BRAKELOND: A PICTURE OF MONASTIC LIFE IN THE DAYS OF ABBOT SAMSON***


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[Illustration: frontispiece]


THE CHRONICLE OF JOCELIN
OF BRAKELOND: A PICTURE
OF MONASTIC LIFE IN THE
DAYS OF ABBOT SAMSON.

Newly Edited by

SIR ERNEST CLARKE M.A. F.S.A.

[Illustration:
_Seal of Abbot Samson.
(Slightly enlarged. The length of the
original is 3-1/2 inches._)]

THE CHRONICLE OF
JOCELIN OF BRAKELOND:
A PICTURE OF
MONASTIC LIFE IN
THE DAYS OF ABBOT
SAMSON

Newly Edited by

SIR ERNEST CLARKE







Alexander Moring
The De La More Press
298 Regent Street London W 1903



"A VERITABLE MONK OF BURY ST. EDMUND'S: WORTH LISTENING TO, IF BY
CHANCE MADE VISIBLE AND AUDIBLE. HERE HE IS; AND IN HIS HAND A
MAGICAL SPECULUM, MUCH GONE TO RUST, INDEED, YET IN FRAGMENTS STILL
CLEAR; WHEREIN THE MARVELLOUS IMAGE OF HIS EXISTENCE DOES STILL
SHADOW ITSELF, THOUGH FITFULLY, AND AS WITH AN INTERMITTENT LIGHT."

     _Carlyle: Past and Present._ Chapter 1.




LIST OF CONTENTS


 SEAL OF ABBOT SAMSON.                                  _Frontispiece_

 _EDITOR'S PREFACE._

                                                                  Page
 Samson and his arch-eulogist--The Chronicle--Previous
    Editions of the Chronicle--The Chronicler--The Central
    Figure of the Chronicle--Samson in Subordinate
    Offices--Samson as Abbot--Relations with Church and
    State--Samson as an Author--Samson's
    Masterfulness--Samson as an Administrator--Epilogue     xv.-xliii.

 CHAPTER I.

 _BURY ABBEY UNDER ABBOT HUGH._

 The last years of Abbot Hugh--The monastery under a load of
    debt, and in the hands of Jew money-lenders--Inquiry by
    the Royal almoner--Caustic comment by Samson, master of
    the novices--Exemption obtained by Hugh from visitation
    by the Legate--Jocelin's reflection thereon--The Convent
    debt--Entertainment of strangers--Samson in various
    offices, but disliked by the Abbot--Accident to Hugh at
    Canterbury--His death--His house despoiled by his
    servants                                                      1-11

 CHAPTER II.

 _THE MONKS DISCUSS THE VACANCY._

 Wardens of the Abbey appointed by the King--Culpable
    Weakness of the Prior--William the sacrist--Activity of
    Samson as subsacrist--Jealousy of him--The Wardens stop
    further building operations--Much discussion by the
    monks as to the qualifications needed in the new
    Abbot--Samson silently notes all that is said--Jocelin's
    indiscretion in blurting out his private opinion             12-23

 CHAPTER III.

 _THE CHOICE OF A NEW ABBOT._

 Henry II. orders the Prior and twelve delegates from the
    Abbey to attend him to make choice of a new
    Abbot--Selection of the twelve--Six electors appointed
    to choose three names to be given under seal to the
    delegates--The journey to the Court--Gossip and telling
    of dreams amongst the monks left behind--The delegates
    before the King at Bishop's Waltham--The sealed paper
    opened--Samson eventually selected--Approval of the
    King, and his comment on Samson's demeanour                  24-35

 CHAPTER IV.

 _SAMSON'S INSTALLATION._

 Reception of the news at the Monastery--Samson blessed by
    the Bishop of Winchester--He journeys to Bury, and is
    welcomed by the Convent on Palm Sunday--His address in
    the chapter-house--Answer of Wimer the Sheriff--Jocelin
    made Abbot's Chaplain--New Seal struck with mitre graven
    thereon--Samson sets his household in order--General
    Court summoned--Demand of aid from his knights               36-42

 CHAPTER V.

 _THE NEW ABBOT'S REFORMS._

 Prepares an estate book--Buildings and repairs--Enclosure
    of parks--Hunting and dogs--Land
    improvements--Management of manors--General
    survey--Makes a kalendar--New regulations made in
    Chapter--Amount of the convent debts and their
    discharge--Dismissal of William the sacrist--Samson
    visits all the Abbey manors--His anxieties about the
    debts--His skill and energy in managing the
    estates--Appointed judge in ecclesiastical
    courts--Jocelin's excuse for Samson's fondness for
    betaking himself to his manors--The Abbot's complaint at
    the burden of his charge--His dream as a child--His
    control of temper--Order for production of convent
    seals--Thirty-three given up, all retained by the Abbot,
    except the prior's--Entertainment of guests                  43-59

CHAPTER VI.

_SAMSON'S PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS._

 His personal appearance--His temperance and
    diligence--Abhors liars, drunkards and talkative
    folk--His eloquence--Preaches to the people in the
    Norfolk dialect--Management of his household--Strict
    regulation of expenses--Appoints none but fit persons to
    office--His treatment of his relatives--Gratitude for
    past kindnesses--Provides free lodgings for poor
    scholars--Expulsion of Jews from Bury--Purchase of the
    Manor of Mildenhall--Giving up of King Henry II.'s cup
    and its restoration--Samson's generosity--The Woolpit
    living--Samson recounts his visit to Rome in his early
    days, and his adventures                                     60-75

 CHAPTER VII.

 _THE ABBOT AS PEER OF PARLIAMENT._

 Dispute with Archbishop of Canterbury as to jurisdiction
    over manor of Eleigh--Quarrel with the Bishop of Ely,
    the Chancellor--Samson wishes to take the cross: the
    King refuses permission--Goes to siege of Windsor in
    martial array--Visits Richard I. in
    Germany--Excommunication by him of a company of
    roystering young knights--Embassies to Rome--The claim
    of the Earl of Clare to carry the Standard of St. Edmund
    in battle--Adam of Cockfield's inheritance--Herbert the
    dean and his windmill--Jocelin's New Year's gift--The
    Abbot's struggle with his rebellious knights                76-100

 CHAPTER VIII.

 _THE CASE OF HENRY OF ESSEX._

 Excesses of Henry of Essex--His cowardice in Wales--The
    wager of battle on the island near Reading--Henry's
    vision--His recovery and repentance                        101-105

 CHAPTER IX.

 _TROUBLES WITHOUT._

 The Bishop of Ely outwitted as to timber asked for by
    him--Dispute as to town bailiffs--Murmurings of the
    monks--Toll-right dispute with London merchants--Dues of
    the burgesses--Samson grants a charter to the town         106-117

 CHAPTER X.

 _TROUBLES WITHIN._

 Inefficient cellarers--New arrangements criticised--The
    Archbishop of Canterbury claims authority to visit the
    Abbey as legate--Samson's successful appeal to the Pope    118-127

 CHAPTER XI.

 _SAMSON'S CONTESTS WITH KNIGHTS,
 MONKS AND TOWNSMEN._

 King Richard's levies--The abbot's difficulties in making
    his knights comply--Goes to Normandy and arranges
    matters with the King--Samson's generosity to the
    abbey--He takes the cellarer's department into his own
    hands--Consequent discontent--Hamo Blund's will, and
    Samson's comments thereon--Riots in the
    churchyard--Rioters reduced to submission                  128-141

 CHAPTER XII.

 _THE CARES OF OFFICE._

 Restoration of the Coventry monks--Samson's hospitality at
    Oxford--His endowment of the Bury schools--Abbey
    improvements--The Abbot withstands King Richard over the
    wardship of Nesta of Cockfield--The King appeased by a
    present of horses and dogs                                 142-149

 CHAPTER XIII.

 _THE CUSTOMS OF THE TOWNSHIP._

 Old oppressive customs changed or abrogated by Samson--The
    Cellarer's difficulties in collecting _rep silver_--The
    hard case of Ketel--The Cellarer's dues--Lakenheath
    eels--Samson's reforms and his critics                     150-161

 CHAPTER XIV.

 _THE SHRINE OF ST. EDMUND._

 Fire around the shrine--The shrine unhurt--Vain attempts to
    hush up the scandal--Samson dreams of St. Edmund
    despoiled--The saint's body uncovered--Samson and
    certain of the monks view the sacred relic                 162-177

 CHAPTER XV.

 _THE MONASTERY IN REVOLT._

 Death of King Richard--King John visits the Abbey--Samson
    supports Ralph the porter against the monks--He
    withdraws from the convent--Disturbances in his
    absence--The monks submit--Reconciliation--Marshalling
    of the Knights--Further troubles about the manors and
    cellary                                                    178-189

 CHAPTER XVI.

 _ELECTION OF A NEW PRIOR._

 Death of Robert the Prior--Herbert the chaplain and Hermer
    the sub-prior candidates for the post--Through the
    Abbot's influence Herbert is elected--Jocelin
    moralizes--The gibes of the unlearned                      190-199

 CHAPTER XVII.

 _THE ABBOT'S FOIBLES._

 Samson's faults--The dam at Babwell--Trouble with the Ely
    monks--The Abbot summoned over sea to the King--Sets his
    house in order--His unfulfilled promises--The story
    breaks off                                                 200-211

  APPENDICES.

   I. SAMSON AS AN AUTHOR                                      215-221

  II. NOTES TO TEXT OF CHRONICLE                               222-256

 III. TABLE OF CHIEF DATES IN THE HISTORY OF
         THE ABBEY OF ST. EDMUNDSBURY, A.D.
         870 TO 1903                                           257-278

 _GENERAL INDEX_                                               279-285


PREFACE

=Samson and his Arch-Eulogist.=--Abbot Samson of St. Edmundsbury and
his biographer, Jocelin of Brakelond, undoubtedly owe such immortality
as they possess to their introduction to the world at large by Thomas
Carlyle. Learned historians and commentators of the past had made use
of the dry facts of the Chronicle for their disquisitions and
treatises; but none had recognized the human interest of Jocelin's
narrative until the Sage of Chelsea seized upon it as evidence of that
theory of Hero Worship on which he loved to insist.

The whole of the seventeen chapters of Book II. of "Past and Present,"
published in 1843, are devoted to a study of Abbot Samson, and the
lessons which Carlyle thought "our own poor century" could learn from
him.

From that day to this, Samson has been more or less a household word;
and, as John Richard Green says in his "Stray Studies" (1876), "In the
wandering gossipy pages of Jocelin of Brakelond the life of the
twelfth century, so far as it could penetrate abbey walls, still glows
distinct for us round the figure of the shrewd, practical, kindly,
imperious abbot who looks out, a little travestied perhaps, from the
pages of Mr. Carlyle."

=The Chronicle.=--Mr. Green further says:--"By a rare accident the
figure of the silent, industrious Norfolk monk, who at the close of
Henry the Second's reign suddenly found himself ruler of the
wealthiest, if not the greatest, of English abbeys, starts out
distinct from the dim canvas of the annals of his house. Annals indeed
in any strict sense St. Edmund's has none; no national chronicle was
ever penned in its scriptorium such as that which flings lustre round
its rival, St. Albans; nor is even a record of its purely monastic
life preserved such as that which gives a local and ecclesiastical
interest to its rival of Glastonbury. One book alone the abbey has
given us, but that one book is worth a thousand chronicles."

The original manuscript of the Chronicle occupies 43 folios (121-163)
of a thick quarto volume on vellum once in the library of Bury Abbey,
afterwards in the hands of the family of Bacon of Redgrave, then
belonging to Bishop Stillingfleet of Worcester, and now preserved in
the British Museum amongst the Harleian Manuscripts. The contents of
this _Liber Albus_ (Harl. MS. 1005) are very varied; and a complete
list of the 144 items in it which relate to the Abbey will be found on
pp. 122-4 of the 1821 Edition of the _Monasticon_. (Another copy of
the Chronicle was in the Cottonian MS. Vitellius DXV., burnt in the
fire of 1731.) Three facsimiles of portions of the MS. are given in
the Camden Society's Edition of the Latin text (to be presently
referred to), and the writing is there ascribed to the end of the 13th
or beginning of the 14th century.

=Previous Editions of the Chronicle.=--In the year 1840, John Gage
Rokewode, F.R.S. (1786-1842), Director of the Society of Antiquaries,
brought out for the Camden Society a thin quarto book in the familiar
green cover, which he entitled "Chronica Jocelini de Brakelonda de
rebus gestis Samsonis Abbatis Monasterii Sancti Edmundi." It was this
book that attracted the attention of Carlyle, with the results already
stated. Rokewode was a scion of the distinguished family of Gage of
Hengrave, near Bury, and took the additional name of Rokewode on
inheriting in 1838 the estates of the Rookwood family. He was a very
learned genealogist, and the author of a History of Hengrave and of
the Hundred of Thingoe. His observations on Suffolk families and
topography are therefore to be relied upon, though subsequent
investigation has corrected some of his notes on historical matters.

Rokewode's text was in the original Latin; but to meet the popular
demand for the Chronicle caused by Carlyle's published appreciation of
it in "Past and Present" (1843), a translation into English was made
by Thomas Edlyne Tomlins (1804-1872), and was published in 1844 by
Whitaker & Co. in the "Popular Library of Modern Authors," under the
title of "Monastic and Social Life in the Twelfth Century."

Mr. T. E. Tomlins was a nephew of the better known Sir Thomas Edlyne
Tomlins (1762-1841), assistant counsel to the Treasury, who wrote "The
Law of Wills" and other well-known text-books. The younger Thomas was
an attorney, and also wrote on legal subjects. Tomlins' translation of
Jocelin was issued in the somewhat forbidding form of a tall
paper-covered book of 64 pages of double columns of small type,
without any break from start to finish: the few notes at the end being
mostly on legal points, and none of them of great merit.

It does not appear that Mr. Tomlins had any special knowledge of his
subject; and, as a consequence, his translation contained a quantity
of errors, both of omission and commission. His book has been used as
the ground-work for the present edition, but the alterations made in
the text have been so numerous and important as to be practically
equivalent to a new translation altogether. The three Appendices
(pages 215-278) are wholly new.

The task of rendering the Latin text into satisfactory and accurate
English has been made easier by the publication in 1890-6 of Mr.
Thomas Arnold's three volumes of "Memorials of St. Edmund's Abbey"
(No. 96 of the Rolls Series). "Tom" Arnold (1823-1900) was the second
son of Arnold of Rugby and the younger brother of Matthew Arnold; and
he undertook a quantity of work for the Rolls Series, not all of which
he was able to carry through with the completeness that he desired.
Especially with regard to the Annals of St. Edmundsbury there was a
quantity of material that he could not deal with in the leisure at his
command. But so far as concerns the Chronicle of Jocelin (which
occupies 228 pages of his Volume I.), his edition of the original
Latin text was carefully revised and annotated.

=The Chronicler.=--Of Jocelin of Brakelond very little is certainly
known beyond what he himself tells us in the Chronicle. There are two
streets in Bury St. Edmunds known as the Long and Short Brackland or
Braklond, and probably Jocelin took his name from his place of birth.
In the text of the Chronicle, however, and in other 13th century
documents in which his name is recorded, he appears simply as Jocelin.
He tells us he took the habit in 1173, "the year when the Flemings
were taken captive without the town" (page 1); and that he then came
under the care of Samson, at that time master of the novices, who told
him some of his own experiences by way of warning against interference
with the constituted authorities (6).

At the time of Samson's election as Abbot, in 1182, Jocelin was
prior's chaplain, but within four months he was made abbot's chaplain,
"noting many things and committing them to memory" (39): for which all
students of English history are eternally grateful to him. In his
capacity as Samson's chaplain, Jocelin was "constantly with him by day
and night for six years, and had the opportunity of becoming fully
conversant with the worthiness of his life and the wisdom of his rule"
(56).

Jocelin evidently starts at first with an admiration for Samson's
vigorous and independent regime (see especially pages 52-3); but later
on his faith in his master seems to have been a little shaken, and
Samson's action in practically "jockeying" his favourite Herbert into
the office of prior takes Jocelin's breath away. The eventful meeting
of the chapter over, he sits down stupefied in the porch of the guest
chamber (he being then hospitarius), and reflects on the situation
(198). He cannot approve, moreover, Samson's action with regard to
John Ruffus and Adam the Infirmarer, where he more than hints at the
Abbot's acceptance of a bribe (200). The banking up by Samson of the
fishpond at Babwell, thus flooding the pastures and gardens of others,
he describes as "another stain of evil doing" (201): the Abbot's
passionate retort that "his fish pond was not to be spoilt on account
of our meadows," obviously offending Jocelin's sense of the
proprieties. He demurs, moreover, to the willingness of certain of the
monks to strip even the shrine of St. Edmund himself to obtain an
exemption of the Abbey from episcopal visitation, pointing out that
there might come a time when the convent might need the control of a
bishop, archbishop, or legate, over a tyrannous or spendthrift abbot
(7).

It is perhaps for these reasons that we find Jocelin, at a date after
Samson's death, on the side of the party of caution and moderation in
the disputes over the election of a new abbot. The author, whoever he
was, of the interpolated narrative in the Chronicle relating to Henry
of Essex (101 _et seq._) refers to "Master Jocelin our almoner, a man
of exalted piety, powerful in word and in deed"; and there can hardly
be any doubt that this was our Jocelin. In the highly complicated
story (printed in Mr. Arnold's second volume) of the preliminaries to
the final approval by King John of Samson's successor, Abbot Hugh II.,
Jocelin the almoner took the side of Robert of Gravelee, the sacrist,
who advocated the adoption of the plan followed when the previous
vacancy occurred, of submitting to the king names from whom he could
make a selection (as indeed John had asked might be done by letter
dated 25 July, 1213), instead of asking him, as they did, to confirm
an election already made. Jocelin, in a speech delivered in the
chapter-house, seems indeed to have been the first to start the view
that the convent had made a mistake, and that it ought to put itself
right with the king. He again insisted on this at a second debate in
December, 1213, and took a prominent part in the subsequent
discussions, his name being recorded in the division list of June,
1214, when 30 voted on his side, and 32 for adherence to the claims of
the Abbey.

The three delegates, the Abbot of Wardon, the Prior of Dunstable, and
the Dean of Salisbury, who had been appointed by the Pope on May 18,
1214, to inquire into the Bury election, held the last but one of
their numerous sittings on February 12, 1215, at which Jocelin was
present. At last the delegates announced on March 10 their judgment
confirming the election, which, with considerable trouble, they
persuaded the sacrist and his party to accept, and to exchange with
the new abbot the kiss of peace.

When, on April 24, 1215, the abbot elect, unsuccessful in obtaining
John's favour, and refusing to bribe the king, though advised to do so
by the courtiers, appointed certain officials to the custody of Abbey
manors, he took the advice, amongst other high officers, of Jocelin
the almoner; and this is the last we hear of our Chronicler.

Jocelin himself mentions (23) that he had written a book on the many
signs and wonders in connection with the martyrdom by the Jews of the
boy Robert, who was buried in the Abbey Church; but this work is not
known to be extant. The inaccurate Bale also ascribes to him the
authorship of the tract _Super Electione Hugonis_ (also in the Liber
Albus), from which the above facts as to Jocelin's later life have
been gleaned. But there is no authority for this; and, as Mr. Arnold
points out (i. lix.), the style of that work is different from the
Chronicle.

Whatever criticisms one might be tempted to pass on Carlyle's
appreciation of Samson, there need be no dissentient voice to his
summing up of Jocelin's character:--

 An ingenious and ingenuous, a cheery-hearted, innocent, yet withal
 shrewd, noticing, quick-witted man; and from under his monk's cowl
 has looked out on the narrow section of the world in a really human
 manner.... The man is of patient, peaceable, loving, clear-smiling
 nature; open for this or that.... Also he has a pleasant wit, and
 loves a timely joke, though in mild, subdued manner. A learned, grown
 man, yet with the heart as of a good child.

=The Central Figure of the Chronicle.=--Whatever his other merits,
Jocelin's strong point was certainly not chronological sequence. With
the assistance of the Table of Dates printed on pages 261-267, the
reader will, it is hoped, get some useful sort of idea of the busy
life of Abbot Samson, both within and without the walls of the
monastery, whilst it was under his vigorous rule; and as to his
personal characteristics, virtues and foibles, they are writ large in
almost every chapter of the Chronicle.

He was obviously of humble origin, and his dialect was that of his
native county of Norfolk (62). He seems to have lost his father early,
for we read of his conferring, soon after he became Abbot, a benefice
upon the son of a man of lowly station who had been kind to him in his
youth and looked after his interests (66). As a child of nine, he had
been taken by his mother to a pilgrimage to St. Edmund, after a dream
which presaged his future service under that saint (56). When he was a
poor clerk, William, the schoolmaster of Diss, had given him free
admission to his school: a favour which he requited by giving Walter,
son of William, the living of Chevington (67). Similarly, he helped
those of his kinsmen who had recognized him when he was a poor clerk,
provided they were worthy; but with those who had then held aloof from
him he wished to have no dealings (66).

At some early date Samson went to Paris to study, a friend who then
supported him there by the proceeds of the sale of holy water
receiving afterwards a benefice from him (66). Just as he did not
forget the friends who had helped him in his early struggles so he
remembered past kindnesses shown to him when he was a poor monk and
out of favour with the authorities. When Hugh, his predecessor,
clapped him into irons, Hugh's cupbearer Elias brought him some wine
to quench his prison thirst (67); and when he needed a night's lodging
on his return from Durham on the business of the Abbey, a resident at
Risby gave him the shelter which a neighbour refused (68). Neither
favour was forgotten when Elias and William of Risby came before him
as landlord.

By 1160 Samson was back from abroad as master of the schools at Bury,
though he did not become a professed monk till 1166. Meanwhile he had
been sent on an errand to Rome, with reference to the church at
Woolpit, in which his native wit showed itself (73, 74). He seems to
have been successful in his mission, getting from Pope Alexander III.
a reversion for the monastery of the Woolpit living; but, perhaps
because he returned too late to prevent Geoffrey Ridel being appointed
by the king (74), Abbot Hugh banished him, on his return, to Castle
Acre. Here he remained in exile a long time (74), and he was sent
there again after he had become a cloister monk, and had spoken up
"for the good of our Church" in opposition to the Abbot (6).

=Samson in Subordinate Offices.=--Much as Hugh disliked Samson, he
seems to have been a little afraid of him; and, to reconcile matters,
he made Samson subsacrist. "Often accused," says Jocelin, "he was
transferred from one office to another, being successively guest
master, pittance master, third prior, and again subsacrist" (9). But
he could not be induced to fawn on and flatter the Abbot, as other
officials did; and Hugh declared that "he had never seen a man whom he
could not bend to his will, except Samson the subsacrist" (10).

When at length Hugh's trying dispensation came to an end, through his
horse accident at Canterbury in 1180, Samson was, as subsacrist, busy
with new building operations for the Church (14). His superior
officer, the bibulous William Wiardel, the sacrist, was jealous of
him, and persuaded the wardens of the Abbey to stop any further
expense for works during the vacancy (15). But Samson knew some things
to William's financial and moral discredit, on which he was later able
to base the sacrist's dismissal from office (46-7).

The gossip amongst the monks as to which of the brethren should fill
Hugh's place is admirably told by Jocelin (Chap. ii.). Whilst the rest
were babbling at blood-letting season, Samson the subsacrist sat
smiling but saying nothing (21). The receipt of Henry II.'s order or
permission to make choice of a new Abbot put the monastery in a
flutter; and the selection of the deputation to wait upon the King,
and their interview with their liege lord, is most naively described
in chapter iii. The secret ballot at Bury for three names was a
surprise to the higher officials (31), and they did what they could to
diminish Samson's chances. But after some fencing the Bishop of
Winchester asked the deputation point blank whom they wanted, and the
answer was--Samson: "no one gainsaying this" (34).

=Samson as Abbot.=--And so the once oppressed and obscure monk
returned to Bury the absolute ruler of the foundation, with the king's
remark in his ears when he noted, with apparent admiration at Bishop's
Waltham, how Samson comported himself in the royal presence: "By the
eyes of God, this Abbot elect thinks himself worthy to govern an
abbey!" (35). So indeed he did, setting to work at once after his
ceremonial installation (37) to institute reforms of all sorts. As
Carlyle says, and his words must suffice in this place:--

 How Abbot Samson, giving his new subjects seriatim the kiss of
 fatherhood in the St. Edmundsbury chapter-house, proceeded with
 cautious energy to set about reforming their disjointed, distracted
 way of life; how he managed with his Fifty rough Milites (Feudal
 Knights), with his lazy farmers, remiss refractory monks, with Pope's
 Legates, Viscounts, Bishops, Kings; how on all sides he laid about
 him like a man, and putting consequence on premiss, and everywhere
 the saddle on the right horse, struggled incessantly to educe organic
 method out of lazily fermenting wreck,--the careful reader will
 discern, not without true interest, in these pages of Jocelin
 Boswell.

To tell the story of all this would be to paraphrase the Chronicle;
and the reader is therefore referred to the List of Contents for
instances of the Abbot's capacity and resourcefulness in dealing with
the complicated interests under his control.

But there is one aspect of his busy life to which allusion may perhaps
here be made, as showing the influence and importance of the Abbot of
St. Edmundsbury outside the monastery walls.

=Relations with Church and State.=--Samson's abbacy extended over
the pontificates of five Popes and the reigns of three Kings, by all
of whom his strength of character and wisdom of counsel seem to have
been appreciated. Pope Lucius III., who had succeeded, in 1181,
Alexander III., to whom Samson had twenty years before paid a visit on
behalf of the Abbey (72), appointed the new abbot a judge in the
ecclesiastical courts within seven months of his election (51). Urban
III. granted Samson in 1187-8, the privilege of giving the episcopal
benediction (84) and other concessions. Celestine III. placed him in
1197 on the commission for restoring the expelled monks at Coventry
(142); and Innocent III. granted on December 1, 1198, without
hesitation, on Samson's application, an exemption of Bury Abbey from
episcopal visitation even by a legate unless he were a legate _a
latere_ (124).

King Henry II., who had apparently formed a favourable opinion of
Samson from his demeanour on his election (35), practically decided in
his favour on February 11, 1187, in his dispute with Archbishop Hubert
concerning his abbatial jurisdiction over Monk's Eleigh, where a case
of homicide had occurred (78). In the same year, the king at Clarendon
favourably considered Samson's petition with reference to the immunity
of Bury Abbey from certain taxes (96). Having taken the Cross on
January 21, 1188, Henry II. came to Bury within a month to pay a
pilgrimage to St. Edmund, when Samson endeavoured, without success, to
obtain the king's permission to do likewise (81).

In the next year Henry died at Chinon (July 6, 1189), and Samson had
to deal with a new sovereign: at whose coronation on September 3,
1189, he was present. One of Richard's earliest acts was the sale of
offices, crown rights, crown property, and royal favours to fill his
military chest; saying indeed that he would sell London if he could
find a purchaser. Amongst the bargains of this sort was the sale to
Samson of the manor of Mildenhall for 1,000 marks, after the astute
abbot had offered him half that amount (70). The queen-mother was
entitled by custom of the realm to 100 marks as a perquisite in
connection with this transaction, and took in lieu thereof a gold cup
which had been given to the abbey by Henry II. This same cup came back
to Bury in exchange for 100 marks (71), when the 70,000 marks required
to ransom King Richard was being raised in England (147).

When the news of Richard's capture reached England, Samson rose in his
place in the King's Council to express his readiness to seek the king
in Germany, either in disguise or any other way: "by reason whereof,"
says Jocelin, "he obtained great approbation" (81). Later on he did go
to Germany, "and visited the king with many gifts" (82).

Towards the end of Richard's reign, in 1198, Samson tried to avoid
sending four of his knights to Normandy, in obedience to the King's
orders, and went to see him, with the result that Richard accepted
four mercenaries, and afterwards a hundred pounds to discharge the
obligation (128-30). He brought back with him on this occasion for the
adornment of the abbey church a golden cross and a valuable copy of
the Gospels (130); and Jocelin records that so often as he returned
from beyond sea on his numerous visits abroad, he brought back with
him some offering for the church (131), besides making gifts to it on
other occasions.

In 1198 a serious quarrel took place between Richard and Samson over
the wardship of Nesta of Cockfield, the daughter of a family whose
tenure of lands from the Abbey is recorded with wearisome iteration in
the Chronicle. Samson would not give way, despite the threats of the
King, which he "very wisely passed over without notice," and in the
end Richard yielded with a good grace, asking the abbot if he would
send him some of his dogs. The abbot of course complied, and added
some horses and other valuable gifts, in exchange for which Richard
sent him a ring given to him by the new Pope, Innocent III. (147-9).

Just as Samson had "obtained the favour and grace of King Richard by
gifts and money, so that he had good reason to believe that he could
succeed in all his undertakings, the King died, and the abbot lost all
his labour and outlay" (178). It became therefore necessary to
propitiate Richard's successor. King John made an early pilgrimage to
St. Edmund, but left in bad odour with the monastery, which had spent
much money on his entertainment, but had only received in return
thirteenpence offered by the king at the shrine of the Saint on the
day of his departure, besides a silken cloth borrowed for the occasion
from the sacrist and never paid for (178). John must, however, have
thought highly of the abbot to summon him over sea in 1203 to confer
with him as to the Pope's letter concerning the dispensation of
Crusaders from their vows (207).

=Samson as an Author.=--Once when Jocelin asked why he had been
sighing so heavily and was so wakeful at nights, Samson confided to
him how greatly he felt the burden of his charge; and on another
occasion said that if he had known what it involved, he would, rather
than be abbot and lord, have preferred to be keeper of the books, "for
this office he had ever desired above all others" (55).

Jocelin hints a polite incredulity; but there are evidences that
Samson was fond of books, and was indeed an author. There is a small
volume, Titus A viii. in the Cottonian collection, which includes in
its contents a work in two books, entitled _De Miraculis Sancti
Aedmundi_. From a number of marginal notes, of even date with the
fourteenth century text, and which ascribe to Samson, amongst other
writers, the authorship of various passages in the great legendary
life of St. Edmund in the Bodleian Library (MS. 240), Mr. Arnold
arrived at the conclusion that "the writer of the work was
unquestionably Abbot Samson." For the evidence the reader is referred
to Appendix I. (pages 215-21); but it would appear that the work was
written before the date when he became abbot, and perhaps before he
had been appointed to any one of the numerous offices in the monastery
to which he was from time to time transferred by the capricious Hugh
(9).

Whenever any new event was recorded in his patron saint's honour,
Samson caused it to be recorded: hence at his desire the episode of
Henry of Essex, whom St. Edmund had "confounded in the very hour of
battle" (102), was reduced to writing at Reading, and interpolated by
some other monk in Jocelin's chronicle.

=Samson's Masterfulness.=--Samson, like his prototype of Scripture,
was a "strong man," and as such he came into constant conflict with
those who sought to try conclusions with him, usually to their own
regret. From instances innumerable, the following may be selected as
typical. At his very first general court of his knights, Thomas of
Hastings tried to press the claim of his nephew Henry--a minor--to the
hereditary stewardship of the Abbey; but Samson said he would consider
the matter when Henry could perform the duties (41). Richard, Earl of
Clare, demanded his guerdon of five shillings for the office of
Standard-bearer of St. Edmund. Samson retorted that the payment of the
money would not inconvenience the Abbey; but there were two other
claimants for the post, and Richard must settle first with them. The
Earl said he would confer with Roger Bigot his kinsman, "and so the
matter was put off even to this day" (86).

Geoffrey Ridel, the Bishop of Ely, sent a blundering messenger to the
abbot to ask for timber from woods at Elmswell, meaning Elmsett.
Samson assented to the request for Elmswell, and meanwhile sent his
foresters to Elmsett and cut down a great quantity of oaks, branding
them as the property of the Abbey. The bishop overwhelmed his stupid
servant with reproaches, and sent him back to explain. But it was too
late, "and the bishop, if he wanted timber, had to get it elsewhere"
(107).

Herbert the dean erected a windmill upon the Haberdon, and tried to
brazen it out with Samson. But the abbot bade him begone, and told him
that before he had come to his house, he should hear what had befallen
his mill. Whereupon the trembling dean had the mill pulled down
himself, so that when the servants of the sacrist came to the spot,
they found their work already done for them (90).

In the domestic quarrel with his monks over the case of Ralph, the
gate porter, who had been punished by Robert the prior with the assent
of all the monastery, Samson upset the proceedings on his return from
London, and, after a violent struggle, got his own way (179-83).

There is a pleasing affectation of impartiality in the case of another
Herbert, the junior candidate for the office of Prior, on the
much-worried Robert's death in 1200. The monks were conscious that
Samson "would seek the advice of each with great show of formality,"
but that the affair would end as he had all along intended (193). On
the day of election the Precentor was egged on by one of the elder
brethren in an audible aside to nominate Herbert. Samson behaved as if
this was a new light to him, but offered no objection to receive
Herbert if the convent willed. And so, after a protestation of his
unworthiness, Herbert was elected (196); and Jocelin tried, after
these bare-faced proceedings, to recover his equanimity in the porch
of the guest-chamber (197).

=Samson as an Administrator.=--Samson seems to have been something
of a financial genius; he certainly freed the monastery from debt, and
brought its internal affairs and its landed estates from chaos into
order. He was undoubtedly more of an administrator than an
ecclesiastic. He obviously enjoyed his ceremonial duties as
Commissioner for the King or for the Pope. He went to the siege of
Windsor in 1193 in martial array, though Jocelin is constrained to
admit that he was "more remarkable there for counsel than for piety"
(82). He appeared to be in his highest spirits when he went to
Coventry in January, 1198, to help to restore the monks there who had
been ejected by their somewhat truculent Bishop, Hugh de Nonant.
Samson gave magnificent entertainments at Oxford, where the Commission
sat, and "never in his life did he seem so joyful as at that time"
(143).

He was fond, too, of country life, spending much time at his manors of
Melford and elsewhere, "enclosing many parks, which he replenished
with beasts of chase, and keeping a huntsman with dogs," though
Jocelin is careful to add that he "never saw him take part in the
sport" (43). With some of these dogs Samson appeased Richard's wrath
when he flouted the king as to a disputed wardship (149). One of the
complaints against him by those who chafed under his rule was that he
was fond of betaking himself to his manors, and Jocelin's excuse for
him is that "the abbot is more in spirits and in good humour elsewhere
than at home" (53). Jocelin took him to task over this, but had a text
from Ecclesiasticus hurled at his head, which induced him to "hold his
peace henceforth" (54).

With broader outlook than his obedientiaries, Samson recognized the
necessity of granting greater freedom to the inhabitants of the town
of Bury, and, despite the grumbling of his monks, he gave the
burgesses a Charter in 1194 (116). The resentment against him in the
monastery ran so high in 1199 that he professed to be afraid of his
life (182). Though matters were then patched up, the old feeling of
indignation against his concessions to the townsfolk endured, and an
occasion for manifesting it arose when, early in 1203, Samson was
summoned by King John to advise him on a brief sent by the Pope as to
the dispensation of certain Crusaders from their vows. To the
undisguised astonishment of Jocelin, Samson sought the advice of the
monastery, "a thing he heretofore had seldom done" (207); but he was
boldly asked what he proposed to do to get back the lost privileges of
the Abbey (210). He was then "weakened by infirmity of body, humbled,
and (as was not his wont) timid" (207); and it must be remembered that
he was by this time not far short of seventy years of age. He spoke
the monks fair, promised redress, and "that upon his return he would
co-operate with us in everything, and make just order and disposition,
and render to each what was justly his" (211).

Jocelin hints by a quotation from Ovid that there was some
apprehension that this promise would remain unfulfilled: and then in
Carlyle's words--

 Jocelin's Boswellian narrative, suddenly shorn through by the
 scissors of Destiny, ends. Impenetrable Time-curtains rush down.
 Monks, Abbot, Hero-Worship, Government, Obedience, Coeur de Lion,
 and St. Edmund's Shrine, vanish like Mirza's vision; and there is
 nothing left but a mutilated black ruin amid green botanic expanses.

=Epilogue.=--As to what happened to Samson after he returned from
the visit to his sovereign, we have no information whatever from any
known source. Perhaps when he had reached the allotted span of life,
he came to feel that the time had arrived to take things more easily,
and to be less inelastic in his governance of the Abbey. The last nine
years of his chequered life are an absolute blank so far as the
available records are concerned, if we except his execution of certain
formal documents included in the Suffolk Feet of Fines. But when at
last, at the ripe age of 77, he died on the 30th December, 1211, at
twilight (_inter lupum et canem_), on the night of the feast of St.
Thomas the Martyr, a tenderer feeling towards him obviously existed
amongst his monks.

The compiler of the _Annales Sancti Edmundi_ (who from the last phrase
but one would seem to have been a contemporary) thus records his
decease:--

 On the sixth day of Christmas, at St. Edmund's, died Samson, of pious
 memory, the venerable abbot of this place. Who, after he had for
 thirty years prosperously ruled the Abbey committed to him, and had
 freed it from a load of debt,--had enriched it with privileges,
 liberties, possessions, and spacious buildings, and had restored the
 worship of the church, both internally and externally, in the most
 ample manner, bidding his last farewell to his sons, by whom the
 blessed man deserved to be blessed for evermore, while they all were
 standing by, and gazing with awe at a death which was a cause for
 admiration, not for regret (_non miserabilem sed mirabilem_), in the
 fourth year of the interdict rested in peace (Arnold, ii. 19, 20).

"In the fourth year of the Interdict": there is a significance in
these words not perhaps immediately apparent. During the last few
years of Samson's life, public worship in his beloved abbey was
stopped; the altars were stripped, and the church doors closed, in
view of the interdict hurled at the recalcitrant John by the Pope in
March, 1208. More trying than this to the feelings of the age was the
requirement that the dead should be buried in silence and in
unconsecrated ground. So Samson was laid by his sorrowing monks in the
bosom of mother earth "in pratello," where he remained until after the
Interdict was removed in July, 1214. The writer of the _Electio
Hugonis_ records, in barbarous Latin (Arnold, ii. 85), that on August
9 of that year the sacrist raised the question as to the proper
interment of Samson "of venerable memory." The prior (Herbert), the
cantor and Master Thomas of Walsingham, with other high officials,
thought Samson ought, for greater honour, to be buried in the Abbey
church. The sacrist--William of Gravelee, of whose uncompromising
character we have had a glimpse before--was alone in resisting this,
saying that so long as he had any power in the matter, neither Samson
nor any one else should be buried in the church. As the sacrist was
the responsible official this objection could apparently not be got
over, and so on August 12, 1214, the remains of Samson were exhumed,
and reburied in the chapter-house, which in the days of his life had
resounded to that eloquence of which Jocelin speaks (62).

What happened to the chapter house after the suppression of the Abbey
in 1539 is not known; but it seems probable that when the lead of its
roof was stripped off, it was left to crumble to decay by itself, for
some recent excavations in the winter of 1902-3 brought to light
quantities of beautifully worked stone, granite and marble columns,
and fragments of stained glass.

On New Year's Day of this year five stone coffins, each with a
skeleton within, and a sixth skeleton (uncoffined) were found under
the floor of the chapter-house in the exact positions in which a MS.
of circa 1425, now preserved at Douai, records the burial places of
Samson, two of his predecessors, and three of his successors as
Abbots; and there can be no reasonable doubt therefore that those who,
like myself, were privileged to be associated with these excavations,
have gazed upon the mortal remains of one of the grandest and most
picturesque figures of Angevin times.

       *       *       *       *       *

I am indebted to many friends for hints and suggestions in the
preparation of the Notes in Appendix II., especially to Lord Francis
Hervey, Dr. Montague R. James, and Mr. Francis Ford, all three of whom
have intimate personal knowledge of Bury St. Edmunds and its history.
In addition, Dr. James has been good enough to critically compare the
English text of the Chronicle with the Latin original, and has made
many valuable improvements, for which my especial thanks are due to
him. Mr. R. W. Chambers, M.A., Librarian of University College, has
also given me much assistance in the revision of the text in the
compilation of the Index.

    13A, HANOVER SQUARE, W.
        _May_, 1903.


  And to procede ferthere in this mater,
  Yf ye list aduertise in your mynde,
  An exaumplaire and a meror cler,
  In this story ye shal now seen and fynde.
  So as I kan, in soth I will nat spare
  But heer in ordre reherse by wrytyng,
  Folwyng myn auctours in euery maner thyng,
  As in substance vpon the lettre in deede,
  To do plesance to them that shal it reede.

                                 JOHN LYDGATE.

  (_Harleian MS._ 2278: _lines_ 417-20, 426-30.)




CHAPTER I

BURY ABBEY UNDER ABBOT HUGH


That which I have heard and seen have I taken in hand to write, which
in our days has come to pass in the Church of St. Edmund, from the
year when the Flemings were taken captive without the town, at which
time I took upon me the religious habit, being the same year wherein
prior Hugh was deposed, and Robert made prior in his stead: and I have
mingled in my narration some evil deeds by way of warning, and some
good by way of profit.

Now, at that time, Hugh the abbot was old, and his eyes were somewhat
dim. A pious and kind man was he, a good and religious monk, yet not
wise or far-sighted in worldly affairs; one who relied too much on his
officers, and put faith in them, rather taking counsel of others than
abiding by his own judgment.

To be sure, the Rule and the religious life, and all pertaining
thereto were healthy enough in the cloister, but outdoor affairs were
badly managed; inasmuch as every one serving under a simple and
already aged lord did what he would, not what he should.

The townships of the abbot and all the hundreds were set to farm, the
forests were destroyed, the manor houses threatened to fall,
everything daily got worse and worse. One resource only the abbot had,
and that was to take up moneys on interest, so that thereby he might
be able in some measure to keep up the dignity of his house. There
befel not a term of Easter or St. Michael, for eight years before his
decease, but that one or two hundred pounds at least increased in
principal debt; the securities were always renewed, and the interest
which accrued was converted into principal.

This laxity descended from the head to the members, from the superior
to the subjects. Hence it came to pass that every official of the
house had a seal of his own, and bound himself in debt at his own
pleasure, to Jews as well as to Christians. Oftentimes silken copes
and golden cruetts, and other ornaments of the church, were pledged
without the knowledge of the convent. I myself saw a security passed
to William Fitz Isabel for one thousand and forty pounds, but I never
could learn the consideration or the cause. I also saw another
security passed to Isaac, the son of Rabbi Joce, for four hundred
pounds, but I know not wherefore. I also saw a third security passed
to Benedict, the Jew of Norwich, for eight hundred and eighty pounds;
and this was the origin of that debt.

Our parlour was destroyed, and it was given in charge to William the
sacrist, will he, nill he, that he should restore it. He privily
borrowed from Benedict the Jew forty marks at interest, and gave him a
security sealed with a certain seal, which used to hang at the shrine
of St. Edmund, wherewith the gilds and letters of fraternity were wont
to be sealed: a seal which later on, but alas! too late, was broken by
order of the convent. Now, when this debt had increased to one hundred
pounds, the Jew came bearing a letter from our lord the King, touching
the debt of the sacrist; and then it was that all that had been secret
from the abbot and convent was laid bare.

The abbot waxed exceedingly wroth, and wished to depose the sacrist,
alleging that he possessed a privilege of our lord the pope, giving
him power of deposing William, his sacrist, whensoever it pleased him.
Howbeit, some one went to the abbot, and excusing the sacrist, so
wheedled the abbot that he permitted a security to be passed to
Benedict the Jew for four hundred pounds, payable at the end of four
years, namely, for one hundred pounds, which had then already accrued
for interest, and also for another hundred pounds, which the same Jew
had advanced to the sacrist for the use of the abbot. And the sacrist
in full chapter undertook for the whole of that debt to be paid, and a
deed was drawn up and sealed with the conventual seal: the abbot
dissimulating, and not affixing his own seal, as if that debt was no
concern of his.

But at the end of the four years, there were no means of discharging
the debt; and then a fresh deed was executed for eight hundred and
eighty pounds, payable at set terms, at the rate of eighty pounds a
year. Moreover, the same Jew had many other securities of smaller
account, and one which was for fourteen years; so this debt alone came
to one thousand and two hundred pounds, besides the interest that had
accrued.

Now R., the almoner of our lord the King, coming to us, signified to
the abbot that such and such information had reached the King
concerning such and such debts. Thereupon, after consultation had
between the prior and a few others, the almoner was conducted into the
chapter house, where all of us being seated, and holding our peace,
the abbot said, "Look you, here is the King's almoner, our and your
lord and friend, who, moved by the love of God and of St. Edmund, has
intimated to us that the King has heard something wrong of us and you,
and particularly that the affairs of the church, both internally and
externally, are being badly managed; and therefore I desire and
command that, upon your vow of obedience, ye state and explain openly
how things really are." Hereupon the prior, standing up and speaking
as one for all, said that the church was in good order, that the Rule
was strictly and religiously observed indoors, and that matters out of
doors were carefully and discreetly conducted, save some slight debt,
in which ourselves, like our neighbours, were involved; but that, in
fact, there was no debt which could embarrass us. The almoner, hearing
this, said he was rejoiced that he had heard the testimony of the
convent concerning this matter: meaning, what the prior had said.

The very same words the prior upon another occasion used, as did
Master Geoffry of Constantine, speaking on behalf of and excusing the
abbot, when Richard the archbishop, in virtue of his office as legate,
visited our chapter, before we had such exemption as we now enjoy.

I myself, who was at that time a novice, on a convenient occasion,
talked these things over with the master who instructed me in the
Rule, and to whose care I was committed,--namely, Master Samson, who
afterwards became abbot. "What is this," I said, "that I hear? How can
you hold your tongue while you see and hear such things, you who are a
cloistered monk, and desire not offices, and fear God more than man?"
But he answering, said, "My son, the newly burnt child dreads the
fire; so it is with me and many others. Hugh, the prior, has been
lately deprived of his office and sent into exile; Dennis and Hugh and
Roger of Hengham have but lately returned home from exile. Even I, in
like manner, was imprisoned, and afterwards sent to Acre, because we
spoke for the good of our church, in opposition to the abbot. This is
the hour of darkness; this is the time when flatterers rule and are
believed, and their might is strengthened, and we can do nothing
against it; these things must be borne with for a time. 'Let the Lord
look upon it and judge.'"

Now a rumour reached Abbot Hugh that Richard, Archbishop of
Canterbury, proposed coming to make a visitation of our church by
virtue of his authority as legate; and thereupon the abbot, after
consultation, sent to Rome and sought a privilege of exemption from
the power of the aforesaid legate. On the messenger's return from Rome
there was not wherewith to discharge what he had promised to our lord
the pope and the cardinals, except, indeed, under the special
circumstances of the case, the cross which was over the high altar,
the little image of the Virgin, and the St. John (which images
archbishop Stigand had adorned with a vast quantity of gold and
silver, and had given to St. Edmund).

There were certain of our convent who, being on terms of intimacy with
the abbot, said that the shrine of St. Edmund itself ought to be
stripped, as the means of obtaining such a privilege. But these
persons did not consider the great peril that the possession of such a
privilege might entail; for if there should hereafter be any abbot of
ours who chose to waste the possessions of the church, and to despoil
his convent, then there would be no one to whom the convent could
complain touching the wrongs done by an abbot, as he would have no
reason to fear a bishop, archbishop, or legate, and his impunity would
lend him the courage to transgress.

