BY H.M.S. CHALLENGER DURING THE YEARS 1873-1876, SECOND PART: SUBCLASS
OSCULOSA; INDEX***


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Transcriber's note:

      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_Actissa_).

      The underscore also denotes a subscript, so _c__1 is an
      italic c with a subscript (note that there are two
      underscoreds between the "c" and the "1").

      Text enclosed by hash marks is in "gesperrt"
      (wide-spaced) type (#Larcoidea#).

      Page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have
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      Some typographical errors in the printed work have been
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      The Addenda & Errata (Second Part, pp. 1763-4) have been
      applied without further comment.





REPORT ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER
DURING THE YEARS 1873-76

Under the Command of Captain George S. Nares, R.N., F.R.S.
and the Late Captain Frank Tourle Thomson, R.N.

Prepared Under the Superintendence of
the Late Sir C. Wyville Thomson, KNT., F.R.S., &c.
Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh
Director of the Civilian Scientific Staff on Board
and Now of
John Murray
One of the Naturalists of the Expedition

ZOOLOGY--VOL. XVIII.

SECOND PART

Published by Order of Her Majesty's Government







Printed for Her Majesty's Stationary Office
and Sold by
London:--Eyre & Spottiswoode, East Harding Street, Fetter Lane
Edinburgh:--Adam & Charles Black
Dublin:--Hodges, Figgis, & Co.
1887

Price (in Two Parts, with a Volume of Plates) L5, 10s.




CONTENTS.




REPORT on the RADIOLARIA collected by H.M.S. CHALLENGER during the years
1873-1876.

By ERNST HAECKEL, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Zoology in the University of
Jena.

SECOND PART.--OSCULOSA.

(#NASSELLARIA AND PHAEODARIA.#)




CONTENTS.



  SECOND PART.

    II. Subclass OSCULOSA,                                      889
          Legion III. NASSELLARIA vel MONOPYLEA,                889
               Order 11. Nassoidea,                             895
                 "   12. Plectoidea,                            898
                 "   13. Stephoidea,                            931
                 "   14. Spyroidea,                            1015
                 "   15. Botryodea,                            1103
                 "   16. Cyrtoidea,                            1126

          Legion IV. PHAEODARIA vel CANNOPYLEA,                1521
               Order 17. Phaeocystina,                         1542
                 "   18. Phaeosphaeria,                        1590
                 "   19. Phaeogromia,                          1642
                 "   20. Phaeoconchia,                         1710

  Note on the Dimensions and Measurements,                     1760

  ADDENDA,                                                     1761

  ERRATA,                                                      1763

  INDEX,                                                       1765




{889}LEGION III. NASSELLARIA,

VEL MONOPYLEA, VEL MONOPYLARIA (PLS. 51-98).

  _Nassellaria_ (_inclusis_ Spyridinis), Ehrenberg, 1875.
  _Monopylea_, Hertwig, 1879.
  _Monopylaria_, Haeckel, 1881.
  _Cyrtida_ et _Acanthodesmida_, Haeckel, 1862.
  _Cricoidea_, Buetschli, 1882 (L. N. 40, p. 537) = NASSELLARIA.

_Definition._--Radiolaria with simple membrane of the central capsule,
which is monaxon or bilateral, and bears on one pole of the main axis a
porous area (porochora), forming the base of a peculiar intracapsular cone
(podoconus). Extracapsulum without phaeodium. Skeleton siliceous, very
rarely wanting. Fundamental form originally monaxon, often dipleuric or
bilateral.

The legion NASSELLARIA vel MONOPYLEA, in the extent here defined, was
constituted in 1879 by Richard Hertwig in his work Der Organismus der
Radiolarien (pp. 133-137). He gave to this large group the rank of an
order, and united in it the two families Acanthodesmida and Cyrtida, which
I had constituted first in 1862 in my Monograph (pp. 237, 265, 272); but he
added, too, as a third family the Plagiacanthida, united by me with the
former. In the first system of Ehrenberg (1847, _loc. cit._, pp. 53, 54),
four families belonging to the MONOPYLEA were enumerated, the
Halicalyptrina, Lithochytrina, Eucyrtidina, and Spyridina. He united the
three former under the name "Polycystina solitaria," which he afterwards
changed into NASSELLARIA (1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.
157).

In my Monograph of the Radiolaria (1862, pp. 265-345) forty-four genera of
NASSELLARIA were enumerated (six Acanthodesmida and thirty-eight Cyrtida),
whilst the total number of genera in the whole class of Radiolaria at that
time amounted to one hundred and thirteen. But owing to the astonishing
number of new and interesting forms of this legion which I afterwards
detected in the collection of the Challenger, in 1881 I distinguished in my
Prodromus not less than three hundred and seventeen genera. These were
disposed in five large main groups, retained in the present Report, with
twenty-six families, viz., (1) #Plectoidea# (with three families), (2)
#Stephoidea# (with four families), (3) #Spyroidea# (with four families),
(4) #Botryodea# (with three families), and (5) #Cyrtoidea# (with twelve
families). The first two groups have an incomplete or rudimentary skeleton,
and may be united in the order #Plectellaria#, whilst the other three
families possess a complete latticed shell, and {890}may be united as
#Cyrtellaria#. The former correspond to the Acanthodesmida, the latter to
the Cyrtida in my Monograph.

The character common to all MONOPYLEA or NASSELLARIA, which separates them
from all other Radiolaria, was first recognised by Richard Hertwig in 1879,
and consists in the singular structure of the monaxonian central capsule,
bearing on the basal pole a peculiar porous area or operculum, the
"Porenfeld;" we call it shortly the "porochora." It represents a circular
or elliptical porous plate on the basal pole of the vertical main axis of
the central capsule, and bears a peculiar "podoconus" or
"Pseudopodien-Kegel," a conical body of singular structure, protruding
inside the membrane into the capsule. The pseudopodia arising from this
peculiar "podoconus" proceed from the capsule piercing the "porochora,"
whilst the other parts of the capsule are not perforated.

The MONOPYLEA are therefore "Merotrypasta," like the following fourth
legion, the PHAEODARIA or CANNOPYLEA. But in these latter we find on the
basal pole of the monaxonian capsule only one single large main opening,
prolonged into a peculiar tube, and there is no trace of the typical
"podoconus," characteristic of all NASSELLARIA. The latter agree, however,
with the former in the possession of a basal opening, serving for the
emission of the pseudopodia, and in the monaxonian fundamental form,
arising from this structure. Therefore these two legions of "Merotrypasta"
exhibit a wider divergence from the ACANTHARIA and SPUMELLARIA, the two
legions of "Holotrypasta," in which the central capsule is everywhere
perforated by innumerable small pores (compare above, pp. 5, 6, 716).

_The Skeleton_ in all NASSELLARIA consists either of pure silica, or of a
peculiar silicate; never of acanthin (as in all ACANTHARIA). The siliceous
bars and beams constituting it are invariably solid (as also in the
SPUMELLARIA); never hollow (as in the PHAEODARIA). In the small family of
Nassellida alone (with the two genera _Cystidium_ and _Nassella_) the
skeleton is entirely absent. In all other genera of NASSELLARIA the
siliceous skeleton is more or less developed; imperfect, or quite
rudimentary in the #Plectellaria# (#Plectoidea# and #Stephoidea#), but
perfect and forming a regular lattice-shell in the #Cyrtellaria#
(#Spyroidea#, #Botryodea#, and #Cyrtoidea#). The different forms of this
skeleton exhibit an extraordinary variety, but may be reduced to a few very
simple fundamental forms, or even to a single, most simple original form.
The comparative morphology is more interesting, but also more difficult to
understand than in any other Radiolaria.

The geometrical fundamental form of the skeleton is in all NASSELLARIA
monaxonial, the vertical main axis of the body, which is already indicated
by the axis of the central capsule with two different poles, being also
expressed constantly in the form of the skeleton. The lower or basal pole
of the latter always exhibits a different shape from that of the upper or
apical pole. This difference is so striking in nearly all MONOPYLEA, that
the two poles may be determined on the first view.

{891}In the great majority of NASSELLARIA not only is the monaxonial
fundamental form expressed, but also the dipleuric or bilateral, so that
the symmetrical halves of the body may be easily determined; the right and
left halves exhibit the same symmetry as in the vertebrates, so that we may
distinguish an anterior ventral and a posterior dorsal face of the body.
The whole form is in this case determined by three dimensive axes,
perpendicular to one another, two of which are heteropolar, the third is
homoeopolar. The apical pole of the vertical main axis (principal or
longitudinal axis) is different from the basal pole. The ventral pole of
the horizontal sagittal axis (or dorso-ventral axis) is different from the
dorsal pole. The right pole of the horizontal transverse axis (lateral or
frontal axis) is equal to the left pole. Therefore the sagittal or median
plane of the body (in which the principal and the sagittal axis are
crossed) divides it into symmetrical equal halves and is perpendicular to
the frontal axis.

Three different original elements of structure are recognisable in the
majority of NASSELLARIA, viz., (1) a vertical simple ring, the primary or
sagittal ring, placed vertically in the sagittal plane and enclosing the
median plane of the central capsule; (2) a basal tripod, composed of three
diverging radial rods, which are united on the basal pole of the central
capsule and are either expanded horizontally or descend; (3) an ovate or
subspherical, simple lattice-shell, the cephalis or capitulum, which
surrounds the central capsule and exhibits a peculiar structure on its
basal pole.

These three important original elements of structure--the sagittal ring,
the basal tripod, and the latticed cephalis--are so united in the majority
of NASSELLARIA that the cephalis rests upon the tripod and includes the
sagittal ring wholly or partially. The simplest realisation of this typical
union is afforded by the Archiperida and Tripospyrida, and these may be
derived from the simpler important Stephanid _Cortina_ (Pl. 83, fig. 9; Pl.
92, fig. 21; Pl. 97, fig. 1). In this and in all other tripodal
NASSELLARIA, the three basal rods or the "cortinar feet" are constantly so
arranged that an odd or posterior rod, the "caudal foot" (_c_) is opposed
to the two anterior paired rods, the "pectoral feet" (one right, _p_", and
one left, _p_'). The caudal foot lies in the sagittal plane, and is
prolonged upwards into the dorsal rod of the sagittal ring (_b_), and over
this in a free ascending spine, the "apical horn" (_a_). The curved ventral
rod of the ring (_r_) is united above with the base of the apical horn,
below with the common centre of the tripod or the "cortinar centrum." The
characteristic position of the central capsule in this skeleton of
_Cortina_ is such that its basal pole (with the porochora) rests upon the
centre of the tripod, whilst its sagittal perimeter is separated from the
surrounding ring by the calymma; the numerous pseudopodia arising from its
base diverge downwards and are supported and protected by the three basal
feet of the tripod (Pl. 97, fig. 1). Compare also Pls. 51, 53, 84, 95, 98.

The typical skeleton of _Cortina_, a tripodal ring, becomes more developed
in the Semantid _Cortiniscus_, in which the basal parts of the three
diverging feet are united {892}by a second horizontal ring, the cortinar or
basal ring (Pl. 92, figs. 11-13). The pores between the former and the
latter, or the "cortinar pores," may be regarded as the first beginning of
the lattice-plate, composing the "cephalis" or the simple primordial shell
in the Archiperida and Tripospyrida, and transmitted from these by heredity
to the great majority of NASSELLARIA.

