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THE OLD SHOWMEN, AND THE OLD LONDON FAIRS.




  THE OLD SHOWMEN,
  AND THE
  OLD LONDON FAIRS.

  BY
  THOMAS FROST,
  AUTHOR OF
  "CIRCUS LIFE AND CIRCUS CELEBRITIES," ETC.


  SECOND EDITION.


  LONDON:
  TINSLEY BROTHERS, 8, CATHERINE STREET, STRAND,
  1875.

  [_All Rights Reserved._]




  PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND CO.,
  LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELD




PREFACE.


Popular amusements constitute so important a part of a nation's social
history that no excuse need be offered for the production of the present
volume. The story of the old London fairs has not been told before, and
that of the almost extinct race of the old showmen is so inextricably
interwoven with it that the most convenient way of telling either was to
tell both. An endeavour has been made, therefore, to relate the rise,
progress, and declension of the fairs formerly held in and about the
metropolis as comprehensively and as thoroughly as the imperfect records
of such institutions render possible; and to weave into the narrative all
that is known of the personal history of the entertainers of the people
who, from the earliest times to the period when the London fairs became
things of the past, have set up shows in West Smithfield, on the greens of
Southwark, Stepney, and Camberwell, and in the streets of Greenwich and
Deptford. Those who remember the fairs that were the last abolished, even
in the days of their decline, will, it is thought, peruse with interest
such fragments of the personal history of Gyngell, Scowton, Saunders,
Richardson, Wombwell, and other showmen of the last half century of the
London fairs, to say nothing of the earlier generations of entertainers,
as are brought together in the following pages.

The materials for a work of this kind are not abundant. The notices of the
fairs to be found in records of the earlier centuries of their history are
slight, and more interesting to the antiquary than to the general reader.
Newspapers of the latter half of the seventeenth century, and the first
half of the eighteenth, afford only advertisements of the amusements, and
of the showmen of the former period we learn only the names. During the
latter half of the last century, the showmen seldom advertised in the
newspapers, and few of their bills have been preserved. No showman has
ever written his memoirs, or kept a journal; and the biographers of actors
who have trodden the portable stages of Scowton and Richardson in the
early years of their professional career have failed to glean many
incidents of their fair experiences. All that can be presented of the
personal history of such men as Gyngell, Scowton, Richardson, and
Wombwell, has been gathered from the few surviving members of the
fraternity of showmen, and from persons who, at different periods, and in
various ways, have been brought into association with them. If, therefore,
no other merit should be found in the following pages, they will at least
have been the means of preserving from oblivion all that is known of an
almost extinct class of entertainers of the people.




CONTENTS.


                                                                      PAGE

  CHAPTER I.

  Origin of Fairs--Charter Fairs at Winchester and Chester--
  Croydon Fairs--Fairs in the Metropolis--Origin of Bartholomew
  Fair--Disputes between the Priors and the Corporation--The
  Westminster Fairs--Southwark Fair--Stepney Fair--Ceremonies
  observed in opening Fairs--Walking the Fair at
  Wolverhampton--The Key of the Fair at Croydon--Proclamation
  of Bartholomew Fair                                                    1


  CHAPTER II.

  Amusements of the Fairs in the Middle Ages--Shows and Showmen
  of the Sixteenth Century--Banks and his Learned Horse--
  Bartholomew Fair in the time of Charles I.--Punch and Judy--
  Office of the Revels--Origin of Hocus Pocus--Suppression of
  Bartholomew Fair--London Shows during the Protectorate--A
  Turkish Rope-Dancer--Barbara Vanbeck, the Bearded Woman               18


  CHAPTER III.

  Strolling Players in the Seventeenth Century--Southwark
  Fair--Bartholomew Fair--Pepys and the Monkeys--Polichinello--
  Jacob Hall, the Rope-Dancer--Another Bearded Woman--
  Richardson, the Fire-Eater--The Cheshire Dwarf--Killigrew and
  the Strollers--Fair on the Thames--The Irish Giant--A Dutch
  Rope-Dancer--Music Booths--Joseph Clarke, the Posturer--
  William Philips, the Zany--William Stokes, the Vaulter--A
  Show in Threadneedle Street                                           36


  CHAPTER IV.

  Attempts to Suppress the Shows at Bartholomew Fair--A
  remarkable Dutch Boy--Theatrical Booths at the London Fairs--
  Penkethman, the Comedian--May Fair--Barnes and Finley--Lady
  Mary--Doggett, the Comedian--Simpson, the Vaulter--Clench,
  the Whistler--A Show at Charing Cross--Another Performing
  Horse--Powell and Crawley, the Puppet-Showmen--Miles's
  Music-Booth--Settle and Mrs. Mynn--Southwark Fair--Mrs.
  Horton, the Actress--Bullock and Leigh--Penkethman and Pack--
  Boheme, the Actor--Suppression of May Fair--Woodward, the
  Comedian--A Female Hercules--Tiddy-dol, the Gingerbread
  Vendor                                                                66


  CHAPTER V.

  Bartholomew Fair Theatricals--Lee, the Theatrical Printer--
  Harper, the Comedian--Rayner and Pullen--Fielding, the
  Novelist, a Showman--Cibber's Booth--Hippisley, the Actor--
  Fire in Bartholomew Fair--Fawkes, the Conjuror--Royal Visit
  to Fielding's Booth--Yeates, the Showman--Mrs. Pritchard, the
  Actress--Southwark Fair--Tottenham Court Fair--Ryan, the
  Actor--Hallam's Booth--Griffin, the Actor--Visit of the
  Prince of Wales to Bartholomew Fair--Laguerre's Booth--
  Heidegger--More Theatrical Booths--Their Suppression at
  Bartholomew Fair--Hogarth at Southwark Fair--Violante, the
  Rope-Dancer--Cadman, the Flying Man                                  102


  CHAPTER VI.

  A new Race of Showmen--Yeates, the Conjuror--The Turkish
  Rope-Walker--Pan and the Oronutu Savage--The Corsican Fairy--
  Perry's Menagerie--The Riobiscay and the Double Cow--A
  Mermaid at the Fairs--Garrick at Bartholomew Fair--Yates's
  Theatrical Booth--Dwarfs and Giants--The Female Samson--Riots
  at Bartholomew Fair--Ballard's Animal Comedians--Evans, the
  Wire-Walker--Southwark Fair--Wax-work Show--Shuter, the
  Comedian--Bisset, the Animal Trainer--Powell, the
  Fire-Eater--Roger Smith, the Bell-Player--Suppression of
  Southwark Fair                                                       147


  CHAPTER VII.

  Yates and Shuter--Cat Harris--Mechanical Singing Birds--
  Lecture on Heads--Pidcock's Menagerie--Breslaw, the
  Conjuror--Reappearance of the Corsican Fairy--Gaetano, the
  Bird Imitator--Rossignol's Performing Birds--Ambroise, the
  Showman--Brunn, the Juggler, on the Wire--Riot at Bartholomew
  Fair--Dancing Serpents--Flockton, the Puppet-Showman--Royal
  Visit to Bartholomew Fair--Lane, the Conjuror--Hall's
  Museum--O'Brien, the Irish Giant--Baker's Theatre--Joel
  Tarvey and Lewis Owen, the popular Clowns                            180


  CHAPTER VIII.

  Lady Holland's Mob--Kelham Whiteland, the Dwarf--Flockton,
  the Conjuror and Puppet-Showman--Wonderful Rams--Miss Morgan,
  the Dwarf--Flockton's Will--Gyngell, the Conjuror--Jobson,
  the Puppet-Showman--Abraham Saunders--Menageries of Miles and
  Polito--Miss Biffin--Philip Astley                                   198


  CHAPTER IX.

  Edmund Kean--Mystery of his Parentage--Saunders's Circus--
  Scowton's Theatre--Belzoni--The Nondescript--Richardson's
  Theatre--The Carey Family--Kean, a Circus Performer--Oxberry,
  the Comedian--James Wallack--Last Appearance of the Irish
  Giant--Miss Biffin and the Earl of Morton--Bartholomew Fair
  Incidents--Josephine Girardelli, the Female Salamander--James
  England, the Flying Pieman--Elliston as a Showman--Simon
  Paap, the Dutch Dwarf--Ballard's Menagerie--A Learned Pig--
  Madame Gobert, the Athlete--Cartlich, the Original Mazeppa--
  Barnes, the Pantaloon--Nelson Lee--Cooke's Circus--The
  Gyngell Family                                                       213


  CHAPTER X.

  Saker and the Lees--Richardson's Theatre--Wombwell, the
  Menagerist--The Lion Fights at Warwick--Maughan, the
  Showman--Miss Hipson, the Fat Girl--Lydia Walpole, the
  Dwarf--The Persian Giant and the Fair Circassian--Ball's
  Theatre--Atkins's Menagerie--A Mare with Seven Feet--Hone's
  Visit to Richardson's Theatre--Samwell's Theatre--Clarke's
  Circus--Brown's Theatre of Arts--Ballard's Menagerie--Toby,
  the Learned Pig--William Whitehead, the Fat Boy--Elizabeth
  Stock, the Giantess--Chappell and Pike's Theatre--The Spotted
  Boy--Wombwell's "Bonassus"--Gouffe, the Man-Monkey--De
  Berar's Phantasmagoria--Scowton's Theatre--Death of
  Richardson                                                           255


  CHAPTER XI.

  Successors of Scowton and Richardson--Nelson Lee--Crowther,
  the Actor--Paul Herring--Newman and Allen's Theatre--Fair in
  Hyde Park--Hilton's Menagerie--Bartholomew Fair again
  threatened--Wombwell's Menagerie--Charles Freer--Fox Cooper
  and the Bosjesmans--Destruction of Johnson and Lee's
  Theatre--Reed's Theatre--Hales, the Norfolk Giant--Affray at
  Greenwich--Death of Wombwell--Lion Queens--Catastrophe in a
  Menagerie--World's Fair at Bayswater--Abbott's Theatre--
  Charlie Keith, the Clown--Robson, the Comedian--Manders's
  Menagerie--Macomo, the Lion-Tamer--Macarthy and the Lions--
  Fairgrieve's Menagerie--Lorenzo and the Tigress--Sale of a
  Menagerie--Extinction of the London Fairs--Decline of Fairs
  near the Metropolis--Conclusion                                      319




THE OLD SHOWMEN, AND THE OLD LONDON FAIRS




CHAPTER I.

    Origin of Fairs--Charter Fairs at Winchester and Chester--Croydon
    Fairs--Fairs in the Metropolis--Origin of Bartholomew Fair--Disputes
    between the Priors and the Corporation--The Westminster
    Fairs--Southwark Fair--Stepney Fair--Ceremonies observed in opening
    Fairs--Walking the Fair at Wolverhampton--The Key of the Fair at
    Croydon--Proclamation of Bartholomew Fair.


There can be no doubt that the practice of holding annual fairs for the
sale of various descriptions of merchandise is of very great antiquity.
The necessity of periodical gatherings at certain places for the
interchange of the various products of industry must have been felt as
soon as our ancestors became sufficiently advanced in civilisation to
desire articles which were not produced in every locality, and for which,
owing to the sparseness of the scattered population, there was not a
demand in any single town that would furnish the producers with an
adequate inducement to limit their business to one place. Most kinds of
agricultural produce might be conveyed to the markets held every week in
all the towns, and there disposed of; but there were some commodities,
such as wool, for example, the entire production of which was confined to
one period of the year, while the demand for many descriptions of
manufactured goods in any one locality was not sufficient to enable a
dealer in them to obtain a livelihood, unless he carried his wares from
one town to another. What, therefore, the great fair of Nishnei-Novgorod
is at the present day, the annual fairs of the English towns were, on a
less extensive scale, during the middle ages.

One of the most ancient, as well as the most important, of the fairs of
this country was that held on St. Giles's Hill, near Winchester. It was
chartered by William I., who granted the tolls to his cousin, William
Walkelyn, Bishop of Winchester. Its duration was originally limited to one
day, but William II. extended it to three days, Henry I. to eight, Stephen
to fourteen, and Henry II. (according to Milner, or Henry III., as some
authorities say) to sixteen. Portions of the tolls were, subsequently to
the date of the first charter, assigned to the priory of St. Swithin, the
abbey of Hyde, and the hospital of St. Mary Magdalene. On the eve of the
festival of St. Giles, on which day the fair commenced, the mayor and
bailiffs of Winchester surrendered the keys of the four gates of the city,
and with them their privileges, to the officers of the Bishop; and a court
called the Pavilion, composed of the Bishop's justiciaries, was invested
with authority to try all causes during the fair. The jurisdiction of this
court extended seven miles in every direction from St. Giles's Hill, and
collectors were placed at all the avenues to the fair to gather the tolls
upon the merchandise taken there for sale. All wares offered for sale
within this circle, except in the fair, were forfeit to the Bishop; all
the shops in the city were closed, and no business was transacted within
the prescribed limits, otherwise than in the fair. It is probable,
however, that most of the shopkeepers had stalls on the fair ground.

This fair was attended by merchants from all parts of England, and even
from France and Flanders. Streets were formed for the sale of different
commodities, and distinguished by them, as the drapery, the pottery, the
spicery, the stannary, etc. The neighbouring monasteries had also their
respective stations, which they held under the Bishop, and sometimes
sublet for a term of years. Milner says that the fair began to decline, as
a place of resort for merchants, in the reign of Henry VI., the stannary,
that is, the street appointed for the sale of the products of the Cornish
mines, being unoccupied. From this period its decline seems to have been
rapid, owing probably to the commercial development which followed the
extinction of feudalism; though it continued to be an annual mart of
considerable local importance down to the present century.

The description of this fair will serve, in a great measure, for all the
fairs of the middle ages. Some of them were famous marts for certain
descriptions of produce, as, for examples, Abingdon and Hemel Hempstead
for wool, Newbury and Royston for cheese, Guildford and Maidstone for
hops, Croydon and Kingston summer fairs for cherries; others for
manufactured goods of particular kinds, as St. Bartholomew's, in the
metropolis, for cloth (hence the local name of Cloth Fair), and
Buntingford for hardwares. More usually, the fair was an annual market, to
which the farmers of the district took their cattle, and the merchants of
the great towns their woollen and linen goods, their hardwares and
earthenwares, and the silks, laces, furs, spices, etc., which they
imported from the Continent. These, as at Winchester, were arranged in
streets of booths, fringed with the stalls of the pedlars and the
purveyors of refreshments, for the humbler frequenters of the fair. The
farmers, the merchants, and the customers of both, resorted to the more
commodious and better-provided tents, in which, as Lydgate wrote of
Eastcheap in the fifteenth century,

  "One cried ribs of beef, and many a pie;
  Pewter pots they clattered on a heap;
  There was harp, pipe, and minstrelsy."

Of equal antiquity with the great fair at Winchester were the Chester
fairs, held on the festivals of St. John and St. Werburgh, the tolls of
which were granted to the abbey of St. Werburgh by Hugh Lupus, second Earl
of Chester and nephew of William I. There was a curious provision in this
grant, that thieves and other offenders should enjoy immunity from arrest
within the city during the three days that the fair lasted. Frequent
disputes arose out of this grant between the abbots of St. Werburgh and
the mayor and corporation of the city. In the reign of Edward IV., the
abbot claimed to have the fair of St. John held before the gates of the
abbey, and that no goods should be exposed for sale elsewhere during the
fair; while the mayor and corporation contended for the right of the
citizens to sell their goods as usual, anywhere within the city. The
citizens carried the point in their favour, and the abbot was induced to
agree that the houses belonging to the abbey in the neighbourhood of the
fair should not be let for the display of goods until those of the
citizens were occupied for that purpose. Disputes between the abbey and
the city concerning the fair of St. Werburgh continued until 1513, when,
by an award of Sir Charles Booth, the abbey was deprived of its interest
in that fair.

Croydon Fair dated from 1276, when the interest of Archbishop Kilwardby
obtained for the town the right of holding a fair during nine days,
beginning on the vigil of St. Botolph, that is, on the 16th of May. In
1314, Archbishop Reynolds obtained for the town a similar grant for a fair
on the vigil and morrow of St. Matthew's day; and in 1343, Archbishop
Stratford obtained a grant of a fair on the feast of St. John the Baptist.
The earliest of these fairs was the first to sink into insignificance; but
the others survived to a very recent period in the sheep and cattle fair,
held in latter times on the 2nd of October and the two following days, and
the cherry fair, held on the 5th of July and the two following days.
Whatever may have been the relative importance of these fairs in former
times, the former, though held at the least genial season, was, for at
least a century before it was discontinued, the most considerable fair in
the neighbourhood of the metropolis; while the July fair lost the
advantage of being held in the summer, through the contracted limits
within which its component parts were pitched. These were the streets
between High Street and Surrey Street, and included the latter, formerly
called Butcher Row; and the only space large enough for anything of
dimensions exceeding those of a stall for the sale of toys or gingerbread,
was that at the back of the Corn Market, on which the cattle-market was
formerly held.

The first fair established in the metropolis was that which, originally
held within the precincts of the priory of St. Bartholomew, soon grew
beyond its original limits, and at length came to be held on the spacious
area of West Smithfield. The origin of the fair is not related by
Maitland, Entick, Northouck, and other historians of the metropolis, who
seem to have thought a fair too light a matter for their grave
consideration; and more recent writers, who have made it the subject of
special research, do not agree in their accounts of it. According to the
report made by the city solicitor to the Markets Committee in 1840, "at
the earliest periods in which history makes mention of this subject, there
were two fairs, or markets, held on the spot where Bartholomew Fair is now
held, or in its immediate vicinity. These two fairs were originally held
for two entire days only, the fairs being proclaimed on the eve of St.
Bartholomew, and continued during the day of St. Bartholomew and the next
morrow; both these fairs, or markets, were instituted for the purposes of
trade; one of them was granted to the prior of the Convent of St.
Bartholomew, 'and was kept for the clothiers of England, and drapers of
London, who had their booths and standings within the churchyard of the
priory, closed in with walls and gates, and locked every night, and
watched, for the safety of their goods and wares.' The other was granted
to the City of London, and consisted of the standing of cattle, and stands
and booths for goods, with pickage and stallage, and tolls and profits
appertaining to fairs and markets in the field of West Smithfield."

Nearly twenty years after this report was made, and when the fair had
ceased to exist, Mr. Henry Morley, searching among the Guildhall archives
for information on the subject, found that the fair originated at an
earlier date than had hitherto been supposed; and that the original
charter was granted by Henry I. in 1133 to Prior Rayer, by whom the
monastery of St. Bartholomew was founded. Rayer whose name was Latinised
into Raherus, and has been Anglicised by modern writers into Rahere, was
originally the King's jester, and a great favourite of his royal master,
who, on his becoming an Augustine monk, and, founding the priory of St.
Bartholomew, rewarded him with the grant of the rents and tolls arising
out of the fair for the benefit of the brotherhood. The prior was so
zealous for the good of the monastery that, perhaps also because he
retained a hankering after the business of his former profession, he is
said to have annually gone into the fair, and exhibited his skill as a
juggler, giving the largesses which he received from the spectators to the
treasury of the convent.

It was admitted by the report of 1840 that documents in the office of the
City solicitor afforded evidence of conflicting opinions on the subject in
former times; and it seems probable that the belief in the two charters
attributed to Henry II. and the dual character of the fair had its origin
in the disputes which arose from time to time, during the thirteenth,
fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries, between the civic and monastic
authorities as to the right to the tolls payable on goods carried into
that portion of the fair which was held in Smithfield, beyond the
precincts of the priory. The latter claimed these, on the ground of the
grant of the fair; the City claimed them, on the ground that the land
belonged to the corporation. The dispute was a natural one, whether Henry
II. had granted the Smithfield tolls to the City or not; and there is
evidence on record that it arose again and again, until the dissolution of
monasteries at the Reformation finally settled it by disposing of one of
the parties.

In 1295 a dispute arose between the prior of St. Bartholomew's and Ralph
Sandwich, custos of the City, the former maintaining that, as the
privileges of the City had become forfeited to the Crown, the tolls of the
fair should be paid into the Exchequer. Edward I., who was then at Durham,
ordered that the matter should be referred to his treasurer and the barons
of the Exchequer; but, while the matter was pending, the disputants grew
so warm that the City authorities arrested some of the monks, and confined
them in the Tun prison, in Cornhill. They were released by command of the
King, but thereupon nine citizens forced the Tun, and released all the
other prisoners, by way of resenting the royal interference. The rioters
were imprisoned in their turn and a fine of twenty thousand marks was
imposed upon the City; but the civic authorities proposed a compromise,
and, for a further payment of three thousand marks, Edward consented to
pardon the offenders, and to restore and confirm the privileges of the
City.

The right of the City to the rents and tolls of the portion of the fair
held beyond the precincts of the priory was finally decided in 1445, when
the Court of Aldermen appointed four persons as keepers of the fair, and
of the Court of Pie-powder, a tribunal instituted for the summary
settlement of all disputes arising in the fair, and deriving its name, it
is supposed, from _pieds poudres_, because the litigants had their causes
tried with the dust of the fair on their feet.

At the dissolution of monasteries, in the reign of Henry VIII., the tolls
which had been payable to the priory of St. Bartholomew were sold to Sir
John Rich, then Attorney-General; and the right to hold the fair was held
by his descendants until 1830, when it was purchased of Lord Kensington by
the Corporation of London, and held thereafter by the City chamberlain and
the town clerk in trust, thus vesting the rights and interests in both
fairs in the same body.

Westminster Fair, locally termed Magdalen's, was established in 1257, by
a charter granted by Henry III. to the abbot and canons of St. Peter's,
and was held on Tothill Fields, the site of which is now covered by the
Westminster House of Correction and some neighbouring streets.

The three days to which it was originally limited, were extended by Edward
III. to thirty-one; but the fair was never so well attended as St.
Bartholomew's, and fell into disuse soon afterwards.

There was another fair held in the adjoining parish of St. James, the
following amusing notice of which in Machyn's diary is the earliest I have
been able to find:--

"The xxv. day of June [1560], Saint James fayer by Westminster was so
great that a man could not have a pygg for money; and the bear wiffes had
nother meate nor drink before iiij of cloke in the same day. And the chese
went very well away for 1_d._ _q._ the pounde. Besides the great and
mighti armie of beggares and bandes that were there." Beyond the fact that
it was postponed in 1603 on account of the plague, nothing more is
recorded concerning this fair until 1664, in which year it was suppressed,
"as considered to tend rather to the advantage of looseness and
irregularity than to the substantial promoting of any good, common and
beneficial to the people."

Southwark Fair, locally known as Lady Fair, was established in 1462 by a
charter granted by Edward IV. to the City of London, in the following
terms:--

"We have also granted to the said Mayor, Commonalty, and Citizens, and
their successors for ever, that they shall and may have yearly one fair in
the town aforesaid, for three days, that is to say, the 7th, 8th, 9th days
of September, to be holden, together with a Court of Pie-Powders, and with
all the liberties to such fairs appertaining: And that they may have and
hold there at their said Courts, before their said Minister or deputy,
during the said three days, from day to day, hour to hour, and from time
to time, all occasions, plaints, and pleas of a Court of Pie-Powders,
together with all summons, attachments, arrests, issues, fines,
redemptions, and commodities, and other rights whatsoever, to the said
Court of Pie-Powders in any way pertaining, without any impediment, let,
or hindrance of Us, our heirs or successors, or other our officers and
ministers soever."

This charter has sometimes been referred to as granting to the Corporation
the right to hold a fair in West Smithfield, in addition to the fair the
tolls of which were received by the priory of St. Bartholomew; but that
"the town aforesaid" was Southwark is shown by a previous clause, in
which it is stated that "to take away from henceforth and utterly to
abolish all and all manner of causes, occasions, and matters whereupon
opinions, ambiguities, varieties, controversies, and discussions may
arise," the King "granted to the said Mayor and Commonalty of the said
City who now be, and their successors, the Mayor and Commonalty and
Citizens of that City for the time being and for ever, the town of
Southwark, with its appurtenances."

The origin of Camberwell Fair is lost in the mist of ages. In the evidence
adduced before a petty sessions held at Union Hall in 1823, on the subject
of its suppression, it was said that the custom of holding it was
mentioned in the 'Domesday Book,' but the statement seems to have been
made upon insufficient grounds. It commenced on the 9th of August, and
continued three weeks, ending on St. Giles's day; but, in modern times,
was limited, like most other fairs, to three days. It seems to have been
originally held in the parish churchyard, but this practice was terminated
by a clause in the Statute of Winchester, passed in the thirteenth year of
the reign of Edward I. It was then removed to the green, where it was held
until its suppression. Peckham Fair seems to have been irregular, and
merely supplementary to Camberwell Fair.

Stepney Fair was of less ancient date. In 1664 Charles II., at the
instance of the Earl of Cleveland, then lord of the manor of Stepney,
granted a patent for a weekly market at Ratcliff Cross, and an annual fair
on Michaelmas day at Mile End Green, or any other places within the manor
of Stepney. The keeping of the market and fair, with all the revenues
arising from tolls, etc., was given by the same grant, at the Earl of
Cleveland's request, to Sir William Smith and his heirs for ever. The
right continued to vest in the baronet's descendants for several years,
but long before the suppression of the fair it passed to the lord of the
manor, which, in 1720, was sold by the representatives of Lady Wentworth
to John Wicker, Esquire, of Horsham, in Sussex, whose son alienated it in
1754. It is now possessed by the Colebrooke family.

The ceremonies observed in opening fairs evince the importance which
attached to them. On the eve of the "great fair" of Wolverhampton, held on
the 9th of July, there was a procession of men in armour, preceded by
musicians playing what was known as the "fair tune," and followed by the
steward of the deanery manor and the peace-officers of the town. The
custom is said to have originated with the fair, when Wolverhampton was as
famous as a mart of the wool trade as it now is for its ironmongery, and
merchants resorted to the fair, which formerly lasted fourteen days, from
all parts of England. The necessity of an armed force for the maintenance
of order during the fair in those days is not improbable. This custom of
"walking the fair," as it was called, was discontinued in 1789, and has
not since been revived.

The October fair at Croydon was opened as soon as midnight had sounded by
the town clock, or, in earlier times, by that of the parish church; the
ceremony consisting in the carrying of a key, called "the key of the
fair," through its principal avenues. The booth-keepers were then at
liberty to serve refreshments to such customers as might present
themselves, generally the idlers who followed the bearer of the key; and
long before daylight the field resounded with the bleating of sheep, the
lowing of cattle, the barking of dogs, and the shouting of shepherds and
drovers.

The metropolitan fair of St. Bartholomew was opened by a proclamation,
which used to be read at the gate leading into Cloth Fair by the Lord
Mayor's attorney, and repeated after him by a sheriff's officer, in the
presence of the Lord Mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs. The procession then
perambulated Smithfield, and returned to the Mansion House, where, in the
afternoon, those of his lordship's household dined together at the
swordbearer's table, and so concluded the ceremony.




CHAPTER II.

    Amusements of the Fairs in the Middle Ages--Shows and Showmen of the
    Sixteenth Century--Banks and his Learned Horse--Bartholomew Fair in
    the time of Charles I.--Punch and Judy--Office of the Revels--Origin
    of Hocus Pocus--Suppression of Bartholomew Fair--London Shows during
    the Protectorate--A Turkish Rope-Dancer--Barbara Vanbeck, the Bearded
    Woman.


Numerous illuminations of manuscripts in the Harleian collection, many of
which were reproduced in Strutt's work on the sports and pastimes of the
English people, having established the fact that itinerant professors of
the art of amusing were in the habit of tramping from town to town, and
village to village, for at least two centuries before the Norman Conquest
of this country, there can be no doubt that the fairs were so many foci of
attraction for them at the times when they were respectively held. As we
are told that the minstrels and glee-men flocked to the towns and villages
which grew up under the protection of the baronial castles when the
marriage of the lord, or the coming of age of the heir, furnished an
occasion of popular revelry, and also when the many red-letter days of the
mediaeval calendar came round, we may be sure that they were not absent
from Bartlemy fair even in its earliest years.

Glee-men was a term which included dancers, posturers, jugglers, tumblers,
and exhibitors of trained performing monkeys and quadrupeds; and, the
masculine including the feminine in this case, many of these performers
were women and girls. The illuminations which have been referred to, and
which constitute our chief authority as to the amusements of the fairs
during the middle ages, introduce us to female posturers and tumblers, in
the act of performing the various feats which have been the stock in trade
of the acrobatic profession down to the present day. The jugglers
exhibited the same feats with balls and knives as their representatives of
the nineteenth century; what is professionally designated "the shower," in
which the balls succeed each other rapidly, while describing a semi-circle
from right to left, is shown in one of the Harleian illuminations.

Balancing feats were also exhibited, and in one of these curious
illustrations of the sights which delighted our fair-going ancestors, the
balancing of a cart-wheel is represented--a trick which might have been
witnessed not many years ago in the streets of London, the performer being
an elderly <DW64>, said to have been the father of the well-known
rope-dancer, George Christoff, who represented the Pompeian performer on
the _corde elastique_, when Mr. Oxenford's version of _The Last Days of
Pompeii_ was produced at the Queen's Theatre.

Performing monkeys, bears, and horses appear in many of the mediaeval
illuminations, and were probably as popular agents of public amusement in
the earliest years of Bartlemy fair as they can be shown, from other
authorities, to have been in the sixteenth century. That monkeys were
imported rather numerously for the amusement of the public, may be
inferred from the fact of some Chancellor of the Exchequer of the middle
ages having subjected them to an import duty. Their agility was displayed
chiefly in vaulting over a chain or cord. Bears were taught to feign
death, and to walk erect after their leader, who played some musical
instrument. Horses were also taught to walk on their hind legs, and one
drawing in the Harleian collection shows a horse in this attitude, engaged
in a mimic fight with a man armed with sword and buckler.

All these performances seem to have been continued, by successive
generations of performers, down to the time of Elizabeth. Reginald Scot,
writing in 1584, gives a lengthy enumeration of the tricks of the jugglers
who frequented the fairs of the latter part of the sixteenth century.
Among them are most of the common tricks of the present day, and not the
least remarkable is the decapitation feat, which many of my readers have
probably seen performed by the famous wizards of modern times at the
Egyptian Hall. Three hundred years ago, it was called the decollation of
St. John the Baptist, and was performed upon a table, upon which stood a
dish to receive the head. The table, the dish, and the knife used in the
apparent decapitation were all contrived for the purpose, the table having
two holes in it, one to enable the assistant who submitted to the
operation to conceal his head, the other, corresponding to a hole in the
dish, to receive the head of another confederate, who was concealed
beneath the table, in a sitting position; while the knife had a
semi-circular opening in the blade to fit the neck. Another knife, of the
ordinary kind, was shown to the spectators, who were prevented by a
sleight of hand trick from observing the substitution for it of the knife
used in the trick. The engraving in Malcolm's work shows the man to be
operated upon lying upon the table, apparently headless, while the head of
the other assistant appears in the dish.

That _lusus naturae_, and other natural curiosities, had begun to be
exhibited by showmen in the reign of Elizabeth, may be inferred from the
allusions to such exhibitions in _The Tempest_, when Caliban is
discovered, and the mariners speculate upon his place in the scale of
animal being. It seems also that the practice of displaying in front of
the shows large pictures of the wonderful feats, or curious natural
objects, to be seen within, prevailed in the sixteenth century, and
probably long before; for it is distinctly alluded to in a passage in
Jonson's play of _The Alchymist_, in which the master of the servant who
has filled the house with searchers for the philosopher's stone, says,

              "What should my knave advance
  To draw this company? He hung out no banners
  Of a strange calf with five legs to be seen,
  Or a huge lobster with six claws."

Some further glimpses of the Bartlemy fair shows of the Elizabethan period
are afforded in the induction or prologue to another play of Jonson's,
namely, the comedy of _Bartholomew Fair_, acted in 1614. "He," says the
dramatist, speaking of himself, "has ne'er a sword and buckler-man in his
fair; nor a juggler with a well-educated ape to come over the chain for
the King of England, and back again for the Prince, and sit still on his
haunches for the Pope and the King of Spain." The sword and buckler-man
probably means a performer who took part in such a mimic combat of man and
horse, as is represented in the illumination which has been referred to.
The monkey whose Protestant proclivities are noted in the latter part of
the passage is mentioned in a poem of Davenant's, presently to be quoted.

We cannot suppose absent from the metropolitan fairs the celebrated
performing horse, Morocco, and his instructor, of whom Sir Walter Raleigh
says, "If Banks had lived in older times, he would have shamed all the
enchanters in the world; for whosoever was most famous among them could
never master or instruct any beast as he did." That Shakspeare witnessed
the performances of Morocco, which combined arithmetical calculations with
saltatory exercises, is shown by the allusion in _Love's Labour Lost_,
when Moth puzzles Armado with arithmetical questions, and says, "The
dancing horse will tell you." Sir Kenelm Digby states that the animal
"would restore a glove to the due owner after the master had whispered the
man's name in his ear; and would tell the just number of pence in any
piece of silver coin newly showed him by his master."

Banks quitted England for the Continent with his horse in 1608, and De
Melleray, who witnessed the performance of the animal in the Rue St.
Jacques, in Paris, says that Morocco could not only tell the number of
francs in a crown, but knew that the crown was depreciated at that time,
and knew the exact amount of the depreciation. From Paris, Banks travelled
with his learned horse to Orleans, where the fame which they had acquired
brought him under the imputation of being a sorcerer, and he had a narrow
escape of being burned at a stake in that character. Bishop Morton says
that he cleared himself by commanding his horse to "seek out one in the
press of the people who had a crucifix on his hat; which done, he bade him
kneel down unto it, and not this only, but also to rise up again, and to
kiss it. 'And now, gentlemen,' (quoth he), 'I think my horse hath
acquitted both me and himself;' and so his adversaries rested satisfied;
conceiving (as it might seem) that the devil had no power to come near the
cross."

We next hear of Banks and his horse at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, where
Bishop Morton saw them, and heard from the former the story of his narrow
escape at Orleans. Their further wanderings cannot be traced; and, though
it has been inferred, from a passage in a burlesque poem by Jonson, that
Banks was burned as a sorcerer, the grounds which the poet had for
assigning such a dreadful end for the famous horse-charmer are unknown,
and may have been no more than an imperfect recollection of what he had
heard of the Orleans story.

A hare which played the tabor is alluded to by Jonson in the comedy before
mentioned; and this performance also was not unknown to earlier times, one
of the illuminations copied by Strutt showing it to have been exhibited in
the fifteenth century. When Jonson wrote his comedy, the amusing classes,
encouraged by popular favour, were raising their heads again, after the
sore discouragement of the Vagrancy Act of Elizabeth's reign, which
scheduled jugglers and minstrels with strolling thieves, gipsy
fortune-tellers, and itinerant beggars. Elizabeth's tastes seem to have
inclined more to bull-baiting and bear-baiting than to dancing and
minstrelsy, juggling and tumbling; and, besides this, there was a broad
line drawn in those days, and even down to the reign of George III., as
will be hereafter noticed, between the upper ten thousand and the masses,
as to the amusements which might or ought to be permitted to the former
and denied to the latter.

In the succeeding reign the operation of the Vagrancy Act was powerfully
aided by the rise of the Puritans, who regarded all amusements as worldly
vanities and snares of the Evil One, and indulgence in them as a
coquetting with sin. As yet they lacked the power to suppress the fairs
and close the theatres, though their will was good to whip and imprison
all such inciters to sin and agents of Satan as they conceived minstrels,
actors, and showmen to be; and Bartholomew Fair showed no diminution of
popular patronage even in the reign of Charles I.

"Hither," says the author of a scarce pamphlet, printed in 1641, "resort
people of all sorts and conditions. Christchurch cloisters are now hung
full of pictures. It is remarkable, and worth your observation, to behold
and hear the strange sights and confused sounds in the fair. Here, a knave
in a fool's coat, with a trumpet sounding, or on a drum beating, invites
you to see his puppets. There, a rogue like a wild woodman, or in an antic
shape like an incubus, desires your company to view his motion; on the
other side, hocus pocus, with three yards of tape or ribbon in his hand,
showing his art of legerdemain, to the admiration and astonishment of a
company of cockoloaches. Amongst these, you shall see a gray goosecap (as
wise as the rest), with a 'What do ye lack?' in his mouth, stand in his
booth shaking a rattle, or scraping on a fiddle, with which children are
so taken, that they presently cry out for these fopperies: and all these
together make such a distracted noise, that you would think Babel were not
comparable to it.

"Here there are also your gamesters in action: some turning of a whimsey,
others throwing for pewter, who can quickly dissolve a round shilling into
a three-halfpenny saucer. Long Lane at this time looks very fair, and puts
out her best clothes, with the wrong side outward, so turned for their
better turning off; and Cloth Fair is now in great request: well fare the
ale-houses therein, yet better may a man fare (but at a dearer rate) in
the pig-market, alias pasty-nook, or pie-corner, where pigs are all hours
of the day on the stalls, piping hot, and would cry, (if they could
speak,) 'Come, eat me!'"

The puppets and "motions" alluded to in the foregoing description were
beginning to be a very favourite spectacle, and none of the puppet plays
of the period were more popular than the serio-comic drama of _Punch and
Judy_, attributed to Silvio Florillo, an Italian comic dramatist of the
time. According to the original version of the story, which has undergone
various changes, some of which have been made within the memory of the
existing generation, Punch, in a paroxysm of jealousy, destroys his infant
child, upon which Judy, in revenge, belabours him with a cudgel. The
exasperated hunchback seizes another stick, beats his wife to death, and
throws from the window the two corpses, which attracts the notice of a
constable, who enters the house to arrest the murderer. Punch flies, but
is arrested by an officer of the Inquisition, and lodged in prison; but
contrives to escape by bribing the gaoler. His subsequent encounters with
a dog, a doctor, a skeleton, and a demon are said to be an allegory,
intended to convey the triumph of humanity over ennui, disease, death, and
the devil; but, as there is nothing allegorical in the former portion of
the story, this seems doubtful.

The allegory was soon lost sight of, if it was ever intended, and the
latter part of the story has long been that which excites the most
risibility. As usually represented in this country during the last fifty
years, and probably for a much longer period, Punch does not bribe the
gaoler, but evades execution for his crimes by strangling the hangman
with his own noose. Who has not observed the delight, venting itself in
screams of laughter, with which young and old witness the comical little
wretch's fight with the constable, the wicked leer with which he induces
the hangman to put his neck in the noose by way of instruction, and the
impish chuckling in which he indulges while strangling his last victim?
The crowd laughs at all this in the same spirit as the audience at a
theatre applauds furiously while a policeman is bonneted and otherwise
maltreated in a pantomime or burlesque. The tightness of the matrimonial
noose, it is to be feared, materially influences the feeling with which
the murder of a faithless wife is regarded by those whose poverty shuts
out the prospect of divorce. And Punch is such a droll, diverting
vagabond, that even those who have witnessed his crimes are irresistibly
seduced into laughter by his grotesque antics and his cynical bursts of
merriment, which render him such a strange combination of the demon and
the buffoon.

The earliest notices of the representation in London of 'Punch's Moral
Drama,' as an old comic song calls it, occur in the overseer's books of
St. Martin's in the Fields for 1666 and 1667, in which are four entries of
sums, ranging from twenty-two shillings and sixpence to fifty-two
shillings and sixpence, as "Rec. of Punchinello, ye Italian popet player,
for his booth at Charing Cross."

_Hocus pocus_, used in the Bartholomew Fair pamphlet as a generic term for
conjurors, is derived from the assumed name of one of the craft, of whom
Ady, in 'A Candle in the Dark,' wrote as follows:--

"I will speak of one man more excelling in that craft than others, that
went about in King James's time, and long since, who called himself the
King's Majestie's most excellent Hocus Pocus; and so was he called because
at playing every trick he used to say, _Hocus pocus tontus talontus, vade
celeriter jubeo_--a dark composition of words to blind the eyes of the
beholders."

All these professors of the various arts of popular entertainment had, at
this period, to pay an annual licence duty to the Master of the Revels,
whose office was created by Henry VIII. in 1546. Its jurisdiction extended
over all wandering minstrels and every one who blew a trumpet publicly,
except "the King's players." The seal of the office, used under five
sovereigns, was engraved on wood, and was formerly in the possession of
the late Francis Douce, by whose permission it was engraved for Chalmers's
'Apology for the Believers in the Shakspeare MSS.,' and subsequently for
Smith's 'Ancient Topography of London.' The legend round it was, "SIGILL
: OFFIC : JOCOR : MASCAR : ET REVELL : DNIS REG." The Long Parliament
abolished the office, which, indeed, would have been a sinecure under the
Puritan rule, for in 1647 the entertainers of the people were forbidden to
exercise their vocation, the theatres were closed, the May-poles removed,
and the fairs shorn of all their wonted amusements, and reduced to the
status of annual markets.

There is, in the library of the British Museum, a doggrel ballad, printed
as a broad-sheet, called _The Dagonizing of Bartholomew Fair_, which
describes, with coarse humour, the grossness of which may be attributed in
part to the mingled resentment and contempt which underlies it, the
measures taken by the civic authorities for the removal from the fair of
the showmen who had pitched there, in spite of the determination of the
Lord Mayor and the Court of Aldermen, to suppress with the utmost rigour
everything which could move to laughter or minister to wonder. Among these
are mentioned a fire-eating conjuror, a "Jack Pudding," and "wonders made
of wax," being the earliest notice of a wax-work exhibition which I have
been able to discover.

Whether the itinerant traders who were wont to set up their stalls in the
fairs of Smithfield, and Westminster, and Southwark, found it worth their
while to do so during the thirteen years of the banishment of shows, there
is nothing to show; but we are not without evidence that the showmen were
able to follow their vocation without the fairs. Evelyn, who was a lover
of strange sights, records in his diary that, in 1654,--"I saw a tame lion
play familiarly with a lamb; he was a huge beast, and I thrust my hand
into his mouth, and found his tongue rough, like a cat's; also a sheep
with six legs, which made use of five of them to walk; and a goose that
had four legs, two crops, and as many vents."

Three years later, two other entries are made, concerning shows which he
witnessed. First we have, "June 18th. At Greenwich I saw a sort of cat,
brought from the East Indies, shaped and snouted much like the Egyptian
racoon, in the body like a monkey, and so footed; the ears and tail like a
cat, only the tail much longer, and the skin variously ringed with black
and white; with the tail it wound up its body like a serpent, and so got
up into trees, and with it wrap its whole body round. Its hair was woolly
like a lamb; it was exceedingly nimble, gentle, and purred as does the
cat." This animal was probably a monkey of the species called by Cuvier,
the toque; it is a native of the western regions of India, and one of the
most amusing, as well as the most common, of the simial tenants of modern
menageries.

"August 15th. Going to London with some company, we stept in to see a
famous rope-dancer, called _The Turk_. I saw even to astonishment the
agility with which he performed; he walked barefooted, taking hold by his
toes only of a rope almost perpendicular, and without so much as touching
it with his hands; he danced blindfold on the high rope, and with a boy of
twelve years old tied to one of his feet about twenty feet beneath him,
dangling as he danced, yet he moved as nimbly as if it had been but a
feather. Lastly he stood on his head, on the top of a very high mast,
danced on a small rope that was very slack, and finally flew down the
perpendicular on his breast, his head foremost, his legs and arms
extended, with divers other activities.

"I saw the hairy woman, twenty years old, whom I had before seen when a
child. She was born at Augsburg, in Germany. Her very eyebrows were combed
upwards, and all her forehead as thick and even as grows on any woman's
head, neatly dressed; a very long lock of hair out of each ear; she had
also a most prolix beard, and moustachios, with long locks growing on the
middle of her nose, like an Iceland dog exactly, the colour of a bright
brown, fine as well-dressed flax. She was now married, and told me she had
one child that was not hairy, nor were any of her parents or relations.
She was very well shaped, and played well on the harpsichord."

This extraordinary creature must have been more than twenty years of age
when Evelyn saw her, for the engraved portrait described by Granger bears
the following inscription:--"Barbara Vanbeck, wife to Michael Vanbeck,
born at Augsburg, in High Germany; daughter of Balthasar and Anne Ursler.
Aged 29. A.D. 1651. R. Gaywood f. London."

Another engraved portrait, in the collection of the Earl of Bute,
represents her playing the harpsichord, and has a Dutch inscription, with
the words--"Isaac Brunn delin. et sc. 1653." One of Gaywood's prints,
which, in Granger's time, was in the possession of Fredericks, the
bookseller, at Bath, had the following memorandum written under the
inscription:--"This woman I saw in Ratcliffe Highway in 1668, and was
satisfied she was a woman. JOHN BULFINCH." Granger describes her from the
portraits, as follows:--"The face and hands of this woman are represented
hairy all over. Her aspect resembles that of a monkey. She has a very long
and large spreading beard, the hair of which hangs loose and flowing like
the hair of the head. She is playing on the organ. Vanbeck married this
frightful creature on purpose to carry her about for a show."




CHAPTER III.

    Strolling Players in the Seventeenth Century--Southwark
    Fair--Bartholomew Fair--Pepys and the Monkeys--Polichinello--Jacob
    Hall, the Rope-Dancer--Another Bearded Woman--Richardson, the
    Fire-Eater--The Cheshire Dwarf--Killigrew and the Strollers--Fair on
    the Thames--The Irish Giant--A Dutch Rope-Dancer--Music Booths--Joseph
    Clark, the Posturer--William Philips, the Zany--William Stokes, the
    Vaulter--A Show in Threadneedle Street.


The period of the Protectorate was one of suffering and depression for the
entertaining classes, who were driven into obscure taverns and back
streets by the severity with which the anti-recreation edicts of the Long
Parliament were enforced, and even then were in constant danger of
Bridewell and the whipping-post. Performances took place occasionally at
the Red Bull theatre, in St. John Street, West Smithfield, when the
actors were able to bribe the subordinate officials at Whitehall to
connive at the infraction of the law; but sometimes the fact became known
to some higher authority who had not been bribed, or whose connivance
could not be procured, and then the performance was interrupted by a party
of soldiers, and the actors marched off to Bridewell, where they might
esteem themselves fortunate if they escaped a whipping as well as a
month's imprisonment as idle vagabonds.

Unable to exercise their vocation in London, the actors travelled into the
country, and gave dramatic performances in barns and at fairs, in places
where the rigour of the law was diminished, or the edicts rendered of no
avail, by the magistrates' want of sympathy with the pleasure-abolishing
mania, and the readiness of the majority of the inhabitants to assist at
violations of the Acts. In one of his wanderings about the country, Cox,
the comedian, shod a horse with so much dexterity, in the drama that was
being represented, that the village blacksmith offered him employment in
his forge at a rate of remuneration exceeding by a shilling a week the
ordinary wages of the craft. The story is a good illustration of the
realistic tendencies of the theatre two hundred years ago, especially as
the practice which then prevailed of apprenticeship to the stage renders
it improbable that Cox had ever learned the art of shoeing a horse with a
view to practising it as a craftsman.

The provincial perambulations of actors did not, however, owe their
beginning to the edicts of the Long Parliament, there being evidence that
companies of strolling players existed contemporaneously with the theatres
in which Burbage played Richard III. and Shakespeare the Ghost in
_Hamlet_. In a prologue which was written for some London apprentices when
they played _The Hog hath lost his Pearl_ in 1614, their want of skill in
acting and elocution is honestly admitted in the following lines--

  "We are not half so skilled as strolling players,
  Who could not please here as at country fairs."

In the household book of the Clifford family, quoted by Dr. Whitaker in
his 'History of Craven,' there is an entry in 1633 of the payment of one
pound to "certain itinerant players," who seem to have given a private
representation, for which they were thus munificently remunerated; and two
years later, an entry occurs of the payment of the same amount to "a
certain company of roguish players who represented _A New Way to pay Old
Debts_," the adjective being used, probably to distinguish this company,
as being unlicensed or unrecognized, from the strolling players who had
permission to call themselves by the name of some nobleman, and to wear
his livery. The Earl of Leicester maintained such a company, and several
other nobles of that period did the same, the actors being known as my
Lord Leicester's company, or as the case might be, and being allowed to
perform elsewhere when their services were not required by their patron.

The depressed condition of actors at this period is amusingly illustrated
by the story of Griffin and Goodman occupying the same chamber, and having
but one decent shirt between them, which they wore in turn,--a destitution
of linen surpassed only by that which is said to have characterised the
ragged regiment of Sir John Falstaff, who had only half a shirt among them
all. The single shirt of the two actors was the occasion of a quarrel and
a separation between them, one of the twain having worn it out of his
turn, under the temptation of an assignation with a lady. What became of
the shirt upon the separation of their respective interests in it, we are
not told.

The restoration of monarchy and the Stuarts was followed immediately by
the re-opening of the theatres and the resumption of the old popular
amusements at fairs. Actors held up their heads again; the showmen hung
out their pictured cloths in Smithfield and on the Bowling Green in
Southwark; the fiddlers and the ballad-singers re-appeared in the streets
and in houses of public entertainment. Charles II. entered London, amidst
the jubilations of the multitude, on the 29th of May, 1660; and on the
13th of September following, Evelyn wrote in his diary as follows:--

"I saw in Southwark, at St. Margaret's Fair, monkeys and apes dance, and
do other feats of activity, on the high rope; they were gallantly clad _a
la monde_, went upright, saluted the company, bowing and pulling off their
hats; they saluted one another with as good a grace as if instructed by a
dancing master; they turned heels over head with a basket having eggs in
it, without breaking any; also, with lighted candles in their hands, and
on their heads, without extinguishing them, and with vessels of water
without spilling a drop. I also saw an Italian wench dance and perform all
the tricks on the high rope to admiration; all the Court went to see her.
Likewise, here was a man who took up a piece of iron cannon of about 400
lb. weight with the hair of his head only."

Evelyn and Pepys have left no record of the presence of shows at
Bartholomew Fair in the first year of the Restoration, nor does the
collection of Bartholomew Fair _notabilia_ in the library of the British
Museum furnish any indication of them; but Pepys tells us that on the 31st
of August, in the following year, he went "to Bartholomew Fair, and there
met with my Ladies Jemima and Paulina, with Mr. Pickering and
Mademoiselle, at seeing the monkeys dance, which was much to see, when
they could be brought to do it, but it troubled me to sit among such nasty
company." Few years seem to have passed without a visit to Bartholomew
Fair on the part of the gossiping old diarist. In 1663 he writes, under
date the 7th of September, "To Bartholomew Fair, where I met Mr.
Pickering, and he and I went to see the monkeys at the Dutch house, which
is far beyond the other that my wife and I saw the other day; and thence
to see the dancing on the ropes, which was very poor and tedious."

In the following year two visits to this fair are recorded in Pepys'
diary, as follows:--

"Sept. 2. To Bartholomew Fair, and our boy with us, and there showed him
the dancing on ropes, and several others the best shows." "Sept. 7. With
Creed walked to Bartholomew Fair,--this being the last day, and there I
saw the best dancing on ropes that I think I ever saw in my life." In the
two following years the fairs and other amusements of London were
interrupted by the plague, to the serious loss and detriment of the
entertaining classes. Punch and other puppets were the only amusements of
1665 and 1666; and Pepys records that, on the 22nd of August in the latter
year--the year of the great fire,--he and his wife went in a coach to
Moorfields, "and there saw Polichinello, which pleases me mightily."

In 1667 the fear of the plague had passed away, and the public again
patronised the theatres and other places of amusement. "To Polichinello,"
writes Pepys on the 8th of April, "and there had three times more sport
than at the play, and so home." To compensate himself for having missed
Bartholomew Fair two years running on account of the plague, he now went
three times. "Went twice round Bartholomew Fair," he writes in his diary
on the 28th of August, "which I was glad to see again, after two years
missing it by the plague." "30th. To Bartholomew Fair, to walk up and
down, and there, among other things, found my Lady Castlemaine at a
puppet-play, _Patient Grizill_, and the street full of people expecting
her coming out." "Sept. 4. With my wife and Mr. Hewer to Bartholomew Fair,
and there saw Polichinello."

The fair probably offered better and more various amusements every year,
for Pepys records five visits in 1668, when we first hear of the
celebrated rope-dancer, Jacob Hall. "August 27. With my wife and W.
Batelier and Deb.; carried them to Bartholomew Fair, where we saw the
dancing of the ropes, and nothing else, it being late." "29. Met my wife
in a coach, and took her and Mercer [her maid] and Deb. to Bartholomew
Fair; and there did see a ridiculous obscene little stage-play called
_Marry Andrey_ [Merry Andrew], a foolish thing, but seen by everybody: and
so to Jacob Hall's dancing of the ropes, a thing worth seeing, and
mightily followed." "Sept. 1. To Bartholomew Fair, and there saw several
sights; among others, the mare that tells money and many things to
admiration, and among others come to me, when she was bid to go to him of
the company that most loved to kiss a pretty wench in a corner. And this
did cost me 12_d._ to the horse, which I had flung him before, and did
give me occasion to kiss a mighty _belle fille_, that was exceeding plain,
but _fort belle_." "4. At noon my wife, and Deb. and Mercer, and W. Hewer
and I, to the fair, and there at the old house, did eat a pig, and was
pretty merry, but saw no sights, my wife having a mind to see the play of
_Bartholomew Fair_ with puppets." "7. With my Lord Brouncker (who was this
day in unusual manner merry, I believe with drink,) Minnes, and W. Pen to
Bartholomew Fair; and there saw the dancing mare again, which to-day I
found to act much worse than the other day, she forgetting many things,
which her master beat her for, and was mightily vexed; and then the
dancing of the ropes, and also a little stage play, which was very
ridiculous."

