   I make it known.   Guipahibalo co.


PAST.


                   I made it known.   Guipahibalo co.


FUTURE.


                You will make it known.   Pahibaloon mo.


IMPERATIVE MOOD.


               Make it known.   Pahibaloon mo, pahibaloa.


5.a The sentences of this passive are formed by putting the object
upon which the action falls in nominative case: the verb, in passive
voice; in genitive, the errand person; and in accusative that who
performs the thing, if there be. Ex:


I ordered the servant to call the   Guipa-anhi co sa bata ang
tailor.                             magtatahi.
Did you order to buy the hemp I     Guipapalit mo ba ang lanot nga
recommended you?                    guitogon co canimo?
Order your sister to sew the        Patahion mo sa sinina ang imong
shirt, because the Easter is        igso-on, cay hadool na ang Pasco.
approaching.


6.a The present and past tenses of passive the third, are formed
by putting Guipa, before the root and An after: the future and the
imperative with Pa before, and An after; and the infinitive mood by
placing Pagpa, before the root.


I order or I ordered to sweep.       Guipasilhigan co.
You will order to sweep.             Pasilhigan mo, pasilhigi.
Order to sweep.                      Pasilhigan mo.
Try to carry me to your house, for   Ipadangat mo aco unta sa imong
I do not feel very well.             balay, cay masaquitsaquit aco.
When God be pleased to take us       Cun padangaton quita sa Dios sa
into heaven, we shall enjoy with     langit, pagahiagoman ta ang mga
everlasting pleasures.               ca-ayohan nga langitnon.
Please accept the present I send     Dauata ang regalo nga guipadala co
you, as a proof of your presence     canimo, sa tima-an sa acong
in my thoughts.                      paghinumdum canimo.


7.a The sentences of this passive are formed by placing the spot,
person or thing in nominative case; the verb in the third passive;
the orderer in genitive; in dative the errand-boy, and in accusative
the errand. Examples:


I have told you, to pay the         Guipasoholan co canimo ang mga
workmen three mex a day.            magbubuhat tagotlo capisos ang
                                    adlao.
Would to God, that the Judge        Agad pa unta, nga pabayran aco
compel them to restore me the one   canila sa hocom sa usa ca gatus ca
hundred dollars they have stolen    pisos nga guicauat nila canaco.
from me.
Have the kindness to tell your      Ug ma-arang sa imong buut,
cousin to help me to load the       patabangan mo aco sa imong ig-agao
cocoa-nuts into the vessel.         sa paglulan sa mga lubi sa sacayan.


8.a The negative sentences are formed in Bisaya by means of the
adverbs Dili, uala and ayao.

Dili is employed in the future sentences, and is formed with the
particles of imperative mood, and sometimes of indicative.

Uala, is made use of, when the sentence is of past time, and is formed
like Dili.

Ayao, is employed to forbid any thing, and its sentences are formed
with the particle pag, and sometimes with mag. Examples:


Think about the four last things,   Maghunahuna ca sa mga caolahian mo
and you will not sin.               ug dili icao macasala.
You did not hear mass this          Caniha sa buntag uala icao
morning.                            sumingba.
Compel me not to eat because I am   Ayao icao maglugus canaco sa
not fond of that.                   pagcaon, cay dili aco mahagugma
                                    niana.




Exercise XVII.

How far are we going?--We are going as far as the Church--Are you
going as far as the river?--No: I am going as far as Dauis--Have you
ever stolen any thing?--I have never stolen any thing--Do you dye any
thing?--I dye my hat--What color do you dye it?--I dye it black--Do
you get your hat dyed?--I get it dyed green--What hat has the boy?--He
has two hats, a white one and a black one--How far does this road
lead?--It leads as far as Baclayon--Where does your friend live?--He
lives on this side of the road--Is the garden of your sister on this
or that side of the wood?--It is on that side--Would you be sorry if
your mother were to arrived to day?--I should rather be gladded for
it--Are you angry with me?--No: I am angry with Miss. Valeriane who
went to the ball without telling me a word of it.







EIGHTEENTH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLE NAGAPACA.


NAGAPACA.

l.a This particle is composed of Naga and Pa and its active tenses
are formed according to the rules above mentioned for Naga adding
paca invariably.

The passive voice is formed with Guipaca or Pinaca, for the present
and past tenses; and the future and imperative, with Paca, before,
and on after the root. This particle admits but the second and third
passives and signifies to feign what the root signifies. But when
added to abstracts nouns or to neuter verbs, signifies to do heartily
what the root signifies. Ex:


  Saint Joseph was considered as the   Si San Jose guipaca-amahan sa
  Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.     atong Guino-ong Jesucristo.
  Do not pretend to be mad, less we    Ayao came pacabu-angbu-angan,
  esteem you as such a one.            tingali ona pacabu-angbu-angon
                                       icao namo.
  Our Lord Jesus Christ became man     Ang atong Guino-ong Jesucristo
  in the chaste womb of the Virgin     nagpacatao sa ulay nga tian ni
  Mary.                                Maria Virgen.
  I will consider you as a father to   Paca-amahanon co icao.
  me.


2.a Before nouns of time signifies to do till the root points out,
and then is rendered into Bisaya by Guica, as:


     He spent the night in praying.   Guicabuntagan sia sa pagampo.


3.a This particle is employed also when we make use of a thing out
of its natural employment. Thus:


    My broad hat serves me for an   Guipacapayong co ang calo co nga
    umbrella.                       halapad.
    A bottle serves me for a        Pinacacandelero co ang usa ca
    candlestick.                    boteya.


4.a When in the sentence there is an expression pointing out doubt
or incertitude, it is translated into Bisaya by Caha, Examples:


How much can that horse be worth?   ?Pilay bale caha nianang cabayo?
It is worth twenty dollars.         Caluha-an ca pisos (bulaoan).
Better.                             Ma-ayo cay, ma-ayo sa.
Your servant is better than mine.   Ma-ayo ang imong sologoon cay sa
                                    aco.
Not yet.                            Dili pa, uala pa.
Does the child return you your      Guiuli ba sa batang diutay canimo
book?                               ang libro mo?
He does.                            Guiuli na.

Where are you coming from?          ?Di-in ca guican?
From what place?                    ?Di-in?, ?Dis-a?
I am coming from Tagbilaran.        Guican aco sa Tagbilaran.
Whose?                              ?Quinsa?
Whose hat is this?                  Quinsa ba ang tag-iya ni-ining
                                    calo?
The afternoon.                      Ang hapon.
Noon.                               Odto.
The dinner.                         Ang paniodto.
The breakfast.                      Ang pamahao.
The supper.                         Ang panihapon.
After me.                           Sa human na aco.




Exercise XVIII.

Is it right to laugh thus at every body?- I laugh at your clothes, I
do not laugh at every body-- Does your daughter resemble any one?--She
resembles no one--Can you not get rid of that man?--I can not get
rid of him, for he will absolutely follow me--Has he not lost his
wits?--It may be--What does he ask you for?--I do not know--Whose
gun is that?--It is my uncle's--Who are those men? --The one who is
dressed in white is my neighbour, and who is dressed with black it
is the son of the physician, who has given my neighbour a blow with
a stick--Are there many learned in Roma; are there not?--Milton asked
a Roman "Not so many as when you were there" answered the Roman.







NINETEENTH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLE NACA.


NACA.

3.a This particle is divided into potential and causal. The potential
naca, signifies to do in fact, what the root to which precedes points
out, containing in itself the faculty of doing.

This is the reason why the English verbs to can, to be able, are
not translated into Bisaya. In the active voice the present and
past tenses are formed with the particle naca, and the future and
imperative with maca. When speaking in passive voice, the present and
past are formed with na, and the future and imperative by means of
ma. Instead of naca and maca, are used nacag and macag respectively,
when the signification of the root is often done.

These rules will be more easily understood by the following examples:


The wounded horse can already walk    Ang cabayong guisamad-an
a little.                             nacalacao-lacao na.
The sick man is already able to get   Ang masaquiton nacatindug na.
up.
I can not eat.                        Dili aco macagcaon.
I have murmured against you very      Nacaglibac aco canimo sa
often.                                masubsub.
They will be not able to overtake     Dili na sia caha maapas, cay tua
him, for he is, I think, far          na sa halayo.
distant.
I can not sleep.                      Dili aco macatolog.
When my Father died, my Mother was    Sa pagcamatay ni Tatay, ang acong
not able to weep.                     Inahan uala macahilac.


2.a Besides the particle naca, the Bisaya dialect has some other words
compensatory of the English verbs, to can, to be able, such as arang,
gahum and himo employed sometimes alone, and some times in composition
with naca.

Arang, signifies to possess power of doing any thing, but subordinated
to another. Examples:


If I could afford, I would buy a   Ug ma-arang pa aco, mu-palit aco
fine horse.                        unta ug usa ca ma-ayong cabayo.

If you please, give me some        Ug ma-arang sa imong bu-ut, tagai,
medicine.                          aco ug tambal.
Can you afford to buy that         ?Macapalit ca ba nianang cabayo?
horse?
I can afford it.                   Arang co paliton.
How is the sick?                   ?Comusta ang masaquit?
He is so so.                       Arang-arang na sia.


Gahum, signifies vigour, strength, courage, and it is employed in
both material and moral acceptations, as:


   I am an old man.           Tigulang na aco, or uala na acoy gahum.
   Did you dare to rob your   ?Ngano nacagahum ca sa pagpangauat sa
   master?                    imong agalon?


Himo, signifies to possess the power of doing any thing, as:


Can you make it?                    Macahimo ca ba niana?
I could make it, but I have not     Macahimo aco unta, apan uala acoy
tools.                              hilimoan.
What is impossible with men, God    Ang dili mahimo sa mga taoo, mahimo
can do.                             sa Dios.
Is it possible?                     Mahimo ba?
It is possible.                     Mahimo man.
The authority.                      Cagamhanan.
Our Lord Jesus Christ left to his   Ang mga ilis ni Jesucristo
ministers the power of forgiving    guitaga-an nia sa cagamhanan sa
sins.                               pagpa-saylo sa mga sala.




Exercise XIX.

Why do you associate with those people?--I associate with them because
they are useful to me--If you continue to associate with them you
will get into bad scrapes, for they have many enemies--Do you know
a good place to swim in?--I know one--Where is it?--On the side of
the river behind the wood, near the high road--When shall we go to
swim?--This evening if you please--Will you wait for me before the
city gate?--I shall wait for you there, but I beg you not to forget
it--You know that I never forget my promises--Is this man angry with
you?--I think he is angry with me, because I do not go to see him;
but I do not like to go to his house, for when I go there, instead
of receiving me with pleasure, he looks displeased--Why do you look
so sad?--I have experienced great misfortunes--You must not afflict
yourself so much, for you know that we must yield to necessity--But,
bless me, why do you cry so?







TWENTIETH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLE NACA-CAUSAL.


NACA-Causal.


This particle is made use of, when the nominative produces on the
accusative, that which the root signifies. It is also a nominative
of this particle the cause or place where the effect is produced. The
active voice is conjugated according to the rules laid down for naca
potential. The scholar must pay particular attention to this particle
in order to use it properly in its two acceptations.

The potential naca, is compounded but with roots of active verbs,
and the causal with those of neuter verbs and of adjective nouns.

The present and past tenses of this passive are formed by putting
guica, before the root and an after; the future and imperative with
ca, before and an after: and the infinitive mood placing pagca or
ca, before.

Remark. At Cebu and Bohol provinces is very often used na, instead
of guica, with an invariably after the root. Examples:


Of what illness did John die?   ?Onsay namatyan or guicamatyan ni Juan?
He was struck with fever.       Ang hilanat maoy namatyan nia.


2.a When speaking with this particle the natives insert between the
subject and the verb, the verb maoy or mao, and ang, to express with
more energy and precision the causality idea.

Remark. The recoleto P. Zueco, of great authority on the matter says,
that the verb mao, must be always inserted between, both in active
and passive voices, when speaking with the particle naca causal. Thus:


ACTIVE.


      The medicine did well with the   Ang tambal maoy naca-ayo sa
      sick.                            masaquit.


PASSIVE.


      The medicine &.   Ang tambal maoy guica-ayohan sa masaquit.


3.a When speaking by means of this particle in passive voice, the
subjective and the objective cases stand invariably, changing only
the verb. Examples:


What did your brother die of?     ?Onsa ba ang guicamatyan sa igso-on
                                  mo?
He died of fever.                 Ang hilanat maoy guica-matyan nia.
Our Lord Jesus Christ died        Ang usa ca macaulao nga Cruz maoy
nailed to a shameful cross.       guicamatyan sa atong Guino-ong J.C.
The just man, pities his          Giucasaquitan sa taong matarung ang
neighbours sufferings.            mga saquit sa iyang isigcataoo.
Why?                              ?Ngano?, ?Mano?.
Because.                          Cay.

For what reason?                  ?Onsay hinungdan cay?
Why did you become sick?          ?Onsay hinungdan cay guisaquit ca?
Will you give me the cocoa you    ?Bu-ut ca ba muhatag canaco sa cacao
have?                             nga na-a canimo?
I will give it to you.            Bu-ut aco muhatag canimo sa acong
                                  cacao.
Can you drink as much wine as     Macainom ba camo sa vino ug sa gatas
milk?                             nga magsama sa cadaghan?
We can drink as much of the one   Macainom came sa usa ug sa usa nga
as of the other.                  magsama sa cadaghan.
Can our neighbours children       ?Macabuhat ba ang mga anac sa mga
work?                             silingan ta?
They can, but are not willing     Macabuhat sila, apan dili sila bu-ut.
to work.
Whom do you wish to answer?       ?Quinsa ba ang bu-ut nimo baslan?
I wish to answer my good          Bu-ut aco magbalus sa acong mga
friends.                          higalang ma-ayo.
Where is your son?                ?Hain ba ang anac mo?
He is at the street               Tua sa dalan.
Why do you laugh?                 ?Onsa ba ang guicatao-an nino?
I am coming to work to-morrow.    Muanhi aco ugma cay aron magbuhat
                                  aco.
The Almighty God.                 Ang Macagagahum sa ngatanan.




Exercise XX.

What is the price of this cloth?--I sell it at six reals (tolo
ca cahate) the rod--It seems to me very dear--Will you have the
kindness to show me some other pieces of that new cloth?--I am ready
to serve you--Does this red cloth suit you?--It does not suit me--Why
so?--Because it is too dear--Are you learning Bisaya?--Yes, I am
learning it--Who is your teacher?--A Recoleto Father--Does he teach
also English?--Yes, he teaches English to the natives, and also Spanish
to his American friends--I wish to make his acquaintance, wherefore,
I beg of you to introduce me to him--I should like to know, why I do
not know to speak as well as you?--I will tell you: you would speak as
well as I if you were not so timid; but if you had studied well your
lessons, you would not be afraid to speak; because in order to speak
well, it is necessary to have knowledge of, and it is very natural
that he who does not know well what he has learned, should be timid,
if you were sure to make not faults, you would be not timid.







TWENTY FIRST LESSON

OF THE PARTICLES MI AND NA.


MI.


The particle mi, signifies to do what the root points out, and is
ordinarily compounded with verbs denoting motion. It is formed by
putting mi, before the root for present tense, min for past, and mu
for the future. The imperative mood is formed with um before the root,
when begins with a vowel; but when with a consonant, um must be placed
between the first and the second radical letters. Ex:


When will the steamer arrive?        ?Anus-a ba muabut ang vapor?
My father arrived yesterday.         Cahapon minabut si Tatay.
Who has arrived at the town?         ?Quinsa ba ang minabut sa longsod?
I wish to enter, in order to speak   Musulud unta aco, sa pagsulti sa
with the Captain.                    Capitan.
Make haste, it is my master          Dumali ca, cay guipa-abut ca man
waiting you.                         sa agalon co.

Do you wish to dine?                 ?Bu-ut ba camo cumaon?
We wish to eat, but we do not wish   Bu-ut came cumaon, apan dili came
to drink.                            bu-ut uminom.
Do you wish to drink any thing?      ?Bu-ut ba camo uminom bisan onsa?
I do not wish to drink any thing.    Dili aco bu-ut muinom bisan onsa.



NA

l.a The particle na, is joined to the neuter verbs and signifies what
the root points out. In active voice is made use of na for present
and past tenses, and of ma, for the future.

In passive voice the tenses are formed by placing na, before the root
and an after, for present and past; and ma, before the root and an
after, for the future tense.

This particle serves also to point out the place or cuasi-place of
the action. These passive particle sentences are formed by putting
in subjective case the place or cuasi-place, and the verb in its
correspondent tense. Ex:


  Going through the forest a branch     Sa pag-agui co didto sa
  came upon me.                         cacahuyan nahologan aco sa usa
                                        ca sanga.
  My house was destroyed by the fire.   Nasunug ang acong balay.
  He fell from the cocoa-tree, and      Naholog sa lubi ug namatay.
  died.
  He was struck with asthma, and died   Guihangus sia ug nalumus.
  of asphyxia.
  Take care, that you do not fall.      Maholog ca baya.