In these days the cellarer, as well as other officials, borrowed
moneys at interest from Jurnet the Jew (without apprising the
convent), upon a security sealed with the above-mentioned seal. Now,
when that debt had mounted up to sixty pounds, the convent was
summoned to pay the cellarer's debt. The cellarer was deposed,
although he said it was hard to deal thus with him, stating that for
three years he had entertained in the guest-house by the abbot's
orders, whether the abbot were in residence or not, all the guests
which the abbot ought himself to entertain, according to the rule of
the abbey.

Master Dennis was made cellarer in his stead, and by his
circumspection and good management he reduced the debt of sixty pounds
to thirty pounds; towards which debt we applied those thirty marks
which Benedict of Blakenham gave to the convent for holding the manors
of Nowton and Whepsted. But the securities of the Jew have remained
with the Jew even to this day, wherein are contained the twenty-six
pounds of principal and interest of the cellarer's debt.

Now, on the third day after Master Dennis became cellarer, three
knights with their esquires were received in the guest-house that they
might there be refreshed, the abbot then being at home, and abiding in
his inner chamber; all which, when this great-souled Achilles had
heard, not willing to pay toll in his own domain, as the others had
done, he rose up and took the key of the cellar, and taking with him
those knights to the abbot's hall, and approaching the abbot, said,
"My lord, you well know that the rule of the abbey is, that knights
and lay folk should be entertained in your hall, if the abbot be at
home. I neither will nor can receive those guests whom it belongs to
you to entertain; else take back the keys of your cellar, and appoint
some other cellarer at your good pleasure." The abbot hearing this,
nill he, will he, entertained those knights, and ever afterwards
entertained knights and lay folk according to the ancient rule, and so
they are still received when the abbot is at home.

Once upon a time, Abbot Hugh, wishing to conciliate Master Samson,
appointed him sub-sacrist; and he, often accused, was often
transferred from one office to another. At one time he was appointed
guest-master, at another time pittance-master, at another time third
prior, and again sub-sacrist; and many were then his enemies who
afterwards flattered him. But he, not acting as the other officials
did, never could be induced to turn flatterer; whereupon the abbot
said that he had never seen a man whom he could not bend to his will,
except Samson the sub-sacrist.

In the twenty-third year of his abbacy, Abbot Hugh bethought him that
he would go to St. Thomas for the purpose of performing his devotions.
He had nearly got to the end of his journey, on the morrow of the
nativity of the Blessed Mary, when, near Rochester, he most unhappily
fell from his horse, so that his knee-pan was put out and lodged in
the ham of his knee. The physicians came about him, and sorely
tormented him, but they healed him not. He was brought back to us in a
horse-litter, and received with great attention, as was most fitting.
What more? His leg mortified, and the disorder mounted to his heart.
The pain brought on a tertian fever, and on the fourth fit he expired,
and rendered his soul to God on the morrow of St. Brice.

Ere he was dead, everything was snatched away by his servants, so that
nothing at all remained in the abbot's house except the stools and the
tables, which could not be carried away. There was hardly left for the
abbot his coverlet and two quilts, old and torn, which some, who had
taken away the good ones, had placed in their stead. There was not
even a single article of a penny's worth that could be distributed
among the poor for the good of his soul.

The sacrist said it was not his business to have attended to this,
alleging that he had furnished the expenditure of the abbot and his
household for one whole month, because neither the firmars who held
the vills would pay anything before the appointed time, nor would
creditors advance anything, seeing that he was sick even unto death.

Luckily, the farmer of Palgrave furnished us with fifty shillings to
be distributed among the poor, by reason that he entered upon the farm
of Palgrave on that same day. But those very fifty shillings were
afterwards again refunded to the King's bailiffs, who demanded the
whole farm-rent for the King's use.




CHAPTER II

THE MONKS DISCUSS THE VACANCY


Hugh the abbot being buried, it was ordered in chapter that some one
should give intelligence to Ranulf de Glanville, the justiciar of
England, of the death of the abbot. Master Samson and Master R.
Ruffus, our monks, quickly went beyond seas, to report the same fact
to our lord the King, and obtained letters that those possessions and
rents of the monastery, which were distinct from those of the abbot,
should be wholly in the hands of the prior and convent, and that the
remainder of the abbey should be in the hands of the King. The
wardship of the abbey was committed to Robert of Cockfield and Robert
of Flamville, the steward, who forthwith put by gage and safe pledges
all those servants and relatives of the abbot to whom the abbot had,
after the commencement of his illness, given anything, or who had
taken anything away belonging to the abbot, and also the abbot's
chaplain (a monk of the house), whom the prior bailed. Entering into
our vestiary, they caused all the ornaments of the church to be noted
down in an inventory.

During the vacancy in the abbacy, the prior, above all things, studied
to keep peace in the convent, and to preserve the honour of the church
in entertaining guests, being desirous of irritating no one, of not
provoking anybody to anger; in fact, of keeping all persons and things
in quietude. He nevertheless winked at some acts in our officials
which needed reformation, and especially in the sacrist, as if he
cared not how that officer dealt with the sacristy. Yet during the
vacancy, the sacrist neither satisfied any debt nor erected any
building, but the oblations and incomings were foolishly frittered
away.

Wherefore the prior, who was the head of the convent, seemed by the
greater part to be highly censurable, and was said to be remiss; and
this thing our brethren called to mind among themselves, when it came
to the point of making choice of an abbot.

Our cellarer entertained all guests, of whatsoever condition they
were, at the expense of the convent. William the sacrist, on his part,
gave and spent as he chose, kind man! giving alike what he should and
should not; "blinding the eyes of all with gifts."

Samson the sub-sacrist, being master over the workmen, did his best
that no breach, chink, crack or flaw should be left unrepaired so far
as he was able; whereby he acquired great favour with the convent, and
especially with the cloister monks. In those days our choir was
erected by Samson's exertion; and he arranged the order of the
paintings, and composed elegiac verses for them. He also made a great
draught of stone and sand for building the great tower of the church.
Being asked whence he procured the money for his work, he answered
that certain of the burgesses had privily given him moneys for
building and completing the tower.

Nevertheless, certain of our brethren said that Warin, a monk of our
house and keeper of the shrine, together with Samson the sub-sacrist,
had conspired to remove some portion of the offerings to the shrine,
in order that they might disburse the same for the necessary purposes
of the church, and in particular for the building of the tower; being
the more ready to believe this when they saw that the offerings were
expended for extraordinary purposes by others, who, to speak plainly,
stole them. And these before-named two men, in order to remove from
themselves the suspicion of any such pious theft, made a certain
hollow trunk, with a hole in the middle or at the top, and fastened
with an iron lock. This they caused to be set up in the great church,
near the door without the choir, where the common people usually pass,
so that persons should put their contributions therein for the
building of the tower.

Now William the sacrist had a jealousy of his companion Samson, as had
many others who took part with the same William, Christians as well as
Jews; the Jews, I say, to whom the sacrist was said to be father and
protector, whose protection they indeed enjoyed, having free ingress
and egress, and going all over the monastery, rambling about the
altars and by the shrine while high mass was being celebrated.
Moreover, their moneys were kept safe in our treasury, under the care
of the sacrist, and, what was still more improper, their wives with
their little ones were lodged in our pittancy in time of war. His
enemies or opponents having, therefore, consulted together how they
might suddenly overcome Samson, they conferred with Robert of
Cockfield and his colleague, who were wardens of the abbey, and
persuaded them to this--that they should, on behalf of the King,
forbid any one to erect any fabric or building so long as the abbacy
was vacant; but that, on the other hand, the moneys from the offerings
should be collected, and kept for the purpose of discharging some
debt.

And thus was Samson beguiled, and his "strength departed from him,"
nor could he from thenceforth labour as he had desired. Indeed, his
opponents were able to delay, but not annul, his purpose; for having
regained his strength, and "pulled down the two pillars," that is,
having removed the two wardens of the abbey, upon whom the malice of
others relied, the Lord gave him, in process of time, the means of
fulfilling his desire of building the aforesaid tower, and of
finishing it even as he wished. And so it was, as if it had been said
to him from above, "Well done, thou good and faithful servant; thou
hast been faithful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over many
things."

During the time that the abbacy was vacant we oftentimes, as was our
duty, besought God and the holy martyr St. Edmund that they would
vouchsafe to us and our church a meet shepherd, thrice every week
singing the seven penitential psalms prostrate in the choir, after
going forth from chapter. There were some amongst us who, had it been
known who was to be abbot, would not have prayed so devoutly.

As concerned the choice of an abbot, assuming the King gave us free
election, divers men spoke in divers ways--some publicly, some
privately; and "so many men, so many opinions."

One said of another, "That brother is a good monk, a likely person; he
is well conversant with the Rule and custom of the house; although he
may not be so perfect a philosopher as certain others, he would make a
very good abbot. Abbot Ording was not a learned man, and yet he was a
good abbot, and governed this house wisely: we read, too, in the
fable, that it had been better for the frogs to have chosen a log for
a king, upon whom they might rely, than a serpent, who venomously
hissed, and after his hisses devoured his subjects."

Another would answer, "How may this be? How can an unlearned man
deliver a sermon in chapter, or to the people on festivals? How can he
who does not understand the Scriptures attain the knowledge of
'binding and loosing'? seeing that the cure of souls is the art of
arts and science of sciences. God forbid that a dumb image should be
set up in the Church of St. Edmund, where many learned and studious
men are well known to be."

Also said one of another, "That brother is a good clerk, eloquent and
careful, strict in the Rule; he has much loved the convent, and has
undergone many hardships in respect of the possessions of the church:
he is worthy to be made abbot." Another answered, "From good clerks,
Good Lord, deliver us: that it may please Thee to preserve us from the
barrators of Norfolk, we beseech Thee to hear us, good Lord."
Moreover, one said of another, "That brother is a good manager, which
is proved from his department, and from the offices which he has well
served, and by the buildings and reparations which he has performed.
He is able to travail for and defend the house, and is, moreover,
something of a clerk, although 'much learning has not made him mad':
he is worthy to be made abbot." Another answered, "God forbid that a
man who can neither read nor chant, nor perform Divine service--a
wicked and unjust man, and a grinder of the faces of the poor--should
be abbot."

Also said one of another, "That brother is a kind man, affable and
amiable, peaceful and well-regulated, open-hearted and liberal, a
learned man and an eloquent, a proper man enough in looks and
deportment, and beloved by many, indoors as well as out; and such a
man might, with God's permission, become abbot to the great honour of
the church." The other answered, "It is no honour, but rather a
burden, to have a man who is too nice in his meat and drink; who
thinks it a virtue to sleep long; who is expert in spending much, and
yet gets little; who is snoring when others are awake; who always is
desirous to be in plenty, nor yet cares for the debts which increase
from day to day, nor considers the means of discharging expenses;
hating anxiety and trouble; caring for nought so long as one day comes
and another goes; a man cherishing and fostering flatterers and liars;
a man who is one thing in name and another in deed. From such a
prelate defend us, O Lord!"

Also said a certain one of his fellow, "That man is almost wiser than
all of us put together, both in secular and ecclesiastical matters; a
wonderful counsellor, strict in rule, learned and eloquent, and of
proper stature; such a prelate would do honour to our church."

The other answered, "True, if he were of known and approved
reputation. His character is questionable; report may lie, or it may
not. And although the man you mean is wise, of lowly carriage in
chapter, devout in psalmody, strict in the cloister whilst he is in
the cloister, yet it is mere outward show with him. What if he do
excel in any office? He is too scornful, lightly esteems the monks, is
closely intimate with secular persons; and should he be angry,
scarcely returns an answer with a good grace to any brother, or to one
even asking a question of him."

I heard in like manner one brother disparaged by some, because he was
slow of speech; of whom it was said that he had paste or malt in his
mouth when he was called upon to speak. And as for myself, being at
that time a youth, "I understood as a youth, I spoke as a youth;" and
said I never could consent that any one should be made abbot unless he
knew somewhat of dialectics, and knew how to discern truth from
falsehood. Again, a certain person, who in his own eyes seemed very
wise, said, "May the almighty Lord bestow on us a foolish and simple
shepherd, so that it should be the more needful for him to get help
from us!"

I heard in like manner a certain studious and learned man, and
honourable by the nobility of his family, disparaged by some of our
seniors merely for this reason--because he was a novice. The
novices, on the other hand, said of the elders, that old men were
valetudinarians, by no means fit to govern a monastery. And thus many
persons spoke many things, "and each was fully persuaded in his own
mind."

I observed Samson the sub-sacrist as he was sitting along with the
others at blood-letting season (at which time monks are wont to reveal
to each other the secrets of the heart, and to talk over matters with
each other). I saw him, I say, sitting along with the others, smiling
and saying nothing, but noting the words of each, and after a lapse of
twenty years calling to mind some of the before-written opinions. In
whose hearing I used to reply to these critics, that if we were to put
off the choice of an abbot until we found one who was above
disparagement or fault, we never should find such a one, for no one
alive is without fault, and "no estate is in all respects blessed."

Upon one particular occasion I was unable to restrain myself but must
needs blurt out my own private opinion, thinking that I spoke to
trusty ears. I then said that a certain person who formerly had a
great regard for me, and had conferred many benefits upon me, was
unworthy of the abbacy, and that another was more worthy; in fact, I
named one for whom I had less regard.

I spoke according to my own conscience, rather considering the common
weal of the church than my own advancement; and what I said was true,
as the sequel proved. And, behold, one of the sons of Belial disclosed
my saying to my friend and benefactor; for which reason, even to this
day, never could I since, neither by entreaty nor good offices, regain
his goodwill to the full. "What I have said I have said." "And the
word once spoken flies without recall."

One thing remains, that I take heed to my ways for the future; and if
I should live so long as to see the abbacy vacant, I shall consider
carefully what, to whom, and when I speak on such a matter, lest I
either offend God by lying, or man by speaking unreasonably. I shall
then advise (should I last so long), that we choose not too good a
monk, nor yet an over-wise clerk, neither one too simple nor too weak;
lest, if he be over wise in his own conceit, he may be too confident
in his own judgment, and contemn others; or, if he be too boorish, he
may become a byword to others; I know that it has been said, "In the
middle you will be safest," also that "Blessed are they who hold a
middle course."

Perhaps, after all, it may be the best course to hold my peace
altogether, and say in my heart, "He that is able to receive it, let
him receive it."

The abbacy being vacant, Augustine, the Archbishop of Norway, took up
his abode with us, in the house of the abbot, receiving by the King's
precept ten shillings a day from the revenues of the abbey. He was of
considerable assistance in obtaining for us our free election, bearing
witness of what was well, and publicly declaring before the King what
he had seen and heard.

At that time the holy child Robert suffered martyrdom, and was buried
in our church; and many signs and wonders were wrought among the
people, as we have elsewhere written.




CHAPTER III

THE CHOICE OF A NEW ABBOT


One year and three months having elapsed since the death of Abbot
Hugh, the King commanded by his letters that our prior and twelve of
the convent, in whose mouth the judgment of our body might agree,
should appear on a certain day before him, to make choice of an abbot.
On the morrow, after the receipt of the letters, we all of us met in
chapter for the purpose of discussing so important a matter. In the
first place the letters of our lord the King were read to the convent;
next we besought and charged the prior, at the peril of his soul, that
he would, according to his conscience, name twelve who were to
accompany him, from whose life and conversation it might be depended
upon that they would not swerve from the right; who, acceding to our
charge, by the dictation of the Holy Ghost named six from one side and
six from the other side of the choir, and without gainsaying satisfied
us on this point. From the right-hand choir were named--Geoffrey of
Fordham, Benedict, Master Dennis, Master Samson the sub-sacrist, Hugh
the third prior, and Master Hermer, at that time a novice; from the
left-hand side--William the sacrist, Andrew, Peter de Broc, Roger the
cellarer, Master Ambrose, Master Walter the physician.

But one said, "What shall be done if these thirteen cannot agree
before our lord the King in the choice of an abbot?" A certain one
answered that that would be to us and to our church a perpetual shame.
Therefore, many were desirous that the choice should be made at home
before the rest departed, so that by this forecast there should be no
disagreement in the presence of the King. But that seemed a foolish
and inconsistent thing to do, without the King's assent; for as yet it
was by no means a settled thing that we should be able to obtain a
free election from the King.

Then said Samson the sub-sacrist, speaking by the spirit of God, "Let
there be a middle course, so that from either side peril may be
avoided. Let four confessors be chosen from the convent, together with
two of the senior priors of the convent, men of good reputation, who,
in the presence of the holy relics, shall lay their hands upon the
Gospels, and choose amongst themselves three men of the convent most
fit for this office, according to the rule of St. Benedict, and put
their names into writing. Let them close up that writing with a seal,
and so being closed up, let it be committed to us who are about to go
to the court. When we shall have come before the King, and it shall
appear that we are to have a free election, then, and not till then,
shall the seal be broken, and so shall we be sure as to the three who
are to be nominated before the King. And let it be agreed amongst us,
that in case our lord the King shall not grant to us one of ourselves,
then the seal shall be brought back intact, and delivered to the six
under oath, so that this secret of theirs shall remain for ever
concealed, at the peril of their souls." In this counsel we all
acquiesced, and four confessors were then named; namely, Eustace,
Gilbert of Alveth, Hugh the third prior, Anthony, and two other old
men, Thurstan and Ruald. Which being done, we went forth chanting
"Verba mea," and the aforesaid six remained behind, having the rule of
St. Benedict in their hands; and they fulfilled that business as it
had been pre-ordained.

Now, whilst these six were treating of their matter, we were thinking
differently of different candidates, all of us taking it for granted
that Samson would be one of the three, considering his travails and
perils of death in his journey to Rome for the advancement of our
church, and how he was badly treated and put in irons and imprisoned
by Hugh the abbot, merely for speaking for the common weal; for he
could not be induced to flatter, although he might be forced to hold
his tongue.

After some delay, the convent being summoned returned to chapter; and
the old men said they had done as they were commanded. Then the prior
asked, "How shall it be if our lord the King will not receive any of
those three who are nominated in the writing?" And it was answered
that whomsoever our lord the King should be willing to accept should
be adopted, provided he were a professed monk of our house. It was
further added, that if those thirteen brethren should see anything
that ought to be amended by another writing, they should so amend it
by common assent or counsel.

Samson the sub-sacrist, sitting at the feet of the prior, said, "It
will be profitable for the church if we all swear by the word of truth
that upon whomsoever the lot of election shall fall, he should treat
the convent according to reason, nor change the chief officers without
the assent of the convent, nor surcharge the sacrist, nor admit any
one to be a monk without assent of the convent." And to this we all of
us assented, holding up our right hands in token of assent. It was,
moreover, provided, that if our lord the King should desire to make a
stranger our abbot, such person should not be adopted by the thirteen,
unless upon counsel of the brethren remaining at home.

Upon the morrow, therefore, those thirteen took their way to court.
Last of all was Samson, the purveyor of their charges, because he was
sub-sacrist, carrying about his neck a little box, in which were
contained the letters of the convent--as if he alone was the servant
of them all--and without an esquire, bearing his frock in his arms,
and going out of the court, he followed his fellows at a distance.

In their journey to the court, the brethren conversing all together,
Samson said that it would be well if they all swore that whosoever
should be made abbot should restore the churches of the lordships
belonging to the convent to the purposes of hospitality; whereto all
agreed, save the prior, who said, "We have sworn enough already; you
may so restrict the abbot that is to be, that I shall not care to
obtain the abbacy." Upon this occasion they swore not at all, and it
was well they did so, for had they sworn to this, the oath would not
have been observed.

On the very day that the thirteen departed we were all sitting
together in the cloister, when William of Hastings, one of our
brethren, said, "I know that we shall have one of our convent to be
abbot." And being asked how he came to be so certain of this, he
replied, that he had beheld in a dream a prophet clothed in white,
standing before the gates of the monastery, and that he asked him, in
the name of God, whether we should have an abbot of our own. And the
prophet answered, "You shall have one of your own body, but he shall
rage among you as a wolf"; of which dream the interpretation followed
in part, because the future abbot cared more to be feared than loved,
as many were accustomed to say.

There also sat along with us another brother, Edmund by name, who
asserted that Samson was about to be abbot, and told a vision he had
seen the previous night. He said he beheld in his dream Roger the
cellarer and Hugh the third prior, standing before the altar, and
Samson in the midst, taller by the shoulders upward, wrapt round with
a long gown down to his feet, looped over his shoulders, and standing
as a champion ready to do battle. And, as it seemed to him in his
dream, St. Edmund arose from his shrine, and, as if sickly, showed his
feet and legs bare. When some one approached and desired to cover the
feet of the saint, the saint said, "Approach me not; behold, he shall
veil my feet," pointing with his finger towards Samson. This is the
interpretation of the dream: By his seeming to be a champion is
signified that the future abbot should always be in travail; at one
time moving a controversy against the Archbishop of Canterbury,
concerning pleas of the Crown, at another time against the knights of
St. Edmund, to compel them to pay their escuages in full; at another
time with the burgesses for standing in the market; at another time
with the sokemen for the suits of the hundreds; even as a champion who
willeth by fighting to overcome his adversaries that he may be able to
gain the rights and liberties of his church. And he veiled the feet of
the holy martyr when he perfectly completed the towers of the church,
commenced a hundred years before.

Such dreams as these did our brethren dream, which were immediately
published throughout the cloister, afterwards through the court lodge,
so that before the evening it was a matter of common talk amongst the
townsfolk, they saying this man and that man are elected, and one of
them will be abbot.

At last the prior and the twelve that were with him, after many
fatigues and delays, stood before the King at Waltham, the manor of
the Bishop of Winchester, upon the second Sunday in Lent. The King
graciously received them; and, saying that he wished to act in
accordance with the will of God and the honour of our church,
commanded the brethren by prolocutors--namely, Richard the Bishop of
Winchester, and Geoffrey the chancellor, afterwards Archbishop of
York--that they should nominate three members of our convent.

The prior and brethren retiring as if to confer thereupon, drew forth
the sealed writing and opened it, and found the names written in this
order--Samson, sub-sacrista; Roger, celerarius; Hugo, tercius prior.
Hereupon those brethren who were of higher standing blushed with
shame; they also marvelled that this same Hugh should be at once
elector and elected. But, inasmuch as they could not alter what was
done, by mutual arrangement they changed the order of the names; first
naming Hugh, because he was third prior; secondly, Roger the cellarer;
thirdly, Samson, thus literally making the last first and the first
last.

The King, first inquiring whether they were born in his realm, and in
whose lordship, said he knew them not, directing that with those
three, some other three of the convent should be nominated. This being
assented to, William the sacrist said, "Our prior ought to be
nominated because he is our head," which was directly allowed. The
prior said, "William the sacrist is a good man"; the like was said of
Dennis, and that was settled. These being nominated before the King
without any delay, the King marvelled, saying, "These men have been
speedy in their work; God is with them."

Next the King commanded that, for the honour of his kingdom, they
should name three persons of other houses. On hearing this, the
brethren were afraid, suspecting some craft. At last, upon conference,
it was resolved that they should name three, but upon this
understanding, that they would not receive any one of those three,
unless by assent of the convent at home. And they named these
three--Master Nicholas of Waringford, afterwards (for a season) Abbot
of Malmesbury; Bertrand, Prior of St. Faith's, afterwards Abbot of
Chertsey; and Master H. of St. Neot's, a monk of Bec, a man highly
religious, and very circumspect in spiritual as well as temporal
affairs.

This being done, the King thanked them, and ordered that three should
be struck off of the nine; and forthwith the three strangers were
struck off, namely, the Prior of St. Faith's, afterwards Abbot of
Chertsey, Nicholas, a monk of St. Albans, afterwards Abbot of
Malmesbury, and the Prior of St. Neot's. William the sacrist
voluntarily retired, two of the five were struck out by command of the
King, and, ultimately, one out of the remaining three. There then
remained but two, the prior and Samson.

Then at length the before-named prolocutors of our lord the King were
called to the council of the brethren: and Dennis, speaking as one for
all, began by commending the persons of the prior and Samson, saying,
that each of them was learned, each was good, each was of meritorious
life and good character. But always in the corner of his discourse he
gave prominence to Samson, multiplying words in his praise, saying
that he was a man strict in life, severe in reforming excesses, and
ready to work hard; heedful, moreover, in secular matters, and
approved in various offices. The Bishop of Winchester replied, "We see
what it is you wish to say; from your address we gather that your
prior seems to you to have been somewhat remiss, and that, in fact,
you wish to have him who is called Samson." Dennis answered, "Either
of them is good, but, by God's help, we desire to have the best." To
whom the bishop, "Of two good men the better should be chosen. Speak
out at once; is it your wish to have Samson?" Whereupon several, in
fact the majority, answered clearly, "We do wish Samson." No one
gainsaid this, though some studiously held their peace, being fearful
of offending either one or the other.

Samson was then named to the King, and after a brief consultation with
those about him, the King called all in, and said, "You present to me
Samson--I know him not; had you presented to me your prior, I should
have accepted him, because I know and am well acquainted with him; but
now I will do as you desire me. Take heed to yourselves; by the very
eyes of God, if you have done ill, I shall call you to severe
account." And he inquired of the prior, whether he assented to this
choice and agreed thereto; who replied that he was well content it
should be so, and that Samson was worthy of a much greater dignity.

Then the elect, falling down at the King's feet and kissing them,
hastily arose, and forthwith went towards the altar, erect in gait,
and with unmoved countenance, singing "Miserere mei Deus," together
with his brethren.

The King, observing this, said to the bystanders, "By the eyes of God,
this abbot-elect thinks himself worthy to govern an abbey!"




CHAPTER IV

SAMSON'S INSTALLATION


Now when the news of the election arrived at the monastery, it
gladdened all the cloister monks and some of the officers also, but
only a few. "It is well," many said, "because it is well." Others
said, "Not so; verily we are all deceived." The elect, before he
returned to us, received his benediction from my lord of Winchester,
who, at the same time, placing the mitre on the head of the abbot, and
the ring on his finger, said, "This is the dignity of the abbots of
St. Edmund; my experience long since taught me this." The abbot,
therefore, keeping three monks with him, despatched the others
homewards, sending word by them of his intended arrival on Palm
Sunday, and giving charge to certain of them to provide the things
necessary for his day of festival.

As he returned homewards, a multitude of new relations came about him
offering to serve him, but he answered all of them that he was content
with the servants of the prior, nor could he retain others until he
had obtained the assent of the convent. Nevertheless, he retained one
knight who was well spoken and learned in the law, not so much upon
the score of relationship, but on account of his usefulness, he being
well practised in secular suits.

This knight he took, while he was fresh to the work, as an assessor in
secular controversies; for he was a new abbot, and inexperienced in
such concerns, as he himself was free to declare: indeed, before he
received the abbacy, he had never been present where gage and safe
pledge had been given.

With the accustomed honours, and with a procession, was he received by
his convent on Palm Sunday. The abbot's reception was in this wise:
overnight he lay at Kentford, and we, at the proper moment, went forth
from the chapter-house to meet him with great solemnity, up to the
gate of the cemetery, with ringing of bells inside the choir and
without. He himself was surrounded by a multitude of men, and when he
espied the fraternity, he dismounted from his horse outside the
threshold of the gate. Causing his shoes to be taken off, he was
received barefooted within the door, and conducted on each side by the
prior and sacrist.

We chanted the responses "Benedictus Dominus," in the office of the
Trinity, and then "Martyri adhuc," in the office of St. Edmund,
leading the abbot up to the high altar. This being finished, the
organs and bells were silenced, and the prayer, "Omnipotens sempiterne
Deus miserere huic," was said by the prior over the abbot, who was
prostrate. An offering was then made by the abbot, and kissing the
shrine, he returned into the choir. There Samson the precentor took
him by the hand and led him to the abbot's throne at the west end;
where, the abbot still standing, the precentor straight-way began, "Te
Deum laudamus," and whilst this was being sung, the abbot was kissed
by the prior and the whole convent in order. This done, the abbot
proceeded to the chapter-house, the whole convent following him, with
many others.

"Benedicite" having been said, in the first place he gave thanks to
the convent that they had chosen him--who was, he said, the least of
them all--to be their lord and shepherd, not on account of his own
merits, but solely by the will of God. And beseeching them briefly
that they would pray for him, he addressed his discourse to the clerks
and knights, requiring them that they should assist him with their
advice according to the burden of the charge entrusted to him. And
Wimer the sheriff, answering for them all, said, "We are ready to
stand by you in counsel and assistance on every occasion, as we did by
our dear lord whom God has called to his glory, and to the glory of
the holy martyr St. Edmund." And then were the charters of the King
concerning the gift of the abbacy produced and read in full audience.
Lastly, after a prayer by the abbot himself, that God might guide him
according to his Divine grace, and "Amen" being responded by all, he
retired to his chamber, spending his day of festival with more than a
thousand dinner guests with great rejoicing.

While these things were taking place I was the prior's chaplain, and
within four months was made the abbot's chaplain, noting many things,
and committing them to memory. On the morrow of his feast the abbot
called to him the prior and some few besides, as if seeking advice
from others, though he himself knew what he would do. He said that a
new seal should be made with a mitred effigy of him, although his
predecessors had not the like; but for a time he used the seal of our
prior, subscribing at the end of all letters, that he had no seal of
his own and therefore he used for the time that of the prior.

Afterwards, setting his household in order, he appointed divers
servants to various duties, saying that he had decided to have
twenty-six horses in his courtyard, and that a child must first creep
and then stand upright and walk. He enjoined this to his servants
beyond all things, that they should take heed that in his new state he
be not dishonoured by a lack of meat and drink, but rather that they
in all things should anxiously provide for the hospitality of the
house. In ordering and appointing these and all other things, he fully
relied upon God's providence and his own understanding, and judged it
beneath him to require counsel at another's hand as if he were not
able to look after his own affairs.

The monks marvelled, the knights were discontented, accusing him of
arrogance, and, in some measure censuring him at the King's court,
saying that he refused to govern according to the advice of his own
freemen. As for him, he removed from his own private counsel the heads
of the abbey, lay as well as clerical; indeed, all those without whose
advice and assistance the abbey, as it seemed, could not be governed.
By reason of this circumstance, Ranulf de Glanville, Justiciary of
England, at first held him in distrust, and was less gracious to him
than was fitting, until it was made clear, by good evidence, that the
abbot had been acting with due caution and prudence in respect of
indoor as well as external matters.

A general court having been summoned, all the barons, knights and
freemen appeared to do homage on the fourth day of Easter; when,
behold, Thomas of Hastings, with a great multitude of knights, came
introducing Henry his nephew, not yet a knight, claiming the
stewardship with its perquisites, according to the tenor of his
charter. To whom the abbot replied, "I do not refuse Henry his right,
nor do I wish so to do. If he were competent to serve me in his own
person, I would assign him necessaries for ten men and eight horses in
my own court-lodge, according to the tenor of his charter. If you
present to me a steward, his deputy, who is competent and able to
perform the duty, I will receive him in the same manner as my
predecessor retained him at the time of his decease, namely, with four
horses and their appurtenances. And if this does not content you, I
shall carry the plaint before the King or his chief justice." Hereupon
the business was deferred.

Ultimately there was presented to him a simple and foolish steward,
Gilbert by name, of whom, before he received him into his household,
he spoke to his friends as follows: "If there be a default in the
administration of the King's justice through the unskilfulness of the
steward, he will be in mercy of the King, and not I, for this, that he
claims the office by hereditary right; and therefore I had much rather
receive him for the present than a sharper witted man to deceive me.
By God's assistance I trust I shall be my own steward."

       *       *       *       *       *

After receipt of the homages, the abbot sued for an aid from the
knights, who promised each twenty shillings; but immediately they took
counsel together and withheld twelve pounds in respect of twelve
knights, alleging that those twelve ought to assist the other forty in
keeping their castle-guards, and for their escuages, as well as in
respect of the abbot's aid. The abbot, hearing this, waxed wroth, and
said to his intimate friends that if he lived long enough he would
give them turn for turn and wrong for wrong.




CHAPTER V

THE NEW ABBOT'S REFORMS


After these things the abbot caused inquisition to be made throughout
each manor, concerning the annual quit rents from the freemen, and the
names of the labourers and their tenements, and the services due from
each; and he reduced all into writing. Likewise he repaired those old
halls and unroofed houses round which hovered kites and crows. He
built new chapels, and likewise inner chambers and upper stories in
many places where there never had been any dwelling-house at all, but
only barns. He also enclosed many parks, which he replenished with
beasts of chase, keeping a huntsman with dogs; and, upon the visit of
any person of quality, sat with his monks in some walk of the wood,
and sometimes saw the coursing of the dogs; but I never saw him take
part in the sport.

He cleared much land, and brought it into tillage, in all things
looking forward to the benefit likely to accrue to the abbey; but I
wish he had been equally careful in assigning the manors of the
convent. Nevertheless, he, for a time, kept our manors of Bradfield
and Rougham in hand, making up the deficiencies of the rents by the
expenditure of forty pounds. These he afterwards reassigned to us when
he heard that dissatisfaction was expressed in the convent, on account
of his keeping our manors in his own hand. Likewise in managing these
manors, as well as in all other matters, he appointed keepers who were
far more careful than their predecessors--some monks, some laymen, to
look after us and our lands more carefully.

He also held the eight hundreds in his own hand, and, after the death
of Robert of Cockfield, he took in hand the hundred of Cosford, all
which he committed to the keeping of those servants who were of his
own table; referring matters of greater moment to his own decision,
and deciding by means of others upon matters of lesser import--indeed,
wringing everything to his own profit.

Moreover, by his command, a general survey was made throughout the
hundreds of the leets and suits, of hidages and foddercorn, of
hen-rents, and of other dues and rents and issues, which, for the
greater part, had ever been concealed by the farmers. He reduced it
all to writing, so that within four years from the time of his
election, there was not one who could defraud him of the rents of the
abbey to the value of a single penny, whereas he himself had not
received from his predecessors any writing touching the management of
the abbey, except one small schedule, wherein were the names of the
knights of St. Edmund and the names of the manors, and what rent was
due on each farm. This book he called his kalendar, wherein also were
entered the debts he had satisfied; and this same book he almost daily
perused, as if in the same he were beholding the face of his honesty
in a glass.

The first day that he held a chapter, he confirmed to us, under his
new seal, sixty shillings from Southrey, which his predecessors had
unjustly received from Edmund, surnamed the golden monk, for the
liberty of holding the same vill to farm all the days of his life. He
also proposed, as a general rule, that from thenceforth no one should
pledge the ornaments of the church without the assent of the convent,
as had been the custom heretofore, nor that any charter should be
sealed with the convent seal, unless in chapter in the presence of the
convent. He appointed Hugh as sub-sacrist, ordering that William the
sacrist should not have anything to do with the sacristy, either in
the matter of receipt or disbursement, unless by his consent. After
this, but not on the same day, he transferred the former keepers of
the offerings to other offices; lastly, he deposed the same William:
wherefore those who liked William said, "Behold the abbot! Lo, here is
the wolf of whom it was dreamed! See how he rages!"

And some of them would have entered into a conspiracy against the
abbot. When this was disclosed to him, he, not caring to be altogether
silent, nor yet to disquiet the convent, entered the chapter-house on
the morrow, and pulled out a little bag full of cancelled deeds, the
seals yet hanging thereto, consisting of the securities, partly of his
predecessor, partly of the prior, partly of the sacrist, partly of the
chamberlain, and other officials, whereof the total was three thousand
and fifty-two pounds and one mark without alloy, besides the interest
that had accrued thereupon, the amount of which could never be
ascertained. All these he had arranged for within one year after his
election, and within twelve years entirely discharged. "Behold," said
he, "the good management of William, our sacrist; look at the
multitude of securities signed with his seal, whereby he has pledged
silken copes, dalmatics, censers of silver and books ornamented with
gold, without the knowledge of the convent, all which I have redeemed
and have restored to you."

He likewise added many other things, showing why he had deposed the
said William: howbeit he suppressed the real cause, not wishing to put
him to open shame. And when he put Samson the precentor in his place,
a person approved by us, and above all objection, everything was quiet
again. Furthermore, the abbot commanded that the houses of the sacrist
in the cemetery should be entirely plucked up, as though they were not
worthy to stand upon the earth, by reason of the frequent
wine-bibbings, and certain other acts not to be named, which he, with
grief and indignation, had witnessed while he was sub-sacrist. So
completely did he obliterate the whole that, within a year, upon the
spot where a noble dwelling had stood, we saw beans growing, and where
casks of wine had lain, nettles abounding.

After the end of Easter, the abbot went over every one of his and our
manors, as well as over those we had confirmed to the farmers in fee,
requiring from all of them aid and acknowledgment, according to the
law of the land. Thus every day he was increasing in secular
knowledge, and was turning his attention to the learning and method of
ordering outdoor affairs. Now when he had come to Warkton, where he
slept at night, there came to him a voice saying, "Samson, arise up
quickly"; and, again, "Get up without delay." Getting up astonished,
he looked around him, and perceived a light in a necessary house,
namely, a candle ready to fall down upon the straw, which Reiner the
monk had carelessly left there. When the abbot had put it out, going
through the house, he perceived the door (which was the sole entrance)
so fastened that it could only be opened by a key--likewise the
windows fastened: so that if a fire had arisen, he, and all with him,
who slept upon that floor, had surely perished, for there was no place
whence they might get out or escape.

At that time, wheresoever the abbot went, there came about him Jews as
well as Christians, demanding debts, and worrying and importuning him
so that he could not sleep. Thereupon he became pale and thin, and was
constantly repeating, "My heart will never rest until I know the
extent of my debts." The feast of St. Michael being come, he took all
his manors into his own hand, with but small store of live or dead
stock; he freely forgave Walter of Hatfield nineteen pounds arrears,
that he might absolutely take back four manors which Hugh the abbot
had confirmed to him, namely, Hargrave and Saxham and Chevington and
Stapleford; Harlow, indeed, the abbot deferred to take to himself on
the present occasion.

Once on a time, as we passed through the forest in returning from
London, I inquired in the hearing of my lord abbot, from an old woman
passing by, whose was this wood, and of what town, who was the lord,
and who was the keeper? She answered that the wood belonged to the
abbot of St. Edmund, as part of the town of Harlow, and that the name
of the keeper was Arnald. When I inquired further, how Arnald
conducted himself towards the men of the town, she answered, that he
was a devil incarnate, an enemy of God, and one to flay the poor
alive; but now, she added, he is afraid of the new abbot of St.
Edmund, whom he believes to be prudent and vigilant, and therefore he
treats the men gently. On hearing this, the abbot was delighted, and
deferred taking to the manor for a season.

At that time there came unexpectedly the news of the death of the wife
of Herlewin of Rungton, who had a charter to hold the same town for
her life; and the abbot said, "Yesterday, I would have given sixty
marks to have freed the manor from this incumbrance, but now God has
freed it." And as he was going thither without delay, that he might
take that town into his own hand, and on the morrow was going to
Tillener, a part of that manor, there came a certain knight offering
thirty marks for the tenure of that carucate of land, with the
appurtenances, by the old rent-service, to wit, four pounds, whereto
the abbot could not agree; and he had therefrom in that year
twenty-five pounds, and the second year twenty pounds.

These and such like things induced him to hold everything in his own
keeping; as it is written elsewhere, "Caesar was all in all." In the
first place, far from being inert, he commenced building barns and
byres, above all things solicitous to dress the land for tillage, and
watchful in preserving the woods, in respect whereof, either in giving
or diminishing, he confessed himself to be a very miser. There was but
one manor, and that was Thorpe, which by his charter he confirmed to
one of English birth, a villein, whose honesty he trusted the more, as
he was a good husbandman, and could not speak French.

Scarcely seven months had elapsed since his election, when, behold!
there were presented to him the letters of our lord the Pope,
appointing him a judge to determine causes, for the execution of which
he was incompetent and inexperienced, although he was thoroughly
imbued with liberal arts and divinity, as befitted a man of learning,
a literate man, educated in the schools and a master in them, known
and approved in his own province. Wherefore he invited two clerks,
learned in the law, and associated them to himself. Of their advice he
availed himself in ecclesiastical matters, employing himself upon the
decrees and decretal epistles, when an opportunity offered; so that
within a short time, as well by references to books as by the handling
of causes, he became reputed a discreet judge, proceeding in every
suit according to form of law; so a certain person said, "Cursed be
the court of this abbot, where neither gold nor silver can help me to
confound my adversary."

In process of time, becoming somewhat practised in secular causes, and
taught by an inborn commonsense, he became of so subtle a wit that all
marvelled; indeed, by Osbert Fitz-Hervey, the under-sheriff, it was
said, "This abbot is a wrangler; if he goes on as he has begun, he
will outwit us all, many as we be." Now the abbot becoming an expert
man in causes of this description, was made a justice errant, but yet
he preserved himself from error and corruption. But "envy aims at the
highest." When his men made their plaints to him in the court of St.
Edmund, because he was unwilling to give hasty judgment, or to
"believe every spirit," but preferred to proceed in due course of law,
well knowing that the merits of causes are developed by the
allegations of the parties, it was said of him that he would not do
justice to any complainant, unless by the intervention of money given
or promised.

Because his aspect was acute and penetrating, with a Cato-like
countenance, rarely smiling, it was said that he inclined to severity
rather than kindness. In receiving amerciaments for any forfeiture, it
was said that "Mercy rejoices against judgment"; for as it seemed to
many, when it became an affair of receiving money, he seldom remitted
what by law he was entitled to take.

In like manner as he advanced in wisdom, so did he advance in
thoughtful care, in respect of keeping and acquiring property, and in
creditably regulating his expenses. But even here many backbiters took
their ground, saying that he resorted to the sacristy at his own
pleasure, sparing his own purse, letting his corn lie by for a dear
season, and taking to his manors in other sort than his predecessors
did, charging the cellarer with the entertainment of those guests he
himself was bound to receive; so that by this craft it might be said
that the abbot was careful and well stocked at the end of the year;
while, on the other hand, the convent and officials were to be
accounted careless and improvident. In reply to these back-bitings, I
used to observe, that if he took anything from the sacrist, he turned
it to the good account of the church, and this none of these
slanderers could deny. And in good truth, greater and more numerous
works were carried out by the help of the offerings to the sacristy
within fifteen years after his election than in the forty years before
it.

To the other objections, that the abbot was fond of betaking himself
to his manors, I was wont to answer, and did excuse him, saying, "The
reason is because the abbot is more in spirits and in good humour
elsewhere than at home." And this was true enough, whether it were by
reason of the frequency of suitors who came about him, or from the
tale-bearers, wherefore it frequently happened that by the appearance
of severity in his face he lost much favour and grace in the eyes of
his guests, notwithstanding they fared well in eating and drinking. I
noticed this, and took an opportunity, when I was with him in private,
to say, "There are two things in which I am much surprised at you."
When he had inquired what these things might be, "One is that in spite
of your position you still encourage the doctrine of the school of
Melun, which says that from a false premiss no conclusion can follow,
and other idle sayings."

To which, when he had said his say, I added, "The other indeed is,
that when you are at home you do not exhibit the same gracious
demeanour you do when elsewhere, nor do you mix in society with those
brethren who have a strong regard for you, and have chosen you for
their lord; but contrariwise, you seldom associate with them, nor do
you, as they say, make yourself on sociable terms with them." Hearing
this, he changed countenance, and hanging down his head, said, "You
are a simpleton, and speak foolishly; you ought to know what Solomon
says--'Hast thou many daughters: show not thyself cheerful toward
them.'" I indeed held my peace from thenceforth, setting a watch on my
mouth.

On another occasion I said, "My lord, I heard you this night after
matins wakeful and sighing heavily, contrary to your usual wont." He
answered, "No wonder; you are partaker of my good things, in meat and
drink, in riding abroad, and such like, but you have little need to
care concerning the conduct of the house and household of the saints,
and arduous business of the pastoral care which harasses me and makes
my spirit to groan and be heavy." Whereto I, lifting up my hands to
heaven, made answer, "From such anxiety, almighty and most merciful
Lord, deliver me!"

I have heard the abbot say, that if he could have been as he was
before he became a monk, and could have had five or six marks of
income wherewith he could have been supported in the schools, he never
would have been monk or abbot. On another occasion he said with an
oath, that if he could have foreseen what and how great a charge it
had been to govern the abbey, he would rather than abbot and lord have
been master of the almonry, and keeper of the books, for this office
he said he had ever desired above all others. Yet who would credit
this? Scarcely myself; and not even myself, except that being
constantly with him by day and night for six years, I had had the
opportunity of becoming fully conversant with the worthiness of his
life and the wisdom of his rule.

He once related to me, that when he was a child of nine years old, he
dreamed that he was standing before the gates of the cemetery of the
church of St. Edmund, and that the devil, with outspread arms, would
have seized him, had not St. Edmund, standing by, taken him in his
arms; whereupon he screamed whilst dreaming in his sleep, "St. Edmund,
save me!" and thus calling upon him whose name he had never heard, he
awoke. His mother was alarmed at such an outcry, but having heard the
dream, took him to St. Edmund for the purpose of praying there; and
when they had come to the gate of the cemetery he said, "See, mother,
this is the place, this is the very same gate which I saw in my dream
when the devil was about to seize me"; and he knew the place as well,
to use his own words, as if he had seen it before with his natural
eyes. The abbot himself interpreted this dream thus: By the devil were
signified the pleasures of this mortal state, which would fain have
drawn him away; but St. Edmund threw his arms around him when he made
him a monk.

Once when he was told that certain of the convent grumbled at some act
of his, he said to me as I sat by him, "Good God! there is need enough
that I should remember that dream wherein it was dreamed of me, before
I was made abbot, that I was to rage among them as a wolf. True it is
that above all earthly things I dread lest the convent behave in such
a way that I shall be compelled so to rage. But even so it is, when
they say or do anything against my will, I bring to mind that dream of
theirs, and although I do rage in my own soul, growling and gnashing
my teeth in secret, I do violence to myself lest I should actually
rage in word or deed," and "My hidden grief chokes me and my heart
surges within me."

Although by nature he was quick to wrath, and easily kindled to anger,
yet with a great struggle he mostly restrained his temper in view of
the dignity he held. Concerning which he sometimes used to boast,
"This and that I saw, this and that I heard, yet I held my peace." The
abbot once said, seated in chapter, certain words by which he seemed
to eagerly desire the good-will of the monastery. "I do not wish," he
said, "that any one should come to me to accuse another, unless he is
willing to say the same openly. If any one does otherwise, I will
publicly proclaim the name of the accuser. I wish also that every
cloister monk shall have free access to me, that he may speak to me,
whenever he chooses, concerning all things necessary to him." This he
said, because our leaders in the days of Abbot Hugh, wishing that
nothing should be done in the monastery except through them, had
decreed that no cloister monk should speak with the abbot unless he
had first told the abbot's chaplain what he wished to speak about.