Perhaps a better illustration of the difference between the manners and
amusements of the seventeenth century and those of the nineteenth could
not be found than that which is afforded by the contrast between the
picture drawn by Pepys and the fancy sketch which the reader may draw for
himself by giving the figures introduced the names of persons now living.
Let the scene be Greenwich Fair, as we all remember it, and the incidents
the Secretary to the Admiralty, accompanied by his wife and her maid,
going there in his carriage; stopping on the way to witness the vagaries
of Punch; meeting the Mistress of the Robes at a marionette performance in
a tent; and afterwards, as we shall presently find Pepys doing, drinking
in a public-house with a rope-dancer, reputed to be the paramour of a lady
of rank, whom our supposed secretary may have met the evening before at
Buckingham Palace.

Pepys relates that he went, in the same year, "to Southwark Fair, very
dirty, and there saw the puppet-show of Whittington, which was pretty to
see; and how that idle thing do work upon people that see it, and even
myself too! And thence to Jacob Hall's dancing of the ropes, where I saw
such action as I never saw before, and mightily worth seeing; and here
took acquaintance with a fellow that carried me to a tavern, whither come
the music of this booth, and bye and bye Jacob Hall himself, with whom I
had a mind to speak, to hear whether he had ever any mischief by falls in
his time. He told me, 'Yes, many, but never to the breaking of a limb;' he
seems a mighty strong man. So giving them a bottle or two of wine, I away
with Payne, the waterman. He, seeking me at the play, did get a link to
light me, and so light me to the Bear, where Bland, my waterman, waited
for me with gold and other things he kept for me, to the value of L40 and
more, which I had about me, for fear of my pockets being cut. So by
link-light through the bridge, it being mighty dark, but still weather,
and so home." Jacob Hall was as famous for his handsome face and
symmetrical form as for his skill and grace on the rope. He is said to
have shared with Harte, the actor, the favours of Nell Gwynne, and
afterwards to have been a pensioned favourite of the profligate Countess
of Castlemaine. His portrait in Grammont's 'Memoirs' was engraved from an
unnamed picture by Van Oost, first said to represent the famous
rope-dancer by Ames, in 1748.

A passage in one of Davenant's poems affords some information concerning
the character of the shows which formed the attraction of the fairs at
this period,

  "Now vaulter good, and dancing lass
  On rope, and man that cries, Hey, pass!
  And tumbler young that needs but stoop,
  Lay head to heel, to creep through hoop;
  And man in chimney hid to dress
  Puppet that acts our old Queen Bess,
  And man that, while the puppets play,
  Through nose expoundeth what they say;
  And white oat-eater that does dwell
  In stable small at sign of Bell,
  That lifts up hoof to show the pranks
  Taught by magician styled Banks;
  And ape led captive still in chain
  Till he renounce the Pope and Spain;
  All these on hoof now trudge from town,
  To cheat poor turnip-eating clown."

The preceding chapter will have rendered the allusions intelligible to the
reader of the present day.

Among the shows of this period was another bearded woman, whom Pepys saw
in Holborn, towards the end of 1668. "She is a little plain woman," he
writes, "a Dane; her name, Ursula Dyan; about forty years old; her voice
like a little girl's; with a beard as much as any man I ever saw, black
almost, and grizzly; it began to grow at about seven years old, and was
shaved not above seven months ago, and is now so big as any man's almost
that I ever saw; I say, bushy and thick. It was a strange sight to me, I
confess, and what pleased me mightily." There was a female giant, too, of
whom Evelyn says, under date the 13th of February, 1669, "I went to see a
tall gigantic woman, who measured six feet ten inches at twenty-one years
old, born in the Low Countries."

Salamandering feats are not so pleasant to witness as the performances of
the acrobat and the gymnast, but they create wonder, and, probably, were
wondered at more two hundred years ago than at the present time, when the
scientific principles on which their success depends are better
understood. The earliest performer of the feats which made Girardelli and
Chabert famous half a century ago seems to have been Richardson, of whom
the following account is given by Evelyn, who witnessed his performance in
1672:--

"I took leave of my Lady Sunderland, who was going to Paris to my lord,
now ambassador there. She made me stay dinner at Leicester House, and
afterwards sent for Richardson, the famous fire-eater. He devoured
brimstone on glowing coals before us, chewing and swallowing them; he
melted a beer-glass and eat it quite up; then, taking a live coal on his
tongue, he put on it a raw oyster, the coal was blown on with bellows till
it flamed and sparkled in his mouth, and so remained till the oyster gaped
and was quite boiled. Then he melted pitch and wax with sulphur, which he
drank down as it flamed; I saw it flaming in his mouth, a good while; he
also took up a thick piece of iron, such as laundresses use to put in
their smoothing-boxes, when it was fiery hot, held it between his teeth,
then in his hands and threw it about like a stone; but this I observed he
cared not to do very long; then he stood on a small pot, and, bending his
body, took a glowing iron with his mouth from between his feet without
touching the pot or ground with his hands; with divers other prodigious
feats."

There are few notices of the London fairs in contemporary memoirs and
journals, and as few advertisements of showmen have been preserved by
collectors of such literary curiosities, between the last visit to
Southwark Fair recorded by Pepys and the period of the Revolution. The
public mind was agitated during this time by plots and rumours of plots,
by State trials and Tower Hill executions, which alternately excited men
to rage and chilled them with horror. Giants and dwarfs, and monstrosities
of all kinds, seem to have been more run after, under the influence of
these events, than puppets and players. Take the following as an example,
an announcement which was printed in 1677:--

"At Mr. Croomes, at the signe of the Shoe and Slap neer the Hospital-gate,
in West Smithfield, is to be seen _The Wonder of Nature_, viz., A girl
about sixteen years of age, born in Cheshire, and not much above eighteen
inches long, having shed the teeth seven several times, and not a perfect
bone in any part of her, onely the head, yet she hath all her senses to
admiration, and discourses, reads very well, sings, whistles, and all very
pleasant to hear. God save the King!"

The office of Master of the Revels, which had been held by Thomas
Killigrew, the Court jester, was conferred, at his death, upon his son,
who leased the licensing of ballad-singers to a bookseller named Clarke,
as appears from the following announcement, which was inserted in the
_London Gazette_ in 1682:--

"Whereas Mr. John Clarke, of London, bookseller, did rent of Charles
Killigrew, Esq., the licensing of all ballad-singers for five years; which
time is expired at Lady Day next. These are, therefore, to give notice to
all ballad-singers, that take out licenses at the office of the revels, at
Whitehall, for singing and selling of ballads and small books, according
to an ancient custom. And all persons concerned are hereby desired to take
notice of, and to suppress, all mountebanks, rope-dancers, prize-players,
ballad-singers, and such as make show of motions and strange sights, that
have not a license in red and black letters, under the hand and seal of
the said Charles Killigrew, Esq., Master of the Revels to his Majesty."

The only entertainment of which I have found an announcement for this year
is the following:--"At Mr. Saffry's, a Dutch-woman's Booth, over against
the Greyhound Inn, in West Smithfield, during the time of the fair, will
be acted the incomparable Entertainment call'd The Irish Evidence, with
the Humours of Teige. With a Variety of Dances. By the first Newmarket
Company." Further glimpses of the fair are afforded, however, by the offer
of a reward for "the three horses stolen by James Rudderford, a
mountebank, and Jeremiah March, his clown;" and the announcement that,
"The German Woman that danc'd where the Italian Tumbler kept his Booth,
being over against the Swan Tavern, by Hosier Lane end in Bartholomew
Fair, is run away from her Mistress, the Fifth of this instant; She is of
a Brownish complexion, with Brown Hair, and between 17 and 18 years of
Age; if any person whatsoever can bring Tidings to one Mr. Hone's, at the
Duke of Albemarle's Head, at the end of Duck Lane, so that her Mistress
may have her again, they shall be rewarded to their own content."

In the winter of 1683-4, an addition was temporarily made to the London
fairs by the opportunity which the freezing of the Thames afforded for
holding a fair on the ice. The river became frozen on the 23rd of
December, and on the first day of 1684 the ice was so thick between the
bridges that long rows of booths were erected for the sale of refreshments
to the thousands of persons who congregated upon it. Evelyn, who visited
the strange scene more than once, saw "people and tents selling all sort
of wares, as in the City." The frost becoming more intense when it had
endured a month, the sports of horse-racing and bull-baiting were
presented on the ice; and sledges and skaters were seen gliding swiftly in
every direction, with, as Evelyn relates, "puppet-plays and interludes,
tippling, and other lewd places." The ice was so thick that the booths
and stalls remained even when thaw had commenced, but the water soon
rendered it disagreeable to walk upon, and long cracks warned the
purveyors of recreation and refection to retreat to the land. The fair
ended on the 5th of February.

It was during the continuance of this seventeenth century Frost Fair that
Evelyn saw a human salamander, when he dined at Sir Stephen Fox's, and
"after dinner came a fellow who eat live charcoal, glowingly ignited,
quenching them in his mouth, and then champing and swallowing them down.
There was a dog also which seemed to do many rational actions." The last
sentence is rather obscure; the writer probably intended to convey that
the animal performed many actions which seemed rational.

During the Southwark Fair of the following year, there was a giant
exhibited at the Catherine Wheel Inn, a famous hostelry down to our own
time. Printers had not yet corrected the irregular spelling of the
preceding century, as appears from the following announcement:--"The
Gyant, or the Miracle of Nature, being that so much admired young man,
aged nineteen years last June, 1684. Born in Ireland, of such a prodigious
height and bigness, and every way proportionable, the like hath not been
seen since the memory of man. He hath been several times shown at Court,
and his Majesty was pleased to walk under his arm, and he is grown very
much since; he now reaches ten foot and a half, fathomes near eight foot,
spans fifteen inches; And is believed to be as big as one of the Gyants in
Guild-Hall. He is to be seen at the Sign of the Catherine Wheel in
Southwark Fair. _Vivat Rex._"

There was probably also to be seen at this fair the Dutch woman of whom an
author quoted by Strutt says that, "when she first danced and vaulted on
the rope in London, the spectators beheld her with pleasure mixed with
pain, as she seemed every moment in danger of breaking her neck." About
this time, there was introduced at the London fairs, an entertainment
resembling that now given in the music-halls, in which vocal and
instrumental music was alternated with rope-dancing and tumbling. The
shows in which these performances were given were called music-booths,
though the musical element was far from predominating. The musical portion
of the entertainment was not of the highest order, if we may trust the
judgment of Ward, the author of the _London Spy_, who says that he "had
rather have heard an old barber ring Whittington's bells upon the cittern
than all the music these houses afforded."

Such dramatic performances as were given in the booths at this time seem
to have been, in a great measure, confined to the puppet-plays so often
mentioned in the memoirs and diaries of the period. Granger mentions one
Philips, who, in the reign of James II., "was some time fiddler to a
puppet-show; in which capacity, he held many a dialogue with Punch, in
much the same strain as he did afterwards with the mountebank doctor, his
master, upon the stage. This Zany, being regularly educated, had the
advantage of his brethren." Besides the serio-comic drama of Punch and
Judy, many popular stories were represented by the puppets of those days,
which set forth the fortunes of Dick Whittington and the sorrows of
Griselda, the vagaries of Merry Andrew and the humours of Bartholomew
Fair, as delineated by the pen of Ben Jonson. It is a noteworthy
circumstance, as showing the estimation in which the Smithfield Fair was
held by the upper and middle classes at this period, and for more than
half a century afterwards, that the summer season of the patent theatres,
which closed at that time, always concluded with a representation of
Jonson's now forgotten comedy.

A slight general view of Bartholomew Fair in 1685, with some equally
slight and curious moralising on the subject, is presented by Sir Robert
Southwell, in a letter addressed to his son, the Honourable Edward
Southwell, who was then in London with his tutor, Mr. Webster.

"I think it not now," says Sir Robert, "so proper to quote you verses out
of Persius, or to talk of Caesar and Euclid, as to consider the great
theatre of Bartholomew Fair, where I doubt not but you often resort, and
'twere not amiss if you cou'd convert that tumult into a profitable book.
You wou'd certainly see the garboil there to more advantage if Mr. Webster
and you wou'd read, or cou'd see acted, the play of Ben Jonson, call'd
Bartholomew Fair: for then afterwards going to the spot, you wou'd note if
things and humours were the same to day, as they were fifty years ago, and
take pattern of the observations which a man of sense may raise out of
matters that seem even ridiculous. Take then with you the impressions of
that play, and in addition thereunto, I shou'd think it not amiss if you
then got up into some high window, in order to survey the whole pit at
once. I fancy then you will say, _Totus mundus agit histrionem_, and then
you wou'd note into how many various shapes human nature throws itself, in
order to buy cheap and sell dear, for all is but traffick and commerce,
some to give, some to take, and all is by exchange, to make the
entertainment complete.

"The main importance of this fair is not so much for merchandize, and the
supplying what people really want; but as a sort of Bacchanalia, to
gratifie the multitude in their wandering and irregular thoughts. Here you
see the rope-dancers gett their living meerly by hazarding of their lives,
and why men will pay money and take pleasure to see such dangers, is of
seperate and philosophical consideration. You have others who are acting
fools, drunkards, and madmen, but for the same wages which they might get
by honest labour, and live with credit besides.

"Others, if born in any monstrous shape, or have children that are such,
here they celebrate their misery, and by getting of money, forget how
odious they are made. When you see the toy-shops, and the strange variety
of things, much more impertinent than hobby-horses or gloves of
gingerbread, you must know there are customers for all these matters, and
it wou'd be a pleasing sight cou'd we see painted a true figure of all
these impertinent minds and their fantastick passions, who come trudging
hither, only for such things. 'Tis out of this credulous crowd that the
ballad-singers attrackt an assembly, who listen and admire, while their
confederate pickpockets are diving and fishing for their prey.

"'Tis from those of this number who are more refined, that the mountebank
obtains audience and credit, and it were a good bargain if such customers
had nothing for their money but words, but they are best content to pay
for druggs, and medicines, which commonly doe them hurt. There is one
corner of this Elizium field devoted to the eating of pig, and the
surfeits that attend it. The fruits of the season are everywhere scatter'd
about, and those who eat imprudently do but hasten to the physitian or the
churchyard."

In 1697, William Philips, the zany or Jack Pudding mentioned by Granger,
was arrested and publicly whipped for perpetrating, in Bartholomew Fair, a
jest on the repressive tendencies of the Government, which has been
preserved by Prior in a poem. It seems that he made his appearance on the
exterior platform of the show at which he was engaged, with a tongue in
his left hand and a black pudding in his right. Professing to have learned
an important secret, by which he hoped to profit, he communicated it to
the mountebank, as related by Prior, as follows:--

  "Be of your patron's mind whate'er he says;
  Sleep very much, think little, and talk less:
  Mind neither good nor bad, nor right nor wrong;
  But eat your pudding, slave, and hold your tongue."

Mr. Morley conjectures that this Philips was the W. Phillips who wrote the
tragedy of the _Revengeful Queen_, published in 1698, and who was supposed
to be the author of another, _Alcamenes and Menelippa_, and of a farce
called _Britons, Strike Home_, which was acted in a booth in Bartholomew
Fair. But worth more than all these plays would now be, if it could be
discovered, the book published in 1688, of which, only the title-page is
preserved in the Harleian collection, viz., 'The Comical History of the
famous Merry Andrew, W. Phill., Giving an Account of his Pleasant Humours,
Various Adventures, Cheats, Frolicks, and Cunning Designs, both in City
and Country.'

The circus was an entertainment as yet unknown. The only equestrian
performances were of the kind given by Banks, and repeated, as we learn
from Davenant and Pepys, by performers who came after him, of whom there
was a regular succession down to the time of Philip Astley. The first
entertainer who introduced horses into vaulting acts seems to have been
William Stokes, a famous vaulter of the reigns of the latter Stuarts. He
was the author of a manual of the art of vaulting, which was published at
Oxford in 1652, and contains several engravings, showing him in the act of
vaulting over a horse, over two horses, and leaping upon them, in one
alighting in the saddle, and in another upon the bare back of the horse,
_a la Bradbury_.

Another of the great show characters of this period was Joseph Clark, the
posturer, who according to a notice of him in the Transactions of the
Royal Philosophical Society, "had such an absolute command of all his
muscles and joints that he could disjoint almost his whole body." His
performance seems to have consisted chiefly in the imitation of every kind
of human deformity; and he is said to have imposed so completely upon
Molins, a famous surgeon of that period, as to be dismissed by him as an
incurable <DW36>. His portrait in Tempest's collection represents him in
the act of shouldering his leg, an antic which is imitated by a monkey.

Clark was the "whimsical fellow, commonly known by the name of the
Posture-master," mentioned by Addison in the 'Guardian,' No. 102. He was
the son of a distiller in Shoe Lane, who designed him for the medical
profession, but a brief experience with John Coniers, an apothecary in
Fleet Street, not pleasing him, he was apprenticed to a mercer in
Bishopsgate Street. Trade suited him no better than medicine, it would
seem, for he afterwards went to Paris, in the retinue of the Duke of
Buckingham, and there first displayed his powers as a posturer. He died
in 1690, at his house in Pall Mall, and was buried in the church of St.
Martin-in-the-Fields. Many portraits of him, in different attitudes, are
extant in the British Museum.

Monstrosities have always been profitable subjects for exhibition.
Shakespeare tells us, and may be presumed to have intended the remark to
convey his impression of the tendency of his own generation, that people
would give more to see a dead Indian than to relieve a lame beggar; and
the profits of the exhibition of Julia Pastrana and the so-called Kostroma
people show that the public interest in such monstrosities remains
unabated. But what would "City men" say to such an exhibition in
Threadneedle Street? I take the following announcement from a newspaper of
June, 1698:--

"At Moncrieff's Coffee-house, in Threadneedle Street, near the Royal
Exchange, is exposed to view, for sixpence a piece, a Monster that lately
died there, being Humane upwards and bruit downwards, wonderful to behold:
the like was never seen in England before, the skin is so exactly stuffed
that the whole lineaments and proportion of the Monster are as plain to be
seen as when it was alive. And a very fine Civet Cat, spotted like a
Leopard, and is now alive, that was brought from Africa with it. They are
exposed to view from eight in the morning to eight at night."

At the King's Head, in West Smithfield, there was this year exhibited "a
little Scotch Man, which has been admired by all that have yet seen him,
he being but two Foot and six Inches high; and is near upon 60 years of
Age. He was marry'd several years, and had Issue by his Wife, two sons
(one of which is with him now). He Sings and Dances with his son, and has
had the Honour to be shewn before several Persons of Note at their Houses,
as far as they have yet travelled. He formerly kept a Writing school; and
discourses of the Scriptures, and of many Eminent Histories, very wisely;
and gives great satisfaction to all spectators; and if need requires,
there are several Persons in this town, that will justifie that they were
his Schollars, and see him Marry'd."

In the same year, David Cornwell exhibited, at the Ram's Head, in
Fenchurch Street, a singular lad, advertised as "the Bold Grimace
Spaniard," who was said to have "liv'd 15 years among wild creatures in
the Mountains, and is reasonably suppos'd to have been taken out of his
cradle an Infant, by some savage Beast, and wonderfully preserv'd, till
some Comedians accidentally pass'd through those parts, and perceiving him
to be of Human Race, pursu'd him to his Cave, where they caught him in a
Net. They found something wonderful in his Nature, and took him with them
in their Travels through _Spain_ and _Italy_. He performs the following
surprising grimaces, viz., He lolls out his Tongue a foot long, turns his
eyes in and out at the same time; contracts his Face as small as an Apple;
extends his Mouth six inches, and turns it into the shape of a Bird's
Beak, and his eyes like to an Owl's; turns his mouth into the Form of a
Hat cock'd up three ways; and also frames it in the manner of a
four-square Buckle; licks his Nose with his Tongue, like a Cow; rolls one
Eyebrow two inches up, the other two down; changes his face to such an
astonishing Degree, as to appear like a Corpse long bury'd. Altho' bred
wild so long, yet by travelling with the aforesaid Comedians 18 years, he
can sing wonderfully fine, and accompanies his voice with a thorow Bass on
the Lute. His former natural Estrangement from human conversation oblig'd
_Mr. Cornwell_ to bring a Jackanapes over with him for his Companion, in
whom he takes great Delight and Satisfaction."

How many of these show creatures were impostors, and how many genuine
eccentricities of human nature, it is impossible to say. Barnum's
revelations have made us sceptical. But the numerous advertisements of
this kind in the newspapers of the period show that the passion for
monstrosities was as strongly developed in the latter half of the
seventeenth century as at the present day.

Barnes and Appleby's booth for tumbling and rope-dancing appears from the
following advertisement, extracted from a newspaper of 1699, to have
attended Bartholomew Fair the previous year:--

"At Mr. Barnes's and Mr. Appleby's Booth, between the Crown Tavern and the
Hospital Gate, over against the Cross Daggers, next to Miller's Droll
Booth, in West Smithfield, where the English and Dutch Flaggs, with
Barnes's and the two German Maidens' pictures, will hang out, during the
time of Bartholomew Fair, will be seen the most excellent and incomparable
performances in Dancing on the Slack Rope, Walking on the Slack Rope,
Vaulting and Tumbling on the Stage, by these five, the most famous
Companies in the Universe, viz., The English, Irish, High German, French,
and Morocco, now united. The Two German Maidens, who exceeded all mankind
in their performances, are within this twelvemonth improved to a Miracle."

In this year I find the following advertisement of a music booth, which
must have been one of the earliest established:--

"THOMAS DALE, Drawer at the Crown Tavern at Aldgate, keepeth the TURK'S
HEAD _Musick Booth_, in Smithfield Rounds, over against the _Greyhound_
Inn during the time of _Bartholomew Fair_, Where is a Glass of good Wine,
Mum, Syder, Beer, Ale, and all other Sorts of Liquors, to be Sold; and
where you will likewise be entertained with good Musick, Singing, and
Dancing. You will see a Scaramouch Dance, the Italian Punch's Dance, the
Quarter Staff, the Antick, the Countryman and Countrywoman's Dance, and
the Merry Cuckolds of Hogsden.

"Also a young Man that dances an Entry, Salabrand, and Jigg, and a Woman
that dances with Six Naked Rapiers, that we Challenge the whole Fair to do
the like. There is likewise a Young Woman that Dances with Fourteen
Glasses on the Backs and Palms of her Hands, and turns round with them
above an Hundred Times as fast as a Windmill turns; and another Young Man
that Dances a Jigg incomparably well, to the Admiration of all Spectators.
_Vivat Rex._"

James Miles, who announced himself as from Sadler's Wells, kept the Gun
music-booth in the fair, and announced nineteen dances, among which were
"a dance of three bullies and three Quakers;" a <DW36>s' dance by six
persons with wooden legs and crutches, "in imitation of a jovial crew;" a
dance with swords, and on a ladder, by a young woman, "with that variety
that she challenges all her sex to do the like;" and a new entertainment,
"between a Scaramouch, a Harlequin, and a Punchinello, in imitation of
bilking a reckoning." We shall meet with James Miles again in the next
chapter and century.




CHAPTER IV.

    Attempts to Suppress the Shows at Bartholomew Fair--A remarkable Dutch
    Boy--Theatrical Booths at the London Fairs--Penkethman, the
    Comedian--May Fair--Barnes and Finley--Lady Mary--Doggett, the
    Comedian--Simpson, the Vaulter--Clench, the Whistler--A Show at
    Charing Cross--Another Performing Horse--Powell and Crawley, the
    Puppet-Showmen--Miles's Music-Booth--Settle and Mrs. Mynn--Southwark
    Fair--Mrs. Horton, the Actress--Bullock and Leigh--Penkethman and
    Pack--Boheme, the Actor--Suppression of May Fair--Woodward, the
    Comedian--A Female Hercules--Tiddy-dol, the Gingerbread Vendor.


So early as the close of the seventeenth century, one hundred and fifty
years before the fair was abolished, we find endeavours being made, in
emulation of the Puritans, to banish every kind of amusement from
Bartholomew Fair, and limit it to the purposes of an annual market. In
1700, the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen resolved that no booths should
be permitted to be erected in Smithfield that year; but on the 6th of
August it was announced that "the lessees of West Smithfield having on
Friday last represented to a Court of Aldermen at Guildhall, that it would
be highly injurious to them to have the erection of all booths there
totally prohibited, the right honourable Lord Mayor and the Court of
Aldermen have, on consideration of the premises, granted licence to erect
some booths during the time of Bartholomew Fair now approaching; but none
are permitted for music-booths, or any that may be means to promote
debauchery." And, on the 23rd, when the Lord Mayor went on horseback to
proclaim the fair, he ordered two music-booths to be taken down
immediately.

On the 4th of June, in the following year, the grand jury made a
presentment to the following effect:--"Whereas we have seen a printed
order of the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen, the 25th June, 1700, to
prevent the great profaneness, vice, and debauchery, so frequently used
and practised in Bartholomew Fair, by strictly charging and commanding all
persons concerned in the said fair, and in the sheds and booths to be
erected and built therein or places adjacent, that they do not let, set,
or hire, or use any booth, shed, stall, or other erection whatsoever to be
used or employed for interludes, stage-plays, comedies, gaming-places,
lotteries, or music meetings: and as we are informed the present Lord
Mayor and Court of Aldermen have passed another order to the same effect
on the 3rd instant, we take this occasion to return our most hearty thanks
for their religious care and great zeal in this matter; we esteeming a
renewing of their former practices at the Fair a continuing one of the
chiefest nurseries of vice next to the play-houses; therefore earnestly
desire that the said orders may be vigorously prosecuted, and that this
honourable Court would endeavour that the said fair may be employed to
those good ends and purposes it was at first designed."

This presentment deserves, and will repay, the most attentive
consideration of those who would know the real character of the amusements
presented at the London fairs, and the motives and aims of those who
endeavoured to suppress them. The grand jury profess to be actuated by a
desire to diminish profanity, vice, and debauchery; and, if this had been
their real and sole object, nothing could have been more laudable. But,
like those who would suppress the liquor traffic in order to prevent
drunkenness, they confounded the use with the abuse of the thing which
they condemned, and sought to deprive the masses of every kind of
amusement, because some persons could not participate therein without
indulging in vicious and debasing pleasures. It might have been supposed
that Bartholomew Fair was pre-eminently a means and occasion of vice and
debauchery, and that its continuance was incompatible with the maintenance
of public order and the due guardianship of public morals, if the grand
jury had not coupled with their condemnation an expression of their
opinion that it was not so bad as the theatres. In that sentence is
disclosed the real motive and aim of those who sought the suppression of
the amusements of the people at the London Fairs.

That the morals and manners of that age were of a low standard is
undeniable; but they would have been worse if the fairs had been
abolished, and the theatres closed, as the fanatics of the day willed. Men
and women cannot be made pious or virtuous by the prohibition of theatres,
concerts, and balls, any more than they can be rendered temperate by
suppressing the public sale of beer, wine, and spirits. Naturally, a
virtuous man, without being a straight-laced opponent of "cakes and ale,"
would have seen, in walking through a fair, much that he would deplore,
and desire to amend; but such a man would have the same reflections
inspired by a visit to a theatre or a music-hall, or any other amusement
of the present day. He would not, however, if he was sensible as well as
virtuous, conclude from what he saw and heard that all public amusements
ought to be prohibited. To suppress places of popular entertainment
because some persons abuse them would be like destroying a garden because
a snail crawls over the foliage, or an earwig lurks in the flowers.

The London fairs were attended this year by a remarkable Dutch boy, about
eight or nine years of age, whose eyes presented markings of the iris in
which sharp-sighted persons, aided perhaps by a considerable development
of the organ of wonder, read certain Latin and Hebrew words. In one eye,
the observer read, or was persuaded that he could read, the words _Deus
meus_; in the other, in Hebrew characters, the word _Elohim_. The boy's
parents, by whom he was exhibited, affirmed that his eyes had presented
these remarkable peculiarities from his birth. Great numbers of persons,
including the most eminent physiologists and physicians of the day, went
to see him; and the learned, who examined his eyes with great attention,
were as far from solving the mystery as the crowd of ordinary sight-seers.
Some of them regarded the case as an imposture, but they were unable to
suggest any means by which such a fraud could be accomplished. Others
regarded it as "almost" supernatural, a qualification not very easy to
understand. The supposed characters were probably natural, and only to be
seen as Roman and Hebrew letters by imaginative persons, or those who
viewed them with the eye of faith. Whatever their nature, the boy's sight
was not affected by them in the slightest degree.

The theatrical booths attending the London fairs began at this time to be
more numerous, and to present an entertainment of a better character than
had hitherto been seen. The elder Penkethman appears to have been the
first actor of good position on the stage who set the example of
performing in a temporary canvas theatre during the fairs, and it was soon
followed by the leading actors and actresses of the royal theatres. In a
dialogue on the state of the stage, published in 1702, and attributed to
Gildon, Critick calls Penkethman "the flower of Bartholomew Fair, and the
idol of the rabble; a fellow that overdoes everything, and spoils many a
part with his own stuff." He had then been ten years on the stage, having
made his first appearance at Drury Lane in 1692, as the tailor, a small
part in _The Volunteers_. Four years later, we find him playing, at the
same theatre, such parts as Snap in _Love's Last Shift_, Dr. Pulse in _The
Lost Lover_, and Nick Froth in _The Cornish Comedy_.

What the author of the pamphlet just quoted says of this actor receives
confirmation and illustration from an anecdote told of him, in connection
with the first representation of Farquhar's _Recruiting Officer_ at Drury
Lane in 1706. Penkethman, who played Thomas Appletree, one of the rustic
recruits, when asked his name by Wilks, to whom the part of Captain Plume
was assigned, replied, "Why, don't you know my name, Bob? I thought every
fool knew that."

"Thomas Appletree," whispered Wilks, assuming the office of prompter.

"Thomas Appletree!" exclaimed Penkethman, aloud. "Thomas Devil! My name is
Will Penkethman." Then, turning to the gallery, he addressed one of the
audience thus:--"Hark you, friend; don't you know my name?"

"Yes, Master Pinkey," responded the occupant of a front seat in the
gallery. "We know it very well."

The theatre was soon in an uproar: the audience at first laughed at the
folly of Penkethman and the evident distress of Wilks; but the joke soon
grew tiresome, and they began to hiss. Penkethman saw his mistake, and
speedily changed displeasure into applause by crying out, with a loud
nasal twang, and a countenance as ludicrously melancholy as he could make
it, "Adzooks! I fear I am wrong!"

Barnes, the rope-dancer, had at this time lost his former partner,
Appleby, and taken into partnership an acrobat named Finley. They
advertised their show in 1701 at Bartholomew Fair as, "Her Majesty's
Company of Rope Dancers." They had two German girls "lately arrived from
France;" and it was announced that "the famous Mr. Barnes, of whose
performances this kingdom is so sensible, Dances with 2 Children at his
feet, and with Boots and Spurs. Mrs. Finley, distinguished by the name of
Lady Mary for her incomparable Dancing, has much improved herself since
the last Fair. You will likewise be entertained with such variety of
Tumbling by Mr. Finley and his Company, as was never seen in the Fair
before. Note, that for the conveniency of the Gentry, there is a back-door
in Smithfield Rounds."

They were not without rivals, though the absence of names from the
following advertisement renders it probable that the "famous company"
calculated upon larger gains from anonymous boasting than they could hope
for from the announcement of their names:--

"At the Great Booth over against the Hospital Gate in Bartholomew Fair,
will be seen the Famous Company of Rope Dancers, they being the Greatest
Performers of Men, Women, and Children that can be found beyond the Seas,
so that the world cannot parallel them for Dancing on the Low Rope,
Vaulting on the High Rope, and for Walking on the Slack and Sloaping
Ropes, out-doing all others to that degree, that it has highly recommended
them, both in Bartholomew Fair and May Fair last, to all the best persons
of Quality in England. And by all are owned to be the only amazing Wonders
of the World in every thing they do: It is there you will see the Italian
Scaramouch dancing on the Rope, with a Wheel-barrow before him, with two
Children and a Dog in it, and with a Duck on his Head who sings to the
Company, and causes much Laughter. The whole entertainment will be so
extremely fine and diverting, as never was done by any but this Company
alone."

Doggett, whom Cibber calls the most natural actor of the day, and whose
name is associated with the coat and badge rowed for annually, on the 1st
of August, by London watermen's apprentices, was here this year, with a
theatrical booth, erected at the end of Hosier Lane, where was presented,
as the advertisements tell us, "A New DROLL call'd THE DISTRESSED VIRGIN
or _the Unnatural Parents_. Being a True History of the _Fair Maid of the
West_, or THE LOVING SISTERS. With the Comical Travels of _Poor Trusty_,
in Search of his _Master's Daughter_, and his Encounter with _Three
Witches_. _Also variety of Comick Dances and Songs, with Scenes and
Machines never seen before. Vivat Regina._" Doggett was at this time
manager of Drury Lane.

Miller, the actor, also had a theatrical booth in the fair, and made the
following announcement:--

"Never acted before. At _Miller's Booth_, over against _the Cross
Daggers_, near the _Crown Tavern_, during the time of _Bartholomew Fair_,
will be presented an Excellent New Droll, call'd THE TEMPEST, or _the
Distressed Lovers_. With the _English Hero_ and the _Island Princess_, and
the Comical Humours of the Inchanted _Scotchman_; or _Jockey_ and the
_Three Witches_. Showing how a Nobleman of England was cast away upon the
Indian Shore, and in his Travel found the Princess of the Country, with
whom he fell in Love, and after many Dangers and Perils, was married to
her; and his faithful Scotchman, who was saved with him, travelling
through Woods, fell in among Witches, when between 'em is abundance of
comical Diversions. There in the Tempest is Neptune, with his Triton in
his Chariot drawn with Sea Horses and Mair Maids singing. With variety of
Entertainment, performed by the best Masters; the Particulars would be too
tedious to be inserted here. _Vivat Regina._"

The similarity of the chief incidents in the dramas presented by Doggett
and Miller is striking. In both we have the troubles of the lovers, the
comical adventures of a man-servant, and the encounter with witches. We
shall find these incidents reproduced again and again, with variations,
and under different titles, in the plays set before Bartholomew audiences
of the eighteenth century.

May Fair first assumed importance this year, when the multiplication of
shows of all kinds caused it to assume dimensions which had not hitherto
distinguished it. It was held on the north side of Piccadilly, in
Shepherd's Market, White Horse Street, Shepherd's Court, Sun Court, Market
Court, an open space westward, extending to Tyburn Lane (now Park Lane),
Chapel Street, Shepherd Street, Market Street, Hertford Street, and
Carrington Street. The ground-floor of the market-house, usually occupied
by butchers' stalls, was appropriated during the fair to the sale of toys
and gingerbread; and the upper portion was converted into a theatre. The
open space westward was covered with the booths of jugglers, fencers, and
boxers, the stands of mountebanks, swings, round-abouts, etc., while the
sides of the streets were occupied by sausage stalls and gambling tables.
The first-floor windows were also, in some instances, made to serve as the
proscenia of puppet shows.

I have been able to trace only two shows to this fair in 1702, namely
Barnes and Finley's and Miller's, which stood opposite to the former, and
presented "an excellent droll called _Crispin and Crispianus: or, A
Shoemaker a Prince_; with the best machines, singing and dancing ever yet
in the fair." A great concourse of people attended from all parts of the
metropolis; an injudicious attempt on the part of the local authorities to
exclude persons of immoral character, which has always been found
impracticable in places of public amusement, resulted in a serious riot.
Some young women being arrested by the constables on the allegation that
they were prostitutes, they were rescued by a party of soldiers; and a
conflict was begun, which extended as other constables came up, and the
"rough" element took part with the rescuers of the incriminated women. One
constable was killed, and three others dangerously wounded before the
fight ended. The man by whose hand the constable fell contrived to escape;
but a butcher who had been active in the affray was arrested, and
convicted, and suffered the capital penalty at Tyburn.

In the following year, the fair was presented as a nuisance by the grand
jury of Middlesex; but it continued to be held for several years
afterwards. Barnes and Finley again had a show at Bartholomew Fair, to
which the public were invited to "see my Lady Mary perform such steps on
the dancing-rope as have never been seen before." The young lady thus
designated, and whose performance attracted crowds of spectators to Barnes
and Finley's show, was said to be the daughter of a Florentine noble, and
had given up all for love by eloping with Finley. By the companion of her
flight she was taught to dance upon the tight rope, and for a few years
was an entertainer of considerable popularity; but, venturing to exhibit
her agility and grace while _enceinte_, she lost her balance, fell from
the rope, and died almost immediately after giving birth to a stillborn
child.

Bullock and Simpson, the former an actor of some celebrity at Drury Lane,
joined Penkethman this year in a show at Bartholomew Fair, in which
_Jephtha's Rash Vow_ was performed, Penkethman playing the part of Toby,
and Bullock that of Ezekiel. Bullock is described in the pamphlet
attributed to Gildon as "the best comedian who has trod the stage since
Nokes and Leigh, and a fellow that has a very humble opinion of himself."
So much modesty must have made him a _rara avis_ among actors, who have,
as a rule, a very exalted opinion of themselves. He had been six years on
the stage at this time, having made his first appearance in 1696, at Drury
Lane, as Sly in _Love's Last Shift_. His ability was soon recognised; and
in the same year he played Sir Morgan Blunder in _The Younger Brother_,
and Shuffle in _The Cornish Comedy_. Parker and Doggett also had a booth
this year at the same fair, playing _Bateman; or, the Unhappy Marriage_,
with the latter comedian in the part of Sparrow.

Penkethman at this time, from his salary as an actor at Drury Lane, his
gains from attending Bartholomew and Southwark Fairs with his show, and
the profits of the Richmond Theatre, which he either owned or leased, was
in the receipt of a considerable income. "He is the darling of
Fortunatus," says Downes, writing in 1708, "and has gained more in
theatres and fairs in twelve years than those who have tugged at the oar
of acting these fifty." He did not retire from the stage, however, until
1724.

Some of the minor shows of this period must now be noticed. A bill of this
time--the date cannot always be fixed--invites the visitors to Bartholomew
Fair to witness "the wonderful performances of that most celebrated
master Simpson, the famous vaulter, who being lately arrived from Italy,
will show the world what vaulting is." The chroniclers of the period have
not preserved any record, save this bill, of this not too modest
performer. A more famous entertainer was Clench, a native of Barnet, whose
advertisements state that he "imitates horses, huntsmen, and a pack of
hounds, a doctor, an old woman, a drunken man, bells, the flute, and the
organ, with three voices, by his own natural voice, to the greatest
perfection," and that he was "the only man that could ever attain so great
an art." He had a rival, however, in the whistling man, mentioned in the
'Spectator,' who was noted for imitating the notes of all kinds of birds.
Clench attended all the fairs in and around London, and at other times
gave his performance at the corner of Bartholomew Lane, behind the old
Exchange.

To this period also belongs the following curious announcement of "a
collection of strange and wonderful creatures from most parts of the
world, all alive," to be seen over against the Mews Gate, Charing Cross,
by her Majesty's permission.

"The first being a little _Black Man_, being but 3 foot high, and 32 years
of age, straight and proportionable every way, who is distinguished by
the Name of the _Black Prince_, and has been shewn before most Kings and
Princes in Christendom. The next being his wife, the _Little Woman_, NOT 3
foot high, and 30 years of Age, straight and proportionable as any woman
in the Land, which is commonly called the _Fairy Queen_; she gives general
satisfaction to all that sees her, by Diverting them with Dancing, being
big with Child. Likewise their little _Turkey Horse_, being but 2 foot odd
inches high, and above 12 years of Age, that shews several diverting and
surprising Actions, at the Word of Command. The least Man, Woman, and
Horse that ever was seen in the World Alive. _The Horse being kept in a
box._ The next being a strange Monstrous Female Creature that was taken in
the woods in the Deserts of AETHIOPIA in Prester _John's_ Country, in the
remotest parts of Africa. The next is the noble _Picary_, which is very
much admir'd by the Learned. The next being the noble _Jack-call_, the
Lion's Provider, which hunts in the Forest for the Lion's Prey. Likewise a
small _Egyptian Panther_, spotted like a _Leopard_. The next being a
strange, monstrous creature, brought from the _Coast of Brazil_, having a
Head like a Child, Legs and Arms very wonderful, with a Long Tail like a
Serpent, wherewith he Feeds himself, as an _Elephant_ doth with his Trunk.
With several other Rarities too tedious to mention in this Bill.

"And as no such Collection was ever shewn in this Place before, we hope
they will give you content and satisfaction, assuring you, that they are
the greatest Rarities that ever was shewn alive in this Kingdom, and are
to be seen from nine o'clock in the Morning, till 10 at Night, where true
Attendance shall be given during our stay in this Place, which will be
very short. _Long live the_ QUEEN."

The proprietors of menageries and circuses are always amusing, if not very
lucid, when they set forth in type the attractions of their shows. The
owner of the rarities exhibited over against the Mews Gate in the reign of
Queen Anne was no exception to the rule. The picary and the jack-call may
be readily identified as the peccary and the jackal, but "a strange
monstrous female creature" defies recognition, even with the addition that
it was brought from Prester John's country. The Brazilian wonder may be
classified with safety with the long-tailed monkeys, especially as another
and shorter advertisement, in the 'Spectator,' describes it a little more
explicitly as a satyr. It was, probably, a spider monkey, one variety of
which is said, by Humboldt, to use its prehensile tail for the purpose of
picking insects out of crevices.

The Harleian Collection contains the following announcement of a
performing horse:--

"To be seen, at the Ship, upon Great Tower Hill, the finest taught horse
in the world. He fetches and carries like a spaniel dog. If you hide a
glove, a handkerchief, a door-key, a pewter basin, or so small a thing as
a silver two-pence, he will seek about the room till he has found it; and
then he will bring it to his master. He will also tell the number of spots
on a card, and leap through a hoop; with a variety of other curious
performances."

Powell, the famous puppet-showman mentioned in the 'Spectator,' in
humorous contrast with the Italian Opera, never missed Bartholomew Fair,
where, however, he had a rival in Crawley, two of whose bills have been
preserved in the Harleian Collection. Pinkethman, another "motion-maker,"
as the exhibitors of these shows were called, and also mentioned in the
'Spectator,' introduced on his stage the divinities of Olympus ascending
and descending to the sound of music. Strutt, who says that he saw
something of the same kind at a country fair in 1760, thinks that the
scenes and figures were painted upon a flat surface and cut out, like
those of a boy's portable theatre, and that motion was imparted to them by
clock-work. This he conjectures to have been the character also of the
representation, with moving figures, of the camp before Lisle, which was
exhibited, in the reign of Anne, in the Strand, opposite the Globe Tavern,
near Hungerford Market.

One of the two bills of Crawley's show which have been preserved was
issued for Bartholomew Fair, and the other for Southwark Fair. The former
is as follows:--

"At Crawley's Booth, over against the Crown Tavern in Smithfield, during
the time of Bartholomew Fair, will be presented a little opera, called the
_Old Creation of the World_, yet newly revived; with the addition of
_Noah's flood_; also several fountains playing water during the time of
the play. The last scene does present Noah and his family coming out of
the ark, with all the beasts two by two, and all the fowls of the air seen
in a prospect sitting upon trees; likewise over the ark is seen the sun
rising in a most glorious manner: moreover, a multitude of angels will be
seen in a double rank, which presents a double prospect, one for the sun,
the other for a palace, where will be seen six angels ringing of bells.
Likewise machines descending from above, double, with Dives rising out of
hell, and Lazarus seen in Abraham's bosom, besides several figures dancing
jiggs, sarabands, and country dances, to the admiration of the
spectators; with the merry conceits of _Squire Punch and Sir John
Spendall_." This curious medley was "completed by an entertainment of
singing, and dancing with several naked swords by a child of eight years
of age." In the bill for Southwark Fair we find the addition of "the ball
of little dogs," said to have come from Louvain, and to perform "by their
cunning tricks wonders in the world of dancing. You shall see one of them
named Marquis of Gaillerdain, whose dexterity is not to be compared; he
dances with Madame Poucette his mistress and the rest of their company at
the sound of instruments, all of them observing so well the cadence that
they amaze everybody;" it is added that these celebrated performers had
danced before Queen Anne and most of the nobility, and amazed everybody.

James Miles, who has been mentioned in the last chapter, promised the
visitors, in a bill preserved in the Harleian Collection, that they should
see "a young woman dance with the swords, and upon a ladder, surpassing
all her sex." Nineteen different dances were performed in his show, among
which he mentions a "wrestlers' dance" and vaulting upon the slack rope.
Respecting this dancing with swords, Strutt says that he remembered seeing
"at Flockton's, a much noted but very clumsy juggler, a girl about
eighteen or twenty years of age, who came upon the stage with four naked
swords, two in each hand; when the music played, she turned round with
great swiftness, and formed a great variety of figures with the swords,
holding them overhead, down by her sides, behind her, and occasionally she
thrust them in her bosom. The dance generally continued ten or twelve
minutes; and when it was finished, she stopped suddenly, without appearing
to be in the least giddy from the constant reiteration of the same
motion."

The ladder-dance was performed upon a light ladder, which the performer
shifted from place to place, ascended and descended, without permitting it
to fall. It was practised at Sadler's Wells at the commencement of the
last century, and revived there in 1770. Strutt thought it originated in
the stilt-dance, which appears, from an illumination of the reign of Henry
III., to have been practised in the thirteenth century.

Mrs. Mynn appears as a Bartholomew Fair theatrical manageress in 1707,
when Settle, then nearly sixty years of age, and in far from flourishing
circumstances, adapted to her stage his spectacular drama of the _Siege of
Troy_, which had been produced at Drury Lane six years previously.
Settle, who was a good contriver of spectacles, though a bad dramatic
poet, reduced it from five acts to three, striking out four or five of the
_dramatis personae_, cutting down the serious portions of the dialogue, and
giving greater breadth as well as length to the comic incidents, without
which no Bartholomew audience would have been satisfied. As acted in her
theatrical booth, it was printed by Mrs. Mynn, with the following
introduction:--

"_A Printed Publication of an_ Entertainment _performed on a_ Smithfield
Stage, _which, how gay or richly soever set off, will hardly reach to a
higher Title than the customary name of a_ DROLL, _may seem somewhat new.
But as the present undertaking, the work of ten Months' preparation, is so
extraordinary a Performance, that without Boast or Vanity we may modestly
say, In the whole_ several Scenes, Movements, _and_ Machines, _it is no
ways Inferiour even to any one_ Opera _yet seen in either of_ the Royal
Theatres; _we are therefore under some sort of Necessity to make this
Publication, thereby to give ev'n the meanest of our audience a full Light
into all the Object they will there meet in this_ Expensive Entertainment;
_the_ Proprietors _of which have adventur'd to make, under some small
Hopes, That as they yearly see some of their happier Brethren Undertakers
in the_ FAIR, _more cheaply obtain even the Engrost Smiles of the_ Gentry
_and_ Quality _at so much an easier Price; so on the other side their own
more costly Projection (though less Favourites) might possibly attain to
that good Fortune, at least to attract a little share of the good graces
of the more Honourable part of the Audience, and perhaps be able to
purchase some of those smiles which elsewhere have been thus long the
profuser Donation of particular Affection and Favour._"

In the following year, Settle arranged for Mrs. Mynn the dramatic
spectacle of _Whittington_, long famous at Bartholomew Fair, concluding
with a mediaeval Lord Mayor's cavalcade, in which nine different pageants
were introduced.

In 1708, the first menagerie seems to have appeared at Bartholomew Fair,
where it stood near the hospital gate, and attracted considerable
attention. Sir Hans Sloane cannot be supposed to have missed such an
opportunity of studying animals little known, as he is said to have
constantly visited the fair for that purpose, and to have retained the
services of a draughtsman for their representation.

The first menagerie in this country was undoubtedly that, which for
several centuries, was maintained in the Tower of London, and the
beginning of which may be traced to the presentation of three leopards to
Henry III. by the Emperor of Germany, in allusion to the heraldic device
of the former. Several royal orders are extant which show the progress
made in the formation of the menagerie and furnish many interesting
particulars concerning the animals. Two of these documents, addressed by
Henry III. to the sheriffs of London, have reference to a white bear. The
first, dated 1253, directs that fourpence a day should be allowed for the
animal's subsistence; and the second, made in the following year, commands
that, "for the keeper of our white bear, lately sent us from Norway, and
which is in our Tower of London, ye cause to be had one muzzle and one
iron chain, to hold that bear without the water, and one long and strong
cord to hold the same bear when fishing in the river of Thames."

Other mandates, relating to an elephant, were issued in the same reign, in
one of which it is directed, "that ye cause, without delay, to be built at
our Tower of London, one house of forty feet long, and twenty feet deep,
for our elephant; providing that it be so made and so strong that, when
need be it may be fit and necessary for other uses." We learn from Matthew
Paris that this animal was presented to Henry by the King of France. It
was ten years old, and ten feet in height. It lived till the forty-first
year of Henry's reign, in which year it is recorded that, for the
maintenance of the elephant and its keeper, from Michaelmas to St.
Valentine's Day, immediately before it died, the charge was nearly
seventeen pounds--a considerable sum for those days.

Many additions were made to the Tower menagerie in the reign of Edward
III.; and notably a lion and lioness, a leopard, and two wild cats. The
office of keeper of the lions was created by Henry VI., with an allowance
of sixpence a day for the keeper, and a like sum "for the maintenance of
every lion or leopard now being in his custody, or that shall be in his
custody hereafter." This office was continued until comparatively recent
times, when it was abolished with the menagerie, a step which put an end
likewise to the time-honoured hoax, said to have been practised upon
country cousins, of going to the water side, below London Bridge, to see
the lions washed.

The building appropriated to the keeping and exhibition of the animals was
a wide semi-circular edifice, in which were constructed, at distances of a
few feet apart, a number of arched "dens," divided into two or more
compartments, and secured by strong iron bars. Opposite these cages was a
gallery of corresponding form, with a low stone parapet, and approached
from the back by a flight of steps. This was appropriated exclusively to
the accommodation of the royal family, who witnessed from it the feeding
of the beasts and the combats described by Mr. Ainsworth in the romance
which made the older portions of the Tower familiar ground to so many
readers.

The menagerie which appeared in Smithfield in 1708, and the ownership of
which I have been unable to discover, was a very small concern; but with
the showman's knowledge of the popular love of the marvellous, was
announced as "a Collection of Strange and Wonderful Creatures," which
included "the Noble _Casheware_, brought from the Island of Java in the
East Indies, one of the strangest creatures in the Universe, being half a
Bird, and half a Beast, reaches 16 Hands High from the Ground, his Head is
like a Bird, and so is his Feet, he hath no hinder Claw, Wings, Tongue,
nor Tail; his Body is like to the Body of a Deer; instead of Feathers, his
fore-part is covered with Hair like an Ox, his hinder-part with a double
Feather in one Quill; he Eats Iron, Steel, or Stones; he hath 2 Spears
grows by his side."

There is now no difficulty in recognising this strange bird as the
cassowary, the representative in the Indian islands of the ostrich. There
was also a leopard from Lebanon, an eagle from Russia, a "posoun"
(opossum ?) from Hispaniola, and, besides a "Great Mare of the Tartarian
Breed," which "had the Honour to be show'd before Queen Anne, Prince
George, and most of the Nobility," "a little black hairy _Monster_, bred
in the _Desarts of Arabia_, a natural Ruff of Hair about his Face, walks
upright, takes a Glass of Ale in his Hand and drinks it off; and doth
several other things to admiration." This animal was probably a specimen
of the maned colobus, a native of the forests of Sierra Leone, and called
by Pennant the full-bottomed monkey, in allusion to the full-bottom
periwig of his day.

A pamphlet was published in 1710, with the title, _The Wonders of
England_, purporting to contain "Doggett and Penkethman's dialogue with
Old Nick, on the suppression of Bartholomew Fair," and accounts of many
strange and wonderful things; but it was a mere "catch-penny," as such
productions of the Monmouth Street press were called, not containing a
line about the suppression of the fair, and the title, as Hone observes,
"like the showmen's painted cloths in the fair, pictures monsters not
visible within."

The lesser sights of a fair in the first quarter of the eighteenth century
are graphically delineated by Gay, in his character of the ballad singer,
in "The Shepherd's Week," bringing before the mind's eye the stalls, the
lotteries, the mountebanks, the tumblers, the rope-dancers, the
raree-shows, the puppets, and "all the fun of the fair."

  "How pedlers' stalls with glittering toys are laid,
  The various fairings of the country maid.
  Long silken laces hang upon the twine,
  And rows of pins and amber bracelets shine;
  How the tight lass knives, combs, and scissors spies,
  And looks on thimbles with desiring eyes.
  Of lotteries next with tuneful note he told,
  Where silver spoons are won, and rings of gold.
  The lads and lasses trudge the street along,
  And all the fair is crowded in his song.
  The mountebank now treads the stage, and sells
  His pills, his balsams, and his ague-spells;
  Now o'er and o'er the nimble tumbler springs,
  And on the rope the venturous maiden swings;
  Jack Pudding, in his party- jacket,
  Tosses the glove, and jokes at every packet.
  Of raree-shows he sung, and Punch's feats,
  Of pockets picked in crowds, and various cheats."

