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                            RAILWAY ADVENTURES
                              AND ANECDOTES:
                  EXTENDING OVER MORE THAN FIFTY YEARS.


                         EDITED BY RICHARD PIKE.

                              THIRD EDITION.

                                * * * * *

    "The only _bona fide_ Railway Anecdote Book published
    on either side of the Atlantic."--_Liverpool Mercury_.

                                * * * * *

                     LONDON: HAMILTON, ADAMS, AND CO.
                          NOTTINGHAM: J. DERRY.

                                * * * * *

                                  1888.

                               NOTTINGHAM:
             J. DERBY, PRINTER, WHEELER GATE AND HOUNDS GATE.




PREFACE.


Although railways are comparatively of recent date we are so accustomed
to them that it is difficult to realize the condition of the country
before their introduction.  How different are the present day ideas as to
speed in travelling to those entertained in the good old times.  The
celebrated historian, Niebuhr, who was in England in 1798, thus describes
the rapid travelling of that period:--"Four horses drawing a coach with
six persons inside, four on the roof, a sort of conductor besides the
coachman, and overladen with luggage, have to get over seven English
miles in the hour; and as the coach goes on without ever stopping except
at the principal stages, it is not surprising that you can traverse the
whole extent of the country in so few days.  But for any length of time
this rapid motion is quite too unnatural.  You can only get a very
piece-meal view of the country from the windows, and with the tremendous
speed at which you go can keep no object long in sight; you are unable
also to stop at any place."  Near the same time the late Lord Campbell,
travelling for the first time by coach from Scotland to London, was
seriously advised to stay a day at York, as the rapidity of motion (eight
miles per hour) had caused several through-going passengers to die of
apoplexy.

It is stated in the year 1825, there was in the whole world, only one
railway carriage, built to convey passengers.  It was on the first
railway between Stockton and Darlington, and bore on its panels the
motto--"Periculum privatum, publica utilitas."  At the opening of this
line the people's ideas of railway speed were scarcely ahead of the canal
boat.  For we are told, "Strange to say, a man on horseback carrying a
flag headed the procession.  It was not thought so dangerous a place
after all.  The locomotive was only supposed to go at the rate of from
four to six miles an hour; an ordinary horse could easily keep ahead of
that.  A great concourse of people stood along the line.  Many of them
tried to accompany the procession by running, and some gentlemen on
horseback galloped across the fields to keep up with the engine.  At a
favourable part of the road Stephenson determined to try the speed of the
engine, and he called upon the horseman with the flag to get out of his
way!  The speed was at once raised to twelve miles an hour, and soon
after to fifteen, causing much excitement among the passengers."

George Stephenson was greatly impressed with the vast possibilities
belonging to the future of railway travelling.  When battling for the
locomotive he seemed to see with true prescience what it was destined to
accomplish.  "I will do something in course of time," he said, "which
will astonish all England."  Years afterwards when asked to what he
alluded, he replied, "I meant to make the mail run between London and
Edinburgh by the locomotive before I died, and I have done it."  Thus was
a similar prediction fulfilled, which at the time he uttered it was
doubtless considered a very wild prophecy, "Men shall take supper in
London and breakfast in Edinburgh."

From a small beginning railways have spread over the four quarters of the
globe.  Thousands of millions of pounds have been spent upon their
construction.  Railway contractors such as Peto and Brassey at one time
employed armies of workmen, more numerous than the contending hosts
engaged in many a battle celebrated in history.  Considering the mighty
revolutions that have been wrought in social affairs and in the commerce
of the world by railways, John Bright was not far wrong when he said in
the House of Commons "Who are the greatest men of the present age?  Not
your warriors, not your statesmen.  They are your engineers."

The Railway era, although of modern date, has been rich in adventures and
incidents.  Numerous works have been written upon Railways, also memoirs
of Railway Engineers, relating their struggles and triumphs, which have
charmed multitudes of readers.  Yet no volume has been published
consisting exclusively of Railway Adventures and Anecdotes.  Books having
the heading of Railway Anecdotes, or similar titles, containing few of
such anecdotes but many of a miscellaneous character, have from time to
time appeared.  Anecdotes, racy of the Railway calling and circumstances
connected with it are very numerous: they are to be found scattered in
Parliamentary Blue Books, Journals, Biographies, and many out-of-the-way
channels.  Many of them are highly instructive, diverting, and
mirth-provoking, having reference to persons in all conditions.  The
"Railway Adventures and Anecdotes," illustrating many a quaint and
picturesque scene of railway life, have been drawn from a great variety
of sources.  I have for a long time been collecting them, and am willing
to believe they may prove entertaining and profitable to the railway
traveller and the general reader, relieving the tedium of hours when the
mind is not disposed to grapple with profounder subjects.

The romance of railways is in the past and not in the future.  How
desirable then it is that a well written history of British Railways
should speedily be produced, before their traditions, interesting
associations, and early workers shall be forgotten.  A work of such
magnitude would need to be entrusted to a band of expert writers.  With
an able man like Mr. Williams, the author of _Our Iron Roads_, and the
_History of the Midland Railway_, presiding over the enterprise, a
history might be produced which would be interesting to the present and
to future generations.  The history although somewhat voluminous would be
a necessity to every public and private library.  Many of our railway
companies might do worse than contribute 500 or 1000 pounds each to
encourage such an important literary undertaking.  It would give an
impetus to the study of railway matters and it is not at all unlikely in
the course of a short time the companies would be recouped for their
outlay.

Before concluding, it is only right I should express my grateful
acknowledgments to the numerous body of subscribers to this work.  Among
them are noblemen of the highest rank and distinction, cabinet ministers,
members of Parliament, magistrates, ministers of all sections of the
Christian church, merchants, farmers, tradesmen, and artisans.  Through
their helpful kindness my responsibility has been considerably lightened,
and I trust they will have no reason to regret that their confidence has
been misplaced.




CONTENTS.

A.B.C. and D.E.F.                                         171
Accident, Abergele, The                                   220
,, Beneficial Effect of a Railway                         186
,, Extraordinary                                          128
,, ,,                                                     265
,, Remarkable                                             172
,, Versailles, The                                         96
Action, A Novel                                           255
Advantages of Railway Tunnels                             126
Advertisement, Remarkable                                 124
Adventure, Remarkable                                     146
Affrighted Toll Keeper                                     19
Agent, The Insurance                                      269
Air-ways, instead of Railways                              83
Alarmist Views                                             28
Almost Dar Now                                            122
American Patience and Imperturbability                    183
A'penny a Mile                                            170
Army with Banners, An                                     207
Atmospheric Railroad Anticipated                           14
Baby Law                                                  216
Balloonists, Extraordinary Escape of                      275
Bavarian Guards and Bavarian Beer                         198
Bill, Expensive Parliamentary                             102
,, First Railway                                           16
Bishop, A Disingenuous                                    267
,, An Industrious                                         248
Blunder, An Extraordinary                                 254
Bookshops, Growth of Station                              130
Booking-Clerk and Buckland, The                           248
Bookstalls, Messrs. Smith's                               131
Brahmin, The Polite                                       260
Bride's Lost Luggage, A                                   142
Brassey's, Mr., Strict Adherence to his Word              264
Brougham's, Lord, Speech                                   60
Box, Shut up in a large                                   273
Buckland's, Mr. Frank, First Railway Journey              175
Buckland, Mr. Frank, and his Boots                        261
Bridge, Awful Death on a Railroad                         273
Bully Rightly Served, The                                 190
Burning the Road Clear                                    179
Business, Railway Facilities for                          118
Calculation as to Railway Speed                            28
Capture, Clever                                           105
Catastrophe                                               165
Carlist Chief as a Sub-contractor, A                      213
Carriage, The Duke's                                       60
Casuality, Curious                                        193
Chase after a Runaway Engine, A                           136
Child's Idea on Railways, A                               179
Child, Remarkable Rescue of a                             249
Claim for goodwill for a Cow killed on the Railway        268
Clergy, Appealing to the                                   83
Clever, Quite too                                         181
Coach _versus_ Railway Accidents                          198
Compensation for Land                                     106
,, A Widow's Claim for                                    242
Competition, Early Railway                                 27
,, For Passengers                                         167
,, Goods                                                  135
Conductor, A Wide-awake                                   184
Coincidences, Remarkable                                  291
Cook's Railway Excursions, Origin of                       87
Cool Impudence and Dishonesty                             248
Coolness, A Little Boy's                                  258
Constable, The Electric                                    92
Contracts, Expensive                                      263
Contractor, An Accommodating                              113
Contractors and the Blotting Pad, Rival                    99
Contrast, National                                        171
Conversion of the Gauge                                   243
Counsel, The bothered Queen's                             247
Courting on a Railway thirty miles an hour                159
Crimea, The First Railway in the                          156
Croydon.  It's                                            271
Curious Classification, A                                 294
Custom of the Country, The                                234
Cuvier's Description of the Locomotive                     21
Damages easily adjusted                                   127
Day.  The Great Railway Mania                             114
Death.  Faithful unto                                     153
Decision.  A Quick                                         95
Decoy Trunk, The                                          224
Deodand.  The                                              88
Difficulties encountered in making Surveys                 31
Difficulty solved, A                                      181
Discovery, A Great                                        144
Discussion, An Unfortunate                                 89
Disguise, Duty in                                         283
Dissatisfied Passengers                                   236
Doctor and the Officers, The                              246
Dog Ticket                                                 91
Down Brakes, or Force of Habit                            192
Drink.  That accursed                                     274
Drinking from the Wrong Bottle                            262
Driving a last spike                                      224
Dropping the letter "L"                                   267
Dukes and the traveller, The two                          114
Dying Engine Driver, The                                  191
Early American Railway Enterprise                          66
Early Morning Ride                                        187
Early Steam Carriages                                      15
Elevated Sight-seers Wishing to Descend                    59
Engine Driver, A Brave                                    247
,, A Mad                                                  278
Engine Driver's Presence of Mind                          232
,, Driving                                                230
,, Fascination                                            166
Engineer and Scientific Witness                           133
,, Very Nice to be a Railway                              113
Entertaining Companion                                    195
Epigram, Railway                                          124
Epitaph, An Engine Driver's                                86
,, on the Victim of a Railway Accident                     85
Escape, Providential                                      128
Escapes from being Lynched, Narrow                        153
Everett's Reply to Wordsworth's Protest                   123
Evidence of General Salesman                               78
,, Picture                                                111
Evil, A Dreaded                                           145
Excursionists put to the proof                            294
Extracts from Macready's Diaries                          138
Fares, Cheap                                              188
Fault, At                                                 241
Female Fragility                                          250
Flutter caused by the murder of Mr. Briggs                253
Fog Signals                                               121
Forged Tickets                                            217
Fourth of July Facts                                      244
Fraud on the Great Northern Company, Immense              161
Frauds, Attempted                                         140
Freak, Singular                                           170
Freaks of Concealed Bogs                                  138
Frightened at a Red Light                                 223
Girl, A Brave                                             273
Goat and the Railway, The                                 155
Good Things of Railway Accidents                          186
Gravedigger's Suggestion, A                               257
Gray, Thomas.  A Railway Projector                         22
Greenlander's First Railway Ride, A                       255
Growing Lad, A                                            217
Hartington, The Marquis of, on George Stephenson          283
Hair-Dresser, The anxious                                  79
Heroism of a Driver                                       270
Highlander and a Railway Engine, The                      138
Hoax, Accident                                            167
Horses _versus_ Railways                                  262
How to bear losses                                        214
Impressions, A Mexican Chief's Railway                    278
Incident, An amusing                                      258
,, An Electric Tramway                                    282
Information, Obtaining                                    154
Insulted Woman, An                                        235
Insured                                                   202
Judge's feeling against Railways, A County Court          150
Kangaroo Attacking a Train, A                             209
Kemble's Letter, Fanny                                     35
Kid-Gloved Samson, A                                      184
Kiss in the Dark, A                                       256
Lady and her Lap-dog, The                                 242
,, An Exacting                                            183
Legislation, Railway                                      100
Liabilities of Railway Engineers for Errors               127
Liability of Companies for Delay of Trains                191
Life upon a Railway, by a Conductor                       148
Loan Engineering, or Staking out a Railway                172
Locomotive, A Smuggling                                   234
,, Dangerous                                              292
Luggage, Lost                                             112
,, in Railway Carriages                                   281
,, What is Passengers'                                    243
Madman in a Railway Carriage, A                           201
Marriage, A Railway                                       139
,, and Railway Dividends                                  228
Match, A Runaway                                           93
Merchant and his Clerk, The                               160
Mistake, A slight                                         263
Monetary Difficulties in Spain                            212
Money.  Lost and Found                                     87
Monkey Signalman, A                                       294
Navvy's Reason for not going to Church, A                  80
Nervousness                                               259
New Trick.  A                                             203
Newspaper Wonder, A                                       211
Newton, Sir Isaac's Prediction of Railway Speed            14
Notice, Copy of a                                         237
,, A curious                                              154
,, A remarkable                                           252
,, to Defaulting Shareholders, A Novel                     95
Not to be caught                                          246
Novel Attack, A                                           197
,, Obstruction                                            215
Objections, Sanitary                                       77
Opposition, A Landowner's                                 110
,, English and American                                    71
,, Parliamentary                                           29
,, to Making Surveys                                       75
Orders, My                                                280
Parody upon the Railway Mania                             118
Passengers and other Cattle                               158
,, Third-class                                            143
Peto, Sir Morton, and the Balaclava Railway               156
Peto's, Sir Morton, Railway Mission                       104
Phillippe and the English Navvies, Louis                  125
Photographing an Express Train                            259
Polite Irishman, The                                      194
Portmanteau, His                                          130
Post Office and Railways.  The                            119
Power of Locomotive Engines, Gigantic                      94
Practice, Sharp                                            80
Prejudice against carrying Coals by Railways               84
,, Removed                                                 81
Presentiment, Mrs. Blackburne's                            56
Profitable Damages                                        295
Prognostications of Failure                                73
Pullman's Carriages                                       295
Race, A Curious                                           254
Railway, An Early                                          20
,, An Early Ride on the Liverpool and Manchester           61
,, Announcement                                            17
,, Enterprise                                             296
,, Travelling, Early                                       63
,, Destroyers in the Franco-German War                    223
,, from Merstham to Wandsworth                             16
,, Liverpool and Manchester                                32
,, Manners                                                272
,, Merthyr Tydvil                                          17
,, A Profitable                                           260
,, Opening of the Darlington and Stockton                  26
,, Romance                                                 93
,, Sleeper, A                                             246
,, Signals                                                120
,, Switch Tender and his Child                            199
,, Train turned into a Man-trap                           185
,, Up Vesuvius                                            274
Railways, Elevated                                        214
,, A Judgment                                             268
,, Origin of                                               13
Railroad Incident                                         214
,, Tracklayer                                             216
Rails, Expansion of                                       158
Rector and his Pig.  The                                  103
Redstart, The Black                                       199
Rejoinder, A smart                                        158
Reproof for Swearing                                      189
Request, A Polite                                         136
Ride from Boston to Providence in 1835, A                  81
Robinson's, Crabb, First Railway Journey                   65
Ruling Occupation strong on Sunday                        186
Safety on the Floor                                       147
Seat, The Safest                                          268
Scotch Lady and her Box                                   272
Scene at a Railway Junction, Extraordinary                134
,, Before a Sub-Committee on Standing Orders              176
Security for Travelling                                   229
Sell, A                                                   241
Seizure of a Railway Train for Debt                       208
She takes Fits                                            210
Shrewd Observers                                           20
Signalman, An Amateur                                      97
Singular Circumstance                                     125
Sleeper, A Heavy                                          276
Sounds, Remarkable Memory for                             266
Snag's Corners                                            210
Snake's Heads                                              81
Snowed up on the Pacific Railway                          237
Speed of Railway Engines                                   30
Steam defined                                             137
,, Pulling a Tooth by                                     276
Steel Rails                                               193
Stephenson Centenary, The                                 284
,, ,, George Robert Stephenson's Address                  286
,, ,, Rev. T. C. Sarjent's Address at the                 288
,, ,, Sir William Armstrong's Address at the              284
Stephenson's Wedding Present, George                      194
Stopping a Runaway Couple                                 200
Stumped                                                   293
Swindling, Ingenious                                      292
Taken Aback                                               152
Taking Him Down a Peg                                     252
Taste, Loss of                                            291
Tay Bridge Accident                                       245
Telegraph, Extraordinary use of the Electric              111
Ticket, A Lost                                            164
,, Your                                                   271
Traffic-Taking                                             86
Train Stopped by Caterpillars, A                          204
Travelling, Effects of Constant Railway                   281
,, in Russia                                              204
,, Improvement in Third-Class                             143
Trent Station                                             192
Trip, An Unpleasant Trial                                  72
Tunnel, In a Railway                                      137
Very Cool                                                 199
Waif, An Extraordinary                                    245
Ward's, Artemus, Suggestion                               197
Watkin, Sir Edward, on Touting for Business               269
Way, A Quick                                              138
Way-Leaves                                                 13
Wedding at a Railway Station                              166
What are you going to do?                                 189
Whistle, Steam                                             98
Wolves on a Railway                                       197
Wordsworth's Protest                                      122
Yankee Compensation Case, A                               218



ORIGIN OF RAILWAYS


The immediate parent of the railway was the wooden tram-road, which
existed at an early period in colliery districts.  Mr. Beaumont, of
Newcastle, is said to have been the first to lay down wooden rails as
long ago as 1630.  More than one hundred and forty years elapsed before
the invention was greatly improved.  Mr. John Carr, in 1776 (although not
the first to use iron rails), was the first to lay down a cast-iron
railway, nailed to wooden sleepers, for the Duke of Newcastle's colliery
near Sheffield.  This innovation was regarded with great disfavour by the
workpeople as an interference with the vested rights of labour.  Mr.
Carr's life, as a consequence, was in much jeopardy and for four days he
had to conceal himself in a wood to avoid the violence of an indignant
and vindictive populace.




WAY-LEAVES.


Roger North, referring to a visit paid to Newcastle by his brother, the
Lord Keeper Guildford, in 1676, writes:--"Another remarkable thing is
their _way-leaves_; for when men have pieces of ground between the
colliery and the river, they sell the leave to lead coal over the ground,
and so dear that the owner of a rood of ground will expect 20 pounds per
annum for this leave.  The manner of the carriage is by laying rails of
timber from the colliery down to the river exactly straight and parallel,
and bulky carts are made with four rowlets fitting these rails, whereby
the carriage is so easy that one horse will draw four or five chaldron of
coals, and is an immense benefit to the coal merchants."




SIR ISAAC NEWTON'S PREDICTION OF RAILWAY SPEED.


In a tract by the Rev. Mr. Craig, Vicar of Leamington, entitled "Astral
Wonders," is to be found the following remarkable passage:--"Let me
narrate to you an anecdote concerning Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire.  Sir
Isaac wrote a book on the Prophet Daniel, and another on the Revelations;
and he said, in order to fulfil certain prophecies before a certain date
terminated, namely 1260 years, there would be a certain mode of
travelling of which the men in his time had no conception; nay, that the
knowledge of mankind would be so increased that they would be able to
travel at the rate of fifty miles an hour.  Voltaire, who did not believe
in the Holy Scriptures, got hold of this, and said, 'Now look at that
mighty mind of Newton, who discovered gravity, and told us such marvels
for us all to admire, when he became an old man and got into his dotage,
he began to study that book called the Bible; and it appears that in
order to credit its fabulous nonsense, we must believe that mankind's
knowledge will be so much increased that we shall be able to travel fifty
miles an hour.  The poor 'dotard!' exclaimed the philosophic infidel,
Voltaire, in the complaisancy of his pity.  But who is the dotard now?"




THE ATMOSPHERIC RAILROAD ANTICIPATED.


                                _First Voice_.

    "But why drives on that ship so fast,
    Without or wave or wind?"

                               _Second Voice_.

    "The air is cut away before,
    And closes from behind."

                                                  --_The Ancient Mariner_.

This is the exact principle of the atmospheric railroad, and it is,
perhaps, worthy of note as a curious fact that such a means of locomotion
should have occurred to Coleridge so long ago.

                             W. Y. Bernhard Smith, in _Notes and Queries_.




EARLY STEAM CARRIAGES.


Stuart, in his "Historical and Descriptive Anecdotes of Steam Engines and
of their Inventors and Improvers," gives a description of what was
supposed to be the first model of a steam carriage.  The constructor was
a Frenchman named Cugnot, who exhibited it before the Marshal de Saxe in
1763.  He afterwards built an engine on the same model at the cost of the
French monarch.  But when set in motion it projected itself onward with
such force that it knocked down a wall which stood in its way, and--its
power being considered too great for ordinary use--it was put aside as
being a dangerous machine, and was stowed away in the Arsenal Museum at
Paris.  It is now to be seen in the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers.

Mr. Smiles also remarks that "An American inventor, named Oliver Evans,
was also occupied with the same idea, for, in 1772, he invented a steam
carriage to travel on common roads; and, in 1787, he obtained from the
State of Maryland the exclusive right to make and use steam carriages.
The invention, however, never came into practical use.

"It also appears that, in 1784, William Symington, the inventor of the
steamboat, conceived the idea of employing steam power in the propulsion
of carriages; and, in 1786, he had a working model of a steam carriage
constructed which he submitted to the professors and other scientific
gentlemen of Edinburgh.  But the state of the Scotch roads was at that
time so horrible that he considered it impracticable to proceed further
with his scheme, and he shortly gave it up in favour of his project of
steam navigation.

"The first English model of a steam carriage was made in 1784 by William
Murdoch, the friend and assistant of Watt.  It was on the high-pressure
principle and ran on three wheels.  The boiler was heated by a spirit
lamp, and the whole machine was of very diminutive dimensions, standing
little more than a foot high.  Yet, on one occasion, the little engine
went so fast that it outran the speed of the inventor.  Mr. Buckle says
that one night after returning from his duties in the mine at Redruth, in
Cornwall, Murdoch determined to try the working of his model locomotive.
For this purpose he had recourse to the walk leading to the church, about
a mile from the town.  The walk was rather narrow and was bounded on
either side by high hedges.  It was a dark night, and Murdoch set out
alone to try his experiment.  Having lit his lamp, the water shortly
began to boil, and off started the engine with the inventor after it.  He
soon heard distant shouts of despair.  It was too dark to perceive
objects, but he shortly found, on following up the machine, that the
cries for assistance proceeded from the worthy pastor of the parish, who,
going towards the town on business, was met on this lonely road by the
hissing and fiery little monster, which he subsequently declared he had
taken to be the Evil One in _propria persona_.  No further steps,
however, were taken by Murdoch to embody his idea of a locomotive
carriage in a more practical form."




FIRST RAILWAY BILL.


The first Railway Bill passed by Parliament was for a line from
Wandsworth to Croydon, in 1801, but a quarter of a century elapsed before
the first line was actually constructed for carrying passengers between
Stockton and Darlington.  People still living can remember the mail
coaches that plied once a month between Edinburgh and London, making the
journey in twelve or fourteen days.  The _Annual Register_ of 1820 boasts
that "English mail coaches run 7 miles an hour; French only 4.5 miles;
the former travelling, in the year, forty times the length of miles that
the French accomplish."  These coaches were a great improvement on the
previous method of sending the mails.  In 1783 a petition to Parliament
stated that "the mails are generally entrusted to some idle boy, without
character, mounted on a worn-out hack."

                               "_Progress of the World_" by M. G. Mulhall.




RAILWAY FROM MERSTHAM TO WANDSWORTH.


Charles Knight thus describes this old line:--"The earliest railway for
public traffic in England was one passing from Merstham to Wandsworth,
through Croydon; a small, single line, on which a miserable team of
donkeys, some thirty years ago, might be seen crawling at the rate of
four miles an hour, with several trucks of stone and lime behind them.
It was commenced in 1801, opened in 1803; and the men of science of that
day--we cannot say that the respectable name of Stephenson was not among
them, (Stephenson was then a brakesman at Killingworth)--tested its
capabilities and found that one horse could draw some thirty-five tons at
six miles an hour, and then, with prophetic wisdom, declared that
railways could never be worked profitably.  The old Croydon railway is no
longer used.  The genius loci must look with wonder on the gigantic
offspring of the little railway, which has swallowed up its own sire.
Lean mules no longer crawl leisurely along the little rails with trucks
of stone through Croydon, once perchance during the day, but the whistle
and the rush of the locomotive are now heard all day long.  Not a few
loads of lime, but all London and its contents, by comparison--men,
women, children, horses, dogs, oxen, sheep, pigs, carriages, merchandise,
food,--would seem to be now-a-days passing through Croydon; for day after
day, more than 100 journeys are made by the great railroads which pass
the place."




RAILWAY ANNOUNCEMENT.


The following announcement was published in a London periodical, dated
August 1, 1802:--"The Surrey Iron Railway is now completed over the high
road through Wandsworth town.  On Wednesday, June 8, several carriages of
all descriptions passed over the iron rails without meeting with the
least obstacle.  Among these, the Portsmouth wagon, drawn by eight horses
and weighing from eight to ten tons, passed over the rails, and did not
appear to make the slightest impression upon them."




MERTHYR TYDVIL RAILWAY.


An Act of Parliament was granted for a railway to Merthyr Tydvil in 1803,
and the following year the first locomotive which ran on a railway is
described in a racy manner by the _Western Mail_, as follows:--"Quaint,
rattling, puffing, asthmatic, and wheezy, the pioneer of ten thousand
gilding creations of beauty and strength made its way between the
white-washed houses of the old tramway at Merthyr.  It has a dwarf body
placed on a high framework, constructed by the hedge carpenter of the
place in the roughest possible fashion.  The wheels were equally rough
and large, and surmounting all was a huge stack, ugly enough when it was
new, but in after times made uglier by whitewash and rust.  Every
movement was made with a hideous uproar, snorting and clanking, and this,
aided by the noise of the escaping steam, formed a tableau from which,
met in the byeway, every old woman would run with affright.  The Merthyr
locomotive was made jointly by Trevithick, a Cornishman, and Rees Jones,
of Penydarran.  The day fixed for the trial was the 12th of February,
1804, and the track a tramway, lately formed from Penydarran, at the back
of Plymouth Works, by the side of the Troedyrhiw, and so down to the
navigation.  Great was the concourse assembled; villagers of all ages and
sizes thronged the spot; and the rumour of the day's doings even
penetrated up the defiles of <DW75> Vawr and <DW75> Vach, bringing down old
apple-faced farmers and their wives, who were told of a power and a speed
that would alter everything, and do away with horses altogether.  Prim,
cosy, apple-faced people, innocent and primitive, little thought ye then
of the changes which the clanking monster was to yield; how Grey Dobbin
would see flying by a mass of wood and iron, thousands of tons of weight,
bearing not only the commerce of the country, but hundreds of people as
well; how rivers and mountains would afford no obstacle, as the mighty
azure waves leap the one and dash through the other.  On the first engine
and trains that started on the memorable day in February, twenty persons
clustered like bees, anxious, we learn in the 'History of Merthyr,' to
win immortality by being thus distinguished above all their fellows; the
trains were six in number, laden with iron, and amidst a concourse of
villagers, including the constable, the 'druggister,' and the class
generally dubbed 'shopwors' by the natives, were Richard Crawshay and Mr.
Samuel Homfray.  The driver was one William Richards, and on the engine
were perched Trevithick and Rees Jones, their faces black, but their eyes
bright with the anticipation of victory.  Soon the signal was given, and
amidst a mighty roar from the people, the wheels turned and the mass
moved forward, going steadily at the rate of five miles an hour until a
bridge was reached a little below the town that did not admit of the
stack going under, and as this was built of bricks, there was a great
crash and instant stoppage.  Trevithick and Jones were of the
old-fashioned school of men who did not believe in impossibilities.  The
fickle crowd, too, who had hurrahed like mad, hung back and said 'It
won't do'; but these heroes, the advance-guard of a race who had done
more to make England famous than battles by land or sea, sprang to the
ground and worked like Britons, never ceasing until they had repaired the
mishap, and then they rattled on, and finally reached their journey's
end.  The return journey was a failure, on account of gradients and
curves, but the possibility of success was demonstrated; and from this
run on the Merthyr tramway the railway age--marked with throes and
suspense, delays, accidents, and misadventures--finally began."




AN AFFRIGHTED TOLL-KEEPER.


There is a story told by Coleridge about the steam engine which
Trevithick exhibited at work on a temporary railroad in London.
Trevithick and his partner Captain Vivian, prior to this exhibition were
riding on the carriage on the turnpike road near to Plymouth.  It had
committed sundry damage in its course, knocking down the rails of a
gentleman's garden, when Vivian saw the toll-bar in front of them closed
he called to Trevithick to slacken speed which he did just in time to
save the gate.  The affrighted toll-keeper instantly opened it.  "What
have us got to pay?" asked Captain Vivian, careful as to honesty if
reckless as to grammar.

"Na-na-na-na!" stammered the poor man, trembling in every limb, with his
teeth chattering as if he had got the ague.

"What have us got to pay, I ask?"

"Na-noth-nothing to pay!  My de-dear Mr. Devil, do drive as fast as you
can!  Nothing to pay!"




AN EARLY RAILWAY.


More than twenty years before the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester
Railway, the celebrated engineer Trevithick constructed, not only a
locomotive engine, but also a railway, that the London public might see
with their own eyes what the new high pressure steam engine could effect,
and how greatly superior a railway was to a common road for locomotion.
The sister of Davies Gilbert named this engine "Catch me who can."  The
following interesting account in a letter to a correspondent was given by
John Isaac Hawkins, an engineer well known in his day.

"Sir,--Observing that it is stated in your last number (No. 1232, dated
the 20th instant, page 269), under the head of 'Twenty-one Years'
Retrospect of the Railway System,' that the greatest speed of
Trevithick's engine was five miles an hour, I think it due to the memory
of that extraordinary man to declare that about the year 1808 he laid
down a circular railway in a field adjoining the New Road, near or at the
spot now forming the southern half of Euston Square; that he placed a
locomotive engine, weighing about ten tons, on that railway--on which I
rode, with my watch in hand--at the rate of twelve miles an hour; that
Mr. Trevithick then gave his opinion that it would go twenty miles an
hour, or more, on a straight railway; that the engine was exhibited at
one shilling admittance, including a ride for the few who were not too
timid; that it ran for some weeks, when a rail broke and occasioned the
engine to fly off in a tangent and overturn, the ground being very soft
at the time.  Mr. Trevithick having expended all his means in erecting
the works and enclosure, and the shillings not having come in fast enough
to pay current expenses, the engine was not again set on the rail."




SHREWD OBSERVERS.


Sir Richard Phillips was a man of foresight, for, in the year 1813, he
wrote the following words in his "Morning Walk to Kew," a book of some
popularity in its day:--"I found delight in witnessing at Wandsworth the
economy of horse labour on the iron railway.  Yet a heavy sigh escaped me
as I thought of the inconceivable millions of money which had been spent
about Malta, four or five of which might have been the means of extending
double lines of iron railway from London to Edinburgh, Glasgow, Holyhead,
Milford, Falmouth, Yarmouth, Dover, and Portsmouth.  A reward of a single
thousand would have supplied coaches and other vehicles of various
degrees of speed, with the best tackle for readily turning out; and we
might ere this have witnessed our mail coaches running at the rate of ten
miles an hour, drawn by a single horse, or impelled fifteen miles an hour
by Blenkinsop's steam engine.  Such would have been a legitimate motive
for overstepping the income of a nation; and the completion of so great
and useful a work would have afforded rational ground for public triumph
in general jubilee."  Mr. Edgeworth, writing to James Watt on the 7th of
August, 1813, remarks, "I have always thought that steam would become the
universal lord, and that we should in time scorn post-horses.  An iron
railroad would be a cheaper thing than a road on the common
construction."




CUVIER'S DESCRIPTION OF THE LOCOMOTIVE.


The celebrated Cuvier, in an address delivered by him before the French
Institute in the year 1816, thus referred to the nascent locomotive:--"A
steam engine, mounted upon a carriage whose wheels indent themselves
along a road specially prepared for it, is attached to a line of loaded
vehicles.  A fire is lit underneath the boiler, by which the engine is
speedily set in motion, and in a short time the whole are brought to
their journey's end.  The traveller who, from a distance, first sees this
strange spectacle of a train of loaded carriages traversing the country
by the simple force of steam, can with difficulty believe his eyes."

The locomotive thus described by Cuvier was the first engine of the kind
regularly employed in the working of railway traffic.  It was impelled by
means of a cogged wheel, which worked into a cogged rail, after the
method adopted by Mr. Blenkinsop, upon the Middleton Coal Railway, near
Leeds; and the speed of the train which it dragged behind it was only
from three to four miles an hour.

Ten years later, the same power and speed of the locomotive were still
matters of wonderment, for, in 1825, we find Mr. Mackenzie, in his
"History of Northumberland" thus describing the performances on the Wylam
Coal Railroad:--"A stranger," said he, "is struck with surprise and
astonishment on seeing a locomotive engine moving majestically along the
road at the rate of four or five miles an hour, drawing along from ten to
fourteen loaded wagons, weighing about twenty-one-and-a-half tons; and
his surprise is increased on witnessing the extraordinary facility with
which the engine is managed.  This invention is indeed a noble triumph of
science."

In the same year, the first attempt was made to carry passengers by
railway between Stockton and Darlington.  A machine resembling the yellow
caravan still seen at country fairs was built and fitted up with seats
all round it, and set upon the rails, along which it was drawn by a
horse.  It was found exceedingly convenient to travel by, and the number
of passengers between the two towns so much increased that several bodies
of old stage coaches were bought up, mounted upon railway wheels, and
added to the carrying stock of the Stockton and Darlington Company.  At
length the horse was finally discarded in favour of the locomotive, and
not only coals and merchandise, but passengers of all classes, were drawn
by steam.

                                                         --_Railway News_.




A RAILWAY PROJECTOR.


In the year 1819, Thomas Gray--a deep thinker with a mind of
comprehensive grasp--was travelling in the North of England when he saw a
train of coal-wagons drawn by steam along a colliery tramroad.  "Why," he
questioned the engineer, "are not these tramroads laid down all over
England, so as to supersede our common roads, and steam engines employed
to convey goods and passengers along them, so as to supersede horse
power?"  The engineer replied, "Just propose you that to the nation, sir,
and see what you will get by it!  Why, sir, you will be worried to death
for your pains."  Nothing daunted by this reply, Thomas Gray could
scarcely think or talk upon any other subject.  In vision he saw the
country covered with a network of tramroads.  Before his time the famous
Duke of Bridgewater might have some misgivings about his canals.  It is
related on a certain occasion some one said to him, "You must be making
handsomely out of your canals."  "Oh, yes," grumbled he in reply, "they
will last my time, but I don't like the look of these tramroads; there's
mischief in them."  Mr. Gray, with prophetic eye, saw the great changes
which the iron railway would make in the means of transit throughout the
civilized world.  In 1820 he brought out his now famous work, entitled
"Observations on a General Iron Railway, or Land Steam Conveyance, to
supersede the necessity of horses in all public vehicles; showing its
vast superiority in every respect over all the present pitiful methods of
conveyance by Turnpike-roads, Canals, and Coasting Traders: containing
every species of information relative to Railroads and Locomotive
Engines."  The book is illustrated by a plate exhibiting different kinds
of carriages drawn on the railway by locomotives.  He evidently
anticipated that the locomotive of the future would be capable of going
at a considerable speed, for on the plate is engraved these lines:--

    "No speed with this can fleetest horse compare;
    No weight like this canal or vessel bear.
    As this will commerce every way promote,
    To this let sons of commerce grant their vote."

Mr. Gray in his book exhibits a marvellous insight into the wants and
requirements of the country.  He remarks, "The plan might be commenced
between the towns of Manchester and Liverpool, where a trial could soon
be made, as the distance is not very great, and the commercial part of
England would thereby be better able to appreciate its many excellent
properties and prove its efficacy.  All the great trading towns of
Lancashire and Yorkshire would then eagerly embrace the opportunity to
secure so commodious and easy a conveyance, and cause branch railways to
be laid down in every possible direction.  The convenience and economy in
the carriage of the raw material to the numerous manufactories
established in these counties, the expeditious and cheap delivery of
piece goods bought by the merchants every week at the various markets,
and the despatch in forwarding bales and packages to the outposts cannot
fail to strike the merchant and manufacturer as points of the first
importance.  Nothing, for example, would be so likely to raise the ports
of Hull, Liverpool, and Bristol to an unprecedented pitch of prosperity
as the establishment of railways to those ports, thereby rendering the
communication from the east to the west seas, and all intermediate
places, rapid, cheap, and effectual.  Anyone at all conversant with
commerce must feel the vast importance of such an undertaking in
forwarding the produce of America, Brazils, the East and West Indies,
etc., from Liverpool and Bristol, _via_ Hull, to the opposite shores of
Germany and Holland, and, _vice versa_, the produce of the Baltic, _via_
Hull, to Liverpool and Bristol.  Again, by the establishment of morning
and evening mail steam carriages, the commercial interest would derive
considerable advantage; the inland mails might be forwarded with greater
despatch and the letters delivered much earlier than by the extra post;
the opportunity of correspondence between London and all mercantile
places would be much improved, and the rate of postage might be generally
diminished without injuring the receipts of the post office, because any
deficiency occasioned by a reduction in the postage would be made good by
the increased number of journeys which mail steam carriages might make.
The London and Edinburgh mail steam carriages might take all the mails
and parcels on the line of road between these two cities, which would
exceedingly reduce the expense occasioned by mail coaches on the present
footing.  The ordinary stage coaches, caravans, or wagons, running any
considerable distance along the main railway, might also be conducted on
peculiarly favourable terms to the public; for instance, one steam engine
of superior power would enable its proprietors to convey several coaches,
caravans, or wagons, linked together until they arrive at their
respective branches, when other engines might proceed on with them to
their destination.  By a due regulation of the departure and arrival of
coaches, caravans, and wagons along these branches the whole
communication throughout the country would be so simple and so complete
as to enable every individual to partake of the various productions of
particular situations, and to enjoy, at a moderate expense every
improvement introduced into society.  The great economy of such a measure
must be obvious to everyone, seeing that, instead of each coach changing
horses between London and Edinburgh, say twenty-five times, requiring a
hundred horses, besides the supernumerary ones kept at every stage in
case of accidents, the whole journey of several coaches would be
performed with the simple expense of one steam engine.  No animal
strength will be able to give that uniform and regular acceleration to
our commercial intercourse which may be accomplished by railways; however
great animal speed, there cannot be a doubt that it would be considerably
surpassed by mail steam carriages, and that the expense would be
infinitely less.  The exorbitant charge now made for small parcels
prevents that natural intercourse of friendship between families resident
in different parts of the kingdom, in the same manner as the heavy
postage of letters prevents free communication, and consequently
diminishes very considerably the consumption of paper which would take
place under a less burdensome taxation."

Mr. Gray's book would no doubt excite ridicule and amazement when
published sixty years ago.  The farmers of that day might well be excused
for incredulity when perusing a passage like the following:--"The present
system of conveyance," says Mr. Gray, "affords but tolerable
accommodation to farmers, and the common way in which they attend markets
must always confine them within very limited distances.  It is, however,
expected that the railway will present a suitable conveyance for
attending market-towns thirty or forty miles off, as also for forwarding
considerable supplies of grain, hay, straw, vegetables, and every
description of live stock to the metropolis at a very easy expense, and
with the greatest celerity, from all parts of the kingdom."

A writer in Chambers's Journal, 1847, remarks:--"It was not until after
four or five years of agitation, and several editions of Mr. Gray's work
had been published and successively commented upon by many newspapers,
that commercial men were roused to give the proposed scheme its first
great trial on the road between Liverpool and Manchester.  The success of
that experiment, insured by the engineering skill of Stephenson, was the
signal for all that has since been done both in this island and in other
parts of the world.  Unfortunately, the public has been too busy these
many years in making railways to inquire to whom it owes its gratitude
for having first expounded and advocated their claims; and probably there
are few men now living who have served the public as effectually, with so
little return in the way of thanks or applause, as Mr. Thomas Gray, the
proposer in 1820 of a general system of transit by railways."

Poor Gray!  He was far ahead of his times.  Public men called him a bore,
and people in Nottingham, where he resided, said he was cracked.  The
_Quarterly Review_ declared such persons are not worth our notice, and
the _Edinburgh Review_ said "Put him in a straight jacket."  Thus the
world is often ignorant of its greatest benefactors.  Gray died in
poverty.  His widow and daughters earned their living by teaching a small
school at Exeter.




OPENING OF THE DARLINGTON AND STOCKTON RAILWAY.


In the autumn of 1825 the _Times_ gave an account of the origin of one of
the most gigantic enterprises of modern times.  In that year the
Darlington and Stockton Railway was formally opened by the proprietors
for the use of the public.  It was a single railway, and the object of
its promoters was to open the London market to the Durham Collieries, as
well as to facilitate the obtaining of fuel to the country along its line
and certain parts of Yorkshire.  The account of the opening says:--

A train of carriages was attached to a locomotive engine of the most
improved construction, and built by Mr. George Stephenson, in the
following order:--(1) Locomotive engine, with the engineer and
assistants; (2) tender with coals and water; next six wagons loaded with
coals and flour; then an elegant covered coach, with the committee and
other proprietors of the railway; then 21 wagons fitted up on the
occasion for passengers; and, last of all, six wagons loaded with coals,
making altogether a train of 38 carriages, exclusive of the engine and
tender.  Tickets were distributed to the number of nearly 300 for those
whom it was intended should occupy the coach and wagons; but such was the
pressure and crowd that both loaded and empty carriages were instantly
filled with passengers.  The signal being given, the engine started off
with this immense train of carriages.  In some parts the speed was
frequently 12 miles per hour, and in one place, for a short distance,
near Darlington, 15 miles per hour, and at that time the number of
passengers was counted to 450, which, together with the coals,
merchandise, and carriages, would amount to nearly 90 tons.  After some
little delay in arranging the procession, the engine, with her load,
arrived at Darlington a distance of eight miles and three-quarters, in 65
minutes, exclusive of stops, averaging about eight miles an hour.  The
engine arrived at Stockton in three hours and seven minutes after leaving
Darlington, including stops, the distance being nearly 12 miles, which is
at the rate of four miles an hour, and upon the level part of the railway
the number of passengers in the wagons was counted about 550, and several
more clung to the carriages on each side, so that the whole number could
not be less than 600.




EARLY RAILWAY COMPETITION.


The first Stockton and Darlington Act gave permission to all parties to
use the line on payment of certain rates.  Thus private individuals might
work their own horses and carriages upon the railway and be their own
carriers.  Mr. Clepham, in the _Gateshead Observer_, gives an interesting
account of the competition induced by the system:--"There were two
separate coach companies in Stockton, and amusing collisions sometimes
occurred between the drivers--who found on the rail a novel element for
contention.  Coaches cannot pass each other on the rail as on the road;
and at the more westward public-house in Stockton (the Bay Horse, kept by
Joe Buckton), the coach was always on the line betimes, reducing its
eastward rival to the necessity of waiting patiently (or impatiently) in
the rear.  The line was single, with four sidings in the mile; and when
two coaches met, or two trains, or coach and train, the question arose
which of the drivers must go back?  This was not always settled in
silence.  As to trains, it came to be a sort of understanding that light
wagons should give way to loaded; as to trains and coaches, that the
passengers should have preference over coals; while coaches, when they
met, must quarrel it out.  At length, midway between sidings a post was
erected, and a rule was laid down that he who had passed the pillar must
go on, and the coming man go back.  At the Goose Pool and Early Nook, it
was common for these coaches to stop; and there, as Jonathan would say,
passengers and coachmen 'liquored.'  One coach, introduced by an
innkeeper, was a compound of two mourning coaches, an approximation to
the real railway coach, which still adheres, with multiplying exceptions,
to the stage coach type.  One Dixon, who drove the 'Experiment' between
Darlington and Shildon, is the inventor of carriage lighting on the rail.
On a dark winter night, having compassion on his passengers, he would buy
a penny candle, and place it lighted amongst them, on the table of the
'Experiment'--the first railway coach (which, by the way, ended its days
at Shildon, as a railway cabin), being also the first coach on the rail
(first, second, and third class jammed all into one) that indulged its
customers with light in darkness."




CALCULATION AS TO RAILWAY SPEED.


The Editor of _The Scotsman_, having engaged in researches into the laws
of friction established by Vince and Coloumb, published the results in a
series of articles in his journal in 1824 showing how twenty miles an
hour was, on theoretic grounds, within the limits of possibility; and it
was to his writings on this point that Mr. Nicholas Wood alluded when he
spoke of the ridiculous expectation that engines would ever travel at the
rate of twenty, or even twelve miles an hour.




ALARMIST VIEWS.


A writer in the _Quarterly Review_, in 1825, was quite prophetical as to
the dangers connected with railway travelling.  He observes:--"It is
certainly some consolation to those who are to be whirled at the rate of
18 or 20 miles an hour by means of a high-pressure engine, to be told
that there is no danger of being sea-sick while on shore, that they are
not to be scalded to death, nor drowned, nor dashed to pieces by the
bursting of a boiler; and that they need not mind being struck by the
flying off or breaking of a wheel.  What can be more palpably absurd or
ridiculous than the prospect held out of locomotives travelling _twice as
fast_ as stage coaches!  We should as soon expect the people of Woolwich
to suffer themselves to be fired off upon one of Congreve's Ricochet
Rockets, as trust themselves to the mercy of such a machine going at such
a rate.  We will back old Father Thames against the Woolwich Railway for
any sum.  We trust that Parliament will, in all railways it may sanction,
limit the speed to _eight or nine miles an hour_, which we entirely agree
with Mr. Sylvestor is as great as can be ventured on with safety."




PARLIAMENTARY OPPOSITION.


On the third reading of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Bill in the
House of Commons, The Hon. Edward Stanley moved that the bill be read
that day six months, assigning, among other reasons, that the railway
trains worked by horses would take ten hours to do the distance, and that
they could not be worked by locomotive engines.  Sir Isaac Coffin
seconded the motion, indignantly denouncing the project as fraught with
fraud and imposition.  He would not consent to see widows' premises
invaded, and "how," he asked, "would any person like to have a railroad
under his parlour window? . . .  What, he would like to know, was to be
done with all those who had advanced money in making and repairing
turnpike-roads?  What with those who may still wish to travel in their
own or hired carriages, after the fashion of their forefathers?  What was
to become of coach-makers and harness-makers, coach-masters and coachmen,
innkeepers, horse-breeders, and horse-dealers?  Was the House aware of
the smoke and noise, the hiss and whirl, which locomotive engines,
passing at the rate of ten or twelve miles an hour, would occasion?
Neither the cattle ploughing in the fields or grazing in the meadows
could behold them without dismay. . . .  Iron would be raised in price
100 per cent., or, more probably, exhausted altogether!  It would be the
greatest nuisance, the most complete disturbance of quiet and comfort in
all parts of the kingdom, that the ingenuity of man could invent!"




SPEED OF RAILWAY ENGINES.


At the present day it is amusing to read the speeches of the counsel
employed against an act of Parliament being passed in favour of the
railway between Liverpool and Manchester.  Mr. Harrison, who appeared on
behalf of certain landowners against the scheme, thus spoke with regard
to the powers of the locomotive engine:--"When we set out with the
original prospectus--I am sorry I have not got the paper with me--we were
to gallop, I know not at what rate, I believe it was at the rate of
twelve miles an hour.  My learned friend, Mr. Adam, contemplated,
possibly in alluding to Ireland, that some of the Irish members would
arrive in wagons to a division.  My learned friend says, that they would
go at the rate of twelve miles an hour, with the aid of a devil in the
form of a locomotive, sitting as a postillion upon the fore-horse, and an
Honourable Member, whom I do not see here, sitting behind him to stir up
the fire, and to keep it up at full speed.  But the speed at which these
locomotive engines are to go has slackened; Mr. Adam does not now go
faster than five miles per hour.  The learned Sergeant says, he should
like to have seven, but he would be content to go six.  I will show you
he cannot go six; and probably, for any practical purposes, I may be able
to show, that I can keep up with him by the canal.  Now the real evidence
to which you alone can pay attention shows, that practically, and for
useful purposes, upon the average, and to keep up the rate of speed
continually, they may go at something more than four miles an hour.  In
one of the collieries, there is a small engine with wheels four feet in
diameter, which, with moderate weights has gone six; but I will not
admit, because, in an experiment or two, they may have been driven at the
rate of seven or eight miles an hour--because a small engine has been
driven at the rate of six, that this is the average rate at which they
can carry goods upon a railroad for the purpose of commerce, for that is
the point to which the Committee ought to direct their attention, and to
which the evidence is to be applied.  It is quite idle to suppose, that
an experiment made to ascertain the speed, when the power is worked up to
the greatest extent, can afford a fair criterion of that which an engine
will do in all states of the weather.  In the first place, locomotive
engines are liable to be operated upon by the weather.  You are told that
they are affected by rain, and an attempt has been made to cover them;
but the wind will affect them, and any gale of wind which would affect
the traffic on the Mersey, would render it impossible to set off a
locomotive engine, either by poking up the fire, or keeping up the
pressure of the steam till the boiler is ready to burst.  I say so, for a
scientific person happened to see a locomotive engine coming down an
inclined plane, with a tolerable weight behind it, and he found that the
strokes were reduced from fifty to twelve, as soon as the wind acted upon
it; so that every gale that would produce an interruption to the
intercourse by the canals, would prevent the progress of a locomotive
engine, so that they have no advantage in that respect."




DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED IN MAKING RAILWAY SURVEYS.


Difficulties connected with making surveys of land were encountered from
the very commencement of railway enterprise.  The following dialogue on
the subject took place in the Committee of the House of Commons, April
27, 1825.  Mr. Sergeant Spankie was the questioner and George Stephenson
was the respondent.

_Q_.  "You were asked about the quality of the soil through which you
were to bore in order to ascertain the strata, and you were rather
taunted because you had not ascertained the precise strata; had you any
opportunity of boring?"

_A_.  "I had none; I was threatened to be driven off the ground, and
severely used if I were found upon the ground."

_Q_.  "You were right, then, not to attempt to bore?"

_A_.  "Of course, I durst not attempt to bore, after those threats."

_Q_.  "Were you exposed to any inconvenience in taking your surveys in
consequence of these interruptions?"

_A_.  "We were."

_Q_.  "On whose property?"

_A_.  "On my Lord Sefton's, Lord Derby's, and particularly Mr. Bradshaw's
part."

_Q_.  "I believe you came near the coping of some of the canals?"

_A_.  "I believe I was threatened to be ducked in the pond if I
proceeded; and, of course we had a great deal of the survey to make by
stealth, at the time the persons were at dinner; we could not get it by
night, and guns were discharged over the grounds belonging to Captain
Bradshaw, to prevent us; I can state further, I was twice turned off the
ground myself (Mr. Bradshaw's) by his men; and they said, if I did not go
instantly they would take me up, and carry me off to Worsley."

Committee.  _Q_.  "Had you ever asked leave?"

_A_.  "I did, of all the gentlemen to whom I have alluded; at least, if I
did not ask leave of all myself, I did of my Lord Derby, but I did not of
Lord Sefton, but the Committee had--at least I was so informed; and I
last year asked leave of Mr. Bradshaw's tenants to pass there, and they
denied me; they stated that damage had been done, and I said if they
would tell me what it was, I would pay them, and they said it was two
pounds, and I paid it, though I do not believe it amounted to one
shilling."

_Q_.  "Do you suppose it is a likely thing to obtain leave from any
gentleman to survey his land, when he knew that your men had gone upon
his land to take levels without his leave, and he himself found them
going through the corn, and through the gardens of his tenants, and
trampling down the strawberry beds, which they were cultivating for the
Liverpool market?"

_A_.  "I have found it sometimes very difficult to get through places of
that kind."

In some cases, Mr. Williams remarks, large bodies of navvies were
collected for the defence of the surveyors; and being liberally provided
with liquor, and paid well for the task, they intimidated the rightful
owners, who were obliged to be satisfied with warrants of committal and
charges of assault.  The navvies were the more willing to engage in such
undertakings, because the project, if carried out, afforded them the
prospect of increased labour.




LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY.


Mr. C. F. Adams, jun., remarks:--"It was this element of spontaneity,
therefore,--the instant and dramatic recognition of success, which gave a
peculiar interest to everything connected with the Manchester and
Liverpool railroad.  The whole world was looking at it, with a full
realizing sense that something great and momentous was impending.  Every
day people watched the gradual development of the thing, and actually
took part in it.  In doing so they had sensations and those sensations
they have described.  There is consequently an element of human nature
surrounding it.  To their descriptions time has only lent a new
freshness.  They are full of honest wonder.  They are much better and
more valuable and more interesting now than they were fifty years ago,
and for that reason are well worth exhuming.

"To introduce the contemporaneous story of the day, however, it is not
necessary even to briefly review the long series of events which had
slowly led up to it.  The world is tolerably familiar with the early life
of George Stephenson, and with the vexatious obstacles he had to overcome
before he could even secure a trial for his invention.  The man himself,
however, is an object of a good deal more curiosity to us, than he was to
those among whom he lived and moved.  A living glimpse at him now is
worth dwelling upon, and is the best possible preface to any account of
his great day of life triumph.  Just such a glimpse of the man has been
given to us at the moment when at last all difficulties had been
overcome--when the Manchester and Liverpool railroad was completed; and,
literally, not only the eyes of Great Britain but those of all civilized
countries were directed to it and to him who had originated it.  At just
that time it chanced that the celebrated actor, John Kemble, was
fulfilling an engagement at Liverpool with his daughter, since known as
Mrs. Frances Kemble Butler.  The extraordinary social advantages the
Kemble family enjoyed gave both father and daughter opportunities such as
seldom come in the way of ordinary mortals.  For the time being they
were, in fact, the lions of the stage, just as George Stephenson was the
lion of the new railroad.  As was most natural the three lions were
brought together.  The young actress has since published her impressions,
jotted down at the time, of the old engineer.  Her account of a ride side
by side with George Stephenson, on the seat of his locomotive, over the
as yet unopened road, is one of the most interesting and life-like
records we have of the man and the enterprise.  Perhaps it is the most
interesting.  The introduction is Mrs. Kemble's own, and written
forty-six years after the experience:--

"While we were acting at Liverpool, an experimental trip was proposed
upon the line of railway which was being constructed between Liverpool
and Manchester, the first mesh of that amazing iron net which now covers
the whole surface of England, and all civilized portions of the earth.
The Liverpool merchants, whose far-sighted self-interest prompted to wise
liberality, had accepted the risk of George Stephenson's magnificent
experiment, which the committee of inquiry of the House of Commons had
rejected for the Government.  These men, of less intellectual culture
than the Parliament members, had the adventurous imagination proper to
great speculators, which is the poetry of the counting house and wharf,
and were better able to receive the enthusiastic infection of the great
projector's sanguine hope than the Westminster committee.  They were
exultant and triumphant at the near completion of the work, though, of
course, not without some misgivings as to the eventual success of the
stupendous enterprise.  My father knew several of the gentlemen most
deeply interested in the undertaking, and Stephenson having proposed a
trial trip as far as the fifteen-mile viaduct, they, with infinite
kindness, invited him and permitted me to accompany them: allowing me,
moreover, the place which I felt to be one of supreme honour, by the side
of Stephenson.  All that wonderful history, as much more interesting than
a romance as truth is stranger than fiction, which Mr. Smiles's biography
of the projector has given in so attractive a form to the world, I then
heard from his own lips.  He was rather a stern-featured man, with a dark
and deeply marked countenance: his speech was strongly inflected with his
native Northumbrian accent, but the fascination of that story told by
himself, while his tame dragon flew panting along his iron pathway with
us, passed the first reading of the Arabian Nights, the incidents of
which it almost seemed to recall.  He was wonderfully condescending and
kind, in answering all the questions of my eager ignorance, and I
listened to him with eyes brimful of warm tears of sympathy and
enthusiasm, as he told me of all his alternations of hope and fear, of
his many trials and disappointments, related with fine scorn, how the
"Parliament men" had badgered and baffled him with their book-knowledge,
and how, when at last they had smothered the irrepressible prophecy of
his genius in the quaking depths of Chat Moss, he had exclaimed, 'Did ye
ever see a boat float on water?  I will make my road float upon Chat
Moss!'  The well-read Parliament men (some of whom, perhaps, wished for
no railways near their parks and pleasure-grounds) could not believe the
miracle, but the shrewd Liverpool merchants, helped to their faith by a
great vision of immense gain, did; and so the railroad was made, and I
took this memorable ride by the side of its maker, and would not have
exchanged the honour and pleasure of it for one of the shares in the
speculation."

                                            "LIVERPOOL, August 26th, 1830.

"MY DEAR H--: A common sheet of paper is enough for love, but a foolscap
extra can only contain a railroad and my ecstasies.  There was once a man
born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, who was a common coal-digger; this man had
an immense constructiveness, which displayed itself in pulling his watch
to pieces and putting it together again; in making a pair of shoes when
he happened to be some days without occupation; finally--here there is a
great gap in my story--it brought him in the capacity of an engineer
before a Committee of the House of Commons, with his head full of plans
for constructing a railroad from Liverpool to Manchester.  It so happened
that to the quickest and most powerful perceptions and conceptions, to
the most indefatigable industry and perseverance, and the most accurate
knowledge of the phenomena of nature as they affect his peculiar labours,
this man joined an utter want of the 'gift of gab;' he could no more
explain to others what he meant to do and how he meant to do it, than he
could fly, and therefore the members of the House of Commons, after
saying 'There is a rock to be excavated to a depth of more than sixty
feet, there are embankments to be made nearly to the same height, there
is a swamp of five miles in length to be traversed, in which if you drop
an iron rod it sinks and disappears; how will you do all this?' and
receiving no answer but a broad Northumbrian, 'I can't tell you how I'll
do it, but I can tell you I _will_ do it,' dismissed Stephenson as a
visionary.  Having prevailed upon a company of Liverpool gentlemen to be
less incredulous, and having raised funds for his great undertaking, in
December of 1826 the first spade was struck in the ground.  And now I
will give you an account of my yesterday's excursion.  A party of sixteen
persons was ushered into a large court-yard, where, under cover, stood
several carriages of a peculiar construction, one of which was prepared
for our reception.  It was a long-bodied vehicle with seats placed across
it back to back; the one we were in had six of these benches, and was a
sort of uncovered _char a banc_.  The wheels were placed upon two iron
bands, which formed the road, and to which they are fitted, being so
constructed as to slide along without any danger of hitching or becoming
displaced, on the same principle as a thing sliding on a concave groove.
The carriage was set in motion by a mere push, and, having received this
impetus, rolled with us down an inclined plane into a tunnel, which forms
the entrance to the railroad.  This tunnel is four hundred yards long (I
believe), and will be lighted by gas.  At the end of it we emerged from
darkness, and, the ground becoming level, we stopped.  There is another
tunnel parallel with this, only much wider and longer, for it extends
from the place we had now reached, and where the steam carriages start,
and which is quite out of Liverpool, the whole way under the town, to the
docks.  This tunnel is for wagons and other heavy carriages; and as the
engines which are to draw the trains along the railroad do not enter
these tunnels, there is a large building at this entrance which is to be
inhabited by steam engines of a stationary turn of mind, and different
constitution from the travelling ones, which are to propel the trains
through the tunnels to the terminus in the town, without going out of
their houses themselves.  The length of the tunnel parallel to the one we
passed through is (I believe) two thousand two hundred yards.  I wonder
if you are understanding one word I am saying all this while?  We were
introduced to the little engine which was to drag us along the rails.
She (for they make these curious little fire horses all mares) consisted
of a boiler, a stove, a platform, a bench, and behind the bench a barrel
containing enough water to prevent her being thirsty for fifteen
miles,--the whole machine not bigger than a common fire engine.  She goes
upon two wheels, which are her feet, and are moved by bright steel legs
called pistons; these are propelled by steam, and in proportion as more
steam is applied to the upper extremities (the hip-joints, I suppose) of
these pistons, the faster they move the wheels; and when it is desirable
to diminish the speed, the steam, which unless suffered to escape would
burst the boiler, evaporates through a safety valve into the air.  The
reins, bit, and bridle of this wonderful beast, is a small steel handle,
which applies or withdraws the steam from its legs or pistons, so that a
child might manage it.

"The coals, which are its oats, were under the bench, and there was a
small glass tube affixed to the boiler, with water in it, which indicates
by its fullness or emptiness when the creature wants water, which is
immediately conveyed to it from its reservoirs.  There is a chimney to
the stove, but as they burn coke there is none of the dreadful black
smoke which accompanies the progress of a steam vessel.  This snorting
little animal, which I felt rather inclined to pat, was then harnessed to
our carriage, and Mr. Stephenson having taken me on the bench of the
engine with him, we started at about ten miles an hour.  The steam horse
being ill adapted for going up and down hill, the road was kept at a
certain level, and appeared sometimes to sink below the surface of the
earth and sometimes to rise above it.  Almost at starting it was cut
through the solid rock, which formed a wall on either side of it, about
sixty feet high.  You can't imagine how strange it seemed to be
journeying on thus, without any visible cause of progress other than the
magical machine, with its flying white breath and rhythmical, unvarying
pace, between these rocky walls, which are already clothed with moss and
ferns and grasses; and when I reflected that these great masses of stone
had been cut asunder to allow our passage thus far below the surface of
the earth, I felt as if no fairy tale was ever half so wonderful as what
I saw.  Bridges were thrown from side to side across the top of these
cliffs, and the people looking down upon us from them seemed like pigmies
standing in the sky.  I must be more concise, though, or I shall want
room.  We were to go only fifteen miles, that distance being sufficient
to show the speed of the engine, and to take us to the most beautiful and
wonderful object on the road.  After proceeding through this rocky
defile, we presently found ourselves raised upon embankments ten or
twelve feet high; we then came to a moss or swamp, of considerable
extent, on which no human foot could tread without sinking, and yet it
bore the road which bore us.  This had been the great stumbling-block in
the minds of the committee of the House of Commons; but Mr. Stephenson
has succeeded in overcoming it.  A foundation of hurdles, or, as he
called it, basket-work, was thrown over the morass, and the interstices
were filled with moss and other elastic matter.

"Upon this the clay and soil were laid down, and the road does float, for
we passed over it at the rate of five and twenty miles an hour, and saw
the stagnant swamp water trembling on the surface of the soil on either
side of us.  I hope you understand me.  The embankment had gradually been
rising higher and higher, and in one place where the soil was not settled
enough to form banks, Stephenson had constructed artificial ones of
woodwork, over which the mounds of earth were heaped, for he said that
though the woodwork would rot, before it did so the banks of earth which
covered it would have been sufficiently consolidated to support the road.
We had now come fifteen miles, and stopped where the road traversed a
wide and deep valley.  Stephenson made me alight and led me down to the
bottom of this ravine, over which, in order to keep his road level, he
has thrown a magnificent viaduct of nine arches, the middle one of which
is seventy feet high, through which we saw the whole of this beautiful
little valley.  It was lovely and wonderful beyond all words.  He here
told me many curious things respecting this ravine; how he believed the
Mersey had once rolled through it; how the soil had proved so unfavorable
for the foundation of his bridge that it was built upon piles, which had
been driven into the earth to an enormous depth; how while digging for a
foundation he had come to a tree bedded in the earth, fourteen feet below
the surface of the ground; how tides are caused, and how another flood
might be caused; all of which I have remembered and noted down at much
greater length than I can enter upon here.  He explained to me the whole
construction of the steam engine, and said he could soon make a famous
engineer of me, which, considering the wonderful things he has achieved,
I dare not say is impossible.  His way of explaining himself is peculiar,
but very striking, and I understood, without difficulty, all that he said
to me.  We then rejoined the rest of the party, and the engine having
received its supply of water, the carriage was placed behind it, for it
cannot turn, and was set off at its utmost speed, thirty-five miles an
hour, swifter than a bird flies (for they tried the experiment with a
snipe).  You cannot conceive what that sensation of cutting the air was;
the motion is as smooth as possible, too.  I could either have read or
written; and as it was, I stood up, and with my bonnet off 'drank the air
before me.'  The wind, which was strong, or perhaps the force of our own
thrusting against it, absolutely weighed my eyelids down.