On a certain day he made an order in chapter, that every one who had a
seal of his own should give it up to him, and so it was accordingly
done, and there were found three-and-thirty seals. He himself
explained the reason of this order, forbidding that any official
should incur any debt above twenty shillings without the assent of the
prior and convent, as had been the custom heretofore. To the prior and
to the sacrist, indeed, he returned their seals, but kept the rest
himself.

At another time he ordered to be delivered up to him all the keys of
the chests, cupboards, and hanapers, strictly enjoining that
thenceforth none presume to have a chest or anything locked up, unless
by special permission, or otherwise possess anything beyond what the
rule allows. Notwithstanding this he gave general licence to every one
of us to have money to the amount of two shillings, if so much
happened to have been given to us by way of charity; so that it might
be expended upon poor relations, or for purposes of piety.

On another occasion the abbot said, that he was desirous of adhering
to our ancient custom respecting the entertainment of guests; that is,
when the abbot is at home, he is to receive all guests of whatsoever
condition they may be, except religious and priests of secular habit,
and except their men who present themselves at the gate of the court
in the name of their masters; but if the abbot be not at home, then
all guests of whatsoever condition are to be received by the cellarer
up to thirteen horses. But if a layman or clerk shall come with more
than thirteen horses, they shall be entertained by the servants of the
abbot, either within the court-lodge, or without, at the expense of
the abbot. All religious men, even bishops if they happen to be monks,
are to be charged upon the cellary and at the expense of the convent,
unless the abbot will do any one special honour, and entertain him in
his own hall at his own expense.




CHAPTER VI

SAMSON'S PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS


The abbot Samson was of middle stature, nearly bald, having a face
neither round nor yet long, a prominent nose, thick lips, clear and
very piercing eyes, ears of the nicest sense of hearing, arched
eyebrows, often shaved; and he soon became hoarse from a short
exposure to cold. On the day of his election he was forty and seven
years old, and had been a monk seventeen years. He had then a few grey
hairs in a reddish beard, and a very few in a black and somewhat curly
head of hair. But within fourteen years after his election it became
as white as snow.

He was a man remarkably temperate, never slothful, of strong
constitution, and willing to ride or walk till old age gained upon him
and moderated such inclination. On hearing the news of the Cross being
taken, and the loss of Jerusalem, he began to use under garments of
horsehair and a horsehair shirt, and to abstain from flesh and flesh
meats. Nevertheless, he desired that meats should be placed before him
at table for the increase of the alms dish. Sweet milk, honey and such
like sweet things he ate with greater appetite than other food.

He abhorred liars, drunkards and talkative folk; for virtue ever is
consistent with itself and rejects contraries. He also much condemned
persons given to murmur at their meat or drink, and particularly monks
who were dissatisfied therewith, himself adhering to the uniform
course he had practised when a monk. He had likewise this virtue in
himself, that he never changed the mess set before him.

Once when I, then a novice, happened to be serving in the refectory, I
wished to prove if this were true, and I thought I would place before
him a mess which would have displeased any other than him, in a very
black and broken dish. But when he looked at it, he was as one that
saw it not. Some delay took place, and I felt sorry that I had so
done; and snatching away the dish, I changed the mess and the dish for
a better, and brought it to him; but this substitution he took in ill
part, and was angry with me for it.

An eloquent man was he, both in French and Latin, but intent more on
the substance and method of what was to be said than on the style of
words. He could read English books most admirably, and was wont to
preach to the people in English, but in the dialect of Norfolk, where
he was born and bred; and so he caused a pulpit to be set up in the
church for the ease of the hearers, and for the ornament of the
church. The abbot also seemed to prefer an active life to one of
contemplation, and rather commended good officials than good monks. He
very seldom approved of any one on account of his literary
acquirements, unless he also possessed sufficient knowledge of secular
matters; and whenever he chanced to hear that any prelate had resigned
his pastoral care and become an anchorite, he did not praise him for
it. He never applauded men of too compliant a disposition, saying, "He
who endeavours to please all, ought to please none."

In the first year of his being abbot, he appeared to hate all
flatterers, and especially among the monks; but in process of time it
seemed that he heard them more readily, and was more familiar with
them. It once happened that a certain brother of ours, skilled in this
art, had bent the knee before him, and under the pretence of giving
advice, had poured the oil of flattery into his ears. I, standing
apart, smiled. The brother having departed, I was called and asked why
I had smiled. I answered, "The world is full of flatterers." And the
abbot replied, "My son, it is long that I have known flatterers; I
cannot, therefore, avoid hearing them. There are many things to be
passed over and taken no notice of, if the peace of the convent is to
be preserved. I will hear what they have to say, but they shall not
deceive me if I can help it, as they did my predecessor, who trusted
so unadvisedly to their counsel that for a long time before his death
he had nothing for himself or his household to eat, unless it were
obtained on trust from creditors; nor was there anything to be
distributed among the poor on the day of his burial, unless it were
the fifty shillings which were received from Richard the farmer, of
Palgrave, which very fifty shillings the same Richard on another
occasion had to pay to the King's bailiffs, who demanded the entire
farm-rent for the King's use." With this saying I was comforted. His
study, indeed, was to have a well-regulated house, and enough
wherewith to keep his household, so managing that the usual allowance
for a week, which his predecessor could not make last for five days,
sufficed him for eight, nine or even ten days, if so be that he was at
his manors without any extraordinary arrival of guests. Every week,
indeed, he audited the expenses of the house, not by deputy, but in
his own person, which his predecessor had never been wont to do.

For the first seven years he had only four courses in his house,
afterwards only three, except presents and game from his parks, or
fish from his ponds. And if at any time he retained any one in his
house at the request of a great man, or of a particular friend, or
messengers, or minstrels, or any person of that description, by taking
the opportunity of going beyond sea or travelling afar off, he
prudently disencumbered himself of such hangers-on.

The monks with whom the abbot had been the most intimate, and whom he
liked best before he became abbot, he seldom promoted to offices
merely for old acquaintance' sake, unless they were fit persons.
Wherefore certain of our brethren who had been favourable to his
election as abbot, said that he cared less for those who had liked him
before he became abbot than was proper, and particularly that those
were most favoured by him who both openly and in secret had spoken
evil of him, nay, had even publicly called him, in the hearing of
many, a passionate unsociable man, a proud fellow, and Norfolk
barrator. But on the other hand, as after he had received the abbacy
he exhibited no indiscreet partiality for his old friends, so he
refrained from showing anything like hatred or dislike to many others
according to their deserts, returning frequently good for evil, and
doing good to them that persecuted him.

He had this way also, which I have never observed in any other man,
that he had an affectionate regard for many to whom he seldom or never
showed a countenance of love; according to the common proverb which
says, "Where love is, there is the regard of love." And another thing
I wondered at in him was, that he knowingly suffered loss in his
temporal matters from his own servants, and confessed that he winked
at them; but this I believe to have been the reason, that he might
watch a convenient opportunity when the matter could be advisedly
remedied, or that by passing over these matters without notice, he
might avoid a greater loss.

He loved his kinsmen indifferently, but not less tenderly than others,
for he had not, or assumed not to have, any relative within the third
degree. I have heard him state that he had relations who were noble
and gentle, whom he never would in any wise recognize as relations;
for, as he said, they would be more a burden than an honour to him, if
they should happen to find out their relationship. But he always
acknowledged those as kinsmen who had treated him as such when he was
a poor monk. Some of these relations (that is, those whom he found
useful and suitable) he appointed to various offices in his own house,
others he made keepers of manors. But those whom he found unworthy, he
irrevocably dismissed from his presence.

A certain man of lowly station, who had managed his patrimony
faithfully, and had served him devotedly in his youth, he looked upon
as his dearest kinsman, and gave to his son, who was a clerk, the
first church that fell vacant after he came to the charge of the
abbey, and also advanced all the other sons of this man.

He invited to him a certain chaplain who had maintained him in the
schools of Paris by the sale of holy water, and bestowed upon him an
ecclesiastical benefice sufficient for his maintenance by way of
vicarage. He granted to a certain servant of his predecessor food and
clothing all the days of his life, he being the very man who put the
fetters upon him at his lord's command when he was cast into prison.
To the son of Elias, the cupbearer of Hugh the abbot, when he came to
do homage for his father's land, he said, in full court, "I have for
these seven years deferred taking your homage for the land which the
abbot Hugh gave your father, because that gift was to the damage of
the manor of Elmswell. Now I am overcome when I call to my mind what
your father did for me when I was in fetters, for he sent to me a
portion of the very wine whereof his lord had been drinking, and bade
me be strong in God." To Master Walter, the son of Master William of
Diss, suing at his grace for the vicarage of the church of Chevington,
he replied, "Your father was master of the schools, and at the time
when I was a poor clerk he granted me freely and in charity an
entrance to his school, and the means of learning; now I, for the sake
of God, do grant you what you ask."

He addressed two knights of Risby, William and Norman, at the time
when they were adjudged to be in his mercy, publicly in this wise:
"When I was a cloister monk, sent to Durham upon business of our
church, and thence returning through Risby, being benighted, I sought
a night's lodging from Norman, and I received a blank refusal; but
going to the house of William, and seeking shelter, I was honourably
entertained by him. Now, therefore, those twenty shillings, which are
'the mercy,' I will without mercy exact from Norman; but contrariwise,
to William I give thanks, and the amerciament of twenty shillings that
is due from him I do with pleasure remit."

A certain young girl, seeking her food from door to door, complained
to the abbot that one of the sons of Richard, the son of Drogo, had
forced her; and at length, by the suggestion of the abbot, for the
sake of peace, she took one mark in satisfaction. The abbot, moreover,
took from the same Richard four marks for licence to agree; but all
those five marks he ordered forthwith to be given to a certain
chapman, upon the condition that he should take this poor woman to
wife.

In the town of St. Edmund, the abbot purchased stone houses, and
assigned them for the use of the schools, so that thereby the poor
clerks should be for ever free from house-rent, towards payment
whereof all the scholars, whether rich or poor, were compelled twice
in the year to subscribe a penny or a halfpenny.

The recovery of the manor of Mildenhall for one thousand and one
hundred marks of silver, and the expulsion of the Jews from the town
of St. Edmund, and the founding of the new hospital at Babwell, are
proofs of great virtue.

The lord abbot sought from the King letters enjoining that the Jews
should be driven away from the town of St. Edmund, he stating that
whatsoever is within the town of St. Edmund, or within the banlieue
thereof, of right belongs to St. Edmund: therefore the Jews ought to
become the men of St. Edmund, otherwise they should be expelled from
the town. Licence was accordingly given that he might put them forth,
saving, nevertheless, that they had all their chattels and the value
of their houses and lands. And when they were expelled, and with an
armed force conducted to divers towns, the abbot gave order that all
those that from henceforth should harbour or entertain Jews in the
town of St. Edmund should be solemnly excommunicated in every church
and at every altar. Howbeit it was afterwards conceded by the King's
justices that if the Jews should come to the great pleas of the abbot
to demand their debts from their debtors, on such occasion they might
for two days and two nights lodge within the town, and on the third
day be permitted to depart freely.

The abbot offered King Richard five hundred marks for the manor of
Mildenhall, stating that the manor was worthy sixty and ten pounds by
the year, and for so much had been recorded in the great roll of
Winchester. And when he had conceived hopes of success in his
application, the matter rested till the morrow. In the meanwhile there
came a certain person to the King, telling him that this manor was
well worth yearly a hundred pounds. On the morrow, therefore, when the
abbot urged his suit, the King said, "It is of no avail my lord abbot,
what you ask me; you shall either give a thousand marks, or you shall
not have the manor." And whereas the Queen Eleanor, according to the
custom of the realm, ought to have one hundred marks where the King
receives a thousand, she took of us a great gold cup of the value of a
hundred marks, and gave us back the same cup for the soul of her lord,
King Henry, who first gave the same cup to St. Edmund. On another
occasion, when the treasure of our church was carried to London for
the ransom of King Richard, the same Queen redeemed that cup for one
hundred marks, and restored it to us, taking in return our charter
from us as an evidence of our most solemn promise, that we should
never again alienate that cup from our church upon any occasion
whatever.

Now, when all this money, which was got together with great
difficulty, had been paid, the abbot held a chapter, and said he ought
to have some portion of the great advantage derivable from so valuable
a manor. And the convent answered that it was just, and "Let it be
according to your wish." The abbot replied that he could well claim
the half part as his own right, demonstrating that he had paid towards
this purchase more than four hundred marks, with much inconvenience to
himself. But he said that he would be content with a certain allotment
of that manor called Icklingham, which was most freely granted him by
the convent. When the abbot heard this, he said, "And I do accept this
part of the land to my own use, but not that I intend to keep the same
in my own hand, or that I shall give it to my relations, but for the
good of my soul and for all your souls in common, I give the same to
the new hospital at Babwell, for the relief of the poor, and the
maintenance of hospitality." As he said, so it was done, and
afterwards confirmed by the King's Charter.

These and all other like things worthy to be written down and lauded
for ever did the abbot Samson. But he said he had done nothing, unless
he could have our church dedicated in his lifetime; which done, he
said he wished to die. For the solemnization of this act, he said he
was ready to pay two thousand marks of silver, so that the King should
be present, and the affair be completed with the reverence it
demanded.

The abbot was informed that the church of Woolpit was vacant, Walter
of Coutances being chosen to the bishopric of Lincoln. He presently
convened the prior and great part of the convent, and taking up his
story thus began: "You well know what trouble I had in respect of the
church of Woolpit; and in order that it should be obtained for your
exclusive use I journeyed to Rome at your instance, in the time of the
schism between Pope Alexander and Octavian. I passed through Italy at
that time when all clerks bearing letters of our lord the Pope
Alexander were taken. Some were imprisoned, some hanged, and some,
with nose and lips cut off, sent forward to the pope, to his shame and
confusion. I, however, pretended to be Scotch; and putting on the garb
of a Scotchman, and the gesture of one, I often brandished my staff,
in the way they use that weapon called a gaveloc, at those who mocked
me, using threatening language, after the manner of the Scotch. To
those that met and questioned me as to who I was, I answered nothing,
but, 'Ride ride Rome, turne Cantwereberei.' This did I to conceal
myself and my errand, and that I should get to Rome safer in the guise
of a Scotchman.

"Having obtained letters from the pope, even as I wished, on my return
I passed by a certain castle, as my way led me from the city; and
behold the officers thereof came about me, laying hold upon me, and
saying, 'This vagabond who makes himself out to be a Scotchman is
either a spy or bears letters from the false pope Alexander.' And
while they examined my ragged clothes, and my boots, and my breeches,
and even the old shoes which I carried over my shoulders, after the
fashion of the Scotch, I thrust my hand into the little wallet which I
carried, wherein was contained the letter of our lord the pope, placed
under a little cup I had for drinking. The Lord God and St. Edmund so
permitting, I drew out both the letter and the cup together, so that
extending my arm aloft, I held the letter underneath the cup. They
could see the cup plain enough, but they did not see the letter; and
so I got clear out of their hands, in the name of the Lord. Whatever
money I had about me they took away; therefore I had to beg from door
to door, without any payment, until I arrived in England.

"But hearing that this church had been given to Geoffrey Ridel, my
soul was heavy, because I had laboured in vain. Coming, therefore,
home, I crept under the shrine of St. Edmund, fearing lest the abbot
should seize and imprison me, although I deserved no punishment; nor
was there a monk who durst speak to me, or a layman who durst bring me
food except by stealth. At last, upon consideration, the abbot sent me
to Acre in exile, and there I remained a long time.

"These and innumerable other things have I endured on account of this
church of Woolpit, but, blessed be God, who works all things together,
behold! this very church, for which I have borne so many sufferings is
given into my hand, and now I have the power of presenting it to
whomsoever I will, because it is vacant. And now I restore it to the
convent, and I assign to its exclusive use, the ancient custom or
pension of ten marks, which you have lost for upwards of sixty years.
I had much rather have given it to you entire, could I have done so;
but I know that the Bishop of Norwich might gainsay this; or even if
he did grant it, he would make it an occasion to claim to himself such
subjection and obedience from you as it is not advisable or expedient
you should acknowledge. Therefore let us do that which by law we may;
that is, put a clerk in as vicar, who shall account to the bishop for
the spiritualities, and to yourselves for ten marks. I propose, if you
all agree, that this vicarage be given to some kinsman of Roger de
Hengham, a monk, and one of your brethren who was joined with me in
that expedition to Rome, and was exposed to the same perils as myself,
and in respect of the very same matter."

       *       *       *       *       *

This said, we all rose and gave thanks; and Hugh, a clerk, brother of
the said Roger, was nominated to the aforesaid church, saving to us
our pension of ten marks.




CHAPTER VII

THE ABBOT AS PEER OF PARLIAMENT


In that manor of the monks of Canterbury which is called Eleigh, and
is within the hundred of the abbot, a case of homicide occurred; but
the men of the archbishop would not permit that those manslayers
should stand their trial in the court of St. Edmund. Thereupon the
abbot made his plaint to King Henry, stating that Baldwin the
archbishop was claiming for himself the liberties of our church, under
authority of a new charter, which the King had given to the church of
Canterbury after the death of St. Thomas. The King hereupon made
answer, that he had never made any grant in derogation of the rights
of our church, nor did he wish to take away from St. Edmund anything
that had ever belonged to him.

On this intelligence, the abbot said to his most intimate advisers,
"It is the better counsel that the archbishop should have to complain
of me than I of the archbishop. I will put myself in seisin of this
liberty, and afterwards will defend myself thereupon by the help of
St. Edmund, whose right our charters testify it to be." Therefore
suddenly and at daybreak, by the assistance of Robert of Cockfield,
there were dispatched about fourscore men to the town of Eleigh, who
took by surprise those three manslayers, and led them bound to St.
Edmund, and cast them into the body of the gaol there.

Now, the archbishop complaining of this, Ranulf de Glanville, the
justiciary, commanded that those men be put by gage and pledges to
stand their trial in that court wherein they ought to stand trial; and
the abbot was summoned to come before the King's court to answer
touching the violence and injury which he was said to have done to the
archbishop. The abbot thereupon offered himself several times without
any essoin.

At length, upon Ash Wednesday, they stood before the King in the
chapter house of Canterbury, and the charters of the King on one side
and the other were read in court. And our lord the King said: "These
charters are of the same age, and emanate from the same King, Edward.
I know not what I can say, unless it be that these charters contradict
each other." To whom the abbot said: "Whatever observations may apply
to the charters, we are seised, and hitherto have been; and of this I
am willing to put myself upon the verdict of the two counties of
Norfolk and Suffolk, if they do allow this to be the case."

But Archbishop Baldwin, having first conferred with his advisers, said
that the men of Norfolk and Suffolk greatly loved St. Edmund, and that
great part of those counties was under the control of the abbot, and
therefore he was unwilling to stand by their decision. The King at
this waxed wroth, and in indignation got up, and in departing said,
"He that is able to receive it, let him receive it." And so the matter
was put off, and the case is yet undecided.

However, I observed that some of the men of the monks of Canterbury
were wounded even to death by the country folk of the town of Milden,
which is situate in the hundred of St. Edmund; and because they knew
that the prosecutor ought to make suit to the jurisdiction wherein the
culprit is, they chose to be silent and to put up with it, rather than
make complaint thereupon to the abbot or his bailiffs, because in no
wise would they come into the court of St. Edmund to plead there.

After this the men of Eleigh set up a certain cucking-stool, whereat
justice was to be done in respect of deceits in the measuring of bread
or corn; whereof the abbot complained to the Lord Bishop of Ely, then
justiciary and chancellor. But he was anything but desirous to hear
the abbot, because it was said that he was smelling after the
archbishopric, which at that time was vacant. Some time afterwards,
when he had come on a visitation, being entertained as legate, before
he departed he made a speech at the shrine of the holy martyr. The
abbot, seizing the opportunity, said to all present, "My lord bishop,
the liberty which the monks of Canterbury claim for themselves is the
right of St. Edmund, whose body is here present; and because you do
not choose to render me assistance to protect the privileges of his
church, I place that plaint between him and you. Let him from
henceforth get justice done to himself." The chancellor deigned not to
answer a single word; but within a year from that time was driven from
England, and experienced divine vengeance.

Now when the same chancellor, on his return from Germany, had arrived
at Ipswich, and rested the night at Hitcham, news was brought that he
wished to take St. Edmund in his way, and would hear mass with us on
the morrow. The abbot, therefore, gave strict injunctions that the
offices of the church should not be celebrated so long as the
chancellor was present in the church; for he said he had heard at
London that the Bishop of London had pronounced in the presence of six
bishops that the Chancellor was excommunicate, and had left England
excommunicate, particularly for the violence he committed upon the
Archbishop of York at Dover.

Therefore when the chancellor came to us on the morrow, he found no
one, neither clerk nor monk, who would sing a mass. Indeed, not only
the priest standing at the first mass, and beginning the canon of the
mass, but the other priests standing before the altars, ceased,
remaining with unmoved lips until a messenger came, saying that he had
departed from the church. The chancellor put up with it at the time,
but did many injuries to the abbot, until at length, by the
intervention of friends, both parties returned to the kiss of peace.

When King Henry had taken the Cross, and had come to us within a month
afterwards to pay his devotions, the abbot privily made for himself a
cross of linen cloth, and holding in one hand the cross and a needle
and thread, he requested licence from the King to take upon himself
the cross. But this privilege was denied him, upon the suggestion of
John, Bishop of Norwich, who said that it was not expedient for the
country, or indeed safe for the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, that
the Bishop of Norwich and the Abbot of St. Edmund should be both away
at the same time.

When the news came to London of the capture of King Richard and his
imprisonment in Germany, and the barons met to take counsel thereupon,
the abbot started up before them all, saying that he was quite ready
to seek his lord the King, either in disguise or any other way, until
he had discovered where he was, and had gained certain intelligence of
him; by reason whereof he obtained great approbation.

When the chancellor, the Bishop of Ely, filled the office of legate,
and in that capacity was holding a council at London, he proposed
certain decrees against the black monks, taking notice of their
wandering to St. Thomas and St. Edmund, on the excuse of pilgrimage,
and inveighed against abbots, restricting them in the number of their
horses. Abbot Samson replied, "We do not admit any decree against that
rule of St. Benedict which allows the abbots the free and absolute
government of their monks. I keep the barony of St. Edmund and his
kingdom; nor are thirteen horses sufficient for me as they may be for
some abbots, unless I have more to enable me to execute the King's
justice."

Whilst there was war throughout England, during the captivity of King
Richard, the abbot, with his whole convent, solemnly excommunicated
all movers of the war and disturbers of the public peace, not fearing
the Earl John, the King's brother, nor any other, so that he was
styled the "stout-hearted abbot." After this he went to the siege of
Windsor, where he appeared in armour with certain other abbots of
England, having his own standard, and retaining many knights at heavy
charges, being more remarkable there for his counsel than for his
piety. But we cloister folk thought this act rather perilous, fearing
lest in consequence some future abbot might be compelled to attend in
person upon any warlike expedition. On the conclusion of a truce he
went into Germany, and there visited the King with many gifts.

After the return of King Richard to England, licence was granted for
holding tournaments; for which purpose many knights met between
Thetford and St. Edmund. The abbot forbade them; but they, resisting,
fulfilled their desire. On another occasion there came twenty-four
young men with their followers, sons of noblemen, to have their
revenge at the aforesaid place; which being done, they returned into
the town to put up there. The abbot hearing of this, ordered the gates
to be locked, and all of them to be kept within. The next day was the
vigil of Peter and Paul the apostles. Therefore, having passed their
word and promising that they would not go forth without permission,
they all dined with the abbot on that day. After dinner, when the
abbot retired to his chamber, they all arose and began to carol and
sing, sending into the town for wine, drinking and then shouting,
depriving the abbot and convent of their sleep, and doing everything
in scorn of the abbot. They spent the day until the evening in this
manner; and refused to desist, even when the abbot commanded them. But
when evening was come, they broke open the gates of the town and went
forth by force. The abbot, indeed, solemnly excommunicated all of
them, yet not without first consulting Archbishop Hubert, at that time
justiciary; and many of them came, promising amendment and seeking
absolution.

The abbot often sent his messengers to Rome, by no means empty-handed.
The first he sent, immediately after he was consecrated, obtained in
general terms all the liberties and privileges which had been granted
of yore to his predecessors, even in the time of the schism. Next he
obtained, first among the abbots of England, that he might be able to
give episcopal benediction solemnly, wheresoever he might happen to
be, and this he obtained for himself and for his successors.
Afterwards he obtained a general exemption for himself and his
successors, from all Archbishops of Canterbury, which Abbot Hugh had
only acquired for himself personally. In these confirmations Abbot
Samson caused to be inserted many new privileges for the greater
liberty and security of our church.

There once came a certain clerk to the abbot, bearing letters of
request for procuring a benefice. And the abbot, drawing forth from
his desk seven apostolic writings, with the leaden seals hanging to
them, made answer: "Look at these apostolic writings, whereby divers
popes require that certain benefices should be given to divers clerks.
When I shall have quieted those who have come before you, I will give
you your rent; for he who first cometh to the mill ought first to have
his grist."

There was a general court summoned for the hundred of Risbridge, to
hear the plaint and trial of the Earl of Clare, at Witham. He, indeed,
accompanied by many barons and knights, including the Earl Alberic and
many others, stated that his bailiffs had given him to understand that
they were accustomed to receive yearly for his use five shillings from
the hundred and the bailiffs of the hundred, and that this was now
unjustly detained; and he alleged that the land of Alfric, the son of
Withgar, who had in ancient time been lord of that hundred, had been
granted to his predecessors at the conquest of England. But the abbot,
taking thought for his own interest, without stirring from his place,
answered, "It is a strange thing, my lord earl; your case fails you.
King Edward the Confessor gave, and by his charter confirmed, to St.
Edmund, this entire hundred; and of those five shillings there is no
mention made therein. You must tell us for what service, or for what
reason, you demand those five shillings." And the earl, after advising
with his attendants, replied that it was his office to carry the
standard of St. Edmund in battle, and for that cause the five
shillings were due to him. The abbot answered, "Of a truth it seems a
mean thing that such a man as the Earl of Clare, should receive such a
petty gift for such a service. To the Abbot of St. Edmund, it is but a
slight grievance to give five shillings. The Earl Roger Bigot holds
himself as seised, and asserts that he is seised, of the office of
bearing the standard of St. Edmund; indeed, he actually did bear it
when the earl of Leicester was taken and the Flemings destroyed.
Thomas of Mendham also claims this as his right. When, therefore, you
shall have proved against these your right, I will with great pleasure
pay you the five shillings you now seek to recover of me." The earl
upon this said that he would talk the matter over with the Earl Roger,
his kinsman, and so the matter was put off even to this day.

On the death of Robert of Cockfield, there came Adam, his son, and
with him many of his relations, the Earl Roger Bigot, and many other
great men, and made suit to the abbot for the tenements of the
aforesaid Adam, and especially for the half hundred of Cosford, to be
held by the annual payment of one hundred shillings, just as if it had
been his hereditary right; indeed, they all said that his father and
his grandfather had held it for fourscore years past and more.

When the abbot got an opportunity of speaking, putting his two fingers
up to his two eyes, he said, "May I be deprived of these eyes on that
day, nay, in that hour, wherein I grant to any one a hundred to be
held in hereditary right, unless indeed the King, who is able to take
away from me the abbey and my life with it, should force me to do so."

Explaining to them the reason of that saying, he averred, "If any one
were to hold a hundred as an inheritance, and he should make forfeit
to the King in any wise, so that he ought to lose his inheritance,
forthwith will the Sheriff of Suffolk and the King's bailiffs have
seisin of the hundred, and exercise their own power within our
liberties; and if they should have the ward of the hundred, the
liberty of the eight hundreds and a half will be endangered."

And then addressing himself to Adam, he said, "If you, who claim an
inheritance in this hundred, should take to wife any free woman who
should hold but one acre of land of the King in chief; the King, after
your death, would possess himself of all that your tenement, together
with the wardship of your son, if he be under age; and thus the King's
bailiffs would enter upon the hundred of St. Edmund, to the prejudice
of the abbot. Besides all this, your father acknowledged to me that he
claimed nothing by right of inheritance in the hundred; but because
his service was satisfactory to me, I permitted him to hold it all the
days of his life, according as he deserved of me."

Upon the abbot saying thus much, money was offered; but he could not
be persuaded by words or money. At last it was settled between them
thus: Adam disclaimed the right which he had by word of mouth claimed
in the hundred, and the abbot confirmed to him all his other lands;
but touching our town of Cockfield, no mention was made of that, nor
indeed is it believed that he had a charter thereof; Semer and Groton
he was to hold for the term of his life.

Herbert the dean erected a windmill upon Haberdon. When the abbot
heard of this, his anger was so kindled that he would scarcely eat or
utter a single word. On the morrow, after hearing mass, he commanded
the sacrist, that without delay he should send his carpenters thither
and overturn it altogether, and carefully put by the wooden materials
in safe keeping.

The dean, hearing this, came to him saying that he was able in law to
do this upon his own frank fee, and that the benefit of the wind ought
not to be denied to any one. He further said that he only wanted to
grind his own corn there, and nobody else's, lest it should be
imagined that he did this to the damage of the neighbouring mills. The
abbot, his anger not yet appeased, answered, "I give you as many
thanks as if you had cut off both my feet; by the mouth of God I will
not eat bread until that building be plucked down. You are an old man,
and you should have known that it is not lawful even for the King or
his justiciary to alter or appoint a single thing within the banlieue,
without the permission of the abbot and convent; and why have you
presumed to do such a thing? Nor is this without prejudice to my
mills, as you assert, because the burgesses will run to you and grind
their corn at their pleasure, nor can I by law turn them away, because
they are freemen. Nor would I endure that the mill of our cellarer,
lately set up, should stand, except that it was erected before I was
abbot. Begone," he said, "begone; before you have come to your house,
you shall hear what has befallen your mill."

But the dean being afraid before the face of the abbot, by the counsel
of his son, Master Stephen, forestalled the servants of the sacrist,
and without delay caused that very mill which had been erected by his
own servants to be overthrown. So that when the servants of the
sacrist came thither, they found nothing to be pulled down.

The abbot was sued in respect of the advowson of certain churches, and
gained the case. Certain others he also retained, although his right
thereto was challenged, viz., the church of Westley, of Meringthorp,
of Brettenham, of Wendling, of Pakenham, of Nowton, of Bradfield in
Norfolk, the moiety of the church of Boxford, the church of Scaldwell,
and the church of Endgate. All these, although the right was
challenged by others, he retained, and he restored to his own right of
patronage three portions of the church of Dickleburgh, and brought
back the tenements belonging to those shares to the frank fee of the
church, saving the service which was due therefrom to the manor of
Tivetshall. But the church of Boxford being void, when an inquest was
summoned thereupon, there came five knights tempting the abbot, and
inquiring what it was they ought to swear.

The abbot would neither give nor promise to them anything, but said,
"When the oath shall be administered, declare the right according to
your consciences." They, indeed, being discontented, departed, and by
their inquest took away from him the advowson of that church, namely,
the last presentation. Nevertheless, he ultimately recovered it after
many charges, and for a fine of ten marks.

The abbot also retained the church of Honington. This had not become
vacant, but the right was challenged in the time of Durand of
Hostesley, although he produced as evidence of his right the charter
of William, Bishop of Norwich, wherein it was specified that Robert of
Valognes, his father-in-law, had given that church to Ernald Lovell.

The moiety of the church of Hopton being void, a controversy arose
thereupon between the abbot and Robert of Elm; and a day of hearing
being appointed at Hopton, after much altercation, the abbot being
guided by I know not what sudden impulse, said to the aforesaid
Robert, "Do you but swear that this is your right, and I will allow
that it shall be so." And since that knight refused to swear, it was
by the consent of each party, referred to the oath of sixteen lawful
men of the hundred, who swore that this belonged to the abbot as his
right. Gilbert Fitz-Ralph and Robert of Cockfield, lords of that fee,
were there present and consenting thereto.

Thereupon, Master Jordan de Ros, who had the charter of abbot Hugh, as
well as the charter of the aforesaid Robert, starting forward, urged
that whichever of them succeeded in proving his claim to the church,
he (Jordan) might hold the parsonage, that he was parson of the whole
church, and that the clerk last deceased had been his vicar, rendering
him a yearly payment for that moiety. In proof thereof he produced the
charter of Walchelin the archdeacon.

The abbot, greatly moved and angry with him, never received him in a
friendly manner, until the said Jordan, in a chapter of the monks at
Thetford, at the abbot's instance, resigned into the hands of the
bishop there present that very moiety, without any reservation or
expectation of afterwards recovering the same, before a great
multitude of clerks. This done, the abbot said, "My lord bishop, I am
engaged by promise to bestow the rent upon some one your clerk; and I
now give this moiety of this church to whomsoever of your clerks you
will." Then the bishop requested that in a friendly manner it should
be given to the same Master Jordan; and so upon the presentation of
the abbot, Jordan got it back again.

Afterwards a controversy arose between the abbot and the same Jordan,
touching the land of Herard in Harlow, whether it were the frank fee
of the church or not. And when there was summoned a jury of twelve
knights to make inquest in the king's court, the inquest was taken in
the court of the abbot at Harlow, by the licence of Ranulf de
Glanville, and the recognitors swore that they never knew that land at
any time to have been separated from the church, but nevertheless that
land owed such service to the abbot as that to which the land of
Eustace, and certain other lands of laymen in the same town were
subject. At length it was agreed between them thus: Master Jordan in
full court acknowledged that land to be lay fee, and that he claimed
nothing therein, unless by the abbot's grace. He will therefore hold
that land all the days of his life, rendering yearly to the abbot
twelve pence for all services.

Since, according to the custom of the English, many persons gave many
presents to the abbot, as being their head, upon the day of the
Circumcision of our Lord, I, Jocelin, thought to myself, What can I
give? And I began to reduce into writing all those churches which are
in the gift of the abbot, as well of our manors as of his, and the
reasonable values of the same, upon the same principle that they could
be fairly set to farm, at a time when corn is at its ordinary standard
price. And, therefore, upon the commencement of a new year, I gave to
the abbot that schedule, as a gift to him, which he received very
gratefully.

I, indeed, because I then was pleasing in his sight, thought in my
heart, that I should hint to him that some one church should be given
to the convent, and assigned for the purposes of hospitality, just as
he had wished when he was a poor cloister monk: for this same thing he
himself had, before his election, suggested the brethren should swear,
that upon whomsoever the lot should fall, that man should do it. But
while I thought upon these things, I remembered that some one
previously had said the very same thing, and that I had heard the
abbot reply, that he could not dismember the barony; in other words,
that he ought not to diminish the liberty and dignity which abbot Hugh
and others his predecessors had had, of giving away churches, which
after all scarcely brought any gain or profit to the convent. On
considering this, I held my peace.

The writing I have alluded to was the following:--

 "These are the churches of the manors and socages of the ABBOT: The
 church of Melford is worth forty pounds; Chevington, ten marks;
 Saxham, twelve marks; Hargrave, five marks; Brettenham, five marks;
 Boxford, one hundred shillings; Fornham Magna, one hundred shillings;
 Stow, one hundred shillings; Honington, five marks; Elmswell, three
 marks; Cotton, twelve marks; Brocford, five marks; Palgrave, ten
 marks; Great Horningsherth, five marks; Kingston, four marks; Harlow,
 nineteen marks; Stapleford, three marks; Tivetshall, one hundred
 shillings; Worlingworth cum Bedingfield, twenty marks; Soham, six
 marks; the moiety of the church of Wortham, one hundred shillings;
 Rungton, twenty marks; Thorp, six marks; Woolpit, over and above the
 pension, one hundred shillings; Rushbrook, five marks; the moiety of
 the church of Hopton, sixty shillings; Rickinghall, six marks; three
 parts of the church of Dickleburgh, each part being worth thirty
 shillings and upwards; the moiety of the church of Gislingham, four
 marks; Icklingham, six marks. Concerning the church of Mildenhall,
 which is worth forty marks, and of the moiety of the church of
 Wetherden, what shall I say? Wendling, one hundred shillings; the
 church of Len, ten marks; the church of Scaldwell, five marks; the
 church of Warkton ...

 "These are the churches of the manors belonging to the CONVENT:
 Mildenhall, Barton, and Horningsherth, twenty-five marks, besides the
 pension; Rougham, fifteen marks, besides the pension; Bradfield, five
 marks; Pakenham, thirty marks; Southrey, one hundred shillings;
 Risby, twenty marks; Nowton, four marks; Whepstead, fourteen marks;
 Fornham St. Genevieve, fifteen marks; Herringswell, nine marks;
 Fornham St. Martin, three marks; Ingham, ten marks; Lackford, one
 hundred shillings; Elveden, ten marks; Cockfield, twenty marks;
 Semer-Semer, twelve marks; Groton, five marks; the moiety of the
 church of Fressingfield, fourteen marks; Beccles, twenty marks; Broc,
 fifteen marks; Hinderclay, ten marks; Warkton, ten marks; Scaldwell,
 five marks; Westley, five marks; the church in Norwich, two marks,
 over and above the payment of herrings; and two churches in
 Colchester, three marks, over and above the pension of four
 shillings; Chelsworth, one hundred shillings; Meringthorp, four
 marks; the moiety of the church of Bradfield in Norfolk, three marks;
 staffacres and fouracres, and the third part of the tithes of the
 lordships of Wrabness, six marks."

The two counties of Norfolk and Suffolk were put in the "mercy" of the
King by the justices in eyre for some default, and fifty marks were
put upon Norfolk, and thirty upon Suffolk. And when a certain portion
of that common amerciament was assessed upon the lands of St. Edmund,
and was sharply demanded, the abbot, without any delay, went to our
lord the King. We found him at Clarendon; and when the charter of King
Edward, which discharges all the lands of St. Edmund from all gelds
and scots, had been shown to him, the King commanded by his writ that
six knights of the county of Norfolk and six of Suffolk should be
summoned to consider before the barons of the exchequer, whether the
lordships of St. Edmund ought to be quit from common amerciament. To
save trouble and expense, only six knights were chosen, and these for
the reason that they had lands in either county; namely, Hubert of
Briseword, W. Fitz-Hervey, and William of Francheville, and three
others, who went to London with us, and on behalf of the two counties
gave their verdict in favour of the liberty of our church. And
thereupon the justices then sitting enrolled their verdict.

The abbot Samson entered into a contest with his knights--himself
against all, and all of them against him. He had stated to them that
they ought to perform the service of fifty individual knights in
escuages, in aids, and the like, because, as they themselves said,
they held so many knights' fees. The point in dispute was, why ten of
those fifty knights were to be without performing service, or by what
reason or by whose authority the forty should receive the help of
those ten knights. But they all answered with one voice, that such had
ever been the custom, that is to say, that ten of them should assist
the other forty, and that they could not thereupon--nor ought they
thereupon--to answer, nor yet to implead.

When they were summoned in the King's court to answer hereupon, some,
by arrangement, excused themselves from appearing, the others
cunningly appeared, saying that they ought not to answer without their
peers. On another occasion, those presented themselves who had first
absented themselves, saying in like manner, that they ought not to
answer without their peers who were joined with them in the same
plaint. And when they had several times thus mocked the abbot, and had
involved him in great and grievous expenses, the abbot complained of
this to Hubert, the archbishop, then justiciary, who replied in open
court that each knight ought to plead singly, and in respect of his
own tenure, and said straight out that the abbot was clever enough and
able enough to prove the rights of his church against all and every
one of them. Then the earl, Roger Bigot, first of all freely confessed
that, in law, he owed to his superior lord the abbot his service of
three entire knights' fees, in reliefs as well as in escuages and
aids; but, so far as concerned his performing castle-guard at the
castle of Norwich, he said nothing.

Next came two of these knights, then three, and again more, until
nearly all of them had come, and, by the earl's example, acknowledged
the same service. Because such acknowledgment thereupon made in the
court of St. Edmund was not sufficient in law, the abbot took all of
them to London at his own charges, with the wives and women who were
inherited of the lands so held, that they should make the
acknowledgment in the King's court, and they all received separate
charters of the concord thus made. Alberic de Vere and William of
Hastings and two others were in the King's service beyond sea when
this was done, and therefore the plaint concerning them was stayed.
Alberic de Vere was the last who held out against the abbot; but as it
was, the abbot seized and sold his cattle, wherefore it behoved him to
come into court, and answer, as did his fellows. Taking advice upon
it, he at length acknowledged to the abbot and St. Edmund their right.

The knights, therefore, being all defeated, a great profit would have
accrued to the abbot from this victory unless he had been inclined to
spare some of them; for so often as twenty shillings are charged upon
a fee, there will remain twelve pounds to the abbot, and if more or
less are assessed, more or less will remain over as a surplus to him,
according to the strict apportionment. Also the abbot was wont, as
were his predecessors, at the end of every twenty weeks to give seven
shillings for the guard of the castle of Norwich out of his own purse,
for default of three knights, whose fees Roger Bigot holds of St.
Edmund. Each of the knights of four constabularies used to give
twenty-eight pence when they entered to perform their guards, and one
penny to the marshal who collected those pence; and they were
accustomed to give twenty-eight pence and no more, because the ten
knights of the fifth constabulary ought to assist the other forty, so
that whereas they ought to have given three shillings entire, they
only gave twenty-nine pence, and he whose duty it was to enter to
perform his guard service at the end of four months, entered at the
end of twenty weeks. But at the present time all the knights give the
full three shillings, and there remains to the abbot the surplus which
accrues beyond twenty-nine pence, from whence he can re-imburse
himself of the aforesaid seven shillings. It is apparent what force
had the words of the abbot which he spoke the first day, when he took
the homage of his knights, as aforesaid, when all the knights promised
him twenty shillings, and immediately revoked what they had said,
refusing to give him more than forty pounds in one sum, alleging that
ten knights ought to assist the other forty in aids and castle-guards,
and all such like services.

There is certain land in Tivetshall of the abbot's fee, which used to
pay to the watchmen of the castle of Norwich waite-fee, that is,
twenty shillings per annum, payable five shillings on each of the four
Ember fasts. This is an ancient customary payment which the abbot
would well wish to do away with if he could, but considering his
inability to do so, he has up to now held his peace and closed his
eyes to it.




CHAPTER VIII

THE CASE OF HENRY OF ESSEX


[For the purpose of diffusing the knowledge of the blessed King and
martyr, we have annexed this, we hope not irrelevantly, to the
foregoing. Not that I who am so insignificant a person, and of
scarcely any account, should set it forth with a historical title; but
insomuch as Master Jocelin, our almoner, a man of exalted piety,
powerful in word and deed, did so begin it at the request and desire
of his superior, I may look upon it as my own work, because, according
to the precept of Seneca, whatever has been well said by another, I
may without presumption ascribe to myself.

When the abbot came to Reading, and we with him, we were suitably
entertained by the monks of that place, among whom we met Henry of
Essex, a professed monk, who, having obtained an opportunity of
speaking with the abbot, related to him and ourselves as we all sat
together, how he was vanquished in duel, and how and for what reason
St. Edmund had confounded him in the very hour of battle. I therefore
reduced his tale into writing by the command of the lord abbot, and
wrote it in these words.

As it is impossible for us to shun evil unless it be apparent, we have
thought it worthy to commit to historical record the acts and excesses
of Henry of Essex, as a warning and not for imitation. The warnings
that can be enforced by anecdotes are useful and beneficial. The
aforesaid Henry, therefore, while in prosperity was in high esteem
amongst the great men of the realm, a man of much account, of noble
birth, conspicuous by deeds of arms, the king's standard-bearer, and
feared by all on account of his power. His neighbours endowed the
church of St. Edmund, the King and martyr, with possessions and rents;
but he not only shut his eyes to this fact, but also by force and by
injuries, with violence and evil speaking, wrongfully withheld an
annual rent of five shillings, and converted it to his own use. Nay,
indeed, in process of time, when a cause touching the rape of a
certain damsel was prosecuted in the court of St. Edmund, the said
Henry came thither, protesting and alleging that the same plaint by
law ought to be decided in his court, in view of the birthplace of the
same damsel, who was born within his lordship of Lailand; and by
reason of this pretext he presumed to harass the court of St. Edmund
with journeys and innumerable expenses for a long space of time.

In the meantime, in these and such like acts, fortune, smiling upon
his desires, suddenly brought in upon him the cause of perpetual
sorrow, and, under the appearance of a joyful beginning, she contrived
for him a joyless end; for she is wont to smile that she may
afterwards rage, to flatter that she may deceive, to raise up that she
may cast down. All at once, there rose up against him Robert of
Montfort, his kinsman and equal in birth and power, impeaching and
accusing him before the princes of the land, of treason against the
King. For he asserted that Henry, in the war with the Welsh, in the
difficult pass of Coleshill, had traitorously thrown down the standard
of our lord the King, and had with a loud voice proclaimed his death,
and so turned to flight those who were hastening to his assistance. In
point of fact, the aforesaid Henry of Essex did believe that the
famous King Henry the Second, who had been intercepted by the
stratagems of the Welsh, had been killed; and this would indeed have
been the case, if Roger Earl of Clare, illustrious (clarus) by reason
of birth, and more illustrious by deeds of valour, had not come up in
good time with his Clare men, and raised the standard of our lord the
King, to the encouragement and heartening of the whole army. Henry,
indeed, strenuously opposed the aforesaid Robert in a speech, and
absolutely denied the accusation, so that after a short lapse of time
it came to a trial by battle. And they came to Reading to fight in a
certain island hard by the abbey; and thither also came a multitude to
see what issue the matter would take.

Now it came to pass, while Robert of Montfort thundered upon him
manfully with hard and frequent strokes, and a bold onset had promised
the fruit of victory, Henry, his strength a little failing him,
glanced round on all sides, and lo! on the border of the land and
water he saw the glorious King and martyr, Edmund, armed, and as if
hovering in the air, looking towards him with a severe countenance,
shaking his head with threats of anger and indignation. He also saw
with him another knight, Gilbert of Cereville, not only in appearance
inferior, but less in stature from the shoulders, direct his eyes upon
him as if angry and wrathful. This man, by the order of the same
Henry, had been afflicted with chains and torments, and had closed his
days in prison at the instance and on the accusation of Henry's wife;
who, turning her own wickedness upon an innocent person, stated that
she could not endure the solicitations of Gilbert to unlawful love.
Therefore, Henry, on sight of these apparitions, became anxious and
fear-stricken, and remembered that old crime brings new shame.
Becoming wholly desperate, and changing reason into violence, he
assumed the part of one who attacked, not one who was on the
defensive; who, while he struck fiercely, was more fiercely struck;
and while he manfully fought, was more manfully attacked in his turn.
In short, he fell vanquished.

As he was believed to be dead, upon the petition of the great men of
England, his kinsmen, it was permitted that the monks of that place
should give his body the rites of sepulture. Nevertheless, he
afterwards recovered, and now with restored health, he has wiped out
the blot upon his previous life under the regular habit, and in his
endeavour to cleanse the long week of his dissolute life by at least
one purifying sabbath, has so cultivated the studies of the virtues,
as to bring forth the fruit of happiness.]