The theatrical booths, of which we have only casual notices or records
during the seventeenth century and the first dozen years of the
eighteenth, became an important feature of the London fairs about 1714,
from which time those of Bartholomew and Southwark were regularly attended
by many of the leading actors and actresses of Drury Lane, Covent Garden,
the Haymarket, Lincoln's Inn Fields, and Goodman's Fields theatres, down
to the middle of the century, excepting those years in which no theatrical
booths were allowed to be put up in Smithfield. The theatrical companies
which attended the fairs were not, however, drawn entirely from the London
theatres. Three or four actors associated in the proprietorship and
management, or were engaged by a popular favourite, and the rest of the
company was recruited from provincial theatres, or from the strolling
comedians of the country fairs.

The London fairs were not, therefore, neglected by metropolitan managers
in quest of talent, who, by witnessing the performances in booths on
Smithfield or Southwark Green, sometimes found and transferred to their
own boards, actors and actresses who proved stars of the first magnitude.
It was in Bartholomew Fair that Booth found Walker, the original
representative of Captain Macheath, playing in the _Siege of Troy_; and in
Southwark Fair, in 1714, that the same manager saw Mrs. Horton acting in
_Cupid and Psyche_, and was so pleased with her impersonation that he
immediately offered her an engagement at Drury Lane, where she appeared
the following season as Melinda, in the _Recruiting Officer_. She made her
first appearance in 1713, as Marcia in _Cato_, with a strolling company
then performing at Windsor; and is said to have been one of the most
beautiful women that ever trod the stage.

Penkethman's company played the _Constant Lovers_ in Southwark Fair in the
year that proved so fortunate for Mrs. Horton, the comedian himself
playing Buzzard, and Bullock taking the part of Sir Timothy Littlewit. In
the following year, as we learn from a newspaper paragraph "a great
play-house" was erected in the middle of Smithfield for "the King's
players," being "the largest ever built." In 1717 Bullock did not
accompany Penkethman, but set up a booth of his own, in conjunction with
Leigh; while Penkethman formed a partnership with Pack, and produced the
new "droll," _Twice Married and a Maid Still_, in which the former
personated Old Merriwell; Pack, Tim; Quin, Vincent; Ryan, Peregrine;
Spiller, Trusty; and Mrs. Spiller, Lucia. Penkethman's booth received the
honour of a visit from the Prince of Wales. On the evening of the 13th of
September, the popular favourite and several of the company were arrested
on the stage by a party of constables, in the presence of a hundred and
fifty of the nobility and gentry; but, pleading that they were "the King's
servants," they were released without being subjected to the pains and
penalties of vagrancy.

In 1719, Bullock's name appears alone as the proprietor of the theatrical
booth set up in Birdcage Alley, for Southwark Fair, and in which the _Jew
of Venice_ was represented, with singing and dancing, and Harper's
representation of the freaks and humours of a drunken man, which, having
been greatly admired at Lincoln's Inn Fields, where he and Bullock were
both then engaged, could not fail to delight a fair audience. It was in
this year that Boheme made his first appearance, as Menelaus in the _Siege
of Troy_, in a booth at Southwark, where he was seen and immediately
engaged by the manager of Lincoln's Inn Fields, where he appeared the
following season as Worcester in _Henry IV._, and subsequently as the
Ghost in _Hamlet_, York in _Richard II._, Pisanio in _Cymbeline_,
Brabantio in _Othello_, etc.

The theatres at this time were closed during the continuance of
Bartholomew Fair, the concourse of all classes to that popular resort
preventing them from obtaining remunerative audiences at that time, while
the actors could obtain larger salaries in booths than they received at
the theatres, and some realised large amounts by associating in the
ownership of a booth. The Haymarket company presented the _Beggar's
Opera_, at Bartholomew and Southwark Fairs in 1720; and Penkethman had his
booth at both fairs, this year without a partner.

May Fair, which had long been falling into disrepute, now ceased to be
held. It was presented by the grand jury of Middlesex four years
successively as a nuisance; and the county magistrates then presented an
address to the Crown, praying for its suppression by royal proclamation.
Pennant, who says that he remembered the last May Fair, describes the
locality as "covered with booths, temporary theatres, and every enticement
to low pleasure." A more particular description was given in 1774, in a
communication from Carter, the antiquary, to the "Gentleman's Magazine."

"A mountebank's stage," he tells us, "was erected opposite the Three Jolly
Butchers public-house (on the east side of the market area, now the King's
Arms). Here Woodward, the inimitable comedian and harlequin, made his
first appearance as Merry Andrew; from these humble boards he soon after
made his way to Covent Garden Theatre. Then there was 'beheading of
puppets.' In a coal-shed attached to a grocer's shop (then Mr. Frith's,
now Mr. Frampton's), one of these mock executions was exposed to the
attending crowd. A shutter was fixed horizontally, on the edge of which,
after many previous ceremonies, a puppet laid its head, and another
puppet instantly chopped it off with an axe. In a circular stair-case
window, at the north end of Sun Court, a similar performance took place by
another set of puppets. In these representations, the late punishment of
the Scottish chieftain (Lord Lovat) was alluded to, in order to gratify
the feelings of southern loyalty, at the expense of that further north.

"In a fore one-pair room, on the west side of Sun Court, a Frenchman
submitted to the curious the astonishing strength of the 'strong woman,'
his wife. A blacksmith's anvil being procured from White Horse Street,
with three of the men, they brought it up, and placed it on the floor. The
woman was short, but most beautifully and delicately formed, and of a most
lovely countenance. She first let down her hair (a light auburn), of a
length descending to her knees, which she twisted round the projecting
part of the anvil, and then, with seeming ease, lifted the ponderous
weight some inches from the floor. After this, a bed was laid in the
middle of the room; when, reclining on her back, and uncovering her bosom,
the husband ordered the smiths to place thereon the anvil, and forge upon
it a horse-shoe! This they obeyed, by taking from the fire a red-hot piece
of iron, and with their forging hammers completing the shoe, with the
same might and indifference as when in the shop at their constant labour.
The prostrate fair one appeared to endure this with the utmost composure,
talking and singing during the whole process; then, with an effort which
to the bystanders seemed like some supernatural trial, cast the anvil from
off her body, jumping up at the same moment with extreme gaiety, and
without the least discomposure of her dress or person. That no trick or
collusion could possibly be practised on the occasion was obvious, from
the following evidence:--the audience stood promiscuously about the room,
among whom were our family and friends; the smiths were utter strangers to
the Frenchman, but known to us; therefore, the several efforts of strength
must have proceeded from the natural and surprising power this foreign
dame was possessed of. She next put her naked feet on a red-hot
salamander, without receiving the least injury; but this is a feat
familiar with us at this time.

"Here, too, was 'Tiddy-dol.' This celebrated vendor of gingerbread, from
his eccentricity of character, and extensive dealings in his way, was
always hailed as the king of itinerant tradesmen. In his person he was
tall, well made, and his features handsome. He affected to dress like a
person of rank; white gold-laced suit of clothes, laced ruffled shirt,
laced hat and feather, white silk stockings, with the addition of a fine
white apron. Among his harangues to gain customers, take this as a
specimen:--'Mary, Mary, where are you _now_, Mary? I live, when at home,
at the second house in Little Ball Street, two steps underground, with a
wiscum, riscum, and a why-not. Walk in, ladies and gentlemen; my shop is
on the second-floor backwards, with a brass knocker at the door. Here is
your nice gingerbread, your spice gingerbread; it will melt in your mouth
like a red-hot brick-bat, and rumble in your inside like Punch and his
wheelbarrow.' He always finished his address by singing this fag-end of
some popular ballad:--Ti-tid-dy, ti-ti, ti-tid-dy, ti-ti, ti-tid-dy,
ti-ti, tid-dy, did-dy, dol-lol, ti-tid-dy, ti-tid-dy, ti-ti, tid-dy,
tid-dy, dol. Hence arose his nick-name of 'Tiddy-dol.'"

In Hogarth's picture of the execution of the idle apprentice at Tyburn,
Tiddy-dol is seen holding up a cake of gingerbread, and addressing the
crowd in his peculiar style, his costume agreeing with the foregoing
description. His proper name was Ford, and so well-known was he that, on
his once being missed for a week from his usual stand in the Haymarket, on
the unusual occasion of an excursion to a country fair, a "catch-penny"
account of his alleged murder was sold in the streets by thousands. In
1721, as appears from a paragraph in the 'London Journal' of May 27th,
"the ground on which May Fair formerly stood is marked out for a large
square, and several fine streets and houses are to be built upon it."




CHAPTER V.

    Bartholomew Fair Theatricals--Lee, the Theatrical Printer--Harper, the
    Comedian--Rayner and Pullen--Fielding, the Novelist, a
    Showman--Cibber's Booth--Hippisley, the Actor--Fire in Bartholomew
    Fair--Fawkes, the Conjuror--Royal Visit to Fielding's Booth--Yeates,
    the Showman--Mrs. Pritchard, the Actress--Southwark Fair--Tottenham
    Court Fair--Ryan, the Actor--Hallam's Booth--Griffin, the Actor--Visit
    of the Prince of Wales to Bartholomew Fair--Laguerre's
    Booth--Heidegger--More Theatrical Booths--Their Suppression at
    Bartholomew Fair--Hogarth at Southwark Fair--Violante, the
    Rope-Dancer--Cadman, the Flying Man.


The success of the theatrical booths at the London fairs induced Lee, a
theatrical printer in Blue Maid Alley, Southwark, and son-in-law of Mrs.
Mynn, to set up one, which we first hear of at Bartholomew Fair in 1725,
when the popular drama of the _Unnatural Parents_ was represented in it.
Lee subsequently took into partnership in his managerial speculation the
popular comedian, Harper, in conjunction with whom he produced, in 1728, a
musical drama with the strange title of the _Quakers' Opera_, which, as
well as the subject, was suggested by the extraordinary popularity of
Gay's _Beggars' Opera_, the plot being derived from the adventures of the
notorious burglar made famous in our time by Mr. Ainsworth's romance of
'Jack Sheppard.' It was adapted for the fairs from a drama published in
1725 as _The Prison-breaker_, "as intended to be acted at the Theatre
Royal, Lincoln's Inn Fields."

Fielding, the future novelist, appeared this year, and in several
successive years, as a Bartholomew Fair showman, setting up a theatrical
booth in George Yard. He was then in his twenty-third year,
aristocratically connected and liberally educated, but almost destitute of
pecuniary resources, though the son of a general and a judge's daughter,
and the great grandson of an earl, while he was as gay as Sheridan and as
careless as Goldsmith. On leaving Eton he had studied law two years at
Leyden, but was obliged to return to England through the failure of the
allowance which his father had promised, but was too improvident to
supply. Finding himself without resources, and becoming acquainted with
some of the company at the Haymarket, he found the means, in conjunction
with Reynolds, the actor, to set up a theatrical booth in the locality
mentioned, and afterwards, during Southwark Fair, at the lower end of Blue
Maid Alley, on the green.

Fielding and Reynolds drew their company from the Haymarket, and produced
the _Beggars' Opera_, with "all the songs and dances, set to music, as
performed at the theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields." Their advertisements
for Southwark Fair inform the public that "there is a commodious passage
for the quality and coaches through the Half Moon Inn, and care will be
taken that there shall be lights, and people to conduct them to their
places."

In the following year Fielding and Reynolds had separate shows, the former
retaining the eligible site of George Yard for Bartholomew Fair, and
producing Colley's _Beggars' Wedding_, an opera in imitation of Gay's,
which had been originally acted in Dublin, and afterwards at the
Haymarket.

Reynolds, one of the Haymarket company, set up his booth between the
hospital gate and the Crown Tavern, and produced the same piece under the
title of _Hunter_, that being the name of the principal character. He had
the Haymarket band and scenery, with Ray, from Drury Lane, in the
principal part, and Mrs. Nokes as Tippit. Both he and Fielding announced
Hulett for Chaunter, the king of the beggars, and continued to do so
during the fair; but the comedian could not have acted several times daily
in both booths, and as he did not return to the Haymarket after the fair,
but joined the Lincoln's Inn Fields company, he was probably secured by
Fielding.

Bullock, who had now seceded from the Lincoln's Inn Fields company and
joined the new establishment in Goodman's Fields, under the management of
Odell, also appeared at Bartholomew Fair this year without a partner,
producing _Dorastus and Faunia_, and an adaptation of Doggett's _Country
Wake_ with the new title of _Flora_, announcing it, in deference to the
new taste, as being "after the manner of the _Beggars' Opera_." Rayner and
Pullen's company performed, at the Black Boy Inn, near Hosier Lane, an
adaptation of Gay's opera, the dashing highwayman being personated by
Powell, Polly by Mrs. Rayner, and Lucy by Mrs. Pullen.

In 1730, Fielding had a partner in Oates, a Drury Lane comedian, and again
erected his theatre in George Yard, which site was retained for him during
the whole period of his Bartholomew Fair experience. They produced a new
opera, called the _Generous Free-mason_, which was written by William
Rufus Chetwood, many years prompter at Drury Lane. Oates personated
Sebastian, and Fielding took the part of Clerimont himself. Miss Oates was
Maria. After the opera there were "several entertainments of dancing by
Mons. de Luce, Mademoiselle de Lorme, and others, particularly the Wooden
Shoe Dance, Perrot and Pierette, and the dance of the Black Joke."

Reynolds was there again, with the historical drama of _Scipio's Triumph_
and the pantomime of _Harlequin's Contrivance_. Lee and Harper presented
_Robin Hood_, and Penkethman and Giffard the historical drama of _Wat
Tyler and Jack Straw_. Penkethman had retired from the stage in 1724, and
it is doubtful whether he lent his name on this occasion to Giffard, who
was then lessee of Goodman's Fields, or the latter had taken the younger
Penkethman into partnership with him.

Among the minor shows this year was a collection of natural curiosities,
advertised as follows:--

"These are to give notice to all Ladies, Gentlemen, and others. That at
the end of Hosier Lane, in Smithfield, are to be seen, during the Time of
the Fair, TWO RATTLE SNAKES, one a very large size, and rattles that you
may hear him at a quarter of a mile almost, and something of Musick, that
grows on the tails thereof; of divers colours, forms, and shapes, with
darts that they extend out of their mouths, about two inches long. They
were taken on the Mountains of Leamea. A Fine CREATURE, of a small size,
taken in Mocha, that burrows under ground. It is of divers colours, and
very beautiful. The TEETH of a DEAD RATTLE SNAKE, to be seen and handled,
with the Rattles. A SEA SNAIL, taken on the Coast of India. Also, the HORN
of a FLYING BUCK. Together with a curious Collection of Animals and
Insects from all Parts of the World. To be seen without Loss of Time."

Bullock did not appear as an individual manager in the following year,
having associated himself with Cibber, Griffin, and Hallam. The theatrical
booth of which they were joint proprietors stood near Hosier Lane, where
the tragedy of _Tamerlane the Great_ was presented, the hero being played
by Hallam, and Bajazet by Cibber. The entertainment must have been longer
than usual, for it comprised a comedy, _The Miser_, adapted from _L'Avare_
of Moliere, in which Griffin played Lovegold, and Bullock was Cabbage; and
a pantomime or ballet, called a _Ridotto al fresco_. Miller, Mills, and
Oates, whose theatre was over against the hospital gate, presented the
_Banished General_, a romantic drama, playing the principal parts
themselves.

Oates having joined Miller and Mills, Fielding had for partners this year
Hippisley and Hall, the former of whom appeared at Bartholomew Fair for
the first time. He kept a coffee-house in Newcastle Court, Strand, which
was frequented by members of the theatrical profession. Chetwood wrote for
them a romantic drama called _The Emperor of China_, in which the pathetic
and the comic elements were blended in a manner to please fair audiences,
whose sympathies were engaged by the sub-title, _Love in Distress and
Virtue Rewarded_. Hippisley played Shallow, a Welsh squire on his travels;
Hall, his servant, Robin Booby; young Penkethman, Sir Arthur Addleplot;
and Mrs. Egleton, a chambermaid, Loveit.

A fire occurred this year in one of the smaller booths, and, though little
damage was done, the alarm caused so much fright to the wife of Fawkes,
the conjuror, whose show adjoined the booth in which the fire broke out,
as to induce premature parturition. This is the only fire recorded as
having occurred in Bartholomew Fair during the seven centuries of its
existence.

I have found no Bartholomew Fair advertisement of Lee and Harper for this
year; but at Southwark Fair, where their show stood on the bowling green,
behind the Marshalsea Prison, they presented _Bateman_, with a variety of
singing and dancing, and a pantomimic entertainment called the _Harlot's
Progress_. A change of performance being found necessary, they presented
the "celebrated droll" of _Jephtha's Rash Vow_, in which Harper played the
strangely incongruous part of a Captain Bluster.

"To which," continues the advertisement, "will be added, a new Pantomime
Opera (which the Town has lately been in Expectation to see perform'd)
call'd

"The Fall of PHAETON. Wherein is shown the Rivalship of Phaeton and
Epaphus; their Quarrel about Lybia, daughter to King Merops, which causes
Phaeton to go to the Palace of the Sun, to know if Apollo is his father,
and for Proof of it requires the Guidance of his Father's Chariot, which
obtain'd, he ascends in the Chariot through the Air to light the World; in
the Course the Horses proving unruly go out of their way and set the World
on Fire; Jupiter descends on an Eagle, and with his Thunder-bolt strikes
Phaeton out of the Chariot into the River Po.

"The whole intermix'd with Comic Scenes between Punch, Harlequin,
Scaramouch, Pierrot, and Colombine.

"The Part of Jupiter by Mr. Hewet; Apollo, Mr. Hulett; Phaeton, Mr. Aston;
Epaphus, Mr. Nichols; Lybia, Mrs. Spiller; Phathusa, Mrs. Williamson;
Lampetia, Mrs. Canterel; Phebe, Mrs. Spellman; Clymena, Mrs. Fitzgerald.

"N.B. We shall begin at Ten in the Morning and continue Playing till Ten
at Night.

"N.B. The true Book of the Droll is printed and sold by G. Lee in Bluemaid
Alley, Southwark, and all others (not printed by him) are false."

Fawkes, the conjuror, whose show has been incidentally mentioned, located
it, in the intervals between the fairs, in James Street, near the
Haymarket, where he this year performed the marvellous flower trick, by
which the conjuror, Stodare, made so much of his fame a few years ago at
the Egyptian Hall. Fawkes had a partner, Pinchbeck, who was as clever a
mechanist as the former was a conjuror; and no small portion of the
attractiveness of the show was due to Pinchbeck's musical clock, his
mechanical contrivance for moving pictures, and which he called the
Venetian machine (something, probably, like the famous cyclorama of the
Colosseum), and his "artificial view of the world," with dioramic effects.
Feats of posturing were exhibited between Fawkes's conjuring tricks and
the exhibition of Pinchbeck's ingenious mechanism.

In 1732, Fielding had Hippisley alone as a partner in his theatrical
enterprise, and presented the historical drama of _The Fall of Essex_,
followed by an adapted translation (his own work) of _Le Medecin malgre
Lui_ of Moliere, under the title of _The Forced Physician_. The Prince and
Princess of Wales visited Fielding's theatre on the 30th of August, and
were so much pleased with the performances that they witnessed both plays
a second time.

Lee and Harper presented this year the _Siege of Bethulia_, "containing
the Ancient History of Judith and Holofernes, and the Comical Humours of
Rustego and his man Terrible." Holofernes was represented by Mullart,
Judith by Spiller (so say the advertisements; perhaps the prefix "Mrs."
was inadvertently omitted by the printer), and Rustego by Harper. As this
was the first year in which this curious play was acted by Lee and
Harper's company, the earlier date of 1721, assigned to Setchel's print of
Bartholomew Fair, is an obvious error, as the title of this play is
therein represented on the front of Lee and Harper's show. It is not easy
to understand how such an error can have obtained currency, it being
further proclaimed by the introduction of a peep-show of the siege of
Gibraltar, which occurred in 1728.

Setchel's print was a copy of one which adorned a fan fabricated for sale
in the fair, and had appended to it a description, ascribed to Caulfield,
the author of a collection of 'Remarkable Characters.' The authorship of
the descriptive matter is doubtful, however, as it asserts the portrait of
Fawkes to be the only one in existence; while Caulfield, in his brief
notice of the conjuror, mentions another and more elaborate one. Lee and
Harper's booth is conspicuously shown in the print, with a picture of the
murder of Holofernes at the back of the exterior platform, on which are
Mullart, and (I presume) Mrs. Spiller, dressed for Holofernes and Judith,
and three others of the company, one in the garb of harlequin, another
dancing, and the third blowing a trumpet. Judith is costumed in a
head-dress of red and blue feathers, laced stomacher, white hanging
sleeves, and a flounced crimson skirt; while Holofernes wears a flowing
robe, edged with gold lace, a helmet and cuirass, and brown buskins.

Fawkes's show also occupies a conspicuous place with its pictured cloth,
representing conjuring and tumbling feats, and Fawkes on the platform,
doing a conjuring trick, while a harlequin draws attention to him, and a
trumpeter bawls through his brazen instrument of torture an invitation to
the spectators to "walk up!" Near this show is another with a picture of a
woman dancing on the tight rope. The scene is filled up with the peep-show
before mentioned, a swing of the four-carred kind, a toy-stall, a
sausage-stall, and a gin-stall--one of those incentives to vice and
disorder which were permitted to be present, perhaps "for the good of
trade," when amusements were banished.

In 1733, Fielding and Hippisley's booth again stood in George Yard, where
they presented the romantic drama of _Love and Jealousy_, and a ballad
opera called _The Cure for Covetousness_, adapted by Fielding from _Les
Fourberies de Scapin_ of Moliere. In this piece Mrs. Pritchard first won
the popularity which secured her an engagement at Drury Lane for the
ensuing season, as, though she had acted before at the Haymarket and
Goodman's Fields, she attracted little attention until, in the character
of Loveit, she sang with Salway the duet, "Sweet, if you love me, smiling
turn," which was received with so much applause that Fielding and
Hippisley had it printed, and distributed copies in the fair by thousands.
Hippisley played Scapin in this opera, and Penkethman, announced as the
"son of the late facetious Mr. William Penkethman," Old Gripe. There was
dancing between the acts, and the _Ridotto al fresco_ afterwards; and the
advertisements add that, "to divert the audience during the filling of the
booth, the famous Mr. Phillips will perform his surprising postures on the
stage."

The newspapers of the time inform us that they had "crowded audiences,"
and that "a great number of the nobility intend to honour them with their
presence," which they probably did. All classes then went to Bartholomew
Fair, as in Pepys' time; the gentleman with the star on his coat in
Setchel's print was said to be Sir Robert Walpole.

Cibber, Griffin, Bullock, and Hallam again appeared in partnership, and
repeated the performances which they had found attractive in the preceding
year. Cibber played Bajazet in the tragedy, and Mrs. Charke, his youngest
daughter, Haly. This lady appeared subsequently on the scene as the
proprietress of a puppet-show, and finally as the keeper of a
sausage-stall. Griffin played Lovegold in the _Miser_, as he had done the
preceding winter at Drury Lane; but none of the Drury actresses performed
this year in the fairs, and Miss Raftor's part of Lappet was transferred
to Mrs. Roberts.

Lee and Harper presented _Jephtha's Rash Vow_, in which Hulett appeared;
and Miller, Mills, and Oates, the tragedy of _Jane Shore_, in which Miss
Oates personated the heroine; her father, Tim Hampwell; and Chapman,
Captain Blunderbuss. After the tragedy came a new mythological
entertainment, called the _Garden of Venus_; and the advertisements state
that, "To entertain the Company before the Opera begins, there will be a
variety of Rope-Dancing and Tumbling by the best Performers; particularly
the famous Italian Woman, Mademoiselle De Reverant and her Daughter, who
gave such universal satisfaction at the Publick Act at Oxford; the
celebrated Signor Morosini, who never performed in the Fair before; Mons.
Jano and others, and Tumbling by young River and Miss Derrum, a child of
nine years old." De Reverant is not an Italian name, and it is to be
hoped, for the sake of the lady's good name and the management's sense of
decorum, that the prefix of Mademoiselle was an error of the printer. Jano
was a performer at Sadler's Wells, and other places of amusement in the
vicinity of the metropolis, where tea-gardens and music-rooms were now
becoming numerous.

Tottenham Court fair, the origin of which I have been unable to trace,
emerged from its obscurity this year, when Lee and Harper, in conjunction
with a third partner named Petit, set up a show there, behind the King's
Head, near the Hampstead Road. The entertainments were _Bateman_ and the
_Ridotto al fresco_. The fair began on the 4th of August.

Petit's name is not in the advertisements for Southwark Fair, where Lee
and Harper gave the same performance as at Tottenham Court. A new
aspirant to popular favour appeared this year on Southwark Green, namely,
Yeates's theatrical booth, in which a ballad opera called _The Harlot's
Progress_ was performed, with "Yeates, junior's, incomparable dexterity of
hand: also a new and glorious prospect, or a lively view of the
installation of His Royal Highness the Prince of Orange.

"Note.--At a large room near his booth are to be seen, without any loss of
time, two large ostriches, lately arrived from the Deserts of Arabia,
being male and female."

Fawkes, the conjuror, was now dead, but Pinchbeck carried on the show, in
conjunction with his late partner's son, and issued the following
announcement:--

"_This is to give notice, that Mr._ Pinchbeck _and_ Fawkes, _who have had
the honour to perform before the Royal Family, and most of the Nobility
and Gentry in the Kingdom with great applause, during the time of_
Southwark Fair, _will divert the Publick with the following surprising
Entertainments, at their great Theatrical Room, at the_ Queen's Arms,
_joining to the_ Marshalsea Gate. First, the surprising Tumbler from
Frankfort in Germany, who shows several astonishing things by the Art of
Tumbling; the like never seen before since the memory of man. Secondly,
the diverting and incomparable dexterity of hand, performed by Mr.
Pinchbeck, who causes a tree to grow out of a flower-pot on the table,
which blossoms and bears ripe fruit in a minute; also a man in a maze, or
a perpetual motion, where he makes a little ball to run continually, which
would last was it for seven years together only by the word of command. He
has several tricks entirely new, which were never done by any other person
than himself. Third, the famous little posture-master of nine years old,
who shows several astonishing postures by activity of body, different from
any other posture-master in Europe."

The fourth and fifth items of the programme were Pinchbeck's musical clock
and the Venetian machine. The advertisement concludes with the
announcement that "while the booth is filling, the little posture-master
will divert the company with several wonders on the slack rope. Beginning
every day at ten o'clock in the morning, and ending at ten at night." As
Pinchbeck now performed the conjuring tricks for which his former partner
had been famous, and the latter's son does not appear as a performer, it
is probable that young Fawkes was merely a sleeping partner in the
concern, his father having accumulated by the exercise of his profession,
a capital of ten thousand pounds.

It was in this year that Highmore, actuated by the spirit which in recent
times has prompted the prosecution of music-hall proprietors by theatrical
managers, swore an information against Harper as an offender under the
Vagrancy Act, which condemned strolling players to the same penalties as
wandering ballad-singers and sturdy beggars. Why, it may be asked, was
Harper selected as the scape-goat of all the comedians who performed in
the London fairs, and among whom were Cibber, Bullock, Hippisley, Hallam,
Ryan, Laguerre, Chapman, Hall, and other leading actors of the theatres
royal? There is no evidence of personal animosity against Harper on
Highmore's part, but it is not much to the latter's credit that he was
supposed to have selected for a victim a man who was thought to be timid
enough to be frightened into submission.

Harper was arrested on the 12th November, and taken before a magistrate,
by whom he was committed to Bridewell, as a vagrant, on evidence being
given that he had performed at Bartholomew and Southwark Fairs, and also
at Drury Lane. He appealed against the decision, and the cause was tried
in the Court of King's Bench, before the Lord Chief Justice, on the 20th.
Eminent counsel were retained on both sides, the prosecution insisting
that the appellant had brought himself under the operation of the Vagrancy
Act by "wandering from place to place" in the exercise of his vocation;
and counsel for the appellant contending that, as Harper was a householder
of Westminster and a freeholder of Surrey, it was ridiculous to represent
him as a vagabond, or to pretend that he was likely to become chargeable
as a pauper to the parish in which he resided. "My client," said his
counsel, "is an honest man, who pays his debts, and injures no man, and is
well esteemed by many gentlemen of good condition." The result was, that
Harper was discharged on his own recognizances to be of good conduct, and
left Westminster Hall amidst the acclamations of several hundreds of
persons, whom his popularity had caused to assemble.

In the following year, the managerial arrangements for the fairs again
received considerable modification. The partnership of Miller, Mills, and
Oates was dissolved, and the last-named actor again joined Fielding, while
Hippisley joined Bullock and Hallam, and Hall formed a new combination
with Ryan, Laguerre, and Chapman. Harper's partnership with Lee was
dissolved by the latter's death, and the fear of having his recognizances
estreated seems to have prevented him from appearing at the fairs.
Fielding and Oates presented _Don Carlos_ and the ballad opera of _The
Constant Lovers_, in which Oates played Ragout, his daughter Arabella, and
Mrs. Pritchard, in grateful remembrance of her Bartholomew Fair triumph of
the preceding year, Chloe.

Hippisley, Bullock, and Hallam presented _Fair Rosamond_, followed by _The
Impostor_, in which Vizard was played by Hippisley, Balderdash by Bullock,
and Solomon Smack by Hallam's son. During the last week of the fair,
Hippisley gave, as an interlude, his diverting medley in the character of
a drunken man, for which impersonation he was long as celebrated as Harper
was for a similar representation.

Ryan, Laguerre, Chapman, and Hall gave what appears a long programme for a
fair, and suggests more than the ordinary amount of "cutting down." The
performances commenced with _Don John_, in which the libertine prince was
played by Ryan, and Jacomo by Chapman. After the tragedy came a ballad
opera, _The Barren Island_, in which Hall played the boatswain, Laguerre
the gunner, and Penkethman the coxswain. The performances concluded with a
farce, _The Farrier Nicked_, in which Laguerre was Merry, Penkethman the
farrier's man, and Hall an ale-wife.

At Southwark Fair this year, Lee's booth, now conducted by his widow,
stood in Axe and Bottle Yard, and presented the _Siege of Troy_, "which,"
says the advertisement, "in its decorations, machinery, and paintings, far
exceeds anything of the like kind that ever was seen in the fairs before,
the scenes and clothes being entirely new. All the parts to be performed
to the best advantage, by persons from the theatres. The part of Paris by
Mr. Hulett; King Menelaus, Mr. Roberts; Ulysses, Mr. Aston; Simon, Mr.
Hind; Captain of the Guard, Mr. Mackenzie; Bustle the Cobler, Mr. Morgan;
Butcher, Mr. Pearce; Taylor, Mr. Hicks; Cassandra, Mrs. Spiller; Venus,
Mrs. Lacy; Helen, Mrs. Purden; Cobler's Wife, Mrs. Morgan. With several
Entertainments of Singing and Dancing by the best masters.

"N.B. There being a puppet-show in Mermaid Court, leading down to the
Green, called _The Siege of Troy_; These are to forewarn the Publick, that
they may not be imposed on by counterfeits, the only celebrated droll of
that kind was first brought to perfection by the late famous Mrs. Mynns,
and can only be performed by her daughter, Mrs. Lee."

Mrs. Lee seems to have had a formidable rival in another theatrical booth,
which appeared anonymously, and from this circumstance, combined with the
fact of its occupying the site on which Lee and Harper's canvas theatre
had stood for several successive years, may not unreasonably be regarded
as the venture of Harper. All I have found concerning it is the bill,
which, as being a good specimen of the announcements issued by the
proprietors of the theatrical booths attending the London fairs, is given
entire.

    "_At the Great_ THEATRICAL BOOTH

    On the Bowling-Green behind the Marshalsea, down Mermaid-Court next
    the Queen's-Arms Tavern, during the Time of Southwark Fair, (which
    began the 8th instant and ends the 21st), will be presented that
    diverting Droll call'd,

            _The True and Ancient History of_
      Maudlin, _the Merchant's Daughter_ of Bristol,
                       AND
              _Her Constant Lover_ Antonio,

    Who she follow'd into Italy, disguising herself in Man's Habit;
    shewing the Hardships she underwent by being Shipwreck'd on the coast
    of Algier, where she met her Lover, who was doom'd to be burnt at a
    Stake by the King of that Country, who fell in Love with her and
    proffer'd her his Crown, which she despised, and chose rather to share
    the Fate of her Antonio than renounce the Christian Religion to
    embrace that of their Impostor Prophet, Mahomet.

      With the Comical Humours of
        _Roger_, Antonio's Man,

    And variety of Singing and Dancing between the Acts by Mr. Sandham,
    Mrs. Woodward, and Miss Sandham.

    "Particularly, a new Dialogue to be sung by Mr. Excell and Mrs.
    Fitzgerald. Written by the Author of _Bacchus one day gaily striding_,
    &c. and a hornpipe by Mr. Taylor. To which will be added a new
    Entertainment (never perform'd before) called

            The INTRIGUING HARLEQUIN
                       OR
           Any Wife better than None.
    With Scenes, Machines, and other Decorations
          proper to the Entertainment."

Pinchbeck and Fawkes had a booth this year on the Bowling Green, where the
entertainments of the preceding year were repeated, the little posturer
being again announced as only nine years of age. Pinchbeck had a shop in
Fleet Street at this time, (mentioned in the thirty-fifth number of the
'Adventurer'), and, perhaps, an interest in the wax figures exhibited by
Fawkes at the Old Tennis Court, as "the so much famed piece of machinery,
consisting of large artificial wax figures five foot high, which have all
the just motions and gestures of human life, and have been for several
years shewn at Bath and Tunbridge Wells, and no where else, except this
time two years at the Opera Room in the Haymarket; and by them will be
presented the comical tragedy of _Tom Thumb_. With several scenes out of
_The Tragedy of Tragedies_, and dancing between the acts. To which will be
added, an entertainment of dancing called _The Necromancer: or, Harlequin
Dr. Faustus_, with the fairy song and dance. The clothes, scenes, and
decorations are entirely new. The doors to be opened at four, and to begin
at six o'clock. Pit 2s. 6d. Gallery 1s. Tickets to be had at Mr.
Chenevix's toy-shop, over against Suffolk Street, Charing Cross; at the
Tennis Court Coffee House; at Mr. Edward Pinchbeck's, at the Musical Clock
in Fleet Street; at Mr. Smith's, a perfumer, at the Civet Cat in New Bond
Street near Hanover Square; at the little man's fan-shop in St. James's
Street."

Fawkes and Pinchbeck seem to have speculated in exhibitions and
entertainments of various descriptions, for besides this marionette
performance and the conjuring show, there seems to have been another show,
which appeared at Bartholomew Fair this year, as their joint enterprise,
and for which Fielding wrote a dramatic trifle called _The Humours of
Covent Garden_. It was probably a performance of puppets, like that at
the Old Tennis Court.

The licences granted by the Corporation for mountebanks, conjurors, and
others, to exercise their avocations at Bartholomew Fair had hitherto
extended to fourteen days; but in 1735 the Court of Aldermen
resolved--"That Bartholomew Fair shall not exceed Bartholomew eve,
Bartholomew day, and the next morrow, and shall be restricted to the sale
of goods, wares, and merchandises, usually sold in fairs, and no acting
shall be permitted therein." There were, therefore, no shows this year;
and, as the Licensing Act had rendered all unlicensed entertainers liable
to the pains and penalties of vagrancy, and Sir John Barnard was known to
be determined to suppress all such "idle amusements" as dancing, singing,
tumbling, juggling, and the like, the toymen, the vendors of gingerbread,
the purveyors of sausages, and the gin-stalls had the fair to themselves.

There seems no evidence, however, that there was less disorder, or less
indulgence in vice, in Bartholomew Fair this year than on former
occasions. "Lady Holland's mob," as the concourse of roughs was called
which anticipated the official proclamation of the fair by swarming
through the streets adjacent to Smithfield on the previous night,
assembled as usual, shouting, ringing bells, and breaking lamps, as had
been the annual wont from the time of the Long Parliament, though the
association of Lady Holland's name with these riotous proceedings is a
mystery which I have not been able to unravel. Nor is there any reason for
supposing that drunkenness was banished from the fair with the shows; for,
though it is probable that a much smaller number of persons resorted to
Smithfield, it is certain that gin-stalls constituted a greater temptation
to excessive indulgence in alcoholic fluids, in the absence of all means
of amusement, than the larger numbers that visited the shows were exposed
to. The idea of promoting temperance by depriving the people of the choice
between the public-house and the theatre or music-hall is the most absurd
that has ever been conceived.

It was on the 15th of March, in this year, that Ryan, the comedian and
Bartholomew Fair theatrical manager, was attacked at midnight, in Great
Queen Street, by a footpad, who fired a pistol in his face, inflicting
injuries which deprived him of consciousness, and then robbed him of his
sword, which, however, was afterwards picked up in the street. Ryan was
carried home, and attended by a surgeon, who found his jaws shattered, and
several teeth dislodged. A performance was given at Covent Garden for his
benefit on the 19th, when he had a crowded house, and the play was the
_Provoked Husband_, with Hallam as Lord Townly, and the farce the _School
for Women_, which was new, in the Robertsonian sense, being adapted from
Moliere. Hippisley played in it. The Prince of Wales was prevented by a
prior engagement from attending, but he sent Ryan a hundred guineas. The
wounded actor was unable to perform until the 25th of April, when he
re-appeared as Bellair in a new comedy, Popple's _Double Deceit_, in which
Sir William Courtlove was personated by Hippisley, Gayliffe by Hallam, and
Jerry by Chapman.

Smithfield presented its wonted fair aspect on the eve of Bartholomew,
1736, the civic authorities having seen the error of their ways, and
testified their sense thereof by again permitting shows to be erected.
Hippisley joined Fielding this year, and they presented _Don Carlos_ and
the _Cheats of Scapin_, Mrs. Pritchard re-appearing in the character of
Loveit. Hallam and Chapman joined in partnership, and produced _Fair
Rosamond_ and a ballad opera.

Fielding had at this time an income of two hundred a year, besides what he
derived from translating and adapting French plays for the London stage,
and the profits of his annual speculation in Smithfield. But, if he had
had three times as much, he would have been always in debt, and
occasionally in difficulties. Besides being careless and extravagant in
his expenditure, he was generous to a fault. His pocket was at all times a
bank upon which friendship or distress might draw. One illustration of
this trait in his character I found in an old collection of anecdotes
published in 1787. Some parochial taxes for his house in Beaufort
Buildings, in the Strand, being unpaid, and repeated application for
payment having been made in vain, he was at last informed by the collector
that further procrastination would be productive of unpleasant
consequences.

In this dilemma, Fielding, having no money, obtained ten or twelves
guineas of Tonson, on account of some literary work which he had then in
hand. He was returning to Beaufort Buildings, jingling his guineas, when
he met in the Strand an Eton chum, whom he had not seen for several years.
Question and answer followed quickly as the friends shook each other's
hands with beaming eyes, and then they adjourned to a tavern, where
Fielding ordered dinner, that they might talk over old times. Care was
given to the winds, and the hours flew on unthought of, as the showman and
his old schoolfellow partook of "the feast of reason, and the flow of
soul." Fielding's friend was "hard up," and the fact was no sooner
divulged than his purse received the greater part of the money for which
the future novelist had pledged sheets of manuscript as yet unwritten.

It was past midnight when Fielding, raised by wine and friendship to the
seventh heaven, reached home. In reply to the questions of his sister, who
had anxiously awaited his coming, as to the cause of his long absence, he
related his felicitous meeting with his former chum. "But, Harry," said
Amelia, "the collector has called twice for the rates." Thus brought down
to earth again, Fielding looked grave; it was the first time he had
thought of the rates since leaving Tonson's shop, and he had spent at the
tavern all that he had not given to his friend. But his gravity was only
of a moment's duration. "Friendship," said he, "has called for the money,
and had it; let the collector call again." A second application to Tonson
enabled him, however, to satisfy the demands of the parish as well as
those of friendship.

It was in this year that the Act for licensing plays was passed, the
occasion--perhaps I should say, the pretext--being the performance of
Fielding's burlesque, _Pasquin_. Ministers had had their eyes upon the
stage for some time, and it must be admitted that the political allusions
that were indulged in on the stage were strong, and often spiced with
personalities that would not be tolerated at the present day. It is
doubtful, however, whether the Act would have passed the House of Commons,
but for the folly of Giffard, manager of Goodman's Fields, and sometimes
of a booth in Bartholomew Fair. He had a burlesque offered him, called the
_Golden Princess_, so full of gross abuse of Parliament, the Privy
Council, and even the King, that, impelled by loyalty, and suspecting no
ulterior aims or sinister intention, he waited upon Sir Robert Walpole,
and laid before him the dreadful manuscript. The minister praised Giffard
for his loyalty, while he must have inwardly chuckled at the egregious
folly and mental short-sightedness that could be so easily led into such a
blunder. He purchased the manuscript, and made such effective use of it in
the House of Commons that Parliament was as completely gulled as Giffard
had been, and the Dramatic Licensing Bill became law.

In the following year, Hallam appeared at Bartholomew Fair without a
partner, setting up his show over against the gate of the hospital, and
presenting a medley entertainment, comprising, as set forth in the bills,
"the surprising performances of M. Jano, M. Raynard, M. Baudouin, and
Mynheer Vander Huff. Also a variety of rope-dancers, tumblers,
posture-masters, balance-masters, and comic dancers; being a set of the
very best performers that way in Europe. The comic dances to be performed
by M. Jano, M. Baudouin, M. Peters, and Mr. Thompson; Madlle. De Frano,
Madlle. Le Roy, Mrs. Dancey, and Miss Dancey. To which will be added, the
Italian Shadows, performed by the best masters from Italy, which have not
been seen these twenty years. The whole to conclude with a grand ballet
dance, called _Le Badinage Champetre_. With a complete band of music of
hautboys, violins, trumpets, and kettle-drums. All the decorations
entirely new. To begin every day at one o'clock, and continue till eleven
at night." Close to this booth was Yeates's, in which _The Lover his own
Rival_ was performed by wax figures, nearly as large as life, after which
Yeates's son performed some juggling feats, and a youth whose name does
not appear in the bills gave an acrobatic performance.

In 1738, Hallam's booth occupied the former site of Fielding's, in George
Yard, the entertainment consisted of the operatic burlesque, _The Dragon
of Wantley_, performed by the Lilliputian company from Drury Lane. During
the filling of the booth a posturing performance was given by M.
Rapinese. "The passage to the booth," says the advertisements, "is
commodiously illuminated by several large moons and lanthorns, for the
conveniency of the company, and that persons of quality's coaches may
drive up the yard." Penkethman had this year a booth, where Hallam's had
stood the preceding year, and presented _The Man's Bewitched_ and _The
Country Wedding_.

Hallam's booth attended Tottenham Court Fair this year, standing near the
turnpike, and presenting a new entertainment called _The Mad Lovers_. At
Southwark Fair Lee's theatrical booth stood on the bowling-green, and
presented _Merlin, the British Enchanter_, and _The Country Farmer_,
concluding with a mimic pageant representing the Lord Mayor's procession
in the old times.

In 1739, Bartholomew Fair was extended to four days, and there was a
proportionately larger attendance of theatrical booths. Hallam's stood
over against the hospital gate, and presented the pantomime of _Harlequin
turned Philosopher_ and the farce of _The Sailor's Wedding_, with singing
and dancing. Hippisley, Chapman, and Legar had a booth in George Yard,
where they produced _The Top of the Tree_, in which a famous dog scene was
introduced, and the mythological pantomime of _Perseus and Andromeda_.
Bullock, who had made his last appearance at Covent Garden in the
preceding April, had the largest booth in the fair, and assumed the part
of Judge Balance in a new pantomimic entertainment called _The Escapes of
Harlequin by Sea and Land_, which was preceded by a variety of humorous
songs and dances. Phillips, a comedian from Drury Lane, joined Mrs. Lee
this year in a booth at the corner of Hosier Lane, where they presented a
medley entertainment, comprising the "grand scene" of _Cupid and Psyche_,
a scaramouch dance by Phillips and others (said to have been given, with
great applause, on forty successive nights, at the Opera, Paris), a
dialogue between Punch and Columbine, a scene of a drunken peasant by
Phillips, and a pantomimic entertainment called _Columbine Courtesan_, in
which the parts of Harlequin and Columbine were sustained by Phillips and
his wife.

In 1740, Hallam, whose show stood opposite the hospital gate, presented
_The Rambling Lover_; and Yeates, whose booth was next to Hallam's, the
pantomime of _Orpheus and Eurydice_. The growing taste for pantomime,
which is sufficiently attested by the play-bills of the period, induced
Hippisley and Chapman, whose booth stood in George Yard, to present,
instead of a tragedy or comedy, a pantomime called _Harlequin Scapin_, in
which the popular embodiment of Moliere's humour was adapted with success
to pantomimic requirements. Hippisley played Scapin, Chapman was Tim, and
Yates, who made his first appearance at Bartholomew Fair, Slyboots. After
the pantomime came singing and dancing by Oates, Yates, Mrs. Phillips, and
others, "particularly a new whimsical and diverting dance called the
Spanish Beauties." The performances concluded with a new musical
entertainment called _The Parting Lovers_. Fawkes and Pinchbeck also had a
theatrical booth this year in conjunction with a partner named Terwin.

This year the fair was visited again by the Prince of Wales, of which
incident an account appeared many years afterwards in the 'New European
Magazine.' The shows were all in full blast and the crowd at its thickest,
when, says the narrator, "the multitude behind was impelled violently
forwards; a broad blaze of red light, issuing from a score of flambeaux,
streamed into the air; several voices were loudly shouting, 'room there
for Prince George! Make way for the Prince!' and there was that long sweep
heard to pass over the ground which indicates the approach of a grand and
ceremonious train. Presently the pressure became much greater, the voices
louder, the light stronger, and as the train came onward, it might be seen
that it consisted, firstly, of a party of the yeomen of the guard,
clearing the way; then several more of them bearing flambeaux, and
flanking the procession; while in the midst of all appeared a tall, fair,
and handsome young man, having something of a plump foreign visage,
seemingly about four and thirty, dressed in a ruby- frock-coat,
very richly guarded with gold lace, and having his long flowing hair
curiously curled over his forehead and at the sides, and finished with a
very large bag and courtly queue behind. The air of dignity with which he
walked, the blue ribbon and star and garter with which he was decorated,
the small three-cornered silk court hat which he wore, whilst all around
him were uncovered; the numerous suite, as well of gentlemen as of guards,
which marshalled him along, the obsequious attention of a short stout
person, who, by his flourishing manner seemed to be a player,--all these
particulars indicated that the amiable Frederick, Prince of Wales, was
visiting Bartholomew Fair by torch-light, and that Manager Rich was
introducing his royal guest to all the entertainments of the place.

"However strange this circumstance may appear to the present generation,
yet it is nevertheless strictly true; for about 1740, when the drolls in
Smithfield were extended to three weeks and a month, it was not
considered as derogatory to persons of the first rank and fashion to
partake in the broad humour and theatrical amusements of the place. It
should also be remembered, that many an eminent performer of the last
century unfolded his abilities in a booth; and that it was once considered
as an important and excellent preparation to their treading the boards of
a theatre royal."

The narrator then proceeds to describe the duties of the leading actor in
a Bartholomew Fair theatre, from which account there is some deduction to
be made for the errors and exaggerations of a person writing long after
the times which he undertakes to describe, and who was not very careful in
his researches, as the statement that the fair then lasted three weeks or
a month sufficiently attests. The picture which he gives was evidently
drawn from his knowledge of the Richardsonian era, which he endeavoured to
make fit into the Bartholomew Fair experiences of the very different
showmen of the reign of George II.

"I will," he says, assuming the character of an actor of the period he
describes, "as we say, take you behind the scenes. First, then, an actor
must sleep in the pit, and wake early to throw fresh sawdust into the
boxes; he must shake out the dresses, and wind up the motion-jacks; he
must teach the dull ones how to act, rout up the idlers from the straw,
and redeem those that happen to get into the watch-house. Then, sir, when
the fair begins, he should sometimes walk about the stage grandly, and
show his dress; sometimes he should dance with his fellows; sometimes he
should sing; sometimes he should blow the trumpet; sometimes he should
laugh and joke with the crowd, and give them a kind of a touch-and-go
speech, which keeps them merry, and makes them come in. Then, sir, he
should sometimes cover his state robe with a great coat, and go into the
crowd, and shout opposite his own booth, like a stranger who is struck
with its magnificence: by the way, sir, that's a good trick,--I never knew
it fail to make an audience; and then he has only to steal away, mount his
stage, and strut, and dance, and sing, and trumpet, and roar over again."

Griffin and Harper drop out of the list of showmen at the London fairs in
this year. Griffin appeared at Drury Lane for the last time on the 12th of
February, and died soon afterwards, with the character of a worthy man and
an excellent actor. He made his first appearance at Lincoln's Inn Fields,
as Sterling in _The Perplexed Lovers_, in 1714. Harper, the jolly,
facetious low comedian, suffered an attack of paralysis towards the close
of 1739, and, though he survived till 1742, he never appeared again on
the stage.

In the following year, Hippisley and Chapman presented _A Devil of a
Duke_; and Hallam relied for success upon _Fair Rosamond_. Lee and
Woodward, whose booth stood opposite the hospital gate, produced _Darius,
King of Persia_, "with the comical humours of Sir Andrew Aguecheek at the
siege of Babylon." Anachronisms of this kind were common at theatrical
booths in those days, when comic Englishmen of one type or another were
constantly introduced, without regard to the scene or the period of the
drama to be represented. Audiences were not sufficiently educated to be
critical in such matters, and managers could plead the example of
Shakspeare, who was then esteemed a greater authority than he is
considered to be at the present day. Yates made his first appearance as a
showman this year, in partnership with Turbutt, who set up a booth
opposite the King's Head, and produced a pantomime called _Thamas Kouli
Khan_, founded on recent news from the East. An epilogue, in the character
of a drunken English sailor, was spoken by Yates, of whom Churchill
wrote,--

  "In characters of low and vulgar mould,
  Where nature's coarsest features we behold
  Where, destitute of every decent grace,
  Unmanner'd jests are blurted in your face;
  There Yates with justice strict attention draws,
  Acts truly from himself, and gains applause."

There was a second and smaller booth in the name of Hallam, in which
tumbling and rope-dancing were performed; but whether belonging to the
actor or to another showman of the same name is uncertain. Fawkes and
Pinchbeck exhibited the latter's model of the Siege of Carthagena, with
which a comic dramatic performance was combined.

The office of Master of the Revels was held at this time by Heidegger, a
native of Zurich, who was also manager of the Italian Opera. He was one of
the most singular characters of the time, and as remarkable for his
personal ugliness as for the eccentricity of his manners. The profanity of
his language was less notable in that age than his candour. Supping on one
occasion with a party of gentlemen of rank, the comparative ingenuity of
different nations became the theme of conversation, when the first place
was claimed by Heidegger for his compatriots.

"I am myself a proof of what I assert," said he. "I was born a Swiss, and
came to England without a farthing, where I have found means to gain five
thousand a year and to spend it. Now, I defy the most able Englishman to
go to Switzerland and either to gain that income, or to spend it there."

He was never averse to a joke upon his own ugliness, and once made a wager
with Lord Chesterfield that the latter would not be able, within a certain
given time, to produce a more ugly man in all London. The time elapsed;
and Heidegger won the wager. Yet he could never be persuaded to have his
portrait painted, even though requested by the King, and urged by all his
friends to comply with the royal wish. The facetious Duke of Montagu, the
concoctor of the memorable bottle-conjuror hoax at the Haymarket, had
recourse to stratagem to obtain Heidegger's likeness, which afterwards
gave rise to a laughable adventure. He gave a dinner at the Devil Tavern,
near Temple Bar, to several of his friends and acquaintances, selecting
those whom he knew to be the least accessible to the effects of wine, and
the most likely to indulge in vinous conviviality. Heidegger was one of
the guests, and, in a few hours after dinner, became so very much
inebriated that he was carried out of the room in a state of
insensibility, and laid upon a bed.

An artist in wax, a daughter of the famous Mrs. Salmon, was ready to play
her part in the plot, and quickly made a mould of Heidegger's face in
plaster. From this a mask was made; and all that remained to be done was
to learn from his valet what clothes he would wear on a certain night, and
procure a similar suit and a man of the same stature. All this the Duke
accomplished before a masked ball took place, at which the King had
promised to be present, and the band of the Opera House was to play in a
gallery. The night came; and as the King entered, accompanied by the
Countess of Yarmouth, Heidegger directed the band to play the national
anthem. He had scarcely turned his back, however, when the counterfeit
Heidegger told them to play "Charlie over the water."