2.a The neuter verbs of action, are formed by means of the particles
of active verbs maga or mi, as:


I did go up.                     Minsaca aco.
The bird flew away.              Ang langgam minlupad.
Where are you taking me to?      As-a guidala aco nimo?
I will take you to my father's   Dad-on ta icao sa camalig sa amahan
yard.                            co.
To walk.                         Soroy-soroy, Lacat-lacat,
                                 Lacao-lacao.
Are you walking?                 ?Nagasoroy-soroy ca ba?
I am walking.                    Nagasoroy-soroy aco.
When does your father walk?      ?Anus-a magasoroy-soroy ang imong
                                 amahan?
He walks as early as you.        Nagalacao-lacao sia sa masayo ingon
                                 canimo.
Early.                           Masayo, Sa masayo.
It is early.                     Buntag pa man.
It is too late.                  Hata-as na ang adlao.
Enough, Too.                     Igo, Hinlabihan.
Do you speak more than enough.   ?Hinlabihan ba ang imong pagsulti?
No; I speak moderately.          Dili: casarangan ang acong pagsulti.
Already.                         Na.
Yet.                             Pa.
Not yet.                         Dili pa, Uala pa.
Do you speak Bisaya yet?         ?Nagasulti ca na ba ug Binsaya?
Not yet.                         Dili pa.
I do not speak yet.              Dili pa aco magasulti.
Never. (future.)                 Dili sa guihapon.
No; never (past.)                Uala, Sugud.
Seldom.                          Tagsa ra, Talagsa ra.
How many times?                  ?Nacapila?, ?Macapila?
One, Twice.                      Nacausa, Nacaduha.
Many times.                      Nacadaghan.
Heretofore, formerly.            Canhi pa, Sa canhi pa.




Exercise XXI.

Of what illness did your brother die?--He died of fever--How is your
brother?--My brother is not longer living, he died last week--He was
very well last year, when I was in Tagbilaran--Of what illness did he
die?--He died of small-pox--How is the mother of your friend?--She
is not well, she had an attack of ague the day before yesterday,
and this morning the fever has returned--Do your pupils learn their
exercises by heart?--They will rather tear them than learn them by
heart--Why does the mother of our servant shed tears?--She sheds tears
because the Father, our friend, who used to give her alms, died four
days ago--Of what illness did he die?--He died oppressed by his old
age--Will you help me to work when we go to Panglao?--I will help you
to work, if you help me now to get a livelihood--How does your sister
like those oranges?--She likes them very well, but she says that they
are a little too sweet--Do you wish to dine here?--I will dine here,
provided that you had prepared a good meal.







TWENTY SECOND LESSON

OF THE PARTICLES NANAG AND NAN.


NANAG.

The particle nanag, is employed when the agent is more than one. The
present and past tenses are formed by means of nanag; and the
future and imperative with manag. When speaking in passive voice,
the present and past are formed by putting guipanag, before the root,
and the future and imperative, with panag, before and on after, as:


The children are waiting for their   Ang mga bata nanaghulat sa ilang
teacher.                             magtoto-on.
The children will read.              Ang mga bata managbasa.
The carabaos have destroyed the      Ang mga calabao nanagpangguba sa
circle.                              siclat.
Our Lord Jesus Christ redeemed us    Quitang tanan gnipanglucat sa
all, from the power of the devil.    atong J.C. sa cabihagan sa yaoa.

Forgive them, for they know not      Pasaylo-a sila, cay uala sila
what they do.                        mahibalo sa guipanagbuhat nila.
To depart, to go out.                Guican
At what time do you wish to leave?   ?Anus-a camo bu-ut muguican?
We wish to leave now.                Bu-ut came muguican caron.
To thank, (to God or the Saints)     Pagpasalamat.
To thank, (to the men)               Pagdios magbayad.
I thank you for the trouble you      Nagadios magbayad aco canimo sa
have taken for me.                   cabudlay mo tungud canaco.
How high?, of what height?           ?Onsa ba ang cata-ason?
Of what height is your house?        ?Onsa ba ang cahitas-on sa imong
                                     balay?
To save anybody's life.              Pagbaui sa quinabuhi.
To dispute, to contend about some    Paglalis, pagindig-indig.
thing.
About what are these people          ?Onsay guilalisan nianang mga tao?
disputing?
They are disputing about who shall   Cun quinsa ba ang mu-ona, mao
go first.                            ilang guila-lisan.
They are contending about the        Nanagindig-indig sila tungud sa
signification of the Bisaya word,    polong binisaya, Lagui.
"Lagui".
Even, not even.                      Dili pa ngani.
He has not even money enough to      Dili pa ngani igo ang salapi nia
buy some wine.                       sa pagpalit ug vino.
By no means.                         Dili gayud mahimo.



NAN.

The particle nan, is made use of to point out the continuance of an
action, to give particular energy to the object, and also when the
agent person is more than one. The active tenses present and past,
are formed with nan, and the future and imperative with man. In
passive voice is made use of guipa, for the former tenses, and of pa,
for the latter.

The use of the change of letters, very usual in this particle,
is explained about the end of the 15.a Lesson, Page 58, which the
learned is desired to consult.

Remark. The roots compounded with the particle nan, may be also
recompounded with the particle naca potential, according to its
active conjugation; but in such a case, says the P. Zueco, if the
first syllable of the root is a consonant, pang, must be inserted
between naca, and the root, as:


       The sick talks nonsense.   Nacapangyamyam ang masaquit.
       The men are kneeling       Ang mga lalaqui nacapanglohod.
       The women will kneel       Ang mga babaye nanlohod.
       Kneel down.                Manlohod came.




Exercise XXII.

Are you a judge of horses?--I am a judge of horses--Will you buy
one for me?--If you will give me the money I will buy you two--Is
that man a judge of cloth?--He is not a good judge of it--How do
you manage to do that?--I will show you how I manage it--What must
I do for my lesson of to morrow?--You will make a fair copy of your
exercises, do three others, and study the next lesson--How does your
brother manage to learn Bisaya without a dictionary?--He manages it
very dexterously--Have you already seen my son?--I have not seen him
yet--How is he?--He is very well, you will not be able to recognize
him, for he has grown very tall in a short time--What kind of weather
is it?--It is very warm--Is it long time since we had any rain?--No;
and I believe we shall have to-day a storm--It may be--The wind
rises, it is thundering, do you hear it?--Yes, I hear it: but the
storm is still too far--Not so far as you think--Do you not see how
it lightens?--Bless me! what a shower!--If we go into some place,
we shall be sheltered from the storm.







TWENTY THIRD LESSON

OF THE PARTICLES NAQUIG AND NAQUI.


NAQUIG.


The particle naquig, signifies to stimulate to perform what the root
points out, and is employed with reciprocal verbs, and those implying
company in the action. The present and past tenses of active voice,
are formed by means of naquig, and the future and imperative with
maquig. It may be recomposed with the particle naga, but in this case
changes the letter n into p. The signification does not undergo any
change. Examples:


  I invite you to go up to the tower.   Naquigsaca aco canimo sa
                                        latorre.
  This man has been challenging me to   Nagapaquigaoay quining tao
  fight.                                canaco.
  The horses excite themselves to       Ang mga cabayo naquigaoay.
  quarrel.
  The children will excite themselves   Ang mga bata maquigaoay.
  to fight.
  To excite, to exhort.                 Agda
  Excite your heart to the repentance   Agdahon mo ang imong
  of your sins.                         casingcasing sa paghinulsul sa
                                        mga sala mo.



NAQUI.

This particle signifies to beg, to implore, to entreat, and also,
to fancy or to give one's mind to that which the root refers to,
points out. The present and past of this particle are conjugated
by means of naqui, and the future and imperative with maqui. This
particle like the preceding naquig, may be recomposed with naga,
changing also the initial n into p. When the action falls upon the
subject, naqui is translated into napaqui, being napaqui, for the
present and past, mapaqui, for future, and paqui or mapaqui for the
imperative mood. Examples:


The beggars are asking alms.         Ang mga hangul naquilimos or
                                     nagapaquilimos.
I beg you to explain this to me.     Paquisayran mo aco niini.
Did you ask help from Mr. Peter?     ?Napaquitabang ca ba can Sr.
                                     Pedro?
Beg God's mercy, then God does not   Paquimalo-oy ca sa Dios, cay ang
despise to the sinner who begs of    Dios magapasaylo sa macasasala nga
Him pardon.                          maquipasaylo cania.
As to, As for....                    Sa tungud sa....
As to me....                         Sa tungud canaco....
As to that, I do not know what to    Sa tungud niana, ambut cun onsay
say.                                 ipamolong co.
I do not know what to do.            Ambut or inay, cun onsay bububaton
                                     co.
I do not know where to go.           Ambut cun asay adto-on co.
I do not know what to answer.        Ambut cun onsa ba ang itubag co.
To knock at the door.                Pagtoctoc sa pultahan.
To distrust one.                     Dili pagsalig.
We must not trust every body.        Dili quita maeasalig sa mga tao
                                     ngatanan.
To get into a bad scrape             Pagsamuc.
That man is ever getting into bad    Canang tao nangita guihapon sa mga
scrapes, but he always gets out of   casamuc, apan nahigaoas guihapon
them again.                          sia.
To become acquainted with some       Pagpaquig-higala.
one.
I have become acquainted with Mr     Naquighigala aco can Sr. Gilbert,
Gilbert, because he is a good        cay maayong amigos sia.
friend.
To resemble some one.                Ingon-ingon ug dag-oay.
This lady resembles my sister.       Quining babaye maingonlugon ug
                                     dag-oay sa igso-on cong babaye.
You look like a federal.             Ingon ug federal ang imong
                                     dag-oay.
To spring forward.                   Pagdamag.
The dog jumps upon the rabbit.       Ang cornejo guidamagan sa iro.
To lose one's wits.                  Pagcabu-ang.
This Lady has lost his wits, and     Quining Senora nabuang, ug dili
she does not know what to do,        sia mahibalo sa guibuhat nia
unhappy woman!                       lintaon!




Exercise XXIII.

Being lately (sa usa ca adlao) in town, I received a letter from your
teacher in which he strongly complained of you--Do not weep--now go
into your room learn your lesson, and be a good boy (magma-ayo ca)
otherwise (cun dili) you will get nothing for dinner--I shall be
so good, my dear father, that you will certainly be satisfied with
me--What must be do in order to be happy?--Love and practise virtue,
and you will be happy both in this life and in the next--Since (cay)
we wish to be happy, let us do good to the poor, and let us have pity
on the unlucky (nalisdan)--Let us obey our masters, and never give
them any trouble--How has my son behaved towards you?--He has behaved
well towards me, for he behaves well towards every body--His father
told him often: the behavior of others is but an echo of our behavior;
if we behave well towards them, they will also behave well towards us;
but if we use them ill, we must not expect, (dili atong pa-abuton)
better from them, (ang batasan nila nga ma-ayo canato).







TWENTY FOURTH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLES NAHA, NAHI, NAPA, NASIG, NASIGHI, NANGI, NANHI,
NANIG, NANUM, NANI.


NAHA or NAHI.

This particle is used to express that the action of the verb to which
is joined, took place out of mind, or by chance. The present and past
tenses are formed with naha or nahi; the future and imperative mood
by putting maha or mahi and the infinitive mood with paha or pagpaha
before the root. When speaking in passive, the present and past are
formed with the particle hin, and the future and imperative with hi.

The particle naha admits only the passive of an, or the 3d passive,
excepting the verb gugma which must be conjugated by the passive of on.

The roots Budlay, Butang and Bu-ut, change their initial B into M,
to form the verbs.


              To rest.                     Pagpahamudlay.
              To put one's in due place.   Pagpahamutang.
              To be pleased with.          Pagpahimu-ut


Examples:


I do not speak on purpose.         Nahanayan aco sa pagsulti, or
                                   guihinaycan co ang pagsulti.
He quite alone is enjoying of      Nagahiagom sia nga usa ra sa cabilin
our father's inheritance.          sa amahan namo.
Pardon me, I have trodden on you   Pasaylo-a aco, cay naha-tonob aco
unwillingly.                       canimo.
Take rest for a moment, then       Magpahamudlay usa camo cadiot, cay
your walk was too far distant.     hata-as man ca-ayo ang
                                   pagsoroy-soroy nino.

Who does live in state of grace,   Ang nahamutang sa pagcabutang sa
will obtain after his dead, the    gracia, sa oras sa iyang camatayon,
everlasting life.                  macadangat sa quinabuhi nga dayon.
Thou art my beloved son, in whom   Icao man ang nahigugma cong anac,
I have pleased myself.             nga guihimu-utan co.
Love God with all your heart.      Higugmaon ang Dios sa tibo-oc nga
                                   casingcasing mo.



NAPA.

This particle is joined to the reflexive verbs, and signifies what
the root points out. The present and past tenses are formed with napa;
the future with mapa, and the imperative by means of pa.

Examples:


  He remained at home to play.    Napabilin sia sa balay sa
                                  pagdula-dula.
  Distrust of flattering words.   Ayao icao palimbong sa mga maghohopo
                                  nga mga polong.
  Why do you remain here?         ?Nganong napabilin ca dinhi?
  I shall remain here till        Mapabilin aco dinhi cutub ugma.
  to-morrow.
  Remain here.                    Pabilin ca.


Remark. As it may be seen by the examples, this particle has no
passive voice.



NASIG.


This particle is placed before roots of reflexive verbs, and it is
the most proper to express reciprocalness. Like the preceding, it has
not passive voice, and its active tenses are formed with nasig the
present and past, and by means of masig the  future and imperative. As:


They two hate each other.             Nasigdumut silang du-ha.
Come to an agreement between          Masigsabut camo.
yourselves.
Help one another to reap as soon as   Masigtabang camo, aron madali
may be your ricegrounds.              mahuman ang pagga-ad sa inong mga
                                      basac.



NASIGHI.

This particle, as well as nasig signifies reciprocalness, but depending
on any one circumstance. Its tenses are formed with nasighi and
masighi respectively. It is also in lack of passive.


Love one another, and you will be   Masighigugma camo ug mapaladan
happy.                              camo.
Arthur and Mary love each other.    Si Arturo ug si Maria nasighiugma
                                    sila.



NANGI.

The particle nangi, is employed but with the root Laba, which signifies
to ask for protection, to beg, to beseech any thing from God or from
the Saints. Its tenses are formed with nangi and mangi respectively;
and the passive by means of guipangi: the present and past tenses
and with pangi the future and imperative moods. Examples:


I will beg the God's grace, in this   Mangilaba aco sa Dios ni-ining
trouble I am feeling.                 cayugot nga guiantus co.
Beg His assistance to be delivered    Pangilaba mo sia aron bauion ca
from that temptation.                 nianang panolay.



NANHI

This particle governs only the roots Coco, Bungut and Quiqui. The
active tenses are formed with nanhi and manhi; and in passive voice
with guipanhi and panhi respectively. Examples:


            He cuts himself the nails.     Nanhingoco sia.
            He cleans himself the teeth.   Nanhingiqui sia.
            He is shaving himself.         Nanhimungut sia.



NANIG.

It is used before the adverb ingon, and signifies to imitate. It
is conjugated with nanig and manig and with guipanig and panig
respectively.



NANUM.

The particle nanum, is only used with the root Balay, Ex:


You are always running from house to house.   Nanumbalay camo guihapon.



NANI.

This particle precedes to the roots Odto and hapon: and admits the
three passives. Thus:


       We have just dined.               Naniodto na came.
       Serve them the dinner.            Paniodtohon mo sila.
       Will you take the supper here?.   Manihapon ba camo dinhi?




Exercise XXIV.

How do you do?--Very well at your service--And how are all at home,
your parents and your brothers?--Tolerably well, thank God--As for you,
you are health itself: you cannot look better--Please to sit down,
here is a chair--I will not detain you from your business I know
that a merchant's time is precious--I have nothing to do at present,
I only wished in passing, to inquire about your health--You do me
much honor--What o'clock is it?--It is half past one--You say it is
half past one, and by my watch (dinhi sa acong orasan) it is but half
past twelve--Pardon me: (tabi canimo): it has not yet struck one--I
assure you it is half-past one, for my watch goes very well--Who has
arrived?--They say my cousin has arrived--Where does he come from?--He
is coming from Manila--Has he spent a long time on the sea?--He has
suffer a delay of fortnight, for the weather was very bad--Have you
bought this hat in Manila?--I have not bought it, my cousin who has
just arrived, has made me a present of it.







TWENTY FIFTH LESSON

IMPERSONAL VERBS.


The impersonal verbs are those which express the atmospherical
phenomena, and are only used in the third person singular, compounded
with the particle naga or mi out of the roots init and Tugnao which
are compounded with na. Ex:


To dawn.                           Pagbanagbanag.
To arrive at break of day.         Pagcabuntag, eabuntagon.
To grow dark.                      Pagcagabi-i, cagabhion.
To rain like a deluge.             Pagolan sa mabascug.
To rain.                           Pagolan.