The "cephalis or capitulum" (the "Koepfchen" of the German authors) is
therefore the most important part of the skeleton in all #Cyrtellaria#, or
in all NASSELLARIA possessing a complete lattice-shell. In the
#Plectellaria#, however, or in those NASSELLARIA which do not possess a
complete fenestrated shell, the "cephalis" is either imperfect or totally
wanting. The cephalis surrounds the enclosed central capsule on all sides
in the form of an ovate or subspherical lattice-shell, and is separated
from it only by the jelly-like calymma. The sagittal ring is either
enclosed in the wall of the cephalis (whole or partially), separating its
two lateral halves, or it is enclosed in the cavity of the cephalis and
connected with its sagittal perimeter by short beams. The base of the
cephalis (with the cortinar plate) often rests immediately upon the centre
of the tripod; in the majority of NASSELLARIA, however, this near relation
is altered by reason of later changes and secondary modifications.

The number of various forms, developed from these simple original
structural elements of the skeleton, is astonishing, and there are
described more than three hundred genera and nearly two thousand species of
this legion in the following pages. This large number may be easily
increased by subsequent observers. Since in all these MONOPYLEA the
characteristic structure of the central capsule is identical, and also the
structural elements of the siliceous skeleton are similar, it is very
probable that they may have arisen from a single common stock. But it is
very difficult (and at present impossible) to explain a natural
monophyletic system of this large legion. The greatest difficulty is
presented by the fact that the three structural elements mentioned above,
viz., the sagittal ring, the basal tripod, and the latticed cephalis, are
not constantly united, but each alone may also constitute the skeleton by
itself. In this respect the following seven cases are possible, and are
actually realised.

A. The skeleton is composed of the sagittal ring only and of its spiny
appendages, without basal tripod and without latticed cephalis. This is the
case in the majority of #Stephoidea# (Stephanida, Semantida, Coronida, and
Tympanida).

B. The skeleton is composed of a basal tripod only (_Plagiacantha_), or of
a tripod in the centre of which arises a vertical apical horn
(_Plagoniscus_), and often of an irregular framework, arising from the rods
of the tripod; but there is neither a trace of a sagittal ring nor a
complete latticed cephalis. This is the case in the remarkable suborder
#Plectoidea# (Plagonida and Plectanida).

C. The skeleton is composed of a latticed cephalis only, a simple ovate or
subspherical fenestrated shell, which encloses the monopylean central
capsule; there is no {893}trace of a sagittal ring nor of a basal tripod.
This is the case in the remarkable family of Cyrtocalpida (Archicorida and
Archicapsida), in numerous #Botryodea# and in other #Cyrtellaria#.

D. The skeleton is composed of a sagittal ring and a basal tripod, without
latticed cephalis. This is the case in a few, but very important forms of
#Stephoidea#: _Cortina_, _Stephanium_, _Cortiniscus_, _Stephaniscus_,
_Podocoronis_, and some allied genera.

E. The skeleton is composed of a sagittal ring and a latticed cephalis, but
without basal tripod. This is the case in numerous #Cyrtellaria#, in the
Circospyrida (or Zygospyrida apoda: _Dictyospyris_, _Circospyris_) and some
other #Spyroidea#; and in a large number of #Botryodea# and Cyrtoidea
eradiata (a part of the Sethocyrtida, Theocyrtida, Lithocampida, and
others).

F. The shell is composed of a basal tripod and a latticed cephalis, but
without any trace of the sagittal ring. This is the case in numerous
Cyrtoidea triradiata and multiradiata, and perhaps in the majority of the
following families--Tripocalpida, Tripocyrtida, Podocyrtida, and
Podocampida.

G. The shell is composed of all three above-mentioned elements, of a
sagittal ring, a basal tripod, and a latticed cephalis. This is the case in
the great majority of #Spyroidea# (with a few exceptions only), and perhaps
also in the majority of #Cyrtoidea#.

The survey of these seven groups, A to G, each of which is represented by
numerous living forms, shows clearly how difficult and complicated the
morphology and phylogeny of the numerous NASSELLARIA must be. For all
possible combinations of the three original structural elements are
realised abundantly, and in such complicated relations, and so intermingled
in the different orders and families, that it seems nearly hopeless to
answer the question of their true origin. The identity in the structure of
the central capsule, however, in all these MONOPYLEA, makes it probable
that they have all arisen originally from the skeletonless Nassellida
(_Cystidium_, _Nassella_), either in a monophyletic or in a polyphyletic
way. In this respect the following phylogenetical hypotheses are possible.

1. Monophyletic hypothesis, deriving all NASSELLARIA from a simple sagittal
ring (_Archicircus_, _Lithocircus_, &c., Pl. 81). The groups A, D, E, and G
may be derived easily from such a ring, but the groups B, C, and F only by
means of the hypothesis that the original ring may be completely reduced
and finally lost. This hypothesis was stated by me in the years 1877 to
1879, when I had got the first general survey of the astonishing number of
new NASSELLARIA in the Challenger collection, and as I had found the
sagittal ring in the majority of them. This, my former hypothesis, is
mentioned by Richard Hertwig (1879, _loc. cit._, pp. 68, 126). It was
afterwards supported with particular energy by O. Buetschli (1882,
Zeitschr. fuer wiss. Zool., Bd. XXXVI.).

2. Monophyletic hypothesis, deriving all NASSELLARIA from a basal tripod
(_Triplagia_, _Plagoniscus_, &c., Pl. 91). The groups B, D, F, and G, all
triradiate, may {894}be derived easily from such a tripod; but the groups
A, C, and E only by means of the hypothesis that the original tripod may be
completely reduced and finally lost. This hypothesis was employed in 1881
in my Prodromus, since I had convinced myself that the "triradial
structure" is prevalent in the great majority of NASSELLARIA, and is
perhaps more important than the sagittal ring.

3. Monophyletic hypothesis, deriving all NASSELLARIA from a latticed
cephalis, a simple ovate or subspherical fenestrated shell without ring and
tripod (_Cyrtocalpis_, _Archicapsa_, &_c._). The groups C, E, F, and G may
be derived easily from such a cephalis, but the groups A, B, and D only by
means of the hypothesis that the sagittal ring as well as the basal tripod
may remain as the last remnants of a reduced cephalis. This hypothesis was
given in 1862 in my Monograph, where I constructed the first pedigree of
Radiolaria (p. 234). I there derived all the Cyrtida from the #Sphaeroidea#
(_Cyrtidosphaera_), supposing that _Cyrtocalpis_ and some other Monocyrtida
may form a direct phylogenetical passage from the #Sphaeroidea# to the
#Cyrtoidea#.

4. Polyphyletic hypothesis, deriving the different groups of NASSELLARIA
from different skeletonless Nassellida, by development of simple siliceous
skeletons in different ways. Among the numerous polyphyletic hypotheses
which are possible, one of the simplest would be the supposition that three
different fundamental forms of skeleton may have arisen independently one
from another: (1) a simple sagittal ring as original form of the
#Stephoidea# and #Spyroidea# (A); (2) a simple basal tripod as original
form of the #Plectoidea# (B); (3) a simple latticed cephalis as original
form of the #Botryodea# and #Cyrtoidea# (C). This triphyletic hypothesis is
supported by R. Hertwig (1879, _loc. cit._, p. 136); he assumes that the
original skeletonless Nassellida (_Cystidium_) have produced three
different branches, his "Acanthodesmida" (= #Stephoidea# and #Spyroidea#)
with a primary ring, his "Plagiacanthida" (= #Plectoidea#) with a primary
tripod, and his Cyrtida (= #Botryodea# and #Cyrtoidea#) with a primary
cephalis. This hypothesis seems rather probable on the first view; but it
meets with the greatest difficulties in view of the fact that these three
original elements of the skeleton are more or less evidently combined in
the great majority of NASSELLARIA. The greatest difficulty arises from the
fact that often among very similar and closely allied forms the first
exhibits all three elements (A, B, C) combined, whilst the second has a
combination of A and B, the third of B and C, the fourth of A and C; and
there are other forms, very similar to the former, in which one element
only is recognisable. Another difficulty arises from the fact that the
intimate structure of the cephalis in the majority of #Cyrtellaria# is not
perfectly known, and often exhibits structures which are difficult to
explain with regard to the three elements A, B, C. Under these
circumstances further researches on the numerous imperfectly known
NASSELLARIA are required, and chiefly accurate observations on their more
minute structure and on their important ontogeny.

{895}We divide the immense legion of NASSELLARIA into two large orders, the
#Plectellaria# without complete lattice-shell, and the #Cyrtellaria# with a
complete lattice-shell or a "cephalis," including the central capsule; the
latter, of course, have arisen from the former. The #Plectellaria# comprise
three different suborders, the #Nassoidea# (without skeleton), the
#Plectoidea# (with a tripodal skeleton, without ring), and the #Stephoidea#
(with a primary sagittal ring, with or without tripod). The #Cyrtellaria#
again also comprise three different suborders, the #Spyroidea# (with
bilocular cephalis and a sagittal constriction), the #Botryodea# (with
multilocular and lobate cephalis, exhibiting two or more constrictions and
three or more lobes), and the #Cyrtoidea# (with simple, unilocular
cephalis, without constriction).

_Synopsis of the Orders and Suborders of_ NASSELLARIA.

  I. Order                 {No skeleton,                   1. #Nassoidea#.
  PLECTELLARIA.            {
  Nassellaria without      {Skeleton with a basal tripod,
  complete lattice-shell.  {  without ring,                2. #Plectoidea#.
                           {
                           {Skeleton with a sagittal ring
                           {  (usually without tripod),    3. #Stephoidea#.

                           {Cephalis bilocular, with a
                           {  sagittal constriction,       4. #Spyroidea#.
  II. Order                {
  CYRTELLARIA.             {Cephalis multilocular, with
  Nassellaria with a       {  two or more constrictions
  complete lattice-shell.  {  and lobes,                   5. #Botryodea#.
                           {
                           {Cephalis simple, without
                           {  constriction and lobes,      6. #Cyrtoidea#.


----


Order V. PLECTELLARIA, Haeckel, 1883.

_Definition._--NASSELLARIA without complete lattice-shell, usually with an
incomplete skeleton, formed of a ring, a tripod, or an irregular framework.



Suborder I. NASSOIDEA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--NASSELLARIA without skeleton. Single family Nassellida.



{896}Family XLV. #NASSELLIDA#, Haeckel.

  _Cystidina_, Haeckel, 1883, Sitzungsb. Jena Ges. fuer Naturw., Februar
      16.

_Definition._--NASSELLARIA without skeleton. The soft body composed of a
monopylean central capsule (with porochora and podoconus) and of a
surrounding jelly-veil or calymma.

The family #Nassellida# comprises the simplest and most primitive forms of
NASSELLARIA, the only group which is entirely without a skeleton. The
central capsule is therefore perfectly free and naked, enveloped by the
calymma only, as in the #Colloidea# among the SPUMELLARIA, in the
Phaeodinida among the PHAEODARIA. Probably these naked and skeletonless
MONOPYLEA must be regarded as surviving remnants of the common ancestral
group of this legion; but the possibility is not excluded that the few
observed forms are either young NASSELLARIA which have not yet secreted a
skeleton, or older NASSELLARIA which have lost their original skeleton.

We distinguish in this small family two genera only: _Cystidium_ with
hyaline, not foamy calymma, without extracapsular alveoles, and _Nassella_,
with a very voluminous foamy calymma, including numerous large alveoles;
the former corresponds to _Actissa_ and the latter to _Thalassicolla_ among
the #Colloidea# or the skeletonless SPUMELLARIA. But in these two latter
genera, as in all PERIPYLEA, the central capsule is perforated everywhere
by innumerable small pores; the two former genera, however, exhibit the
same characteristic podoconus in the central capsule, and the same
porochora at its base, as all the other MONOPYLEA. The pseudopodia are
protruded from the central capsule through the porochora only.