Consternation fell upon all the assembly at the sound of the treasonable
strains; everybody looked at everybody else, wondering what the playing of
a Jacobite air in the presence of the King might presage. Heidegger ran to
the orchestra, and swore, stamped, and raved, accusing the musicians of
being drunk, or of being bribed by some secret enemy to bring about his
ruin. The treasonable melody ceased, and the loyal strains of the national
anthem saluted the royal ears. Heidegger had no sooner left the room,
however, than his double stepped forward, and standing before the
music-gallery, swore at the musicians as Heidegger had done, imitating
his voice, and again directed them to play "Charlie over the water." The
musicians, knowing his eccentricity, and likewise his addiction to
inebriety, shrugged their shoulders, and obeyed. Some officers of the
Guards resented the affront to the King by attempting to ascend to the
gallery for the purpose of kicking the musicians out; but the Duke of
Cumberland, who, as well as the King and his fair companion, was in the
plot, interposed and calmed them.

The company were thrown into confusion, however, and cries of "shame!
shame!" arose on every side. Heidegger, bursting with rage, again rushed
in, and began to rave and swear at the musicians. The music ceased; and
the Duke of Montagu persuaded Heidegger to go to the King, and make an
apology for the band, representing that His Majesty was very angry. The
counterfeit Heidegger immediately took the same course, and, as soon as
Heidegger had made the best apology his agitation would permit, the former
stepped to his side and said, "Indeed, sire, it was not my fault, but that
devil's in my likeness." Heidegger faced about, pale and speechless,
staring with widely dilated eyes at his double. The Duke of Montagu then
told the latter to take off his mask, and the frolic ended; but Heidegger
swore that he would never attend any public entertainment again, unless
that witch, the wax-work woman, broke the mould and melted the mask before
him.

In 1742, the first place in Bartholomew Fair was again held, but for the
last time, by Hippisley and Chapman, who revived the ever-popular Scapin
in what they called "the most humorous and diverting droll, called
_Scaramouch Scapin_ or the _Old Miser caught in a Sack_," the managers
playing the same characters as in 1740. Hallam had made his last
appearance at the fair in the preceding year, and his booth was now held
by Turbutt and Yates, who set it up opposite the hospital gate, and
produced _The Loves of King Edward IV. and Jane Shore_. Yates personated
Sir Anthony Lackbrains, Turbutt was Captain Blunderbuss, and Mrs. Yates,
Flora. A new aspirant to public favour appeared in Goodwin, whose booth
stood opposite the White Hart, near Cow Lane, and presented a three act
comedy, called _The Intriguing Footman_, followed by a pantomimic
entertainment "between a soldier, a sailor, a tinker, a tailor, and Buxom
Joan of Deptford." Fawkes and Pinchbeck announced that "Punch's celebrated
company of comical tragedians from the Haymarket," would perform _The
Tragedy of Tragedies_, "being the most comical and whimsical tragedy that
was ever tragedized by any tragical company of comedians, called _The
Humours of Covent Garden_, by Henry Fielding, Esq."

In 1743, the erection of theatrical booths in Smithfield was prohibited by
a resolution of the Court of Aldermen, and the interdict was repeated in
the following year. The prohibition did not extend to Southwark Fair,
however, though held by the Corporation; for Yates was there in the former
year, with a strong company from the theatres royal playing _Love for
Love_, with Woodward as Tattle, Macklin as Ben, Arthur as Foresight, Mrs.
Yates as Mrs. Frail, and Miss Bradshaw as Miss Prue. The after-piece was
_The Lying Valet_, in which Yates appeared as Sharp, and his wife as Kitty
Pry.

It was in 1744 that the famous Turkish wire-walker appeared at Bartholomew
Fair, where he performed without a balancing-pole, at the height of
thirty-five feet. He juggled while on the wire with what were supposed to
be oranges; but this feat lost much of its marvellousness on his dropping
one of them, which revealed by the sound that it was a painted ball of
lead. He had formidable rivals in the celebrated Violantes, man and wife,
the latter of whom far exceeded in skill and daring the famous Dutch woman
of the latter years of the seventeenth century. These Italian _artistes_,
like the Turk, performed at a considerable height, which, while it does
not require greater skill, gives the performance a much more sensational
character.

Violante is the slack-rope performer introduced by Hogarth in his picture
of Southwark Fair. The following feat is recorded of the _artiste_ by
Malcolm, in his 'Londinium Redivivus,' in connection with the building of
the church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields:--"Soon after the completion of the
steeple, an adventurous Italian, named Violante, descended from the
arches, head foremost, on a rope stretched across St. Martin's Lane to the
Royal Mews; the princesses being present, and many eminent persons."
Hogarth has introduced, in the background of his picture, another
performer of this feat, namely, Cadman, who lost his life in 1740 in an
attempt to descend from a church steeple in Shrewsbury. The epitaph on his
gravestone sets forth the circumstances of the catastrophe as follows:--

  "Let this small monument record the name
  Of Cadman, and to future times proclaim
  Here, by an attempt to fly from this high spire,
  Across the Sabrine stream, he did acquire
  His fatal end. 'Twas not for want of skill,
  Or courage to perform the task, he fell:
  No, no--a faulty cord, being drawn too tight,
  Hurried his soul on high to take her flight,
  Which bid the body here beneath good night."

The fairs of London were in the zenith of their fame during the period
embraced in this chapter. During the second quarter of the eighteenth
century, they were resorted to by all classes of the people, even by
royalty; and the theatrical booths by which they were attended boasted the
best talent in the profession. They were not only regarded as the
nurseries of histrionic ability, as the provincial theatres afterwards
came to be regarded, but witnessed the efforts to please of the best
actors of the London theatres, when in the noon of their success and
popularity. Cibber, Quin, Macklin, Woodward, Shuter, did not disdain to
appear before a Bartholomew Fair audience, nor Fielding to furnish them
with the early gushings of his humour. The inimitable Hogarth made the
light of his peculiar genius shine upon them, and the memories of the old
showmen are preserved in more than one of his pictures.




CHAPTER VI.

    A new Race of Showmen--Yeates, the Conjuror--The Turkish
    Rope-Walker--Pan and the Oronutu Savage--The Corsican Fairy--Perry's
    Menagerie--The Riobiscay and the Double Cow--A Mermaid at the
    Fairs--Garrick at Bartholomew Fair--Yates's Theatrical Booth--Dwarfs
    and Giants--The Female Samson--Riots at Bartholomew Fair--Ballard's
    Animal Comedians--Evans, the Wire-Walker--Southwark Fair--Wax-work
    Show--Shuter, the Comedian--Bisset, the Animal Trainer--Powell, the
    Fire-Eater--Roger Smith, the Bell-Player--Suppression of Southwark
    Fair.


The limitation of Bartholomew Fair to three days, and the interdiction of
theatrical booths in two successive years, was a serious blow, regarding
the matter from the professional point of view, to the interests of the
fair. Though actors worked hard during the twelve or eighteen days of the
fair, they earned higher salaries during that time than they would have
received at the theatres, and looked forward to Bartholomew-tide as the
labourer to harvest. Though the theatres remained open during the fair
when theatrical booths and puppet-shows were interdicted by the Court of
Aldermen, actors missed their extra earnings, and managers found their
receipts considerably diminished. In these we have only a passing
interest; but the glory of the fairs began to wane when the great actors
ceased to appear on the boards of the canvas theatres, for the nobility
and gentry withdrew their patronage when the luminaries of Drury Lane and
Covent Garden were no longer to be seen, and fairs began to be voted low
by persons of rank and fashion.

The removal of the interdict on theatrical booths had little or no effect
in arresting the progress of the decadence which had commenced; for the
three days to which Bartholomew Fair remained limited did not afford to
actors engaged at the London theatres, opportunities for earning money
sufficient to induce them to set up a portable theatre, which, except for
Southwark Fair, they could not use again until the following year. The
case was very different when the fair lasted two or three weeks, and the
theatres were closed during the time; but when its duration was contracted
to three days, the attendance of a theatrical company could be made
remunerative only for inferior _artistes_ who strolled all through the
year from one fair to another.

Towards the middle of the last century, therefore, a new race of showmen
came prominently before the visitors to the London fairs, and two or three
only of the names familiar to fair audiences afterwards re-appeared in the
bills of the temporary theatres. Even these had, with the exception of
Mrs. Lee, come into notice only since the fair, by being limited to three
days, had lost its attractiveness for actors of the theatres royal. The
site made famous by Fielding was occupied in 1746 by a new manager,
Hussey, who presented a drama of Shakspeare's (without announcing the
title), sandwich-like, between the two parts of a vocal and instrumental
concert, concluding the entertainment with a pantomime called _The Schemes
of Harlequin_, in which Rayner was Harlequin, and his daughter, who did a
tight-rope performance, probably Columbine. Rayner was an acrobat at
Sadler's Wells, where his daughter danced on the tight rope. The pantomime
concluded with a chorus in praise of the Duke of Cumberland, whose victory
at Culloden in the preceding year had finally crushed the hopes of the
disaffected Jacobites.

The younger Yeates joined Mrs. Lee in a theatrical booth facing the
hospital gate, where they presented _Love in a Labyrinth_, a musical
entertainment called _Harlequin Invader_, and "stiff and slack
rope-dancing by the famous Dutch woman." This can scarcely be the woman
who did such wonders on the rope about the time of the Revolution, though
Madame Saqui performed on the rope at a very advanced age; she may have
been the same, for she does not appear again, but, considering that she is
spoken of as a woman at the time of her first appearance in England, it is
more probable that the rope-dancer of Mrs. Lee's booth was another Dutch
woman, perhaps a daughter of the elder and more famous performer.

Adjoining Mrs. Lee's booth was one of which Warner and Fawkes were the
proprietors, and in which a drama called _The Happy Hero_ was performed,
followed by a musical entertainment called _Harlequin Incendiary_, in
which the parts of Harlequin and Columbine were sustained by a couple
named Cushing, who afterwards appeared at Covent Garden. Warner personated
Clodpole, a humorous rustic. Not to be outdone in loyalty by Hussey, he
concluded the performance by singing a song in praise of the victor of
Culloden.

Entertainers are, as a class, loyal, under whatever dynasty or form of
government they live, providing that it does not interfere with the
exercise of their profession; and in this instance their sympathies
accorded with the popular political creed.

In the following year, Hussey's booth again stood in George Yard, and
presented _Tamerlane the Great_, with singing and "several curious
equilibres on the slack rope by Mahomet Achmed Vizaro Mussulmo, a Turk
just arrived from Constantinople, who not only balances without a pole,
but also plays a variety of excellent airs on the violin when on the slack
rope, which none can perform in England but himself." Though said to have
just arrived from Constantinople, this Turk was probably the same that had
performed at Bartholomew Fair three years previously.

Warner disconnected himself from Fawkes this year, and joined Yeates and
Mrs. Lee, whose booth stood in the same position as before, presenting the
_Siege of Troy_, and an entertainment of singing and dancing. Adjoining it
stood a new show, owned by Godwin and Reynolds, with "a curious collection
of wax-work figures, being the richest and most beautiful in England;" and
a panoramic view of the world, "particularly an accurate and beautiful
prospect of Bergen-op-Zoom, together with its fortifications and adjacent
forts, and an exact representation of the French besieging it, and the
Dutch defending it from their batteries, etc." The movements of this
exhibition were effected by clock-work. Opposite the Greyhound was another
new venture, Chettle's, in which a pantomimic entertainment called
_Frolicsome Lasses_ was presented, with singing and dancing between the
acts, and a display of fireworks at the end.

The only theatrical booth at Southwark Fair this year seems to have been
Mrs. Lee's, in which the entertainments were the same as at Bartholomew
Fair. In Mermaid Lane was exhibited "the strange and wonderful monstrous
production of Nature, a sea-elephant head, having forty-six teeth, some of
them ten inches long, fluted, and turning up like a ram's horn."

The shows increased in number and variety, though the theatrical booths
could no longer boast of the great names of former years. George Yard was
occupied in 1748 by a new theatre, owned by Bridges, Cross, Barton, and
Vaughan, from the theatres royal, who availed of the interest created by
recent events to present a new historical drama called _The Northern
Heroes_, followed by dancing and a farce called _The Volunteers_, founded
on the 'Adventures of Roderick Random.' Smollett was now running Fielding
hard in the race of fame, and the new managers were keen in turning his
popularity to account for their own interests. This booth was the most
important one in the fair, and the charge for admission ranged from
sixpence to half-a-crown.

Hussey's booth, at which the prices ranged from sixpence to two shillings,
stood opposite the gate of the hospital. The entertainments consisted of
the comedy of _The Constant Quaker_, singing and dancing, including "a new
dance called Punch's Maggot, or Foote's Vagaries," and a pantomime called
_Harlequin's Frolics_.

In Lee and Yeates's booth, opposite the Greyhound, _The Unnatural Parents_
was revived, "shewing the manner of her (the heroine) being forced to
wander from home by the cruelty of her parents, and beg her bread; and
being weary, fell into a slumber, in a grove, where a goddess appears to
her, and directs her to a nobleman's house; how she was there taken in as
a servant, and at length, for her beauty and modest behaviour, married to
a gentleman of great fortune, with her return to her parents, and their
happy reconciliation. Also the comical humours and adventures of Trusty,
her father's man, and the three witches." Then follow the _dramatis
personae_, which show a strong company. "With the original dance performed
by three wild cats of the wood. With dancing between the acts by Mr.
Adams and Mrs. Ogden. A good band of music is provided, consisting of
kettle-drums, trumpets, French horns, hautboys, violins, etc. To begin
each day at twelve o'clock. The scenes and clothes are entirely new, and
the droll the same that was performed by Mrs. Lee fifteen years ago, with
great applause."

Near Cow Lane stood another new theatrical booth, that of Cousins and
Reynolds, at which the charges for admission ranged from threepence to a
shilling. Here the romantic drama of _The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green_
was presented, with dancing between the acts, an exhibition of life-size
wax figures, representing the Court of Maria Theresa, and the performance
of the Italian sword-dancers, "who have had the honour of performing
before the Prince of Wales, with great applause."

Among the minor shows was one at "the first house on the pavement, from
the end of Hosier Lane," where the sights to be seen were a camel, a
hyaena, a panther, "the wonderful and surprising satyr, call'd by Latin
authors, Pan," and a "young Oronutu savage." On the pavement, at the end
of Cow Lane, was a smaller show, the charge for admission to which was
threepence, consisting of a large hog, said to weigh a hundred and twenty
stones, and announced as "the greatest prodigy in Nature;" and an
"amazing little dwarf, being the smallest man in the world."

Bartholomew Fair was visited this year for the first time by the female
dwarf who obtained such wide-spread celebrity as the Corsican Fairy. It
will be seen from the following copy of the bill issued by her exhibitors
that she was not shown in a booth, but in a room hired for the purpose:--

    "To the Nobility and Gentry, and to all who are Admirers of the
    Extraordinary Productions of Nature.

    "There is to be seen in a commodious Apartment, at the Corner of Cow
    Lane, facing the Sheep-Pens, West Smithfield, During the short time of
    Bartholomew Fair,

    MARIA TERESIA,

    the Amazing CORSICAN FAIRY, who has had the Honour of being shown
    three Times before their Majesties.

    "[Pointing Hand] She was exhibited in Cockspur Street, Haymarket, at
    two shillings and sixpence each Person; but that Persons of every
    Degree may have a Sight of so extraordinary a Curiosity, she will be
    shown to the Gentry at sixpence each, and to Working People, Servants,
    and Children at Threepence, during this Fair.

    "This most astonishing Part of the Human Species was born in the
    Island of Corsica, on the Mountain of Stata Ota, in the year 1743. She
    is only thirty-four Inches high, weighs but twenty-six Pounds, and a
    Child of two Years of Age has larger Hands and Feet. Her surprising
    Littleness makes a strong Impression at first Sight on the Spectator's
    Mind. Nothing disagreeable, either in Person or Conversation, is to be
    found in her; although most of Nature's Productions, in Miniature, are
    generally so in both. Her Form affords a pleasing Surprise, her Limbs
    are exceedingly well proportioned, her admirable Symmetry engages the
    attention; and, upon the whole, is acknowledged a perfect Beauty. She
    is possessed of a great deal of Vivacity of Spirit; can speak Italian
    and French, and gives the inquisitive Mind an agreeable Entertainment.
    In short, she is the most extraordinary Curiosity ever known, or ever
    heard of in History; and the Curious, in all countries where she has
    been shown, pronounce her the finest Display of Human Nature, in
    Miniature, they ever saw.

    "[Asterism] She is to be seen by any Number of Persons, from Ten in
    the Morning till Nine at Night."

Hussey's theatrical booth attended Southwark Fair, where it stood on the
bowling-green, the entertainments being the same as in Smithfield. Lee
and Yeates can scarcely have been absent from a scene with which the
former had been so long and intimately associated. Yeates took a benefit
this year at the New Wells, near the London Spa, Clerkenwell, where a
concert was followed by a performance of the _Beggar's Opera_, with the
_beneficiaire_ as Macheath and his wife as Polly, and the farce of _Miss
in her Teens_, in which the part of Captain Flash was sustained by the
former, and that of Miss Biddy by his wife. The place was probably
unlicensed for theatrical performances, as the dramatic portion of the
entertainment was announced to be free to holders of tickets for the
concert.

Tottenham Court Fair was continued this year for fourteen days, but does
not appear to have been attended by any of the shows which contributed so
much to the attractiveness of the fairs of Smithfield and Southwark Green.
The only advertisement of the entertainments which I have been able to
find mentions a "great theatrical booth," but it was devoted on the day to
which the announcement relates to wrestling and single-stick playing. As a
relic of a bygone time, it is curious enough to merit preservation:--

"For the entertainment of all lovers and encouragers of the sword in its
different uses, and for the benefit of Daniel French, at the great
theatrical booth at Tottenham Court, on Monday the 14th instant, will be
revived a country wake. Three men of Gloucestershire to play at
single-stick against three from any part, for a laced hat, value fifteen
shillings, or half a guinea in gold; he that breaks most heads fairly in
three bouts, and saves his own, to have the prize; half-a-crown for every
man breaking a head fairly, besides stage-money. That gentlemen may not be
disappointed, every gamester designing to engage is desired to enter his
name and place of abode with Mr. Fuller, at the King's Head, next the
booth, before the day of sport, or he will not be admitted to play, and to
meet by eight in the morning to breakfast and settle the play for the
afternoon. Money will be given for the encouragement of wrestling, sword
and dagger, and other diversions usual on the stage, besides stage-money.
That no time may be lost, while two are taking breath, two fresh men shall
engage. The doors to be opened at twelve o'clock, and the sport to begin
precisely at three in the afternoon. Note, there will be variety of
singing and dancing for prizes, as will be expressed in the bills and
papers of the day. Hob, clerk of the revel."

Newspapers of this year contain advertisements of several shows which
probably visited the London Fairs, where they were sufficiently announced
by their pictures. There are no fewer than three menageries, all on a
small scale. The best seems to have been Perry's, advertised as
follows:--"This is to give notice to all Gentlemen, Ladies, and others,
that Mr. Perry's Grand Collection of Living Wild Beasts is come to the
White Horse Inn, Fleet Street, consisting of a large he-lion, a he-tiger,
a leopard, a panther, two hyenas, a civet cat, a jackall, or lion's
provider, and several other rarities too tedious to mention. To be seen at
any time of the day, without any loss of time. Note.--This is the only
tiger in England, that baited being only a common leopard." The note
alludes to a recent baiting of a leopard by dogs, the animal so abused
being described in the announcements of the combat as a tiger.

The second menagerie under notice was advertised as follows:--

"To be seen, at the Flying Horse, near the London workhouse, Bishopsgate
Street, from eight in the morning till nine at night, the largest
collection of living wild creatures ever seen in Europe. 1. A beautiful
large he-tiger, brought from Bengal by Captain Webster, in the Ann. He is
very tame, and vastly admired. 2. A beautiful young leopard, from Turkey.
3. A civet cat, from Guinea. 4. A young man-tiger, from Angola. 5. A
wonderful hyaena, from the coast of Guinea. 6. A right man-tiger, brought
from Angola by Captain D'Abbadie, in the Portfield Indiaman. This is a
very curious creature, and the only one that has been seen in England for
several years. It comes the nearest to human nature of any animal in the
world. With several others too tedious to mention." Perry seems to have
been in error in announcing that he had the only tiger in England; though
the one exhibited at the Flying Horse may have been a more recent
importation. The "man-tigers" of the latter collection were probably
gorillas, though those animals seem to have been lost sight of
subsequently until attention was recalled to them by M. Du Chaillu.

The third collection was advertised as follows:--

"To be seen, at the White Swan, near the Bull and Gate, Holborn, a
collection of the most curious living wild creatures just arrived from
different parts of the world. 1. A large and beautiful young camel from
Grand Cairo, in Egypt, near eight feet high, though not two years old, and
drinks water but once in sixteen days. 2. A surprising hyaena, from the
coast of Guinea. 3. A beautiful he-panther, from Buenos Ayres, in the
Spanish West Indies. 4. A young Riobiscay, from Russia: and several other
creatures, too tedious to mention. Likewise a travelling post-chaise from
Switzerland, which, without horses, keeps its stage for upwards of fifty
miles a day, without danger to the rider. Attendance from eight in the
morning till eight at night." What the riobiscay was is now beyond
conjecture; but the panther from Buenos Ayres was, of course, a jaguar,
the panther being limited to the eastern hemisphere. This collection was
exhibited in Holbom early in the year, and removed at Easter to the Rose
and Crown, near the gates of Greenwich Park.

There was a bovine monstrosity shown this year as a "double cow," probably
at the fairs, as the following paragraph, extracted from a newspaper of
the time, refers to a second locality:--

"As we are well assured that that most wonderful living curiosity, the
double cow, has given uncommon satisfaction to the several learned bodies
by whom it has hitherto been seen, we hope the following account and
description of it will not be disagreeable to our readers. This wonderful
prodigy was bred at Cookfield in Sussex, being one entire beautiful cow,
from the middle of whose back issues the following parts of the other cow,
viz., a leg with the blade-bone quite perfect, and about two feet long;
the gullet, bowels, teats, and udder, from which udder, as well as from
the udder of the perfect cow, it gives milk in great plenty, though more
than a yard asunder; and what is very extraordinary, and has astonished
the most curious observers, is the discontinuation of the back-bone about
sixteen inches from the shoulder. This wonderful beast is so healthy as to
travel twenty miles a day, is extremely gentle, and by all the gentlemen
and ladies who have already seen it is thought as agreeable as
astonishing. It is now shewn in a commodious room, facing Craigg's Court,
Charing Cross, at one shilling each person."

There was also exhibited at the Heath Cock, Charing Cross, "a surprising
young Mermaid, taken on the coast of Aquapulca, which, though the
generality of mankind think there is no such thing, has been seen by the
curious, who express their utmost satisfaction at so uncommon a creature,
being half like a woman, and half like a fish, and is allowed to be the
greatest curiosity ever exposed to the public view."

In 1749, there was again a large muster of shows on the ancient arena of
West Smithfield. Yates re-appeared as a theatrical manager, and in some
measure restored the former repute of the fair, Oates and Miss Hippisley
being members of his company. His booth stood in George Yard, where he
played Gormandize Simple, while Oates personated Jupiter and Miss
Hippisley the wanton chambermaid, Dorothy Squeezepurse, in "a New,
Pleasant, and Diverting Droll, call'd the DESCENT of the HEATHEN GODS,
with the LOVES of JUPITER and ALCMENA; or, Cuckoldom no Scandal.
Interspersed with several Diverting Scenes, both Satyrical and Comical,
particularly the Surprising Metamorphosis of _Jupiter_ and _Mercury_; the
very remarkable Tryal before _Judge Puzzlecause_, with many Learned
Arguments on both sides, to prove that One can't be Two. Likewise the
Adventures and whimsical Perplexities of _Gormandize Simple_ the Hungarian
Footman; with the wonderful Conversation he had with, and the dreadful
Drubbing he received from, _His Own Apparition_; together with the
Intrigues of _Dorothy Squeezepurse_ the Wanton Chambermaid."

Opposite the George stood the theatrical booth of the elder Yeates, who
had been absent from the fair for a few years, and whom Mr. Henry Morley
confounds with his son, now in partnership with Warner and Mrs. Lee. He
produced _The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green_, with singing and dancing
between the acts, and the pantomime of _The Amours of Harlequin_. Cross
and Bridges, whose booth stood opposite the gate of the hospital, produced
a new drama, called _The Fair Lunatic_, "founded on a story in real life,
as related in the memoirs of the celebrated Mrs. Constantia Phillips,"
with dancing by Master Matthews and Mrs. Annesley. Next to this booth
stood that of Lee, Yeates, and Warner, in which was revived the "true and
ancient history of _Whittington_, Lord Mayor of London," as performed in
Lee's booth fourteen years before, with singing and dancing between the
acts. Cushing whom we have seen playing Harlequin three years before in
Warner and Fawkes's booth, but who was now performing at Covent Garden,
set up a booth opposite the King's Head, and produced _King John_, the
part of Lady Constance being sustained by Miss Yates, a Drury Lane
actress, while Cushing's wife personated Prince Arthur, and the manager
the mirth-provoking Sir Lubberly Lackbrains.

At a house in Hosier Lane (No. 20), a performing Arabian pony was
exhibited. There were also shows in the fair, which did not advertise, and
the memory of which has, in consequence, not been preserved. Of one, owned
by a person named Phillips, the only record is a very brief newspaper
report of a fatal accident, occasioned by the breaking down of the
gallery, by which four persons were killed, and several others severely
injured.

Garrick, who had married the dancer Violette two months previously, took
his bride to Bartholomew Fair, where they visited the theatrical booth of
Yates, which was the best in the fair. He was one of the few great actors
of the period who had not performed in the fair; and was probably impelled
by curiosity, rather than by the expectation of seeing good acting, though
it was not many years since he had made his first appearance on any stage
at Goodman's Fields, playing Harlequin at a moment's notice when Yates was
seized with a sudden indisposition as he was about to go on the stage. The
crowd pressing upon his wife and himself very unpleasantly as he
approached the portable theatre, he called out to Palmer, the Drury Lane
bill-sticker, who was acting as money-taker at the booth, to protect them.
"I can't help you here, sir," said Palmer, shaking his head. "There aren't
many people in Smithfield as knows Mr. Garrick."

It was probably not at Yates's booth, but at one of much inferior grade,
that the money-taker rejected Garrick's offer to pay for admission, with
the remark, "We never take money of one another." The story would be
pointless if the incident occurred at any booth in which dramatic
performances were given by comedians from the principal London theatres.

We now approach a period when a new series of strenuous efforts for the
suppression of the London fairs was commenced by persons who would
willingly have suppressed amusements of every kind, and were aided in
their endeavours by persons who had merely a selfish interest in the
matter. In the summer of 1750, a numerously signed petition of graziers,
cattle salesmen, and inhabitants of Smithfield was presented to the Court
of Aldermen, praying for the suppression of Bartholomew Fair, on the
ground that it annoyed them in their occupations, and afforded
opportunities for debauchery and riot. The annual Lord Mayor's procession
might have been objected to on the same grounds, and the civic authorities
well knew that the riots which had sometimes occurred in the fair had been
occasioned by their own acts, in the execution of their edicts for the
exclusion of puppet-shows and theatrical booths. Their action to this end
was generally taken so tardily that booths were put up before the
proprietors received notice of the intention of the Court of Aldermen to
exclude them; and then the tardiness of the owners in taking them down,
and the sudden zeal of the constables, produced quarrels and fights, in
which the bystanders invariably took the part of the showmen.

The revenues which the Corporation derived from rents and tolls during the
fair constituted an element of the question which could not be
overlooked, and which kept it in a state of oscillation from year to
year. The civic authorities would have been willing enough to suppress the
fair, if the question of finance had not been involved. If the fair was
abolished, some other source of revenue would have to be found. So they
compounded with their belief that the fair was a fount of disorder and
immorality by again limiting its duration to three days, and excluding
theatrical booths and puppet-shows, while abstaining from interference
with the gambling-tables and the gin-stalls.

Giants and dwarfs, and learned pigs and performing ponies had now the fair
to themselves, though their showmen probably took less money than they did
when the theatrical booths and puppet-shows attracted larger numbers of
people. Henry Blacker, a native of Cuckfield, in Sussex, twenty-seven
years of age, and seven feet four inches in height, exhibited himself at
the Swan, in Smithfield, during the three days to which the fair was
restricted in 1751. The principal show seems to have been one containing
two dwarfs, a remarkable <DW64>, a female one-horned rhinoceros, and a
crocodile, said to have been the first ever seen alive in this country.
The more famous of the two dwarfs was John Coan, a native of Norfolk, who
at this time was twenty-three years of age, and only three feet two
inches in height, and of thirty-four pounds weight. His fellow pigmy was a
Welsh lad, fourteen years of age, two feet six inches in height, and
weighed only twelve pounds. The <DW64> could throw back his clasped hands
over his head and bring them under his feet, backward and forward; and was
probably "the famous <DW64> who swings his arms about in every direction,"
mentioned in the 'Adventurer.'

The exclusion of the theatrical booths and puppet-shows from the fair
produced, in the following year, a serious disturbance in Smithfield, in
the suppression of which Birch, the deputy-marshal of the City, received
injuries which proved fatal. This resistance to their edict did not,
however, deter the civic authorities from applying the same rule to
Southwark Fair, which was this year limited to three days, and diminished
of its attractions by the exclusion of theatrical booths and puppet-shows.
The principal shows were Yeates's, which stood in George Yard, and
consisted of an exhibition of wax figures, the conjuring tricks of young
Yeates, and the feats on the slack wire of a performer named Steward; and
the female Samson's, an Italian woman, who exhibited feats of strength in
a booth opposite the Greyhound, similar to those of the French woman seen
by Carter at May Fair, with the addition of supporting six men while
resting on two chairs only by the head and heels.

Towards the close of this year a man named Ballard brought from Italy a
company of performing dogs and monkeys, and exhibited them as a
supplementary attraction to the musical entertainments then given at a
place in the Haymarket, called Mrs. Midnight's Oratory. The Animal
Comedians, as they were called, became famous enough to furnish the theme
of an 'Adventurer.' The author states that the repeated encomiums on their
performances induced him to be present one evening at the entertainment,
when he "was astonished at the sagacity of the monkies; and was no less
amazed at the activity of the other quadrupeds--I should have rather said,
from a view of their extraordinary elevations, bipeds.

"It is a peculiar happiness to me as an Adventurer," he continues, "that I
sally forth in an age which emulates those heroick times of old, when
nothing was pleasing but what was unnatural. Thousands have gaped at a
wire-dancer daring to do what no one else would attempt; and thousands
still gape at greater extravagances in pantomime entertainments. Every
street teems with incredibilities; and if the great mob have their little
theatre in the Haymarket, the small vulgar can boast their cheaper
diversion in two enormous bears, that jauntily trip it to the light tune
of a Caledonian jig.

"That the intellectual faculties of brutes may be exerted beyond the
narrow limits which we have hitherto assigned to their capacities, I saw a
sufficient proof in Mrs. Midnight's dogs and monkies. Man differs less
from beasts in general, than these seem to approach man in rationality.
But while I applaud their exalted genius, I am in pain for the rest of
their kindred, both of the canine and cercopithecan species." The writer
then proceeds to comment humorously upon the mania which the exhibition
had created for teaching dogs and monkeys to perform the tricks for which
the Animal Comedians were famous. "Every boarding-house romp and wanton
school-boy," he says, "is employed in perverting the end of the canine
creation."

The contributor of this paper seems to have had a familiar acquaintance
with the shows attending the London fairs, for it was he, whoever he was,
who wrote the third number of the 'Adventurer,' in which, giving the
details of a scheme for a pantomime, he says that he has "not only
ransacked the fairs of Bartholomew and Southwark, but picked up every
uncommon animal, every prodigy of nature, and every surprising performer,
that has lately appeared within the bills of mortality." He proceeds to
enumerate them, and to assign parts in his intended entertainment for "the
Modern Colossus," "all the wonderful tall men and women that have been
lately exhibited in this town," "the Female Sampson," "the famous <DW64>
who swings his arms about in every direction," "the noted ox, with six
legs and two bellies," "the beautiful panther mare," "the noted
fire-eater, smoking out of red-hot tobacco pipes, champing lighted
brimstone, and swallowing his infernal mess of broth," "the most amazing
new English _Chien Savant_," "the little woman that weighs no more than
twenty-three pounds," "the wonderful little Norfolk man," "the fellow with
Stentorian lungs, who can break glasses and shatter window-panes with the
loudness of his vociferation," and "the wonderful man who talks in his
belly, and can fling his voice into any part of a room." Incidentally he
mentions also "the so much applauded stupendous ostrich," "the sorcerer's
great gelding," "the wire dancer," and dancing bears.

The showmen's bills and advertisements of the period enable us to identify
most of the wonders enumerated by this writer. The female Samson and the
wire-walker had been seen that year in the fairs, the famous <DW64> and
the Norfolk dwarf the year before, and the Corsican fairy and the double
cow in 1748. The fire-eater was probably Powell, though I have seen no
advertisement of that human salamander earlier than 1760.

The Bartholomew Fair riot was repeated in 1753, when Buck, the successor
of the unfortunate Birch, was very roughly handled by the rioters, and
severely bruised. This tumult was followed by an accident to a
wire-walker, named Evans, who, by the breaking of his wire, was
precipitated to the ground, breaking one of his thighs and receiving other
injuries. This was the year of the demonstration against the claim of the
Corporation to levy tolls upon the goods of citizens, as well as upon
those of strangers, during the time of Bartholomew Fair. Richard Holland,
a leather-seller in Newgate Street, had, in the preceding year, refused
the toll demanded on a roll of leather with which he had attempted to
enter the fair, and, on the leather being seized by the collector, had
called a constable, and charged the impounder with theft. The squabble
resulted in an action against the Corporation, which was not tried,
however, till 1754, when the judge pronounced in favour of the citizens.

While the action was pending, Holland's cart was driven through the fair
with a load of hay, and was not stopped by the collector of the tolls,
who had, probably, been instructed to hold his hand until the matter was
determined. The horses' heads were decorated with ribbons, and on the
leader's forehead was a card, upon which the following doggrel lines were
written in a bold round hand:--

  "My master keeps me well, 'tis true,
  And justly pays whatever is due;
  Now plainly, not to mince the matter,
  No toll he pays but with a halter."

On each side of the load of hay hung a halter, and a paper bearing the
following announcement:--

  "The time is approaching, if not already come,
  That all British subjects may freely pass on;
  And not on pretence of Bartholomew Fair
  Make you pay for your passage, with all you bring near.
  When once it is try'd, ever after depend on,
  'Twill incur the same fate as on Finchley Common.
  Give Caesar his due, when by law 'tis demanded,
  And those that deserve with this halter be hanged."

The disturbances occasioned by the interference of the authorities with
the entertainers of the fair-goers were not renewed in 1754, though the
elements of disorder seem to have been present in tolerable strength; for
on a swing breaking down in Smithfield, without any person being
seriously hurt, a number of persons broke up the apparatus, and throwing
the wreck into a heap, set it on fire. Every swing in the fair was then
attacked and wrecked in succession, and the frames and broken cars thrown
upon the blazing pile, which soon sent a column of fire high into the air,
to the immense danger of the many combustible erections on every side. To
keep up the fire, all the tables and benches of the sausage-vendors were
next seized, and cast upon it; and the feeble police of that period was
inadequate to the prevention of this wholesale destruction, which seems to
have gone on without a check.

The exclusion of theatrical entertainments from Southwark Fair was not
maintained in 1755, when Warner set up a booth on the bowling-green, in
conjunction with the widow of Yeates (who had died about this time), and
revived the favourite London fair drama of _The Unnatural Parents_. In the
following year, Warner's name appears alone, as the proprietor of a "great
tiled booth," in which he produced _The Lover's Metamorphosis_, with
dancing between the acts, and a pantomimic entertainment called _The
Stratagems of Harlequin_.

In 1757, Yates and Shuter, the former engaged at the time at Drury Lane,
and the latter at Covent Garden, tried the experiment of a variety
entertainment, at the large concert-room of the Greyhound Inn, in
Smithfield, "during the short time of Bartholomew Fair," as all bills and
advertisements had announced since the duration of the fair had been
limited to three days. By this device, they evaded the edict of the Lord
Mayor and the Court of Aldermen, which applied only to temporary erections
in Smithfield. They did not repeat the experiment in Southwark, where the
only booth advertised was Warner's, with "a company of comedians from the
theatres," in _The Intriguing Lover_ and _Harlequin's Vagaries_.

Yates and Shuter re-appeared at the Greyhound next year, when they
presented _Woman turned Bully_, with singing and dancing between the acts,
and a representation of the storming of Louisbourg. Theatrical
representations were this year permitted or connived at in the fair, for
Dunstall and Vaughan set up a booth in George Yard, associating with them
in the enterprise the more experienced Warner, and announcing "a select
company from the theatres royal." _The Widow Bewitched_ was performed,
with an entertainment of singing and dancing. Next door to the George Inn
was an exhibition of wax-work, the chief feature of which was a collection
of figures representing the royal family of Prussia.

Southwark Fair was this year extended to four days, so fitful and varying
was the policy of the Court of Aldermen with regard to the fairs, which,
while they professed to regard them as incentives to idleness and vice,
they encouraged in some years as much as they restricted in others. The
names of Dunstall and Vaughan do not appear in the bills issued by Warner
for this fair, but the comedy performed was the same as at Bartholomew
Fair, followed by a representation of the capture of Louisbourg,
concluding with a procession of colours and standards, and a song in
praise of the heroes of the victory.

Yates and Shuter again attended Bartholomew Fair in the following year.
Mr. Henry Morley claims for the latter the invention of the showman's
device of announcing to the players, by a cant word, that there was
another audience collected in front, and that the performances might be
drawn to a close as soon as possible. Shuter's mystic words are said to
have been "John Audley," shouted from the front. The practice appears,
however, to have been in operation in the earliest days of Sadler's Wells,
where, according to a description of the place and the entertainments
given by Macklin, in a conversation recorded in the fortieth volume of the
'European Magazine,' the announcement was made in the query, "Is Hiram
Fistoman here?"

It was about this time that the "cat's opera" was announced by the famous
animal-trainer, Bisset, whose pupils, furred and feathered, were regarded
as one of the most wonderful exhibitions ever witnessed. Bisset was
originally a shoemaker at Perth, where he was born in 1721, but, on coming
to London, and entering the connubial state, he commenced business as a
broker, and accumulated a little capital. Having read an account of a
performing horse, which was exhibited at the fair of St. Germain in 1739,
he was induced to try his own skill in the teaching of animals upon a dog,
and afterwards upon a horse, which he bought for the purpose. Succeeding
with these, he procured a couple of monkeys, one of which he taught to
play a barrel-organ, while the other danced and vaulted on the tight-rope.

Cats are generally regarded as too susceptible of nervous excitement to
perform in public, though their larger relatives, lions, tigers, and
leopards, have been taught to perform a variety of tricks before
spectators, and cats are readily taught to perform the same tricks in
private. Bisset aimed at something higher than the exhibition of the
leaping feats of the species, and succeeded in teaching three cats to play
the dulcimer and squall to the notes. By the advice of Pinchbeck, with
whom he had become acquainted, he hired a large room in the Haymarket,
and announced a public performance of the "cat's opera," supplemented by
the tricks of the horse, the dog, and the monkeys. Besides the
organ-grinding and rope-dancing performance, the monkeys took wine
together, and rode on the horse, pirouetting and somersaulting with the
skill of a practised acrobat. One of them also danced a minuet with the
dog.

The "cat's opera" was attended by crowded houses, and Bisset cleared a
thousand pounds by the exhibition in a few days. He afterwards taught a
hare to walk on its hind legs, and beat a drum; a feathered company of
canaries, linnets, and sparrows to spell names, tell the time by the
clock, etc.; half-a-dozen turkeys to execute a country dance; and a turtle
(according to Wilson, but probably a tortoise) to write names on the
floor, having its feet blackened for the purpose. After a successful
season in London, he sold some of the animals, and made a provincial tour
with the rest, rapidly accumulating a considerable fortune. Passing over
to Ireland in 1775, he exhibited his animals in Dublin and Belfast,
afterwards establishing himself in a public-house in the latter city.
There he remained until 1783, when he reappeared in Dublin with a pig,
which he had taught to perform all the tricks since exhibited by the
learned grunter's successors at all the fairs in the kingdom. He was on
his way to London with the pig when he became ill at Chester, where he
shortly afterwards died.

The question of suppressing both Bartholomew and Southwark Fairs was
considered by the Court of Common Council in 1760, and the City Lands
Committee was desired to report upon the tenures of the fairs, with a view
to that end. Counsel's opinion was taken, and the committee reported the
result of the inquiry, upon which the Court resolved that Southwark Fair
should be abolished henceforth, but that the interests of Lord Kensington
in the revenues of Bartholomew Fair prevented the same course from being
pursued in Smithfield. The latter fair was voted a nuisance, however, and
the Court expressed a determination to abate it with the utmost
strictness. Shuter produced a masque, called _The Triumph of Hymen_, in
honour of the approaching royal nuptials; it was the production of a
forgotten poet named Wignell, in a collected edition of whose poems it was
printed in 1762. Among the minor entertainers of this year at Bartholomew
Fair were Powell, the fire-eater, and Roger Smith, who gave a musical
performance upon eight bells, two of which were fixed upon his head-gear,
and one upon each foot, while two were held in each hand.




CHAPTER VII.

    Yates and Shuter--Cat Harris--Mechanical Singing Birds--Lecture on
    Heads--Pidcock's Menagerie--Breslaw, the Conjuror--Reappearance of the
    Corsican Fairy--Gaetano, the Bird Imitator--Rossignol's Performing
    Birds--Ambroise, the Showman--Brunn, the Juggler, on the Wire--Riot at
    Bartholomew Fair--Dancing Serpents--Flockton, the
    Puppet-Showman--Royal Visit to Bartholomew Fair--Lane, the
    Conjuror--Hall's Museum--O'Brien, the Irish Giant--Baker's
    Theatre--Joel Tarvey and Lewis Owen, the popular Clowns.


The relations between Yates and Shuter in the last two or three years of
their appearance as showmen at Bartholomew Fair are somewhat doubtful; but
all the evidence that I have been able to obtain points to the conclusion
that they did not co-operate subsequently to 1758. In 1761 they seemed to
have been in rivalry, for the former's name appears singly as the
director of the "company of comedians from both the theatres" that
performed in the concert-room at the Greyhound, while an advertisement of
one of the minor shows of the fair describes it as located in George Yard,
"leading to Mr. Shuter's booth." I have not, however, been able to find an
advertisement of Shuter's booth.

Yates's company performed _The Fair Bride_, which the bills curiously
describe as "containing many surprising Occurrences at Sea, which could
not possibly happen at Land. The Performance will be highly enlivened with
several entertaining Scenes between England, France, Ireland, and
Scotland, in the diverting Personages of Ben Bowling, an English Sailor;
Mons. Soup-Maigre, a French Captain; O'Flannaghan, an Irish Officer;
M'Pherson, a Scotch Officer. Through which the Manners of each Nation will
be characteristically and humorously depicted. In which will be introduced
as singular and curious a Procession as was ever exhibited in this Nation.
The objects that comprise the Pageantry are both Exotic and British. The
Principal Figure is the Glory and Delight of OLD ENGLAND, and Envy of our
ENEMIES. With Variety of Entertainments of Singing and Dancing. The whole
to conclude with a Loyal Song on the approaching Marriage of our great and
glorious Sovereign King GEORGE and the Princess CHARLOTTE of
Mecklenberg."

There were two shows in George Yard, in one of which "the famous learned
canary bird" was exhibited, the other consisting of a moving picture of a
city, with an artificial cascade, and "a magnificent temple, with two
mechanical birds which have all the exact motions of living animals; they
perform a variety of tunes, either singular or in concert. During the
performance, the just swelling of the throat, the quick motions of the
bills, and the joyous fluttering of the wings, strike every spectator with
pleasing astonishment."

Shuter seems to have been the last actor who played at Bartholomew Fair
while engaged at a permanent theatre. Some amusing stories are told of his
powers of mimicry. When Foote introduced in a comedy a duet supposed to be
performed by two cats, in imitation of Bisset's feline opera, he engaged
for the purpose one Harris, who was famous for his power of producing the
vocal sounds peculiar to the species. Harris being absent one day from
rehearsal, Shuter went in search of him, and not knowing the number of the
house in which Cat Harris, as he was called, resided, he began to perform
a feline solo as soon as he entered the court in which lived the man of
whom he was in search. Harris opened his window at the sound, and
responded with a beautiful _meeyow_.

"You are the man!" said Shuter. "Come along! We can't begin the cats'
opera without you."

There is a story told of Shuter, however, which is strongly suggestive of
his ability to have supplied Cat Harris's place. He was travelling in the
Brighton stage-coach on a very warm day, with four ladies, when the
vehicle stopped to receive a sixth passenger, who could have played
Falstaff without padding. The faces of the ladies elongated at this
unwelcome addition to the number, but Shuter only smiled. When the stout
gentleman was seated, and the coach was again in motion, Shuter gravely
inquired of one of the ladies her motive for visiting Brighton. She
replied, that her physician had advised sea-bathing as a remedy for mental
depression. He turned to the others, and repeated his inquiries; the next
was nervous, the third bilious--all had some ailment which the sea was
expected to cure.

"Ah!" sighed the comedian, "all your complaints put together are nothing
to mine. Oh, nothing!--mine is dreadful but to think of."

"Indeed, sir!" said the stout passenger, with a look of astonishment.
"What is your complaint? you look exceedingly well."

"Ah, sir!" responded Shuter, shaking his head, "looks are deceitful; you
must know, sir, that, three days ago, I had the misfortune to be bitten by
a mad dog, for which I am informed sea-bathing is the only cure. For that
purpose I am going to Brighton; for though, as you observe, I am looking
well, yet the fit comes on in a moment, when I bark like a dog, and
endeavour to bite every one near me."

"Lord have mercy on us!" ejaculated the stout passenger, with a look of
alarm. "But, sir, you are not in earnest--you--"

"Bow-wow-wow!"

"Coachman! coachman! Let me out!--let me out, I say!"

"Now, your honour, what's the matter?"

"A mad dog is the matter!--hydrophobia is the matter! open the door!"

"Bow-wow-wow!"

"Open the door! Never mind the steps. Thank God, I am safe out! Let those
who like ride inside; I'll mount the roof."

So he rode to Brighton outside the coach, much to the satisfaction of
Shuter and his fair companions who were very merry at his expense, the
former repeating at intervals his sonorous _bow-wow-wow_!

Theatrical booths and puppet-shows were again prohibited in 1762, and, as
the jugglers, the acrobats, and the rope-dancers who attended the fairs
did not advertise their performances, only casual notices are to be found
in the newspapers of the period of the amusements which that generation
flocked into Smithfield in the first week of September to witness, and
which lead them somewhat earlier to the greens of Camberwell and Stepney.
Some of the entertainers of the period are mentioned in an anonymous poem
on Bartholomew Fair, which appeared in 1763. The names are probably
fictitious.

  "On slender cord Volante treads;
  The earth seems paved with human heads:
  And as she springs aloft in air,
  Trembling they crouch below for fear.
    A well-made form Querpero shows,
  Well-skilled that form to discompose;
  The arms forget their wonted state;
  Standing on earth, they bear his weight;
  The head falls downward 'twixt the thighs,
  The legs mount upward to the skies;
  And thus this topsy-turvy creature
  Stalks, and derides the human nature.
    Agyrta, famed for cup and ball,
  Plays sleight of hand, and pleases all:
  The certainty of sense in vain
  Philosophers in schools maintain;
  This man your sharpest wit defies,
  He cheats your watchful ears and eyes.
  Ah, 'prentice, well your pockets fence,
  And yet he steals your master's pence."

In 1765, "the celebrated lecture on heads" was advertised to be given,
during the time of Bartholomew Fair, "in a large and commodious room near
the end of Hosier Lane." The name of the lecturer was not announced, but
the form of the advertisement implies that the lecture was Steevens's. The
lecturer may, however, have been only an imitator of that famous humorist;
for the newspapers of the preceding week inform us that a similar
announcement was made at Alnwick, where the audience, finding that the
lecturer was not Steevens, regarded him as an impostor, and demanded the
return of their money, with a threat of tossing him in a blanket. The
lecturer attempted to vindicate himself, but the production of a blanket
completed his discomfiture, and he surrendered, returning to the
disappointed audience the money which they had paid for admission.

In 1769, the chief attraction of the London fairs was Pidcock's menagerie,
which was the largest and best which had ever been exhibited in a
temporary erection, the animals being hired from Cross's collection at
Exeter Change. Pidcock exhibited his animals at Bartholomew Fair for
several successive years, and was succeeded by Polito, whose zoological
collection attracted thousands of spectators every year.

Breslaw, the conjuror, appeared in 1772, in a large room in Cockspur
Street, where his tricks of legerdemain were combined with a vocal and
instrumental concert by three or four Italians, imitations by a young lady
announced as Miss Rose of "many interesting parts of the capital actresses
in tragedy and comedy," and imitations by an Italian named Gaetano of the
notes of the blackbird, thrush, canary, linnet, bull-finch, sky-lark, and
nightingale. In 1774, the entertainment was given on alternate days in the
large ball-room of the King's Arms, opposite the Royal Exchange. In 1775,
it was given in Cockspur Street only, and in the following year at
Marylebone Gardens. He then appears to have been absent from London for a
couple of years, as he always was during a portion of each year, when he
made a tour through the provinces.

Caulfield says that Breslaw was superior to Fawkes, "both in tricks and
impudence," and relates an anecdote, which certainly goes far to bear out
his assertion. Breslaw, while exhibiting at Canterbury, requested
permission to display his cunning a little longer, promising the Mayor
that if he was indulged with the required permission, he would give the
receipts of one night for the benefit of the poor. The Mayor acceded to
the proposition, and Breslaw had a crowded house; hearing nothing about
the money collected on the specified evening, the Mayor called upon
Breslaw, and, in as delicate a manner as possible, expressed his surprise.

"Mr. Mayor," said the conjuror, "I have distributed the money myself."

"Pray, sir, to whom?" inquired the Mayor, still more surprised.

"To my own company, than whom none can be poorer," replied Breslaw.

"This is a trick!" exclaimed the Mayor indignantly.

"Sir," returned the conjuror, "we live by tricks."

In 1773, the Corsican fairy reappeared, having probably made the tour of
Europe since her first exhibition in London in 1748, which has been
overlooked by some writers, though there is no doubt that the girl
exhibited at the latter date was the same person. Two years later, the
Turkish rope-dancer, who had displayed his feats in 1744, reappeared at
Bartholomew Fair. In the same year, Rossignol exhibited his performing
birds at Sadler's Wells, and afterwards at the Smock Alley theatre, in
Dublin. He returned to Sadler's Wells in 1776, where his clever feathered
company attracted as many spectators as before. Twelve or fourteen
canaries and linnets were taken from their cages, and placed on a table,
in ranks, with paper caps on their heads, and tiny toy muskets under their
left wings. Thus armed and accoutred, they marched about the table, until
one of them, leaving the ranks, was adjudged a deserter, and sentenced to
be shot. A mimic execution then took place, one of the birds holding a
lighted match in its claw, and firing a toy cannon of brass, loaded with
powder. The deserter fell, feigning death, but rose again at the command
of Rossignol.

Breslaw had formidable competitors this year in Ambroise and Brunn, who
gave a variety entertainment in a large room in Panton Street, of which we
have the following account in their advertisements:--

"On the part of Mr. Ambroise, the manager of the _Ombres Chinoises_, will
be performed all those scenes which, upon repeated trial, have had a
general approbation, with new pieces every day; the whole to be augmented
with a fourth division. By the particular desire of the company, the
_danses de caractere_ in the intervals are performed to the astonishment
of all, and to conclude with the comic of a magician, who performs
metamorphoses, etc. He had the honour to represent this spectacle before
his Most Christian Majesty Louis XVI. and the Royal Family; likewise
before His Serene Highness the Prince d'Orange and the whole Court, with
an approbation very flattering for the performer.

"The Saxon Brunn, besides various tricks of his dexterity, will give this
day a surprising circular motion with three forks and a sword; to-morrow,
with a plate put horizontally upon the point of a knife, a sword fixed
perpendicularly, on the top of which another plate, all turning with a
remarkable swiftness; and on Saturday the singular performance with a
bason, called the Clag of Manfredonia; all which are of his own invention,
being the _non plus ultra_ for equilibriums on the wire. The applause they
have already received makes them hope to give an equal satisfaction to the
company for the future. To begin at seven precisely. Admittance, five
shillings."

In 1778, a foreigner exhibited in Bartholomew Fair the extraordinary
spectacle of serpents dancing on silken ropes to the sound of music, which
performance has never, I believe, been repeated since. The serpents
exhibited by Arab and Hindoo performers, of whose skill an example was
afforded several years ago in the Zoological Gardens in the Regent's Park,
dance on the ground. It was in this year that the fair was visited by the
Duke and Duchess of Gloucester, who entered at Giltspur Street, and
passing the puppet-shows of Flockton and Jobson, the conjuring booths of
Lane and Robinson, and several other shows the names only of whose
proprietors--Ives, Basil, Clarkson,--have been preserved, rode through Cow
Lane into Holborn.