To drizzle.                        Pagalindahao.
To lighten.                        Pagquilat.
To thunder.                        Pagdalogdog, paglugung.
It is raining.                     Nagaolan man.
Is it lightening?                  Nagaquilat ba?
It is thundering.                  Nagadalogdog.
Is it warm?                        ?Mainit ba?
No: it is cold.                    Dili; matugnao man.
To behave well towards.            Ma-ayo ang batasan sa.
He behaves well towards his        Ma-ayo ang batasan nia sa iyang
cousin.                            ig-agao.
To behave ill.                     Dautan ang batasan.
He use ill his friends.            Dautan ang batasan nia sa mga higala
                                   nia.
As he was always behave well       Cay ma-ayo guihapon ang batasan nia
towards me, I will not use him     canaco, ma-ayo usab ang batasan co
ill.                               cania.
In vain.                           Bisan onsaon.
In vain I look around, I saw       Bisan onsaon co pagtan-ao sa libut
neither house nor man; not the     co, uala aco ma-caquita ug balay, ug
least sign of dwelling.            ug balay, ug tao ug tima-an sa
                                   puluy-anan.
We search in vain, for what we     Bisan onsaon ta pagpangita, dili
have lost, we cannot find.         quita macaquita sa nauala canato.
What do you mean?                  ?Onsay bu-ut ipamolong mo?
I mean, hallo!                     Bu-ut cong ipamolong idiay!
That does not mean any thing.      Cana ualay casayuran.
As long, as.                       Cun, pa.
As long as you behave well,        Cun ma-ayo pa ang batasan mo,
people will love you.              higugmaon ca.
Unless.                            Cun dili.
If it should happen that.          Cun pananglit, Cun cailignon pa
                                   unta.

Although, Whatever.                Bisan ogaling, Bisan daco ogaling.
Unless you speak her she will      Cun dili ca magsulti cania, dili sia
not answer you.                    mutu-bag canimo.
Whatever be our patience,we will   Bisan daco ogaling ang pagantos ta
never have enough.                 dili pa igo sa guihapon.
Would to God!                      Unta, Hinaut unta.
Would to God it were so!           Agad unta nga mao cana ingon niana!
May you be happy!                  Hinaut unta nga mapaladan ca!
In order to....                    Cay aron....
In order that....                  Cay aron....
I send you this book in order      Guipadala co canimo quining libro
that you may read it.              cay aron basahon mo.
By dint of.                        Tungud sa daco.
By dint of labour.                 Tungund sa dacong pag-buhat.
The more, as.                      Ingon nga, labi pa cay.
I am the more displeased with      Ingon nga dili aco mu-angay sa imong
your behaviour, as you are under   batasan labi pa cay daghan ang utang
many obligations to me.            <DW41> bu-ut canaco.




Exercise XXV.

Why is your mother troubled?--She troubles at receiving no news
from her son who is in Spain--She must be not troubled about him,
for whenever he gets into a bad scrape, he knows how to get out of it
again--Last year, when we were to hunt together, night grow upon us
(guicagabhian came) very far from our house--Where did you pass the
night?--At first I was very afflicted, but your brother not so: on
the contrary, he tranquillized me, so that I lost my restlessness--We
found at last a shepherd's hut where we spent the night--There I had
opportunity to observe the cleverness of your brother--A few canes of a
truss of straw served him to make a comfortable bed--He used a bottle
as a candlestick, and with two or three birds he prepared the most
comfortable supper--Where we awoke in the morning we were as rested and
healthy as if we had slept on the most comfortable bed in the world.







TWENTY SIXTH LESSON

DEFECTIVE VERBS.


The defective verbs of this dialect are employed but in coexistent
past, putting the person in genitive case. They are eight in number,
as follows:

1.o Apat, governs the subordinate verb in the subjunctive mood, as:


         You had better not come.   Apat nga uala icao muanhi.


2.o Buuti, signifies, from what I can see, in my opinion, and must
be placed at the end of the sentence, Thus:


   In my opinion, that is what he   Mao man cana, buuti ang gui-ingon
   said.                            nia.


3.o Matod or polong, is made use of, when citing the saying or sentence
of any one, as:


   Says St. Austin.                   Matod or polong ni San Agustin.
   According to what I say or said.   Matod co, polong co.
   According to what the holy Bible   Matod sa santos nga Sulat.
   says.


4.o Abi. This verb is employed in the coexistent past, placing the
personal pronoun in genitive case, as:


     Did you think I was not here?   ?Abi mo ba nga uala aco dinhi?
     He thought I had told it.       Abi nia acoy nagaingon.


5.o Bacut co, Baut co. It is employed with the first person of the
absolute preterit of indicative mood, thus:


    I thought he would come home.   Baut co nga muanhi sia sa balay.


6.o Ambut.


      I do not know where is the Father.   Ambut hain ba ang Pare.


7.o Cono. This verb must be always placed at the end of the sentence,
and answers to the English dictions "It is said" "They or people say".


  People say Mr. John has died.           Namatay cono si senor Juan.
  It is said that she is very handsome.   Ma-anindut cono sia.


8.o Bantug.


  It is a report that the          Guibantug nga hado-ol ang mga
  insurgents are near.             insurrecto.
  The story goes, Mr John died     Bantug nga namatay cahapon si Sr.
  yesterday.                       Juan.
  How far?                         ?Asa cutub?
  How far did you go?              ?Asa ba cutub adto icao?
  As far as there.                 Didto cutub.
  Knee high.                       Cutub (hasta) sa tohod.
  Down to the end of the street.   Cutub sa catapusan sa dalan.

  The whole family down the very   Ang mga caubanan nga tanan hasta sa
  cat and dog.                     iring ug iro.
  On this side.                    Dinhi sa luyo.
  Take care, for the snake is      Magbantay ca, cay anha ra natago
  behind the door.                 ang saoa sa luyo sa tacop.
  Thus, So, In this manner.        Ingon ni-ini.
  How this word is written?        Guionsa ba ang pagsulat ni-ining
                                   polong?
  In this manner.                  Ingon ni-ini.




Exercise XXVI.

Why are you at variance with John?--Because he always finds faults
with every thing he sees--What does that mean?--That means that I
do not like to speak with you, because you are a liar--Do you wish
to know why did not write your brother his exercise?--Because it was
too difficult--He has sat up all night and has not been able to do it,
because it was out of his reach (cay canang tema dili mahimo nia)--As
soon as (igo) Peter sees me, he begins to speak Bisaya, in order to
practise, (sa pagsumay-sumay) and overwhelms me with attentions; so
that I often do not know what to answer. --His brothers do the same,
however, (bisan pa niana) they are very good people--They are not only
rich and amiable, but they are also generous and charitable.--They
love me sincerely; therefore (busa) I love them also, and shall never
say any thing against their reputation, I should love them still more
(daco pa ngani unta ang paghigugma co canila) if they did not make
so much ceremony; but every man has his faults, aid my fault is to
speak too much of their compliments.







TWENTY SEVENTH LESSON

PRACTICAL SENTENCES


To die, to lose life.               Pagcamatay.
I shall die, for it is appointed    Mamatay man aco, cay sugo man sa
unto men one to die.                Dios nga mamatay ang tao sa macausa
                                    da.
The man died this morning, and      Ang lalaqui namatay caniha sa
his wife died also this             buntag, ug ang asaoa nia caron
afternoon.                          hapon.
Far off, from far.                  Sa halayo.
That picture is seen far off.       Ma-ayo tan-aon canang cuadro sa
                                    halayo.
What has become of your sister?     ?Naonsa ba ang imong igso-on nga
                                    babaye?
I do not know, what has become of   Ambut cun naonsa ba sia.
her.
What is your name?                  ?Quinsay ngalan mo?
My name is Hope.                    Si Esperanza ang ngalan co.
How this is called in Bisaya?       ?Onsa ba ang ngalan ni-ini sa
                                    Binisaya?
I do not know.                      Ambut, Inay.
Rather, Rather than.                Ona.
He has arrived sooner than I.       Sia miabut pagona canaco.
Easy.                               Masayon.
Difficult.                          Malisud.
Useful.                             May pulus.
Useless.                            Ualay pulus.
Is it useful to write a good        ?May pulus ba ang pagsulat ca-ayo?
deal?
It is useful.                       May pulus man.
It is bad, Wrong.                   Dautan man.
Is it right to take the property    ?Ma-ayo ba ang pagcuha sa mga
of others?                          manggad nga dili caugalingon?
Opposite.                           Sa atubangan, Sa atbang.

Opposite this house.                Sa atubangan ni-ining balay.
In several manners.                 Sa pagcalain-lain.
You have written in several         Guilain-lain mo ang pagsulal ug
manners, but always bad.            dautan guihapon ang pagsulat mo.
I live opposite the Church.         Nagapuyo aco atbang sa Singbahan.
To be born.                         Pagcatao.
Where were you born?                ?Hain ca ba natao?
I was born in Tagbilaran.           Natao man aco sa Tagbilaran.
Where was your sister born?         ?Di-in ba natao ang imong igso-on
                                    nga babaye?
She was born in Bais.               Natao sia sa Bais
To lose sight off.                  Pagcauala sa mata.
The steamer is so far off, that     Ingon ca halayo ang vapor, nga sa
we shall soon lose sight of it.     madali ma-uala sa mga mata ta.
To suspect, To guess.               Pagcatahap.
I suspect what you have done.       Natahap aco sa imong guibuhat.
On purpose.                         Tinuyo
Did you beat my dog on purpose?     ?Tinuyo (guituyo) mo ba ang
                                    paghampac sa iro co?
Towards.                            Dapit.
He comes towards me.                Mianhi sia dapit canaco.




Exercise XXVII.

I suspected that you would be thirsty and your brother hungry; that
is the reason (busa man ngani) I brought you hither--I am sorry,
however, not to see your mother--Why do you not drink coffee?--If
I were not sleepy I would drink it--Sometimes you are sleepy,
sometimes cold, sometimes are you hungry and sometimes thirsty--A
man having seen that old men used spectacles (nagasalamin) to read,
went to a merchant and asked for a pair. The man then took a book,
and having opened it, said the spectacles were not good. The merchant
gave him another pair of the best, which he could find in his shop;
but the man being still unable to read, the merchant said to him:
"My friend, do you know how to read"?--If I know to read, answered
the man, I should not want your spectacles.







TWENTY EIGHTH LESSON

PRACTICAL SENTENCES


To be naked.                         Paghubo
It is a man naked there.             Didto may usa ca tao nga
                                     nahubo-an.
I had like to have lost my money     Diriot mauala ang acong salapi.
He was very near falling.            Diriot maholog sia.
He was within a hair's breadth of    Diriot papation sia.
being killed.
He had liked to have died.           Diriot sia namatay.
Thunderbolt.                         Linti.
A thunderbolt struck the boat.       Guilintian ang sacayan.
The flower.                          Ang bulac.
To blossom.                          Pagpamulac.
To grow.                             Pagtubo.
All over.                            Bisan asa, Bisan di-in.
Under the shade.                     Sa landong.
Let us sit down under the shade of   Mulingcod quita sa landong
that tree.                           niadtong cahuy.
This man pretends to sleep under     Quining tao nagapacatolog diha sa
the shade of this table.             landong ni-ining lamesa.
Alone.                               Da, Lamang.
I was there alone.                   Didto aco rang usa.
One person only.                     Usa ra ca persona.
One God and three persons.           Usa ra ca Dios ug totolo ca
                                     personas.

God alone can do this.               Ang Dios lamang ang macabuhat
                                     ni-ini.
He arrived poor, grew rich in a      Sa pagabut nia, mahangul man sia,
short time, and lost all in a        nacasalapi sia sa macariot ug sa
shorter time.                        macariot pa nauala cania ang
                                     ngatanan.
Any thing to be over.                Human, Hurut.
And now: what are you going to do?   Ug caron: ?onsay bubuhaton mo?
Now I will say: "It is over".        Caron muingon aco: "Tapus na,
                                     Human na".




Exercise XXVIII.

Being one day hunting the Emperor Charles V. lost his way in the
forest, and having arrived to a house he went in, in order to
rest himself. There were there four men, who affect to sleep. One
of them got up, and approaching to the Emperor told him he had
dreamed he should take his watch, and took it. Then another rose
and said that he had dreamed his overcoat fitted him well, and took
it. The third took his purse. At last, the four came up and said:
"I hope you will not take it ill if I search you" and in doing it saw
around the Emperor's neck a golden chain to which a whistle was tied,
which he wishes to rob him of; but the Emperor said: "my good friend,
before depriving me of this jewel (hias) I must teach you its virtue,
and saying this, he whistled. His attendants who were seeking him,
hastened to the house and were astonished of seeing his majesty in
such a state. But the Emperor seeing himself out of danger (gaoas
sa calisud) said: "behold, these men who have dreamed all that they
like. I wish in my turn to dream" and after a short musing, he said:
"I have dreamed that you all four deserve to be hanged" which was
not sooner spoken than executed before the house.


                                  END.







KEY TO THE EXERCISES


I.

?Na-a ba canimo ang pan? Oo, ania canaco ang pan. Na-a ba canimo ang
imong pan? Ania canaco ang acong pan. Na-a ba canimo ang asin? Ania
canaco ang asin. Na-a ba canimo ang acong asin? Ania canaco ang
imong asin. Na-a ba canimo ang sabon? Ania canaco ang sabon. Onsa
nga sabon ang ana-a canimo? Ania canaco ang imong sabon. Onsa nga
sinina ang na-a canimo? Ania canaco ang acong sinina. Daghan ba
ang imong salapi? Daghan man ang acong salapi. Hain ba ang imong
igso-on nga babae? Tua didto sa tanaman sa mga bulac. Hain ba ang
imong amahan? Ania dinhi.


II.

Ma-ayong buntag canimo: comusta ca? Ma-ayo man aco calo-oy sa
Dios. Taga di-in ca ba? Taga Espana man aco. Taga di-in ca nga
longsod? Taga Cornago. Hain ba ang acong libro? Ania canaco. Quinsa
ba canang dalaga? Sia man si Catalina. Hain ba ang acong caban? Tua sa
bata. Na-a ba canimo ang acong mga vaso nga matahum? Ania canaco. Na-a
ba canimo ang mga matahum nga cabayo sa acong mga silingan? Uala
canaco. Quinsa ca ba? Aco man si Juan. Icao ba ang Amahan ni
Pedro? Aco man.


III.

?Hain ba ang acong libro? Sa ilalom sa silla. Hain ba ang acong
calo? Tua sa ibabao sa lamesa. Tua ba ang calo co sa ibabao
sa lamesa? Uala: tua sa ibabao sa higda-an. Guibasa mo ba ang
libro? Uala co basaba. Pila ca libro ang guisulat mo? Guisulat co
usa. Sa nacapila ba icao nagbasa sa sulat? Sa nacadaghan na. Sa
nacapila ba icao naghilac? Sa nacalima. Tagpila ang sohol canimo
ang adlao? Tagudha ca peseta, ang adlao. Pila ba ca tuig ang imong
edad? Caluha-an ug pito ca tuig ang acong edad. Pila ba ca tuig ang
iyang edad? Uala pa sia ug caluha-an ca tuig. Napaso ca ba? Tagsa
ca tao, tagsa ca gugma. Nahigugma ca ba matolog? Dili: nahigugma aco
magsulti. Nahadluc ca ba ni-ining tao? Dili aco mahadluc cania. Onsa
nga oras ang imong paghigda? Nagahigda aco sa pagsalup sa adlao ug
mibangon aco sa pagsubang sa adlao.


IV.

?Asa ca ba paiugon? Muadto aco didto sa Singbahan. Na-a ba canimo
quining pluma, cun cadto ba? Uala canaco quini ug cadto, apan ania
canaco cari. Canus-a sia minabut? Naca-abut sia cahapon maingon
niaron. Hain ba sia? Tua sa balay. Nacapamolong ca ba ug binisaya? Uala
pa. Guipalit co ang cabayo nga guihisgutan mo canaco. Canus-a guipalit
mo sia? Cahapon. Asa ca bu-ut magdala canaco? Icapila quita caron? Sa
icacaluha-an ug usa ca adlao. Guisultihan co cadtong mga lalaqui nga
guisultihan mo. Hain guisultihan mo sila? Guisultihan co sila sa dalan.


V.

Guiquita co ang mga batang diutay nga imong guihatagan sa mga libro;
ug hinquit-an co upod, ang mga lalaqui nga imong guisultihan. Ang mga
maquina-admanon macatuquib sa mga hata-as nga casayoran. Ang tao nga
maloloy-on nalo-oy sa iyang isigcatao. Onsay bubuhaton mo? Dunay acong
isulti sa mga tao. Anus-a ca ba magsulti canila? Caron gabi-i. Onsa
nga oras? Sa a las ocho y media. Na-a ba canimo ang acong sinina,
cun ang sinina sa acong igso-on? Ania canaco ang usa ug usa, Na-a ba
canimo ang mga cintas nga bulaoan sa acong inahan? Uala canaco. Hain
ba? Tua sa acong igso-on. Mahagugma ca ba muguican? Dili aco mahagugma
muguican. Ngano? Cay masaquit aco.


VI.