"When I closed my eyes this sensation of flying was quite delightful, and
strange beyond description; yet strange as it was, I had a perfect sense
of security, and not the slightest fear.  At one time, to exhibit the
power of the engine, having met another steam-carriage which was
unsupplied with water, Mr. Stephenson caused it to be fastened in front
of ours; moreover, a wagon laden with timber was also chained to us, and
thus propelling the idle steam-engine, and dragging the loaded wagon
which was beside it and our own carriage full of people behind, this
brave little she-dragon of ours flew on.  Farther on she met three carts,
which, being fastened in front of her, she pushed on before her without
the slightest delay or difficulty; when I add that this pretty little
creature can run with equal facility either backwards or forwards, I
believe I have given you an account of all her capacities.  Now for a
word or two about the master of all these marvels, with whom I am most
horribly in love.  He is a man from fifty to fifty-five years of age; his
face is fine, though careworn, and bears an expression of deep
thoughtfulness; his mode of explaining his ideas is peculiar and very
original, striking, and forcible; and although his accents indicates
strongly his north country birth, his language has not the slightest
touch of vulgarity or coarseness.  He has certainly turned my head.  Four
years have sufficed to bring this great undertaking to an end.  The
railroad will be opened upon the fifteenth of next month.  The Duke of
Wellington is coming down to be present on the occasion, and, I suppose,
what with the thousands of spectators and the novelty of the spectacle,
there will never have been a scene of more striking interest.  The whole
cost of the work (including the engines and carriages) will have been
eight hundred and thirty thousand pounds; and it is already worth double
that sum.  The directors have kindly offered us three places for the
opening, which is a great favour, for people are bidding almost anything
for a place, I understand."

Even while Miss Kemble was writing this letter, certainly before it had
reached her correspondent, the official programme of that opening to
which she was so eagerly looking forward was thus referred to in the
Liverpool papers:

"The day of opening still remains fixed for Wednesday the fifteenth
instant.  The company by whom the ceremony is to be performed, is
expected to amount to eight or nine hundred persons, including the Duke
of Wellington and several others of the nobility.  They will leave
Liverpool at an early hour in the forenoon, probably ten o'clock, in
carriages drawn by eight or nine engines, including the new engine of
Messrs. Braithwaite and Ericsson, if it be ready in time.  The other
engines will be those constructed by Mr. Stephenson, and each of them
will draw about a hundred persons.  On their arrival at Manchester, the
company will enter the upper stories of the warehouses by means of a
spacious outside wooden staircase, which is in course of erection for the
purpose by Mr. Bellhouse.  The upper storey of the range of warehouses is
divided into five apartments, each measuring sixty-six feet by fifty-six.
In four of these a number of tables (which Mr. Bellhouse is also
preparing) will be placed, and the company will partake of a splendid
cold collation which is to be provided by Mr. Lynn, of the Waterloo
Hotel, Liverpool.  A large apartment at the east end of the warehouses
will be reserved as a withdrawing room for the ladies, and is partitioned
off for that purpose.  After partaking of the hospitality of the
directors, the company will return to Liverpool in the same order in
which they arrive.  We understand that each shareholder in the railway
will be entitled to a seat (transferable) in one of the carriages, on
this interesting and important occasion.  It may be proper to state, for
the information of the public, that no one will be permitted to go upon
the railway between Ordsall lane and the warehouses, and parties of the
military and police will be placed to preserve order, and prevent
intrusion.  Beyond Ordsall lane, however, the public will be freely
admitted to view the procession as it passes: and no restriction will be
laid upon them farther than may be requisite to prevent them from
approaching too close to the rails, lest accidents should occur.  By
extending themselves along either side of the road towards Eccles any
number of people, however great, may be easily accommodated."

Of the carrying out on the 15th the programme thus carefully laid down, a
contemporaneous reporter has left the following account:--

"The town itself [Liverpool] was never so full of strangers; they poured
in during the last and the beginning of the present week from almost all
parts of the three kingdoms, and we believe that through Chester alone,
which is by no means a principal road to Liverpool, four hundred extra
passengers were forwarded on Tuesday.  All the inns in the town were
crowded to overflowing, and carriages stood in the streets at night, for
want of room in the stable yards.

"On the morning of Wednesday the population of the town and of the
country began very early to assemble near the railway.  The weather was
favourable, and the Company's station at the boundary of the town was the
rendezvous of the nobility and gentry who attended, to form the
procession at Manchester.  Never was there such an assemblage of rank,
wealth, beauty, and fashion in this neighbourhood.  From before nine
o'clock until ten the entrance in Crown street was thronged by the
splendid equipages from which the company was alighting, and the area in
which the railway carriages were placed was gradually filling with gay
groups eagerly searching for their respective places, as indicated by
numbers corresponding with those on their tickets.  The large and elegant
car constructed for the nobility, and the accompanying cars for the
Directors and the musicians were seen through the lesser tunnel, where
persons moving about at the far end appeared as diminutive as if viewed
through a concave glass.  The effect was singular and striking.  In a
short time all those cars were brought along the tunnel into the yard
which then contained all the carriages, which were to be attached to the
eight locomotive engines which were in readiness beyond the tunnel in the
great excavation at Edge-hill.  By this time the area presented a
beautiful spectacle, thirty-three carriages being filled by elegantly
dressed persons, each train of carriages being distinguished by silk
flags of different colours; the band of the fourth King's Own Regiment,
stationed in the adjoining area, playing military airs, the Wellington
Harmonic Band, in a Grecian car for the procession, performing many
beautiful miscellaneous pieces; and a third band occupying a stage above
Mr. Harding's Grand Stand, at William the Fourth's Hotel, spiritedly
adding to the liveliness of the hour whenever the other bands ceased.

"A few minutes before ten, the discharge of a gun and the cheers of the
assembly announced the arrival of the Duke of Wellington, who entered the
area with the Marquis and Marchioness of Salisbury and a number of
friends, the band playing 'See the conquering hero comes.'  He returned
the congratulations of the company, and in a few moments the grand car,
which he and the nobility and the principal gentry occupied, and the cars
attached to it, were permitted to proceed; we say permitted, because no
applied power, except a slight impulse at first, is requisite to propel
carriages along the tunnel, the <DW72> being just sufficient to call into
effect the principle of gravitation.  The tunnel was lighted with gas,
and the motion in passing through it must have been as pleasing as it was
novel to all the party.  On arriving at the engine station, the cars were
attached to the _Northumbrian_ locomotive engine, on the southern of the
two lines of rail; and immediately the other trains of carriages started
through the tunnel and were attached to their respective engines on the
northern of the lines.

"We had the good fortune to have a place in the first train after the
grand cars, which train, drawn by the _Phoenix_, consisted of three open
and two close carriages, each carrying twenty-six ladies and gentlemen.
The lofty banks of the engine station were crowded with thousands of
spectators, whose enthusiastic cheering seemed to rend the air.  From
this point to Wavertree-lane, while the procession was forming, the grand
cars passed and repassed the other trains of carriages several times,
running as they did in the same direction on the two parallel tracks,
which gave the assembled thousands and tens of thousands the opportunity
of seeing distinctly the illustrious strangers, whose presence gave
extraordinary interest to the scene.  Some soldiers of the 4th Regiment
assisted the railway police in keeping the way clear and preserving
order, and they discharged their duty in a very proper manner.  A few
minutes before eleven all was ready for the journey, and certainly a
journey upon a railway is one of the most delightful that can be
imagined.  Our first thoughts it might be supposed, from the road being
so level, were that it must be monotonous and uninteresting.  It is
precisely the contrary; for as the road does not rise and fall like the
ground over which we pass, but proceeds nearly at a level, whether the
land be high or low, we are at one moment drawn through a hill, and find
ourselves seventy feet below the surface, in an Alpine chasm, and at
another we are as many feet above the green fields, traversing a raised
path, from which we look down upon the roofs of farm houses, and see the
distant hills and woods.  These variations give an interest to such a
journey which cannot be appreciated until they are witnessed.  The signal
gun being fired, we started in beautiful style, amidst the deafening
plaudits of the well dressed people who thronged the numerous booths, and
all the walls and eminences on both sides the line.  Our speed was
gradually increased till, entering the Olive Mountain excavation, we
rushed into the awful chasm at the rate of twenty-four miles an hour.
The banks, the bridges over our heads, and the rude projecting corners
along the sides, were covered with masses of human beings past whom we
glided as if upon the wings of the wind.  We soon came into the open
country of Broad Green, having fine views of Huyton and Prescot on the
left, and the hilly grounds of Cheshire on the right.  Vehicles of every
description stood in the fields on both sides, and thousands of
spectators still lined the margin of the road; some horses seemed
alarmed, but after trotting with their carriages to the farther hedges,
they stood still as if their fears had subsided.  After passing Whiston,
sometimes going slowly, sometimes swiftly, we observed that a vista
formed by several bridges crossing the road gave a pleasing effect to the
view.  Under Rainhill Bridge, which, like all the others, was crowded
with spectators, the Duke's car stopped until we passed, and on this, as
on similar occasions, we had excellent opportunities of seeing the whole
of the noble party, distinguishing the Marquis and Marchioness of
Salisbury, the Earl and Countess of Wilton, Lord Stanley, and others, in
the fore part of the car; alongside of the latter part was Mr. Huskisson,
standing with his face always toward us; and further behind was Lord
Hill, and others, among whom the Mayor of Liverpool took his station.  At
this place Mr. Bretherton had a large party of friends in a field,
overlooking the road.  As we approached the Sutton inclined plane the
Duke's car passed us again at a most rapid rate--it appeared rapid even
to us who were travelling then at, probably, fifteen miles an hour.  We
had a fine view of Billings Hill from this neighbourhood, and of a
thousand various  fields.  A grand stand was here erected,
beautifully decorated, and crowded with ladies and gentlemen from St.
Helen's and the neighbourhood.  Entering upon Parr Moss we had a good
view of Newton Race Course and the stands, and at this time the Duke was
far ahead of us; the grand cars appeared actually of diminutive
dimensions, and in a short time we saw them gliding beautifully over the
Sankey Viaduct, from which a scene truly magnificent lay before us.

"The fields below us were occupied by thousands who cheered us as we
passed over the stupendous edifice; carriages filled the narrow lanes,
and vessels in the water had been detained in order that their crews
might gaze up at the gorgeous pageant passing far above their masts
heads.  Here again was a grand stand, and here again enthusiastic
plaudits almost deafened us.  Shortly, we passed the borough of Newton,
crossing a fine bridge over the Warrington road, and reached Parkside,
seventeen miles from Liverpool, in about four minutes under the hour.  At
this place the engines were ranged under different watering stations to
receive fresh water, the whole extending along nearly half a mile of
road.  Our train and two others passed the Duke's car, and we in the
first train had had our engine supplied with water, and were ready to
start, some time before we were aware of the melancholy cause of our
apparently great delay.  We had most of us, alighted, and were walking
about, congratulating each other generally, and the ladies particularly,
on the truly delightful treat we were enjoying, all hearts bounding with
joyous excitement, and every tongue eloquent in the praise of the
gigantic work now completed, and the advantages and pleasures it
afforded.  A murmur and an agitation at a little distance betokened
something alarming and we too soon learned the nature of that lamentable
event, which we cannot record without the most agonized feelings.  On
inquiring, we learnt the dreadful particulars.  After three of the
engines with their trains had passed the Duke's carriage, although the
others had to follow, the company began to alight from all the carriages
which had arrived.  The Duke of Wellington and Mr. Huskisson had just
shaken hands, and Mr. Huskisson, Prince Esterhazy, Mr. Birch, Mr. H.
Earle, Mr. William Holmes, M.P., and others were standing in the road,
when the other carriages were approaching.  An alarm being given, most of
the gentlemen sprang into the carriage, but Mr. Huskisson seemed
flurried, and from some cause, not clearly ascertained, he fell under the
engine of the approaching carriages, the wheel of which shattered his leg
in the most dreadful manner.  On being raised from the ground by the Earl
of Wilton, Mr. Holmes, and other gentlemen, his only exclamations
were:--"Where is Mrs. Huskisson?  I have met my death.  God forgive me."
Immediately after he swooned.  Dr. Brandreth, and Dr. Southey, of London,
immediately applied bandages to the limb.  In a short time the engine was
detached from the Duke's carriage, and the musician's car being prepared
for the purpose, the Right Honourable gentleman was placed in it,
accompanied by his afflicted lady, with Dr. Brandreth, Dr. Southey, Earl
of Wilton, and Mr. Stephenson, who set off in the direction of
Manchester.

"The whole of the procession remained at least another hour uncertain
what course to adopt.  A consultation was held on the open part of the
road, and the Duke of Wellington was soon surrounded by the Directors,
and a mournful group of gentlemen.  At first it was thought advisable to
return to Liverpool, merely despatching one engine and a set of
carriages, to convey home Lady Wilton, and others who did not wish to
return to Liverpool.  The Duke of Wellington and Sir Robert Peel seemed
to favour this course; others thought it best to proceed as originally
intended: but no decision was made till the Boroughreeve of Manchester
stated, that if the procession did not reach Manchester, where an
unprecedented concourse of people would be assembled, and would wait for
it, he should be fearful of the consequences to the peace of the town.
This turned the scale, and his Grace then proposed that the whole party
should proceed, and return as soon as possible, all festivity at
Manchester being avoided.  The _Phoenix_, with its train, was then
attached to the _North Star_ and its train, and from the two united a
long chain was affixed to his Grace's car, and although it was on the
other line of rail, it was found to draw the whole along exceedingly
well.  About half-past one, we resumed our journey; and we should here
mention that the Wigan Branch Railway Company had erected near Parkside
bridge a grand stand, which they and their friends occupied, and from
which they enthusiastically cheered the procession.  On reaching the
twentieth mile post we had a beautiful view of Rivington Pike and
Blackstone Edge, and at the twenty-first the smoke of Manchester appeared
to be directly at the termination of our view.  Groups of people
continued to cheer us, but we could not reply; our enjoyment was over.
Tyldesley Church, and a vast region of smiling fields here met the eye,
as we traversed the flat surface of Chat Moss, in the midst of which a
vast crowd was assembled to greet us with their plaudits; and from the
twenty-fourth mile post we began to find ourselves flanked on both sides
by spectators extending in a continuous and thickening body all the way
to Manchester.  At the twenty-fifth mile post we met Mr. Stephenson
returning with the _Northumbrian_ engine.  In answer to innumerable and
eager inquiries, Mr. Stephenson said he had left Mr. Huskisson at the
house of the Rev. Mr. Blackburne, Vicar of Eccles, and had then proceeded
to Manchester, whence he brought back medical assistance, and that the
surgeons, after seeing Mr. Huskisson, had expressed a hope that there was
no danger.  Mr. Stephenson's speed had been at the rate of thirty-four
miles an hour during this painful errand.  The engine being then again
attached to the Duke's car, the procession dashed forward, passing
countless thousands of people upon house tops, booths, high ground,
bridges, etc., and our readers must imagine, for we cannot describe, such
a movement through an avenue of living beings, and extending six miles in
length.  Upon one bridge a tri- flag was displayed; near another
the motto of "Vote by ballot" was seen; in a field near Eccles, a poor
and wretchedly dressed man had his loom close to the roadside, and was
weaving with all his might; cries of "No Corn Laws," were occasionally
heard, and for about two miles the cheerings of the crowd were
interspersed with a continual hissing and hooting from the minority.  On
approaching the bridge which crosses the Irwell, the 59th regiment was
drawn up, flanking the road on each side, and presenting arms as his
Grace passed along.  We reached the warehouses at a quarter before three,
and those who alighted were shown into the large upper rooms where a most
elegant cold collation had been prepared by Mr. Lynn, for more than one
thousand persons.  The greater portion of the company, as the carriages
continued to arrive, visited the rooms and partook in silence of some
refreshment.  They then returned to their carriages which had been
properly placed for returning.  His Grace and the principal party did not
alight; but he went through a most fatiguing office for more than an hour
and a half, in shaking hands with thousands of people, to whom he stooped
over the hand rail of the carriage, and who seemed insatiable in their
desire to join hands with him.  Many women brought their children to him,
lifting them up that he might bless them, which he did, and during the
whole time he had scarcely a minute's respite.  At half-past four the
Duke's car began to move away for Liverpool.

"They would have been detained a little longer, in order that three of
the engines, which had been to Eccles for water, might have dropped into
the rear to take their places; but Mr. Lavender represented that the
crowd was so thickening in upon all sides, and becoming so clamorous for
admission into the area, that he would not answer for the peace of the
town, if further delay took place.  The three engines were on the same
line of rail as the Duke, and they could not cross to the other line
without getting to a turning place, and as the Duke could not be delayed
on account of his keeping the crowd together, there was no alternative
but to send the engines forward.  One of the other engines was then
attached to our train, and we followed the Duke rapidly, while the six
trains behind had only three engines left to bring them back.  Of course,
we kept pace with the Duke, who stopped at Eccles to inquire after Mr.
Huskisson.  The answer received was that there was now no hope of his
life being saved; and this intelligence plunged the whole party into
still deeper distress.  We proceeded without meeting any fresh incident
until we passed Prescot, where we found two of the three engines at the
6.5 mile post, where a turning had been effected, but the third had gone
on to Liverpool; we then detached the one we had borrowed, and the three
set out to meet the six remaining trains of carriages.  Our carriages
were then connected with the grand cars, the engine of which now drew the
whole number of nine carriages, containing nearly three hundred persons,
at a very smart rate.  We were now getting into vast crowds of people,
most of them ignorant of the dreadful event which had taken place, and
all of them giving us enthusiastic cheers which we could not return.

"At Roby, his Grace and the Childwalls alighted and proceeded home; our
carriages then moved forward to Liverpool, where we arrived about seven
o'clock, and went down the great tunnel, under the town, a part of the
work which, more than any other, astonished the numerous strangers
present.  It is, indeed, a wonderful work, and makes an impression never
to be effaced from the memory.  The Company's yard, from St. James's
Street to Wapping, was filled with carriages waiting for the returning
parties, who separated with feelings of mingled gratification and
distress, to which we shall not attempt to give utterance.  We afterwards
learnt that the parties we left at Manchester placed the three remaining
engines together, and all the carriages together, so as to form one grand
procession, including twenty-four carriages, and were coming home at a
steady pace, when they were met near Newton, by the other three engines,
which were then attached to the rest, and they arrived in Liverpool about
ten o'clock.

"Thus ended a pageant which, for importance as to its object and grandeur
in its details, is admitted to have exceeded anything ever witnessed.  We
conversed with many gentlemen of great experience in public life, who
spoke of the scene as surpassing anything they had ever beheld, and who
computed, upon data which they considered to be satisfactory, that not
fewer than 500,000 persons must have been spectators of the procession."

So far from being a success, the occasion was, after the accident to Mr.
Huskisson, such a series of mortifying disappointments and the Duke of
Wellington's experience at Manchester had been so very far removed from
gratifying that the directors of the company felt moved to exonerate
themselves from the load of censure by an official explanation.  This
they did in the following language:--

"On the subject of delay which took place in the starting from
Manchester, and consequently in the arrival at Liverpool, of the last
three engines, with twenty-four carriages and six hundred passengers,
being the train allotted to six of the engines, we are authorized to
state that the directors think it due to the proprietors and others
constituting the large assemblage of company in the above trains to make
known the following particulars:

"Three out of the six locomotive engines which belonged to the above
trains had proceeded on the south road from Manchester to Eccles, to take
in water, with the intention of returning to Manchester, and so getting
out of that line of road before any of the trains should start on their
return home.  Before this, however, was accomplished, the following
circumstances seemed to render it imperative for the train of carriages
containing the Duke of Wellington and a great many of the distinguished
visitors to leave Manchester.  The eagerness on the part of the crowd to
see the Duke, and to shake hands with him, was very great, so much so
that his Grace held out both his hands to the pressing multitude at the
same time; the assembling crowd becoming more dense every minute, closely
surrounded the carriages, as the principal attraction was this particular
train.  The difficulty of proceeding at all increased every moment and
consequently the danger of accident upon the attempt being made to force
a way through the throng also increased.  At this juncture Mr. Lavender,
the head of the police establishment of Manchester, interfered, and
entreated that the Duke's train should move on, or he could not answer
for the consequences.  Under these circumstances, and the day being well
advanced, it was thought expedient at all events to move forward while it
was still practicable to do so.  The order was accordingly given, and the
train passed along out of the immediate neighbourhood of Manchester
without accident to anyone.  When they had proceeded a few miles they
fell in with the engines belonging to the trains left at Manchester, and
these engines being on the same line as the carriages of the procession,
there was no alternative but bringing the Duke's train back through the
dense multitude to Manchester, or proceeding with three extra engines to
the neighbourhood of Liverpool (all passing places from one road to the
other being removed, with a view to safety, on the occasion), and
afterwards sending them back to the assistance of the trains
unfortunately left behind.  It was determined to proceed towards
Liverpool, as being decidedly the most advisable course under the
circumstances of the case; and it may be mentioned for the satisfaction
of any party who may have considered that he was in some measure left in
the lurch, that Mr. Moss, the Deputy Chairman, had left Mrs. Moss and
several of his family to come with the trains which had been so left
behind.  Three engines having to draw a load calculated for six, their
progress was of course much retarded, besides a considerable delay which
took place before the starting of the last trains, owing to the
uncertainty which existed as to what had become of the three missing
engines.  These engines, after proceeding to within a few miles of
Liverpool, were enabled to return to Park-side, in the neighbourhood of
Newton, where they were attached to the other three and the whole
proceeding safely to Liverpool, where they arrived at ten in the
evening."

The case was, however, here stated, to say the least, in the mildest
possible manner.  The fact was that the authorities at Manchester had,
and not without reason, passed a very panic-stricken hour on account of
the Duke of Wellington.  That personage had been in a position of no
inconsiderable peril.  Though the reporter preserved a decorous silence
on that point, the ministerial car had on the way been pelted, as well as
hooted; and at Manchester a vast mass of not particularly well disposed
persons had fairly overwhelmed both police and soldiery, and had taken
complete possession of the tracks.  They were not riotous but they were
very rough; and they insisted on climbing upon the carriages and pressing
their attentions on the distinguished inmates in a manner somewhat at
variance with English ideas of propriety.  The Duke's efforts at
conciliatory manners, as evinced through much hand-shaking, were not
without significance.  It was small matter for wonder, therefore, that
the terrified authorities, before they got him out of their town,
heartily regretted that they had not allowed him to have his own way
after the accident to Mr. Huskisson, when he proposed to turn back
without coming to it.  Having once got him safely started back to
Liverpool, therefore, they preferred to leave the other guests to take
care of themselves, rather than have the Duke face the crowd again.  As
there were no sidings on that early road, and the connections between the
tracks had, as a measure of safety, been temporarily removed, the
ministerial train in moving towards Liverpool had necessarily pushed
before it the engines belonging to the other trains.  The unfortunate
guests on those other trains, thus left to their fate, had for the rest
of the day a very dreary time of it.  To avoid accidents, the six trains
abandoned at Manchester were united into one, to which were attached the
three locomotives remaining.  In this form they started.  Presently the
strain broke the couplings.  Pieces of rope were then put in requisition,
and again they got in motion.  In due time the three other engines came
along, but they could only be used by putting them on in front of the
three already attached to the train.  Two of them were used in that way,
and the eleven cars thus drawn by five locomotives, and preceded at a
short distance by one other, went on towards Liverpool.  It was dark, and
to meet the exigencies of the occasion the first germ of the present
elaborate system of railroad night signals was improvised on the spot.
From the foremost and pioneer locomotive obstacles were signalled to the
train locomotives by the very primitive expedient of swinging the lighted
end of a tar-rope.  At Rainhill the weight of the train proved too much
for the combined motive-power, and the thoroughly wearied passengers had
to leave their carriages and walk up the incline.  When they got to the
summit and, resuming their seats, were again in motion, fresh delay was
occasioned by the leading locomotive running into a wheel-barrow,
maliciously placed on the track to obstruct it.  Not until ten o'clock
did they enter the tunnel at Liverpool.  Meanwhile all sorts of rumours
of general disaster had for hours been circulating among the vast
concourse of spectators who were assembled waiting for their friends, and
whose relief expressed itself in hearty cheers as the train at last
rolled safely into the station.

We have also Miss Kemble's story of this day, to which in her letter of
August 25th she had looked forward with such eager interest.  With her
father and mother she had been staying at a country place in Lancashire,
and in her account of the affair, written in 1876, she says:--

"The whole gay party assembled at Heaton, my mother and myself included,
went to Liverpool for the opening of the railroad.  The throng of
strangers gathered there for the same purpose made it almost impossible
to obtain a night's lodging for love or money; and glad and thankful were
we to put up with and be put up in a tiny garret by an old friend, Mr.
Radley, of the Adelphi, which many would have given twice what we paid to
obtain.  The day opened gloriously, and never was an innumerable
concourse of sight-seers in better humour than the surging, swaying crowd
that lined the railroad with living faces. . .  After this disastrous
event [the accident to Mr. Huskisson] the day became overcast, and as we
neared Manchester the sky grew cloudy and dark, and it began to rain.
The vast concourse of people who had assembled to witness the triumphant
arrival of the successful travellers was of the lowest order of mechanics
and artisans, among whom great distress and a dangerous spirit of
discontent with the government at that time prevailed.  Groans and hisses
greeted the carriage, full of influential personages, in which the Duke
of Wellington sat.  High above the grim and grimy crowd of scowling faces
a loom had been erected, at which sat a tattered, starved-looking weaver,
evidently set there as a _representative man_, to protest against this
triumph of machinery, and the gain and glory which the wealthy Liverpool
and Manchester men were likely to derive from it.  The contrast between
our departure from Liverpool and our arrival at Manchester was one of the
most striking things I ever witnessed.

                                     MANCHESTER, _September_ 20_th_, 1830.

MY DEAREST H--:

                                * * * * *

"You probably have by this time heard and read accounts of the opening of
the railroad, and the fearful accident which occurred at it, for the
papers are full of nothing else.  The accident you mention did occur, but
though the unfortunate man who was killed bore Mr. Stephenson's name, he
was not related to him.  [Besides Mr. Huskisson, another man named
Stephenson had about this time been killed on the railroad].  I will tell
you something of the events on the fifteenth, as though you may be
acquainted with the circumstances of poor Mr. Huskisson's death, none but
an eye-witness of the whole scene can form a conception of it.  I told
you that we had had places given to us, and it was the main purpose of
our returning from Birmingham to Manchester to be present at what
promised to be one of the most striking events in the scientific annals
of our country.  We started on Wednesday last, to the number of about
eight hundred people, in carriages constructed as I before described to
you.  The most intense curiosity and excitement prevailed, and though the
weather was uncertain, enormous masses of densely packed people lined the
road, shouting and waving hats and handkerchiefs as we flew by them.
What with the sight and sound of these cheering multitudes and the
tremendous velocity with which we were borne past them, my spirits rose
to the true champagne height, and I never enjoyed anything so much as the
first hour of our progress.  I had been unluckily separated from my
mother in the first distribution of places, but by an exchange of seats
which she was enabled to make she rejoined me, when I was at the height
of my ecstasy, which was considerably damped by finding that she was
frightened to death, and intent upon nothing but devising means of
escaping from a situation which appeared to her to threaten with instant
annihilation herself and all her travelling companions.  While I was
chewing the cud of this disappointment, which was rather bitter, as I
expected her to be as delighted as myself with our excursion, a man flew
by us, calling out through a speaking trumpet to stop the engine, for
that somebody in the directors' car had sustained an injury.  We were all
stopped accordingly and presently a hundred voices were heard exclaiming
that Mr. Huskisson was killed.  The confusion that ensued is
indescribable; the calling out from carriage to carriage to ascertain the
truth, the contrary reports which were sent back to us, the hundred
questions eagerly uttered at once, and the repeated and urgent demands
for surgical assistance, created a sudden turmoil that was quite
sickening.  At last we distinctly ascertained that the unfortunate man's
thigh was broken.

"From Lady W--, who was in the duke's carriage, and within three yards of
the spot where the accident happened, I had the following details, the
horror of witnessing which we were spared through our situation behind
the great carriage.  The engine had stopped to take in a supply of water,
and several of the gentlemen in the directors' carriage had jumped out to
look about them.  Lord W--, Count Batthyany, Count Matuscenitz, and Mr.
Huskisson among the rest were standing talking in the middle of the road,
when an engine on the other line, which was parading up and down merely
to show its speed, was seen coming down upon them like lightning.  The
most active of those in peril sprang back into their seats; Lord W--
saved his life only by rushing behind the duke's carriage, Count
Matuscenitz had but just leaped into it, with the engine all but touching
his heels as he did so; while poor Mr. Huskisson, less active from the
effects of age and ill health, bewildered too by the frantic cries of
'Stop the engine: Clear the track!' that resounded on all sides,
completely lost his head, looked helplessly to the right and left, and
was instantaneously prostrated by the fatal machine, which dashed down
like a thunderbolt upon him, and passed over his leg, smashing and
mangling it in the most horrible way.  (Lady W-- said she distinctly
heard the crushing of the bone).  So terrible was the effect of the
appalling accident that except that ghastly 'crushing' and poor Mrs.
Huskisson's piercing shriek, not a sound was heard or a word uttered
among the immediate spectators of the catastrophe.  Lord W-- was the
first to raise the poor sufferer, and calling to his aid his surgical
skill, which is considerable, he tied up the severed artery, and for a
time at least, prevented death by a loss of blood.  Mr. Huskisson was
then placed in a carriage with his wife and Lord W--, and the engine
having been detached from the directors' carriage, conveyed them to
Manchester.  So great was the shock produced on the whole party by this
event that the Duke of Wellington declared his intention not to proceed,
but to return immediately to Liverpool.  However, upon its being
represented to him that the whole population of Manchester had turned out
to witness the procession, and that a disappointment might give rise to
riots and disturbances, he consented to go on, and gloomily enough the
rest of the journey was accomplished.  We had intended returning to
Liverpool by the railroad, but Lady W--, who seized upon me in the midst
of the crowd, persuaded us to accompany her home, which we gladly did.
Lord W-- did not return till past ten o'clock, at which hour he brought
the intelligence of Mr. Huskisson's death.  I need not tell you of the
sort of whispering awe which this event threw over our circle; and yet
great as was the horror excited by it, I could not help feeling how
evanescent the effect of it was, after all.  The shuddering terror of
seeing our fellow-creature thus struck down by our side, and the
breathless thankfulness for our own preservation, rendered the first
evening of our party at Heaton almost solemn; but the next day the
occurrence became a subject of earnest, it is true, but free discussion;
and after that was alluded to with almost as little apparent feeling as
if it had not passed under our eyes, and within the space of a few
hours."




MRS. BLACKBURNE'S PRESENTIMENT.


Miss Kemble was mistaken in stating Mr. Huskisson after his accident was
removed to Manchester.  He was conveyed to the vicarage, at Eccles, near
Manchester.  Of the vicar's wife, Dean Stanley's mother thus writes,
(January 17, 1832,):--"There is one person who interests me very much,
Mrs. Tom Blackburne, the Vicaress of Eccles, who received poor Mr.
Huskisson, and immortalised herself by her activity, sense, and conduct
throughout."  A writer in the _Cornhill Magazine_, for March, 1884,
referring to the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway,
remarks:--"In celebration of this experiment, for even then most people
only looked upon it as a doubtful thing, the houses of the adjacent parts
of Lancashire were filled with guests.  Mr. John Blackburne, M.P., asked
his brother and sister-in-law, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Blackburne, to stay at
Hale Hall, near Liverpool, (which his ancestors in the direct line had
possessed since 1199,) and to go with his party to the ceremony and fetes
of the day.

The invitation was accepted, and Mr. and Mrs. Blackburne went to Hale.
Now, however, occurred one of those strange circumstances utterly
condemned by critics of fiction as 'unreal,' 'unnatural,' or
'impossible;' only in this case it happened to be true, in spite of all
these epithets.  Mrs. Blackburne, rather strong-minded than otherwise, at
all events one of the last women in the world to be affected by
imagination, became possessed by an unmistakable presentiment, which made
her feel quite sure _that her presence was required at home_; _and she
went home at once_.  There were difficulties in her way; every carriage
was required, but she would go.  She drove to Warrington, and from thence
'took boat' up the Irwell to Eccles.  Canal boats were then regular
conveyances, divided into first and second classes.  There were no mobs
or excitement anywhere on the 14th, and Mrs. Blackburne got quickly to
Eccles without any adventures.  When there, except that one of her
children was unwell, she could find nothing wrong, or in the least likely
to account for the presentiment which had driven her home in spite of all
the natural enough, ridicule of her husband and friends at Hale.

Early on the morning of the 15th, an incident occurred, the narration of
which may throw some light on the temper of the times.  Mr. Barton, of
Swinton, came to say that a mob was expected to come from Oldham to
attack the Duke of Wellington, then at the height of his unpopularity
among the masses; for just by Eccles three miles of the line was left
unguarded, 'Could Mr. Blackburne say what was to be done?'

'My husband is away,' said the Vicaress, 'but I know that about fifty
special constables were out last year, the very men for this work, if
their licenses have not expired.'

'Never mind licenses,' replied Mr. Barton, with a superb indifference to
form, quite natural under the circumstances.  'Where can I find the men?'

'Oh,' replied Mrs. Blackburne, 'I can get the men for you.'

Mr. Barton hesitated, but soon with gratitude accepted the offer, and
with the help of the churchwardens and constables 'a guard for the Duke'
was soon collected on the bridge of Eccles, armed with staves and clubs
to be dispersed along the line.

This done, she had a tent put up for herself and children, with whom were
Lord Wilton's little daughters, the Ladies Elizabeth and Katherine
Egerton, and their governess.  The tent was just above the cutting and
looked down on to it, and they would have a good view of the first train,
expected to pass about eleven o'clock.  The morning wore on, the crowds
were increasing, and low murmurs of wonder were heard.  It was thought
that the experiment had failed.  A few of the villagers came into the
field, but none troubled the little band of watchers.  The bright
sunshine had passed away, and it had become dark, with large hot drops of
rain, forerunners of a coming thunderstorm.  The people lined the whole
of the way from Manchester to Liverpool, and, as far as the eye could
reach, faces were seen anxiously looking towards Liverpool.  Suddenly a
strange roar was heard from the crowd, not a cheer of triumph, but a
prolonged wail, beginning at the furthest point of travelling along the
swarming banks like the incoming swirl of a breaker as it runs upon a
gravelled beach.

Like a true woman, her first thought was for her husband, as Mrs.
Blackburne heard the words repeated on all sides, 'An accident!'  'The
Vicarage!'  She flew across the field to the gate and met a sad
procession bringing in a sorely-wounded yet quite conscious man.  She saw
in a moment that he had medals on his coat, and had been very tall, so
that it could not be as she feared.  The relief of that moment may be
imagined.  Then the quiet presence of mind, by practice habitual to her,
and the ready flow of sympathy left her no time to think of anything but
the sufferer, who said to her pathetically, 'I shall not trouble you
long!'  She had not only the will but the power to help, even to
supplying from her own medicine chest and stores, kept for the poor,
everything that the surgeons required.

It was Lord Wilton who suggested the removal of Mr. Huskisson to Eccles
Vicarage and improvised a tourniquet on the spot, while soon the medical
men who were in the train did what they could for him.  Mr. Blackburne,
as will be remembered, was not with his wife, and only the presentiment
which had brought Mrs. Blackburne home had given the means of so readily
and quickly obtaining surgical necessaries and rest.  Mr. Blackburne,
writing to his mother-in-law the day after this accident, referring to
Mr. Huskisson, remarks:--"To the last he retained his senses.  Lord
Granville says when the dying man heard Wilton propose to take him to
this house he exclaimed, 'Pray take me there; there I shall indeed be
taken care of.'

But fancy my horror!  _Not one word did I know of his being here till I
had passed the place_, _and was literally eating my luncheon at
Manchester_!  In vain did I try to get a conveyance, till at last the
Duke of Wellington sent to me and ordered his car to start, and I came
with him back, he intending to come here; but the crowd was so _immense_
that the police dared not let him get out.  To be sure, when my people on
the bridge saw me standing with him, they did shout, 'That's as it should
be--Vicar for us!'  He said, 'These people seem to know you well.'

_Entre nous_, at the door I met my love, and after a good cry (I don't
know which was the greatest fool!) set to work.  The poor fellow was glad
to see me, and never shall I forget the scene, his poor wife holding his
head, and the great men weeping, for they all wept!  He then received the
Sacrament, added some codocils to his will, and seemed perfectly
resigned.  But his agonies were dreadful!  Ransome says they must have
been so.  He expired at nine.  We never left him till he breathed his
last.  Poor woman!  How she lamented his loss; yet her struggles to bear
with fortitude are wonderful.  I wish you could have heard him exclaim,
after my petition 'Forgive us our trespasses as we forgive . . . '  'I
have not the smallest ill-will to any one person in the whole world.'
They stay here until Saturday, when they begin the sad journey to convey
him to Sussex.  They wanted to bury him at Liverpool, but she refused.  I
forgot to tell you that he told Lawrence before starting that he _wished
he were safe back_."

Mr. Huskisson was not buried at Chichester, for at last Mrs. Huskisson
consented to the popular wish that his body might have a public funeral
at Liverpool, where a statue of him by Gibson now stands in the
cemetery."




ELEVATED SIGHT-SEERS WISHING TO DESCEND.


Sir J. A. Picton, in his _Memorials of Liverpool_, relates an amusing
incident connected with the opening of the railway at that town.  "On the
opening of the railway," he remarks, "of course, every point and 'coin of
vantage' from whence the procession could be best seen was eagerly
availed of.  A tolerably high chimney had recently been built upon the
railway ground, affording a sufficient platform on the scaffolding at the
top for the accommodation of two or three persons.  Two gentlemen
connected with the engineer's department took advantage of this crowning
eminence to obtain a really 'bird's eye view' of the whole proceedings.
They were wound up by the tackle used in hoisting the bricks, and enjoyed
the perspective from their airy height to their hearts' content.  When
all was over they, of course, wished to descend, and gave the signal to
be let down again, but alas! there was no response.  The man in charge,
excited by the events of the day, confused by the sorrowful news by which
it was closed, and, it may be, oblivious from other causes, had utterly
forgotten his engagement and gone home.  Here was a prospect!  The shades
of evening were gathering, the multitudes departing, and every
probability of being obliged to act the part of St. Simeon of Stylites
very involuntarily.  Despair added force and strength to their lungs, and
at length--their condition and difficulty having attracted
attention--they were relieved from their unpleasant predicament."




THE DUKE'S CARRIAGE.


A correspondent of the _Athenaeum_, in 1830, speaking of the carriage
prepared for the Duke of Wellington at the opening of the Liverpool and
Manchester Railway, remarks: "It rather resembled an eastern pavilion
than anything our northern idea considers a carriage.  The floor is 32
feet long by 8 wide, gilt pillars support a crimson canopy 24 feet long,
and it might for magnitude be likened to the car of Juggernaut; yet this
huge machine, with the preceding steam engine, moved along at its own
fiery will even more swimmingly, a 'thing of heart and mind,' than a ship
on the ocean."




LORD BROUGHAM'S SPEECH.


At a dinner given at Liverpool in celebration of the opening of the
Liverpool and Manchester Railway, Lord Brougham thus discourses upon the
memorable event and the death of Mr. Huskisson:--"When I saw the
difficulties of space, as it were, overcome; when I beheld a kind of
miracle exhibited before my astonished eyes; when I saw the rocks
excavated and the gigantic power of man penetrating through miles of the
solid mass, and gaining a great, a lasting, an almost perennial conquest
over the powers of nature by his skill and industry; when I contemplated
all this, was it possible for me to avoid the reflections which crowded
into my mind, not in praise of man's great success, not in admiration of
the genius and perseverance he had displayed, or even of the courage he
had shown in setting himself against the obstacles that matter afforded
to his course--no! but the melancholy reflection that these prodigious
efforts of the human race, so fruitful of praise but so much more
fruitful of lasting blessing to mankind, have forced a tear from my eye
by that unhappy casualty which deprived me of a friend and you of a
representative!"




AN EARLY RIDE ON THE LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY.


No account of its first beginnings would, however, be complete for our
time, which did not also give an idea of the impressions produced on one
travelling over it before yet the novelty of the thing had quite worn
away.  It was a long time, comparatively, after September, 1830, before
the men who had made a trip over the railroad ceased to be objects of
deep curiosity.  Here is the account of his experience by one of these
far-travelled men, with all its freshness still lingering about it:--

"Although the whole passage between Liverpool and Manchester is a series
of enchantments, surpassing any in the Arabian Nights, because they are
realities, not fictions, yet there are epochs in the transit which are
peculiarly exciting.  These are the startings, the ascents, the descents,
the tunnels, the Chat Moss, the meetings.  At the instant of starting, or
rather before, the automaton belches forth an explosion of steam, and
seems for a second or two quiescent.  But quickly the explosions are
reiterated, with shorter and shorter intervals, till they become too
rapid to be counted, though still distinct.  These belchings or
explosions more nearly resemble the pantings of a lion or tiger, than any
sound that has ever vibrated on my ear.  During the ascent they become
slower and slower, till the automaton actually labours like an animal out
of breath, from the tremendous efforts to gain the highest point of
elevation.  The progression is proportionate; and before the said point
is gained, the train is not moving faster than a horse can pace.  With
the slow motion of the mighty and animated machine, the breathing becomes
more laborious, the growl more distinct, till at length the animal
appears exhausted and groans like the tiger, when overpowered in combat
by the buffalo.

"The moment that the height is reached and the descent commences, the
pantings rapidly increase; the engine with its train starts off with
augmenting velocity; and in a few seconds it is flying down the declivity
like lightning, and with a uniform growl or roar, like a continuous
discharge of distant artillery.

"At this period, the whole train is going at the rate of thirty-five or
forty miles an hour!  I was on the outside, and in front of the first
carriage, just over the engine.  The scene was magnificent, I had almost
said terrific.  Although it was a dead calm the wind appeared to be
blowing a hurricane, such was the velocity with which we darted through
the air.  Yet all was steady; and there was something in the precision of
the machinery that inspired a degree of confidence over fear--of safety
over danger.  A man may travel from the Pole to the Equator, from the
Straits of Malacca to the Isthmus of Darien, and he will see nothing so
astonishing as this.  The pangs of Etna and Vesuvius excite feelings of
horror as well as of terror; the convulsion of the elements during a
thunderstorm carries with it nothing but pride, much less of pleasure, to
counteract the awe inspired by the fearful workings of perturbed nature;
but the scene which is here presented, and which I cannot adequately
describe, engenders a proud consciousness of superiority in human
ingenuity, more intense and convincing than any effort or product of the
poet, the painter, the philosopher, or the divine.  The projections or
transits of the train through the tunnels or arches are very
electrifying.  The deafening peal of thunder, the sudden immersion in
gloom, and the clash of reverberated sounds in confined space combine to
produce a momentary shudder or idea of destruction--a thrill of
annihilation, which is instantly dispelled on emerging into the cheerful
light.

"The meetings or crossings of the steam trains flying in opposite
directions are scarcely less agitating to the nerves than their transits
through the tunnels.  The velocity of their course, the propinquity or
apparent identity of the iron orbits along which these meteors move, call
forth the involuntary but fearful thought of a possible collision, with
all its horrible consequences.  The period of suspense, however, though
exquisitely painful, is but momentary; and in a few seconds the object of
terror is far out of sight behind.

"Nor is the rapid passage across Chat Moss unworthy of notice.  The
ingenuity with which two narrow rods of iron are made to bear whole
trains of wagons, laden with many hundred tons of commerce, and bounding
across a wide, semi-fluid morass, previously impassable by man or beast,
is beyond all praise and deserving of eternal record.  Only conceive a
slender bridge of two minute iron rails, several miles in length, level
as Waterloo, elastic as whalebone, yet firm as adamant!  Along this
splendid triumph of human genius--this veritable _via triumphalis_--the
train of carriages bounds with the velocity of the stricken deer; the
vibrations of the resilient moss causing the ponderous engine and its
enormous suite to glide along the surface of an extensive quagmire as
safely as a practiced skater skims the icy mirror of a frozen lake.

"The first class or train is the most fashionable, but the second or
third are the most amusing.  I travelled one day from Liverpool to
Manchester in the lumber train.  Many of the carriages were occupied by
the swinish multitude, and others by a multitude of swine.  These last
were naturally vociferous if not eloquent.  It is evident that the other
passengers would have been considerably annoyed by the orators of this
last group, had there not been stationed in each carriage an officer
somewhat analogous to the Usher of the Black Rod, but whose designation
on the railroad I found to be 'Comptroller of the Gammon.'  No sooner did
one of the long-faced gentlemen raise his note too high, or wag his jaw
too long, than the 'Comptroller of the Gammon' gave him a whack over the
snout with the butt end of his shillelagh; a snubber which never failed
to stop his oratory for the remainder of the journey."

To one familiar with the history of railroad legislation the last
paragraph is peculiarly significant.  For years after the railroad system
was inaugurated, and until legislation was invoked to compel something
better, the companies persisted in carrying passengers of the third class
in uncovered carriages, exposed to all weather, and with no more
decencies or comforts than were accorded to swine.




EARLY RAILWAY TRAVELLING.


A writer in _Notes and Queries_ remarks:--"On looking over a diary kept
by my father during two journeys northward in 1830-31, I thought the
readers might be amused with his account of what he saw of railway
travelling, then in its infancy:--

"Monday, Oct. 11, 1830, Darlington.--Walked to the railroad, which comes
within half-a-mile of the town.  Saw a steam engine drawing about
twenty-five wagons, each containing about two tons and a half of coals.
A single horse draws four such wagons.  I went to Stockton at four
o'clock by coach on the railroad; one horse draws about twenty-four
passengers.  I did not like it at all, for the road is very ugly in
appearance, and, being only one line with occasional turns for passing,
we were sometimes obliged to wait, and at other times to be drawn back,
so that we were full two hours going eleven miles, and they are often
more than three hours.  There is no other conveyance, as the cheapness
has driven the stage-coaches off the road.  I only paid 1s. for eleven
miles.  The motion was very unpleasant--a continual jolting and
disagreeable noise."

On Sept. 1, 1831, he remarks:--"The railroad to Stockton has been
improved since I was here, as they are now laying down a second line."

"Wednesday, Oct. 27, 1830.--Left Manchester at ten o'clock by the
railroad for Liverpool.  We enter upon it by a staircase through the
office from the street at present, but there will, I suppose, be an open
entrance, by-and-bye; they have built extensive warehouses adjoining.  We
were two hours and a half going to Liverpool (about thirty-two miles),
and I must think the advantages have been a good deal overrated, for,
prejudice apart, I think most people will allow that expedition is the
only real advantage gained; the road itself is ugly, though curious and
wonderful as a work of art.  Near Liverpool it is cut very deeply through
rock, and there is a long tunnel which leads into a yard where omnibusses
wait to convey passengers to the inns.  The tunnel is too low for the
engines at present in use, and the carriages are drawn through it by
donkeys.  The engines are calculated to draw fifty tons. . .  I cannot
say that I at all liked it; the speed was too great to be pleasant, and
makes you rather giddy, and certainly it is not smoother and easier than
a good turnpike road.  When the carriages stop or go on, a very violent
jolting takes place, from the ends of the carriages jostling together.  I
have heard many say they prefer a horse-coach, but the majority are in
favour of the railroad, and they will, no doubt, knock up the coaches."

"Monday, Sept. 12, 1831.--Left Manchester by coach at ten o'clock, and
arrived in Liverpool at half-past two. . .  The railroad is not supposed
to answer vastly well, but they are making a branch to Warrington, which
will hurt the Sankey Navigation, and throw 1,500 men out of employment;
these people are said to be loud in their execrations of it, and to
threaten revenge.  It is certain the proprietors do not all feel easy
about it, as one living at Warrington has determined never to go by it,
and was coming to Liverpool by our coach if there had been room.  He
would gladly sell his shares.  A dividend of 4 per cent. had been paid
for six months, but money had been borrowed. . . .  Charge for tonnage of
goods, 10s. for thirty-two miles, which appears very dear to me."




CRABB ROBINSON'S FIRST RAILWAY JOURNEY.


"June 9th, 1833.--(Liverpool).  At twelve o'clock I got upon an omnibus,
and was driven up a steep hill to the place where the steam carriages
start.  We travelled in the second class of carriages.  There were five
carriages linked together, in each of which were placed open seats for
the travellers, four or five facing each other; but not all were full;
and, besides, there was a close carriage, and also a machine for luggage.
The fare was four shillings for the thirty-one miles.  Everything went on
so rapidly that I had scarcely the power of observation.  The road begins
at an excavation through a rock, and is to a certain extent insulated
from the adjacent country.  It is occasionally placed on bridges, and
frequently intersected by ordinary roads.  Not quite a perfect level is
preserved.  On setting off there is a slight jolt, arising from the chain
catching each carriage, but, once in motion, we proceeded as smoothly as
possible.  For a minute or two the pace is gentle, and is constantly
varying.  The machine produces little smoke or steam.  First in order is
the tall chimney; then the boiler, a barrel-like vessel; then an oblong
reservoir of water; then a vehicle for coals; and then comes, of a length
infinitely extendible, the train of carriages.  If all the seats had been
filled, our train would have carried about 150 passengers; but a
gentleman assured me at Chester that he went with a thousand persons to
Newton fair.  There must have been two engines then.  I have heard since
that two thousand persons or more went to and from the fair that day.
But two thousand only, at three shillings each way, would have produced
600 pounds!  But, after all, the expense is so great that it is
considered uncertain whether the establishment will ultimately remunerate
the proprietors.  Yet I have heard that it already yields the
shareholders a dividend of nine per cent.  And Bills have passed for
making railroads between London and Birmingham, and Birmingham and
Liverpool.  What a change it will produce in the intercourse!  One
conveyance will take between 100 and 200 passengers, and the journey will
be made in a forenoon!  Of the rapidity of the journey I had better
experience on my return; but I may say now that, stoppages included, it
may certainly be made at the rate of twenty miles an hour.

"I should have observed before that the most remarkable movements of the
journey are those in which trains pass one another.  The rapidity is such
that there is no recognizing the features of a traveller.  On several
occasions, the noise of the passing engine was like the whizzing of a
rocket.  Guards are stationed in the road, holding flags, to give notice
to the drivers when to stop.  Near Newton I noticed an inscription
recording the memorable death of Huskisson."

                                               --_Crabb Robinson's Diary_.




EARLY AMERICAN RAILWAY ENTERPRISE.


Mr. C. F. Adams, in his work on _Railroads_: _Their Origin and Problems_,
remarks:--"There is, indeed, some reason for believing that the South
Carolina Railroad was the first ever constructed in any country with a
definite plan of operating it exclusively by locomotive steam power.  But
in America there was not--indeed, from the very circumstances of the
case, there could not have been--any such dramatic occasions and
surprises as those witnessed at Liverpool in 1829 and 1830.
Nevertheless, the people of Charleston were pressing close on the heels
of those at Liverpool, for on the 15th of January, 1831--exactly four
months after the formal opening of the Manchester and Liverpool road--the
first anniversary of the South Carolina Railroad was celebrated with due
honor.  A queer-looking machine, the outline of which was sufficient in
itself to prove that the inventor owed nothing to Stephenson, had been
constructed at the West Point Foundry Works in New York during the summer
of 1830--a first attempt to supply that locomotive power which the Board
had, with sublime confidence in possibilities, unanimously voted on the
14th of the preceding January should alone be used on the road.  The name
of _Best Friend_ was given to this very simple product of native genius.
The idea of the multitubular boiler had not yet suggested itself in
America.  The _Best Friend_, therefore, was supplied with a common
vertical boiler, 'in form of an old-fashioned porter-bottle, the furnace
at the bottom surrounded with water, and all filled inside of what we
call teats running out from the sides and tops.'  By means of the
projections or 'teats' a portion at least of the necessary heating
surface was provided.  The cylinder was at the front of the platform, the
rear end of which was occupied by the boiler, and it was fed by means of
a connecting pipe.  Thanks to the indefatigable researches of an
enthusiast on railroad construction, we have an account of the
performances of this and all the other pioneers among American
locomotives, and the pictures with which Mr. W. H. Brown has enriched his
book would alone render it both curious and valuable.  Prior to the
stockholders' anniversary of January 15th, 1831, it seems that the _Best
Friend_ had made several trips 'running at the rate of sixteen to
twenty-one miles an hour, with forty or fifty passengers in some four or
five cars, and without the cars, thirty to thirty-five miles an hour.'
The stockholders' day was, however, a special occasion, and the papers of
the following Monday, for it happened on a Saturday, gave the following
account of it:--

"Notice having been previously given, inviting the stockholders, about
one hundred and fifty assembled in the course of the morning at the
company's buildings in Line Street, together with a number of invited
guests.  The weather the day and night previous had been stormy, and the
morning was cold and cloudy.  Anticipating a postponement of the
ceremonies, the locomotive engine had been taken to pieces for cleaning,
but upon the assembling of the company she was put in order, the
cylinders new packed and at the word the apparatus was ready for
movement.  The first trip was performed with two pleasure cars attached,
and a small carriage, fitted for the occasion, upon which was a
detachment of United States troops and a field-piece which had been
politely granted by Major Belton for the occasion. . .  The number of
passengers brought down, which was performed in two trips, was estimated
at upward of two hundred.  A band of music enlivened the scene, and great
hilarity and good humour prevailed throughout the day."

It was not long, however, before the _Best Friend_ came to serious grief.
Naturally, and even necessarily, inasmuch as it was a South Carolina
institution, it was provided with a <DW64> fireman.  It so happened that
this functionary while in the discharge of his duties was much annoyed by
the escape of steam from the safety valve, and, not having made himself
complete master of the principles underlying the use of steam as a source
of power, he took advantage of a temporary absence of the engineer in
charge to effect a radical remedy of this cause of annoyance.  He not
only fastened down the valve lever, but further made the thing perfectly
sure by sitting upon it.  The consequences were hardly less disastrous to
the _Best Friend_ than to the chattel fireman.  Neither were of much
further practical use.  Before this mishap chanced, however in June,
1831, a second locomotive, called the _West Point_, had arrived in
Charleston, and this last was constructed on the principle of
Stephenson's _Rocket_.  In its general aspect, indeed, it greatly
resembled that already famous prototype.  There is a very characteristic
and suggestive cut representing a trial trip made with this locomotive on
March 5th, 1831.  The nerves of the Charleston people had been a good
deal disturbed and their confidence in steam as a safe motor shaken by
the disaster which had befallen the _Best Friend_.  Mindful of this fact,
and very properly solicitous for the safety of their guests, the
directors now had recourse to a very simple and ingenious expedient.
They put what they called a 'barrier car' between the locomotive and
passenger coaches of the train.  This barrier car consisted of a platform
on wheels upon which were piled six bales of cotton.  A fortification was
thus provided between the passengers and any future <DW64> sitting on the
safety valve.  We are also assured that 'the safety valve being out of
the reach of any person but the engineer, will contribute to the
prevention of accidents in the future, such as befel the _Best Friend_.'
Judging by the cut which represents the train, this occasion must have
been even more marked for its 'hilarity' than the earlier one which has
already been described.  Besides the locomotive and the barrier car there
are four passenger coaches.  In the first of these was a <DW64> band, in
general appearance very closely resembling the minstrels of a later day,
the members of which are energetically performing on musical instruments
of various familiar descriptions.  Then follow three cars full of the
saddest looking white passengers, who were present as we were informed to
the number of one hundred and seventeen.  The excursion was, however,
highly successful, and two-and-a-quarter miles of road were passed over
in the short space of eight minutes--about the speed at which a good
horse would trot for the same distance.

This was in March, 1831.  About six months before, however, there had
actually been a trial of speed between a horse and one of the pioneer
locomotives, which had not resulted in favour of the locomotive.  It took
place on the present Baltimore and Ohio road upon the 28th of August,
1830.  The engine in this case was contrived by no other than Mr. Peter
Cooper.  And it affords a striking illustration of how recent those
events which now seem so remote really were, that here is a man until
very recently living, and amongst the most familiar to the eyes of the
present generation, who was a contemporary of Stephenson, and himself
invented a locomotive during the Rainhill year, being then nearly forty
years of age.  The Cooper engine, however, was scarcely more than a
working model.  Its active-minded inventor hardly seems to have aimed at
anything more than a demonstration of possibilities.  The whole thing
weighed only a ton, and was of one horse power; in fact it was not larger
than those handcars now in common use with railroad section-men.  The
boiler, about the size of a modern kitchen boiler, stood upright and was
fitted above the furnace--which occupied the lower section--with vertical
tubes.  The cylinder was but three-and-a-half inches in diameter, and the
wheels were moved by gearing.  In order to secure the requisite pressure
of steam in so small a boiler, a sort of bellows was provided which was
kept in action by means of a drum attached to one of the car-wheels over
which passed a cord which worked a pulley, which in turn worked the
bellows.  Thus, of Stephenson's two great devices, without either of
which his success at Rainhill would have been impossible--the waste steam
blast and the multitubular boiler--Peter Cooper had only got hold of the
last.  He owed his defeat in the race between his engine and a horse to
the fact that he had not got hold of the first.  It happened in this
wise.  Several experimental trips had been made with the little engine on
the Baltimore and Ohio road, the first sections of which had recently
been completed and were then operated upon by means of horses.  The
success of these trips was such that at last, just seventeen days before
the formal opening of the Manchester and Liverpool road on the other side
of the Atlantic, a small open car was attached to the engine--the name of
which, by the way, was _Tom Thumb_--and upon this a party of directors
and their friends were carried from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills and
back, a distance of some twenty-six miles.

The trip out was made in an hour, and was very successful.  The return
was less so, and for the following reason:--

"The great stage proprietors of the day were Stockton and Stokes; and on
that occasion a gallant grey, of great beauty and power, was driven by
them from town, attached to another car on the second track--for the
company had begun by making two tracks to the Mills--and met the engine
at the Relay House on its way back.  From this point it was determined to
have a race home, and the start being even, away went horse and engine,
the snort of the one and the puff of the other keeping tune and time.

"At first the grey had the best of it, for his _steam_ would be applied
to the greatest advantage on the instant, while the engine had to wait
until the rotation of the wheels set the blower to work.  The horse was
perhaps a quarter of a mile ahead when the safety valve of the engine
lifted, and the thin blue vapour issuing from it showed an excess of
steam.  The blower whistled, the steam blew off in vapoury clouds, the
pace increased, the passengers shouted, the engine gained on the horse,
soon it lapped him--the silk was plied--the race was neck and neck, nose
and nose--then the engine passed the horse, and a great hurrah hailed the
victory.  But it was not repeated, for, just at this time, when the
grey's master was about giving up, the band which draws the pulley which
moved the blower slipped from the drum, the safety valve ceased to
scream, and the engine--for want of breath--began to wheeze and pant.  In
vain Mr. Cooper, who was his own engineer and fireman, lacerated his
hands in attempting to replace the band upon the wheel; the horse gained
upon the machine and passed it, and although the band was presently
replaced, and the steam again did its best, the horse was too far ahead
to be overtaken, and came in the winner of the race."




ENGLISH AND AMERICAN OPPOSITION.


What wonder that such an innovation as railways was strenuously opposed,
threatening, as it did, the coaching interest, and the posting interest,
the canal interest, and the sporting interest, and private interests of
every variety.  "Gentlemen, as an individual," said a sporting M.P. for
Cheltenham, "I hate your railways; I detest them altogether; I wish the
concoctors of the Cheltenham and Oxford, and the concoctors of every
other scheme, including the solicitors and engineers, were at rest in
Paradise.  Gentlemen, I detest railroads; nothing is more distasteful to
me than to hear the echo of our hills reverberating with the noise of
hissing railroad engines, running through the heart of our hunting
country, and destroying that noble sport to which I have been accustomed
from my childhood."  And at Tewkesbury, one speaker contended that "any
railway would be injurious;" compared engines to "war-horses and fiery
meteors;" and affirmed that "the evils contained in Pandora's box were
but trifles compared with those that would be consequent on railways."
Even in go-aheadative America, some steady jog trotting opponents raised
their voices against the nascent system; one of whom (a canal
stockholder, by the way) chronicled the following objective arguments.
"He saw what would be the effect of it; that it would set the whole world
a-gadding.  Twenty miles an hour, sir!  Why you will not be able to keep
an apprentice-boy at his work; every Saturday evening he must take a trip
to Ohio, to spend the Sabbath with his sweetheart.  Grave plodding
citizens will be flying about like comets.  All local attachments must be
at an end.  It will encourage flightiness of intellect.  Veracious people
will turn into the most immeasurable liars; all their conceptions will be
exaggerated by their magnificent notions of distance.  'Only a hundred
miles off!  Tut, nonsense, I'll step across, madam, and bring your fan!'
'Pray, sir, will you dine with me to-day at my little box at Alleghany?'
'Why, indeed, I don't know.  I shall be in town until twelve.  Well, I
shall be there; but you must let me off in time for the theatre.'  And
then, sir, there will be barrels of pork, and cargoes of flour, and
chaldrons of coals, and even lead and whiskey, and such-like sober things
that have always been used to sober travelling, whisking away like a set
of sky-rockets.  It will upset all the gravity of the nation.  If two
gentlemen have an affair of honour, they have only to steal off to the
Rocky Mountains, and there no jurisdiction can touch them.  And then,
sir, think of flying for debt!  A set of bailiffs, mounted on
bomb-shells, would not overtake an absconded debtor, only give him a fair
start.  Upon the whole, sir, it is a pestilential, topsy-turvy,
harum-scarum whirligig.  Give me the old, solemn, straightforward,
regular Dutch canal--three miles an hour for expresses, and two for
ordinary journeys, with a yoke of oxen for a heavy load!  I go for beasts
of burthen: it is more primitive and scriptural, and suits a moral and
religious people better.  None of your hop-skip-and-jump whimsies for
me."

                                              --_Sharpe's London Journal_.




AN UNPLEASANT TRIAL TRIP.


Mr. O. F. Adams remarks:--"A famous trial trip with a new locomotive
engine was that made on the 9th of August, 1831, on the new line from
Albany to Schenectady over the Mohawk Valley road.  The train was made up
of a locomotive, the _De Witt Clinton_, its tender, and five or six
passenger coaches--which were, indeed, nothing but the bodies of stage
coaches placed upon trucks.  The first two of these coaches were set
aside for distinguished visitors; the others were surmounted with seats
of plank to accommodate as many as possible of the great throng of
persons who were anxious to participate in the trip.  Inside and out the
coaches were crowded; every seat was full.  What followed the starting of
the train has thus been described by one who took part in the affair:--

"'The trucks were coupled together with chains or chain-links, leaving
from two to three feet slack, and when the locomotive started it took up
the slack by jerks, with sufficient force to jerk the passengers who sat
on seats across the tops of the coaches, out from under their hats, and
in stopping they came together with such force as to send them flying
from their seats.

"They used dry pitch-pine for fuel, and, there being no smoke or
spark-catcher to the chimney or smoke stack, a volume of black smoke,
strongly impregnated with sparks, coal, and cinders, came pouring back
the whole length of the train.  Each of the outside passengers who had an
umbrella raised it as a protection against the smoke and fire.  They were
found to be but a momentary protection, for I think in the first mile the
last one went overboard, all having their covers burnt off from the
frames, when a general melee took place among the deck passengers, each
whipping his neighbour to put out the fire.  They presented a very motley
appearance on arriving at the first station."  Here, "a short stop was
made, and a successful experiment tried to remedy the unpleasant jerks.
A plan was soon hit upon and put into execution.  The three links in the
couplings of the cars were stretched to their utmost tension, a rail from
a fence in the neighbourhood was placed between each pair of cars and
made fast by means of the packing yarn from the cylinders.  This
arrangement improved the order of things, and it was found to answer the
purpose when the signal was again given and the engine started.'"




PROGNOSTICATIONS OF FAILURE.


In the year 1831, the writer of a pamphlet, who styled himself
_Investigator_, essayed the task of "proving by facts and arguments" that
a railway between London and Birmingham would be a "burden upon the trade
of the country and would never pay."  The difficulties and dangers of the
enterprise he thus sets forth:--

"The causes of greater danger on the railway are several.  A velocity of
fifteen miles an hour is in itself a great source of danger, as the
smallest obstacle might produce the most serious consequences.  If, at
that rate, the engine or any forward part of the train should suddenly
stop, the whole would be cracked by the collision like nutshells.  At all
turnings there is a danger that the latter part of the train may swing
off the rails; and, if that takes place, the most serious consequences
must ensue before the whole train can be stopped.  The line, too, upon
which the train must be steered admits of little lateral deviation, while
a stage coach has a choice of the whole roadway.  Independently of the
velocity, which in coaches is the chief source of danger, there are many
perils on the railway, the rails stand up like so many thick knives, and
any one alighting on them would have but a slight chance of his life . .
.  Another consideration which would deter travellers, more especially
invalids, ladies, and children, from making use of the railways, would be
want of accommodation along the line, unless the directors of the railway
choose to build inns as commodious as those on the present line of road.
But those inns the directors would have in part to support also, because
they would be out of the way of any business except that arising from the
railway, and that would be so trifling and so accidental that the
landlords could not afford to keep either a cellar or a larder.

"Commercial travellers, who stop and do business in all the towns and by
so doing render commerce much cheaper than it otherwise would be, and who
give that constant support to the houses of entertainment which makes
them able to supply the occasional traveller well and at a cheap rate,
would, as a matter of course, never by any chance go by the railroad; and
the occasional traveller, who went the same route for pleasure, would go
by the coach road also, because of the cheerful company and comfortable
dinner.  Not one of the nobility, the gentry, or those who travel in
their own carriages, would by any chance go by the railway.  A nobleman
would really not like to be drawn at the tail of a train of wagons, in
which some hundreds of bars of iron were jingling with a noise that would
drown all the bells of the district, and in the momentary apprehension of
having his vehicle broke to pieces, and himself killed or crippled by the
collision of those thirty-ton masses."