CHAPTER IX

TROUBLES WITHOUT


Geoffrey Ridel, Bishop of Ely, sought from the abbot some timber for
the purpose of constructing certain great buildings at Glemsford. This
request the abbot granted, but against his will, not daring to offend
him. Now the abbot making some stay at Melford, there came a certain
clerk of the bishop, asking on behalf of his lord, that the promised
timber might be taken at Elmswell; and he made a mistake in the word,
saying Elmswell when he should have said Elmsett, which is the name of
a certain wood at Melford. And the abbot was astonished at the
request, for such timber was not to be found at Elmswell.

Now when Richard the forester of the same town had heard of this, he
secretly informed the abbot that the bishop had the previous week sent
his carpenters to spy out the wood of Elmsett, and had chosen the best
timber trees in the whole wood, and placed his marks thereon. On
hearing this, the abbot directly discovered that the messenger of the
bishop had made an error in his request, and answered that he would
willingly do as the bishop pleased.

On the morrow, upon the departure of the messenger, immediately after
he had heard mass, the abbot went into the before-named wood with his
carpenters, and caused to be branded with his mark not only all the
oaks previously marked, but more than a hundred others, for the use of
St. Edmund, and for the steeple of the great tower, commanding that
they should be felled as quickly as possible. When the bishop, by the
answer of his messenger, understood that the aforesaid timber might be
taken at Elmswell, he sent back the same messenger (whom he
overwhelmed with many hard words) to the abbot, in order that he might
correct the word which he had mistaken, by saying Elmsett, not
Elmswell. But before he had come to the abbot, all the trees which the
bishop desired and his carpenters had marked were felled. So the
bishop, if he wanted timber, had to get other timber elsewhere. As for
myself, when I witnessed this affair, I laughed, and said in my heart,
"Thus art is deceived by art."

On the death of Abbot Hugh, the wardens of the abbey desired to depose
the bailiffs of the town of St. Edmund, and to appoint new bailiffs of
their own authority, saying that this appertained to the King, in
whose hand the abbey then was. But we, complaining thereof, sent our
messengers to lord Ranulf de Glanville, then justiciary. He answered,
that he well knew that forty pounds a year ought to be paid from the
town to our sacrist, specially for the lights of the church; and he
said that Abbot Hugh, of his own will, and in his privy chamber,
without the consent of the convent, had granted the bailiwick as often
as he chose, and unto whom he chose, saving the forty pounds payable
to the altar. And therefore it was not to be wondered at if the King's
bailiffs required this same thing on the King's behalf. Speaking in
bitter language, he called all our monks fools for having permitted
our abbot to do such things, not considering that the chief duty of
monks is to hold their peace, and pass over with closed eyes the
excesses of their prelates; nor yet considering that they are called
barrators if they, whether it be right or wrong, contravene their
superiors in anything; and, further, that sometimes we are accused of
treason and are condemned to prison and to exile. Wherefore it seems
to myself and others the better counsel to die as confessors rather
than as martyrs.

On the return of our messenger home, and on his relating what he had
seen and heard, we, as being unwilling and, as it were, under
compulsion, resolved, so far as we were able, that the old bailiffs of
the town should be deposed, as well with the common consent of the
convent, as by the keepers of the abbey. Samson, then sub-sacrist, was
very reluctant to join in this proposition. However, when Samson was
made abbot, he, calling to remembrance the wrong done to the abbey, on
the morrow after the Easter following his election, caused to be
assembled in our chapter-house the knights and clerks, and a number of
the burgesses, and then in the presence of them all, said that the
town belonged to the convent and to the altar, namely, to find tapers
for the church; and that he was desirous of renewing the ancient
custom, so that in the presence of the convent, and with the consent
of all, some measure should be taken concerning the bailiwick of the
town, and of such like matters which appertained to the convent.

At that time were nominated two burgesses, Godfrey and Nicholas, to be
bailiffs; and a discussion taking place from whose hand they should
receive the horn, which is called the moot-horn, at last they took it
from the hands of the prior, who, next to the abbot, is head over the
affairs of the convent.

Now these two bailiffs kept their bailiwick in peace many years, until
they were said to be remiss in keeping the King's justice. On the
abbot's suggestion that greater security should be given to the
convent upon this point, they were removed, and Hugh the sacrist took
the town into his own keeping, appointing new officers, who were to
answer to him concerning the bailiwick. In process of time, I know not
how, new bailiffs were subsequently appointed, and that elsewhere than
in chapter, and without the concurrence of the church; wherefore a
like or perhaps greater peril is to be apprehended after the decease
of Abbot Samson than even was after the death of Abbot Hugh.

One of our brethren, too, fully relying upon the regard and friendship
of the abbot, upon a fit opportunity and with propriety and decency,
talked over the matter with him, asserting that dissatisfaction was
expressed in the convent. But the abbot upon hearing this was silent
for a long time, as if he was somewhat disturbed. At length he is
reported to have said, "Am not I, even I, the abbot? Does it not
belong to me alone to make order concerning the affairs of the church
committed to my care, provided only that I should act with wisdom and
according to God's will? If there should be default in the
administration of the King's justice in this town, I shall be
challenged for it; I shall be summoned; upon myself alone will rest
the burden of the journey, and the expenses, and the defence of the
town and its appurtenances; I alone shall be deemed a fool, not the
prior, not the sacrist, nor yet the convent, but myself, who am and
ought to be their head. Through me and my counsel, with God's
assistance, will the town be securely preserved to the best of my
ability, and safe also will be those forty pounds payable annually to
the altar. Let the brethren grumble, let them slander me, let them say
amongst themselves what they will, I am still their father and their
abbot; so long as I live 'I will not give my glory to another.'" This
said, that monk departed, and reported these answers to us.

I for my part marvelled at such sayings, and argued with myself in
various ways. At length I was compelled to remain in a state of doubt,
inasmuch as the rule of law says and teaches, that all things should
be under the governance of the abbot.

The merchants of London claimed to be quit of toll at the fair of St.
Edmund. Nevertheless many paid it, unwillingly indeed, and under
compulsion; whereof a great tumult and commotion was made among the
citizens in London at their hustings. They came in a body and informed
Abbot Samson that they were entitled to be quit of toll throughout all
England, by authority of the charter which they had from King Henry
the Second. The abbot answered that were it necessary, he was well
able to vouch the King to warrant that he had never granted them any
charter to the prejudice of our church, or to the prejudice of the
liberties of St. Edmund, to whom St. Edward had granted and confirmed
toll and theam and all regalities before the conquest of England; and
that King Henry had done no more than give to the Londoners an
exemption from toll throughout his own lordships, and in places where
he was able to grant it; but so far as concerned the town of St.
Edmund he was not able so to do, for it was not his to dispose of. The
Londoners, hearing this, ordered by common council that none of them
should go to the fair of St. Edmund. For two years they kept away,
whereby our fair sustained great loss, and the offering of the sacrist
was much diminished. At last, upon the mediation of the Bishop of
London and many others, it was settled between us and them that they
should come to the fair, and that some of them should pay toll, but
that it should be forthwith returned to them, that by such a
colourable act the privilege on both sides should be preserved.

But in process of time, when the abbot had made agreement with his
knights, and as it were slept in tranquillity, behold again "the
Philistines be upon thee, Samson!" Lo! the Londoners, with one voice,
were threatening that they would lay level with the earth the stone
houses which the abbot had built that very year, or that they would
take distress by a hundredfold from the men of St. Edmund, unless the
abbot forthwith redressed the wrong done them by the bailiffs of the
town of St. Edmund, who had taken fifteen pence from the carts of the
citizens of London, who in their way from Yarmouth, laden with
herrings, had made passage through our demesnes. Furthermore, the
citizens of London said that they were quit of toll in every market,
and on every occasion, and in every place throughout all England, from
the time when Rome was first founded, and that London was founded at
the very same time. Also, that they ought to have such an exemption
throughout all England, as well by reason of its being a privileged
city, which was of old time the metropolis and head of the kingdom, as
by reason of its antiquity. The abbot asked that the matter might be
deferred until the return of our lord the King to England, that he
might consult with him upon this; and having taken advice of the
lawyers, he replevied to the claimants those fifteen pence, without
prejudice to the question of each party's right.

In the tenth year of the abbacy of Abbot Samson, by the common counsel
of our chapter, we complained to the abbot in his own hall, stating
that the rents and issues of all the good towns and boroughs of
England were increasing and augmenting, to the profit of the
possessors, and the well-thriving of their lords, all except this our
town, which had long yielded forty pounds, and had never gone beyond
that sum; and that the burgesses of the town were the cause of this
thing. For they held so large and so many standings in the
market-place, of shops and sheds and stalls, without the assent of the
convent, indeed from the sole gift of the bailiffs of the town, who in
old time were but yearly renters, and, as it were, ministers of the
sacrist, and were removable at his good pleasure. The burgesses, being
summoned, made answer that they were under the jurisdiction of the
King's courts, nor would they make answer in derogation of the
immunity of the town and their charters, in respect of the tenements
which they and their fathers had holden well and peaceably for one
year and a day without claim. They also said the old custom had been
that the bailiffs should, without the interference of the convent,
dispose of the places of the shops and sheds in the market-place, in
consideration of a certain rent payable yearly to the bailiwick. But
we, gainsaying this, were desirous that the abbot should disseise them
of tenements for which they had no warranty.

Now the abbot coming to our council, as if he were one of us, said to
us in private, that he was willing enough to do us right, according to
the best of his ability, but that he, nevertheless, was bound to
proceed in due course of law; nor could he, without the judgment of a
court, disseise his free men of their lands or rents, which they had
held for many years, were it justly or unjustly. If he should do this,
he said, he should fall into the King's mercy by the assize of the
realm. Therefore, the burgesses, taking counsel together, offered to
the convent a rent of one hundred shillings for the sake of peace; and
that they should hold their tenements as they had been wont to do. But
we, on the other hand, were by no means willing to grant this, rather
desiring to put that plaint in respite, hoping, perhaps, in the time
of another abbot, to recover all, or change the place of the fair; and
so the affair was deferred for many years.

When the abbot had returned from Germany, the burgesses offered him
sixty marks, and sued for his confirmation of the liberties of the
town, under the same form of words as Anselm, and Ording, and Hugh had
confirmed them; all which the abbot graciously accorded.
Notwithstanding our murmuring and grumbling, a charter was accordingly
made to them in the terms of his promise; and because it would have
been a shame and confusion to him if he had not been able to fulfil
his promise, we were not willing to contradict him, or provoke him to
anger.

The burgesses, indeed, from the period when they had the charter of
Abbot Samson and the convent, became more confident that they, at
least in the time of Abbot Samson, would not lose their tenements or
their franchises; so that never afterwards, as they did before, were
they willing to pay or offer the before-named rent of one hundred
shillings. At length, however, the abbot giving attention to this
matter, discoursed with the burgesses hereupon, saying that unless
they made their peace with the convent, he should forbid their
erecting their booths at the fair of St. Edmund.

They, on the other hand, answered that they were willing to give every
year a silken cope, or some other ornament, to the value of one
hundred shillings, as they had before promised to do; but
nevertheless, upon this condition, that they were to be for ever quit
of the tithes of their profits, which the sacrist sharply demanded of
them. The abbot and the sacrist both refused this, and therefore the
plaint was again put in respite.

In point of fact, we have from that time to the present lost those
hundred shillings, according to the old saying, "He that will not when
he may, when he will he shall have nay."




CHAPTER X

TROUBLES WITHIN


The cellarers quickly succeeded each other, and every one of them at
the year's end became involved in a great debt. There were given to
the cellarer, in aid, twenty pounds out of Mildenhall, but this did
not suffice. After that, fifty pounds were assigned to the cellarer
each year from the same manor; and yet the cellarer used to say that
this was not enough. The abbot, therefore, being anxious to provide
for his security from loss and comfort, as well as for our own,
knowing that in all our wants we must have recourse to him as to the
father of the monastery, associated with the cellarer a certain clerk
of his own table, by name Ranulf, so that he might assist him both as
a witness and companion in the expenses and receipts. And lo! many of
us speak many things, murmurings thicken, falsehoods are invented,
scandals are interwoven with scandals, nor is there a corner in the
house which does not resound with venomous hissing.

One says to another, "What is this that is done? Who ever saw the
like? There never was such an insult offered to the convent before.
Behold! the abbot has set a clerk over a monk; see, he has made a
clerk a master and keeper over the cellarer, as if he could do no good
without him. The abbot thinks but lightly of his monks; he suspects
his monks; he consults clerks; he loves clerks. 'How is the gold
become dim! How is the fine gold changed!'" Also one friend says to
another, "We are become a reproach to our neighbours. All of us monks
are either reckoned faithless or improvident; the clerk is believed,
the monk is not. The abbot had rather trust the clerk than the monk.
Now is this clerk a whit more faithful or wise than a monk would be?"

And again, one friend would say to another, "Are not the cellarer and
sub-cellarer, or can they not be, as faithful as the sacrist or the
chamberlain? The consequence is, that this abbot or his successor will
put a clerk along with the sacrist, a clerk with the chamberlain, a
clerk with the sub-sacrists to collect the offerings at the shrine,
and so on with all the officials, wherefore we shall be a
laughing-stock and derision to the whole people."

I, hearing these things, was accustomed to answer, "If I, for my part,
were cellarer, I had rather that a clerk were a witness for me in all
my transactions; for if I did well he would bear witness of the good.
If, again, I had, at the end of the year, become laden with debt, I
should be able to gain credence and to be excused by the testimony of
that clerk."

I heard, indeed, one of our brethren, a man truly discreet and
learned, say something upon this subject which struck myself and
others very much. "It is not," he said, "to be wondered at, should the
lord abbot interpose his exertions in the safe conduct of our affairs,
especially as he wisely manages that portion of the abbey which
belongs to him, and is discreet in the disposing of his own house, it
being his part to supply our wants in case of our carelessness or
inability to do so. But there is one thing," he added, "which will
prove dangerous after the death of the abbot Samson, such as has never
come to pass in our days or in our lives. Of a surety the King's
bailiffs will come, and will possess themselves of the abbey, I mean
the barony which belongs to the abbot, as was done in the past after
the deaths of other Abbots. As after the death of Abbot Hugh, the
King's bailiffs likewise desired to appoint new bailiffs in the town
of St. Edmund, alleging as their warrant that Abbot Hugh had done
this, in the same way the King's bailiffs will, in process of time,
appoint their clerk to keep the cellary, in order that everything
shall be done therein by him, and under his discretion. And then we
shall be told that they are entitled to act in this manner because
Abbot Samson did so. Thus they will have the power of intermixing and
confusing all the concerns and rents of the abbot and of the convent;
all which, indeed, Abbot Robert, of good memory, had, with due
consideration, distinguished in account, and had separated one from
the other."

When I heard these and such like expressions from a man of great
thought and foresight, I was astonished, and held my peace, not
wishing either to condemn the lord abbot, or to excuse him.

Hubert Walter, the Archbishop of Canterbury and legate of the
apostolic see, and Justiciary of England, after he had visited many
churches, and had by right of his legation made many changes and
alterations, was on his way home from his natural mother, who lived at
Dereham and was then dying. He sent two of his clerks over to us,
bearing the sealed letters of their lord, wherein it was contained
that we should give credit to what they should say and do. These men
inquired of the abbot and convent whether we were willing to receive
their lord, the legate, who was on his way to us, in such wise as a
legate ought to be received, and, in fact, is received by other
churches. If we were agreed to this, he would shortly come to us, for
the purpose of making order concerning the matters and affairs of our
church according to God's will; but if we were not agreed, those two
clerks could more fully communicate to us their lord's behest.
Thereupon the abbot called together most of the convent, and we came
to the decision that we would give a gracious answer to the clerks
thus sent to us, saying that we were willing to receive their lord as
legate with all honour and reverence, and to send together with them
our own messengers, who, on our part, should communicate the same to
the lord legate.

Our intention was that, in the same way as we had done to the Bishop
of Ely and other legates, we would show him all possible honour, with
a procession and ringing of bells, and would receive him with the
usual solemnities, until it should come to the point, perhaps, of his
holding a visitation in chapter. If he were to proceed in doing this,
then all of us were to oppose him might and main to his face,
appealing to Rome, and standing upon our charters. And the lord abbot
said, "If at this present time the legate will come to us, we will do
as is aforesaid, but if indeed he shall defer his arrival to us for a
time, we will consult the lord Pope, and inquire what force the
privileges of our church ought to have, as being those which have been
obtained from him and his predecessors, against the archbishop who has
now obtained power from the apostolic see over all the privileged
churches of England." Such was our determination.

When the archbishop had heard that we were willing to receive him as
legate, he received our messengers graciously and with giving of
thanks. And he became favourable and kindly disposed towards the lord
abbot in all his concerns, and for certain pressing causes deferred
his visit to us for a time. Therefore, without the least delay, the
abbot sent to the Pope the same letters which the legate had sent to
him and the convent, wherein it was contained that he was about to
come to us by authority of his legation, and by the authority of the
Pope, and, moreover, that to him was given power over all the exempt
churches of England, notwithstanding the letters of exemption obtained
by the church of York or any other.

The abbot's messenger expediting the matter, our lord the Pope wrote
to the lord of Canterbury, asserting that our church, as his spiritual
daughter, ought not to be accountable to any legate, unless he were a
legate of our lord the Pope sent _a latere_, and enjoined him that he
should not stretch forth his hand against us; and our lord the Pope
added as from himself a prohibition against his exercising
jurisdiction over any other exempt church. Our messenger returned to
us, and this was kept a secret for many days. Nevertheless, the same
was intimated to the lord of Canterbury by some of his adherents at
the court of our lord the Pope.

When, at the end of the year, the legate made his visitation through
Norfolk and Suffolk, and had first arrived at Colchester, the legate
sent his messenger to the abbot, privately letting him thereby know
that he (the legate) had heard say that the abbot had obtained letters
contravening his legation, and requesting that he, in a friendly way,
would send him those letters. And it was done accordingly, for the
abbot had two counterparts of these letters. The abbot, indeed, did
not pay a visit to the legate, either by himself or by proxy, so long
as he was in the diocese of Norwich, lest it should be thought that he
wished to make fine with the legate for his entertainment, as other
monks and canons had done. The legate, disconcerted and angry and
fearing to be shut out if he came to us, passed by Norwich, by Acre
and by Dereham to Ely, on his way to London.

The abbot meeting the legate within the month, between Waltham and
London, on the King's highway, the legate censured him for having
refused to meet him, as being justiciary of our lord the King whilst
he was in that country. The abbot answered that he had not travelled
as justiciary, but as legate, making visitation in every church; and
alleged the reason of the time of year, and that the passion of our
Lord was nigh at hand, and that it behoved him to be concerned with
Divine services and cloister duties.

When the abbot had opposed words to words, and objections to
objections, and could neither be bent nor intimidated by threatening
language, the legate replied with scorn that he well knew him to be a
keen wrangler, and that he was a better clerk than he, the legate,
was. The abbot, therefore, not timidly passing by matters inexpedient
to allude to, nor yet arrogantly speaking upon matters that were to be
discussed, in the hearing of many persons made answer that he was a
man who would never suffer the privileges of his church to be shaken
either for want of learning or money, even if it should come to pass
that he lost his life, or was condemned to perpetual banishment.
However, these and other altercations being brought to a close, the
legate began to flush in the face, upon the abbot lowering his tone
and beseeching him that he would deal more gently with the church of
St. Edmund, by reason of his native soil, for he was native born of
St. Edmund, and had been his fosterling. And, indeed, he had reason to
blush, because he had so unadvisedly outpoured the venom which he had
bred within him.

On the morrow it was communicated to the Archbishop of Canterbury,
that the lord Archbishop of York was about to come as legate into
England, and that he had suggested many evil things to the Pope
concerning him, stating that he had oppressed the churches of England
by reason of his visitation to the extent of thirty thousand marks,
which he had received from them. The legate, therefore, sent his
clerks to the abbot, begging him that he would, with the other abbots,
write to our lord the Pope and justify him.

This the abbot willingly did, and thereby offered his testimony that
the lord of Canterbury had not been to our church, nor had he
oppressed any other church, speaking according to his conscience. And
when the abbot had delivered those letters to the messengers of the
archbishop, he said before us all that he did not fear, even if it
were the archbishop's wish to deal deceitfully with those letters. The
clerks answered on the peril of their souls, that their lord did not
contemplate any subtle dealings, but only wished to be justified. And
so the archbishop and the abbot were made friends.




CHAPTER XI

SAMSON'S CONTESTS WITH KNIGHTS, MONKS AND TOWNSMEN


King Richard commanded all the bishops and abbots of England that for
every nine knights of their baronies they should make a tenth knight,
and that without delay those knights should go to him in Normandy,
with horses and arms, in aid against the King of France. Wherefore it
behoved the abbot to account to him for sending four knights. And when
he had caused to be summoned all his knights, and had conferred with
them thereon, they made answer that their fees, which they had holden
of St. Edmund, were not liable to this charge, neither had they or
their fathers ever gone out of England, although they had, on some
occasions, paid escuage by the King's writ.

The abbot was indeed in a strait; on one hand observing that hereby
the liberty of his knights was in peril, on the other hand
apprehending that he might lose the seisin of his barony for default
in the King's service, as indeed had befallen the Bishop of London and
many English barons. So he forthwith went beyond seas to the King; and
though fatigued with many troubles and expenses, and very many
presents which he gave the King, in the first instance he could make
no agreement with the King by money. For the King said that he did not
want either silver or gold, but that he instantly required four
knights; whereupon the abbot obtained four mercenaries. When the King
had got these, he sent them to the Castle of Eu, and the abbot paid
them thirty-six marks down for their expenses for forty days.

Now on the morrow, there came certain of the King's attendants, and
recommended the abbot to carefully look to what he was about, stating
that the war might possibly last a whole year or more, and that the
expenses of the knights would consequently increase and multiply, to
the endless damage of him and his church. They therefore advised him
that before he left the court he should make fine with the King, so
that he might be quit in respect of the service of the aforesaid
knights after the forty days were passed. The abbot, having adopted
this good counsel, gave to the King one hundred pounds for such a
quittance. Thus being in favour with his sovereign, he returned to
England, bringing with him the King's writ, commanding that his
knights should be distrained by their fees to render him that King's
service which he had got performed for them.

The knights, being summoned, alleged their poverty and manifold
grievances, and prevailed upon their lord to accept two marks upon
every shield. The abbot, indeed, not forgetting that he had that same
year burdened them much, and had impleaded them to make them render
their escuage individually, was desirous of conciliating their esteem,
and in good part accepted what they with a good grace offered.

At that time, although the abbot had been put to great expenses beyond
sea, yet he did not return home to this church empty-handed; for he
brought with him a golden cross, and a most valuable copy of the
Gospels, of the value of fourscore marks. On another occasion when he
returned from beyond seas, sitting in chapter, he said that if he had
been cellarer or chamberlain he would have made some purchase which
would have been serviceable to his office; and since he was abbot, he
ought to purchase something that should beseem him as abbot. After
saying this, he offered to the convent a valuable chasuble, and a
mitre interwoven with gold, and sandals with silken buskins, and the
head of a crozier of silver and well wrought. In like manner, so often
as he returned from beyond sea, he brought along with him some
ornament or other.

In the year of grace one thousand one hundred and ninety-seven,
certain innovations and alterations took place in our church, which
ought not to be passed over in silence. Insomuch as his ancient rents
were not sufficient for our cellarer, Abbot Samson ordered that fifty
pounds from Mildenhall should be given by way of increase to the
cellarer yearly by the hands of the prior, not all at one time, but by
monthly instalments, so that he should have something every month to
expend, and that it should not all be disbursed at one time of the
year.

And so it was done for one year. But the cellarer with his fellows
complained of this, saying that if he had that money in hand, he would
provide himself and preserve a sufficient stock. The abbot, although
unwillingly, granted his petition. Now, on the commencement of the
month of August, the cellarer had already spent all, and, moreover,
was in debt twenty pounds, and a debt of fifty pounds was about to
fall due before Michaelmas.

Hearing of this, the abbot was wroth, and thus spoke in chapter: "I
have often and often threatened that I will take the cellarership into
my own hands on account of your default and improvidence, for all of
you keep incumbering yourselves with heavy debts. I put my own clerk
with your cellarer as a witness, and in order that matters should be
more advisedly managed; but there is neither clerk nor monk who dares
to inform me of the real cause of debt. It is nevertheless said that
excess of feasting in the prior's house, by the assent of the prior
and cellarer, and superfluous expenses in the guest-house by the
carelessness of the hospitaller, are the cause of all this. You see,"
he continued, "what a great debt is now pressing; give me your advice,
and tell me how this matter can be amended."

Many of the cloister folk hearing this, and half smiling, took what
was said in very good part, saying privily, "All that the abbot says
is true enough." The prior cast the blame upon the cellarer, the
cellarer in his turn upon the hospitaller; each one justified himself.
We all of us well knew the truth of the matter, but we held our
tongues, for we were afraid. On the morrow came the abbot, and said
again to the convent: "Give me your opinion as to the means whereby
your cellar can be better and more economically managed." But there
was no one who answered, except one, who said that there was no
superfluity at all in the refectory which could occasion such a debt
or pressure. On the third day the abbot spoke the same words, and one
answered, "That advice ought to proceed from yourself, as from our
head."

Then the abbot said, "As you will not state your opinion, and as you
are incapable of managing your house for yourselves, the management of
the monastery rests solely upon myself as father and supreme keeper. I
take," he said, "into my own hand your cellar and the charge of the
guests, and the stewardship of everything indoors and out of doors."
So saying he deposed the cellarer and hospitaller, and put in their
stead two other monks, under the style of sub-cellarer and
hospitaller, associating with them Master G., a clerk of his own
table, without whose assent nothing could be done, either in respect
of meat or drink, or in regard to disbursements or receipts.

The old purveyors were removed from their buying in the market, and
provisions were bought by the clerk of the abbot, and all deficiencies
were supplied out of the abbot's purse. The guests that ought to be
entertained were received, and the honourable were honoured; the
officials and monks, all of them alike, took their meals in the
refectory, and on all sides superfluous charges were retrenched.
However, some of the cloister monks said among themselves, "Seven, ay
seven there were who devoured our substance, of whose devourings if
any one did speak, he was accounted guilty of treason." Another would
say, stretching forth his hands to heaven, "Blessed be God, who hath
imparted this resolution to the abbot to correct such excesses"; and
very many of them said that it was well done. Others would say, "Not
so," they considering that such reform was an abatement of respect;
and they styled the prudence of the abbot the ferocity of a wolf.
Verily, they were again beginning to call their old dreams to mind,
that the future abbot was to rage as a wolf.

The knights marvelled and the townsfolk marvelled at the things that
came to pass, and some one of the common folk said, "It is a strange
thing that so many monks and learned men should permit their
possessions and rents to be confused and mingled with the possessions
of the abbot; especially as they have been always accustomed to be
kept distinct and apart from each other. It is strange also that they
take no heed of the peril that may befall them after the death of the
abbot if our lord the King should find them in such a condition."

Another person said that the abbot was the only one amongst them who
acted wisely in the governing of external affairs, and that he ought
to govern the whole who has the knowledge requisite to govern the
whole. And there was one who said, "If there had been but one wise
monk in such a large convent, who knew how to govern the house, the
abbot would not have done as he has." And so we became a
laughing-stock and a scoff to our neighbours.

About this time it came to pass that the anniversary obit of abbot
Robert was to be sung in chapter, and it was ordered that a _placebo_
and _dirige_ should be sung more solemnly than ordinarily, namely,
with tolling of the great bells, as upon the anniversaries of abbots
Ording and Hugh, on account of the noble act of the aforesaid abbot
Robert, who made the division between our possessions and rents, and
the rents of the abbot. This solemnity, indeed, was performed by the
advice of certain persons, so that thus at least the heart of the lord
abbot might thus be stirred up to do what was right. There was also
one who thought that this was done as a reproach to the abbot, who, it
was said, was desirous of confusing and mingling together our and his
possessions and rents, insomuch as he had seized the cellarership into
his own hands. The abbot, however, hearing the unwonted noise of the
bells, and well knowing and observing that it was done against all
usage, discreetly ignored the reason of its being done, and solemnly
chanted the mass.

Indeed, on the next Michaelmas day, desiring to appease the murmurings
of certain persons, he appointed him who had been formerly
sub-cellarer to be cellarer, and he ordered some other man to be named
sub-cellarer; the aforesaid clerk, nevertheless, remaining with them,
and managing all things as before. But when that clerk began to exceed
the bounds of temperance, saying, "I am Bu," meaning the cellarer,
when he had exceeded the bounds of temperance in drinking, and without
the knowledge of the abbot was holding the court of the cellarer,
taking gages and pledges, and receiving the annual rents, disbursing
them by his own hand, he was called by the people the chief cellarer.

It was his habit to stroll about the court followed by a crowd of
debtors, rich and poor, and of suitors of all ranks preferring various
complaints, as if he were the master and high steward. On one such
occasion, one of our officers happened to be standing in the court,
and, upon seeing this, for confusion and shame, he wept outright,
considering that this was a disgrace to our church, pondering upon the
peril consequent thereon, and realizing that a clerk was preferred to
a monk, to the prejudice of the whole convent.

Therefore some one, who shall be nameless, undertook, through a third
party, that these things should be intimated to the abbot in a proper
and reasonable manner; and he was given to understand that this
species of arrogance in the clerk, which was committed to the disgrace
and dishonour of the society, was very likely to breed a great
disturbance and dissension in the convent. The abbot certainly did,
when he heard of this, forthwith summon the cellarer and the aforesaid
clerk before him, and gave orders that thenceforth the cellarer should
consider himself as cellarer in receiving moneys, in holding pleas,
and in all other things, save that the aforesaid clerk should assist
him, not as an equal, but as a witness and adviser.

Hamo Blund, one of the wealthier men of this town, on his death-bed
could hardly be persuaded to make a will. At last he did, but disposed
of only three marks, and this in the hearing of no one, except his
brother, wife and chaplain. The abbot, ascertaining this after the
man's decease, called those three persons before him, and sharply
rebuked them, especially upon this point, that the brother (who was
his heir) and his wife would not suffer any one else to approach the
sick man, they desiring to take all. The abbot said in audience, "I
was his bishop, and had the charge of his soul; let not the folly of
his priest and confessor turn to my peril. Insomuch as I could not
advise the sick man when alive, I being absent, what concerns my
conscience I shall now perform, late though it be. I therefore command
that all his debts and his moveable chattels, which are worth, as it
is said, two hundred marks, be reduced into a writing, and that one
portion be given to the heir, and another to the wife, and the third
to his poor kinsfolk and other poor persons. As to the horse which was
led before the coffin of the deceased, and was offered to St. Edmund,
I order that it be sent back and returned; for it does not beseem our
church to be defiled with the gift of him who died intestate, and whom
common report accuses of being habitually wont to put out his money to
interest. By the face of God, if such a thing came to pass of any one
again in my days, he shall not be buried in the churchyard!" On his
saying these things, the others departed greatly disconcerted.

On the morrow of the Nativity of our Lord, there took place in the
churchyard meetings, wrestlings, and matches, between the servants of
the abbot and the burgesses of the town; and from words they came to
blows, from cuffs to wounds and to the shedding of blood. The abbot,
hearing of this, called to him privately certain of those who were
present at the sight, but yet stood afar off, and ordered that the
names of the evil-doers should be set down in writing. All these he
caused to be summoned, that they should stand before him on the morrow
of St. Thomas the archbishop, in the chapel of St. Denis, to answer
therefor. Nor did he, in the meantime, invite to his own table any one
of the burgesses, as he had been wont to do, on the first five days of
Christmas.

On the day appointed, having taken the oaths from sixteen lawful men,
and having heard their evidence, the abbot said, "It is manifest that
these evil-doers have incurred the penalties of the canon _latae
sententiae_; but because both parties are laymen, and do not understand
what a crime it is to commit such a sacrilege as this, I shall by name
and publicly excommunicate them, in order that others may be deterred
from doing the like: and that in no wise there be any diminution of
justice, I shall first begin with my own domestics and servants." And
it was done accordingly, we putting on our robes and lighting the
candles. So they all went forth from the church, and being advised so
to do, they all stripped themselves, and altogether naked, except
their drawers, they prostrated themselves before the door of the
church.

When the assessors of the abbot had come, monks as well as clerks, and
informed him, with tears in their eyes, that more than a hundred men
were lying down thus naked, the abbot wept. Nevertheless, making a
show of legal severity both in word and countenance and concealing the
pity he felt, he desired to be persuaded by his counsellors that the
penitents should be absolved, knowing that mercy is exalted over
judgment, and that the church receives all penitents. Thereupon, they
being all sharply whipped and absolved, they swore all of them that
they would abide by the judgment of the church for sacrilege
committed.

On the morrow, penance was assigned to them, according to the
appointment of the canons; and thus the abbot restored all of them to
unity of concord, uttering terrible threats to all those who by word
or deed should furnish matter of discord.

Further, he publicly forbade meetings and shows to be had in the
churchyard; and so all things being brought to a state of peace, the
burgesses feasted on the following days with their lord the abbot,
with great joy.




CHAPTER XII

THE CARES OF OFFICE


A commission of our lord the Pope had been directed to Hubert,
Archbishop of Canterbury, and to the lord Bishop of Lincoln, and to
Samson, Abbot of St. Edmund, touching the reformation of the church of
Coventry, and the restoration of the monks thereto, without any
revision of their case. The parties being summoned to Oxford, the
judges received letters of request from our lord the King, that this
business should be respited.

The archbishop and the bishop, seeming to know nothing, were silent,
as if seeking the favour of the clerks. The abbot was the only one who
spoke out, and he did so as a monk for the monks of Coventry, publicly
advocating and defending their cause. And by his means it was so far
proceeded with on that day, that a certain simple seisin was made to
one of the monks of Coventry by delivery of one book. But corporate
institution was deferred for a time, that so in some degree the abbot
might obey the request of our lord the King.

At that time he entertained in his inn fourteen monks of Coventry who
had appeared there; and when the monks were sitting at the table on
one side of the house, and the masters of the schools who had been
summoned thither on the other, the abbot was applauded as noble and
liberal in his expenses. Never in all his life did he seem so joyful
as at that time, for the reverence he bore towards reform of monastic
rule. The feast of St. Hilary being now at hand, the abbot journeyed
on to Coventry in high spirits, neither was he overcome by fatigue or
charges, for he said, that even if he had to be carried in a
horse-litter, he would not remain behind. On his arrival at Coventry,
where for five days he was waiting for the archbishop, he kept with
him all the afore-named monks, with their servants, in most honourable
fashion, until a new prior was created, and the monks had been
formally inducted. "He that hath ears to hear, let him hear," for it
is an act worthy to be had in remembrance.

After this the abbot Samson and Robert of Scales came to an agreement
concerning the moiety of the advowson of the church of Wetherden, and
the same Robert acknowledged it to be the right of St. Edmund and the
abbot. Thereupon the abbot, without any previous understanding taking
place, and without any promise previously made, gave that moiety which
belonged to him to Master Roger of Scales, brother of the same knight,
upon this condition, that he should pay by the hand of our sacrist an
annual pension of three marks to that master of the schools who should
teach in the town of St. Edmund. This the abbot did, being induced
thereto by motives of remarkable generosity; in order that as he had
formerly purchased stone houses for the use of the schools, that poor
clerks should be free from house rent, so now from thenceforth they
might be freed from all demand of moneys which the master of the
school demanded by custom for his teaching. And so, by God's will, and
during the abbot's life, the entire moiety of the aforesaid church,
which is worth, as it is said, one hundred shillings, was appropriated
to such purposes.

Now the abbot, after that he had built in his vills throughout the
abbacy many and various edifices, and had taken up his quarters at his
manor houses oftener and more frequently than with us at home, at
length, as if returning to himself, and as if making good better, said
that he would stay more at home than he had been used to do; and would
now erect some buildings within the court for necessary purposes,
having regard to internals and externals, and as if he was aware that
"the presence of the master is the profit of the field." Therefore he
gave directions that the stables and offices in the court lodge and
round about the same, formerly covered with reeds, should be newly
roofed, and covered with tiles, under the supervision of Hugh the
sacrist, so that thus all fear and risk of fire might be prevented.

And now, behold the acceptable time, the day of desire, whereof I
write not but with great joy, myself having the care of the guests.
Lo! at the command of the abbot the court lodge resounds with spades
and masons' tools, for pulling down the guest-house; and now it is
almost all levelled. Of the rebuilding, let the Most High take
thought! The abbot built for himself a new larder in the court lodge,
and gave to the convent the old larder (which was situated, in a very
slovenly fashion, under the dorter) for the accommodation of the
chamberlain. The chapels of St. Andrew and St. Katherine and St. Faith
were newly covered with lead; many repairs were also made, both inside
the church and without. If you do not believe, open your eyes and see.
Also in his time our almonry, which previously was of wood and out of
repair, was built in stone; whereto a certain brother of ours, Walter
the physician, at that time almoner, contributed much of what he had
acquired by his practice of physic.

The abbot also observing that the silver retable of the high altar,
and many other precious ornaments, had been alienated for the purpose
of the recovery of Mildenhall and the ransom of King Richard, was not
desirous of replacing that table or such-like matters, which upon a
similar occasion were liable to be torn away and misappropriated. He
therefore turned his attention to the making of a most valuable
cresting for the shrine of the glorious martyr Edmund, that his
ornament might be set in a place whence it could by no possibility be
abstracted, and whereon no human being would dare to put forth his
hand.

For indeed, when King Richard was captive in Germany, there was no
treasure in England that had not either to be given up or redeemed;
yet the shrine of St. Edmund remained untouched. However, the question
was raised before the justices of the exchequer, whether the shrine of
St. Edmund should not, at least in part, be stripped for the ransom of
King Richard. But the abbot standing up, answered, "Know ye of a
surety, that this never shall be done by me, nor is there a man who
can compel me to consent to it. But I will open the doors of the
church: let him enter who will, let him approach who dare." Each of
the justices replied with oaths, "I will not venture to approach it."
"Nor will I." "St. Edmund grievously punishes those who are far off as
well as those who are near at hand; how much more will he inflict
vengeance upon those who take away his vesture!"

Upon this neither was the shrine despoiled, nor redemption paid.
Therefore passing by other things, the abbot carefully and advisedly
turned his mind towards the making of a cresting for the shrine. And
now the plates of gold and silver resound between the hammer and the
anvil, and "the carpenters wield their tools."

Adam of Cockfield dying, left for his heir a daughter of three months
old; and the abbot gave the wardship of his fee to whom he would. Now
King Richard, being solicited by some of his courtiers, anxiously
sought for the wardship and the child for the benefit of one of his
servants; at one time by letters, at another time by messengers.

But the abbot answered that he had given the ward away, and had
confirmed his gift by his charter. Sending his own messenger to the
King, he did all he could, by entreaty and good offices, to mitigate
his wrath. And the King made answer, with great indignation, that he
would avenge himself upon that proud abbot who had thwarted him, were
it not for reverence of St. Edmund, whom he feared. When the messenger
returned, the abbot very wisely passed over the King's threats without
notice, and said, "Let the King send, if he will, and seize the ward;
he has the strength and power of doing his will, indeed of taking away
the whole of the abbacy. I shall never be bent to his will in this
matter, nor by me shall this ever be done. For the thing that is most
to be apprehended is, lest such things be made a precedent to the
prejudice of my successors. On this business I will never give the
King money. Let the Most High look to it. Whatever may befall, I will
patiently bear."

Whilst, therefore, many were saying and believing that the King was
exasperated against the abbot, lo! the King wrote in a friendly way to
the abbot, and requested that he would give him some of his dogs. The
abbot, not unmindful of that saying of the wise man--

  Gifts, believe me, influence both men and gods,
    By the offer of gifts Jove himself is appeased--

sent the dogs as the King requested, and moreover, added some horses
and other valuable gifts. The King graciously accepted them, and in
public most highly commended the honesty and fidelity of the abbot.

He also sent to the abbot by his messengers, as a token of intimacy
and affection, a ring of great price, which our lord the Pope,
Innocent the Third, of his great grace had given him, being indeed the
very first gift that had been offered after his consecration. Also, by
his writ, the King rendered him many thanks for the presents the abbot
had sent him.




CHAPTER XIII

THE CUSTOMS OF THE TOWNSHIP


Many persons marvelled at the changes in the customs that took place
by the order or permission of the lord abbot Samson. From the time
when the town of St. Edmund received the name and liberty of a
borough, the men of every house used to give to the cellarer one penny
in the beginning of August, to reap our corn, which annual payment was
called rep-silver. Before the town became free, all of them used to
reap as serfs; the dwellings of knights and chaplains, and of the
servants of the court lodge being alone exempt from this payment. In
process of time, the cellarer spared certain of the most wealthy of
the town, demanding nothing from them. The other burgesses, seeing
this, used openly to say that no one who had a dwelling house of his
own was liable to pay this penny, but only those who rented houses
from others.

Afterwards, they all in common sought this exemption, conferring
thereon with the lord abbot, and offering an annual rent as a
composition of this demand. The abbot, indeed, considering the
undignified way in which the cellarer used to go through the town to
collect rep-silver, and the manner in which he used to take distresses
in the houses of the poor, sometimes taking trivets, sometimes doors,
and sometimes other utensils, and how the old women came out with
their distaffs, threatening and abusing the cellarer and his men,
ordered that twenty shillings should be given every year to the
cellarer at the next portman-moot, at the hand of the bailiff before
August, by the burgesses, who were to pay the rent to discharge this.
And it was done accordingly, and confirmed by our charter, there being
given to them another quittance from a certain customary payment,
which is called sorpeni, in consideration of four shillings, payable
at the same term. For the cellarer was accustomed to receive one penny
by the year for every cow belonging to the men of the town for their
dung and pasture (unless perchance they happened to be the cows of the
chaplains or of the servants at the court lodge). These cows he used
to impound, and had great trouble in the matter.

Afterwards, indeed, when the abbot made mention of this in the
chapter, the convent was very angry, and took it in ill part, so much
so that Benedict the sub-prior in the chapter, answering for all,
said, "That man, abbot Ording, who lies there, would not have done
such a thing for five hundred marks of silver." The abbot, although he
himself felt angry, put off the matter for a time.

There arose also a great contention between Roger the cellarer and
Hugh the sacrist concerning the appurtenances of their offices, so
that the sacrist would not lend to the cellarer the prison of the town
for the purpose of detaining therein the thieves who were taken in the
cellarer's jurisdiction. The cellarer was thereby oftentimes harassed,
and because the thieves escaped he was reprimanded for default of
justice.

Now it came to pass that one holding as a free tenant of the cellarer,
dwelling without the gate, by name Ketel, was charged with theft, and
being vanquished in a trial by battle, was hanged. The convent was
grieved by the offensive words of the burgesses, who said that if that
man had only dwelt within the borough, it would not have come to the
ordeal, but that he would have acquitted himself by the oaths of his
neighbours, as is the privilege of those who dwell within the borough.
Therefore the abbot and the more reasonable part of the convent seeing
this, and bearing in mind that the men without the borough as well as
those within are ours, and ought all of them in like manner to enjoy
the same liberty within the jurisdiction, except the villeins of
Hardwick and their like, deliberately took thought with themselves how
this could be done.

Thereupon the abbot, being desirous of limiting the offices of the
sacristy and the cellary by certain articles, and of quieting all
contentions, commanded, as if taking the part of the sacrist, that the
servants of the town bailiff and the servants of the cellarer should
together enter upon the fee of the cellarer for the purpose of seizing
thieves and malefactors, and that the bailiff should have half the
profit for their imprisonment and safe keeping and for his pains
therein; and that the court of the cellarer should go to the
portman-moot, and judge the prisoners in common. It was also ordered
that the men of the cellarer should come to the toll-house with the
others, and there renew their pledges, and should be inscribed upon
the bailiff's roll, and should there give the bailiff that penny which
is called borth-selver, whereof the cellarer was to have one half
part; but at this time the cellarer receives nothing at all from this.
The intent of all this was, that every one should enjoy equal
privilege. Nevertheless, the burgesses at this time say, that the
dwellers in the outskirts ought not to be quit of toll in market,
unless they belong to the merchant's guild. Moreover, the bailiff (the
abbot conniving at the matter) now claims for himself the fines and
forfeitures accruing from the fee of the cellarer.

The ancient customs of the cellarer, which we have seen, were these:
The cellarer had his messuage and barns near Scurun's well, at which
place he was accustomed to exercise his jurisdiction upon robbers, and
hold his court for all pleas and plaints. Also at that place he was
accustomed to put his men in pledge, and to enroll them and to renew
their pledges every year, and to take such profit therefor as the
bailiff of the town was to take at the portman-moot. This messuage,
with the adjacent garden, now in the occupation of the infirmarer, was
the mansion of Beodric, who was of old time the lord of this town, and
after whom also the town came to be called Beodricsworth. His demesne
lands are now in the demesne of the cellarer, and that which is now
called averland was the land of his rustics. And the total amount of
the holding of himself and his churls was thirty times thirty acres of
land, which are still the fields of this town.

The service thereof, when the town was made free, was divided into two
parts, so that the sacrist or town bailiff was to receive a free
annual payment, namely, for each acre twopence. The cellarer was to
have the ploughings and other services, namely, the ploughing of one
rood for each acre, without meals (which custom is still observed),
and was to have the folds wherein all the men of the town, except the
steward, who has his own fold, are bound to put their sheep (which
custom also is still observed); and was to have aver-peni, namely, for
each thirty acres twopence (which custom was done away with before the
decease of abbot Hugh, when Gilbert of Elveden was cellarer).

Furthermore, the men of the town were wont upon the order of the
cellarer to go to Lakenheath, and bring back a day's catch of eels
from Southrey. They often, indeed, used to return empty-handed, so
they had their trouble without any profit to the cellarer. It was
therefore settled between them that each thirty acres, from
thenceforth, should pay one penny by the year, and the men were to
remain at home. But, in fact, at this time, those lands are subdivided
into so many parts, that it can hardly be ascertained by whom that
annual payment is to be made; so that I have seen the cellarer, in one
year, receive twenty-seven pence, but now he can hardly get tenpence
halfpenny.

The cellarer was also wont to exercise authority over the ways without
the town, so that it was not lawful for any one to dig for chalk or
clay without his licence. He also was accustomed to summon the fullers
of the town, that they should furnish cloth for his salt. Otherwise he
would prohibit them the use of the waters, and would seize the webs he
found there; which customs are still observed. Also, whosoever bought
corn, or indeed anything from the cellarer, was accustomed to be quit
from toll at the gate of the town when he went homewards, wherefore
the cellarer sold his produce dearer; which usage is still observed.
Also, the cellarer is accustomed to take toll of flax at the time of
its carrying, namely, one truss from each load. Also, the cellarer
alone ought, or at least used to have, a free bull in the fields of
the town; now many persons have bulls.

Also, when any one surrendered his burgage land in alms to the
convent, and this was assigned to the cellarer, or other official,
that land used, thenceforth, to be quit of haggovele, and most
especially so to the cellarer, on account of the dignity of his
office, for he is the second father in the monastery, or even as a
matter of reverence to the convent, for the estate of those who
procure our provisions ought to be favourable. But the abbot says that
usage is unjust, because the sacrist loses his service. Further, the
cellarer was accustomed to warrant to the servants of the court lodge,
that they should be quit of scot and tallage; but now it is not so,
for the burgesses say that the servants of the court lodge ought to be
quit only so far as they are servants, but not when they hold burgage
in the town, and when they or their wives publicly buy and sell in the
market.