_The Central Capsule_ is in the two observed genera either ovate or nearly
spherical, usually slightly tapering towards the basal mouth. Its
transverse section is constantly circular. The membrane of the capsule is
usually rather thick and double-contoured, and bears on the truncate basal
pole a circular "porochora" or area porosa, through which the pseudopodia
are protruded. The _porochora_ is either quite simple, circular, or in some
species trilobed, with three equal circular lobes, each of which is
surrounded by a girdle of small granules. The _podoconus_, or
"pseudopodial-cone," arising vertically from the horizontal basal
porochora, is half as long as the central capsule, or longer, simply
conical and finely striped longitudinally. The _nucleus_ lies usually in
the uppermost part of the central capsule, above or behind the podoconus,
and is either spherical or ovate, sometimes kidney-shaped. It includes one
or more nucleoli.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Nassellida._

  Calymma hyaline, without alveoles,             382. _Cystidium_.

  Calymma foamy, with numerous large alveoles,   383. _Nassella_.



{897}Genus 382. _Cystidium_,[1] R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p.
87.

_Definition._--#Nassellida# with hyaline calymma, without extracapsular
alveoles.

The genus _Cystidium_ is the simplest and most primitive among all
NASSELLARIA, and may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this
legion, for which it has the same high importance as _Actissa_ for the
SPUMELLARIA. The central capsule is quite simple, ovate or nearly
spherical, and included in a voluminous hyaline calymma, which contains no
large alveoles. _Cystidium_ differs from _Actissa_, its probable ancestral
form, in the possession of the "podoconus" and its basal "porochora,"
characteristic of all NASSELLARIA or MONOPYLEA.


1. _Cystidium princeps,_ n. sp. (Pl. 91, fig. 1).

Central capsule ovate, one and a third times as long as broad. Podoconus
with simple circular porochora, about half as long as the capsule,
surrounded at its base by red granules of pigment. Nucleus spherical. Three
equal oil-globules in the endoplasm. No pigment in the voluminous calymma,
which includes numerous xanthellae.

_Dimensions._--Length of the central capsule 0.1, breadth 0.075; nucleus
0.035.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Maldive Islands (Haeckel), surface.


2. _Cystidium lecythium,_ n. sp.

Central capsule ovate, one and a half times as long as broad. Podoconus
with simple circular porochora, three-fourths as long as the capsule.
Nucleus ellipsoidal. No oil-globules in the endoplasm. No pigment and no
xanthellae in the calymma.

_Dimensions._--Length of the central capsule 0.12, breadth 0.08; nucleus
0.04.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.


3. _Cystidium inerme,_ R. Hertwig.

  _Cystidium inerme,_ R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 87, Taf.
  vii. figs. 1-1_b_.

Central capsule subspherical, a little longer than broad. Podoconus about
two-thirds as long as the capsule, with trifid porochora, which is composed
of three equal circular lobes. Nucleus spherical. Numerous oil-globules in
the endoplasm. The calymma includes numerous xanthellae and brown pigment
around the mouth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the central capsule 0.06, breadth 0.05; nucleus
0.03.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Messina (R. Hertwig), surface.



{898}Genus 383. _Nassella_,[2] nov. gen.

_Definition._--#Nassellida# with foamy calymma, containing numerous large
extracapsular alveoles.

The genus _Nassella_ differs from the preceding _Cystidium_, its probable
ancestral form, in the development of numerous large alveoles in the
extracapsular calymma, and therefore exhibits the same relation to it that
_Thalassicolla_ bears to _Actissa_ among the SPUMELLARIA. The foamy calymma
is very voluminous, and includes numerous symbiotic xanthellae.


1. _Nassella thalassicolla_, n. sp.

Central capsule spherical. Podoconus with simple circular porochora, half
as long as the capsule. Nucleus spherical. Numerous oil-globules in the
endoplasm. Calymma spherical, without pigment, with numerous xanthellae and
large alveoles.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the central capsule 0.12, nucleus 0.04, calymma
0.6.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300 (off Juan Fernandez), surface.


2. _Nassella nassiterna_, n. sp.

Central capsule ovate. Podoconus two-thirds as long as the capsule, trifid,
with three equal circular lobes (as in _Cystidium inerme_). Nucleus ovate.
Three equal large oil-globules in the endoplasm, corresponding to the three
lobes of the porochora. Calymma ovate, in the upper half much more
voluminous than in the lower, including numerous large alveoli and
xanthellae, and around the mouth masses of black pigment.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the central capsule 0.1, nucleus 0.03, calymma
0.8.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


----


Suborder II. PLECTOIDEA, Haeckel.

  _Plectoidea_ vel _Plectida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 423.
  _Plagiacanthida_ (_sensu ampliori_), R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d.
      Radiol., p. 72.

_Definition._--NASSELLARIA with a rudimentary, originally tripodal
skeleton, composed of radial spines, arising from one common central point
or central rod; the spines are simple or branched, and the branches may
form by concrescence of their meeting ends a loose wickerwork, but never a
complete lattice-shell. Never a ring in the skeleton.

{899}The suborder #Plectoidea#, hitherto known by few species only of
"Plagiacanthida," comprises a large number of interesting NASSELARIA, which
belong partly to the simplest and most primitive forms of this legion. It
may be divided into two different families, Plagonida and Plectanida. In
the first family, Plagonida, the monopylean central capsule is supported by
a simple or rudimentary skeleton, composed only of a variable number of
radial spines united in a common centre. In the second family, Plectanida,
the branches of these radial spines become united and form a loose
irregular framework with wide meshes, partly enclosing the central capsule,
but never a perfect lattice-shell.

The #Plectoidea# differ from the following suborder, the #Stephoidea#, in
the absence of the ring, characteristic of the latter. Some slight traces,
however, indicate a near affinity between the ringless #Plectoidea# and the
ring-bearing #Stephoidea#. Both these suborders of #Plectellaria# differ
from the closely allied #Cyrtellaria# (#Spyroidea#, #Botryodea#, and
#Cyrtoidea#) in the absence of a complete lattice-shell. The morphological
relation and phylogenetic affinity between the former and the latter have
already been discussed in the preceding description of the legion
NASSELLARIA (compare pp. 891-894).

The first known species of #Plectoidea# was observed in the North Atlantic
(on the Norwegian shore) in 1855 by my late friend Edouard Claparede, and
described and figured in his Etudes, &c. (1858), under the name
_Plagiacantha arachnoides_. He considered it as a new genus of
Acanthometrina. Another species, from the Mediterranean, was described in
the same year by Johannes Mueller as _Acanthodesmia dumetum_ (1858, _loc.
cit._, Taf. i. fig. 3). A third species, also Mediterranean, was figured by
me in 1865 under the name _Acanthodesmia polybrocha_. Finally, Richard
Hertwig, 1879, in his Organismus der Radiolarien, gave a very accurate
description of another Mediterranean form, _Plagiacantha abietina_ (_loc.
cit._, Taf. vii. fig. 6). He first recognised the true character of
MONOPYLEA in their monaxonian central capsule, and observed at the same
time the first NASSELLARIUM without skeleton, called by him _Cyrtidium
inerme_ (_loc. cit._, Taf. vii. fig. 1). To these four known species,
representing three different genera, the rich collection of the Challenger
has added so many new forms that we may distinguish here not less than
seventeen genera and sixty-one species. In my Prodromus (1881, p. 423) I
arranged these in two subfamilies, the Plagonida and Plectanida,
constituting together the family Plectida (identical with the
"Plagiacanthida" of Hertwig and Buetschli). But at present, regarding the
important relations of these Plectida to the other NASSELLARIA, it seems
more convenient to give to them the rank of an independent suborder of
Radiolaria, under the name #Plectoidea#.

The peculiar structure of the central capsule of the #Plectoidea#, first
recognised by Richard Hertwig, allows no doubt of their being true
MONOPYLEA or NASSELLARIA; and also their siliceous, originally triradiate
skeleton indicates the nearest affinity to {900}the other families of this
legion. But a very difficult and as yet unsolved problem is the important
question, in what manner these different groups of NASSELARIA are
phylogenetically connected. Either the #Plectoidea#--as the simplest of
all--are the original common ancestral group of this whole legion (as I
assumed in my Prodromus, 1881), or they are derived from the #Stephoidea#
(by reduction of the sagittal ring), or they have originated independently
from them (if we suppose a polyphyletic origin of the MONOPYLEA. Compare
above, p. 893, &c.). In any case the typical "triradial structure" of the
#Plectoidea#, prevalent also in the other groups of this legion, is a very
important and interesting fact.

The triradial skeleton of the #Plectoidea# exhibits in the two families of
Plagonida and Plectanida a complete homology of development, so that each
genus of the latter may be derived from a corresponding genus of the
former, simply arisen by concrescence or union of the branches of the
radial spines. Therefore the only difference between the two closely allied
families is, that the branches of the radial spines in the Plagonida remain
free, whilst in the Plectanida they produce a loose framework or wickerwork
by union of their meeting ends. We express this complete homology in the
nomenclature of the #Plectoidea#, in each genus of Plagonida retaining the
syllable "Plag-"; in each genus of Plectanida, correspondingly, the
syllable "Plect-."

The number of radial spines composing the skeleton is originally three, and
in all not triradial genera is probably derived from three. For better
survey we may divide each family, according to the different number of
rays, into four different subfamilies: A, with three radial spines
(Triplagida and Triplectida); B, with four radial spines (Tetraplagida and
Tetraplectida); C, with six radial spines (Hexaplagida and Hexaplectida);
and D, with numerous (seven to nine or more) radial spines (Polyplagida and
Polyplectida). The last three subfamilies have arisen probably from the
first triradial subfamily, by a secondary increase in the number of rays.

The important signification of the triradial structure, recurring in the
most different groups of NASSELLARIA, has been already pointed out
sufficiently by myself and by R. Hertwig. But the triradial #Plectoidea#
offer also another interesting relation of this characteristic structure,
some simple forms of this order appearing nearly identical with the
isolated triradial spicula of certain #Beloidea# (Thalassosphaerida and
Sphaerozoida). Even some more complex quadriradial and sexradial forms of
the latter reappear in exactly the same shape also in the former. This
identity may be perhaps an important indication of true affinity (compare
below).

The simplest and probably the most original kind of triradial structure is
exhibited by the genera _Triplagia_ and _Triplecta_ (Pl. 91, figs. 2, 7).
Here three equal radial spines lie in one horizontal plane and are united
in a common central point at equal angles, so that three lines connecting
their distal ends form a regular equilateral triangle. Simple triradial
spicula of the same regular form are also found in many {901}#Beloidea#
(_Lampoxanthium_, _Sphaerozoum_, &c., Pls. 2 and 4).  The central capsule
of these simplest #Plectoidea# (with vertical main axis) rests
perpendicularly on the horizontal triangle, formed by the triradial
skeleton; the porochora of the former (or the "area porosa") rests upon the
central point of the latter.

Another kind of triradial structure characterises the genera _Plagiacantha_
and _Plectophora_.  The three radial spines united in the central point lie
here not in one plane, but diverge in different planes, so that they
correspond to the three lateral edges of a three-sided pyramid.  Commonly
the three spines are of equal size, and also the angles between them equal,
so that the pyramid is regular, sometimes very flat, at other times more
elevated.  Spicula of exactly the same form are also found in some
#Beloidea#.  Probably the three divergent spines are homologous to the
three basal feet of numerous #Spyroidea# and #Cyrtoidea#.  The central
capsule, according to Hertwig, is placed in the apical part of the pyramid,
the axes of both being identical, and the porochora resting in the apex
itself. This fact seems to contradict the above-mentioned affinity; but
since in _Triplecta_ and _Triplagia_ the three spines lie horizontally,
they may have changed this original position in different direction, in
_Plagiacantha_ and _Plectophora_ becoming divergent upwards, whereas in
_Plagoniscus_ and _Plectaniscus_ (as in the #Spyroidea# and #Cyrtoidea#)
directed downwards.