SIR ASTLEY COOPER'S OPPOSITION TO THE LONDON AND BIRMINGHAM RAILWAY.


Robert Stephenson, while engaged in the survey of the above line,
encountered much opposition from landed proprietors.  Many years after
its completion, when recalling the past, he said:--"I remember that we
called one day on Sir Astley Cooper, the eminent surgeon, in the hope of
overcoming his aversion to the railway.  He was one of our most
inveterate and influential opponents.  His country house at Berkhampstead
was situated near the intended line, which passed through part of his
property.  We found a courtly, fine-looking old gentleman, of very
stately manners, who received us kindly and heard all we had to say in
favour of the project.  But he was quite inflexible in his opposition to
it.  No deviation or improvement that we could suggest had any effect in
conciliating him.  He was opposed to railways generally, and to this in
particular.  'Your scheme,' said he, 'is preposterous in the extreme.  It
is of so extravagant a character as to be positively absurd.  Then look
at the recklessness of your proceedings!  You are proposing to cut up our
estates in all directions for the purpose of making an unnecessary road.
Do you think, for one moment, of the destruction of property involved by
it?  Why, gentlemen, if this sort of thing be permitted to go on you will
in a very few years _destroy the nobility_!'"




OPPOSITION TO MAKING SURVEYS.


A great deal of opposition was encountered in making the surveys for the
London and Birmingham Railway, and although, in every case, as little
damage was done as possible, simply because it was the interest of those
concerned to conciliate all parties along the line, yet, in several
instances, the opposition was of a most violent nature; in one case no
skill or ingenuity could evade the watchfulness and determination of the
lords of the soil, and the survey was at last accomplished at night by
means of dark lanterns.

On another occasion, when Mr. Gooch was taking levels through some of the
large tracts of grazing land, a few miles from London, two brothers,
occupying the land came to him in a great rage, and insisted on his
leaving their property immediately.  He contrived to learn from them that
the adjoining field was not theirs and he therefore remonstrated but very
slightly with them, and then walked quietly through the gap in the hedge
into the next field, and planted his level on the highest ground he could
find--his assistant remaining at the last level station, distant about a
hundred and sixty yards, apparently quite unconscious of what had taken
place, although one of the brothers was moving very quickly towards him,
for the purpose of sending him off.  Now, if the assistant had moved his
staff before Mr. Gooch had got his sight at it through the telescope of
his level, all his previous work would have been completely lost, and the
survey must have been completed in whatever manner it could have been
done--the great object, however, was to prevent this serious
inconvenience.  The moment Mr. Gooch commenced looking through his
telescope at the staff held by his assistant, the grazier nearest him,
spreading out the tails of his coat, tried to place himself between the
staff and the telescope, in order to intercept all vision, and at the
same time commenced shouting violently to his comrade, desiring him to
make haste and knock down the staff.  Fortunately for Mr. Gooch, although
nature had made this amiable being's ears longer than usual, yet they
performed their office very badly, and as he could not see distinctly
what Mr. Gooch was about--the hedge being between them--he very simply
asked the man at the staff what his (the enquirer's) brother said.  "Oh,"
replied the man, "he is calling to you to stop that horse there which is
galloping out of the fold yard."  Away went Clodpole, as fast as he could
run, to restrain the unruly energies of Smolensko the Ninth, or whatever
other name the unlucky quadruped might be called, and Mr. Gooch in the
meanwhile quietly took the sight required--he having, with great
judgment, planted his level on ground sufficiently high to enable him to
see over the head of any grazier in the land; but his clever assistant,
as soon as he perceived that all was right, had to take to his heels and
make the shortest cut to the high road.

In another instance, a reverend gentleman of the Church of England made
such alarming demonstrations of his opposition that the extraordinary
expedient was resorted to of surveying his property during the time he
was engaged in the pulpit, preaching to his flock.  This was accomplished
by having a strong force of surveyors all in readiness to commence their
operations, by entering the clergyman's grounds on the one side at the
same moment that they saw him fairly off them on the other, and, by a
well organised and systematic arrangement, each man coming to a
conclusion with his allotted task just as the reverend gentleman came to
a conclusion with his sermon; and before he left the church to return to
his home, the deed was done.

                               --Roscoe's _London and Birmingham Railway_.




SANITARY OBJECTIONS.


Mr. Smiles, in his _Life of George Stephenson_, remarks:--"Sanitary
objections were also urged in opposition to railways, and many wise
doctors strongly inveighed against tunnels.  Sir Anthony Carlisle
insisted that "tunnels would expose healthy people to colds, catarrhs,
and consumption."  The noise, the darkness, and the dangers of tunnel
travelling were depicted in all their horrors.  Worst of all, however,
was 'the destruction of the atmospheric air,' as Dr. Lardner termed it.
Elaborate calculations were made by that gentleman to prove that the
provision of ventilating shafts would be altogether insufficient to
prevent the dangers arising from the combustion of coke, producing
carbonic acid gas, which in large quantities was fatal to life.  He
showed, for instance, that in the proposed Box tunnel, on the Great
Western Railway, the passage of 100 tons would deposit about 3090 lbs. of
noxious gases, incapable of supporting life!  Here was an uncomfortable
prospect of suffocation for passengers between London and Bristol.  But
steps were adopted to allay these formidable sources of terror.  Solemn
documents, in the form of certificates, were got up and published, signed
by several of the most distinguished physicians of the day, attesting the
perfect wholesomeness of tunnels, and the purity of the air in them.
Perhaps they went further than was necessary in alleging, what certainly
subsequent experience has not verified, that the atmosphere of the tunnel
was 'dry, of an agreeable temperature, and free from smell.'  Mr.
Stephenson declared his conviction that a tunnel twenty miles long could
be worked safely and without more danger to life than a railway in the
open air; but, at the same time, he admits that tunnels were nuisances,
which he endeavoured to avoid wherever practicable."




ELEVATED RAILWAYS.


In the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for June, 1830, it is stated:--"There are
at present exhibiting in Edinburgh three large models, accompanied with
drawings of railways and their carriages, invented by Mr. Dick, who has a
patent.  These railways are of a different nature from those hitherto in
use, inasmuch as they are not laid along the surface of the ground, but
elevated to such a height as, when necessary, to pass over the tops of
houses and trees.  The principal supports are of stone, and, being placed
at considerable distances, have cast-iron pillars between them.  The
carriages are to be dragged along with a velocity hitherto unparalleled,
by means of a rope drawn by a steam engine or other prime mover, a series
being placed at intervals along the railway.  From the construction of
the railway and carriages the friction is very small."




EVIDENCE OF A GENERAL SALESMAN.


The advantages London derives from railways, in regard to its supply of
good meat, may be gathered from the evidence given by Mr. George Rowley
in 1834, on behalf of the Great Western Railway Company.

"You have been a general salesman of live and dead stock of all
descriptions in Newgate Market 32 years?"--"Yes."

"What is about the annual amount of your sales?"--"I turn over 300,000
pounds in a year."

"Would a railway that facilitated the communication between London and
Bristol be an advantage to your business?"--"I think it would be a
special advantage to London altogether."

"In what way?"--"The facility of having goods brought in reference to
live stock is very important; I have been in the habit of paying Mr.
Bowman, of Bristol, 1,000 pounds a-week for many weeks; that has been for
sending live hogs to me to be sold, to be slaughtered in London; and I
have, out of that 1,000 pounds a-week as many as 40 or 50 pigs die on the
road, and they have sold for little or nothing.  The exertion of the pigs
kills them."

"The means of conveying pigs on a railway would be a great
advantage?"--"Yes, as far as having the pigs come good to market, without
being subject to a distemper that creates fever, and they die as red as
that bag before you, and when they are killed in good health they die a
natural colour."

"Then do I understand you that those who are fortunate enough to survive
the journey are the worse for it?"--"Yes, in weight."

"And in quality?"--"Yes!  All meat killed in the country, and delivered
in the London market dead, in a good state, will make from 6d. to 8d. a
stone more than what is slaughtered in London."




THE ANXIOUS HAIR-DRESSER.


"Clanwilliam mentioned this evening an incident which proves the
wonderful celerity of the railroads.  Mr. Isidore, the Queen's coiffeur,
who receives 2,000 pounds a year for dressing Her Majesty's hair
twice-a-day, had gone to London in the morning to return to Windsor in
time for her toilet; but on arriving at the station he was just five
minutes too late, and saw the train depart without him.  His horror was
great, as he knew that his want of punctuality would deprive him of his
place, as no train would start for the next two hours.  The only resource
was to order a special train, for which he was obliged to pay 18 pounds;
but the establishment feeling the importance of his business, ordered
extra steam to be put on, and convoyed the anxious hair-dresser 18 miles
in 18 minutes, which extricated him from all his difficulties."

                                      _Raike's Diary from_ 1831 _to_ 1847.




SHARP PRACTICE.


Sir Francis Head, Bart., in his _Stokers and Pokers_, remarks:--"During
the construction of the present London and North Western Railway, a
landlady at Hillmorton, near Rugby, of very sharp practice, which she had
imbibed in dealings for many years with canal boatmen, was constantly
remarking aloud that no navvy should ever "do" her; and although the
railway was in her immediate neighbourhood, and although the navvies were
her principal customers, she took pleasure on every opportunity in
repeating the invidious remark.

"It had, however, one fine morning scarcely left her large, full-blown,
rosy lips, when a fine-looking young fellow, walking up to her, carrying
in both hands a huge stone bottle, commonly called a 'grey-neck,' briefly
asked her for 'half a gallon of gin;' which was no sooner measured and
poured in than the money was rudely demanded before it could be taken
away.

"On the navvy declining to pay the exorbitant price asked, the landlady,
with a face like a peony, angrily told him he must either pay for the gin
or _instantly_ return it.

"He silently chose the latter, and accordingly, while the eyes of his
antagonist were wrathfully fixed upon his, he returned into her measure
the half gallon, and then quietly walked off; but having previously put
into his grey-neck half a gallon of water, each party eventually found
themselves in possession of half a gallon of gin and water; and, however
either may have enjoyed the mixture, it is historically recorded at
Hillmorton that the landlady was never again heard unnecessarily to boast
that no navvy could _do_ her."




A NAVVY'S REASON FOR NOT GOING TO CHURCH.


A navvy at Kilsby, being asked why he did not go to church? duly answered
in geological language--"_Why_, _Soonday hasn't cropped out here yet_!"
By which he meant that the clergyman appointed to the new village had not
yet arrived.




SNAKES' HEADS.


One of the earliest forms of rails used by the Americans consisted of a
flat bar half-an-inch thick spiked down to longitudinal timbers.  In the
process of running the train, the iron was curved, the spikes loosened,
and the ends of the bars turned up, and were known by the name of snakes'
heads.  Occasionally they pierced the bottoms of the carriages and
injured passengers, and it was no uncommon thing to hear passengers
speculate as to which line they would go by, as showing fewest snakes'
heads.




PREJUDICE REMOVED.


Mr. William Reed, a land agent, was called, in 1834, to give evidence in
favour of the Great Western Railway.  He was questioned as to the
benefits conferred upon the localities passed through by the Manchester
and Liverpool Railway.  He was asked, "From your knowledge of the
property in the neighbourhood, can you say that the houses have not
decreased in value?"  "Yes; I know an instance of a gentleman who had a
house very near, and, though he quarrelled very much with the Company
when they came there, and said, 'Very well, if you will come let me have
a high wall to keep you out of sight,' and a year-and-a-half ago he
petitioned the Company to take down the wall, and he has put up an iron
railing, so that he may see them."




A RIDE FROM BOSTON TO PROVIDENCE IN 1835.


The early railway enterprise in America was not regarded by all persons
with feelings of unmixed satisfaction.  Thus we read of the railway
journey taken by a gentleman of the old school, whose experience and
sensations--if not very satisfactory to himself--are worth
recording:--"July 22, 1835.--This morning at nine o'clock I took passage
in a railroad car (from Boston) for Providence.  Five or six other cars
were attached to the locomotive, and uglier boxes I do not wish to travel
in.  They were made to stow away some thirty human beings, who sit cheek
by jowl as best they can.  Two poor fellows who were not much in the
habit of making their toilet squeezed me into a corner, while the hot sun
drew from their garments a villanous compound of smells made up of salt
fish, tar, and molasses.  By and bye, just twelve--only twelve--bouncing
factory girls were introduced, who were going on a party of pleasure to
Newport.  'Make room for the ladies!' bawled out the superintendent,
'Come, gentlemen, jump up on the top; plenty of room there.'  'I'm afraid
of the bridge knocking my brains out,' said a passenger.  Some made one
excuse and some another.  For my part, I flatly told him that since I had
belonged to the corps of Silver Greys I had lost my gallantry, and did
not intend to move.  The whole twelve were, however, introduced, and soon
made themselves at home, sucking lemons and eating green apples. . .  The
rich and the poor, the educated and the ignorant, the polite and the
vulgar, all herd together in this modern improvement of travelling.  The
consequence is a complete amalgamation.  Master and servant sleep heads
and points on the cabin floor of the steamer, feed at the same table, sit
in each other's laps, as it were, in the cars; and all this for the sake
of doing very uncomfortably in two days what would be done delightfully
in eight or ten.  Shall we be much longer kept by this toilsome fashion
of hurrying, hurrying, from starting (those who can afford it) on a
journey with our own horses, and moving slowly, surely, and profitably
through the country, with the power of enjoying its beauty, and be the
means of creating good inns.  Undoubtedly, a line of post-horses and
post-chaises would long ago have been established along our great roads
had not steam monopolized everything. . . .  Talk of ladies on board a
steamboat or in a railroad car.  There are none!  I never feel like a
gentleman there, and I cannot perceive a semblance of gentility in any
one who makes part of the travelling mob.  When I see women whom, in
their drawing rooms or elsewhere, I have been accustomed to respect and
treat with every suitable deference--when I see them, I say, elbowing
their way through a crowd of dirty emigrants or lowbred homespun fellows
in petticoats or breeches in our country, in order to reach a table
spread for a hundred or more, I lose sight of their pretensions to
gentility and view them as belonging to the plebeian herd.  To restore
herself to her caste, let a lady move in select company at five miles an
hour, and take her meals in comfort at a good inn, where she may dine
decently. . . .  After all, the old-fashioned way of five or six miles,
with liberty to dine in a decent inn and be master of one's movements,
with the delight of seeing the country and getting along rationally, is
the mode to which I cling, and which will be adopted again by the
generations of after times."

                                        --_Recollections of Samuel Breck_.




APPEALING TO THE CLERGY.


Mr. C. F. Adams remarks:--"During the periods of discouragement which, a
few years later, marked certain stages of the construction of the Western
road, connecting Worcester with Albany--when both money and courage
seemed almost exhausted--Mr. De Grand never for a moment faltered.  He
might almost be said to have then had Western railroad on the brain.
Among other things, he issued a circular which caused much amusement and
not improbably some scandal among the more precise.  The Rev. S. K.
Lothrop, then a young man, had preached a sermon in Brattle Street Church
which attracted a good deal of attention, on the subject of the moral and
Christianizing influence of railroads.  Mr. De Grand thought he saw his
occasion, and he certainly availed himself of it.  He at once had a
circular printed, a copy of which he sent to every clergyman in
Massachusetts, suggesting the propriety of a discourse on 'The moral and
Christianizing influence of railroads in general and of the Western
railroad in particular.'"




AIR-WAYS INSTEAD OF RAILWAYS.


In the _Mechanics' Magazine_ for July 22nd, 1837, is to be found the
following remarkable suggestion:--"In many parts of the new railroads,
where there has been some objection to the locomotive engines, stationary
ones are resorted to, as everyone knows to draw the vehicles along.  Why
might not these vehicles be balloons?  Why, instead of being dragged on
the surface of the ground, along costly viaducts or under disagreeable
tunnels, might they not travel two or three hundred feet high?  By
balloons, I mean, of course, anything raised in the air by means of a gas
lighter than the air.  They might be of all shapes and sizes to suit
convenience.  The practicability of this plan does not seem to be
doubtful.  Its advantages are obvious.  Instead of having to purchase, as
for a railway, the whole line of track passed over, the company for a
balloon-way would only have to procure those spots of ground on which
they proposed to erect stationary engines; and these need in no case be
of peculiar value, since their being a hundred yards one way or the other
would make little difference.  Viaducts of course would never be
necessary, cuttings in very few occasions indeed, if at all.  The chief
expense of balloons is their inflation, which is renewed at every new
ascent; but in these balloons the gas once in need never to be let out,
and one inflation would be enough."

The same writer a few years later on observes:--"One feature of the
air-way to supersede the railway would be, that besides preventing the
destruction of the architectural beauties of the metropolis, now menaced
by the multitudinous network of viaducts and subways at war with the
existing thoroughfares, it would occasion the construction of numerous
lofty towers as stations of arrival and departure, which would afford an
opportunity of architectural effect hitherto undreamed of."




PREJUDICE AGAINST CARRYING COALS BY RAILWAYS.


Rev. F. S. Williams in an article upon "Railway Revolutions,"
remarks:--"When railways were first established it was never imagined
that they would be so far degraded as to carry coals; but George
Stephenson and others soon saw how great a service railways might render
in developing and distributing the mineral wealth of the country.
Prejudice had, however, to be timidly and vigorously overcome.  When it
was mentioned to a certain eminent railway authority that George
Stephenson had spoken of sending coals by railway: 'Coals!' he exclaimed,
'they will want us to carry dung next.'  The remark was reported to 'Old
George,' who was not behind his critic in the energy of his expression.
'You tell B--,' he said, 'that when he travels by railway, they carry
dung now!'  The strength of the feeling against the traffic is
sufficiently illustrated by the fact that, when the London and Birmingham
Railway began to carry coal, the wagons that contained it were sheeted
over that their contents might not be seen; and when a coal wharf was
first made at Crick station, a screen was built to hide the work from the
observation of passengers on the line.  Even the possibility of carrying
coal at a remunerative price was denied.  'I am very sorry,' said Lord
Eldon, referring to this subject, 'to find the intelligent people of the
north country gone mad on the subject of railways;' and another eminent
authority declared: 'It is all very well to spend money; it will do some
good; but I will eat all the coals your railway will carry.'

"George Stephenson, however, and other friends of coal, held on their
way; and he declared that the time would come when London would be
supplied with coal by railway.  'The strength of Britain,' he said, 'is
in her coal beds; and the locomotive is destined, above all other
agencies, to bring it forth.  The Lord Chancellor now sits upon a bag of
wool; but wool has long ceased to be emblematical of the staple commodity
of England.  He ought rather to sit upon a bag of coals, though it might
not prove quite so comfortable a seat.  Then think of the Lord Chancellor
being addressed as the noble and learned lord on the coal-sack?  I'm
afraid it wouldn't answer, after all.'"




AN EPITAPH ON THE VICTIM OF A RAILWAY ACCIDENT.


A correspondent writes to the _Pall Mall Gazette_:--"Our poetic
literature, so rich in other respects, is entirely wanting in epitaphs on
the victims of railway accidents.  A specimen of what may be turned in
this line is to be seen on a tombstone in the picturesque churchyard of
Harrow-on-the-Hill.  It was, I observe, written as long ago as 1838, so
that it can be reproduced without much danger of hurting the feelings of
those who may have known and loved the subject of this touching elegy.
The name of the victim was Port, and the circumstances of his death are
thus set forth:--

    Bright was the morn, and happy rose poor Port;
    Gay on the train he used his wonted sport.
    Ere noon arrived his mangled form they bore
    With pain distorted and overwhelmed with gore.
    When evening came and closed the fatal day,
    A mutilated corpse the sufferer lay."




AN ENGINE-DRIVER'S EPITAPH.


In the cemetery at Alton, Illinois, there is a tombstone bearing the
following inscription:--

    "My engine is now cold and still.
    No water does my boiler fill.
    My coke affords its flame no more,
    My days of usefulness are o'er;
    My wheels deny their noted speed,
    No more my guiding hand they heed;
    My whistle--it has lost its tone,
    Its shrill and thrilling sound is gone;
    My valves are now thrown open wide,
    My flanges all refuse to glide;
    My clacks--alas! though once so strong,
    Refuse their aid in the busy throng;
    No more I feel each urging breath,
    My steam is now condensed in death;
    Life's railway o'er, each station past,
    In death I'm stopped, and rest at last."

This epitaph was written by an engineer on the old Chicago and
Mississippi Railroad, who was fatally injured by an accident on the road;
and while he lay awaiting the death which he knew to be inevitable, he
wrote the lines which are engraved upon his tombstone.




TRAFFIC-TAKING.


Between the years 1836 and 1839, when there were many railway acts
applied for, traffic-taking became a lucrative calling.  It was necessary
that some approximate estimate should be made as to the income which the
lines might be expected to yield.  Arithmeticians, who calculated traffic
receipts, were to be found to prove what promoters of railways required
to satisfy shareholders and Parliamentary Committees.  The Eastern
Counties Railway was estimated to pay a dividend of 23.5 per cent.; the
London and Cambridge, 14.5 per cent.; the Sheffield and Manchester, 18.5
per cent.  One shareholder of this company was so sanguine as to the
success of the line that in a letter to the _Railway Magazine_ he
calculated on a dividend of 80 per cent.  Bitter indeed must have been
the disappointment of those railway shareholders who pinned their faith
to the estimates of traffic-takers, when instead of receiving large
dividends, little was received, and in some instances the lines paid no
dividend at all.




MONEY LOST AND FOUND.


On Friday night, a servant of the Birmingham Railway Company found in one
of the first-class carriages, after the passengers had left, a pocket
book containing a check on a London Bank for 2,000 and 2,500 pounds in
bank notes.  He delivered the book and its contents to the principal
officer, and it was forwarded to the gentleman to whom it belonged, his
address being discovered from some letters in the pocket book.  He had
gone to bed, and risen and dressed himself next morning without
discovering his loss, which was only made known by the restoration of the
property.  He immediately tendered 20 pounds to the party who had found
his money, but this being contrary to the regulations of the directors,
the party, though a poor man, could not receive the reward.  As the
temptation, however, was so great to apply the money to his own use, the
matter is to be brought before a meeting of the directors.

                                                 --_Aris's Gazette_, 1839.




ORIGIN OF COOK'S RAILWAY EXCURSIONS.


Mr. Thomas Cook, the celebrated excursionist, in an article in the
_Leisure Hour_ remarks:--"As a pioneer in a wide field of thought and
action, my course can never be repeated.  It has been mine to battle
against inaugural difficulties, and to place the system on a basis of
consolidated strength.  It was mine to lay the foundations of a system on
which others, both individuals and companies, have builded, and there is
not a phase of the tourist plans of Europe and America that was not
embodied in my plans or foreshadowed in my ideas.  The whole thing seemed
to come to me as by intuition, and my spirit recoiled at the idea of
imitation.

"The beginning was very small, and was on this wise.  I believe that the
Midland Railway from Derby to Rugby _via_ Leicester was opened in 1840.
At that time I knew but little of railways, having only travelled over
the Leicester and Swannington line from Leicester to Long Lane, a
terminus near to the Leicestershire collieries.  The reports in the
papers of the opening of the new line created astonishment in
Leicestershire, and I had read of an interchange of visits between the
Leicester and Nottingham Mechanics' Institutes.  I was an enthusiastic
temperance man, and the secretary of a district association, which
embraced parts of the two counties of Leicester and Northampton.  A great
meeting was to be held at Leicester, over which Lawrence Heyworth, Esq.,
of Liverpool--a great railway as well as temperance man--was advertised
to preside.  From my residence at Market Harborough I walked to Leicester
(fifteen miles) to attend that meeting.  About midway between Harborough
and Leicester--my mind's eye has often reverted to the spot--a thought
flashed through my brain, what a glorious thing it would be if the
newly-developed powers of railways and locomotion could be made
subservient to the promotion of temperance.  That thought grew upon me as
I travelled over the last six or eight miles.  I carried it up to the
platform, and, strong in the confidence of the sympathy of the chairman,
I broached the idea of engaging a special train to carry the friends of
temperance from Leicester to Loughborough and back to attend a quarterly
delegate meeting appointed to be held there in two or three weeks
following.  The chairman approved, the meeting roared with excitement,
and early next day I proposed my grand scheme to John Fox Bell, the
resident secretary of the Midland Counties Railway Company.  Mr. Paget,
of Loughborough, opened his park for a gala, and on the day appointed
about five hundred passengers filled some twenty or twenty-five open
carriages--they were called 'tubs' in those days--and the party rode the
enormous distance of eleven miles and back for a shilling, children
half-price.  We carried music with us, and music met us at the
Loughborough station.  The people crowded the streets, filled windows,
covered the house-tops, and cheered us all along the line, with the
heartiest welcome.  All went off in the best style and in perfect safety
we returned to Leicester; and thus was struck the keynote of my
excursions, and the social idea grew upon me."




THE DEODAND.


It was a principle of English common law derived from the feudal period,
that anything through the instrumentality of which death occurred was
forfeited to the crown as a deodand; accordingly down to the year 1840
and even later, we find, in all cases where persons were killed, records
of deodands levied by the coroners' juries upon locomotives.  These
appear to have been arbitrarily imposed and graduated in amount
accordingly as circumstances seemed to excite in greater or less degree
the sympathies or the indignation of the jury.  In November, 1838, for
instance, a locomotive exploded upon the Liverpool and Manchester line,
killing its engineer and fireman; and for this escapade a deodand of
twenty pounds was assessed upon it by the coroner's jury; while upon
another occasion, in 1839, when the locomotive struck and killed a man
and horse at a street crossing, the deodand was fixed at no less a sum
than fourteen hundred pounds, the full value of the engine.  Yet in this
last case there did not appear to be any circumstances rendering the
company liable in civil damages.  The deodand seems to have been looked
upon as a species of rude penalty imposed on the use of dangerous
appliances, a sharp reminder to the companies to look sharply after their
locomotives and employes.  Thus upon the 24th of December, 1841, on the
Great Western Railway, a train, while moving through a thick fog at a
high rate of speed, came suddenly in contact with a mass of earth which
had slid from the embankment at the side on to the track.  Instantly the
whole rear of the train was piled up on the top of the first carriage,
which happened to be crowded with passengers, eight of whom were killed
on the spot, while seventeen others were more or less injured.  The
coroner's jury returned a verdict of accidental death, and at the same
time, as if to give the company a forcible hint to look closer to the
condition of its embankment, a deodand of one hundred pounds was levied
on the locomotive and tender.




AN UNFORTUNATE DISCUSSION.


Two gentlemen sitting opposite each other in a railway carriage got into
a political argument; one was elderly and a staunch Conservative, the
other was young and an ultra-Radical.  It may be readily conceived that,
as the argument went on, the abuse became fast and furious; all sorts of
unpleasant phrases and epithets were bandied about, personalities were
freely indulged in, and the other passengers were absolutely compelled to
interfere to prevent a _fracas_.  At the end of the journey the
disputants parted in mutual disgust, and looking unutterable things.  It
so happened that the young man had a letter of introduction to an
influential person in the neighbourhood respecting a legal appointment
which was then vacant, which the young man desired to obtain, and which
the elderly gentleman had the power to secure.  The young petitioner,
first going to his hotel and making himself presentable, sallied forth on
his errand.  He reached the noble mansion of the person to whom his
letter of introduction was addressed, was ushered into an ante-room, and
there awaited, with mingled hope and fear, the all-important interview.
After a few minutes the door opened and, horrible to relate! he who
entered was the young man's travelling opponent, and thus the opponents
of an hour since stood face to face.  The confusion and humiliation on
the one side, and the hauteur and coldness on the other, may be readily
imagined.  Sir Edward C--, however--for such he was--although he
instantly recognized his recent antagonist, was too well-bred to make any
allusion to the transaction.  He took the letter of introduction in
silence, read it, folded it up, and returned it to the presenter with a
bitter smile and the following speech: "Sir, I am infinitely obliged to
my friend, Mr. --, for recommending to my notice a gentleman whom he
conceives to be so well fitted for the vacant post as yourself; but
permit me to say that, inasmuch as the office you are desirous to fill
exists upon a purely Conservative tenure, and can only be appropriately
administered by a person of Conservative tendency, I could not think of
doing such violence to your well-known political principles as to
recommend you for the post in question."  With these words and another
smile more grim than before, Sir Edward C-- bowed the chapfallen
petitioner out, and he quickly took his way to the railway station,
secretly vowing never again to enter into political argument with an
unknown railway traveller.

                                   --_The Railway Traveller's Handy Book_.




DOG TICKET.


Shortly after telegraphs were laid alongside of railways, a principal
officer of a railway company got into a compartment of a stopping train
at an intermediate station.  The train had hardly left, when an elderly
gentleman, in terms of endearment, invited what turned out to be a little
Skye terrier to come out of its concealment under the seat.  The dog came
out, jumped up, and appeared to enjoy his journey until the speed of the
train slackened previous to stopping at a station, the dog then
instinctively retreated to its hiding place, and came out again in due
course after the train had started.  The officer of the company left the
train at a station or two afterwards.  On its arrival at the London
ticket platform the gentleman delivered up the tickets for his party.
"Dog ticket, sir, please."  "Dog ticket, what dog ticket?"  "Ticket, sir,
for Skye terrier, black and tan, with his ears nearly over his eyes;
travelling, for comfort's sake, under the seat opposite to you, sir, in a
large carpet bag, red ground with yellow cross-bars."  The gentleman
found resistance useless; he paid the fare demanded, when the
ticket-collector--who throughout the scene had never changed a
muscle--handed him a ticket that he had prepared beforehand.  "Dog
ticket, sir; gentlemen not allowed to travel with a dog without a dog
ticket; you will have to give it up in London."  "Yes, but how did you
know I had a dog?  That's what puzzles me!"  "Ah, sir," said the
ticket-collector, relaxing a little, but with an air of satisfaction,
"the telegraph is laid on our railway.  Them's the wires you see on the
outside; we find them very useful in our business, etc.  Thank you, sir,
good morning."  It is needless to tell what part the principal officer
played in this little drama.  On arrival in London the dog ticket was
duly claimed, a little word to that effect having been sent up by a
previous train to be sure to have it demanded, although, as a usual
practice, dog tickets are collected at the same time as those of
passengers.

                                          --_Roney's Rambles on Railways_.




THE ELECTRIC CONSTABLE.


The first application of the telegraph to police purposes took place in
1844, on the Great Western Railway, and, as it was the first intimation
thieves got of the electric constable being on duty, it is full of
interest.  The following extracts are from the telegraph book kept at the
Paddington Station:--

"Eton Montem Day, August 28, 1844.--The Commissioners of Police having
issued orders that several officers of the detective force shall be
stationed at Paddington to watch the movements of suspicious persons,
going by the down train, and give notice by the electric telegraph to the
Slough station of the number of such suspected persons, and dress, their
names (if known), also the carriages in which they are."

Now come the messages following one after the other, and influencing the
fate of the marked individuals with all the celerity, certainty, and
calmness of the Nemesis of the Greek drama:--

"Paddington, 10.20 a.m.--Mail train just started.  It contains three
thieves, named Sparrow, Burrell, and Spurgeon, in the first compartment
of the fourth first-class carriage."

"Slough, 10.50 a.m.--Mail train arrived.  _The officers have cautioned
the three thieves_."

"Paddington, 10.50 a.m.--Special train just left.  It contained two
thieves; one named Oliver Martin, who is dressed in black, _crape on his
hat_; the other named Fiddler Dick, in black trousers and light blouse.
Both in the third compartment of the first second-class carriage."

"Slough, 11.16 a.m.--Special train arrived.  Officers have taken the two
thieves into custody, a lady having lost her bag, containing a purse with
two sovereigns and some silver in it; one of the sovereigns was sworn to
by the lady as having been her property.  It was found in Fiddler Dick's
watch fob."

It appears that, on the arrival of the train, a policeman opened the door
of the "third compartment of the first second-class carriage," and asked
the passengers if they had missed anything?  A search in pockets and bags
accordingly ensued, until one lady called out that her purse was gone.

"Fiddler Dick, you are wanted," was the immediate demand of the police
officer, beckoning to the culprit, who came out of the carriage
thunder-struck at the discovery, and gave himself up, together with the
booty, with the air of a completely beaten man.  The effect of the
capture so cleverly brought about is thus spoken of in the telegraph
book:--

"Slough, 11.51 a.m.--Several of the suspected persons who came by the
various down-trains are lurking about Slough, uttering bitter invectives
against the telegraph.  Not one of those cautioned has ventured to
proceed to the Montem."




RUNAWAY MATCH.


Sir Francis Head in his account of the London and North-Western Railway
remarks:--"During a marriage which very lately took place at --, one of
the bridesmaids was so deeply affected by the ceremony that she took the
opportunity of the concentrated interest excited by the bride to elope
from church with an admirer.  The instant her parents discovered their
sad loss, messengers were sent to all the railway stations to stop the
fugitives.  The telegraph also went to work, and with such effect that,
before night, no less than four affectionate couples legitimately married
that morning were interrupted on their several marriage jaunts and most
seriously bothered, inconvenienced, and impeded by policemen and
magistrates."




A RAILWAY ROMANCE.


An incident of an amusing though of a rather serious nature occurred some
years ago on the London and South-Western Railway.  A gentleman, whose
place of residence was Maple Derwell, near Basingstoke, got into a
first-class carriage at the Waterloo terminus, with the intention of
proceeding home by one of the main line down trains.  His only
fellow-passengers in the compartment were a lady and an infant, and
another gentleman, and thus things remained until the arrival of the
train at Walton, where the other gentleman left the carriage, leaving the
first gentleman with the lady and child.  Shortly after this the train
reached the Weybridge station, and on its stopping the lady, under the
pretence of looking for her servant or carriage, requested her male
fellow-passenger to hold the infant for a few minutes while she went to
search for what she wanted.  The bell rang for the starting of the train
and the gentleman thus strangely left with the baby began to get rather
fidgety, and anxious to return his charge to the mother.  The lady,
however, did not again put in any appearance, and the train went on
without her, the child remaining with the gentleman, who, on arriving at
his destination took the child home to his wife and explained the
circumstance under which it came into his possession.  No application
has, at present, it is understood, been made for the "lost child," which
has for the nonce been adopted by the gentleman and his wife, who, it is
said, are without any family of their own.




GIGANTIC POWER OF LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES.


Sir Francis Head remarks:--"The gigantic power of the locomotive engines
hourly committed to the charge of these drivers was lately strangely
exemplified in the large engine stable at the Camden Station.  A
passenger engine, whose furnace-fire had but shortly been lighted, was
standing in this huge building surrounded by a number of artificers, who,
in presence of the chief superintendent, were working in various
directions around it.  While they were all busily occupied, the fire in
the furnace--by burning up faster than was expected--suddenly imparted to
the engine the breath of life; and no sooner had the minimum of steam
necessary to move it been thus created, than this infant Hercules not
only walked _off_, but without the smallest embarrassment walked
_through_ the 14-inch brick wall of the great building which contained
it, to the terror of the superintendent and workmen, who expected every
instant that the roof above their heads would fall in and extinguish
them.  In consequence of the spindle of the regulator having got out of
its socket the very same accident occurred shortly afterwards with
another engine, which, in like manner, walked through another portion of
this 14-inch wall of the stable that contained it, just as a
thorough-bred horse would have walked out of the door.  And if such be
the irresistible power of the locomotive engine when feebly walking in
its new-born state, unattended or unassisted even by its tender, is it
not appalling to reflect what must be its momentum when, in the full
vigour of its life, it is flying down a steep gradient at the rate of 50
miles an hour, backed up by, say, 30 passenger carriages, each weighing
on an average 5.5 tons?  If ordinary houses could suddenly be placed in
its path, it would, passengers and all, run through them as a musket-ball
goes through a keg of butter; but what would be the result if, at this
full speed, the engine by any accident were to be diverted against a mass
of solid rock, such as sometimes is to be seen at the entrance of a
tunnel, it is impossible to calculate or even to conjecture.  It is
stated by the company's superintendent, who witnessed the occurrence,
that some time ago an ordinary accident happening to a luggage train near
Loughborough, the wagons overrode each other until the uppermost one was
found piled 40 feet above the rails!"




NOVEL NOTICE TO DEFAULTING SHAREHOLDERS.


In the early days of railway enterprise there was often much difficulty
in obtaining the punctual payment of calls from the shareholders.  The
Leicester and Swannington line was thus troubled.  The Secretary,
adopting a rather novel way to collect the calls, wrote to the
defaulters:--"I am therefore necessitated to inform you, that unless the
sum of 2 pounds is paid on or before the 22nd instant, your name will be
furnished to one of the principal and most pressing creditors of the
company."  The missives of the Secretary generally had the desired
effect.




A QUICK DECISION.


The elder Brunel was habitually absent in society, but no man was more
remarkable for presence of mind in an emergency.  Numerous instances are
recorded of this latter quality, but none more striking than that of his
adventure in the act of inspecting the Birmingham Railway.  Suddenly in a
confined part of the road a train was seen approaching from either end of
the line, and at a speed which it was difficult to calculate.  The
spectators were horrified; there was not an instant to be lost; but an
instant sufficed to the experienced engineer to determine the safest
course under the circumstances.  Without attempting to cross the road,
which would have been almost certain destruction, he at once took his
position exactly midway between the up and down lines, and drawing the
skirts of his coat close around him, allowed the two trains to sweep past
him; when to the great relief of those who witnessed the exciting scene,
he was found untouched upon the road.  Without the engineer's experience
which enabled him to form so rapid a decision, there can be no doubt that
he must have perished.

                                                 --_The Temple Anecdotes_.




THE VERSAILLES ACCIDENT IN 1842.


Mr. Charles F. Adams thus describes it:--"On the 8th of May, 1842, there
happened in France one of the most famous and horrible railroad
slaughters ever recorded.  It was the birthday of the king, Louis
Phillipe, and, in accordance with the usual practice, the occasion had
been celebrated at Versailles by a great display of the fountains.  At
half-past five o'clock these had stopped playing, and a general rush
ensued for the trains then about to leave for Paris.  That which went by
the road along the left bank of the Seine was densely crowded, and was so
long that it required two locomotives to draw it.  As it was moving at a
high rate of speed between Bellevue and Menden, the axle of the foremost
of these two locomotives broke, letting the body of the engine drop to
the ground.  It instantly stopped, and the second locomotive was then
driven by its impetus on top of the first, crushing its engineer and
fireman, while the contents of both the fire-boxes were scattered over
the roadway and among the _debris_.  Three carriages crowded with
passengers were then piled on top of this burning mass, and there crushed
together into each other.  The doors of the train were all locked, as was
then, and indeed is still, the custom in Europe, and it so chanced that
the carriages had all been newly painted.  They blazed up like pine
kindlings.  Some of the carriages were so shattered that a portion of
those in them were enabled to extricate themselves, but no less than
forty were held fast; and of these such as were not so fortunate as to be
crushed to death in the first shock perished hopelessly in the flames
before the eyes of a throng of impotent lookers-on.  Some fifty-two or
fifty-three persons were supposed to have lost their lives in this
disaster, and more than forty others were injured; the exact number of
the killed, however, could never be ascertained, as the telescoping of
the carriages on top of the two locomotives had made of the destroyed
portion of the train a visible holocaust of the most hideous description.
Not only did whole families perish together--in one case no less than
eleven members of the same family sharing a common fate--but the remains
of such as were destroyed could neither be identified nor separated.  In
one case a female foot was alone recognisable, while in others the bodies
were calcined and fused into an undistinguishable mass.  The Academy of
Sciences appointed a committee to inquire whether Admiral D'Urville, a
distinguished French navigator, was among the victims.  His body was
thought to be found, but it was so terribly mutilated that it could be
recognized only by a sculptor, who chanced some time before to have taken
a phrenological cast of his skull.  His wife and only son had perished
with him.

"It is not easy now to conceive the excitement and dismay which this
catastrophe caused throughout France.  The new invention was at once
associated in the minds of an excitable people with novel forms of
imminent death.  France had at best been laggard enough in its adoption
of the new appliance, and now it seemed for a time as if the Versailles
disaster was to operate as a barrier in the way of all further railroad
development.  Persons availed themselves of the steam roads already
constructed as rarely as possible, and then in fear and trembling, while
steps were taken to substitute horse for steam power on other roads then
in process of construction."




AN AMATEUR SIGNALMAN.


Mr. Williams in his book, _Our Iron Roads_, gives an account of a foolish
act of signalling to stop a train; he says:--"An Irishman, who appears to
have been in some measure acquainted with the science of signalling, was
on one occasion walking along the Great Western line without permission,
when he thought he might reduce his information to practical use.
Accordingly, on seeing an express train approach, he ran a short distance
up the side of the cutting, and began to wave a handkerchief very
energetically, which he had secured to a stick, as a signal to stop.  The
warning was not to be disregarded, and never was command obeyed with
greater alacrity.  The works of the engine were reversed--the tender and
van breaks were applied--and soon, to the alarm of the passengers, the
train came to a 'dead halt.'  A hundred heads were thrust out of the
carriage windows, and the guard had scarcely time to exclaim, 'What's the
matter?' when Paddy, with a knowing touch of his 'brinks,' asked his
'honour if he would give him a bit of a ride?'  So polite and ingenuous a
request was not to be denied, and, though biting his lips with annoyance,
the officer replied 'Oh, certainly; jump in here,' and the pilgrim was
ensconced in the luggage van.  But instead of having his ride 'for his
thanks,' the functionary duly handed him over to the magisterial
authorities, that he might be taught the important lesson, that railway
companies did not keep express trains for Irish beggars, and that such
costly machinery was not to be imperilled with impunity, either by their
freaks or their ignorance."




STEAM WHISTLE.


In the early days of railways, the signal of alarm was given by the
blowing of a horn.  In the year, 1833, an accident occurred on the
Leicester and Swannington railway near Thornton, at a level crossing,
through an engine running against a horse and cart.  Mr. Bagster, the
manager, after narrating the circumstance to George Stephenson, asked "Is
it not possible to have a whistle fitted on the engine, which the steam
can blow?"  "A very good thought," replied Stephenson.  "You go to Mr.
So-and-So, a musical instrument maker, and get a model made, and we will
have a steam whistle, and put it on the next engine that comes on the
line."  When the model was made it was sent to the Newcastle factory and
future engines had the whistle fitted on them.




EXEMPTION FROM ACCIDENTS.


Mr. C. F. Adams, remarks:--"Indeed, from the time of Mr. Huskisson's
death, during the period of over eleven years, railroads enjoyed a
remarkable and most fortunate exemption from accidents.  During all that
time there did not occur a single disaster resulting in any considerable
loss of life.  This happy exemption was probably due to a variety of
causes.  Those early roads were in the first place, remarkably well and
thoroughly built, and were very cautiously operated under a light volume
of traffic.  The precautions then taken and the appliances in use would,
it is true, strike the modern railroad superintendent as both primitive
and comical; for instance, they involve the running of independent pilot
locomotives in advance of all night passenger trains, and it was, by the
way, on a pioneer locomotive of this description, on the return trip of
the excursion party from Manchester after the accident to Mr. Huskisson,
that the first recorded attempt was made in the direction of our present
elaborate system of night signals.  On that occasion obstacles were
signalled to those in charge of the succeeding trains by a man on the
pioneer locomotive, who used for that purpose a bit of lighted tarred
rope.  Through all the years between 1830 and 1841, nevertheless, not a
single serious railroad disaster had to be recorded.  Indeed, the
luck--for it was nothing else--of these earlier times was truly amazing.
Thus on this same Liverpool and Manchester road, as a first-class train
on the morning of April 17, 1836, was moving at a speed of some thirty
miles an hour, an axle broke under the first passenger carriage, causing
the whole train to leave the rails and throwing it down the embankment,
which at that point was twenty feet high.  The carriages were rolled
over, and the passengers in them turned topsy-turvy; nor, as they were
securely locked in, could they even extricate themselves when at last the
wreck of the train reached firm bearings.  And yet no one was killed."




RIVAL CONTRACTORS AND THE BLOTTING PAD.


In rails, the same system has prevailed.  Ironmasters have been pitted
against each other, as to which should produce an apparent rail at the
lowest price.  At the outset of railways the rails were made of iron.
Competition gradually produced rails in which a core, of what is
technically called "cinder," is covered up with a skin of iron; and the
cleverest foreman for an ironmaster was the man who could make rails with
the maximum of cinder and the minimum of iron.  In more than one instance
has it been known in relaying an old line the worn-out rails have been
sold at a higher price per ton than the new ones were bought for; yet
this would hardly open the eyes of the buyers.  The contrivances which
are resorted to to get hold of one another's prices beforehand by
competing contractors are manifold; and, when they attend in person, they
commonly put off the filling up of their tender till the last moment.
Once a shrewd contractor found himself at the same inn with a rival who
always trod close on his heels.  He was followed about and
cross-questioned incessantly, and gave vague answers.  Within
half-an-hour of the last moment he went into the coffee room and sat
himself down in a corner where his rival could not overlook him.  There
and then he filled up his tender, and, as he rose from the table, left
behind him the paper on which he had blotted it.  As he left the room his
rival caught up the blotting paper, and, with the exulting glee of a
consciously successful rival, read off the amount backwards.  "Done this
time!" was his mental thought, as he filled up his own tender a dollar
lower, and hastened to deposit it.  To his utter surprise, the next day
he found that he had lost the contract, and complainingly asked his rival
how it was, for he had tendered below him.  "How did you know you were
below me?"  "Because I found your blotting paper."  "I thought so.  I
left it on purpose for you, and wrote another tender in my bedroom.  You
had better make your own calculations next time!"

                                      --_Roads and Rails_, by W. B. Adams.




RAILWAY LEGISLATION.


A writer in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_ remarks:--"The expenses,
direct and incidental, of obtaining an Act of Parliament have been in
many cases enormous, and generally are excessive.  The adherence to
useless and expensive forms of Parliamentary Committees in what are
called the standing orders, or general regulations for the observance of
promoters of railway bills, on the one part, and the itching for
opposition of railway companies, to resist fancied inroads on vested
rights, supposed injurious competition, on the other part, have been
amongst the sources of excessive expenditure.  Mr. Stephenson mentioned
an instance showing how Parliament has entailed expense upon railway
companies by the system complained of.  The Trent Valley Railway was
under other titles originally proposed in 1836.  It was, however, thrown
out by the standing orders committee, in consequence of a barn of the
value of 10 pounds, which was shown upon the general plan, not having
been exhibited upon an enlarged sheet.  In 1840, the line again went
before Parliament.  It was opposed by the Grand Junction Railway Company,
now part of the London and North-Western.  No less than 450 allegations
were made against it before the standing orders subcommittee, which was
engaged twenty-two days in considering those objections.  They ultimately
reported that four or five of the allegations were proved, but the
committee nevertheless allowed the bill to proceed.  It was read a second
time and then went into committee, by whom it was under consideration for
sixty-three days; and ultimately Parliament was prorogued before the
report could be made.  Such were the delays and consequent expenses which
the forms of the House occasioned in this case, that it may be doubted if
the ultimate cost of constructing the whole line was very much more than
was expended in obtaining permission from Parliament to make it.  This
example serves to show the expensive formalities, the delays, and
difficulties, with which Parliament surround railway legislation.
Another instance, quoted by the same authority, will show not only the
absurdity of the system of legislation, but also the afflicting spirit of
competition and opposition with which railway bills are canvassed in
Parliament, and the expensive outlay incurred by companies themselves.

"In 1845, a bill for a line now existing went before Parliament with
eighteen competitors, each party relying on the wisdom of Parliament to
allow their bill at least to pass a second reading!  Nineteen different
parties condemned to one scene of contentious litigation!  They each and
all had to pay not only the costs of promoting their own line, but also
the costs of opposing eighteen other bills.  And yet conscious as
government must have been of this fact, Parliament deliberately abandoned
the only step it ever took on any occasion of subjecting railway projects
to investigation by a preliminary tribunal.  Parliamentary committees
generally satisfied themselves with looking on and watching the ruinous
game of competition for which the public are ultimately to pay.  In fact,
railway legislation became a mere scramble, conducted on no system or
principle.  Schemes of sound character were allowed to be defeated on
merely technical grounds, and others of very inferior character were
sanctioned by public act, after enormous Parliamentary expenses had been
incurred.  Competing lines were granted, sometimes parallel lines through
the same district, and between the same towns."




AN EXPENSIVE PARLIAMENTARY BILL.


A writer in the _Popular Encyclopaedia_ observes:--"But the most
conspicuous example in recent times, which overshadowed all others, of
excessive expenditure in Parliamentary litigation as well as in land and
compensation, is supplied in the history of the Great Northern Company.
The preliminary expenses of surveys, notices to landowners, etc.,
commenced in 1844, and the Bill was introduced into the House of Commons
in 1845, when it was opposed by the London and North-Western, the Eastern
Counties, and the Midland Railways.  It was further opposed successively
by two other schemes, called the London and York and the Direct Northern.
The contest lasted eighty-two days before the House of Commons, more than
half the time having been consumed by opposition to the Bill.  The Bill
was allowed to stand over till next year (1846), when it began, before
the Committee of the House of Lords, where it left off in the Lower House
in the year 1845 on account of the magnitude of the case.  The Bill was
before the Upper House between three and four weeks, and in the same year
(1846) it was granted.  The promoters of the rival projects were bought
off, and all their expenses paid, including the costs of the opposition
of the neighbouring lines already named, before the Great Northern bill
was passed; and the 'preliminary expenses,' comprising the whole
expenditure of every kind up to the passing of the bill was 590,355
pounds, or more than half-a-million sterling, incurred at the end of two
years of litigation.  Subsequently to the passing of the Act an
additional sum of 172,722 pounds was expended for law engineering
expenses in Parliament to 31st December, 1857, which was spent almost
wholly in obtaining leave from Parliament to make various alterations.
Thus it would appear that a sum total of 763,077 pounds was spent as
Parliamentary charges for obtaining leave to construct 245 miles, being
at the rate of 3,118 pounds per mile."




THE RECTOR AND HIS PIG.


"I have been a rector for many years," writes a clergyman, "and have
often heard and read of tithe-pigs, though I have never met with a
specimen of them.  But I had once a little pig given to me which was of a
choice breed, and only just able to leave his mother.  I had to convey
him by carriage to the X station; from thence, twenty-three miles to Y
station, and from thence, eighty-two miles to Z station, and from there,
eight miles by carriage.  I had a comfortable rabbit-hutch of a box made
for him, with a supply of fresh cabbages for his dinner on the road.  I
started off with my wife, children, and nurse; and of these impediments
piggy proved to be the most formidable.  First, a council of war was held
over him at X station by the railway officials, who finally decided that
this small porker must travel as 'two dogs.'  Two dog tickets were
therefore procured for him; and so we journeyed on to Y station.  There a
second council of war was held, and the officials of Y said that the
officials of X (another line) might be prosecuted for charging my piggy
as two dogs, but that he must travel to Z as a horse, and that he must
have a huge horse-box entirely to himself for the next eighty-two miles.
I declined to pay for the horse-box--they refused to let me have my
pig--officials swarmed around me--the station master advised me to pay
for the horse-box and probably the company would return the extra charge.
I scorned the probability, having no faith in the company--the train (it
was a London express) was already detained ten minutes by this wrangle;
and finally I whirled away bereft of my pig.  I felt sure that he would
be forwarded by the next train, but as that would not reach Z till a late
hour in the evening, and it was Saturday, I had to tell my pig tale to
the officials; and not only so, but to go to the adjacent hotel and hire
a pig-stye till the Monday, and fee a porter for seeing to the pig until
I could send a cart for him on that day.  Of course the pig was sent
after me by the next train; and as the charge for him was less than a
halfpenny a mile, I presume he was not considered to be a horse.  Yet
this fact remains--and it is worth the attention of the Zoological
Society, if not of railway officials--that this small porker was never
recognised as a pig, but began his railway journey as two dogs, and was
then changed into a horse."




SIR MORTON PETO'S RAILWAY MISSION.


Mr., afterwards Sir S. Morton Peto, having undertaken the construction of
certain railways in East Anglia, was at this time in the habit of
spending a considerable part of the year in the neighbourhood of Norwich,
and, with his family, joined Mr. Brock's congregation.  It will
afterwards appear how many important movements turned upon the friendship
which was thus formed; but it is only now to be noted that, in the course
of frequent conversations, the practicability was discussed of attempting
something which might serve to interest and improve the large number of
labourers employed on the works in progress.  They were part of that
peculiar body of men which had been gradually formed during a long course
of years for employment in the construction, first of navigable canals,
and then of railways, and called, from their earlier occupation,
"navvies."  They were drawn from diverse parts of the British Islands,
and professed, in some instances, hostile forms of religion, but were
distinguished chiefly by extreme ignorance and all but total spiritual
insensibility.  They had, at the same time, a common life and an
unwritten law, affecting their relations to each other, their employers,
and the rest of the world.  That they were accessible to kind
attentions--clearly disinterested--followed from their being men, but
they required to be approached with the greatest caution and patience.
Mr. Brock's wide and various sympathy, joined with his friend's steady
support, led--under the divine blessing--to measures which proved very
successful.  Mr. Peto constructed commodious halls capable of being moved
onward as the line of railway advanced, and affording comfortable shelter
for the men in their leisure hours, and furnished with books and
publications supplying amusement, useful information, and religious
knowledge.  To give life to this apparatus, Christian men, carefully
selected, mingled familiarly with the rude but grateful toilers, helping
them to read and write, encouraging them to acquire self-command, and
above all, especially when they were convened on Sundays, presenting and
pressing home upon them the words of eternal life.

Mr. Brock had liberty to draw on the "Railway Mission Account," at the
Norwich Bank, to any extent that he found necessary, and in a short time
he had a body of the best men, he was accustomed to say, that he ever
knew at work upon all the chief points of the lines.  No part of his now
extended labours gave him greater delight than in superintending these
missionaries, reading their weekly journals, arranging their periodical
movements, counselling and comforting them in their difficulties, and
visiting them, sometimes apart and at other times at conferences for
united consultation and prayer, held at Yarmouth, Ely, or March.

Results of the best character, of which the record is on high, arose out
of these operations.

                           --Birrell's _Life of the Rev. W. Brock_, _D.D._




CLEVER CAPTURE.


A few days ago (1845), a gentleman left Glasgow in one of the day trains,
with a large sum of money about his person.  On the train arriving at the
Edinburgh terminus, the gentleman left it, along with the other
passengers, on foot for some distance.  It was not long, however, before
he discovered that his pocket book, containing 700 pounds, in bank notes
was missing.  He immediately returned to the terminus, where the first
person he happened to find was the stoker of the train that had brought
him to Edinburgh, who, on being spoken to, remembered seeing the
gentleman leaving the terminus, and another person following close behind
him, whom he supposed to be his servant; he further stated, that the
supposed servant had started to return with the train which had just left
for Glasgow.  The gentleman immediately ordered an express train, but as
some time elapsed before the steam could be got up, it was feared the
gentleman and the stoker would not reach Glasgow in time to secure the
culprit.  However, having gone the distance in about an hour, they had
the satisfaction of seeing the train before them close to the Cowlairs
station, just about to descend the inclined plane and tunnel, and thus
within a mile and a half of the end of their journey.  The stoker
immediately sounded his whistle, which induced the conductor of the
passenger train to conclude that some danger was in the way, who had his
train removed to the other line of rails, which left the road then quite
clear for the express train, which drove past the other with great speed,
and arrived at the terminus in sufficient time to get everything ready
for the apprehension of the robber.  The stoker, who thought he could
identify the robber, assisted the police in searching the passenger
train, when the person whom he had taken for the gentleman's servant was
found with the pocket book and also the 700 pounds safe and untouched.
The gentleman then offered a handsome reward to the stoker, who refused
it on the plea that he had only done his duty; not satisfied, however,
with this answer, he left 100 pounds with the manager, requesting him to
pay the expenses of the express train, and particularly to reward the
stoker for his activity, and to remit the remainder to his address.
Shortly after he received the whole 100 pounds, accompanied with a polite
note, declining any payment for the express train, and stating that it
was the duty of the company to reward the stoker, which they would not
omit to do.

                                                     --_Stirling Journal_.




COMPENSATION FOR LAND.


Mr. Williams, in _Our Iron Roads_, gives much interesting information
upon the subject of compensation for land and buying off opposition to
railway schemes.  He says:--"One noble lord had an estate near a proposed
line of railway, and on this estate was a beautiful mansion.  Naturally
averse to the desecration of his home and its neighbourhood, he gave his
most uncompromising opposition to the Bill, and found, in the Committee
of both Houses, sympathizing listeners.  Little did it aid the projectors
that they urged that the line did not pass within six miles of that
princely domain; that the high road was much closer to his dwelling; and
that, as the spot nearest the house would be passed by means of a tunnel,
no unsightliness would arise.  But no; no worldly consideration affected
the decision of the proprietor; and, arguments failing, it was found that
an appeal must be made to other means.  His opposition was ultimately
bought off for twenty-eight thousand pounds, to be paid when the railway
reached his neighbourhood.  Time wore on, funds became scarce, and the
company found that it would be best to stop short at a particular portion
of their line, long before they reached the estate of the noble lord who
had so violently opposed their Bill, by which they sought to be released
from the obligation of constructing the line which had been so obnoxious
to him.  What was their surprise at finding this very man their chief
opponent, and then fresh means had to be adopted for silencing his
objections!

"A line had to be brought near to the property of a certain Member of
Parliament.  It threatened no injury to the estate, either by affecting
its appearance or its intrinsic worth; and, on the other hand, it
afforded him a cheap, convenient, and expeditious means of communication
with the metropolis.  But the proprietor, being a legislator, had power
at head-quarters, and by his influence he nearly turned the line of
railway aside; and this deviation would have cost the projectors the sum
of _sixty thousand pounds_.  Now it so happened that the house of this
honourable member, who had thus insisted on such costly deference to his
peculiar feelings respecting his property, was afflicted with the dry
rot, and threatened every hour to fall upon the head of its owner.  To
pull down and rebuild it, would require the sum of thirty thousand
pounds.  The idea of compromise, beneficial to both parties, suggested
itself.  If the railway company rebuilt the house, or paid 30,000 pounds
to the owner of the estate, and were allowed to pursue their original
line, it was clear that they would be 30,000 pounds the richer, as the
enforced deviation would cost 60,000 pounds; and, on the other hand, the
owner of the estate would obtain a secure house, or receive 30,000 pounds
in money.  The proposed bargain was struck, and 30,000 pounds was paid by
the Company.  'How can you live in that house,' said some friend to him
afterwards, 'with the railroad coming so near?'  'Had it not done so,'
was the reply, 'I could not have lived in it at all.'

"One rather original character sold some land to the London and
Birmingham Company, and was loud and long in his outcries for
compensation, expatiating on the damages which the formation of the line
would inevitably bring to his property.  His complaints were only stopped
by the payment of his demands.  A few months afterwards, a little
additional land was required from the same individual, when he actually
demanded a much larger price for the new land than was given him before;
and, on surprise being expressed at the charge for that which he had
declared would inevitably be greatly deteriorated in value from the
proximity of the railway, he coolly replied: 'Oh, I made a mistake
_then_, in thinking the railway would injure my property; it has
increased its value, and of course you must pay me an increased price for
it.'

"On one occasion, a trial occurred in which an eminent land valuer was
put into the witness box to swell the amount of damages, and he proceeded
to expatiate on the injury committed by railroads in general, and
especially by the one in question, in _cutting up_ the properties they
invaded.  When he had finished the delivery of this weighty piece of
evidence, the counsel for the Company put a newspaper into his hand, and
asked him whether he had not inserted a certain advertisement therein.
The fact was undeniable, and on being read aloud, it proved to be a
declaration by the land valuer himself, that the approach of the railway
which he had come there to oppose, would prove exceedingly beneficial to
some property in its immediate vicinity then on sale.

"An illustration of the difference between the exorbitant demands made by
parties for compensation, and the real value of the property, may be
mentioned.  The first claim made by the Directors of the Glasgow Lunatic
Asylum on the Edinburgh and Glasgow railway is stated to have been no
less than 44,000 pounds.  Before the trial came on, this sum was reduced
to 10,000 pounds; the amount awarded by the jury was 873 pounds.

"The opposition thus made, whether feigned or real, it was always
advisable to remove; and the money paid for this purpose, though
ostensibly in the purchase of the ground, has been on many occasions
immense.  Sums of 35,000, 40,000, 50,000, 100,000, and 120,000 pounds,
have thus been paid; while various ingenious plans have been adopted of
removing the opposition of influential men.  An honourable member is said
to have received 30,000 pounds to withdraw his opposition to a Bill
before the House; and 'not far off the celebrated year 1845, a lady of
title, so gossip talks, asked a certain nobleman to support a certain
Bill, stating that, if he did, she had the authority of the secretary of
a great company to inform him that fifty shares in a certain railway,
then at a considerable premium, would be at his disposal.'

"One pleasing circumstance, however, highly honourable to the gentleman
concerned, must not be omitted.  The late Mr. Labouchere had made an
agreement with the Eastern Counties Company for a passage through his
estate near Chelmsford, for the price of 35,000 pounds; his son and
successor, the Right Honourable Henry Labouchere, finding that the
property was not deteriorated to the anticipated extent, voluntarily
returned 15,000 pounds.

"The practice of buying off opposition has not been confined to the
proprietors of land.  We learn from one of the Parliamentary Reports that
in a certain district a pen-and-ink warfare between two rival companies
ran so high, and was, at least on one side, rewarded with such success,
that the friends of the older of the two projected lines thought it
expedient to enter into treaty with their literary opponent, and its
editor very soon retired on a fortune.  It is also asserted, on good
authority, that, in a midland county, the facts and arguments of an
editor were wielded with such vigour that the opposing company found it
necessary to adopt extraordinary means on the occasion.  Bribes were
offered, but refused; an opposition paper was started, but its conductors
quailed before the energy of their opponent, and it produced little
effect; every scheme that ingenuity could devise, and money carry out,
was attempted, but they successively and utterly failed.  At length a
Director hit on a truly Machiavellian plan--he was introduced to the
proprietor of the journal, whom he cautiously informed that he wished to
risk a few thousands in newspaper property, and actually induced his
unconscious victim to sell the property, unknown to the editor.  When the
bargain was concluded, the plot was discovered; but it was then too late,
and the wily Director took possession of the copyright of the paper and
the printing office on behalf of the company.  The services of the
editor, however, were not to be bought, he refused to barter away his
independence, and retired--taking with him the respect of both friends
and enemies."




A LANDOWNER'S OPPOSITION.


In _Herepath's Railway Journal_ for 1845 we meet with the following:--"A
learned counsel, the other day, gave as a reason for a wealthy and
aristocratic landowner's opposition to a great line of railway
approaching his residence by something more than a mile distance, that
'His Lordship rode horses that would not bear the puff of a steam
engine.'  Truly this was a most potent reason, and one that should weigh
heavily against the scheme in the minds of the Committee.  His Lordship
has a wood some two miles off, between which and his residence this
railway is intended to pass.  His lordship is fond of amusing himself
there in hunting down little animals called hares, and sometimes treats
himself to a stag hunt.  Not the slightest interference is contemplated
with his lordship's pastime, or rather pursuit, for such it is, occupying
nearly his whole time, and exercising all the ability of which he is
possessed; but still he objects to the intrusion.  The bridge that is to
be constructed by the Company to give access to the wood, or forest, is
in itself all that could be wished, forming, rather than otherwise, an
ornamental structure to his lordship's grounds; but then he fears that
should an engine chance (of course, these chances are not within his
control) to pass under the bridge at the same moment as he is passing
over, his high blood horses would prance and rear, and suffer injury
therefrom.  His lordship is very careful and proud of his horse-flesh,
and thinks it hard, and what the legislature ought not to tolerate, that
they (his horses) are to be worried, or subjected to the chance of it, by
making a railway to serve the public wants!

"This _noble_ man is of opinion, too, that, should the railway be made,
he is entitled to an enormous amount of compensation; and, through his
agent, assigns as a reason for his extravagant demand--we do not
exaggerate the fact--that he is averse to railways in general, and
considers the system as an unjustifiable invasion of the province of
horse-flesh.  This horse jockey lord thereby excuses his conscience in
opposing and endeavouring to plunder the railway company as far as he
possibly can."




PICTURE EVIDENCE.


Amongst laughable occurrences that enlivened the committee rooms during
the gauge contest, was a scene occasioned by a parliamentary counsel
putting in as evidence, before the committee on the Southampton and
Manchester line, a printed picture of troubles consequent on a break of
gauge.  The picture was a forcible sketch that had appeared a few days
before in the pages of the _Illustrated London News_.  Opposing counsel
of course argued against the production of the work of art as testimony
for the consideration of the committee.  After much argument on both
sides the chairman decided in favour of receiving the illustration, which
was forthwith put, amidst much laughter, into the hands of a witness, who
was asked if it was a fair picture of the evils that arose from a break
of gauge.  The witness replying in the affirmative, the engraving was
then laid before the committee for inspection.