This year appears to have been the first in which puppet-shows were
allowed to be set up in Smithfield after being excluded for several years;
as in 1776 a more than ordinary degree of irritation was produced by their
exclusion, "Lady Holland's mob" proclaiming the fair without any
restriction, and a disturbance arising afterwards, in the course of which
the windows of nearly every house round Smithfield were broken by the
rioters. Flockton and Jobson attended the fair regularly for many years.
The former used to perform some conjuring tricks on the outside of his
show to attract an audience, but Strutt says that he was a very poor
conjuror. Lane's performances were varied by posturing and dancing by his
two daughters. The following doggrel appears in one of his bills:--

  "It will make you laugh, it will drive away gloom,
  To see how the egg it will dance round the room;
  And from another egg a bird there will fly,
  Which makes the company all for to cry,
  'O rare Lane! cockalorum for Lane! well done, Lane!
                                You are the Man!'"

One of the chief shows of the fair in 1779 was the fine collection of
preserved animals of Hall, of the City Road, who was famous for his skill
in that art. This museum did not prove so attractive as Pidcock's
menagerie, however, the frequenters of the fair preferring to see the
animals living; and in the following year even the expedient of parading a
stuffed zebra round the fair did not attract spectators enough to induce
Hall to attend again. His museum remained open in the City Road, however,
for many years.

Breslaw, the conjuror, had a room in 1779 at the King's Head, near the
Mansion House, as well as in Cockspur Street (opposite the Haymarket), and
a bill of this year shows, better than any of his earlier announcements,
the nature of the tricks which he performed. His exposition of "how it is
done" was probably not more intelligible than Dr. Lynn's. "Between the
different parts," says the bill, "Mr. Breslaw will discover the following
deceptions in such a manner, that every person in the company shall be
capable of doing them immediately for their amusement. First, to tell any
lady or gentleman the card that they fix on, without asking any
questions. Second, to make a remarkable piece of money to fly out of any
gentleman's hand into a lady's pocket-handkerchief, at two yards distance.
Third, to change four or five cards in any lady's or gentleman's hand
several times into different cards. Fourth, to make a fresh egg fly out of
any person's pocket into a box on the table, and immediately to fly back
again into the pocket."

Breslaw had Rossignol in his company at this time, as will be seen from
the following programme:--"1. Mr. Breslaw will exhibit a variety of new
magical card deceptions, particularly he will communicate the thoughts
from one person to another, after which he will perform many new
deceptions with letters, numbers, dice, rings, pocket-pieces, &c., &c. 2.
Under the direction of Sieur Changee, a new invented small chest,
consisting of three divisions, will be displayed in a most extraordinary
manner. 3. The famous Rossignol, from Naples, will imitate various birds,
to the astonishment of the spectators. 4. Mr. Breslaw will exhibit several
new experiments on six different metals, watches, caskets, gold boxes,
silver machineries, &c., &c."

Rossignol (said to be an assumed name) afterwards obtained an engagement
at Covent Garden Theatre, where he attracted attention by an imitation of
the violin with his mouth; but, being detected in the use of a concealed
instrument, he lost his reputation, and we hear of him no more. Breslaw
filled up the vacancy in his company by engaging Novilli, who played "at
one time on the German flute, violin, Spanish castanets, two pipes,
trumpet, bassoon, bass, Dutch drum, and violin-cello, never attempted
before in this kingdom." I have not been able to discover anything that
would throw some light upon the manner in which this extraordinary
performance was accomplished. He engaged for his London season this year a
large room in Panton Street, probably the one in which Ambroise and Brunn
performed in 1775. The entertainment commenced, as before, with a vocal
and instrumental concert, between the parts of which lyrical and
rhetorical imitations were given by "a young gentleman, not nine years of
age;" the concluding portion consisting of the exhibition of Breslaw's
"new invented mechanical watches, sympathetic bell, pyramidical glasses,
magical card deceptions, &c., &c.," and particularly "a new grand
apparatus and experiments never attempted before in this kingdom."

It was in this year that the famous Irish giant, Patrick O'Brien, first
exhibited himself at Bartholomew Fair, being then nineteen years of age,
and over eight feet high. His name was Cotter, that of O'Brien being
assumed when he began to exhibit himself, to accord with the
representation that he was a descendant of the ancient royal race of
Munster. His parents, who were both of middle height only, apprenticed him
to a bricklayer; but, at the age of eighteen, his extraordinary stature
attracted the attention of a showman, by whom he was induced to sign an
agreement to exhibit himself in England for three years, receiving a
yearly salary of fifty pounds. Soon after reaching England, however, on
his refusing his assent to a proposed cession of his person to another
showman, his exhibitor caused him to be arrested at Bristol for a
fictitious debt, and lodged in the city goal.

Obtaining his release, and the annulment of the contract, by the
interposition of a benevolent inhabitant of Bristol, he proceeded to
London, and exhibited himself on his own account in Bartholomew Fair,
realising thirty pounds by the experiment in three days. He exhibited in
this fair four or five successive years, but, as he made money, he changed
the scene of his "receptions," as they would now be called, to public
halls in the metropolis, and the assembly-rooms of provincial hotels. He
attained the height of eight feet seven inches, and was proportionately
stout, but far from symmetrical; and so deficient in stamina that the
effort to maintain an upright attitude while exhibiting himself was
painful to him.

Theatrical booths again appeared at Bartholomew Fair in 1782, when Mrs.
Baker, manageress of the Rochester Theatre, took her company to
Smithfield. Tradition says that Elizabeth Inchbald was at this time a
member of Mrs. Baker's company, but I have not been able to discover any
ground for the belief. The diary of the actress would have set the matter
at rest; but she destroyed it before her death, and Boaden's memoirs of
her were based chiefly upon her letters. They show her to have performed
that year at Canterbury, and it is within the limits of probability that
she may have performed at Rochester also; though it would still remain
doubtful whether she accompanied Mrs. Baker to Bartholomew Fair. According
to Boaden, she proceeded to Edinburgh on the termination of her Canterbury
engagement.

Lewis Owen, who was engaged by Mrs. Baker as clown for her Bartholomew
Fair performances, was a young man of reputable family and good education,
who had embraced the career of a public entertainer from choice, as more
congenial to his tastes and habits than any other. His eccentric manners
and powers of grimace, joined with a considerable fund of natural wit,
caused him to be speedily recognised as a worthy successor of Joel Tarvey,
who, after amusing more than one generation, as the Merry Andrew of
various shows and places of amusements, had died at Hoxton of extreme old
age in 1777.




CHAPTER VIII.

    Lady Holland's Mob--Kelham Whiteland, the Dwarf--Flockton, the
    Conjuror and Puppet-Showman--Wonderful Rams--Miss Morgan, the
    Dwarf--Flockton's Will--Gyngell, the Conjuror--Jobson, the
    Puppet-Showman--Abraham Saunders--Menageries of Miles and Polito--Miss
    Biffin--Philip Astley.


While the character of the theatrical entertainments presented at the
London fairs declined from the middle of the eighteenth century, when
Yates and Shuter ceased to appear in Smithfield "during the short time of
Bartholomew Fair," the various other shows underwent a gradual
improvement. Menageries became larger and better arranged, while with the
progress of zoological science, they were rendered better media for its
diffusion. Panoramas and mechanical exhibitions began to appear, and,
though it is impossible to estimate the degree in which such agencies
were instrumental in educating the people, it is but fair to allow them
some share in the intellectual progress of the latter half of the century.

The good or evil arising from the amusements of any class of the people
can only be fairly judged by comparing the amusements with those of other
classes at the same period; and those who will study the dramas and
novels, and especially the newspapers of the last century, will not find
more to commend in the manners and pursuits of the upper and middle
classes than in those of the lower orders of society, as exemplified in
the London fairs. The hand that painted Gin Lane for the contemplation of
posterity left an instructive picture of the morals and manners of the
upper strata of society in the 'Rake's Progress' and the 'Midnight
Conversation.'

The amusements of the people partake of the mutability of all mundane
matters, and the newspapers of the period show that the London fairs had
begun, at the beginning of the last quarter of the eighteenth century, to
be regarded by the educated portion of society much less favourably than
they had been in earlier times. When St. James's ceased to patronize them,
Bloomsbury voted them low, and Cornhill declared them a nuisance.
Journalists, having as yet no readers in the slums, and therefore writing
exclusively for St. James's, or Bloomsbury, or Cornhill, as the case might
be, adapted their tone to the views current in those sections of London
society. If we first place a paragraph of the 'Times' of the present day
recording a cock-fight or a pugilistic contest, by the side of a report of
a similar encounter in a journal of thirty years ago, we shall have no
difficulty in understanding why Bartholomew Fair was described by the
'Morning Chronicle' in 1784 in language so different to that used by Pepys
and Evelyn a century before.

After recounting the misdoings of "Lady Holland's mob," the paragraphist
tells his readers that:--

"The elegant part of the entertainment was confined to a few booths. At
the Lock and Key, near Cloth Fair, a select company performed the musical
opera of the _Poor Soldier_, with Columbine's escape from Smithfield. Mr.
Flockton, whose name can never be struck off Bartholomew roll, had a
variety of entertainments without and within. The King's conjuror, who
takes more money from out the pocket than he puts in, made the lank-haired
gentry scratch their pates; the walking French puppet-show had hired an
apartment, with additional performers; Punch and the Devil, in his little
moving theatre, were performing without doors, to invite the company into
the grand theatre. Men with wooden mummies in show-boxes were found
straggling about the fair; tall women in cellars, dropping upon their
knees to be kissed by short customers; dwarfs mounted on stools for the
same civil purposes; and men without arms writing with their feet."

The sneering tone, and the disposition to write down the fair, perceptible
in this account, are more strongly exhibited in the 'Public Advertiser' of
the 5th of September, in the following year:--

"Saturday being Bartholomew Fair day, it was, according to annual custom,
ushered in by Lady Holland's Mob, accompanied with a charming band of
music, consisting of marrow-bones and cleavers, tin kettles, &c., &c.,
much to the gratification of the inhabitants about Smithfield; great
preparations were then made for the reception of the Lord Mayor, the
Sheriffs, and other City officers, who, after regaling themselves with a
cool tankard at Mr. Akerman's, made their appearance in the fair about one
o'clock, to authorise _mimic_ fools to make _real_ ones of the gaping
spectators. The proclamation being read, and the Lord Mayor retiring, he
was saluted by a flourish of trumpets, drums, rattles, salt-boxes, and
other delightful musical instruments. The noted Flockton, and the
notorious Jobson, with many new managers, exhibited their tragic and comic
performers, as did Penley his drolls. There were wild beasts from all
parts of the world roaring, puppets squeaking, sausages frying, Kings and
Queens raving, pickpockets diving, round-abouts twirling, hackney coaches
and poor horses driving, and all Smithfield alive-o! The Learned Horse
paid his obedience to the company, as did about a score of monkeys,
several _beautiful young_ ladies of forty, Punches, Pantaloons,
Harlequins, Columbines, three giants, a dwarf, and a giantess. These were
not all who came to Smithfield to gratify the public; there were several
sleight-of-hand men and fire-eaters; the last, however, were not quite so
numerous as those who eat of the deliciously flavoured sausages and
oysters with which the fair abounded. The company were _remarkably
genteel_ and crowded, and the different performances went off with loud
and unbounded bursts of applause; they will be repeated this day and
to-morrow for the last times this season." Reports similar in tone to the
foregoing continued to appear in the newspapers for many years.

That the fairs were visited at and from this time almost exclusively by
the lower orders of society is tolerably obvious from the fact that,
though the number and variety of the shows were greater, and advertising
was more largely resorted to every year as a medium of publicity, the
showmen had ceased to use the columns of the London press for this
purpose. Bills were given away in the fair, or displayed on the outsides
of the shows, but few of these have been preserved, though the few extant
are the only memorials of the London fairs during several years.

The only bill of 1787 which I have succeeded in finding announces a dwarf
with the remarkable name of Kelham Whiteland; he is said to have been born
at Ipswich, but his height, strange to say, is not stated, a blank being
left before the word _inches_. Probably he was growing, and his exhibitor
deemed it advisable, as a matter of financial economy, to have a large
number of bills printed at one time.

Flockton, who was the leading showman of this period, was the sole
advertiser of 1789, when he put forth the following announcement:--

"MR. FLOCKTON'S Most Grand and Unparallelled Exhibition. Consisting,
first, in the display of the Original and Universally admired ITALIAN
FANTOCCINI, exhibited in the same Skilful and Wonderful Manner, as well as
Striking Imitations of Living Performers, as represented and exhibited
before the Royal Family, and the most illustrious Characters in this
Kingdom. MR. FLOCKTON will display his inimitable DEXTERITY OF HAND,
Different from all pretenders to the said Art. To which will be perform'd
an ingenious and Spirited Opera called The PADLOCK. Principal vocal
performers, Signor Giovanni Orsi and Signora Vidina. The whole to conclude
with his grand and inimitable MUSICAL CLOCK, at first view, a curious
organ, exhibited three times before their Majesties."

In this clock nine hundred figures were said to be shown at work at
various trades.

In the following year, two wonderful rams were exhibited in Bartholomew
Fair. One of them had a single horn, growing from the centre of the
forehead, like the unicorn of the heralds; the other had six legs. One of
the principal shows of this year was advertised as "the Original Theatre
(Late the celebrated Yates and Shuter, of facetious Memory), Up the
Greyhound Inn Yard, the only real and commodious place for Theatrical
Performances. The Performers selected from the most distinguished Theatres
in England, Scotland, &c. The Representation consists of an entirely New
Piece, called, The Spaniard Well Drub'd, or the British Tar Victorious."
This clap-trap drama concluded with "a Grand Procession of the King,
French Heroes, Guards, Municipal Troops, &c., to the Champ de Mars, to
swear to the Revolution Laws, as established by the Magnificent National
Assembly, on the 14th of July, 1790." There was "hornpipe dancing by the
renowned Jack Bowling," and an "Olio of wit, whim, and fancy, in Song,
Speech, and Grimace."

Two years later, the London Fairs were visited by a couple of dwarfs,
almost as famous in their day as Tom Thumb and his Lilliputian bride in
our own. These were Thomas Allen, described in the bill of the show as
"the most surprising small man ever before the public," and who had
previously been exhibited at the Lyceum, where he was visited by the Duke
of York and the Duke of Clarence; and, again to quote the bill, which
seems to have been based on the announcements of the Corsican Fairy, some
of the passages being identical,--

"MISS MORGAN, the Celebrated WINDSOR FAIRY, known in _London_ and
_Windsor_ by the Addition of LADY MORGAN, a Title which His Majesty was
pleased to confer on her.

"This unparallelled Woman is in the 35th year of her age, and only 18
pounds weight. Her form affords a pleasing surprise, and her admirable
symmetry engages attention. She was introduced to their MAJESTIES at the
_Queen's Lodge, Windsor_, on Saturday the 4th of August, 1781, by the
recommendation of the late Dr. _Hunter_; when they were pleased to
pronounce her the finest Display of Human Nature in _miniature_ they ever
saw.--But we shall say no more of these great Wonders of Nature: let those
who honour them with their visits, judge for themselves.

  "Let others boast of stature, or of birth,
  This glorious Truth shall fill our souls with mirth.
  'That we now are, and hope, for years, to sing,
  The SMALLEST subject of the GREATEST King!'

"[Pointing Hand] Admittance to Ladies and Gentlemen, 1_s._ Children, Half
Price.

"[Asterism] In this and many other parts of the Kingdom, it is too common
to show deformed persons, with various arts and deceptions, under
denominations of persons in miniature, to impose on the public.

"This little couple are, beyond contradiction, the most wonderful display
of nature ever held out to the admiration of mankind.

"N.B. The above Lady's mother is with her, and will attend at any Lady or
Gentleman's house, if required."

Flockton died in 1794, at Peckham, where he had lived for several years in
comfort and respectability, having realised what was then regarded as a
considerable fortune. He had attended the London Fairs, and many of the
chief provincial ones, for many years, retiring to his cottage at Peckham
in the winter. His representation of Punch was not only superior in every
way to that of the open air puppet shows, but famous for the introduction
of a struggle between the mimic representative of the Prince of Darkness
and a fine Newfoundland dog, in which the canine combatant seized the
enemy by the nose, and finally carried him off the stage.

Flockton had no children, and probably no other relatives, for he
bequeathed his show, with all the properties pertaining to it, to Gyngell,
a clever performer of tricks of sleight of hand, and a widow named Flint,
both of whom had travelled with it for several years; and between these
two persons and other members of his company he divided the whole of his
accumulated gains, amounting to five thousand pounds. His successors were
announced next Bartholomew Fair as "the Widow Flint and Gyngell, at
Flockton's original Theatre, up the Greyhound Yard." Gyngell exhibited his
conjuring tricks, and performed on the musical glasses; and his wife sang
between this part of the entertainment and the exhibition of the
_fantoccini_ and Flockton's celebrated clock, which seems either to have
been over-puffed by its original exhibitor, or to have fallen out of
repair, for it was now said to contain five hundred figures, instead of
the nine hundred originally claimed for it. Perhaps, however, the larger
number was a misprint.

Widow Flint seems to have died soon after Flockton, or to have disposed of
her share in the show to Gyngell; for the bill of 1795 is the only one I
have found with her name as co-proprietor. Gyngell attended the London
fairs, and the principal fairs for many miles round the metropolis, for
thirty years after Flockton's death, and is spoken of by persons old
enough to remember him as a quiet, gentlemanly man.

Jobson, the puppet-showman, who had been in the field as long as Flockton,
was prosecuted in 1797, with several other owners of similar shows, for
making his puppets speak, which was held to be an infraction of the laws
relating to theatrical licences. This circumstance proves Strutt to have
been in error in describing Flockton as the last of the "motion-masters,"
the latter having been dead three years when his contemporaries were
prosecuted. I have not found Jobson's name among the showmen at the London
fairs in later years, however; and Gyngell's puppets appear to have
dropped out of existence with the musical clock, during the early years of
his career as a showman.

The suppression of Bartholomew Fair was strongly urged upon the Court of
Common Council in 1798, and the expediency of the measure was referred by
the Court to the City Lands Committee, but nothing came of the discussion
at that time. It was proposed to limit the duration of the fair to one
day, but this suggestion was rejected by the Court of Common Council on
the ground that the limitation would cause the fair to be crowded to an
extent that would be dangerous to life and limb. It is doubtful, however,
whether the showmen would have found the profits of one day sufficient to
induce them, had the experiment been tried, to incur the expense of
putting up their booths.

The fair went on as before, therefore, and Rowlandson's print sets before
us the scene which it presented in 1799 as thoroughly and as vividly as
Setchel's engraving has done the Bartholomew Fair of the first quarter of
the century. Gyngell's "grand medley" (a name adopted from Jobson) was
there; and the menageries of Miles and Polito, the Italian successor of
Pidcock, and very famous in his day; and Abraham Saunders, whom we meet
with for the first time, with the theatre which he appears to have
sometimes substituted for the circus, perhaps when an execution had
deprived him of his horses, or a bad season had obliged him to sell them;
and Miss Biffin, who, having been born without arms, painted portraits
with a brush affixed to her right shoulder, and exhibited herself and her
productions at fairs as the best mode of obtaining patronage.

Down to the end of the last century there are no records of a circus
having appeared at the London fairs. Astley is said to have taken his stud
and company to Bartholomew Fair at one time, but I have not succeeded in
finding any bill or advertisement of the great equestrian in connection
with fairs. The amphitheatre which has always borne his name (except
during the lesseeship of Mr. Boucicault, who chose to call it the
Westminster Theatre, a title about as appropriate as the Marylebone would
be in Shoreditch), was opened in 1780, and he had previously given open
air performances on the same site, only the seats being roofed over. The
enterprising character of Astley renders it not improbable that he may
have tried his fortune at the fairs when the circus was closed, as it has
usually been during the summer; and he may not have commenced his season
at the amphitheatre until after Bartholomew Fair, or have given there a
performance which he was accustomed to give in the afternoon at a large
room in Piccadilly, where the tricks of a performing horse were varied
with conjuring and _Ombres Chinoises_, a kind of shadow pantomime.

But though Astley's was the first circus erected in England, equestrian
performances in the open air had been given before his time by Price and
Sampson. The site of Dobney's Place, at the back of Penton Street,
Islington, was, in the middle of the last century, a tea-garden and
bowling-green, to which Johnson, who leased the premises in 1767, added
the attraction of tumbling and rope-dancing performances, which had become
so popular at Sadler's Wells. Price commenced his equestrian performances
at this place in 1770, and soon had a rival in Sampson, who performed
similar feats in a field behind the Old Hats public-house. It was not
until ten years later, according to the historians of Lambeth, that Philip
Astley exhibited his feats of horsemanship in a field near the Halfpenny
Hatch, forming his first ring with a rope and stakes, after the manner of
the mountebanks of a later day, and going round with his hat after each
performance to collect the largesses of the spectators, a part of the
business which, in the slang of strolling acrobats and other entertainers
of the public in bye-streets and market-places, and on village greens, is
called "doing a nob."

This remarkable man was born in 1742, at Newcastle-under-Lyme, where his
father carried on the business of a cabinet maker. He received little or
no education--no uncommon thing at that time,--and, having worked a few
years with his father, enlisted in a cavalry regiment. His imposing
appearance, being over six feet in height, with the proportions of a
Hercules, and the voice of a Stentor, attracted attention to him; and his
capture of a standard at the battle of Emsdorff, made him one of the
celebrities of his regiment. While serving in the army, he learned many
feats of horsemanship from an itinerant equestrian named Johnson, and
often exhibited them for the amusement of his comrades. On his discharge
from the army, being presented by General Elliot with a horse, he bought
another in Smithfield, and with these two animals gave the open air
performances in Lambeth, which have been mentioned.




CHAPTER IX

    Edmund Kean--Mystery of his Parentage--Saunders's Circus--Scowton's
    Theatre--Belzoni--The Nondescript--Richardson's Theatre--The Carey
    Family--Kean, a Circus Performer--Oxberry, the Comedian--James
    Wallack--Last Appearance of the Irish Giant--Miss Biffin and the Earl
    of Morton--Bartholomew Fair Incidents--Josephine Girardelli, the
    Female Salamander--James England, the Flying Pieman--Elliston as a
    Showman--Simon Paap, the Dutch Dwarf--Ballard's Menagerie--A Learned
    Pig--Madame Gobert, the Athlete--Cartlich, the Original
    Mazeppa--Barnes, the Pantaloon--Nelson Lee--Cooke's Circus--The
    Gyngell Family


With the present century commenced a period of the history of shows and
showmen specially interesting to the generation which remembers the London
fairs as they were forty or fifty years ago, and to which the names of
Gyngell, Scowton, Samwell, Richardson, Clarke, Atkins, and Wombwell have
a familiar sound. It introduces us, in its earliest years, to the
celebrated Edmund Kean, "the stripling known in a certain wayfaring troop
of _Atellanae_ by the name of Carey," as Raymond wrote, and whom we find
performing at the London fairs, sometimes tumbling in Saunders's circus,
and sometimes playing juvenile characters in the travelling theatres of
Scowton and Richardson. The early life of this remarkable man is as
strange as any that has ever afforded materials for the biographer, and
the mystery surrounding his parentage as inscrutable a problem as the
authorship of the letters of Junius.

Phippen, the earliest biographer of Kean, says that he was born in 1788,
and was the illegitimate offspring of _Aaron_ Kean, a tailor, and Anne
Carey, an actress. Proctor, whose account is repeated by Hawkins, states
that his parentage was unknown, but that, according to the best conclusion
he was able to form, he was the son of _Edmund_ Kean, a mechanic employed
by a London builder, and Anne Carey, an actress. Raymond says, on the
authority of Miss Tidswell, who was many years at Drury Lane Theatre, that
he was the son of _Edward_ Kean, a carpenter, and Nancy Carey, the
actress. While these various writers agree as to the name and profession
of the future great tragedian's mother, and the patronymic of his father,
they give us the choice of three baptismal names for the latter, and at
least two occupations. There seems no doubt, however, that his father,
whether he was a carpenter or a tailor, was the brother of Moses Kean, a
popular reciter and imitator of the leading actors at the beginning of the
present century.

No register of his birth or baptism has ever been discovered, and it is
even a matter of doubt whether he was born in Westminster or in Southwark.
Miss Tidswell seems to have been the only person who possessed any
knowledge of his birth and parentage that was ever revealed, a
circumstance which caused her to be suspected of herself standing in the
maternal relationship to him. Kean, when a child, called her sometimes
mother, and sometimes aunt; but, according to her own account, she was in
no way related to him, but had adopted him on his being deserted by his
real mother, Anne Carey.

His first appearance in public was made in the character of a monkey, in
the show of Abraham Saunders, at Bartholomew Fair, probably in 1801. He
was then twelve or thirteen years of age, and already innured to a
wandering and vagabond mode of life; being in the habit of absenting
himself for days together from the lodging of Miss Tidswell, in order to
visit the fairs, and sleeping under the trees in St. James's Park, to
avoid being locked up by his guardian, and thus prevented from gazing at
the parades of Saunders and Scowton on the morrow.

Proctor says, somewhat vaguely, though probably with as much exactness as
the materials for a memoir of Kean's boyhood render possible, that when
about fourteen years of age, he was sometimes in Richardson's company, and
sometimes in Scowton's or Saunders's; and that, besides tumbling in the
circus of the latter, he rode and danced on the tight-rope. In performing
an equestrian act at Bartholomew Fair, he once fell from the pad, and hurt
his legs, which never quite recovered from the effects of the accident.

In 1803, another notability of the age made his appearance at Bartholomew
Fair, namely, Belzoni, afterwards famous as an explorer of the pyramids
and royal tombs of Egypt. He was a remarkably handsome and finely
proportioned man, and of almost gigantic stature, his height being six
feet six inches. His muscular strength being proportionate to his size, he
was engaged by Gyngell to exhibit feats of strength, as the young
Hercules, _alias_ the Patagonian Samson, in which character he lifted four
men of average weight off the ground, and held out prodigious weights at
arm's length. He afterwards went to Edmonton Fair, where he performed in
a field behind the Bell Inn. Of his engagements during the following six
or seven years we have no account, but in 1810 he sustained the character
of Orson at the Edinburgh theatre, when he was hissed for not being
sufficiently demonstrative in his attentions to the maternal bear. Five
years later, he was exploring the pyramids and sarcophagi of Egypt, as
assistant to the British Consul at Alexandria, and in 1820 his name was
famous.

In the same year that Belzoni performed his feats of strength in Gyngell's
show, there was exhibited in Bartholomew Fair, together with a two-headed
calf, and a double-bodied calf, "a surprising large fish, the
Nondescript," which "surprising inhabitant of the watery kingdom was,"
according to the bill, "drawn on the shore by seven horses and about a
hundred men. She measured twenty-five feet in length and about eighteen in
circumference, and had in her belly when found, one thousand seven hundred
mackerel."

The first mention of Richardson's theatre in the annals of the London
Fairs occurs in 1804. Of his early career there is no record; probably it
did not differ much from that of his pupil, Kean, or his successor, Nelson
Lee, or of the famous "roving English clown," Charlie Keith, and numerous
others whose lives have been passed in wandering from place to place,
amusing the public as actors, jugglers, conjurors, acrobats, etc. Whatever
his antecedents may have been, there is no doubt as to his character, all
who knew him concurring in representing him as illiterate and ignorant,
but possessing a large fund of shrewdness and common sense; irritable in
temper, but agreeable in his manners so long as nothing occurred to excite
his irascibility; sensitive to any unprovoked insult, which he never
failed to revenge, but always ready and willing to lend a helping hand to
those who had been less fortunate than himself.

Many stories are current among showmen and the theatrical profession of
Richardson's goodness of heart and his occasional eccentricities of
conduct. On one occasion, while his portable theatre was at St. Albans, a
fire occurred in the town, and many small houses were destroyed, the poor
tenants of which by that means lost all their furniture, and almost
everything they possessed. A subscription was immediately opened for their
relief, and a public meeting was held to promote the benevolent purpose.
Richardson attended, and when the Mayor, who presided, had read a list of
donations, varying in amount from five shillings to twice as many pounds,
he advanced to the table, and presented a Bank of England note for a
hundred pounds.

"To whom is the fund indebted for this munificent donation?" inquired the
astonished Mayor.

"Put it down to Muster Richardson, the showman," replied the donor, who
then walked quietly from the room.

He often paid the ground-rent of the poorer proprietors of travelling
shows, booths, and stalls, whose receipts, owing to bad weather, had not
enabled them to pay the claims of the owner of the field, and who, but for
Richardson's kindness, would have been obliged to remain on the ground,
losing the chance of making money elsewhere, until they could raise the
required sum. He never seemed to expect repayment in such cases, and never
referred to them afterwards. Saunders, who seems to have passed through an
unusually long life in a chronic condition of impecuniosity, once borrowed
ten pounds of him, and honourably and punctually repaid the money at the
appointed time. Richardson seemed surprised, but he took the money, and
made no remark. No very long time elapsed before Saunders wanted another
loan, when, to his surprise, Richardson met his application with a decided
refusal.

"I paid you honourably the money you lent me before," observed Saunders
with an aggrieved air.

"That's it, Muster Saunders," rejoined Richardson. "You did pay me that
money, and I was never more surprised in my life; and I mean to take care
you don't surprise me again, either in that way, _or any other way_."

In recruiting his company, he preferred actors who had learned a trade,
such being, in his opinion, steadier and more to be depended upon than
those who, like Kean, had been strollers from childhood. His pay-table was
the head of the big drum, and his way of discharging an actor or musician
with whom he was dissatisfied was to ask him, when giving him his week's
salary, to leave his name and address with the stage-manager, who was also
wardrobe-keeper and scene-shifter. This post was held for many years by a
man named Lewis, who was also the general servant of Richardson's "living
carriage," and at his winter quarters, Woodland Cottage, Horsemonger Lane,
long since pulled down, the site being occupied by a respectable row of
houses, called Woodland Terrace.

He always strengthened his company, and produced his best dresses, for the
London fairs, where his theatre, decked with banners and a good display of
steel and brass armour, presented a striking appearance. His wardrobe and
scene-waggon were always well stocked, and the dresses were not, as some
persons imagined, the off castings of the theatres, but were made for him,
and, having to be worn by daylight, were of really excellent quality.
Cloaks were provided for the company to wear on parade when the weather
happened to be wet.

It was a frequent boast of Richardson, that many of the most eminent
members of the theatrical profession had graduated in his company, and it
is known that Edmund Kean, James Wallack, Oxberry, and Saville Faucit were
of the number. Kean always acknowledged that he made his first appearance
in a principal part as Young Norval in Richardson's theatre; but it is
obvious from what is known of his boyhood that he must have been in the
company several years before he could have essayed that character. So far
as can be made out from his supposed age, he seems to have joined
Richardson's company in 1804, to the early part of which year we must
assign the story told by Davis, who was afterwards associated in
partnership with the younger Astley in the lesseeship of the Amphitheatre.

"I was passing down Great Surrey Street one morning," Davis is reported to
have said, "when just as I came to the place where the Riding House now
stands, at the corner of the Magdalen as they call it, I saw Master
Saunders packing up his traps. His booth, you see, had been standing
there for some three or four days, or thereabouts; and on the
parade-waggon I saw a slim young chap with marks of paint--and bad paint
it was, for all the world like raddle on the back of a sheep--on his face,
tying up some of the canvas. And when I had shook hands with Master
Saunders, he turns him right round to this young chap, who had just threw
a somerset behind his back, and says, 'I say, you Mr. King Dick, if you
don't mind what you're arter, and pack up that wan pretty tight and
nimble, we shan't be off afore to-morrow; and so, you mind your eye, my
lad.' That Mr. King Dick, as Master Saunders called him, was young Carey,
that's now your great Mr. Kean."

Kean's engagement with Richardson brings us to a portion of his personal
history which is involved in the profoundest mystery. His biographers
state that his mother, Anne Carey, was at the time a member of
Richardson's company, that Kean was unaware of the fact when he engaged,
and that he left the _troupe_ not very long afterwards, in consequence of
his mother claiming and receiving his salary, the last circumstance being
said to rest on the authority of Kean himself. Not much credence is due to
the story on that account; for the great actor exercised his imagination
on the subject of his origin and antecedents as freely as the Josiah
Bounderby of the inimitable Dickens. But the results of a patient search
among the gatherings relating to Bartholomew Fair in the library of the
British Museum clearly prove that Kean's mother was, when a member of
Richardson's company, the wife of an actor named Carey.

The only Careys whose names are to be found in any of the bills of
Richardson's theatre which have been preserved were a married couple, who
for many years, including the whole period of Kean's engagement, sustained
the principal parts in those wonderful melodramas for which the
establishment was so famous. If these people were Kean's parents, what
becomes of the story which has been told by his biographers, on the
authority of Miss Tidswell? That they assumed to be his parents is
undoubted, and it is equally beyond doubt that the relationship was
unquestioned by Richardson, and the claims founded upon it acquiesced in
by Kean.

"Windsor Fair," said Richardson, in relating the story of Kean's
professional visit to Windsor Castle, "commenced on a Friday, and after
all our impediments we arrived safe, and lost no time in erecting our
booth. We opened with _Tom Thumb_ and the _Magic Oak_. To my great
astonishment, I received a note from the Castle, commanding Master Carey
to recite several passages from different plays before his Majesty King
George the Third at the Palace. I was highly gratified at the receipt of
the above note; but I was equally perplexed to comply with the commands of
the King. The letter came to me on Saturday night; and as Master Carey's
wardrobe was very scanty, it was necessary to add to it before he could
appear in the presence of royalty. My purse was nearly empty, and to
increase my dilemma, all shops belonging to Jews were shut, and the only
chance we had left was their being open on Sunday morning.

"Among the Jews, however, we at last purchased a smart little jacket,
trousers, and body linen; we tied the collar of his shirt through the
button-holes with a piece of black ribbon; and when dressed in his new
apparel, Master Carey appeared a smart little fellow, and fit to exhibit
his talents before any monarch in the world. The King was highly delighted
with him, and so were all the nobility who were present. Two hours were
occupied in recitations; and his abilities were so conspicuous to every
person present that he was pronounced an astonishing boy, and a lad of
great promise. The present he received for his performance was rather
small, being only two guineas, though, upon the whole, it turned out
fortunate for the family. The principal conversation in Windsor for a few
days was about the talents displayed by Master Carey before the King. His
mother, therefore, took advantage of the circumstance, and engaged the
market-hall for three nights for Edmund's recitations. This was an
excellent speculation, and the hall overflowed with company every night.

"Mrs. Carey joined me on the following Monday at Ewell Fair; and all the
family, owing to their great success, came so nicely dressed that I
scarcely knew them. Mrs. Carey and her children did not quit my standard
during the summer. After a short period, I again got my company together,
and with hired horses went to Waltham Abbey. I took a small theatre in
that town, the rent of which was fifteen shillings per week. It was all
the money too much. My company I considered very strong, consisting of Mr.
Vaughan, Mr. Thwaites, Master Edmund, his mother, and the whole of his
family, Mr. Saville Faucit, Mr. Grosette, Mr. and Mrs. Jefferies, Mr.
Reed, Mrs. Wells, and several other performers, who are now engaged at the
different theatres in the kingdom. Notwithstanding we acted the most
popular pieces, the best night produced only nine shillings and sixpence.
Starvation stared us in the face, and our situation was so truly pitiable
that the magistrate of the town, out of compassion for our misfortunes,
bespoke a night."

It is singular that Richardson does not mention Carey, his chief actor, in
this communication; but the words "the whole of his family" must be
supposed to include Carey and, I believe, a daughter. In every bill of the
period the names of Mr. H. Carey and Mrs. H. Carey appear as the
representatives of the heroes and heroines of the Richardsonian drama; and
the absence of any direct mention of the former is much less remarkable
than the fact that he has been altogether ignored by every biographer of
Kean, while the supposed mother of the tragedian is invariably styled
_Miss_ Carey.

It is exceedingly improbable that the mystery involved in these
discrepancies and contradictions will now ever be cleared up in a
satisfactory manner. One thing alone, amidst all the confusion and
obscurity, seems certain; namely, that the Careys were in Richardson's
company before Kean joined it, and that, whether or not he believed them
to be his parents, he dropped their acquaintance when he threw off their
authority. Raymond says that when Kean, after his marriage, visited
Bartholomew Fair, he was recognised by Carey, who was standing on the
parade of Richardson's theatre, and ran down the steps to greet him; the
tragedian seemed mortified, treated the strolling actor coldly, and
"slunk away, literally like a dog in a fair."

In pondering the probabilities of the case, it is obvious that
considerable allowance must be made for the obscurity which envelopes the
origin of Kean's existence. Their only authority being Miss Tidswell, it
is natural that the biographers should suppose the woman who passed for
Kean's mother with Richardson and his company to be the Nancy Carey of her
story, and mention her as Miss Carey. But the evidence of the bills, which
cannot have been known to them, forces upon us the re-consideration of the
story of Kean's parentage which has hitherto passed current. Miss
Tidswell's story can be reconciled with the facts only by the hypothesis
that Anne Carey, subsequently to Kean's birth, became the wife of H.
Carey, the sameness of name being due to cousinship, or perhaps merely a
coincidence. Kean's illegitimacy may have been known to Richardson, whose
knowledge of the circumstance would explain the reason of his speaking of
Mrs. Carey as the mother of Master Carey, while he says nothing to warrant
the supposition that he regarded her husband as the lad's father.

But everything about Kean's early life is mysterious and obscure. How and
when did he acquire the classical lore which he seems to have possessed?
Certainly not while he was roaming the streets of London, frequenting all
the fairs, and practising flip-flaps; nor while travelling with Saunders,
Scowton, and Richardson, and rejoicing in the cognomen of Mr. King Dick.
As little likely does it seem that he could have acquired it at that
subsequent period of his life when the leisure which his profession left
him was passed in disreputable taverns, in low orgies with the worst
companions.

"You see this inequality in the bridge of my nose?" he once observed to
Benson Hill, the author of a couple of amusing volumes of theatrical
anecdotes and adventures. "It was dealt me by a demmed pewter pot, hurled
from the hand of Jack Thurtell. We were borne, drunk and bleeding, to the
watch-house, for the night. When I was taken out, washed, plastered, left
to cogitate on any lie, of an accident in a stage fight, I told it, and
was believed, for the next day I dined with the Bishop of Norwich."

My task does not, however, require me to follow Kean's fortunes from the
time when he left Richardson's company, and obtained an engagement at a
provincial theatre. The date is uncertain, but his name does not appear in
the bills of 1807, and he had probably turned his back on the travelling
theatre in the preceding year.

Patrick O'Brien, the Irish giant, exhibited himself for the last time in
1804, when he advertised as follows:--

"Just arrived in town, and to be seen in a commodious room, at No. 11,
Haymarket, nearly opposite the Opera House, the celebrated Irish Giant,
Mr. O'Brien, of the Kingdom of Ireland, indisputably the tallest man ever
shown; is a lineal descendant of the old puissant king, Brien Boreau, and
has, in person and appearance, all the similitudes of that great and grand
potentate. It is remarkable of this family, that, however various the
revolutions in point of fortune and alliance, the lineal descendants
thereof have been favoured by Providence with the original size and
stature, which have been so peculiar to their family. The gentleman
alluded to measures nearly nine feet high. Admittance one shilling."

O'Brien had now realised a considerable fortune, and he resolved to retire
from the public gaze. Having purchased an old mansion near Epping, and on
the borders of the forest, he took up his abode there, keeping a carriage
and pair of horses, and living quietly and unostentatiously the brief
remainder of his life. He died in 1806, in his forty-seventh year, when
his servants made use of his fame and his wardrobe for their own
emolument, dressing a wax figure in his clothes, and exhibiting it at
rooms in the Haymarket, the Strand, and other parts of the metropolis.

The rival theatres of Richardson and Scowton attended Bartholomew Fair in
1807, when the former produced a romantic and highly sensational drama,
called _The Monk and the Murderer_, in which Carey played the principal
character, Baron Montaldi, and his wife that of Emilina, the Baron's
daughter. The following announcement appears in the head of the bill:--

"Mr. Richardson has the honour to inform the Public, that for the
extraordinary Patronage he has experienced, it has been his great object
to contribute to the convenience and gratification of his audience. Mr. R.
has a splendid collection of Scenery, unrivalled in any Theatre; and, as
they are painted and designed by the first Artists in England, he hopes
with such Decorations, and a Change of Performances each day, the Public
will continue him that Patronage it has been his greatest pride to
deserve."

The scenery of the drama comprised a Gothic hall in the Baron's castle, a
rocky pass in Calabria, a forest, a rustic bridge, with a distant view of
the castle, a Gothic chamber, and a baronial hall, decorated with banners
and trophies. In the fourth scene a chivalric procession was introduced,
and in the last a combat with battle-axes. The drama was followed, as
usual, by a pantomime entitled _Mirth and Magic_, which concluded with a
"grand panoramic view of Gibraltar, painted by the first artists."

Saunders was there, with a circus, and seems to have attended the fair
with considerable regularity. He was often in difficulties, however, and
on one occasion, after borrowing a trick horse of Astley, his stud was
taken in execution for debt, and the borrowed horse was sold with the
rest. Some time afterwards, two equestrians of Astley's company were
passing a public-house, when they recognised Billy, harnessed to a cart
which was standing before the door. Hearing their voices, the horse
erected his ears, and, at a signal from one of them, stood up on his hind
legs, and performed such extraordinary evolutions that a crowd collected
to witness them. On the driver of the cart coming from the public-house,
an explanation of Billy's appearance in cart-harness was obtained with the
observation that "he was a werry good 'orse, but so full o' tricks that we
calls 'im the mountebank." Billy, I scarcely need say, was returned to his
stall in Astley's stables very soon after this discovery.

Miss Biffin was still attending the fairs, painting portraits with her
right shoulder, and in 1808 attracted the attention of the Earl of Morton,
who sat to her for his likeness, and visited her "living carriage" several
times for that purpose. In order to test her ability, he took the portrait
away with him, after each sitting, and thus became satisfied that it was
entirely the work of her own hand, or rather shoulder. Finding that the
armless little lady really possessed artistic talent, he showed the
portrait to George III., who was pleased to direct that she should receive
instruction in drawing at his expense.

The Earl of Morton corresponded with this remarkable artist during a
period of twenty years. She was patronised by three successive sovereigns,
and from William IV. she received a small pension. She then yielded to the
wish of the Earl of Morton that she should cease to travel, and settled at
Birmingham, where, several years afterwards, she married, and resumed, as
Mrs. Wright, the pursuit of her profession.

Ballard's menagerie held a respectable position between the time of Polito
and Miles and that of Wombwell and Atkins. The newspapers of the period do
not inform us, however, from whose menagerie it was that the leopard
escaped which created so much consternation one summer night in 1810. The
caravans were on their way to Bartholomew Fair, when, between ten and
eleven o'clock at night, while passing along Piccadilly, the horses
attached to one of them were scared by some noise, or other cause of
alarm, and became restive. The caravan was overturned and broken, and a
leopard and two monkeys made their escape. The leopard ran into the
basement of an unfinished house near St. James's Church, and one of the
monkeys into an oyster-shop, the proprietor of which, hearing that a
leopard was loose, immediately closed the door. What became of the other
monkey is not stated.

The keepers ran about, calling for a blanket and cords, to secure the
leopard; but every person they accosted shut their doors, or took to their
heels, on learning the purpose for which such appliances were required.
After some delay, a cage was backed against the opening by which the
leopard had entered the building, below which it growled threateningly as
it crouched in the darkness. With some risk and difficulty, it was got
into the cage, but not until it had bitten the arm of one of the keepers
so severely that he was obliged to proceed to St. George's hospital for
surgical aid.

Malcolm, describing Bartholomew Fair as it was seventy years ago,
says,--"Those who wish to form an idea of this scene of depravity may go
at eleven o'clock in the evening. They may then form some conception of
the dreadful scenes that have been acted there in former days. The visitor
will find all uproar. Shouts, drums, trumpets, organs, the roaring of
beasts, assailing the ear; while the blaze of torches and glare of candles
confuse sight, and present as well the horror of executions, and the
burning of martyrs, and the humours of a fair." Though, "the blaze of
torches and glare of candles" cannot be said to constitute a "scene of
depravity," and "shouts, drums, trumpets, organs, the roaring of beasts,"
though tending to produce an "uproar," cannot be accepted as evidence of
vice, since the former sounds accompany the civic procession of the 9th of
November, and the latter are heard in the Zoological Gardens, the
newspapers of the period bear testimony to the existence of a considerable
amount of riot and disorder at the late hour mentioned by Malcolm.

In those days, when the lighting was defective and the police inefficient,
it is not surprising that the "roughs" had their way when the more
respectable portion of the frequenters of the fair had retired, and that
scenes occurred such as the more efficient police of the present day have
had some difficulty in suppressing on Sunday evenings in the principal
thoroughfares of Islington and Pentonville. The newspapers of the period
referred to by Malcolm afford no other support to his statement than
accounts of the disorder and mischief produced by the rushing through the
fair at night of hordes of young men and boys, apparently without anything
being attempted for the prevention of the evil. In 1810, two bands of
these ruffians met, and their collision caused two stalls to be knocked
down, when the upsetting of a lamp on a stove caused the canvas to ignite,
and a terrible disaster was only prevented by the exertions of a gentleman
who was on the spot in extinguishing the flames. In 1812 many persons were
thrown down in one of the wild rushes of the "roughs," and an infant was
dashed from its mother's arms, and trampled to death.

Richardson, who was always on the alert for novelties, introduced in 1814,
at Portsmouth, the famous Josephine Girardelli, who in the same year
exhibited her remarkable feats in a room in New Bond Street. The following
hand-bill sufficiently indicates their nature:--

"Wonders will never cease!--The great Phenomena of Nature. Signora
Josephine Girardelli (just arrived from the Continent), who has had the
honour of appearing before most of the Crowned Heads of Europe, will
exhibit the Powers of Resistance against Heat, every day, until further
notice, at Mr. Laxton's Rooms, 23, New Bond Street. She will, without the
least symptoms of pain, put boiling melted lead into her mouth, and emit
the same with the imprint of her teeth thereon; red-hot irons will be
passed over various parts of her body; she will walk over a bar of red-hot
iron with her naked feet; will wash her hands in aquafortis; put boiling
oil in her mouth! The above are but a few of the wonderful feats she is
able to go through. Her performances will commence at 12, 2, 4, and 6
o'clock. Admission 3_s._ Any lady or gentleman being dubious of the above
performances taking place, may witness the same, gratis, if not satisfied.
Parties may be accommodated by a private performance, by applying to the
Conductor."

The portrait of this Fire Queen, as she would be styled at the present
day, was engraved by Page, and published by Smeeton, St. Martin's Lane. It
represents her in her performing costume, a short spangled jacket, worn
over a dress of the fashion of that day; the features are regular and
striking, but their beauty is of a rather masculine type. The hair appears
dark, and is arranged in short curls.

Elliston engaged in a show speculation at this time, having contracted
with a Dutchman, named Sampoeman, for the exhibition of a dwarf, named
Simon Paap. He hired a room in Piccadilly for the purpose and engaged an
interpreter; but the speculation was a failure, and Elliston was glad to
obtain Sampoeman's consent to the cancelling of the contract. He made a
more successful venture when, at the close of a bad theatrical season at
Birmingham, he announced the advent of a Bohemian giant, who would toss
about, like a ball, a stone weighing nearly a ton. Few modern giants have
possessed the strength ascribed to the seven-feet men of old, and such an
athlete as the Bohemian would have been worth a visit. The theatre was
filled, therefore, for the first time that season; but when the overture
had been performed, and the occupants of the gallery were beginning to
testify impatience, Elliston appeared before the curtain, looking grave
and anxious, as on such occasions he could look to perfection. Evincing
the deepest emotion, he informed the expectant audience that the
perfidious Bohemian had disappointed him, and had not arrived.

"Here," said he, producing a number of letters from his pockets, "are
letters which must satisfy every one that I am not to blame for this
disappointment, which I assure you, ladies and gentlemen, is to me one of
the bitterest of my existence. As they are numerous and lengthy, and are
all written in German, you will, I am sure, excuse me from reading them;
but, as further evidence of the good faith in which I have acted in this
matter, you shall see the stone."

The curtain was drawn half-way up, and the disappointed Brums were
consoled with the sight of an enormous mass of stone, and with the
announcement that they would receive, on leaving the theatre, vouchers
entitling them to admission to the boxes on the following night, on
payment of a shilling. Elliston thus obtained two good houses at no other
extra expense than a few shillings for the cartage of the pretended
giant's stone ball, the Bohemian being merely a creation of his own
fertile imagination.

Sampoeman's arrangement with Elliston having proved a failure, the little
Dutchman was transferred to Gyngell, who exhibited him in his show in
Bartholomew Fair and elsewhere, in 1815. There are three portraits of
Simon Paap in existence, showing a striking resemblance to little Mr.
Stratton, commonly known as Tom Thumb. One of them, drawn by Woolley, and
engraved by Worship, probably for advertising purposes, bears the
following inscription:--

MR. SIMON PAAP.

"_The celebrated Dutch dwarf, 26 years of age, weighs 27 pounds, and only
28 inches high; had the honour of being presented to the Prince Regent and
the whole of the Royal Family at Carleton House, May 5th, 1815, and was
introduced by Mr. Dan. Gyngell to the Right Honourable the Lord Mayor,
Sept. 1st, 1815; and was exhibited in the course of 4 days in Smithfield
to upwards of 20,000 persons; is universally admitted to be the greatest
wonder of the age._"

Another portrait, engraved by Cooper, and published by Robins and Co., is
better executed; but the third is a poor sketch, taken three years later,
and unsigned.

Richardson presented this year, on the first day of Bartholomew Fair, _The
Maid and the Magpie_, and a pantomime, "expressly written for this
theatre," entitled _Harlequin in the Deep_, terminating with a panorama,
"taken from the spot, by one of our most eminent artists," representing
Longwood, in the island of St. Helena, and the adjacent scenery,
interesting to the public at that time as the place of exile selected by
the Powers lately in arms against France for Napoleon I. Pocock's drama
was, of course, greatly abridged, for drama and pantomime, with a comic
song between, were got through in half an hour, and often in twenty
minutes, when the influx of visitors rendered it expedient to abbreviate
the performance. Shuter's signal, corrupted into _John Orderly_, was used
by Richardson on such occasions.

A daily change of performances had at this time become necessary, and
Richardson presented on the second day "an entire new Chinese romantic
melodrama," called _The Children of the Desert_, and a comic pantomime,
entitled _Harlequin and the Devil_. On the third day the pantomime was the
same, preceded by "an entire new melodrama," called _The Roman Wife_.

This year there first appeared in the fair an eccentric character named
James Sharp England, known as "the flying pieman." He was always neatly
dressed, with a clean white apron before him, but wore no hat, and had his
hair powdered and tied behind in a queue. Like the famous Tiddy-dol of a
century earlier, he aimed at a profitable notoriety through a fantastic
exterior and a droll manner; and he succeeded, his sales of plum-pudding,
which he carried before him on a board, and vended in slices, being very
great wherever he appeared. The present representative of the
perambulating traders of the eccentric order is a man who has for many
years strolled about the western districts of the metropolis, wearing
clean white sleeves and a black velvet cap placed jauntily on his head,
and carrying before him a tray of what, in oily and mellifluous accents,
he proclaims to be, "Brandy balls as big as St. Paul's! Oh, _so_ nice!
They are all sugar and brandy!"

The following year is memorable among showmen, and especially among
menagerists, for the attack of Ballard's lioness on the Exeter mail-coach.
On the night of the 20th of October, the caravans containing the animals
were standing in a line along the side of the road, near the inn called
the Winterslow Hut, seven miles from Salisbury, to the fair of which city
the menagerie was on its way. The coach had just stopped at this inn for
the guard to deliver his bag of local letters, when one of the leaders was
attacked by some large animal. The alarm and confusion produced by this
incident were so great that two of the inside passengers left the coach,
ran into the house, and locked themselves in a room above stairs; while
the horses kicked and plunged so violently that the coachman feared that
the coach would be overturned. It was soon perceived by the coachman and
guard, by the light of the lamps, that the assailant was a large lioness.
A mastiff attacked the beast, which immediately left the horse, and turned
upon him; the dog then fled, but was pursued and killed by the lioness
about forty yards from the coach.

An alarm being given, Ballard and his keepers pursued the lioness to a
granary in a farm-yard, where she ran underneath the building, and was
there barricaded in to prevent her escape. She growled for some time so
loudly as to be heard half a mile distant. The excited spectators called
loudly to the guard to despatch her with his blunderbuss, which he seemed
disposed to attempt, but Ballard cried out, "For God's sake, don't kill
her! She cost me five hundred pounds, and she will be as quiet as a lamb
if not irritated." This arrested the guard's hand, and he did not fire.
The lioness was afterwards easily enticed from beneath the granary by the
keepers, and taken back to her cage. The horse was found to be severely
lacerated about the neck and chest, the lioness having fastened the talons
of her fore feet on each side of his throat, while the talons of her hind
feet were forced into his chest, in which position she hung until attacked
by the dog. Death being inevitable, a fresh horse was procured, and the
coach proceeded on its journey, after having been detained three-quarters
of an hour.