The triradial structure, common to the Triplagida and Triplectida, is
replaced by the quadriradial structure in the Tetraplagida and
Tetraplectida. Probably the latter have been derived from the former by
development of a fourth spine, and then this latter would correspond to the
"apical horn" of the other NASSELLARIA. But possibly also both structures
have originated independently from one another. We may distinguish not less
than four different kinds of the quadriradial structure. In the first case
all four spines are equal, and diverge from a common central point at equal
angles in different directions, corresponding to the four axes of a regular
tetrahedron (_Tetraplagia_ and _Tetraplecta_, Pl. 91, figs. 3, 8).

In the second case all four spines are also equal, but they are not united
in a common central point, but opposite in pairs on the two poles of a
common central rod (_Plagonidium_). Therefore the skeleton possesses here
the same form as in the "geminate-biradiate" spicula of many #Beloidea#
(_e.g._, _Thalassoxanthium bifurcum_ and _Sphaerozoum furcatum_). The
development of the short horizontal middle rod, connecting the two
divergent pairs of spines, is here probably effected by the porochora of
the central capsule resting upon it.

Whilst in these two cases of quadriradial structure all four spines are
equal, in two other cases they become differentiated in a very remarkable
manner. One spine is vertically directed upwards, in shape and size
different from the three others, which are directed downwards; the former
corresponding probably to the "apical horn," the latter to the three "basal
feet," which are found in the great majority of the #Spyroidea# {902}and
#Cyrtoidea#. Therefore we encounter here for the first time that
characteristic "cortinar structure" which is complete in _Cortina_ and
_Cortiniscus_ (Pl. 92, figs. 11-13, 21), and which may be regarded as the
strongest argument for a close relationship, or even for a common
monophyletic origin of all NASSELLARIA.

The four spines, which we regard therefore as "cortinar spines," exhibit a
twofold kind of central junction. In the simpler case they are united in a
common central point, on which rests the porochora of the central capsule
(_Plagoniscus_ and _Plectaniscus_, Pl. 91, figs. 4, 9). These forms are
nearer to _Cortina_, and may be derived immediately from _Tetraplagia_ and
_Tetraplecta_ by differentiation of the four equal spines. In the other
case the four cortinar spines are separated in pairs, diverging from the
two poles of a short horizontal common "central rod" (_Plagiocarpa_ and
_Periplecta_, Pl. 91, figs. 5, 10). These forms may be compared with the
spicula of some #Beloidea# and derived from _Plagonidium_; but their basal
central rod may be compared again with the basal part of the sagittal ring
of _Cortina_, and this comparison becomes very important in those forms
like _Plagiocarpa procortina_ (Pl. 91, fig. 5). Here the four spines
approach very nearly to those of _Cortina_; the two ventral spines (or
pectoral feet) on the anterior pole of of the middle rod are equal, but
very different from the two dorsal spines, arising from the posterior pole;
the lower odd spine of the latter corresponds to the "caudal foot," the
upper spine to the "apical horn" of _Cortina_ and of the #Cyrtellaria#. The
vertical plane, determined by these two dorsal spines, is the sagittal
plane, and two opposite curved branches which lie in this plane (an upper
arising from the basal part of the apical spine and a lower arising from
the anterior pole of the middle rod) may be regarded as ventral parts of an
incomplete sagittal ring. This interesting form and some other similar
Tetraplagida may be regarded either as beginning #Stephoidea# (_Cortina_,
with incomplete sagittal ring) or as retrograde #Stephoidea# (_Cortina_,
with partly reduced sagittal ring). In every case they seem to indicate the
near relationship between the #Stephoidea# and #Plectoidea#.

Another argument for this close relationship may be found in the position
of the central capsule in the interesting genus _Plagiocarpa_ (Pl. 91, fig.
5). Its basal part (with the porochora) rests upon the common central rod,
its ventral face upon the ventral prolongation of the latter, its dorsal
face upon the apical horn; its axis lies in the sagittal plane. The three
basal spines (the odd caudal and the paired pectoral feet) diverge from its
basal pole downwards in the same manner as in the Cortina, the Zygospyrida
and the Monocyrtida.

Less important than those quadriradial Tetraplagida and Tetraplectida, are
the sexradial #Plectoidea#, the Hexaplagida and Hexaplectida. These may be
derived immediately from the triradial #Plectoidea# by prolongation of the
three primary original spines (of _Plagiacantha_) over the common central
point. Here also two {903}different kinds of central junction are found. In
the simpler case all six radial spines arise from a common central point
(_Hexaplagia_ and _Hexaplecta_). In the other case the six radial spines
arise from the two poles of a short horizontal common central rod, opposed
in two groups, each of three spines (_Plagonium_ and _Plectanium_, Pl. 91,
figs. 6, 11).  In this latter case the single corresponding spines of the
two opposite groups are usually parallel, and exhibit therefore exactly the
same characteristic "germinate-triradiate" form which is found in many
#Beloidea# (_e.g._, in the common _Sphaerozoum punctatum_ and the similar
_Lampoxanthium punctatum_).

The fourth and last group of this suborder contains the multiradiate
#Plectoidea#, the Polyplagida and Polyplectida. Here the number of radial
spines, diverging from the common centre, exceeds six, and is commonly
seven to nine, at other times ten to twelve or more (_Polyplagia_ and
_Polyplecta_, Pl. 91, fig. 12). When these two genera are better known from
further accurate observations, they may probably be divided into several
different genera (as already proposed in my Prodromus, 1881), since not
only the number, but also the central junction and the arrangement of the
numerous radial spines in the few observed species seems to be very
different. In some seven-radiate species (_e.g._, _Polyplecta heptacantha_)
four larger spines seem to be true "cortinar spines," the three smaller
secondary productions of the former. In the nine-radiate species the nine
spines seem to be sometimes basal branches of three primary spines, at
other times six secondary intercalated between the three primary (like
_Enneaphormis_, Pl. 57, fig. 9). In those multiradial #Plectoidea#, in
which the number of spines amounts to ten or twelve or more, the laws of
disposition are not yet recognised.

Comparing these different productions of the skeleton in the numerous
#Plectoidea#, we find expressed two remarkable and very different
affinities. On the one hand many #Plectoidea# exhibit exactly the same
peculiar forms, which are only found besides in the #Beloidea# (as many
species of _Triplagia_, _Plagiacantha_, _Tetraplagia_, _Plagonidium_,
_Hexaplagia_, and _Plagonium_). On the other hand many #Plectoidea# bear
the same characteristic composition of the skeleton (or the "cortinar
structure") which is found in the Cortinida among the #Stephoidea#, and in
numerous #Spyroidea# and #Cyrtoidea#, which all agree in the possession of
three divergent basal feet and a vertical apical horn. A most important
argument for the close affinity of all these "cortinar NASSELLARIA" seems
to be given by the fact that the sagittal ring, which in _Cortina_ is
combined with the quadriradial structure, exhibits in the #Cyrtellaria# the
most different stages of development; in one group it is complete, in the
second incomplete, and in the third it has completely disappeared.

The form of the radial spines composing the skeleton is usually three-sided
prismatic, gradually tapering from the thicker central base towards the
distal apex; sometimes they are slender pyramidal. More rarely the spines
are cylindrical or slender conical. In the majority of species the spines
are straight, in the minority more or {904}less curved. In very few species
only are they quite simple, without branches. They are nearly always more
or less branched, in many larger species very richly ramified. The modes of
ramification are rather variable. In the majority of #Plectoidea# the
spines are rather regularly verticillate, bearing an increasing number of
verticils, each of which is composed of three divergent branches. These
arise from the three edges of the spine, and all the branches of one edge
are usually parallel, either perpendicular to the spine, or directed at an
acute angle towards its apex. When the verticils are numerous (five to ten
or more), their size commonly tapers gradually towards the apex. Pinnate
spines occur more rarely than verticillate ones; in this case the two
paired lateral edges only of the prismatic spine bear opposite or alternate
branches, whilst the odd middle edge bears no ramules. In some species the
spines are singly or doubly forked. In many species (mainly those with
cylindrical spines) the ramification of the spines is more or less
irregular.

Whilst in all Plagonida the branches of the spine remain perfectly free, in
all Plectanida, again, the meeting ends of the branches become united and
grow together, and by this concrescence a loose network arises, like
wickerwork, which partly encloses the central capsule and the central parts
of the spines, on which it rests. The meshes of this loose wickerwork are
large, either quite irregular, of very different size and form, or more or
less regular, with a certain form and arrangement of the meshes, effected
by the peculiar kind of ramification. Commonly the siliceous threads of the
arachnoidal wickerwork are very thin, often extremely delicate,
representing "pseudopodia metamorphosed into silex." Sometimes the
wickerwork is spongy. Its surface is constantly rough and bristly, with
free ends of the spine-branches, never covered with a regular
lattice-plate, as in the #Cyrtellaria# (#Spyroidea#, #Botryodea#, and
#Cyrtoidea#).

The entire form of the central wickerwork is in the minority of Plectanida
quite irregular and indefinite; in the majority, however, a certain more or
less regular entire form is recognisable, effected by a certain, more or
less regular origin and mode of the connection of the meeting branches. So
in some species of _Triplecta_ (Pl. 91, fig. 7) the network represents a
triangular plate, of _Plectophora_ and _Plectaniscus_ a three-sided
pyramid, of _Tetraplecta_ (Pl. 91, fig. 3) a tetrahedron, and in many other
species a polyhedron of more or less regular form. Some species of
Plectanida become very similar to certain species of #Stephoidea#,
#Spyroidea#, and #Cyrtoidea#; so _Plectaniscus_ and _Periplecta_ approach
to _Cortina_ and _Cortiniscus_, _Pteroscenium_ and _Clathrocorys_, &c.
(compare Pls. 92, 93, 53, 64, &c.). They may represent a true phylogenetic
connection between both groups. But in these cases also the distinction is
determined by the fact that the true #Plectoidea# never possess a complete
sagittal ring (like the #Stephoidea#) nor a regular lattice-shell (like the
#Spyroidea#, #Botryodea#, and #Cyrtoidea#).

{905}_The Central Capsule_ of the #Plectoidea# constantly exhibits the
peculiar characters of the MONOPYLEA or NASSELLARIA. It is commonly ovate,
more rarely ellipsoidal or even spherical, sometimes conical or
lentelliptical. The lower or basal pole of its vertical main axis
constantly exhibits the characteristic "porochora" (or the area porosa) of
the MONOPYLEA, and upon this rests the peculiar "podoconus" (or the
pseudopodial-cone) of this legion. On this porochora the central capsule is
in immediate connection with the central point of the skeleton, or the
horizontal common central rod, from which the radial spines arise. The
endoplasm, or the protoplasm of the central capsule (besides the
podoconus), contains commonly one large alveole or several small vacuoles,
and often pigment-granules. The nucleus is large, spherical or ovate, and
exhibits the same character as in all the other MONOPYLEA; it encloses
usually a single nucleolus.