Magsama ang cadaghan sa salapi co ug sa salapi mo. Magsama ba ang
cadaghanan sa mga higala mo ug ang aco? Diriot pa ang among salapi
sa ila. Quining libro diutay man, cadto labi pang diutay ug cari mao
ang labing diutay sa ngatanan. Quining calo daco man, a pan cadto labi
pang daco. Ang imong calo daco ba ingon sa aco? Ang acong calo daco pa
dili ang ino. Ang pagsulat sa imong mga anac tagingon ba sa pagsulat
namo? Ang pagsulat nila labi pa dili ang ino. Daghan pa ang salapi sa
acong amahan sa bulaoan nia. Ang singsing mo dili ingon nga ma-anindut
sa can Nanay. Ang imong amahan culang (less) sa quina-adman sa amahan
co. Diriot pa ang acong bugas sa cape. Nagabasa ca ba sa masubsub
ingon canaco? Guipatalinhog mo ba ang gui-ingon canimo sa imong
igso-on? Guipatalinhog co. Ang Dios mao ang ualay ingon nga Amahan.


VII.

Ang imong pagsulti sama sa aco. Diriot pa ang ilang mga libro dili
ang ilang mga dula-an. Magsama ba ang cadaghanan sa mga libro mo ug
ang aco? Diriot pa ang mga libro co sa imo. Magsama ba ang cadaghanan
sa mga langgam sa atong amigo ug ang sa iyang mga piso? Daghan pa ang
mga langgam dili ang mga piso. May catarungan came sa pagsulti? May
catarungan camo sa pagsulti, apan uala camoy catarungan sa pagputul
sa acong mga cahuy. Duna bay imong tiempo sa pagbuhat? Dunay acong
tiempo, apan dili aco bu-ut. Bu-ut ca ba mupalit bisan onsa? Oo,
bu-ut aco mupalit usa pa ca cabayo. Magsama ba ang cadaghan sa imong
papel nga ma-ayo ug ang sa papel nga dautan? Magsama ang cadaghan
sa usa ug ang sa usa. Magsama ba ang cadaghan sa dugus sa atong mga
silingan ug ang sa ilang asucar? Daghan pa ang ilang dugus sa ilang
asucar. Magsama ba ang cadaghan sa mga sinelas sa imong mga anac
ug ang sa ilang mga sinina? Diriot pa ang ilang mga sinina dili ang
ilang mga sinelas. Duna aco ing ihangyo canimo.


VIII.

?Quinsa ba ang Pare? Ang Pare mao ang ilis sa Dios ug mao man usab ang
amahan sa mga calag. Ma-anindut ba ang mga bulac? Oo, ang mga bulac
ngatanan ma-anindut man, apan ang labing ma-anidut mao ang asucena,
tungud cay sia man ang maga-asuy sa pagcaulay, sa pagcacastos,
sa pagcaputli, sa pagcaualay sala ug sa pagcaputong. Taga di-in ca
ba? Taga Aloran man aco, ang acong guinicanan taga Cornago, ang acong
magulang taga Oroquieta ug ang acong manghod taga Tagbilaran. ?Bu-ut
mo ba ipadala usa pa ca cabayo didto sa balay sa atong amigo? Bu-ut
co ipadali ug daghan pa. ?Duha bay imong cuhaon? Mucuha aco ug bisan
usa. ?Onsa bay cuhaon mo? Mucuha aco ug vino. Duna bay guipacuha sa
imong amahan? Oo, guipacuha nia ug vino. Quinsay guipacuha sa imong
silingan? Guipacuha nia ang mananambal. Nagahubo ba sa sinina ang
imong sologo-on sa pagdagcut sa calayo? Nagahubo sia sa sinina sa
pagdagcut sa calayo.


IX.

?Anus-a ba muguican ang imong amahan? Caron adlao. Onsang orasa? Sa
a las cuatro. Asa ba sia paingon? Muadto sia sa Madrid. Mupatay ba
ang carnicero ug mga vaca? Mupatay sia ug mga carnero, labon nga
mupatay sia unta ug mga vaca. ?Guibocas mo ba ang calo sa pagsulti
mo sa acong amahan? Guibocas co ang calo sa pagsulti cania. Muinom
ca ba ug cape, cun cha ba, sa buntag? Muinom aco ug cape. Muinom
ca ba ug cape sa buntagbuntag? Muinom aco ug cape sa buntagbuntag
ug sa hapon-hapon. Onsay gui-inom sa imong amahan? Muinom man
sia ug chicolate. Asa ba cutub naca-adto caniha sa buntag ang
mga batanar diutay? Naca-adto sila didto cutub sa balay sa ilang
ig-agao. Guicaoatan ca ba ug bisan onsa? Guicaoatan man aco sa usa
ca cabayo nga ma-ayo.


X.

?Macasoroy-soroy ca ba idiay! ug dili ca ba maca-adto sa
Singbahan? Dili aco maca-adto sa Singbahan, cay masaquit aco. May
gahum ca ba sa pag-antos niana? Ayao ca magpacama-alam, cay cabus
icao ug hunahuna. Bu-ut ca ba magbuhat? Bu-ut aco magbuhat ug dili
aco tugutan nila. Hain ba ang imong asaoa? Ambut. Anus-a guiquita
mo sia? Naquita co sia sa a las siete sa buntag. Quinsa ba ang imong
guisultihan? Nagasulti aco sa acong igso-on nga babaye. Guisultihan mo
ba sia sa adlao ngatanan? Onsay calingaoan ni-ining tao? Maoy usa ca
tampalasan nga nalingaolingao sa pag-inom ug sa pagsugal. Quinsa ba
ang mga tao nga bag-o pa minabut? Taga Rusia man sila. Sa catapusan;
miabut na ba ang imong amahan? Ang mga taong tanan muingon nga miabut
na, apan uala co sia maquita. Nacadaut ba ang mananambal sa imong
anac? Nacadaut man cania, cay nacaputul sa todlo nia.


XI.

?Miangay ca ba sa imong sologo-on? Miangay aco ca-ayo cania, cay
mahibalo sia sa ngatanan. Napauli ba ang imong igso-on guican sa
Espana? Napauli na sia guican sa Espana, ug guidad-an ca nia ug usa
ca cabayo nga ma-ayo. Gui-ingon ba nia ang sologo-on nga hatdan
aco nia niana? Gui-ingnon sia nga ihatud nia canimo. Onsa ba sa
imong paghunahuna? Ma-anindut ug ma-ayo man, sa acong pagsabut, ug
magahangyo aco canimo nga ihatud mo didto sa balay sa acong igso-on,
cay aron maquita nia. ?Onsa ba ang imong calingaoan cahapon? Naca-adto
man aco didto sa balay sa acong ugangan, ug dihadiha naca-adto man
aco sa sayao. ?Canus-a ba nanaog cadtong tao diha sa atabay? Nanaog
sia caniha sa buntag. ?Nacasaca na ba sia pagusab? Dugay na usa ca
oras nga minsaca sia pagusab (or) (nga nagusab sia pagsaca). Hain
ba ang igso-on mo? Tua sa iyang cuarto. Bu-ut mo ba sia ingnon nga
manaog sia? Bu-ut aco, apan uala pa sia mag-ilis.


XII.

?Onsay guipangabuhi sa among mga guinlioatan? Ang isda ug ang mga
langgam nga bihag mao ra ang ilang pagpangabuhi, cay sa adlao-adlao
nanagat ug namusil man sila. Icao nagto-on sa imong leccion, ngano
nga uala ton-i sa imong igso-on nga babae ang iya? Nagsoroy-soroy
sia uban sa acong Inahan; busa, uala sia macato-on sa iyang leccion,
apan ton-an nia ogma. Anus-a ba saoayon mo ang acong mga tema? Saoayon
co cun dad-an mo aco sa mga tema sa igso-on mo. Nagahunahuna ca ba,
nga nasayop ca diha nianang imong mga tema? Ambut. Cun nasayop ca,
uala ca magestudio pagayo sa imong mga leccion, cay quinahanglan ang
pagto-on ug ma-ayo sa mga leccion, aron dili quita ma-sayop diha sa mga
tema. Mao sa guihapon; cun dili saoayon mo caron, dili aco magato-on
niana hasta ogma. Quinahanglan ang dili pagcasayop diha sa mga tema;
cay na-a man canimo ang ngatanan nga quinahanglan, cay aron dili ca
masayop. Quinsa ba diha? Aco man. Quinsa ba canang mga tao? Ambut. Taga
di-in ba sila? Taga America man sila. Ngano nga nagalingcod ca do-ol
sa calayo? Matugnao ang acong camut ug ti-il, busa, nagalingcod aco
sa do-ol sa calayo. Mabugnao ba ang mga camut sa imong igso-on? Dili,
apan mabugnao ang iyang ti-il. Onsay guibati sa imong ig-agao? Masaquit
ang iyang pa-a. Onsay saquit ni-ining babaye? Masaquit ang dila nia.


XIII.

Usa sa mga ayuda sa Camara ni Luis XIV naghangyo ni-ining Principe sa
paghigda nia, nga itugyan nia unta sa daco sa mga ministro ug usa ca
capolonganan (lawsuit) nia contra sa iyang ugangan, ug nagingon sa
paghangyo cania: "Senor, mao ra ang imo ang pagpamolong ug usa ca
polong". Ma-ayo, matod ni Luis XIV, dili man cana ang cabilinggan
(which embarrasses me): apan sayri aco: (tell me) cun diha ca unta
sa cabutangan sa imong ugangan ?mahimu-ut ca unta, nga ipamolong co
canang polong? Cun muanhi unta ang mga tao, quinahanglan unta ang
paghatag canila bisan onsa, nga imnon nila. Gun macahimo unta sia
ni-ini, bu-ut sia unta magbuhat niadto. Nagapadayeg aco guihapon,
igso-on co nga hinigugma, cay nahagugma ca canaco ingon sa paghigugma
co canimo; apan, caron naila co, nga nasayop aco. Nasayod aco, igso-on
nga hinigugma, nga nanuyo ca canaco, cay nagsoroy-soroy aco sa ualay
tingug co canimo, apan nagamatood aco canimo, nga cun masayod aco
unta nga dili ca masaquit, anha-an ta icao unta; apan nangutana aco
sa balay sa imong mananambal ug ma-ayo ca ba ug laoas, ug nagingon
sia canaco, nga ualo na ca-adlao ang imong paghigda.


XIV.

?Duna ba unta imong salapi, cun dinhi unta ang imong amahan? Duna
untay acong salapi, cun dinhi sia unta. Sa pagabut se usa ca Oficial
nga Frances didto sa corte sa Viena, guipangutana sia sa Emperatriz
nga si Teresa, cun mito-o pa ba sia nga ang Princesa N. nga naquita
nia cahapon, mao gayud ang babaye nga labing ma-anindut sa calibutan
ingon sa guibantug. "Senora: mintubag ang Oficial, minto-o aco niana
cahapon". ?Naonsa ba ang imong oyo-an? Sayran ta icao, cun naonsa ba
sia: ania man dinhi ang siya nga guilingcoran nia sa masubsub. ?Namatay
ba sia? Namatay man. ?Canus-a ba sia namatay? Dugay na, totolo ca
semana. Masaquit ug daco ang acong casingcasing. ?Ngano nga dili ca
mulingcod? Cun bu-ut ca mulingcod sa acong luyo, mulingcod aco upod;
apan cun pauli ca, pauli usab aco. ?Bu-ut ca ba magingon canaco, cun
naonsa ang igso-on mo? Bu-ut magingon canimo cun naonsa sia. ?Namatay
ba sia? Uala sia mamatay. ?Naonsa ba sia? Na-adto man sia didto sa
Manila. ?Naonsa ba ang imong mga igso-on? Dili macasuguilon canimo,
cun naonsa ba sila, cay dugay na, unum ca tuig nga uala sila maquita.


XV.

?Nganong guiablihan mo ang pulta: dili ba maquita mo nga ma-aso
dinhi? Naquita co, apan quinahanglan ang pagabli sa ventana, dili nga
(labon) ablihan unta ang pultahan. Ang ventana dili ma-abli ug ma-ayo,
busa guiablihan co ang ventana. Anus-a ba sirhan mo? Sirhan co igo
nga ualay aso unta. ?May pulus ba (ang) sa pagsulti ca-ayo? Cun bu-ut
quita magto-on ug usa ca pinolongan nga dili caogalingon, may pulus sa
pagsulti ca-ayo. ?Magsama ba ang pulus sa pagsulat ug sa pagsulti? May
pulus pa sa pagsulti dili sa pagsulat, apan sa pagto-on ug usa ca
pinolongan, quinahanglan ang pagsulat ug ang pagsulti. ?May pulus ba
sa pagsulat sa ngatanan nga guipamolong? Ualay pulus. ?Di-in nacuha mo
quining libro? Nacuha co didto sa cuarto sa imong amigos. ?Ma-ayo ba
ang pagcuha sa mga libro nga dili caogalingon? Dili ma-ayo, nasayod
aco, apan quinahanglan co cana, ug nagasalig aco nga dili manuyo ang
imong higala, cay iuli cania igo co basaha.


XVI.

Quining tao nalain ca-ayo. ?Hain ba icao natao? Dili aco bu-ut
inutug-an canimo. Cun dili icao muatubang cania, dili aco magsulti
cania. ?Onsa-onsaon ba ang pagpamolong ni-ini? Cana dili arang
ipamolong sa binisaya. Quinahanglan ang pag-anad sa mga batang diutay
cutub sa pagcabata, sa pagbuhat. Anad man aco sa pagsulat. Dili aco
macasangput sa binisaya, cay uala acoy batasan sa pagsulti. Ang tao
usahay mucataoa, usahay muhilac. Cun mahibalo aco unta sa guibuhat
mo.... ?Guitugutan mo ba aco sa pag-adto sa baybayon? Dili ta icao
pa-adto-on didto. Dalion mo cana pagbuhat. ?Ngano nahigaoad si Fernando
sa iyang asaoa? Si Tomas nagamahay can Fructuosa ug si Fructuosa can
Tomas. ?Quinsa ba ang may catarungan? Silang duha ualay catarungan,
cay si Tomas bu-ut mucuha sa mga dula-an ni Fructuosa ug si Fructuosa,
bu-ut mucha sa mga dula-an ni Tomas.


XVII.

?Asa ba cutub muadto quita? Muadto quita cutub sa Singbahan. ?Muadto
ca ba cutub sa suba? Dili; muadto aco cutub sa Daois. ?Duna bay
imong guicaoat usahay? Uala acoy sugod mangaoat. ?Duna bay imong
guitina? Guitina co ang acong calo. ?Onsay guitina mo? Maitom ang
guitina co sa calo co. ?Guipatina mo ba ang imong calo? Verde ang
guipatina co sa acong calo. ?Onsa nga calo ang tua sa bata? Duruha
man ang iyang calo, ang usa maputi ug ang usa maitom. ?Asa cutub
quining dalan? Didto cutub sa Baclayon ?Hain ba nagapuyo ang imong
higala? Nagapuyo sia dinhi dapit sa dalan. ?Tua ba ang tanaman
sa mga bulac sa imong igso-on nga babae dinhi dapit cun didto ba
dapit sa cacahuyan? Tua didto dapit. ?Masuco ca ba unta, cun muabut
unta caron nga adlaoa ang imong inahan? Malipay aco unta hino-o,
(rather). ?Nanuyo ca ba canaco? Dili: nanuyo aco can Valeriana,
nga naca-adto sa sayao sa ualay tingug canaco.


XVIII.

?Ma-ayo ba ang pagyubit maingon niana (thus) sa mga taong
tanan? Guiyubit co ang imong mga visti, dili aco magayubit sa inga
taong tanan. ?Quinsay maingnan ug dagoay sa anac mo? Ualay maingnan
nia ug dagoay. ?Dili ca ba macapahalayo nianang taoha? Dili aco
macapahalayo cania, tungud cay bu-ut sia mag-apas canaco sa lugus
(sa linugsa-nay). ?Uala ba sia mabu-ang? Tingali caha. (It may
be). ?Onsay tuyo nia? Ambut. ?Quinsay tag-iya nianang pusil? Ang
acong oyoan maoy tag-iya. ?Quinsa ba cadtong mga tao? Ang nagavisti
ug maputi mao ang acong silingan, ug ang nagavisti ug maitom, mao ang
anac sa mananambal nga nacatampaling sa acong silingan. Daghan man
ang mga maquina-admanon didto sa Roma, ?dili ba mato-od?--nagotana
si Milton sa usa ca tao nga taga Roma. Dili man daghan inaingon sa
didto ca pa--mitubag ang taga Roma.


XIX.

?Ngano nga napado-ol ca nianang mga tao? Napado-ol aco canila, cay may
pulus aco canila. Cun mudayon ca pa sa pagdo-ol canila, mangita ca sa
mga casamucan, cay daghanan ang ilang mga ca-aoay. ?Nasayod ca cun hain
ba ang ma-ayong cala-ngoyan? Nasayod aco, cun hain dunay usa. ?Hain
ba? Didto dapit sa taboc sa suba sa licod sa cacahuyan do-ol sa
dalan. ?Anus-a ba quita mulangoy? Caron hapon cun bu-ut ca. ?Bu-ut ca
ba muhulat canaco didto sa tungud sa pultahan sa longsod? Pa-abuton ta
icao didto apan nagahangyo aco canimo nga dili ca malimot. Nasayod ca
na man nga dili aco malimot (mahacalimot) sa acong mga sa-ad. ?Nanuyo
ba canimo quining tao? Sa bu-ut co, (I think) nanuyo sia canaco, cay
dili aco magaduao cania, apan dili aco mahagugma umadto didto sa ila,
cay sa pagadto co, labon nga daoaton aco nia sa ma-ayong dagoay, ingon
ug dautan sia ug dagoay (he looks displeased). ?Ngano nga mamingao ca
ug dagoay? Daco nga mga calisud ang guibati co. Dili ca masuco ca-ayo,
cay ?oonsaon ta man? Apan, Dios co! ?ngano naninggit ca maingon niana?