                                     --_Railway Chronicle_, June 13, 1846.




EXTRAORDINARY USE OF THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.


Oct. 7, 1847.  An extraordinary instance has occurred of the application
of the electric telegraph at the London Bridge terminus of the South
Eastern Railway.

Hutchings, the man found guilty and sentenced to death for poisoning his
wife, was to have been executed at Maidstone Goal at twelve o'clock.
Shortly before the appointed hour for carrying the sentence into effect,
a message was received at the London Bridge terminus, from the Home
Office, requesting that an order should be sent by the electric telegraph
instructing the Under-Sheriff at Maidstone to stay the execution two
hours.  By the agency of the electric telegraph the communication was
received in Maidstone with the usual rapidity, and the execution was for
a time stayed.  Shortly after the transmission of the order deferring the
execution, a messenger from the Home Office conveyed to the railway the
Secretary of State's order, that the law was to take its course, and that
the culprit was to be at once executed.  The telegraph clerk hesitated to
sending such a message without instructions from his principals.  The
messenger from the Home Office could not be certain that the order for
Hutchings's execution was signed by the Home Secretary, although it bore
his name; and Mr. Macgregor, the chairman, with great judgment and
humanity, instantly decided that it was not a sufficient authority in
such a momentous matter.

An officer of confidence was immediately sent to the Secretary of State,
to state their hesitation and its cause, as the message was, in fact, a
death warrant, and that Mr. Walter must have undoubted evidence of its
correctness.  On Mr. Walter drawing the attention of the Secretary of
State to the fact, that the transmission of such a message was, in
effect, to make him the Sheriff, the conduct of the railway company, in
requiring unquestionable evidence and authority, was warmly approved.
The proper signature was affixed in Mr. Walter's presence; and the
telegraph then conveyed to the criminal the sad news, that the suspension
of the awful sentence was only temporary.  Hutchings was executed soon
after it reached Maidstone.

                                                --_Annual Register_, 1847.




LOST LUGGAGE.


Sir Francis Head, giving an account of the contents of the Lost Luggage
Office, at Euston Station, observes:--"But there were a few articles that
certainly we were not prepared to meet with, and which but too clearly
proved that the extraordinary terminus-excitement which had suddenly
caused so many virtuous ladies to elope from their red shawls--in short,
to be all of a sudden not only in 'a bustle' behind, but all over--had
equally affected men of all sorts and conditions.

"One gentleman had left behind him a pair of leather hunting breeches!
another his boot-jacks!  A soldier of the 22nd regiment had left his
knapsack containing his kit.  Another soldier of the 10th, poor fellow,
had left his scarlet regimental coat!  Some <DW36>, probably overjoyed
at the sight of his family, had left behind him his crutches!!  But what
astonished us above all was, that some honest Scotchman, probably in the
ecstasy of suddenly seeing among the crowd the face of his faithful
_Jeanie_, had actually left behind him the best portion of his
bagpipes!!!

"Some little time ago the superintendent, on breaking open, previous to a
general sale, a locked leather hat-box, which had lain in this dungeon
two years, found in it, under the hat, 65 pounds in Bank of England
notes, with one or two private letters, which enabled him to restore the
money to the owner, who, it turned out, had been so positive that had
left his hat-box at an hotel at Birmingham that he made no inquiry for it
at the railway office."




VERY NICE TO BE A RAILWAY ENGINEER.


A lady in conversation with a railway engineer observed, "It must be very
nice to be a railway engineer, and be able to travel about anywhere you
want to go to for nothing."

"Yes, madam," was the reply, "It would, as you say, be very nice to
travel about for nothing, _if we were not paid for it_.  But you see," he
remarked, "railway engineers are like the cabman's horse.  The cabman has
a very thin horse.  'Doesn't your horse have enough to eat?' inquired a
benevolent lady passenger.  'Oh yes, ma'am,' replied cabby, 'I give him
lots o' victuals to eat, only, you see, he hasn't any time to eat 'em.'
So it is with the railway engineer; he has lots of pleasure of all kinds,
only he has not any time to take it."




AN ACCOMMODATING CONTRACTOR.


One railway of some scores of miles hung fire; the directors were
congested with their fears of exceeding the estimates, and so a shrewd
man of business, a contractor, i.e., a man with a mind contracted to
profit and a keen eye to discern the paths of profit, called on them.
This man had made his way upward, and passing through the process of
sub-contracting, had obtained a glimpse of the upper glories.  And thus
he relieved the directors from their difficulties, by proffering to make
the railway complete in all its parts, buy the land at the commencement,
and, if required, to engage the station-clerks at the conclusion, with
all the staff complete, so that his patrons might have no trouble, but
begin business off-hand.  But the latter condition--the staff and
clerks--being simply a matter of patronage, the directors kept that
trouble in their own hands.

Our contractor loomed on the directors' minds as a guardian angel, a
guarantee against responsibilities, backed by sufficient sureties, so the
matter was without delay handed over to him, and he knew what to do with
it.

                                      --_Roads and Rails_, by W. B. Adams.




THE TWO DUKES AND THE TRAVELLER.


The following amusing anecdote is related of a commercial traveller who
happened to get into the same railway carriage in which the Dukes of
Argyle and Northumberland were travelling.  The three chatted familiarly
until the train stopped at Alnwick Junction, where the Duke of
Northumberland got out, and was met by a train of flunkeys and servants.
"That must be a great swell," said the "commercial," to his remaining
companion.  "Yes," responded the Duke of Argyle, "he is the Duke of
Northumberland."  "Bless my soul!" exclaimed the "commercial."  "And to
think that he should have been so condescending to two little snobs like
us!"




THE GREAT RAILWAY MANIA DAY.


Never had there occurred, in the history of joint-stock enterprise, such
another day as the 30th of November, 1845.  It was the day on which a
madness for speculation arrived at its height, to be followed by a
collapse terrible to many thousand families.  Railways had been gradually
becoming successful, and the old companies had, in many cases, bought
off, on very high terms, rival lines which threatened to interfere with
their profits.  Both of these circumstances tended to encourage the
concoction of new schemes.  There is always floating capital in England
waiting for profitable employment; there are always professional men
looking out for employment in great engineering works; and there are
always scheming moneyless men ready to trade on the folly of others.
Thus the bankers and capitalists were willing to supply the capital; the
engineers, surveyors, architects, contractors, builders, solicitors,
barristers, and Parliamentary agents were willing to supply the brains
and fingers; while, too often, cunning schemers pulled the strings.  This
was especially the case in 1845, when plans for new railways were brought
forward literally by hundreds, and with a recklessness perfectly
marvellous.

By an enactment in force at that time, it was necessary, for the
prosecution of any railway scheme in Parliament, that a mass of documents
should be deposited with the Board of Trade, on or before the 30th of
November in the preceding year.  The multitude of these schemes in 1845
was so great that there could not be found surveyors enough to prepare
the plans and sections in time.  Advertisements were inserted in the
newspapers offering enormous pay for even a smattering of this kind of
skill.  Surveyors and architects from abroad were attracted to England;
young men at home were tempted to break the articles into which they had
entered with their masters; and others were seduced from various
professions into that of railway engineers.  Sixty persons in the
employment of the Ordnance Department left their situations to gain
enormous earnings in this way.  There were desperate fights in various
parts of England between property-owners who were determined that their
land should not be entered upon for the purpose of railway surveying, and
surveyors who knew that the schemes of their companies would be
frustrated unless the surveys were made and the plans deposited by the
30th of November.  To attain this end, force, fraud, and bribery were
freely made use of.  The 30th of November, 1845, fell on a Sunday; but it
was no Sunday at the office near the Board of Trade.  Vehicles were
driving up during the whole of the day, with agents and clerks bringing
plans and sections.  In country districts, as the day approached, and on
the morning of the day, coaches-and-four were in greater request than
even at race-time, galloping at full speed to the nearest railway
station.  On the Great Western Railway an express train was hired by the
agents of one new scheme.  The engine broke down; the train came to a
stand-still at Maidenhead, and, in this state, was run into by another
express train hired by the agents of a rival project; the opposite
parties barely escaped with their lives, but contrived to reach London at
the last moment.  On this eventful Sunday there were no fewer than ten of
these express trains on the Great Western Railway, and eighteen on the
Eastern Counties!  One railway company was unable to deposit its papers
because another company surreptitiously bought, for a high sum, twenty of
the necessary sheets from the lithographic printer, and horses were
killed in madly running about in search of the missing documents before
the fraud was discovered.  In some cases the lithographic stones were
stolen; and in one instance the printer was bribed, by a large sum, not
to finish in proper time the plans for a rival line.  One eminent house
brought over four hundred lithographic printers from Belgium, and even
then, and with these, all the work ordered could not be executed.  Some
of the plans were only two-thirds lithographed, the rest being filled up
by hand.  However executed, the problem was to get these documents to
Whitehall before midnight on the 30th of November.  Two guineas a mile
were in one instance paid for post-horses.  One express train steamed up
to London 118 miles in an hour-and-a-half, nearly 80 miles an hour.  An
established company having refused an express train to the promoters of a
rival scheme, the latter employed persons to get up a mock funeral
cortege, and engage an express train to convey it to London; they did so,
and the plans and sections came _in the hearse_, with solicitors and
surveyors as mourners!

Copies of many of the documents had to be deposited with the clerks of
the peace of the counties to which the schemes severally related, as well
as with the Board of Trade; and at some of the offices of these clerks,
strange scenes occurred on the Sunday.  At Preston, the doors of the
office were not opened, as the officials considered the orders which had
been issued to keep open on that particular Sunday, to apply only to the
Board of Trade; but a crowd of law agents and surveyors assembled, broke
the windows, and threw their plans and sections into the office.  At the
Board of Trade, extra clerks were employed on that day, and all went
pretty smoothly until nine o'clock in the evening.  A rule was laid down
for receiving the plans and sections, hearing a few words of explanation
from the agents, and making certain entries in books.  But at length the
work accumulated more rapidly than the clerks could attend to it, and the
agents arrived in greater number than the entrance hall could hold.  The
anxiety was somewhat allayed by an announcement, that whoever was inside
the building before the clock struck twelve should be deemed in good
time.  Many of the agents bore the familiar name of Smith; and when 'Mr.
Smith' was summoned by the messenger to enter and speak concerning some
scheme, the name of which was not announced, in rushed several persons,
of whom, of course, only one could be the right Mr. Smith at that
particular moment.  One agent arrived while the clock was striking
twelve, and was admitted.  Soon afterwards, a carriage with reeking
horses drove up; three agents rushed out, and finding the door closed,
rang furiously at the bell; no sooner did a policeman open the door to
say that the time was past, than the agents threw their bundles of plans
and sections through the half-opened door into the hall; but this was not
permitted, and the policeman threw the documents out into the street.
The baffled agents were nearly maddened with vexation; for they had
arrived in London from Harwich in good time, and had been driven about
Pimlico hither and thither, by a post-boy who did not, or would not, know
the way to the office of the Board of Trade.

The _Times_ newspaper, in the same month, devoted three whole pages to an
elaborate analysis, by Mr. Spackman, of the various railway schemes
brought forward in 1845.  "There were no less than 620 in number,
involving an (hypothetical) expenditure of 560 millions sterling; besides
643 other schemes which had not gone further than issuing prospectuses.
More than 500 of the schemes went through all the stages necessary for
being brought before Parliament; and 272 of these became Acts of
Parliament in 1846--to the ruin of thousands who had afterwards to find
the money to fulfil the engagements into which they had so rashly
entered.

                                              --_Chambers's Book of Days_.




PARODY UPON THE RAILWAY MANIA.


About the time of the bursting of the railway bubble, or the collapse of
the mania of 1844-5, the following clever lines appeared:--

    "There was a sound of revelry by night."--_Childe Harold_.

    "There was a sound that ceased not day or night,
       Of speculation.  London gathered then
    Unwonted crowds, and moved by promise bright,
       To Capel-court rushed women, boys, and men,
       All seeking railway shares and scrip; and when
    The market rose, how many a lad could tell,
       With joyous glance, and eyes that spake again,
    'Twas e'en more lucrative than marrying well;--
    When, hark! that warning voice strikes like a rising knell.

    Nay, it is nothing, empty as the wind,
       But a 'bear' whisper down Throgmorton-street;
    Wild enterprise shall still be unconfined;
       No rest for us, when rising premiums greet
       The morn to pour their treasures at our feet;
    When, hark! that solemn sound is heard once more,
       The gathering 'bears' its echoes yet repeat--
    'Tis but too true, is now the general roar,
    The Bank has raised her rate, as she has done before.

    And then and there were hurryings to and fro,
       And anxious thoughts, and signs of sad distress
    Faces all pale, that but an hour ago
       Smiled at the thoughts of their own craftiness.
       And there were sudden partings, such as press
    The coin from hungry pockets--mutual sighs
       Of brokers and their clients.  Who can guess
    How many a stag already panting flies,
    When upon times so bright such awful panics rise?"




RAILWAY FACILITIES FOR BUSINESS.


A gentleman went to Liverpool in the morning, purchased, and took back
with him to Manchester, 150 tons of cotton, which he sold, and afterwards
obtained an order for a similar quantity.  He went again, and actually,
that same evening, delivered the second quantity in Manchester, "having
travelled 120 miles in four separate journeys, and bought, sold, and
delivered, 30 miles off, at two distinct deliveries, 300 tons of goods,
in about 12 hours."  The occurrence is perfectly astounding; and, had it
been hinted at fifty years ago, would have been deemed impossible.

                                               --_Railway Magazine_, 1840.




RAILWAYS AND THE POST-OFFICE.


It might naturally be thought that the new and quicker means of transport
afforded by the railway would be eagerly utilised by the Post-office.
There were, however, difficulties on both sides.  The railway companies
objected to running trains during the night, and the old stage-coach
offered the advantage of greater regularity.  The railway was quicker,
but was at least occasionally uncertain.  Thus, in November, 1837, the
four daily mail trains between Liverpool and Birmingham on ten occasions
arrived before the specified time, on eight occasions were exact to time,
and on 102 occasions varied in lateness of arrival from five minutes to
five hours and five minutes.  There were all sorts of mishaps and long
delays by train.  The mail guard, like the passenger guard, rode outside
the train with a box before him called an "imperial," which contained the
letters and papers entrusted to his charge.  In very stormy weather the
mail guard would prop up the lid of his imperial and get inside for
shelter.  On one occasion when the mail arrived at Liverpool the guard
was found imprisoned in his letter-box.  The lid had fallen and fastened
in the male travesty of "Ginevra."  Fortunately for him it was a
burlesque and not a tragedy.  Bags thrown to the guards at wayside
stations not unfrequently got under the wheels of the train and the
contents were cut to pieces.  On one occasion, on the Grand Junction, an
engine failed through the fire-bars coming out.  The mails were removed
from the train and run on a platelayer's "trolly," but unfortunately the
contents of the bags took fire and were destroyed.  But many of these
mishaps were obviated by the invention of Mr. Nathaniel Worsdell, a
Liverpool coachbuilder, in the service of the railway, who took out a
patent in 1838 for an appliance for picking up and dropping mail bags
while the train was at full speed.  This is still used.  The loads of
railway vehicles, it may be mentioned, were limited by law to four tons
until the passage of the 5 and 6 Vic., c. 55.  In 1837, when the weight
of the mails passing daily on the London and Birmingham line was only
about 14cwt., the late Sir Hardman Earle suggested that a special
compartment should be reserved for the mail guard in which he could sort
the letters _en route_.  The first vehicle specially set apart for mail
purposes was put upon the Grand Junction in 1838.  From this humble
beginning has gradually developed the express mails, in which the chief
consideration is the swift transit of correspondence, and which are
therefore limited in the number of the passengers they are allowed to
carry.  The cost of carrying the mails in 1838 and 1839 between
Manchester and Liverpool by rail, including the guard's fare, averaged
about 1 pound a trip, or half of the cost of sending them by coach.  The
price paid to the Grand Junction for carriage of mails between Manchester
and Liverpool and Birmingham was 1d. a mile for the guard and 0.75d. per
cwt. per mile for the mails.  This brought a revenue of about 3,000
pounds a year.  When the Chancellor of the Exchequer proposed and carried
the imposition of the passenger duty, in 1832, the company intimated to
the Post-office that they should advance the mail guard's fare 0.5d. per
mile.  In 1840 an agreement was negotiated between the Post-office and
railway authorities to convey the mails between Lancashire and Birmingham
four times daily for 19 pounds 10s. a day, with a penalty of 500 pounds
on the railway company in case of bad time keeping.  This agreement was
not carried into effect.

                                                  --_Manchester Guardian_.




RAILWAY SIGNALS.


The history of railway signals is a curious page in the annals of
practical science.  For some years signals seem scarcely to have been
dreamt of.  Holding up a hat or an umbrella was at first sufficient to
stop a train at an intermediate station.  At level crossings the gates
had to stand closed across the line of rails, and on the top bar hung a
lamp to indicate to drivers that the way was blocked.  In 1839, Colonel
Landman, of the Croydon line, said that he should avoid the danger at a
junction during a fog by going slowly, tolling a bell, beating a drum, or
sounding a whistle.  The first junction signal was denominated a
lighthouse.  The difficulties attending junctions may be judged of by the
fact that when the Bolton and Preston line was ready for opening it was
agreed that no train should attempt to enter or leave the North Union
line at Euxton junction within fifteen minutes of a train being due on
the main line which might interfere with it.  The movable rails at
junctions had to be removed by hand and fixed into position by hammer and
pin.  Mr. Watts, engineer to the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, is
believed to have been one of the first to use the tapering movable
switch.  One of Mr. Watts's men invented the back weight, another
designed the crank, while a third suggested the long rod.  These
improvements were all about the year 1846.  The first fixed signal set up
at stations was an ordinary round flag pole having a pulley on the top,
upon which was hoisted a green flag to stop a train and a red one to
indicate danger on the road.  The night signal was a hand lamp hoisted in
the same way.  These were superseded by a signal on which an arm was
worked at the end of a rod, and a square lamp with two sides, red and
white, having blinkers working on hinges to shut out the light.  These
were used until 1848.  The semaphores only came into practical use some
20 years ago, and it is remarkable that the first time they were used on
the Liverpool and Manchester line they were the cause of a slight
collision.  The use of signal lights on trains was much advanced by two
accidents which occurred on the North Union line on the 7th September,
1841.  One of these happened at Farrington, where two passenger trains
came into collision.  The other happened at Euxton, where a coal train
ran into a stage coach which was taking passengers to Southport.  The
Rev. Mr. Joy was killed, and several others, including the station
master, who lost one leg, were injured.  These were the first serious
accidents investigated by the now Government Inspector of Railways, Sir
Frederic Smith, who was appointed by the Board of Trade under Lord
Seymour's Act.

                                                  --_Manchester Guardian_.




FOG-SIGNALS.


During the prevalence of fogs, when neither signal-posts nor lights are
of any use, detonating signals are frequently employed, which are affixed
to the rails, and exploded by the iron tread of the advancing locomotive.
All guards, policemen, and pointsmen who are not appointed to stations,
and all enginemen, gatemen, gangers and platelayers, and tunnel-men, are
provided with packets of these signals, which they are required always to
have ready for use whilst on duty; and every engine, on passing over one
of these signals, is to be immediately stopped, and the guards are to
protect their train by sending back and placing a similar signal on the
line behind them every two hundred yards, to the distance of six hundred
yards; the train may then proceed slowly to the place of obstruction.
When these detonating signals were first invented, it was resolved to
ascertain whether they acted efficiently, and especially whether the
noise they produced was sufficient to be distinctly heard by the engine
driver.  One of them was accordingly fixed to the rails on a particular
line by the authority of the company, and in due time the train having
passed over it, reached its destination.  Here the engine driver and his
colleague were found to be in a state of great alarm, in consequence of a
supposed attack being made on them by an assassin, who, they said, lay
down beside the line of rails on which they had passed, and deliberately
fired at them.  The efficiency of the means having thus been tested, the
apprehensions of the enginemen were removed, though there was at first
evident mortification manifested that they had been made the subjects of
such a successful experiment.

                                      --F. S. Williams's _Our Iron Roads_.




"ALMOST DAR NOW."


The following anecdote, illustrative of railroad facility, is very
pointed.  A traveller inquired of a <DW64> the distance to a certain
point.  "Dat 'pends on circumstances," replied darkey.  "If you gwine
afoot, it'll take you about a day; if you gwine in de stage or homneybus,
you make it half a day; but if you get in one of _dese smoke wagons_, you
be almost dar now."




WORDSWORTH'S PROTEST.


Lines written by Wordsworth as a protest against making a railway from
Kendal to Windermere:--

    "Is there no nook of English ground secure
    From rash assault?  Schemes of retirement sown
    In youth, and 'mid the world kept pure
    As when their earliest flowers of hope were blown,
    Must perish; how can they this blight endure?
    And must he, too, his old delights disown,
    Who scorns a false, utilitarian lure
    'Mid his paternal fields at random thrown?
    Baffle the threat, bright scene, from Orrest-head,
    Given to the pausing traveller's rapturous glance!
    Plead for thy peace, thou beautiful romance
    Of nature; and if human hearts be dead,
    Speak, passing winds; ye torrents, with your strong
    And constant voice, protest against the wrong!"




THE HON. EDWARD EVERETT'S REPLY TO WORDSWORTH'S PROTEST.


The Hon. Edward Everett in the course of his speech at the Boston
Railroad Jubilee in commemoration of the opening of railroad
communication between Boston and Canada, observed, "But, sir, as I have
already said, it is not the material results of this railroad system in
which its happiest influences are seen.  I recollect that seven or eight
years ago there was a project to carry a railroad into the lake country
in England--into the heart of Westmoreland and Cumberland.  Mr.
Wordsworth, the lately deceased poet, a resident in the centre of this
region, opposed the project.  He thought that the retirement and
seclusion of this delightful region would be disturbed by the panting of
the locomotive and the cry of the steam whistle.  If I am not mistaken,
he published one or two sonnets in deprecation of the enterprise.  Mr.
Wordsworth was a kind-hearted man, as well as a most distinguished poet,
but he was entirely mistaken, as it seems to me, in this matter.  The
quiet of a few spots may be disturbed, but a hundred quiet spots are
rendered accessible.  The bustle of the station-house may take the place
of the Druidical silence of some shady dell; but, Gracious Heavens, sir,
how many of those verdant cathedral arches, entwined by the hand of God
in our pathless woods, are opened to the grateful worship of man by these
means of communication?

"How little of rural beauty you lose, even in a country of comparatively
narrow dimensions like England--how less than little in a country so vast
as this--by works of this description.  You lose a little strip along the
line of the road, which partially changes its character; while, as the
compensation, you bring all this rural beauty,

    'The warbling woodland, the resounding shore,
    The pomp of groves, the garniture of fields,'

within the reach, not of a score of luxurious, sauntering tourists, but
of the great mass of the population, who have senses and tastes as keen
as the keenest.  You throw it open, with all its soothing and humanizing
influences, to thousands who, but for your railways and steamers, would
have lived and died without ever having breathed the life-giving air of
the mountains; yes, sir, to tens of thousands who would have gone to
their graves, and the sooner for the prevention, without ever having
caught a glimpse of the most magnificent and beautiful spectacle which
nature presents to the eye of man, that of a glorious curving wave, a
quarter-of-a-mile long, as it comes swelling and breasting toward the
shore, till its soft green ridge bursts into a crest of snow, and settles
and digs along the whispering sands."




REMARKABLE ADVERTISEMENT.


The most astonishing kind of property to leave behind at a railway
station is mentioned in an advertisement which appeared in the newspapers
dated Swindon, April 27th, 1844.  It gave notice "That a pair of bright
bay horses, about sixteen hands high, with black switch tails and manes,"
had been left in the name of Hibbert; and notice was given that unless
the horses were claimed on or before the 12th day of May, they would be
sold to pay expenses.  Accordingly on that day they were sold.

                                                      --_Household Words_.




RAILWAY EPIGRAM.


In 1845, during the discussions on the Midland lines before the Committee
of the House of Commons, Mr. Hill, the Counsel, was addressing the
Committee, when Sir John Rae Reid, who was a member of it, handed the
following lines to the chairman:--

    "Ye railway men, who mountains lower,
    Who level locks and valleys fill;
    Who thro' the _hills_ vast tunnels _bore_;
    Must now in turn be _bored by Hill_."




SINGULAR CIRCUMSTANCE.


A certain gentleman of large property, and who had figured, if he does
not now figure, as a Railway Director, applied for shares in a certain
projected railway.  Fifty, it seems were allotted to him.  Whether that
was the number he applied for or not, deponent saith not; but by some
means nothing (0) got added to the 50 and made it 500.  The deposit for
the said 500 was paid into the bankers', the scrip obtained, and before
the mistake could be detected and corrected--for no doubt it was only a
mistake, or at most a _lapsus pennae_--the shares were sold, and some
2000 pounds profit by this very fortunate accident found its way into the
pocket of the gentleman.

                                             --_Herepath's Journal_, 1845.




LOUIS PHILIPPE AND THE ENGLISH NAVVIES.


Whittlesea Will, William Elthorpe, from Cambridgeshire, had a large
railway experience; during the construction of Longton Tunnel, he told me
the following story:--"Ye see, Mr. Smith (Samuel Smith, of Woodberry
Down), I was a ganger for Mr. Price on the Marseilles and Avignon Line in
France, and I'd gangs of all nations to deal with.  Well, I could not
manage 'em nohow mixed--there were the Jarman Gang, the French Gang, the
English, Scotch, and Irish Gangs, of course; the Belgic Gang, the Spanish
Gang, and the Peamounter Gang--that's a Gang, d'ye see, that comes off
the mountains somewhere towards Italy."  "Oh, the Piedmontese, you mean."
"Well, you may call 'em Peedmanteeze if you like, but we call'd 'em
Peamounters--and so at last I hit on the plan of putting each gang by
itself; gangs o' nations, the Peamounter gang here, the Jarman gang
there, and the Belgic gang there, and so on, and it worked capital, each
gang worked against the other gang like good 'uns.

"Well one day our master, Mr. Price, gave the English gang a great
entertainment at a sort of Tea Garden place, near Paris, called Maison
Lafitte, and we were coming home along the road before dark--it was a
summer's evening--singing and shouting pretty loud, I dare say, when a
fat, oldish gentleman rode into the midst of us and pulling up said,
taking off his hat--'I think you are English Navigators.'  'Well, and
what if we are, old fellow, what's that to you?'  'Why, you are making a
very great noise, and I noticed you did not make way for me, or salute me
as we met, which is not polite--every one in France salutes a gentleman.
I've been in England, I like the English,' by this time his military
attendants rode up, and seeing him alone in the midst of us were going to
ride us down at once but the old boy beckoned with his hand for them to
hold back, and continued his sarmont.  'I should wish you,' says he,
quite pleasant, 'whilst you remain in France to be orderly, obliging,
civil, and polite; it's always the best--now remember this: and here's
something for you to remember Louis Philippe by;' putting his hand into
his pocket, he pulled out what silver he had, I suppose, threw it among
us, and rode off--but, my eyes, didn't we give him a cheer!"




ADVANTAGES OF RAILWAY-TUNNELS.


We cannot help repeating a narrative which we heard on one occasion, told
with infinite gravity by a clergyman whose name we at once inquired
about, and of whom we shall only say, that he is one of the worthiest and
best sons of the kirk, and knows when to be serious as well as when to
jest.  "Don't tell me," said he to a simple-looking Highland brother, who
had apparently made his first trial of railway travelling in coming up to
the Assembly--"don't tell me that tunnels on railways are an unmitigated
evil: they serve high moral and aesthetical purposes.  Only the other day
I got into a railway carriage, and I had hardly taken my seat, when the
train started.  On looking up, I saw sitting opposite to me two of the
most rabid dissenters in Scotland.  I felt at once that there could be no
pleasure for me in that journey, and with gloomy heart and countenance I
leaned back in my corner.  But all at once we plunged into a deep tunnel,
black as night, and when we emerged at the other end, my brow was clear
and my ill-humour was entirely dissipated.  Shall I tell you how this
came to be?  All the way through the tunnel I was shaking my fists in the
dissenters' faces, and making horrible mouths at them, and _that_
relieved me, and set me all right.  Don't speak against tunnels again, my
dear friend."

                                                    --_Fraser's Magazine_.




DAMAGES EASILY ADJUSTED.


It is related that the President of the Fitchburg Railroad, some thirty
years ago, settled with a number of passengers who had been wet but not
seriously injured by the running off of a train into the river, by paying
them from $5 to $20 each.  One of them, a sailor, when his terms were
asked, said:--"Well, you see, mister, when I was down in the water, I
looked up to the bridge and calculated that we had fallen fifteen feet,
so if you will pay me a dollar a foot I will call it square."




LIABILITIES OF RAILWAY ENGINEERS FOR THEIR ERRORS.


An action was tried before Mr. Justice Maule, July 30, 1846--the first
case of the kind--which established the liability of railway engineers
for the consequences of any errors they commit.

The action was brought by the Dudley and Madeley Company against Mr.
Giles, the engineer.  They had paid him 4,000 pounds for the preparation
of the plans, etc., but when the time arrived for depositing them with
the Board of Trade they were not completely ready.  The scheme had
consequently failed.  This conduct of the defendant it was estimated had
injured the company to the extent of 40,000 pounds.  The counsel for the
plaintiff did not claim damages to this amount, but would be content with
such a sum as the jury should, under the circumstances, think the
defendant ought to pay, as a penalty for the negligence of which he had
been guilty.  For Mr. Giles, it was contended, that the jury ought not,
at the worst, to find a verdict for more than 1,700 pounds, alleging that
the remainder 2,300 pounds had been paid by him in wages for work done,
and materials used.

The jury, however, returned a verdict to the tune of 4,500, or 500 pounds
beyond the full sum paid him.

But, what said the judge?  That "it was clear that the defendant had
undertaken more work than he could complete, and that he should not be
allowed to gratify with impunity, and to the injury of the plaintiffs,
his desire to realise in a few months a fortune which should only be the
result of the labour of years."




EXTRAORDINARY ACCIDENT.


Yesterday afternoon, as the Leeds train, which left that terminus at a
quarter-past one o'clock, was approaching Rugby, and within four miles of
that station, an umbrella behind the private carriage of Earl Zetland
took fire, in consequence of a spark from the engine falling on it, and
presently the imperial on the roof and the upper part of the carriage
were in a blaze.  Seated within it were the Countess of Zetland and her
maid.  The train was proceeding at the rate of forty miles an hour.
Under these circumstances, Her Ladyship and maid descended from the
carriage to the truck, when--despite the caution to hold on given by a
gentleman from a window of one of the railway carriages--the maid threw
herself headlong on the rail, and was speedily lost sight of.  On the
arrival of the train at Rugby an engine was despatched along the line,
when the young woman was found severely injured, and taken to the
Infirmary at Leicester.  Lady Zetland remained at Rugby, where she was
joined by His Lordship and the family physician last night, by an express
train from Euston-square.  How long will railway companies delay
establishing a means of communication between passengers and the guard?

                                                --_Times_, Dec. 9th, 1847.




PROVIDENTIAL ESCAPE.


On Monday, at the New Bailey, two men, named William Hatfield and Mark
Clegg, the former an engine-driver and the latter a fireman in the employ
of the London and North-Western Railway, were brought up before Mr.
Trafford, the stipendiary magistrate, and Captain Whittaker, charged with
drunkenness and gross negligence in the discharge of their duty.  Mr.
Wagstaff, solicitor, of Warrington, appeared on behalf of the Company,
and from his statement and the evidence of the witnesses it appeared that
the prisoners had charge of the night mail train from Liverpool to
London, on Saturday, December 25, 1847.  The number of carriages and
passengers was not stated, but the pointsman at the Warrington junction
being at his post, waiting for the train, was surprised to hear it coming
at a very rapid rate.  He had been preparing to turn the points in order
to shunt the train on to the Warrington junction, but as the train did
not diminish in speed, but rather increased as it approached, he,
anticipating great danger if he should turn the points, determined on the
instant upon letting the train take its course, and not turning them.
Most fortunate was it that he exercised so much judgment and sagacity,
for, in consequence of the acuteness of the curve at Warrington junction
and the tremendous rate at which the train was proceeding--not less than
forty miles an hour--it does not appear that anything could have
otherwise prevented the train from being overturned, and a frightful
sacrifice of human life ensuing.  Meantime the train continued its
frightful progress; but the mail guard seated at the end of the train,
perceiving that it was going on towards Manchester, instead of staying at
the junction, signalled to the engine-driver and fireman, but without
effect, no notice whatever being taken of the signal.  Finding this to be
the case, he, at very considerable risk, passed over from carriage to
carriage till he reached the engine, where he found both the prisoners
lying drunk.  At length, at Patricroft, however, he succeeded in stopping
the train just before it reached that station, a distance of 14 miles
from Warrington.  This again appears to be almost a miraculous
circumstance, for at the Patricroft station, on the same line as that on
which the mail train was running was another train, containing a number
of passengers, who thus escaped from the consequences of a dreadful
collision.  The prisoners were, of course, immediately given into
custody, and convoyed to the New Bailey prison, while, other assistance
being obtained, the train was taken back again to Warrington junction.
The regulation is in consequence of the sharp curve at this junction,
that the trains shall not run more than five miles an hour.  The bench
sentenced both prisoners to two months hard labour.

                                                  --_Manchester Examiner_.




HIS PORTMANTEAU.


An English traveller in Germany entered a first-class carriage in which
there was only one seat vacant, a middle one.  A corner seat was occupied
by a German, who evidently had placed his portmanteau on the opposite
one--at least the traveller suspected that this was the case.  The latter
asked, "Is this seat engaged?"  "Yes," was the reply.  When the time for
the departure of the train had almost arrived, the Englishman said, "Your
friend is going to miss the train, if he is not quick."  "Oh, that is all
right.  I'll keep it for him."  Soon the signal came and the train
started, when the passenger seized the portmanteau, and threw it out of
the window, exclaiming, "He's missed his train but he mustn't lose his
baggage!"  That portmanteau was the German's.




GROWTH OF STATION BOOKSHOPS.


The gradual rise of the railway book-trade is a singular feature of our
marvellous railway era.  In the first instance, when the scope and
capabilities of the rail had yet to be ascertained, the privilege of
selling books, newspapers, etc., at the several stations was freely
granted to any who might think proper to claim it.  Vendors came and
went, when and how they chose, their trade was of the humblest, and their
profits were as varying as their punctuality.  By degrees the business
assumed shape, the newspaper man found it his interest to maintain a
_locus standi_ in the establishment, and the establishment, in its turn,
discerned a substantial means of helping the poor or the deserving among
its servants.  A <DW36> maimed in the company's service, or a married
servant of a director or secretary, superseded the first batch of
stragglers and assumed responsibility by express appointment.  The
responsibility, in truth, was not very great at starting.  Railway
travelling, at the time referred to, occupied but a very small portion of
a man's time.  The longest line reached only thirty miles, and no
traveller required anything more solid than his newspaper for his hour's
steaming.  But as the iron lengthened, and as cities remote from each
other were brought closer, the time spent in the railway carriage
extended, travellers multiplied, and the newspaper ceased to be
sufficient for the journey.  At this period reading matter for the rail
sensibly increased; the tide of cheap literature set in.  French novels,
unfortunately, of questionable character were introduced by the newsman,
simply because he could buy them at one-third less than any other
publication selling at the same price.  The public purchased the wares
they saw before them, and very soon the ingenious caterers for railway
readers flattered themselves that there was a general demand amongst all
classes for the peculiar style of literature upon which it had been their
good fortune to hit.  The more eminent booksellers and publishers stood
aloof, whilst others, less scrupulous, finding a market open and
ready-made to their hands were only too eager to supply it.  It was then
that the _Parlour Library_ was set on foot.  Immense numbers of this work
were sold to travellers, and every addition to the stock was positively
made on the assumption that persons of the better class, who constitute
the larger portion of railway readers, lose their accustomed taste the
moment they smell the engine and present themselves to the railway
librarian.

                  --Preface to a Reprinted Article from the _Times_, 1851.




MESSRS. SMITHS' BOOKSTALLS.


The following appeared in the _Athenaeum_, 27th Jan., 1849.  "The new
business in bookselling which the farming of the line of the
North-Western Railway by Mr. Smith, of the Strand, is likely to open up,
engages a good deal of attention in literary circles.  This new shop for
books will, it is thought, seriously injure many of the country
booksellers, and remove at the same time a portion of the business
transacted by London tradesmen.  For instance, a country gentleman
wishing to purchase a new book will give his order, not as heretofore, to
the Lintot or Tonson of his particular district, but to the agent of the
bookseller on the line of railway--the party most directly in his way.
Instead of waiting, as he was accustomed to do, till the bookseller of
his village or of the nearest town, can get his usual monthly parcel down
from his agent 'in the Row'--he will find his book at the locomotive
library, and so be enabled to read the last new novel before it is a
little flat or the last new history in the same edition as the resident
in London.  A London gentleman hurrying from town with little time to
spare will buy the book he wants at the railway station where he takes
his ticket--or perhaps at the next, or third, or fourth, or at the last
station (just as the fancy takes him) on his journey.  It is quite
possible to conceive such a final extension of this principle that the
retail trade in books may end in a great monopoly:--nay, instead of
seeing the _imprimatur_ of the Row or of Albermarle Street upon a book,
the great recommendation hereafter may be 'Euston Square,' 'Paddington,'
'The Nine Elms,' or even 'Shoreditch.'  Whatever may be the effect to the
present race of booksellers of this change in their business--it is
probable that this new mart for books will raise the profits of authors.
How many hours are wasted at railway stations by people well to do in the
world, with a taste for books but no time to read advertisements or to
drop in at a bookseller's to see what is new.  Already it is found that
the sale at these places is not confined to cheap or even ephemeral
publications;--that it is not the novel or light work alone that is asked
for and bought.

"The prophecy of progress contained in the above paragraph has been
fulfilled so far as the North-Western and Mr. Smith are concerned.  His
example, however, was not infectious for other lines; and till within the
last three months, when the Great Northern copied the good precedent, and
entered into a contract with Mr. Smith and his son, the greenest
literature in dress and in digestion was all that was offered to the
wants of travellers by the directors of the South-Western, the Great
Western, and other trunk and branch lines with which England is
intersected.  A traveller in the eastern, western, and southern counties
who does not bring his book with him can satisfy his love of reading only
by the commonest and cheapest trash--for the pretences to the appearance
of a bookseller's shop made at Waterloo, at Shoreditch, at Paddington,
and at London Bridge, are something ridiculous.  This should not be.  It
shows little for the public spirit of the directors of our railways that
such a system should remain.  Mr. Smith has, we believe, as many as
thirty-five shops at railway stations, extending from London to
Liverpool, Chester and Edinburgh.  His great stations are at Euston
Square, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool and Edinburgh.  He has a
rolling stock of books valued at 10,000 pounds.  We call his stock
rolling, because he moves his wares with the inclinations of his readers.
If he finds a religious feeling on the rise at Bangor, he withdraws
Dickens and sends down Henry of Exeter or Mr. Bennett; if a love for
lighter reading is on the increase at Rugby, he withdraws Hallam and
sends down Thackeray and Jerrold.  He never undersells and he gives no
credit.  His business is a ready-money one, and he finds it his interest
to maintain the dignity of literature by resolutely refusing to admit
pernicious publications among his stock.  He can well afford to pay the
heavy fee he does for his privilege; for his novel speculation has been a
decided hit--of solid advantage to himself and of permanent utility to
the public."

                                             --_Athanaeum_, Sept. 5, 1851.




A RESIDENT ENGINEER AND SCIENTIFIC WITNESS.


Shortly after the first locomotives were placed on the London and
Birmingham Railway, a scientific civilian, who had given very positive
evidence before Parliament as to the injury to health and other
intolerable evils that must arise from the construction of tunnels, paid
a visit to the line.  The resident engineer accompanied him in a
first-class carriage over the newly-finished portion of the works.  As
they drew near Chalk Farm the engineer attracted the attention of his
visitor to the lamp at the top of the carriage.  "I should like to have
your opinion on this," he said.  "The matter seems simple, but it
requires a deal of thought.  You see it is essential to keep the oil from
dropping on the passengers.  The cup shape effectually prevents this.
Then the lamps would not burn.  We had to arrange an up-cast and
down-cast chimney, in order to ensure the circulation of air in the lamp.
Then there was the question of shadow;"--and so he continued, to the
great edification of his listener, for five or six minutes.  When a
satisfactory conclusion as to the lamp had been arrived at, the learned
man looked out of the window.  "What place is this?" said he.  "Kensal
Green."  "But," said the other, "how is that?  I thought there was one of
your great tunnels to pass before we came to Kensal Green."  "Oh,"
replied the Resident, carelessly, "did you not observe?  We came through
Chalk Farm Tunnel very steadily."  The man of science felt himself
caught.  He made no more reports upon tunnels.

                          --_Personal Recollections of English Engineers_.




EXTRAORDINARY SCENE AT A RAILWAY JUNCTION.


A most extraordinary and unprecedented scene occurred on Monday morning
at the Clifton station, about five miles from Manchester, where the East
Lancashire line forms a junction with the Lancashire and Yorkshire.  The
East Lancashire are in the habit of running up-trains to Manchester, past
the Clifton junction, without stopping, afterwards making a declaration
to the Lancashire and Yorkshire Company of the number of passengers the
trains contain, and for whom they will have to pay toll.  The Lancashire
and Yorkshire Company object to this plan, and demand that the trains
shall stop at Clifton, so that the number of passengers can be counted,
and give up their tickets.  The East Lancashire Company say that in
addition to their declaration, the other parties have access to all their
books, and to the returns of their (the East Lancashire Company's)
servants; and that the demand to take tickets, or to count, is only one
of annoyance and detention, adopted since the two companies have become
competitors for the traffic to Bradford.  Towards the close of last week,
the dispute assumed a serious aspect, by one of the Lancashire and
Yorkshire Company's agents at Manchester (Mr. Blackmore) threatening that
he would blockade or stop up the East Lancashire line, at the point of
junction, with a large balk of timber.  The East Lancashire Company got
out a summons against Mr. Blackmore on Saturday; but, notwithstanding
this, the Lancashire and Yorkshire Company's manager proceeded on Monday
to carry the threat into execution, despite the presence of a large body
of the county police.  The East Lancashire early trains were allowed to
pass upon the Lancashire and Yorkshire line without obstruction; but at
half-past 10 o'clock in the morning, as the next East Lancashire train to
Manchester was one which would not stop at Clifton, but attempt to pass
on to Manchester, a number of labourers, under the direction of Captain
Laws, laid a large balk of timber, secured by two long iron crowbars,
across the down rails to Manchester of the Lancashire and Yorkshire line,
behind which was brought up a train of six empty carriages, with its
engine at the Manchester end.  When the East Lancashire train came in
sight, it was signalled to stop, and the Lancashire and Yorkshire
Company's servants went and demanded the tickets from the passengers.
This demand, however, was fruitless, inasmuch as the East Lancashire
parties had taken the tickets from the passengers at the previous
station--Ringley.  The first act of the East Lancashire Company's
servants was to remove the balk of timber, and this they did without
hindrance.  They next attempted to force before them the Lancashire and
Yorkshire blockading train.  This they were not able to do.  The East
Lancashire Company then brought up a heavy train laden with stone, and
took up a position on the top line to Manchester.  Thus the Lancashire
and Yorkshire Company's double line of rails was completely blocked
up--one line by their own train, and the other by the stone train of the
East Lancashire Company.  In this position matters remained till near 12
o'clock.  There were altogether eight trains on the double lines of rails
of the two companies, extending more than half a mile.  After which the
blockade was broken up, and the various trains were allowed to pass
onwards--fortunately without accident or injury to the passengers.

                                --_Manchester Examiner_, March 13th, 1849.




GOODS' COMPETITION.


Within the last fortnight, we understand, the London and North-Western,
in conjunction with the Lancashire and Yorkshire, have commenced carrying
goods between Liverpool and Manchester, a distance of 31 miles, at the
ruinously low figure of 6d. per ton, where they used to have 8s.  We
further hear that the 6d. includes the expenses of collection and
delivery.  The cause is a competition with the East Lancashire and the
canal.  At a very low estimate it has been calculated that every ton
costs 6s. 3d., so that they are losing 5s. 9d. on every 6d. earned, or
860 per cent.

How long this monstrous competition is to continue the directors only
know, but the loss must be frightful on both sides.  Chaplin and Horne
had 10s. a ton for collecting and delivering the goods at the London end
of the London and North-Western Railway, and, though the expense must be
less in such comparatively small towns as Liverpool and Manchester, it
can hardly be less than a half that, 5s.  Therefore, allowing only 1s.
3d. for the bare railway carriage, which is under a halfpenny a ton a
mile, we have 6s. 3d., the estimate showing the above-mentioned loss of
5s. 9d. on every 6d. earned.

                                 --_Herepath's Journal_, Sept. 29th, 1849.




A POLITE REQUEST.


An amusing illustration of the formal politeness of a railway guard
occurred some years ago at the Reigate station.  He went to the window of
a first class carriage, and said: "If you please, sir, will you have the
goodness to change your carriage here?"  "What for?" was the gruff reply
of Mr. Bull within.  "Because, sir, if you please, the wheel has been on
fire since half-way from the last station!"  John looked out; the wheel
was sending forth a cloud of smoke, and without waiting to require any
further "persuasive influences," he lost no time in condescending to
comply with the request.




A CHASE AFTER A RUNAWAY ENGINE.


Mr. Walker, the superintendent of the telegraphs of the South-Eastern
Railway Company, remarks:--"On New Year's Day, 1850, a collision had
occurred to an empty train at Gravesend, and the driver having leaped
from his engine, the latter darted alone at full speed for London.
Notice was immediately given by telegraph to London and other stations;
and, while the line was kept clear, an engine and other arrangements were
prepared as a buttress to receive the runaway, while all connected with
the station awaited in awful suspense the expected shock.  The
superintendent of the railway also started down the line on an engine,
and on passing the runaway he reversed his engine and had it transferred
at the next crossing to the up-line, so as to be in the rear of the
fugitive; he then started in chase, and on overtaking the other he ran
into it at speed, and the driver of the engine took possession of the
fugitive, and all danger was at an end.  Twelve stations were passed in
safety; it passed Woolwich at fifteen miles an hour; it was within a
couple of miles of London when it was arrested.  Had its approach been
unknown, the money value of the damage it would have caused might have
equalled the cost of the whole line of telegraph."




STEAM DEFINED.


At a railway station, an old lady said to a very pompous looking
gentleman, who was talking about steam communication.  "Pray, sir, what
is steam?"  "Steam, ma'am, is ah!--steam, is ah! ah! steam is--steam!"
"I knew that chap couldn't tell ye," said a rough-looking fellow standing
by; "but steam is a bucket of water in a tremendous perspiration."




IN A RAILWAY TUNNEL.


Mr. Osborne in the _Sunday at Home_, says, "I have heard from a friend a
strange story of a tunnel, which I will try to tell you as it was told to
me.  A well-known engineer was walking one day through a tunnel, a narrow
one, and as he was going along, supposing himself safe, he thought his
ear caught the far-off rumble of a train _in the tunnel_.  After stopping
and listening for a moment, he became sure it was so, and that he was
caught, and could not possibly get out in time.  What was he to do?
Should he draw himself up close to the side wall, making himself as small
as possible, that the train might not touch him.  Or should he lie down
flat between the rails and let the train pass over him.  Being an
engineer, and knowing well the shape of things, he decided to lie down
between the rails as his best chance.  He had to make up his mind
quickly, for in a minute or so the whole train came to where he lay, and
went thundering over him, and--did him no harm whatever.  But he
afterwards told his friends, that in that brief moment of time, while the
train was passing over, he saw his whole past life spread out like a map,
like an illuminated transparency, with every particular circumstance
standing out plain."




A QUICK WAY.


Some years ago, when a new railway was opened in the Highlands, a
Highlander heard of it, and bought a ticket for the first excursion.  The
train was about half the distance to the next station when a collision
took place, and poor Donald was thrown unceremoniously into an adjacent
park.  After recovering his senses, he made the best of his way home,
when the neighbours asked him how he liked his ride.  "Oh," replied
Donald, "I liked it fine; but they have an awfu' nasty quick way in
puttin' ane oot."




HIGHLANDER AND A RAILWAY ENGINE.


We remember hearing a story of an old Highland peasant who happened to
see a railway engine for the first time.  He was coming down from the
Grampians into Perthshire, and he thus described the novel monster as it
appeared in his astounded Celtic imagination:--"I was looking doon the
glens, when I saw a funny beast blowing off his perspiration; an' I ran
doon, an' I tried to stop him, but he just gave an awfu' skirl an'
disappeared into a hole."--(meaning, of course, a tunnel).

                                                          --_Once a Week_.




EXTRACTS FROM MACREADY'S DIARIES.


"July 3rd, 1845.--Brewster called to cut my hair; he told me the
tradesmen could not get paid in London, for all the money was employed in
railroads."

"June 19th, 1850.--We were surprised by the entrance of Carlyle and Mrs.
C--.  I was delighted to see them.  Carlyle inveighed against
railroads--he was quite in one of his exceptious moods."




FREAKS OF CONCEALED BOGS.


Great difficulties have often been encountered by engineers in carrying
earth embankments across low grounds, which, under a fair, green surface,
concealed the remains of ancient bogs, sometimes of great depth.  Thus,
on the Leeds and Bradford Extension, about 600 tons of stone and earth
were daily cast into an embankment near Bingley, and each morning the
stuff thrown in on the preceding day was found to have disappeared.  This
went on for many weeks, the bank, however, gradually advancing, and
forcing up on either side a spongy black ridge of moss.  On the
South-Western Railway a heavy embankment, about fifty feet high, crossed
a piece of ground near Newham, the surface of which seemed to be
perfectly sound and firm.  Twenty feet, however, beneath the surface an
old bog lay concealed; and the ground giving way, the fluid, pressed from
beneath the embankment, raised the adjacent meadows in all directions
like waves of the sea.  A culvert, which permitted the flow of a brook
under the bank, was forced down, the passage of the water entirely
stopped, and several thousand acres of the finest land in Hampshire would
have been flooded but for the exertions of the engineer, who completed a
new culvert just as the other had become completely closed.  The
Newton-green embankment, on the Sheffield and Manchester line, gave way
in like manner, and to such an extent as to spread out two or three times
its original width.  In this case it was found necessary to carry the
line across the parts which yielded, under strong timber shores.  On the
Dundalk and Enniskillen line a heavy embankment twenty feet high suddenly
disappeared one night in the bog of Meghernakill, nearly adjoining the
river Fane.  The bed of the river was forced up, and the flow of the
water for the time was stopped, and the surrounding country heavily
flooded.  A concealed bog of even greater extent, on the Durham and
Sunderland Railway, near Aycliff, was crossed by means of a
double-planked road, about two miles in length.  A few weeks after the
line had been opened, part of the road sank one night entirely out of
sight.  The defect was made good merely by extending the floating surface
of the road at this portion of the bog.

                                                     --_Quarterly Review_.




A RAILWAY MARRIAGE.


In Maine, a conductor--too busy, we suggest, saying "Go ahead!" to be
particular about wedding formalities--invited his betrothed and a
minister into a car, and while the train was in motion was married;
leaving that station a bachelor, at this station he was a married man!
It is but one of a thousand examples of life as it goes in this fast
country.

                                                      --_New York Nation_.




ATTEMPTED FRAUDS.


Feb. 29, 1849, _Central Criminal Court_.--Robert Duncan, aged 47,
staymaker, Mary Duncan, his wife, who surrendered to take her trial, and
Pierce Wall O'Brien, aged 30, printer, were indicted for conspiring
together to obtain money from the London and North-Western Railway
Company by false pretences.

From the statement of Mr. Clarkson and the evidence, it appeared that the
charges made against the prisoners involved a most impudent attempt at
fraud.  It appears that on the 5th of September last year an accident
occurred to the up mail train from York, near the Leighton Buzzard
station, but, although some injury was occasioned to the train, it seemed
that none of the passengers received any personal injury.  On the 26th of
October following, however, the company received a communication from Mr.
Harrison, requiring compensation on behalf of defendant, Robert Duncan,
for an injury alleged to have been sustained by his wife upon the
occasion of the collision referred to, it being represented, also, that
her brother, the defendant O'Brien, who was travelling with her at the
time from York, had likewise received serious injury by the same
accident.  The company immediately sent a medical gentleman to the place
described as the residence of these persons, No. 59, George Street,
Southwark, and he there saw the man Robert Duncan, who represented that
his wife was dangerously ill, and that the result of the accident on the
railway was a premature confinement, and that her life was in danger.
Mr. Porter was then introduced to the female defendant, whom he found in
bed, apparently in great pain, and she confirmed her husband's statement.
In the same house the prisoner O'Brien was found in bed, and he also told
the same story about the accident on the railway.  It appeared that some
suspicion was entertained by the company of the general character of the
transaction, and they had been instituting inquiries.  On the 2nd of
November they received another letter from the prisoner Robert Duncan, in
which he made an offer to accept 60 pounds for the injury his wife had
received, and also stating that Mr. O'Brien was willing to accept a
similar amount for the damage he had sustained.  At this it appeared Mr.
Harrison resolved not to have anything further to do with the matter,
unless he received satisfactory proof of the truth of the story told by
the parties; and another solicitor was employed by the defendants, who
brought an action against the company for damages for the alleged injury,
and he proceeded so far as to give notice of trial.  The case, however,
never went before a jury in that shape, and by this time it was
discovered that there was no truth in the story told by the defendants.
It was proved at the period when the accident was alleged to have
occurred to the female defendant, she was residing with her husband, and
was in her usual health.  With regard to O'Brien, there was no evidence
to show that he was upon the train at the time the accident happened,
but, according to the testimony of a witness named Darke, during the
period when the negotiation was going on with the company, O'Brien
requested him to write a letter to Mr. Harrison to the effect that he was
riding in the same carriage with Mrs. Duncan and her brother at the time
of the accident, and he was aware of her having been injured, and gave
him a written statement to that effect, which he copied.  This witness,
in cross-examination, admitted that at the time he wrote the statement he
was perfectly well aware it was false, and he also said that
notwithstanding this, he made no difficulty in doing what O'Brien
requested, and also that he should have been ready to make a solemn
declaration of the truth of the statement if he had been required to do
so.

A verdict of "Not Guilty" was taken as to the female prisoner, on the
ground that she was acting under the control of her husband.  The jury
returned a verdict of "Guilty" against the two male defendants.

Mr. Clarkson said he was instructed to state that, at the period of the
catastrophe on board the Cricket steam-boat, the prisoners obtained a sum
of 70 pounds from the company to which that vessel belonged, by the false
pretence that they had received injury upon the occasion.

The Recorder sentenced Duncan to be imprisoned for twelve, and O'Brien
for six months.

                                                        _Annual Register_.




A BRIDE'S LOST LUGGAGE.


The trouble which is bestowed by railway companies to cause the
restitution of lost property is incalculable.  Some years ago, a young
lady lost a portmanteau from the rest of her luggage--a pardonable
oversight, for she was a bride starting on a honeymoon trip.  The
bridegroom--never on such occasions an accountable being--had not noticed
the misfortune.  When the loss was discovered, and application made
respecting it, the lady spoke positively of having seen it at the station
whence they started, then again at a station where they had to change
carriages; she saw it also when they left the railway; it was all safe,
she averred, at the hotel where they stopped for a few days.  She was
also certain that it was among the rest of the "things" when they again
started for a watering-place; but, when they arrived there, it was
missing.  It contained a new riding habit, value fifteen pounds.  The
search that was instituted for this portmanteau recalled that of
Telemachus for Ulysses; the railway officials sent one of their clerks
with a _carte blanche_ to trace the bride's journey to the end of the
last mile, till some tidings of the strayed trunk could be traced.  He
went to every station, to every coach-office in connection with every
station, to every town, to every hotel, and to every lodging that the
happy couple had visited.  His expenses actually amounted to fifteen
pounds.  He came back without success.  At length the treasure was found;
but where?  At the by-station on another line, whence the bride had
started from home a maiden.  Yet she had positively declared, without
doubt or reservation, that she had, "with her own eyes," seen the trunk
on the various stages of her tour; this can only be accounted for by the
peculiar flustration of a young lady just plunged into the vortex of
matrimony.  The husband paid the whole of the costs.




THIRD-CLASS PASSENGERS.


The conveyance of passengers at cheap fares was from the commencement of
railways a great public concern, and it was soon found necessary that the
legislature should take action in the matter.  Accordingly, by the
Regulation of Railways Act, 1844, all passenger railways were required to
run one train every day from end to end of their line, carrying
third-class passengers at a rate not exceeding one penny a mile, stopping
at all stations, starting at hours approved by the Board of Trade,
travelling at least twelve miles an hour, and with carriages protected
from weather.  This enactment greatly encouraged the poorer classes in
railway travelling; but the companies were slow to carry out the new
regulations cheerfully.  The trains were timed at most inconvenient
hours; to undertake a journey of any considerable length in one day at
third-class fare was almost out of the question.  In fact, a
short-sighted policy of doing almost everything to discourage third-class
travelling was adopted by the Companies.

A traveller having started on a long journey, thinking to be able to
travel all the way third-class, would find at some stage of the route
that he had arrived, only a few minutes perhaps, after the departure of
the cheap train to his destination, with no alternative but to wait for
hours or proceed by the express and pay accordingly.  Moreover, the
third-class carriages were provided with the very minimum of comfort.  It
was not seen by the railway executive of that time that the policy
adopted was actually prejudicial to their own interests.

                                        _Our Railways_, by Joseph Parsloe.




IMPROVEMENT IN THIRD-CLASS TRAVELLING.


The Rev. F. S. Williams, in an article in the _Contemporary Review_,
entitled "Railway Revolutions," remarks:--"We need not go back so far as
the time when third-class passengers had to stand in a sort of cattle-pen
placed on wheels; it is only a few years since the Parliamentary trains
were run in bare fulfilment of the obligations of Parliament, and when a
journey by one of them could never be looked upon as anything better than
a necessary evil.  To start in the darkness of a winter's morning to
catch the only third-class train that ran; to sit, after a slender
breakfast, in a vehicle the windows of which were compounded of the
largest amount of wood and the smallest amount of glass, and which were
carefully adjusted to exactly those positions in which the fewest
travellers could see out of them; to stop at every roadside station,
however insignificant; and to accomplish a journey of 200 miles in about
ten hours--such were the ordinary conditions which Parliament in its
bounty provided for the people.  Occasionally, moreover, the monotony of
progress was interrupted by the shunting of the train into a siding,
where it might wait for more respectable passenger trains and fast goods
to pass."

"We remember," says a writer, "once standing on the platform at
Darlington when the Parliamentary train arrived.  It was detained for a
considerable time to allow a more favoured train to pass, and, on the
remonstrance of several of the passengers at the unexpected detention,
they were coolly informed, "Ye mun bide till yer betters gaw past, ye are
only the <DW65> train."

"If there is one part of my public life," recently said Mr. Allport
(Midland Railway) to the writer, "in which I look back with more
satisfaction than anything else, it is with reference to the boon we
conferred on third-class passengers.  When the rich man travels, or if he
lies in bed all day, his capital remains undiminished, and perhaps his
income flows in all the same.  But when a poor man travels he has not
only to pay his fare, but to sink his capital, for his time is his
capital; and if he now consumes only five hours instead of ten in making
a journey, he has saved five hours of time for useful labour--useful to
himself, to his family, and to society.  And I think with even more
pleasure of the comfort in travelling we have been able to confer upon
women and children.  But it took," he added, "five-and-twenty years' work
to get it done."




A GREAT DISCOVERY.


Confound that Pope Gregory who changed the style!  He, or some one else,
has robbed the month of February, in ordinary years, of no less than
three days, for Mr. George Sutton, the solicitor, has discovered and
established by the last Brighton Act of Parliament that February has
_really thirty-one days_, while that good-for-nothing Pope led us to
believe it had only twenty-eight.  The language of the 45th clause of the
Act or of the bill which went into the Lords is:--

"That so much of the said Consolidation Act as enacts that the ordinary
meetings of the company, subsequent to the first ordinary meeting
thereof, shall be held half-yearly on the 31st day of July, and
_thirty-first day of February_ in each year, or within one month before
or after these days shall be, and the same is hereby repealed."

The next clause enacts, we suppose by reason of "the 31st of February"
being an inconvenient day, that the meetings shall be held on the 31st of
January and the 31st of July, a month before or a month after.

On account of the great value of an addition of three days to our years,
and, therefore, an annual addition to our lives of three days, we beg to
propose that a handsome testimonial be given to Mr. George Sutton, the
eminent solicitor of the Brighton Railway Company, the author of the Act
and the discoverer of the Pope's wicked conduct.  We further propose that
it be given him on "the 31st day of February" next year, and that his
salary be paid on that day, and no other, every year.

                                  --_Herepath's Journal_, June 24th, 1854.




A DREADED EVIL.


When the old Sheffield and Rotherham line was contemplated, "A hundred
and twenty inhabitants of Rotherham, headed by their vicar, petitioned
against the bill, because they thought the canal and turnpike furnished
sufficient accommodation between the two towns, and because they dreaded
an incursion of the idle, drunken, and dissolute portion of the Sheffield
people as a consequence of increasing the facilities of transit."  For a
time the opposition was successful but eventually the Lord's Committee
yielded to the perseverance of the promoters of the bill.

                                    _Sheffield and Rotherham Independent_.




REMARKABLE ADVENTURE.


A young lady some years ago thus related an adventure she met with in
travelling.  "After I had taken my seat one morning at Paddington, in an
empty carriage, I was joined, just as the train was moving off, by a
strange-looking young man, with remarkably long flowing hair.  He was, of
course, a little hurried, but he seemed besides to be so disturbed and
wild that I was quite alarmed, for fear of his not being in his right
mind, nor did his subsequent conduct at all reassure me.  Our train was
an express, and he inquired eagerly, at once, which was the first station
we were advertised to stop.  I consulted my Bradshaw and furnished him
with the required information.  It was Reading.  The young man looked at
his watch.

"'Madam,' said he, 'I have but half-an-hour between me and, it may be,
ruin.  Excuse, therefore, my abruptness.  You have, I perceive, a pair of
scissors in your workbag.  Oblige me, if you please, by cutting off all
my hair.'

"'Sir,' said I, 'it is impossible.'

"'Madam,' he urged, and a look of severe determination crossed his
features; 'I am a desperate man.  Beware how you refuse me what I ask.
Cut my hair off--short, close to the roots--immediately; and here is a
newspaper to hold the ambrosial curls.'

"I thought he was mad, of course; and believing that it would be
dangerous to thwart him, I cut off all his hair to the last lock.

"'Now, madam,' said he, unlocking a small portmanteau, 'you will further
oblige me by looking out of the window, as I am about to change my
clothes.'

"Of course I looked out of the window for a very considerable time, and
when he observed, 'Madam, I need no longer put you to any inconvenience,'
I did not recognise the young man in the least.

"Instead of his former rather gay costume, he was attired in black, and
wore a grey wig and silver spectacles; he looked like a respectable
divine of the Church of England, of about sixty-four years of age; to
complete that character, he held a volume of sermons in his hand,
which--they appeared so to absorb him--might have been his own.

"'I do not wish to threaten you, young lady,' he resumed, 'and I think,
besides, that I can trust your kind face.  Will you promise me not to
reveal this metamorphosis until your journey's end?'

"'I will,' said I, 'most certainly.'

"At Reading, the guard and a person in plain clothes looked into our
carriage.

"'You have the ticket, my love,' said the young man, blandly, and looking
to me as though he were my father.

"'Never mind, sir; we don't want them,' said the official, as he withdrew
his companion.

"'I shall now leave you, madam,' observed my fellow-traveller, as soon as
the coast was clear; 'by your kind and courageous conduct you have saved
my life and, perhaps, even your own.'

"In another minute he was gone, and the train was in motion.  Not till
the next morning did I learn from the _Times_ newspaper that the
gentleman on whom I had operated as hair cutter had committed a forgery
to an enormous amount, in London, a few hours before I met him, and that
he had been tracked into the express train from Paddington; but
that--although the telegraph had been put in motion and described him
accurately--at Reading, when the train was searched, he was nowhere to be
found."




SAFETY ON THE FLOOR.