The position of the central capsule and its topographical relation to the
skeleton offers in the different #Plectoidea# some important and as yet
unsolved problems, which can be answered only by fresh and accurate
observations on living specimens. In _Triplagia_ and _Triplecta_, where the
triangular skeleton lies in a horizontal plane, the vertical main axis of
the central capsule is perpendicular to the central point of that
supporting triangle. In _Plagiacantha_ and _Plectophora_, where the three
radial spines correspond to the edges of a flat pyramid, the capsule is
enclosed in the pyramidal space of the latter, its basal pole touching the
apex; therefore in the normal position of the body the three divergent rays
are directed upwards. In _Tetraplagia_ and _Tetraplecta_ probably the same
position is retained, and therefore the fourth free spine, here developed,
is probably directed vertically downwards. In _Plagoniscus_ and
_Plectaniscus_, however, and moreover, in the closely allied _Plagiocarpa_
and the corresponding _Periplecta_ (Pl. 91, figs. 5, 10) the position of
the central capsule, relative to the skeleton, seems to be inverse, and to
agree with that of the #Stephoidea# (_Cortina_, _Cortiniscus_, &c.) and the
#Cyrtoidea# (_Pteroscenium_, _Clathrocorys_, &c.); the three divergent
spines are here directed downwards (as basal feet), whilst the opposite
fourth spine is vertically directed upwards (as an apical horn); the
capsule rests here upon the tripod, which lies below it, and is inclined
with its dorsal face to the apical spine. In the majority of the other
#Plectoidea# the position of the central capsule and its relation to the
skeleton are not yet sufficiently observed, and require further accurate
researches. Its position seems to be very different in the several genera.
The capsule is never perforated by parts of the skeleton; this latter is
constantly extra-capsular.

The physiological value of the skeleton, with regard to the central
capsule, is different in the Plagonida and Plectanida; in the former it
supports, in the latter it encloses the capsule like a shell. In the
Nassellida, where no skeleton is developed, the central capsule is quite
free and naked, enveloped only by the calymma.

{906}The calymma or the extracapsular jelly-veil in all #Plectoidea# is
voluminous, and encloses not only the central capsule completely, but also
the skeleton wholly or partially. Its form is of the greatest value for the
development and configuration of the skeleton. Sometimes the calymma is
alveolate and foamy, as in _Nassella_ and the common _Thalassicolla_. In
several other #Plectoidea# the calymma seems to include numerous small
vacuoles, sometimes also pigment-granules. Xanthellae are commonly
scattered in it in great numbers. The pseudopodia, arising in a large bunch
from the porochora of the capsule, and running along the branches of the
radial spines, seem to be always numerous, richly branched, and with a
strong tendency to form anastomoses. The peculiar form of their network is
often exactly preserved in the conformation of the skeleton, produced by
them. The peculiarities of this network require further accurate
observations, as does the whole organisation of the #Plectoidea#.

_Synopsis of the Families of_ #Plectoidea#.

   I. Skeleton (originally tripodal) composed of radial
      spines united in a common centre and supporting the
      central capsule, without wicker-work,                  1. PLAGONIDA.

  II. Skeleton (originally tripodal) wattled, with irregular
      wicker-work, composed of the united branches of radial
      spines and enveloping the central capsule,             2. PLECTANIDA.



Family XLVI. #PLAGONIDA#, Haeckel.

  _Plagonida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 423.
  _Plagiacanthida_ (_sensu strictiori_), Richard Hertwig, 1879, Organismus
      d. Radiol., p. 72.

_Definition._--#Plectoidea# with a spiny skeleton, composed of radial
spines, which arise from a common central point or central rod, and support
the free central capsule.

The family #Plagonida# comprises those NASSELLARIA in which the skeleton is
only composed of united radial spines, arising from a common centre,
without any connection of meeting branches of the spines; the rudimentary
skeleton exhibits therefore neither a loose wickerwork (as in the closely
allied Plectanida), nor a ring (as in the #Stephoidea#), nor a complete
lattice-shell (as in the #Cyrtellaria#, the #Spyroidea#, #Botryodea#, and
#Cyrtoidea#). The central capsule, which possesses all the characters of
the MONOPYLEA, is therefore free, not enclosed, and only on one side
supported or partly protected by the radial spines or their branches.

Two species only of Plagonida have been hitherto known. The first form
described is the _Plagiacantha arachnoides_, discovered thirty years ago
(1855) by Claparede on the western shore of Norway. Another species of the
same genus, from the Mediterranean, was very accurately described by
Richard Hertwig in 1879 in his Organismus der {907}Radiolarien
(_Plagiacantha abietina_). Upon these two species the latter founded his
family Plagiacanthida, a term which was afterwards employed by Buetschli
and others, for the whole group of #Plectoidea#. Many new forms are
contained in the collection of the Challenger, so that we may describe here
nine genera and thirty-four species.

The family Plagonida may be divided into four different subfamilies,
according to the numbers of the radial spines which compose the skeleton:
Triplagida with three, Tetraplagida with four, Hexaplagida with six, and
Polyplagida with numerous (seven to nine or more) radial spines. These are
united commonly in one common central point, upon which rests the basal
pole of the central capsule, with the porochora. More rarely (in the genera
_Plagonidium_, _Plagiocarpa_, and _Plagonium_) the spines arise in two
opposite groups (each with two or three spines) from the two poles of a
common central rod; in this case the basal pole of the central capsule with
the porochora rests upon the horizontal common rod, which corresponds
probably to the basal part of the sagittal ring of the #Stephoidea# and
#Cyrtellaria#.

The different forms which the skeleton of the Plagonida assumes in the
different genera of this family, and the important relations which these
exhibit on the one hand to the spicula of the #Beloidea#, and on the other
hand to the shell of some #Stephoidea# (_Cortina_, _Cortiniscus_, &c.) and
#Cyrtoidea# (_Pteroscenium_, _Clathrocorys_, &c.), have been already
pointed out in the preceding description of the suborder #Plectoidea#.
There it is also demonstrated, that all these different forms may be
derived from the simplest triradial forms, _Triplagia_ and _Plagiacantha_
(compare above, pp. 900-904).

Whilst the genera of the Plagonida are characterised by the number of the
radial spines and the peculiar mode of junction in a common central point
or at the two poles of a common central rod, the different species of this
family may be defined by the peculiar form of the spines and their
branches. These morphological characters have also been already described
above. We repeat here only that the radial spines in the majority of
species are three-sided prismatic and verticillate, each verticil commonly
with three branches. The distal ends of these branches remain constantly
free, and are never united, as is always the case in the following family.

_The Central Capsule_ of the Plagonida exhibits the general characters of
all MONOPYLEA (compare above, p. 890). It is commonly ovate or ellipsoidal,
with vertical main axis; on the lower pole of the latter is the porochora
(or the "area porosa," from which all pseudopodia radiate). This is in
immediate connection with the central point or central rod of the skeleton,
in which its radial spines are united. The topographical relation of the
supporting skeleton to the central capsule seems to exhibit in the
different genera of the Plagonida remarkable differences, as already
demonstrated above (p. 905).

{908}_Synopsis of the Genera of Plagonida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Triplagida. Three radial spines.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Three spines lying in one horizontal plane,          384. _Triplagia_.

  Three spines corresponding to the edges of a flat
    pyramid,                                           385. _Plagiacantha_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Tetraplagida. Four radial spines.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                              {All four spines equal,  386. _Tetraplagia_.
  Four spines arising from    {
    one common central point. {One apical spine
                              {  opposed to three
                              {  basal spines,         387. _Plagoniscus_.

                              {All four spines equal,  388. _Plagonidium_.
  Four spines arising in two  {
    pairs from the poles of a {One apical spine
    common central rod.       {  opposed to three
                              {  basal spines,         389. _Plagiocarpa_.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------
  III. Subfamily Hexaplagida. Six radial spines.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------
  Six spines arising from one common central point,    390. _Hexaplagia_.

  Six spines arising in two opposite groups from the
    poles of a common central rod,                     391. _Plagonium_.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------
  IV. Subfamily Polyplagida. Numerous radial spines.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------
  Numerous (seven to nine or more) radial spines
    arising from a common centre (either a central
    point or a branched rod),                          392. _Polyplagia_.



Subfamily 1. TRIPLAGIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 423.

_Definition._--#Plagonida# with three radial spines.



Genus 384. _Triplagia_,[3] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 423.

_Definition._--#Plagonida# with three radial spines, arising from one
common central point and lying in one horizontal plane.

The genus _Triplagia_ and the following closely allied _Plagiacantha_ may
be regarded as the simplest and most primitive forms of the #Plectoidea#,
perhaps as the common ancestral stock of this suborder. The skeleton is
composed of three simple or branched radial spines, arising from one common
central point. These three spines in _Triplagia_ lie in one and the same
plane, whilst in _Plagiacantha_ they lie in different planes. Therefore the
former exhibits the simplest type of the triradial structure, common to the
majority of NASSELLARIA.


{909}1. _Triplagia primordialis,_ n. sp. (Pl. 91, fig. 2).

Spines straight, of equal size and similar form, equidistant, three-sided
prismatic, each with two pairs of opposite lateral branches, which are
correspondingly parallel to the two other spines; the proximal branches
twice as long as the distal branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of each spine 0.2, of the basal branches 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


2. _Triplagia triradialis,_ n. sp.

Spines straight, of equal size and similar form, equidistant, three-sided
prismatic, regularly pinnate, with six pairs of opposite pinnulae, tapering
gradually towards the distal ends; the basal pinnulae are again branched,
with straight ramules.

_Dimensions._--Length of each spine 0.27, of the basal branches 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 256, surface.


3. _Triplagia horizontalis,_ n. sp.

Spines curved, cylindrical, irregularly branched, with three primary and
nine to twelve secondary branches, which are also slightly curved. The
angles between the bases of the three spines are equal, but the size and
form of the branches different.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three spines 0.15 to 0.25, of the basal
branches 0.05 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--West Tropical Pacific, Station 226, depth 4475 fathoms.



Genus 385. _Plagiacantha_,[4] Claparede, 1856, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, November 13.

_Definition._--#Plagonida# with three radial spines, arising from one
common central point and corresponding to the edges of a three-sided
pyramid.

The genus _Plagiacantha_ agrees with the preceding _Triplagia_ in the
simple structure of the triradial skeleton, composed of three diverging
radial spines, which are united in a common centre at the oral pole of the
central capsule. But whilst the three radial rods of _Triplagia_ lie in one
horizontal plane, here they lie in different planes and correspond to the
three edges of a flat pyramid. _Plagiacantha arachnoides_, described in
1856 by Claparede, was the earliest known form of all #Plectoidea#.


{910}1. _Plagiacantha arachnoides_, Claparede.

  _Plagiacantha arachnoides_, Claparede, 1856, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, November 13.

  _Plagiacantha arachnoides_, Claparede, 1858, Etudes sur les Infusoires et
  les Rhizopodes, p. 462 (pl. xxii. fig. 8).

  _Acanthometra arachnoides_, Claparede, 1855, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 675.

Spines straight, cylindrical, divided into three divergent straight
branches of equal size; each branch two to three times as long as the
simple thicker basal part.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.12 to 0.2 of the branches 0.08 to
0.14.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, coast of Norway, Claparede, surface.


2. _Plagiacantha furcata_, n. sp.

Spines straight, cylindrical, divided into two divergent straight branches
of equal size, of about the same length as the simple basal part. The
spines and their branches are smooth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.24, of their fork-branches 0.12.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 254, surface.


3. _Plagiacantha dodecantha_, n. sp.

Spines straight, three-sided prismatic, in the middle with one verticil
composed of three divergent straight branches of equal size, of about the
same length as the simple basal part. The edges of the spines and their
branches are thorny.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.24, of the branches 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.


4. _Plagiacantha abietina_, Richard Hertwig.

  _Plagiacantha abietina_, Richard Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p.
  72, Taf. vii. figs. 6-6_b_.