Also, the cellarer was used freely to take all the dunghills in the
street, for his own use, unless it were before the doors of those who
were holding averland; for to them only was it allowable to collect
dung, and to keep it. This custom gradually lapsed in the time of
abbot Hugh until Dennis and Roger of Hingham became cellarers. Being
desirous of reviving the ancient custom, they took the cars of the
burgesses laden with dung, and made them unload; but a multitude of
the burgesses resisting, and being too strong for them, every one in
his own tenement now collects his dung in a heap, and the poor sell
theirs when and to whom they choose.

The cellarer was also wont to have this privilege in the market of
this town, that he and his purveyors should have pre-emption of all
the provisions for the use of the convent, if the abbot were not at
home. Also, that the purveyors of the abbot, or cellarer, whichever of
them first came into the market, should buy first, either the latter
without the former, or the former without the latter. But if both were
present, then preference was to be given to the abbot. Also, in the
season when herrings were sold, the purveyors of the abbot should
always buy a hundred herrings at a halfpenny less than other people,
and likewise the cellarer and his purveyors. Also, if a load of fish
or other provisions should come first into the court lodge, or into
the market, and that load should not have been discharged from the
horse or from the cart, the cellarer or his purveyors might buy the
whole and take it home with them without paying toll. But the abbot
Samson commanded his purveyors that they should give preference to the
cellarer and his men, because, as he himself said, he had much rather
himself go without than his convent. Therefore the purveyors, "in
honour preferring one another," if they find there is any one thing to
be bought which is not enough for both parties, buy it between them,
and divide it, share and share alike, and so between the head and the
members, and the father and the sons, there remains an agreement in
disagreement.

The poet has said, "Envy aims at the highest," and it is for this
reason that I repeat these words, that when some one was perusing this
narrative, and while he was reading of so many good acts, he called me
a flatterer of the abbot, and a seeker of favour and grace, saying
that I had silently suppressed some things which ought not to have
been passed by.

When I inquired which and what sort of acts they might be, he
answered, "Do you not see how the abbot grants away, at his own good
pleasure, the escheats of land belonging to the demesnes of the
convent, and the female heirs of lands, and the widows, as well within
the town of St. Edmund as without? Also, do you not see how the abbot
draws to himself the plaints and pleas of those who demand by the
King's writ lands which are of the fee of the convent, and especially
those plaints from which profit arises; and those from which no gain
ensues, he turns over to the cellarer or sacrist, or other officials?"
Whereto I answered, as I believe the fact to be, perhaps rightly,
perhaps wrongly, and said that every lord of a fee whereto there is
homage, ought by right to have an escheat whenever it shall have
fallen within the fee in respect whereof he has received homage. By
parity of reason, there is due to him general aid of the burgesses,
and also the wardships of boys, and the gifts of widows and girls, in
those fees in respect whereof he has received homage; for all these
things seem to belong to the abbot alone, unless by chance the abbey
shall be vacant.

Moreover, in the town of St. Edmund a special custom has place, by
reason of its being a borough, that the next in blood shall have the
wardship of a boy with an inheritance, until the years of discretion.
Furthermore, I thus answered him concerning the plaints and pleas,
that I had never seen the abbot usurp jurisdiction that belonged to
us, unless in default of our administering justice; but nevertheless,
he had on some occasions taken money, in order that by the
intervention of his authority plaints and pleas should attain their
final determination. Also, I have sometimes seen pleas which belonged
to us decided in the court of the abbot, because there was not any in
the commencement of the suit who would, on the part of the convent,
assert jurisdiction.




CHAPTER XIV

THE SHRINE OF ST. EDMUND


In the year of grace one thousand one hundred and ninety-eight, the
glorious martyr Edmund was pleased to strike terror into our convent,
and to instruct us that his body should be kept more reverently and
diligently than it had hitherto been.

There was a wooden platform between the shrine and the high altar,
whereon stood two tapers, which the keepers of the shrine used to
renew and stick together, by placing one candle upon the stump of
another in a slovenly manner. Under this platform there were many
things irreverently huddled together, such as flax and thread and wax,
and various utensils. In fact, whatever was used by the keepers of the
shrine was put there, for there was a door with iron gratings.

Now, when these keepers of the shrine were fast asleep, on the night
of St. Etheldreda, part of a candle that had been renewed, and was
still burning, fell, as we conjecture, upon the aforesaid platform
covered with rags. Consequently, all that was near, above or below,
began to burn rapidly, so much so that the iron gratings were at a
white heat. And lo! the wrath of the Lord was kindled, but not without
mercy, according to that saying, "In wrath remember mercy"; for just
then the clock struck before the hour of matins, and the master of the
vestry getting up, observed and noticed the fire. He ran at once, and,
striking the gong as if for a dead person, cried at the top of his
voice that the shrine was consumed by fire.

We then, all running thither, found the fire raging wonderfully, and
encircling the whole shrine, and almost reaching the woodwork of the
church. Our young men, running for water, some to the well, some to
the clock, some with their hoods, not without great labour,
extinguished the force of the fire, and also stripped some of the
altars upon the first alarm. And when cold water was poured upon the
front of the shrine, the stones fell, and were reduced almost to
powder. Moreover, the nails by which the plates of silver were affixed
to the shrine started from the wood, which had been burnt underneath
to the thickness of my finger, and the plates of silver were left
dangling one from the other without nails. However, the golden image
of the Majesty in front of the shrine, together with some of the
stonework, remained firm and untouched, and brighter after the fire
than it was before, for it was all of gold.

It so happened, by the will of the Highest, that at that time the
great beam which used to be over the altar had been removed, in order
to be adorned with new carving. It also happened that the cross, the
small image of St. Mary and St. John, the chest with the shirt of St.
Edmund, and the reliquaries and other shrines which used to hang from
the same beam, and other holy things which also stood upon the beam,
had every one of them been previously taken away. Otherwise all these
would have been burnt, as we believe, even as a painted cloth was
burnt which hung in the place of this beam. But what would it have
been had the church been curtained?

When, therefore, we had assured ourselves that the fire had in no
place penetrated the shrine, by carefully inspecting the chinks and
crannies, if there were any, and had perceived that all was cold, our
grief in a great measure abated: but all at once some of our brethren
cried out with a great wailing, that the cup of St. Edmund had been
burnt. When many of us were searching here and there for the stones
and plates among the coals and cinders, they drew forth the cup
entirely uninjured, lying in the middle of the great charred timbers,
which were then put out, and found the same wrapped up in a linen
cloth, half burnt. But the oaken box in which the cup was usually
placed had been burnt to ashes, and only the iron bands and iron lock
were found. When we saw this miracle, we all wept for joy.

Now, as we observed that the greater part of the front of the shrine
was stripped off, and abhorring the disgraceful circumstances of the
fire, after a general consultation we sent for a goldsmith, and caused
the metal plates to be joined together and fixed to the shrine without
the least delay, to avoid the scandal of the matter. We also caused
all traces of the fire to be covered over with wax or in some other
way. But the Evangelist testifies that "there is nothing covered which
shall not be revealed": for some pilgrims came very early in the
morning to make their offerings, who could have perceived nothing of
the sort. Nevertheless, certain of them, peering about, inquired where
was the fire that they had just heard had been about the shrine. And
since it could not be entirely concealed, it was answered to these
inquirers that a candle had fallen down and that three napkins had
been burnt, and that by the heat of the fire some of the stonework in
front of the shrine had been destroyed. Yet for all this there went
forth a lying rumour, that the head of the saint had been burnt. Some
indeed contented themselves with saying that the hair only was singed;
but afterwards, the truth being known, "the mouth of them that spake
lies was stopped."

All these things came to pass by God's providence, in order that the
places round about the shrine of His saint should be more decently
kept, and that the purpose of the lord abbot should be sooner and
without delay carried into execution; which was, that the shrine
itself, together with the body of the holy martyr, should be placed
with greater security, and with more pomp, in a more dignified
position. For before this aforesaid mishap occurred, the cresting of
the shrine was half finished, and the marble blocks whereon the shrine
was to be elevated and was to rest, were for the most part ready and
polished.

The abbot, who at this time was absent, was exceedingly grieved at
these reports; and he on his return home, going into the
chapter-house, declared that these and the like, nay, much greater
perils might befall us for our sins, more especially for our grumbling
about our meat and drink; in a certain measure turning the blame upon
the whole body of the convent, rather than upon the avarice and
carelessness of the keepers of the shrine. To the intent that he might
induce us to abstain from our pittances for at least one year, and to
apply, for at least a year, the rents of the pittancy, for the purpose
of repairing the front of the shrine with pure gold, he himself first
showed us an example of liberality by giving all the treasure of gold
he possessed, namely, fifteen golden rings, worth, as it was believed,
sixty marks, in our presence, towards the reparation of the shrine.

We, on the other hand, all agreed to give our pittancy for such
purpose; but our resolution was afterwards altered, by the sacrist
saying that St. Edmund could very well repair his shrine without such
assistance.

At this time there came a man of great account, but who he was I know
not, that related to the abbot a vision he had seen, whereat he
himself was much moved. Indeed, he related the same in full chapter,
with a very bitter speech. "It is indeed true," he said, "that a
certain great man has seen a vision, to wit, that he saw the holy
martyr St. Edmund lie outside his shrine, and with groans say that he
was despoiled of his clothes, and was wasted away by hunger and
thirst; and that his churchyard and the courts of his church were
negligently kept."

This dream the abbot expounded to us all publicly, laying the blame
upon us, in this fashion: "St. Edmund alleges that he is naked,
because you defraud the naked poor of your old clothes, and because
you give with reluctance what you are bound to give them, and it is
the same with your meat and drink. Moreover, the idleness and
negligence of the sacrist and his associates, are apparent from the
recent misfortune by fire which has taken place between the shrine and
the altar." On hearing this the convent was very sorrowful; and after
chapter several of the brethren met together, and interpreted the
dream after this fashion: "We," said they, "are the naked members of
St. Edmund, and the convent is his naked body; for we are despoiled of
our ancient customs and privileges. The abbot has everything, the
chamberlainship, the sacristy, the cellary; while we perish of hunger
and thirst, because we have not our victuals, save by the clerk of the
abbot and by his ministration. If the keepers of the shrine have been
negligent, let the abbot lay it to his own charge, for it was he who
appointed such careless fellows."

In such wise spoke many in the convent. But when this interpretation
of the dream was communicated to the abbot, in the forest of Harlow,
on his way from London, he was very wroth, and was troubled in mind,
and made answer: "They will wrest that dream against me, will they? By
the face of God! so soon as I reach home I will restore to them the
customs that they say are theirs. I will withdraw my clerk from the
cellary, and will leave them to themselves; and I shall see the fruits
of their wisdom at the end of the year. This year I have been residing
at home, and I have caused their cellary to be managed without
incurring debt; and this is the way in which they render me thanks."

On the abbot's return home, having it in purpose to translate the
blessed martyr, he humbled himself before God and man, meditating
within himself how he might reform himself, and make himself at peace
with all men, especially with his own convent. Therefore, sitting in
chapter, he commanded that a cellarer and sub-cellarer should be
chosen by our common assent, and withdrew his own clerk, saying, that
whatsoever he had done he had done it for our advantage, as he called
God and his saints to witness, and justified himself in various ways.

"Hear, O Heaven!" the things that I speak; "give ear, O earth!" to
what Abbot Samson did. The feast of St. Edmund now approaching, the
marble blocks were polished, and everything made ready for the
elevation of the shrine. The feast day having therefore been kept on a
Friday, a three days' fast was proclaimed on the following Sunday to
the people, and the occasion of the fast was publicly explained. The
abbot also announced to the convent that they should prepare
themselves for transferring the shrine, and placing it upon the high
altar, until the masons' work was finished; and he appointed the time
and the manner for doing this work.

When we had that night come to matins, there stood the great shrine
upon the altar, empty within, adorned with white doeskins above,
below, and round about, which were fixed to the wood by silver nails;
but one panel stood below, by a column of the church, and the sacred
body still lay in its accustomed place. Lauds having been sung, we all
proceeded to take our disciplines. This being performed, the lord
abbot and those with him vested themselves in albs; and approaching
reverently, as it was fit they should, they hastened to uncover the
coffin.

First there was an outer cloth of linen, overwrapping the coffin and
all. This was found tied on the upper side with strings of its own.
Within this was a cloth of silk, and then another linen cloth, and
then a third. And so at last the coffin was uncovered, standing upon a
tray of wood, that the bottom of it might not be injured by the stone.

Affixed to the outside, over the breast of the martyr, lay an angel of
gold, about the length of a man's foot, holding in one hand a golden
sword and in the other a banner. Underneath it, there was a hole in
the lid of the coffin, where the ancient custodians of the martyr had
been wont to lay their hands, for the purpose of touching the sacred
body. And over the figure of the angel was this verse inscribed:--

"Martiris ecce zoma servat Michaelis agalma."

("_Behold the martyr's body St. Michael's image keeps._")

At the two heads of the coffin were iron rings, as there used to be on
Danish chests.

So, raising up the coffin with the body, they carried it to the altar,
and I lent thereto my sinful hand to help in carrying it, although the
abbot had strictly commanded that no one should approach unless he was
called. The coffin was placed within the shrine, and the panel was put
thereon and fastened down.

Now we all began to think that the abbot would exhibit the coffin to
the people on the octave of the feast, and would replace the sacred
body before all of us. But we were sadly deceived, as the sequel will
show; for on Wednesday, while the convent was singing compline, the
abbot spoke with the sacrist and Walter the physician, and it was
resolved that twelve brethren should be appointed who were strong
enough to carry the panels of the shrine, and skilful in fixing and
unfixing them.

The abbot then said that it had been the object of his prayers to see
his patron saint, and that he wished to join with him the sacrist and
Walter the physician when he looked upon him; and there were also
nominated the abbot's two chaplains, the two keepers of the shrine,
and the two keepers of the vestry, with six others, Hugh the sacrist,
Walter the physician, Augustine, William of Diss, Robert and Richard.
The convent being all asleep, these twelve vested themselves in albs,
and drawing the coffin out of the shrine, carried and placed it upon a
table near where the shrine used to be, and commenced unfastening the
lid, which was joined and fixed to the coffin with sixteen very long
iron nails. When, with considerable difficulty, they had performed
this, all were ordered to go further away, except the two forenamed
associates.

Now the coffin was so filled with the sacred body, both in length and
width, that even a needle could hardly be put between the head and the
wood or between the feet and the wood. The head lay united to the
body, somewhat raised by a small pillow. The abbot, looking
attentively, next found a silk cloth veiling the whole body, and then
a linen cloth of wondrous whiteness, and upon the head a small linen
cloth, and after that another small and very fine silken cloth, as if
it had been the veil of some nun. Lastly, they discovered the body,
wound round with a linen cloth, and then it was that all the
lineaments of the saint's body were laid open to view.

At this point the abbot stopped, saying he durst not proceed further,
or view the holy body naked. Taking the head between his hands, he
sighed and spoke thus: "Glorious martyr, St. Edmund, blessed be the
hour wherein thou wast born! Glorious martyr, turn not my boldness to
my perdition, for that I, miserable sinner, do touch thee, for thou
knowest my devotion and my intention!" And proceeding, he touched the
eyes and the nose, which was very massive and prominent. Then he
touched the breast and arms, and raising the left arm, he touched the
fingers, and placed his own fingers between the fingers of the saint.
Proceeding further, he found the feet standing stiff up, like the feet
of a man who had died that day, and he touched the toes, and in
touching counted them.

It was then proposed that the other brethren should be called forward,
in order that they might see these wonders; and six, being thus
called, approached, and also six other brethren with them, who had
stolen in without the abbot's assent, and saw the saint's body,
namely, Walter of St. Alban's, Hugh the infirmarer, Gilbert the
brother of the prior, Richard of Hingham, Jocell the cellarer, and
Thurstan the little, who alone put forth his hand, and touched the
feet and knees of the saint. And the Most High so ordering it, that
there might be abundance of witnesses, one of our brethren, John of
Diss, sitting upon the roof of the church with the servants of the
vestry, saw all these things plainly enough.

All this being done, the lid was fastened down on the coffin with the
same, and with the same number of nails, and in like manner as before,
the martyr being covered up with the same cloths and in the same order
as he was when first discovered. Finally, the coffin was placed in the
accustomed place, and there was put upon the coffin, near to the
angel, a certain silken bag, wherein was deposited a schedule written
in English, containing certain salutations of Ailwin the monk, as is
believed, which schedule was found close by the golden angel when the
coffin was uncovered. By the abbot's order, there was forthwith
written another short memorandum, also deposited in the same bag, in
the following form of words: "In the year of the incarnation of our
Lord, 1198, the abbot Samson, upon the impulse of devotion, saw and
touched the body of St. Edmund on the night after the feast of St.
Catherine, these being witnesses." And thereto were subscribed the
names of the eighteen monks.

The brethren also wound the whole coffin up in a suitable linen cloth,
and over the same placed a new and most valuable silken cloth, which
Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, had offered at the shrine that very
year, and they placed lengthwise a certain linen cloth doubled under
it and next to the stone, to prevent the coffin or the tray whereon it
stood from being injured by the stone. Afterwards the panels were
brought forth, and properly joined together on the shrine.

When the convent assembled to sing matins, and understood what had
been done, all who had not seen these things were very sorrowful,
saying among themselves, "We have been sadly deceived." However, after
matins had been sung, the abbot called the convent to the high altar,
and briefly recounting what had been done, alleged that he ought not
to call--and could not call--all of them to be present on such an
occasion. Hearing this, with tears we sang "Te Deum laudamus," and
hastened to ring the bells in the choir.

On the fourth day after, the abbot deposed the keepers of the shrine
and the keeper of St. Botolph, appointing new ones, and establishing
rules, so that the holy places should be more carefully and diligently
kept. He also caused the great altar, which heretofore was hollow, and
wherein many things were irreverently stowed away, and that space
which was between the shrine and the altar, to be made solid with
stone and cement, so that no danger from fire could arise by the
negligence of the keepers, as had been already the case; according to
the saying of the wise man, who said,

"Happy is he who learns caution from the danger of others."




CHAPTER XV

THE MONASTERY IN REVOLT


Now when the abbot had obtained the favour and grace of King Richard
by gifts and money, so that he had good reason to believe that he
could succeed according to his desire in all his undertakings, the
King died, and the abbot lost his labour and outlay. However, King
John, immediately after his coronation, setting aside all other
affairs, came down to St. Edmund, drawn thither by his vow and by
devotion. We, indeed, believed that he was come to make offering of
some great matter; but all he offered was one silken cloth, which his
servants had borrowed from our sacrist, and to this day have not paid
for. He availed himself of the hospitality of St. Edmund, which was
attended with enormous expense, and upon his departure bestowed
nothing at all, either of honour or profit, upon the saint, save
thirteen pence sterling, which he offered at his mass on the day of
his departure.

About that time some of our officials made complaint, stating in our
chapter that Ralph the porter, our servant, maintained causes and
actions against them to the damage of the church and to the prejudice
of the convent. It was ordered by the prior, with the assent of us
all, that he should be punished according to the custom whereby our
servants are usually punished, that is, by the withholding of their
stipends. It was therefore ordered that the cellarer should withhold
from him, not the corody which of right belonged to his office
according to the tenour of his charter, but certain additions and
perquisites which the cellarer and sub-cellarer allowed him without
knowledge of the convent at large. Now the aforesaid Ralph,
accompanied by certain of the abbot's table, complained to the abbot
on his return from London, that the prior and convent had disseised
him of his corody, whereof he was seised when the abbot had first come
to the abbacy. They also stated to the abbot that this act was done
without his sanction, and to his dishonour, and unreasonably, without
his advice, and without investigation. The abbot indeed believed him,
and, in other wise than was either fitting or customary, became
excited. He instantly justified Ralph, and affirmed that he was
innocent. Coming into chapter and complaining thereof, he said that
what had been done was to his prejudice and without his consent. And
it was answered by one of us, the others all joining him, that this
was done by the prior, and with the assent of the whole convent.

The abbot was confused at this, saying, "I have nourished and brought
up children, and they have rebelled against me." Not overlooking this
(as he ought to have done) for the sake of peace to the many, but
rather exhibiting his power with a resolution not to be over-mastered,
he openly gave command to the cellarer that he should restore to
Ralph, fully and wholly, all that had been taken from him, and that he
should drink nothing but water till he had restored everything. But
Jocell the cellarer, hearing this, chose for that day to drink water,
rather than restore the corody to Ralph against the will of the
convent. When this came to the abbot's knowledge on the morrow, he
forbade both meat and drink to the cellarer until he restored all.
With these words the abbot immediately departed from the town, and
stayed away for eight days.

On the same day on which the abbot had departed, the cellarer arose in
chapter, and exhibiting the precept of the abbot, and holding his keys
in his hand, said that he had rather be deposed from his office than
do anything in opposition to the convent. And then there began a great
tumult in the convent, such as I had never before seen; and they said
that the precept of the abbot was not to be obeyed. But the seniors
and more prudent men of the convent, discreetly holding their tongues,
upon being urged gave it as their opinion that the abbot was to be
obeyed in everything, except in things manifestly against God's
pleasure; and intimated that we must bear with this scandalous
behaviour for a time for the sake of peace, lest worse should befall.
Now when the prior had begun to sing "Verba mea" for all deceased, as
is the rule, the novices withstood him, and with them nearly the half
of the convent; and raising their voices, they all cried out in
answer, and opposed it. Nevertheless, the senior part of the convent
prevailed, although they were few as compared with the rest.

The abbot, although absent, yet by his messengers terrified some by
threats. Some others he drew over to him by fair words; and the more
influential men of the convent, as though they were afraid even of his
garment, he caused to secede from the counsel of the generality, that
that gospel should be fulfilled which says, "Every kingdom divided
against itself is brought to desolation." Moreover, the abbot said
that he would by no means come amongst us, by reason of the
conspiracies and oaths which, as he said, we had made against him,
that we should kill him with our knives. However, returning home, and
sitting in his inner chamber, he gave orders to one of our brethren
whom he vehemently suspected, that he should come to him; and because
he would not come, fearing to be taken and bound, he was
excommunicated; and the whole day after he was put into fetters,
remaining till morning in the infirmary. Three others the abbot also
included in a lighter sentence, in order that the others might fear.

On the morrow it was resolved that the abbot should be sent for, and
that we should humble ourselves before him, both in word and
demeanour, so that his anger might be appeased; and it was done
accordingly. He, on the other hand, answering meekly enough, but
always alleging his own rectitude, laid the blame upon us. Yet when he
saw that we were willing to be overcome, was himself fairly overcome.
Bursting into tears, he swore that he had never grieved for any one
thing as he had upon the present occasion, as well on his own account
as on our account also, and more especially for the scandal, the evil
report which had already gone abroad concerning our dissension, to the
effect that the monks of St. Edmund wished to kill their abbot.

And when the abbot had told us how he went away on purpose till his
anger had cooled, repeating this saying of the philosopher, "I would
have taken vengeance upon thee had I not been angry," he arose,
weeping, and embraced all and every one of us with the kiss of peace.
He wept, and we also wept. The brethren who had been excommunicated
were immediately absolved; and thus "the tempest ceased, and there was
a great calm." Yet for all this the abbot gave private orders that the
accustomed corody should be given without stint to Ralph the porter,
as heretofore; to which matter, however, we shut our eyes, being at
last made to understand that there is no lord who will not bear rule,
and that battle is perilous which is undertaken against the stronger,
and is begun against the more powerful party.

In the year of grace one thousand two hundred a marshalling took place
of the knights of St. Edmund and of their fees, whereof their
ancestors had been infeoffed.

 Alberic de Vere holds five knights' fees and a half: namely, in
 Loddon and in Brome, one knight's fee; in Mendham and Preston, one
 knight's fee; in Rede, one knight's fee; and in Cockfield, half a
 knight's fee; and in Livermere, two knights' fees.

 William of Hastings holds five knights' fees: to wit, in Lidgate, and
 in Blunham and in Harling, three knights' fees; and in Tibenham and
 in Gissing, two.

 The Earl Roger holds three knights' fees in Norton and Brisingham.

 Robert Fitz Roger holds one knight's fee in Marlesford.

 Alexander of Kirkby holds one knight's fee in Kirkby.

 Roger of Eu holds two knights' fees, in Mickfield and in Topscroft.

 Arnald of Charneles and his co-parceners, one knight's fee, in
 Oakley, and in Quiddenham, and in Thurston, and Stuston.

 Osbert of Wachesham, one knight's fee in Marlingford and in Wortham.

 William of Tostock, one knight's fee in Randestune.

 Gilbert Fitz Ralph, three knights' fees: namely, in Thelnetham and in
 Hepworth, one knight's fee; in Reydon (in Blithing) and in Gissing,
 one knight's fee; and in Saxham, one knight's fee.

 Ralph of Buckenham, half a knight's fee in Buckenham.

 William of Bardwell, two knights' fees in Barningham, and in
 Bardwell, and in Hunston, and in Stanton.

 Robert of Langtoft holds three knights' fees, in Stow, and in
 Ashfield, and in Troston, and in Little Waltham in Essex.

 Adam of Cockfield, two knights' fees: namely, in Lavenham, and in
 Onehouse, one knight's fee; and in Lelesey.

 Robert Fitz Walter, one knight's fee, in Great Fakenham and in
 Sapiston.

 William Blund, one knight's fee in Thorp (in Blackbourn).

 Gilbert of Peche, two knights' fees: namely, in Waude and in Gedding,
 one knight's fee; in Felsham, and in Euston, and in Groton, one
 knight's fee.

 Gilbert of St. Clare, two knights' fees, in Bradfield and in
 Wattisfield.

 Geoffrey of Whelnetham and Gilbert of Manston, one knight's fee, in
 Whelnetham and in Manston.

 Hubert of Ansty, half a knight's fee in Briddinghoe.

 Gervase of Rothing, one knight's fee, in Chipley and in Rothing.

 Robert of Halsted, one knight's fee in Halsted, and half a knight's
 fee in Brockley.

 Reginald of Brockley, one knight's fee in Brockley.

 Simon of Patteshall, half a knight's fee in Whatfield.

 Peter Fitz Alan, half a knight's fee in Brockley.

 Ralph of Presseni, half a knight's fee in Stanningfield.

 Richard of Ickworth, two knights' fees, in Ickworth and in Wangford.

 Robert of Horning, half a knight's fee in Horning.

 Walter of Saxham, one knight's fee, in Ashfield and in Saxham.

 William of Wordwell, half a knight's fee in Whelnetham.

 Norman of Risby, half a knight's fee in Risby.

 Peter of Livermere and Alan of Flempton, one knight's fee in
 Livermere and Ampton.

 Roger of Morieux, one knight's fee in Thorpe.

 Hugh of Eleigh, in Eleigh, and in Preston, and in Bradfield, two
 knights' fees.

 Stephen of Brockdish, one fourth part of a knight's fee in Brockdish.

 Adam of Barningham, one fourth part of a knight's fee in Barningham.

 William of Wordwell, in Little Livermere and in Wordwell, one fourth
 part of a knight's fee.

 The total is fifty-two fees and one-half and one quarter.

Now Geoffrey Ruffus, one of our monks, although he deported himself
in somewhat too secular a manner, yet was a useful person to us in
the keeping of the four manors of Barton, Pakenham, Rougham, and
Bradfield, where there had often been heretofore a deficiency in the
farms. But the abbot, although hearing of the evil report of his
continence, yet winked at it for a long time, most likely because
Geoffrey seemed to be serviceable to the community. At length, when
the truth was known, the abbot suddenly made a seizure of his chests,
put them in the vestry, and caused all the stock of the different
manors to be kept most closely, and remanded Geoffrey to the
cloister. There was found much gold and silver, to the value of two
hundred marks, the whole of which the abbot said was to be laid by
for the purpose of making the front of the shrine of St. Edmund.

On the feast of St. Michael it was decreed in chapter that two
brethren, not one alone, should succeed to the keepership of the
manors, whereof one was Roger of Hingham, who promised before us all
that he was willing and able to undertake the charge of the manors
and cellary together. The abbot gave his assent thereto, but the
convent was reluctant. And Jocell, who had well and carefully managed
his office, and for two years had been in charge of the cellary
without incurring debt, as other cellarers had used to do, was
deposed from the cellary and was made sub-cellarer. But at the end of
the year, Roger, on rendering account of his receipts and outgoings,
affirmed that he had received sixty marks from the stock of the
manors to supply the deficiency of the cellarer. Therefore, upon
counsel being taken, it was resolved that Jocell should be restored
to the cellary; and Mildenhall and Chebenhall and Southwold were
granted to him. The other manors were committed to Roger and Albin,
and were divided from the cellary, lest the manors should be ruined
by the cellary, or the cellary be ruined by the manors.

Adam of Cockfield being dead, the abbot could have had three hundred
marks for the wardship of the only daughter of the same Adam; but
because the grandfather of the damsel had taken her away privily, and
inasmuch as the abbot was not able to obtain seisin of the damsel,
unless by the aid of the archbishop, the abbot granted that wardship
to Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, for the consideration of one
hundred pounds. The archbishop, for five hundred marks, granted to
Thomas de Burgh, the brother of the King's chamberlain, that same
wardship; and the damsel was delivered to him, with her rights, by
the hand of the abbot. Thomas, therefore, at once required the seisin
of these manors, which we had in our hands after the death of
Adam--Cockfield, Semer, and Groton--we believing that we had power to
retain all of them in our demesne, or at least two of them, Semer and
Groton; both because Robert of Cockfield, being on his deathbed, had
publicly affirmed that he could claim nothing by right of inheritance
in these two manors, and also because Adam, his son, had re-assigned
to us those two manors in full court, and had made his charter
thereof, wherein it was contained that he holds those two manors by
the permission of the convent during his life only.

Thomas, therefore, suing a writ of recognition thereof, caused the
knights to be summoned, that they should come to be sworn before the
King at Tewkesbury. Our charter read in public had no force, for the
whole court was against us. The oath being administered, the knights
said that they knew nothing about our charters, or of any private
agreements; but this they said they did believe, that Adam and his
father and his grandfather, for a hundred years back, had holden the
manors in fee-farm, one after the other, on the days of their
respective deaths. Thus we were disseised by the judgment of the
court, after much trouble and many charges expended, saving
nevertheless our ancient fee-farm rents payable annually.

The lord abbot seemed to be "misled by a certain appearance of
right," because, forsooth, the Scripture saith, "I will not give my
glory to another." The abbot of Cluny coming to us, and received by
us in such wise as he ought, our abbot would not give place, either
in chapter or in the procession on Sunday, but he must needs sit and
stand in the middle between the abbot of Cluny and the abbot of
Chertsey. Wherefore divers thought different things, and many
expressed their feelings in various ways.




CHAPTER XVI

THE ELECTION OF A NEW PRIOR


Robert the prior was at this time in a dying state; but while he was
yet alive many opinions were uttered as to appointing a new prior.
Some one, therefore, related to us, that the abbot sitting in the
choir, and steadfastly beholding all the brethren from the first to
the last, found no one upon whom his spirit might rest to make him
prior, save Herbert his chaplain. By these and similar acts the will
of the abbot was made apparent to most of us. One of us hearing this,
answered that it was not to be believed; asserting "that the abbot, a
diligent and prudent man, to such a man, a youth and almost beardless
novice of twelve years, who had only become a cloister monk four
years ago, not approved in the cure of souls, nor in doctrinal
learning--to such a one," said he, "he will never give the priorate."

Now, when the prior died, the abbot was staying in London; and a
certain person said, "A month has scarcely elapsed since the abbot
made Herbert the chaplain, sub-sacrist, and when he committed that
office to him, in the chapel of St. Nicasius, he promised that if he
could, by any means, make him prior, he would use his utmost
exertions on his behalf." Some one hearing of this, who was desirous
of making himself agreeable to the abbot and the future prior, most
urgently solicited many of us, seniors and juniors alike, that when
the opportunity presented itself they would nominate Herbert, at
least with some others, for prior. He affirmed that by this means
they would gratify the abbot, for such indeed was his desire.

There certainly were many of us, as well of the seniors as the
juniors, who asserted that the same Herbert was an amiable and
affable man, and worthy of much honour. Also, there were some--few in
number, indeed, but whose advice was more respected, and who belonged
to the wiser part of the convent--who were desirous of promoting
Master Hermer the sub-prior to be prior, as being an experienced,
learned and eloquent man, skilful and expert in the cure of souls,
who at that time had governed the cloister for fourteen years in good
discipline, an approved sub-prior, and well known. This man, I say,
they were desirous of preferring, according to that saying of the
wise man, "believe an experienced master."

But the greater number of us secretly grumbled in opposition, saying
that he was a passionate, impatient, restless, fussy and fretful man,
a litigious person, and a disturber of peace, deriding him, and
saying, "The discretion of a man deferreth his anger, and it is his
glory to pass over a transgression." Also, another one said, "This
one thing, as being a scandal, is to be much guarded against, namely,
that if the sub-prior be removed, henceforward learned clerks will
not deign to take on them the religious habit in our house, if it
should happen that any dumb image be set up, and a wooden log be
preferred in such a convent as ours." And the same brother added
somewhat more, saying that a person to be prior of our convent,
should be such a one that if any question of great importance arose
in the abbot's absence concerning ecclesiastical or secular affairs,
it might be referred to the prior, as being the highest and most
discreet person.

A certain one of our brethren, hearing these and such like things,
said, "What good is it that ye multiply so many and such sayings?
When the abbot comes home, he will do as he pleases about it. Perhaps
he may seek the advice of each of us singly, and with great show of
formality; but in the end, by allegations and by plausible reasonings
and circumlocutions, he will at last come down to the fulfilment of
his own desire; and the affair will end as he has all along
intended."

The abbot, therefore, having returned, and sitting in chapter, set
forth to us amply and eloquently enough what sort of man ought to be
appointed prior. John the third prior answered, in the presence of us
all, that the sub-prior was a worthy and fit person. But the greater
number immediately opposed, saying, "A man of peace, let a man of
peace be given us." Two of us, therefore, replied to them, saying
that a person should be appointed who knew how to direct the souls of
men, and to distinguish "between leprosy and leprosy," which saying
gave great offence, for it seemed to favour the part of the
sub-prior. But the abbot hearing this uproar, said that he would
after chapter hear what each had to say, and so proceed advisedly in
the business, and upon the morrow would dispatch it as he thought
fit.

In the meantime some one said that the abbot would go through this
formality in order that the sub-prior should be cautiously shelved
from the office of prior, as if it had been done by the advice of the
convent, not by the desire of the abbot; and so he, the abbot, would
be held excused, and by this policy the mouth of them that speak lies
should be stopped.

On the morrow the abbot, as he sat in chapter, wept sorely, saying
that he had passed the whole night without sleep, for sheer anxiety
and apprehension that he might chance to nominate one who was
displeasing to God. He swore upon peril of his soul that he would
nominate four of us who, according to his opinion, were most
serviceable and fit, so that we should choose one from those four.
Therefore the abbot, in the first place, named the sacrist, whom he
well knew to be infirm and insufficient, as the sacrist himself
testified with an oath. Forthwith, in the presence of all, he named
John the third prior, his cousin, and Maurice his chaplain, and the
before-named Herbert, all indeed young men, of about forty years old
or under, and all of them of moderate learning, and, so far as
respects the cure of souls, rather requiring to be taught than
learned therein, nevertheless apt to learn.

These three the abbot nominated and preferred, passing over the
sub-prior, and passing by many others of the seniors and elders,
experienced and learned men, some who had formerly been masters of
the schools, as well as all others. The abbot dwelt long in speaking
of and commending the person of John in many respects; but,
nevertheless, on the other side, alleged that the great number of his
relations in this province would lie heavy on his neck if he were
prior.

Now, when the abbot was about to allege the same thing concerning
Maurice (and he could with reason do it), so that in a roundabout way
he should come to make mention of Herbert, his discourse was
interrupted by one of the elders of the convent saying, "Master
precentor, you have the first voice; name Master Herbert." "He is a
good man," said he. On hearing the name of Herbert, the abbot stopped
speaking, and turning to the precentor, said, "I have no objection to
receive Herbert if you will." On this saying, the whole convent cried
out, "He is a good man; he is a good and amiable man"; and this same
thing also many of the elders testified. Immediately hereupon the
precentor and some one in alliance with him, and two others on the
other side, arose with all haste, and put Herbert in the midst.

Herbert, indeed, at first humbly begged to be excused, saying that he
was insufficient to fill such a dignity, and particularly, as he
said, he was not of such perfect knowledge that he should know how to
make a sermon in chapter in such manner as would become a prior. Most
of those who witnessed this were amazed, and for very confusion
struck dumb. However, the abbot said in answer many things to
re-assure him, and as it were in disparagement of learned men, saying
that he could well remember and con over the sermons of others, just
as others did; and began to condemn rhetorical flourishes, and
pompous words, and choice sentences, saying that in many churches the
sermon in convent is delivered in French, or rather in English, for
moral edification, not for literary ostentation.

After this had been said, the new prior advanced to the feet of the
abbot and kissed them. The abbot received him with tears, and with
his own hand placed him in the prior's seat, and commanded all that
they should pay him the reverence and obedience due to him as prior.

The chapter being over, I being hospitaller, sat in the porch of the
guest-hall, stupefied, and revolving in my mind the things I had
heard and seen; and I began to consider closely for what cause and
for what particular merits such a man should be advanced to so high a
dignity. And I began to reflect that the man was of comely stature
and of striking appearance; handsome and pleasant looking; always
cheerful; of a smiling countenance, be it early or late; kind to all;
a man calm in his bearing, and grave in his gait; polite in speech,
possessing a sweet voice in chanting, and expressive in reading;
young, strong, of a healthy body, and always in readiness to undergo
travail for the needs of the church; skilful in conforming himself to
every circumstance of place or time, either with ecclesiastics,
clerks or seculars; liberal and social, and gentle in reproof; not
spiteful, not suspicious, not covetous, not tiresome, not slothful;
sober and fluent of tongue in the French idiom, as being a Norman by
birth; a man of moderate understanding, who, if "too much learning
should make him mad," might be said to be a perfectly accomplished
man.

When I regarded these things I said in my mind, such a man would
become very popular, but "there is nothing every way blessed," and I
wept for joy, saying that "God hath visited his people; as the Lord
pleased, so it hath been done." But of a sudden another thought
occurred to me: "Be cautious in your praise of a new man, for honours
alter manners, or rather they show them. Wait and see who and what
sort of men will be his counsellors, and to whom he will give ear,
for each thing naturally draws to its like. The event will prove his
doings, and therefore be sparing in your praises."

On the same day certain unlearned brethren, as well officials as
cloister-folk, came together, and "whetted their tongues like a sword
that they might shoot privily at" the learned, repeating the words of
the abbot, which he had that day spoken, as it were to the prejudice
of the learned. Thus they said to one another, "Now let our
philosophers take to their philosophies: now is it manifest what
their philosophies are worth. So often have our good clerks declined
in the cloister that they are now declined. So much have they
sermonized in chapter that all are driven away. So much have they
spoken of discerning between leprosy and leprosy that as lepers they
are all put out. So often have they declined _musa_, _musae_, that
all of them are reckoned musards" (drivellers). These and such like
things certain uttered in ridicule and scandal of others, justifying
their own ignorance: they condemned the knowledge of polite learning,
and disparaged learned men, being very merry, and expecting great
things, which, in all probability, will never come to pass, for "Hope
of good is often deceived in its expectation."




CHAPTER XVII

THE ABBOT'S FOIBLES


The wise man hath said, "No one is in every respect perfect"; nor was
the abbot Samson. For this reason let me say this, that according to
my judgment the abbot was not to be commended when he caused a deed
to be made and ordered the same to be delivered to a certain servant
of his, for him to have the sergeanty of John Ruffus, after the
decease of the same John. Ten marks, as it was said, "did blind the
eyes of the wise." Wherefore, upon Master Dennis, the monk, saying
that such an act was unheard of, the abbot replied: "I shall not
cease from doing as I like a whit the more for you than I would for
that youngster." The abbot also did the like thing in respect of the
sergeanty of Adam the infirmarer, upon payment of one hundred
shillings. Of such an act it may be said, "A little leaven leaveneth
the whole lump."

There is, also, another stain of evil doing, which I trust in the
Lord he will wash away with tears, in order that a single excess may
not disfigure the sum total of so many good deeds. He built up the
bank of the fish-pond at Babwell so high, for the service of a new
mill, that by the keeping back of the water there is not a man, rich
or poor, who has land near the water, from the gate of the town to
Eastgate, but has lost his garden and his orchards. The pasture of
the cellarer, upon the other side of the bank, is spoilt. The arable
land, also, of the neighbouring folk has been much deteriorated. The
meadow of the cellarer is ruined, the orchard of the infirmarer has
been flooded by the great flow of water, and all the neighbouring
folk are complaining thereof. Once, indeed, the cellarer argued with
him in full chapter, upon this excessive damage; but he, quickly
moved to anger, made answer, that his fish-pond was not to be spoilt
on account of our meadows.

The Dean of London writes thus in his chronicles: "King Henry the
Second, having conferred with the archbishop and bishops concerning
the vacant abbacies, so far observed the rule of the canons in
appointing abbots, that it was the custom to appoint them upon votes
solicited from other houses; thinking, perhaps, that if pastors were
set up in every place from their own body," a previously contracted
familiarity would afford impunity to vice, and old acquaintanceship
would give indulgence to wickedness, and thereby too great remissness
would obtain in cloisters. Another has said: "It does not seem fit
that a pastor should be elected from his own house, but rather from
some other house; because, if he is taken from elsewhere he will
always believe, according to the greatness of the monastery which he
has undertaken to rule, that many are good men and true, whose advice
he will seek if he is a good man, and whose honesty he will fear if
he is a bad one. But a servant of the house, better knowing the
ignorance, inability and incompetence of every one, will the more
carelessly serve therein, mixing square with round."

The monks of Ramsey followed this line of reasoning; for in those
days, when they were able to choose one of their own body, on two
occasions they chose an abbot from other houses.

In the year of grace one thousand two hundred and one there came to
us the abbot of Flay, and through his preaching caused the open
buying and selling which took place in the market on Sundays to be
done away with, and it was ordained that the market should be held on
the Monday. The like the abbot brought to pass in many cities and
boroughs of England.

In the same year the monks of Ely set up a market at Lakenheath,
having the permission, as well as the charter, of the King. Now, we
in the first place, dealing peaceably with our friends and
neighbours, sent our messengers to the chapter of Ely, and, first of
all, to the lord Bishop of Ely, letters of request that he should
forbear his intentions; adding that we could, in a friendly way, for
the sake of peace and preserving our mutual regard, pay the fifteen
marks that were given as a fine for obtaining the King's charter. Why
make a long story of it? They would not give way, and then upon all
sides arose threatening speeches, and "spears threatening spears."

We therefore procured a writ of inquest to ascertain whether that
market was established to our prejudice, and to the damage of the
market of the town of St. Edmund. The oath was made, and it was
testified that this had been done to our damage. Of all which, when
the King was informed, he caused it to be inquired, by his registrar,
what sort of charter he had granted to the monks of Ely; and it was
made to appear that he had given to them the aforesaid market, under
such conditions that it should not be to the injury of the
neighbouring markets. The King, therefore, forty marks being offered,
granted us his charter that from thenceforward there should be no
market within the liberty of St. Edmund, unless by the assent of the
abbot. And he wrote to Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, his justiciary, that the
market of Lakenheath should be abolished. The justiciary wrote the
same to the sheriff of Suffolk.

The sheriff, being well aware that he could not enter upon the
liberties of St. Edmund, or exercise any authority there, gave it in
charge to the abbot, by his writ, that this should be performed
according to the form of the royal command. The steward of the
hundred, therefore, coming thither upon the market day, with the
witnessing of freemen, in the King's name openly prohibited that
market, showing the letters of the King and the sheriff; but being
treated with great abuse and violence, he departed, without having
accomplished his object.

The abbot, on the other hand, deferring this matter for awhile, being
at London, and consulting the learned thereupon, commanded his
bailiffs, that taking with them the men of St. Edmund with horse and
arms, they should abolish the market, and that they should bring
along with them in custody the buyers and sellers therein, if they
should find any. So at dead of night, there went forth nearly six
hundred men well armed, proceeding towards Lakenheath. But when the
scouts gave intelligence of their arrival, all who were in the market
ran hither and thither, and not one of them could be found.

Now, the prior of Ely on that same night had come thither, with his
bailiffs, expecting the arrival of our men, in order that, to the
best of his ability, he might defend the buyers and sellers; but he
would not stir out of his inn. When our bailiffs had required from
him gage and pledge to stand trial in the court of St. Edmund for the
wrong committed by him, and he had refused, upon consultation, they
overturned the butchers' shambles and the tables of the stalls in the
market, and carried them away with them. Moreover, they led away with
them all the cattle, "all sheep and oxen; yea, and the beasts of the
field," and set off towards Icklingham. The bailiffs of the prior
following them made suit for their cattle, by replevin within fifteen
days: and their suit was allowed. Within the fifteen days there came
a writ, whereby the abbot was summoned to come before the court of
exchequer to answer for such act, and that the cattle taken should in
the meantime be delivered up without charge. For the Bishop of Ely,
who was an eloquent and well-spoken man, in his own person had made
complaint thereof to the justiciary and the nobles of England, saying
that a most unheard-of piece of arrogance had been committed in the
land of St. Etheldreda in time of peace; wherefore many were highly
indignant with the abbot.

In the meanwhile another cause of disagreement arose between the
bishop and the abbot. A certain young man of Glemsford had been
summoned to the court of St. Edmund, for a breach of the King's
peace, and had been sought for a long while. At length the steward of
the bishop brought forth that young man in the county court, claiming
the jurisdiction of the court of St. Etheldreda, and exhibiting the
charters and privileges of his lord; but our bailiffs, claiming the
jurisdiction of the plaint and the seisin of such liberty, could not
be heard. The county court, indeed, put that plaint in respite until
the justices in eyre should arrive, wherefore St. Edmund was ousted
of his jurisdiction. The abbot, on hearing this, proposed to go over
to the King; but because he was sick, he decided to defer the matter
till the Purification.

And, behold! on St. Agnes day there came the King's messenger,
bearing the writ of our lord the Pope, wherein it was contained, that
the bishop of Ely and the abbot of St. Edmund should make inquisition
concerning Geoffrey Fitz-Peter and William de Stutville, and certain
other lords of England who had taken the cross, for whom the King
required discharge, alleging their personal infirmity, and the
necessity for their advice in the government of his kingdom. The same
messenger also brought letters from our lord the King, commanding
that he, upon the sight thereof, should come to him to confer upon
the message of our lord the Pope. The abbot was troubled in his mind,
and said, "I am straitened on every side; I must either offend God or
the King: by the very God, whatsoever may be the consequence to me, I
will not wittingly lie."