Many concussions give no warning of their approach, while others do, the
usual premonitory symptoms being a kind of bouncing or leaping of the
train.  It is well to know that the bottom of the carriage is the safest
place, and, therefore, when a person has reason to anticipate a
concussion, he should, without hesitation, throw himself on the floor of
the carriage.  It was by this means that Lord Guillamore saved his life
and that of his fellow passengers some years since, when a concussion
took place on one of the Irish railways.  His Lordship feeling a shock,
which he knew to be the forerunner of a concussion, without more ado
sprang upon the two persons sitting opposite to him, and dragged them
with him to the bottom of the carriage; the astonished persons at first
imagined that they had been set upon by a maniac, and commenced
struggling for their liberty, but in a few seconds they but too well
understood the nature of the case; the concussion came, and the upper
part of the carriage in which Lord Guillamore and the other two persons
were was shattered to pieces, while the floor was untouched, and thus
left them lying in safety; while the other carriages of the train
presented nothing but a ghastly spectacle of dead and wounded.

                                   --_The Railway Traveller's Handy Book_.




LIFE UPON THE RAILWAY, BY A CONDUCTOR.


The Western Division of our road runs through a very mountainous part of
Virginia, and the stations are few and far between.  About three miles
from one of these stations, the road runs through a deep gorge of the
Blue Ridge, and near the centre is a small valley, and there, hemmed in
by the everlasting hills, stood a small one-and-a-half-story log cabin.
The few acres that surrounded it were well cultivated as a garden, and
upon the fruits thereof lived a widow and her three children, by the name
of Graff.  They were, indeed, untutored in the cold charities of an
outside world--I doubt much if they ever saw the sun shine beyond their
own native hills.  In the summer time the children brought berries to the
nearest station to sell, and with the money they bought a few of the
necessities of the outside refinement.

The oldest of these children I should judge to be about twelve years, and
the youngest about seven.  They were all girls, and looked nice and
clean, and their healthful appearance and natural delicacy gave them a
ready welcome.  They appeared as if they had been brought up to fear God
and love their humble home and mother.  I had often stopped my train and
let them get off at their home, having found them at the station some
three miles from home, after disposing of their berries.

I had children at home, and I knew their little feet would be tired in
walking three miles, and therefore felt that it would be the same with
these fatherless little ones.  They seemed so pleased to ride, and
thanked me with such hearty thanks, after letting them off near home.
They frequently offered me nice, tempting baskets of fruit for my
kindness; yet I never accepted any without paying their full value.

Now, if you remember, the winter of '54 was very cold in that part of the
State, and the snow was nearly three feet deep on the mountains.

On the night of the 26th of December, of that year, it turned around
warm, and the rain fell in torrents.  A terrible storm swept the mountain
tops, and almost filled the valleys with water.  Upon that night my train
was winding its way, at its usual speed, around the hills and through the
valleys, and as the road-bed was all solid rock, I had no fear of the
banks giving out.  The night was intensely dark, and the winds moaned
piteously through the deep gorges of the mountains.  Some of my
passengers were trying to sleep, others were talking in a low voice, to
relieve the monotony of the scene.  Mothers had their children upon their
knees, as if to shield them from some unknown danger without.

It was near midnight, when a sharp whistle from the engine brought me to
my feet.  I knew there was danger by that whistle, and sprang to the
brakes at once, but the brakesmen were all at their posts, and soon
brought the train to a stop.  I seized my lantern and found my way
forward as soon as possible, when what a sight met my gaze!  A bright
fire of pine logs illuminated the track for some distance, and not over
forty rods ahead of our train a horrible gulf had opened its maw to
receive us!

The snow, together with the rain, had torn the whole side of the mountain
out, and eternity itself seemed spread out before us.  The widow Graff
and her children had found it out, and had brought light brush from their
home below, and built a large fire to warn us of our danger.  They had
been there more than two hours watching beside that beacon of safety.  As
I went up where that old lady stood drenched through by the rain and
sleet, she grasped my arm and cried:

"Thank God! Mr. Sherbourn, we stopped you in time.  I would have lost my
life before one hair of your head should have been hurt.  Oh, I prayed to
heaven that we might stop the train, and, my God, I thank thee!"

The children were crying for joy.  I confess I don't very often pray, but
I did then and there.  I kneeled down by the side of that good old woman,
and offered up thanks to an All Wise Being for our safe deliverance from
a most terrible death, and called down blessings without number upon that
good old woman and her children.  Near by stood the engineer, fireman,
and brakesmen, the tears streaming down their bronzed cheeks.

I immediately prevailed upon Mrs. Graff and the children to go back into
the cars out of the storm and cold.  After reaching the cars I related
our hair-breadth escape, and to whom we were indebted for our lives, and
begged the men passengers to go forward and see for themselves.  They
needed no further urging, and a great many of the ladies went also,
regardless of the storm.  They soon returned, and their pale faces gave
full evidence of the frightful death we had escaped.  The ladies and
gentlemen vied with each other in their thanks and heartfelt gratitude
towards Mrs. Graff and her children, and assured her that they would
never, never forget her, and before the widow left the train she was
presented with a purse of four hundred and sixty dollars, the voluntary
offering of a whole train of grateful passengers.  She refused the
proffered gift for some time, and said she had only done her duty, and
the knowledge of having done so was all the reward she asked.  However,
she finally accepted the money, and said it should go to educate her
children.

The railway company built her a new house, gave her and her children a
life pass over the road, and ordered all trains to stop and let her get
off at home when she wished, but the employes needed no such orders, they
can appreciate all such kindness--more so than the directors themselves.

The old lady frequently visits my home at H-- and she is at all times a
welcome visitor at my fireside.  Two of the children are attending school
at the same place.

                            --_Appleton's American Railway Anecdote Book_.




A COUNTY COURT JUDGE'S FEELING AGAINST RAILWAYS.


In a County Court case at Carlisle, reported in the _Carlisle Journal_,
of October 31st, 1851, the judge (J. K. Knowles, Esq.) is represented to
have said:--"You may depend upon it, if I could do anything for you, I
would, for I detest all railways.  If they get a verdict in this case it
will be the first, and I hope it will be the last."




RAILWAY TICKETS.


A writer in that valuable miscellany _Household Words_, remarks:--"About
thirteen years ago, a Quaker was walking in a field in Northumberland,
when a thought struck him.  The man who was walking was named Thomas
Edmonson.  He had been, though a Friend, not a very successful man in
life.  He was a man of integrity and honour, as he afterwards abundantly
proved, but he had been a bankrupt, and was maintaining himself as a
clerk at a small station on the Newcastle and Carlisle line.  In the
course of his duties in this situation, he found it irksome to have to
write on every railway ticket that he delivered.  He saw the clumsiness
of the method of tearing the bit of paper off the printed sheet as it was
wanted, and filling it up with pen and ink.  He perceived how much time,
trouble, and error might be saved by the process being done in a
mechanical way; and it was when he set his foot down on a particular spot
on the before mentioned field that the idea struck him how all that he
wished might be done by a machine--how tickets might be printed with the
names of stations, the class of carriage, the dates of the month, and all
of them from end to end of the kingdom, on one uniform system.  Most
inventors accomplish their great deeds by degrees--one thought suggesting
another from time to time; but, when Thomas Edmonson showed his family
the spot in the field where his invention occurred to him, he used to say
that it came to his mind complete, in its whole scope and all its
details.  Out of it has grown the mighty institution of the Railway
Clearing House; and with it the grand organization by which the Railways
of the United Kingdom act, in regard to the convenience of individuals,
as a unity.  We may see at a glance the difference to every one of us of
the present organized system--by which we can take our tickets from
almost any place to another, and get into a carriage on almost any of our
great lines, to be conveyed without further care to the opposite end of
the kingdom--and the unorganized condition of affairs from which Mr.
Edmonson rescued us, whereby we should have been compelled to shift
ourselves and our luggage from time to time, buying new tickets, waiting
while they were filled up, waiting at almost every point of the journey,
and having to do it with divers companies who had nothing to do with each
other but to find fault and be jealous.

"On Mr. Edmonson's machines may be seen the name of Blaycock; Blaycock
was a watchmaker, and an acquaintance of Edmonson's, and a man whom he
knew to be capable of working out his idea.  He told him what he wanted;
and Blaycock understood him, and realized his thought.  The third machine
that they made was nearly as good as those now in use.  The one we saw
had scarcely wanted five shillings worth of repairs in five years; and,
when it needs more, it will be from sheer wearing away of the brass-work,
by constant hard friction.  The Manchester and Leeds Railway Company were
the first to avail themselves of Mr. Edmonson's invention; and they
secured his services at their station at Oldham Road, for a time.  He
took out a patent; and his invention became so widely known and
appreciated, that he soon withdrew himself from all other engagements, to
perfect its details and provide tickets to meet the daily growing demand.
He let out his patent on profitable terms--ten shillings per mile per
annum; that is, a railway of thirty miles long paid him fifteen pounds a
year for a license to print its own tickets by his apparatus; and a
railway of sixty miles long paid him thirty pounds, and so on.  As his
profits began to come in, he began to spend them; and it is not the least
interesting part of his history to see how.  It has been told that he was
a bankrupt early in life.  The very first use he made of his money was to
pay every shilling that he ever owed.  Ho was forty-six when he took that
walk in the field in Northumberland.  He was fifty-eight when he died, on
the twenty-second of June last year."




TAKEN ABACK.


Four young cavalry officers, travelling by rail, from Boulogne to Paris,
were joined at Amiens by a quiet, elderly gentleman, who shortly
requested that a little of one window might be opened--a not unreasonable
demand, as both were shut, and all four gentlemen were smoking.  But it
was refused, and again refused on being preferred a second time, very
civilly; whereupon the elderly gentleman put his umbrella through the
glass.  "Shall we stand the impertinence of this bourgeois?" said the
officers to one another.  "Never."  And they thrust four cards into his
hand, which he received methodically, and looked carefully at all four;
producing his own, one of which he tendered to each officer with a bow.
Imagine their feelings when they read on each--"Marshal Randon, Ministre
de Guerre."




FAITHFUL UNTO DEATH.


The engineer of a train near Montreal saw a large dog on the track.  He
was barking furiously.  The engineer blew the whistle at him, but he did
not stir, and crouching low, he was struck by the locomotive and killed.
There was a bit of white muslin on the locomotive, and it attracted the
attention of the engineer, who stopped the train and went back.  There
lay the dead dog, and a dead child, which had wandered upon the track and
gone to sleep.  The dog had given his signal to stop the train, and had
died at his post.




NARROW ESCAPES FROM BEING LYNCHED.


A writer in _All the Year Round_, observes:--"A dreadful accident down in
'Illonoy,' had particularly struck me as a warning; for there, while the
shattered bodies were still being drawn from under the piles of shivered
carriages, the driver on being expostulated with, had replied:

'I suppose this ain't the first railway accident by long chalks!'

Upon which the indignant passengers were with difficulty prevented from
lynching the wretch; but he fled into the woods, and there for a time
escaped pursuit.

But, two other railway journeys pressed more peculiarly on my mind; one
was that of eight or ten weeks ago, from Canandaigua to Antrim.  It was
there a gentleman from Baltimore, fresh from Chicago, told me of a
railway accident he had himself been witness to, only two days before I
met him.  The 2.40 (night) train from Toledo to Chicago, in which he
rode, was upset near Pocahontas by two logs that had evidently been
wilfully laid across the rails.  On inquiry at the next station, it was
discovered that a farmer who had had, a week before, two stray calves
killed near the same place, had been heard at a liquor store to say he
would 'pay them out for his calves.'  This was enough for the excited
passengers, vexed at the detention, and enraged at the malice that had
exposed them to danger and death.  A posse of them instantly sallied out,
beleaguered the farmer's house, seized him after some resistance, put a
rope round his neck, dragged him to the nearest tree, and would have then
and there lynched him, had not two or three of the passengers rescued
him, revolver in hand, and given him up to the nearest magistrate."




CURIOUS NOTICE.


The following notice, for the benefit of English travellers, was
exhibited some years ago in the carriage of a Dutch railway:--"You are
requested not to put no heads nor arms out of te windows."




OBTAINING INFORMATION.


But one of the most difficult things in the world is the levity with
which people talk about "obtaining information."  As if information were
as easy to pick up as stones!  "It ain't so hard to nuss the sick," said
a hired nurse, "as some people might think; the most of 'em doesn't want
nothing, and them as does doesn't get it."  Parodying this, one might
say, it is much harder to "obtain information" than some people think;
the most don't know anything, and those who do don't say what they know.
Here is a real episode from the history of an inquiry, which took place
four or five years ago, into the desirability of making a new line of
railway on the Border.  A witness was giving what is called "traffic
evidence," in justification of the alleged need of the railway, and this
is what occurred:--

_Mr. Brown_ (the cross-examining counsel for the opponents of the new
line)--Do you mean to tell the committee that you ever saw an inhabited
house in that valley?

_Witness_--Yes I do.

_Mr. Brown_--Did you ever see a vehicle there in your life?

_Witness_--Yes, I did.

_Mr. Brown_--Very good.

Some other questions were put, which led to nothing particular: but, just
as the witness--a Scotchman--was leaving the box, the learned gentleman
put one more question:--

_Q_.--I am instructed to ask you, if the vehicle you saw was not the
hearse of the last inhabitant?

_Answer_--It was.

                                                    --_Cornhill Magazine_.




THE GOAT AND THE RAILWAY.


In Prussian Poland the goods and cattle trains are prohibited from
carrying passengers under any conditions, and, however urgent their
necessities, the only exception allowed being the herd-keepers in charge
of cattle.  So strictly is this regulation enforced that even medical men
are not allowed to go by them when called for on an emergency, and where
life and death may be the result of their quick transit.  This is
generally considered a great hardship, the more so as there are only two
passenger trains daily on the above railroads.  But the inventive genius
of a small German innkeeper at Lissa has hit upon a clever plan of
circumventing the government regulations in a perfectly legitimate
manner.  He keeps a goat, which he hires out to persons wanting to
proceed in a hurry by a cattle train, at the rate of 6d. per station, the
passenger then applying for a ticket as the person in charge of the goat,
which he obtains without any difficulty.  In this manner a well-known
nobleman, residing at Lissa, is frequently seen travelling by the cattle
train to Posen, in the passenger's carriage, and the goat is so tame that
a very slender silk ribbon suffices to keep it from straying.




THE FIRST RAILWAY IN THE CRIMEA.


During the Russian War, in 1854, when the whole country was horror-struck
with the report of the sufferings endured by our brave soldiers in the
Crimea, Mr. Peto, in the most noble and disinterested manner, and at the
cost of his seat in the House of Commons for Norwich--which city he had
represented for several years--constructed for the Government a line of
railway from Balaclava to the English camp before Sebastopol, which at
the end of the war, with its various branches, was 37 English miles in
length and had 10 locomotives on it.  In recognition of this patriotic
service the honour of a baronetcy was, in the following year, conferred
upon him by Her Majesty.

                                                         --_Old Jonathan_.




THE BALACLAVA RAILWAY.


The following interesting extract from a communication to the _Times_, by
Sir Morton Peto, Bart., respecting the construction of the railway from
Balaclava to the British camp is worthy of preservation.  Sir Morton
remarks:--"It was in the midst of the dreary winter of 1854, when the
British army was suffering unparalleled hardships before Sebastopol, that
it was resolved to construct a railway from Balaclava to the British
camp.  Let honour be given where honour is due.--The idea emanated from
the Duke of Newcastle.  His Grace applied to our firm to assist in
carrying out the design.  The sympathies of all England were excited at
the time by the sufferings of our troops.  Every one was emulous to
contribute all that could be contributed to their succour and support.
The firm of which I am a partner was anxious to take its share in the
good work, and, on the Duke of Newcastle's application, we cheerfully
undertook to make all the arrangements for carrying his Grace's views
into execution, on the understanding that the work should be considered
National; and that we should be permitted to execute it without any
charge for profit.

We accordingly placed at the disposal of Her Majesty's Government the
whole of our resources.  We fitted out transports with the stores
necessary for the construction of the railway; employed and equipped
hundreds of men to execute the works; provided a commissariat exclusively
for their use; engaged medical officers to attend to their health, and
placed the whole service under the direction of the most experienced
agents on our staff.  These important preliminaries were arranged so
effectually, and with so much despatch, that the Emperor of the French
sent an agent to this country to instruct himself as to the mode in which
we equipped the expedition.

Every item shipped by us for the works was valued before shipment at its
selling price; and for all these items of valuation, as well as for the
payments which we made for labour, we received the certificate of the
most eminent engineer of the day (the late lamented Mr. Robert
Stephenson).  We undertook the execution of the Balaclava Railway as a
'National' work, agreeing to execute it without profit.  We performed our
contract to the letter.  We never profited by it to the extent of a
single shilling.

The works (nearly seven miles of railway) were executed in less than a
month; an incredibly short space of time, considering the season of the
year, the severity of the climate, and the difficulties to which,
considering the distance from home, we were all of us exposed.  It is a
matter of history that they eventuated in the taking of the great
fortress of Sebastopol.  Before the railway was made, all the shot, all
the shell, and all the ammunition necessary for the siege, had to be
carried from Balaclava to the camp, a distance of five miles up hill,
through mud and sludge, upon the backs of the soldiers.  An immense
proportion of our troops was told off for this most laborious service; of
whom no less than 25 per cent per month perished in its execution.  On
the day the railway was opened, it carried to the camp of the British
army, in 24 hours, more shot and shell than had been brought from
Balaclava for six weeks previously.

To our principal agent in the Crimea, the late Mr. Beattie, the greatest
credit was due for the way in which the arrangements were made, and the
work executed on that side.  Mr. Beattie's labours were so arduous, and
his efforts so untiring, that he died of fatigue within six weeks after
the completion of the work--a victim, absolutely, to his unparalleled
exertions.  The only favour in connection with these works which the Duke
of Newcastle ever granted at our request, he granted to the family of
this lamented gentleman.  Mr. Beattie left a widow and four children to
deplore his loss, and through the favour of the Duke of Newcastle, the
widow, who now resides with her father, an estimable clergyman in the
North of Ireland, enjoys a pension as the widow of a colonel falling in
the field."




PASSENGERS AND OTHER CATTLE.


At the Eastern Counties meeting (1854) the solicitor cut short a clause
about passengers, animals, and cattle, by reading it "passengers and
other cattle."  We do not recollect passengers having been classed with
cattle before.  Perhaps the learned gentleman's eyesight was defective,
or the print was not very clear.




EXPANSION OF RAILS.


Robert Routledge, in his article upon railways, remarks:--"It may easily
be seen on looking at a line of rails that they are not laid with the
ends quite touching each other, or, at least, they are not usually in
contact.  The reason of this is that space must be allowed for the
expansion which takes place when a rise in the temperature occurs.  The
neglect of this precaution has sometimes led to damage and accidents.  A
certain railway was opened in June, and, after an excursion train had in
the morning passed over it, the midday heat so expanded the iron that the
rails became, in some places, elevated to two feet above the level, and
the sleepers were torn up; so that in order to admit the return of the
train, the rails had to be fully relaid in a kind of zigzag.  In June,
1856, a train was thrown off the metals of the North-Eastern Railway, in
consequence of the rails rising up through expansion."




A SMART REJOINDER.


An American railway employe asked for a pass down to visit his family.
"You are in the employ of the railway?" asked the gentleman applied to.
"Yes."  "You receive your pay regularly?"  "Yes."  "Well, now, suppose
you were working for a farmer, instead of a railway, would you expect
your employer to hitch up his team every Saturday night and carry you
home?"  This seemed a poser, but it wasn't.  "No," said the man promptly,
"I wouldn't expect that; but if the farmer had his team hitched up and
was going my way, I should call him a contemptible fellow if he would not
let me ride."  Mr. Employe came out three minutes afterwards with a pass
good for three months.




COURTING ON A RAILWAY THIRTY MILES AN HOUR.


An incident occurred on the Little Miami Railway which outstrips, in
point of speed and enterprise, although in a somewhat different field,
the lightning express, "fifty-cents-a-mile" special train achievement
which attended the delivery of the recent famous "defalcation report" in
this city.  The facts are about thus: A lady, somewhat past that period
of life which _the world_ would term "young"--although she might differ
from them--was on her way to this city, for purposes connected with
active industry.  At a point on the road a traveller took the train, who
happened to enter the car in which the young lady occupied a seat.  After
walking up and down between the seats, the gentleman found no unoccupied
seat, except the one-half of that upon which the lady had deposited her
precious self and crinoline--the latter very modestly expansive.  Making
a virtue of necessity--a "stand-ee" berth or a little self-assurance--he
modestly inquired if the lady had a fellow-traveller, and took a seat.

As the train flew along with express speed, the strangers entered into a
cosy conversation, and mutual explanations.  The gentleman was pleased,
and the lady certainly did not pout.  After other subjects had been
discussed, and worn thread-bare, the lady made inquiries as to the price
of a sewing machine, and where such an article could be purchased in this
city.  The gentleman ventured the opinion that she had "better secure a
husband first."  This opened the way for another branch of conversation,
and the broken field was industriously cultivated.

By the time the train arrived at the depot in this city, the gentleman
had proposed and been accepted (although the lady afterwards declared she
regarded it all as a good joke).  The party separated; the gentleman, all
in good earnest, started for a license, and the lady made her way to a
boarding-house on Broadway, above Third, for dinner.  At two o'clock the
gentleman returned with a license and a Justice, to the great
astonishment of the fair one, and after a few tears and
half-remonstrative expressions, she submitted with becoming modesty, and
the Squire performed the little ceremony in a twinkling.  If this is not
a fast country, a search-warrant would hardly succeed in finding one.

                                                --_Cincinnati Commercial_.




THE MERCHANT AND HIS CLERK.


A London merchant resided a few miles from the City, in an elegant
mansion, to and from which he journeyed daily, and invariably by third
class.  It happened that one of the clerks in his employ lived in a
cottage accessible by the same line of railway, but he always travelled
first class; the same train thus presenting the anomaly of the master
being in that place which one would naturally assign to the man, and the
man appearing to usurp the position of the master.  One day these two
alighted at the terminus in full view of each other.  "Well," said Mr.
B--, in that tone of banter which a superior so frequently thinks it
becoming to adopt, "I don't know how you manage to ride first-class, when
in these hard times I find third-class fare as much as I can afford."
"Sir," replied the clerk, "you, who are known to be a person of wealth
and position, may adopt the most economical mode of travelling at no more
risk than being thought eccentric, and even with the applause of some for
your manifest absence of pride.  But, as for myself, I cannot afford to
indulge in such irregularities.  Among the persons I travel with I am
reported to be a well-paid _employe_, and am respected accordingly; to
maintain this reputation I am compelled to travel in the same manner as
they do, and were I to adopt an inferior mode, it would be attributed to
some serious falling off of income; a circumstance which would occasion
me not only loss of consideration among my _quondam_ fellow-travellers,
but one which, upon coming to the ears of my butcher, baker, and grocer,
might seriously injure my credit with those highly respectable, but
certainly worldly minded tradesmen."  Mr. B-- was not slow in recognizing
the full force of the argument, more particularly as the question of his
own liberality was involved, nor did he hesitate to give it a practical
application by immediately increasing the salary of his clerk; not only
to the amount of a first-class season ticket, but something over.

                                   --_The Railway Traveller's Handy Book_.




REMARKABLE WILL.


Some years ago an old gentleman of very eccentric habits, Mr. John
Younghusband, of Abbey Holme, Cumberland, died, and his will has proved
to be of the most eccentric character.  The Silloth Railway runs through
part of his property, an arrangement to which he was most passionately
averse; and though years have elapsed since then, his bitterness was in
no way assuaged.  In his will he leaves near 1000 pounds to a solicitor
who opposed the making of the railway; the rest of his money he bequeaths
to a comparative stranger upon these conditions--that the legatee never
speaks to one of the directors of the railway, that he never travels upon
it, that he never sends cattle or other traffic by it; and should he
violate any of these conditions, the estate reverts to the ordinary
succession.  To Mr. John Irving and the other directors of the Silloth
line Mr. Younghusband has sarcastically bequeathed a _farthing_.




IMMENSE FRAUD ON THE GREAT-NORTHERN RAILWAY.


In the _Annual Register_ for 1856, November 14th, we read, "Another fraud
connected with the transfer of shares and stock, but on a far grander
scale, and by a much more pretentious criminal, has been discovered.

"Of late some strange discrepancies had been observed in the accounts of
the Great-Northern Railway Company, and in particular that the amount
paid for dividends considerably exceeded the rateable proportion to the
capital stock.  An investigation was directed.  The registrar of shares,
Mr. Leopold Redpath, expressed a decided opinion that the investigation
into his department would be useless, and, on its being pressed,
absconded.  The investigation developed a long-continued system of frauds
of vast amount, to the amount, it was said, of nearly 250,000 pounds.

"Mr. Leopold Redpath passed in society as a gentleman of ample means,
great taste, and possessed of the Christian virtue of charity in no
common degree.  He had a house in Chester Terrace, handsomely furnished,
and a "place" at Weybridge complete with every luxury that wealth could
procure; gave good dinners with excellent wines; kept good horses and
neat carriages.  He was a governor of Christ's Hospital, the St. Ann's
Schools, and subscribed freely to the most useful charities of London.
His appointment on the Great-Northern was worth 300 pounds per annum; but
it was supposed that this was only of consequence to Mr. Redpath as
affording him a regular occupation and an opportunity of operating in the
share-market, in which he was known to have extensive dealings.  The
directors of the railway appear to have been perfectly aware that their
servant was living far beyond his salary, but they considered him to be a
very successful speculator.  Upon this splendid bubble being blown up,
Redpath fled to Paris; but, finding that the French authorities were not
inclined to protect him, he returned to London and surrendered himself.

"The mode in which this gigantic swindler had committed his frauds is
simple enough.  Having charge of the books in which the stock of the
company is registered, he altered the sum standing in the name of some
_bona fide_ stockholder to a much larger sum, generally by placing a
figure before it, by which simple means 500 became 1,500, or 2,500
pounds, or any larger number of thousands.  The surplus stock thus
_created_ Redpath sold in the stock-market, forging the name of the
supposed transferer, transferring the sum to the account of the supposed
transferee in the register, and either attesting it himself, or causing
it to be attested by a young man, his protege and tool, but who appears
to have been free from guilty cognizance.  In some instances the fraud
was but the more direct course of making a fictitious entry of stock, and
then selling it.  By these processes the number of shareholders and the
amount of stock on the company's register became greatly magnified,
while, as the _bona fide_ holders of stock remained credited with their
proper investments, there was no occasion for suspicion on their part.
How Redpath dealt with subsequent transfers of the fictitious stock does
not appear.  The prisoner was subjected to repeated examination before
the police magistrates, when this prodigious falsification was thoroughly
sifted, and the prisoner was finally committed for trial at the Central
Criminal Court in the following year.  It is said that the value of the
leases, furniture, and articles of taste in Redpath's house in Chester
Terrace is estimated at 30,000 pounds, and at Weybridge at a still larger
sum.  It is also said that Redpath and Robson, whose forged transfer of
Crystal Palace shares has been recorded in this chronicle, were formerly
fellow clerks.

"Lionel Redpath was tried, January 16th, 1857, at the Central Criminal
Court, and, being found guilty, was sentenced to transportation for life.
At the same time a junior clerk in his office, Charles Kent, was also
charged as his partner in the crime.  It appeared that Kent had acted on
many occasions as attesting witness to the forged transfers which Redpath
had employed to carry out his ends; but, as no guilty knowledge on the
part of the former was shown, he was acquitted.

"The railway company at first attempted to repudiate the forged stock
which Redpath had put into circulation, but pressing remonstrances, not
unaccompanied by threats, having been made by the Committee of the Stock
Exchange, they consented to acknowledge it.  Then came the question by
whom the loss was to be borne; a question which was not solved until
after considerable litigation.  The directors asserted that it ought to
be paid out of the current income of the year, and so it was ultimately
decided.  This led to a further question between the guaranteed
shareholders and the rest of the company.  For the diminution of the
year's earnings caused by taking up the fictitious stock being so great
as to render it impossible to satisfy the guaranteed dividends out of the
residue, it was contended on the part of the holders of those shares
that, by the provisions of the deed of settlement, the deficiency ought
to be made up out of the next year's profits, so that the guarantee that
they should receive their specified dividends was not clogged with the
condition in case a sufficient amount of earnings in each year was made
to pay them.  This dispute led to a Chancery suit, the decree in which
was in favour of the holders of the guaranteed shares."




A LOST TICKET.


"Now, then, make haste there, will you, an' give up your ticket,"
exclaimed a railway guard to a bandsman in the Volunteers returning from
a review.  "Didna I tell ye I've lost it?"  "Nonsense, man; feel in your
pockets, you cannot hae lost it."  "Can I no?" was the drunken reply;
"man, that's naething, I've lost the big drum!"




MELANCHOLY ACCIDENT.--SINGULAR ACTION.


The _Annual Register_ contains the following interesting case.  July 25,
1857.--At the Maidstone Assizes an action arising out of a singular and
melancholy accident was tried.  The action, Shilling _v._ The Accidental
Insurance Company, was brought by Charlotte Shilling, widow and
administratrix of Thomas Shilling, to recover from the defendants the sum
of 2000 pounds, upon a policy effected by the deceased on the life of her
father-in-law, James Shilling.  The husband of the plaintiff, Thomas
Shilling, carried on the business of a builder at Malling, a short
distance from Maidstone.  His father, James Shilling, lived with him; he
was nearly 80 years old, and very infirm, and his son used to drive him
about occasionally in his pony chaise.  In the month of March, last year,
an application was made to the defendants to effect two policies for 2000
pounds each upon the lives of Thomas Shilling and James Shilling, and to
secure that sum in the event of either of them dying from an accident,
and the policies were completed and delivered in the following month of
June.  On the evening of the 11th of July, 1856, about half-past 7
o'clock, the father and son went from Malling with a pony and chaise, for
the purpose of proceeding to a stone quarry at Aylesford, where Thomas
Shilling had business to transact, and they never returned home again
alive.  There where two roads by which they could have got to the quarry
from Malling, one of which was rather a dangerous one to be taken with a
vehicle and horse, on account of a steep bank leading to the river Medway
being on one side and the railway passing close to the other; but this
route, it appears, was much shorter than the other, which was nearly two
miles round, and it was consequently constantly used both by pedestrians
and carriages.  About 8 o'clock the pony and chaise and the father and
son were seen on this road, and upon arriving at the gate leading to the
quarry, Thomas Shilling got out, leaving the pony and chaise in charge of
his father.  Mr. Garnham, the owner of the quarry, was not at home, and
while one of the labourers was conversing with Thomas Shilling, the sound
of an approaching train was heard, and the men advised him to go back to
his pony, for fear it should take fright at the train, and he said he
would do so, as it had been frightened by a train on a previous occasion.
He accordingly went towards the gate where he had left the pony and
chaise, and from that time there was no evidence to show what took place.
The family sat up the whole night awaiting the return of their relatives
in the utmost possible alarm at their absence; but nothing was heard of
them until the following morning, when a bargeman found the drowned pony
and the chaise and the dead bodies of the father and son floating in the
Medway, near the spot where the chaise had been last seen on the previous
evening.  They were taken home, and a coroner's inquest was held, and the
only conclusion that could be arrived at was that the pony had taken
fright at the noise of the train, which appeared to have passed about the
time, and that he had jumped into the river, which at this spot was from
12 to 14 feet deep.

The policy on the life of the father had been assigned to the son, whose
widow claimed the two sums insured from the defendants.  That payable on
the death of the son they paid: but they refused to pay that due on the
father's policy, and pleaded to the action several pleas, alleging
certain violations of the conditions; and singularly enough, considering
that they had not disputed the son's policy on the same ground, they now
pleaded that the death was not the result of accident, but arose from
wanton and voluntary exposure to unnecessary danger.

The jury found a verdict for the plaintiff.




A CATASTROPHE.


Au old lady was going from Brookfield to Stamford, and took a seat in the
train for the first and last time in her life.  During the ride the train
was thrown down an embankment.  Crawling from beneath the _debris_
unhurt, she spied a man sitting down, but with his legs laid down by some
heavy timber.  "Is this Stamford?" she anxiously inquired.  "No, madam,"
was the reply, "this is a catastrophe."  "Oh!" she cried, "then I hadn't
oughter got off here."




WEDDING AT A RAILWAY STATION.


Baltimore has had what it calls a romantic wedding at Camden Station.  A
few moments before the departure of the outbound Washington train, a
gentleman accompanied by a lady and another gentleman, whose clerical
appearance indicated his profession, alighted from a carriage and entered
the depot.  Upon the locks of the leader of the party the snows of fifty
winters had evidently fallen, while the lady had apparently reached that
age when she is supposed to have lain aside her matrimonial cap.  Quietly
approaching the officer on duty within the station, they asked for a room
where a marriage ceremony might be privately performed.  The request was
readily granted, and under the leadership of the obliging officer, the
party was conducted to the despatch room, a small lobby in the eastern
part of the building, where in a few minutes the twain were made man and
wife.  With pleasant smiles, and a would-be-congratulated look upon their
countenances, they mingled with the crowd in waiting; and when the gates
were thrown open, arm in arm they boarded the train, their
fellow-passengers all the while ignorant of the interesting ceremony.

                                                    --_Illustrated World_.




ENGINE FASCINATION.


The fascination which engines and their human satellites exercise over
some minds is very great; and while speaking on the subject, I am
reminded of a young man who haunted for years one of our chief termini:
he was the son of a leading west end confectioner, so that his early
training had in no way disposed him to an engineering life; but he was
the most remarkable accumulation of statistics in connection therewith I
over knew.  The line employed several hundreds of engines, and he not
only knew the names of all of them, but when they were made, and who had
made them; when each one had last been supplied with a new set of tubes
at the factory--this last, of course only referred to the engines
employed on the main line, which he had an opportunity of seeing, and
would miss when they were laid up for repair--and how this had had the
pressure on its safety-valve increased, and this had been diminished.  He
had such a retentive memory for these and kindred facts, that I have seen
the foreman of the works appeal to him for information, which was never
lacking.  His penchant was so well known that he had special permission
for access to the works.

                                                   --_Chambers's Journal_.




COMPETITION FOR PASSENGERS.


Mr. Galt remarks:--"In the summer of 1857 the London and North-Western
and Great Northern railways contended with each other for the passenger
traffic from London to Manchester.  First-class and second-class
passengers were conveyed at fares, there and back, of seven and sixpence
and five shillings respectively, the distance being 400 miles, and four
clear days were allowed in Manchester.  As might have been expected,
trains were well filled, and, but for the fact that the other traffic was
much interfered with, the fares would, it is said, have been
remunerative.  As it was, it is said the shareholders lost 1 per cent.
dividend.

"Another memorable contest was carried on about the year 1853 between the
Caledonian and the Edinburgh and Glasgow Companies.  The latter suddenly
reduced the fares between Edinburgh and Glasgow for the three classes
from eight shillings, six shillings, and four shillings, to one shilling,
ninepence, and sixpence.  The contest was continued for
a-year-and-a-half, and cost the Edinburgh and Glasgow Company nearly 1
per cent. in their dividends."




ACCIDENT HOAX.


The following impudent hoax, contained in a letter which appeared in the
_Times_ in 1860, was most annoying to the officials of the Great Northern
Company.  It is headed:--

                 "Accident on the Great Northern Railway.
                      "To the Editor of the _Times_.

"Sir,--I beg to inform you of a serious accident, attended by severe
injury, if not loss of life, which occured to-day to the 8 o'clock a.m.
train from Wakefield, on the Great Northern railway, near Doncaster, by
which I was a passenger.  As the train approached Doncaster, about 9
o'clock, the passengers were suddenly alarmed by the vehement oscillation
of the carriages.  In a few seconds the engine had run off the line,
dragging the greater part of the train with it across the opposite line
of rails.  By this time the concussion had become so vehement that the
grappling chains connecting the engine, tender, and first carriage with
the rest of the train providentially snapped.  This circumstance saved
the lives of many.  But the engine, tender, and first carriage were
hurled over the embankment, all three being together overturned, and the
latter (a second-class one) nearly crushed.  The stoker was severely
injured on the head, and his recovery is more than doubtful; the engine
driver contrived to leap off in time to save himself with a few bruises.
The shrieks of the passengers in the overturned carriage (three women and
five men) were fearful; and for some time their extrication was
impossible.  One middle-aged woman had her thigh broken, another her arm
fractured.  One old man had one, if not two of his ribs broken.  The
passengers in the other carriages, in one of which I was travelling, were
less seriously injured, though sufficiently so to talk about
compensation, instead of assisting in earnest those with broken limbs.
The line of rails was torn up for a considerable distance.  Owing to the
telegraph being out of gear, some delay in communicating with Doncaster
was experienced.  A surgeon and various hands at length arrived with a
special train for the injured passengers, who, after long delay, were
removed to Doncaster.  I, of course, as a medical man, rendered what
assistance I could.  Those worst injured were conveyed to the Railway
Arms, the recovery of more than one being doubted by myself.  At length a
fresh train started from Doncaster, and we reached London nearly two
hours after due.

The carelessness of the Company will, I hope, be the subject of your
severest animadversion.  The accident was caused by the tire of one of
the right wheels of the engine having flown off; and it is clear that the
engine was not in a condition to ply between the stations of the Great
Northern railway.

I have no objection to your use of my name if you think fit to publish
it.

                                                    Your obedient servant,
                                    Thomas Waddington, M.D., of Wakefield.
                                  Morley's Hotel, Charing Cross, March 26.

To the above letter the following reply was sent to the _Times_.

                 "Alleged Accident on the Great Northern.
                      "To the Editor of the _Times_.

"Sir,--The Directors of the Great Northern railway will feel much obliged
by the insertion of the following statement in the _Times_ to-morrow
relative to a letter which appeared therein to-day, signed 'Thomas
Waddington, M.D., of Wakefield,' and headed, 'Accident on the Great
Northern railway.'

There was no accident whatever yesterday on the Great Northern railway.

The trains all reached King's Cross with punctuality, the most irregular
in the whole day being only five minutes late.  No such person as Thomas
Waddington is known at Morley's Hotel, whence the letter in question is
dated.

                                              I am, Sir, yours faithfully,
                                           Seymour Clark, General Manager,
                                                   King's Cross, March 27.

In the _Times_ on the day following appeared a letter from the real Dr.
Waddington, of Wakefield, (Edward not "Thomas") confirmatory of the
impudence of the hoax.

           "The alleged Accident on the Great Northern railway.
                      "To the Editor of the _Times_.

"Sir,--My attention has been called to a letter in the _Times_ of
yesterday (signed 'Thomas Waddington, M.D., of Wakefield') the signature
of which is as gross and impudent a fabrication as the circumstances
which the writer professes to detail.  I need only say there is no 'M.D.'
here named Waddington but myself, and that I was not on the Great
Northern or any other Railway on the 26th inst, when the accident is
alleged to have occured.

Having obtained possession of the original letter, I have handed it to my
solicitors, in the hope that they may be enabled to discover and bring to
justice the perpetrator of this very stupid hoax.

                                         I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
                                                   Edward Waddington, M.D.

   Wakefield, March 28.




A'PENNY A MILE.


Two costers were looking at a railway time-table.

"Say, Jem," said one of them, "vot's P.M. mean?"

"Vy, penny a mile, to be sure."

"Vell, vot's A.M.?"

"A'penny a mile, to be sure."




SINGULAR FREAK.


In October, 1857, Mr. Tindal Atkinson applied to Mr. Hammill, at Worship
Street Police Court, to obtain a summons under the following strange
circumstances:--

"Mr. Atkinson stated that he was instructed on behalf of the Directors of
the Eastern Counties Railway Company to apply to the magistrate under the
terms of their Act of Incorporation, for a summons against Mr. Henry
Hunt, of Waltham-Cross, Essex, for having unlawfully used and worked a
certain locomotive upon a portion of their line, without having
previously obtained the permission or approval of the engineers or agents
of the company, whereby he had rendered himself liable to a penalty of 20
pounds.  He should confine himself to that by stating that in the dark,
on the night of Thursday, the 1st instant, a locomotive engine belonging
to Mr. Hunt was suddenly discovered by some of the company's servants to
be running along the rails in close proximity to one of the regular
passenger trains on the North Woolwich line.  So great was the danger of
a collision, that they were obliged to instantly stop the train till the
stranger engine could get out of the way, to the great terror of the
passengers by the train, and as he was instructed it was almost the
result of a merciful interposition of Providence that a collision had not
occurred between them, in which event it would probably have terminated
fatally, to a greater or lesser extent.  He now desired that summonses
might be granted not only against the owner of the engine so used, but
also against the driver and stoker of it, both of whom, it was obvious,
must have been well aware of their committing an unlawful act, and of the
perilous nature of the service in which they were engaged when they were
running an engine at such a time and place.

"Mr. Hammill said it certainly was a most extraordinary proceeding for
anyone to adopt, and after the learned gentleman's statement he had no
hesitation whatever in granting summonses against the whole of the
persons engaged in it."




A.B.C. AND D.E.F.


A gentleman travelling in a railway carriage was endeavouring, with
considerable earnestness, to impress some argument upon a
fellow-traveller who was seated opposite to him, and who appeared rather
dull of apprehension.  At length, being slightly irritated, he exclaimed
in a louder tone, "Why, sir, it's as plain as A.B.C."  "That may be,"
quietly replied the other, "but I am D.E.F."




NATIONAL CONTRAST.


The contrast which exists between the character of the French and English
navvy may be briefly exemplified by the following trifling anecdote:--

"In excavating a portion of the first tunnel east of Rouen towards Paris,
a French miner dressed in his blouse, and an English "navvy" in his white
smock jacket, were suddenly buried alive together by the falling in of
the earth behind them.  Notwithstanding the violent commotion which the
intelligence of the accident excited above ground, Mr. Meek, the English
engineer who was constructing the work, after having quietly measured the
distance from the shaft to the sunken ground, satisfied himself that if
the men, at the moment of the accident, were at the head of "the drift"
at which they were working, they would be safe.

Accordingly, getting together as many French and English labourers as he
could collect, he instantly commenced sinking a shaft, which was
accomplished to the depth of 50 feet in the extraordinary short space of
eleven hours, and the men were thus brought up to the surface alive.

The Frenchman, on reaching the top, suddenly rushing forward, hugged and
saluted on both cheeks his friends and acquaintances, many of whom had
assembled, and then, almost instantly overpowered by conflicting
feelings--by the recollection of the endless time he had been imprisoned
and by the joy of his release--he sat down on a log of timber, and,
putting both his hands before his face, he began to cry aloud most
bitterly.

The English "navvy" sat himself down on the very same piece of
timber--took his pit-cap off his head--slowly wiped with it the
perspiration from his hair and face--and then, looking for some seconds
into the hole or shaft close beside him through which he had been lifted,
as if he were calculating the number of cubic yards that had been
excavated, he quite coolly, in broad Lancashire dialect, said to the
crowd of French and English who were staring at him, as children and
nursery-maids in our London Zoological Gardens stand gazing
half-terrified at the white bear, "YAW'VE BEAN A DARMNATION SHORT TOIME
ABAAOWT IT!"

                                       Sir F. Head's _Stokers and Pokers_.




REMARKABLE ACCIDENT.


The most remarkable railway accident on record happened some years ago on
the North-Western road between London and Liverpool.  A gentleman and his
wife were travelling in a compartment alone, when--the train going at the
rate of forty miles an hour--an iron rail projecting from a car on a
side-track cut into the carriage and took the head of the lady clear off,
and rolled it into the husband's lap.  He subsequently sued the company
for damages, and created great surprise in court by giving his age at
thirty-six years, although his hair was snow white.  It had been turned
from jet black by the horror of that event.




ENGINEERING LOAN, OR STAKING OUT A RAILWAY.


"Beau" Caldwell was a sporting genius of an extremely versatile
character.  Like all his fraternity, he was possessed of a pliancy of
adaptation to circumstances that enabled him to succumb with true
philosophy to misfortunes, and also to grace the more exalted sphere of
prosperity with that natural ease attributed to gentlemen with bloated
bank accounts.

Fertile in ingenuity and resources, Beau was rarely at his wit's end for
that nest egg of the gambler, a stake.  His providence, when in luck, was
such as to keep him continually on the _qui vive_ for a nucleus to build
upon.

Beau, having exhausted the pockets and liberality of his contemporaries
in Charleston, S.C., was constrained to "pitch his tent" in fresh
pastures.  He therefore selected Abbeville, whither he was immediately
expedited by the agency of a "free pass."

Snugly ensconced in his hotel, Beau ruminated over the means to raise the
"plate."  The bar-keeper was assailed, but he was discovered to have
scruples (anomalous barkeeper!)  The landlord was a "grum wretch," with
no soul for speculation.  The cornered "sport" was finally reduced to the
alternative of "confidence of operation."  Having arranged his scheme, he
rented him a precious <DW64> boy, and borrowed an old theodolite.  Thus
equipped, Beau betook himself to the abode of a neighbouring planter,
notorious for his wealth, obstinacy, and ignorance.  Operations were
commenced by sending the <DW65> into the planter's barn-yard with a
flagpole.  Beau got himself up into a charming tableau, directly in front
of the house.  He now roared at the top of his voice,
"72,000,000--51--8--11."

After which he went to driving small stakes, in a very promiscuous
manner, about the premises.

The planter hearing the shouting, and curious to ascertain the cause, put
his head out of the window.

"Now," said Beau, again assuming his civil engineering _pose_, "go to the
right a little further--there, that'll do.  47,000--92--5."

"What the d---l are you doing in my barn-yard?" roared the planter.

Beau would not consent to answer this interrogation, but pursuing his
business, hallooed out to his "<DW65>"--

"Now go to the house, place your pole against the kitchen door,
higher--stop at that.  86--45--6."

"I say there," again vociferated the planter, "get out of my yard."

"I'm afraid we will have to go right through the house," soliloquized
Beau.

"I'm d--d if you do," exclaimed the planter.

Beau now looked up for the first time, accosting the planter with a
courteous--

"Good day, sir."

"Good d---l, sir; you are committing a trespass."

"My dear friend," replied Beau, "public duty, imperative--no
trespass--surveying railroad--State job--your house in the way.  Must
take off one corner, sir,--the kitchen part--least value--leave the
parlour--delightful room to see the cars rush by twelve times a day--make
you accessible to market."

Beau, turning to the <DW65>, cried out--

"Put the pole against the kitchen door again--so, 85."

"I say, stranger," interrupted the planter, "I guess you ain't dined.  As
dinner's up, suppose you come in, and we'll talk the matter over."

Beau, delighted with the proposition, immediately acceded, not having
tasted cooked provisions that day.

"Now," said the planter, while Beau was paying marked attention to a
young turkey, "it's mighty inconvenient to have one's homestead smashed
up, without so much as asking the liberty.  And more than that, if
there's law to be had, it shan't be did either."

"Pooh! nonsense, my dear friend," replied Beau, "it's the law that says
the railroad must be laid through kitchens.  Why, we have gone through
seventeen kitchens and eight parlours in the last eight miles--people
don't like it, but then it's law, and there's no alternative, except the
party persuades the surveyor to move a little to the left, and as curves
costs money most folks let it go through the kitchen."

"Cost something, eh?" said the planter, eagerly catching at the bait
thrown out for him.  "Would not mind a trifle.  You see I don't oppose
the road, but if you'll turn to the left and it won't be much expense,
why I'll stand it."

"Let me see," said Beau, counting his fingers, "forty and forty is
eighty, and one hundred.  Yes, two hundred dollars will do it."
Unrolling a large map, intersected with lines running in every direction,
he continued--"There is your house, and here's the road.  Air line.  You
see to move to the left we must excavate this hill.  As we are desirous
of retaining the goodwill of parties residing on the route, I'll agree on
the part of the company to secure the alteration, and prevent your house
from being molested."

The planter revolved the matter in his mind for a moment and exclaimed:--

"You'll guarantee the alteration?"

"Give a written document."

"Then it's a bargain."

The planter without more delay gave Beau an order on his city factor for
the stipulated sum, and received in exchange a written document,
guaranteeing the freedom of the kitchen from any encroachment by the C.
L. R. R. Co.

Before leaving, Beau took the planter on one side and requested him not
to disclose their bargain until after the railroad was built.

"You see, it mightn't exactly suit the views of some people--partiality,
you know."

The last remark, accompanied by a suggestive wink, was returned by the
planter in a similar demonstration of _owlishness_.

Beau resumed his theodolite, drove a few stakes on the hill opposite, and
proceeded onward in the fulfilment of his duties.  As his light figure
receded into obscurity and the distance, the planter caught a sound
vastly like 40--40--120--200.--And that was the last he ever heard of the
railroad.

                              _Appleton's American Railway Anecdote Book_.




MR. FRANK BUCKLAND'S FIRST RAILWAY JOURNEY.


Mr. Spencer Walpole remarks:--"Of Mr. Buckland's Christ Church days many
good stories are told.  Almost every one has heard of the bear which he
kept at his rooms, of its misdemeanours, and its rustication.  Less
familiar, perhaps, is the story of his first journey by the Great
Western.  The dons, alarmed at the possible consequences of a railway to
London, would not allow Brunel to bring the line nearer than to Didcot.
Dean Buckland in vain protested against the folly of this decision, and
the line was kept out of harm's way at Didcot.  But, the very day on
which it was opened, Mr. Frank Buckland, with one or two other
undergraduates, drove over to Didcot, travelled up to London, and
returned in time to fulfil all the regulations of the university.  The
Dean, who was probably not altogether displeased at the joke, told the
story to his friends who had prided themselves in keeping the line from
Oxford.  'Here,' he said, 'you have deprived us of the advantage of a
railway, and my son has been up to London.'"




SCENE BEFORE A SUB-COMMITTEE ON STANDING ORDERS.
PETITIONING AGAINST A RAILWAY BILL, 1846.


"Well, Snooks," began the Agent for the Promoters, in cross-examination,
"you signed the petition against the Bill--aye?"

"Yees, zur.  I zined summit, zur."

"But that petition--did you sign that petition?"

"I do'ant nar, zur; I zined zummit, zur."

"But don't you know the contents of the petition?"

"The what, zur?"

"The contents; what's in it."

"Oa!  Noa, zur."

"You don't know what's in the petition!--Why, ain't you the petitioner
himself?"

"Noa, zur, I doan't nar that I be, zur."

["Snooks!  Snooks!  Snooks!" issued a voice from a stout and
benevolent-looking elderly gentleman from behind, "how can you say so,
Snooks?  It's your petition."  The prompting, however, seemed to produce
but little impression upon him for whom it was intended, whatever effect
it may have had upon the minds of those whose ears it reached, but for
whose service it was not intended].

"Really, Mr. Chairman," observed the Agent for the Bill, who appeared to
have no idea of _Burking_ the inquiry, "this is growing interesting."

"The interest is all on your side," remarked the Agent for the petition
(against the Bill).

"Now, Snooks," continued the Agent for the Bill, "apply your mind to the
questions I shall put to you, and let me caution you to reply to them
truly and honestly.  Now, tell me--who got you to sign this petition?"

"I object to the question," interposed the Agent for the petition.  "The
matter altogether is descending into mean, trivial, and unnecessary
details, which I am surprised my friend opposite should attempt to
trouble the Committee with."

"I can readily understand, sir," replied the other, "why my friend is so
anxious to get rid of this inquiry--simple and short as it will be; but I
trust, sir, that you will consider it of sufficient importance to allow
it to proceed.  I purpose to put only a few questions more on this
extraordinary petition against the Bill (the bare meaning of the name of
which the petitioner does not seem to understand) for the purpose of
eliciting some further information respecting it."

The Committee being thus appealed to by both parties, inclined their
heads for a few moments in order to facilitate a communication in
whispers, and then decided that the inquiry might proceed.  It was
evident that the matter had excited an interest in the minds and breasts
of the honourable members of the Committee; created as much perhaps by
the extreme mean and poverty-stricken appearance of the witness--a
miserable, dirty, and decrepit old man--as by the disclosures he had
already made.

"Well, Snooks, I was about to ask you (when my friend interrupted me) who
got you to sign the petition, or that zummit as you call it?"

"Some genelmen, zur."

"Who were they--do you know their names?"

"Noa, zur, co'ant say I do nar 'em a', zur."

"But do you know any of them, was that gentleman behind you one?"

[The gentleman referred to was the fine benevolent-looking individual who
had previously kindly endeavoured to assist the witness in his answers,
and who stood the present scrutiny with marked composure and
complaisance].

"Yees, zur, he war one on 'em."

"Do you know his name?"

"Noa, zur, I doant; but he be one of the railway genelmen."

"What did he say to you, when he requested you to sign the petition?"

"He said I ware to zine (pointing to the petition) that zummit."

"When and where, pray, did you sign it?"

"A lot o' railway genelmen kum to me on Sunday night last; and they wo'
make me do it, zur."

"On Sunday night last, aye!"

"What, on Sunday night!" exclaimed one honourable member on the extreme
right of the Chairman, with horror depicted on his countenance; "are you
sure, witness, that it was done in the evening of a Sabbath?"

"The honourable member asks you, whether you are certain that you were
called upon by the railway gentlemen to sign the petition on a Sunday
evening?  I think you told me last Sunday evening."

"Oa, yees, zur; they kum just as we war a garing to chapel."

"Disgraceful, and wrong in the extreme!" ejaculated the honourable
member.

"And did not that gentleman" (continued the Agent for the Bill), "nor any
of the railway gentlemen, as you call them, when they requested you to
sign, explain the nature and contents of the petition?"

"Noa, zur."

"Then you don't know at this moment what it's for?"

"Noa, zur."

"Of course, therefore, it's not your petition as set forth?"

"I doant nar, zur.  I zined zummit."

"Now, answer me, do you object to this line of railway?  Have you any
dislike to it?"

"O, noa, zur.  I shud loak to zee it kum."

"Exactly, you should like to see it made.  So you have been led to
petition against it, though you are favourable to it?"

The petitioner against the Bill did not appear to comprehend the precise
drift of the remark, and his only reply to the wordy fix into which the
learned agent had drawn him was made in the dumb-show of scratching with
his one disengaged hand (the other being employed in holding his hat) his
uncombed head--an operation that created much laughter, which was not
damped by the Agent's putting, with a serious face, a concluding question
or remark to him to the effect that he presumed he (the witness) had not
paid, or engaged to pay, so many guineas a day to his friend on the other
side for the prosecution of the opposition against the Bill--had he; yes,
or no?  The witness's appearance was the only and best answer.

The petition, of course, upon this _expose_, was withdrawn.

This, the substance of what actually took place before one of the
Sub-Committees on Standing orders will give some idea of the nature of
many of the petitions against Railway Bills, especially on technical
points.  It will serve to show in some measure what heartless mockeries
these petitions mostly are; the moral evils they give birth to--and that,
even while complaining of errors, they are themselves made up of
falsehood.




AN IDEA ON RAILWAYS.


A happy comment on the annihilation of time and space by locomotive
agency, is as follows:--A little child who rode fifty miles in a railway
train, and then took a coach to her uncle's house, some five miles
further, was asked on her arrival if she came by the cars.  "We came a
little way in the cars, and all the rest of the way in a carriage."




BURNING THE ROAD CLEAR.


It is related of Colonel Thomas A. Scott, that on one occasion, when
making one of his swift trips over the American lines under his control,
his train was stopped by the wreck of a goods train.  There was a dozen
heavily loaded covered trucks piled up on the road, and it would take a
long time to get help from the nearest accessible point, and probably
hours more to get the track cleared by mere force of labour.  He surveyed
the difficulty, made a rough calculation of the cost of a total
destruction of the freight, and promptly made up his mind to burn the
road clear.  By the time the relief train came the flames had done their
work and nothing remained but to patch up a few injuries done to the
track so as to enable him to pursue his way.




HARSH TREATMENT OF A MAN OF COLOUR.


My treatment in the use of public conveyances about these times was
extremely rough, especially on "The Eastern Railroad," from Boston to
Portland.  On the road, as on many others, there was a mean, dirty, and
uncomfortable car set apart for  travellers, called the "Jim
Crow" car.  Regarding this as the fruit of slaveholding prejudice, and
being determined to fight the spirit of slavery wherever I might find it,
I resolved to avoid this car, though it sometimes required some courage
to do so.  The <DW52> people generally accepted the situation, and
complained of me as making matters worse rather than better, by refusing
to submit to this proscription.  I, however, persisted, and sometimes was
soundly beaten by the conductor and brakeman.  On one occasion, six of
these "fellows of the baser sort," under the direction of the conductor,
set out to eject me from my seat.  As usual, I had purchased a
first-class ticket, and paid the required sum for it, and on the
requirement of the conductor to leave, refused to do so, when he called
on these men "to snake me out."  They attempted to obey with an air which
plainly told me they relished the job.  They, however, found me _much
attached_ to my seat, and in removing me tore away two or three of the
surrounding ones, on which I held with a firm grasp, and did the car no
service in some respects.  I was strong and muscular, and the seats were
not then so firmly attached or of as solid make as now.  The result was
that Stephen A. Chase, superintendent of the road, ordered all passenger
trains to pass through Lynn, where I then lived, without stopping.  This
was a great inconvenience to the people, large numbers of whom did
business in Boston, and at other points of the road.  Led on, however, by
James N. Buffum, Jonathon Buffum, Christopher Robinson, William Bassett,
and others, the people of Lynn stood bravely by me, and denounced the
railway management in emphatic terms.  Mr. Chase made reply that a
railroad corporation was neither a religious nor a reformatory body; and
that the road was run for the accommodation of the public; and that it
required the exclusion of the <DW52> people from its cars.  With an air
of triumph he told us that we ought not to expect a railroad company to
be better than the Evangelical Church, and that until the churches
abolished the "<DW64> pew," we ought not to expect the railroad company to
abolish the <DW64> car.  This argument was certainly good enough as
against the Church, but good for nothing as against the demands of
justice and equity.  My old and dear friend, J. N. Buffum, made a point
against the company that they "often allowed dogs and monkeys to ride in
first-class cars, and yet excluded a man like Frederick Douglass!"  In a
very few years this barbarous practice was put away, and I think there
have been no instances of such exclusion during the past thirty years;
and <DW52> people now, everywhere in New England, ride upon equal terms
with other passengers.

                                 --_Life and Times of Frederick Douglass_.




QUITE TOO CLEVER


The elder Dumas was at the railway station, just starting to join his
yacht at Marseilles.  Several friends had accompanied him, to say
good-bye.  Suddenly he was informed that he had a hundred and fifty
kilogrammes excess of luggage.  "Ho, ho!" cried Dumas.  "How many
kilogrammes are allowed?"  "Thirty for each person," was the reply.
Silently he made a mental calculation, and then in a tone of triumph bade
his secretary take places for five.  "In that way," he explained, "we
shall have no excess."




A DIFFICULTY SOLVED.


Among the improvements that have been carried out at Windsor during the
autumn, has been an entire alteration in the draining of the Home Park
about Frogmore.  New drains have been laid, and the waste earth has been
used to level the ground.  This portion of the Royal domain was almost
wild at the beginning of the present reign.  It consisted of fields, with
low hedges and deep ditches, and was intersected by a road, on which
stood several cottages and a public-house.  It was quite an eyesore, and
Prince Albert was at his wit's end to know how to convert it into a park
and exclude the public, as before this could be done, it was necessary to
make a new road in place of the one it was desired to abolish, and
altogether a large outlay was inevitable; and even in those days, it was
out of the question to apply to Parliament for the amount required,
which, I believe, was about 80,000 pounds.

The difficulty, however, was solved in rather a strange way.  In the
early days of railroads they were looked upon as nuisances, and the
authorities at Windsor Castle were firmly resolved that no line should
approach the Royal borough, in which resolution they were warmly
supported by the equally stupid and short-sighted managers of Eton
College.  Although the inhabitants sighed for a railway, none was brought
nearer than Slough.  At this moment, when the park question was being
agitated, the South Western Directors brought forward a proposition that
they should make a line into Windsor, running along one side of the Home
Park, and right under the Castle.  This audacious idea was regarded with
indignation at the Castle, until a hint was received that possibly, if
Royal interest were forthcoming to support the plan, the Company might be
able to facilitate the proposed alterations; and it then came out,
strangely enough, they had fixed the precise sum needed (80,000 pounds)
as compensation for the disturbance of the Royal property.  No more was
heard of the objections to the scheme, which had been so vehemently
denounced a few days before, but, no sooner did it transpire that the
South-Western plan was not opposed by the Castle interest than down came
the Great-Western authorities in a fever of indignation, for it appeared
they had received an explicit promise that, if Windsor was ever
desecrated by a railway, they should have the preference.  So resolute
was their attitude, that so far as I remember, the sitting of Parliament
was actually protracted in order that their Bill might be passed; not
that they got it without paying, for they gave 20,000 pounds for an old
stable and yard which were required for their station, and which happened
to stand on Crown property.  Things were sometimes managed strangely
enough in those days.

                                                 --_Truth_, Dec. 29, 1881.




AN EXACTING LADY.


A lady of fashion with a pugdog and a husband entered the train at
Paddington the other day.  There were in the carriage but two persons, a
well-known Professor and his wife; yet the lady of fashion coveted, not
indeed his chair, but his seat.  "I wish to sit by the window, sir," she
said, imperiously, and he had to move accordingly.  "No, sir, that won't
do," she said, as he meekly took the next place.  "I can't have a
stranger sitting close to me.  My husband must sit where you are."

                                                   _Gentleman's Magazine_.




AMERICAN PATIENCE AND IMPERTURBABILITY.


About an hour after midnight, on our journey from Boston to Albany, we
came to a sudden pause where no station was visible; and immediately,
very much to my surprise, the engine-driver, conductor, and several
passengers were seen sallying forth with lanterns, and hastening down the
embankment on our right.  "What are they going to do now?" said I to a
gentleman, who, like myself, kept his seat.  "Only to take a look at some
cars that were smashed this morning," was the reply.  On opening the
window to observe the state of affairs, as well as the darkness would
allow, there, to be sure, at the bottom and along the side of the high
bank, lay an unhappy train, just as it had been upset.  The locomotive on
its side was partly buried in the earth; and the cars which had followed
it in its descent lay in a confused heap behind.  On the top of the bank,
near to us, the last car of all stood obliquely on end, with its hind
wheels in the air in a somewhat grotesque and threatening attitude.  All
was now still and silent.  The killed and wounded, if there were any, had
been removed.  No living thing was visible but the errant engineer and
others from our train clambering with lanterns in their hands over a
prostrate wreck, and with heedless levity passing critical remarks on the
catastrophe.  Curiosity being satisfied all resumed their places, and the
train moved on without a murmur of complaint as to the unnecessary, and,
considering the hour, very undesirable delay.  I allude to the
circumstance, as one of a variety of facts that fell within my
observation, illustrative of the singular degree of patience and
imperturbability with which railway travellers in America submit
uncomplainingly to all sorts of detentions on their journey.

                    _Things as they are in America_, by W. Chambers, 1853.




A WIDE-AWAKE CONDUCTOR.


Dana Krum, one of the conductors on the Erie Railway, was approached
before train time by an unknown man, who spoke to him as if he had known
him for years.  "I say, Dana," said he, "I have forgotten my pass, and I
want to go to Susquehanna; I am a fireman on the road, you know."  But
the conductor told him he ought to have a pass with him.  It was the
safest way.  Pretty soon, Dana came along to collect tickets.  Seeing his
man, he spoke when he reached him.  "Say, my friend, have you got the
time with you?"  "Yes," said he, as he pulled out a watch, "it is twenty
minutes past nine."  "Oh, it is, is it?  Now, if you don't show me your
pass or fare, I will stop the train.  There is no railway man that I ever
saw who would say 'Twenty minutes past nine.'  He would say,
'Nine-twenty.'"  He settled.




A KID-GLOVED SAMSON.


A correspondent of the _Chicago Journal_ relates the following feat of
strength, to which he was witness:--

"On Sunday, about nine o'clock A.M., as the train westward was within
three or four miles of Chicago, on the Fort Wayne road, a horse was
discovered on the stilt-work between the rails.  The train was stopped,
and workmen were sent to clear the track.  It was then discovered that
the body of the horse was resting on the sleepers.  His legs having
passed through the open spaces, were too short to reach the ground.
Boards and rails were brought, and the open space in front of the horse
filled up, making a plank road for him in case he should be got up, and
by means of ropes one of his fore feet was raised, and there matters came
to a halt.  It seemed that no strength or stratagem could avail to
release the animal.  Levers of boards were splintered, and the men tugged
at the ropes in vain, when a passenger, who was looking quietly on,
stepped forward, leisurely slipped off a pair of tinted kids, seized the
horse by the tail, and with tremendous force hurled him forward on the
plank road.  No one assisted, and, indeed, the whole thing was done so
quickly that assistance was impossible.  The horse walked away looking
foolish, and casting suspicious side-glances towards his caudal
extremity.  The lookers-on laughed and shouted, while the stranger
resumed his kids, muttering something about the inconvenience of railway
delays, lit a cigar, and walked slowly into the smoking car.  He was
finely formed, of muscular appearance, was very fashionably dressed, wore
a moustache and whiskers of an auburn or reddish colour, and to all
questions as to who he was, only answered that he was a Pennsylvanian
travelling westward for his health.  The horse would certainly weigh at
least twelve hundred."




A RAILWAY TRAIN TURNED INTO A MAN-TRAP.