XX.

?Pilay vale ni-ining panapton? Guibaligya co cana sa tagotlo ca
cahate ang vara. Sa bu-ut co (it seems me) mahal ca-ayo. ?Bu-ut mo ba
ipaquita canaco pipila ca bulus ni-ining usa ca panapton? Bu-ut aco
magpaquita canimo niana. ?Angay ba canimo quining mapola? Dili angay
canaco. ?Ngano nga dili angay canimo? Cay mahal ca-ayo. ?Nagato-on
ca ba ug binisaya? Oo, nagato-on aco ug binisaya. ?Quinsa ba ang
imong magtoto-on? Ang acong magtoto-on maoy usa ca Pare nga Recoleto
?Magatodlo ba sia usab ug Iningles? Oo, nagatodlo sia ug Iningles sa
mga Filipino, ug quinachila sa iyang mga amigos sa America Bu-ut aco
macaila cania, busa, nagahangyo aco canimo nga ihatud mo aco didto
sa ila Bu-ut aco unta masayod ?ngano cay dili aco mahibalo magsulti
ug ma-ayo ingon canimo? Ingnon ta; icao magsulti ug ma-ayo ingon
canaco, cun dili ca unta mahadlucon; apan, cun nagto-on ca unta
ug ma-ayo sa imong mga leccion, dili ca unta mahadluc magsulti,
tungud cay sa pagpamolong ug ma-ayo, quinahanglan ang pagcasayod,
ug quinaiya man sa tao nga dili mahibalo ug ma-ayo sa guito-on nia,
nga mahadlucon sia unta; cun nasayod ca pa unta nga dili ca masayop,
dili ca unta mahadlucon.


XXI.

?Onsa nga saquit ang guicamatyan sa imong igso-on? Ang hilanat maoy
guicamatyan nia. ?Comusta ang imong igso-son? Ang acong igso-on uala
nay quinabuhi, dugay na usa ca semana nga namatay. Ma-ayo man sia
ca-ayo ug laoas sa tuig nga miagui sa didto pa aco sa Tagbilaran ?Onsay
iyang guicamatyan? Ang buti (small pox) maoy namatyan nia. ?Comusta
ang inahan sa imong amigos? Dili man ma-ayo, guihilantan sia cahapon
sa usa ca adlao (niadtong usa ca adlao) ug caniha sa buntag guibalican
sia sa hilanat (the fever has returned). Guisaolo ba (learn by heart)
sa imong mga tinon-an ang mga tema? Onahon nila ang pag-guisi, dili
ang pagsaolo (They will rather tear them than learn by heart). ?Ngano
nga nagahilac ang inahan sa atong sologo-on? Minhilac sia, tungud cay
ang Pare nga atong amigos, nga nagalimos cania, namatay dugay na upat
ca adlao. ?Onsay guicamatyan nia? Ang pagcatigulang (quinatigulang)
maoy guicamatyan nia. ?Mutabang ca ba canaco sa pagbuhat, cun muadto
quita sa Panglao? Tabangan ta icao sa pagbuhat, cun mutabang ca
canaco pa pagpangita sa quinabuhi. ?Onsa ba quining mga ocban sa
paghunahua sa imong igso-on? Ma-ayo man ca-ayo sa iyang pagsabut
(she likes them very well) apan matolotam-is (matam-istam-is,
matod nia. ?Bu-ut ca ba maniodto dinhi? Bu-ut aco maniodto dinhi,
cun guiandam mo ug ma-ayong can-on.


XXII.

?Nacaila ca ba sa mga cabayo? Nacaila man aco. ?Bu-ut mo ba aco
palitan ug usa? Cun bu-ut ca muhatag canaco ug salapi, palitan ta
icao ug duruha. ?Nacaila ba canang tao sa mga panapton? Dili sia
macaila ca-ayo. ?Onsa-onsaon mo ba pagpatigayon? Bu-ut aco magpaquita
canimo cun onsa-onsaon co pagpatigayon. Onsa may bubuhaton co cay aron
mahimbaloan co ang leccion, nga ipangutana nia ugma canaco? Ibutang mo
sa limpio ang imong mga tema, buhaton mo ug totolo, ug magestudio ca sa
leccion nga sumunud (next lesson). ?Onsa-onsaon ba sa imong igso-on
ang pagtoon ug binisaya sa ualay diccionario? Naga ayom-ayom sia
lamang (he manages it) sa dacong cacugui. ?Naquita mo na ba ang acong
anac? Uala co pa sia maquita. ?Comusta ba sia? Ma-ayo sia ca-ayo, dili
ca macaila cania, cay mintobo sia ca-ayo (he has grown very tall) sa
didiot nga tiempo (in a short time) ?Onsa ba caron ang tiempo? Mainit
man ca-ayo. ?Dugay na ba nga uala mag-olan? Dili: ug sa bu-ut co
(I believe) may onus quita caron adlaoa. Tingali caha. Mahangin na,
nagadalogdog; ?nadungug mo ba? Oo, nadungug co apan halayo pa ca-ayo
ang onus. Dili man halayo ingon sa imong paghunahuna. ?Naquita mo ba
nga nagaquilat iDios co! iPagcabascug sa olan! Cun musulud quita sa
bisan di-in, magasalipod quita sa onus.


XXIII.

Sa didto aco sa longsod sa usa ca adlao, nadaoat co ug usa ca sulat sa
imong magtoto-on, nga igamahay ca-ayo nia canimo. Ayao paghilac adto ca
caron sa imong cuarto, magto-on ca sa imong leccion, ug magma-ayo ca;
cun dili, dili ca maniodto caron nga adlaoa. Magama-ayo aco gayud,
amahan co nga hinigugma, nga muangay ca nga to-od canaco. ?Onsa may
atong buhaton cay aron mapaladan quita? Higugmaon ug bubuhaton nino
ang ma-ayong buhat, ug mapaladan camo dinhi sa yuta ug sa lain nga
quinabuhi. Cay bu-ut quita mapaladan, bubuhatan ta sa ma-ayo ang mga
pobres ug caloyan ta ang mga tao nga nalisdan. Sugton ta ang atong mga
magtoto-on, ug dili quita magpacasaquit canila sa guihapon. ?Onsa ba
ang batasan sa acong anac canimo? Ma-ayo man ang batasan nia canaco,
cay ma-ayo ang iyang batasan sa mga taong tanan, Ang iyang amahan
nag-ngon cania sa masubsub: ang batasan sa uban dili man cun dili
usa ca aningal sa atong batasan; cun ma-ayo ang atong batasan canila,
dili atong pa-abuton ang batasan nila nga maayo canato.


XXIV.

?Comusta ca? Ma-ayo man sa pagsilvi canimo cun dunay imong
sugo. ?Ug comusta didto sa ino ang imong guinicanan ug ang imong
mga igso-on? Ma-ayo man sila sa dacong calo-oy sa Dios. Sa tungud
canimo, ualay quinahanglan sa pagpangutana, cay ma-ayo ca man ca-ayo
ug ang imong dagoay mao ang labing ma-ayo sa ngatanan. ?Bu-ut ca
ba maglingcod? Aniay usa ca siya. Dili aco bu-ut maglingao-lingao
canimo sa imong mga buhat, nasayod aco nga mahal ca-ayo ang tiempo sa
mga comerciante. Caron uala acoy buhat; sa pag-agui co dinhi, bu-ut
lamang aco mangutana ug ma-ayo ca ba ug laoas. Dios magbayad. ?Onsa
ba nga oras? La una y media. La una y media, matod mo, ug dinhi sa
acong orasan, las doce y media man. Tabi canimo, uala pa magbagting
sa a la una. Nagamato-od aco canimo nga la una y media na, cay ang
acong orasan nagalacao sa ma-ayo (cay ma-ayo ang paglacao sa acong
orasan). ?Quinsa ba ang naca-abut? Naca-abut ang acong ig-agao,
cono. ?Di-in ba sia guican? Guican sia sa Manila. ?Nadugay ba sia
ca-ayo didto sa dagat? Nadugay sia napolo ug lima ca adlao, cay dautan
ca-ayo ang tiempo. ?Guipalit mo ba quining calo didto sa Manila? Uala
co palita, guiregalo canaco sa acong ig-agao nga bag-o pa miabut.


XXV.

?Ngano nga nasamocan ang imong inahan? Nasamocan sia tungud cay uala
sia dumaoat ug sulat sa iyang anac nga tua didto sa Espana. Dili
sia unta masamocan tungud cania, cay bisan mangita sia guihapon
sa mga casamocan mahibalo man sia maggaoas niana. Sa tuig nga
miagui, sa pag-adto namo sa pagpamusil, guicagabhian came halayo
ca-ayo sa amo. ?Hain ba camo nabuntagan? Sa sinugdan nasamocan aco
ca-ayo, apan ang imong igso-on, uala sia hino-o: nagapahinay canaco
(sa acong casamuc) busa, nauad-an aco sa casamocan. Sa catapusan,
hinquit-an namo usa ca payag ug didto came nabuntagan. Didto naqnita
co ang cacugui sa imong igso-on. Pipila ca caoayan ug usa ca bugcus
nga sagbut guipacahigdaan nia sa ma-ayong higda-an. Usa ca boteya
guipacacandelero nia, ug sa duruha cun totolo ba ca langgam guibuhat
nia ug usa ca panihapon nga ualay ingon. Sa paghimata namo sa buntag,
ingon ug napaholay ug ma-ayo came maingon sa pagcatolog namo unta sa
labing ma-ayong higda-an sa calibutan.


XXVI.

?Ngano nga nanuyo (nasuco) ca can Juan? Cay nacaquita man sia guihapon
ug mga sayop sa ngatanan nga naquita nia. ?Onsay casayoran niana? Ang
casayoran niana mao nga dili aco bu-ut magsulti canimo, cay bacacon
ca man. ?Bu-ut ca ba masayod ngano nga uala sulata sa imong igso-on
ang iyang mga tema? Cay maculi man ca-ayo. Nagtucao sia sa tibo-oc
nga gabi-i, ug uala sia macasulat niana, cay canang tema dili mahimo
nia Igo naquita aco ni Pedro, nagsugud sia sa pagsulti ug binisaya sa
pag-sumaysumay, ug daghanan ang iyang pagabi-abi canaco: busa usahay
dili aco mahibalo, cun onsa ba ang itubag co. Mao ra ang buhat sa iyang
mga igso-on; bisan pa niana, ma-ayo man sila ca-ayo nga tao; dili lang
cay sapian ug mahigugmaon sila cun dili nga malolot ug magbubuhat sila
usab sa ma-ayo. Nahagugma sila canaco sa minato-od gayud, busa man,
nga guihigugma co sila usab ug dili aco muingon guihapon nga macadaut
aco canila. Daco pa ngani unta ang paghigugma co canila, cun dili unta
maga-abiabi sila ca-ayo; apan, tagsa ca tao dunay iyang mga sayop,
ug ang aco mao ang pag-hisgut sa ilang pag-abiabi.


XXVII.

Natahap na man aco, nga gui-uhao ca ug nga guigutum ang iniong igso-on,
busa man ngani, guidala ta camo dinhi. Bisan pa niana, masaquit ang
acong bu-ut, cay dili aco muquita sa imong inahan. ?Ngano nga dili
ca muinom ug cape? Cun dili pa aco catolgon, muinom unta aco. Ubus
ca na catolgon, ubus ca na matugnao; ubus ca na gutmon, ubus ca
na uhao-on. Usa ca tao, sa pagquita nia nga nagasalamin ang mga
tigulang sa pagbasa, naca-adto sia sa balay sa usa ca comerciante;
ug nangayo man sia ug inga antiparas. Nacuha niadtong tao ug usa ca
libro, ug sa human na nia ablihi, mi-ingon sia nga dili man ma-ayo
ang antiparas. Guitaga-an sia sa comerciante sa uban nga labing
ma-ayo nga naquita nia sa iyang tindahan, apan, cay uala sia usab
macabasa, nangutana cania ang comerciante "higala co, ?nahibalo ca
ba magbasa?" Cun mahibalo aco unta magbasa, matod nia, dili co unta
quinahangla-non ang imong antiparas.


XXVIII.

Sa pagpamusil niadto sa Emperador uga si Carlos V nauala sia didto
sa cacahuyan, ug sa pag-abut nia sa usa ca balay, minsulud sia didto
cay aron magpahuay. Didto niadtong balaya duna may upat ca tao nga
nagapacatolog. Ang usa nagbacod, ug sa pagdo-ol nia sa Emperador
nag-ingon cania nga nagdamgo sia nga caoaton nia unta ang iyang orasan,
ug guicaoat nia. Dihadiha (then) nagbacod ang usa ug nag-ingon cania
nga nagdamgo sia nga angay unta cania ang pagpangaoat cania sa iyang
colopo, ug guicaoat nia. Ang icatolo nangaoat sa bolsa. Sa catapusan:
nagbangon ang icapat ug nag-ingon cania: nagapa-abut aco nga dili
ca manuyo cun susihon ta icao, ug sa pagsusi nia, iyang naquita sa
li-og sa Emperador ug usa ca bulaoan nga cadena nga hinigtan sa usa
ca pito nga bu-ut nia caoaton cania, apan ang Emperador nag-ingon
cania: higala co nga ma-ayo, sa dili mo pa aco cuha-an ni-ining hias,
ipaquita co canimo ang iyang gahum, ug sa pagpamolong nia ni-ining
mga polong, nagtaghoy sia. Ang iyang mga tao nga nangita cania,
nanigom didto dapit sa balay ug naningala sila sa pagquita nila sa
Emperador diha nianang pagcabutang. Apan, ang Emperador sa pagquita
nga nacagaoas na sia sa calisud mi-ingon sia: ani-a quining mga tao
nga nagdamgo sa ngatanan nga ilang bu-ut. Bu-ut aco usab magdamgo;
ug sa human na sia naghunahuna sa macadiot, mi-ingon sia: nagdamgo
man aco, nga tacus bitayon silang tanan. Sa pagcahuman ni-ining mga
polong. dihadiha guibitay sila sa atubangan sa balay.


                               CATAPUSAN







A TABLE OF THE PARTICLES AND THEIR PASSIVES.


Particles.   Present   Past.    Future.   Imperative.  Infinitive.  Present and  Future.   Imp. and     Passives.
                                                                    Past.                  Infinitive.

Naga.        Naga      Nag      Maga      Mag          Mag          Gui          Paga      Pag          i, on, an
Iga or ica.  --        --       --        --           --           --           Iga, Ica  --           --
Nagapa.      Nagapa    Nagpa    Magapa    Magpa        Magpa        Guipa        Ipa, Pa   Pagpa        i, on, an
Nagapaca.    Nagapaca  Nagpaca  Magapaca  Magpaca      Magpaca      Guipaca      Pagpaca,  Pagpaca,     --, on, an
                                                                                 Paca      Paca
Nagaca.      Nagaca    Nagca    Magaca    Magca        Magca        Guica        Pagaca    Pagca        --, on, an
Nagahi.      Nagahi    Naghi    Magahi    Maghi        Maghi        Guihi        Pagahi    Hi, paghi    --, on, an
Naca.        Naca      Naca     Maca      Maca         Pagca        Na           Ma        Ma           --, --, an
Naca.        Naca      Naca     Maca      Maca         Pagca        Guica        Ca        Ca, pagca    --, --, an
Mi.          Mi        Min      Mu        Um           --           --           --        --           --, --, --
Na.          Na        Na       Ma        Ma           Ma           Na           Ma        Ma           --, --, an
Nanag.       Nanag     Nanag    Manag     Manag        Manag        Guipanag     Panag     Panag        i, on, an
Nan.         Nan       Nan      Man       Man          Man          Guipa        Pa        Pa           i, on, an
Naqui.       Naqui     Naqui    Maqui     Maqui        Pagpaqui     Guipaqui     Ipaqui    Ipagpaqui    i, --, an
Naquig.      Naquig    Naquig   Maquig    Maquig       Pagpaquig    Guipaquig    Paquig    Ipaquig      --, --, --
Naha, Nahi.  Naha, i   Naha, i  Maha, i   Maha, i      Paha,        Hin          Hi        Paha         --, --, --
                                                       pagpaha
Napa.        Napa      Napa     Mapa      Pa           Pa           --           --        --           --, on, an
Nasig.       Nasig     Nasig    Masig     Masig        Pasig        --           --        --           --, --, --
Nasighi.     Nasighi   Nasighi  Masighi   Masighi      Pasighi      --           --        --           --, --, --
Nangi.       Nangi     Nangi    Mangi     Mangi        Mangi        Guipangi     Guipangi  Pangi        i, --, --
Nanhi.       Nanhi     Nanhi    Manhi     Manhi        Panhi        Guipanhi     Guipanhi  Panhi        --, --, an
Nanig.       Nanig     Nanig    Manig     Manig        Pagpanig     Guipanig     Guipanig  Pagpanig     --, --, an
Nanum.       Nanum     Nanum    Manum     Manum        --           --           --        --           --, --, --
Nani.        Nani      Nani     Mani      Mani         Pagpani      Guipani      Guipani   Pani,        --, on, an
                                                                                           pagpani







TABLE CONTAINING A SMALL DICTIONARY OF THE WORDS IN GENERAL USE FOR
THE BENEFIT OF THE LEARNERS.