Therefore, returning home with all speed, somewhat weakened by
infirmity of body and humbled, and (as was not his wont) timid, by
the intervention of the prior, he sought advice of us (a thing he
heretofore had seldom done), as to what course he was to pursue in
respect of the liberties of the church which were in jeopardy, and
whence the money was to come if he took his journey, and to whom the
keeping of the abbey was to be committed, and what should be done for
his poor servants who had a long time served him. And the answer was,
that he might go, and that he was at liberty to take up at interest
sufficient money, to be payable out of our sacristy and from our
pittances, and from our other rents at his pleasure; and that he
should give the abbey in charge to the prior, and some other clerk
whom he had enriched, and who could, in the interval, live upon his
own means, that thereby a saving might take place in the expenses of
the abbot, and that he might give to each of his servants money
proportioned to his length of service.

He, hearing such counsel, was pleased therewith, and so it was done.
The abbot, therefore, coming into chapter the day before he took his
departure, caused to be brought with him all his books, and these he
presented to the church and convent, and commended our counsel which
we had signified to him through the prior.

In the meantime we heard certain persons murmuring, saying that the
abbot is careful and solicitous for the liberties of his own barony,
but he keeps silence respecting the liberties of the convent which we
have lost in his time; namely, concerning the lost court and
liberties of the cellarer, and the liberty of the sacrist, as regards
the appointment of the bailiffs of the town by the convent.
Therefore, the Lord raised up the spirit of three brethren of but
indifferent knowledge, who, having got many others to join them,
conferred with the prior thereupon, in order that he should speak
with the abbot respecting these matters. On our behalf the prior was
to ask him, at his departure, to provide for the security of his
church in respect of those liberties. On hearing this, the abbot
answered that no more was to be said upon the subject, swearing that
so long as he lived he would be the master; but towards evening he
talked more mildly thereupon with the prior.

On the morrow, indeed, sitting in chapter, as he was about to depart
and ask licence so to do, he said he had satisfied all his servants,
and had made his will just as if he was now to die; and beginning to
speak concerning those liberties, he justified himself, saying that
he had changed the ancient customs in order that there should not be
a default in the administration of the King's justice, and threw the
blame upon the sacrist, and said that if Durand, the town bailiff,
who was now sick, should die, the sacrist might hold the bailiwick in
his own hand, and present a bailiff to the chapter for approval, as
the custom had been of old, so nevertheless that this be done with
the assent of the abbot; but the gifts and offerings to be made
yearly by the bailiff he would in no wise remit.

Now, when we asked him what was to be done in respect of the
cellarer's court which was lost, and especially of the halfpence
which the cellarer was accustomed to receive for renewing pledges, he
became angry, and asked us in his turn by what authority we demanded
the exercise of regal jurisdiction, and those things which appertain
to regalities.

To this it was replied that we had possessed it from the foundation
of the church, and even three years after he had come to the abbacy,
and this liberty of renewing pledges we possessed in every one of our
manors. We stated that we ought not to lose our right in
consideration of a hundred shillings, which he received privately
from the town bailiff every year; and we boldly required of him to
give us such seisin thereof as we had had even in his time.

The abbot, being as it were at a loss for an answer, and willing
enough to leave us all in peace and to depart quietly, ordered that
those halfpence and the other matters which the cellarer demanded
should be sequestrated until his return; and he promised that upon
his return he would co-operate with us in everything, and make just
order and disposition, and render to each what was justly his. On his
saying this, all was quiet again; but the calm was not very great,
for

    "In promises any man may wealthy be."


                  FINIS.


 APPENDICES:

                                                   PAGE

   I  _SAMSON AS AN AUTHOR_                         215

  II  _NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE CHRONICLE_          222

 III  _TABLE OF CHIEF DATES IN THE HISTORY
           OF THE ABBEY OF ST. EDMUNDSBURY_
           (A.D. 870 _to_ 1903)                     257




APPENDIX I

SAMSON AS AN AUTHOR.


Samson having been generally looked upon as a man of action rather
than as a man of letters, it seems desirable to consider at greater
length than is possible in the general Introduction, his claims to be
regarded as a literary character.

In the Bodleian Library at Oxford is a huge codex of 898 pages (MS.
240) in a script of the 14th century. This once belonged to Bury
Abbey, as at the beginning is the note "Liber monachorum Sancti
Edmundi, in quo continetur secunda pars Historia auree, quam scribi
fecit dominus Rogerus de Huntedoun sumptibus graciarum suarum anno
domini MCCC.LXXVII^o." Over the title is written on the margin
"Thomas Prise possidet," and in another hand "Io. Anglicus erat
author."

There is considerable difficulty in assigning the exact authorship of
this work: but that it was compiled at Bury is certain, and it was no
doubt added to as new materials turned up or were deemed worthy of
admission, especially such as were connected with St. Edmundsbury. Dr.
Carl Horstman has published in the preface to Vol. I. of his _Nova
Legenda Anglie_ (Oxf. Univ. Press, 1901) a summary of the contents of
this book which throws much new light on its _provenance_. It is, as
he says, "the depository of documents of Bury Abbey, and not the work
of one individual; but the joint work, the common concern of the
monastery, for a whole generation."

The MS. contains only the second part of the Historia aurea, and with
an abbreviated text; and this is followed by a collection of
miscellanies, lives of saints, poetry and documents of all sorts. Dr.
Horstman prints in his second volume the lives of several saints,
scattered through the last half of the codex.

The only one of these lives that need concern us is that of St.
Edmund, which is very long and detailed, and occupies 116 printed
pages. This is followed almost immediately by a chapter De modo
meditandi vel contemplandi (including St. Edmund's prayer, "Gratias
tibi ago"), and later by a compilation on monastic discipline for the
novices of Bury Abbey.

This Life of St. Edmund is by far the most complete extant. It is
described as "Vita et passio cum miraculis sancti Edmundi regis et
martiris, excerpta de cronicis et diuersis historiis seu legendis, de
eodem breuiter et sub compendio compilata." It is doubtless the
"Prolixa vita" from which was compiled the "abbreviata vita" included
in Abbot Curteys' Register (now at the British Museum), and printed in
Archdeacon Battely's book of 1745 (pp. 25, 149). In the margins are
given the authorities from which it is compiled, and amongst these
are, in addition to the chronicles of Blythburgh, Ely, Hoveden, Hulme,
Huntingdon, Malmesbury, Marianus, Norwich, Sarum, Waringford, and
Westminster, the writers specially identified with Bury Abbey:--Abbo
of Fleury, Herman the Archdeacon, Galfridus de Fontibus, Osbert of
Clare, Jocelin of Brakelond (from whom are taken the incidents
described in chapters viii. and xiv. of this book), and--Samson.

There are in all eighteen sections of the Life for which Samson is
quoted as the authority. On eight occasions the word "Sampson" appears
in the margin; "Sampson abbas," eight times; "Sampson abbas sancti
Edmundi," once; "Ex libro de miraculis eius Sampson," once (the first
occasion when the name appears); and "Ex libro primo miraculorum
Sampson abb." once (the seventh occasion).

Before considering Samson's share in the collection of materials
relative to the history of St. Edmund, a few words must be said about
the earlier writers on the subject.

The first contributor to the tangle of legends and miracles connected
with St. Edmund and his shrine was ABBO, of Fleury, a great monastery
on the Loire above Orleans, founded in the 7th century. A native of
Orleans, Abbo was sent early to the monastic school at Fleury, where
he mastered five of the seven arts, viz., grammar, arithmetic,
dialectic, astronomy and music. (Migne's _Patrologia_, vol. 139.) A
deputation coming to Fleury from the monks of Ramsey Abbey, asking
that a man of learning might be sent to them, Abbo was selected for
the office, and he remained two years in England, when he was
recalled. He died from a spear-thrust in November, 1004. Whilst in
England (circa 985) he heard from Archbishop Dunstan the story of St.
Edmund's death, as related to Dunstan when a youth by an old man who
said he was armour-bearer to St. Edmund on the day of his death (20th
November, 870). At the entreaty of the monks of Ramsey, Abbo put this
story into writing, prefacing it with a dedicatory epistle to Dunstan
in which he says that the work is sent to the Archbishop because every
part of it, except the last miracle, is related on his authority.

Abbo being "composition master" to the student monks at Ramsey, he
wrote, as Mr. Arnold says (I. xiv.), "with that freedom with which men
whose information is scanty, and their imagination strong, are not
sorry to enjoy." Lord Francis Hervey, in a masterly analysis of the
facts and fictions of St. Edmund's life in his Notes to Robert Reyce's
_Breviary of Suffolk_ (1902), thus sums the matter with great truth:
"Abbo's treatise, with its declamatory flourishes and classical tags,
is for historical purposes all but worthless."

The copies extant of Abbo's _Passio_ are numerous. (For List, see
Hardy's Catalogue, vol. i, p. 526.) At least four of them (two in the
Cottonian collection, one at the Bodleian, and one at Lambeth)
belonged to Bury Abbey, the earliest being Tiberius B. ii., which has
on fol. 1_a_ the words "Liber feretrariorum S. Edmundi in quo
continentur uita passio et miracula S. Edmundi." It is a beautiful MS.
of the end of the eleventh or beginning of the twelfth century; "and
the gold enrichment is sometimes splendid" (Arnold I. lxv.), though
the illumination is unfinished. The other Cottonian MS. (Titus A.
viii.) is of the thirteenth century, and has on fol. 65 the words
"Liber monachorum S. Edmundi." (Both these books will be referred to
later.)

The next writer on the subject was HERMAN THE ARCHDEACON, who, at
the end of the eleventh century, wrote a treatise _De Miraculis Sancti
Eadmundi_.

Herman was Archdeacon to Bishop Arfast of Thetford, at the time when
the latter first endeavoured to establish his see at Bury; but later
he must have become a monk of St. Edmund, and he manifests in his
narrative enthusiastic devotion to the monastery. In the prologue he
explains that he compiled his work at the request of Abbot Baldwin
"felicis memoriae" (died 1097), partly from oral tradition, partly from
an old and almost undecipherable manuscript "exarata calamo cujusdam
difficillimo, et, ut ita dicam, adamantino." Mr. Arnold has printed
the text of Herman on pp. 26-92 of his vol. I. from the Cottonian
volume Tiberius B. ii. above referred to, which is composed of Abbo's
_Passio_ and Herman's _Miracula_.

A third writer was GALFRIDUS DE FONTIBUS, who wrote in the days of
Abbot Ording (1146-1156) a short tract, _De Infantia Sancti Eadmundi_,
of which only one MS. is known (in the Cambridge University Library).
Further additions to the legends and miracles were made by OSBERT of
CLARE, prior of Westminster, who flourished between 1108 and 1140,
but whose writings are not now separately extant, though extracts from
them appear in the manuscripts of other authors.

It would seem that working upon all these records, and doubtless
others which have not descended to us, Samson, at the period of his
life when he was still a subordinate officer of Bury Abbey, set about
compiling a treatise of his own. His prologue indicates that he was
moved to narrate the glorious miracles of the glorious king and martyr
St. Edmund by the orders of his superiors and the exhortations of his
fellow monks. His work seems, however, to have been mainly that of a
compiler and editor, though the prologue, described by Mr. Arnold (I.,
liii.) as "written in a massive and manly style," was doubtless of his
own composition. The work appears after Abbo's _Passio_ in the
Cottonian MS. Titus A. viii., and consists of two books, Liber I.
containing sixteen chapters, and Liber II. twenty-one chapters. All
but four of the chapters in the first book refer to narratives that
had been told before by Herman, and Samson "has merely re-written
them, adding no new facts, but greatly improving the style." The
second book contains another prologue, followed by a prefatory letter;
and a hand of the fourteenth or early fifteenth century has written in
the Cottonian MS. "Osberti de Clara prioris Westmonasterii" in the
margin of the prologue, and "Incipit epistola Osberti prioris
Westmonasterii missa con. S. Edmundi de miraculis ejusdem" in the
margin at the beginning of the letter.

Mr. Arnold speaks of the "inflated diction and fantastical mystical
interpretations" of this (second) prologue and prefatory letter, and
says that "Samson seems simply to have annexed them while making up
his own work." As, however, some of the narratives in this second book
are ascribed to Samson himself in the Bodleian MS. 240, whilst others
in the same book are ascribed to Osbert, it is manifest that some
confusion had arisen in the interval as to the respective shares of
responsibility for the narratives. But this need not prevent us from
accepting Samson as at least the compiler and editor of the work _De
Miraculis Sancti Edmundi_ referred to on page xxxiv. of the
Introduction, and printed in full on pp. 107-208 of Mr. Arnold's first
volume.

If it be the case, as Mr. Arnold thinks (and there seems no reason
against the ascription) that the Prologue of Book I. was Samson's own
composition, it will doubtless be of interest that it should be
reproduced here as a specimen of his literary style; and a translation
of it is therefore subjoined, which follows the structure of the
original as closely as possible:--

"When we see the deeds of many earthly men extolled in brilliant
writings, which those skilled in letters have handed down to the
memory of posterity, it is to be wondered that we do not blush that
the great works of God, which, through His servants, have been brought
into being almost in this our very age, should through our sloth be
blotted out, and through our silence be condemned. And although those
secular historians, in the pride of their eloquence, have said very
much about small affairs, and have gained the favour and tickled the
ears of their audience by the sweetness of their speech, yet Christian
simplicity and Catholic plainness, innocent of the leaven of
superstition, are rightly preferred to them all. Indeed, the greatest
faith is to be placed in the account of those who do not wish, and do
not know how, to colour what they have heard, or, by the grace of
their words, to twist matters into one tortuous path after another.

"In saying this we do not impudently speak to the discredit (be that
far from us) of Churchmen who, by the divine inspiration, endowed with
wonderful eloquence, have with their words, sweeter than honey and the
honeycomb, adorned the deeds of our honoured ancestors, as it were a
golden tablet ornamented with most brilliant pearls. But verily those
are to be confuted who are carried headlong by a damnable presumption
to that with which erudition has nought to do, and to which the grace
of the Holy Spirit imparts nought.

"But we (whom the apostle warns lest we should despise the riches of
the goodness of God, and whom he exhorts not to receive His grace in
vain) with a truthful, albeit an unpolished style, at the command of
superior authority and by the exhortation of brotherly love, have
undertaken to tell of the glorious miracles of the glorious king and
martyr Edmund: since, indeed, it appears impious that we should allow
the lantern, which God lighted and placed upon a candlestick, to be
obscured through our sloth, or should hide it negligently under the
bushel of oblivion. For to this purpose is it placed upon a
candlestick, that it may give light to all who are in the house."

In which matter the victorious champion of God, Edmund, illuminating
the borders, not only of Britain, but also of foreign lands with the
glory of his miracles, gives frequent token of his merit towards God.

  "On behalf of whose merits, Omnipotent God, we pray
  That Thou in Thy clemency wouldst purge our inmost heart,
  And wouldst infuse the gift which the fostering spirit bestows,
  Opening the tongues of speechless babes and making them eloquent,
  That we may be able worthily to tell the praises of the martyr,
  His famous acts, his virtues and his triumphs."




APPENDIX II

NOTES TO THE TEXT OF THE CHRONICLE.

 [_The full titles of the works of reference quoted in the pages of
 this Appendix as "Arnold," "Battely," "James," "Rokewode," will be
 found on pages 276 and 277 of Appendix III_].


CHAPTER I.

1, 4. _The year when the Flemings were taken captive._ On the 17th
October, 1173, Richard de Lucy, the chief justiciary of King Henry
II., defeated at Fornham St. Genevieve, near Bury St. Edmunds, the
rebel Robert de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester, who had landed from
Flanders at Walton in Suffolk on the 29th September, 1173, at the head
of a force of Flemings. The chroniclers speak of large numbers of the
foreign mercenaries as being killed at the battle of Fornham. The Earl
and Countess of Leicester were captured, and imprisoned at Falaise
till 1174. For an interesting description of the battle, with many
references to the chronicles, see Miss Kate Norgate's _England under
the Angevin Kings_, II. 150-1.

1, 10. _Hugh the Abbot._ Hugh, Prior of Westminster, succeeded Ording
as 9th Abbot of St. Edmundsbury in 1157. Gervase records his being
blessed by Archbishop Theobald at Colchester, and his vowing to him
canonical obedience. But a bull obtained at great cost from Pope
Alexander III. in 1172 (see p. 7) made the abbey immediately subject
to Rome. Some details of the occurrences during his abbacy are given
in Battely, pp. 78-82.

1, 11. Genesis xxvii. 1.

2, 21. _Debt ... to Jews._ Whilst the Jews were legally simply
chattels of the king, they were at this time "practically masters of
the worldly interests of a large number of his Christian subjects, and
of a large portion of the wealth of his realm" (Norgate's _Angevin
Kings_, II. 487). There are many instances besides that of St.
Edmundsbury of ecclesiastical property and furniture being pledged to
the Jews, _e.g._ the sacred vessels and jewels of Lincoln Minster were
in pledge to Aaron, a rich Jew of that city, for seven years or more
before Geoffrey, bishop-elect, redeemed them in 1173.

3, 6. _Benedict the Jew._ In 1171 "Benedict the Jew, son of Deodate,
was fined xx^li for taking certain sacred vestments in pawn." (Pipe
Rolls, Norf. and Suff. 17 Hen. II.) Other fines on Jews are recorded
by Rokewode (pp. 106-7).

3, 9. _William the sacrist._ From the _Gesta Sacristarum_ (Arnold II.
291) we learn of this officer, who was once Samson's superior,
afterwards a rival candidate for the abbacy, and finally Samson's
subordinate, "Huic [Schuch] successit Willelmus cognomento Wiardel;
qui non sine causa a domino Samsone abbate amotus fuit ab
administratione." His evil deeds recorded by Jocelin appear therefore
to have been remembered.

6, 1. _Richard the Archbishop._ Richard was a Norman by birth and of
humble parentage; and was prior of Dover when the question of filling
up the primacy was discussed 2-1/2 years after Becket's murder on 29th
December, 1170. There was a disputed election, but Robert, by the
Court influence, won the day over Odo, Prior of Canterbury; and
eventually his election was confirmed by Pope Alexander III. on 2nd
April, 1174. Immediately after his enthronisation (5th October, 1174)
Richard held a legatine visitation of his province; and as he rode
with a great train, his visits were specially grievous to the
religious houses that had to receive him.

6, 19. _Sent to Acre._ Castleacre, Westacre, and Southacre, in
Norfolk, are all described in Domesday book as "Acra." There were two
Priories, one at Castleacre, the other at Westacre; but the former was
the more famous of the two. As it was a Cluniac institution, and as
the Cluniacs were a kind of stricter Benedictines, it seems most
probable that it was to Castleacre that Samson was sent as a
punishment. Apparently this was his second banishment there; for he
speaks here to Jocelin (then a novice, and who joined the monastery in
1173) as though of recent events. (As to his first imprisonment after
his return from Rome about 1161, see page 74 and note on p. 237.) The
Priory of Castleacre was founded about 1084 by William de Warrenne,
created by the Conqueror Earl of Surrey, and the progenitor of that
famous sixth Earl who fought Baliol and Wallace in Scotland, and who,
when called upon by the King's Commissioners to produce the title by
which he held his possessions, drew his sword and laid it on the
table. Some remarkably beautiful ruins of the Priory, particularly of
its west front and the Prior's Lodge, have happily escaped the ravages
of the village builders, who for centuries used the ruins as a stone
quarry.

6, 24. Exodus v. 21.

7, 4. _authority as legate._ Mr. Rokewode goes at length (pp. 107-8)
into the documents relative to the claim of the monks of St. Edmund to
exemption under Royal authority from ordinary episcopal jurisdiction.
The Bull of 1172 which they obtained from Pope Alexander III. exempted
them from the jurisdiction of any other ecclesiastical authority than
the Pontiff or his _legatus a latere_. Shortly afterwards the
Monastery was exempted from the personal interference of Archbishop
Richard as legate _a latere_.

8, 5. _Jurnet the Jew._ Rokewode quotes (pp. 108-9) from the Pipe
Rolls of Henry II. the following: In 23 Henry II., Jurnet the Jew of
Norwich was amerced in MM marcs; and he stood amerced, in the 31st
year of the same king, in MMMMMDXXV marcs and a half, for which debt
the whole body of Jews were chargeable: and they were to have Jurnet's
effects and chattels to enable them to pay it. He gave King Richard
MDCCC marcs that he might reside in England with the King's good
will.

10, 23. _morrow of St. Brice._ November 15, 1180. Hugh was buried in
the Chapter House nearest the door, sixth and last of the six abbots
buried there, as recorded in a MS. at Douai circa 1425. The other five
were:--Ording (1146-1156), Samson (1182-1211), Richard of Insula
(1229-1234), Henry of Rushbrook (1234-1248), Edmund of Walpole
(1248-1257). The lidless coffins of these five, with skeletons within,
were discovered January 1, 1903. The coffin of Hugh had disappeared,
but bones which may have been his were found buried at the spot.


CHAPTER II.

12, 3. _Ranulf de Glanville._ The famous author of the oldest of our
legal classics, the "Treatise on the Laws and Customs of England," was
of Suffolk stock, and was born at Stratford St. Andrew, Saxmundham. He
succeeded Richard Lucy as chief justiciary of England, and
thenceforward he was the king's right-hand man (Richard of Devizes
called him the "King's eye"). At the moment of Abbot Hugh's death
Henry II. was in France (he kept that Christmas at Le Mans), so the
monks appreciated the importance of letting Glanville as justiciary
know at once the fact of the vacancy. Glanville took the cross, and
died at the siege of Acre in 1180.

12, 11. _wardship of the Abbey._ The accounts rendered by the wardens
during the abbatial vacancy have been fortunately preserved in the
returns which Wimer, the Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, made to the
Exchequer for the 27 and 28 Henry II. Mr. Rokewode gives the actual
text of them (pp. 110-1). The rental of the Abbot from Michaelmas,
1180, to Michaelmas, 1181, was L326 12_s._ 4_d._: out of which L56
13_s._ 4_d._ was paid for corrodies, including L21 for Abbot Hugh's
expenses for the six weeks before his death, and L35 for the
Archbishop of Trontheim.

14, 2. Deuteronomy xvi. 19.

14, 9. _paintings._ For an interesting discussion as to these
paintings, and the subjects of them, see _James_, pp. 130 _et seq._

14, 11. _building the great tower._ Samson's work as subsacrist in
connection with this tower is thus described by James, page 119:
"Samson finished one storey in the great tower at the west end. This
was a western tower occupying a position similar to that of the
western tower at Ely, immediately over the central western door." It
was _not_ this tower (as stated by Rokewode, page 111) that fell down
on 23 Sept., 1210, but the central tower (see James, pp. 121-203).

16, 7. Judges xvi. 19.

16, 11. Judges xvi. 29.

16, 18. Matthew xxv. 21.

17, 7. Quot homines tot sententiae. Terence, _Phormio_, Act. 2, Sc. 3,
14.

17, 12. _Abbot Ording._ In the dedication to Abbot Ording of the
_Liber de Infantia Sancti Eadmundi_ by Galfridus de Fontibus, Ording
is said (Arnold, i. 93) to have been "watchful in attendance on the
King from his boyhood." Apparently this King was Stephen (born about
1097), as Henry II., his successor, was not born until 1133. At that
time Ording would have been on duty at Bury: for he was already Prior
in 1136, when Anselm, then Abbot, was nominated for the Bishopric of
London. Ording was appointed in 1138 Abbot in Anselm's place; but as
the latter failed to get his nomination to the See of London confirmed
by the Pope, he came back to Bury. Ording therefore, "sive volens sive
nolens" had to return to his duties as Prior; but when Anselm died in
1148, Ording was re-elected Abbot, and held office till he died in
1156. As to his place of burial, see note to p. 152, l. 5, on p. 247.

17, 23. Matthew xvi. 19.

18, 9. _Barrators of Norfolk._ Barrator==an incitor to lawsuits (from
O. Fr. _bareter_, to deceive, cheat). The men of Norfolk were noted
for their litigious propensities (cf. Tusser's rhyming autobiography:
"Norfolk wiles, so full of guiles"). Fuller in his _Worthies_ says:
"Whereas _pedibus ambulando_ is accounted but a vexatious suit in
other countries, here (where men are said to study law as following
the plough-tail) some would persuade us that they will enter an action
for their neighbour's horse but looking over their hedge." An Act was
passed in 1455 (33 Hen. VI. cap. 7) to check the litigiousness of "the
City of Norwich, and the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk."

18, 17. Acts xxvi. 24, 25.

20, 13. 1 Corinthians xiii. 11.

21, 4. Romans xvi. 5.

21, 6. _Blood-letting season_ (tempore minutionis). At stated times of
the year there was a general blood-letting among the monks; and in the
same _Liber Albus_ in which Jocelin's chronicle appears is a set of
Regulations _De Minutis Sanguine_ (fol. 193). Amongst the servants in
the infirmary of Bury Monastery was _Minutor, cum garcione_ (_id._
fol. 44). The effects of the minutio were supposed to last three days,
during which the monk did not go to matins.

21, 17. Nihil est ab omni parte beatum. Horace, _Od._ i. 16.

22, 8. John xix. 22.

22, 9. Et semel emissum volat irrevocable verbum. Horace i. _Ep._ 18.
71.

22, 23. Medio tutissimus ibis. Ovid, _Metamorphoses_ ii. 137.

23, 1. Matthew xix. 12.

23, 3. _Archbishop of Norway._ In 1180 Eystein (Augustinus) Archbishop
of Trontheim, refusing to crown Sverrir, a successful rebel, who had
defeated Magnus, King of Norway, was driven into exile and came to
England. (William de Newburgh, iii. 16.) Rokewode (p. 113) shows from
the accounts of the Wardens of the Abbey during the vacancy, that the
corrodies allowed to the Archbishop amounted in all to L94 10s.

23, 11. _Holy child Robert._ Nothing is known of the circumstances of
this boy's death at the hands of the Jews, on 10th June, 1181, or of
Jocelin's account of it (line 16), beyond the reference made by Bale
in his list of Jocelin's writings to _Vita Roberti Martyris_.

23, 13. Acts v. 12.


CHAPTER III

25, 12. Jeremiah xxiii. 40.

25, 21. Cf. 1 Corinthians xii. 3.

26, 23. _Verba Mea._ The 5th Psalm in the Vulgate begins with these
words.

31, 9. _Waltham._ The interview with Henry II. took place at Bishop's
Waltham, in Hampshire, on the 21st February, 1182.

31, 15. _Geoffrey the Chancellor._ Geoffrey was a natural son of Henry
II.--it is generally stated as by Fair Rosamond, though this is now
discredited by the facts adduced in the _Dict. Nat. Biog._ He was
successively Bishop of Lincoln (1173), Chancellor (1182), Archbishop
of York (1191), and after a violent quarrel with King John, fled the
country in 1207, dying in Normandy in 1212.

32, 5. Matthew xix. 30; Mark x. 31.

34, 23. _By the very eyes of God_: "per veros oculos Dei!" This was a
favourite oath of Henry II. In a contemporary metrical life of St.
Thomas of Canterbury, the King is more than once made to exclaim "Par
les oilz Dieu" (Rokewode, p. 115). William II. used to swear by "the
holy Face of Lucca"; John by "the teeth of God" (Ramsay, _Angevin
Empire_ (1903), p. 414).

35, 7. _Miserere mei Deus._ Psalm li.


CHAPTER IV

37, 24. _Threshold of the gate._ Samson alighted at what is now known
as the "Norman Tower."

38, 4. _Martyri adhuc._ Rokewode gives on page 115 the text (with the
musical notes) of this response, the words of which are: "Martyri
adhuc palpitanti, sed Christum confitenti, jussit Inguar caput
auferri: sicque Edmundus martyrium consummavit, et ad Deum exultans
vadit." In a MS. (Digby 109) now at the Bodleian Library (which
contains also a copy of Abbo's _Passio_) this response comes after the
5th lesson of the office of St. Edmund.

39, 23. John vi. 6.

39, 24. _New seal._ A representation of this seal is given as the
Frontispiece. It is taken from an instrument in the Archives of
Canterbury Cathedral, dated 6 November, 1200, being an award in a
dispute between the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Canons of
Lambeth, referred by Pope Innocent III. to Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln
(for whom Roger, Dean of Lincoln, was substituted), Eustace, Bishop of
Ely, and Abbot Samson.

The seal represents Abbot Samson, vested in amice, alb, tunic,
dalmatic, chasuble, rationale, and mitre. He holds a crozier in his
right hand and a closed book in his left. The mitre is unusually large
for the date. The inscription is broken, but in full reads thus:
"Sigillum Samsonis Dei Gratia Abbatis Sancti Eadmundi." The
counterseal (much smaller) displays the lamb bearing a cross, with the
words round the circumference, "Secretum Samsonis Abbatis."

41, 9. _Thomas of Hastings._ Apparently the object of Thomas in
introducing thus early his nephew, Henry of Hastings, to the notice of
Samson, was to secure a recognition by the new Abbot of the claims of
his family to the hereditary stewardship of the Liberty of St. Edmund.
By Charter of William I., Lidgate in Suffolk, and Blunham in
Bedfordshire (where the church is dedicated to St. Edmund), were given
to one Ralph to hold in fee of the Abbot of St. Edmund by the service
of Dapifer or Steward. Later, between 1115 and 1119, Abbot Albold
granted the lands, with the office held by Ralph, to Maurice of
Windsor and his heirs, and this grant was confirmed by King Stephen.
Maurice was succeeded by Ralph of Hastings, his nephew, and Ralph by
William of Hastings, his nephew; and Henry, on whose behalf the claim
of the stewardship was made to Samson, was William's son and heir. The
Abbot admitted that his right was indisputable (the original Charters
of William I., Abbot Albold, Stephen, and Henry II. [two] are quoted
by Rokewode, pp. 118-120). But Samson's point seems to have been that
Henry was too young to give personal service as Steward, and therefore
"the business was deferred." Rokewode observes (p. 117): "Henry
continued a minor in 1188, his office being then filled by Robert of
Flamville, who held it at the time of his being one of the Wardens of
the Abbey during the vacancy" (see p. 12). In Reece's _Breviary of
Suffolk_ (1902) John of Hastings is given as Lord of the Manor of
Lidgate in 1315.


CHAPTER V

43, 11. _Enclosed many parks._ At the Abbot's manor at Melford was an
old deer park of very ancient foundation. It was called Elmsett or
Aelmsethe, or the Great Park, and consisted chiefly of open wood. It
was in olden times termed "Magnus Boscus Domini," and in the surveys
of Edward I. and Henry VI. it is reckoned both as park and wood, the
wood part being in the latter survey 217a. 2r. 34p. The whole was
impaled round and stored with deer. (Parker's _Melford_, pp. 310-11).

43, 12. _beasts of chase._ The "Beasts of the Chase" in Angevin days
were the buck, doe and fox: the "Beasts of the Forest" were the hart,
hind and hare: and the "Beasts and Fowls of the Warren" were the hare,
rabbit ("coney"), pheasant and partridge. The fox was coupled with the
wolf in Canute's Forest Law, No. 27, as "neither forest beasts nor
game." When the fox was made a Beast of the Chase cannot be
ascertained with any precision. The same Law No. 27, protected "hares,
rabbits and roedeer"; the last are not mentioned in later times. In
addition to the animals above named, the otter was hunted--_vide_
Patent Rolls of Henry III. of 1221. The badger, polecat or wild cat
(_catus_) and marten are specified as beasts which receivers of royal
licences might hunt "with their own hounds" in the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries. There appears to be no such charter or licence
granting leave to hunt "the King's great game" (deer): on the
contrary, deer are often specially reserved.

43, 12. _Keeping a huntsman with dogs._ The St. Edmund breed of dogs
seems to have been celebrated, as Richard I., when there was a
difference between him and Samson as to the wardship of Nesta of
Cockfield, wrote to the Abbot in a friendly way, and asked him for
some of his dogs (page 148). The hunting dog of old times was probably
a light sort of mastiff. Sometimes a breed was more celebrated for
speed or for strength or for courage, as in the case of the hounds
bred by the abbots of Bury. In the course of time the slighter
varieties developed into the greyhound, and the thicker into the
mastiff of modern times. Canute's Forest Law 31 forbade possession of
"the dog which the English call greihounds" to the lower classes.
Henry II.'s Assize of the Forest, given at Woodstock 1184, forbids
(Clause 2) any one entering a royal forest with bow, arrows, dogs or
greyhounds, save with special warrant. Clause 14 requires the lawing
of mastiffs.

The Wardrobe Account of Edward I. for 1299-1300, records payment for
maintenance of twelve "_fox dogs_." These were used to kill foxes in
coverts previously netted round, so were not, probably, "running
hounds." On April 11, 1279, Edward I. wrote to Charles of Salerno
promising to send the harriers asked for by the latter: which seems to
indicate that the English harrier had a high reputation at that
period.

43, 16. _take part in the sport._ Strutt, in his _Sports and
Pastimes_, observes:--"By the game laws of Canute, the dignified
clergy were permitted to hunt in the forests belonging to the Crown;
and their prerogatives were not abrogated by the Normans. Henry II.,
displeased at the power and ambition of the ecclesiastics, endeavoured
to render these grants of none effect by putting in force (1157) the
canon law, which strictly forbade the clergy to spend their time in
hunting and hawking." Henry III.'s First Charter of 1217 gave leave to
an archbishop, bishop, earl or baron to take two deer while passing
through a forest "by view of the forester"; or in the absence of that
official the sportsman was to blow a horn on killing.

44, 14. _The Eight Hundreds._ These eight hundreds of Thingoe,
Thedwastre, Blackbourn, Bradbourn, Bradmere, Lackford, Risbridge and
Babergh, with the half hundred of Cosford (see line 18) constituted
the Liberty of St. Edmund, as to which see note on page 238.

44, 15. _Robert of Cockfield._ See note to pp. 86, l. 18, on page 241,
and cf. pages 254-6.

44, 24. _Hidages, foddercorn, hen-rents._ Hidage was a tax upon every
hide of land; foddercorn an ancient feudal right that the lord should
be provided with fodder for his horses; hen-rents were a common
reservation upon inferior tenures.

45, 11. _Kalendar._ A transcript of this kalendar, which, as stated in
the text (p. 45, l. 2) was completed by 1186, is now in the possession
of Prince Frederick Dhuleep Singh. In the _History of the Hundred of
Thingoe_ (1838) an extract from it relating to that Hundred is given
on pp. xii.-xvii.

46, 1. _Hugh the subsacrist._ Jocelin says that Samson appointed Hugh
subsacrist to William Wiardel, and shortly after (p. 47) made Samson
the precentor sacrist. But this arrangement was probably short-lived,
for the _Gesta Sacristarum_ (Arnold, ii. 290) says Hugh succeeded
William as sacrist, and gives a lengthy list of the works he carried
out in the church. In 1198, when the body of St. Edmund was examined,
Hugh was present, and is described as sacrist (see p. 172).

50, 16. Omnia Caesar erat. Lucan, _Pharsalia_, iii. 108.

52, 5. Summa petit livor. Ovid, _Remedia Amoris_, 369.

52, 8. 1 John iv. 1.

52, 18. James ii. 13.

54, 9. _School of Melun_ (Meludinensium). John of Salisbury calls a
scholar of Melun "Meludensis." Peter Abelard opened there, early in
the twelfth century, a celebrated school for teaching Dialectic.

54, 23. Ecclesiasticus vii. 24.

57, 14. Strangulat inclusus dolor atque exaestuat intus. Ovid,
_Tristia_, v. i. 63.


CHAPTER VI

62, 7. _Pulpit._ This pulpit, from which Samson preached in his native
dialect of Norfolk, was one of the works of Hugo the sacrist (Arnold,
ii. 291).

65, 3. _Norfolk Barrator._ See note to p. 18, line 9 (pages 226-7).

66, 21. _Sale of holy water._ Ducange cites the acts of a synod of
Exeter in 1287, that from ancient times the profits arising from the
distribution of holy water had been set apart to maintain poor clerks
in schools.

68, 23. _Schools._ Samson is usually credited with having founded a
town school in connection with the monastery. This may very likely
have been the case, but I have found no direct evidence of it. It
seems from this passage that at any rate he provided free lodgings for
poor scholars, and from p. 144 that he endowed the mastership of the
schools with half the tithes of Wetherden. There is a street at Bury
St. Edmunds, just outside the precincts of the monastery, known as
School Hall Street.

69, 3. _Manor of Mildenhall._ Edward the Confessor gave Mildenhall to
St. Edmund's, but when Domesday Book was compiled it was in the hands
of the Crown, being then worth L70. Amongst the Crown lands sold by
Richard I. immediately after his accession was this manor, purchased,
according to Jocelin, for 1,100 marks, of which 1,000 marks apparently
went to the King, and 100 marks to Queen Eleanor (see p. 71, l. 3).
See also note to p. 72, l. 4, on page 235.

69, 5. _Expulsion of the Jews._ Arnold (i. 249) expresses the opinion
that, "under the circumstances, this must have been the most humane
course in the interests of the Jews themselves. All large English
towns at this time were imperfectly policed, and the temper of the
populace savage and uncertain. A riot having once been set on foot,
the only hope of safety for the Jews was in taking refuge in some
royal castle. There was no castle at Bury; to the Abbot alone could
the survivors [from the massacre in 1190] look for protection; and
Samson knew that he had not sufficient force at his command to ensure
it to them."

69, 6. _New hospital at Babwell._ The ruins of this hospital,
dedicated to the Saviour, still exist in Northgate, beyond the railway
arch. It was originally founded for a warden, twelve chaplains, six
clerks, twelve poor gentlemen, and twelve poor women, and was the
subject of numerous Charters, which will be found fully described in
Chapter II. of the late Sir Wm. Parker's _History of Long Melford_
(1873). In the Feet of Fines for Suffolk, 1 John (1199), there are
references to two deeds entered into by "Walter, Master of the
Hospital of the Blessed Saviour outside the northern gate of St.
Edmund's." The Master of the Hospital had his manor at Melford and
held his courts: which manor remains to the present day, as the _Manor
of the Monks in Melford_. It was at St. Saviour's Hospital that
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, put up when he was arrested, in
February, 1447, by Henry VI., who was in the town for the Parliament
which met in the refectory of Bury Abbey.

70, 9. _Great roll of Winchester._ Domesday Book: the returns forming
the basis of which were transmitted to a board sitting at Winchester,
by whom they were arranged in order and placed upon record (Lingard,
i. 249).

70, 19. _Custom of the realm._ This custom is described by Blackstone
(_Commentaries_ [1844 ed.] i. 229) as an ancient perquisite called
queen-gold or aurum reginae, due, in the proportion of 10 per cent.,
from every person making a voluntary offering to the King.

71, 1. _Ransom of King Richard._ Richard wrote to his mother from
Haguenau on the 19th April, 1193, a letter notifying the 70,000 marks
demanded for his ransom by the German Emperor Henry VI. To meet this,
the monasteries of England handed over all their gold and silver to
royal commissioners, and amongst the treasure delivered up by St.
Edmund's was the golden chalice given to the Abbey by Henry II. Queen
Eleanor's release of it is printed in the _Monasticon_ (1821 ed.),
iii. 154 (see also p. 146 of the _Chronicle_).

71, 19. _Icklingham._ This appears to be the transaction referred to
in a Charter of 1200, granted by Samson (confirmed by King John 15th
March, 1200):--"We further give and grant to the said Hospital of St.
Saviour, for the maintenance of the poor folk, L12 in money from our
town of Icklingham, to be annually received through our sacrist." The
signatures to this Charter (given in Parker's _Melford_, p. 9) are
interesting. They include "Herbert, the prior," "Hermer, the
sub-prior" (see chapter xvi. of this book), and "Jocelin, the almoner"
(our Chronicler).

72, 4. _confirmed by the King's Charter._ Richard I. signed at Chateau
Galliard on 18th July, 1198, two charters (1) confirming to Abbot
Samson the manor and advowson of Mildenhall; (2) placing the manor,
except Icklingham, at the disposal of the sacrist on certain
conditions. At the accession of King John, Samson gave the King L200
for a confirmation of the first Charter, and especially of Mildenhall
(cf. Rokewode, pp. 124-5).

72, 15. _Walter of Coutances._ The Church at Woolpit was the first
piece of preferment of this famous Archbishop. Walter apparently
succeeded, at Woolpit, Geoffrey Ridel, made Bishop of Ely in 1173 (see
note on page 237). Rokewode says (p. 126): "Henry II. obtained from
Hugh, Abbot of St. Edmund's, in free alms, the Church of Woolpit for
his clerk, Walter de Coutances, and in consideration thereof, by
charter dated at Winchester, granted that after the decease of Walter
or his resignation, the Church should be appropriated to the use of
the sick monks" (_Reg. Nigr._ fol. 104 v.). Walter obtained several
other appointments, but seems from the text to have retained the
Church at Woolpit till 1183, when he was consecrated Bishop of
Lincoln. Next year (1184) he was elected Archbishop of Rouen. He took
a prominent part in the troubles of the reigns of Richard I. and John,
and died at Rouen on 16th November, 1207.

72, 22. _Pope Alexander and Octavian._ Alexander III., elected Pope on
7 September, 1159, was obliged to leave Italy in 1162, on account of
the power of the Anti-Pope Octavian, and did not return until the
decease of the latter in 1164. Samson's journey to Rome was,
therefore, between 1159 and 1162, before he became a professed monk.

73, 3. _Pretended to be Scotch._ Mr. Arnold gives as the reason for
this that "the Scottish kingdom at this time naturally sided with
Octavian, England being in favour of Alexander" (I. xliii.). It has
been suggested that "simulavi me esse Scottum" in the text means that
Samson pretended to be an _Irishman_, the name Scotus having
originally signified Irish, only acquiring its present meaning with
the immigration of the Scots from the North of Ireland into Argyll,
and their growth into a powerful nation. Bromton, speaking of Ireland,
says:--"Dicta est eciam aliquando Scotia a Scotis eam inhabitantibus,
priusquam ad aliam Scotiam Britannicam devenerunt; unde in
Martirologio legitur: Tali die apud Scotiam natalis Sanctae Brigidae:
quod est, apud Hiberniam" (see Twysden, _Historiae Anglicanae Scriptores
X_, London 1652: vol. I., col. 1072, l. 11). When therefore this
passage was written (the fourteenth century) it is clear that the
usage of Scot as meaning Irishman was not understood, and was regarded
as needing explanation. Samson's contemporary, Ralph de Diceto,
following the account of Henry of Huntingdon, twice explains that the
Scots came from Ireland (ed. Stubbs 1876, I. 10; II. 34). This
explanation again implies that by the middle and end of the twelfth
century the word had come to mean exclusively "Scotsman." The same
opinion is expressed by Burton: "It is not safe to count that the word
Scot must mean a native of present Scotland, when the period dealt
with is earlier than the middle of the twelfth century" (_History of
Scotland_, 1873, I. 207). In that part of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
which was compiled during the reign of King Alfred, Scot regularly
means Irishman. In A.D. 903 the death is noted of Virgil, abbot of
the Scots, i.e. Irish: but this appears to be the last instance of the
use of the word in the Chronicle in that sense. Between the years 924
and 1138 the word Scot occurs fourteen and Scotland twenty-six times
in the Chronicle, always with the modern significance.

73, 6. _Gaveloc._ Javelin, a word of Celtic origin, but not
specifically Scotch. Matthew Paris speaks of it in 1256 as a Frisian
weapon: "Frisiones cum jaculis quae vulgariter gavelocos appellant."
(Chr. Maj. ed. Luard. v. 550.) In the Romance of Percival by Chrestien
de Troyes, is the couplet, "Et il, qui bien lancier savoit, De
gaverlos que il avoit." (Ed. Potvin, Tome I. lines 1309-10. Mons,
1866).

73, 10. _Ride, Ride Rome, turn Cantwereberi_, This is written in
English by Jocelin; and its meaning seems to be "I am riding towards
Rome, turning from Canterbury." Arnold (I. xliii.) says, "If he had
meant to say 'returning to Canterbury,' he would at once have been
taken for an English adherent of Alexander."

74, 12. _Geoffrey Ridel._ This presentation appears to have been made
(c. 1161) by Henry II., perhaps during Samson's journey abroad. In
1163 Geoffrey became Archdeacon of Canterbury in succession to Thomas
a Becket, appointed Archbishop, and for the next eight years was in
violent opposition to his primate, who called him "our arch-devil,"
and excommunicated him. On May 1, 1173, Geoffrey was chosen Bishop of
Ely, and died at Winchester, 27 July, 1189. As Geoffrey from the
chronicles seems to have been of a masterful and contumacious spirit,
it must have given Abbot Samson peculiar satisfaction to have got the
better of him over the timber referred to on page 106.

74, 19. _Acre._ This was Samson's first imprisonment at Castleacre
(circ. 1161, before he became a monk). His second imprisonment
probably took place about 1173, as on page 6 he speaks of it to
Jocelin, then a novice, as something quite recent. As to Castleacre,
see note on pages 223-4.


CHAPTER VII.

77, 23. _Charters of the King._ This dispute with the monks of
Canterbury, heard before King Henry II. on the 11th February, 1187,
raised the whole question of the Liberty of St. Edmund, a matter
respecting which the Bury monastery was extremely tenacious. A
marginal note in the original MS. of the Chronicle, against the
puzzled phrase of the King (see page 78, lines 1-3), says: "Our
Charter speaks of the time of King Edward, and of the time of his
mother, Queen Emma, who had eight and a half hundreds as a marriage
portion before the time of King Edward, besides Mildenhall." According
to the _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, the Confessor, after his coronation in
1043, seized the possessions of his mother, "because she was formerly
very hard on the King her son, and did less for him than he wished
before he was King, and also since." The Franchise having thus come
into the Confessor's hands, was granted to the Abbots and Monks of
Bury shortly after his accession. Under a Charter of King Edmund
granted about 945, and Charters of Canute and Hardicanute, the
jurisdiction of Bury Abbey had been restricted to the town, and the
circuit indicated by the four crosses placed at the distance of a mile
from the extremities of the town: but by the Confessor's Charter, it
was enlarged to a district extending over about two-fifths of the
whole county of Suffolk. (For names of the 8-1/2 hundreds included in
the Liberty see note on page 232, 14.)

Edward the Confessor paid a visit to the shrine of St. Edmund in 1044,
and when he had come within a mile of it, dismounted from his horse
and accomplished the rest of the journey on foot. Herman the
archdeacon, who wrote about half a century later, is the first to
relate this fact, and also the grant by the King to the abbey of the
8-1/2 hundreds: "Qua tunc suffragatorem reditibus imperialibus
honorat, centurias quas Anglice hundrez vocant, octo et semis sibi
circum-circa se donat, regiamque mansionem nomine Mildenhall his
adauget" (Arnold, I. 48). The original grant of Edward the Confessor
gave the abbey jura regalia in wide loose general terms. Later,
Charters became gradually more explicit as to the extent of
jurisdiction (civil and criminal) conferred. Later still, the Royal
justices in eyre supervened. The institution of the circuits and
assizes had to be fitted into the exempt jurisdiction: so the Liberty
had its own assizes, etc., but outside the interior special and
inviolable circuit of the bannaleuca or limits of St. Edmundsbury
itself.