Spines straight, three-sided prismatic, with three verticils of three
divergent straight lateral branches, decreasing in size towards the distal
end; the branches of the first verticil about twice as long as those of the
second, and four times as long as those of the third verticil.  All nine
branches of each spine simple, straight, three-sided pyramidal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, of the basal branches 0.06
to 0.08.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Messina (R. Hertwig), surface.


5. _Plagiacantha verticillata_, n. sp.

Spines curved, three-sided prismatic, with six to nine verticils of three
divergent branches, decreasing in size towards the distal end; the branches
of the first verticil about twice as long as those of the fourth verticil.
All branches simple, slightly curved, bristle-shaped.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.27, of the basal branches 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 296, surface.


{911}6. _Plagiacantha elatine_, n. sp.

Spines straight, three-sided prismatic, with prominent wing-like edges and
ten to twelve verticils of three divergent branches, decreasing in size
towards the distal end; the branches of the three or four basal verticils
are again ramified and much larger than the simple branches of the distal
verticils.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.36, of the basal branches 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. TETRAPLAGIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.

_Definition._--#Plagonida# with four radial spines.



Genus 386. _Tetraplagia_,[5] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.

_Definition._--#Plagonida# with four equal radial spines, arising from one
common central point, and corresponding to the four axes of a tetrahedron.

The genus _Tetraplagia_ is one of the most important #Plectoidea#, and
possibly the common ancestral form of many NASSELLARIA (compare above, p.
901). The skeleton is composed of four radial rods, diverging from one
common centre in different directions, and corresponding to the four axes,
which extend from the central point of a tetrahedron to the central points
of its four faces. The whole skeleton of _Tetraplagia_ exhibits therefore
the same form, which is observed in the single quadriradiate spicula of
some #Beloidea# (in some species of _Lampoxanthium_, _Sphaerozoum_, &c.).


1. _Tetraplagia geometrica_, n. sp.

Spines straight, cylindrical, perfectly equal, corresponding in regular
disposition exactly to the four geometrical axes of a regular tetrahedron;
in the middle arise from each spine two opposite equal lateral branches of
half the length of the spine.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.12, of the branches 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.


2. _Tetraplagia phaenaxonia_, n. sp. (Pl. 91, fig. 3).

Spines straight or slightly curved, three-sided prismatic, with irregular
short branches arising from the three edges; the branches are thorny,
tapering towards the apex.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.15, of the basal branches 0.03.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 332, surface.


{912}3. _Tetraplagia abietina_, Haeckel.

  _Plagiacantha abietina_, var. _quadrispina_, Richard Hertwig, 1879,
  Organismus d. Radiol., p. 73.

Spines straight, three-sided prismatic, verticillate, with six to eight
verticils of three simple straight branches; the branches of each edge are
parallel, tapering towards the distal end. R. Hertwig regards this species
only as a four-spined variety of his three-spined _Plagiacantha abietina_;
but a specimen, observed by me in Corfu, exhibited all the characters of
_Tetraplagia_.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.2, of the basal branches 0.07.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina, Corfu), surface.



Genus 387. _Plagoniscus_,[6] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Plagonida# with four unequal radial spines, arising from
one common central point; one vertical or apical spine opposed to three
divergent or basal spines.

The genus _Plagoniscus_ agrees with the preceding _Tetraplagia_ (its
probable ancestral form) in the possession of four radial spines, diverging
from one common central point. But whilst in this latter all four spines
are equal, corresponding exactly to the four axes of a tetrahedron, here in
_Plagiocarpa_ an important difference exists between one vertical or apical
spine and three other divergent basal spines; these latter corresponding
probably to the three "feet," the former to the single "apical horn" of the
majority of NASSELLARIA. Perhaps we find here one of the oldest and
simplest types of their "triradial or cortinar structure" (compare above,
p. 902).


1. _Plagoniscus tripodiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 91, fig. 4).

Spines three-sided prismatic, thorny. Apical spine nearly straight,
verticillate, with four to five verticils of three thorny branches,
tapering towards the apex. Three basal spines somewhat shorter, curved,
with three thorny edges.

_Dimensions._--Length of the apical spine 0.2, of the basal spines 0.15.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263, surface.


2. _Plagoniscus euscenium_, n. sp.

Spines three-sided prismatic, thorny, with dentate edges, and three to six
verticils of three short branches. Apical spine straight, with six
verticils, nearly twice as long as the three curved basal spines, each of
which bears three verticils; the basal verticils larger and ramified.
Resembles somewhat Euscenium eucolpium, Pl. 53, fig. 12, but has no
latticed shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the apical spine 0.3, of the basal spines 0.16.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 247, surface,


{913}3. _Plagoniscus cortinaris_, n. sp.

Spines three-sided prismatic, straight, verticillate. Apical spine with
twelve verticils, one and a half times as long as the three basal spines,
each of which bears eight verticils of three branches. The branches are
also prismatic, straight, on each edge parallel, tapering towards the apex,
in the three basal spines forked, in the apical spine more branched.
Similar to the cortinar skeleton of _Clathrocorys_ (Pl. 64, figs. 8-10).

_Dimensions._--Length of the apical spine 0.24, of the basal spines 0.16.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 338, surface.


4. _Plagoniscus nassellaris_, n. sp.

Spines cylindrical, curved, irregularly branched. Apical spine half as long
as, and less branched than the three basal spines, which are sigmoidal,
nearly horizontally expanded in the proximal half, descending in the distal
half.

_Dimensions._--Length of the apical spine 0.1, of the three basal spines
0.18.

_Habitat._--West Tropical Pacific, Station 224, surface.



Genus 388. _Plagonidium_,[7] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.

_Definition._--#Plagonida# with four equal radial spines, arising in pairs
from the two poles of a common central rod.

The genus _Plagonidium_, and the following _Plagiocarpa_ possess four
radial spines, like the two preceding genera. But whilst the four rods in
these latter arise from a common centre, here they arise in two pairs from
the two poles of a common middle rod; they have therefore exactly the same
form which we find in the single spicula of some #Beloidea# (e.g.,
_Thalassoxanthium furcatum_, _Sphaerozoum furcatum_, &c.). Probably the
middle rod is horizontal and serves as supporting base for the central
capsule, whilst two opposite spines are directed upwards, two other
downwards.


1. _Plagonidium bigeminum_, n. sp.

Spines straight, three-sided prismatic, four to six times as long as the
common central rod, pinnate, with four to five pairs of opposite pinnulae,
the distal of which are simple, the proximal again branched.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.16, of the middle rod 0.032.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait (Rabbe), surface.


{914}2. _Plagonidium quadrigeminum_, n. sp.

Spines cylindrical, curved, eight to ten times as long as the common
central rod, in the distal half forked; the fork-branches curved, somewhat
longer than the basal part.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.18, of the middle rod 0.02.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Kerguelen Island, Station 159, surface.



Genus 389. _Plagiocarpa_,[8] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.

_Definition._--#Plagonida# with four unequal radial spines, arising in
pairs from the two poles of a common central rod; one ascending apical
spine opposed to three descending basal spines.

The genus _Plagiocarpa_ agrees with the preceding _Plagonidium_ in the
possession of a common horizontal middle rod, the two poles of which bear
two pairs of divergent spines; but whilst in the preceding all four spines
are equal, here they are differentiated in the same manner as in
_Plagoniscus_, which differs only in the absence of the middle rod. The two
observed and closely allied species of this genus are of peculiar interest,
since they belong possibly to the common ancestral forms of the
NASSELLARIA; the basal middle rod corresponds perhaps to the basal part of
a sagittal ring, the apical spine to its dorsal part, the three other
spines to the basal feet (compare above, p. 902).


1. _Plagiocarpa procortina_, n. sp. (Pl. 91, fig. 5).

Spines cylindrical, curved, thorny, three to four times as long as the
common middle rod. Apical spine and the meeting caudal spine (or the
posterior basal spine) somewhat longer and with more numerous thorns than
the two paired pectoral (or anterior) spines. From the common base of the
latter arises an anterior prolongation of the horizontal middle rod, which
in the sagittal plane is curved upwards and corresponds to the sternal foot
of many #Cyrtellaria#. An ascending branch of this spine is opposed to a
descending branch of the apical spine, both together forming an incomplete
sagittal ring.

_Dimensions._--Length of the two larger spines 0.15, of the two smaller
0.12.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Portofino near Genoa), surface.


2. _Plagiocarpa procyrtella_, n. sp.

Spines of form and arrangement similar to those of the preceding species,
but longer and more branched, six to eight times as long as the shorter
common middle rod. The two characteristic {915}opposed branches (the
ascending branch of the basal rod and the descending branch of the apical
spine), which in the preceding species nearly compose a sagittal ring, are
here absent.

_Dimensions._--Length of the two larger 0.27, of the two smaller 0.21.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Iceland (Steenstrup), surface.



Subfamily 3. HEXAPLAGIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Plagonida# with six radial spines.



Genus 390. _Hexaplagia_,[9] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.

_Definition._--#Plagonida# with six radial spines, arising from one common
central point.

The genus _Hexaplagia_ differs from the preceding genera of Plagonida in
the possession of six radial spines, diverging from one common central
point. Commonly, these six spines seem to lie opposite in pairs in three
different meridian planes, and in this case _Hexaplagia_ may be regarded as
a _Plagiacantha_, the three radial spines of which are prolonged over the
basal pole of the central capsule. But in other species the six spines seem
to lie in different planes. Further observations are required.


1. _Hexaplagia arctica_, n. sp.

Spines opposite in pairs in three diameters, crossed in the common centre,
straight, three-sided prismatic, with dentate edges. The three pairs are
equal, but the upper spine of each pair only half as long as the lower
spine.

_Dimensions._--Length of the upper spine 0.13, of the lower 0.27.

_Habitat._--Arctic Ocean (Greenland), in the stomach of a Medusa (Olrik).


2. _Hexaplagia antarctica_, n. sp.

Spines opposite in pairs in three diameters, crossed in the common centre,
slightly curved, three-sided prismatic, with verticillate branches; the
three pairs are equal, but the lower spine of each pair bears three to four
verticils, each of three branches, and is two to three times as long as the
upper spine, which bears two verticils only.

_Dimensions._--Length of the upper spine 0.12, of the lower 0.3.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.


{916}3. _Hexaplagia collaris_, n. sp.

Spines in opposite pairs in three diameters, crossed in the common centre,
straight, cylindrical, pinnate, with three to four pairs of opposite
lateral branches or regular pinnulae. All six spines are equidistant, of
equal size and similar form, and lie with their branches nearly in one
horizontal plane. Therefore they are similar to the six radial rods in the
collar septum of many #Spyroidea# and #Cyrtoidea# (_e.g._, _Calpophaena_,
Pl. 53, fig. 18).

_Dimensions._--Length of all six spines 0.18, of their basal pinnulae 0.04.

_Habitat._--East of New Zealand, Station 169, surface.


4. _Hexaplagia australis_, n. sp.

Spines unequal, at unequal intervals, not opposite in pairs, cylindrical,
irregularly branched and curved. In this species a definite arrangement of
the six different spines could not be detected.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, of their largest branches
0.1.

_Habitat._--South of Australia, Station 160, surface.



Genus 391. _Plagonium_,[10] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 423.

_Definition._--#Plagonida# with six radial spines, arising in two opposite
divergent groups from the two poles of a common central rod.

The genus _Plagonium_ differs from the preceding closely allied
_Hexaplagia_ in the remarkable peculiarity, that the six radial spines do
not arise from one common central point, but from the two poles of a common
horizontal middle rod; three divergent spines on each pole. The skeleton of
_Plagonium_ exhibits therefore the same remarkable form which is found in
the isolated spicula of numerous #Beloidea# (_e.g._, _Lampoxanthium
punctatum_, _Sphaerozoum punctatum_), and bears the same relation to
_Hexaplagia_ that _Plagonidium_ does to _Tetraplagia_.