A branch of the Bombay presidency runs through a wild region, the
inhabitants of which are unsophisticated savages, addicted to thievery.
The first day the line was opened a number of these Arcadians conspired
to intercept the train, and have a glorious loot.  To accomplish their
object they placed some trunks of trees across the rails; but the engine
driver, keeping a very sharp look out, as it happened to be his first
trip on the line in question, descried the trunks while yet they were at
a considerable distance from him.  The breaks were then put on, and when
the locomotive had approached within a couple of feet of the trunks it
was brought to a standstill.  Then, instantaneously, like Roderick Dhu's
clansmen starting from the heather, natives, previously invisible,
swarmed up on all sides, and, crowding into the carriages, began to
pillage and plunder everything they could lay their hands upon.  While
they were thus engaged, the guard gave the signal to the driver, who at
once reversed his engine and put it to the top of its speed.  The reader
may judge of the consternation of the robbers when they found themselves
whirled backwards at a pace that rendered escape impossible.  Some poor
fellows that attempted it were killed on the spot.

                                   --_Central India Times_, June 22, 1867.




THE RULING OCCUPATION STRONG ON SUNDAY.


In an Episcopal church in the north, not one hundred miles from Keith, a
porter employed during the week at the railway station, does duty on
Sunday by blowing the bellows of the organ.  The other Sunday, wearied by
the long hours of railway attendance, combined, it may be, with the
soporific effects of a dull sermon, he fell sound asleep during the
service, and so remained when the pealing of the organ was required.  He
was suddenly and rather rudely awakened by another official when
apparently dreaming of an approaching train, as he started to his feet
and roared out, with all the force and shrillness of stentorian lungs and
habit, "Change here for Elgin, Lossiemouth, and Burghead."  The effect
upon the congregation, sitting in expectation of a concord of sweet
sounds, may be imagined--it is unnecessary to describe it.

                                               --_Dumfries Courier_, 1866.




THE GOOD THINGS OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS.


We have always thought that, except to lawyers and railway carriage and
locomotive builders, railway accidents were great misfortunes, but it is
evident we were wrong and we hasten to acknowledge our error.  Speaking
on Thursday with a respectable broker about the heavy damages (2,000
pounds) given the day before on account of the Tottenham accident against
the Eastern Counties Company in the Court of Exchequer, he observed, "It
is rather good when these things happen as it moves the stock.  I have
had an order for some days to buy Eastern Counties at 56 and could not do
it, but this verdict has sent them down one per cent., and enabled me now
to buy it."  With all our railway experience we never dreamt of such a
benefit as this accruing from railway accidents, but it is evidently
among the possibilities.

                           --_Herepath's Railway Journal_, June 7th, 1860.




BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF A RAILWAY ACCIDENT.


A gentleman who was in a railway collision in 1869, wrote to the _Times_
in November of that year.  After stating that he had been threatened with
a violent attack of rheumatic fever; in fact, he observed, "my condition
so alarmed me, and my dread of a sojourn in a Manchester hotel bed for
two or three months was so great, that I resolved to make a bold sortie
and, well wrapped up, start for London by the 3.30 p.m. Midland fast
train.  From the time of leaving that station to the time of the
collision, my heart was going at express speed; my weak body was in a
profuse perspiration; flashes of pain announced that the muscular fibres
were under the tyrannical control of rheumatism, and I was almost beside
myself with toothache.  From the moment of the collision to the present
hour no ache, pain, sweat, or tremor has troubled me in the slightest
degree, and instead of being, as I expected, and indeed intended, in bed
drinking _tinct. aurantii_, or absorbing through my pores oil of
horse-chestnut, I am conscientiously bound to be at my office bodily
sound.  Don't print my name and address, or the Midland Company may come
down upon me for compensation."




AN EARLY MORNING RIDE TO THE RAILWAY STATION.


In the course of his peregrinations, the railway traveller may find
himself in some out-of-the-way place, where no regular vehicle can be
obtained to convey him to the station, and this _contretemps_ is
aggravated when the time of departure happens to be early in the morning.
Captain B--, a man of restless energy and adventurous spirit, emerged
early one morning from a hovel in a distant village, where from stress of
weather he had been compelled to pass the night.  It was just dawn of
day, and within an hour of the train he wished to go by would start from
the station, about six miles distant.  He had with him a portmanteau,
which it would be impossible for him to carry within the prescribed time,
but which he could not very well leave behind.  Pondering on what he
should do, his eye lighted on a likely looking horse grazing in a field
hard by, while in the next field there was a line extended between two
posts, for the purpose of drying clothes upon.  The sight of these
objects soon suggested the plan for him to adopt.  In an instant he
detached the line, and then taking a piece of bread from his pocket,
coaxed the animal to approach him.  Captain B-- was an adept in the
management of horses, and as a rough rider, perhaps, had no equal.  In a
few seconds he had, by the aid of a portion of the line, arranged his
portmanteau pannier-wise across the horse's back, and forming a bridle
with the remaining portion of the line, he led his steed into the lane,
and sprang upon his back.  The horse rather relished the trip than
otherwise, and what with the unaccustomed burden, and the consciousness
that he was being steered by a knowing hand, he sped onwards at a
terrific pace.  While in mid career, one of the mounted police espied the
captain coming along the road at a distance; recognizing the horse, but
not knowing the rider, and noticing also the portmanteau, and the uncouth
equipment, this rural guardian of the peace came to the conclusion that
this was a case of robbery and horse stealing; and as the captain neared
him, he endeavoured to stop him, and stretched forth his hand to seize
the improvised bridle, but the gallant equestrian laughed to scorn the
impotent attempt, and shook him off, and shot by him.  Thus foiled, the
policeman had nothing to do than to give chase; so turning his horse's
head he followed in full cry.  The clatter and shouts of pursuer and
pursued brought forth the inhabitants of the cottages as they passed, and
many of these joined in the chase.  Never since Turpin's ride to York, or
Johnny Gilpin's ride to Edmonton, had there been such a commotion caused
by an equestrian performance.  To make a long story short, the captain
reached the station in ample time; an explanation ensued; a handsome
apology was tendered to the patrol, and a present equally handsome was
forwarded, together with the abstracted property, to the joint owner of
the horse and the clothes-line.




CHEAP FARES.


In the year 1868, Mr. Raphael Brandon brought out a book called _Railways
and the Public_.  In it he proposes that the railways should be purchased
and worked by the government; and that passengers, like letters, should
travel any distance at a fixed charge.  He calculates that a threepenny
stamp for third-class, a sixpenny stamp for second-class, and a shilling
stamp for first-class, should take a passenger any distance whether long
or short.  With the adoption of the scheme, he believes, such an impetus
would be given to passenger traffic that the returns would amount to more
than double what they are at present.  There may be flaws in Mr.
Brandon's theory, yet it may be within the bounds of possibility that
some great innovator may rise up and do for the travelling public by way
of organization what Sir Rowland Hill has done for the postage of the
country by the penny stamp.




WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO?


The above question was asked by a man of his friend who had been injured
in a railway accident, "I am first going in for repairs, and then for
_damages_," was the answer.




REPROOF FOR SWEARING.


The manager of one of the great Indian railways, in addressing a European
subordinate given to indulge in needless strong language, wrote as
follows:--"Dear sir, it is with extreme regret that I have to bring to
your notice that I observed very unprofessional conduct on your part this
morning when making a trial trip.  I allude to the abusive language you
used to the drivers and others.  This I consider an unwarrantable
assumption of my duties and functions, and, I may say, rights and
privileges.  Should you wish to abuse any of our employes, I think it
will be best in future to do so in regular form, and I beg to point out
what I consider this to be.  You will please to submit to me, in writing,
the form of oath you wish to use, when, if it meets my approval, I shall
at once sanction it; but if not, I shall refer the same to the directors;
and, in the course of a few weeks, their decision will be known.
Perhaps, to save time, it might be as well for you to submit a list of
the expletives generally in use by you, and I can then at once refer
those to which I object to the directors for their decision.  But,
pending that, you will please to understand that all cursing and swearing
at drivers and others engaged on the traffic arrangements in which you
may wish to indulge must be done in writing, and through me.  By adopting
this course you will perceive how much responsibility you will save
yourself, and how very much the business of the company will be
expedited, and its interests promoted."




THE BULLY RIGHTLY SERVED.


In the _Railway Traveller's Handy Book_, there is an account of an
occurrence which took place on the Eastern Counties line:--"A big hulking
fellow, with bully written on his face, took his seat in a second-class
carriage, and forthwith commenced insulting everybody by his words and
gestures.  He was asked to desist, but only responded with language more
abusive.  The guard was then appealed to, who told him to mind what he
was about, shut the door, and cried 'all right.'  Thus encouraged the
miscreant continued his disgraceful conduct, and became every moment more
outrageous.  In one part of the carriage were four farmers sitting who
all came from the same neighbourhood, and to whom every part along the
line was well known.  One of these wrote on a slip of paper these words,
'Let us souse him in Chuckley Slough.'  This paper was handed from one to
the other, and each nodded assent.  Now, Chuckley Slough was a pond near
one of the railway stations, not very deep, but the waters of which were
black, muddy, and somewhat repellent to the olfactory nerves.  The
station was neared and arrived at; in the meantime the bully's conduct
became worse and worse.  As they emerged from the station, one of the
farmers, aforesaid, said to the fellow, 'Now, will you he quiet?'  'No, I
won't,' was the answer.  'You won't, won't you?' asked a second farmer.
'You're determined you won't?' inquired a third.  'You're certain you
won't?' asked the fourth.  To all of which queries the response was in
negatives, with certain inelegant expletives added thereto.  'Then,' said
the four farmers speaking as one man, and rising in a body, 'out you go.'
So saying, they seized the giant form of the wretch, who struggled hard
to escape but to no purpose; they forced him to the window, and while the
train was still travelling at a slow pace, and Chuckley Slough appeared
to view, they without more ado thrust the huge carcass through the
window, and propelling it forward with some force, landed it exactly in
the centre of the black, filthy slough.  The mingled cries and oaths of
the man were something fearful to hear; his attempts at extrication and
incessant slipping still deeper in the mire, something ludicrous to
witness; all the passengers watched him with feelings of gratified
revenge, and the last that was seen of him was a huge black mass, having
no traces of humanity about it, crawling up the bank in a state of utter
prostration.  In this instance the remedy was rather a violent one; but
less active measures had been found to fail, and there can be little
doubt that this man took care ever afterwards not to run the risk of a
similar punishment by indulging in conduct of a like nature."




LIABILITY OF COMPANIES FOR DELAY OF TRAINS.


There have been cases where claims have been made and recovered in courts
of law for loss arising from delay in the arrival of trains, but the law
does not render the company's liability unlimited.  A remarkable case
occurred not long since.  A Mr. Le Blanche sued the London and
North-Western Company for the cost of a special train to Scarborough,
which he had ordered in consequence of his being brought from Liverpool
to Leeds, too late for the ordinary train from Leeds to Scarborough.  A
judgment in the county court was given in favour of the applicant.

The railway company appealed to the superior court, and the points raised
were argued by able counsel, when the decision of the county court judge
was confirmed.  The company was determined to put the case to the utmost
possible test, and on appealing to the Supreme Court of Judicature the
judgment was reversed, the decision being to the effect that, whilst
there was some evidence of wilful delay, the measure of damage was wrong.

                                      --_Our Railways_, by Joseph Parsloe.




THE DYING ENGINE DRIVER.


Doubts have been expressed whether our iron ships will ever be regarded
in the same affectionate way as "liners" used to be regarded by our "old
salts."  It has been supposed that the latest creations of science will
not nourish sentiment.  The following anecdote shows, however, as
romantic an attachment to iron as was ever manifested towards wood.  On
the Great Western Railway, the broad gauge and the narrow gauge are
mixed; the former still existing to the delight of travellers by the
"Flying Dutchman," whatever economical shareholders may have to say to
the contrary.  The officials who have been longest on the staff also
cling to the broad gauge, like faithful royalists to a fast disappearing
dynasty.  The other day an ancient guard on this line was knocked down
and run over by an engine; and though good enough medical attendance was
at hand, had skill been of any use, the dying man wished to see "the
company's" doctor.  The gentleman, a man much esteemed by all the
employes, was accordingly sent for.  "I am glad you came to see me start,
doctor, (as I hope) by the up-train," said the poor man.  "I am only
sorry I can do nothing for you, my good fellow," answered the other.  "I
know that; it is all over with me.  But there!--I'm glad it was _not one
of them narrow-gauge engines that did it_!"

                                                 --_Gentleman's Magazine_.




"DOWN BRAKES," OR FORCE OF HABIT.


An Illinois captain, lately a railroad conductor, was drilling a squad,
and while marching them by flank, turned to speak to a friend for a
moment.  On looking again toward his squad, he saw they were in the act
of "butting up" against a fence.  In his hurry to halt them, he cried,
"Down brakes!  Down brakes!"




TRENT STATION.


This station on the Midland system is often a source of no little
perplexity to strangers.  Sir Edward Beckett thus humorously describes
it:--"You arrive at Trent.  Where that is I cannot tell.  I suppose it is
somewhere near the river Trent, but then the Trent is a very long river.
You get out of your train to obtain refreshment, and having taken it, you
endeavour to find your train and your carriage.  But whether it is on
this side or that, and whether it is going north or south, this way or
that way, you cannot tell.  Bewildered, you frantically rush into your
carriage; the train moves off round a curve, and then you are horrified
to see some lights glaring in front of you, and you are in immediate
expectation of a collision, when your fellow-passenger calms your fears
by telling you that they are only the tail lamps of your own train."




STEEL RAILS.


The first steel rail was made in 1857, by Mushet, at the Ebbw-Vale Iron
Co.'s works in South Wales.  It was rolled from cast blooms of Bessemer
steel and laid down at Derby, England, and remained sixteen years, during
which time 250 trains and at least 250 detached engines and tenders
passed over it daily.  Taking 312 working days in each year, we have the
total of 1,252,000 trains and 1,252,000 detached engines and tenders
which passed over it from the time it was first laid before it was
removed to be worked over.

The substitution of steel for iron, to an extent rendered possible by the
Bessemer process, has worked a great and abiding change in the condition
of our ways, giving greater endurance both in respect of wear and in
resistance to breaking strains and jars.

Two steel rails of twenty-one feet in length were laid on the 2nd of May,
1862, at the Chalk Farm Bridge, side by side with two ordinary rails.
After having outlasted sixteen faces of the ordinary rails, the steel
ones were taken up and examined, and it was found that at the expiration
of three years and three months, the surface was evenly worn to the
extent of only a little more than a quarter of an inch, and to all
appearance they were capable of enduring a great deal more work.  The
result of this trial was to induce the London and North Western to enter
very extensively into the employment of steel rails.

                                       _Knight's Dictionary of Mechanics_.




CURIOUS CASUALTY.


Out of three truck loads of cattle on the Great Western Railway two of
the animals were struck dead by the lightning on Monday afternoon, July
5, 1852, not very far from Swindon.  What renders it remarkable is, that
one animal only in each of the two trucks was struck, and five or six
animals in each escaped uninjured.  The animal killed in one of the
trucks was a bull, the cows escaping injury, and in the other truck it
was a bull or an ox that was killed.




GEORGE STEPHENSON'S WEDDING PRESENT.


A correspondent, writing to the _Derbyshire Courier_ the week following
the Stephenson Centenary celebration at Chesterfield, remarks:--"The
other day I met a kindly and venerable gentleman who possesses quite a
fund of anecdotes relating to the Stephensons, father and son.  It
appears we have, or had, relations of old George residing in Derby.
Years ago, says my friend, an old gentleman, who by his appearance and
carriage was stamped as a man distinguished among his fellow-men, was
inquiring on Derby platform for a certain engine-driver in the North
Midland or the Birmingham and Derby service, whose name he gave.  On the
driver being pointed out, the gentleman, with the rough but pleasing
north-country burr in his voice, said, after asking his name, "Did you
marry --?"  "Yes, sir."  "Then she's my niece, and I hope you'll make her
a good husband.  I have not had the chance of giving you a wedding
present until now."  Then slipping into his hand a bank note for 50
pounds, he talked of other matters.  The joy of the engine-driver at
receiving so welcome a present was not greater than being recognised and
kindly received by his wife's illustrious uncle, George Stephenson."




THE POLITE IRISHMAN.


It's a small matter, but a gentleman always feels angry at himself after
he has given up his seat, in a railway car, to a female who lacks the
good manners to acknowledge the favour.  The following "hint" to the
ladies will show that a trifle of politeness properly spread on, often
has a happy effect.

The seats were all full, one of which was occupied by a rough-looking
Irishman; and at one of the stations a couple of evidently well-bred and
intelligent young ladies came in to procure seats, but seeing no vacant
ones, were about to go into a back car, when Patrick rose hastily, and
offered them his seat, with evident pleasure.  "But you will have no seat
yourself?" responded one of the young ladies with a smile, hesitating,
with true politeness, as to accepting it.  "Never ye mind _that_!" said
the Hibernian, "ye'r welcome to 't!  I'd ride upon the cow-catcher till
New York, any time, for a smile from such _jintlemanly_ ladies;" and
retreated hastily to the next car, amid the cheers of those who had
witnessed the affair.




AN ENTERTAINING COMPANION.


Once, during a tour in the Western States, writes Mr. Florence, the
actor, an incident occurred in which I rather think I played the victim.
We were _en route_ from Cleveland to Cincinnati, an eight or ten-hour
journey.  After seeing my wife comfortably seated, I walked forward to
the smoking car, and, taking the only unoccupied place, pulled out my
cigar case, and offered a cigar to my next neighbour.  He was about sixty
years of age, gentlemanly in appearance, and of a somewhat reserved and
bashful mien.  He gracefully accepted the cigar, and in a few minutes we
were engaged in conversation.

"Are you going far west?" I inquired.

"Merely so far as Columbus."  (Columbus, I may explain is the capital of
Ohio.)  "And you, sir?" he added, interrogatively.

"I am journeying toward Cincinnati.  I am a theatrical man, and play
there to-morrow night."  I was a young man then, and fond of avowing my
profession.

"Oh, indeed!  Your face seemed familiar to me as you entered the car.  I
am confident we have met before."

"I have acted in almost every State in the Union," said I.  "Mrs.
Florence and I are pretty generally known throughout the north-west."

"Bless me?" said the stranger in surprise, "I have seen you act many
times, sir, and the recollection of Mrs. Florence's 'Yankee Girl,' with
her quaint songs, is still fresh in my memory."

"Do you propose remaining long in Columbus?"

"Yes, for seven years," replied my companion.

Thus we chatted for an hour or two.  At length my attention was attracted
to a little, red-faced man, with small sharp eyes, who sat immediately
opposite us and amused himself by sucking the knob of a large walking
stick which he carried caressingly in his hand.  He had more than once
glanced at me in a knowing manner, and now and then gave a sly wink and
shake of the head at me, as much as to say, "Ah, old fellow, I know you,
too."

These attentions were so marked that I finally asked my companion if he
had noticed them.

"That poor man acts like a lunatic," said I, _sotto voce_.

"A poor half-witted fellow, possibly," replied my fellow-traveller.  "In
your travels through the country, however, Mr. Florence, you must have
often met such strange characters."

We had now reached Crestline, the dinner station, and, after thanking the
stranger for the agreeable way in which he had enabled me to pass the
journey up to this point, I asked him if he would join Mrs. Florence and
myself at dinner.  This produced an extraordinary series of grimaces and
winks from the red-faced party aforesaid.  The invitation to dinner was
politely declined.

The repast over, our train sped on toward Cincinnati.  I told my wife
that in the smoking car I had met a most entertaining gentleman, who was
well posted in theatricals, and was on his way to Columbus.  She
suggested that I should bring him into our car, and present him to her.
I returned to the smoking car and proposed that the gentleman should
accompany me to see Mrs. Florence.  The proposal made the red-faced man
undergo a species of spasmodic convulsions which set the occupants of the
car into roars of laughter.

"No, I thank you," said my friend, "I feel obliged to you for the
courtesy, but I prefer the smoking car.  Have you another cigar?"

"Yes," said I, producing another Partaga.

I again sat by his side, and once more our conversation began, and we
were quite fraternal.  We talked about theatres and theatricals, and then
adverted to political economy, the state of the country, finance and
commerce in turn, our intimacy evidently affording intense amusement to
the foxy-faced party near us.

Finally the shrill sound of the whistle and the entrance of the conductor
indicated that we had arrived at Columbus, and the train soon arrived at
the station.

"Come," said the red-faced individual, now rising from his seat and
tapping my companion on the shoulder, "This is your station, old man."

My friend rose with some difficulty, dragging his hitherto concealed feet
from under the seat, when, for the first time, I discovered that he was
shackled, and was a prisoner in charge of the Sheriff, going for seven
years to the state prison at Columbus.




NOVEL ATTACK.


Auxerre, November 15th, 1851.--Last week, at the moment when a railway
tender was passing along the line from Saint Florentin to Tonnerre, a
wolf boldly leaped upon it and attacked the stoker.  The man immediately
seized his shovel and repulsed the aggressor, who fell upon the rail and
was instantly crushed to pieces.

                                                             --_National_.




WOLVES ON A RAILWAY.


In 1867, "A cattle train on the Luxemburg Railway was stopped," says the
_Nord_, "two nights back, between Libramont and Poix by the snow.  The
brakesman was sent forward for aid to clear the line, and while the
guard, fireman, engine-driver, and a customs officer were engaged in
getting the snow from under the engine they were alarmed by wolves, of
which there were five, and which were attracted, no doubt, by the scent
of the oxen and sheep cooped up in railed-in carriages.  The men had no
weapons save the fire utensils belonging to the engine.  The wolves
remained in a semicircle a few yards distant, looking keenly on.  The
engine-driver let off the steam and blew the whistle, and lanterns were
waved to and fro, but the savage brutes did not move.  The men then made
their way, followed by the wolves, to the guard's carriage.  Three got in
safe; whilst the fourth was on the step one of the animals sprang on him,
but succeeded only in tearing his coat.  They all then made an attack,
but were beaten off, one being killed by a blow on the head.  Two hours
elapsed before assistance arrived, and during that time the wolves made
several attacks upon the sheep trucks, but failed to get in.  None of the
cattle were injured."




ARTEMUS WARD'S SUGGESTION.


"I was once," he remarks, "on a slow California train, and I went to the
conductor and suggested that the cowketcher was on the wrong end of the
train; for I said, 'You will never overtake a cow, you know; but if you'd
put it on the other end it might be useful, for now there's nothin' on
earth to hinder a cow from walkin' right in and bitin' the folks!"




COACH VERSUS RAILWAY ACCIDENTS.


A coachman once remarked, "Why you see, sir, if a coach goes over and
spills you in the road there you are; but if you are blown up by an
engine, where are you?"




BAVARIAN GUARDS AND BAVARIAN BEER.


"In England," says Mr. Wilberforce, "the guard is content to be the
servant of the train; in Germany he is in command of the passengers.
'When is the train going on?' asked an Englishman once of a foreign
guard.  'Whenever I choose,' was the answer.  To judge from the delays
the trains make at some of the stations, one would suppose that the guard
had uncontrolled power of causing stoppages.  You see him chatting with
the station-master for several minutes after all the carriages have been
shut up, and at last, when the topics of conversation are exhausted, he
gives a condescending whistle to the engine-driver.  Time seems never to
be considered by either guards or passengers.  Bavarians always go to the
station half-an-hour before the train is due, and their indifference to
delay is so well known that the directors can put on their time book 'As
the time of departure from small stations cannot be guaranteed, the
travellers must be there twenty-five minutes beforehand.'"  Mr.
Wilberforce should not have omitted to mention the main cause of these
delays, which appears at the same time to constitute the final cause of a
Bavarian's existence--Beer.  Guards and passengers alike require
alcoholic refreshment at least at every other station.  At Culmbach, the
fountain of the choicest variety of Bavarian beer, the practice had risen
to such a head that, as we found last summer, government had been forced
to interfere.  To prevent trains from dallying if there was beer to drink
at Culmbach was obviously impossible.  The temptation itself was removed;
and no beer was any longer allowed to be sold at that fated railway
station, by reason of its being so superlatively excellent.

                                                --_Saturday Review_, 1864.




THE RAILWAY SWITCH-TENDER AND HIS CHILD.


On one of the railroads in Prussia, a few years ago, a switch-tender was
just taking his place, in order to turn a coming train approaching in a
contrary direction.  Just at this moment, on turning his head, he
discerned his little son playing on the track of the advancing engine.
What could he do?  Thought was quick at such a moment of peril!  He might
spring to his child and rescue him, but he could not do this and turn the
switch in time, and for want of that hundreds of lives might be lost.
Although in sore trouble, he could not neglect his greater duty, but
exclaiming with a loud voice to his son, "Lie down," he laid hold of the
switch, and saw the train safely turned on to its proper track.  His boy,
accustomed to obedience, did as his father commanded him, and the fearful
heavy train thundered over him.  Little did the passengers dream, as they
found themselves quietly resting on that turnout, what terrible anguish
their approach had that day caused to one noble heart.  The father rushed
to where his boy lay, fearful lest he should find only a mangled corpse,
but to his great joy and thankful gratitude he found him alive and
unharmed.  Prompt obedience had saved him.  Had he paused to argue, to
reason whether it were best--death, and fearful mutilation of body, would
have resulted.  The circumstances connected with this event were made
known to the King of Prussia, who the next day sent for the man and
presented him with a medal of honour for his heroism.




VERY COOL.


Some years ago at a railway station a gentleman actually followed a
person with a portmanteau, which he thought to be his, but the fellow,
unabashed, maintaining it to be his own property, the gentleman returned
to inquire after his, and found, when too late, that his first suspicions
were correct.




THE BLACK REDSTART.


A railway carriage had been left for some weeks out of use in the station
at Giessen, Hesse Darmstadt, in the month of May, 1852, and when the
superintendent came to examine the carriage he found that a black
redstart had built her nest upon the collision spring; he very humanely
retained the carriage in its shed until its use was imperatively
demanded, and at last attached it to the train which ran to
Frankfort-on-the-Maine, a distance of nearly forty miles.  It remained at
Frankfort for thirty-six hours, and was then brought back to Giessen, and
after one or two short journeys came back again to rest at Giessen, after
a period of four days.  The young birds were by this time partly fledged,
and finding that the parent bird had not deserted her offspring, the
superintendent carefully removed the nest to a place of safety, whither
the parent soon followed.  The young were, in process of time, full
fledged and left the nest to shift for themselves.  It is evident that
one at least of the parent birds must have accompanied the nest in all
its journeys, for, putting aside the difficulty which must have been
experienced by the parents in watching for every carriage that arrived at
Giessen, the nestlings would have perished from hunger during their stay
at Frankfort, for everyone who has reared young birds is perfectly aware
that they need food every two hours.  Moreover, the guard of the train
repeatedly saw a red-tailed bird flying about that part of the carriage
on which the nest was placed.




STOPPING A RUNAWAY COUPLE.


Captain Galton who some years ago was the government railway inspector,
in one of his reports relates the following singular circumstance.  "A
girl who was in love with the engine-driver of a train, had engaged to
run away from her father's house in order to be married.  She arranged to
leave by a train this man was driving.  Her father and brother got
intelligence of her intended escape; and having missed catching her as
she got into the train, they contrived, whether with or without the
assistance of a porter is not very clear, to turn the train through
facing points, as it left the station, into a bog."  The captain does not
pursue the subject further in his report, so that we are left in
ignorance as to the success of the plan for stopping a contemplated
runaway marriage.




A MADMAN IN A RAILWAY CARRIAGE.


We subjoin from the _Annual Register_ for 1864 an account of an alarming
occurrence which took place July 4th of that year:--"In one of the
third-class compartments of the express train leaving King's Cross
Station at 9.15 p.m., a tall and strongly-built man, dressed as a sailor,
and having a wild and haggard look, took his seat about three minutes
before the train started.  He was accompanied to the carriage by a woman,
whom he afterwards referred to as his wife, and by a man, apparently a
cab-driver, of both of whom he took leave when the train was about to
start.  It had scarcely done so, when, on putting his hand to his pocket,
he called out that he had been robbed of his purse, containing 17 pounds,
and at once began to shout and gesticulate in a manner which greatly
alarmed his fellow-travellers, four in number, in the same compartment.
He continued to roar and swear with increasing violence for some time,
and then made an attempt to throw himself out of the window.  He threw
his arms and part of his body out of the window, and had just succeeded
in placing one of his legs out, when the other occupants of the carriage,
who had been endeavouring to keep him back, succeeded in dragging him
from the window.  Being foiled in this attempt, he turned round upon
those who had been instrumental in keeping him back.  After a long and
severe struggle, which--notwithstanding the speed the train was running
at--was heard in the adjoining compartments, the sailor was overcome by
the united exertions of the party, and was held down in a prostrate
position by two of their number.  Though thus secured, he still continued
to struggle and shout vehemently, and it was not till some time
afterwards, when they managed to bind his hands and strap him to the
seat, that the passengers in the compartment felt themselves secure.
This train, it may be explained, makes the journey from London to
Peterborough, a distance little short of eighty miles, without a single
stoppage; and as the scene we have been describing began immediately
after the train left London, the expectation of having to pass the time
usually occupied between the two stations (one hour and fifty minutes)
with such a companion must have been far from agreeable.  While the
struggle was going on, and even for some time afterwards, almost frantic
attempts were made to get the train stopped.  The attention of those in
the adjoining compartment was readily gained by waving handkerchiefs out
of the window, and by-and-by a full explanation of the circumstances was
communicated through the aperture in which the lamp that lights both
compartments is placed.  A request to communicate with the guard was made
from one carriage to another for a short distance, but it was found
impossible to continue it, and so the occupants of the compartments
beyond the one nearest the scene of the disturbance could learn nothing
as to its nature, a vague feeling of alarm seized them, and all the way
along to Peterborough a succession of shouts of 'Stop the train,' mixed
with the frantic screams of female passengers, was kept up.  On the
arrival of the train at Peterborough the man was released by his captors
and placed on the platform.  No sooner was he there, however, than he
rushed with a renewed outburst of fury on those who had taken the chief
part in restraining his violence, and as he kept vociferating that they
had robbed him of his money, it was some time before the railway
officials could be got to interfere--indeed, it seemed likely for some
time that he would be allowed to go on in the train.  As remonstrances
were made from all quarters to the station-master to take the fellow into
custody, he at length agreed, after being furnished with the names and
addresses of the other occupants of the carriage, to hand him over to the
police.  The general impression on those who witnessed the sailor's fury
seemed to be that he was labouring under a violent attack of delirium
tremens, and he had every appearance of having been drinking hard for
some days.  Had there been only one or even two occupants of the
compartment besides himself, there seems every reason to believe that a
much more deadly struggle would have ensued, as he displayed immense
strength."




INSURED.


The engine of an ordinary railway train broke down midway between two
stations.  As an express train was momentarily expected to arrive at the
spot, the passengers were urgently called upon to get out of the
carriages.  A countryman in leather breeches and top-boots, who sat in a
corner of one of the carriages, comfortably swathed in a travelling
blanket, obstinately refused to budge.  In vain the porter begged him to
come out, saying the express would reach the spot in a minute, and the
train would in all probability be dashed to pieces.  The traveller pulled
an insurance ticket out of his breeches pocket, exclaiming, "Don't you
see I've insured my life?" and with that he set up a horse laugh, and
sunk back into his corner.  They had to force him out of the train, and
an instant afterwards the express ran into it.




A NEW TRICK.


A novel illustration of the ingenuity of thieves has been afforded by an
incident reported from the continent.  For some time past a North German
railway company had been suffering from the repeated loss of goods which
were sent by luggage train, and which, notwithstanding all research and
precautions, continued to disappear in a very mysterious manner.  The
secret which the inquiries set on foot had failed to discover was at
length revealed by a rather amusing accident.  A long box, on one side of
which were words equivalent to "This side up," had, in disregard of this
caution, been set up on end in the goods shed.  Some time afterwards the
employes were not a little startled to hear a voice, apparently
proceeding from the box in question, begging the hearers to let the
speaker out.  On opening the lid, the railway officials were surprised
and amused to find a man inside standing on his head.  In the explanation
which followed, the fellow wanted to account for his appearance under
such unusual circumstances as due to the result of a wager, but he was
given into custody, and it was soon found that the thieves had adopted
this method of conveying themselves on to the railway premises, and that
during the absence of the employes they had let themselves out of the box
which they at once filled with any articles they could lay their hands
on, refastened the lid, and then decamped.  But for the unfortunate
inability of human nature to endure an inverted position for an
indefinite period, the ingenious authors of the scheme might have
flourished a long time without detection.




A TRAIN STOPPED BY CATERPILLARS.


_Colonies and India_ quotes from a New Zealand paper the following
story:--In the neighbourhood of Turakina an army of caterpillars,
hundreds of thousands strong, was marching across the railway line, bound
for a new field of oats, when the train came along.  Thousands of the
creeping vermin were crushed by the wheels of the engine, and suddenly
the train came to a dead stop.  On examination it was found that the
wheels of the engine had become so greasy that they kept on revolving
without advancing--they could not grip the rails.  The guard and the
engine driver procured sand and strewed it on the rails, and the train
made a fresh start, but it was found that during the stoppage
caterpillars in thousands had crawled all over the engine, and all over
the carriages inside and out.




TRAVELLING IN RUSSIA.


Of course, travelling in Russia is no longer what it was.  During the
last quarter of a century a vast network of railways has been constructed
and one can now travel in a comfortable first-class carriage from Berlin
to St. Petersburg or Moscow, and thence to Odessa, Sebastopol, the Lower
Volga, or even the foot of the Caucasus; and, on the whole, it must be
admitted that the railways are tolerably comfortable.  The carriages are
decidedly better than in England, and in winter they are kept warm by
small iron stoves, such as we sometimes see in steamers, assisted by
double windows and double doors--a very necessary precaution in a land
where the thermometer often descends to 30 degrees below zero.  The
trains never attain, it is true, a high rate of speed--so at least
English and Americans think--but then we must remember that Russians are
rarely in a hurry, and like to have frequent opportunities of eating and
drinking.  In Russia time is not money; if it were, nearly all the
subjects of the Tsar would always have a large stock of ready money on
hand, and would often have great difficulty in spending it.  In reality,
be it parenthetically remarked, a Russian with a superabundance of ready
money is a phenomenon rarely met with in real life.

In conveying passengers at the rate of from fifteen to thirty miles an
hour, the railway companies do at least all that they promise, but in one
very important respect they do not always strictly fulfil their
engagements.  The traveller takes a ticket for a certain town, and on
arriving at what he imagines to be his destination, he may merely find a
railway station surrounded by fields.  On making inquiries he finds to
his disappointment, that the station is by no means identical with the
town bearing the same name, and that the railway has fallen several miles
short of fulfilling the bargain, as he understood the terms of the
contract.  Indeed, it might almost be said as a general rule railways in
Russia, like camel drivers in certain Eastern countries, studiously avoid
the towns.  This seems at first a strange fact.  It is possible to
conceive that the Bedouin is so enamoured of tent life and nomadic
habits, that he shuns a town as he would a man-trap; but surely civil
engineers and railway contractors have no such dread of brick and mortar.
The true reason, I suspect, is that land within or immediately without
the municipal barrier is relatively dear, and that the railways, being
completely beyond the invigorating influence of healthy competition, can
afford to look upon the comfort and convenience of passengers as a
secondary consideration.

It is but fair to state that in one celebrated instance neither engineers
nor railway contractors were to blame.  From St. Petersburg to Moscow the
locomotive runs for a distance of 400 miles, almost as "the crow" is
supposed to fly, turning neither to the right hand nor to the left.  For
fifteen weary hours the passenger in the express train looks out on
forest and morass and rarely catches sight of human habitation.  Only
once he perceives in the distance what may be called a town; it is Tver
which has been thus favoured, not because it is a place of importance,
but simply because it happened to be near the straight line.  And why was
the railway constructed in this extraordinary fashion?  For the best of
all reasons--because the Tsar so ordered it.  When the preliminary survey
was being made, Nicholas learned that the officers intrusted with the
task--and the Minister of Ways and Roads in the number--were being
influenced more by personal than by technical considerations, and he
determined to cut the Gordian knot in true Imperial style.  When the
Minister laid before him the map with the intention of explaining the
proposed route, he took a ruler, drew a straight line from the one
terminus to the other, and remarked in a tone that precluded all
discussion, "You will construct the line so!"  And the line was so
constructed--remaining to all future ages, like St. Petersburg and the
Pyramids, a magnificent monument of autocratic power.

Formerly this well-known incident was often cited in whispered philippics
to illustrate the evils of the autocratic form of government.  Imperial
whims, it was said, override grave economic considerations.  In recent
years, however, a change seems to have taken place in public opinion, and
some people now venture to assert that this so-called Imperial whim was
an act of far-seeing policy.  As by far the greater part of the goods and
passengers are carried the whole length of the line, it is well that the
line should be as short as possible, and that branch lines should be
constructed to the towns lying to the right and left.  Apart from
political considerations, it must be admitted that a great deal may be
said in support of this view.

In the development of the railway system there has been another
disturbing cause, which is not likely to occur to the English mind.  In
England, individuals and companies habitually act according to their
private interests, and the State interferes as little as possible;
private initiative acts as it pleases, unless the authorities can prove
that important bad consequences will necessarily result.  In Russia, the
_onus probandi_ lies on the other side; private initiative is allowed to
do nothing until it gives guarantees against all possible bad
consequences.  When any great enterprise is projected, the first question
is--"How will this new scheme affect the interests of the State?"  Thus,
when the course of a new railway has to be determined, the military
authorities are always consulted, and their opinion has a great influence
on the ultimate decision.  The consequence of this is that the railway
map of Russia presents to the eye of the tactician much that is quite
unintelligible to the ordinary observer--a fact that will become apparent
to the uninitiated as soon as a war breaks out in Eastern Europe.  Russia
is no longer what she was in the days of the Crimean war, when troops and
stores had to be conveyed hundreds of miles by the most primitive means
of transport.  At that time she had only about 750 miles of railway; now
she has more than 11,000 miles, and every year new lines are constructed.

                                          _Russia_, by D. M. Wallace, M.A.




AN ARMY WITH BANNERS.


As giving an idea of the old way of signalling and precautions employed
to ensure safety on the Hudson River Railroad nearly forty years ago, we
append the following from the _Albany Journal_.  It should be premised
that this road extends from New York to East Albany, a distance of only
144 miles:--

"AN ARMY WITH BANNERS.--As you are whirled along over the Hudson River
Railroad at the rate of 40 miles an hour, you catch a glimpse, every
minute or two, of a man waving something like a white pocket handkerchief
on the end of a stick, with a satisfactory sort of expression of
countenance.  If you take the trouble to count, you will find that it
happens some two hundred times between East Albany and Thirty-first
street.  It looks like rather a useless ceremony, at first glance, but is
a pretty important one, nevertheless.

"There are 225 of these 'flagmen' stationed at intervals along the whole
length of the line.  Just before a train is to pass, each one walks over
his "beat," and looks to see that every track and tie, every tunnel,
switch, rail, clamp, and rivet, is in good order and free from
obstruction.  If so, he takes his stand with a white flag and waves it to
the approaching train as a signal to 'come on'--and come on it does, at
full speed.  If there is anything wrong, he waves a red flag, or at night
a red lamp, and the engineer, on seeing it, promptly shuts off the steam,
and sounds the whistle to 'put down the brakes.'  Every inch of the road
is carefully examined after the passage of each train.  Austrian
espionage is hardly more strict."




SEIZURE OF A RAILWAY TRAIN FOR DEBT.


The financial difficulties under which some railway companies have
recently laboured were brought to a crisis lately in the case of the
Potteries, Shrewsbury, and North Wales Railway, a line running from
Llanymynech to Shrewsbury, with a projected continuation to the
Potteries.  A debenture holder having obtained a judgment against the
company, a writ was forthwith issued, and a few days back the sheriff's
officers unexpectedly presented themselves at the company's principal
station in Shrewsbury, and formally entered upon possession.  The down
train immediately after entered the station, and the bailiffs, without
having given any previous intimation to the manager, whose office adjoins
the station, seized the engines and carriages, and refused to permit the
outgoing train to start, although many passengers had taken tickets.
Ultimately the manager obtained the requisite permission, and it was
arranged that the train should make the journey, one of the bailiffs
meanwhile remaining in charge.  The acting-sheriff refused a similar
concession with regard to the further running of the trains, and it being
fair day at Shrewsbury, and a large number of persons from various
stations along the line having taken return tickets, much inconvenience
to the public was likely to ensue.  The North Wales section of this line
was completed in August last at a cost of a little over 1,100,000 pounds,
and was opened for passenger and goods traffic on the 13th of that month.
As has already been stated, the ordinary traffic of the line was, after
the enforcement of the writ, permitted to be continued, with the proviso
that a bailiff should accompany each train.  This condition was naturally
very galling to the officials of the railway company, but they
nevertheless treated the representative of the civil law with a marked
politeness.  On the night of his first becoming a constant passenger by
the line he rode in a first-class carriage to Llanymynech, and on the
return journey the attentive guard conducted him to a similar compartment
which was devoted to his sole occupation.  On arriving at Kennerly the
bailiff became conscious of the progress of an elaborate process of
shunting, followed by an entire stoppage of the train.  After sitting
patiently for some minutes it occurred to him to put his head out of the
window and inquire the reason for the delay, and in carrying out the idea
he discovered that the train of which his carriage had lately formed a
part was vanishing from sight round a distant curve in the line.  He lost
no time in getting out and making his way into the station, which he
found locked up, according to custom, after the passage through of the
last down train.  Kennerly is a small roadside station about 12 miles
from Shrewsbury, and offers no accommodation for chance guests; and, had
it been otherwise, it was of course the first duty of the bailiff to look
after the train, of which he at that moment was supposed to be in
"possession."  There being no alternative, he started on foot for
Shrewsbury, where he arrived shortly after midnight, having accomplished
a perilous passage along the line.  It appeared, on inquiry, that in the
course of the shunting the coupling-chain which connected the tail coach
with the body of the train had by some means become unlinked; hence the
accident.  The bailiff accepted the explanation, but on subsequent
journeys he carefully avoided the tail-coach.

                                                     _Railway News_, 1866.




A KANGAROO ATTACKING A TRAIN.


The latest marsupial freak is thus given by a thoroughly reliable
correspondent of the _Courier_ (an Australian paper):--A rather exciting
race took place between the train and a large kangaroo on Wednesday night
last.  When about nine miles from Dalby a special surprised the kangaroo,
who was inside the fences.  The animal ran for some distance in front,
but getting exhausted he suddenly turned to face his opponent, and jumped
savagely at the stoker on the engine, who, not being able to run, gamely
faced the "old man" with a handful of coal.  The kangaroo, however, only
reached the side of the tender, when, the step striking him, he was
"knocked clean out of it" in the one round.  No harm happened beyond a
bit of a scare to the stoker, as the kangaroo picked himself up quickly
and cleared the fence.




SHE TAKES FITS.


Some time ago, an old lady and gentleman were coming from Devenport when
the train was crowded.  A young man got up and gave the old lady a seat,
while his companion, another young gent, remained stedfast and let the
old gent stand.  This did not suit the old gentleman, so he concluded to
get a seat in some way, and quickly turning to the young man on the seat
beside his wife, he said:--"Will you be so kind as to watch that woman
while I get a seat in another carriage?  She takes fits!"  This startled
the young gent.  He could not bear the idea of taking charge of a fitty
woman, so the old gentleman got a seat, and his wife was never known to
take a fit afterwards.




SNAGS' CORNERS.


The officials of a Michigan railroad that was being extended were waited
upon the other day by a person from the pine woods and sand hills who
announced himself as Mr. Snags, and who wanted to know if it could be
possible that the proposed line was not to come any nearer than three
miles to the hamlet named in his honour.

"Is Snags' Corners a place of much importance?" asked the President.

"Is it?  Well, I should say it was!  We made over a ton of maple sugar
there last spring!"

"Does business flourish there?"

"Flourish!  Why, business is on the gallop there every minute in the
whole twenty-four hours.  We had three false alarms of fire there in one
week.  How's that for a town which is to be left three miles off your
railroad?"

Being asked to give the names of the business houses, he scratched his
head for awhile, and then replied--

"Well, there's me, to start on.  I run a big store, own eight yokes of
oxen, and shall soon have a dam and a sawmill.  Then there's a blacksmith
shop, a post-office, a doctor, and last week over a dozen patent-right
men passed through there.  In one brief year we've increased from a
squatter and two dogs to our present standing, and we'll have a lawyer
there before long."

"I'm afraid we won't be able to come any nearer the Corners than the
present survey," finally remarked the President.

"You won't!  It can't be possible that you mean to skip a growing place
like Snags' Corners!"

"I think we'll have to."

"Wouldn't come if I'd clear you out a place in the store for a ticket
office?"

"I don't see how we could."

"May be I'd subscribe 25 dols.," continued the delegate.

"No, we cannot change."

"Can't do it nohow?"

"No."

"Very well," said Mr. Snags as he put on his hat.  "If this 'ere railroad
thinks it can stunt or <DW36> Snags' Corners by leaving it out in the
cold it has made a big mistake.  Before I leave town to-day I'm going to
buy a windmill and a melodeon, and your old locomotives may toot and be
hanged, sir--toot and be hanged!"




A NEWSPAPER WONDER.


The _Railway Journal_, an American newspaper, containing the latest
intelligence with respect to home and foreign politics, the money market,
Congress debates, and theatrical events, is now printed and published
daily in the trains running between New York and San Francisco.  All the
news with which its columns are filled is telegraphed from different
parts of the States to certain stations on the line, there collected by
the editorial staff travelling in the train, and set up, printed, and
circulated among the subscribing passengers while the iron horse is
persistently traversing plains and valleys, crossing rivers, and
ascending mountain ranges.  Every morning the traveller may have his
newspaper served up with his coffee, and thus keep himself informed of
all that is going on in the wide world during a seven days' journey
covering over three thousand miles of ground.  He who pays his
subscription at New York, which he can do at the railway ticket-office,
receives the last copy of his paper on the summit of the Sierra Nevada.
The production of a news-sheet from a flying printing office at an
elevation of some ten thousand feet above the level of the sea is most
assuredly a performance worthy of conspicuous record in journalistic
annals, and highly creditable to American enterprise.




MONETARY DIFFICULTIES IN SPAIN.


Sir Arthur Helps, in his life of Mr. Brassey, remarks:--"There were few,
if any, of the great undertakings in which Mr. Brassey embarked that gave
him so much trouble in respect of the financial arrangements as the
Spanish railway from Bilbao to Tudela.  The secretary, Mr. Tapp, thus
recounts the difficulties which they had to encounter:--

"'The great difficulty in Spain was in getting money to pay the men for
doing the work--a very great difficulty.  The bank was not in the habit
of having large cheques drawn upon it to pay money; for nearly all the
merchants kept their cash in safes in their offices, and it was a very
debased kind of money, coins composed of half copper and half silver, and
very much defaced.  You had to take a good many of them on faith.  I had
to send down fifteen days before the pay day came round, to commence
getting the money from the bank, obtaining perhaps 2,000 or 3,000 pounds
a day.  It was brought to the office, recounted, and put into my safe.
In that way I accumulated a ton-and-a-half of money every month during
our busy season.  When pay week came, I used to send a carriage or a
large coach, drawn by four or six mules, with a couple of civil guards,
one on each side, together with one of the clerks from the office, a man
to drive, and another--a sort of stableman--who went to help them out of
their difficulty in case the mules gave any trouble up the hilly country.
I was at the office at six o'clock, and I was always in a state of
anxiety until I knew that the money had arrived safely at the end of the
journey.  More than once the conveyance broke down in the mountains.  On
one occasion the axle of our carriage broke in half from the weight of
the money, and I had to send off two omnibuses to relieve them.  I had
the load divided, and sent one to one section of the line and one to the
other.

"'Q.--Was any attempt made to rob the carriage?

"'A.--Never; we always sent a clerk armed with a revolver as the
principal guard.  We heard once of a conspiracy to rob us; but, to avoid
that, we went by another road.  We were told that some men had been seen
loitering about the mountain the night before.'"




A CARLIST CHIEF AS A SUB-CONTRACTOR.


The natural financial difficulties of constructing a railway in Spain
were added to by the strange kind of people Mr. Brassey's agents were
obliged to employ.  One of the sub-contractors was a certain Carlist
chief whom the government dared not arrest on account of his great
influence.  Mr. Tapp thus relates the Carlist chief's mode of settling a
financial dispute:--

"When he got into difficulties, Mr. Small, the district agent, offered
him the amount which was due to him according to his measured work.  He
had over 100 men to pay, and Mr. Small offered him the money that was
coming to him, according to the measurement, but he would not have it,
nor would he let the agent pay the men.  He said he would have the money
he demanded; and he brought all his men into the town of Orduna, and the
men regularly bivouacked round Mr. Small's office.  They slept in the
streets and stayed there all night, and would not let Mr. Small come out
of the office till he had paid them the money.  He attempted to get on
his horse to go out--his horses were kept in the house (that is the
practice in the houses of Spain); but when he rode out they pulled him
off his horse and pushed him back, and said that he should not go until
he had paid them the money.  He passed the night in terror, with loaded
pistols and guns, expecting that he and his family would be massacred
every minute, but he contrived eventually to send his staff-holder to
Bilbao on horseback.  The man galloped all the way to Bilbao, a distance
of twenty-five miles, and went to Mr. Bartlett in the middle of the
night, and told him what had happened.  Mr. Bartlett immediately sent a
detachment up to the place to disperse the men.  This Carlist threatened
that if Mr. Small did not pay the money he would kill every person in the
house.  When he was asked, 'Would you kill a man for that?' he replied,
'Yes, like a fly,' and this coming from a man who, as I was told, had
already killed fourteen men with his own hand, was rather alarming.  Mr.
Brassey and his partners suffer a great amount of loss by their contracts
for the Bilbao railway."




HOW TO BEAR LOSSES.


During the construction of the Bilbao line, shortly before the proposed
opening, it set in to rain in such an exceptional manner that some of the
works were destroyed.  The agent telegraphed to Mr. Brassey to come
immediately, as a certain bridge had been washed down.  About three hours
afterwards another telegram was sent, stating that a large bank was
washed away; and next morning, another, stating the rain continued, and
more damage had been done.  Mr. Brassey, turning to a friend, said,
laughingly: "I think I had better wait until I hear that the rain has
ceased, so that when I do go, I may see what is left of the works, and
estimate all the disasters at once, and so save a second journey."

No doubt Mr. Brassey felt these great losses that occasionally came upon
him much as other men do; but he had an excellent way of bearing them,
and, like a great general, never, if possible, gave way to despondency in
the presence of his officers.




RAILROAD INCIDENT.


An Englishwoman who travelled some years ago in America writes:--"I had
found it necessary to study physiognomy since leaving England, and was
horrified by the appearance of my next neighbour.  His forehead was low,
his deep-set and restless eyes significant of cunning, and I at once set
him down as a swindler or a pickpocket.  My conviction of the truth of my
inference was so strong that I removed my purse--in which, however,
acting by advice, I never carried more than five dollars--from my pocket,
leaving in it only my handkerchief and the checks for my baggage, knowing
that I could not possibly keep awake the whole morning.  In spite of my
endeavours to the contrary, I soon sunk into an oblivious state, from
which I awoke to the consciousness that my companion was withdrawing his
hand from my pocket.  My first impulse was to make an exclamation; my
second, which I carried into execution, to ascertain my loss, which I
found to be the very alarming one of my baggage checks; my whole property
being thereby placed at this vagabond's disposal, for I knew perfectly
well that if I claimed my trunks without my checks the acute
baggage-master would have set me down as a bold swindler.  The keen-eyed
conductor was not in the car, and, had he been there, the necessity for
habitual suspicion incidental to his position would so far have removed
his original sentiments of generosity as to make him turn a deaf ear to
my request; and there was not one of my fellow-travellers whose
physiognomy would have warranted me in appealing to him.  So,
recollecting that my checks were marked Chicago, and seeing that the
thief's ticket bore the same name, I resolved to wait the chapter of
accidents, or the reappearance of my friends.  With a whoop like an
Indian war-whoop the cars ran into a shed--they stopped--the pickpocket
got up--I got up too--the baggage-master came to the door.  'This
gentleman has the checks for my baggage,' said I, pointing to the thief.
Bewildered, he took them from his waistcoat pocket, gave them to the
baggage-master, and went hastily away.  I had no inclination to cry 'stop
thief!' and had barely time to congratulate myself on the fortunate
impulse which had led me to say what I did, when my friends appeared from
the next carriage.  They were too highly amused with my recital to
sympathize at all with my feelings of annoyance, and one of them, a
gentleman filling a high situation in the east, laughed heartily, saying,
in a thoroughly American tone, 'The English ladies must be cute customers
if they can outwit Yankee pickpockets.'"




NOVEL OBSTRUCTION.


On a certain railroad in Louisiana the alligators have the bad habit of
crawling upon the track to sun themselves, and to such an extent have
they pushed this practice that the drivers of the locomotives are
frequently compelled to sound the engine whistle in order to scare the
interlopers away.

                                                   --_Railway News_, 1867.




BABY LAW.


The railways generously permit a baby to be carried without charge; but
not, it seems, without incurring responsibility.  It has been lately
decided, in "Austin _v._ the Great Western Railway Company," 16 L. T.
Rep., N. S., 320, that where a child in arms, not paid for as a
passenger, is injured by an accident caused by negligence, the company is
liable in damages under Lord Campbell's Act.  Three of the judges were
clearly of opinion that the company had, by permitting the mother to take
the child in her arms, contracted to carry safely both mother and child;
and Blackburn, J., went still further, and was of opinion that,
independently of any such contract, express or implied, the law cast upon
the company a duty to use proper and reasonable care in carrying the
child, though unpaid for.  It may appear somewhat hard upon railway
companies to incur liabilities through an act of liberality, but they
have chosen to do so.  The law is against them, that is clear; but they
have the remedy in their own hands.  There was some reason for exempting
a child in arms, for it occupies no place in the carriage, and is but a
trifling addition of weight.  But now it is established that the company
is responsible for the consequences of accident to that child, the
company is clearly entitled to make such a charge as will secure them
against the risk.  The right course would be to have a tariff, say
one-fifth or one-fourth of the full fare, for a child in arms; and if
strict justice was done, this would be deducted from the fares of the
passengers who have the ill-luck to face and flank the squaller.

                                                      --_Law Times_, 1867.




RAILROAD TRACKLAYER.


The railroad tracklayer is now working along regularly at the rate of a
mile a day.  The machine is a car 60 feet long and 10 feet wide.  It has
a small engine on board for handling the ties and rails.  The ties are
carried on a common freight car behind, and conveyed by an endless chain
over the top of the machinery, laid down in their places on the track,
and, when enough are laid, a rail is put down on each side in proper
position and spiked down.  The tracklayer then advances, and keeps on its
work until the load of ties and rails is exhausted, when other car loads
are brought.  The machine is driven ahead by a locomotive, and the work
is done so rapidly that 60 men are required to wait on it, but they do
more work than twice as many could do by the old system, and the work is
done quite as well.  The chief contractor of the road gives it as his
opinion that when the machine is improved by making a few changes in the
method of handling rails and ties it will be able to put down five or six
miles per day.  This will render it possible to lay down track twelve
times as fast as the usual rate by hand, and it will do the work at less
expense.  The invention will be of immense importance to the country in
connection with the Pacific railroad, which it was calculated could be
built as fast as the track could be laid, and no faster; but hereafter
the speed will be determined by the grading, which cannot advance more
than five miles a day.  Thirty millions of dollars have already been
invested on the Pacific railroad, and if the time of completion is
hastened one year by this tracklayer, as it will be if Central and Union
Companies have money enough to grade each five miles a day, there will be
a saving of three million dollars on interest alone on that one road.

                                                --_Alla California_, 1868.




A GROWING LAD.


"This your boy, ma'am?" inquired a collector of a country woman, "he's
too big for a 'alf ticket."  "Oh, is he?" replied the mother.  "Well,
perhaps he is now, mister; but he wasn't when he started.  The train is
ever so much behind time--has been so long on the road--and he's a
growing lad!"




FORGED TICKETS.


Attempts to defraud railway companies by means of forged tickets are
seldom made, and still more seldom successful.  In 1870, a man who lived
in a toll-house near Dudley, and who rented a large number of tolls on
the different turnpikes, in almost every part of the country, devised a
plan for travelling cheaply.  He set up a complete fount of type,
composing stick, and every requisite for printing tickets, and provided
himself with  papers, colours, and paints to paint them, and
plain cards on which to paste them; and he prepared tickets for journeys
of great length, and available to and from different stations on the
London and North-Western, Great Western, and Midland lines.  On arriving
one day at the ticket platform at Derby, he presented a ticket from
Masbro' to Smethwick.  The collector, who had been many years in the
service of the company, thought there was something unusual in the
ticket.  On examination he found it to be a forgery, and when the train
arrived at the platform gave the passenger into custody.  On searching
his house, upwards of a thousand railway tickets were discovered in a
drawer in his bedroom, and the apparatus with which the forgeries were
accomplished was also secured.  On the prisoner himself was the sum of
199 pounds 10s., and it appeared that he came to be present at the annual
letting of the tolls on the different roads leading out of Derby.  The
punishment he received was sufficiently condign to serve as a warning to
all who might be inclined to emulate such attempts after cheap
locomotion.

                                           --Williams's _Midland Railway_.




A YANKEE COMPENSATION CASE.


A horny-handed old farmer entered the offices of one of the railroad
companies, and inquired for the man who settled for hosses which was
killed by locomotives.  They referred him to the company's counsel, whom,
having found, he thus addressed:--

"Mister, I was driving home one evening last week--"

"Been drinking?" sententiously questioned the lawyer.

"I'm centre pole of the local Tent of Rechabites," said the farmer.

"That doesn't answer my question," replied the man of law; "I saw a man
who was drunk vote for the prohibition ticket last year."

"Hadn't tasted liquor since the big flood of 1846," said the old man.

"Go ahead."

"I will, 'Squire.  And when I came to the crossing of your line--it was
pretty dark, and--zip! along came your train, no bells rung, no whistles
tooted, contrary to the statutes in such cases made and provided,
and--whoop! away went my off-hoss over the telegraph wires.  When I had
dug myself out'n a swamp some distance off and pacified the other
critter, I found that thar off-hoss was dead, nothing valuable about him
but his shoes, which mout have brought, say, a penny for old iron.
Well--"

"Well, you want pay for that 'ere off-hoss?" said the lawyer, with a
scarcely repressed sneer.

"I should, you see," replied the farmer, frankly; "and I don't care about
going to law about it, though possibly I'd get a verdict, for juries out
in our town is mostly made up of farmers, and they help each other as a
matter of principle in these cases of stock killed by railroads."

"And this 'ere off-hoss," said the counsel, mockingly, "was well bred,
wasn't he?  He was rising four years, as he had been several seasons
past.  And you had been offered 500 pounds for him the day he was killed,
but wouldn't take it because you were going to win all the prizes in the
next race with him?  Oh, I've heard of that off-horse before."

"I guess there's a mistake somewhere," said the old farmer, with an air
of surprise; "my hoss was got by old man Butt's roan-pacing hoss, Pride
of Lemont, out'n a wall-eyed no account mare of my own, and, now that
he's dead, I may say that he was twenty-nine next grass.  Trot?  Why,
Fred Erby's hoss that he was fined for furious driving of was old Dexter
alongside of him!  Five hundred pounds!  Bless your soul, do you think
I'm a fool, or anyone else?  It is true I was made an offer for him the
last time I was in town, and, for the man looked kinder simple, and you
know how it is yourself with hoss trading, I asked the cuss mor'n the
animal might have been worth.  I asked him forty pounds, but I'd have
taken thirty."

"Forty?" gasped the lawyer; "forty?"

"Yes," replied the farmer, meekly and apologetically; "it kinder looks a
big sum, I know, for an old hoss; but that 'ere off-hoss could pull a
mighty good load, considering.  Then I was kinder shook up, and the pole
of my waggon was busted, and I had to get the harness fixed, and there's
my loss of time, and all that counts.  Say fifty pounds, and it's about
square."

The lawyer whispered softly to himself, "Well, I'll be hanged!" and
filled out a cheque for fifty pounds.

"Sir," said he, covering the old man's hand, "you are the first honest
man I have met in the course of a legal experience of twenty-three years;
the first farmer whose dead horse was worth less than a thousand pounds,
and could trot better without training.  Here, also, is a free pass for
yourself and your male heirs in a direct line for three generations; and
if you have a young boy to spare we will teach him telegraphing, and find
him steady and lucrative employment."

The honest old farmer took the cheque, and departed, smiting his brawny
leg with his horny hand in triumph as he did so, with the remark--

"I knew I'd ketch him on the honest tack!  Last hoss I had killed I swore
was a trotter, and all I got was thirty pounds and interest.  Honesty is
the best policy."

                                                          --_Once a Week_.




ABERGELE ACCIDENT.


The Irish mail leaving London at shortly after seven A.M., it was timed
in 1868 to make the distance to Chester, one hundred and sixty-six miles,
in four hours and eighteen minutes; from Chester to Holyhead is
eighty-five miles, for running which the space of one hundred and
twenty-five minutes was allowed.  Abergele is a point on the seacoast in
North Wales, nearly midway between these two places.  On the 20th of
August, 1868, the Irish mail left Chester as usual.  It was made up of
thirteen carriages in all, which were occupied--as the carriages of that
train usually were--by a large number of persons whose names, at least,
were widely known.  Among these, on this particular occasion, were the
Duchess of Abercorn, wife of the then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, with
five children.  Under the running arrangements of the London and
North-Western line a goods train left Chester half-an-hour before the
mail, and was placed upon the siding at Llanddulas, a station about a
mile-and-a-half beyond Abergele, to allow the mail to pass.  From
Abergele to Llanddulas the track ascended by a gradient of some sixty
feet to the mile.  On the day of the accident it chanced that certain
wagons between the engine and the rear end of the goods train had to be
taken out to be left at Llanddulas, and, in doing this, it became
necessary to separate the train and to leave five or six of the last
wagons in it standing on the main line, while those which were to be left
were backed on to a siding.  The employe whose duty it was to have done
so, neglected to set the brake on the wagons thus left standing, and
consequently when the engine and the rest of the train returned for them,
the moment they were touched, and before a coupling could be effected,
the jar set them in motion down the incline toward Abergele.  They
started so slowly that a brakeman of the train ran after them, fully
expecting to catch and stop them, but as they went down the grade they
soon outstripped him, and it became clear that there was nothing to check
them until they should meet the Irish mail, then almost due.  It also
chanced that the wagons thus loosened were oil wagons.

The mail train was coming up the line at a speed of about thirty miles an
hour, when its engine-driver suddenly perceived the loose wagons coming
down upon it around the curve, and then but a few yards off.  Seeing that
they were oil wagons, he almost instinctively sprang from his engine, and
was thrown down by the impetus and rolled to the side of the road-bed.
Picking himself up, bruised but not seriously hurt, he saw that the
collision had already taken place, that the tender had ridden directly
over the engine, that the colliding wagons were demolished, and that the
front carriages of the train were already on fire.  Running quickly to
the rear of the train, he succeeded in uncoupling six carriages and a
van, which were drawn away from the rest before the flames extended to
them by an engine which most fortunately was following the train.  All
the other carriages were utterly destroyed, and every person in them
perished.

The Abergele was probably a solitary instance, in the record of railway
accidents, in which but one single survivor sustained any injury.  There
was no maiming.  It was death or entire escape.  The collision was not a
particularly severe one, and the engine driver of the mail train
especially stated that at the moment it occurred the loose wagons were
still moving so slowly that he would not have sprung from his engine had
he not seen that they were loaded with oil.  The very instant the
collision took place, however, the fluid seemed to ignite and to flash
along the train like lightning, so that it was impossible to approach a
carriage when once it caught fire.  The fact was that the oil in vast
quantities was spilled upon the track and ignited by the fire of the
locomotive, and then the impetus of the mail train forced all of its
leading carriages into the dense mass of smoke and flame.  All those who
were present concurred in positively stating that not a cry, nor a moan,
nor a sound of any description was heard from the burning carriages, nor
did any one in them apparently make an effort to escape.

Though the collision took place before one o'clock, in spite of the
efforts of a large gang of men who were kept throwing water on the line,
the perfect sea of flame which covered the line for a distance of some
forty or fifty yards could not be extinguished until nearly eight o'clock
in the evening, for the petroleum had flowed down into the ballasting of
the road, and the rails were red-hot.  It was, therefore, small occasion
for surprise that when the fire was at last gotten under, the remains of
those who lost their lives were in some cases wholly undistinguishable,
and in others almost so.  Among the thirty-three victims of the disaster,
the body of no single one retained any traces of individuality; the faces
of all were wholly destroyed, and in no case were there found feet or
legs or anything approaching to a perfect head.  Ten corpses were finally
identified as those of males, and thirteen as those of females, while the
sex of ten others could not be determined.  The body of one passenger,
Lord Farnham, was identified by the crest on his watch, and, indeed, no
better evidence of the wealth and social position of the victims of this
accident could have been asked for than the collection of articles found
on its site.  It included diamonds of great size and singular brilliancy;
rubies, opals, emeralds; gold tops of smelling bottles, twenty-four
watches--of which but two or three were not gold--chains, clasps of bags,
and very many bundles of keys.  Of these, the diamonds alone had
successfully resisted the intense heat of the flame; the settings were
nearly all destroyed.