Lord Francis Hervey, who has made a special study of the subject,
gives hope on page 250 of his notes to the _Breviary of Suffolk_
(1902), of his undertaking "a detailed examination of the history and
incidents of the great Liberty of St. Edmund, which remained in the
hands of its monastic rulers till the day when Abbot Reeve surrendered
his Abbey to Henry VIII., November 4, 1539."

78, 15. Matthew xix. 12.

78, 16. _the matter was put off._ This dispute between Bury and
Canterbury was not, as a matter of fact, ultimately composed till over
200 years later. Amongst Dr. Yates' manuscript materials for the never
completed Part II. of his _History of Bury_ is a memorandum (now
amongst the Egerton MSS. in the British Museum) in the following
words:--

"The Letters Patent of King Henry 4th the 25th Nov. 1408 confirm and
ratify an Indenture of three parts between the Archbishop of
Canterbury, the Prior of Christ Church, Canterbury, and the Abbot of
Bury St. Edmund's, by which it is determined that the parishes of
Hadleygh et Illeygh being within the eight hundreds and an half called
the Liberty or Franchise of St. Edmund should be subject to the
Abbot's Seneschallus, or High Steward of the Franchise, and that the
return of the writs of the Seneschal's Great Court with the rolls
fines and other rights and privileges should be regarded in those
parishes in the same manner as in the other parts of the Liberty. An
exemption on the part of the Archbishop having been claimed, this
indenture terminated a dispute that had been above 160 years [cf.
Arnold, III. 188] in agitation. During this dispute it was agreed that
the Sheriff of Suffolk should act till its termination as Seneschal of
these Parishes. A patent was addressed to the Sheriff of Suffolk dated
27th November in the same year, commanding him no longer to intromit
within the Franchise of St. Edmund, but to preserve inviolate the
Liberties and immunities of the Abbot and Monastery.--_Registrum
Rubrum in Collect, Burien._: 317 _to_ 328 _inclusive._"

78, 16. Et adhuc sub judice lis est. Horace, _Arte Poet._, 78.

79, 6. _Bishop of Ely._ This was William of Longchamp (d. 1197), once
described by Henry II. as a "son of two traitors." He fled the kingdom
in 1191 on his fall from power, came to England in 1192, but was not
permitted to proceed further than Canterbury, and crossed the seas
again. In 1193 he returned, bearing letters from the Emperor, and met
the Regency at St. Albans. It was on this occasion that he passed
through St. Edmundsbury, as recorded on page 80. In Normandy, at the
instigation of the Archbishop of Rouen, he had been everywhere
received as an excommunicated person (cf. Rokewode, page 127).

79, 10. _Archbishopric vacant._ Archbishop Baldwin died at Acre, in
November, 1190; his successor Reginald, Bishop of Bath, was elected in
December, 1191, and died after a few days. Hubert Walter, with whom
Samson afterwards came into conflict, was elected Archbishop in May,
1192 (see note on page 245).

80, 12. _Archbishop of York._ This was Geoffrey, the half-brother of
Richard I., to whom he had sworn that he would not return to England
without the King's leave. Having returned, he was, on his landing at
Dover in September, 1191, arrested by Longchamp's orders, and thrown
into prison.

80, 24. _King Henry had taken the Cross._ At the interview of Henry
II. with Philip of France, between Trie and Gisors, the two Kings took
the cross upon the Feast of St Agnes, 21 January, 1188.

82, 8. _War throughout England._ After John's return from France in
1193, the country was in a state of general warfare; and Windsor was
besieged by the Regency with the King's other castles.

82, 16. _His own standard._ See note to p. 85, l. 25, below.

83, 1. _Licence for holding tournaments._ This was little more than a
device for raising money. In 1194 Richard ordered tournaments to be
held, in order to practise the knights in warfare. No one could joust
at a tournament without a licence; and the price of the licence varied
with the rank of the holder.

85, 12. _Withgar._ This great thane, who is styled in the Cartulary of
Abbot John of Northwold "the famous Earl," had the custody for Queen
Emma, mother of Edward the Confessor, of the franchise of the eight
hundreds and a half which subsequently constituted the Liberty of St.
Edmund (see notes on pages 232 and 238). Mr. Rokewode says (p. 129):
"The honour of Clare was composed chiefly of the great possessions in
Suffolk and Essex of Alfric, son of Withgar or Wisgar (_Liber
Domesday_)."

85, 25. _Standard of St. Edmund._ In the famous Harleian MS. 2278, the
original book containing the metrical life of St. Edmund by John
Lydgate, presented to Henry VI. by Bury Abbey after his visit to the
monastery in 1433, there is a pictorial representation of this
Standard. It depicts Adam and Eve on either side of the Tree of
Knowledge, and the devil with a human face and a serpent's body curled
round the tree. Above the tree is a lamb and a cross, with crescents
in the background. The counterseal of Abbot Samson also has the lamb
and cross (see page 229).

86, 6. _Earl Roger Bigot._ This Earl was son of Hugh, the rebellious
baron. It appears from the text that the Standard of St. Edmund was
carried by him into the fight at the battle of Fornham, in October,
1173 (see p. 1).

86, 18. _Robert of Cockfield._ References to members of this family of
Cockfield, or Cokefield, appear often in the _Chronicle_. The dispute
as to rights which arose on Robert's death is told again in greater
detail at the end of the _Chronicle_, by William of Diss (see pp.
254-6), and the dispute as to the wardship of the daughter of Adam,
son of Robert, on pages 187-8. Nothing here arises except Samson's
denial of Adam's right of hereditary tenure, in which he was
successful.

87, 16. _Eight and a half hundreds._ See notes to p. 44, l. 14, and p.
77, l. 23, on the Liberty of St. Edmund (pp. 232, 238).

88, 16. _Haberdon._ This is a field (still called by the same name) in
the south-east corner of the town, with remains of earthworks. It was
held in monastic times of the sacrist by the singular tenure, that the
tenant should find a white bull as often as a gentlewoman should visit
the shrine of St. Edmund "to make the oblation of the said white
bull," with a view to secure a favourable answer to her prayers for
offspring. On these occasions the bull was led from his pasture on the
Haberdon through the principal streets of the town in procession to
the Church of St. Edmund.


CHAPTER VIII.

101-105. The whole of this Chapter is obviously an interpolation in
the Chronicle by some monk other than Jocelin himself. The story of
Henry of Essex is included in the long and elaborate "vita et passio
cum miraculis Sancti Edmundi" prepared in the fourteenth century in
the monastery at Bury, and now preserved in the Bodleian Library (MS.
240); and at the end of this transcript the compiler adds, "Cuius
narracionem Jocelinus audiens, in scriptis redegit" (_Nova Legenda
Anglie_, ed. Horstman, 1901, II. 637). It is apparent from the opening
phrase of the text (p. 105) that Jocelin, who most probably went to
Reading in the train of the Abbot, commenced to set down the story at
the bidding of Samson, but left its completion to some other monk of
inferior degree. Perhaps this was William of Diss, who added at the
end of the Chronicle (see pages 254-6) a declaration as to the lands
of Robert of Cockfield.

101, 10. _precept of Seneca._ Mr. Arnold says: "Many things resembling
this sentiment occur in the 109th Epistle of Seneca; but probably the
passage is somewhere else in his works."

103, 18. _thrown down the standard._ Henry of Essex's act of cowardice
took place in 1157, during an expedition into Flintshire, when the
Welsh made a sudden attack. His dropping the standard brought King
Henry II. and the Royal army into great peril (Gervase, i. 165, Rolls
ed.).

104, 1. _Roger Earl of Clare._ There seems to be an attempt at
punning, at this point, by the monk who wrote the original story in
Latin: "Rogerus comes Clarensis, clarus genere et militari clarior
exercitis, cum suis Clarensibus maturius occurrisset."

104, 9. _trial of battle._ This fight between Henry of Essex and
Robert de Montfort took place in 1163 (Ralph de Diceto, _Ymag. Hist_.
i. 310, Rolls ed.), on an eyot in the Thames, and is still
traditionally remembered at Reading.


CHAPTER IX

106, 6. _stay at Melford._ The manor of Melford was given to the
monastery in the time of Leofstan (second Abbot) by Earl Alfric, the
son of Withgar (Parker's _History of Long Melford_, p. 1). At Long
Melford, 13 miles south of Bury, was a country house belonging to the
Abbots of Bury; and at the present Melford Hall there are said to be
still some relics of this occupancy. After Samson died, in 1211, there
was a dispute that lasted a considerable time as to the validity of
the election of Hugo, his successor; and the Papal Legate, Nicholas,
Bishop of Tusculum, who tried vainly to compose it, stayed for some
time at Melford (Arnold, ii. 46). Abbot Simon of Luton died at his
manor of Melford in April, 1279.

108, 8, 13. _forty pounds a year from the town._ Battely prints
(_App._ xvii. 149) a letter from Pope Eugenius III. (no date)
addressed to Helyas, the sacrist (Ording's nephew), confirming
Ording's instructions as to the rents of the town being applied to the
service of the Altar.

112, 8. _Charter from King Henry the Second._ "All the men of London
shall be quit and free, and all their goods throughout England, and
the ports of the sea, of and from all toll and passage and lestage and
all other customs" (Charter Henry I.). "All the citizens of London
shall be quit from toll and lastage throughout all England and the
ports of the sea" (Charter of Henry II.--confirmed by Charter of
Richard I., 23 April, 1194, and by Charter of John, 17 June, 1199).
(Birch's _Historical Charters of the City of London_, 1887, pp. 3, 5.)

112, 15. _theam_ (Lat. themus, team). The right of compelling a person
in whose hands stolen property was found to say from whom he received
it (Glossary in Stubbs's _Select Charters_).

113, 10. Judges xvi. 9.

116, 15. _A charter was made._ The text of this Charter of 1194,
granted by Samson to the Burgesses, will be found in Battely (_App._
xxii. 155-6) and in the _Monasticon_, iii. 153. It confirms to the
town all the customs and liberties which it had in the times of Henry
II. and his predecessors; and it declares that with regard to watch
and ward and the custody of the gates, the ancient custom is that the
town shall furnish eight watchmen night by night, all the year round,
two for each ward, and a larger number at Christmas and on St.
Edmund's Day [20 November]; also that the town should find four
gatekeepers for the four gates, the fifth or eastern gate being in the
custody of the Abbot. Nothing is said in the Charter about the
appointment of the portreeves; but the right of burgesses to sue and
be sued in their own borough-court (portmanne-mot), instead of going
outside the borough to the hundred-mot or the shire-mot, is insisted
upon. "What is evidently assumed is that the portreeve is the Abbot's
servant, and administers justice in the Abbot's name" (Arnold, II.
xxxix.).


CHAPTER X

119, 10. Lamentations iv. i.

121, 12. _Abbot Robert._ This was Robert II. (fourth Abbot), a monk of
Westminster, elected by the convent in 1102, but not confirmed by
Henry I. until 1107. He died shortly afterwards, on the 16th
September, 1107, and, after an interregnum of seven years, Albold,
Prior of St. Nicasius, at Meaux, succeeded him in the abbacy. Robert
was buried in the Infirmary Chapel (Douai MS.). For his character and
labours, see MS. quoted in Arnold, i. 356.

121, 20. _Hubert Walter._ Hubert's father, Harvey Walter, was
descended from Hubert, the first Norman settler, who received at the
Conquest grants of land in Norfolk and Suffolk. Hubert is said to have
been born at West Dereham, in Norfolk (Tanner, _Not. Monast. Norfolk_,
xxi.), where lived, as will be seen from the text (p. 121, l. 25), his
mother Matilda de Valognes (whose sister Bertha married Ranulf de
Glanville). He was brought up in Glanville's household, and was so
much in his confidence that he was afterwards said to have "shared
with him in the government of England." In 1186 he became Dean of
York, and in 1189 Bishop of Salisbury. In 1190 he went to the Holy
Land, returning in 1193, in which year he was elected Archbishop of
Canterbury and appointed justiciary. Richard's departure over sea in
1194 left him virtual ruler of England for the next few years. He died
in 1205; and in March, 1890, a tomb opened in Canterbury Cathedral was
found to contain his remains.

124, 6. _The Pope wrote._ This letter of Innocent III. was dated 1st
December, 1198, and was addressed (not to the Archbishop but) to the
Abbot and convent of St. Edmund (_Migne's Patrologia_, vol. ccxiv.,
No. 457 of the Regesta).


CHAPTER XI

134, 13. Tendens ad sidera palmas. Virgil, _Aen._ i. 93.

135, 18. _Anniversary obit of the Abbot Robert._ According to the
_Liber Albus_, fol. 35, the anniversary of Abbot Robert was "xvi Kal.
Octobris" (16th September). The anniversaries of Ording and Hugh,
mentioned in line 20, were 31st January and the 16th November.

139, 20. _Chapel of St. Denis._ This chapel was at the west end of the
church, probably north of the great western tower, with a chapel
dedicated to St. Faith above it. Abbot Baldwin, who commenced the
erection of the basilica, was a monk of St. Denis; hence, no doubt,
the dedication of a chapel to that saint.


CHAPTER XII

142, 5. _Church of Coventry._ Hugh de Nonant (d. 1198), Bishop of
Lichfield and Coventry, had a violent dislike to all monks, and,
whenever he could, put secular canons in their place. He had turned
out the monks at Coventry, and Pope Celestine III. appointed in 1197 a
Commission, on which Samson sat, for restoring these expelled monks.
The monks were re-inducted by Archbishop Hubert Walter on 18th
January, 1198.

144, 1. _Church of Wetherden._ This deed is recorded in the Feet of
Fines for Suffolk, 9 Richard I., No. 49.

144, 9. _master of the schools._ A perpetual pension of three marcs,
payable from the tithes of Wetherden to "the master of the school at
St. Edmund," was granted in 1198 by John, Bishop of Norwich, at the
request of Samson (_Curtey's Register_, Brit. Mus. fol. 119).

145, 24. _Chapel of St. Andrew._ According to the _Gesta Sacristarum_
(Arnold, ii. 291) the Chapel of St. Andrew was for the most part built
and finished by the sacrist Hugo under Samson, and seems to have been
then connected with the infirmary (iii. 87). Later on it was removed
into the cemetery of the monks (iii. 187).

145, 25. _Chapels of St. Katherine and St. Faith._ Two chapels at the
west end; St. Katherine to the south, over the chapel of St. John, St.
Faith to the north, over the chapel of St. Denis.

147, 19. Tractant fabrilia fabri. Horace, _Ep._ ii. i. 116.

147, 20. _Adam of Cockfield._ This was the claimant whose case is
reported on pp. 86-8, and again (by William of Diss) on pp. 254-6. An
elaborate pedigree of the Cockfield family is given by Rokewode on pp.
140-8 of his book. His daughter's name was Nesta, and, as stated at p.
187, l. 24, she became, on her father's death in 1198, the ward and
wife of Thomas de Burgh, brother of Hubert the chamberlain, who was
afterwards justiciary and Earl of Kent. Nesta married three times, and
died about 1248.

149, 3. Munera (crede mihi) capiunt hominesque deosque; Placatur donis
Jupiter ipse datis. Ovid, _Arte Amandi_, iii. 653.


CHAPTER XIII

151, 13. _Portman-moot._ Borough court. Written in English in the
original Chronicle ("portmane-mot.")

151, 18. _Sorpeni._ Payment for grass for a cow.

152, 5. _Ording who lies there._ Ording (d. 1156) was one of six
abbots who were buried in the Chapter House, and whose names are
recorded in the MS., circa 1425, discovered by Dr. Montagu James at
Douai (_James_, p. 180). The original chapter house of the monastery
was built by Godefridus, the sacrist, about 1107. There was a fire
which destroyed all the convent buildings, and Helyas, the sacrist,
Ording's nephew, "reformavit ad plenum" the chapter house. His uncle
was the first Abbot buried there. Ording's place of sepulture was
nearest to the east end or dais. Hugo and Samson, Ording's successors,
were also buried in Helyas's chapter house: Samson being, according to
the Douai MS. "sepultus in capitulo sedus ad pedes Ric. Abb. sub
lapidibus marmoreis ut suprascriptum est de Abb. Ordingo." About 1220
Richard of Newport, then sacrist, "vetus capitulum destruxit, et novum
a fundamentis construxit." (Arnold, II. 293.) Afterwards Richard of
Insula (1229-34), Henry of Rushbrook (1234-46), and Edmund of Walpole
(1248-56) were also buried in the chapter house. Its dimensions,
according to William of Worcester's measurements in 1479, were 60
paces by 20. In the course of some recent excavations (1902-3) the
coffins of five of the above Abbots, and much worked stone and marble,
have been found on the site of this chapter house.

152, 19. _tenant of the cellarer, by name Ketel_. As Ketel dwelt
"without the gate," he was, being "of the cellarer's fee," subject to
the "judicial duel" which William I. had introduced; whereas the
argument of his fellow-burgesses seems to have been that if he had
dwelt within the borough he would have been tried and acquitted or
condemned by the "oaths of his neighbours"--the compurgators out of
whom our jury system grew. The monks recognized that the time had come
when the franchise of the town should be extended to the rural
possessions of the Abbey, and all brought under a common jurisdiction.

153, 6. _within the jurisdiction._ "Infra bannamleucam," defined by
Ducange as a certain territory by the boundaries of which the
jurisdiction and immunities of any place, whether a town or monastery,
were limited. _Bannum_ is here used in the sense of jurisdiction; and
the amount of territory so enfranchised was usually reckoned as a
league either way, hence banna leuca or banlieue. The exempt
jurisdiction of Bury Abbey was limited to the circuit of a mile within
four crosses.

153, 6. _Villeins of Hardwick._ The Latin word is _lancettos_, serfs
holding by base services. In one of the cartularies of St. Edmund, the
"Lancetti de Hardwick" were to cleanse the latrines of the monastery.

154, 23. _Beodricsworth._ This is the ancient name of Bury St.
Edmunds. Mr. Arnold says (I. iv.) the name of Beodric "seems to mean
'a table chieftain,' _comp._ beod. geneat, a table companion. But
there is some countenance in the MSS. for Beadricsworth, which would
come from beadu-rica, one mighty in war." Seynt Edmunds Biri is first
substituted for Beodricsworth in Charters from Edward the Confessor to
the Monastery (cf. page 260 and Battely, _App._ ix. 134).

155, 14. _Aver-peni._ The money paid by the tenant in commutation of
the service (avera) of performing any work for his lord by horse or
ox, or by carriage with either.

155, 20. _Eels from Southrey._ Aelgiva, Queen of Canute, gave to the
Monastery yearly four thousand eels, with her gifts which pertained
thereto at Lakenheath. The manor of Southrey, in Norfolk, with three
fisheries, was appropriated to the cellarer (Rokewode, p. 151).

157, 2. _haggovele._ Probably head-tax or hearth-tax.

159, 2. Romans xii. 10.

159, 9. Summa petit livor. Ovid, _Rem. Amoris_, 369.


CHAPTER XIV

163, 8. Habakkuk iii. 2.

164, 11. _Chest with the shirt of St. Edmund._ Archdeacon Herman, in
his treatise _De Miraculis Sancto Eadmundi_ (Arnold, i. 26 _et seq._),
describes how Leofstan (2nd Abbot) decided to open the coffin
containing St. Edmund's body and examine the remains. The body was
found covered with a vestment stained with blood and pierced with
arrows. This was taken off and the body wrapped in a linen sheet. In
the continuation of Herman's work, ascribed to Samson himself, there
is an account of another Herman, a monk of Bury, and a popular
preacher, who displayed irreverently certain relics of St. Edmund. He
took the shirt out of its casket, and unfolded it for the people to
kiss. Tolinus the sacrist commented severely on the occurrence, and on
the third day at sunset Herman died. The "feretrum cum camisia S.
Edmundi" was amongst the relics carried in procession round the Church
on Christmas Day, Palm Sunday, Easter Day, and probably other high
festivals (Rituale, Harl. MS. 297, cent, xiv., quoted by _James_, p.
183).

165, 1. _Cup of St. Edmund._ To drinking from this cup various
miracles are ascribed: a rich lady cured after long suffering from
fever; a Dunwich man with dropsy; a girl afflicted with a great
swelling, who drinks from the cup thrice in the name of the Trinity; a
Cluniac monk of St. Saviour's, Southwark, named Gervasius, whose story
is told in great detail in Samson's _De Miraculis_ (Arnold, i. 202-3).
It is said that an indulgence _toties quoties_ was granted to pilgrims
who drank from this cup "in the worshippe of God and Saint Edmund,"
hence its name of "Pardon Bowl"; but I have not found the original
authority for this.

165, 19. Luke xii. 2.

166, 9. Psalm lxiii. 11.

170, 4. Isaiah i. 2.

171, 18. _verse inscribed._ In the _Cronica Burienis_ (Arnold, iii. 8)
this verse is given in a slightly different form--"Martyris ecce zoma
Michaelis servet agalma," the writer adding, "Agalma, id est, sacra
receptacula divinitatis." "Zoma" is probably the Greek word "soma,"
body. But it has also been translated "garment," and Carlyle's version
of the inscription (_Past and Present_, ch. xvi.) is, "This is the
Martyr's garment, which Michael's Image guards." Lord Francis Hervey,
in his edition (1902) of Recce's _Breviary of Suffolk_, says, "Having
regard to the fondness of the mediaeval versifiers for rhyme, I feel
tempted to suggest that the word may have been 'salma,' a word of
unknown origin, which in Italian means corpse.... The verse in
question was most probably not home made, and was not clearly
intelligible to the monks themselves."

171, 21. _iron rings._ This phrase is somewhat obscure: "annuli ferrei
sicut solebat fieri in cista Norensi." Ducange gives "Norrensis" as an
occasional equivalent for Northmannus, hence Mr. Arnold suggests for
cista Norensis "a Norwegian chest" (i. 311).

175, 10. _Ailwin the monk._ Ailwin, also written Egelwin, was keeper
of the shrine of St. Edmund before the foundation of the Abbey. In
view of the invasion of England by the Danish chief Turchil, Ailwin
fled, in 1010, from Beodricsworth to London with the body of St.
Edmund, returning 1014. In 1050 Ailwin, then a very aged man, was
invited by Abbot Leofstan to come from Hulme to Bury to identify the
body of the Saint.

176, 18. _Keeper of St. Botolph._ There was a chapel (probably on the
south side of the presbytery) dedicated to St. Botolph, in which was
the shrine with the relics of that Saint.

177, 3. Felix, quem faciunt aliena pericula cautum. Erasmus, _Adagia_.


CHAPTER XV

178, 6. _King John ... came down to St. Edmund._ John paid several
visits to Bury Abbey during Samson's abbacy: once in 1199, immediately
after his coronation, when he made the miserable offering described by
Jocelin on p. 178; a second time in 1201, when returning from
Northumberland; a third time in 1203, when, according to Rokewode (p.
154), "he made a pilgrimage to St. Edmund's, at the feast of St.
Thomas the Apostle, and gave the convent ten marcs annually, payable
from the exchequer, for the repairs of the shrine of St. Edmund, in
consideration of the monks giving back to the King, for his life, a
sapphire and ruby, which he had offered to the Saint, and which were
to revert to the convent." In connection with the disputed question of
the nomination of Samson's successor (which lasted for over two
years), John came to Bury on November 4, 1114, and meeting the monks
in the chapter house, made them a speech as to his own rights in the
matter, which is recorded in Arnold, II. xv. and 95-6.

180, 7. Isaiah i. 2.

182, 3. Matthew xii. 25.

183, 9. In te vindicassem nisi iratus fuissem. Cic. _Tusc._ iv. 36.

183, 14. Mark iv. 39.

187, 20. _seisin of the damsel._ There was another claimant for the
wardship of Nesta of Cockfield, not here mentioned, viz., King Richard
I., who (see pp. 148-9) was defied by Samson, but was appeased by a
present of some horses, dogs, and other valuable gifts. "Here you may
see what misery followeth the tenure by Knight's service: if the
tenant dieth, leaving his heir within age, how the poor child may be
tossed and tumbled, chopped and changed, bought and sold like a jade
in Smithfield, and what is more, married to whom it pleaseth his
guardian, whereof ensue many evils" (Rastell: _Terms of the Lawes of
this Realm_, ed. 1579, fol. 98).

189, 6. Decipi quadam specie recti. Horace, _De Arte Poetica_, 25.

189, 8. Isaiah xlii. 8.

189, 9. _Abbot of Cluny._ This was Hugh, Abbot of Reading from 1180 to
1199, when he was appointed Abbot of Cluny. Much information about him
may be found in Dr. J. B. Hurry's admirable _History of Reading
Abbey_, 1901, whence the following note as to precedence is taken:
"Sir Henry Englefield (_Archaeologia_, vol. vi. p. 61) states that the
Abbot of Reading took precedence after the Abbots of Glastonbury and
St. Albans. But it is probable that no such definite order was
observed.... In the Articles of Faith under Convocation, 28 Henry
VIII., the following is the order of signatures--St. Albans,
Westminster, St. Edmunds Bury, Glastonbury, Reading."


CHAPTER XVI.

190, 6. Numbers xi. 26.

191, 1. _When the Prior died._ Mr. Rokewode assigns Robert's death to
1200, perhaps because the narrative of the election of his successor
follows in the Chronicle the account of the visit to the monastery of
Hugh, Abbot of Cluny.

192, 9. Proverbs xix. 11.

193, 19. Deut. xvii. 8.

196, 19. _[Herbert] the new prior._ This election seems to have taken
place in 1200. After Samson's death in 1211, Herbert had a great deal
of anxiety arising out of King John's refusal to accept the choice of
Hugh II. (then Prior of Westminster and afterwards Bishop of Ely) as
Abbot; and the narrative of the _Electio Hugonis_ takes up 102 pages
of Mr. Arnold's vol. ii. Herbert died in September, 1220, and was
succeeded as Prior by Richard of Insula (afterwards 12th Abbot).

197, 20. Acts xxvi. 24.

197, 23. Nihil omne parte beatum. Hor. _Odes_, i. 16.

198, 7. Exitus acta probabit. Ovid, _Heroides_, ii. 85.

198, 11. Psalm lxiv. 3.

199, 5. Fallitur augurio spes bona saepe suo. Ovid, _Heroides_, xvii.
234.


CHAPTER XVII.

200, 8. Deut. xvi. 19.

200, 16. Galatians v. 9.

201, 20. _Dean of London._ This quotation from the _Ymagines
Historiarum_ of Ralph de Diceto, Dean of St. Paul's, who died about
1202, is interesting, as showing that apparently a manuscript copy of
that work was in the possession of Bury Abbey shortly after its
compilation. Diceto has often been identified with Diss in Norfolk:
and there are evidences that William of Diss had a good deal to do
with Jocelin's Chronicle (cf. pages 242, 254). Bishop Stubbs thinks
that Diceto is "an artificial name, adopted by its bearer as the Latin
name of a place with which he was associated," and this he suggests
may be one of three places in Maine.

202, 16. Mutans quadrata rotundis. Hor. _Ep._ i. 1, 100.

203, 16. Pila minantia pilis. _Lucan_, 1, 7.

204, 13. _By his writ._ The same difficulty as to jurisdiction that
arose in the case of Monk's Eleigh with Christ Church, Canterbury (see
chapter vii. and notes to p. 77, l. 23, and p. 78, l. 16) occurred
with the Bishop of Ely; and it lasted an equally long time. In the
_Excerpta Cantabrigiensia_ (Arnold, III. 188) is a long account of a
"Contentio inter monasterium S. Edmundi et episcopum Eliensum" (Univ.
Lib. Ff. 2, 29) respecting the return to writs affecting places within
the Liberty of St. Edmund. The Bishop claimed that when a writ came
down to the Sheriff of Suffolk referring to a place which, though
within the liberty of St. Edmund, belonged to the see of Ely, it was
the duty of the sheriff to send that writ for execution, not to the
abbot, but to the bishop; and the abbot claimed that the ancient
jurisdiction of St. Edmund would thus be infringed. Since the liberty
of St. Edmund comprised eight and a half hundreds in the county of
Suffolk, within which hundreds the see of Ely possessed many manors,
it is obvious that if the charge and execution of writs affecting
these manors were withheld from the abbot and given to the bishop, the
jurisdiction of St. Edmund would be to that extent impaired and
restricted. The Contentio begins with a reference to the King's
decision just given (1408) in favour of Bury against the Canterbury
monks (see note on page 239), and goes on to describe the efforts made
by Abbot Cratfield to stop the encroachments of Bishop Fordham of Ely,
with whom he proposes a meeting, from which the bishop excuses
himself. The controversy dragged on, with many adjournments and
delays, all of which the (Bury) writer lays to the charge of the other
side: nor was it concluded at the date (1426 or 1427) when the tract
was written (Arnold, III. xviii.-xix.).

205, 20. Psalm viii. 8.

207, 7. _Geoffrey Fitz-Peter and William de Stutville._ These were
important officials, whom John could ill spare. Geoffrey Fitz-Peter,
Earl of Essex (died 1213) was justiciar, having been appointed by
Richard I. to this high office in 1198, on the resignation of
Archbishop Hubert Walter. He was confirmed in his appointment by John,
who disliked him, but used him for his own ends. William de Stutville
had been appointed sheriff of the county of York in 1201, and died in
1203.

209, 20. _made his will just as if he was now to die._ The Royal
summons to Court was dated 1203, as the brief of Innocent III. is
printed in Migne's _Patrologia_, vol. 214, and is dated 21 January,
1203. Samson lived nearly nine years afterwards; but as to the facts
of his latest years we know practically nothing. As to his death and
burial, see Preface, pages xl.-xlii.

211, 9. Pollicitis dives quilibet esse potest. Ovid., _De Arte
Amandi_, 1. 444.

211. At the foot of fol. 163 of the _Liber Albus_, from which
Jocelin's Chronicle is taken, is a memorandum by William of Diss,
which, as it has been printed both by Rokewode and Arnold, is
translated below, though it is not by Jocelin. It is merely an
expansion of the story told by Jocelin himself on pp. 86-8. Adam of
Cockfield wanted to claim his father's lands by hereditary right; but
William of Diss gives the evidence against this claim. The succession
was: Lenmere, Adam the first (married Adeliza), Robert (died 1191),
Adam the claimant (died 1198), who married Rohesia, and had a daughter
Nesta, over whose wardship there was the dispute recorded on page 187.

"Robert of Cockfield acknowledged to my lord abbot Samson, in the
presence of many persons--Master W. of Banham, brother W. of Diss,
chaplains, William of Breiton, and many others--that he had no
hereditary right in the vills of Groton and Semere. For in the days of
King Stephen, when the peace was disturbed, the monks of St. Edmund,
with the consent of the abbot, granted the aforesaid two vills to Adam
of Cockfield, his father, to be held all the days of his life: Semere
for the annual payment of one hundred shillings, and Groton by the
payment of an annual rent, because Adam could defend the aforesaid
towns against the holders of the neighbouring castles, W. of Milden
and W. of Ambli, in that he had a castle of his own near to the
aforesaid manors, namely, the castle of Lelesey.

"After the death of the aforesaid Adam, they granted the said manors
to Robert of Cockfield, son of Adam, at a double rate for Semere, that
is an annual rent of ten pounds, so long as the lords abbots and the
convent wish. But he never had a charter for it, not even to the end
of his life. He had good charters for all the tenements which he held
of St. Edmund by hereditary right, which charters I, William, known as
William of Diss, at that time chaplain, read, in the hearing of many,
in the presence of the aforesaid abbot: that is for the lands of
Lelesey, which Ulfric of Lelesey held of St. Edmund in the same
township; the charter of the abbot and convent concerning the socages
of Rougham, which Mistress Rohesia of Cockfield, once wife of Adam the
younger, brought as her dowry; for the lands also which Lenmere, his
ancestor, held in the town of Cockfield by hereditary right, and which
in the time of King Stephen, with the consent of Anselm, abbot of St.
Edmund, were changed into half a knight's fee, although at first they
had been socages of St. Edmund.

"He had also charters of the abbot and convent of St. Edmund, for the
lands which are in the town of St. Edmund; for the land, that is to
say, of Hemfrid Criketot, where the houses of Mistress Adeliza were
once situated. They have also a hereditary charter for a great
messuage, under a payment of twelve pence, where the hall of Adam the
first, of Cockfield, was of old situate, with a wooden tower seven
times twenty feet in height. It was confirmed to them as hereditary
right by the charter of the abbot and convent, in which charter are
specified the length and breadth of that place and messuage, to be
held by a payment of two shillings. They also hold a hereditary
charter for the lands which Robert of Cockfield, son of Odo of
Cockfield, now holds in Barton. But they have no charter for the
township of Cockfield, that is, for the portion which pertains to the
food of the monks of St. Edmund.

"Then there was one brief of King Henry I., in which he commands Abbot
Anselm to allow Adam of Cockfield the first to hold in peace the farm
of Cockfield, and others, as long as he pays rents in full; and that
brief was sealed only of one part, representing the royal
form--against the form of all royal briefs.

"But Robert of Cockfield claimed, in the presence of the lord abbot
and the aforesaid, that he believed Cockfield to be his hereditary
right on account of his long tenure: because his grandfather, Lenmere,
held that manor for a long time before his death, and Adam the first,
his son, for the term of his life, and he, Robert, all his
life--well-nigh sixty years; but they never had a charter of the abbot
or the convent of St. Edmund for the aforesaid land."




APPENDIX III

 TABLE OF CHIEF DATES IN THE HISTORY OF THE ABBEY OF
 ST. EDMUNDSBURY, from A.D. 870 to 1903.


[_Editor's Note._--I had originally contemplated printing only the
dates included in Section II. of this Table, but at the suggestion of
the general Editor of the series, I have extended it backwards and
forwards so as to give a rapid _apercu_ of the history of Bury Abbey
from its earliest beginnings up to the present date. The Table may
have a use other than for readers of _Jocelin's Chronicle_, as it
brings to a focus a mass of chronological information now scattered
over a great variety of books.

For unfortunately there does not exist at present any adequate history
of Bury Abbey, one of the most ancient, flourishing and important of
the Benedictine institutions in England. There are adequate
materials--at any rate for some of the periods of its existence--in
the copious manuscripts relating to Bury (many of them formerly
belonging to the monastery) now on the shelves of our public libraries
and in private hands; and it seems a pity that no one has the courage
to undertake a task which, though formidable, has been successfully
accomplished in the case of other foundations of less fame.

The names of some of the principal works that may usefully be
consulted by students of the history of the Abbey will be found on pp.
276 and 277 at the end of the Table.--E. C.].


SECTION I

_BEFORE THE DAYS OF ABBOT SAMSON_

  870   Nov. 20. Martyrdom of St. Edmund. His head is cut off by the
          Danes and hidden in a wood "in silvam cui vocabulam est
          Haglesdun" (_Abbo_, writing 100 years after). [Domesday book
          (1086) records the existence in Wilford Hundred of a place
          called Halgestou.] The head being found, is miraculously
          rejoined to the body, which is buried "in villula Suthtuna
          [Sutton] dicta, de prope loco martyrizationis" (_Herman_,
          writing 200 years after).

  903   (or later). Relics of St. Edmund removed from the place of
          burial to Beodricsworth--afterwards called Bury St. Edmunds.
          The early authorities differ as to this date. Herman says
          the translation took place in the reign of Athelstan
          (925-941): the compiler of the Bodl. MS. 240 says A.D. 900
          or 906 (_Nov. Leg. Angl._ II. 590); the Curteys Register
          (Part I. f. 211) says A.D. 903.

  937   (_circa_). According to Abbo, Dunstan, then a youth, hears the
          story of St. Edmund's death from an old man who said he was
          the King's standard bearer.

  945   Bishop Theodred (II) of Elmham opens St. Edmund's coffin,
          finds the body "whole and incorrupt," and places it in a new
          wooden "loculus" (Abbo).

  945   Charter of King Edmund II (son of Edmund the Elder) granting
          lands round Beodricsworth to the clerks (_monasterii
          familia_) who were then guarding St. Edmund's shrine. (Text
          in Arnold II. 340-1.)                              _p._ 238.

  985   (_circa_). Dunstan, the Archbishop, tells the story of St.
          Edmund's martyrdom to others, and Abbo recounts it in his
          _Passio Sancti Eadmundi_. (Text in Arnold I. 3-25.)
                                                             _p._ 217.

 1010   Egelwin, or Ailwin, takes the body of the Saint from
          Beodricsworth to London.                           _p._ 175.

 1013   Return of Egelwin, with body of St. Edmund, to Beodricsworth.

 1014   February. Death of King Sweyn (according to the chroniclers,
          at the hands of St. Edmund).

 1020   At the instance of Aelfwin, Bishop of Elmham, the clerks in
          charge of St. Edmund's shrine are removed, and twenty monks,
          headed by Uvius, prior of Hulme, installed at Beodricsworth.

 1020   Uvius consecrated 1st abbot of Bury by the Bishop of London.

 1020   New stone church (to replace the wooden one containing St.
          Edmund's body) commenced by order of Canute, in expiation of
          the sacrilegious behaviour of his father Sweyn towards the
          saint.

 1028   Charter of Canute granting "fundus" or farm at Beodricsworth
          to be for ever in possession of monks, who were to be free
          from episcopal jurisdiction. (Text in Arnold II. 340-1).

 1032   Oct. 18. Consecration of the new stone church by Egelnoth,
          Archbishop of Canterbury.

 1035   Charter granted to the Abbey by Hardicanute, imposing a fine
          of "thirty talents of gold" on any one found guilty of
          infringing the Abbey's franchises. (For privileges granted,
          see Bodl. MS. 240, printed in _Nova Legenda Anglie_ II.
          607.)

 1038   Oct. Body of the Saint removed to King Canute's new church.

 1044   Visit of Edward the Confessor to Bury.               _p._ 236.

 1044   The Confessor grants to Bury abbey jurisdiction over 8-1/2
          hundreds in Suffolk, and the manor of Mildenhall, with
          freedom to choose their abbot.                     _p._ 238.

 1044   Death of Uvius (remains in Infirmary Chapel). Leofstan
          appointed 2nd abbot.

 1065   Death of Leofstan (remains placed in shrine at foot of St.
          Edmund). Baldwin of St. Denis (physician to Edward the
          Confessor) appointed 3rd abbot.

 1065   Mint established at Bury under grant of Edward the Confessor,
          in which Beodricsworth is called (apparently for the first
          time) St. Edmundsbury. "Ic kithe ihu that Ic habbe unnen
          Baldewine Abbot one munetere with innen Seynt Edmunds Biri"
          (Battely, p. 134).                                 _p._ 248.

 1071   Abbot Baldwin at Rome: receives from Pope Alexander II a
          precious altar of porphyry, with special privileges.

 1071   Oct. 27. Bull of Pope Alexander II, taking the monks of St.
          Edmund under the special protection of the Holy See, and
          forbidding that a bishop's see should ever be established at
          Beodricsworth. (Text in Arnold I. 344.)

 1081   May 31. Charter of William the Conqueror deciding against the
          claim of Arfast, Bishop of Thetford, to transfer his see to
          Bury, and granting exemption from episcopal jurisdiction.
          (Text in Arnold I. 347.)

 1086   Domesday Book returns show that the annual value of the Town
          "ubi quiescit humatus S. Eadmundus rex et martyr gloriosus"
          was double that of its value under Edward the Confessor, and
          a larger number of persons were maintained.

 1095   Apr. 29. Translation of St. Edmund's body to new and
          magnificent basilica built by Baldwin and his sacrists
          Thurstan and Tolinus.

 1097   Death of Baldwin: buried in the Abbey church, east of the
          choir altar.

 1098   (_circa_). Herman the Archdeacon compiles his book, _De
          Miraculis Sancti Eadmundi_.                        _p._ 218.

 1100   Henry I gives abbacy to Robert, son of Hugh Lupus, Earl of
          Chester. Robert (I) deposed 1102.

 1101   Attempts of Herbert de Losinga, Bishop of Norwich, to fix his
          see at Bury; finally disposed of 1102.

 1102   Robert II, a monk of Westminster, elected 5th abbot. Scheme
          for Abbey church enlarged. Godefridus the sacrist a man "of
          almost gigantic stature, great in body but greater still in
          mind."                                             _p._ 247.

 1107   Aug. 15. Robert II consecrated by St. Anselm. Dies soon after,
          16 Sept.; buried in Infirmary Chapel.

 1114   After seven years' interregnum, Albold, prior of St. Nicasius
          at Meaux, elected 6th abbot: died 1119; buried in Infirmary
          Chapel.

 1120   Charter of Henry I confirming the Charters of Canute and
          Edward the Confessor.

 1121   Anselm, nephew of St. Anselm, elected 7th abbot. In his days
          the Norman tower of the Abbey was built.

 1132   Henry I pays a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Edmund.

 1135   (_circa_). St. James' Church built by Abbot Anselm, instead of
          making a pilgrimage to St. James of Compostella. Church
          consecrated by William Corbeil, Archbishop of Canterbury.


 SECTION II

 _DURING ABBOT SAMSON'S LIFETIME_ (1135-1211)

 1135   SAMSON born at Tottington, near Thetford.

 1144   Samson taken by his mother on a pilgrimage to St. Edmund.
                                                              _p._ 56.

 1146   Death of Anselm: buried in Infirmary Chapel.

 1146   Ording, Prior of St. Edmund, appointed 8th abbot.

 1150   Fire, which destroys the conventual buildings--Abbot's palace,
          refectory, dormitory, the old infirmary, and the
          chapter-house. Rebuilt by Helyas the sacrist, Ording's
          nephew.                                            _p._ 247.

 1150   (circa). Galfridus de Fontibus writes the tract _De Infantia
          Sancti Eadmundi_, dedicated to Ording.             _p._ 218.

 1153   Eustace, eldest son of King Stephen, plunders some of the
          lands of the monastery. Dies at Bury.

 1156   Jan. 31. Death of Ording: buried in chapter-house.   _p._ 247.

 1156   Hugh, Prior of Westminster, elected 9th abbot. Receives
          benediction at Colchester from Archbishop of Canterbury.

 1157   Battle of Coleshill: Cowardice of Henry of Essex.
                                                       _pp._ 103, 243.

 1160   (_circa_). Samson returns from Paris, and made _magister
          scholarum_ or schoolmaster.                         _p._ 66.

 1160   (_circa_). Samson's visit to Rome.              _pp._ 72, 236.

 1161   Jan. 12. Bull of Alexander II, confirming the Abbot and monks
          of Bury in all their rights and privileges, authorizing
          appropriation of certain manors to special purposes, etc.
          Future abbots to be freely elected. In important matters
          there is to be an appeal to the Holy See. (Text in Arnold
          III. 78-80.)

 1161   May 22. Brief obtained from Pope Alexander III, confirming the
          right of the Abbey to the revenues of Woolpit.      _p._ 74.

 1163   Abbot Hugh at the Council of Tours, where he usurps the seat
          of the Abbot of St. Albans.

 1163   Wager of battle between Henry of Essex and Robert de Montfort
          at Reading.                                     _pp._ 104-5.

 1166   Samson takes monastic orders.                         _p._ 60.

 1172   Apr. 7. Bull of Pope Alexander III, dated at Tusculum,
          exempting the Abbey from the visitation of the Archbishop of
          the Province as _legatus natus_ of the apostolic see (_Cf._
          Rokewode, p. 107).                                   _p._ 7.

 1173   Jocelin of Brakelond becomes Monk of St. Edmund.       _p._ 1.

 1173   Hugh the Prior deposed: succeeded by Robert.           _p._ 1.

 1173   October 17. Battle of Fornham.               _pp._ 1, 86, 221.

 1175   (_circa_). Samson master of the novices.               _p._ 6.

 1180   (_ante_). Samson compiles the work _De Miraculis Sancti
          Eadmundi_. (See Appendix I.)                   _pp._ 215-21.

 1180   Sept. 9. Abbot Hugh's accident near Rochester.        _p._ 10.

 1180   Nov. 15. Death of Abbot Hugh I.                 _pp._ 10, 225.

 1180-2 Samson subsacrist and master of the workmen. Rebuilds choir of
          Abbey Church, and makes preparations for building the great
          tower.                                              _p._ 14.

 1181   June 10. Martyrdom of the boy Robert by the Jews.     _p._ 23.

 1181   Aug. 9. Arrival at Abbey of Archbishop of Trontheim on a
          visit.                                              _p._ 23.

 1182   Feb. 21. Appointment of Samson as Abbot at Bishop's Waltham,
          with Henry II's approval.                           _p._ 31.

 1182   Feb. 28. Samson receives the blessing of the Bishop of
          Winchester, at Merewell.                            _p._ 36.

 1182   Mar. 21. (Palm Sunday). Samson is solemnly received at St.
          Edmunds.                                            _p._ 37.

 1182   Mar. 29. Samson calls a meeting of the convent, the Knights
          and certain burgesses as to the election of bailiffs.
                                                             _p._ 109.

 1182   Mar. 31. Samson sends messengers to Rome for confirmation of
          the Abbey's privileges.                             _p._ 84.

 1182   Apr. 1. Barons, Knights and freemen summoned to do homage.
                                                              _p._ 41.

 1182   Samson appointed a judge in the ecclesiastical courts, by Pope
          Lucius III.                                         _p._ 51.

 1182   Contests as to town rights and dues.                 _p._ 108.

 1183   Samson restores the Church of Woolpit to the monastery.
                                                              _p._ 72.

 1184-5 Samson founds St. Saviour's Hospital, at Babwell.     _p._ 69.

 1186   Kalendar or general survey of Abbey estates completed.
                                                           _pp._ 44-5.

 1187   Victory over Archbishop Baldwin as to jurisdiction in case of
          homicide at Monks Eleigh.                           _p._ 76.

 1187   Jan. 21. Samson obtains from Pope Urban III the privilege of
          giving the episcopal benediction.                   _p._ 84.

 1187   Feb. 11. Dispute as to jurisdiction, between Samson and the
          Monks of Canterbury, brought before Henry II in
          chapter-house at Canterbury.                  _pp._ 77, 238.

 1187   Sept. 29. Loss of Jerusalem: Samson's grief.          _p._ 60.

 1187   Samson waits upon Henry II at Clarendon, to obtain a
          recognition of the immunity of the Abbey from certain taxes.
                                                              _p._ 96.

 1188   Jan. 20. General exemption granted by the Pope to Samson and
          his successors from the authority of the Archbishop of
          Canterbury.                                         _p._ 84.

 1188   Jan. 21. Henry II takes the Cross between Trie and Gisors.
                                                              _p._ 80.

 1188   Feb. Henry II at Bury. Samson refused permission to accompany
          the King to the Crusades.                           _p._ 81.

 1189   Sept. 3. Richard I crowned at Westminster; Abbot Samson
          present.

 1189   Sept. Purchase of the manor of Mildenhall from Richard I.
                                                              _p._ 70.

 1189   Nov. Samson appointed one of the arbitrators to settle the
          dispute between Archbishop Baldwin and the Monks of Christ
          Church at Canterbury.

 1190   March 18. Massacre of 57 Jews at Bury.                _p._ 69.

 1190   Oct. Conflict as to monastic discipline, at the Council of
          Westminster, between Samson and the Bishop of Ely.  _p._ 81.