1. _Plagonium sphaerozoum_, n. sp. (Pl. 91, fig. 6).

Spines straight and stout, three-sided prismatic, about twice as long as
the common middle rod, irregularly branched or nearly verticillate, with
short thorny branches. Similar to the single spicula of some species of
_Sphaerozoum_ and _Lampoxanthium_.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.12, of the middle rod 0.06.

_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.


{917}2. _Plagonium lampoxanthium_, n. sp.

Spines irregularly curved, slender, cylindrical, six to eight times as long
as the common middle rod, in the proximal half smooth, in the distal half
covered with short thorns. (Similar to an isolated spiculum of
_Lampoxanthium punctatum_ or of _Sphaerozoum variabile_, Pl. 4, fig. 5.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.18, of the middle rod 0.03.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 240, surface.


3. _Plagonium arborescens_, n. sp.

Spines irregularly curved and branched, slender, cylindrical, thorny,
twelve to sixteen times as long as the middle rod; the branches are large,
arborescent, their ramules again ramified and very thorny.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.25, of the middle rod 0.02.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


4. _Plagonium trigeminum_, n. sp.

Spines straight, slender, cylindrical, four to six times as long as the
middle rod, in the basal half smooth, in the distal half arborescent, with
three to four irregular verticils of ramified branches. (Similar to a
single spiculum of _Sphaerozoum verticillatum_, Pl. 4, fig. 7.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.15 to 0.2, of the middle rod 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


5. _Plagonium distriactis_, n. sp.

Spines straight and stout, three-sided prismatic, smooth, ten to twelve
times as long as the middle rod; each on the distal end cleft into three
divergent straight branches, which are again trichotomous.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.15 to 0.18, of the middle rod 0.015.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 288, surface.



Subfamily 4. POLYPLAGIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.

_Definition._--#Plagonida# with numerous (seven to nine or more) radial
spines.



Genus 392. _Polyplagia_,[11] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Plagonida# with numerous (seven to nine or more) radial
spines, arising from a common centre and lying in different planes.

{918}The genus _Polyplagia_ alone represents the small subfamily of
Polyplagida, distinguished from the other Plagonida by the multiplication
of the radial spines, the number of which amounts to seven to nine or more.
This increased number is commonly the result of an intercalation of new
spines between the three or four primary spines; it is sometimes also
effected by stronger development of branches of the latter, which become
independent. The following five species of this genus are very different,
require further investigation, and perhaps represent different genera:--


1. _Polyplagia septenaria_, n. sp.

Seven radial spines, straight, three-sided prismatic, verticillate, of
different sizes; four larger spines correspond to the four axes of a
tetrahedron (running from the centre to the four corners), each with five
to six verticils of three simple slender branches; one of these four main
spines seems to be the apical, the three others the basal spines of
_Plagiocarpa_; in the three meridian planes between the latter and the
former lie the three smaller spines, diverging upwards, each with two to
three verticils. (Similar to _Polyplecta heptacantha_, Pl. 91, fig. 12, but
without connection between the branches.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the four major spines 0.26, of the three minor
0.11.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.


2. _Polyplagia octonaria_, n. sp.

Eight radial spines, straight, three-sided prismatic, of equal size,
arising in two opposite groups from the two poles of a short common middle
rod (as in _Sphaerozoum arborescens_, Pl. 4, fig. 8, and in other
#Beloidea#). The four spines of each group are divergent, six to eight
times as long as the middle rod, each spine armed with three to four
verticils of thorny branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.15, of the middle rod 0.022.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.


3. _Polyplagia novenaria_, n. sp.

Nine radial spines of equal size, straight, cylindrical, lying nearly in a
horizontal plane, or forming a very flat pyramid. Near the common central
point every three spines arise from a short common rod, so that the centre
of the skeleton is triradial. Each spine bears towards the apex two
divergent straight lateral branches. This species may have been derived
from _Plagiacantha arachnoides_ by shortening and reduction of the basal
parts of the three original branched primary spines.

_Dimensions._--Length of the nine spines 0.24, of the three basal rods
0.02.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Faeroee Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray,
surface.


4. _Polyplagia duodenaria_, n. sp.

Twelve radial spines of equal size, arising from a common central point,
and diverging in different directions. The twelve spines are very large,
opposite in six pairs, cylindrical, longitudinally {919}striped (the
expression of concentric lamellae), and with spinulate surface, covered
with innumerable small thorns. The basal quarter of each spine is straight
and simple, the second quarter twice forked, and these four fork-branches
are again in the outer half of the spine richly forked or ramified, with
diverging, slightly curved thin branches; each of the twelve spines with
about sixty to eighty terminal branches, the ends of which seem to fall
into a spherical face. The position of this remarkable species in this
family is doubtful.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.12 to 0.16, of the simple basal part
0.04.

_Habitat._--South Pacific (off Juan Fernandez), Station 299, surface.


5. _Polyplagia viminaria_, n. sp.

Numerous (sixteen to twenty or more) radial spines of about equal size,
arising from a common central point and diverging in different directions,
richly and more or less irregularly branched. The ends of the numerous
small branches seem to fall into a spherical face. The large spines of this
species have the same form and structure as in the preceding, nearly allied
species, but are more numerous and more irregularly branched and disposed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.25, of the simple basal part
0.05.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, surface.



Family XLVII. #Plectanida#, Haeckel.

  _Plectanida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.

_Definition._--#Plectoidea# with a wattled skeleton, composed of the
meeting and united branches of radial spines, which arise from a common
central point or central rod, and protect the partly enclosed central
capsule.

The family #Plectanida# comprises those NASSELLARIA in which the skeleton
is composed of radial spines, arising from a common centre, and of a loose
wickerwork, produced by concrescence of the meeting branches of those
spines. This rudimentary wattled skeleton is either quite irregular or only
slightly regular, but it never assumes the form of a complete
lattice-shell, as in the #Cyrtellaria# (the #Spyroidea#, #Botryodea#, and
#Cyrtoidea#), nor does it exhibit a ring (as in the #Stephoidea#). The
central capsule is partly or wholly protected, and often entirely enclosed
by the wattled skeleton.

Three species only of Plectanida have been hitherto known. The first
described form is _Plectophora arachnoides_, which its discoverer Claparede
observed in a living state in 1855 on the western coast of Norway, and
considered as a mere variety of his _Plagiacantha arachnoides_. Two other
species were afterwards observed in the Mediterranean, _Polyplecta
dumetum_, 1856, by Johannes Mueller (united by him with _Acanthodesmia_)
and _Polyplecta polybrocha_ by myself in 1864. Many new forms are found in
the {920}collection of the Challenger, so that we may here distinguish
eight genera and twenty-seven species.

The family Plectanida may be divided into four different subfamilies,
according to the number of the radial spines which compose the skeleton.
Those four subfamilies, as also the genera contained in them, correspond
exactly to the four subfamilies of Plagonida, from which they have
originated: Triplectida with three, Tetraplectida with four, Hexaplectida
with six, and Polyplectida with numerous (seven to nine or more) radial
spines. These spines are usually united (as in the corresponding ancestral
Plagonida) in one common central point, upon which rests the basal pole of
the central capsule, with the porochora. More rarely (in the genera
_Periplecta_ and _Plectanium_) the spines arise in two opposite groups
(each of two or three spines) from the two poles of a common horizontal
central rod, which supports the overlying porochora of the central capsule.

The different genera of Plectanida, which are enumerated in the following
synopsis, correspond so exactly to the different genera of Plagonida
described above, that probably each of the former has arisen from a
corresponding genus of the latter. The only difference between the two is,
that in all Plagonida the branches and ramules of the radial spines end
freely, without growing together, whilst in all Plectanida the meeting ends
of the neighbouring spines grow together and so produce a loose and
irregular wickerwork. Therefore the latter constantly possess meshes, which
are missing in the former. As soon as any form of Plagonida begins to
produce meshes by concrescence of meeting branches of the spines, it passes
over into a corresponding form of Plectanida. The loose wickerwork or
wattlework so produced is sometimes very irregular, at other times more or
less regular; but it never assumes the regular form of a complete
lattice-shell, as in the #Cyrtellaria# (#Spyroidea#, #Botryodea#, and
#Cyrtoidea#). The general differences which this wickerwork exhibits in the
different genera of Plectanida have been already described above (compare
pp. 900-904).

_The Central Capsule_ of the Plectanida agrees perfectly with that of the
ancestral Plagonida, as well in general form and structure as in the
peculiar topographical relation to the radial spines (compare above, p.
905). A slight difference between the two families is effected by the
higher development of the skeleton in the Plectanida. Since the branches of
the radial spines in this family become united and form a loose wickerwork,
the central capsule becomes more or less enclosed by the latter, and more
perfectly protected, than in the Plagonida, where the branches remain free.
In this respect the Plectanida approach more nearly to the #Cyrtoidea# with
which they are connected by such transitional forms as _Plectaniscus_ and
_Periplecta_ on the one hand, _Cladoscenium_ and _Pteroscenium_ on the
other.

{921}_Synopsis of the Genera of Plectanida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Triplectida. Three radial spines.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Three spines lying in one horizontal plane,          393. _Triplecta_.

  Three spines corresponding to the edges of a flat
    pyramid,                                           394. _Plectophora_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II.  Subfamily Tetraplectida Four radial spines.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           { All four spines equal,    395. _Tetraplecta_.
  Four spines arising from {
    one common central     { One apical spine opposed
    point.                 {   to three basal spines,  396. _Plectaniscus_.

  Four spines arising in two pairs from the poles of
    a common central rod; one apical spine different
    common spines,                                     397. _Periplecta_.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------
  III. Subfamily Hexaplectida. Six radial spines.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------
  Six spines arising from one common central point,    398. _Hexaplecta_.

  Six spines arising in two opposite groups from the
    poles of a common control rod,                     399. _Plectanium_.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------
  IV. Subfamily Polyplectida. Numerous radial spines.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------
  Numerous (seven to nine or more) radial spines
    arising from a common centre (either a central
    point or a branched rod),                          400. _Polyplecta_.



Subfamily 1. TRIPLECTIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.

_Definition_.--#Plectanida# with three radial spines.



Genus 393. _Triplecta_,[12] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.

_Definition_.--#Plectanida# with three radial spines, arising from one
common central point and lying in one horizontal plane.

The genus _Triplecta_ is the simplest and most primitive of the Plectanida,
and may therefore be regarded as the prototype of this family. The skeleton
represents a triangular lattice-plate with three radial beams. On the
central union of the latter rests the oral pole of the central capsule.
Since the axis of the latter is vertical, the lattice-plate must be
horizontal, serving for the expansion of the pseudopodia. _Triplecta_ has
arisen from _Triplagia_ by union of the branches of its three radial
spines. In the simplest case only three large meshes are formed,
corresponding probably to the three cortinar meshes in the collar septum of
many #Cyrtellaria#.


1. _Triplecta triangulum_, n. sp.

Spines straight, equal, smooth, cylindrical, each in the basal half with
one pair of divergent straight lateral branches. The opposed branches of
every two neighbouring spines are united by a {922}thin convex bow. In this
way arises a very simple, equilateral triangular skeleton, with three equal
large meshes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.14, sides of the triangle 0.16.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


2. _Triplecta triactis_, n. sp. (Pl. 91, fig. 7).