A  print of this encounter adorns, or did thirty years ago adorn,
the parlour of the Winterslow Hut, and was executed, according to the
inscription, from the narrative of Joseph Pike, the guard, who, next to
the lioness, is the most conspicuous object in the group. The lioness has
seized the off leader by the throat, and the guard is standing on his seat
with a levelled carbine, as if about to fire. In the foreground is the
dog, which looks small for a mastiff, as if diminished by the artist for
the purpose of making the lioness appear larger by the comparison, as the
human figures on the show-cloths of the menageries always are. The
terrified faces in the inside of the coach, and at the upper windows of
the inn, and the blue coats and yellow vests of the outside passengers,
each grasping an umbrella or a carpet-bag, as if determined not to die
without a struggle, make up a vivid and sensational picture, which would
have found immediate favour with the conductor of the 'Police News,' had
such a periodical existed in those days.

The following year was signalised by the first appearance at Bartholomew
Fair of the learned pig, Toby, who was exhibited by a showman named Hoare.
There seems to have been a succession of learned pigs bearing the same
name, on the same principle, probably, as Richardson's theatre continues
to be advertised at Easter or Whitsuntide as at the Crystal Palace, or the
Agricultural Hall, or the Spaniards, at Hampstead Heath, twenty years
after the component parts of the structure were dispersed under the
auctioneer's hammer.

The wonder of 1818 was an athletic French woman, who was advertised as
follows:--

"The strongest woman in Europe, the celebrated French Female Hercules,
Madame Gobert, who will lift with her teeth a table five feet long and
three feet wide, with several persons seated upon it; also carry
thirty-six weights, fifty-six pounds each, equal to 2016 lbs. and will
disengage herself from them without any assistance; will carry a barrel
containing 340 bottles; also an anvil 400 pounds weight, on which they
will forge with four hammers at the same time she supports it on her
stomach; she will also lift with her hair the same anvil, swing it from
the ground, and suspend it in that position to the astonishment of every
beholder; will take up a chair by the hind stave with her teeth, and throw
it over her head ten feet from her body. Her travelling caravan (weighing
two tons) on its road from Harwich to Leominster, owing to the neglect of
the driver and badness of the road, sunk in the mud, nearly to the box of
the wheels; the two horses being unable to extricate it, she descended,
and, with apparent ease, disengaged the caravan from its situation,
without any assistance whatever."

Caulfield says that he visited the show "for the purpose of accurately
observing her manner of performance, which was by lying extended at
length on her back on three chairs; pillows were then placed over her
legs, thighs, and stomach, over those two thick blankets, and then a
moderately thick deal board; the thirty-six weights were then placed on
the board, beginning at the bottom of the legs, and extending upwards
above the knees and thighs, but none approaching towards the stomach. She
held the board on each side with her hands, and when the last weight was
put on, she pushed the board upwards on one side, and tumbled the weights
to the ground. On the whole, there appeared more of trick than of personal
strength in this feat. Her next performance was raising the anvil (which
might weigh nearly 200 lbs.) from the ground with her hair, which is
thick, black, and as strong as that in the tail of a horse; this is
platted on each side, and fixed to two cords, which are attached to the
anvil; then rising from a bending to an erect posture, she raises and
swings the anvil several times backwards and forwards through her legs.
Her next feat was raising a table with her teeth, a slight, rickety thing,
made of deal, with a bar across the legs, which, upon her grasping it, is
sustained against her thighs, and enables her more easily to swing it
round several times, maintaining her hold only by her teeth. The chair she
makes nothing of, but canters it over her head like a plaything. That she
is a wonderfully strong woman is evident, but that she can perform what is
promised in her bills is a notorious untruth. She has an infant which now
sucks at her breast, about eleven months old, that lifts, with very little
exertion, a quarter of a hundred weight."

Greenwich and Stepney Fairs became popular places of resort with the
working classes of the metropolis during the second decade of the present
century. Old showmen assert that the former was then declining, a state of
things which they ascribe to the growing popularity of the latter; and it
is certain that the number of persons who resort to a fair is no criterion
of the number, size, and quality of the shows by which it is attended, or
of the gains of the showmen. Croydon Fair was never visited by so many
thousands of persons as in the years of its decadence, which commenced
with the opening of the railway; but the average expenditure of each
person, so far from increasing in the same proportion, must have
considerably diminished.

The Easter Fair at Greenwich was the opening event of the season, and
during its best days Richardson's theatre always occupied the best
position. John Cartlitch, the original representative of Mazeppa, and
James Barnes, afterwards famous as the pantaloon of the Covent Garden
pantomimes, were members of Richardson's company at this time; and it was
joined at Greenwich by Nelson Lee, well known to the present generation as
an enterprising theatrical manager and a prolific producer of pantomimes,
but at that time fresh from school, with no other experience of theatrical
business than he had gained during a brief engagement as a supernumerary
at the old Royalty to serve as the foundation of the fame to which he
aspired.

James and Nelson Lee were the sons of Colonel Lee, who commanded a line
regiment of infantry during the period of the Peninsular war. At their
father's death, the elder boy was articled to a wine merchant in the City
of London, but evinced so much dislike to trade, and such strong
theatrical proclivities, that the articles were cancelled, and he was
placed under the tuition of Bradley, the famous swordsman of the Coburg.
He declined a second time, however, to fulfil his engagement, and, leaving
Bradley at the expiration of the first year, joined Bannister's circus
company, in what capacity my researches have failed to show.

The Whitsuntide Fair at Greenwich was followed at this time by a small
fair at Deptford, on the occasion of the annual official visit of the
Master of the Trinity House, which was always made on the morrow of the
festival of the Trinity. Ealing, Fairlop, Mitcham, and Camberwell
followed; then came Bartholomew; the round of the fairs within ten miles
of the metropolis being completed by Enfield and Croydon.

Richardson generally proceeded from Ealing to Portsmouth, where the three
weeks' town fair was immediately followed by another of a week's duration
on Portsdown Hill. One of the many stories which are current among showmen
and actors of his eccentricities of character has its scene at a
public-house on the Portsmouth road, at which he had, in the preceding
year, been refused water and provender for his horses, the innkeeper
growling that he had been "done" once by a showman, and did not want to
have anything more to do with show folks. Richardson bore the insult in
his mind, and on approaching the house again sent his company forward,
desiring each to order a glass of brandy-and-water, but not to touch it
until he joined them. Twenty glasses of brandy-and-water, all wanted at
once, was an unprecedented demand upon that roadside hostelry; and the
landlord, as he summoned all his staff to assist him, wondered what could
be the cause of such an influx of visitors. While the beverage was being
concocted the waggons came up, with Richardson walking at the head.

"Here we are, governor!" exclaimed one of the actors, who had, in the
meantime, strolled out upon a little green before the inn.

"Hullo!" said Richardson, affecting surprise. "I thought you had gone on
to the Black Bull. What are you all doing here?"

"Waiting for you to pay for the brandy-and-water, governor," replied the
comedian.

"Not if I know it!" returned Richardson, with a scowl at the expectant
innkeeper. "That's the crusty fellow that wouldn't give the poor beasts a
pail of water and a mouthful of hay last year, and not a shilling of my
money shall ever go into his pocket. So come on, my lads, and I'll stand
glasses all round at the Black Bull."

And with these words he strode on, followed by his company, leaving the
disappointed innkeeper aghast behind his twenty glasses of
brandy-and-water.

At Portsmouth some dissension arose between Richardson and William Cooke,
whose equestrians, as the consequence or the cause, paraded in front of
the theatre, and prevented free access to it.

"We must move them chaps from before our steps, Lewis," said Richardson to
his stage-manager; and having a basket-horse among his properties, he had
some squibs and crackers affixed to it, and sent one of the company to
caper in it in the rear of Cooke's horses.

Very few of the horses used for circus parades being trained for the
business of the ring, the fireworks no sooner began to fizz and bang than
the equine obstructives became so restive that Cooke found it expedient to
recall them to his own parade waggon.

Richardson always returned to the metropolis for Bartholomew Fair, where
the shows were, in 1820, arranged for the first time in the manner
described by Hone five years later. They had previously formed a block on
the site of the sheep-pens; but this year swings and roundabouts were
excluded, so as to preserve the area open, and the shows were built round
the sides of the quadrangle. As the fair existed at this time, there were
small uncovered stalls from the Skinner Street corner of Giltspur Street,
along the whole length of the churchyard; and on the opposite side of
Giltspur Street there were like stalls from the Newgate Street corner,
along the front of the Compter prison. At these stalls were sold fruit,
oysters, toys, gingerbread, baskets, and other articles of trifling value.
They were held by the small fry of the stall-keeping fraternity, who
lacked means to pay for space and furnish out a tempting display. The
fronts of these standings were towards the passengers in the
carriage-way.

Then, with occasional distances of three or four feet for footways from
the road to the pavement, began lines of covered stalls, with their open
fronts opposite the fronts of the houses and close to the curbstone, and
their enclosed backs to the road. On the St. Sepulchre's side they
extended to Cock Lane, and thence to the Smithfield corner of Giltspur
Street, then, turning the corner into Smithfield, they extended to Hosier
Lane, and from thence all along the west side of Smithfield to Cow Lane,
where, on that side, they terminated in a line with the opposite corner
leading to St. John Street, where the line was resumed, and continued to
Smithfield Bars, and there, on the west side, ended. Crossing over to the
east side, and returning south, these covered stalls commenced opposite to
their termination on the west, and ran towards Smithfield, turning into
which they extended westerly towards the pig-market, and thence to Long
Lane, from which point they ran along the east side of Smithfield to the
great gate of Cloth Fair. From Duke Street they continued along the south
side to the great front gate of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and from
thence to the carriage entrance of the hospital, from whence they
extended along Giltspur Street to the Compter, where they joined the
uncovered stalls.

These covered stalls, thus surrounding Smithfield, belonged to dealers in
gingerbread, toys, hardwares, pocketbooks, trinkets, and articles of all
prices, from a halfpenny to ten shillings. The largest stalls were those
of the toy-sellers, some of which had a frontage of twenty-five feet, and
many of eighteen feet. The frontage of the majority of the stalls was
eight to twelve feet; they were six or seven feet high in front, and five
at the back, and all formed of canvas stretched upon a light frame-work of
wood; the canvas roofs sloped to the backs, which were enclosed by canvas
to the ground. The fronts were open to the thronging passengers, for whom
a clear way was preserved on the pavements between the stalls and the
houses, all of which, necessarily, had their shutters up and their doors
closed.

The shows had their fronts towards the area of Smithfield, and their backs
to the backs of the stalls, without any passage between them in any part.
The area of Smithfield was thus entirely open, and persons standing in the
carriage-way could see all the shows at one view. They surrounded
Smithfield entirely, except on the north side. Against the pens in the
centre there were no shows, the space between being kept free for
spectators and persons making their way to the exhibitions. Yet, although
no vehicle of any kind was permitted to pass, this immense carriage-way
was always so thronged as to be almost impassable. Officers were stationed
at the Giltspur Street, Hosier Lane, and Duke Street entrances to prevent
carriages and horsemen from entering, the only ways by which these were
allowed ingress to Smithfield being through Cow Lane, Chick Lane,
Smithfield Bars, and Long Lane; and they were to go on and pass, without
stopping, through one or other of these entrances, and without turning
into the body of the fair. The city officers, to whom was committed the
execution of these regulations, enforced them with rigour, never swerving
from their instructions, but giving no just ground of offence to those
whom the regulations displeased.

The shows were very numerous this year. There were four menageries, the
proprietors of which are not named in the newspapers of the day, which
inform us further that there was "the usual variety of conjurors,
wire-dancers, giants, dwarfs, fat children, learned pigs, albinoes, &c."
Ballard, Wombwell, and Atkins were probably among the menagerists, though
I have found no bill or other memorial of either of the two great
menageries of the second quarter of the eighteenth century of an earlier
date than 1825.

Gyngell, like Richardson, never missed Bartholomew Fair in those days; and
he was now supported by a clever grown-up family, consisting of Joseph,
who was a good juggler and balancer; Horatio, who, besides being a dancer,
was a self-taught artist of considerable ability; George, who was a
pyrotechnist; and Louisa, a very beautiful young woman and graceful
tight-rope dancer, who afterwards fell, and broke one of her arms, in
ascending from the stage of Covent Garden Theatre to the gallery. Nelson
Lee joined Gyngell's company on the termination of his engagement with
Richardson; and, having learned the juggling business from a Frenchman in
the _troupe_, shortly afterwards exhibited his skill at the Adelphi, and
other London theatres.




CHAPTER X.

    Saker and the Lees--Richardson's Theatre--Wombwell, the
    Menagerist--The Lion Fights at Warwick--Maughan, the Showman--Miss
    Hipson, the Fat Girl--Lydia Walpole, the Dwarf--The Persian Giant and
    the Fair Circassian--Ball's Theatre--Atkins's Menagerie--A Mare with
    Seven Feet--Hone's Visit to Richardson's Theatre--Samwell's
    Theatre--Clarke's Circus--Brown's Theatre of Arts--Ballard's
    Menagerie--Toby, the Learned Pig--William Whitehead, the Fat
    Boy--Elizabeth Stock, the Giantess--Chappell and Pike's Theatre--The
    Spotted Boy--Wombwell's "Bonassus"--Gouffe, the Man-Monkey--De Berar's
    Phantasmagoria--Scowton's Theatre--Death of Richardson.


Nelson Lee had just completed a round of engagements at the London
theatres when, in 1822, his brother, having terminated his engagement with
Bannister's circus, came to the metropolis, and fitted up an unoccupied
factory in the Old Kent Road as a theatre. Nelson joined him in the
enterprise, which for a time was tolerably successful; but they had
omitted the requisite preliminary of obtaining a licence, and one night a
strong force of constables invaded the theatre, and arrested every one
present, audience as well as actors, with one exception. Saker, who
afterwards won some distinction as a comedian, ascended into a loft on the
first alarm, and drew up the ladder by which he had escaped. When all was
quiet, he descended, and left the building through a window. The
watch-houses of Southwark, Newington, Camberwell, and Greenwich were
filled with the offenders, most of whom, however, were discharged on the
following day, while the Lees, who pleaded ignorance of the law, escaped
with a small fine.

The same year witnessed the final performances of "Lady Holland's Mob."
About five thousand of the rabble of the City assembled in the
neighbourhood of Skinner Street, about midnight of the eve of St.
Bartholomew, and roared and rioted till between three and four o'clock
next morning, without interference from the watch or the constables. From
this time, however, this annual Saturnalia was not observed, or was
observed so mildly that the newspapers contain no record of the
circumstance.

In 1823, Richardson presented his patrons with a drama called _The Virgin
Bride_, and an extravaganza entitled _Tom, Logic, and Jerry_, founded upon
Moncrieff's drama, and concluding with a panorama of the metropolis. On
the third day, a romantic drama called _The Wanderer_ was substituted.

Wombwell's menagerie comes prominently into notice about this time. Its
proprietor is said to have begun life as a cobbler in Monmouth Street,
Seven Dials, then a famous mart of the second-hand clothes trade, and now
called Dudley Street. The steps by which he subsequently advanced to the
position of an importer of wild animals and proprietor of one of the
largest and finest collections that ever travelled are unknown; but that
he preceded Jamrach and Rice in the former vocation is proved by the
existence of a small yellow card, bearing the device of a tiger, and the
inscription--

       WOMBWELL,
  WILD BEAST MERCHANT,
   _Commercial Road_,
        LONDON.

_All sorts of Foreign Animals, Birds, &c., bought, sold, or exchanged, at
the Repository, or the Travelling Menagerie._

Wombwell never missed Bartholomew Fair, as long as it continued to be
held, but a story is told of him which shows that he was once very near
doing so. His menagerie was at Newcastle-on-Tyne within a fortnight of the
time when it should be in Smithfield, and it did not seem possible to
reach London in time; but, being in the metropolis on some business
connected with his Commercial Road establishment, he found that Atkins was
advertising that his menagerie would be "the only wild beast show in the
fair." The rivalry which appears to have existed at that time between the
two great menagerists prompted Wombwell to post down to Newcastle, and
immediately commence a forced march to London. By making extraordinary
exertions, he succeeded in reaching the metropolis on the morning of the
first day of the fair. But his elephant had exerted itself so much on the
journey that it died within a few hours after its arrival on the ground.

Atkins heard by some means of his rival's loss, and immediately placarded
the neighbourhood with the announcement that his menagerie contained "the
only living elephant in the fair." Wombwell resolved that his rival should
not make capital of his loss in this manner, and had a long strip of
canvas painted with the words--"The only dead elephant in the fair." This
bold bid for public patronage proved a complete success. A dead elephant
was a greater rarity than a live one, and his show was crowded every day
of the fair, while Atkins's was comparatively deserted. The keen rivalry
which this story illustrates did not endure for ever, for, during the
period of my earliest recollections, from forty to fifty years ago, the
two great menageries never visited Croydon Fair together, their
proprietors agreeing to take that popular resort in their tours in
alternate years.

I never failed, in my boyhood, to visit Wombwell's, or Atkins's show,
whichever visited Croydon Fair, and could never sufficiently admire the
gorgeously-uniformed bandsmen, whose brazen instruments brayed and blared
from noon till night on the exterior platform, and the immense pictures,
suspended from lofty poles, of elephants and giraffes, lions and tigers,
zebras, boa constrictors, and whatever else was most wonderful in the
brute creation, or most susceptible of brilliant colouring. The difference
in the scale to which the zoological rarities within were depicted on the
canvas, as compared with the figures of men that were represented, was a
very characteristic feature of these pictorial displays. The boa
constrictor was given the girth of an ox, and the white bear should have
been as large as an elephant, judged by the size of the sailors who were
attacking him among his native ice-bergs.

I have a perfect recollection of Wombwell's two famous lions, Nero and
Wallace, and their keeper, "Manchester Jack," as he was called, who used
to enter Nero's cage, and sit upon the animal, open his mouth, etc. It is
said that, when Van Amburgh arrived in England with his trained lions,
tigers, and leopards, arrangements were made for a trial of skill and
daring between him and Manchester Jack, which was to have taken place at
Southampton, but fell through, owing to the American showing the white
feather. The story seems improbable, for Van Amburgh's daring in his
performances has never been excelled.

Lion-tamers, like gymnasts, are generally killed half-a-dozen times by
rumour, though they die in their beds in about the same proportion as
other men; and I remember hearing an absurd story which conferred upon
Manchester Jack the unenviable distinction of having his head bitten off
by a lion. He was said to have been exhibiting the fool-hardy trick, with
which Van Amburgh's name was so much associated, of putting his head in
the lion's mouth, and to have been awakened to a sense of his temerity and
its consequences by hearing the animal growl, and feeling its jaw close
upon his neck.

"Does he whisk his tail, Bill?" he was reported to have said to another
keeper while in this horrible situation.

"Yes," replied Bill.

"Then I am a dead man!" groaned Manchester Jack.

A moment afterwards, the lion snapped its formidable jaws, and bit off the
keeper's head. Such was the story; but it is contradicted by the fact that
Manchester Jack left the menagerie with a whole skin, and for many years
afterwards kept an inn at Taunton, where he died in 1865.

Nero's tameness and docility made him a public favourite, but the "lion,"
_par excellence_, of Wombwell's show, after the lion-baitings at Warwick,
was Wallace. At the time when the terrible death of the lion-tamer,
Macarthy, had invested the subject with extraordinary interest, a
narrative appeared in the columns of a metropolitan morning journal,
purporting to relate the experiences of "an ex-lion king," in which the
story of these combats was revived, but in a manner not easily reconciled
with the statement of the man who communicated his reminiscences to the
"special commissioner" of the journal in question, that he knew the
animals and their keeper.

"Did you ever," the ex-lion king was reported to have said, "hear of old
Wallace's fight with the dogs? George Wombwell was at very low water, and
not knowing how to get his head up again, he thought of a fight between an
old lion he had--sometimes called Wallace, sometimes Nero--and a dozen of
mastiff dogs. Wallace was as tame as a sheep; I knew him well--I wish all
lions were like him. The prices of admission ranged from a guinea up to
five guineas, and every seat was taken, and had the menagerie been three
times as large it would have been full. It was a queer go, and no mistake!
Sometimes the old lion would scratch a lump out of a dog, and sometimes
the dogs would make as if they were going to worry the old lion; but
neither side showed any serious fight, and at length the patience of the
audience got exhausted, and they went away in disgust. George's excuse
was, 'We can't make 'em fight, can we, if they won't?' There was no
getting over this, and George cleared over two thousand pounds by the
night's work."

According to the newspaper reports of the time, two of these lion-baitings
took place; and some vague report or dim recollection of the events as
they actually occurred seems to have been in the mind of the "ex-lion
king" when he gave the preceding account of them. The combats were said to
have originated in a bet between two sporting gentlemen, and the dogs were
not a dozen mastiffs, but six bull-dogs, and attacked the lion in "heats"
of three. The first fight, the incidents of which were similar in
character to those described in the foregoing story, was between Nero and
the dogs, and took place in July, 1825; at which time the menagerie was
located in the Old Factory Yard, in the outskirts of Warwick, on the road
to Northampton. This not being considered satisfactory and conclusive, a
second encounter was arranged, in which Wallace, a younger animal, was
substituted for the old lion, with very different results. Every dog that
faced the lion was killed or disabled, the last being carried about in
Wallace's mouth as a rat is by a terrier or a cat.

Shows had been excluded from Greenwich Fair this year, and Bartholomew's
was looked forward to by the showmen as the more likely on that account to
yield an abundant harvest. Hone says that Greenwich Fair was this year
suppressed by the magistrates, and the absence of shows may be regarded as
evidence of some bungling and wrong-headed interference; but a score of
booths for drinking and dancing were there, only two of which, Algar's and
the Albion, made any charge for admission to the "assembly room," the
charge for tickets at these being a shilling and sixpence respectively.
Algar's was three hundred and twenty-three feet long by sixty wide,
seventy feet of the length constituting the refreshment department, and
the rest of the space being devoted to dancing, to the music of two harps,
three violins, bass viol, two clarionets, and flute.

According to the account preserved in Hone's 'Everyday Book,' the number
of shows assembled in Smithfield this year was twenty-two, of which, one
was a theatre for dramatic performances, five theatres for the various
entertainments usually given in circuses, four menageries, one an
exhibition of glass-blowing, one a peep-show, one a mare with seven feet,
and the remaining nine, exhibitions of giants, dwarfs, albinoes, fat
children, etc. Of course, the theatre was Richardson's, and the following
bill was posted on the exterior, and given to every one who asked for it
on entering:--

[Asterism] _Change of Performance each Day._

RICHARDSON'S THEATRE.

This day will be performed, an entire new Melo-Drama, called the

       "WANDERING OUTLAW;
  or, the Hour of Retribution.

"Gustavus, Elector of Saxony, _Mr. Wright_. Orsina, Baron of Holstein,
_Mr. Cooper_. Ulric and Albert, Vassals to Orsina, _Messrs. Grove_ and
_Moore_. St. Clair, the Wandering Outlaw, _Mr. Smith_. Rinalda, the
Accusing Spirit, _Mr. Darling_. Monks, Vassals, Hunters, &c. Rosabella,
Wife to the Outlaw, _Mrs. Smith_. Nuns and Ladies.

"The Piece concludes with the DEATH OF ORSINA, and the Appearance of the

ACCUSING SPIRIT!

"_The Entertainments to conclude with a New Comic Harlequinade, with New
Scenery, Tricks, Dresses, and Decorations, called_

  "HARLEQUIN FAUSTUS
        OR, THE
  DEVIL WILL HAVE HIS OWN.

"Luciferno, _Mr. Thomas_. Daemon Amozor, afterwards Pantaloon, _Mr.
Wilkinson_. Daemon Ziokos, afterwards Clown, _Mr. Hayward_. Violencello
Player, _Mr. Hartem_. Baker, _Mr. Thompson_. Landlord, _Mr. Wilkins_.
Fisherman, _Mr. Rae_. Doctor Faustus, afterwards Harlequin, _Mr. Salter_.
Adelada, afterwards Columbine, _Miss Wilmot_. Attendant Daemons, Sprites,
Fairies, Ballad Singers, Flower Girls, &c., &c.

      _The Pantomime will finish with_
             A SPLENDID PANORAMA,
      _Painted by the First Artists_.
  Boxes, 2_s._ Pit, 1_s._ Gallery, 6 _d._"

The theatre had an elevation exceeding thirty-feet, and occupied a
hundred feet in width. The back of the exterior platform, or
parade-waggon, was formed of green baize, before which deeply fringed
crimson curtains were festooned, except at two places where the
money-takers sat in wide and roomy projections, fitted up like Gothic
shrines, with columns and pinnacles. Fifteen hundred variegated lamps were
disposed over various parts of this platform, some of them depending from
the top in the shape of chandeliers and lustres, and others in wreaths and
festoons. A band of ten performers, in scarlet dresses, similar to those
worn by the Queen's yeomen, played continually, passing alternately from
the parade-waggon and the orchestra, and from the interior to the open air
again.

The auditorium was about a hundred feet long, and thirty feet wide, and
was hung with green baize and crimson festoons. The seats were rows of
planks, rising gradually from the ground at the end, and facing the stage,
without any distinction of boxes, pit, or gallery. The stage was elevated,
and there was a painted proscenium, with a green curtain, and the royal
arms above, and an orchestra lined with crimson cloth. Between the
orchestra and the bottom row of seats was a large space, which, after the
seats were filled, and greatly to the discomfiture of the lower
seat-holders, was nearly occupied by spectators. There were at least a
thousand persons present on the occasion of Hone's visit.

"The curtain drew up," he says, "and presented the Wandering Outlaw, with
a forest scene and a cottage; the next scene was a castle; the third was
another scene in the forest. The second act commenced with a scene of an
old church and a market-place. The second scene was a prison, and a ghost
appeared to the tune of the evening hymn. The third scene was the castle
that formed the second scene in the first act, and the performance was
here enlivened by a murder. The fourth scene was rocks, with a cascade,
and there was a procession to an unexecuted execution; for a ghost
appeared, and saved the Wandering Outlaw from a fierce-looking headsman,
and the piece ended. Then a plump little woman sang, 'He loves, and he
rides away,' and the curtain drew up to Harlequin Faustus, wherein, after
Columbine and a Clown, the most flaming character was the devil, with a
red face and hands, in a red Spanish mantle and vest, red 'continuations,'
stockings and shoes ditto to follow, a red Spanish hat and plume above,
and a red 'brass bugle horn.' As soon as the fate of Faustus was
concluded, the sound of a gong announced the happy event, and these
performances were, in a quarter of an hour, repeated to another equally
intelligent and brilliant audience."

John Clarke, an elderly, gentlemanly-looking showman, whom I saw a few
years afterwards "mountebanking" on a piece of waste land at Norwood, and
whose memory, in spite of his infirmity of temper, is cherished by the
existing generation of equestrians and acrobats, was here with his circus,
a large show, with its back against the side of Samwell's, and its front
in a line with Hosier Lane, and therefore looking towards Smithfield Bars.
The admission to this show was sixpence. The spacious platform outside was
lighted with gas, a distinction from the other shows in the fair which
extended to the interior, where a single hoop, about two feet six inches
in diameter, with little jets of gas about an inch and a half apart, was
suspended over the arena.

"The entertainment," says Hone, "commenced by a man dancing on the tight
rope. The rope was removed and a light bay horse was mounted by a female
in trousers, with a pink gown fully frilled, flounced, and ribboned, with
the shoulders in large puffs. While the horse circled the ring at full
speed, she danced upon him, and skipped with a hoop like a skipping-rope;
she performed other dexterous feats, and concluded by dancing on the
saddle with a flag in each hand, while the horse flew round the ring with
great velocity. These and the subsequent performances were enlivened by
tunes from a clarionet and horn, and jokes from a clown, who, when she had
concluded, said to an attendant, 'Now, John, take the horse off, and
whatever you do, rub him down well with a cabbage.' Then a man rode and
danced on another horse, a very fine animal, and leaped from him three
times over garters, placed at a considerable height and width apart,
alighting on the horse's back while he was going round. This rider was
remarkably dexterous.

"In conclusion, the clown got up, and rode with many antic tricks, till,
on the sudden, an apparently drunken fellow rushed from the audience into
the ring, and began to pull the clown from the horse. The manager
interfered, and the people cried, 'Turn him out;' but the man persisted,
and the clown getting off, offered to help him up, and threw him over the
horse's back to the ground. At length the intruder was seated, with his
face to the tail, though he gradually assumed a proper position, and,
riding as a man thoroughly intoxicated would ride, fell off; he then threw
off his hat and great coat, and his waistcoat, and then an under
waistcoat, and a third, and a fourth, and more than a dozen waistcoats.
Upon taking off the last, his trousers fell down, and he appeared in his
shirt; whereupon he crouched, and drawing his shirt off in a twinkling,
appeared in a handsome fancy dress, leaped into the saddle, rode standing
with great grace, received great applause, made his bows, and so the
performance concluded."

The remainder of the shows of this class charged a penny only for
admission. Of Samwell's, Hone says,--"I paid my penny to the money-taker,
a slender 'fine lady,' with three feathers in a 'jewelled turban,' and a
dress of blue and white muslin, and silver; and within-side I saw the
'fat, contented, easy' proprietor, who was arrayed in corresponding
magnificence. If he loved leanness, it was in 'his better half,' for
himself had none of it. Obesity had disqualified him for activity, and
therefore in his immensely tight and large satin jacket, he was, as much
as possible, the active commander of his active performers. He
superintended the dancing of a young female on the tight rope. Then he
announced 'A little boy will dance a horn-pipe on the rope,' and he
ordered his 'band' inside to play; this was obeyed without difficulty, for
it merely consisted of one man, who blew a hornpipe tune on a Pan's-pipe;
while it went on, the little boy danced on the tight rope; so far it was a
hornpipe dance, and no farther. 'The little boy will stand on his head on
the rope,' said the manager; and the little boy stood on his head
accordingly. Then another female danced on the slack wire; and after her
came a horse, not a dancing horse, but a 'learned' horse, quite as learned
as the horse at Ball's theatre."

At the show last mentioned was a man who balanced chairs on his chin, and
holding a knife in his mouth, balanced a sword on the edge of the knife;
he then put a pewter plate on the hilt of the sword horizontally, and so
balanced the sword with the plate on the edge of the knife as before, the
plate having previously had imparted to it a rotary motion, which it
communicated to the sword, and preserved during the balance. He also
balanced the sword and plate in like manner, with a crown-piece placed
edge-wise between the point of the sword and the knife; and afterwards
with two crown-pieces, and then with a key. These feats were accompanied
by the jokes and grimaces of a clown, and succeeded by an acrobatic
performance by boys, and a hornpipe by the lady of the company. Then a
learned horse was introduced, and, as desired by his master, indicated a
lady who wished to be married, a gentleman who preferred a quart of ale to
a sermon, a lady who liked lying in bed when she should be up, and other
persons of various proclivities amusing to the rest of the spectators.

Chappell and Pike's was a very large show, fitted up after the manner of
Richardson's, with a parade, on which a clown and several acrobats in
tights and trunks, and young ladies in ballet costume, alternately
promenaded and danced, until the interior filled, and the performances
commenced. These consisted of tumbling, slack-rope dancing, etc., as at
Ball's, but better executed. The names of these showmen do not appear
again in the records of the London fairs, from which it may be inferred
that the show was a new venture, and failed. There was a performer named
Chappell in the company of Richardson's theatre, while under the
management of Nelson Lee; but whether related to the showman of 1825 I am
unable to say.

The performances of "Brown's Grand Troop, from Paris," commenced with an
exhibition of conjuring; among other tricks, the conjurer gave a boy beer
to drink out of a funnel, making him blow through it to show that it was
empty, and afterwards applying it to each of the boy's ears, from whence,
through the funnel, the beer appeared to reflow, and poured on the ground.
Afterwards girls danced on the single and double slack wire, and a
melancholy-looking clown, among other things, said they were "as clever
as the barber and blacksmith who shaved magpies at twopence a dozen." The
show concluded with a learned horse.

The menageries of Wombwell and Atkins were two of the largest shows in the
fair. The back of the former abutted on the side of Chappell and Pike's
theatre, on the north side of Smithfield, with the front looking towards
Giltspur Street, at which avenue it was the first show. The front was
entirely covered with painted show-cloths representing the animals, with
the proprietor's name in immense letters above, and the inscription, "The
Conquering Lion," very conspicuously displayed. There were other
show-cloths along the whole length of the side, surmounted by this
inscription, stretching out in one line of large capital letters, "Nero
and Wallace, the same lions that fought at Warwick." One of the front
show-cloths represented the second fight; a lion stood up, with a bleeding
dog in his mouth, and his left fore paw resting upon another dog. A third
dog was in the act of flying at him ferociously, and one, wounded and
bleeding, was retreating. There were seven other show-cloths on this
front, with the inscription "Nero and Wallace" between them. One of these
show-cloths, whereon the monarch of the forest was painted, was
inscribed, "Nero, the Great Lion, from Caffraria."

Wombwell's collection comprised at this time four lions and a lioness, two
leopardesses, with cubs, a hyena, a bitch wolf and cubs, a polar bear, a
pair of zebras, two onagers or wild asses, and a large assortment of
monkeys and exotic birds. The bills announced "a remarkably fine tigress
in the same den with a noble British lion;" but Hone notes that this
conjunction, the announcement of which was probably suggested by the
attractiveness of the lion-tiger cubs and their parents in Atkins's
menagerie, was not to be seen in reality. The combats at Warwick produced
a strong desire on the part of the public to see the lions who had figured
in them, and the menagerie was crowded each day from morn till night.
"Manchester Jack" entered Nero's cage, and invited the visitors to follow,
which many ventured to do, paying sixpence for the privilege, on his
assurance that they might do so with perfect safety.

Hone complains of the confusion and disorder which prevailed, and which
are inseparable from a crowd, and may be not uncharitably suspected of
being exaggerated in some degree by the evident prejudice which had been
created in his mind by the lion-baitings at Warwick. It is certain,
however, that gardens like those of the Zoological Society afford
conditions for the health and comfort of the animals, and for their
exhibition to the public, much more favourable than can be obtained in the
best regulated travelling caravan, or in buildings such as the Tower
menagerie and Exeter Change. It is impossible to do justice to animals
which are cooped within the narrow limits of a travelling show, or in any
place which does not admit of thorough ventilation. Apart from the
impracticability of allowing sufficient space and a due supply of air, a
considerable amount of discomfort to the animals is inseparable from
continuous jolting about the country in caravans, and from the braying of
brass bands and the glare of gas at evening exhibitions.

It took even the Zoological Society some time to learn the conditions most
favourable to the maintenance of the mammal tribes of tropical countries
in a state of health, while subject to the restraint necessary for their
safe keeping. Too much importance was at first attached to warming the
cages in which the monkeys and carnivora of India and Africa were kept,
and too little to ventilating them. I remember the time when the
carnivora-house in the Society's gardens was a long, narrow building, with
double folding-doors at each end, and a range of cages on each side. The
cages were less than half the size of the light and lofty apartments now
appropriated to the same species, and were artificially heated to such a
degree that the atmosphere resembled that of the small glass-house in Kew
Gardens in which the paper-reed and other examples of the aquatic
vegetation of tropical countries are grown, and was rendered more stifling
by the strong ammoniacal odour which constantly prevaded it.

It was found, however, that the mortality among the animals,
notwithstanding all the care that was taken to keep them warm, was very
great; and the idea gradually dawned upon the minds of the Council of the
Society that ventilation might be more conducive to the health and
longevity of the animals than any amount of heat. As lions and tigers,
leopards and hyenas, baboons and monkeys, live, in a state of nature, in
the open air of their native forests, the imperfect ventilation of the old
carnivora-house and monkey-house seemed, when once the idea was broached,
to be a very likely cause of the excessive mortality, which, as lions and
tigers cost from a hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty pounds, was
a constant source of heavy demands upon the Society's funds. It was
determined, therefore, to try the experiment of constructing larger cages,
and admitting the pure external air to them; and the results were so
satisfactory that everybody wondered that the improved hygienic conditions
had not been thought of before.

Atkins had a very fine collection of the feline genus, and was famous for
the production of hybrids between the lion and the tigress. The cubs so
produced united some of the external characteristics of both parents,
their colour being tawny, marked while they were young with darker
stripes, such as may be observed in black kittens, the progeny of a tabby
cat. These markings disappeared, however, as the lion-tigers approached
maturity, at which time the males had the mane entirely deficient, or very
little developed. I remember seeing a male puma and a leopardess in the
same cage in this menagerie, but I am unable to state whether the union
was fruitful.

The display of show-cloths on the outside of this menagerie extended about
forty feet in length, and the proprietor's name flamed along the front in
 lamps. A brass band of eight performers, wearing scarlet tunics
and leopard-skin caps, played on the outside; and Atkins shouted from time
to time, "Don't be deceived! The great performing elephant is _here_; also
the only lion and tigress in one den to be seen in the fair, or I'll
forfeit a thousand guineas! Walk up!--walk up!"

The following singularly descriptive bill was posted on the outside and
wherever else it could be displayed:--

           "MORE WONDERS IN
       ATKINS'S ROYAL MENAGERIE.
  Under the Patronage of HIS MAJESTY.
        G. [Illustration] R.

"Wonderful Phenomenon in Nature! The singular and hitherto deemed
impossible occurrence of a LION and TIGRESS cohabiting and producing
young, has actually taken place in this menagerie, at Windsor. The
tigress, on Wednesday, the 27th of October last, produced _three fine
cubs_; one of them strongly resembles the tigress; the other two are of a
lighter colour, but striped. Mr. Atkins had the honour (through the kind
intervention of the Marquis of Conyngham) of exhibiting the _lion-tigers_
to His Majesty, on the first of November, 1824, at the Royal Lodge,
Windsor Great Park; when His Majesty was pleased to observe, they were the
greatest curiosity of the beast creation he had ever witnessed.

"The royal striped _Bengal Tigress_ has again whelped three fine cubs,
(April 22,) two males and one female; the males are white, but striped;
the female resembles the tigress, and, singular to observe, she fondles
them with all the care of an attentive mother. The sire of the young cubs
is the noble male lion. This remarkable instance of subdued temper and
association of animals to permit the keeper to enter their den, and
introduce their young to the spectators, is the greatest phenomenon in
natural philosophy.

"That truly singular and wonderful animal, the AUROCHOS. Words can only
convey but a very confused idea of this animal's shape, for there are few
so remarkably formed. Its head is furnished with two large horns, growing
from the forehead, in a form peculiar to no other animal; from the
nostrils to the forehead is a stiff tuft of hair, and underneath the jaw
to the neck is a similar brush of hair, and between the forelegs is hair
growing about a foot and a half long. The mane is like that of a horse,
white, tinged with black, with a beautiful long flowing white tail; the
eye remarkably keen, and as large as the eye of the elephant: colour of
the animal, dark chesnut; the appearance of the head, in some degree
similar to the buffalo, and in some part formed like the goat, the hoof
being divided; such is the general outline of this quadruped, which seems
to partake of several species. This beautiful animal was brought over by
Captain White, from the south of Africa, and landed in England, September
20th, 1823; and is the same animal so frequently mistaken by travellers
for the unicorn: further to describe its peculiarities would occupy too
much space in a handbill. The only one in England.

"That colossal animal, the wonderful performing

ELEPHANT,

Upwards of ten feet high!! Five tons weight!! His consumption of hay,
corn, straw, carrots, water, &c., exceeds 800 lbs. daily. The elephant,
the human race excepted, is the most respectable of animals. In size, he
surpasses all other terrestrial creatures, and by far exceeds any other
travelling animal in England. He has ivory tusks, four feet long, one
standing out on each side of his trunk. His trunk serves him instead of
hands and arms, with which he can lift up and seize the smallest as well
as the largest objects. He alone drags machines which six horses cannot
move. To his prodigious strength, he adds courage, prudence, and an exact
obedience. He remembers favours as well as injuries; in short, the
sagacity and knowledge of this extraordinary animal are beyond anything
human imagination can possibly suggest. He will lie down and get up at the
word of command, notwithstanding the many fabulous tales of their having
no joints in their legs. He will take a sixpence from the floor, and place
it in a box he has in the caravan; bolt and unbolt a door; take his
keeper's hat off, and replace it; and by the command of his keeper, will
perform so many wonderful tricks that he will not only astonish and
entertain the audience, but justly prove himself the half-reasoning beast.
He is the only elephant now travelling.

"A full grown LION and LIONESS with four cubs, produced December 12, 1824,
at Cheltenham.

"_Male Bengal Tiger._ Next to the lion, the tiger is the most tremendous
of the carnivorous class; and whilst he possesses all the bad qualities of
the former, seems to be a stranger to the good ones; to pride, to
strength, to courage, the lion adds greatness, and sometimes, perhaps,
clemency; while the tiger, without provocation, is fierce--without
necessity, is cruel. Instead of instinct, he hath nothing but a uniform
rage, a blind fury; so blind, indeed, so undistinguishing, that he
frequently devours his own progeny; and if the tigress offers to defend
them he tears in pieces the dam herself.

"The _Onagra_, a native of the Levant, the eastern parts of Asia, and the
northern parts of Africa. This race differs from the Zebra, by the size of
the body, (which is larger,) slenderness of the legs, and lustre of the
hair. The only one now alive in England.

"_Two Zebras_, one full grown, the other in its infant state, in which it
seems as if the works of art had been combined with those of nature in
this wonderful production. In symmetry of shape, and beauty of colour, it
is the most elegant of all quadrupeds ever presented; uniting the graceful
figure of a horse, with the fleetness of a stag; beautifully striped with
regular lines, black and white.

"A Nepaul _Bison_, only twenty-four inches high.

"_Panther_, or spotted tiger of Buenos Ayres, the only one travelling.

"A pair of _rattle-tail Porcupines_.

"Striped untamable _Hyaena_, a tiger-wolf.

"An elegant _Leopard_, the handsomest marked animal ever seen.

"Spotted _Laughing Hyaena_, the same kind of animal described never to be
tamed; but, singular to observe, it is perfectly tame, and its attachment
to a dog in the same den is very remarkable.

"The spotted _Cavy_.

"Pair of _Jackalls_.

"Pair of interesting _Sledge Dogs_, brought over by Captain Parry from one
of the northern expeditions; they are used by the Esquimaux to draw the
sledges on the ice, which they accomplish with great velocitv.

"A pair of _Rackoons_, from North America.

"The _Oggouta_, from Java.

"A pair of Jennetts, or wild cats.

"The _Coatimondi_, or ant-eater.

"A pair of those extraordinary and rare birds, PELICANS of the wilderness;
the only two alive in the three kingdoms.--These birds have been
represented on all crests and coats of arms, to cut their breasts open
with the points of their bills, and feed their young with their own blood,
and are justly allowed by all authors to be the greatest curiosity of the
feathered tribe.

"_Ardea Dubia_, or adjutant of Bengal, gigantic emew, or Linnaeus's
southern ostrich. The peculiar characteristics that distinguish this bird
from the rest of the feathered tribe,--it comes from Brazil, in the new
continent; it stands from eight to nine feet high when full grown; it is
too large to fly, but is capable of outrunning the fleetest horses of
Arabia; what is still more singular, every quill produces two feathers.
The only one travelling.

"A pair of rapacious _Condor Minors_, from the interior of South America,
the largest birds of flight in the world when full grown; it is the same
kind of bird the Indians have asserted to carry off a deer or young calf
in their talons, and two of them are sufficient to destroy a buffalo, and
the wings are as much as eighteen feet across.

"The great _Horned Owl_ of Bohemia. Several species of gold and silver
pheasants, of the most splendid plumage, from China and Peru.
Yellow-crested cockatoo. Scarlet and buff macaws.--Admittance to see the
whole menagerie, 1_s._--Children 6_d._--Open from ten in the forenoon till
feeding-time, half-past nine, 2_s._"

Hone says that this menagerie was thoroughly clean, and that the condition
of the animals told that they were well taken care of. The elephant, with
his head protruded between the stout bars of his house, whisked his
proboscis diligently in search of eatables from the spectators, who
supplied him with fruit and biscuits, or handed him halfpence which he
uniformly conveyed by his trunk to a retailer of gingerbread, and got his
money's worth in return. Then he unbolted the door to let in his keeper,
and bolted it after him; took up a sixpence with his trunk, lifted the lid
of a little box fixed against the wall, and deposited it within it, and
some time afterwards relifted the lid, and taking out the sixpence with a
single motion, returned it to the keeper; he knelt down when told, fired
off a blunderbuss, took off the keeper's hat, and afterwards replaced it
on his head as well as the man's hand could have done it; in short, he was
perfectly docile, and well maintained the reputation of his species for a
high degree of intelligence.

"The keeper," says Hone, "showed every animal in an intelligent manner,
and answered the questions of the company readily and with civility. His
conduct was rewarded by a good parcel of halfpence when his hat went round
with a hope that 'the ladies and gentlemen would not forget the keeper
before he showed the lion and tigress.' The latter was a beautiful young
animal, with playful cubs about the size of bull-dogs, but without the
least fierceness. When the man entered the den, they frolicked and climbed
about him like kittens; he took them up in his arms, bolted them in a back
apartment, and after playing with the tigress a little, threw back a
partition which separated her den from the lion's, and then took the lion
by the beard. This was a noble animal; he was couching, and being inclined
to take his rest, only answered the keeper's command to rise by extending
his whole length, and playfully putting up one of his magnificent paws, as
a cat does when in a good humour. The man then took a short whip, and
after a smart lash or two upon his back, the lion rose with a yawn, and
fixed his eye on his keeper with a look that seemed to say, 'Well, I
suppose I must humour you.'

"The man then sat down at the back of the den, with his back at the
partition, and after some ordering and coaxing, the tigress sat on his
right hand, and the lion on his left, and, all three being thus seated,
he threw his arms round their necks, played with their noses, and laid
their heads in his lap. He rose, and the animals with him; the lion stood
in a fine majestic position, but the tigress reared, and putting one foot
over his shoulder, and patting him with the other, as if she had been
frolicking with one of her cubs, he was obliged to check her playfulness.
Then by coaxing, and pushing him about, he caused the lion to sit down,
and while in that position opened the animal's ponderous jaws with his
hands, and thrust his face down into the lion's throat, wherein he
shouted, and there held his head nearly a minute. After this he held up a
common hoop for the tigress to leap through, and she did it frequently.
The lion seemed more difficult to move to this sport. He did not appear to
be excited by command or entreaty; at last, however, he went through the
hoop, and having been once roused, he repeated the action several times;
the hoop was scarcely two feet in diameter. The exhibition of these two
animals concluded by the lion lying down on his side, when the keeper
stretched himself to his whole length upon him, and then calling to the
tigress she jumped upon the man, extended herself with her paws upon his
shoulders, placed her face sideways upon his, and the whole three lay
quiescent till the keeper suddenly slipped himself off the lion's side,
with the tigress on him, and the trio gambolled and rolled about on the
floor of the den, like playful children on the floor of a nursery.

"Of the beasts there is not room to say more than that their number was
surprising, considering that they formed a better selected collection, and
showed in higher condition from cleanliness and good feeding, than any
assemblage I ever saw. Their variety and beauty, with the usual accessory
of monkeys, made a splendid picture. The birds were equally admirable,
especially the pelicans and the emew. This show would have furnished a
dozen sixpenny shows, at least, to a Bartlemy Fair twenty years ago."

The other menageries were penny shows. One was Ballard's, of which the
great attraction was still, though nine years had elapsed since the event,
the lioness which attacked the Exeter mail-coach. The collection contained
besides a fine lion, a tiger, a large polar bear, and several smaller
quadrupeds, monkeys, and birds. Hone has not preserved the name of the
owner of the fourth collection, which he says was "a really good
exhibition of a fine lion, with leopards, and various other beasts of the
forest. They were mostly docile and in good condition. One of the leopards
was carried by his keeper a pick-a-back." This was probably Morgan's,
which we find at this fair three years later.

The daily cost of the food of the animals in a menagerie is no trifle. The
amount of animal food required for the carnivora in a first class
menagerie is about four hundredweight daily, consisting chiefly of the
shins, hearts, and heads of bullocks. A full-grown lion or tiger will
consume twelve pounds of meat per day, and this is said to have been the
allowance in Wombwell's menagerie; but it is more, I believe, than is
allowed in the gardens of the Zoological Society. Bears are allowed meat
only in the winter, their food at other seasons consisting of bread,
sopped biscuit, or boiled rice, sweetened with sugar. Then there are the
elephants, camels, antelopes, etc., to be provided for; and the quantity
of hay, cabbages, bread, and boiled rice which an elephant will consume,
in addition to the buns and biscuits given to it by the visitors, is, as
Dominie Sampson would say, prodigious. There is a story told of an
elephant belonging to a travelling menagerie which escaped from the stable
in which it had been placed for the night, and, wandering through the
village, found a baker's shop open. It pushed its head in, and, helping
itself with its trunk, devoured sixteen four-pound loaves, and was
beginning to empty the glass jars of the sweets they contained when the
arrival of its keeper interrupted its stolen repast.

I now come to the minor exhibitions, of which the first from Hosier Lane,
where it stood at the corner, was a peep-show, in which rudely painted
pictures were successively lowered by the showmen, and viewed through
circular apertures, fitted with glasses of magnifying power. A green
curtain separated the spectators from the outer throng while they gazed
upon such strangely contrasted scenes as the murder of Weare and the Queen
of Sheba's visit to Solomon, the execution of Probert and the conversion
of St. Paul, the Greenland whale fishery and the building of Babel,
Wellington at Waterloo and Daniel in the lions' den!

Next to this stood a show, on the exterior of which a man beat a drum with
one hand, and played a hurdy-gurdy with the other, pausing occasionally to
invite the gazers to walk up, and see the living wonders thus announced on
the show-cloths:--"_Miss Hipson, the Middlesex Wonder, the Largest Child
in the Kingdom, when young the Handsomest Child in the World.--The Persian
Giant.--The Fair Circassian with Silver Hair.--The Female Dwarf, Two Feet
Eleven Inches high.--Two Wild Indians from the Malay Islands in the
East._" When a company had collected, the wonders were shown from the
floor of a caravan on wheels, one side being taken out, and replaced by a
curtain, which was drawn or thrown back as occasion required. After the
audience had dispersed, Hone was permitted by the proprietor of the show,
Nicholas Maughan, of Ipswich, to go "behind the curtain," where the artist
who accompanied him completed his sketches for the illustrations in the
'Every-day Book,' while Hone entered into conversation with the persons
exhibited.

"Miss Hipson, only twelve years of age, is," he says, "remarkably
gigantic, or rather corpulent, for her age, pretty, well-behaved, and
well-informed; she weighed sixteen stone a few months before, and has
since increased in size; she has ten brothers and sisters, nowise
remarkable in appearance: her father, who is dead, was a bargeman at
Brentford. The name of the 'little lady' is Lydia Walpole; she was born at
Addiscombe, near Yarmouth, and is sociable, agreeable, and intelligent.
The fair Circassian is of pleasing countenance and manners. The Persian
giant is a good-natured, tall, stately <DW64>. The two Malays could not
speak English, except three words, 'drop o' rum,' which they repeated with
great glee. One of them, with long hair reaching below the waist,
exhibited the posture of drawing a bow. Mr. Maughan described them as
being passionate, and showed me a severe wound on his finger which the
little one had given him by biting, while he endeavoured to part him and
his countryman, during a quarrel a few days ago. A 'female giant' was one
of the attractions of this exhibition, but she could not be shown for
illness: Miss Hipson described her to be a very good young woman.

"There was an appearance of ease and good condition, with content of mind,
in the persons composing this show, which induced me to put several
questions to them, and I gathered that I was not mistaken in my
conjecture. They described themselves as being very comfortable, and that
they were taken great care of, and well treated by the proprietor, Mr.
Maughan, and his partner in the show. The 'little lady' had a thorough
good character from Miss Hipson as an affectionate creature; and it seems
the females obtained exercise by rising early, and being carried out into
the country in a post-chaise, where they walked, and thus maintained their
health. This was to me the most pleasing show in the fair."

Between this show and Richardson's theatre was a small temporary stable,
in which was exhibited a mare with seven feet: the admission to this sight
was threepence. The following is a copy of the printed bill:--

"To Sportsmen and Naturalists.--Now exhibiting, one of the greatest living
natural curiosities in the world; namely, a thorough-bred chesnut MARE,
with seven legs! four years of age, perfectly sound, free from blemish,
and shod on six of her feet. She is very fleet in her paces, being
descended from that famous horse Julius Caesar, out of a thorough-bred race
mare descended from Eclipse, and is remarkably docile and temperate. She
is the property of Mr. J. Checketts, of Belgrave hall, Leicestershire; and
will be exhibited for a few days as above."

Each of this mare's hind legs, besides its natural foot, had another
growing out from the fetlock joint; one of these additions was nearly the
size of the natural foot; the third and least grew from the same joint of
the fore leg. Andrews, the exhibitor, told Hone that they grew slowly, and
that the new hoofs were, at first, very soft, and exuded during the
process of growth.