 1191   Death of Robert of Cockfield.                   _pp._ 86, 255.

 1191   Samson's quarrel with William Longchamp, Bishop of Ely.
                                                              _p._ 79.

 1191   Sept.-Oct. Excommunication of Longchamp, and his flight from
          England.                                      _pp._ 79, 240.

 1192   Complaints of the monks to the abbot concerning the Abbey
           revenues.                                         _p._ 114.

 1193   Return of Longchamp. Samson refuses to celebrate Mass before
          him.                                                _p._ 80.

 1193   Collection of money for the ransom of King Richard.
                                                        _pp._ 71, 234.

 1193   Samson excommunicates the disturbers of the peace, and appears
          in arms before Windsor.                             _p._ 82.

 1193   Samson visits Richard I in his German prison "with many
          gifts."                                             _p._ 82.

 1194   Feb. 4. King Richard released from captivity.

 1194   Mch. 12. Lands at Sandwich after an absence of 4-1/4 years;
          pays, before the end of the month, thanksgiving visits to
          (1) Canterbury (2) St. Edmundsbury.

 1194   June 28. Samson's contest with turbulent young knights, who
          hold a Tournament without his authorization.        _p._ 83.

 1194   Samson grants a Charter to the town.           _pp._ 116, 244.

 1194   Abbey debts entirely discharged.                      _p._ 46.

 1196   Samson's contest with his fifty knights concerning their dues:
          the abbot victorious.                            _pp._ 97-9.

 1196   Samson takes the cellarer's department into his own hands.
                                                    _p._ 131 _et seq._

 1197   Commission of Pope Celestine III for the restoration of the
          Monks of Coventry.                           _pp._ 142, 246.

 1198   Jan. 14. Samson at Coventry in high spirits.         _p._ 143.

 1198   Jan. 18. Coventry Monks re-inducted by the Archbishop.
                                                             _p._ 143.

 1198   Samson charges moiety of Wetherden in favour of schools at
          Bury.                                              _p._ 144.

 1198   (_circa_). Archbishop Hubert Walter proposes to visit the
          Abbey of Bury.                                     _p._ 122.

 1198   Dispute between King Richard and Samson as to the wardship of
          Nesta of Cockfield.                             _pp._ 147-9.

 1198   Samson goes to Normandy to settle with King Richard as to the
          four knights demanded from the Abbey for the war against the
          King of France.                                    _p._ 129.

 1198   July 18. Richard I confirms by Charters the Manor of
          Mildenhall to the Abbey.                    _pp._ 70-2, 235.

 1198   Oct. 17. Fire in the Abbey: shrine of St. Edmund in danger.
                                                             _p._ 162.

 1198   Nov. 23. Shrine transferred to high altar.           _p._ 170.

 1198   Nov. 26. Samson views St. Edmund's body.             _p._ 173.

 1198   Dec. 1. Letter of Pope Innocent III exempting the Abbey from
          the visitation even of a legate, unless he were a legate _a
          latere_.                                     _pp._ 124, 245.

 1199   Reconciliation between Hubert Walter, Archbishop of
          Canterbury, and Samson.                            _p._ 127.

 1199   April 6. Death of King Richard I.

 1199   May 27. King John crowned at Westminster.            _p._ 178.

 1199   King John visits Bury.                               _p._ 178.

 1199   Violent quarrels between Samson and his monks: he withdraws
          from the Abbey for a week: reconciliation effected.
                                                         _pp._ 179-83.

 1200   Mar. 15. Ratification by King John of Charter granted by
          Samson to St. Saviour's Hospital at Babwell.        _p._ 72.

 1200   Nov. 6. Samson one of three arbitrators in dispute between
          Archbp. of Canterbury and Canons of Lambeth.       _p._ 229.

 1200   List drawn up of knights of St. Edmund.           _pp._ 183-6.

 1200   Hugh, Abbot of Cluny, visits Bury.                   _p._ 189.

 1200   Death of Prior Robert: Herbert succeeds him.         _p._ 191.

 1201   Eustace, Abbot of Flay, preaches at Bury.            _p._ 202.

 1201   Sept. Samson appointed one of three Commissioners sent by
          the Pope to Worcester to investigate the miracles of
          St. Wulfstan.

 1202   Dispute between the monks of Ely and of Bury concerning the
          market at Lakenheath.                        _pp._ 203, 253.

 1202   Hugh of Northwold (afterwards abbot) admitted a monk.

 1203   Jan. 31. Samson appointed by the Pope on a commission
          concerning the dispensation of Crusaders from their vows:
          and summoned over sea to advise the King on this question.
                                                         _pp._ 207-11.

 1203   Dec. 21. John at Bury, and makes valuable offerings: but
          prevails on convent to grant him for life the use of the
          jewels which his mother Queen Eleanor had presented to St.
          Edmund.                                            _p._ 251.

 1208   Mar. 24. Interdict comes into force throughout England.

 1210   Sept. 23. Fall of central tower of Abbey Church.

 1211   Dec. 30. Death of Samson: buried in unconsecrated ground.
                                                              _p._ xl.

 1213   July. King John expresses a wish for the vacancy to be filled:
          Hugh (II) of Northwold chosen.

 1214   July 2. Interdict solemnly dissolved.

 1214   Aug. 12. Samson's body exhumed and buried in the chapter-house
          of Bury Abbey.                             _pp._ xlii., 247.


 SECTION III

 _FROM 1214 TO DISSOLUTION IN 1539_

 1214   Nov. 4. King John at Bury: makes a speech in the chapter-house
          asserting his rights over the election of abbot.   _p._ 251.

 1214   Nov. 20. The discontented earls and barons meet at Bury
          (probably on St. Edmund's Day) "as if for prayer."
          Archbishop Langton reads to them Henry I's charter: and each
          swears on the high altar to make war on John unless he gives
          them the liberties contained therein (_Roger of Wendover_,
          vol. iii. 293-4).

 1215   Mar. 10. Commissioners appointed by the Pope finally give
          judgment in favour of Hugh's election as abbot.

 1215   June 9. King's approval to appointment of Hugh given in
          Staines meadow.

 1215   June 15. Magna Charta signed.

 1215-6 Louis, son of Philip II of France, invited by the barons to
          help them in their struggle against John. East Anglian towns
          sacked--Norwich and Lynn by the French; Cambridge, Yarmouth,
          Dunwich, Ipswich and Colchester by the barons (Ramsay's
          _Angevin Empire_, 1903, _p._ 497). Bury St. Edmunds a
          stronghold of the king (Norgate, _John Lackland_, 1902,
          _pp._ 257-8). Louis himself fighting in the south of
          England. No evidence of Louis or his hordes ever being at
          Bury.

 1216   Oct. 19. Death of John at Newark. Henry III succeeds to the
          throne.

 1220   (_circa_). Richard of Newport, sacrist, destroys the old
          chapter-house and rebuilds it from foundations.    _p._ 247.

 1220   Death of Herbert the prior. Richard of Insula (afterwards 12th
          abbot) succeeds him.

 1224   Abbot Hugh at the Royal camp before Bedford Castle, attended
          by knights holding manors under St. Edmund.

 1225   (_circa_). Abbot's Bridge built.

 1229   Abbot Hugh II made Bishop of Ely: died August, 1254. Described
          by Matthew Paris as "flos nigrorum monachorum."

 1229   Nov. 20. Richard of Insula recalled from Burton and installed
          as 12th abbot on St. Edmund's Day.

 1234   Abbot Richard sent abroad on an appeal to Pope Gregory IX.
          Attacked on his return with mortal illness, and dies at
          Pontigny. Buried in the chapter-house at Bury, where his
          skeleton was discovered on January 1, 1903, with skull sawn
          through and sternum severed (evidently for embalming
          purposes).                                         _p._ 247.

 1235   Henry of Rushbrook, prior of Bury, elected 13th abbot.

 1235   Royal Charters granted to Abbot Henry to hold two fairs at
          Bury and a market at his manor of Melford.

 1245   Abbot Henry excused by the Pope, on account of the gout, from
          attending the Council of Lyons.

 1245   At the request of the convent, Henry III calls his newly-born
          son Edmund (founder of the house of Lancaster). Text of
          Royal letter in Arnold III. 28.

 1248   July 5. Bull of Pope Innocent III (signed at Lyons)
          prescribing the solemn celebration of the feast of the
          translation of St. Edmund (April 29). Text in _Nov. Leg.
          Angl._ (1901) II. 574.

 1248   Death of Abbot Henry: buried in chapter-house. Edmund of
          Walpole, LL.D., appointed 14th abbot.

 1250   Henry III takes the Cross: the abbot does the same, exposing
          himself to general derision (Matt. Par. v. 110).

 1252   Simon of Luton (afterwards abbot) made prior.

 1254   Richard of Clare, seventh Earl of Gloucester, claims St.
          Edmund's manor of Mildenhall: threatened with
          excommunication by the Pope.

 1254   Aug. Death of Hugh, Bishop of Ely (Abbot of Bury, 1213-29).

 1256   Aug. Statutes approved by Pope Alexander IV for the governance
          of the Abbey of Bury, providing _inter alia_ for "two
          persons watching the body of St. Edmund and two the church
          treasure and clock night and day."

 1256   Dec. 31. Abbot Edmund died: buried in the chapter-house.
                                                             _p._ 247.

 1257   Jan. 15. Simon of Luton, prior, elected 15th abbot: cost of
          confirmation by the Pope, 2,000 marks.

 1263   Nov. Franciscan friars expelled from Bury, under a rescript
          from Pope Urban IV, and compelled to migrate to Babwell.

 1264   (Easter). Serious conflict between the monastery and the
          burgesses. The abbot complains to the king: fine inflicted
          on the burgesses.

 1265   Defeat and death of Simon de Montfort. Many barons of his
          party take shelter at Bury, but subsequently dislodged.

 1267   February. Henry III summons the barons who owe military
          service to the Crown to meet him at Bury.

 1272   Sept. 1. Henry III at Bury on his way to Norwich.

 1272   Nov. 16. Death of Henry III (Rishanger says at Bury).

 1275   April 17. Edward I and his Queen come to St. Edmundsbury on a
          pilgrimage, "as they had vowed in the Holy Land."

 1275   July 1. Foundation stone of new Lady Chapel laid by Prior
          Robert.

 1279   April. Death of Abbot Simon at Melford: buried in the Lady
          Chapel, which he had built "at the cost of himself, his
          parents and his friends" (Leland, iv. 164).

 1279   Dec. 28. John of Northwold, guest master of the abbey,
          solemnly received in the Abbey Church as 16th abbot, after
          having gone to Rome to be blessed by Pope Nicholas III. Cost
          of his journey, 1,175 marks, his credit from abbey being
          only 500 marks.

 1281   A new division between the property of the abbot and that of
          the convent, sanctioned by Edward I in consideration of
          L1,000.

 1285   Feb. 20. The King with the Queen and her three daughters make
          a pilgrimage to Bury.

 1292   April 28. The King, with his son and daughters, again at Bury,
          remaining either at the abbey or the manor of Culford for
          ten days. Granted charter that none of his justices should
          sit within the banlieue of St. Edmund.

 1292   Dispute between monastery and town. Royal Commission of
          inquiry sent down. The burgesses to present annually an
          alderman for confirmation by the abbot: the alderman to
          present four persons to the sacrist as keepers of the four
          gates.

 1294   Mar. 18. Edward I again at St. Edmundsbury "with great
          devotion."

 1296   Nov. Edward I holds a Parliament at Bury to obtain an aid from
          the clergy and people. Difficulties in its collection.

 1301   Oct. 29. Death of Abbot John I: buried in the church before
          the choir altar.

 1301   Nov. 30. Edward's I's letter giving permission for a new
          election.

 1302   Jan. 2. Election of Thomas of Tottington (Samson's birthplace)
          as 17th abbot.

 1305   Further disputes between the convent and the town. The king's
          justices impose fines on the aldermen and burgesses.

 1312   Jan. 7. Death of Abbot Thomas: buried in north aisle of abbey
          church (part of his memorial brass now at Hedgerley church,
          Bucks). Succeeded by Richard of Draughton.

 1326   Edward II spends Christmas at Bury.

 1327   Great riots at Bury: the abbey plundered. The abbot seized and
          carried off, and eventually deported to Diest in Brabant.
          The outlying manors ravaged, and nearly the whole of the
          conventual and domestic buildings burnt: loss of property
          assessed at L140,000. Charter extorted by the townsmen from
          the convent. (French text in Arnold III. 302-317.)

 1330   Sept. 13. Charter of Edward III granting free warren in all
          demesnes of the Abbey of St. Edmund, and a weekly market at
          Melford, with an annual fair of nine days.

 1335   Death of Abbot Richard: buried in north aisle of the church.
          The sub-prior, William of Bernham, hastily elected 19th
          abbot for fear of the Pope's interference.

 1345   Jan. 24. Completion of Richard of Bury's _Philobiblon_.

 1345   Quarrel between the abbey and Bishop Bateman of Norwich.
          Morality and discipline of the abbey reported bad by
          diocesan commissioners.

 1346   The abbot appeals to the Pope, and also sues Bishop Bateman in
          the King's Court, pleading the Charter of Hardicanute
          (1035): the judges give sentence in the abbot's favour.

 1346   (_circa_). Completion of abbey gateway, erected after
          destruction of a previous gateway by the townspeople in the
          riots of 1327.

 1351   Presentation to the abbot of three names for selection of an
          alderman to have charge of the municipal government of Bury.
          Admission by the abbot of John Ewell as a matter of favour.

 1361   Death of Abbot William: buried in Lady Chapel. Henry of
          Hunstanton elected his successor, and proceeds to Avignon,
          but dies of the pestilence near that city before obtaining
          confirmation by the Pope.

 1361   John of Brinkley appointed as 20th abbot by Pope Innocent VI.

 1375   Date of last miracle recorded in Bodleian MS. 240 (Symon
          Broun, nearly lost at sea, vows to St. Edmund and is saved.
          _Nov. Leg. Anglie_ (1901) vol. II. _p._ 678).

 1379   Death of John of Brinkley at Elmswell: buried in the Lady
          Chapel. John of Timworth, sub-prior, elected by the monks
          21st abbot. Urban VI appoints Edmund de Bromfeld instead,
          and a controversy ensues, lasting five years.

 1381   Rebellion in East Anglia under Jack Strawe. Murder of John de
          Cambridge, the prior, and Sir John Cavendish, the chief
          justice. Town of Bury outlawed and fined 2,000 marks.

 1383   Richard II and Anne of Bohemia visit Bury and remain ten days
          at the monastery, at an expense of 800 marks.

 1384   June 4. Matters having at length been arranged with the Pope,
          John of Timworth's election as abbot is confirmed (died
          1389).

 1390   William of Cratfield elected 22nd abbot.

 1400   Oct. 1. Thomas of Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury, visits
          Bury: received as a visitor with much respect, but without a
          procession.

 1408   Nov. 25. Letters patent of King Henry IV finally deciding, in
          favour of Bury Abbey, the disputed question as to the
          jurisdiction of the Liberty of St. Edmund over Hadleigh and
          Eleigh.                                     _pp._ 76-8, 239.

 1410   Catalogue of 195 Monastic Libraries (including that of Bury),
          compiled by John Boston, monk of Bury.

 1415   June 18. Death of Cratfield. William of Exeter elected 23rd
          abbot.

 1424   William Exeter causes the marble tomb of Ording (and (?) of
          Samson) in the chapter-house to be renewed.        _p._ 247.

 1424-33 Building of the present St. Mary's Church on the site of an
          older church in S.W. corner of the cemetery of the abbey.

 1427   Thomas Beaufort, second son of John of Gaunt, buried in Abbey
          Church (coffin discovered and re-interred 1772).

 1429   Death of William Exeter. William Curteys or Curtis elected
          24th abbot.

 1430   Dec. 18. Fall of Southern side of western tower.

 1430   Dec. 30. Fall of Eastern side of western tower. Immediate
 steps taken to contract for a new tower.

 1430   Abbot Curteys builds a library for the abbey (see his
          regulations for use of books in _James, pp._ 109-11).

 1432   Ruins of tower cleared away. Rebuilding commenced: estimated
          cost, 60,000 ducats of gold.

 1433-4 Visit of Henry VI to Bury Abbey from Christmas till St.
          George's Day. The monastery presents him with a
          magnificently illuminated _Life of St. Edmund_, by John
          Lydgate (now in Brit. Mus. Harl. MS. 2278).

 1446   Sept. 17. Henry VI writes to Abbot Curteys to ask him to be
          present at laying of foundation stone of King's College,
          Cambridge, on Michaelmas Day.

 1446   Death of Curteys. Succeeded by William Babington as 25th
          abbot.

 1447   Feb. 10. Parliament at Bury, in the Abbey refectory. Duke
          Humphrey of Gloucester present, and arrested (Feb. 18) for
          high treason.

 1447   Nov. 13. Charter of Henry VI confirming the abbey privileges.
          (Text in Arnold III. 357.)

 1449   Royal Charter granted, freeing the Abbot of all aids to the
          King for forty marks a year.

 1453   Death of Abbot Babington: John Boon, or Bohun, appointed 26th
          abbot.

 1462   General pardon granted by Edward IV to the Abbot and monks,
          whose sympathies had been Lancastrian.

 1462   Nov. 17. A lost Abbey register bought by John Broughton, and
          presented by him to the monastery at the instance of Abbot
          Boon.

 1465   Jan. 20. Abbey Church completely gutted by fire. (St. Edmund's
          shrine said to have been saved.) Abbot Boon spends and
          collects large sums for its repair and rebuilding.

 1469   Death of Abbot Boon: buried in the Lady Chapel. Succeeded by
          Robert of Ixworth as 27th abbot.

 1474   Richard of Hengham appointed 27th abbot.

 1479   Thomas of Rattlesden appointed 28th abbot.

 1479   May. William of Worcester visits the Abbey and takes
          measurements of the various buildings.

 1486   Visit of Henry VII to Bury.

 1497   William of Codenham appointed 29th abbot.

 1513   Death of Codenham. John Reeve of Melford appointed 30th and
          last abbot.

 1532   Abbot Reeve assists at the funeral of Abbot Islip of
          Westminster.

 1533   July 21. Mary Tudor, sister of Henry VIII, buried in great
          state at the Abbey (subsequently re-interred in St. Mary's
          Church).

 1535   Nov. 5. Letter from John Ap Rice to Thomas Cromwell as to the
          state of morals and worship of relics at Bury Abbey and
          enclosing _compertes_ of proceedings (_Compendium
          Compertorum_ now at Record Office).

 1536   Nov. 26. Grant by the Abbey to Thomas Cromwell and his son
          Gregory of an annuity of L10.

 1538   (_circa_). Visit of Leland the antiquary to Bury, in search of
          ancient books and records.

 1538   Sept. Sir John Williams, Richard Pollard, Philip Parys and
          John Smyth report to Cromwell that they have been to St.
          Edmundsbury, "where we founde a riche shryne which was very
          comberous to deface. We have takyn in the said monastery in
          golde and sylver MMMMM marks and above, over and besydes a
          well and riche crosse with emereddes, as also dyvers and
          sundry stones of great value, and yet we have left the
          churche, abbott and convent very well ffurnesshed with plate
          of sylver necessary for the same" (MS. Cotton. Cleop. E. iv.
          229). The actual amount of plate taken at 'His Majesty's
          visitation' on this occasion was 1,553 oz gold plate, 6,853
          oz. gilt plate, 933 oz. parcel-gilt plate, 190 oz. white
          plate. (_Monastic Treasures_, 1836). See also under Dec. 2,
          1539.

 1539   Nov. 4. Deed of surrender of Bury Abbey signed by Abbot Reeve,
          Prior Thomas Denysse of Ryngstede and 41 other monks.

 1539   Nov. 7. Sir Richard Rich, Sir A. Wingfield, Ric. Southwell,
          Wm. Petre, John Ap Rice, and T. Mildmay inform Henry VIII of
          the surrender of the Abbey: they "have taken the plate and
          best ornaments of the house" for the King, and have sold the
          rest. They also ask whether they are "to deface the church
          or other edifices of the house." The lead and the bells (if
          the house be defaced) will be worth 4,500 marks.

 1539   Dec. 2. Indent of Richard Southwell of amount of plate taken
          from Bury Abbey--150 oz. gilt plate, 145 oz. parcel-gilt
          plate, and 2,162 oz. white plate, besides a pair of birrall
          candlesticks (handed to the King), and an ornamented mitre
          (_Monastic Treasures_, 1836). [Thus, with the spoils of
          1538, 1,553 oz. gold plate (all on the first occasion), and
          10,433 oz. silver plate, were taken from the Abbey.]


 SECTION IV

 _FROM THE DISSOLUTION TO 1903_

 1540   March 30. Death of ex-Abbot Reeve; buried in the
          chancel of St. Mary's Church.

 1550   The first of the thirty grammar schools founded by Edward VI
          established at Bury.

 1560   Feb. 14. Site of Monastery sold by Queen Elizabeth for L412
          19_s._ 4_d._ to John Eyer; by him transferred to Thomas
          Badby.

 1578   Aug. 7. Queen Elizabeth at Bury.

 1599   Over a hundred books from Bury Abbey in the hands of William
          Smart, a "Postman" of Ipswich. Given by him to Pembroke
          College, Cambridge.

 1606   Apl. 3. Bury made a Borough by Charter of James I. (Borough
          Motto: _Sacrarium Regis, Cunabula Legis_).

 1634   Condition of the site of the Abbey described by William
          Hawkins of Hadleigh in his "Corolla Varia."

 1644   Publication at Toulouse of Caseneuve's "Vie de St. Edmond,"
          alleging that the body of the saint was at the basilica of
          St. Sernin there, and had been brought over by Louis in
          1216. Caseneuve describes, misquoting Matthew Paris (II.
          663) the alleged pillage by Louis of "Toutes les eglises du
          comte de Suffolk," refers to the fact that in those days
          "les Chretiens faisaient gloire d'enlever par un devot
          larcin les reliques des saints," and says "Il est croyable
          que les Francais en firent autant de celles de St. Edmond"
          (_cf._ 1216, 1256, 1901).

 1745   Publication at Oxford by Rev. Dr. Oliver Battely of
         _Antiquitates S. Edmundi Burgi ad annum MCCLXXII perductae_,
         written by his uncle, Dr. John Battely (died 1708).

 1761   Ancient gates of town pulled down by order of Corporation.

 1772   Some excavations on site of Church, made by Mr. King, and
          reported in vol. III. of Archaeologia.

 1805   Publication of _An Illustration of the Monastic History and
          Antiquities of the Town and Abbey of St. Edmund's Bury_, by
          Richard Yates, D.D., F.R.S. (1769-1834).

 1806   Site of Abbey comes into the hands of the Hervey family, the
          present possessors.

 1840   Rokewode's Edition of Latin text of _Chronicle of Jocelin of
          Brakelond_, published by Camden Soc.

 1843   Carlyle's _Past and Present_ published.

 1843   Publication of second edition--including fragment of Part II
          projected in 1805--of Yates' History of Bury (Remainder of
          Yates' materials amongst Egerton MSS. in British Museum).

 1844   T. E. Tomlins' English translation of _Jocelin's Chronicle_.

 1850   S. Tymms' _Bury Wills_ (Camd. Soc.).

 1865   Papers by Mr. Gordon M. Hills on antiquities of Bury St.
          Edmunds in _Journal British Archaeological Association_, vol.
          xxi. _pp._ 32-56 and 104-140.

 1869   July 20. British Archaeological Association at Bury: paper on
          Abbey read by Mr. Alfred W. Morant.

 1890   Publication of J. R. Thompson's _Records of St. Edmund_
          [mostly based on Battely and the legendary chronicles].

 1890   Publication of vol. I. of _Memorials of St. Edmund's Abbey_
          (Rolls series), edited by T. Arnold (vol. II. published
          1892, vol. III. 1896).

 1893   Publication of _St. Edmund King and Martyr_, by Rev. Father
          Mackinlay, O.S.B. [picturesque and interesting, but
          uncritical].

 1895   Publication of Dr. Montague R. James' two papers on (1) the
          Library (2) the Church of "The Abbey of St. Edmund at Bury"
          (Camb. Antiq. Soc., 8vo. Publications No. xxviii.).

 1901   Publication of _Nova Legenda Anglie_ (Ox. Univ. Press),
          containing in vol. II. the full "Vita et passio cum
          miraculis sancti Edmundi," compiled at Bury in the 14th
          Century (Bodl. MS. 240).

 1901   July 25. Landing at Newhaven, for the new Roman Catholic
          Cathedral of Westminster, of bones from Toulouse said to be
          those of St. Edmund (_cf._ 1216, 1256, 1644.).

 1901   Sept. 5. Letter in _The Times_ showing cause against these
          bones being those of St. Edmund.

 1901   Sept. 9. Cardinal Vaughan admits at Newcastle-on-Tyne that, in
          view of facts stated, "the relics are not genuine."

 1902   Publication of Lord Francis Hervey's _Suffolk in the XVIIth
          Century_, containing in Appendix a critical study of the
          legends about St. Edmund's life and martyrdom.

 1902-3 (Winter). Excavations on site of chapter-house.

 1903   Jan. 1. Discovery on the site of the chapter-house of five
          stone coffins with skeletons, in the positions assigned in a
          Bury MS. of circa 1425 (now at Douai) to the burial places
          of Abbots Ording (1146-56), SAMSON (1182-1211), Richard of
          Insula (1229-34), Henry of Rushbrook (1234-46), and Edmund
          of Walpole (1248-56). A sixth skeleton (uncoffined) also
          found in a line with these coffins to the west--doubtless
          that of Abbot Hugh I (1156-80).              _pp._ 225, 247.




 INDEX


 Abbo of Fleury: 217.

 Acre: 6, 74, 125, 223, 237.

 Adam, the infirmarer: 200.

 Aelmessethe, _see_ Elmsett.

 Aelmeswell, _see_ Elmswell.

 Ailwin, or Egelwin: 175, 250.

 Alberic, the earl: 85, 98, 184.

 Albold, Abbot of St. Edmund: 229, 245, 261.

 Alexander II. (Pope): 260.

 Alexander III., Pope: 72, 236.

 Alfric: 85, 241.

 Alveth, Gilbert of: 26.

 Ambli, William of: 255.

 Ambrose (monk): 25.

 Ampton: 185.

 Andrew (monk): 25.

 Anselm, Abbot of St. Edmund's, 116, 255-6, 261.

 Ansty, Hubert of: 185.

 Anthony (monk): 26.

 Arnald: 49.

 Arnold, T., Memorials of St. Edmund's Abbey, xix. and
     _passim_.

 Ashfield: 184, 185.

 Augustine (monk): 172.

 Augustine, Archbp. of Trontheim: 23, 227.

 Averpenny: 155, 248.


 Babwell: 69, 72, 201, 234.

 Baldwin, Abbot of St. Edmund: 260.

 Baldwin, Archbishop: 76-8.

 Banham, William of: 255.

 Bardwell: 184.
   William of: 184.

 Barningham: 184, 185.
   Adam of: 185.

 Barrator: 18, 65, 108, 226-7.

 Barton: 95, 186, 256.

 Battely, Dr. John: 276.

 Beasts of chase: 230.

 Beccles: 95.

 Bedingfield: 95.

 Benedict of Blakenham: 8.

 Benedict, the Jew: 3, 4, 223.

 Benedict, the monk: 25, sub-prior, 152.

 Beodricsworth: 154, 248, 258.

 Bigot, Roger, Earl of Norfolk: 86, 96, 98, 99, 184, 241.

 Bishop's Waltham: 31, 228.

 Blakenham, Benedict of: 8.

 Blithing: 184.

 Blood letting season: 21, 227.

 Blund, Hamo: 138.
   William: 184.

 Blunham: 184, 229.

 Botolph, St.: 176, 250.

 Boxford: 90, 94.

 Bradfield: 44, 90, 95, 185, 186.

 Brakelond, _see_ Jocelin.

 Breiton, William of: 255.

 Brettenham: 90, 94.

 Briddinghoe: 185.

 Briseword, Hubert of: 96.

 Brisingham: 184.

 Broc, Peter de (monk): 25.

 Brockdish: 185.
   Stephen of: 185.

 Brockford: 94, 95.

 Brockley: 185.
   Reginald of: 185.

 Brome: 184.

 Buckenham: 184.
   Ralph of: 184.

 Burgh, Thomas de: 187-189.


 Canterbury (Christ Church): 77-8, 238, 239.

 Canterbury, Archbishops of:--
   Baldwin: 76-8.
   Hubert Walter: 83, 98, 121-2, 125, 142-3, 175-6, 187,
     240, 245.
   Richard: 6, 7, 221, 224.

 Carlyle's _Past and Present_: xv., xxiv., xxix., xl.

 Castle Acre: 6, 74, 125, 223, 237.

 Celestine III, Pope: 142, 246.

 Cellarer, jurisdiction of: 154-9.

 Cereville, Gilbert of: 104.

 Chapter House of Bury Abbey: 152, 247, 278.

 Chebenhall: 187.

 Chelsworth: 95.

 Chernelles, Arnald of: 184.

 Chertsey [Bertrand] Abbot of: 33, 189.

 Chevington: 49, 94.

 Chipley: 185.

 Clare, Richard, Earl of: 85-6.
   Roger, Earl of: 104, 243.

 Clarendon: 96.

 Cluny, Hugh, Abbot of: 189, 252.

 Colchester: 95.

 Coleshill: 103.

 Constantine, Geoffry of: 5.

 Cosford Hundred: 44, 86, 232, 238.

 Cockfield, Adam (1st) of: 255.
   Adam (2nd) of: 86, 147, 184, 187, 246, 254-6.
   Adeliza of: 255.
   Lemnere of: 255.
   Nesta of: 187, 246-7, 251, 255.
   Odo of: 256.
   Robert of: 12, 15, 44, 77, 86, 91, 241, 255-6.
   Rohesia of: 255.

 Cockfield or Cokefield, Town of: 88, 95, 184, 188, 256.

 Cotton: 94.

 Coventry, the Monks of: 142-3, 246.

 Coutances, Walter of: 72, 235.

 Criketot, Hemfrid: 256.

 Cunegestun (Kingston): 95.

 Curteys, W., Abbot: 273.
   His Register: 216.


 Dennis, cellarer of St. Edmund: 6, 8, 9, 25, 32, 33, 34,
     157, 200.

 Dereham: 121, 125.

 Diceto, Ralph de, dean of London: 201-2, 236, 253.

 Dickleburgh: 90, 95.

 Diss, John of: 174.
   Walter of: 67.
   William of (the elder): 67.
   William of: 172, 242, 253, 254-6.

 Dissolution of Bury Abbey (1539): 274-5.

 Dogs, coursing by, 43, 231.
   Presented by Samson to Richard I: 149, 231.

 Durand of Hosteley: 91.
   (town bailiff): 209.

 Domesday Book: 70, 234, 260.

 Dunstan, Archbishop: 217.

 Durham: 67.


 Edmund (monk): 29.

 Edmund, the "golden" monk: 45.

 Edward the Confessor: 233, 238, 259.

 Egelwin, or Ailwin: 175, 250.

 Eleanor, Queen, 70-71, 234.

 Eleigh, Monks: 76-77, 79, 238-9.
   Combust: 185.
   Hugh of: 185.

 Elias, cupbearer: 67.

 Elm, Robert of: 91.

 Elmsett: 106-7, 230.

 Elmswell: 67, 94, 106-7.

 Elveden: 95.
   Gilbert of: 155.

 Ely, Bishops of:--
   William Longchamp: 79, 80-2, 240.
   Geoffrey Ridel: 74, 106-7, 203-7, 237.

 Ely: 125, 203-7, 253.

 Endgate: 90.

 Essex, Henry of: 101-105, 242.

 Etheldreda, St., court of: 206.

 Eu, Castle of: 129.
   Roger of: 184.

 Eustace (monk): 26.
   (tenant): 93.

 Euston: 185.


 Fair of St. Edmund: 112-3, 115-6.

 Fakenham, Great: 184.

 Felsham: 185.

 Fitz-Alan, Peter, of Brockley: 185.

 Fitz-Drogo, Richard: 68.

 Fitz-Hervey, Osbert: 51.
   William: 96.

 Fitz-Isabel, William: 2.

 Fitz-Peter, Geoffrey: 204, 207, 254.

 Fitz-Ralph, Gilbert: 91, 184.

 Fitz-Roger, Robert: 184.

 Fitz-Walter, Robert: 184.

 Flamville, Robert of: 12.

 Flay, Eustace, Abbot of: 202-3.

 Flemings defeated (A.D. 1173): 1, 86, 222.

 Flempton, Alan of: 185.

 Foddercorn: 44, 232.

 Fordham, Geoffrey of: 25.

 Fornham magna: 94.
   St. Genevieve: 95;
     battle of: 1, 86, 222.
   St. Martin: 95.

 Francheville, William of: 96.

 Fressingfield: 95.


 Galfridus de Fontibus: 218, 226.

 Gaveloc (javelin): 73, 237.

 Gedding: 185.

 Geoffrey of Constantine: 5.

 Geoffrey Archbishop of York: 31, 80, 126, 228, 240.
   (bailiff): 109.

 Germany, Samson's visit to: 82.

 Gilbert, Deputy Steward of St. Edmund: 42.
   (monk): 174.

 Gislingham: 95.

 Gissing: 184.

 Glanville, Ranulf de, Justiciary of England: 12, 41, 77,
     93, 108, 225.

 Glemsford: 106, 206.

 Godfrey (bailiff): 109.

 Godefridus the sacrist: 247, 260.

 Great Fornham: 94.

 Great Horningsherth: 95.

 Green, J. R. (history) xvi.

 Groton: 88, 95, 185, 188, 255.


 Haberdon, Bury St. Edmund's: 88, 242.

 Hadleigh: 239.

 Haggovele: 157, 249.

 Haglesdun: 258.

 Halgestou: 258.

 Halsted, Robert of: 185.

 Hamo Blund's will: 138.

 Hardwick, the villeins of (lancetti): 153, 248.

 Hargrave: 49, 94.

 Harling: 184.

 Harlow: 49, 92-3, 95, 169.

 Hastings Henry of: 41, 229.
   Thomas of: 41, 229.
   William of: 98, 184.
   William of (monk): 29.

 Hatfield, Walter of: 49.

 Helyas the sacrist: 243, 247.

 Hemfrid, Criketot: 256.

 Hengham, _see_ Hingham.

 Hen-rents: 232.

 Henry II, King of England: 4, 12.
   Approves Samson's appointment as abbot: xxviii., 31-5.
   Dispute between Bury and Canterbury: 76-8, 238.
   Takes the Cross: 80, 240.
   Ruling at Clarendon on Samson's appeal: 96.
   Battle of Coleshill: 103, 243.
   Charter to Merchants of London: 112, 244.

 Henry of Essex: 101-105, 242.

 Hepworth: 184.

 Herard: 92.

 Herbert the Dean: 88-90.

 Herbert, prior of St. Edmund: xlii., 190-6, 197, 235, 252.

 Herman the Archdeacon: 218, 238, 249.

 Hermer (monk): 25 (sub-prior): 191-193, 235.

 Herringswell: 95.

 Hidages: 44, 232.

 Hinderclay: 95.

 Hingham, Hugh of: 6, 75.
   Richard of: 174.
   Roger of: 6, 75.
   Roger of (cellarer): 157, 186-7.

 Hitcham: 80.

 Honington: 91, 94.

 Hopton: 91, 95.

 Horning, Robert of: 185.

 Horningsherth: 95.

 Hostesley, Durand of: 91.

 Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, _see_ Walter.

 Hugh, Abbot of St. Edmund (A.D. 1157-1180): 1, 2-9, 10,
     49, 108, 116, 135, 222, 225.
   Prior of St. Edmund: 1, 6.
   Third Prior of St. Edmund: 25, 26, 29, 31, 32.
   The sacrist: 46, 110, 145, 152, 172, 232.
   The Infirmarer: 174.

 Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester: 234, 273.

 Hundreds in Liberty of St. Edmund: 44, 77, 232, 238.

 Hunston: 184.


 Icklingham: 71, 95, 205, 235.

 Ickworth, Richard of: 185.

 Illegh or Eleigh (Monachorum): 76-7, 79, 238-9.
   (Combust): 185.
   Hugh of: 185.

 Ingham: 95.

 Innocent III, Pope: 124, 149, 245.

 Interdict: xli.

 Ireland: 236.

 Isaac, the Jew: 3.


 Jerusalem, loss of: 60.

 Jews, abbey debts to: 2-4, 15, 48, 223.
   Driven from St. Edmundsbury, 69-70, 223.

 Joce, Rabbi: 3.

 Jocelin of Brakelond: xx.-xxiv., 1, 6, 23, 39, 56, 93, 101,
     145, 197-8, 200, 235, 242.

 Jocell the cellarer: 174, 186-187.

 John, King of England: 82, 228.
   Comes to St. Edmundsbury: xxxiii., 178, 251, 267.
   Calls for Samson's advice: xxxiii., 207, 254.

 John, third Prior: 193-5

 Jordan de Ros: 91, 92, 93.

 Jurnet the Jew: 8, 224.


 Kalendar, Samson's: 45, 232.

 Kentford: 37.

 Ketel, the case of: 152, 247.

 Kingston: 95.

 Kirkby: 184.
   Alexander of: 184.

 Knights of St. Edmund, list of: 183-6.


 Lackford: 95.

 Lailand: 103.

 Lakenheath: 155, 203, 205.

 Langtoft, Robert of: 184.

 Lavenham: 184.

 Lelesey: 184, 255.

 Len: 95.

 Lenmere of Cokefield: 255.

 Leofstan, Abbot of St. Edmund: 249. 259.

 Liber Albus: xvi.-ii.

 Liberty of St. Edmund: 41, 42, 44, 77, 82, 85, 87, 112,
     138, 206, 232, 238.

 Lidgate: 184, 229.

 Lincoln, Bishop of: 142.

 Little Waltham: 184.

 Livermere: 184, 185.
   Peter of: 185.

 Loddon: 184.

 London, Bishop of: 113.
   Dean of: 201, 253.
   Merchants of: 112, 113, 243.

 Longchamp, William: 79, 80-2, 240.

 Louis, son of Philip II of France: 267, 276.

 Lovel, Ernald: 91.

 Lucius III, Pope, 51, 263.

 Lydgate, John: xliv, 241.


 Malmesbury, Abbot of: 32-3.

 Manston: 185.
   Gilbert of: 185.

 Marlesford: 184.

 Marlingford: 184.

 Maurice, chaplain of Abbot Samson, 194.

 Melford: 94, 106, 230, 243.

 Melun, School of: 54, 232.

 Mendham: 184.
   Thomas of: 86.

 Merchants of London: 112-3, 243.

 Meringthorp: 90, 95.

 Mickfield: 184.

 Milden: 78.
   William of: 255.

 Mildenhall: 69-71, 95, 118, 131, 146, 187, 233, 235, 238,
     259.

 Monk Eleigh: 76-7., 79, 238-9.

 Montfort, Robert of: 103-4, 243.

 Moot-horn: 110.

 Morieux, Roger of: 185.


 Nicasius, St., chapel of: 191.

 Nicholas (bailiff): 109.

 Nonant, Hugh de, Bishop of Coventry: 142-3, 246.

 Norfolk, Roger Bigot, Earl of: 86, 96, 98, 99, 184, 241.

 Norton: 184.

 Norway, Archbp. of: 23, 227.

 Norwich, Bishops of: 75, 81, 91.
   (City): 95, 98, 99, 125.

 Nova Legenda Anglie: 215-6.

 Nowton: 8, 90, 95.


 Oakley: 184.

 Octavian, the Anti-pope: 72, 236.

 Onehouse: 184.

 Ording, Abbot of St. Edmund: 17, 116, 135, 152, 226, 243,
     247.

 Osbert of Clare: 218-9.

 Oxford, Alberic de Vere, Earl of 85, 98, 184.

 Oxford, Samson at: 142-3.


 Pakenham 90, 95, 186.

 Palgrave: 11, 63, 94.
   Richard of: 11, 63.

 Paris, schools of: 66.

 Parks enclosed by Samson: 43, 230.

 Patteshall, Simon of: 185.

 Peche, Gilbert of: 185.

 Portman-moot: 151, 153, 247.

 Presseni, Ralph of: 185.

 Preston: 184, 185.


 "Queen Gold": 70, 234.

 Quiddenham: 184.


 Ralph, the porter: 179.

 Ramsey, monks of: 202.

 Randestune: 184.

 Ranulf, Master: 118.

 Reading: 101, 243.

 Rede: 184.

 Reiner, the monk: 48.

 Reydon: 184.

 Richard I, King of England:
   Sells Manor of Mildenhall to Bury: 69, 70, 233, 235.
   His ransom: 71, 147, 234.
   Licence for holding tournaments: 83, 241.
   Imprisonment in Germany: 81, 82, 264-5.
   Samson visits him in Germany: 82.
   Demands of knights for French war: 128.
   Dispute with Sampson over wardship of Nesta of Cockfield:
     148-9, 231, 251.
   His death: 178, 266.

 Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury: 6, 7, 223, 224.

 Rickinghall: 95.

 Ridel, Geoffrey: 74, 106-7, 203-7, 237.

 Risbridge Hundred: 85.

 Risby: 67, 95, 185.
   Norman of: 67-8, 185.
   William of: 67-8.

 Robert II, Abbot of St. Edmund: 121, 135, 244-5.
   Prior of St. Edmund: 1, 13, 190-1, 252.
   The boy martyred by Jews: 23, 227.

 Roger Bigot, Earl of Norfolk: 86, 96, 98, 99, 184, 241.

 Roger the cellarer: 25, 29, 31, 32, 152.

 Rokewode, John Gage: xvii.-xviii. and _passim_.

 Rome, Samson's visit to: 72-4.

 Ros, Jordan de: 91, 92, 93.

 Rothing, Gervase of: 185.

 Rougham: 44, 95, 186, 255.

 Ruald (monk): 26.

 Ruffus, Geoffrey: 186.
   John: 200.
   R. (monk): 12.

 Rungton: 95.
   Herlewin of: 49, 50.

 Rushbrook: 95.


 Sacristy, offerings to: 53.

 St. Alban's, Nicholas of: 32-3.
   Walter of (monk): 174.

 St. Andrew, Chapel of: 145, 246.

 St. Botolph, Chapel of: 176, 250.

 St. Clare, Gilbert of: 185.

 St. Denis, Chapel of: 139, 245.

 St. Edmund, King and Martyr, _passim_.
   His Martyrdom: 258.
   Life of (Bodl. 240): 216-21.
   Cup of: 165, 249.
   Miracles of: 216 _et seq._, 249.
   Shirt of: 164, 249.
   Shrine of: 162, 177, 249-50.
   Standard of: 85, 241.

 St. Faith, Chapel of: 145, 246.

 St. Faith's, prior of: 33.

 St. Katherine, Chapel of: 145, 246.

 St. Neot's, H., prior of: 33.

 St. Nicasius, Chapel of: 191.

 St. Robert, the boy: 23.

 St. Sernin, Toulouse: 276.

 Samson, Abbot, _passim_.
   As an Author: xxxiii-v., 215-21.
   Sketch of his life: xxiv.-xliii.
   Dates of events: 261-6.
   His death and burial: xli.-ii., 247.
   His Seal: _Frontispiece_, 39, 229.

 Samson, the Precentor: 38;
   appointed sacrist: 47.

 Sapiston: 184.

 Saxham: 49, 94, 184, 185.
   Walter of: 185.

 Scaldwell: 90, 95.

 Scales, Robert of: 143.
   Roger of: 144.

 Schools at Bury: 68, 144, 233, 246.

 Scotland: 236.

 Scurun's Well: 154.

 Semer: 88, 95, 188, 255.

 Sheriff of Suffolk: 87, 204.

 Soham: 95.

 Sorpeni: 151, 247.

 Southrey: 45, 95, 155, 248.

 Southwold: 187.

 Standard of St. Edmund: 85-6, 241.

 Stanningfield: 105.

 Stanton: 184.

 Stapleford: 49, 95.

 Stephen, King of England: 226, 255.

 Stephen, son of Herbert the Dean: 89.

 Stigand, Archbishop: 7.

 Stow: 94, 184.

 Stuston: 184.

 Stutville, William of: 207, 254.

 Sutton: 258.


 Tewkesbury: 188.

 Theam: 112, 244.

 Thelnetham: 184.

 Thetford: 83, 92.

 Thorpe: 50, 95, 184, 185.

 Thurstan (monk): 26, 174.

 Thurston: 184.

 Tibenham: 184.

 Tillener: 50.

 Tivetshall: 90, 95, 100.

 Tomlins, T., his Translation of Chronicle (1844):
     xviii.-xix.

 Topscroft: 184.

 Tostock, William of: 184.

 Toulouse, St. Sernin: 276.

 Tournaments: 83, 241.

 Trontheim, Archbishop of: 23, 227.

 Troston: 184.


 Ulfric of Lelesey: 225.

 Urban III. (Pope): 84, 263.

 Uvius, first Abbot of Bury: 259.


 Valognes, Robert of: 91.

 Vere, Alberic de: 85, 98, 184.


 Wachesham, Osbert of: 184.

 Walchelin, the Archdeacon: 92.

 Walter the physician: 25, 146, 172.

 Walter, Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury: 83, 98, 121-2,
     125, 142-3, 175-6, 187, 240, 245.

 Waltham: 125.
   Little: 184.
   (Bishop's): 31, 228.

 Wangford: 185.

 Warin (monk): 14.

 Waringford, Nicholas of: 32.

 Warkton: 48, 95.

 Wattisfield: 185.

 Waude: 185.

 Wendling: 90, 95.

 Westley: 90, 95.

 Wetherden: 95, 144, 246.

 Whatfield: 185.

 Whelnetham: 185.
   Geoffrey of: 185.

 Whepstead: 8, 95.

 William Wiardel, sacrist of St. Edmund: 3, 13, 14, 15, 25,
     32, 46-7, 223.

 William of Worcester: 247, 274.

 Wimer, the Sheriff: 25, 39, 225.

 Winchester [Richard] Bishop of: 31, 34, 36.

 Windsor, siege of: 82.

 Witham: 85.

 Withgar: 85, 241.

 Woolpit: 72, 74, 95, 235.

 Worlingworth: 95.

 Wortham: 95, 184.

 Wordwell, William of: 185.

 Wrabness: 95.


 Yarmouth: 113.

 Yates' History of Bury, 276.

 York [Geoffrey] Archbishop of: 31, 80, 126, 228.


       *       *       *       *       *

Butler & Tanner, The Selwood Printing Works, Frome, and London.




       *       *       *       *       *




Transcriber's note:

Varying and archaic spelling and varying hyphenation were retained.

Page xxxviii, "obedientaries" changed to "obedientiaries".

Page 11, "allgeing" changed to "alleging".

Page 241, "Jornham" changed to "Fornham".

Page 264, "1180" changed to "1188".

Page 269, "owes" changed to "owe".

Other apparent printer's errors were corrected.

Pages 221 and 230 are missing double-quotes but it is unclear where
they should be inserted.

Page 274 records two persons being appointed as 27th abbot, in 1469
and 1474.



***