RAILWAY DESTROYERS IN THE FRANCO-GERMAN WAR.


One obvious means of hampering the military operations of the Germans was
the cutting of railroads, so as to interrupt and overthrow on-coming
trains.  This method was resorted to by bands of volunteers, calling
themselves "The Wild Boars of Ardennes," and "Railway Destroyers."  Here
again the invaders incurred great odium by announcing that, on the
departure of a train in the disaffected districts, the mayor and
principal inhabitants should be made to take their places on the engine,
so that if the peasants chose to upset the conveyance, their surest
victims would be their own compatriots.

                                                --_Annual Register_, 1870.




FRIGHTENED AT A RED LIGHT.


A driver, not on duty, had been drinking, and was, in company with his
fireman, walking in the vicinity of the Edgware Road, when he suddenly
started violently, and seizing his mate's arm, shouted--

"Hold hard, mate--hold hard!"

"What's the matter?" cried the fireman.

"Matter!" roared the driver, "why, you're a-running by the red light;"
and he pointed to the crimson glare which streamed through a glass bottle
in a chemist's window.

"Come along; that's nothing," said the fireman, trying to drag him on.

"What, run by the red light, and go afore Dannel in the morning?"
retorted the driver, and no persuasion could or did get him to pass the
shop.  He was a Great Western man, and the "Dannel" whom he held in such
wholesome awe was the celebrated engineer, now Sir Daniel Gooch, and
chairman of that line.  He was then the locomotive chief, and renowned
above all other things for maintaining discipline among his staff, while
they cherished a feeling for him very much akin to what we hear of the
clannish enthusiasm of the ancient Scotch.




THE DECOY TRUNK.


August 27, 1875.  The Metropolitan magistrates have had before them a
case which seems likely to show how some, at least, of the robberies at
railway stations are accomplished.  Some ingenious persons, it appears,
have devised a way by which a trunk can be made to steal a trunk, and a
portmanteau to annex a portmanteau.  The thieves lay a trunk artfully
contrived on a smaller trunk; the latter clings to the former, and the
owner of the larger carries both away.  The decoy trunk is said to be
fitted with a false bottom, which goes up when it is laid on a smaller
trunk, and with mechanism inside which does for the innocent trunk what
Polonius recommended Laertes to do for his friend, and grapples it to its
heart with hooks of steel.  In fact, the decoy duck--we do not know how
better to describe it--is made to perform an office like that of certain
flowers, which suddenly close at the pressure of a fly or other insect
within their cup and imprison him there.

                                                --_Annual Register_, 1875.




DRIVING A LAST SPIKE.


There are now two lines crossing the American continent.  The western
section of the new route goes through on the thirty-parallel--far enough
south from the Rocky Mountains for the current of the train's own motion
to be acceptable even in December, and to be a grateful relief in June.
Beginning at San Francisco, the additional line runs south through
California to Fort Yuma on the Colorado river; thence along the southern
border of the territories of Arizona and New Mexico, and across the
centre of Kansas, until it joins the lines connecting the Southern States
with New York.  The undertaking is a vast one, and has been one of some
difficulty; but its completion has been the occasion of very little
display.  Never was a great project of any kind brought to a successful
result with so much of active work and so little of actual talk.  A cable
message a line in length told the story a month ago to European readers,
and none of the American papers appear to have dealt with the matter as
anything out of the ordinary run of daily events.

Far otherwise was it with the finishing touch twelve years ago to the
other Transcontinental line.  The whole world heard of what was then
done.  All the bells in all the great cities of the United States rang
out jubilant peals as the last stroke sent home the last spike on the
last rail of the new highway of travel.  The news was flashed by
telegraph everywhere throughout the Union, and that there might be no
delay in its transmission and no hindrance to its simultaneous reception,
a certain pre-arranged signal was given and all the wires were for the
time being kept free of other business.  There were cases in which, to
save time in ringing out the glad news, the message was conveyed on
special wires right up to the bell towers; and everywhere there was a
feeling that a great victory had been won.  Preceding the consummation,
there had been some wonderful feats in railroad construction.  From the
Missouri river on the one side and from the Sacramento on the other, the
two companies--the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific--advanced
against each other in friendly rivalry.  The popular idea was that the
length of the line of each company would be measured to the point at
which it joined rails with the other.  This was hardly the case; but an
arrangement was come to after the completion of the work which has given
this notion the strength of a tradition.  The greater part of the Union
Pacific route was over comparatively even ground, and it was not until
the Salt Lake region was being approached that any serious constructive
difficulties presented themselves.  It was otherwise with the company
advancing eastward.  The line had to be carried over the Sierra Nevada,
the ascent beginning almost from the starting point, and rising seven
thousand feet in a hundred miles.  On the other side of the mountain
range, the descent was in turn formidable.  Over this part of the road it
was impossible to proceed rapidly.  The work was surrounded with
difficulties, and there were competent engineers who had no confidence
that it could be carried out.  Progress could only be made at the outset
at the rate of about twenty miles each year; but in this slow work there
was time to profit by experience, so that eventually, when it became a
question simply of many hands, the platelayer went forward with the swing
of an army on the march.  Then it was that the two companies went
vigorously into the race of construction.  In one day, in 1868, the Union
men were able to inform the Central men by telegraph that they had laid
as many as six miles since morning.  A few days afterwards the response
came from the Central men that they had just finished as their day's work
a stretch of seven miles.  Spurred to fresh activity by this display, the
Union men next reported to the other side a complete stretch for a day's
work of seven and a half miles!  The answer came back in the
extraordinary announcement that the workers for the Central Company were
prepared to lay ten miles in one day!  The Union people were inclined to
regard this as mere boasting, and the Vice-President of the company
implied as much when he made an offer to bet ten thousand dollars that in
one day such a stretch of railroad could not be well and truly laid.  It
is not on record that the bet was taken up.  But the fact remains that it
was made, that the Central army of workers heard of it, and that they
determined to make good the pledge given in their name.  So a day was
fixed for the attempt.  From the Union side men came to take note of the
work and to measure it, and their verdict at the close of the day's toil
was that not only had the promised ten miles been constructed, but that
the measurement showed two hundred feet over!  And this, on the words of
an authority, is how it was done:--When the car loaded with rails came to
the end of the track, the two outer rails on either side were seized with
iron nippers, hauled forward off the car, and laid on the ties by four
men who attended exclusively to this work.  Over these rails the cars
were pushed forward and the process repeated.  Then came a gang of men
who half-drove the spikes and screwed on the fish-plates on the dropped
rails.  At a short interval behind these came a gang of Chinamen, who
drove home the spikes already inserted and added the rest.  A second
squad of Chinamen followed, two deep, on each side of the single track,
the inner men carrying shovels and the outer men wielding picks, their
duty being to ballast the track.  Every movement was thus carefully
arranged, and there was no loss of time.  The average rate of speed at
which the work was done was 1 min. 47.5 secs. to every 240 feet of
perfected track.  There was, of course, an army of disciplined helpers,
whose duty it was to bring up the materials.  In this great feat of
construction more than four thousand men found employment in various
capacities.  When they had carried their line four miles further east,
the Central and the Union men met each other, the point of connection
being known as Promontory.  Afterwards the two companies made an
arrangement whereby the Union Pacific relinquished fifty-three miles of
road to the Central, thus fixing on Ogden as the western terminus of the
one line and the eastern terminus of the other.  The popular belief is
that the fifty-three miles were obtained by the Central Pacific directors
as an acknowledgement of the greater engineering difficulties they had to
overcome in laying their part of the track, and that they served a
handicapping purpose at the end of this wonderful railroad competition.

The placing of the final tie on the Pacific lines, as has been hinted,
was a ceremonious undertaking.  The event took place on Monday, March
10th, 1869.  Representatives were present from almost every part of the
Union, and the construction parties, not yet wholly dispersed, made up a
greater crowd than had been seen at Promontory before or is likely ever
to be seen there again--for, with the fixing of the termini at another
point, the glory of the place has departed.  The connecting tie had been
made of California laurel.  It was beautifully polished, and bore a
series of inscribed silver plates.  The tie was carefully placed, and
over it the rails were laid by picked men on behalf of each company.  The
spikes were then inserted--one of gold, silver, and iron, from Arizona;
another of silver, from Nevada; and a third of gold, from California.
President Stanford, of the Central Pacific, armed with a hammer of solid
silver, drove the last spike, the blow falling precisely at noon, and the
news of the completion of the road being flashed abroad as it fell.  Then
the two locomotives, one from the west and the other from the east, drew
up to each other on the single line, coming into gentle collision, that
they in their way, in the pleasing conceit of their drivers, might
symbolise the fraternisation that went on.  It does not spoil the story
of the ceremony to state that the laurel tie, with its inscriptions and
its magnificent mountings, was only formally laid, and that it became
from that day a relic to be officially cherished; and it should be added
that the more serviceable tie which replaced it was cut into fragments by
men eager to have some memento of the occasion.  Other ties for a time
shared the same fate, until splinters of what was claimed to be "the last
tie laid" became as common as pieces of the Wellington boots the great
commander is said to have left behind him at Waterloo.

With the junction of the two lines, it became possible to make safely in
one week an overland journey that not many years before required months
in its execution, and was attended by many hardships and dangers.  It
was, however, a route better known even in the days when the legend of
the pilgrims over it was "Pike's Peak or bust!" than is the region
crossed by the new southern line.  This line opens up what is practically
an undiscovered and an unsettled country, but the region traversed has
been ascertained to be so rich in resources as to fully justify the heavy
expenditure involved in the construction of the line.  In another year
the line will become a powerful agent in the development of the Union,
for it will then be connected with the lines that run through Texas into
Louisiana, and New Orleans and San Francisco will be brought into direct
communication with each other.  This, in fact, has been a prominent
object in the undertaking.  The effect of it will be to cheapen the
tariff on goods from the Pacific Coast to Europe, and will, it is
believed, have the effect of controlling a large share of the Asiatic
trade.

                                      --_Leeds Mercury_, April 23rd, 1881.




MARRIAGE AND RAILWAY DIVIDENDS.


Marriage would not seem to have any close connection with railroad
traffic, but we find an officer of an East Indian railroad company
explaining a falling off in the passenger receipts of the year (1874) by
the fact that it was a "twelfth year," which is regarded by the Hindoos
as so unfavourable to marriage that no one, or scarcely any one, is
married.  And, as weddings are the great occasions in Hindoo life when
there is great pomp and a general gathering together of friends, they
cause a great deal of travelling.




SECURITY FOR TRAVELLING.


A civil engineer, of long experience in connection with railways, gives
some reassuring statements as to the precautions taken in keeping the
lines in order.  The majority of accidents occur, not from defects in the
line, but from imperfections in the living agents who have charge of the
signals and other arrangements of trains in transit.  The engineer
says:--"To begin at the bottom, we have the ganger of the 'beat,' a man
selected from the waymen after several years' service for his aptitude
and steadiness, whose duty it is to patrol his length of two or three
miles every morning, and to make good fastenings, etc., afterwards
superintending his gang in packing, replacing rails, sleepers, and other
necessary repairs.  Over the ganger is the inspector of permanent way,
responsible for the gangers doing their duty, who generally goes over all
his district once a day on the engine, and walks one or more gangers'
beats.  The inspectors, again, are under the district superintendent or
engineer, who makes frequent inspections both by walking and on the
engine.  The ganger, if in want of men or materials, reports to his
inspector, who, if they are required, sends a requisition to the
engineer, keeping a small stock at his head-quarters to supply urgent
demands.  The engineer in his turn keeps the whole in harmony,
sanctioning the employment of the necessary men, and ordering the
materials, the only check upon the number of men or quantity of materials
being the total half-yearly expenditure.  Directors never within my
experience grudge an outlay necessary to keep the line in good order;
but, should they limit the expenditure from financial motives, it would
then clearly be the duty of the engineer to recommend a reduction of
speed to a safe point.  Occasionally, idle gangers are met with, who are
always asking for more men, and as naturally meeting with refusal.




THE NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY.


Lord Lymington, M.P., relates the following amusing tale of his
experience with an inquiring and hospitable gentleman in Arkansas:--"He
introduced himself to me very kindly on learning that I was a traveller
and an Englishman, and offered me the hospitalities of the town.  It was
very obliging of him, but unfortunately I could not stay, so we had a
chat while I was waiting for the train.  During this chat his eye fell on
a portmanteau of mine which I had caused to be marked, for convenience
sake and easy identification, with the cabalistic figures 120.  This he
scanned for some time with ill-concealed curiosity, and finally, turning
to me, said rather abruptly, 'If I am not mistaken, you are a nobleman,
are you not?'  I admitted that such was my unhappy lot.  'Then,' he said,
'I presume that number there on your valise is what they call in the
nobility armorial bearings, is it not--in fact, your crest?'  'Hardly
that,' I modestly replied.  'A number is only borne as a crest, I
believe, by much more illustrious persons--for example, the Beast in the
Apocalypse.'  'Oh!' he replied, and then, after meditating a moment or
two, asked, 'Have your family been long in England?'  'Yes,' I said,
'they have been there for some time.  But why do you ask?'  'Perhaps the
number refers,' he replied, 'to the number of generations, just as they
recite them in the Old Testament, you know?'  'Yes,' I unhesitatingly and
with prompt mendacity replied, 'that is exactly it, and I don't see how
you hit it so cleverly.'  He smiled all over with delight as the train
rushed up, and waved kind farewells to me as long as we were in sight."




ENGINE DRIVING.


But the regulator once in his hand, the engine-driver has only begun his
experience.  He goes through an apprenticeship with different varieties
of engines.  He must pick up what knowledge he can himself, and he must
always be on the alert to benefit from the experience of others.  The
locomotive in its varying "moods" must be his constant study, and he must
work it so that he shall not infringe more than an average share of a
multiplicity of rules and regulations.  The best position in the service,
apart from that of superintendence, is in the driving of an express
engine, and the greatest honour that can be conferred on an engine-driver
is to select him to take charge of the locomotive on a Royal train.  Only
the best men are picked out to drive the Queen, and the best engine on
the road is detailed for the Royal service; and although on those
occasions railway officials, who are the superiors of the driver, get on
the foot-boards, the latter is for the time being master of the
situation.  Should the locomotive superintendent dictate to him, it would
be to confess that the driver was unworthy of his high trust, and so the
superintendent is content to look on; but it is the contentment born of
the conviction that he has chosen for the task a driver whose experience
is great, and whose watchfulness and care and knowledge of enginery have
given him a claim to the chief service his company has for him.  Not that
there is any more risk in running the Queen's train than in running an
ordinary passenger express.  In fact, the risk is reduced to a minimum.
A pilot engine has gone before to keep the way clear.  The pilot engine
is fifteen minutes in advance of the Royal carriages at every station,
and the space travelled over in that fifteen minutes is kept free and
unobstructed.  The speed of the train is carefully regulated, and amongst
other provisions for security the siding points are for the moment
spiked.  Every crossing gate is guarded from the time of the passage of
the advance engine until the train follows in its wake.  Everything is
done to make the Royal journey over a railroad a safe one.  Such
arrangements, however, if they add to the responsibility, heighten also
the pride a man feels in being the Queen's driver.

So far as the companies are concerned, it may be said that there is a
fair field and no favour all the way from the fire-box in the
cleaning-shed up to the footboard on the locomotive that takes Her
Majesty from Windsor to Ballater.  Promotion comes practically as a
result of competitive examination.  The mistake of a weak appointment is
soon rectified, and the precautions taken to test a man's capacity in one
grade before raising him to another are an absolute barrier to
incompetence.  But there are circumstances under which a man's chances
are weakened.  His responsibilities make him liable for the faults of
others, and mistakes of this kind go to his discredit.  Then if he is not
companionable, or is over-confident, tricks may be played which will
prevent his going forward as rapidly as he otherwise would.  Mr. Reynolds
tells the story of a driver who had come to a dead stop on a journey
because he was short of steam.  The cause was a mystery.  There appeared
to be nothing wrong with the engine or the fire, and apparently the
boiler was also in trim.  It was eventually found that some one had put
soft soap in the tender, and the water there being hot, the soap was
gradually dissolved and introduced into the boiler, with the result that
the grease covered the tubes, and together with the suds prevented the
transmission of heat to the water.  An enemy had done this, but under the
rules the driver was responsible for his engine, and he was suspended;
only, however, to be reinstated when once the mischief was traced to the
perpetrator.  Even an act which to the ordinary spectator is a marvellous
example of presence of mind may, interpreted by the company's rules, be
an offence on the part of the engine-driver.  An engine attached to a
train broke from the tender in the course of its journey, and became
separated.  Noticing the mishap, the driver slackened speed, allowed the
tender and carriages to come up, and while the train was still in motion
he and the fireman adroitly secured the runaway, and no harm was done.
The men interested did not think it advisable to report the occurrence.
But the clever management of the engine had been noticed by a peasant in
a field, and Hodge, in his wonderment, began to talk about the affair all
round the country-side.  Then the story found its way to a station
master, and thence to headquarters, and an inquiry brought the matter to
light, and ended in the two men being advised not to do the same thing
again.  It was held that under the circumstances the train should have
been stopped.




ENGINE DRIVERS' PRESENCE OF MIND.


An able writer upon railway topics remarks:--"I have alluded to a
driver's coolness and resolution in an accident, but no chronicle ever
has or ever will be written which will tell one tithe of the accidents
which the courage and presence of mind of these men have averted.  A
railway ran over a river--indeed, it might be called an arm of the sea:
as it was the inlet to an important harbour, provision was obliged to be
made for the shipping, and so the piece of line which crossed the water,
at a height of seventy feet, was, in fact, a bridge which swung round
when large vessels had to pass.  I need hardly say that such a point was
carefully guarded.  At each end, at a fitting distance, a man was placed
specially to indicate whether the bridge was open or shut.  One day, as
the express was tearing along on its up journey, the driver received the
usual 'all right' signal; but to his horror, on coming in full sight of
the bridge, he found it was wide open, and a gulf of fatal depth yawning
before him.  He sounded his brake-whistle, that deep-toned scream which
signals the guard, and he and his fireman held on, as before described,
to the brake and regulator.  The speed of the train was, of course,
checked; but so short was the interval, so great had been the impetus,
that it seemed almost impossible to prevent the whole train from going
over into the chasm.  Had the rails been in the least degree slippery,
any of the brakes out of order, or the driver less determined, there
would then have occurred the most fearful railway accident ever known in
England; but by dint of quick decision and cool courage the danger was
averted; the train was brought to a standstill when the buffers of the
engine absolutely and literally overhung the chasm.  Three yards more,
and a different result might have had to be chronicled.

"Some of my readers may remember an incident in railway history which
dates back to our first great Exhibition.  I mention it here for its
singularity, and for my having known the driver whose coolness was so
marked.  In ascending a very long gradient, the hindmost carriages of the
train snapped their couplings when at the top; the engine rattled on with
the remainder, while these ran down the <DW72>, which was several miles in
length, with a velocity which, of course, increased every moment.  To
make matters worse, the next train on the same line was comparatively
close behind, and, in fact, shortly came in sight.  The driver of this
second train, a watchful and experienced hand, saw the carriages rushing
towards him, and divined that they were on the same line.  If he
continued steaming on, of course, in a couple of minutes he would come
into direct collision with them, while, on the other hand, if he ran
back, the carriages would probably gather such way that they would leap
from the bank.  So, with great presence of mind and wonderful judgment of
speed, he ran back at a pace not quite as fast as the carriages were
approaching, so that eventually they overtook him, and struck his moving
engine with a blow that was scarcely more perceptible than the jar
usually communicated by coupling on a fresh carriage.  When this was
done, all the rest was easy; he resumed his down journey, and pushed the
frightened passengers safely before him until they reached their
destination, where the officials, as may readily be supposed, were in a
state of frantic despair at the loss of half the train."




A SMUGGLING LOCOMOTIVE.


A singular adaptation of the locomotive has just been made in Russia.
Information having been given to the authorities at Alexandrovo, on the
Polish frontier, that the locomotive of the express leaving that station
for Warsaw had been ingeniously converted into a receptacle for smuggled
goods, it was carefully examined during its sojourn at the station.
Though nothing was found wrong, it was deemed advisable that a
custom-house official should accompany the train to its destination, when
the engine furnace and boiler were emptied and deliberately taken to
pieces.  In the interior was discovered a secret compartment containing
one hundred and twenty-three pounds of foreign cigars and several parcels
of valuable silk.  Several arrests were made, including that of the
driver; but his astonishment at finding the engine to which he had been
so long accustomed converted into a hardened offender against the laws
was so genuine that he was released and allowed to return to his duties.




THE CUSTOM OF THE COUNTRY.


An English lady accustomed to travelling abroad, and able to converse
fluently in the languages of the countries she visited, recently found
herself alone in a railway carriage in Germany, when two foreigners
entered with pipes in their mouths, smoking strong tobacco furiously.
She quietly told them in their own language that it was not a smoking
carriage, but they persisted in continuing to smoke, remarking that it
was "the custom of the country," upon which the lady took from her pocket
a pair of gloves and commenced cleaning them with benzoline.  Her
fellow-passengers expressed their disgust at the nauseous effluvium, when
she remarked that it was the custom of her country.  She was soon left in
the sole possession of the carriage.

                                                                --_Truth_.




AN INSULTED WOMAN.


Mark Twain in his interesting work "A Tramp Abroad," thus refers to a
railroad incident:--"We left Turin at 10 the next morning by a railway,
which was profusely decorated with tunnels.  We forgot to take a lantern
along, consequently we missed all the scenery.  Our compartment was full.
A ponderous, tow-headed, Swiss woman, who put on many fine-lady airs, but
was evidently more used to washing linen than wearing it, sat in a corner
seat and put her legs across into the opposite one, propping them
intermediately with her up-ended valise.  In the seat thus pirated sat
two Americans, greatly incommoded by that woman's majestic coffin-clad
feet.  One of them begged her, politely, to remove them.  She opened her
wide eyes and gave him a stare, but answered nothing.  By-and-by he
preferred his request again, with great respectfulness.  She said, in
good English, and in a deeply offended tone, that she had paid her
passage and was not going to be bullied out of her 'rights' by ill-bred
foreigners, even if she _was_ alone and unprotected.

"'But I have rights also, madam.  My ticket entitles me to a seat, but
you are occupying half of it.'

"'I will not talk with you, sir.  What right have you to speak to me?  I
do not know you.  One would know that you come from a land where there
are no gentlemen.  No _gentleman_ would treat a lady as you have treated
me.'

"'I come from a land where a lady would hardly give me the same
provocation.'

"'You have insulted me, sir!  You have intimated that I am not a
lady--and I hope I am _not_ one, after the pattern of your country.'

"'I beg that you will give yourself no alarm on that head, madam but at
the same time I must insist--always respectfully--that you let me have my
seat.'

"Here the fragile laundress burst into tears and sobs.

"'I never was so insulted before!  Never, never!  It is shameful, it is
brutal, it is base, to bully and abuse an unprotected lady who has lost
the use of her limbs and cannot put her feet to the floor without agony!'

"'Good heavens, madam, why didn't you say that at first!  I offer a
thousand pardons.  And I offer them most sincerely.  I did not know--I
_could_ not know--that anything was the matter.  You are most welcome to
the seat, and would have been from the first if I had only known.  I am
truly sorry it all happened, I do assure you.'

"But he couldn't get a word of forgiveness out of her.  She simply sobbed
and snuffled in a subdued but wholly unappeasable way for two long hours,
meantime crowding the man more than ever with her undertaker-furniture,
and paying no sort of attention to his frequent and humble little efforts
to do something for her comfort.  Then the train halted at the Italian
line, and she hopped up and marched out of the car with as firm a leg as
any washerwoman of all her tribe!  And how sick I was to see how she had
fooled me!"




DISSATISFIED PASSENGERS.


Any one wanting a fair and yet amusing account of what really occurs to a
person travelling in America should read G. A. Sala's book called
_America Revisited_.  He speaks of a gentleman from the Eastern States
whom he met in the train across the continent, and who thus held forth
upon the difference between reality and guide-books:--

"There ain't no bottling up of things about me.  This overland journey's
a fraud, and you oughter know it.  Don't tell me.  It's a fraud.  This
Ring must be busted up.  Where are your buffalers?  Perhaps you'll tell
me that them cows is buffalers.  They ain't.  Where are your prairie
dogs?  They ain't dogs to begin with, they're squirrels.  Ain't you
ashamed to call the mean little cusses dogs?  But where are they?  There
ain't none.  Where are your grizzlies?  You might have imported a few
grizzlies to keep up the name of your railroad.  Where are your herds of
antelopes scudding before the advancing train?  Nary an antelope have you
got for to scud.  Rocky Mountains, sir?  They ain't rocky at all--they're
as flat as my hand.  Where are your savage gorges?  I can't see none.
Where are your wild injuns?  Do you call them loafing tramps in dirty
blankets, injuns?  My belief is that they are greasers looking out for an
engagement as song and dance men.  They're 'beats,' sir, 'dead beats,'
they're 'pudcocks,' and you oughter be told so."

Another passenger in the train with Mr. Sala was of a poetic mind, and he
softly sang to himself during the whole journey over the Rocky Mountains
the following effusion:--

          Beautiful snow,
          Beautiful snow,
          B-e-e-e-eautiful snow,
    How I'd like to have a revolver and go
    For the beast that wrote about beautiful snow.




COPY OF A NOTICE.


The following is a verbatim copy of a notice exhibited at Welsh railway
station.  It is, perhaps, only a little more incomprehensible than
Bradshaw.  "List of Booking: You passengers must careful.  For have them
level money for ticket and to apply at once for asking tickets when will
booking window open.  No tickets to have after the departure of the
trains."




SNOWED UP ON THE PACIFIC RAILWAY.


A writer in the _Leisure Hour_ remarks:--"It is no joke when a town like
New York or London is blocked up for a few hours by snow.  Both labour
and capital have then to submit to a strike from nature; but it is a more
serious matter when a man is snowed up in the middle of the Pacific
Railway.  He is not then kept at home, but kept away from it; he is not
in the midst of comforts, but most unpleasantly out of their reach.  He
may, too, have to endure his privations and annoyances for a week, or
even a month. . .  Avalanches, in spite of snow-sheds and galleries,
spring into ravines which the trains have to cross. . . .  It was,
however, with some little alarm that the writer found himself caverned
for a considerable time under one of these dark snow-sheds.  The
difficulty of running through the snow impediments had so exhausted the
fuel that it was necessary to go to a wood-station in the mountains.  As
it was the favourite resort of avalanches, the prudent conductor of our
train directed the pilot to back the carriages into a snow-shed, and then
be off the more quickly with engine and tender for a supply of fuel.  It
was bitterly cold and in the dead of night.  The snow was piled up around
the gallery, and had in many places penetrated through the crevices.  The
silence was profound.  The sense of utter loneliness and desolation was
complete.  The return of the engine after a lengthened absence was a
relief, like the spring sun following an arctic winter.

"The first parties snowed up were wholly unprepared.  They had had their
dollar meal at the last station, and were far enough from the next when
fixed in the bank.  It was, however, a rare harvest for the nearest
store.  The necessity of some was the opportunity of others.  Food of
inferior quality brought fabulous prices.  A dispute, involving a heavy
wager, arose about one article of fare.  Was it antelope or not?  The
vendor admitted that a very lean old cow had been sacrificed on the
pressing occasion.

"For a little while some fun was got out of the trouble of snowed-up
trains.  Delicate attentions were tendered by gentlemen as cooks' mates
to the ladies.  Oyster-cans were converted into culinary utensils, and
telegraph wire proved excellent material for gridirons.  Many a joke was
passed in the train kitchen, and hearty was the appetite for the rude
viands thus rudely dressed.  But when the food grew more difficult to
obtain, and the wood supply became less and less, the mirth was
considerably slackened.  It is true that despatches were sent off for
help, and cargoes of provisions were steamed up as near as the snow would
permit; but it was hard work to carry over the snow, and insufficient was
the supply.  Frightful growlings arose from the men and sad lamentations
from the women.  Short allowance of food, with intense cold, could not be
positively enjoyed any time; but to be cooped up within snow walls in
such a desolate region, far from expecting friends or urgent business,
was most annoying.  One spoke of absolute necessity to be at his office
within the week, as heavy bills had to be prepared for.  Another was
going about an important speculation, which would utterly break down if
he were detained three days.  Alas! he was there above three weeks.

"The sorrows of the heart were worse.  A mother was there hastening to
nurse a sick daughter.  A father had been summoned to the dying bed of
his son.  A husband was hoping to clasp again a wife from whom a long
voyage had separated him.  One poor fellow was an especial object of
sympathy.  He was hastening to an anxiously waiting bride.  He had to
cool the ardour of his passion in the snow-bound car, and pass the day
appointed for his wedding in shivering reflections.  In one of the snow
depths was detained an interesting couple who had casually met on the
western side and were obeying the mandate of the heart and of friends in
proceeding to the east to effect their happy union.  The three weeks they
were compelled to pass together, under these cold and trying
circumstances, must have given them a famous insight into each other's
character, and this before the knot was tied.

"The story is told of one resolute man who, though but newly married, had
been compelled to take a business journey.  He was most impatient to
return home, and was awhile confounded with his unfortunate imprisonment.
When he found that little chance existed for an early escape, his heart
prompted him to a bold enterprise.  He was still two hundred miles from
home.  He had no guide before him but the telegraph posts.  He could
expect little provision on the way, as the stations were frozen up; but,
sustained by conjugal affection, the good fellow set off on his lonely
walk over the snow.  Notwithstanding terrible sufferings, and some free
fighting with wolves, he did his march in five days only.  What a
greeting he deserved!

"Those who had not his courage and strength were compelled to endure the
cars.  Americans are not folks to whine about a trouble; they succeed so
often that their faith is strong.  Though the most luxurious of people,
the men--and the women too--can bear reverses nobly.  But they never
dream of Oriental submissiveness.  They struggle hard to rise, and make
the best of things till a change comes.  So with those in the cars.  They
soon found amusements; they chatted and laughed, played games and sang;
the best jokes were recollected and repeated, and the liveliest tales
were told; charades were acted; a judge and jury scene afforded much
amusement; lectures were given to approving assemblies.  The Sundays were
decently observed, and services were held morning and evening; reading
was dispensed with, and the sermons were extempore perforce.

"The worst part of their sufferings came when for forty-eight hours they
were under a snow-shed without light, and with the stoves empty.  As, for
the maintenance of warmth, every crevice in the cars was stopped, the
misery of close and unwholesome atmosphere was added to their sorrows.
The writer, as an old traveller, has had some experience of odd sleeping
dens, and has been obliged at times to inhale a pestiferous air, though
he has never endured so much from this discomfort as in his winter
passage on the Pacific Railway.  For hours in the long nights, as well as
in the day, he preferred standing outside on the platform, with the
thermometer from fifteen to twenty-five below zero, rather than encounter
the foul atmosphere and stifling heat within.

"Meanwhile the brave Chinamen were summoned to the rescue.  They are
capital fellows to withstand the cold, and work with a will to clear a
passage.  For a distance of two hundred miles the blockade existed, and
several trains were thus caught on the way.  Eight hundred freight wagons
were detained at Cheyenne.  At one period the cold was 30 degrees below
zero.  The worst part of the road was toward Sherman, 8,252 feet above
the sea.  Wyoming and West Nebraska were the coldest regions.

"In this great blockade, strange to say, the mortality was but small.
Three died during the imprisonment, and two in consequence of cold.  But
an interesting compensation was made, for five births took place in this
season of trial.  The principal sufferers were those in the second-class
carriages.  Room, however, was made for the more delicate in the already
crowded first-class cars."




A SELL.


The _Indianapolis News_ is responsible for the following story.  A
railroad official of Indianapolis had, among other passes, one purporting
to carry him freely over the Warren and Tonawanda Narrow-Gauge Railway.
Happening to be near Warren, he thought he would use this pass.  Now, it
appears that some enterprising citizens of Pennsylvania once proposed to
lay a pipe-line for petroleum between Warren and Tonawanda.  The
Legislature having refused to sanction their scheme, they "engineered" a
bill for building a narrow-gauge line, which passed, the oil capitalists
not conceiving that they had any interest in opposing it.  It is needless
to say the narrow-gauge line was the "desiderated pipe-line."  The
enterprising citizens carried their joke so far as to issue annual passes
over the road, receiving others in return.  When the traveller sought for
the Warren station on this line he found a chimney, and for the
narrow-gauge an iron-lined hole in the ground.  It is hardly surprising
that now he is moved to anger at the slightest reference to the "Warren
and Tonawanda Narrow Gauge."




AT FAULT.


It is rather a serious matter that our public companies, and especially
our railway companies, are doing their best to degrade our language.  I
am not going to be squeamish and object strongly to the use of the word
_Metropolitan_, though I think it indefensible.  Still, it is too bad of
them to persist in using the word _bye-laws_ for _by-laws_--so
establishing solidly a shocking error.  The word _bye_ has no existence
in England except as short for _be with you_, in the phrase _Good-bye_.
The so called by-laws are simple laws by the other laws, and have nothing
to do with any form of salutation.  In a bill of the Great Western
Railway I find the announcement that tickets obtained in London on any
day from December 20th to 24th will be available for use on _either_ of
those days--this _either_ meaning the five days from the 20th December to
the 24th inclusive.  Either of five!  After this I am not surprised that,
in a contribution of my own to a daily paper, the editor gravely altered
the phrase _the last-named_, applied to one of three people, to _latter_.
In a railway advertisement I read a day or two ago, "From whence."  Now,
what is the good of such fine words as _whence_ and _thence_ if they are
thus to be ill-used?  Surely the railway companies might have some one
capable of seeing that their grammar has some pretence to correctness.

                                                 --_Gentleman's Magazine_.




A WIDOW'S CLAIM FOR COMPENSATION.


Some time ago a railway collision on one of the roads leading out of New
York killed, among others, a passenger living in an interior town.  His
remains were sent home, and a few days after the funeral the attorney of
the road called upon the widow to effect a settlement.  She placed her
figures at twenty thousand dollars.  "Oh! that sum is unreasonable,"
replied the attorney.  "Your husband was nearly fifty years old."  "Yes,
sir."  "And lame?"  "Yes."  "And his general health was poor?"  "Quite
poor."  "And he probably would not have lived over five years?"
"Probably not, sir."  "Then it seems to me that two or three thousand
dollars would be a fair compensation."  "Two or three thousand!" she
echoed.  "Why, sir, I courted that man for ten years, run after him for
ten more, and then had to chase him down with a shotgun to get him before
a preacher!  Do you suppose that I'm going to settle for the bare cost of
shoe leather and ammunition?"




THE LADY AND HER LAP-DOG.


The following scene occurred at the high-level Crystal Palace line:--"A
newspaper correspondent was amused at the indignation of a lady against
the porters who interfered to prevent her taking her dog into the
carriage.  The lady argued that Parliament had compelled the companies to
find separate carriages for smokers, and they ought to be further
compelled to have a separate carriage for ladies with lap-dogs, and it
was perfectly scandalous that they should be separated, and a valuable
dog, worth perhaps thirty or forty guineas, should be put into a dog
compartment.  I have some of the B stock of the railway, upon which not a
penny has ever been paid, and I could not help comparing my experience of
this particular line of railway with that of my fellow-traveller, and
wondering what sort of a train that would be which would provide
accommodation for all the wants and wishes of railway travellers."




WHAT IS PASSENGERS' LUGGAGE?


A gentleman removing took with him on the Great Western railway articles
consisting of six pairs of blankets, six pairs of sheets, and six
counterpanes, valued at 16 pounds, belonging to his household furniture.
They were in a box, which was put in the luggage van and lost.  The
question at law was whether these articles came within the definition,
"ordinary passengers' luggage," for which, if lost, the passenger could
claim damages from the Company.

The judges of the Court of Queen's Bench sitting in Banco have decided
that such is not personal luggage.

"Now," (said the Lord Chief Justice) "although we are far from saying
that a pair of sheets or the like taken by a passenger for his use on a
journey might not fairly be considered as personal luggage, it appears to
us that a quantity of articles of that description intended, not for the
use of the traveller on the journey, but for the use of his household,
when permanently settled, cannot be held to be so."

                            --_Herepath's Railway Journal_, Jan. 10, 1871.




CONVERSION OF THE GAUGE.


The conversion of the gauge on the South Wales section of the Great
Western railway in 1872 was of the heaviest description, the period of
labour lasting from seventeen to eighteen hours a day for several
successive days.  It was the greatest work of its kind, and nothing
exactly like it will ever be done in England again.  The lines of rail to
be connected would have made about 400 miles in single length, the number
of men employed was about 1500; and the time taken was two weeks nearly.
Oatmeal and barley water was made into a thin gruel and given to the men
as required.  It was the only drink taken during the day.  I had not a
single case of drunkenness or illness.  I have often heard these men
speak with great approbation of the supporting power of oatmeal drink.

                                               --_J. W. Armstrong_, _C.E._




FOURTH-OF-JULY FACTS.


At a banquet in Paris attended by Americans in celebration of the late
Fourth of July, Mr. Walker's speech in reply to the toast of the material
prosperity of the United States and France, and the establishment of
closer commercial relations between them, was especially striking and
interesting.  He remarked, "In 1870 the cost of transporting food and
merchandise between the Western and Eastern States was from a
cent-and-a-half to two cents a ton a mile.  I well remember a
conversation which I had in 1870 or 1871 with Mr. William B. Ogden, of
Chicago, one of the modest railway kings of that primitive period.  In a
vein of sanguine prophecy, Mr. Ogden exclaimed to me, 'Mr. Walker, you
will live to see freight brought from Chicago to New York at a cent a ton
a mile!'  'Perhaps so,' I replied; 'but I fear this result will not be
reached in my time.'  In 1877 or 1878 the cost had fallen to
three-eighths of a cent a ton a mile, and although this price was not
remunerative, I was told by one of the highest authorities in railway
matters that five-eighths of a cent would be perfectly satisfactory.  The
effect of this reduction in the cost of transportation is precisely as
though the unexhaustible grain fields and pastures across the Mississippi
had been moved bodily eastward to the longitude of Ohio and Western New
York.  It is estimated that it takes a quarter of a ton of bread and meat
to feed a grown man in Massachusetts for a year.  The bread and meat come
to him from the far west, and I have no doubt that it will astonish you
to be told, as it lately astonished me, that a single day of this man's
labour, even if it be of the commonest sort, will pay for transporting
his year's subsistence for a thousand miles."




TAY BRIDGE ACCIDENT.


Dec. 28, 1879.  A fearful disaster occurred in Scotland.  As the train
from Edinburgh to Dundee was crossing the bridge, two miles in length,
which spans the mouth of the Tay, a terrible hurricane struck the bridge,
about four hundred yards of which was, with the train, dashed into the
sea below.  About seventy persons were in the train, of whom not one
escaped, nor, when the divers were able to descend, could a single body
be found in the carriages, or among the bridge girders, and some days
elapsed before any were recovered.  No conclusive evidence could be
produced to show whether the train was blown off the rails and so dragged
the girders down, or whether the bridge was blown away and the train ran
into the chasm thus made.  The night was intensely dark, and the wind
more violent than had ever been known in the country.

                                                  _Annual Register_, 1879.




AN EXTRAORDINARY WAIF.


The following is a translation from the Norwegian newspaper
_Morgenbledet_, dated Feb. 20th:--"By private letter from Utsue, an
island on the western coast of Norway, is communicated to Dapposten the
intelligence that on the 12th inst. some fishermen pulled on the Firth to
haul their nets, and had hardly finished their labour when they sighted
an extraordinary object some distance further out.  The superstitious
fears of sea monsters which have been written a good deal about lately
held them back for some time, but their curiosity made them approach the
supposed sea monster, and, to their great surprise, they found that it
was something like a building.  As the sea was calm they immediately
commenced to tow it to shore, where it was hauled up on the beach, and
was then found to be a damaged railway wagon.  The wheels were off, the
windows smashed, and one door hanging on its hinges.  By the name on it,
"Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway," it was at once surmised that it must
have been one of the wagons separated from the train which met with the
disaster on the Tay Bridge.  In the carriage was a portmanteau containing
garments, some of them marked 'P.B.'  The wagon was sent, on the 14th, to
Hangesund, to be forwarded thence to Bergen."




A RAILWAY SLEEPER.


A railway pointsman, caught napping at his post and convicted of wilful
negligence, said to the gaoler who was about to lock him up, "I always
supposed that the safety of a railroad depended on the soundness of its
sleepers?"  "So it does," replied the gaoler, "but such sleepers are
never safe unless they are bolted in."




NOT TO BE CAUGHT.


The following incident is said to have occurred on the North London
Railway:--Some time ago a passenger remarked, in the hearing of one of
the company's servants, how easy it was to "do" the company, and said, "I
often travel from Broad Street to Dalston Junction without a
ticket--anyone can do it--I did it yesterday."  When he alighted he was
followed by the official, who asked him how it was done.  For a
consideration he agreed to tell him.  This being given, "Now," said the
inquirer, "how did you go from Broad Street to Dalston Junction yesterday
without a ticket?"  "Oh," was the reply, "I walked."




THE DOCTOR AND THE OFFICERS.


The following is rather a good story from the Emerald Isle:--A doctor and
his wife got into a train near--well, we will not say where.  In the same
carriage with the doctor were two strange officers.  The doctor's wife
got into another compartment of the same train, the doctor not having
seen his wife in the hurry, neither knew that they were travelling by the
same train until both had got into different carriages.  Said one of the
officers to his companion, "That is the ugliest woman I ever saw."  "She
is," replied the Son of Mars.  "I should not like to be obliged to kiss
her," responded the first speaker.  "I should not mind doing it,"
sullenly said the doctor.  "You never would, sir, think of such a thing,"
said the officer.  "I'll bet you a sovereign I will," answered the man of
"pills and potions."  "Done," said the officer.  So when they all got out
at the station, the doctor went forward and kissed his wife, and won his
sovereign--the easiest-earned fee he had ever received.  The officers
looked rather astonished when he presented his wife to them.




THE BOTHERED QUEEN'S COUNSEL.


Mr. Merewether, Q.C., got into the train one morning with a whole batch
of briefs and a talkative companion.  He wanted to go through his briefs,
but his companion would not let him work.  He tried silence, he tried
grunting, he tried sarcasm.  At length, when they came to Hanwell, the
gossip hit upon the unfortunate remark, "How well the asylum looks from
the railway!"  "Pray, sir," replied Mr. Merewether, "how does the railway
look from the asylum?"  The man was silent.




A BRAVE ENGINE DRIVER.


An American contemporary says:--"John Bull, of Galion (Ohio), ought to
have his name recorded in an enduring way, for few have ever behaved so
nobly as that engine driver of the New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio
railroad.  As he was driving a passenger train last month he found that,
through somebody's blunder, a freight train was approaching on the same
track, and a collision was inevitable.  He could have saved his own life
by leaping from the engine, but, dismissing all thoughts of himself, he
resolved to try and save the passengers committed to his care.  So he
reversed the engine and set the air-brakes, and then put on full steam,
started the locomotive ahead, broke the coupling attached to the train,
and dashed on to receive the shock of the collision.  The passengers
escaped all injury, while the brave engineer was so badly hurt that he
died in a few hours.  Such heroism as this should not go unnoticed."  The
_Cincinnati Inquirer_ says: "He remained in the car until the engine
leaped into the air and was dashed into the ditch, when he attempted to
spring to the ground, but had his foot caught between the frames of the
engine and tender, striking his head on the ground and causing the fatal
injuries.  Railroad men say that the act of detaching the engine as he
did, not even derailing the baggage car with his engine at the high rate
of speed, and all in 150 feet, is without parallel in railroading.  A
purse of 500 dollars was raised by the grateful passengers.  The body has
been shipped to Galion for burial."




AN INDUSTRIOUS BISHOP.


In noticing the "Life of the Rt. Rev. Samuel Wilberforce, D.D., Lord
Bishop of Oxford, and afterwards of Winchester," a writer in the
_Athenaeum_ remarks:--"Busy he was, both in Oxford and in London, and his
correspondence with all kinds of people was unusually large.  A large
proportion of his letters were written in the railway train, and dated
from 'near' this town, or 'between' this and that.  We remember to have
heard from one who was his companion in a railway carriage that before
the journey was half-finished the adjoining seat was littered with
envelopes of letters which he had read, and with the answers he had
written since he started.  All this undeniably shows energy and
determination, and power to work."




COOL IMPUDENCE AND DISHONESTY.


Some days since, the trains of the North London Railway were all late,
and consequently every platform was crowded.  At one of the stations an
unfortunate passenger attempted to enter an already over-crowded
first-class compartment, but one of the occupants stoutly resisted the
intrusion.  Thereupon, the unfortunate one said, "I will soon settle
this," and called the guard to the carriage door.  He then requested the
official to ask two of the occupants to produce their tickets, which
proved to be third-class ones.  In spite of the delinquents protesting
there was no room in the train elsewhere, they were ejected, and the
unfortunate one took their place.  The other passengers were naturally
rather indignant; and, seeing this, the successful intruder quietly said,
"I am very sorry to have had to turn those two gentlemen out, especially
as I have heard them say they were already late for an important
engagement in the city; and I am all the more sorry, seeing that I only
hold a third-class ticket myself."

                                                                --_Truth_.




THE BOOKING-CLERK AND BUCKLAND.


Mr. Frank Buckland had been in France and was returning via Southampton,
with an overcoat stuffed with natural history specimens of all sorts,
dead and alive.  Among them was a monkey, which was domiciled in a large
inside breast-pocket.  As Buckland was taking his ticket, Jocko thrust up
his head and attracted the attention of the booking-clerk, who
immediately--and very properly--said, "You must take a ticket for that
dog, if it's going with you."  "Dog," said Buckland, "it's no dog, it's a
monkey."  "It is a dog," replied the clerk.  "It's a monkey," retorted
Buckland, and proceeded to show the whole animal, but without convincing
the clerk, who insisted on five shillings for the dog-ticket to London.
Nettled at this, Buckland plunged his hand into another pocket and
produced a tortoise, and laying it on the sill of the ticket window said,
"Perhaps you'll call that a dog too."  The clerk inspected the tortoise.
"No," said he, "we make no charge for them--they're insects."




REMARKABLE RESCUE OF A CHILD.


An engineer on a locomotive going across the western prairie day after
day, saw a little child come out in front of a cabin and wave to him, so
he got in the habit of waving back to the child, and it was the day's joy
to see this little one come out in front of the cabin door and wave to
him while he answered back.  One day the train was belated, and it came
on to the dusk of the evening.  As the engineer stood at his post he saw
by the headlight that little girl on the track, wondering why the train
did not come, looking for the train, knowing nothing of her peril.  A
great horror seized upon the engineer.  He reversed the engine.  He gave
it in charge of the other man, and then he climbed over the engine, and
he came down on the cowcatcher.  He said though he had reversed the
engine, it seemed as though it were going at lightning speed, faster and
faster, though it was really slowing up, and with almost supernatural
clutch he caught the child by the hair and lifted it up, and when the
train stopped, and the passengers gathered around to see what was the
matter, there the old engineer lay, fainted dead away, the little child
alive and in his swarthy arms.




FEMALE FRAGILITY.


There was a time when American women prided themselves on their
fragility.  To be healthy, strong or plump was thought to be the height
of vulgarity, and refinement was held to be inseparable from leanness and
consumption.  These views still obtain--so it is said--in Boston, and
especially in Bostonian literary circles; but elsewhere the American
woman is growing plump and healthy, and is actually proud of it.  While
wise men are heartily glad of this change in female sentiment and tissue,
it must be admitted that there is one form of feminine fragility which
has its value.  There is a rare condition of the bony system in which the
bones are so fragile that the slightest blow is sufficient to break them.
A baby thus afflicted cannot be handled, even by the most experienced
mother, without danger; and a man with fragile bones is so liable to be
broken, that there is sometimes no safety for him outside of a glass
case.  The late Mrs. Baker--for that was her latest name--was not so
fragile that she could not be handled by a careful man, but still a very
light blow would usually break her.  She did not share the Bostonian
opinion of the vulgarity of strength, but she was, nevertheless, very
proud of her fragility, and by its aid her husband managed to amass a
comfortable fortune within three years after their marriage.  She is
perhaps the only fragile woman on record of whom it can be said that her
whole value consisted in her fragility, but, as her story shows, her
fragility was the sole capital invested in her husband's business.  In
January, 1870, Mrs. Baker--then a single woman, as to whose maiden name
there is some uncertainty--was married to Mr. Wheelwright--James G.
Wheelwright, of Worcester, Mass.  Her husband married her on account of
her well-known fragility, but he treated her with such kindness that in
the whole course of their married life he never once broke her, even by
accident.  In February, 1870, the Wheelwrights removed to Utica, N.Y.,
and one day Mr. Wheelwright took his wife to the railway station, and had
her break her leg in a small hole on the platform.  He at once sued the
railway company for 10,000 dols., being the value set by himself on his
wife's leg, and ten days afterwards accepted 5,000 dols. as a compromise,
and withdrew the suit The Wheelwrights left Utica in June, 1870, and in
the following August the dutiful Mrs. Wheelwright, who now called herself
Mrs. Thomas, broke her other leg in a hole in the platform of the railway
station at Pittsburg.  Again her husband sued the railway company for
15,000 dols., and compromised for 6,500 dols.  The leg was mended
successfully, and in July, 1871, we find the Thomases, now passing under
the name of Mr. and Mrs. Smiley, at Cincinnati, where Mr. Smiley, after
long searching, discovered a piece of ragged and uneven sidewalk, upon
which his wife made a point of falling and breaking her right arm.  This
time the city was sued for 15,000 dols., and Mr. Smiley proved that his
wife was a school teacher by profession, and that the breaking of her arm
rendered it impossible for her to teach, for there as on that she could
not wield a rod or even a slipper.  The city paid the 15,000 dols. and
the Smileys, having by honest industry thus made 26,500 dols., removed to
Chicago, and entered their names on the hotel register as Mr. and Mrs.
McGinnis, of Portland, Me.  On the second day after their arrival at the
hotel, Mr. McGinnis found an eligible place on the piazza for Mrs.
McGinnis to break another leg, which that excellent woman promptly did.
The usual suit of 15,000 dols. was brought, and the hotel-keeper, fearing
that the notoriety of the suit would injure his hotel, was glad to
compromise by paying 8,000 dols.  By this time, it is understood, Mrs.
McGinnis was willing to retire from business, but her husband had set his
heart on making 50,000 dols., and like a good wife she consented to break
some more bones.  It should be said that there was very little pain
attending a fracture of any one of the lady's bones, and that she did not
in the least mind the monotony of lying in bed while the broken bones
knitted themselves together.  There can, therefore, be no charge of
cruelty brought against her husband.  Indeed, she herself entered with a
hearty goodwill into the scheme of making a living with her bones, and
would go out to break a leg with as much cheerfulness as if she was going
to a theatre.  In March, 1872, Mrs. Wilkins--hitherto known as Mr.
McGinnis--walked into an open trench in a street in St. Louis and broke
another leg.  This time the suit brought by Mr. Wilkins against the city
did not succeed, and the inquiries which were put on foot as to the
antecedents of the Wilkinses fairly frightened them out of the city.
They turned up a month later in Detroit, where the weather was still
cold, and much snow had recently fallen.  There were still 16,000 dollars
to be made before the industrious pair would have the whole of their
desired 50,000 dollars, and it was decided that Mrs. Wilkins--who had
changed her name to Mrs. Baker--should fall on the icy pavement and break
both arms.  This, it was estimated, would be worth at least 8,000 dols.,
and it was hoped that the subsequent judicious breakage of two legs on
the premises of a Canadian railway would bring in 8,000 dols. more, after
which the Bakers intended to retire from business.  Early one morning Mr.
Baker took his wife out and had her fall on a nice piece of ice, where
she broke both arms.  Unfortunately, she fell more heavily than was
necessary, and, in addition, broke her neck and instantly expired.  The
grief of Mr. Baker naturally knew no bounds, and he sued for 25,000
dols., all of which he recovered.  He had thus made 59,500 dols. by the
aid of his fragile wife, and demonstrated that as a source of steady
income a woman who breaks easily is almost priceless.  Still, nothing
could console him for the loss of his beloved partner, and he is to-day a
lonely and unhappy man.

                                                       --_New York Times_.




TAKING HIM DOWN A PEG.


A guard of a railway train, upon the late occasion of a _hitch_, which
detained the passengers for some time, gave himself so much importance in
commanding them, that one old gentleman took the wind out of his sails by
calling him to the carriage door, and saying, "May I take the liberty,
sir, of asking you what occupation you filled previous to being a railway
guard?"




A REMARKABLE NOTICE.


On a certain railway, the following notice appeared:--"Hereafter, when
trains moving in opposite directions are approaching each other on
separate lines, conductors and engineers will be required to bring their
respective trains to a dead halt before the point of meeting, and be very
careful not to proceed till each train has passed the other."




FLUTTER CAUSED BY THE MURDER OF MR. BRIGGS.


My vocations led me to travel almost daily on one of the Great Eastern
lines--the Woodford Branch.  Every one knows that Muller perpetrated his
detestable act on the North London Railway, close by.  The English middle
class, of which I am myself a feeble unit, travel on the Woodford branch
in large numbers.  Well, the demoralization of our class,--which (the
newspapers are constantly saying it, so I may repeat it without vanity)
has done all the great things which have ever been done in England,--the
demoralization of our class caused, I say, by the Bow tragedy, was
something bewildering.  Myself a transcendentalist (as the _Saturday
Review_ knows), I escaped the infection; and day after day I used to ply
my agitated fellow-travellers with all the consolations which my
transcendentalism and my turn for French would naturally suggest to me.
I reminded them how Julius Caesar refused to take precautions against
assassination, because life was not worth having at the price of an
ignoble solicitude for it.  I reminded them what insignificant atoms we
all are in the life of the world.  Suppose the worse to happen, I said,
addressing a portly jeweller from Cheapside,--suppose even yourself to be
the victim, _il n'y a pas d'homme necessaire_.  We should miss you for a
day or two on the Woodford Branch; but the great mundane movement would
still go on, the gravel walks of your villa would still be rolled,
dividends would still be paid at the bank, omnibuses would still run,
there would still be the old crush at the corner of Fenchurch street.
All was of no avail.  Nothing could moderate in the bosom of the great
English middle class their passionate, absorbing, almost blood-thirsty
clinging to life.

                                 --Matthew Arnold's _Essays in Criticism_.




AN EXTRAORDINARY BLUNDER.


A correspondent, writing from Amelia les Bains, says:--A very singular
blunder was committed the other day by the officials of a railway station
between Prepignan and Toulon.  A gentleman who had been spending the
winter here with his family, left last week for Marseilles, taking with
him the body of his mother-in-law, who died six weeks ago, and who had
expressed a wish to be buried in the family vault at Marseilles.  When he
reached Marseilles and went with the commissioner of police--whose
presence is required upon these occasions--to receive the body from the
railway officials, he noticed to his great surprise that the coffin was
of a different shape and construction from that which he had brought from
here.  It turned out upon further inquiry that a mistake had been
committed by the officials, who had sent on to Toulon the coffin
containing his mother-in-law's body, believing that it held the remains
of a deceased admiral, which was to be embarked for interment in Algeria,
while the coffin awaiting delivery was the one which should have been
sent on.  The gentleman who was placed in this awkward predicament,
having requested the railway officials to communicate at once with Toulon
by telegraph, proceeded thither himself with the coffin of the admiral,
but the intimation had arrived too late.  He ascertained when he got
there that the first coffin had been duly received, taken on board, amid
"the thunder of fort and of fleet," the state vessel which was waiting
for it, and despatched to Algeria.  He at once called upon the maritime
prefect of Toulon, and explained the circumstances of the case, but
though a despatch-boat was sent in pursuit, the other vessel was not
overtaken.  He is now at Toulon awaiting her return, and I believe that
he declines to give up the coffin containing the deceased admiral until
he regains possession of his mother-in-law's remains.




A CURIOUS RACE.


In July, 1877, a carrier-pigeon tried conclusions with a railway train.
The bird was a Belgian voyageur, bred at Woolwich, and "homed" to a house
in Cannon Street, City.  The train was the Continental mail-express timed
not to stop between Dover and Cannon Street Station.  The pigeon,
conveying an urgent message from the French police, was tossed through
the railway carriage window as the train moved from the Admiralty Pier,
the wind being west, the atmosphere hazy, but the sun shining.  For more
than a minute the bird circled round till it attained an altitude of
about half-a-mile, and then it sailed away Londonwards.  By this time the
engine had got full steam on, and the train was tearing away at the rate
of sixty miles an hour; but the carrier was more than a match for it.
Taking a line midway between Maidstone and Sittingbourne, it reached home
twenty minutes before the express dashed into the station; the train
having accomplished seventy-six-and-a-half miles to the pigeon's seventy,
but being badly beaten for all that.

                                                   --_All the Year Round_.




A GREENLANDER'S FIRST RAILWAY RIDE.


Hans Hendrik, a native of Greenland, thus describes his first journey by
rail in America:--"Then our train arrived and we took seats in it.  When
we had started and looked at the ground, it appeared like a river, making
us dizzy, and the trembling of the carriage might give you headache.  In
this way we proceeded, and whenever we approached houses they gave
warning by making big whistle sound, and on arriving at the houses they
rung a bell and we stopped for a little while.  By the way we entered a
long cave through the earth, used as a road, and soon after we emerged
from it again.  At length we reached our goal, and entered a large
mansion, in which numbers of people crowded together."  He likens the
people going out of the railway-station to a "crowd of church-goers, on
account of their number."

                                              --_Good Words_, April, 1880.




A NOVEL ACTION.


Will bad table manners vitiate legal grounds of action?  A collision
recently occurred while an Italian commercial traveller was eating a
Bologna sausage in a railway train.  The shock of the collision drove the
knife so violently against his mouth as to widen it.  He brought suit for
damages.  The defence was that the injuries were caused by the knife;
that the knife should never be carried to the mouth, and that the
plaintiff, having injured himself by reason of his bad habit of eating,
must take the consequences and pay his own doctor's bill.  The case is
not yet finally decided.

                                                --_Echo_, Oct. 1st., 1880.




A KISS IN THE DARK.


On one of the seats in a railway train was a married lady with a little
daughter; opposite, facing them, was another child, a son, and a <DW52>
"lady" with a baby.  The mother of these children was a beautiful matron
with sparkling eyes, in exuberant health and vivacious spirits.  Near her
sat a young lieutenant, dressed to kill and seeking a victim.  He scraped
up an acquaintance with the mother by attentions to the children.  It was
not long before he was essaying to make himself very agreeable to her,
and by the time the sun began to decline, one would have thought they
were old familiar friends.  The lieutenant felt that he had made an
impression--his elation manifested it.  The lady, dreaming of no wrong,
suspecting no evil, was apparently pleased with her casual acquaintance.
By-and-by the train approached a tunnel.  The gay lieutenant leaned over
and whispered something in the lady's ear.  It was noticed that she
appeared as thunderstruck, and her eyes immediately flamed with
indignation.  A moment more and a smile lighted up her features.  What
changes?  That smile was not one of pleasure, but was sinister.  It was
unperceived by the lieutenant.  She made him a reply which apparently
rejoiced him very much.  For the understanding properly this narrative,
we must tell the reader what was whispered and what was replied.  "I mean
to kiss you when we get into the tunnel!" whispered the lieutenant.  "It
will be dark; who will see it?" replied the lady.  Into earth's
bowels--into the tunnel ran the train.  Lady and  nurse quickly
change seats.  Gay lieutenant threw his arms around the lady sable,
pressed her cheek to his, and fast and furious rained kisses on her lips.
In a few moments the train came out into broad daylight.  White lady
looked amazed--<DW52> lady, bashful, blushing--gay lieutenant befogged.
"Jane," said the white lady, "what have you been doing?"  "Nothing!"
responded the <DW52> lady.  "Yes, you have," said the white lady, not
in an undertone, but in a voice that attracted the attention of all in
the carriage.  "See how your collar is rumpled and your bonnet smashed."
Jane, poor  beauty, hung her head for a moment, the "observed of
all observers," and then, turning round to the lieutenant, replied:
"_This man kissed me in the tunnel_!"  Loud and long was the laugh that
followed among the passengers.  The white lady enjoyed the joke
amazingly.  Lieutenant looked like a sheep-stealing dog, left the
carriage at the next station, and was seen no more.

                                                           --_Cape Argus_.




THE GRAVEDIGGER'S SUGGESTION.


The Midland Railway, on being extended to London, was the occasion of the
removal of a vast amount of house property, also it interfered to a
certain extent with the graveyard belonging to Old St. Pancras Church.
The company had purchased a new piece of ground in which to re-inter the
human remains discovered in the part they required.  Amongst them was the
corpse of a high dignitary of the French Romish Church.  Orders were
received for the transmission of the remains to his native land, and the
delicate work of exhuming the corpse was entrusted to some clever
gravediggers.  On opening the ground they were surprised to find, not
bones of one man, but of several.  Three skulls and three sets of bones
were yielded by the soil in which they had lain mouldering.  The
difficulty was how to identify the bones of a French ecclesiastic amid so
many.  After much discussion, the shrewdest gravedigger suggested that,
being a Frenchman, the darkest  skull must be his.  Acting upon
this idea, the blackest bones were sorted and put together, until the
requisite number of rights and lefts were obtained.  These were
reverently screwed up in a new coffin, conveyed to France, and buried
with all the pomp and circumstance of the Roman Catholic Church.




AN AMUSING INCIDENT.


An American correspondent writes:--"I have just finished reading a most
amusing incident, and, as it occurs in a book not likely to fall into the
hands of many of the members, I am tempted to relate it, although it
might prove to be 'stale.'  Well, to begin: It tells of a maiden lady,
who, having arrived at the mature age of 51 without ever having seen a
railway train, decides to visit New York.  The all-important day having
arrived, she seats herself calmly on the platform of the country station,
and gazes with amazement as the train draws up, takes on its passengers,
and pursues its journey.  As she stares after it the stationmaster asks
her why she did not get on if she wishes to go to New York.  'Get on,'
says Miss Polly, in surprise, 'get on!  Why, bless me, if I didn't think
this whole concern went!'  Being placed on the next train, she proceeds
on her way, when, finally, having seen so many wonderful things, she
concluded not to be astonished, whatever may happen.  A collision occurs
and the gentleman next to her is thrown to the end of the car among a
heap of broken seats.  She supposes it to be the usual manner of
stopping, and quietly remarks: 'Ye fetch up rather sudden, don't ye?'"




A LITTLE BOY'S COOLNESS.


The suit of William O'Connor against the Boston and Lowell Railroad at
Lawrence has resulted in a verdict for the plaintiff in $10,000, one-half
the amount sued for.  This suit grew out of an accident which occurred
August 27th, 1880.  The plaintiff was the father of a child then between
five and six years old.  He and his brother, three years older, were
crossing a private way maintained by the railroad for the Essex Company,
and the younger boy, while walking backward, stepped between the rail and
planking of the roadway inside and was unable to extricate his foot.  At
that moment the whistle of a train was heard within a few hundred feet
and out of sight around a curve, and it appeared from the evidence that
the older brother, finding himself unable to relieve his brother, ran
down the track toward the train; but finding that he could not attract
the attention of the trainmen to his brother's condition, and that he
must be run over, ran back to him, and, telling him to lie down, pulled
him outward and down and held him there until the train had passed.  Both
feet of the little fellow were cut off or mangled so that amputation was
necessary.  The theory of the defence was that the boy was not caught,
but while running across the track, fell and was run over.  But the
testimony of the older brother was unshaken in every particular.  It
would be difficult to match the nerve, thoughtfulness, and disregard of
self displayed by this boy, who at that time was less than nine years
old.




PHOTOGRAPHING AN EXPRESS TRAIN.


An interesting application of the instantaneous method of photography was
recently made by a firm of photographers at Henley-on-Thames.  These
artists were successful in photographing the Great Western Railway
express train familiarly known as the "Flying Dutchman," while running
through Twyford station at a speed of nearly sixty miles an hour.  The
definition of this lightning-like picture is truly wonderful, the details
of the mechanism on the flying locomotive standing out as sharply as the
immovable telegraph posts and palings beside the line.  The photographers
are now engaged, we believe, in constructing a swift shutter for their
camera which will reduce the period of exposure of the photographic plate
to 1-500th of a second.  The same artists have also executed some
charming pictures of the upper Thames, with floating swans and moving
boats, which cannot but win the admiration of artists and all lovers of
the picturesque.