The line of shows on the east side of Smithfield, commencing at Long Lane,
began with an exhibition of an Indian woman, a Chinese lady, and a dwarf;
and next to this stood a small exhibition of wax-figures, to which a dwarf
and a Maori woman were added. On a company being assembled, the showman
made a speech: "Ladies and gentlemen, before I show you the wonderful
prodigies of nature, let me introduce you to the wonderful works of art;"
and then he drew a curtain, behind which the wax-figures stood. "This,"
said he, "ladies and gentlemen, is the famous old Mother Shipton; and here
is the unfortunate Jane Shore, the beautiful mistress of Edward the
Fourth; next to her is his Majesty George the Fourth of most glorious
memory; and this is Queen Elizabeth in all her glory; then here you have
the Princess Amelia, the daughter of his late Majesty, who is dead; this
is Mary, Queen of Scots, who had her head cut off; and this is O'Brien,
the famous Irish giant; this man here is Thornton, who was tried for the
murder of Mary Ashford; and this is the exact resemblance of Othello, the
Moor of Venice, who was a jealous husband, and depend upon it every man
who is jealous of his wife will be as black as that <DW64>. Now, ladies and
gentlemen, the two next are a wonderful couple, John and Margaret Scott,
natives of Dunkeld, in Scotland; they lived about ninety years ago; John
Scott was a hundred and five years old when he died, and Margaret lived to
be a hundred and twelve; and, what is more remarkable, there is not a soul
living can say he ever heard them quarrel."

Here he closed the curtain, and while undrawing another, continued his
address as follows: "Having shown you the dead, I have now to exhibit to
you two of the most extraordinary wonders of the living; this is the
widow of a New Zealand chief, and this is the little old woman of Bagdad;
she is thirty inches high, twenty-two years of age, and a native of
Boston, in Lincolnshire."

The next show announced, for one penny, "_The Black Wild Indian Woman--The
White Indian Youth--and the Welsh Dwarf--All Alive!_" There was this
further announcement on the outside: "_The Young American will Perform
after the Manner of the French Jugglers at Vauxhall Gardens, with Balls,
Rings, Daggers, &c._" The Welsh dwarf was William Phillips, of Denbigh,
fifteen years of age. The "White Indian youth" was an Esquimaux; and the
exhibitor assured the visitors upon his veracity that the "black wild
Indian woman" was a Court lady of the island of Madagascar. The young
American was the exhibitor himself, an intelligent and clever fellow in a
loose striped frock, tied round the middle. He commenced his performances
by throwing up three balls, which he kept constantly in the air, as he
afterwards did four, and then five, with great dexterity, using his hands,
shoulders, and elbows apparently with equal ease. He afterwards threw up
three rings, each about four inches in diameter, and then four, which he
kept in motion with similar success. To end his performance, he produced
three knives, which, by throwing up and down, he contrived to preserve in
the air altogether. The young American's dress and knives were very
similar to those of the Anglo-Saxon glee-man, as Strutt has figured them
from a MS. in the Cotton collection.

The inscriptions and paintings on the outside of the next show announced
"_The White <DW64>, who was rescued from her Black Parents by the bravery
of a British Officer--the only White <DW64> Girl Alive--The Great Giantess
and Dwarf--Six Curiosities Alive!--Only a Penny to see them All Alive!_"
One side of the interior was covered by a pictorial representation of a
tread-mill, with convicts at work upon it, superintended by warders. On
the other side were several monkeys in cages, an old bear in a jacket, and
sundry other animals. When a sufficient number of persons had assembled, a
curtain was withdrawn, and the visitors beheld the giantess and the white
<DW64>, whom the showman pronounced "the greatest curiosity ever seen--the
first that has been exhibited since the reign of George II.--look at her
head and hair, ladies and gentlemen, and feel it; there's no
deception--it's like ropes of wool!" The girl, who had the flat nose,
thick lips, and peculiarly-shaped skull of the <DW64>, stooped to have her
hair examined. It was of a dull flaxen hue, and hung, according to Hone's
description, "in ropes, of a clothy texture, the thickness of a quill, and
from four to six inches in length." Her skin was the colour of an
European's. Then there stepped forth a little fellow about three feet
high, in a military dress, with top boots, who "strutted his tiny legs,
and held his head aloft with not less importance than the proudest general
officer could assume upon his promotion to the rank of field marshal."

The next show was announced as an "exhibition of real wonders," and the
following bill was put forth by its proprietor:--

            "REAL WONDERS!
           SEE AND BELIEVE.
             Have you seen
         THE BEAUTIFUL DOLPHIN,
  _The Performing Pig, and the Mermaid_?

If not, pray do! as the exhibition contains more variety than any other in
England. Those ladies and gentlemen who may be pleased to honour it with a
visit will be truly gratified.

                           TOBY,
  _The Swinish Philosopher, and Ladies' Fortune Teller_.

That beautiful animal appears to be endowed with the natural sense of the
human race. He is in colour the most beautiful of his race; in symmetry
the most perfect; in temper the most docile; and far exceeds anything yet
seen for his intelligent performances. He is beyond all conception: he has
a perfect knowledge of the alphabet, understands arithmetic, and will
spell and cast accounts, tell the points of the globe, the dice-box, the
hour by any person's watch, &c.

  _The Real Head of_
       MAHOURA,
  THE CANNIBAL CHIEF!

At the same time the public will have an opportunity of seeing what was
exhibited so long in London, under the title of

THE MERMAID:

The wonder of the deep! not a fac-simile or copy, but the same curiosity

                         ADMISSION MODERATE.
  [Asterism] _Open from Eleven in the Morning till Nine in the Evening._"

Foremost among the attractions of this show were the performing pig and
the show-woman, who drew forth the learning of the "swinish philosopher"
admirably. He went through the alphabet, and spelt monosyllabic words with
his nose; and did a sum of two figures in addition. Then, at her desire,
he indicated those of the company who were in love, or addicted to excess
in drink; and grunted his conviction that a stout gentleman, who might
have sat to John Leech for the portrait of John Bull "loved good eating,
and a pipe, and a jug of ale better than the sight of the Living
Skeleton." The "beautiful dolphin" was a fish-skin stuffed. The mermaid
was the last manufactured imposture of that name, exhibited for
half-a-crown in Piccadilly, about a year before. The "real head of
Mahoura, the cannibal chief," was a skull, with a dried skin over it, and
a black wig; "but it looked sufficiently terrific," says Hone, "when the
show-woman put the candle in at the neck, and the flame illuminated the
yellow integument over the holes where eyes, nose, and a tongue had been."

Adjoining this was another penny show, with pictures large as life on the
show-cloths outside of the living wonders within, and the following
inscription:--"_All Alive! No False Paintings! The Wild Indian, the Giant
Boy, and the Dwarf Family! Never here before. To be seen alive!_" Thomas
Day, the reputed father of the dwarf family, was also proprietor of the
show; he was thirty-five years of age, and only thirty-five inches high.
There was a boy six years old, only twenty-seven inches high. The "wild
Indian" was a mild-looking mulatto. The "giant boy," William Wilkinson
Whitehead, was fourteen years of age, stood five feet two inches high,
measured five feet round the body, twenty-seven inches across the
shoulders, twenty inches round the arm, twenty-four inches round the calf,
and thirty-one inches round the thigh, and weighed twenty-two stones. His
father and mother were "travelling merchants" of Manchester; he was born
at Glasgow, during one of their journeys, and was a fine healthy youth,
fair complexioned, intelligent looking, active in his movements, and
sensible in speech. He was lightly dressed in plaid to show his limbs,
with a bonnet of the same.

Holden's glass-working and blowing was the last show on the east side of
Smithfield, and was limited to a single caravan. The first on the south
side, with its side towards Cloth Fair, and the back towards the corner of
Duke Street, presented pictures of a giant, a giantess, and an Indian
chief, with the inscription, "_They're all alive! Be assured they're all
alive! The Yorkshire Giantess--Waterloo Giant--Indian Chief. Only a
penny!_" An overgrown girl was the Yorkshire giantess. A tall man with his
hair frizzed and powdered, aided by a military coat and a plaid
roquelaire, made the Waterloo giant.

Next to this stood another show of the same kind and quality, the
attractions of which were a giantess and two dwarfs. The giantess was a
Somerset girl, who arose from the chair whereon she was seated to the
height of six feet nine inches and three-quarters, with "Ladies and
gentlemen, your most obedient." She was good-looking and affable, and
obliged the company by taking off her tight-fitting slipper, and handing
it round for their examination. It was of such dimensions that the largest
man present could have put his booted foot into it. She said that her name
was Elizabeth Stock, and that she was only sixteen years of age. This
completed the number of shows pitched in Smithfield in 1825.

There was a visible falling off in the following year, when the number of
shows diminished to eight. The west side of Giltspur Street, along its
whole length, was occupied by book-stalls; and grave-looking men in black
suits, with white cravats, looking like waiters out of employment, walked
solemnly through the fair, giving to all who would take them tracts headed
with the startling question--"_Are you prepared to die?_" Richardson's
theatre was there, and Clarke's circus; but Samwell, and Ball, and
Chappell and Pike did not attend, and Wombwell's was the only menagerie.
"Brown's grand company, from Paris," presented a juggling and tight-rope
performance, with the learned horse, and a clown who extracted musical
sounds from a salt-box, with the aid of a rolling-pin; Holden, the
glass-blower, in a glass wig, made tea-cups for threepence each, and
tobacco-pipes for a penny; the learned pig displayed his acquirements in
orthography and arithmetic; there was a twopenny exhibition of
rattlesnakes and young crocodiles, hatched by steam from imported eggs;
and a show in which a dwarf and a "silver-haired lady" were exhibited for
a penny.

Among the unique of the living curiosities exhibited by the showmen of
this period was the famous spotted boy, described in the bills issued by
his original exhibitor as "one of those wonderful productions of Nature,
which excite the curiosity, and gratify the beholder with the surprising
works of the Creator; he is the progeny of <DW64>s, being beautifully
covered over by a diversity of spots of transparent brown and white; his
hair is interwoven, black and white alternately, in a most astonishing
manner; his countenance is interesting, with limbs finely proportioned;
his ideas are quick and penetrating, yet his infantine simplicity is truly
captivating. He must be seen to convince; it is not in the power of
language to convey an adequate idea of this Fanciful Child of Nature,
formed in her most playful mood, and allowed by every lady and gentleman
that has seen it, the greatest curiosity ever beheld. May be seen from
Ten in the Morning till Ten in the Evening. Admittance for Ladies and
Gentlemen 1_s._ Servants and Children half price. Ladies and Gentlemen
wishing to see this Wonderful Child at their own houses, may be
accommodated by giving a few hours' notice. Copper plate Likenesses of the
Boy may be had at the Place of Exhibition."

Richardson introduced this boy several seasons, between the drama and the
pantomime; and became so much attached to him that he directed, by his
will, that he should be buried in the grave in which, a few years before,
he had deposited the remains of the lively, docile, and affectionate
African lad, in the church-yard of Great Marlow.

I have found no account of the number of shows which attended Bartholomew
Fair in 1827, but in the following year they must have been nearly as
numerous as in 1825, an enumeration of the principal ones reaching to
sixteen. All the menageries attended, and, besides Richardson's and Ball's
theatres, Keyes and Laine's, Frazer's, Pike's, and a couple of clever
Chinese jugglers. The receipts of these and the other principal shows were
returned, in round numbers, as follows:--Wombwell's menagerie, L1,700;
Richardson's theatre, L1,200; Atkins's menagerie, L1,000; Morgan's
menagerie, L150; exhibition of "the pig-faced lady," L150; ditto, fat boy
and girl, L140; ditto, head of William Corder, who was hanged at
Chelmsford for the murder of Maria Martin, a crime which had created a
great sensation, owing to its discovery through a dream of the victim's
mother, L100; Ballard's menagerie, L90; Ball's theatre, L80; diorama of
the battle of Navarino, L60; the Chinese jugglers, L50; Pike's theatre,
L40; a fire-eater, L30; Frazer's theatre, L26; Keyes and Laine's theatre,
L20; exhibition of a Scotch giant, L20. Some curious lights are thrown by
these figures on the comparative attractiveness of different
entertainments and exhibitions.

Considerable excitement was created among the visitors to the fair in the
following year by the announcement that Wombwell had on exhibition "that
most wonderful animal, the bonassus, being the first of the kind which had
ever been brought to Europe." As no one had ever seen or heard of the
animal before, or had the faintest conception of what it was, the curious
flocked in crowds to see the beast, which proved to be a very fine bull
bison, or American buffalo. Under the name given to it by Wombwell, it was
introduced into the epilogue of the Westminster play as one of the wonders
of the year. It was afterwards sold by Wombwell to the Zoological
Society, and placed in their collection in the Regent's Park; but it had
been enfeebled by confinement and disease, and it died soon afterwards.
The Hudson's Bay Company subsequently supplied its place by presenting the
Society with a young cow.

Atkins offered the counter attractions of an elephant ten feet high, and
another litter of lion-tigers, the latter addition to his collection being
announced as follows:--

"Wonderful Phenomenon in Nature--The singular and hitherto deemed
impossible occurrence of a Lion and Tigress cohabiting and producing young
has again taken place in the Menagerie, on the 28th of October, 1828, at
Windsor, when the Royal Tigress brought forth three fine cubs!!! And they
are now to be seen in the same den with their sire and dam. The first
litter of these extraordinary animals were presented to Our Most Gracious
Sovereign, when he was pleased to express considerable gratification, and
to denominate them Lion-Tigers, than which a more appropriate name could
not have been given. The great interest the Lion and Tigress have excited
is unprecedented; they are a source of irresistible attraction, especially
as it is the only instance of the kind ever known of animals so directly
opposite in their dispositions forming an attachment of such a singular
nature; their beautiful and interesting progeny are most admirable
productions of Nature. The Group is truly pleasing and astonishing, and
must be witnessed to form an adequate idea of them. The remarkable
instance of subdued temper and association of animals to permit the Keeper
to enter their Den, and to introduce their performance to the Spectators,
is the greatest Phenomenon in Natural History."

Most of the shows enumerated in the list of 1828 attended Bartholomew Fair
in 1830, and there were a few additional ones, making the total number
about the same. They comprised the menageries of Wombwell, Atkins, and
Ballard, the first containing "the great Siam elephant, and the two
smallest elephants ever seen in Europe," and the last offering an unique
attraction in a seal, floundering in a large tub of water; Richardson's
theatre, Ball's tumbling and rope-dancing, Keyes and Laine's conjuring,
Frazer's conjuring, a learned pony, the pig-faced lady, a shaved bear (to
expose the imposture preceding), the "living skeleton," the fire-eater,
the Scotch giant, the diorama of Navarino, the fat boy and girl, and a
couple of peep-shows, one exhibiting, as its chief attraction, the lying
in state of George IV., the other the murder of Maria Martin.

One of the novel characters whom Richardson picked up in his wanderings
was the once famous Gouffe, "the man-monkey," as he was called. His real
name was Vale, and when the old showman became acquainted with him he was
following the humble occupation of a pot-boy in a low public-house.
Richardson, happening to enter the tap-room in which Master Vale waited,
found the young gentleman amusing the guests by walking about on pewter
pint measures, with his hobnailed boots turned towards the smoke-begrimed
ceiling. The performance was a novel one, and Richardson, calling the lad
aside on its conclusion, made him an offer too gratifying to be refused.
After travelling with Richardson for some time, Vale appeared at several
of the minor theatres of the metropolis, always in the part of an ape, and
under the assumed name of Gouffe. His pantomimic powers were considerable,
and his agility was scarcely inferior to that of the four-handed brutes
whom he represented.

The receipts of the shows were not always so large as in 1828. In 1831,
which seems to have been a bad year for them, Richardson lost fifty pounds
by Bartholomew Fair, though he had half the receipts of Ewing's wax-work
exhibition in addition to those of the theatre, under an agreement with
the proprietor, by which he paid for the ground and the erection of the
show. Wombwell only cleared his expenses, though he had at that time
acquired Morgan's menagerie, which stood at the corner of the Greyhound
Yard, and by that means secured the pennies as well as the sixpences.

In 1832, the charge for admission to Clarke's circus was reduced from
sixpence to threepence. There was a novelty in Bartholomew Fair that year
in the show of an Italian conjuror, named Capelli, namely, a company of
cats, that beat a drum, turned a spit, ground knives, played the organ,
hammered upon an anvil, ground coffee, and rang a bell. One of them
understood French as well as Italian, obeying orders in both languages.
Capelli's bills announce also a wonderful dog, to "play any gentleman at
dominoes that will play with him."

In 1833, the number of shows at this fair rose to thirty-two, Richardson's
theatre, Clarke's circus, five for tumbling, rope-dancing, etc., three
menageries, four wax-work exhibitions, three phantasmagorias, Holden's
glass-blowing, two learned pigs, six exhibitions of giants, dwarfs, etc.,
and six peep-shows, in which the coronation of William IV., the battle of
Navarino, the murder of Maria Martin, and other events of contemporary
interest were shown. Only two shows charged so much as sixpence for
admission, namely, Richardson's and Wombwell's. The threepenny shows were
Ewing's and Clarke's, the latter giving "an excellent display for the
money," according to a contemporary account, which continues as follows:--

"The performance began by tight-rope dancing by Miss Clarke, with and
without the balance pole, through hoops, with 'flip-flaps,' standing on
chairs, &c. Slack-rope vaulting by a little boy named Benjamin Saffery,
eight years of age; he exhibited several curious feats. There was also
some very extraordinary posturing by two young men, one dressed as a
Chinese, the other in the old costume of Pierrot; among many other
exploits, they walked round the ring with each a leg put up to their neck,
and another on each other's shoulders. They also performed an
extraordinary feat of lying on their backs, and throwing their legs up
under their arms, and going round the ring by springing forward upon the
ground, without the aid of their hands; one of them, while on the ground,
supported two men on his thighs. A black man also exhibited some feats of
strength; among others, he threw himself backward and, resting on his
hands, formed an arch, and then bore two heavy men on his stomach with
ease. The horsemanship commenced with the old performance of the rider
going round the ring tied up in a sack. During the going round a
transformation took place, and he who went into the sack a man came out to
all appearance a woman on throwing the sack off. The whole concluded with
a countryman who, suddenly starting from the ring, desires to be permitted
to ride, which is at first refused, but at length allowed; he mounts, and
after a short time, beginning to grow warm, pulls off his coat, then his
waistcoat, then another and another to the number of thirteen, at last
with much apparent modesty and reluctance his shirt; having done this, he
appears a splendid rider, and after a few evolutions, terminates the
performance. This rider's name was Price. The show was well attended."

The other shows of this class were Ball's, which, besides tumbling and
rope-dancing, gave a pantomime, but without scenery; Keyes and Laine's,
which now presented posturing, balancing, and rope-dancing; Samwell's, in
which, besides tumbling and dancing, a real Indian executed the war-dance
of his tribe; the Chinese jugglers; and a posturing and tumbling show, the
proprietor of which was too modest to announce his name. The Chinese
jugglers had performed during the summer at Saville House, the building
on the north side of Leicester Square, which, after being the locality of
several exhibitions, was converted into a music-hall, called the Imperial,
and afterwards Eldorado. One of these pig-tailed entertainers pretended to
swallow fifty needles, which were afterwards produced from his mouth, each
with a thread in its eye. Another balanced a bowl on a stick nine feet
long; while a third played the Chinese violin with a single string.

Wombwell's menagerie extended from the hospital gate nearly to Duke
Street, and was the largest show in the fair. Drury and Drake's was a
small but interesting collection, consisting of a very tame leopard, a
couple of hyenas, a good show of monkeys, and several very fine boa
constrictors. The third menagerie was Wombwell's smaller concern, formerly
Morgan's.

The best of the wax-work exhibitions was Ewing's, which was well arranged
in ten caravans. The others were Ferguson's, with the additional
attraction of "the beautiful albiness," a really beautiful woman, named
Shaw, who was then in her twenty-second year; Hoyo's; and a small and poor
collection at a house in Giltspur Street, where the wax figures were
supplemented by the exhibition of twin infants united at the breast,
"extremely well preserved."

Phantasmagorial exhibitions were at this time a novelty to the masses. The
best of those shown this year in Smithfield was the _Optikali Illusio_ of
a Frenchman, named De Berar, who startled the spectators with the
appearance of a human skeleton, the vision of Death on a pale horse, etc.
There was another in Long Lane; and a third at a house in Giltspur Street,
where the public were invited to witness "the raising of the devil!" A
fire-eater named Haines stood at the door of the last show, emitting a
shower of sparks from a lump of burning tow in his mouth. Sir David
Brewster, who witnessed a phantasmagorial exhibition at Edinburgh,
describes it as follows:--

"The small theatre of exhibition was lighted only by one hanging lamp, the
flame of which was drawn up into an opaque chimney or shade when the
performance began. In this 'darkness visible' the curtain rose, and
displayed a cave, with skeletons and other terrific figures in relief upon
its walls. The flickering light was then drawn up beneath its shroud, and
the spectators, in total darkness, found themselves in the midst of
thunder and lightning. A thin transparent screen had, unknown to the
spectators, been let down after the disappearance of the light, and upon
it the flashes of lightning, and all the subsequent appearances, were
represented. This screen, being halfway between the spectators and the
cave which was first shown, and being itself invisible, prevented the
observers from having any idea of the real distance of the figures, and
gave them the entire character of aerial pictures.

"The thunder and lightning were followed by the figures of ghosts,
skeletons, and known individuals, whose eyes and mouths were made to move
by the action of combined sliders. After the first figure had been
exhibited for a short time, it began to grow less and less, as if removed
to a great distance, and at last vanished in a small cloud of light. Out
of this same cloud the germ of another figure began to appear, and
gradually grew larger and larger, and approached the spectators, till it
attained its perfect development. In this manner the head of Dr. Franklin
was transformed into a skull; figures which retired with the freshness of
life came back in the form of skeletons, and the retiring skeletons
returned in the drapery of flesh and blood. The exhibition of these
transmutations was followed by spectres, skeletons, and terrific figures,
which, instead of receding and vanishing as before, suddenly advanced upon
the spectators, becoming larger as they approached them, and finally
vanished by appearing to sink into the ground. The effect of this part of
the exhibition was naturally the most impressive. The spectators were not
only surprised, but agitated, and many of them were of opinion that they
could have touched the figures."

Dupain's French theatre combined the exhibition of a dwarf, Jonathan
Dawson, three feet high, and fifty years of age, with posturing by a
performer named Finch, and two mechanical views, one representing Algiers,
with the sea in motion, and vessels entering and leaving the harbour; the
other a storm at sea, with a vessel in distress, burning blue lights,
firing guns, and finally becoming a wreck.

Broomsgrove's show, which made its first appearance, contained three human
curiosities, namely, Clancy, an Irishman, whose height was seven feet two
inches; Farnham, who was only three feet two inches in height, but so
strong that he carried two big men on his shoulders with ease; and Thomas
Pierce, "the gigantic Shropshire youth," aged seventeen years, five feet
ten inches in height, and thirty-five stones in weight.

Simmett's show contained four "living wonders" of this kind, namely,
Priscilla and Amelia Weston, twin Canadian giantesses, twenty years of
age; Lydia Walpole, the dwarf exhibited in Maughan's show in 1825; and an
albino woman, aged nineteen. Harris added to a peep-show a twelve years
old dwarf, named Eliza Webber; a sheep with singularly formed hind hoofs;
and a very fine boa constrictor. Another show combined the performances of
a monkey, which, in the garb of an old woman, smoked a pipe, wheeled a
barrow, etc., with the exhibition of several mechanical figures,
representing artisans working at their various trades, and a juvenile
albino, named Mary Anne Chapman. Another exhibited, as an "extraordinary
hermit," a man named Daniel Mackenzie, whose only distinction rested upon
his statement that he had voluntarily secluded himself from the world for
five years, which he had passed in a coal-mine near Dalkeith.

Toby, the learned pig, if he was the original porcine wonder of that name,
must have been, at least, seventeen years of age, but showed no symptoms
of declining vigour or diminished intelligence. He was now exhibited by
James Burchall, in conjunction with the proprietor's monstrously fat
child, and was announced as,--

"The Unrivalled Chinese Swinish Philosopher, Toby the Real Learned Pig. He
will spell, read, and cast accounts, tell the points of the sun's rising
and setting, discover the four grand divisions of the Earth, kneel at
command, perform blindfold with 20 handkerchiefs over his eyes, tell the
hour to a minute by the watch, tell a card, and the age of any party. He
is in colour the most beautiful of his race, in symmetry the most perfect,
in temper the most docile. And when asked a question, he will give an
Immediate Answer."

Toby had a rival this year in the "amazing pig of knowledge," exhibited by
James Fawkes, at the George Inn. This pig could tell the number of pence
in a shilling, and of shillings in a pound, count the spectators, tell
their thoughts (so at least it was pretended), distinguish colours, and do
many other wonderful things. The following doggrel verses, extracted from
Fawkes's bill, are offered as a curiosity; they seem _apropos_ of nothing,
and show that the exhibitor was ignorant or oblivious of the fact that
George IV. had been dead three years:--

  "A learned Pig in George's reign
    To AEsop's Brutes an equal Boast;
  Then let Mankind again combine
    To render Friendship still a Toast.

  "Let Albion's Fair superior soar,
    To Gallic Fraud, or Gallic Art;
  Britons will e'er bow down before
    The Virtues seated in the Heart."

In 1836, a new show appeared in the field, namely, Brown's Theatre of
Arts, in which were shown mechanical representations of the battle of
Trafalgar, the passage of the Alps by the French army, and the Marble
Palace at St. Petersburg, the ships in the first and the figures in the
others being in actual motion.

Scowton, who had been absent from Bartholomew Fair for several years, made
a final appearance there in 1837, when his bills contained the following
announcement:--

"Mr. SCOWTON, deeply impressed with heartfelt gratitude for the liberal
Patronage and Support which he has for a series of Years experienced from
his Friends and a Generous Public, and which will enable him to spend his
future Days in comfortable Retirement: begs leave to announce that the
whole of his Extensive Concern, is to be disposed of by Private Contract;
and, therefore, at the same time, as he takes leave, requests them to
believe that the Memory of their favours and indulgence will never be
eradicated from his Memory."

Richardson's theatre stood beside Scowton's, and it is remarked by a
newspaper of the time that "the former displayed the trappings of modern
grandeur, and the latter evinced his taste for the ancient by exposing to
view a couple of centaurs and a sphynx." Scowton presented a "new grand
dramatic romance," called _The Treacherous Friend_, in which he played
the character of Alphonsus himself.

This was the last appearance of both these veteran showmen. Scowton
retired, and Richardson died shortly afterwards at his cottage in
Horsemonger Lane, and was buried, as his will directed, at Great Marlow,
in the same grave with the spotted boy. He bequeathed the greater part of
his property to Charles Reed, who had travelled with him for many years;
his old friend, Johnson, afterwards co-lessee with Nelson Lee of the City
of London Theatre, received a legacy of five hundred pounds, and Davy, who
had superintended the building and removal of the theatre from the
beginning of its existence, two hundred pounds.

Looking backward forty years, I can recall the quaint figure of the old
showman as he stood on the steps of his portable theatre, clad in a loose
drab coat and a long scarlet vest, which looked as if it had been made in
the reign of George II. As I think of Croydon Fair as it used to be in
Richardson's days, with the show standing between Clarke's circus and
Wombwell's menagerie, I can almost fancy that I hear the booming of the
old man's gong. Many a time afterwards have I seen Nelson Lee beating that
memorable instrument of discord, and heard him shouting, "Walk up! walk
up! Just going to begin!" But _he_ wore a suit of black, and did not
impress me half so much as his predecessor. The change seemed, indeed, a
symptom of the declining glory of the fair, which has, within the last few
years, become a thing of the past.




CHAPTER XI.

    Successors of Scowton and Richardson--Nelson Lee--Crowther, the
    Actor--Paul Herring--Newman and Allen's Theatre--Fair in Hyde
    Park--Hilton's Menagerie--Bartholomew Fair again
    threatened--Wombwell's Menagerie--Charles Freer--Fox Cooper and the
    Bosjesmans--Destruction of Johnson and Lee's Theatre--Reed's
    Theatre--Hales, the Norfolk Giant--Affray at Greenwich--Death of
    Wombwell--Lion Queens--Catastrophe in a Menagerie--World's Fair at
    Bayswater--Abbott's Theatre--Charlie Keith, the Clown--Robson, the
    Comedian--Manders's Menagerie--Macomo, the Lion-Tamer--Macarthy and
    the Lions--Fairgrieve's Menagerie--Lorenzo and the Tigress--Sale of a
    Menagerie--Extinction of the London Fairs--Decline of Fairs near the
    Metropolis--Conclusion.


The change in the proprietorship of the travelling theatres conducted
during so many years by Scowton and Richardson may be regarded as a stage
in the history of the people's amusements. The decline which showmen had
noted during the preceding years had not been perceptible to the public,
who had crowded the London fairs more densely than ever, and found as many
showmen catering for their entertainment as in earlier years. But while
the crowds that gazed at Wombwell's show-cloths, and the parades of
Richardson's theatre and Clarke's circus, became more dense every year,
the showmen found their receipts diminish and their expenses increase. The
people had more wants than formerly, and their means of supplying them had
not, at the time of the decadence of the London fairs, experienced a
corresponding increase. The vast and ever-growing population of the
metropolis furnished larger crowds, but the middle-class element had
diminished, and continued to diminish; and the showmen found reduced
charges to be a necessity, without resulting in the augmented gains which
follow a reduction of prices in trade.

Scowton's theatre was sold by private contract to Julius Haydon, who,
after expending a considerable sum upon it, making it rival Richardson's
in size, found the results so little to his advantage that he disposed of
the whole concern a year afterwards to the successors of Richardson.

These were the showman's old friends, John Johnson, to whom he left a
legacy of five hundred pounds, and Nelson Lee, who, after the unfortunate
speculation with his brother in the Old Kent Road, had travelled for a
time with Holloway's show, then gone to Scotland with Grey's _fantoccini_,
and, after a turn at Edinburgh with Dodsworth and Stevens's automatons,
had returned to London, and was at the time of Richardson's death managing
Sadler's Wells theatre for Osbaldiston. When he saw Richardson's property
advertised for sale, he conferred with Johnson on the subject of its
purchase by them, which they effected by private contract, Lee resigning
his post at Sadler's Wells to undertake the management.

The new proprietors furnished the theatre with a new front, and provided
new dresses for the ballet in _Esmeralda_, which was then attracting large
audiences to the Adelphi. They did not propose to open with this drama,
but they thought the ballet would be a success on the parade outside,
which managers of travelling theatres find it necessary to make as
attractive as possible, the public forming their anticipations of the
entertainment to be witnessed inside by what they see outside, as they do
of tenting circus performances by the extent and splendour of the parade
round the town and neighbourhood which precedes them. I once saw a very
pretty harvest-dance of reapers and gleaners on the parade of Richardson's
theatre, and on another occasion a fantastic dance of Indians, who held
cocoa-nuts in their hands, and struck them together, assuming every
variety of attitude, each dancer sometimes striking his own nuts together,
and sometimes his own against those of his _vis-a-vis_.

They were in time for the Whitsuntide Fair at Greenwich, where the theatre
stood at the extreme end of the fair, near the bridge at Deptford Creek.
The Esmeralda dance was a great success, and Oscar Byrne, who had arranged
the ballet for the Adelphi, visited the theatre, and complimented Lee on
the manner in which it was produced. The drama was _The Tyrant Doge_, and
the pantomime, arranged by Lee for the occasion, had local colour given to
it, and the local title of _One Tree Hill_. The season opened very
favourably, though both the management and the public experienced
considerable annoyance from a party of dissolute young men, of whom the
Marquis of Waterford was one, and who threw nuts at the actors, and talked
and laughed loudly throughout the performance.

Delamore had succeeded Lewis as stage-manager, scene-shifter, and
wardrobe-keeper, a few years before Richardson's death, and he was
retained in that position by the new proprietors. John Douglass and Paul
Herring were in the company at this time; also Crowther, who was
subsequently engaged at Astley's, and married Miss Vincent, who was for
so many years a popular favourite at the Victoria as the heroine of a
series of successful domestic dramas.

Among the minor shows attending the fairs of the southern counties at this
period was the portable theatre of Newman and Allen, which, towards the
end of the summer, was pitched upon a piece of waste ground at Norwood,
and remained there two or three weeks. The fortunes of the company seemed
at low ebb, and the small "houses" which they had nightly, with a charge
for admission of twopence to front seats, and a penny to the back, did not
place the treasury in a very flourishing condition. Small as the company
was, they aimed at a higher performance than was usually given in a
portable theatre, for on the two occasions that I patronised the canvas
temple of Thespis the plays were _Virginius_ and _John Bull_, considerably
cut down, as was to have been expected, the smallness of the company
rendering it necessary to excise some of the characters.

Only one performance was given each night, and a farce preceded the play,
the interval between the pieces being filled up with a comic song, sung by
the low comedy man, and an acrobatic performance by a young lady whose
name I learned was Sarah Saunders. Whether she was related to old Abraham
Saunders, I do not know; but the tendency of show-folks to make their
vocations hereditary renders it very probable. She was the first female
acrobat I ever saw, and an actress besides; and the peculiarity of her
acrobatic performance was, that she did not don trunks and tights for it,
like Madame Stertzenbach and others of her sex at the present day, but did
her "flips," etc., in her ordinary attire, like the little drabs from the
back slums of Westminster who may sometimes be seen turning heels over
head in St. James's Park.

When the brief season of the canvas theatre was brought to a close, and
the fittings, scenery, properties, etc., had left the village behind a
bony horse, it seemed that the proprietors had dissolved the partnership
which had existed between them; for a living carriage remained on the
ground, the occupants of which were old Newman, who had played the heavy
parts, and his nephew, Charles Little, the low comedy man. Whether the old
gentleman had realised a competency which satisfied his wants, or had some
small pension or annuity, or investment of some kind, never became known;
but there the wheeled abode of the two men stood for several years, Newman
cultivating a patch of the waste, and producing therefrom all the
vegetables they required for their own table, while his nephew
perambulated the neighbourhood with a basket, offering for sale tapes and
cottons, needles and pins, and other small wares of a similar description.
This new vocation seemed more lucrative than that of low comedian and
comic singer in a travelling theatre; for Charlie, as he was familiarly
called, dressed better every year, and, on the death of his uncle, took to
himself a wife, and, abandoning the living carriage, settled in a
neighbouring cottage.

From this episode of show-life I must return to Johnson and Lee, who,
after visiting Deptford and Camberwell Fairs, took their renovated theatre
to Smithfield, where it stood with its back to the George Inn. At Croydon
Fair it occupied its usual position between Clarke's circus and Wombwell's
menagerie; and there a singular and amusing adventure occurred to the
clown, who, however, did not find it so amusing himself. The first day
being very wet, and the fair in consequence very thinly attended, he
thought to divert the tedium of the situation by strolling through the
town, and for this purpose put on the uniform over-coat of a policeman, a
character then, as now, always diverting in the pantomime. Some short time
previously, several robberies had been committed in the town by a thief
similarly dressed; and a constable on duty in High Street, seeing a
seeming policeman whom he did not know, and who gazed about him as if he
was a stranger, took the astonished clown into custody on the charge of
personating a constable and loitering about for an unlawful purpose. On
being taken to the station-house, the clown made an explanatory statement,
and the inspector sent a constable to the theatre to ascertain its truth,
testimony to which was given by Lee. The clown was thereupon released from
custody, and hurried back to the fair, vowing that he would never
promenade in the garb of a policeman again.

In the following year, Johnson and Lee presented a memorial to the Home
Office, asking permission to hold a fair in Hyde Park, to celebrate the
coronation of the Queen. The Government acceded to the request, and
Superintendent Mallalieu was associated with the memorialists in the
organisation and management of the undertaking. A tent was pitched in the
centre of the ground selected for the purpose, and the three managers
attended daily to arrange the plan, classify the shows, stalls, etc., and
receive applications for space, which were so numerous that it became
necessary to post constables before the tent to maintain order. As each
applicant stated the nature of his business, the application was entered
in a book kept for the purpose, and a day was named for the allotment of
ground. Every foot of space granted for the purpose by the Commissioners
of Her Majesty's Woods and Forests was taken within a week, and every
intending exhibitor received a ticket in the following form:--

    FAIR IN HYDE PARK.

    No. ____ ALLOTMENT OF GROUND.

    The Bearer ____, of ____, ____, is hereby entitled to ____ feet
    frontage on the ____ side of the area for the purpose of erecting a
    ____.

    __ June, 1838.

      J. M. MALLALIEU,
        _Supt._

Every ticket-holder was requested to fit up his show or stall in a
becoming manner, and to display as illumination some device suitable to
the occasion. The undertaking to this effect was adhered to in a
commendable manner, and a very pretty effect was thus produced when the
fair was opened, on the 28th of June, and the numerous shows, booths, and
stalls were illuminated at night with so many thousands of  lamps.
As the boom of the first gun announcing the departure of the Queen for
Westminster Abbey was heard, Nelson Lee, standing on the parade of his
theatre, struck the gong, and all the showmen unfurled their show-cloths,
and the keepers of booths and stalls rolled up their canvas fronts, and
commenced business.

The fair was a great success, the financial results being as satisfactory
as its organisation and management. Many of the nobility visited it, and
even patronised the amusements, as they had been wont to do at Bartholomew
Fair in the seventeenth century, and the first half of the eighteenth.
Johnson and Lee's theatre filled on the opening day in five minutes, and
the time occupied by the performances was reduced to fifteen minutes. The
drama was _The Mysterious Stranger_, which, thus contracted, became more
mysterious than ever. All the principal avenues were crowded from noon
till night, and the demand upon the resources of the refreshment booths
was so great that Algar and other principal booth-keepers charged, and had
no difficulty in obtaining, a shilling for a pot of beer, and sixpence for
a lettuce or a penny loaf, other articles being sold at proportionate
rates.

During the fair, the wife of a gingerbread vendor gave birth to a child,
which, in commemoration of the occasion was registered by the name of Hyde
Park. The stall was, in consequence of this event, allowed to remain
several days after the time by which the promoters of the fair had
undertaken to have the ground cleared, and it was visited by many ladies,
who made presents to the child and its parents. Though the ground had been
let at a low rate, a surplus of sixty pounds remained after defraying all
expenses, and this sum was awarded to Johnson and Lee; but they did not
apply for it, and it was divided among the constables who did police duty
in the fair. The services of Johnson and Lee in promoting and organising
the fair, and of Superintendent Mallalieu in supervising the arrangements
and maintaining order, were so well appreciated by the showmen and the
keepers of booths and stalls, that they joined in presenting each with a
silver cup, at a dinner which took place at the Champion Tavern,
Paddington.

At the ordinary fairs visited during the latter part of this year, Johnson
and Lee exhibited a panorama of the coronation, painted by Marshall, which
proved very attractive. Enfield Fair being spoiled by wet weather,
application was made to the local magistrate for an extra day, which at
Croydon was always conceded in such circumstances; but it was refused, the
Enfield justice seeming to be of opinion that actors and acrobats were
vagabonds who ought to be discouraged by every possible means. Resolved
not to be disappointed, Johnson and Lee issued a bill in the name of
Jones, a man who sold refreshments in the theatre, announcing that, in
consequence of the wet weather having prevented him from clearing his
stock of nuts, the proprietors had given him the use of the theatre for an
extra day, when the usual performances would be given without charge, but
prices ranging from a shilling to three shillings would be charged for
nuts to be supplied to the persons admitted.

Haydon's theatre made its last appearance at Croydon Fair, where great
exertions were made to render it as attractive as Johnson and Lee's, but
it was not patronised to near the same extent as the latter; and Johnson
and Lee's offer to purchase the concern being entertained by the
proprietor, it from that time ceased to exist, being absorbed into the
more popular establishment.

Croydon Fair used, at this time, to be visited by large numbers of
persons, not only from the surrounding villages, but even from the
metropolis. All the inhabitants of the town prepared for visitors, for
everyone who had a relative or acquaintance in Croydon was sure to make
the fair an occasion for a visit. Two time-honoured customs were connected
with the October fair, everybody commencing fires in their sitting-rooms
on the first day of the fair, and dining on roast pork or goose. The
latter custom was observed even by those who, having no friends to visit,
dined in a booth; and the number of geese and legs of pork to be seen
roasting before glowing charcoal fires in grates of immense width, in the
rear of the booths, was one of the sights of the fair.

There were two entrances to the fair from the town, one at the gate which
gave access at ordinary times to the foot-path across the field, leading
to Park Hill; and the other, made for the occasion, farther southward, for
the accommodation of those who approached the field from the avenues on
the east side of High Street. Each was bordered for a short distance by
the standings of itinerant vendors of walnuts, oysters, and fried
sausages, beyond which was a long street of gingerbread stalls,
terminated, in the one case, by the shows of the exhibitors of wax-work,
living curiosities, and pictorial representations of great historical
events, and in the other by the smaller and less pretentious
drinking-booths. At right angles to these canvas streets, and opening from
them near their commencement, was a third, covered over with an awning,
and composed of the stalls of the dealers in toys and fancy goods. This
was called Bond Street.

Parallel with this avenue, and connecting the further ends of the two
streets of gingerbread stalls, was one broader than the others, bordered
on the side from which it was approached with gingerbread stalls, and on
the further side with the principal shows and booths. First in order, on
the latter side, stood Clarke's circus, with the proprietor on the steps,
in a scarlet coat and white breeches, smacking a whip, and shouting, "This
way for the riders! the riders!" Three or four spotted and cream-
horses, gaily caparisoned, stood on the platform, and a clown cracked his
"wheeze" with a couple of young fellows in tights and trunks, in their
intervals of repose from acrobatic feats of the ordinary character.

Next to the circus stood a portable theatre, usually Scowton's, in rivalry
with the neighbouring show of the famous Richardson, which was always the
largest, and was worked by the strongest company. On the exterior
platforms of both, practical jokes were played upon the pantaloon by the
harlequin and the clown; young ladies in short muslin skirts danced to the
lively strains of the orchestra, and broad-sword combats were fought in
the approved one! two! three! over and under style. Next to Richardson's
show stood the menagerie of Wombwell or Atkins, where a broad array of
pictorial canvas attracted a wondering crowd, and the brazen instruments
of musicians, attired in uniforms copied from those of the royal
"beef-eaters," brayed and blared from noon till night.

Then came the principal booths, wherein eating and drinking was the order
of the day, and dancing that of the night. The largest and best appointed
of these was the Crown and Anchor, well known to fair-goers for half a
century, the name of Algar being "familiar in their mouths as household
words," as that of an experienced caterer for their entertainment. There
was a tolerable quadrille band in attendance from eve till midnight, and,
in the best days of the fair, the sons and daughters of the shopkeepers of
the town and the farmers of the surrounding neighbourhood mingled in the
dance in the "assembly room" of Algar's booth without fear of scandal or
loss of caste. There was dancing in the other booths, but they were
smaller, the music and the lighting were inferior, and the company less
select. Among those that stood in a line with Algar's were the Fives
Court, kept by an ex-pugilist, and patronised chiefly by gentlemen of the
"fancy;" and the gipsies' booth, which had no other sign than the ancient
one of a green bough, and was resorted to for the novelty of being waited
upon by dark-eyed and dusky-complexioned Romanies, wearing bright-
silk handkerchiefs over their shoulders, and long gold pendants in their
ears.

Within the area enclosed by these avenues were swings and round-abouts,
while the "knock 'em downs," the "three shies a penny" fellows, the
predecessors of the Aunt Sallies of a later day, occupied the vacant
spaces on the skirts of the pleasure fair, wherever the ground was not
covered, on the first day, with horses, sheep, and cattle.

At midnight on the 1st the fair was opened by the ceremony of carrying an
enormous key through it, and the booth-keepers were then allowed to serve
any customers who might offer. By daylight next morning the roads leading
to the fair-field were thronged with sheep and cattle, thousands of which,
with scores of horses, changed owners before sunset. There was little
movement in the long avenues of shows, booths, and stalls, until near
noon, when nursery maids led their charges through Bond Street, and
mothers took their younger children there to buy toys. About mid-day the
showmen unfurled their pictures, which appealed so strongly to the
imaginations of the spectators, the bands of the larger shows began to
play, and clowns and acrobats, dancers and jugglers, appeared upon the
exterior platforms. From this time till sunset the throng of visitors
increased rapidly, and on fine days the crowd before the principal shows
was so dense as to offer considerable impediment to locomotion.

When darkness began to descend upon the field, lamps flared and flickered
on the fronts of the shows, smaller lights glimmered along the toy and
gingerbread stalls, and thousands of tiny lamps, blue, and amber, and
green, and ruby, arranged in the form of crowns, stars, anchors, feathers,
etc., illuminated the booths. Then the showmen beat their gongs with
redoubled vigour, and bawled through speaking-trumpets till they were
hoarse; the bands brayed and blared louder than before; and the sounds of
harps and violins showed that dancing had commenced in the booths.

In those days it sometimes happened that two circuses attended the fair,
when the larger of the two was pitched in a field on the west side of the
road, and bounded on the south side by Mint Walk, one of the avenues by
which the fair was approached from High Street. In a circus thus
located--I think it was Clarke's--Miss Woolford, afterwards the second
wife of the great equestrian, Andrew Ducrow, exhibited her grace and
agility on the tight-rope in a blaze of fireworks, in emulation of the
celebrated Madame Saqui's performance at Vauxhall Gardens. The equestrian
profession still numbers Ducrows in its ranks, two young men of that name
belonging at the present time to Newsome's circus company; but I have not
met with the name of Woolford since 1842, when a young lady of that name,
and then about twelve or thirteen years of age, danced on the tight-rope
in a small show pitched at the back of the town-hall at Croydon, during
the July Fair.

The October fair at Croydon closed the season of the shows which confined
their perambulations to a distance of fifty miles from the metropolis,
where, or in the provincial towns possessing theatres, the actors, clowns,
acrobats, etc., obtained engagements for the pantomime season. This year,
the entire company of Johnson and Lee's theatre was engaged for the
Marylebone.

In 1839, this theatre, with John Douglass and Paul Herring still in the
company, stood next to Hilton's menagerie at Greenwich, where the season
commenced with most of the shows which made London their winter quarters.
It was about this time that James Lee, who was then manager of Hilton's
menagerie, suggested the certain attractiveness of the exhibition by a
young woman of the performances with lions and tigers which had been found
so productive to the treasuries of the Sangers, Batty, and Howes and
Cushing, when exhibited by a man. It was proposed to bring out as a "lion
queen" the daughter of Hilton's brother Joseph, a circus proprietor; and
the young lady, being familiar with her uncle's lions, did not shrink
from the distinction. She made her first public appearance with the lions
at Stepney Fair, and the performance proved so attractive that the example
was contagious. Edmunds had at this time a fine group of lions, tigers,
and leopards, and a young woman named Chapman (now Mrs. George Sanger)
volunteered to perform with them, as a rival to Miss Hilton.

Miss Chapman, who had the honour of appearing before the royal family at
Windsor Castle, had not long been before the public when a third "lion
queen" appeared in Wombwell's menagerie in the person of Helen Blight, the
daughter of a musician in the band. The career of this poor girl was as
brief as its termination was shocking. She was performing with the animals
at Greenwich Fair, when a tiger exhibited some sullenness or waywardness,
for which she very imprudently struck it with a riding-whip which she
carried. With a terrible roar, the infuriated beast sprang upon her,
seized her by the throat, and killed her before she could be rescued. This
melancholy affair led to the prohibition of such performances by women;
but the leading menageries have continued to have "lion kings" attached to
them to the present day.

It was in this year that the war against the shows was renewed by the
authorities of the City of London, who doubled the charges hitherto made
for space in Smithfield, Wombwell, for instance, having his rent raised
from forty to eighty pounds, Clarke's from twenty-five to fifty, and
others in the same proportion. After the fair, the London City Missions
Society presented a memorial to the Corporation, praying for the
suppression of the fair, and the City Lands Committee was instructed by
the Court of Aldermen to consider whether, and by what means, its
suppression could be legally accomplished. The committee referred the
question to the solicitor of the City, who was requested to report to the
Markets Committee "as to the right of the Corporation of London to
suppress Bartholomew Fair, or otherwise to remove the nuisances and
obstructions to trade to which it gives rise."

The solicitor accordingly examined the archives in the town-clerk's
office, as well as books in the City Library and the British Museum, for
the purpose of tracing the history of the fair, and of other fairs which
formerly existed in the metropolis, and the right to hold which was
likewise founded upon charters, and which had been abolished or fallen
into disuse. His researches led him to the conclusion that "the right to
hold both fairs having been granted for the purpose of promoting the
interests of trade, it is quite clear that no prescriptive right can be
set up to commit any nuisance incompatible with the purposes for which
they were established; if, therefore, the Corporation should be satisfied
that the interests of the public can be no otherwise protected than by
confining the fair to its original objects and purposes, they may
undoubtedly do so, and this would in fact, be equivalent to its entire
suppression."

This course was, however, that which had been adopted, without success, in
1735, and the legal adviser of the Corporation could not avoid seeing that
"it is at all times difficult, by law, to put down the ancient customs and
practices of the multitude." Both May Fair and Lady Fair had been
suppressed without the intervention of Parliament, however, and it seemed
probable that "old Bartlemy" would be extinguished before long by natural
decay, and that the best course would be to provide for its due regulation
during its decline.

"When we consider," said the report, "the improved condition and conduct
of the working classes in the metropolis, and reflect upon the
irrefragable proofs continually before us, that the humbler orders are
fast changing their habits, and substituting country excursions by
railroad and steamboat, and other innocent recreations, for vicious
amusements of the description which prevailed in Bartholomew Fair, it is,
perhaps, not too much to conclude that it is unnecessary for the
Corporation to apply to Parliament to abate the nuisance; but that, if
they proceed to lay down and enforce the observance of judicious
regulations in the fair, and to limit its duration and extent, it may be
permitted to continue, in the confident belief that many years will not
elapse ere the Corporation may omit to proclaim the fair, and thus
suppress it altogether, without exciting any of those feelings of
discontent and disapprobation with which its compulsory abolition would
probably be now attended."

When this report was submitted to the Court of Common Council, in July,
1840, considerable diversity of opinion was found to prevail as to the
course which should be adopted. The majority either adopted the view of
the London City Missions Society, or the more moderate sentiments of the
reporter, Mr. Charles Pearson; but the principles therein enunciated did
not pass without challenge. Mr. Anderton was "decidedly opposed to the
canting and Methodistical grounds for interfering with one of the only
amusements now remaining to the poor inhabitants of London." Mr. Wells
thought that the fair, under proper regulations for the prevention of
disorder, would be innoxious, and that the gaming-houses of the
metropolis were a fitter subject for suppression. Mr. Taylor regarded the
objections to the fair as "the wild chimeras of fanaticism." But after a
long discussion, the report was adopted by forty-three votes against
fourteen. The Market Committee declined, however, to limit the fair to two
days, or to exclude shows entirely, though they resolved to again raise
the rents of the shows that were admitted, to permit no disturbance of the
pavement, to continue the exclusion of swings and roundabouts, and to
admit no theatres for dramatic performances.

The policy resolved upon was, therefore, simply one of vexation and
annoyance, and contributed nothing to the promotion of morality and order.
Johnson and Lee's theatre, Clarke's circus, Frazer's acrobatic
entertainment, Laskey's giant and giantess, and Crockett's and Reader's
exhibitions of living curiosities, were refused space in Smithfield; and
the only shows admitted were the menageries of Wombwell, Hilton, and
Wright, and Grove's theatre of arts. Why the performances of lions and
tigers should be regarded with more favour than those of horses, Miss
Clarke on the tight-rope be considered a more demoralising spectacle then
Miss Hilton or Miss Chapman in a cage of wild beasts, and the serpents and
crocodile in Crockett's caravan more suggestive of immoral ideas than the
monkeys in the menageries, is a problem which does not admit of easy
solution, and which only an aldermanic mind could have framed.

The suburban fairs were declining so much at this time that Johnson and
Lee were deterred by their diminished receipts at Greenwich and Deptford
from visiting Ealing, Camberwell, and Enfield; and, on being excluded from
Smithfield, proceeded to Chatham, whence they moved to Croydon. The
decadence was still more manifest in the following year, and at Enfield an
attempt was made by the magistrate to prevent them from opening on the
third day, the more officious than learned administrator of the law being
ignorant of the fact that, though the fair had for many years been held on
two days only, the charter by which it was held allowed three days. Lee
had taken care to obtain a copy of the charter, and on the superintendent
of police going to the theatre with the magistrate's order for its
immediate removal, he positively refused obedience to the mandate, and
produced the charter. The superintendent thereupon apologised, and
returned to the magistrate with the news of his discomfiture.