Substantive Nouns

Ang Dios.                         God.
Ang Dios nga Amahan.              God the Father.
Ang Dios nga Anac.                God the Son.
Ang Dios nga Espiritu Santo.      God the Holy Ghost.
Ang Santos uyamut nga Trinidad.   The holy Trinity.
Ang atong Guino-ong Jesucristo.   Our Lord Jesus Christ
Ang Manunubus.                    The Redeemer.
Ang Mamamaui.                     The Saviour.
Ang Magbubuhat.                   The Creator.
Ang Macagagahum sa ngatanan.      The Almighty.
Ang mahal nga Virgen.             The blessed Virgin.
Usa ca binuhat sa Dios.           A creature.
Quing tibo-oc nga calibutan.      The nature.
Ang calag.                        The soul.
Ang laoas.                        The body.
Ang langit.                       The heaven.
Ang himaya sa langit.             The glory.
Ang Angel.                        The Angel.
Ang Santos.                       The Saint.
Ang Matarung.                     The Just.
Ang Bulahan.                      The Blessed.
Ang Martir.                       The Martyr.
Ang Manalagna.                    The Prophet.
Ang Apostol.                      The Apostle
Ang Pangolo sa banay.             The Patriarch.
Ang Inpierno.                     The Hell.
Ang Yaoa.                         The Devil, Satan, Demon.
Ang hinocman sa inpierno.         The damned.
Ang Pinilian.                     The Wicked.
Ang Purgatorio.                   The Purgatory.
Ang mga calag.                    The Souls in purgatory.
Ang Abat.                         The Phantom.



About the Elements

Ang calayo.               The fire.
Ang hangin.               The air, wind.
Ang yuta.                 The earth.
Ang tubig.                The water.
Ang Dagat.                The Sea.
Ang tubig nga ma-asgad.   The brackish water.



Astrological Nouns

Ang adlao.                           The sun.
Ang bulan.                           The moon.
Ang bito-on.                         The star.
Ang panganod.                        The small cloud moving before the
                                     wind.
Ang planeta.                         The planet.
Ang bito-on nga icogan.              The comet.
Ang mga sidlac sa adlao.             The rays of the sun.
Ang cahayag.                         The brightness.
Ang cadolom.                         The darkness.
Ang cangitngit.                      The utter darkness.
Ang calamdag.                        The clarity.
Ang cabugnao.                        The cold.
Ang cainit.                          The heat, warm.
Ang dag-om.                          The cloud.
Ang olan.                            The rainfall, shower.
Ang tolo sa olan nga mibactot.       The hail, hail-stone.
Ang alingasa.                        Sultry weather.
Ang yamug.                           The dew.
Ang yamug nga mibactot tungud sa     The hoar frost.
tugnao
Ang talisic nga mibactot tungud sa   The snow.
tugnao.
Ang gabon.                           The fog, mist.
Ang onos.                            The storm.
Ang bagio.                           The whirlwind typhoon.
Ang dalogdog.                        The thunderclap.
Ang quilat.                          The flash.
Ang linti.                           The thunderbolt.
Ang linog.                           The earthquake.
Ang usa ca paglonop.                 An overflow of waters.
Paglonop sa calibutan                The deluge.
Ang balangao.                        The rainbow.



The Time

Ang higayonan.                       The opportunity.
Usa ca adlao.                        A day.
Ang linacuan sa usa ca adlao.        Journey.
Ang banagbanag.                      The dawn.
Ang sidlac sa adlao.                 The sunrise.
Ang buntag.                          The morning.
Ang odto.                            The noon.
Ang hapon.                           The afternoon.
Ang gabi-i.                          The evening, night.
Ang tungang gabi-i.                  Midnight.
Ang salup sa adlao.                  The sunset.
Adlao nga igasingba.                 Mass-day.
Adlao nga piesta.                    Holiday.
Adlao nga igabuhat.                  Work-day.
Adlao nga igapoasa.                  Fast-day.
Usa ca minuto.                       A minute.
Usa ca oras.                         An hour.
Usa ca semana.                       A week.
Usa ca pagpiloc,                     A moment.
Ang piesta sa mga Santos ngatanan.   Feast of All Saints.
Ang pasco sa pagcatao.               Christmas.



The Family

Ang tao.                        The man, person.
Ang lalaqui.                    The man.
Ang babaye.                     The woman.
Ang amahan.                     The father.
Ang inahan.                     The mother.
Ang anac nga lalaqui.           The son.
Ang anac nga babaye.            The daughter.
Ang igso-on nga lalaqui.        The brother.
Ang igso-on nga babaye.         The sister.
Ang apohan nga lalaqui.         The grand father.
Ang apohan nga babaye.          The grand mother.
Ang icaduha nga apo.            The great-grand father.
Ang icaduha nga apong babaye.   The great-grand mother.
Ang apong lalaqui.              The grandson.
Ang apong babaye.               The granddaughter.
Ang icaduha nga apo.            The great-grandson.
Ang icaduha nga apong babaye.   The great-granddaughter.
Ang ama-ama.                    The stepfather.
Ang ina-ina.                    The stepmother.
Ang oyo-an.                     The uncle.
Ang aya-an.                     The aunt.
Ang pag-umangcon.               The nephew.
Ang pag-umangcon nga babaye.    The niece.
Ang ig-agao nga lalaqui.        The cousin (male.)
Ang ig-agao nga babaye.         The cousin (female.)
Ang balo.                       The widow.
Ang pagcabalo.                  The widowhood.
Ang abian.                      The friend.
Ang ig-agao itagsa.             First cousin.
Ang bayao.                      The brother-in-law.
Ang ugangan.                    The father-in-law.
Ang umagad, masamong.           The son-in-law.
Ang binalaye.                   The daughter-in-law.
Ang inanac sa bunag.            The godson.
Ang inahan sa bunag.            The godmother.
Ang amahan sa bunag.            The godfather.
Ang mga caubanan.               The relations.
Ang bana.                       The husband.
Ang asaoa.                      The wife.
Usa ca batang lalaqui.          A child (male).
Usa ca batang babaye.           A girl.
Usa ca olitao.                  A bachelor, unmarried man.
Usa ca dalaga.                  A unmarried woman, maid.
Ang pagcabata.                  The childhood.
Ang pagcatigulang.              The old age.
Ang pagcahimtang sa tao.        The manhood.
Ang ilong tolapus.              The orphan, helpless.



The Body

Ang laoas.               The body.
Ang mga tolan.           The limbs.
Ang lutahan.             The juncture of bones.
Ang mga luhaluha.        The knuckles.
Ang olo.                 The head.
Ang otoc.                The brain.
Ang tingcoy.             The cerebelum.
Ang toboan.              The crown, or top of the head.
Ang tangcogo.            The nape of the neck.
Ang li-og.               The neck.
Ang bohoc.               The hair.
Ang dungandungan.        The temple (of the head.)
Ang agtang.              The forehead.
Ang quilay.              The eyebrow.
Ang dalonggan.           The ear.
Ang mata.                The eye.
Ang calimutao.           The apple of the eye.
Ang tabontabon.          The eye-lid.
Ang pilocpiloc.          The eye-lash.
Ang ilong.               The nose.
Ang bohoc sa ilong.      The nostril.
Ang ilong pislat.        The flat-nose.
Ang ilong matalinis.     The sharp nose.
Ang naong.               The face.
Ang panaoay.             The features.
Ang aping.               The cheek.
Ang baba.                The mouth.
Ang ngabil.              The lip.
Ang lag-os.              The gum (of the teeth.)
Ang dila.                The tongue.
Ang langagngag.          The palate, taste.
Ang totonlan.            The throat.
Ang ngipon.              The tooth.
Ang tango.               The eye-tooth.
Ang bag-ang.             The mill tooth.
Ang apapangig.           The jaw-bone.
Ang solang.              The chin.
Ang bungut.              The beard.
Ang balahibo.            The nap, wool.
Ang abaga.               The shoulder.
Ang licod.               The back.
Ang talodtod.            The spine, back-bone.
Ang bocoboco.            The scapula.
Ang cotocoto.            The pit of the stomach.
Ang dughan.              The breast.
Ang soso.                The teat, dug.
Ang gosoc.               The rib.
Ang casingcasing.        The heart.
Ang atay.                The liver.
Ang baga.                The lungs.
Ang amimislon.           The kidney.
Ang agulela.             The spleen.
Ang tian.                The belly.
Ang quilid.              The side.
Ang posod.               The navel.
Ang bologan.             The groin.
Ang apdo.                The gall, bile.
Ang pantup.              The bladder.
Ang ihi.                 The urine.
Ang dugo.                The blood.
Ang tae.                 The excrement, flux.
Ang igot-igot.           The rump, croup.
Ang lubut.               The anus (the orifice of the rectum.)
Ang sampot.              The backside.
Ang mga ogat.            The nerves, veins.
Ang mga bocog.           The bones.
Ang bocton.              The arm.
Ang iloc.                The arm-pit.
Ang sico.                The elbow.
Ang popolan.             The wrist.
Ang camot.               The hand.
Ang too.                 The right-hand.
Ang uala.                The left-hand.
Ang todlo.               The finger.
Ang cubal.               The corn (on the feet.)
Ang ti-il.               The foot.
Ang biti-is.             The calf of the leg.
Ang singcol.             The ankle.
Ang ticod.               The heel.
Ang pa-a.                The thigh.
Ang lapalapa.            The sole of the foot.
Ang tuaytuay.            The knee-pan.
Ang tohod.               The knee.
Ang coco.                The nail.
Ang otoc.                The marrow.
Ang onod.                The flesh, meat.
Ang tamboc.              The fat.
Ang panit.               The skin, hide.
Ang bigote.              The moustache.
Ang luha.                The tear.
Ang sipon.               The mucus.
Ang loa.                 The spittle.
Ang singot.              The sweat.
Ang muta.                The lippitude.
Ang pagsigma.            The sneeze.
Ang pagsid-oc.           The hiccough.
Ang paghagoc.            The snoring.
Ang paglabgao.           The gaping.
Ang cataoa.              The laugh.
Ang tingog.              The voice.
Ang polong.              The word.
Ang catahum.             The beauty.
Ang cangil-ad.           The ugliness.
Ang ca-ayo sa laoas.     The health.
Ang catamboc.            The robustness.
Ang canioang.            The weakness.
Ang calugo.              The wart.
Ang conot.               The wrinkle.
Ang saquit sa olo.       The headache.
Ang saquit sa bag-ang.   The toothache.
Ang hilanat.             The fever.
Ang obo.                 The cough.
Ang buti.                The small-pox.



Corporal Senses, Sensations and Qualities

Ang pagquita.      The sight.
Ang igsilinghot.   The smell.
Ang igtitilao.     The taste.
Ang ihilicap.      The touch.
Ang igdolongog.    The hearing.
Ang paghilac.      The weeping.
Ang pag-agolo.     The groaning.
Ang pagcataoa.     The laughing.
Ang cahubac.       The asthma.
Ang nuca.          The itch.
Ang pono.          The scab.
Ang tibdas.        The measles.
Ang so-ol.         The griping.
Ang hibolos.       The hemorrhage.
Ang samad.         The wound.
Ang huadhon.       The gangrene.



The Soul

Ang calag.                   The soul.
Ang mga galamhan sa calag.   The power of the soul.
Ang panumduman.              The memory.
Ang salabutan.               The understanding.
Ang cabubut-on.              The will.
Ang ihibalo.                 The reason.
Ang icasanasana.             The imagination, fancy, idea.
Ang ca-alam.                 The science.
Ang quina-adman.             The wisdom.
Ang calimut.                 The forgetfullness.
Ang sayop.                   The mistake, fault.
Ang gugma.                   The love.
Ang casilag.                 The hatred.
Ang pagto-o.                 The faith.
Ang paglaom.                 The hope.
Ang pagsalig.                The confidence.
Ang cahadluc.                The fear; dread.
Ang pagdaet.                 The peace.
Ang calipay.                 The mirth, gaiety.
Ang camingao.                The sadness.
Ang cayugot.                 The grief, anguish.
Ang duhaduha.                The doubt.
Ang catahap.                 The suspicion.
Ang butangbutang.            The slander.
Ang hunahuna.                The thought.
Ang casina.                  The envy.
Ang caligutgut.              The anger, wrath, fury.
Ang calo-oy.                 The mercy, clemency.
Ang calo-od.                 The reluctance.



Clothing and Shoes

Ang calo.         The hat.
Ang sinina.       The shirt.
Ang calsones.     The trousers.
Ang sapin.        The shoes.
Ang corbata.      The necktie.
Ang sinelas.      The slippers.
Ang nauas.        The petticoat.
Ang pano.         The handkerchief.
Ang pinangco.     The chignon.
Ang sudlay.       The side comb.
Ang aretes.       The ear-ring.
Ang singsing.     The finger-ring.
Ang bucala.       The bracelet.
Ang solod.        The comb with large tooth.
Ang medias.       The stockings.
Ang calcetines.   The socks.



Sewing Materials

Ang dagom.             The needle.
Ang dedal.             The thimble.
Ang sudlan sa dagom.   The needle-case.
Ang gunting.           The scissors.
Ang hilo.              The thread.
Usa ca lugas.          A needlefull of.
Ang tagacan.           The work-basquet.
Ang igagama.           The silk.



Foods and Drinks

Usa ca pan.     A loaf of bread.
Usa ca ad-ad.   A slice of bread
Ang asucal.     The sugar.
Ang asin.       The salt.
Ang sicolate.   The chocolate.
Ang mga utan.   Vegetables.
Ang patatas.    The potatoes.
Ang camates.    The tomatoes.
Ang manteca.    The lard.
Ang sabao.      The broth.
Ang gatas.      The milk.
Ang tubig.      The water.
Ang vino.       The wine.
Ang serbesa.    The beer.
Ang queso.      The cheese.
Ang itlog.      The egg.
Ang seboyas.    The onions.
Ang bugas.      The rice.
Ang panacot.    The pepper.
Usa ca tipac.   A piece.
Ang hamon.      The ham.
Ang pastel.     The cake.
Ang ginebra.    The gin.



Dignities

Ang Emperador.        The Emperor.
Ang Hari.             The King.
Ang Guino-o.          The Lord.
Ang agalon.           The Master, owner.
Ang ilis sa hari.     The Vice-roy.
Sinugo sa hari.       Ambassador.
Amba.                 Governor.
Marques.              Marquis.
Administrador.        Administrator.
Conde.                Count, Earl.
Duque.                Duke.
Ministro.             Minister of state.
Tribunal nga labao.   Court of justice.
Ang Oidor.            Auditor.
Ang Alcalde.          Mayor.



Religion

Singbahan.         Church.
Capiya.            Chapel.
Altar.             Altar.
Sacristia.         Sacristy.
Bunagan.           Baptistery.
Altar mayor.       High-altar.
Compisal.          Confessionary.
Ualihan.           Pulpit.
Lubnganan.         Cemetery.
Lungon.            Coffin.
Ang Sacerdote.     The Priest.
Ang acolitos.      The assistant, clerk.
Ang calis.         The chalice.
Ang vinaheras.     The cruets.
Ang manteles.      Altar-cloth.
Corporal.          Corporal, altarlinen on which the communion bread
                   and wine are put to be consecrated.
Ang insensario.    The thurible.
Ang pagbunag.      Baptism.
Ang pagcompilma.   Confirmation.
Ang pagcompisal.   Penance.
Ang pagcalaoat.    Holy Eucharisty.
Ang paghilog.      Extreme-unction.
Ang pagorden.      Holy Orders.
Ang pagcasal.      Matrimony.



Ecclesiastical Dignities

Ang Santos nga Papa.   The holy Pope.
Ang caparian.          The clergy, Priesthood.
Ang Ponoan.            The Prelate.
Ang Cardenal.          The Cardinal.
Ang Arzobispo.         The Archbishop.
Ang Obispo.            The Bishop.
Ang Parroco.           The Parish priest.
Ang Cristan.           The Parish clerk.
Ang organo.            The organ.
Ang organista.         The organist.
Ang campanas.          The bells.
Ang campanario.        The belfry.
Ang campanero.         The bell-ringing.



Set of Tools

Ang bacbac.                    The hammer.
Ang palo.                      The small hammer.
Ang quimpit.                   Smith's tongs.
Ang limbas.                    The file.
Ang gabas.                     The saw.
Ang uasay.                     The axe.
Ang lucub.                     The auger.
Ang langsang.                  The nail.
Ang langsang nga quinauitan.   The tenterhook.
Ang compas.                    Pair of compasses.
Ang regla.                     The ruler.
Ang tigib.                     The chisel.
Ang landasan.                  The anvil.
Ang bingcong.                  The adze.