                                 --_Cassell's Family Magazine_, Nov. 1880.




NERVOUSNESS.


Surely people are far more _nervous_ now than they used to be some
generations back.  The mental cultivation and the mental wear which we
have to go through tends to make that strange and inexplicable portion of
our physical construction a very great deal too sensitive for the work
and trial of daily life.  A few days ago I drove a friend who had been
paying us a visit over to our railway station.  He is a man of fifty, a
remarkably able and accomplished man.  Before the train started, the
guard came round to look at the tickets.  My friend could not find his;
he searched his pockets everywhere, and although the entire evil
consequence, had the ticket not turned up, could not possibly have been
more than the payment a second time of four or five shillings, he got
into a nervous tremor painful to see.  He shook from head to foot; his
hand trembled so that he could not prosecute his search rightly, and
finally he found the missing ticket in a pocket which he had already
searched half-a-dozen times.  Now contrast the condition of this
highly-civilized man, thrown into a painful flurry and confusion at the
demand of a railway ticket, with the impassive coolness of a savage, who
would not move a muscle if you hacked him in pieces.

                                                    --_Fraser's Magazine_.




A PROFITABLE RAILWAY.


The shortest and most profitable railway in the world is probably to be
seen at Coney Island, the famous suburban summer resort of New York.
This is the "Marine Railway," which connects the Manhattan Beach Hotel
and the Brighton Beach Hotel.  It is 2,000 feet in length, is laid with
steel rails, and has a handsome little station at each end.  Its
equipment consists of two locomotives and four cars, open at the sides,
and having reversible seats; and a train of two cars is run each way
every five minutes.  The cost of this miniature road, including stations
and equipment, was 27,000 dols., and it paid for itself in a few weeks
after it was opened for business.  The operating expenses are 30 dols. a
day, and the average receipts are 450 dols. a day the entire season, 900
dols. being sometime taken in.  The fare charged is five cents.  The
property paid a profit last year of 500 dols. per cent on its cost.




THE POLITE BRAHMIN.


Owing to the various dialects in the South of India, as a matter of
convenience the English language is much used for personal communication
by the natives of different parts of the Presidency of Madras.  Mr.
Edward Lear, who has travelled much in that part of the country, gives
the following interesting account of a journey:--"I was in a second-class
railway carriage going from Madras to Bangalore.  There was only one
other passenger beside myself and servant, and he was a Brahmin, dressed
all in white, with the string worn over the shoulder, by which you may
always recognise a Brahmin.  He had a great many boxes and small
articles, which took up a great deal of room in the compartment, and when
at the next station the door was opened for another passenger to get in,
the guard said:--

"'You cannot have all those boxes inside the carriage; some of them must
be taken out.'

"'Oh, sir,' said the Brahmin in good English, 'I assure you these
articles are by no means necessary to my comfort, and I hope you will not
hesitate to dispose of them as you please.'

"Accordingly, therefore, the boxes were taken away.  Then the newcomer
stepped in; he was also a native, but dressed in quite a different manner
from the Brahmin, his clothing being blue, green, red, and all the
colours of the rainbow, so that one saw at once the two persons were from
different parts of India.  Presently he surprised me by saying to the
Brahmin,

"'Pray, sir, excuse me for having given you the trouble of removing any
part of your luggage; I am really quite sorry to have given you any
inconvenience whatever.'

"To which the Brahmin replied, 'I beg sir, you will make no apologies; it
is impossible you can have incommoded me by causing the removal of those
trifling articles; and, even if you have done so, the pleasure of your
society would afford me perfect compensation.'"




MR. FRANK BUCKLAND AND HIS BOOTS.


Mr. Spencer Walpole furnishes some interesting and amusing gossip about
the late Mr. Frank Buckland, describing some of his many eccentricities,
and telling many stories relative to his peculiar habits.  He had, it
seems, a great objection to stockings and boots and coats, his favourite
attire consisting of nothing else than trousers and a flannel shirt.
Boots were his special aversion, and he never lost an opportunity of
kicking them off his feet.

"On one occasion," we are told, "travelling alone in a railway carriage,
he fell asleep with his feet resting on the window-sill.  As usual, he
kicked off his boots, and they fell outside the carriage on the line.
When he reached his destination the boots could not, of course, be found,
and he had to go without them to his hotel.  The next morning a
platelayer, examining the permanent way, came upon the boots, and
reported to the traffic manager that he had found a pair of gentleman's
boots, but that he could not find the gentleman.  Some one connected with
the railway recollected that Mr. Buckland had been seen in the
neighbourhood, and, knowing his eccentricities, inferred that the boots
must belong to him.  They were accordingly sent to the Home Office, and
were at once claimed."




DRINKING FROM THE WRONG BOTTLE.


An incident has occurred on one of the suburban lines which will
certainly be supposed by many to be only _ben trovato_, but it is a real
fact.  A lady, who seemed perfectly well before the train entered a
tunnel, suddenly alarmed her fellow-passengers during the temporary
darkness by exclaiming, "I am poisoned!"  On re-emerging into daylight,
an awkward explanation ensued.  The lady carried with her two bottles,
one of methylated spirit, the other of cognac.  Wishing, presumably, for
a refresher on the sly, she took advantage of the gloom; but she applied
the wrong bottle to her lips.  Time pressed, and she took a good drain.
The consequence was she was nearly poisoned, and had to apply herself
honestly and openly to the brandy bottle as a corrective, amidst the
ironical condolence of the passengers she had previously alarmed.

                                                          --_Once a Week_.




HORSES VERSUS RAILWAYS.


A horse for every mile of road was the allowance made by the best
coachmasters on the great routes.  On the corresponding portions of the
railway system the great companies have put a locomotive engine per mile.
If a horse earned a hundred guineas a year, out of which his cost had to
be defrayed, he did well.  A single locomotive on the Great Northern
Railway (and that company has 611 engines for 659 miles of line) was
stated by John Robinson, in 1873, to perform the work of 678
horses--work, that is, as measured by resistance overcome; for the
horses, whatever their number, could not have reached the speed of fifty
miles an hour, at which the engines in questions whirled along a train of
sixteen carriages, weighing in all 225 tons.  There are now upwards of
13,000 locomotives at work in the United Kingdom, each of them earning on
the average, 4,750 pounds per annum.  But we have at the same time more
horses employed for the conveyance of passengers than we had in 1835.  In
omnibus and station work--waiting upon the steam horse--there is more
demand for horseflesh than was made by our entire coaching system in
1835.




A SLIGHT MISTAKE.


An Irish newspaper is responsible for the following:--"A deaf man named
<DW75> was run down and killed by a passenger train on Wednesday morning.
He was injured in a similar way about a year ago."




EXPENSIVE CONTRACTS.


An interesting glimpse into the inner working of State, and especially
Russian, Government railways was afforded in a recent discussion on
railway management in Russia, published by the _Journal_ of the German
Railroad Union.  During this debate it appears that the details were
published of the famous contract of the late American Winans with the
Government concerning the Nicholas Railroad.  By the use of considerable
money, Winans succeeded in making a contract, to extend from July 1st,
1866, for eight years, by which the Government was to pay him for oiling
cars and small car repairs at an agreed rate per passenger and per ton
mile.  In addition to this he received a fixed sum of about 15,000 pounds
(78,000 dols.) per year for painting and maintaining the interior of the
passenger cars; 6,000 pounds for keeping up the shops, and finally 8,000
pounds yearly for renewing what rolling stock might be worn out.  The St.
Nicholas line was eventually taken over by the Great Russian Company,
which in 1872 succeeded in making the Government annul the contract by
paying Winans a penalty of 750,000 pounds, which the Great Russian
Company paid back with interest within four years.  If the contract had
been continued it would have cost the company more than one-third of its
net earnings, since the saving amounts to nearly 523,000 pounds per
annum.  Another contract which the Government had made for the same road
with a sleeping-car company was settled shortly afterward by the
Government taking from the company the few cars it had on hand, and
paying 75,000 pounds for them and 10,000 pounds a year for the unexpired
seven years of the contract.




MR. BRASSEY'S STRICT ADHERENCE TO HIS WORD.


The following is one of such stories, illustrative of one phase of Mr.
Brassey's character--his strict adherence to his word, under all
circumstances.

When the "Sambre and Meuse" was drawing towards completion, Mr. Brassey
came along as usual with a staff of agents inspecting the progress of the
work.  Stopping at Olloy, a small place between Mariembourg and Vireux,
near a large blacksmith's shop, the man, a Frenchman or Belgian, came
out, and standing up on the bank, with much gesticulation and flourish,
proceeded to make Mr. Brassey a grand oration.  Anxious to proceed, Mr.
Brassey paid him no particular attention, but good naturedly endeavoured
to cut the matter short, with "Oui, oui, oui," and at length got away,
the Frenchman apparently expressing great delight.

"Well, gentlemen, what are you laughing at, what is the joke?" said he to
his staff as they went along.

"Why, sir, do you know what that fellow said, and for what he was
asking?"

"No, indeed, I don't; I supposed he was complimenting me in some way, or
thanking me for something."

"He _was_ complimenting you, sir, to some tune, and asking, as a souvenir
of his happy engagement under the Great Brassey, that you would of your
goodness make him a present of the shop, iron, tools, and all belonging!"

"Did he, though!  I did not understand that."

"No sir, but you kept on saying, 'Oui, oui, oui,' and the fellow's
delighted, as he well may be, they're worth 50 or 60 pounds."

"Oh, but I didn't mean that, I didn't mean that.  Well, never mind, if I
said it, he must _have_ them."

It must be borne in mind, that at that time, at best, Mr. Brassey knew
very little French, and his staff were well aware of the fact."

Sep. 13, 1872.

                                                                     S. S.




EXTRAORDINARY ACCIDENT.


In a leading article in the _Birmingham Post_, Nov. 12th, 1880, the
writer remarks:--"The report of Major Marindin on the collision which
took place between two Midland trains, in Leicestershire, about a month
ago, has just been published, but it adds nothing to the information
given at the time when the accident happened.  The case was, as the
report says, one of a remarkable, if not unprecedented nature, for the
collision arose from a passenger train running backwards instead of
forwards nearly half-a-mile, without either driver or stoker noticing
that its movement was in the wrong direction.  Shortly after the train
had passed the village station of Kibworth, where it was not timed to
stop, the driver observed a knocking sound on his engine.  He pulled up
the train in order to ascertain the cause of this, and finding that
nothing serious was the matter, proceeded on his journey again, or rather
intended to do so, for, by an extraordinary mistake, he turned the screw
the wrong way, so as to reverse the action of the engine, and to direct
the train back to Kibworth.  There, a mineral train was making its way
towards Leicester, and as the line was on a sharp incline the result
might have been a most destructive collision.  It was, however, reduced
to one of a comparatively mild description by the promptness and
efficiency with which the brakes were applied to both the trains.  Had
not the mineral train been pulled up, and the passenger train lowered
from a speed of twenty to three or four miles an hour, probably the whole
of the passengers would have been crushed between the two engines.  The
passengers, therefore, owed their safety to the excellent brake-power
which was at command.  The excuse offered by the driver of the passenger
train for turning the engine backwards was the shape of the reversing
screw, which was of a construction not commonly used on the Midland line,
though many of the company's engines were so fitted.  The fireman had
also his apology for making the same oversight.  He said he was at the
time stooping down to adjust the injector.  Major Marindin, though
admitting that the men were experienced, careful, and sober, refuses to
accept either of these excuses; but he can supply no better reason
himself for the amazing oversight they committed.  The only satisfactory
part of the report is that in which the working of the brake mechanism is
spoken of.  The passenger train had the Westinghouse brake fitted to all
the carriages, and such was its efficiency that, had it extended to the
engine and tender as well, Major Marindin believes the accident would
have been entirely prevented."




REMARKABLE MEMORY FOR SOUNDS.


Among strange mental feats the strangest perhaps yet recorded are the
following singular feats of memory for sound, related in the _Scientific
American_.  In the city of Rochester, N. Y., resides a boy named Hicks,
who, though he has only lately removed from Buffalo to Rochester, has
already learned to distinguish three hundred locomotive engines by the
sound of their bells.  During the day the boy is employed so far from the
railway that he seldom hears a passing train; but at night he can hear
every train, his house being near the railroad.  To give an idea of his
wonderful memory for sounds (and his scarcely less wonderful memory for
numbers also) take the following cases.  Not long ago young Hicks went to
Syracuse, and while there, he, hearing an engine coming out of the
round-house, remarked to a friend that he know the bell, though he had
not heard it for five years: he gave the number of the engine, which
proved to be correct.  Again, not long since, an old switch-engine, used
in the yards at Buffalo, was sent to Rochester for some special purpose.
It passed near Hicks' house, and he remarked that the engine was number
so and so, and that he had not heard the bell for six years.  A boarder
in the house ran to the railroad, and found the number given by Hicks was
the correct one.  To most persons the bells on American locomotives seem
all much alike in sound and _timbre_, though, of course, a good ear will
readily distinguish differences, especially between bells which are
sounded within a short interval of time.  But that anyone should be able
in the first place to discriminate between two or three hundred of these
bells, and in the second place to retain the recollection of the slight
peculiarities characterising each for several years, would seem
altogether incredible, had we not other instances--such as Bidder's and
Colburn's calculating feats, Morphy's blindfold chess-play, etc.--of the
amazing degree in which one brain may surpass all others in some special
quality, though perhaps, in other respects, not exceptionally powerful,
or even relatively deficient.

                                     --_Gentleman's Magazine_, March 1880.




A DISINGENUOUS BISHOP.


Max. O'Rell, the French author, in his book _John Bull at Home_, writes
English people are very great on words; lying is unknown.  I was
travelling by rail one day with an English bishop.  There were five in
our compartment.  On arriving at a station we heard a cry, "Five minutes
here!"  My lord bishop, with the greatest haste, set to work to spread
out travelling-bag, hat-box, rug, papers, &c.  A lady appeared at the
door, and asked, "Is there room here?"  "Madam," replied the bishop, "all
the seats are full."  When the poor lady had been sent about her
business, we called his lordship's attention to the fact that there were
only five of us in the carriage, and that, consequently all the seats
were not taken.  "I did not say that they were," answered my lord; "I
said that they were _full_."




DROPPING THE LETTER "L."


In an advertisement by a railway company of some unclaimed goods, the "l"
dropped from the word "lawful," and it reads now, "People to whom these
packages are directed are requested to come forward and pay the _awful_
charges on the same."




THE SAFEST SEAT IN A RAILWAY CARRIAGE.


The _American Engineer_, as the result of scientific calculations and
protracted experience, says the safest seat is in the middle of the last
car but one.  There are some chances of danger, which are the same
everywhere in the train, but others are least at the above-named place.




RAILWAYS A JUDGMENT.


In _White's Warfare of Science_ there is an account of a worthy French
Archbishop who declared that railways were an evidence of the divine
displeasure against innkeepers, inasmuch that they would be punished for
supplying meat on fast days by seeing travellers carried by them past
their doors.




CLAIM FOR GOODWILL FOR COW KILLED ON THE RAILWAY.


A farmer living near the New York Central lost a cow by a collision with
a train on the line; anxious for compensation he waited upon the manager
and after stating his case, the manager said, "I understand she was thin
and sick."  "Makes no difference," replied the farmer.  "She was a cow,
and I want pay for her."  "How much?" asked the manager.  "Two hundred
dollars!" replied the farmer.  "Now look here," said the manager, "how
much did the cow weigh?"  "About four hundred, I suppose," said the
farmer.  "And we will say that beef is worth ten cents a pound on the
hoof."  "It's worth a heap more than that on the cow-catcher!" replied
the indignant farmer.  "But we'll call it that, what then?  That makes
forty dollars, shall I give you a cheque for forty dollars?"  "I tell you
I want two hundred dollars," persisted the farmer.  "But how do you make
the difference?  I'm willing to pay full value, forty dollars.  How do
you make one hundred and sixty dollars?"  "Well, sir," replied the
farmer, waxing wroth, "I want this railroad to understand that I'm going
to have something special for the goodwill of that cow!"




THE INSURANCE AGENT.


An agent of an accident insurance company entered a smoking car on a
western railroad train a few days ago, and, approaching an exceedingly
gruff old man, asked him if he did not want to take out a policy.  He was
told to get out with his policy, and passed on.  A few minutes afterwards
an accident occurred to the train, causing a fearful shaking to the cars.
The old man jumped up, and seizing a hook at the side of the car to
steady himself, called out, "Where is that insurance man?"  The question
caused a roar of laughter among the passengers, who for the time forgot
their dangers.

                                       --_Harper's Weekly_, May 8th, 1880.




TOUTING FOR BUSINESS AND FRAUDS.


Sir Edward Watkin observed at the half-yearly meeting of the South
Eastern Railway Company, January, 1881:--"The result of this compensating
law under which the slightest neglect makes the company liable, and the
only thing to be considered is the amount of damages--the effect of this
unjust law is to create a new profession compounded of the worst elements
of the present professions--viz., expert doctors, expert attorneys, and
expert witnesses.  You will get a doctor to swear that a man who has a
slight knock on the head to say that he has a diseased spine, and will
never be fit for anything again, and never be capable of being a man of
business or the father of a family.  The result of that is all we can do
is to get some other expert to say exactly the contrary.  Then you have a
class of attorneys who get up this business.  We had an accident, I may
tell you, at Forrest-hill two years ago.  Well, there was a gentleman--an
attorney in the train.  He went round to all the people in the train and
gave them his card; and, having distributed all the cards in his
card-case, he went round and expressed extreme regret to the others that
he could not give them a card; but he gave them his name as 'So and So,'
his place was in 'Such a street,' and the 'No, So and So' in the City.
That was touting for business.  Now, there is a very admirable body
called the "Law Association."  Why does not the Law Association take hold
of cases of that kind?  Well, you saw in the paper the case of Roper _v._
the South Eastern.  Now that was a peculiar thing.  Roper declared that
from an injury he had received in a slight accident at the Stoney-street
signal box, outside Cannon-street he was utterly incapacitated, and that,
for I don't know how many weeks and months, he was in bed without
ceasing.  The doctors, I believe, put pins and needles into him, but he
never flinched, and when the case came before the court we found that
some of the medical experts declared that it was just within the order of
Providence that in twenty years he might get better; but these witnesses
thought that the chances were against it, and that he would be a hopeless
<DW36>.  So evidence was given as to his income; and the idea was to
capitalise it at 8,000 pounds.  That man had paid 4d. for his ticket I
think--I forget the exact amount.  Our counsel, the Attorney-General,
went into the thing, with the very able assistance of Mr. Willis, who
deserves every possible credit.  We also had Mr. Le Gros Clarke, the
eminent consulting surgeon of the company, and Dr. Arkwright from the
north of England, and they told us that in their opinion it was a
swindle.  And it was a swindle.  The result of it was, the
Attorney-General put his foot down upon it, and declared that it was a
swindle, and the jury unanimously non-suited Mr. Roper.  Well, singularly
enough, when I say he had paid 4d., I think it was not absolutely proved
that he was in the train at all.  But although this was a case in which
the jury said there was no case, and where the Judge summed up strongly
that it was a fraud, and where the most eminent surgeon said it was an
absolute delusion altogether, and where, in point of fact, justice was
done entirely to you as regards the verdict, you have 2,300 pounds to pay
for costs of one kind or another in defending a case of swindling,
because when you try to recover the costs the man becomes bankrupt, and
you won't get a farthing; and I do mean to say I have described a state
of the law and practice that ought to excite the reprobation of every
honest man in England."




HEROISM OF A DRIVER.


An engine-driver on the Pennsylvania Railway yesterday saved the lives of
600 passengers by an extraordinary act of heroism.  The furnace door was
opened by the fireman to replenish the fire while the train was going at
thirty-five miles an hour.  The back draught forced the flames out so
that the car of the locomotive caught fire, and the engine-driver and the
fireman were driven back over the tender into the passenger car, leaving
the engine without control.  The speed increased, and the volume of flame
with it.  There was imminent danger that all the carriages would take
fire, and the whole be consumed.  The passengers were panic-stricken.  To
jump off was certain death; to remain was to be burned alive.  The
engine-driver saw that the only way to save the passengers was to return
to the engine and stop the train.  He plunged into the flames, climbed
back over the tender, and reversed the engine.  When the train came to a
standstill, he was found in the water-tank, whither he had climbed, with
his clothes entirely burnt off, his face disfigured, his hands shockingly
burned, and his body blistered so badly that the flesh was stripped off
in many places.  Weak and half-conscious he was taken to the hospital,
where his injuries were pronounced serious, with slight chance of
recovery.  As soon as the train stopped the flames were easily
extinguished.  The unanimous testimony of the passengers is that the
engine-driver saved their lives.  His name is Joseph A. Sieg.

                                          --_Daily News_, Oct. 24th, 1882.




IT'S CROYDON.


As an early morning train drew up at a station, a pleasant looking
gentleman stepped out on the platform, and, inhaling the fresh air,
enthusiastically observed to the guard, "Isn't this invigorating?"  "No,
sir, it's Croydon," replied the conscientious employe.




YOUR TICKET.


On a Georgia railroad there is a conductor named Snell, a very clever,
sociable man, fond of a joke, quick at repartee, and faithful in the
discharge of his duties.  One day as his train well filled with
passengers, was crossing a low bridge over a wide stream, some four or
five feet deep, the bridge broke down, precipitating the two passenger
cars into the stream.  As the passengers emerged from the wreck they were
borne away by the force of the current.  Snell had succeeded in catching
hold of some bushes that grew on the bank of the stream, to which he held
for dear life.  A passenger less fortunate came rushing by.  Snell
extended one hand, saying, "Your ticket, sir; give me your ticket!"  The
effect of such a dry joke in the midst of the water may be imagined.

                                                    --_Harper's Magazine_.




AN OLD SCOTCH LADY ON THE LOSS OF HER BOX.


Dean Ramsay in his _Reminiscences_ remarks:--"Some curious stories are
told of ladies of this class, as connected with the novelties and
excitement of railway travelling.  Missing their luggage, or finding that
something has gone wrong about it, often causing very terrible distress,
and might be amusing, were it not to the sufferer so severe a calamity.
I was much entertained with the earnestness of this feeling, and the
expression of it from an old Scottish lady, whose box was not forthcoming
at the station where she was to stop.  When urged to be patient, her
indignant exclamation was, "I can bear ony pairtings that may be ca'ed
for in God's providence; but I canna stan' pairtin' frae ma claes."




RAILWAY MANNERS.


A gentleman was travelling by rail from Breslau to Oppeln and found
himself alone with a lady in a second-class compartment.  He vainly
endeavoured to enter into conversation with the other occupant of the
carriage; her answers were invariably curt and snappish.  Baffled in his
attempts, he proceeded to light a cigar to while away the time.  Then the
lady said to him: "I suppose you have never travelled second-class
before, else you would know better manners."  Her travelling companion
quietly rejoined: "It is true, I have hitherto only studied the manners
of the first and third-classes.  In the first-class the passengers are
rude to the porters, in the third-class the porters are rude to the
passengers.  I now discover that in the second-class the passengers are
rude to each other."




A BRAVE GIRL.


Kate Shelley, to whom the Iowa Legislature has just given a gold medal
and $200, is fifteen years old.  She lives near Des Moines, at a point
where a railroad crosses a gorge at a great height.  One night during a
furious storm the bridge was carried away.  The first the Shelleys knew
of it was when they saw the headlight of a locomotive flash down into the
chasm.  Kate climbed to the remains of the bridge with great difficulty,
using an improvised lantern.  The engineer's voice answered her calls,
but she could do nothing for him, and he was drowned.  As an express
train was almost due, she then started for the nearest station, a mile
distant.  A long, high bridge over the Des Moines River had to be crossed
on the ties--a perilous thing in stormy darkness.  Kate's light was blown
out, and the wind was so violent that she could not stand, so she crawled
across the bridge, from timber to timber, on her hands and knees.  She
got to the station exhausted, but in time to give the warning, though she
fainted immediately.

                                   --_Detroit Free Press_, May 13th, 1882.




SHUT UP IN A LARGE BOX.


The Merv correspondent of the _Daily News_ in a letter dated the 30th of
April, 1881, remarks, "I was very much amused by the description given me
by some Tekkes of the Serdar's departure for Russia.  It seems that my
informants accompanied him up to the point where the trans-Caspian
railway is in working order.  'They shut Tockme Serdar and two others in
a large box (sanduk) and locked him in, and then dragged him away across
the Sahara.  And,' added the speakers, 'Allah only knows what will happen
to them inside that box.'  The box, I need hardly say, was a railway
carriage."




AWFUL DEATH ON A RAILROAD BRIDGE.


A man commonly known as "Billy" Cooper, of the town of Van Etten, was
walking on the railroad track at a point not far distant from his home.
In crossing the railroad bridge he made a miss-step, and, slipping, fell
between the ties, but his position was so cramped that he was unable to
get out of the way of danger.  There, suspended in that awful manner,
with the body dangling below the bridge, he heard a train thundering
along in the distance, approaching every moment nearer and nearer.  No
one will ever know the struggles for life which the poor fellow made, but
they were futile; with arms pinioned to his sides he was unable to signal
the engineer.  The train came sweeping on upon its helpless victim until
within a few feet of the spot, when the engineer saw the man's head and
endeavoured to stop his heavy train.  But too late; the moving mass
passed over, cutting his head from the shoulders as clean as it could
have been done by the guillotine itself.  Cooper was 60 years of age.

                                              --_Ithaca_ (N.Y.) _Journal_.




THAT ACCURSED DRINK.


An English traveller in Ireland, greedy for information and always
fingering the note-book in his breast pocket, got into the same railway
carriage with a certain Roman Catholic archbishop.  Ignorant of his rank,
and only perceiving that he was a divine, he questioned him pretty
closely about the state of the country, whisky drinking, etc.  At last he
said, "You are a parish priest, yourself, of course."  His grace drew
himself up.  "I _was_ one, sir," he answered, with icy gravity.  "Dear,
dear," was the sympathizing rejoinder.  "That accursed drink, I suppose."




RAILWAY UP VESUVIUS.


This railway, the last new project in mountain-climbing, is now finished.
It is 900 metres in length, and will enable tourists to ascend by it to
the very edge of the crater.  The line has been constructed with great
care upon a solid pavement, and it is believed to be perfectly secure
from all incursions of lava.  The mode of traction is by two steel ropes
put in motion by a steam engine at the foot of the cone.  The wheels of
the carriages are so made as to be free from any danger of leaving the
rails, besides which each carriage is furnished with an exceedingly
powerful automatic brake, which, should the rope by any chance break,
will stop the train almost instantaneously.  One of the chief
difficulties of the undertaking was the water supply; but that has been
obviated by the formation of two very large reservoirs, one at the
station, the other near the observatory.

                                                  --_Railway Times_, 1879.




EXTRAORDINARY ESCAPE OF BALLOONISTS.


Yesterday evening, Aug. 6th, 1883, a special train of "empties," which
left Charing-cross at 5.55 to pick up returning excursionists from
Gravesend, had some extraordinary experiences, such as perhaps had hardly
ever occurred on a single journey.  On leaving Dartford, where some
passengers were taken up, the train was proceeding towards Greenhithe,
when the driver observed on the line a donkey, which had strayed from an
adjoining field.  An endeavour was made to stop the train before the
animal was reached, but without success, and the poor beast was knocked
down and dragged along by the firebox of the engine.  The train was
stopped, and with great difficulty the body of the animal, which was
killed, was extricated from beneath the engine.  While this was in
progress, a balloon called the "Sunbeam," supposed to come either from
Sydenham or Tunbridge Wells, passed over the line, going in the direction
of Northfleet.  The two aeronauts in the car were observed to be short of
gas, and were throwing out ballast, but, notwithstanding this, the
balloon descended slowly, and when some distance ahead of the train was,
to the horror of the passengers, seen to drop suddenly into the railway
cutting two or three hundred yards only in advance of the approaching
train.  The alarm whistle was sounded, and the brakes put on, and as the
balloon dragged the car and its occupants over the down line there seemed
nothing but certain death for them; but suddenly the inflated monster,
now swaying about wildly, took a sudden upward flight, and, dragging the
car clear of the line, fell into an adjoining field just when the train
was within a hundred yards of the spot.  The escape was marvellous.




PULLING A TOOTH BY STEAM.


"Dummy," is a deaf mute newsman on the Long Island Railroad.  Lately he
had suffered much in mind and body from an aching tooth.  He did not like
dentists, but he resolved that the tooth must go.  He procured a piece of
twine, and tied one end of it to the tooth and the other end to the rear
of an express train.  When the train started, Dummy ran along the
platform a short distance, and then dropped suddenly on his knees.  The
engine whistled, and dummy cried, but the train took the tooth.




A HEAVY SLEEPER.


It happens, in numerous instances, that virtuous resolves are made
overnight with respect to early rising, which resolves, when put to the
test, are doomed only to be broken.  Some years ago a clergyman, who had
occasion to visit the West of England on very important business, took up
his quarters, late at night, at a certain hotel adjacent to a railway,
with a view of starting by the early train on the following morning.
Previous to retiring to rest, he called the "boots" to him, told him that
he wished to be called for the early train, and said that it was of the
utmost importance that he should not oversleep himself.  The reverend
gentleman at the same time confessed that he was a very heavy sleeper,
and as there would be probably the greatest difficulty in awakening him,
he (the "boots") was to resort to any means he thought proper in order to
effect his object.  And, further, that if the business were effectually
accomplished, the fee should be a liberal one.  The preliminaries being
thus settled, the clergyman sought his couch, and "boots" left the room
with the air of a determined man.  At a quarter to five on the following
morning, "boots" walked straight to "No. twenty-three," and commenced a
vigorous rattling and hammering at the door, but the only answer he
received was "All right!" uttered in a very faint and drowsy tone.  Five
minutes later, "boots" approached the door, placing his ear at the
keyhole, and detecting no other sound than a most unearthly snore, he
unceremoniously entered the room, and laying his brawny hands upon the
prostrate form of the sleeper, shook him violently and long.  This attack
was replied to by a testy observation that he "knew all about it, and
there was not the least occasion to shake him so."  "Boots" thereupon
left the room, somewhat doubtingly, and only to return in a few minutes
afterwards and find the Rev. Mr. -- as sound asleep as ever.  This time
the clothes were stripped off, and a species of baptismal process was
adopted, familiarly known as "cold pig."  At this assault the enraged
gentleman sat bolt upright in bed, and with much other bitter remark,
denounced "boots" as a barbarous follow.  An explanation was then come
to, and the drowsy man professed he understood it all, and was _about_ to
arise.  But the gentleman who officiated at the -- hotel, having had some
experience in these matters, placed no reliance upon the promise he had
just received, and shortly visited "No. twenty-three" again.  There he
found that the occupant certainly had got up, but it was only to replace
the bedclothes and to lie down again.  "Boots" now felt convinced that
this was one of those cases which required prompt and vigorous handling,
and without more ado, therefore, he again stripped off the upper
clothing, and seizing hold of the under sheet, he dragged its depository
bodily from off the bed.  The sleeping man, sensible of the unusual
motion, and dreamily beholding a stalwart form bent over him, became
impressed with the idea that a personal attack was being made upon him,
probably with a view to robbery and murder.  Under this conviction, he,
in his descent, grasped "boots" firmly by the throat, the result being
that both bodies thus came to the floor with a crash.  Here the two
rolled about for some seconds in all the agonies of a death struggle,
until the unwonted noise and the cries of the assailants brought several
persons from all parts of the hotel, and they, seeing two men rolling
frantically about in each other's arms, and with the hand of each
grasping the other's throat, rushed in and separated them.  An
explanation was of course soon given.  The son of the church was
effectually awakened, he rewarded the "boots," and went off by the train.

Fortune subsequently smiled upon "boots," and in the course of time he
became proprietor of a first-rate hotel.  In the interval the Rev. Mr. --
had risen from a humble curate to the grade of a dean.  Having occasion
to visit the town of --, he put up at the house of the ex-boots.  The two
men saw and recognized each other, and the affair of the early train
reverted to the mind of both.  "It was a most fortunate circumstance,"
said the dean, "that I did not oversleep myself on that morning, for from
the memorable journey that followed, I date my advancement in the Church.
But," he continued, with an expression that betokened some tender
recollection, "if I ever should require you to wake me for an early train
again, would you mind placing a mattress or feather-bed on the floor?"

                                   --_The Railway Traveller's Handy Book_.




A MAD ENGINE-DRIVER.


A startling event happened at an early hour yesterday morning (Jan. 8th,
1884), in connection with the mail train from Brest, which is due in
Paris at ten minutes to five o'clock.  Whilst proceeding at full speed
the passengers observed the brakes to be put on with such suddenness that
fears were entertained that a collision was imminent, especially as the
spot at which the train was drawn up was in utter darkness.  Upon the
guard reaching the engine he found the stoker endeavouring to overpower
the driver, who had evidently lost his reason.  After blocking the line
the guard joined the stoker, and succeeded in securing the unfortunate
man, but not until he had offered a desperate resistance.  The locomotive
was then put in motion, the nearest station was reached without further
misadventure, and the driver was placed in custody.  The train ultimately
arrived in Paris after two hours' delay.




A MEXICAN CHIEF'S RAILWAY IMPRESSIONS.


Steam and gunpowder have often proved the most eloquent apostles of
civilization, but the impressiveness of their arguments was, perhaps,
never more strikingly illustrated than at the little railway station of
Gallegos, in Northern Mexico.  When the first passenger train crossed the
viaduct, and the Wizards of the North had covered the festive tables with
the dainties of all zones, the governor of Durango was not the most
distinguished visitor; for among the spectators on the platform the
natives were surprised to recognise the Cabo Ventura, the senior chief of
a hill-tribe, which had never formally recognised the sovereignty of the
Mexican Republic.  The Cabo, indeed, considered himself the lawful ruler
of the entire _Comarca_, and preserved a document in which the Virey
Gonzales, _en nombre del Rey_--in the name of the King--appointed him
"Protector of all the loyal tribes of Castro and Sierra Mocha."  His
diploma had an archaeological value, and several amateurs had made him a
liberal offer, but the old chieftain would as soon have sold his scalp.
His soul lived in the past.  All the evils of the age he ascribed to the
demerits of the traitors who had raised the banner of revolt against the
lawful king; and as for the countrymen of Mr. Gould, the intrusive
_Yangueses_, his vocabulary hardly approached the measure of his contempt
when he called them _herexes y combusteros_--heretics and humbugs.

"But it cannot be denied," Yakoob Khan wrote to his father, "that it has
pleased Allah to endow those sinners with a good deal of brains;" and the
voice of nature gradually forced the Cabo to a similar conclusion, till
he resolved to come and see for himself.

When the screech of the iron Behemoth at last resounded at the lower end
of the valley, and the train swept visibly around the curve of the
river-gap, the natives set up a yell that waked up the mountain echoes;
men and boys waved their hats and jumped to and fro, in a state of the
wildest excitement.  Only the old Cabo stood stock-still.  His gaze was
riveted upon the phenomenon that came thundering up the valley; his keen
eye enabled him to estimate the rate of speed, the trend of the up-grade,
the breadth, the length, the height of the car.  When the train
approached the station, the crowd surged back in affright, but the Cabo
stood his ground, and as soon as the cars stopped he stepped down upon
the track.  He examined the wheels, tapped the axles, and tried to move
the lever; and when the engine backed up for water, he closely watched
the process of locomotion, and walked to the end of the last car to
ascertain the length of the train.  He then returned to the platform and
sat down, covering his face with both hands.

Two hours later the Governor of Durango found him in still the same
position.

"Hallo, Cabo," he called out, "how do you like this?  What do you think
now of America Nueva?"  ("New America," a collective term for the
republics of the American continent).

The chieftain looked up.  "_Sabe Dios_--the gods know--Senor Commandante,
but _I_ know this much: With Old America it's all up."

"Is it?  Well, look here: would you now like to sell that old diploma?  I
still offer you the same price."

The Cabo put his hand in his bosom, drew forth a leather-shrouded old
parchment, and handed it to his interlocutor.  "Vengale, Usted--it's
worthless and you are welcome to keep it."  Nevertheless, he connived
when the Governor slipped a gold piece into the pouch and put it upon his
knees, minus the document.

But just before the train started, the Governor heard his name called,
and stepped out upon the platform of the palace-car, when he saw the old
chieftain coming up the track.

"I owe you a debt, senor," said he, "_y le pagare en consejo_, I want to
pay it off in good advice: Beware of those strangers."

"What strangers?"

"The caballeros who invented this machine."

"Is that what you came to tell me?" laughed the Governor as the train
started.

The old Cabo waved his hand in a military salute.  "_Estamos ajustade_,
Senor Commandante, this squares our account."

                                         --_Atlantic Monthly_, Jan., 1884.




MY ORDERS.


"Ticket, sir!" said an inspector at a railway terminus in the City to a
gentleman, who, having been a season ticket holder for some time,
believed his face was so well known that there was no need for him to
show his ticket.  "My face is my ticket," replied the gentleman a little
annoyed.  "Indeed!" said the inspector, rolling back his wristband, and
displaying a most powerful wrist, "well, my orders are to punch all
tickets passing on to this platform."




LUGGAGE IN RAILWAY CARRIAGES.


The question of the liability of railway companies in the event of
personal accident through parcels falling from a rack in the compartments
of passenger trains has been raised in the Midlands.  In December last, a
tailor named Round was travelling from Dudley to Stourbridge, and, on the
train being drawn up at Round Oak Station, a hamper was jerked from the
racks and fell with such force as to cause him serious injury.  Certain
medical charges were incurred, and Mr. Round alleged that he was unable
to attend to his business for five weeks in consequence of the accident.
He therefore claimed 50 pounds by way of compensation.  Sir Rupert
Kettle, before whom the case was tried, decided that the company was not
liable, and could not be held responsible for whatever happened in
respect to luggage directly under the control of passengers.  The case is
one of some public interest, inasmuch as a parcel falling from a rack is
not an uncommon incident in a railway journey.  Moreover, the hamper in
question belonged, not to the plaintiff, but to a glass engraver, and
contained four empty bottles, two razors, and a couple of knives.

                                         --_Daily News_, March 29th, 1884.




EFFECTS OF CONSTANT RAILWAY TRAVELLING.


A writer in _Cassell's Magazine_ remarks:--"We hear individuals now and
then talking of the ease with which the season-ticket holder journeys
backwards and forwards daily from Brighton.  By the young, healthy man,
no doubt, the journey is done without fatigue; but, after a certain time
of life, the process of being conveyed by express fifty miles night and
morning is anything but refreshing.  The shaking and jolting of the best
constructed carriage is not such as we experience in a coach on an
ordinary road; but is made up of an infinite series of slight
concussions, which jar the spinal column and keep the muscles of the back
and sides in continued action."  Dr. Radcliff, who has witnessed many
cases of serious injury to the nervous system from this cause,
contributed the following conclusive case some years ago to the pages of
the _Lancet_:--"A hale and stout gentleman, aged sixty-three, came to me
complaining of inability to sleep, numbness in limbs, great depression,
and all the symptoms of approaching paralytic seizure.  He was very
actively engaged in large monetary transactions, which were naturally a
source of anxiety.  He had a house in town; but, having been advised by
the late Doctor Todd to live at Brighton, he had taken a house there, and
travelled to and fro daily by the express train.  The symptoms of which
he complained began to appear about four months after taking up his
residence at Brighton, and he had undergone a variety of treatment
without benefit, and was just hesitating about trying homaeopathy when I
saw him.  I advised him to give up the journey for a month, and make the
experiment of living quietly in town.  In a fortnight his rest was
perfectly restored, and the other symptoms rapidly disappeared, so that
at the end of the month he was as well as ever again.  After three
months, he was persuaded to join his family at Brighton, and resumed his
daily journeys.  In a few days his rest became broken and in two months
all the old symptoms returned.  By giving up the journeys and again
residing in town, he was once more perfectly restored; but, it being the
end of the season, when the house at Brighton could not readily be
disposed of, and yielding to the wishes of his family, he again resumed
his journeys.  In a month's time he was rendered so seriously unwell that
he hesitated no longer in taking up his permanent abode in town; and
since that time--now more than two years ago--he has enjoyed perfect
health."




AN ELECTRIC TRAMWAY INCIDENT.


The following appeared in the _Irish Times_ (Dublin, 1884): "It is not
generally known that the country people along the line of the electric
railway make strange uses of the insulated rails, which are the medium of
electricity on this tramway, in connection with one of which an
extraordinary and very remarkable occurrence is reported.  People have no
objection to touch the rail and receive a smart shock, which is, however,
harmless, at least so far.  On Thursday evening a ploughman, returning
from work, stood upon this rail in order to mount his horse.  The rail is
elevated on insulators 18 inches above the level of the tramway.  As soon
as the man placed his hands upon the back of the animal it received a
shock, which at once brought it down, and falling against the rail it
died instantly.  The remarkable part is, that the current of electricity
which proved fatal to the brute must have passed through the body of the
man and proved harmless to him."




DUTY IN DISGUISE.


A gate-keeper in the employ of the Hessian Railway Company was recently
the hero of an amusing incident.  His wife being ill, he went himself to
milk the goat; but the stubborn creature would not let him come near it,
as it had always been accustomed to have this operation performed by its
mistress.  After many fruitless efforts, he at length decided to put on
his wife's clothes.  The experiment succeeded admirably; but the man had
not time to doff his disguise before a train approached, and the
gatekeeper ran to his accustomed post.  His appearance produced quite a
sensation among the officials of the passing train.  The case was
reported and an inquiry instituted, which however resulted in his favour,
as the railway authorities granted the honest gate-keeper a gratuity of
ten marks for the faithful discharge of his duties.




THE MARQUIS OF HARTINGTON ON GEORGE STEPHENSON.


The Marquis of Hartington, when laying the foundation stone of a public
hall to be erected in memory of the inventor and practical introducer of
railway locomotion, expressed himself as follows:--"That almost all the
progress which this country has made in the last half-century is mainly
due to the development of the railway system.  All the other vast
developments of the power of steam, all the developments of manufacturing
and mining industry would have availed but little for the greatness and
prosperity of this country--in fact they could hardly have existed at all
if there had been wanting those internal communications which have been
furnished by the locomotive engine to railways brought into use by
Stephenson.  The changes which have been wrought in the history of our
country by the invention, the industry, and perseverance of one man are
something that we may call astounding.  There are some things which
exceed the dreams of poetry and romance.  We are justly proud of our
imperial possessions, but the steam engine, and especially the locomotive
steam-engine, the invention of George Stephenson--has not only increased
the number of the Queen's subjects by millions, but has added more
millions to her Majesty's revenues than have been produced by any tax
ever invented by any statesman.  Comfort and happiness, prosperity and
plenty, have been brought to every one of her Majesty's subjects by this
invention in far greater abundance than has ever been produced by any
law, the production of the wisest and most patriotic Parliament.  The
results of the career of a man who began life as a herd boy, and who up
to eighteen did not know how to read or write, and yet was able to confer
such vast benefits upon his country and mankind for all time, is worthy
of a national and noble memorial."




THE STEPHENSON CENTENARY.


Of all celebrations in the North of England there was never the like of
the centenary of the birth-day of George Stephenson, June 9th, 1881.  The
enthusiastic crowds of people assembled to honour the occasion were never
before so numerous on any public holiday.  Sir William Armstrong, C.B.,
in his speech at the great banquet remarked:--"The memory of a great man
now dead is a solemn subject for a toast, and I approach the task of
proposing it with a full sense of its gravity.  We are met to celebrate
the birth of George Stephenson, which took place just 100 years ago--a
date which nearly coincides with that at which the genius of Watt first
gave practical importance to the steam-engine.  Up to that time the
inventive faculties of man had lain almost dormant, but with the advent
of the steam-engine there commenced that splendid series of discoveries
and inventions which have since, to use the words of Dr. Bruce,
revolutionised the state of the world.  Amongst these the most momentous
in its consequences to the human race is the railway
system--(cheers)--and with that system including the locomotive engine as
its essential element, the name of George Stephenson will ever be
pre-eminently associated.  In saying this, I do not mean to ignore the
important parts played by others in the development of the railway
system; but it is not my duty on this occasion to review the history of
that system and to assign to each person concerned his proper share of
the general credit.  To do this would be an invidious task, and out of
place at a festival held in honour of George Stephenson only.  I shall,
therefore, pass over all names but his, not even making an exception in
favour of his distinguished son.  (Cheers.)  It seldom or never happens
that any great invention can be exclusively attributed to any one man;
but it is generally the case that amongst those who contribute to the
ultimate success there is one conspicuous figure that towers above all
the rest, and such is the figure which George Stephenson presents in
relation to the railway system.  (Cheers.)  To be sensible of the
benefits we have derived from railways and locomotives let us consider
for a moment what would be our position if they were taken from us.  The
present business of the country could not be carried on, the present
population could not be maintained, property would sink to half its
value--(hear, hear)--and instead of prosperity and progress we should
have collapse and retrogression on all sides.  (Cheers.)  What would
Newcastle be if it ceased to be a focus of railways?  How would London be
supplied if it had to fall back upon turnpike roads and horse traffic?
In short, England as it is could not exist without railways and
locomotives; and it is only our familiarity with them that blunts our
sense of their prodigious importance.  As to the future effects of
railways, it is easy to see that they are destined to diffuse industrial
populations over those vast unoccupied areas of the globe that abound in
natural resources, and only wait for facilities of access and transport
to become available for the wants of man.  There is yet scope for an
enormous extension of railways all over the world, and the fame of
Stephenson will continue to grow as railways continue to spread.  (Loud
cheers.)  But I should do scant justice to the memory of George
Stephenson if I dwelt only on the results of his achievements.  Many a
great reputation has been marred by faults of character, but this was not
the case with George Stephenson.  His manly simplicity and frankness, and
his kindly nature won for him the respect and esteem of all who knew him
both in the earlier and later periods of his career--(cheers)--but the
prominent feature in his character was his indomitable perseverance,
which broke down all obstacles, and converted even his failures and
disappointments into stepping stones to success.  It was not the desire
for wealth that actuated him in the pursuit of his objects, but it was a
noble enthusiasm, far more conducive to great ends than the hope of gain,
that carried him forward to his goal.  Unselfish enthusiasm such as his
always gives a tone of heroism to a character, and heroism above all
things commands the homage of mankind.  Newcastle may well be proud of
its connection with George Stephenson, and the proceedings of this day
testify how much his memory is cherished in this his native district.
Any memorial dedicated to him would be appropriate to this occasion, and
if such memorial were connected with scientific instruction it would be
in harmony with his well-known appreciation of the value of scientific
education, and of the sacrifices he made to give his son the advantage of
such an education.  (Cheers.)  I now, gentlemen, have to propose to you
the toast which has been committed to me, and which is 'Honour to the
memory of George Stephenson, and may the college to be erected to his
memory prove worthy of his fame.'  I must ask you to drink this toast
standing; and consider that the birth of Stephenson is a subject of
jubilation.  I think that although he is dead we may drink that toast
with hearty cheering.  (Hear, hear, and loud cheers.)

Mr. George Robert Stephenson, who was warmly cheered on rising to respond
to the toast, said: "Mr. Mayor and gentlemen,--Let me, in the first place
thank Sir William Armstrong for the many kind words he has uttered in
honour of the memory of George Stephenson.  It is true that he was, as
Sir William said, one of the most kind-hearted and unselfish men that
ever lived; but I suppose that no man has had a more up-hill struggle
during the present century.  (Cheers).  I have now in my possession
documents that would show in his early life the extraordinary and
peculiar nature of the opposition that was brought against him as a poor
man.  He was opposed by many of the leading engineers of the day; some of
these men using language which, it is not incorrect to say, was not only
injurious but wicked.  This is not the proper occasion to weary you with
a long speech, but with the view of showing the peculiar mode of
engineers reporting against each other, I could very much wish, with your
permission, to read a few sentences from documents that I have in my
possession, dating back to 1823.  (Hear, hear).  This, gentlemen, will
clearly show the sort of opposition I have alluded to.  It occurs at the
end of a report by an opponent upon some projected work on which the four
brothers were engaged:--'But we cannot conclude without saying that such
a mechanic as Mr. Stephenson, who can neither calculate, nor lay his
designs on paper, or distinguish the effect from the cause, may do very
well for repairing engines when they are constructed, but for building
new ones, he must be at great loss to his employers, from the many
alterations that will take place in engine-building, when he goes by what
we call the rule of thumb.'  In a preceding sentence he is taunted with
being like the fly going round on a crank axle, and shouting 'What a dust
I am kicking up.'  Gentlemen, the dust that George Stephenson kicked up
formed itself into a cloud, and in every part of the globe to which it
reached it carried with it and planted the seeds of civilization and
wealth.  Notwithstanding the hard and illiberal treatment to which he was
exposed, he was not beaten; on the contrary, by his genius and his
never-failing spirit, he raised himself above the level of the very men
who opposed every effort he made towards the advancement of engineering
science--efforts which have resulted in a vast improvement of our means
for extracting the valuable products of the earth, and also of our means
of conveying them at a cheap rate to distant markets.  It is not too much
to say that George Stephenson headed a movement by which alone could
employment have been found for an ever-increasing population."

In the town of Chesterfield the Centenary was celebrated most
befittingly.  It was there the father of railways spent his latter days,
and there he died.  Although there was not such a flood of oratory as at
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, many interesting speeches were delivered in
connection with the event.  We give some extracts from an address
delivered by the Rev. Samuel C. Sarjant, B.A., Curate-in-Charge at that
time--delivered at Holy Trinity Church, Chesterfield.  An address which,
for ability, nice discrimination of thought, and true appreciation of the
subject, would not disgrace any pulpit in Christendom:--

"We meet to-day for the highest of all purposes, the worship of Almighty
God.  But we also meet to show our regard for the memory of one of the
great and gifted dead.  It is no small distinction of this town that the
last days of George Stephenson were spent in it.  And it adds to the
interest of this church that it contains his mortal remains.  With little
internally to appeal to the eye, or to gratify taste, this church has yet
a spell which will draw visitors from every part of the world.  Men will
come hither from all lands to look with reverence upon the simple resting
place of him who was the father of the Locomotive and of the Railway
system.  And perhaps the naked simplicity which marks that spot is in
keeping with a life, the grandeur of which was due solely to the man
himself, and not to outward helps and circumstances . . .

"Toil has its roll of heroes, but few, if any, of them are greater than
he whose birth we commemorate to-day.  He was pre-eminently a self-made
man, one who 'achieved' greatness by his own exertions.  Granting that he
was gifted with powers of body and mind above the average, these were his
only advantages.  The rest was due to hard work, patient, persistent
effort.  He had neither wealth, schooling, patrons, nor favouring
circumstances.  He comes into the arena like a naked athlete to wrestle
in his own strength with the difficulties before him.  And these were
many and great!

"I need not dwell upon the details of a life which is so well known to
most, and to some present so vividly, from personal intercourse and
friendship.  We all know what a battle he fought, how nobly and well,
first striving by patient plodding effort to remove his own ignorance,
cheerfully bending himself to every kind of work that came in his way,
and seeking to gain not only manual expertness, but a mastery of
principles.  We know how he went on toiling, observing, experimenting,
saying little--for he was never given to the 'talk of the lips'--but
doing much, letting slip no chance of getting knowledge, and of turning
it to practical account.  He was one of those, who

    While his companions slept
    Was toiling upwards in the night.

And in due time his quiet work bore fruit.  He invented a safety-lamp
which alone should have entitled him to the gratitude of posterity.  He
then set himself to improve the locomotive, and fit it for the future
which his prescient mind discerned, and on a fair field he vanquished all
competitors.  He then sought to adapt the roadway to the engine and make
it fit for its new work.  And then, hardest task of all, he had to
convince the public that railway travelling was a possible thing; that it
could he made safe, cheap, and rapid.  In doing this he was compelled to
design, plan, and execute almost everything with his own mind and hand.
All classes and interests were against him, the engineers, the land
owners, the legislature, and the public.  He had to encounter the
phantoms of ignorance and fear, the solid resistance of vested interests,
and the bottomless quagmires of Chat Moss.  But he triumphed!  And it was
a well-earned reward as he looked down from his pleasant retreat at
Tapton upon the iron bands which glistened below, to know that they were
part of a network which was spreading over the whole land and becoming
the one highway of transit and commerce.  Nor was this all his
satisfaction.  He knew that Europe and America were welcoming the
railway, and that it was promising to link together the whole civilized
world.

"Of the 'profit' of his labours to humanity I scarcely venture to speak,
since it cannot possibly be told in a few words.  The railway system has
revolutionised society.  It has powerfully affected every class, every
interest and department of life.  It has given an incredible impulse to
commerce, quickened human thought, created a new language, new habits,
tastes and pleasures.  It has opened up fields of industry and enterprise
inaccessible and unknown before.  It has cheapened the necessaries and
comforts of life, enhanced the value of property, promoted the fellowship
of class with class, and brought unnumbered benefits and advantages
within the reach of all.  And it is yet, as to the world at large, but in
the infancy of its development.

"How much, then, do we owe, under God, to George Stephenson.  How much,
not merely to his energy and diligence, but to his courage, patience, and
uprightness?  For these qualities, quite as much as gifts of genius and
insight, contributed to his final success.  He was crowned because he
strove 'lawfully.'  His patience was as great in waiting as his energy in
working.  He did not work from greed or self-glorification; and therefore
the hour of success, when it came, found him the same modest,
self-restrained man as before.  He neither overrated the value of the
system which he had set up, nor made it a means of speculation and
gambling.  He was a man of sterling honesty and uprightness--of
self-control, simple in his habits and tastes, given to plain living and
high thinking.  And yet he was most kindly, genial, and cheery, of strong
affections, considerate of his workpeople, tender to his family, full of
love to little children and pet animals, brimming with fun and good
humour.  He had the gentleness of all noble natures, the largeness of
mind and heart which could recognise ability and worth in others, and
give rivals their due.  For the young inventor, or for such of his
helpers as showed marked diligence or promise, he had ready sympathy and
aid.  Nor ought we to pass unnoticed his love of nature and of natural
beauty.  Strong throughout his whole life, this was especially
conspicuous at its close.  Such leisure as his last days brought was
spent amidst flowers and fruits, gardens and greeneries which he had
planned and filled, and from the midst of whose treasures he could look
forth over venerable trees and green fields upon a wide and varied
landscape.  And yet, even in this relaxation, the old energy and
earnestness of purpose asserted themselves.  He toiled and experimented,
watching the growth of his plants and flowers with more than professional
pains.  Nor is it improbable that the ardour which led him to confine
himself for hours together in a heated and unhealthy atmosphere led to
his fatal illness.

"We are bound, then, to mark and admit how much the moral element in the
worker contributed to his success, and to the freshness of the regard
which is felt for his memory and name.  England is proud of his works,
but prouder still of the man who did them.  Far different would have been
the result if impatience, ungenerousness, and love of greed had marred
his life and work.  The tributes of respect which we gladly lay upon his
tomb to-day, would probably have been placed elsewhere."




REMARKABLE COINCIDENCES.


Many years ago the editor of this book and an elderly lady, the widow of
a well-known farmer, took tickets from Little Bytham for Edenham in
Lincolnshire.  They were the only passengers, and as the railway passed
for nearly two miles through Grimsthorpe park, she asked the driver if he
would stop at a certain spot which would have saved us both perhaps
half-a-mile's walk.  The request was politely refused.  After going a
good distance the train was suddenly pulled up.  I opened the window and
found it had stopped at the very spot we desired.  The stoker came
running by with a fine hare which the train had run over.  I said we can
get out now and he said, Oh yes.  And so through this strange
misadventure to poor pussy our walk was much shortened.

Some years before the above occurrence I was travelling by the early
morning mail train from the Midlands to the West of England.  At Taunton
I perceived a crowd of persons gathered at the front of the train.  I
went forward and saw a corpse was being removed from the van to a hearse
outside the station.  On reading the inscription on the coffin plate I
was somewhat taken aback to find my own name.  So Richard Pike living and
Richard Pike dead had been travelling by the same train.  Perhaps rarely,
if ever, have two more singular circumstances occurred in connection with
railway travelling.




LOSS OF TASTE.


Serjeant Ballantine in his _Experiences of a Barrister's Life_,
says:--"There was a singular physical fact connected with him (Sir Edward
Belcher), he had entirely lost the sense of taste; this he frequently
complained of, and could not account for.  A friend of mine, an eminent
member of the Bar, suffers in the same way, but is able to trace the
phenomenon to the shock that he suffered in a railway collision."




INGENIOUS SWINDLING.


A party of gentlemen who had been to Doncaster to see the St. Leger run,
came back to the station and secured a compartment.  As the train was
about to start, a well-dressed and respectable looking man entered and
took the only vacant seat.  Shortly after they had started, he said,
"Well, gentlemen, I suppose you have all been to the races to-day?"  They
replied they had.  "Well," said the stranger, "I have been, and have
unfortunately lost every penny I had, and have nothing to pay my fare
home, but if you promise not to split on me, I have a plan that I think
will carry me through."  They all consented.  He then asked the gentleman
that sat opposite him if he would kindly lend him his ticket for a
moment; on its being handed to him he took it and wrote his own name and
address on the back of the ticket and returned it to the owner.  Nothing
more was said until they arrived at the place where they collected
tickets; being the races, the train was very crowded, and the
ticket-collector was in a great hurry; the gentlemen all pushed their
tickets into his hands.  The collector then asked the gentleman without a
ticket for his, who replied he had already given it him.  The collector
stoutly denied it.  The gentleman protested he had, and, moreover, would
not be insulted, and ordered him to call the station-master.  On the
station-master coming, he said he wished to report the collector for
insulting him.  "I make a practice to always write my name and address on
the back of my ticket, and if your man looks at his tickets he will find
one of that description."  The man looked and, of course, found the
ticket, whereupon he said he must have been mistaken, and both he and the
stationmaster apologised, and asked him not to report the case further.




DANGEROUS LUGGAGE.


Complaints are sometimes made of the want of due respect paid on the part
of porters to passengers' luggage.  It appears that occasionally a like
lack of caution is manifested by owners to their own property.  It is
said that on a train lately on a western railway in America, some
passengers were discussing the carriage of explosives.  One man contended
that it was impossible to prevent or detect this; if people were not
allowed to ship nitro-glycerine or dynamite legitimately, they'd smuggle
it through their baggage.  This assertion was contradicted emphatically,
and the passenger was laughed at, flouted, and ignominiously put to
scorn.  Rising up in his wrath, he produced a capacious valise from under
the seat, and, slapping it emphatically on the cover, said, "Oh, you
think they don't, eh?  Don't carry explosives in cars?  What's this?" and
he gave the valise a resounding thump, "Thar's two hundred good dynamite
cartridges in that air valise; sixty pounds of deadly material; enough to
blow this yar train and the whole township from Cook County to
Chimborazo.  Thar's dynamite enough," he continued; but he was without an
auditor, for the passengers had fled incontinently, and he could have sat
down upon twenty-two seats if he had wanted to.  And the respectful way
in which the baggage men on the out-going trains in the evening handled
the trunks and valises was pleasant to see.

The neglect of carefulness appears, in one instance at least, to have
involved inconvenience to the offending official.  "An unknown genius,"
says an American periodical, "the other day entrusted a trunk, with a
hive of bees in it, to the tender mercies of a Syracuse
'baggage-smasher.'  The company will pay for the bees, and the doctor
thinks his patient will be round in a fortnight or so."

                                            --Williams's _Our Iron Roads_.




STUMPED.


Several Sundays ago a Philadelphia gentleman took his little son on a
railway excursion.  The little fellow was looking out of the window, when
his father slipped the hat off the boy's head.  The latter was much
grieved at his supposed loss, when papa consoled him by saying that he
would "whistle it back."  A little later he whistled and the hat
reappeared.  Not long after the little lad flung his hat out of the
window, shouting, "Now, papa, whistle it back again!"  A roar of laughter
in the car served to enhance the confusion of perplexed papa.  Moral:
Don't attempt to deceive little boys with plausible stories.




EXCURSIONISTS PUT TO THE PROOF.


A good story is told of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln Railway
Company.  A week or two since, the company ran an excursion train to
London and back, the excursion being intended for their workmen at Gorton
and Manchester.  There was an enormous demand for the tickets; so
enormous that the officials began, to use an expressive term, "to smell a
rat."  But the sale of the tickets was allowed to proceed.  The journey
to London was made, and a considerable number of the passengers
congratulated themselves upon the remarkably cheap outing they were
having.  But on the return journey they made a most unpleasant discovery.
Their tickets were demanded at Retford, and then the ticket-collectors
insisted upon the holder of every ticket proving that he was in the
employ of the company.  The result can be imagined.  There were more
persons in the train who had no connection with the company than there
were of the company's employes; and the former had either to pay a full
fare to and from London, or to give their names and addresses preparatory
to being summoned.  We hear, from a reliable source, that the fares thus
obtained amount to about 300 pounds.

                                                 --_Echo_, Sept. 23, 1880.




A MONKEY SIGNALMAN.


We learn from the _Colonies_ that a monkey signalman manages the railway
traffic at Witenhage, South Africa.  The human signalman has had the
misfortune to lose both his legs, and has trained a baboon to discharge
his duties.  Jacky pushes his master about on a trolly, and, under his
directions, works the lever to set the signals with a most ludicrous
imitation of humanity.  He puts down the lever, looks round to see that
the correct signal is up, and then gravely watches the approaching train,
his master being at hand to correct any mistake.




A CURIOUS CLASSIFICATION.


The guard of an English railway carriage recently refused to allow a
naturalist to carry a live hedgehog with him.  The traveller, indignant,
pulled a turtle from his wallet and said, "Take this too!"  But the guard
replied good naturedly, "Ho, no, sir.  It's dogs you can't carry; and
dogs is dogs, cats is dogs, and 'edge'ogs is dogs, but turtles is
hinsects."




PULLMAN'S CARRIAGES.


In the discussion on Mr. C. Douglas Fox's recent paper on the
Pennsylvania railway, Mr. Barlow, the engineer of the Midland, observed
that there was a certain attractive power about a Pullman's carriage,
which ought not to be overlooked, a power which brought passengers to it
who would not otherwise travel by railway.  A Pullman's carriage weighed
somewhere about twenty tons.  The cost of hauling that weight was about
1.5d. per mile; that was the sum which the Midland Company proposed to
charge for first-class passengers, so that one first-class passenger
would pay the haulage of the carriage.  If the attractive power of the
carriage brought more than one first-class passenger it would of course
pay itself.

                              _Herepath's Railway Journal_, Jan. 23, 1875.




PROFITABLE DAMAGES.


The Springfield _Republican_, of 1877, is responsible for the following
story:--"The industry of railroading has developed some thrifty
characters, among whom a former employe of the New York, New Haven, and
Hartford road deserves high rank.  He was at one time at work in the
Springfield depot, and while taking a trunk out of a baggage car from
Boston he was thrown over and hurt, the baggage-smashing art being for a
time reversed.  The injured employe suffered terribly, and crawled around
on crutches until the Boston and Albany and the New Haven roads united
and gave him 6000 dollars.  He was cured the next day.  Shortly
afterwards a man on the Boston and Albany road was killed, and the
Company gave his widow 3,000 dollars.  The former <DW36>, who had scored
6,000 dollars already, soon married her, and thus counted 9,000 dollars.
He recovered his health so completely that he was able again to work on
the railroad, but finally, not being hurt again within a reasonable time,
he retired to a farm which he had bought with a part of the proceeds of
his former calamities."




RAILWAY ENTERPRISE.


It would be difficult to close this series of Railway Anecdotes more
appropriately than in the words of George Stephenson's celebrated son
Robert at a banquet given to him at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in August, 1850.
"It was but as yesterday," he said, "that he was engaged as an assistant
in tracing the line of the Stockton and Darlington Railway.  Since that
period, the Liverpool and Manchester, the London and Birmingham, and a
hundred other great works had sprung into vigorous existence.  So
suddenly, so promptly had they been accomplished, that it appeared to him
like the realization of fabled powers, or the magician's wand.  Hills had
been cut down, and valleys had been filled up; and where this simple
expedient was inapplicable, high and magnificent viaducts had been
erected; and where mountains intervened, tunnels of unexampled magnitude
had been unhesitatingly undertaken.  Works had been scattered over the
face of our country, bearing testimony to the indomitable enterprise of
the nation and the unrivalled skill of its artists.  In referring thus to
the railway works, he must refer also to the improvement of the
locomotive engine.  This was as remarkable as the other works were
gigantic.  They were, in fact, necessary to each other.  The locomotive
engine, independent of the railway, would be useless.  They had gone on
together, and they now realized all the expectations that were
entertained of them.  It would be unseemly, as it would be unjust, if he
were to conceal the circumstances under which these works had been
constructed.  No engineer could succeed without having men about him as
highly-gifted as himself.  By such men he had been supported for many
years past; and, though he might have added his mite, yet it was to their
co-operation that all his success was owing."




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