At Bartholomew Fair, Wombwell's was the only show of any consequence. His
collection had at this time grown to be, not only the largest and best
travelling, but equal, and in some respects superior, to any in the world.
He had twelve lions, besides lionesses and cubs, and eight tigers, a
tigress, and cubs, in addition to a puma, a jaguar, a black tiger, several
leopards, an ocelot, a serval, and a pair of genets. There were also
striped and spotted hyenas, wolves, jackals, coati-mondies, racoons, a
polar bear, a sloth bear, black and brown bears, a honey bear, and a
couple of porcupines. The hoofed classes were represented by three
elephants, a fine one-horned rhinoceros, a pair of gnus, a white antelope,
a Brahmin cow, an axis deer, and three giraffes, which had lately been
brought from Abyssinia by M. Riboulet, a French traveller, and were the
first of their kind ever exhibited in the fair.

Croydon Fair was disturbed this year by a fight between the youths of the
East India Company's military college at Addiscombe, about a mile from the
town, and the members of Johnson and Lee's company. The _fracas_
originated with an insulting remark made by one of the cadets, as they
were generally called, to a young lady of the theatrical company,
promenading at the time on the parade. The insult was promptly resented by
a male member of the _troupe_, who hurled the offender down the steps. A
dozen of his companions immediately rushed up the steps, and assailed the
champion, who was supported by the rest of the company; and the
consequence was a sharp scrimmage, ending in the arrival of several
constables, and the removal to the station-house of as many of the cadets
as could not escape by flight. Next morning they were taken before the
magistrates, and, being proved to have been the aggressors, they were
fined; and from that time the military aspirants of Addiscombe were
forbidden to enter the town during the three days of the fair.

Charles Freer was the leading actor of the company at this time, and the
principal lady was Mrs. Hugh Campbell, whom I remember seeing a year or
two afterwards at the Gravesend theatre. She was subsequently engaged, as
was Freer also, at the Pavilion. Her successor on the Richardsonian boards
was Mrs. Yates, who was afterwards engaged at the Standard.

The harlequin was a nervous, eccentric, one-eyed young man named Charles
Shaw, who was dismissed from the company towards the close of the season
on account of his freaks reaching a pitch which at times raised a doubt as
to his sanity, besides threatening detriment to the interests of the
theatre. When the time approached at which the campaign of 1842 was to be
commenced, it was found necessary to advertise for a harlequin; and the
announcement of the want produced a response from Charles Wilson, who
stated that he had been engaged through the preceding pantomime season at
the Birmingham theatre. This gentleman seeming eligible, he was engaged,
but was not seen by Lee, or any of the company, until he presented himself
at the theatre on Easter Sunday, at Greenwich. Lee was immediately struck
with the new harlequin's remarkable resemblance to the old one, which
extended to every feature but the eyes; these were the same colour as
Shaw's, but he had two, while Shaw had lost one. On the second day of the
fair, however, it was discovered that the eye which had thus long puzzled
every one as to his identity was a glass one; and on his being charged
with being Shaw, he acknowledged the deception, observing that he had felt
sure that he would not be re-engaged if he applied in his proper name. The
deception was pardoned, and Shaw's subsequent freaks seem to have been
fewer, and of a milder character.

The effects of the policy resolved upon by the City authorities in 1840
became more perceptible every year. In 1842, only one of the few shows
that appeared in Smithfield issued a bill, which, as a curiosity, being
the last ever issued for Bartholomew Fair, I subjoin:--

            EXTRAORDINARY PHENOMENON!!!
          THE GREATEST WONDER IN THE WORLD
               Now Exhibiting Alive,
  _At the Globe Coffee House, No. 30, King Street_,
                    SMITHFIELD,
       A FEMALE CHILD WITH TWO PERFECT HEADS,

Named Elizabeth Bedbury, Daughter of Daniel and Jane Bedbury, Born at
Wandsworth, Surrey, April 17th, 1842. The public is respectfully informed
that the Child is now LIVING; and hundreds of persons has been to see it,
and declares that it is the most Wonderful Phenomenon of Nature they'd
ever seen.

                 ADMISSION 1_d._ Each.
  No Deception; if dissatisfied, the Money Returned.

Nelson Lee played a trick at Croydon Fair this year which can only be
defended on the principle that "all is fair at fair time." Finding that
the Bosjesmans were being exhibited in the town, and were attracting great
numbers of persons to their "receptions," he hung out, on the second day
of the fair, a show-cloth with the announcement, in large black letters,
"_Arrival of the Real Bosjesmen_." to represent the strange specimens of
humanity which had lately been discovered in South Africa, and their
appearance on the parade in an antic dance produced a rush to witness the
further representations of the manners and sports of savage life to be
seen inside.

A startling event occurred on the following morning. One of Wombwell's
elephants escaped from confinement, and at the early hour of three in the
morning was seen, to the amazement and alarm of old Winter, the watchman,
walking in a leisurely manner down High Street. He was in the habit of
being taken every morning by his keeper to bathe in Scarbrook pond, a
small piece of water skirted by a lane connecting the modern and now
principal portion of the town with the Old Town; and on such occasions he
was regaled with a bun at a confectioner's shop at the corner which he had
to turn out of High Street, near the Green Dragon. While a constable ran
to the George the Fourth, where some of Wombwell's _employes_ were known
to be located, the elephant reached the confectioner's shop, and, finding
it closed, butted the shutters with his enormous head, and, amidst a crash
of wood and glass, proceeded to help himself to the delicacies inside. On
the arrival of his keeper, the docile beast submitted himself to his
guidance, and was led back to his stable; but Wombwell had to pay the
confectioner seven or eight pounds for the damage done to the shop window
and shutters.

Johnson and Lee commenced the season of 1843 with several members of the
Pavilion company in their fair _corps_; but they attended fewer fairs than
in any previous year, and in 1844 their theatre appeared only at
Greenwich, Enfield, and Croydon. In the following year, it was burned,
while standing in a field at Dartford, and the proprietors, not being
insured, suffered a loss of seventeen hundred pounds. Nothing was saved
but the parade waggon, which was dragged away before the flames reached
it, and, with the scene waggon and other effects which had been bought of
Haydon in 1838, formed the nucleus of the new theatre with which the
proprietors opened the fair campaign of 1847. Henry Howard joined the
travelling company in that year at Ealing Fair, on the closing of the
Standard.

During the latter part of their career as proprietors of a travelling
theatre, the successors of Richardson found it more profitable to conduct
their business on the system, since adopted by Newsome and Hengler with
their circuses, of locating the theatre for two or three weeks at a time
in some considerable town, than to wander from fair to fair, staying at
each place only three or four days. At the present day, the circuses just
named draw good houses, as a rule, for three months; but a quarter of a
century ago this was not thought practicable, and in 1849, when Johnson
and Lee erected their theatre at Croydon (in the Fair Field, but some time
before the fair), they did not deem it expedient to extend their stay
beyond three weeks. The company was drawn chiefly from the minor theatres
of the metropolis, and included Leander Melville, Billington, Seaman,
Phillips, Mrs. Barnett, Mrs. Campbell, and Miss Slater. _The Stranger_ was
selected for the first night, and drew a good audience, as it invariably
does, wherever it is played. Under the able and judicious management of
Nelson Lee, and with a change of performances every night, good business
was done to the last. The experiment was repeated with equal success at
Uxbridge and Reading.

Another step towards the extinction of Bartholomew Fair was taken this
year by the exclusion from Smithfield of shows of every description; a
step which would have been at least consistent, if the civic authorities
had not made arrangements for the standing of shows of all kinds on a
large piece of ground adjoining the New North Road, called Britannia
Fields, near the site of the Britannia theatre. If the suppression of the
fair had been sought on the ground of its interference with the trade and
traffic of the city, this step would have been intelligible; but the moral
grounds upon which it was urged served to cover with ridicule the removal
of what was alleged to be a hot-bed of vice from Smithfield to Hoxton.
What right had the corporation to demoralise the dwellers in one part of
the metropolis, in order to preserve from further contamination the
inhabitants of another part?

Bartholomew Fair was reduced by this step to a dozen stalls, and from that
time may be considered as practically extinct. In Britannia Fields, what
was called New Bartholomew Fair was attended by the shows which of late
years had resorted to Smithfield and one or two others, among which was
Reed's theatre, the prices of admission to which ranged from sixpence to
two shillings. The performances consisted of _The Scottish Chieftain_, in
which Saker played Ronald, the principal character, and a pantomime called
_Harlequin Rambler_. Among the minor shows was that of Hales and his
sister, the Norfolk giant and giantess, who issued a bill containing the
following effusion of the Muse that inspired the poet of Mrs. Jarley's
wax-work:--

  "Miss Hales and her Brother are here to be seen,
  O come let us visit the sweet lovely Queen;
  Behold she is handsome--in manners polite--
  Both she and her brother near eight feet in height!
  I have seen all the tallest in towns far and near,
  But never their equal to me did appear!
  All England and Scotland, and Ireland declare,
  Their like was ne'er seen yet in them anywhere.

  "Here's the smallest of women creation can show,
  Complete in proportion from top to the toe;
  And a Lady of rank from New Zealand secured,
  Escap'd from the murder her husband endured!
  And a fine youthful female presented to sight,
  All spangled and spotted with brown and with white;
  Large Crocodiles here, and a Boa behold,
  With a fine Anaconda all glistening with gold.

  "Here's a silver-haired Lady, with skin white as snow,
  Whose eyes are like rubies that roll to and fro!
  You will find her a species different from all,
  The black and the whites, or the low and the tall!
  But to sing all her beauties I need not begin,
  Nor the fine azure veins that appear through her skin;
  For these, mind, no poet or painter can show,
  But when you behold her, O then you may know!

  "Exhibitions like this may to us be of use--
  What a contrast of creatures this world can produce!
  See the tallest and smallest before us in state.
  What a prodigy rare and phenomena great!
  From such wonders eccentric presented to view
  We now may our study of nature pursue;
  And philosophy truly may draw from it then,
  That Temp'rance produces the tallest of men."

Hales made enough money by the exhibition of himself to purchase the lease
and goodwill of a public-house in Drury Lane, where he lived several
years. Many persons visited the house purposely to see him, but he never
appeared in the bar before eleven o'clock, and was careful to avoid making
himself too cheap. I saw him once, in crossing the street towards his
house, stoop to raise in his arms a little girl, suggesting to my mind the
giant and fairy of a pantomime.

In pursuance of the policy indicated in the report of 1840, Bartholomew
Fair, now represented by a few stalls, was proclaimed in 1850 by deputy;
and this course was followed until 1855, when not a single stall-keeper
applied for space, and the ceremony of proclaiming the fair was omitted
altogether. The new fair in Britannia Fields was held only two or three
years, that concession to the showmen and to the fair-going portion of the
public having been designed only for the purpose of facilitating the
extinction of the old fair in Smithfield.

Greenwich Fair was the scene in 1850 of an outrageous and dastardly attack
on Johnson and Lee's theatre by a body of soldiers from Woolwich. It seems
to have originated in a practical joke played by a soldier upon a young
man in the crowd before the theatre, and which, being resented, was
followed by an assault. On the latter retreating up the steps of the
parade waggon, followed by his assailant, Nelson Lee interposed for his
protection, and was himself assaulted by the soldier, who was thereupon
ejected. A number of soldiers, witnessing the discomfiture of their
comrade, immediately rushed up the steps, and began an indiscriminate
attack upon everybody on the parade. The company, finding themselves
over-matched, took refuge in the interior, or jumped off the parade, and
fled as if for their lives.

An actor named Chappell stood by Nelson Lee after the rest had fled, but
he joined in the stampede ultimately, and the proprietor of the theatre
was left alone, defending himself and property against a swarm of foes.
The story told long afterwards of the harlequin of the company was, that
he ran without pause to the railway station, and jumped into a train just
starting for London. He then ran from London Bridge to Shoreditch, and
rushing, exhausted and excited, into a public-house adjoining the City of
London theatre, gasped, "Blood--soldiers--Mr. Lee--frightful affair--three
pen'orth o' brandy!"

The soldiers, having driven their opponents off the field, began
destroying the front of the theatre, and smashing the lamps, which,
fortunately, were not lighted. If they had been burning, the result would
probably have been a terrific conflagration, which might have swept the
fair, and destroyed many thousands of pounds' worth of property. Nelson
Lee, resisting with all his might the destruction of his property, had a
rope made fast round his body, and was about to be hoisted to the top of
the front, when a dozen constables arrived, and the assailants immediately
abandoned the field, and, leaping off the parade, mixed with the crowd.
Many of them were captured, however, and, being taken before a magistrate,
were committed for trial at the ensuing Old Bailey sessions. Johnson and
Lee withdrew from the prosecution, however, expecting that their
forbearance would be rewarded by pecuniary compensation for the
destruction of their property, which the Recorder had suggested should be
given by the officers of the regiment to which the offenders belonged;
but, on application being made to the officers, they informed Lee that
there were _no regimental funds_ available for the purpose, and I believe
not a penny was ever received by Johnson and Lee by way of compensation.

During the Whitsuntide Fair, the soldiers were confined to their barracks;
but, as many of them were in the habit of visiting the theatre with their
friends, this measure diminished the receipts, and thus added loss to
loss. Johnson and Lee attended no other fairs that year, but removed the
theatre to Croydon, where they erected it in a field adjoining the
Addiscombe Road, near the Brighton and South-Eastern railway stations.
Henry Howard and Mrs. Campbell played the leading characters here, and
afterwards at Hertford and Uxbridge.

Wombwell died this year in his living carriage at Richmond, at the age of
seventy-three. He was buried in Highgate cemetery, his coffin being made
of oak from the timbers of the _Royal George_, which sank off Spithead in
1782. As his executors were instructed by his will to have no nails used
in its construction, it was put together on the dove-tailing system. The
menagerie was divided in accordance with his will into three parts, which
were bequeathed respectively to his widow, a niece named Edmunds, and
another relative named Day.

The expectation of such results as attended the Hyde Park Fair of 1838
from the concourse of people flocking into the metropolis during the
summer of 1851, when the first great international exhibition was held,
caused arrangements to be made for a "world's fair" on a large scale, to
be held during the same time at Bayswater. A committee was formed for its
organisation and management, consisting of Johnson and Lee, Algar,
Mussett, Mills, Trebeck, and Young. Algar was the proprietor of the Crown
and Anchor refreshment and dancing booth, well-known to the frequenters of
Greenwich and Croydon Fairs; Mussett and Mills were almost as well known
as leading names among the stall-keepers attending the great fairs;
Trebeck was a toy-dealer in Sun Street, Bishopsgate.

The undertaking was as complete a failure, however, as the fair of 1838
had been a success. The ground was in bad condition, and its softness was
a difficulty at the commencement. Mrs. Wombwell's elephant waggon stuck in
the mud, and had to be left there until the next day; and the elephant
extricated himself with difficulty by lifting one leg at a time, and
stepping upon trusses of straw laid down to give him a firm footing.
Edmunds would not venture to the ground which he had taken for his
menagerie, but arranged his caravans at the entrance of the field. The
weather was cold and cheerless when the fair was opened, and the railway
companies had not begun running trains at low fares. When the fine weather
and the excursion trains did come, the fair had come to be regarded as a
failure, and it never recovered from the chill and blight of its
commencement.

Johnson and Lee's theatre appeared at Greenwich Fair for the last time in
1852, and proceeded thence to Uxbridge, where the company was joined by
James Robson, afterwards so famous as a comedian at the Olympic. In the
following year, the property was sold by auction, and, as a memorial of
an event which has seldom occurred, and will never occur again, I subjoin
the advertisement:--

"Notice.--To Carmen, Builders, Proprietors of Tea Gardens, Exhibitors, Van
Proprietors, Travelling Equestrians, Providers of Illuminations, &c.--The
Travelling Theatrical Property known as Richardson's Theatre, comprising
Covered Vans and Parade Waggons, Scenery, Wings, Stage Front, Orchestra,
with a double stock of beautiful scenery, waterproof covering, draperies,
massive chandeliers, a great quantity of baize, flags, &c. Large coat of
arms, variegated lamps and devices, eight capital 6-inch wheels, parade
waggons, with two large flaps to each, two capital excursion vans, trucks,
double stock of new scenery, shifting flies, fourteen long forms, large
stock of book-cloths and baize of large dimensions, battened
dancing-boards, erection of booths, handsome imitation stone front, two
capital money-takers' boxes, with fittings up, handsome ornamental urns,
large figures on pedestals, four guns and carriages, handsome pilasters,
machinery, flooring throughout the building, with numerous scenery and
stage devices, and every other article connected with the stage, a
quantity of quartering, iron, old wheels, &c., &c., &c. Which will be sold
by auction by Mr. Lloyd, on the premises, Richardson's Cottage,
Horsemonger-lane, Boro'. May be viewed, and catalogues had on the
premises, and of the Auctioneers, 5, Hatfield-street, Blackfriars-road."

The property was completely dispersed; the timber and wood-work being
purchased by builders, the waggons by wheelwrights, the canvas and
tilt-cloths by farmers, and the green baize, curtains, fittings, etc., by
Jew dealers. There is not the shadow of a pretence, therefore, for the use
of the name, "Richardson's theatre," by any showman of the present day.

The shows travelling after the sale and dispersion of Johnson and Lee's
were, exclusive of menageries and exhibitions, Abbott's theatre, Jackman's
theatre, and Fossett's circus. I am not sure that Reed's theatre was still
in existence. Abbott's theatre was at the Easter fair at Greenwich in
1852, when Charlie Keith, since famous all over Europe as "the roving
English clown," was fulfilling his first engagement in it as an acrobat.
Robson, the comedian, was at the same time performing in Jackman's
theatre, from which he transferred his services to Johnson and Lee's.

Fossett's circus was pitched that summer at Primrose Hill for a few days,
when one of the irregular fairs which are occasionally held in the
neighbourhood of London was held. It is a small concern, with only two or
three horses. Miss Fossett, the proprietor's daughter, is a tight-rope
performer, in which capacity she appeared a few years ago in Talliott's
circus, when the company and stud appeared one winter in a temporary
building at the rear of some small houses in New Street, Lambeth Walk.
James Talliott, to whom the houses belong, was then well known to the
frequenters of the London music-halls, and may be remembered as a trapeze
performer in conjunction with Burnett, who called himself Burnetti, but
was known among the professional fraternity as Bruiser. He afterwards
performed singly at the Strand Music-hall, now the Gaiety Theatre, and
other places of amusement in the metropolis, and has since owned a small
circus, with which he travels during the summer within a circle of a dozen
miles from London.

Hilton's menagerie had at this time passed into the possession of Manders,
and the lion-tamer of the show was an Irishman named James Strand, who had
formerly kept a gingerbread-stall, and had been engaged to perform with
the beasts when those attractive exhibitions had been threatened with
temporary suspension by the abruptness with which his predecessor,
Newsome--a brother, I believe, to the circus-proprietor of that name--had
terminated his engagement. Strand's qualifications for the profession were
not equal to his own estimate of them, however, and Manders had to look
out for his successor.

One day, when the menagerie was at Greenwich Fair, a powerful-looking
<DW64> accosted one of the musicians, saying that he was a sailor just
returned from a voyage, and would like a berth in the show. The musician
communicated the man's wish to Manders, and the <DW64> was invited to enter
the show. His appearance and confident manner impressed the showman
favourably, and, on his being allowed to enter the lion's cage, at his own
request, he displayed so much address and ability to control the animals
that he was engaged at once, and "the gingerbread king," as Strand was
called, was informed that his services could, for the future, be dispensed
with. This remarkable black man was the famous Macomo, who for several
years afterwards travelled with the menagerie, exhibiting in his
performances with lions and tigers as much daring as Van Amburgh, and as
much coolness as Crockett.

One of the finest tigers ever imported into this country, and said to be
the identical beast that escaped from Mr. Jamrach's premises in St.
George's Street (better known by its old name of Ratcliffe Highway), and
killed a boy before it was recaptured, was purchased by Manders, and
placed in a cage with another tiger. The two beasts soon began fighting
furiously, upon which Macomo entered the cage, armed only with a
riding-whip, and attempted to separate them. His efforts caused both the
tigers to turn their fury upon him, and they severely lacerated him; but,
covered with blood as he was, he continued the struggle for supremacy
until the beasts cowered before him, and he was able, with the assistance
of the keepers, to separate them.

It is worthy of remark, in connection with the causes of accidents with
lions and tigers, that Macomo, like Crockett, was a strictly sober man,
never touching intoxicating liquors of any kind. "It's the drink," said
the ex-lion king, who was interviewed by the special commissioner of a
London morning journal two years ago; "It's the drink that plays the
mischief with us fellows. There are plenty of people always ready to treat
the daring fellow that plays with the lions as if they were kittens; and
so he gets reckless, lets the dangerous animal--on which, if he were
sober, he would know he must always keep his eye--get dodging round behind
him; or hits a beast in which he ought to know that a blow rouses the
sleeping devil; or makes a stagger, and goes down, and then they set upon
him."

Macomo's fight with the two tigers was not the only occasion on which he
received injuries, the scars of which he bore upon him to the day of his
death, which, contrary to the expectation of every one who witnessed his
performances, was a peaceful one. He died a natural death in 1870, when he
was succeeded by an Irishman named Macarthy, who had previously been
attached in a similar capacity to the circus of Messrs. Bell and Myers.
While performing, in 1862, with the lions belonging to that establishment,
he had had his left arm so severely mangled by one of the beasts that
amputation became necessary. This circumstance seems to have added to the
_eclat_ of his performances; but he had neither the nerve of Macomo, nor
his resolution to abstain from stimulants. Unlike his predecessor, he
frequently turned his back upon the lions, though he had frequently been
cautioned against the danger he thereby incurred; and it was believed that
his disregard of the warning was one of the causes of the terrible
encounter which terminated his existence.

Macarthy was bitten on two occasions while performing with Manders's
lions, prior to the disaster at Bolton. The first time was while
performing at Edinburgh, when one of the beasts made a snap at his
remaining arm, but only slightly grazed it. The second occasion was a few
days before the fatal accident occurred, when one of the Lions bit him
slightly on the wrist. He lost his life in representing a so-called "lion
hunt," an exhibition which was introduced by Macomo, and consists in
chasing the animals about the cage, the performer being armed with a sword
and pistols, and throwing into the mimic sport as much semblance of
reality as the circumstances allow. The exhibition is acknowledged by
lion-tamers themselves to be a dangerous one, and it should never be
attempted with any but young animals. For their ordinary performances,
most lion-tamers prefer full-grown animals, as being better trained; but a
full-grown lion does not like to be driven and hustled about, as the
animals are in the so-called "lion hunt," and when such are used for this
exhibition they are frequently changed.

Macarthy was driving the animals from one end of the cage to the other
when one of them ran against his legs, and threw him down. He soon
regained his feet, however, and drove the animals into a corner. Whilst
stamping his feet upon the floor, to make the animals run past him, one
of them crept stealthily out from the group, and sprang upon him, seizing
him by the right hip and throwing him down upon his side. For a moment the
spectators imagined that this was part of the performance, but Macarthy's
agonised features soon convinced them of the terrible reality of the scene
before them. As he struggled to rise, three other lions sprang upon him,
one of them seizing his arm, from which he immediately dropped the sword.

The keepers now hurried to the unfortunate man's assistance, some of them
endeavouring to beat off the infuriated lions, while others inserted a
partition between the bars of the cage, with a view to driving the animals
behind it. This was a task of considerable difficulty, however, for as one
beast was obliged to relinquish its hold of the unfortunate man, another
rushed into its place. Heated irons were then brought, and by their aid,
and the discharge of fire-arms, four of the lions were driven behind the
partition. Macarthy was lying in the centre of the cage, still being torn
by the lion that had first attacked him. A second partition was attempted
to be inserted, but was found to be too large; and then one of the keepers
drew the first one out a little, with the view of driving the fifth lion
among the rest. More blank cartridges were fired, without effect, and it
was not until the hot irons were applied to the nose of the infuriated
brute that it loosed its hold, and ran behind the partition.

Even then, before the opening could be closed, the lion ran out again,
seized the dead or dying man by one of his feet and dragged him into the
corner, where four of the beasts again fell upon him with unsatiated
thirst of blood. The terrible scene had now been going on for a quarter of
an hour, and, even when all the animals were at length secured, it was
found that they were next the entrance of the cage, the opposite end of
which had to be broken open before the mangled corpse of the lion-tamer
could be lifted out.

As lion-tamers are well paid, and this was only the second fatal accident
in the course of half a century, it is not surprising that, as soon as the
catastrophe became known, there were several candidates for the vacancy
created by Macarthy's death. Mrs. Manders had resolved to discontinue the
exhibition, however, and the applicants for the situation received an
intimation to that effect.

Mrs. Wombwell retired from the menagerie business in 1866, and was
succeeded in the proprietorship by Fairgrieve, who had married her niece.

Fairgrieve retired from the occupation in the spring of 1872, when his
fine collection of animals was sold by auction at Edinburgh. As the
public sale of a menagerie is a rare event, and Mr. Jamrach and Mr. Rice
do not publish prices current, the reader may be glad to learn the prices
realised.

The first lot was a racoon--"a very pleasant, playful pet," the auctioneer
said--which was knocked down to the Earl of Roseberry for one pound. Mr.
Bell Lamonby, another private collector, became the possessor of a pair of
agoutis; which he was assured were "sharp, active little animals, and
could sing like canaries," for an equally moderate sum. Then came a
strange-looking and ferocious animal called the Tasmanian devil, of which
there is a specimen in the gardens of the Zoological Society, and which
the auctioneer assured his hearers was as strong in the jaw as a hyena,
but not to be recommended for purchase as a domestic pet. Bids were slow,
and even the prospect of purchasing the devil for three pounds did not
render buyers enthusiastic; so that Mrs. Day bought the animal for five
shillings more.

Then came the baboons and monkeys. The Diana monkey, a white and
rose-breasted little animal, was purchased by Dr. Mackendrick for seven
pounds; while the Capuchin monkey, full of intelligence, and belonging to
a kind fancied by Italian organ-grinders, was knocked down to Mr. Rice
for thirty shillings. Mr. Jamrach purchased the drill, "a playful little
drawing-room pet, worth twenty pounds to put on the kitchen shelf to look
at," for five guineas; and Mr. Rice paid thirty pounds for a male
mandrill, five for a female of the same species, eighteen guineas for a
pair of Anubis baboons, and fifteen pounds for five dog-faced baboons.

Passing on to the bird carriage, the first specimen submitted to
competition was the black vulture, one of the largest birds of the
species, and in excellent plumage. Mr. Rice bought this bird for three
pounds ten shillings, and the condor, which had been forty years in the
show, for fifteen pounds. Next came the emu, "a very suitable bird for a
gentleman's park, and a nice show thing for the ladies in the morning,
after breakfast," which Mrs. Day secured for her collection at seven
pounds. Mr. Jamrach gave thirteen pounds for the pair of pelicans, bought
at the sale of the Knowsley collection, and which had been trained to run
races. The fine collection of parrots, macaws, and cockatoos was dispersed
among a number of local fanciers of ornithological beauties.

Proceeding to the larger mammals, the auctioneer knocked down a male
nylghau to Mr. Van Amburgh, the great American menagerist, for twenty-six
pounds, and a female of the same species to the proprietor of the
Manchester Zoological Gardens for ten guineas; while Mr. Jamrach secured a
llama for fifteen pounds, and Mr. Rice a young kangaroo for twelve pounds.
Professor Edwards, who had come over from Paris to pick up a few good
specimens for the Jardin des Plantes, purchased the white bear, "young,
healthy, and lively as a trout," for forty pounds, and a jackal for three
pounds. A Thibet bear and three performing leopards were knocked down to
Mr. Jamrach for five guineas and sixty pounds respectively. Another
leopard, advanced in years, realised only six guineas. Mr. Van Amburgh
secured the spotted hyena for fifteen pounds; while a performing striped
hyena brought only five shillings above three pounds. Among objects of
minor interest, a pair of wolves were sold for two guineas, an ocelot for
six pounds ten shillings, three porcupines for ten pounds more, a wombat
for seven pounds, a Malabar squirrel for five pounds, and a pair of boa
constrictors for twelve pounds.

The large carnivora excited much attention, and fair prices were realised,
though in some instances they were less than was expected. Mr. Rice gave a
hundred and eighty-five pounds for the famous lion with which Signor
Lorenzo used to represent the well-known story of Androcles, two other
lions for a hundred and forty pounds each, two young ones for ninety
pounds each, and a lioness for eighty pounds. A black-maned lion, said to
be the largest and handsomest lion in Britain, was sold to Mr. Jackson,
for the Bristol Zoological Gardens, for two hundred and seventy pounds;
and his mate, in the interesting condition of approaching maternity, to
Mr. Jennison, of the Belle Vue Gardens, Manchester, for a hundred guineas.
Mr. Jamrach gave two hundred pounds for a fine lion, and a hundred and
fifty-five pounds for the magnificent tigress that used to figure
conspicuously in the performances of Signor Lorenzo.

Mr. Rice, who was the largest purchaser, bought the gnu for eighty-five
pounds, and the zebra for fifty pounds. The camels and dromedaries, bought
principally for travelling menageries, realised from fourteen to thirty
pounds each, with the exception of a young one, bought by Dr. Mackendrick
for nine pounds ten shillings. Menagerists restrict the word "camel" to
the two-humped or Bactrian variety, and call the one-humped kind
dromedaries; but the dromedary, according to naturalists, is a small
variety of the Syrian camel, bearing the same relation to the latter as a
pony does to a horse. The dromedaries of Mr. Fairgrieve's collection were,
on the contrary, taller than the Bactrian camels.

There was a spirited competition for the two elephants, ending in the
magnificent full-tusked male, seven feet six inches in height, being
knocked down to Mr. Jennison for six hundred and eighty pounds, and the
female, famous for her musical performances, to Mr. Rice for a hundred and
forty-five pounds. The former animal was described as the largest and
cleverest performing elephant ever exhibited. In stature he is exceeded,
it is said, by the elephant kept by the Emperor of Russia at the gardens
of Tsarski-Seloe; but, while the performances of that beast have been
confined to the occasional killing of a keeper, the animal now in the
Belle Vue Gardens at Manchester, besides performing many tricks evincing
great docility and intelligence, was accustomed to draw the band carriage,
would pull a loaded waggon up a hill, and had for the last eighteen months
preceding the sale placed all the vans of the menagerie in position, with
the assistance of a couple of men. The entire proceeds of the sale were a
little under three thousand pounds.

I do not remember ever visiting a travelling menagerie that afforded me
greater pleasure than one of the smaller class which I saw some thirty
years ago at Mitcham Fair, and subsequently at Camberwell Fair. There were
no lions or tigers in the collection, but it included four performing
leopards, a tame hyena, and a wolf that seemed equally tame, if such an
inference could be drawn from the presence of a lamb in its cage. The
showman, who wore neither spangled trunks, nor a coat of chain-mail, but
corduroy breeches and a sleeved vest of cat's skin, entered the leopard's
cage, with a riding whip in one hand and a hoop in the other. The animals
leaped over the whip, through the hoop, and over the man's back,
exhibiting throughout the performance as much docility as dogs or cats.
The whip was used merely as part of the "properties." The man afterwards
entered the cage of the hyena, which rubbed its head against him, after
the manner of a cat, and allowed him to open its mouth. The hyena has the
reputation of being untameable; but, in addition to this instance to the
contrary, Bishop Heber had a hyena at Calcutta which followed him about
like a dog.

Tigers are little used as performing animals, partly perhaps from being
less easily procured, but also, I believe, from greater distrust of them
on the part of brute-tamers. There was a splendid tigress in Fairgrieve's
menagerie, however, with which Signor Lorenzo used to do a wonderful
performance; and I saw, some five-and-thirty years ago, in a show pitched
upon a piece of waste ground at Norwood, a tiger that played a prominent
part in a sensational drama, the interest of which was evolved from the
hair-breadth escapes of a British traveller in the wilds of Africa. The
author did not seem to have been aware that there are no tigers in that
part of the world, the animals so called by the Cape colonists being
leopards; but, as the old woman who took money replied to my remonstrance
that one tiger could not, without an outrage upon Lindley Murray, be
called performing _animals_, "what can you expect for a penny?"

The old showmen are now virtually extinct, and the London fairs have all
ceased to exist. "Old Bartlemy" died hard, but its time must soon have
come, in the natural order of things. Its extinction was followed closely
by that of all the other fairs formerly held in the suburbs of the
metropolis. Camberwell Fair was abolished in 1856, and the Greenwich Fairs
in the following year. I cannot better express my opinion as to the causes
which have led to the decline of fairs generally, but especially of those
held within half an hour's journey from the metropolis, and the
suppression of most of those formerly held within a shorter distance, than
by quoting a brief dialogue between a showman and an acrobat in 'Bob
Lumley's Secret,' a story which appeared anonymously a few years ago in a
popular periodical:--

"'Fairs is nearly worked out, Joe,' said the red-faced individual,
speaking between the whiffs of blue smoke from his _dhudeen_. 'Why, I can
remember the time when my old man used to take more money away from this
fair with the Russian giant, and the Polish dwarf, and the Circassian
lady, than I can make now in a month. Them was the times, when old Adam
Lee, the Romany, used to come to this fair with his coat buttons made of
guineas, and his waistcoat buttons of seven-shilling pieces. Ah, you may
laugh, Joey Alberto; but I have heard my old man speak of it many's the
time.'

"'There's good fairs now down in the shires,' observed the younger man;
'but this town is too near the big village.'

"'That's it!' exclaimed the showman. 'It's all along o' them blessed
railways. They brings down lots o' people, it is true; but, lor'! they
don't spend half the money the yokels used to in former times.'

"'Besides which,' rejoined he of the spangled trunks, 'the people about
here can run up to London and back for a shilling any day in the week, all
the year round, and see all the living curiosities in the Zoo, and the
stuffed ones in the Museum, and go in the evening to a theatre or a
music-hall.'"

The fair referred to was the October fair at Croydon; and I may add that
views similar to those which I have put into the mouths of the acrobat and
the showman were expressed to me in 1846 by a showman named Gregory, who
exhibited various natural curiosities and well-contrived mechanical
representations of the falls of Niagara and a storm at sea. He had just
received from the printer five thousand bills, which he carefully stowed
away.

"This fair don't pay for bills," said he. "I want these for Canterbury
Fair, where there's more money to be taken in one day than in this field
in three."

"Which do you reckon the best fair in your circuit?" I inquired.

"Sandwich," he replied. "That's a good distance from London, you see, and
though it's a smaller town than this, there's plenty of money in it. This
is too near London, now the rail enables people to go there and back for a
shilling, see all the sights and amusements, and get back home the same
night."

The fairs within half an hour's journey from London which are still held
are in a state of visible decadence. I walked through Kingston Fair last
year, about three o'clock in the afternoon, at which time Croydon Fair
would, even twenty or thirty years ago, have been crowded. The weather was
unusually fine, the sun shining with unwonted brilliance for the season,
and the ground in better condition for walking than I had ever seen the
field at Croydon on the 2nd of October. Yet there were fewer people
walking through the fair than I had seen in the market-place. The
gingerbread vendors and other stall-keepers looked as if they were weary
of soliciting custom in vain; the swings and the roundabouts stood idle;
some of the showmen had not thought the aspect of the field sufficiently
promising to be encouraged to unfurl their pictorial announcements, and
those who had done so failed to attract visitors.

Day's menagerie was there, and was the principal show in the fair; but the
few persons who paused to gaze at the pictures passed on without entering,
and even the beasts within were so impressed with the pervading
listlessness and inactivity that I did not hear a sound from the cages as
I walked round to the rear of the show to observe its extent. There was no
braying of brass bands, no beating of gongs or bawling through
speaking-trumpets. One forlorn showman ground discordant sounds from a
barrel-organ with an air of desperation, and another feebly clashed a pair
of cymbals; but these were all the attempts made to attract attention,
and they were made in vain.

This was on Saturday afternoon, too, when a large number of the working
classes are liberated who could not formerly have attended the fair at
that time without taking a holiday. There was a good attendance in the
evening, I heard; but, however well the shows and stalls may be patronised
after six o'clock, it is obvious that their receipts must be less than
half what they amounted to in the days when they were thronged from noon
till night.

Fairs are becoming extinct because, with the progress of the nation, they
have ceased to possess any value in its social economy, either as marts of
trade or a means of popular amusement. All the large towns now possess
music-halls, and many of them have a theatre; the most populous have two
or three. The circuses of Newsome and Hengler are located for three months
at a time in permanent buildings in the larger towns, and the travelling
circuses visit in turn every town in the kingdom. Bristol and Manchester
have Zoological Gardens, and Brighton has its interesting Aquarium. The
railways connect all the smaller towns, and most of the villages, with the
larger ones, in which amusements may be found superior to any ever
presented by the old showmen. What need, then, of fairs and shows? The
nation has outgrown them, and fairs are as dead as the generations which
they have delighted, and the last showman will soon be as great a
curiosity as the dodo.




INDEX


  Abbott's theatrical booth, 358

  Adams, the dancer, 154

  African dwarfs, 80

  Albinoes, 295, 310, 313

  Albion dancing-booth, 263

  Algar's dancing-booth, 263, 328, 333, 355

  Allen, the dwarf, 205

  Ambroise, the showman, 189

  Amburgh, Van, the lion-tamer, 260

  American juggler, 294

  Annesley, Mrs., the dancer, 164

  Appleby, the showman, 63

  Arthur, the comedian, 144

  Astley, the equestrian, 211

  Aston, the comedian, 109, 121

  Atkins's menagerie, 258, 277, 302, 304


  Baker, Mrs., the theatrical manageress, 196

  Ball, the showman, 271, 303, 309

  Ballard's animal comedians, 169

     "      menagerie, 232, 241, 287, 303, 305

  Banks and his performing horse, 23

  Barnes, the showman, 63

     "     "  pantaloon, 246

  Barnett, Mrs., the actress, 349

  Basil, the showman, 191

  Baudouin, the comic dancer, 131

  Bearded women, 33, 47

  Belzoni's feats of strength, 216

  Berar's _optikali illusio_, 311

  Biffin, Miss, the armless portrait painter, 210, 231

  Billington, the comedian, 349

  Birds, performing, 178, 182, 188

  Bisset, the animal trainer, 177

  Blacker, the dwarf, 167

  Blight, Helen, the lion-performer, 337

  Boheme, the tragedian, 96

  Booth, the theatrical manager, 94

  Bradshaw, Miss, the actress, 144

  Breslaw, the conjuror, 187, 192

  Bridge's theatrical booth, 152, 163

  Broomsgrove, the showman, 313

  Brown, the showman, 272, 300

  Brown's theatre of arts, 315

  Brunn, the juggler, 189

  Bullock, the comedian, 78, 95, 105, 107, 114, 119, 132

  Burchall, the showman, 314

  Burnett, the trapezist, 359


  Cadman, the flying man, 145

  Campbell, Mrs., the actress, 344, 349, 355

  Canterel, Mrs., the actress, 110

  Capelli, the conjuror, 307

  Carey, the actor, 223, 230

  Cartlitch, the actor, 246

  Cats, performing, 178, 307

  Chapman, Mary Anne, the albino, 314

     "     Miss, the lion-performer, 337

     "     the comedian, 114, 119, 127, 132, 138, 143

  Chappell, the actor, 353

     "      the showman, 272

  Charke, Mrs., the actress, 114

  Cheshire girl, wonderful, 49

  Chettle's theatrical booth, 151

  Chetwood, the prompter, 105

  Chinese jugglers, 302, 309

     "    lady, 292

  Christoff, the rope-dancer, 20

  Cibber, the tragedian, 107, 114

  Circassian lady, 290

  Clancy, the giant, 313

  Clark, the posturer, 59

  Clarke's circus, 268, 307, 332, 341

  Clarke, Miss, the rope-dancer, 308

  Clarkson, the showman, 191

  Clench, the whistling man, 80

  Coan, the dwarf, 167

  Cooke's circus, 249

  Corder, the murderer, head of, 303

  Cornwell, the showman, 61

  Corsican dwarf, 155, 188

  Cousins's theatrical booth, 154

  Cow, a double, 161

  Cox, the comedian, 37

  Crawley, the puppet-showman, 83

  Crockett, the showman, 341

  Crocodile, the first exhibited, 167

  Crowther, the actor, 322

  Cushings, the pantomimists, 150, 165


  Dale's music booth, 64

  Dancey, Mrs. and Miss, the dancers, 131

  Day, the showman, 298

  Day's menagerie, 355, 375

  Dawson, the dwarf, 313

  Derrum, Miss, the female tumbler, 115

  Doggett, the comedian, 74, 79

  Dogs, performing, 85, 169, 178, 307

  Drury's menagerie, 310

  Ducrow, Madame, the rope-dancer, 335

  Dunstall's theatrical booth, 175

  Dupain, the showman, 313

  Dutch boy, wonderful, 70

    "   rope-dancer, 53, 150

  Dwarf family, 298

  Dyan, Ursula, the bearded woman, 47


  Edmunds, the menagerist, 337, 355

  Egleton, Mrs., the actress, 108

  Elephant, performing, 284

      "     escape of an, 288, 347

  Elliston, the theatrical manager, 236

  England, the flying pieman, 240

  Esquimaux youth, 294

  Evans, the wire-walker, 172

  Ewing's wax-work exhibition, 306, 310

  Excell, the duettist, 123


  Fairgrieve's menagerie, 365

  Farnham, the dwarf, 313

  Faucit, the actor, 221

  Fawkes, the conjuror, 110, 112, 117

     "     "  showman, 116, 123, 139, 150

  Ferguson's wax-work exhibition, 310

  Fielding, the novelist, 103, 107, 110, 113, 119, 124, 127

  Finch, the posturer, 313

  Finley, the acrobat, 73

    "     Mary, the rope-dancer, 73, 78

  Fitzgerald, Mrs., the actress, 110, 123

  Fives Court drinking booth, 333

  Flemish giantess, 47

  Flockton, the juggler and showman, 191, 200, 202, 206

  Ford, the gingerbread vendor, 99

  Fossett's circus, 358

  Frano, Mdlle. de, the dancer, 131

  Frazer, the conjuror, 303

  Frazer's acrobatic entertainment, 341

  Freer, the tragedian, 344

  French, the single-stick player, 158


  Gaetano, the bird imitator, 187

  Garrick, the actor, 165

  German rope-dancers, 50, 63, 73

  Giffard, the theatrical manager, 106, 130

  Gipsies' drinking booth, 333

  Girardelli, Josephine, the fire-eater, 235

  Glee-men and glee-maidens, 19

  Gobert, Madame, the athlete, 244

  Godwin, the showman, 151

  Goodwin's theatrical booth, 143

  Gouffe, the man-monkey, 306

  Gregory, the showman, 374

  Griffin, the actor, 107, 114, 137

  Grosette, the actor, 225

  Grove's theatre of arts, 341

  Gyngell, the showman, 207, 238, 254


  Haines, the fire-eater, 311

  Hales, the Norfolk giant, 350

  Hall, the rope-dancer, 43, 45

    "    "  actor, 108, 119

  Hall's museum, 192

  Hallam, the tragedian, 107, 114, 119, 127, 131, 138, 143

  Harper, the comedian, 96, 103, 109, 111, 114, 118, 137

  Harris, the cat imitator, 182

  Harris, the showman, 313

  Haydon's theatrical booth, 320

  Heads, lecture on, 186

  Heidegger, Master of the Revels, 139

  Herring, the pantomimist, 322, 336

  Hewet, the comedian, 109

  Hilton's menagerie, 336, 341, 359

  Hilton, Miss, the lion-performer, 336

  Hind, the actor, 121

  Hippisley, the tragedian, 108, 110, 113, 119, 127, 132, 138, 143

      "      Miss, the actress, 162

  Hipson, Miss, the fat girl, 289

  Hoare, the showman, 243

  Hocus Pocus, the King's conjuror, 30

  Hog, enormous, 154

  Holden's glass-blowing exhibition, 299, 301

  Holland's, Lady, mob, 125, 201, 256

  Horses, performing, 20, 23, 43, 83, 164, 178, 202, 305

  Horton, Mrs., the actress, 94

  Howard, the actor, 348, 355

  Hoyo's wax-work exhibition, 310

  Hulett, the comedian, 105, 109, 114, 120

  Hussey's theatrical booth, 145, 151, 153, 156

  Hyenas, tame, 308, 371


  Inchbald, Elizabeth, the actress, 196

  Irish giant, 52

  Italian rope-dancer, 40

     "    sword-dancers, 154

  Ives, the showman, 191


  Jack, Manchester, the lion-keeper, 260

  Jackman's theatrical booth, 358

  Jano, the rope-dancer, 115, 130

  Jefferies, the actor, 225

  Jobson, the puppet-showman, 191, 202, 208

  Johnson, the showman, 317, 320

     "     and Lee's theatrical booth, 321, 325, 336, 341, 343, 348, 352,
              356


  Kean, the tragedian, 214, 221

  Keith, the clown, 358

  Keyes and Laine, the conjurors, 303

  Killigrew, Charles, Master of the Revels, 50

      "      Thomas, the King's jester, 49


  Lacy, Mrs., the actress, 121

  Ladder dance, 85

  Laguerre, the actor, 119

  Lane, the conjuror, 191

  Laskey, the showman, 341

  Lee, Nelson, the theatrical manager, 247, 254, 320, 346

  Lee's theatrical booth, 102, 106, 108, 111, 114, 119, 121, 132, 138,
      152, 163

    "   unlicensed theatre, 255

  Legar, the actor, 132

  Leigh, the comedian, 95

  Leopard, escape of a, 232

     "     a tame, 287, 310

  Leopards, performing, 368, 371

  Lincolnshire dwarf, 294

  Lion, a tame, 32, 274, 285

    "   baiting with dogs, 261

  Lioness, escape of a, 241

  Lion-tiger cubs, 277, 285, 304

  Little, the comedian-hawker, 324

  Living skeleton, the, 305

  Lorenzo, the lion performer, 368

  Lorme, Madlle. de, the dancer, 106

  Luce, the dancer, 106


  Macarthy, the lion performer, 362

  Mackenzie, the hermit, 314

  Macklin, the comedian, 144

  Macomo, the lion performer, 360

  Madagascar woman, 294

  Mahoura, the cannibal chief, head of, 298

  Malay savages, 290

  Manchester Jack, the lion keeper, 260

  Manders's menagerie, 359

  March, the clown, 50

  Maori woman, 292, 351

  Mare with seven feet, 291

  Master of the Revels, office of, 30

  Matthews, the dancer, 164

  Maughan, the showman, 289

  Melville, the actor, 349

  Menagerie, the first, 88

  Mermaids, 162, 298

  Miles's music booth, 64, 85

     "    menagerie, 209

  Miller, the comedian, 75, 77, 107, 114, 119

  Mills, the comedian, 107, 114, 119

  Monkeys, performing, 20, 23, 40, 169, 178, 314

  Monstrosities, 22, 32, 60, 161, 204, 217, 291, 310, 314, 346

  Morgan, the comedian, 121

     "    Miss, the dwarf, 205

  Morgan's menagerie, 287, 302

  Morosini, the rope-dancer, 115

  Mullart, the tragedian, 111

  Mussulmo, the rope-dancer, 151

  Mynn's theatrical booth, 86


  <DW64>, wonderful, 168

  Newman and Allen's theatrical booth, 323

  Newsome, the lion performer, 359

  Nichols, the comedian, 109

  Nokes, Mrs., the actress, 104


  Oates, the comedian, 105, 114, 119, 134, 162

    "    Miss, the actress, 114, 120

  O'Brien, the Irish giant, 194, 229

  Ogden, Mrs., the dancer, 154

  Oronutu savage, 154

  Orsi, the singer, 204

  Owen, the clown, 196

  Oxberry, the comedian, 221


  Paap, the dwarf, 236

  Pack, the comedian, 95

  Palmer, the theatrical bill-sticker, 165

  Parker's theatrical booth, 79

  Peep-shows, 289, 305, 307

  Penkethman, the elder, comedian, 71, 79, 95, 106

       "       "  younger, comedian, 106, 108, 113, 120, 132

  Penley, the showman, 200

  Perry's menagerie, 159

  Persian giant, 290

  Peters, the comic dancer, 131

  Petit, the showman, 115

  Phantasmagorial exhibitions, 311

  Philips, the fiddler and clown, 54, 57

  Phillips, the posturer, 113

     "       "  showman, 164

     "       "  comedian, 133

     "      Mrs., the dancer, 134

     "      the Welsh dwarf, 294

  Pidcock's menagerie, 186

  Pierce, the gigantic Shropshire youth, 313

  Pig-faced lady, 303, 305

  Pigs, learned, 178, 243, 297, 301, 314

  Pike's theatrical booth, 303

  Pinchbeck, the mechanist, 110, 116, 123, 134, 139

  Pinkethman, the puppet showman, 83

  Polito's menagerie, 187, 209

  Powell, the comedian, 105

    "      "  fire-eater, 179

    "      "  puppet showman, 83

  Price, the equestrian, 309

  Pritchard, Mrs., the actress, 113, 120, 127

  Pullen's theatrical booth, 105

  Punch and Judy shows, 27

  Punchinello, the puppet showman, 29

  Purden, Mrs., the actress, 121


  Quin, the comedian, 95


  Rapinese, the posturer, 131

  Ray, the comedian, 104

  Rayner's theatrical booth, 105

    "      the tumbler, 149

    "      Miss, the rope-dancer, 149

  Reader, the showman, 341

  Reed, the actor, 225, 317

  Reed's theatrical booth, 350

  Reverant, Madlle. de, the rope-dancer, 115

  Reynolds, the comedian, 104, 106

     "       "  showman, 151, 154

  Richardson, the fire-eater, 48

      "        "  showman, 217, 230, 235, 239, 248, 264, 302, 306, 316

  River, the tumbler, 115

  Roberts, the tragedian, 121

  Roberts, Mrs., the actress, 114

  Robinson, the conjuror, 191

  Robson, the comedian, 356, 358

  Rose's, Miss, imitations of actresses, 187

  Rossignol, the bird trainer, 188, 193

  Roy, Madlle. le, the dancer, 131

  Rudderford, the mountebank, 50

  Ryan, the comedian, 95, 119, 127


  Saffery, the rope-vaulter, 308

  Saffry's theatrical booth, 50

  Saker, the comedian, 256, 350

  Salway, the comedian, 113

  Samwell, the showman, 270, 309

  Saunders, Sarah, actress and acrobat, 323

     "      the showman, 209, 219, 221, 231

  Scotch dwarf, 61

    "    giant, 303

  Scowton's theatrical booth, 230, 316

  Seaman, the actor, 349

  Serpents, performing, 190

  Settle, the dramatist, 86

  Shaw, Miss, the beautiful albino, 310

    "   the harlequin, 344

  Shuter, the comedian, 174, 179, 182

  Silver-haired lady, 301, 351

  Simmett, the showman, 313

  Simpson, the vaulter, 80

  Skeleton, the living, 305

  Slater, Miss, the columbine, 349

  Smith, the hand-bell ringer, 179

  Spanish youth, wonderful, 61

  Spellman, Mrs., the actress, 110

  Spiller, the comedian, 95

     "     Mrs., the actress, 109, 111, 121

  Spotted boy, 301

     "    girl, 351

  Steward, the slack-wire performer, 168

  Stock, Elizabeth, the giantess, 300

  Stokes, the vaulter, 58

  Strand, the lion performer, 359

  Strength, feats of, 40, 98, 168, 244

  Sword dancers, 64, 85


  Talliott's circus, 359

  Tarvey, the clown, 197

  Taylor, the dancer, 123

  Terwin, the showman, 134

  Thwaites, the actor, 225

  Thompson, the comic dancer, 131

  Tiger, a tame, 159, 283

  Tigers, performing, 371

  Tarbutt, the comedian, 138, 143

  Turkish rope-dancer, 33, 151

     "    wire-walker, 144, 188


  Vanbeck, Barbara, the bearded woman, 33

  Vaughan, the actor, 225

  Vidina, Signora, the singer, 204

  Violantes, the, rope-walkers, 144


  Walker, the comedian, 94

  Wallack, the actor, 221

  Walpole, Lydia, the dwarf, 290, 313

  Warner's theatrical booth, 150, 163, 174

  Waterloo giant, 299

  Wax-work exhibition, the first, 31

  Webber, Eliza, the dwarf, 313

  Wells, the actor, 225

  Welsh dwarf, 167

  Weston, Priscilla and Amelia, the twin giantesses, 313

  Whitehead, the fat boy, 298

  Whiteland, the dwarf, 203

  Wignell, the poet, 179

  Williamson, Mrs., the actress, 109

  Wombwell's Menagerie, 257, 273, 302, 305, 307, 310, 337, 341, 347, 355,
      365

  Woodward, harlequin and actor, 97, 138, 144

  Woolford, Miss, the rope-dancer, 336

  Wright's menagerie, 341


  Yates, the comedian, 134, 138, 143, 162, 174, 180

    "    Mrs., the actress, 144

    "    Miss, the actress, 164

  Yeates, the showman, 116, 131, 163, 168

     "    the conjuror, 116, 131, 133, 149, 151, 153, 157, 163, 168

     "    Mrs., the actress, 157

  Yorkshire giantess, 299


THE END.


  PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND CO.,
  LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS.




Transcriber's Notes:

Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.

The original text includes an asterism symbol that is represented as
[Asterism] in this text version.

The original text includes a right pointing hand symbol that is
represented as [Pointing Hand] in this text version.






End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Old Showmen and the Old London
Fairs, by Thomas Frost

*** 