The City

Usa ca longsod.           A town.
Ang balay.                The house.
Ang dalan.                The street.
Ang saoang.               The square.
Ang catedral.             The cathedral.
Ang laoigan               The harbour.
Ang mga goa sa longsod.   The suburbs.
Ang tianggi.              The market.
Ang palacio.              The palace.
Ang bilanggoan.           The prison.
Ang catindahan.           The stores.
Ang mga parol.            The lamp post.
Ang correo.               The post-office.
Ang escuelahan.           The school.
Usa ca barrio.            A ward.
Ang cabecera.             The capital.
Ang concejal.             The alderman.
Ang abogado.              The lawyer.
Ang ayutamiento.          The city hall.
Ang policia.              The police.
Usa ca policia.           A policeman.
Ang aduana.               The custom-house.
Ang tulay.                The bridge.



The House

Ang balay.            The house.
Ang hagdan.           The stair-case.
Ang ang-ang.          The stairs, steps.
Ang sulud.            The room.
Ang salas.            The parlor.
Sulud nga higda-an.   Bed-room.
Ang salug.            The floor.
Ang ventana.          The window.
Ang pulta.            The door.
Ang yauihanan.        The lock.
Ang yaue.             The key.
Ang calibangan.       The water-closet.
Ang atabay.           The well.
Ang cosina.           The kitchen.
Ang caligoan.         The bath-room.



The Furniture

Ang lamesa.        The table.
Ang higda-an.      The bed.
Ang banig.         The mat.
Ang onlan.         The pillow.
Ang habol.         The sheet.
Ang lingcoranan.   The chair, seat.
Ang mesedora.      The rocking chair.
Ang butaca.        The arm-chair.
Ang sopa.          The sofa.
Ang camape.        The lounge.
Ang lamparahan.    The lamp.
Ang colon.         The clays pot.
Ang taclob.        The lid, cover.
Ang calaha.        The frying-pan.
Ang dapog.         The hearth.
Ang agipo.         The firebrand.
Ang agio.          The embers.
Ang baga.          The red-hot, coal.
Ang aso.           The smoke.
Ang suga.          The light.
Ang hunaoan.       The basin.
Ang pamahiran.     The towel.
Ang sacapuegos.    The match.
Ang dila-ab.       The flame.



Quadrupeds

Ang mananap.           The animal.
Ang cabayo.            The horse.
Ang iro.               The dog.
Ang ilaga.             The rat, mouse.
Ang iring.             The cat.
Ang toro.              The ox, bull.
Ang vaca.              The cow.
Ang nati sa vaca.      The calf.
Ang baboy.             The pig.
Baboy nga ihalas.      Boar.
Ang osa.               The deer.
Ang canding.           The goat.
Ang cornejo.           The rabbit.
Ang boot, basin.       The squirrel.
Ang calabao.           The buffalo.
Ang nati sa carnero.   The lamb.
Ang panon.             The flock.
Ang songay.            The horn.
Ang balahibo.          The wool, hair.
Ang panit.             The skin, side.
Ang coco.              The hoof, nail.
Ang balucag.           The mane.
Ang ti-il.             The foot.
Ang luconlucon.        The ham, upper part of the leg.
Ang simud.             The snout.
Ang icog.              The tail.



Fowls and Birds

Ang langgam.          The bird.
Ang sangquil.         Bird of prey.
Ang banog.            The kite, falcon.
Ang manaol.           The eagle.
Ang oac.              The crow, raven.
Ang perico.           The parrot.
Ang manoc.            The hen.
Ang sonoy.            The cock.
Ang piso.             The chicken.
Ang salapati.         The pigeon.
Ang cuyabog.          The young pigeon.
Ang tocmoc.           The turtle-dove.
Ang tulihao.          The witwall.
Ang itic.             The duck.
Ang pungog.           The owl.
Ang cabug.            A big bat.
Cabiao.               Bat
Ang sayao-sayao.      The swallow.
Ang pavo.             The turkey.
Ang gorrion.          The sparrow.
Ang canario.          The canary.
Ang songo.            The beak.
Ang paco.             The wing.
Ang quigol.           The tail.
Ang salag.            The nest.
Ang halua, tangcal.   The cage.
Ang tagoc.            The bird-lime.



Reptiles and Insects

Ang buhaga.          The cricket.
Ang halas.           The snake.
Ang saoa.            The boa-serpent.
Ang tiqui.           The lizard (indian).
Ang taloto.          The eft.
Ang ibid.            A kind of lizard.
Ang baqui.           The frog.
Ang banayao.         The scorpion.
Ang olahipan.        The centipede.
Ang alibangbang.     The butterfly.
Quinhason.           Any small shellfish.
Ang tabangcay.       The snail.
Ang olud.            The worm.
Uati.                Worm bred in the earth.
Bitoc.               Worm bred in the body.
Ang laoalaoa.        The cobweb-spider.
Ang hormigas.        The ants.
Solong.              A kind of ants.
Ang gangis.          The grass hopper.
Ang dolon.           The locust.
Ang lugton.          The locust brood.
Ang banagan.         The lobster.
Ang pulga.           The flea.
Ang dugho.           The bug-bed bug.
Ang coto.            The louse.
Ang lusa.            The nit.
Ang langao.          The fly.
Ang namoc.           The gnat.
Ang limatoc.         The leech.
Ang lapinig.         The wasp.
Ang putiocan.        The bee.
Panon sa putiocan.   Swarm of bees.
Ang soyod.           The sting.
Ang odlan.           The honeycomb.
Ang dugus.           The honey.



Fish and Shell-fish

Ang isda.         The fish.
Ang bongansiso.   The whale.
Ang lumbalumba.   The tunny.
Ang tangigi.      The gilt.
Ang anduhao.      The mackerel.
Ang balitobong.   The salmon.
Ang tamban.       The sardine.
Ang talaba.       The oyster.
Ang alimango.     The craw-fish.
Ang tatus.        The crab.
Ang pasayan.      The shrimp.
Ang tuay.         The clams.
Ang guinamus.     The brine-fish.
Ang bacalao.      The cod-fish.
Ang tipaca.       The shell.
Ang himbis.       The scale.
Ang bocog.        The fish-bone.
Ang hasang.       The tonsil.



Flowers

Ang bulac.        The flower.
Ang rosa.         The rose.
Ang puyus.        The bud.
Ang violeta.      The violet.
Ang clavel.       The pink.
Ang dahon.        The leaf.
Ang salingsing.   The stem.



Fruits and Vegetables

Ang limon.            The lemon.
Ang ocban.            The orange.
Ang siriguelas.       The plum.
Ang tibod, milon.     The melon.
Ang atimon.           The water-melon.
Ang saging.           The banana.
Ang rabano.           The radish.
Ang ongcug.           The cucumber.
Ang apio.             The celery.
Ang libgos.           The mushroom.
Ang tamboali.         The squash.
Ang tabios, mongos.   A kind of lentils.
Ang cubasa.           The pumpkin.
Ang parras.           The grapes.
Ang palia.            A bitter vegetable very stomachic.
Ang manga.            The manga-fruit.
Ang coles.            The cabbage.
Ang higos.            The figs.



Land and Agriculture

Ang banua, oma.   The land, field.
Ang hacienda.     The farm.
Ang buquid.       The mountain.
Ang capatagan.    The plain.
Ang bunayan.      The meadow.
Ang ualog.        The valley.
Ang lanao.        The swamp.
Ang baquilid.     The hill.
Ang calapocan.    The quagmire.
Ang suba.         The river.
Ang sapa.         The brook.
Ang bato.         The stone.
Ang balas.        The sand.
Ang langob.       The cave.
Ang lapoc.        The clay, mud.
Ang lasang.       The forest.
Ang cahoy.        The tree.
Ang sanga.        The branch.
Ang bonga.        The fruit.
Ang duga.         The sap.
Ang binhi.        The seed.
Ang tanom.        The plant.
Ang tanaman.      The garden.
Ang daro.         The plow.
Ang galab.        The sickle.
Ang pala.         The shovel.
Ang sarol.        The hoe.
Ang ohay.         The ear of corn.
Ang dagami.       The straw.
Ang lugas.        The grain.
Ang inani.        The harvest.



Sea

Ang dagat.                 The sea.
Ang laod.                  The gulf.
Ang sulangan.              The strait.
Ang looc.                  The creek.
Ang daplin.                The shore.
Ang honas.                 The ebb-tide.
Ang taob.                  The flood-tide.
Ang balod.                 The swell of the sea.
Ang onos.                  The storm.
Ang bagio.                 The typhoon.
Ang sacayan.               The vessel.
Baranggayan.               A long-boat with oars.
Bilos.                     A kind of canoa.
Pangco.                    A kind of canoa.
Salisipan.                 A kind of canoa.
Baroto.                    Canoa.
Ang dolong.                The prow of a ship, bow.
Oling.                     Poop, stern.
Ang quilid.                The side of a ship.
Ang onayan.                The keel of a ship.
Ang layag.                 The sail.
Ang bansalan, timon.       The helm, rudder.
Ang sinipit.               The anchor.
Ang gayon, gaod, bugsay.   The oar.



Virtues and Vices

Catarungan.                          Virtue.
Cadaot.                              Vice.
Pagto-o.                             Faith.
Paglaom.                             Hope.
Paghigugma.                          Charity.
Ca-ayo.                              Charity.
Ca-ulay.                             Purity, chastity.
Ca-ligdon.                           Modesty.
Ca-ugdan.                            Gravity.
Ca-ulao.                             Shame.
Ca-lolot.                            Generosity.
Ca-mato-od.                          Truth.
Pagilob.                             Patience.
Caputli.                             Honesty.
Cabu-ang.                            Madness.
Calalang.                            Artifice, craft.
Casina.                              Envy.
Limbong.                             Fraud, cheat.
Ticas.                               Trick.
Caulag.                              Lewdness.
Cahacug.                             Covetousness.
Pagsapao.                            Adultery.
Bacac.                               Lie.
Causic.                              Prodigality.
Cataspoc.                            Laziness.
Paghimu-ut.                          Pleasure.
Cataca.                              Slowness.
Pagcaualay pagtamud.                 Ingratitude, unthankfulness.
Pagpalabilabi.                       Pride.
Catalao.                             Cowardice.
Ang ualay pagto-o.                   Incredulity.
Ang pagbia sa paglaom.               Despair, anger.
Cahacug sa pagcaon.                  Gluttony.
Cahubog.                             Intoxication.
Pagtamay sa Dios.                    Impiety.
Paghinangop sa Dios.                 Piety, mercy, pity.
Pagpatay sa tao.                     Homicide, crime.
Pagpatay sa caogalingon nga laoas.   Suicide, crime.
Pagpangaoat.                         Robbery.
Cagobot.                             Revolution.
Casaba.                              Tumult.
Pagbudhi.                            Treachery.
Paglibac.                            Backbiting.
Usa ca banaga.                       A rascal.
Tampalasan.                          Malicious.
Usa ca matistis.                     A mercy, gay man.
Usa ca palautang.                    A deceitful man.
Usa ca bacacon.                      A lier.
Usa ca sugarol.                      A player.
Usa ca daguinotan.                   Avaricious.
Usa ca malolot.                      A open-handed.
Usa ca andacon.                      A boaster.



The Most Important Adjectives

Ma-ayo.               Good.
Dautan.               Bad.
Talamayon.            Contemptible.
Maquina-admanon.      Wise, learned.
Ualay quina-adman.    Ignorant, stupid.
Dagco.                Big, great.
Diutay.               Small, little.
Mabaga.               Corpulent, bulky.
Matamboc.             Big, fat, thick.
Supang.               Bulky person.
Manioang.             Thin, lean.
Manipis.              Fine, thin, light.
Masingpot.            Very dense, thick applied to woven goods.
Hata-as.              Tall, lofty, high.
Hamobo.               Low, small.
Halagpad.             Wide.
Masigpit.             Narrow.
Hago-ot.              Tight.
Matul-id.             Right.
Matarung.             Just.
Baliquig.             Twisted.
Balico.               Unjust.
Bag-o.                New.
Da-an.                Old, ancient.
Magahi.               Hart, solid.
Mahumuc.              Soft.
Malomo.               Gentle.
Maga-an.              Light.
Pono.                 Full.
Ualay solud.          Empty.
Gucab.                Hollow.
Maculi.               Difficult.
Masayon.              Easy.
Matam-is.             Sweet.
Mapait.               Bitter.
Maasgad.              Saltish.
Maaslom.              Sour, sharp.
Mahaoan.              Clear, clean.
Mahugao.              Dirty.
Mainit.               Warm, hot.
Mabugnao.             Cold.
Matugnao.             Freshness, cold.
Mamala.               Dry.
Mabasa.               Wet.
Maomal.               Damp, humid.
Malig-on.             Strong (house).
Maisug.               Strong (man).
Maluya.               Weak.
Matahum.              Beautiful.
Maanindut.            Pretty.
Mangil-ad.            Ugly.
Buta.                 Blind.
Buta sa picas.        One-eyed.
Libat.                Squinting-squint.
Pi-ang.               Lame, handless.
Buctot.               Humpbacked.
Opao.                 Bald.
Mama.                 Dumb, mute.
Gacod.                Stutterer.
Bungol.               Deaf.
Lulid.                Crippled.
Nuca.                 Itchy.
Pon-on.               Scabby.
Buti.                 Virulent.
Hangol.               Poor.
Maligsi.              Nimble, light.
Dupalog.              Rough, dull.
Bulahan.              Happy.
Palad-an.             Lucky.
Ualay palad.          Unfortunate.
Mato-od.              Certain.
Dili mato-od.         False.
Masulub-on.           Melancholy.
Mamingao-on.          Sad, gloomy.
Maibugon.             Capricious.
Masuco.               Angry, fretful.
Mabusug.              Glutted.
Mahupong.             Satisfied.
Bu-ang.               Fool, mad.
Bu-ut.                Prudent.
Masinabuton.          Intelligent, clever.
Ualay panagana.       Imprudent.
Palabilabihon.        Haughty.
Ualay sala.           Innocent.
Sala-an.              Guilty.
Tigbacac.             Lying.
Malimbongon.          Cheat.
Maulay.               Chaste.
Maolag.               Lewd.
Mau-ulao-on.          Shameful.
Maligdon.             Serious.
Lampingasan.          Impudent, barefaced.
Mangahason.           Audacious.
Tamastamason.         Insolent.
Maquigaoayon.         Quarrelsome.
Tapolan.              Lazy.
Malomo ug cagauian.   Sympathetic.
Matinahoron.          Courteous.
Mahinoclogon.         Merciful.
Burung.               Clumsy.
Mabangis.             Cruel.
Tigpamalus.           Revengeful.
Masuquihon.           Disobedient.
Magahi ug bu-ut.      Stubborn.
Malolot.              Generous.
Mausicon.             Spendthrift.
Hingaon.              Great eater.
Ualay buhat.          Idle, lazy.
Abian.                Friend.
Ca-aoay.              Foe, enemy.
Matistis.             Merry fellow.
Maputi.               White.
Maitom.               Black.
Mapola.               Red.
Madalag.              Yellow.
Asul.                 Blue.
Maitomitom.           Brown.
Morado.               Violet.
Velde.                Green.



The Most Important Verbs

Study.

Pagestudio.                  To study.
Pagto-on.                    To learn.
Pagto-on sa olo, pagsaolo.   To learn by heart.
Pagsingcamut sa pagto-on.    To apply one's self to study.
Pagcugui sa pagto-on.        To be diligent to learn.
Pagtodlo.                    To teach.
Pagsaysay.                   To explain.
Paggama sa hunahuna.         To invent, to discover.
Pagtocod.                    To compose.
Pagbasa.                     To read.
Pagsulat.                    To write.
Pagfirma.                    To sign.
Pagsaoay.                    To correct.
Pagsayop.                    To mistake.
Pagpanas.                    To blot.
Paghoad.                     To copy.
Paghubad.                    To translate.
Pagsugud.                    To begin.
Pagdayon.                    To continue.
Pagtapus.                    To finish.
Paghingpit.                  To perfect.
Paghibalo.                   To have notice of.
Pagalam.                     To know.
Pagdumdum.                   To remember.
Pagcalimut.                  To forget.
Pagsanasana.                 To form an idea.
Pagbadlong.                  To blame.



Conversation

Pagloas.         To pronounce.
Pagpamolong.     To speak.
Pagingon.        To say, tell.
Paguali.         To preach.
Pagsinggit.      To cry out.
Pagtiabao.       To scream, cry.
Pagsugil.        To refer, report.
Pagsugilon.      To tell, relate.
Pagbantug.       To proclaim.
Pagsangyao.      To make know.
Paghilom.        To be silent.
Pagtaoag.        To call.
Pagpangutana.    To ask, question
Pagtubag.        To answer.
Pagbalibad.      To excuse.
Pagsultisulti.   To talk.
Pagpahibalo.     To advise.
Pagpanagana.     To foreknow.
Pagsogo.         To order.
Pagsugut.        To obey.
Pagtug-an.       To declare.
Pagpamato-od     To certify.
Paglimod.        To deny.
Pagpacadautan.   To reject.
Pagpacama-ayo.   To approve.
Pagpalaban.      To defend.
Pagcasaba.       To reprehend.
Pagsaoay.        To upbraid.
Pagindigindig.   To dispute.
Pagaoay.         To wrangle.



To Eat and Drink

Paggutum.                   To be hungry.
Pagpangaon.                 To eat.
Paginom.                    To drink.
Paguhao.                    To be thirsty.
Pagusap.                    To chew.
Pagtolon.                   To swallow.
Pagsoyop.                   To sip.
Paghigop.                   To suck, sip.
Pagtilao.                   To taste.
Pagpicas.                   To divide, cut.
Pagad-ad.                   To carve, cut.
Pagpoasa.                   To fast.
Pagpamahao.                 To breakfast.
Pagpaniodto.                To dinner.
Pagpanihapon.               To sup.
Pagdapit.                   To invite.
Pagcahubog.                 To intoxicate.
Dili paghilis sa quinaon.   Indigestion.
Pagpulus sa quinaon.        To nourish.
Pagtilap.                   To lick, lap.



Life

Pagcatao.              To be born.
Paghimogso.            To bring forth.
Pagbunag.              To baptise.
Pagcabuhi.             To live.
Pagcatobo.             To grow.
Pagtamboc.             To fatten.
Pagnioang.             To weaken.
Pagmino.               To marry, wed.
Pagmabdos.             To be pregnant.
Paganac.               To bring forth.
Pagpasoso.             To give suck.
Pagbalo.               To become widow.
Pagtigulang.           To make old.
Pagcamatay.            To die.
Pagluboug.             To bury.
Pagsonod sa cabilin.   To inherit.
Pagcabanhao.           To revive.



Toilet

Pagalut.      To shave.
Pagvisti.     To dress.
Paghubo.      To take off the dress.
Pagligo.      To bathe.
Paghilamus.   To wash one's self the face.
Paghunao.     To wash one's self the face.



Bed

Paghigda.           To go to bed.
Pagcatalog.         To sleep.
Paghimata.          To wake.
Pagpucao.           To awake.
Pagtabiog.          To stir, rock.
Pagtucao.           To watch, to keep awake.
Paghagoc.           To snore.
Pagbangon, bacod.   To arise, to get up from a bed.



Natural Actions

Pagcataoa.                     To laugh.
Pagngisi-ngisi.                To smile.
Paghilac.                      To weep.
Pagpanghayhay.                 To sigh.
Pagpanghupao.                  To sigh, long for.
Pagbahaon.                     To sneeze.
Paglabgab.                     To gape, yawn.
Paghoyop.                      To blow, puff.
Pagtaghoy.                     To hiss, whistle.
Pagpamati.                     To listen, hearken.
Pagpatalinghog.                To be attentive.
Paglua, luda.                  To spit, salivate.
Pagsignga.                     To blow one's nose.
Paglua sa dugo.                To vomit blood.
Pagsingot.                     To sweat, perspire.
Pagtoroc sa bonga sa singot.   To be fleabitten, to be with rash, to be
                               full of fleabites.
Pagquita.                      To see.
Pagtan-ao.                     To behold, look.
Pagdongog.                     To hear.
Pagsinghot.                    To smell.
Pagcahumut.                    To smell well.
Pagcabaho.                     To smell nasty.
Paglami.                       To give a relish, a zest.
Paghicap.                      To touch.
Paghubag.                      To swell, inflate.
Pagcaodas.                     To scratch, touch (bad sense).
Pagihi.                        To make water.
Pagotot.                       To break wind.
Pagcalibang.                   To go to stool.



Love and Hatred

Paghigugma.           To love.
Pagbu-ut.             To wish, will.
Paghimmu-ut.          To be pleased with.
Pagolo-olo.           To flatter.
Pagabi-abi.           To court, greet, salute.
Pagibid-ibid.         To fondle.
Pagamoma.             To breat, kindly.
Pagdayeg.             To praise.
Paggacus.             To embrace.
Paghaluc.             To kiss.
Pagbadlong.           To advise.
Pagsaoay.             To blame.
Pagcastigo.           To chastise.
Pagsilot.             To mulct.
Paghampac.            To whip.
Pagtamay.             To despise.
Pagyubit.             To scoff.
Pagmahay.             To complain.
Paghomot.             To threaten.
Pagbalus.             To revenge.
Pagpasaylo.           To pardon.
Pagbalus ug ma-ayo.   To reward.
Pagbayad.             To pay.
Pagdomot.             To bear rancour to.
Pagcasilag.           To hate.
Pagbia.               To abandon.
Pagcaulao.            To be shamed.
Pagpangahas.          To dare to.
Pagsamoc.             To trouble.
Pagsumbong.           To accuse.
Pagbalidad.           To excuse.
Pagpasangil.          To reproach.
Pagsogot.             To obey.
Paghocom.             To sentence.
Pagdaut-daut.         To damage.
Pagpaquigaoay.        To wrangle.
Pagdaug               To conquer, again.
Pagpadaug.            To be won.
Pagpanulay.           To tempt.
Pagagao.              To despoil.
Pagcaoat.             To rob, spoil.
Pagpatay.             To kill.
Pagbono.              To wound, betray.
Pagsamad.             To wound, hurt.
Pagbonal.             To beat with a stick.
Pagdayeg.             To brag.
Pagtonglo.            To curse, slander.
Pagtabang.            To help.
Pagtubus.             To redeem.
Pagbaui.              To ransom.
Pagbilanggo.          To capture.
Pagbitay.             To hang.
Pagigpit.             To compress the neck in the instrument called a
                      garrote.



Memory and Understanding

Pagcabut sa hunahuna.   To conceive.
Paghunahuna.            To think.
Pagpalandong.           To meditate.
Pagila.                 To know.
Paghibalo.              To have knowledge of.
Pagalam.                To be learned.
Pagbu-ut.               To wish, desire.
Pagoyon.                To agree, submit.
Pagbuta.                To grow blind.
Pagcabildo.             To confederate.
Pagtimbang sa bu-ut.    To exaggerate.
Pagpaquigsabut.         To deliberate.
Pagtag-an.              To hit upon.
Pagmatngon.             To attend.
Pagsingcot.             To search.
Pagtingoha.             To procure, try.
Pagasoy.                To explain.
Pagsayod.               To instruct.
Pagpanghinaot.          To desire.
Pagpa-abut.             To wait.
Pagcahadluc.            To fear.
Pagcalisang.            To be frightened.
Pagcaculba.             To be frightened.
Pagbacac.               To tell lies.
Paghanip sa hunahuna.   To dissemble, hide, cloak.
Pagpaningon.            To imitate, copy.
Pagsusi.                To inquire.
Paglipay.               To be gladded.
Paghimu-ut.             To be pleased.
Pagcasobo.              To be saddened.
Pagcamingaa.            To be afflicted.
Pagcayugot.             To be afflicted.
Pagpo-ol.               To be weary.
Pagsuco.                To become angry.
Pagcaligutgut.          To grow angry.
Pagpungot.              To be in a rage.
Pagpoypoy.              To become quiet.
Paglucmay.              To soften anger.



Recreations

Pagduladula.            To amuse.
Paglingaolingao.        To amuse one's self.
Pagcanta.               To sing.
Pagsayao.               To dance.
Pagdula.                To play.
Pagpacadaog.            To gain, win.
Pagdaog.                To lose.
Paglocso.               To leap, jump.
Pagambac.               To jump down.
Pagdalagan.             To run.
Pagsacay sa cabayo.     To ride.
Pagdalagan sa cabayo.   To trot, to make a horse trot.



Illness

Pagalima sa masaquit.   To take care of a sick.
Pagtambal.              To medicine.
Pagayo-ayo.             To grow better.
Pagbughat.              To fall back.
Pagsamut.               To grow worse.
Pagpurga.               To purify, purge.
Pagpageringa.           To syringe.
Paghonad sa samad.      To wash a wound.
Pagtampoy sa dugo.      To stop blood.
Pagtugna sa samad.      To see the fathom of the wound.
Paghigda sa banig.      To be confined to one's bed on account of
                       sickness.
Pagyamyam.              To talk nonsense.
Pagtinga.               To breathe one's last, expire.



Movements

Paglihoc         To move one's self.
Pagtandug.       To move.
Pagadto.         To go.
Paganhi.         To come.
Paglacao.        To walk.
Pagbalic.        To return (here).
Pagpauli.        To return (there).
Pagsibut.        To go backward.
Pagpado-ol.      To approach.
Pagtindug.       To raise.
Paglibodlibod.   To loiter about.
Pagpanamilit.    To bid one fare well.
Paglicay.        To fly, escape.
Pagsonod.        To proceed, follow.
Paglusot.        To slide, ship.
Pagdacup.        To seize.
Pagsandig.       To lean upon.
Pagholog.        To fall.
Pagpangdol.      To stumble.
Pagtonob.        To tread.
Pagirug.         To retire.
Pagpahalayo.     To deviate.
Pagsulud.        To enter, come in.
Paggoa.          To go out.
Pagsaca.         To ascend.
Pagcanaog.       To descend.
Pagagi.          To go though, pass for.
Paglabay.        To pass by.



Handiworks

Pagbuhat.                 To make, work.
Pagandam.                 To make ready.
Pagsira.                  To shut, close.
Pagpiyong.                To shut the eyes.
Pagtac-om.                To shut the mouth.
Pagcomcom.                To shut the hand.
Pagpicot.                 To shut the legs.
Pagbuca.                  To open the eyes.
Pagnganga.                To open the mouth.
Pagbuclad.                To open one's hand.
Pagbila.                  To open the legs.
Pagpaita-as.              To raise, elevate.
Pagsacoat.                To heave, hold up.
Pagyabo.                  To pour.
Pagaoas.                  To overflow.
Paghunob.                 To ooze.
Pagbasa.                  To wet.
Paghumod.                 To wetted.
Pagumol.                  To dampen.
Paghumoc.                 To soften.
Paggahi.                  To harden.
Pagosoag.                 To extend, expand.
Paglagpad.                To wide.
Pagcomsod.                To diminish.
Pagdaro.                  To plough.
Pagcalot sa yuta.         To dig.
Pagpugas.                 To sow.
Pagtanom.                 To plant.
Paggalab.                 To reap.
Pagbunglay.               To weed.
Pagtimbang.               To weigh.
Pagtagcus.                To tie.
Pagbadbad.                To untie.
Pagbalictos.              To knot.
Pagondoc.                 To heap.
Pagani.                   To gather the corn at harvest time.
Pagtabon.                 To cover.
Pagbucas.                 To uncover.
Pagtago.                  To hide.
Pagpacaquita.             To find.
Paghugao.                 To stain.
Pagbuling.                To soil.
Pagpahid.                 To cleanse.
Paghinlo.                 To embellish.
Pagsilhig.                To sweep.
Pagputi.                  To white wash.
Paglog-o.                 To rinse the glasses.
Pagpamala.                To air, refresh.
Pagpaoga.                 To dry, parch.
Paghugas.                 To rub, scour.
Paglampaso.               To swab.
Paginit.                  To heat.
Pagbugnao.                To cool.
Pagpintal.                To paint.
Pagliloc.                 To engrave.
Pagbadlis.                To draw, sketch.
Pagpatic.                 To mark, note.
Pagtocod.                 To build.
Pagguba.                  To destroy, waste.
Pagbolda.                 To embroider.
Pagpo-oc sa bulaoan.      To gild.
Pagpo-oc sa salapi.       To plate with silver.
Paghalup.                 To set (a jewel).
Pagbuho.                  To pierce.
Paglangsang.              To nail.
Pagtahi.                  To sew.
Pagbilic.                 To spin.
Pagtapac.                 To patch, mend.
Pagpilo.                  To fold.
Paglit-ag.                To catch birds with knots.
Pagpuyo sa ualay buhat.   To be idle.



To Buy and Sell

Pagpaquicomercio.         To apply one's self to trade.
Pagpalit.                 To buy.
Pagbaligya.               To sell.
Pagpaquigsabut sa bili.   To adjust the price, to agree.
Pagbili.                  To value.
Pagbutang sa bili.        To tax, rate at.
Pagbali.                  To be valuable.
Paghangyo.                To haggle.
Paghalin.                 To dispatch.
Paghulam.                 To lend.
Pagpahulam.               To borrow.
Pagpautang.               To owe.
Pagbayad.                 To pay.
Pagdaginot.               To economize.
Pagpoto.                  To ruin.
Pagusic.                  To squander.



About the Worship to God

Pagsingba.                                     To adore.
Paghapa.                                       To prostrate one's self.
Pagtambong sa misa.                            To hear mass.
Pagpalangdong.                                 To meditate.
Pagpangamoyo.                                  To supplicate, beg.
Pagpangadye.                                   To pray.
Pagsantos sa piesta.                           To keep the holy day.
Paglohod.                                      To kneel down.
Pagcompisal.                                   To confess.
Pagcalaoat.                                    To communicate.
Pagbalic sa Dios.                              To return to God.
Paghinulsul.                                   To repent.
Pagpacasala.                                   To sin.
Pagcasayop.                                    To fault.
Pagholog sa inpierno.                          To be condemned.
Pagdangat sa langit.                           To be salved.
Pagbia sa pagcacristianos.                     To apostatize.
Pagamong-among sa mga butang nga cristianos.   To profane, violate.
Pagpanumpa.                                    To swear, to make oath.
Pagpatampalas sa Dios.                         To blaspheme.



About the Time

Pagdag-om.                          To be cloudy.
Pagadlao.                           To be clear.
Paghulao.                           To be dried.
Pagolan.                            To rain.
Pagalindahao.                       To drizzle.
Pagolan sa olan nga natibo-oc.      To snow.
Pagolan sa mga tolo nga mibactot.   To hail.
Pagquilat.                          To lighten.
Pagdalogdog.                        To thunder.
Paglinti.                           To thunder strike.







INDEX.


    Bisaya Alphabet
    First Lesson--Of the article
    Second Lesson--Of the Noun
    Third Lessen--Of the Cardinal Numbers
            Ordinal Numbers
            Partitive and distributive Numbers and Vicenal numbers
    Fourth Lesson--Of the Pronouns
            Demonstrative Pronouns
            Possessive Pronouns
            Relative Pronouns
    Fifth Lesson--Of the Adjective
    Sixth Lesson--Diminutive Adjectives
            Degrees of Comparison
    Seventh Lesson--Unitive Particles
    Eighth Lesson--The Verb
    Ninth Lesson--Of the verb To be
            The verb To have
    Tenth Lesson--The adjective Verbs
    Eleventh Lesson--Of the Passives
    Twelfth Lesson--Some rules upon the Passives
    Thirteenth Lesson--Of the Particles
    Fourteenth Lesson--Of the Imperative and Impersonal
            Present Participles or Gerunds
    Fifteenth Lesson--Infinitive Sentences
    Sixteenth Lesson--Of the particles Pa and Iga
    Seventeenth Lesson--Of the Particle Nagapa
    Eighteenth Lesson--Of the Particle Nagapaca
    Nineteenth Lesson--Of the Particle Naca
    Twentieth Lesson--Of the particle Naca causal
    Twenty first Lesson--Of the Particles Mi and Na
    Twenty second Lesson--Of the particles Nanag and Nan
    Twenty third Lesson--Of the particles Naquig--Naqui
    Twenty fourth Lesson--Of the particles Naha, Nahi, Napa, Nasig,
    Nasighi, Nangi, Nanhi, Nanig, Nanum, Nani
    Twenty fifth Lesson--Impersonal Verbs
    Twenty sixth Lesson--Defective Verbs
    Twenty seventh Lesson--Practical Sentences
    Twenty eighth Lesson--Practical Sentences
    Key to the Exercises
    Table of the Particles and their Passives







ERRATA


Pag.   Column.   Line.   Says.                  Must be said.
   5                10   Enhlish                English.
   8                22   Elderst.               Elder.
  13         1      22   Nive.                  Nine.
  14         1      20   Conmandmen.            Commandment.
  14                 4   Younh.                 Young.
  17         1      25   Nex.                   Next.
  21         2      20   Guino-o pasayloa       Guino-o pasaylo-a came
                         came.                  nga mga macasasala.
  22                 6   Expresed.              Expressed.
  32                33   Pasivo.                Passive.
  37                18   Tings.                 Things.
  41                 4   Kill.                  Kills.
  55                25   Awails.                Avails.
  55         1       9   Oar Lord spended.      Our Lord spent.
  58         1      29   Scolar.                Scholar.
  64         1       7   I orderer.             I ordered.
  69                28   the Bisay adialect.    the Bisaya dialect.
  88         1      36   peaple.                people.
 100                 8   sa mga higala ug ang   sa mga higala mo ug
                         aco.                   ang aco.
 118                 1   A Tabla.               A Table.
 140         2      27   Paciencie.             Patience.
 141         2      25   Molicious.             Malicious.
 142         2      35   Clear.(2. o)           Clean.
 150         1       7   Pagdayeg.              Pagparayeg.
             2      23   Hav knoledge of.       Have knowledge of.
 151         1      10   Camingaa.              Camingao.






End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of English-Bisaya Grammar, by Various

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