Spines straight, equal, three-sided prismatic, pinnate, each with three to
four pairs of opposite slender pinnulae or lateral branches; the pinnulae
of each spine are correspondingly parallel to the main rods of the other
two spines. All pinnulae branched and connected by a few slender bows,
marking the sides of a regular triangle.

_Dimensions_.--Length of the spines 0.15, sides of the triangle 0.17.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Genus 394. _Plectophora_,[13] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.

_Definition._--#Plectanida# with three radial spines, arising from one
common central point and corresponding to the edges of a three-sided
pyramid.

The genus _Plectophora_ has been derived from _Plagiacantha_ by union of
the meeting neighbouring branches of the three radial spines, and exhibits
therefore to it the same relation that _Triplecta_ bears to _Triplagia_.
The loose framework so produced corresponds to the three sides of a flat
pyramid and supports the central capsule.


1. _Plectophora triomma_, n. sp.

Spines equal, straight, three-sided prismatic, thorny, connected by three
convex bows, the meeting branches of lateral spines arising in one pair
from the middle part of each spine. Therefore the skeleton exhibits three
large ovate meshes only.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.12, of the meshes 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 238, surface.


2. _Plectophora arachnoides_, Haeckel.

  _Plagiacantha arachnoides_, var., Claparede, 1858, Etudes sur les
  Infusoires et les Rhizopodes, p. 462, Taf. xxii. fig. 9.

Spines straight, cylindrical, trifid, with one pair of lateral branches.
The nine diverging, straight, and smooth branches are connected in the
distal part by slender concave bows, so that the whole skeleton exhibits
nine wide meshes, three larger pentagonal and six smaller triangular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.14, of their branches 0.07.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, west coast of Norway (Claparede), surface.


{923}3. _Plectophora novena_, n. sp.

Spines slightly curved, three-sided prismatic, thorny, with two pairs of
lateral branches. The six smaller distal branches end freely, whilst the
six larger basal branches are connected by slender convex bows. There are
therefore nine wide meshes, as in the preceding closely allied species.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.18, of the basal branches 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Faeroee Channel (Gulf Stream) (John Murray),
surface.


4. _Plectophora pyramidalis_, n. sp.

Spines straight, three-sided prismatic, with three to four verticils of
short lateral branches. The branches of the basal verticils are again
ramified, and form by connecting bows a delicate loose framework, covering
the three sides of a flat pyramid, the three edges of which are the three
radial spines.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.2, base of the pyramid 0.16.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 267, surface.



Subfamily 2. TETRAPLECTIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.

_Definition._--#Plectanida# with four radial spines.



Genus 395. _Tetraplecta_,[14] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.

_Definition._--#Plectanida# with four equal radial spines, arising from one
common central point and corresponding to the four axes of a tetrahedron.

The genus _Tetraplecta_ has been derived from _Tetraplagia_ by union of the
neighbouring branches of the four radial spines, diverging from a common
point in different directions. In some forms of this genus the four rods
seem to correspond exactly to the four axes, which are directed from the
centre of a tetrahedron towards its four corners; whilst in other forms the
four rods and the angles between them are perhaps not perfectly equal.


1. _Tetraplecta tetrahedra_, n. sp.

Spines straight, equal, three-sided prismatic, pinnate, each with three or
four pairs of opposite straight slender pinnulae or lateral branches; the
pinnulae of each side are correspondingly parallel. {924}All pinnulae
connected by a few slender bridges, thus producing a delicate network with
irregular rhomboidal meshes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.15, of the basal branches 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


2. _Tetraplecta quadricornis_, n. sp.

Spines in the basal half straight, in the distal half slightly curved and
irregularly branched, with two to three pairs of unequal alternate lateral
branches, the distal ends of which are connected by a few slender bows,
marking the six edges of an irregular tetrahedron.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.22, of the basal branches 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Tetraplecta pinigera_, n. sp. (Pl. 91, fig. 8).

Spines three-sided prismatic, straight, or in the basal half slightly
curved, verticillate; each spine with six to eight three-branched regular
verticils, tapering gradually towards the distal end. All branches of each
spine lie parallel in three equidistant meridian planes, and are connected
by delicate parallel threads, perpendicular to the branches. Therefore the
skeleton consists of four pine-shaped trees and twelve delicate triangular
wings with rectangular meshes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.25 to 0.3, of the basal branches 0.1
to 0.15.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.



Genus 396. _Plectaniscus_,[15] nov. gen.

_Definition._--#Plectanida# with four unequal radial spines, arising from
one common central point; one vertical or apical spine opposed to three
divergent or basal spines.

The genus _Plectaniscus_ has probably been derived from _Plagoniscus_ by
reticular union of the neighbouring branches of the four radial spines, and
exhibits therefore to it the same relation that _Tetraplecta_ bears to
_Tetraplagia_. Whilst in these two latter genera the four spines are equal,
in the two former genera there is an important difference between a
vertical spine (or apical horn) and three divergent (commonly larger)
spines, corresponding to the three basal feet of the triradiate
NASSELLARIA. Perhaps, therefore, _Plectaniscus_ is one of the remotest
ancestors of the latter; but differs in the absence of a complete
lattice-shell.


{925}1. _Plectaniscus cortiniscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 91, fig. 9).

Spines straight, three-sided prismatic, with three to four verticils of
short perpendicular branches; the branches of the distal verticils are
simple and free, those of the proximal verticils again ramified and
connected by an arachnoidal network of delicate threads. The vertical
apical spine (or horn) is scarcely one-third or half as long as the three
divergent basal spines (or feet), and the angle between it and the latter
is smaller.

_Dimensions._--Length of the apical spine 0.05 to 0.1, of the three basal
spines 0.18 to 0.2.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, surface.


2. _Plectaniscus tripodiscus_, n. sp.

Spines curved, cylindrical, with a variable number of irregular branches,
which in the distal half of the spines are free, in the basal half again
ramified and connected by a loose spongy framework. The apical spine is
shorter and simpler, nearly straight, less ramified.

_Dimensions._--Length of the apical spine 0.1, of the three basal spines
0.15 to 0.18.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 238, surface.


3. _Plectaniscus archiscenium_, n. sp.

Spines slightly curved, three-sided prismatic, with two to three verticils
of short curved branches. The vertical apical spine is about twice as long
as the three basal spines, and connected with them by an irregular loose
framework. The three basal spines are connected together only by a simple
ring, so that between them remain three large collar holes, like those of
the similar and closely allied _Archiscenium quadrispinum_ (Pl. 53, fig.
11).

_Dimensions._--Length of the apical spine 0.32, of the three basal spines
0.18.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


4. _Plectaniscus cladoscenium_, n. sp.

Spines curved, three-sided prismatic. The three basal spines pinnate, with
four to five pairs of opposite curved pinnulae; the distal pairs are simple
and free, the basal pairs branched and connected by an irregular delicate
framework, which together with the apical spine forms a spongy cap-shaped
shell, similar to _Cladoscenium_. Apical spine about half as long, simple.

_Dimensions_.--Length of the apical spine 0.1, of the three basal spines
0.18.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.


5. _Plectaniscus clathrocorys_, n. sp.

Spines straight, three-sided prismatic, with seven or eight verticils of
ramified branches, which in the basal half are connected by an irregular
loose framework. In the distal half each of the three divergent basal
spines (or feet) is connected with the longer apical spine (or horn) by a
{926}fenestrated triangular lattice wing. Therefore the skeleton becomes
very similar to _Clathrocorys_ (Pl. 64, figs. 8-10), but wants the regular
central cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the apical spine 0.2, of the basal spines 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 397. _Periplecta_,[16] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.

_Definition._--#Plectanida# with four unequal radial spines, arising in
pairs from the two poles of a common central rod; one ascending apical
spine opposed to three descending basal spines.

The genus _Periplecta_ has probably been derived from _Plagiocarpa_ (by
concrescence of the meeting spine branches), and has the same important
relation to a part of the triradial #Stephoidea# (_Cortina_, &c.) and
#Cyrtoidea# (_Pteroscenium_, &c.). It differs from the latter only in the
fact that the loose irregular framework connecting the bases of the four
cortinar spines is not a regular lattice-shell.


1. _Periplecta cortina_, n. sp. (Pl. 91, fig. 10).

Spines of very different size and shape, three-sided prismatic. The apical
spine (or horn) is larger, nearly straight, and bears a verticil of three
large divergent branches, which are again ramified. The three basal spines
(or feet) are curved, pinnate, each with three to five pairs of opposite
simple curved branches. A small common central rod separates the two united
pectoral feet from the two other spines (the caudal foot and the apical
horn). The three basal feet are connected by three convex bows composing a
horizontal collar ring, and since the central rod is prolonged between the
pectoral feet to the ring, a very remarkable collar septum is formed with
four cortinar meshes. Above this septum an irregular spongy shell,
including the central capsule, is formed by a delicate framework,
interwoven between the apical horn and the three basal feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the apical spine 0.25 to 0.3, of the three basal
spines 0.15 to 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.


2. _Periplecta pteroscenium_, n. sp.

Spines of very different size and shape, three-sided prismatic,
verticillate. The apical spine (or horn) with ten to twelve verticils, is
one and a half times as long as the three basal spines (or feet), which
bear six to eight verticils only; each verticil with three branches which
by communicating ramules form a loose irregular wickerwork. Similar to
_Pteroscenium pinnatum_, Pl. 53, figs. 14-16, but without a regular
lattice-shell. A short basal central rod separates two equal (pectoral)
spines from two unequal spines, the larger of the latter is the apical, the
shorter the caudal spine.

_Dimensions._--Length of the apical spine 0.26, of the three basal spines
0.17.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.


{927}3. _Periplecta monocyrtis_, n. sp.

Spines of nearly equal size and shape, cylindrical, irregularly branched.
The apical spine is straight, more branched and nearly twice as long as the
three basal spines. All four spines in the basal third connected by a loose
spongy framework, approaching the form of some Monocyrtida.

_Dimensions._--Length of the apical spine 0.24, of the basal spines 0.13.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.



Subfamily 3. HEXAPLECTICA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Plectanida# with six radial spines.



Genus 398. _Hexaplecta_,[17] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 425.

_Definition._--#Plectanida# with six radial spines, arising from one common
central point.

The genus _Hexaplecta_ has probably been derived from _Hexaplagia_ by
concrescence of the meeting branches of the six spines, and therefore has
to it the same relation that _Plectophora_ bears to _Plagiacantha_. The two
species here described represent perhaps two different genera, since in the
first all six spines are equal, opposed in pairs, in the second different
in pairs (three upper smaller and three lower larger).


1. _Hexaplecta triaxonia_, n. sp.

Spines equal, opposite in three crossed pairs, straight, three-sided
prismatic, thorny, in the distal half with three leaf-shaped, dentate
edges, in the basal half with three verticils of slender branches, which
are connected by parallel threads, and so form an arachnoidal network with
rectangular or rhomboidal meshes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.22, of their basal branches 0.06.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.


2. _Hexaplecta tricladonia_, n. sp.

Spines unequal, three larger spines (in the lower half of the body) being
opposite to three smaller spines (in the upper half). The latter are nearly
horizontally expanded, each bearing three straight divergent branches. The
larger are stronger, twice as long and armed with three verticils, each of
three branches. All six spines are slender, three-sided prismatic. Their
branches are very thin, thread-shaped, and form by their union a loose
network with irregular polygonal meshes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the larger spines 0.25, of the smaller 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 291, surface.



{928}Genus 399. _Plectanium_,[18] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.

_Definition._--#Plectanida# with six radial spines, arising in two opposite
divergent groups from the two poles of a common central rod.

The genus _Plectanium_ has been derived from _Plagonium_ by concrescence of
the meeting branches, and bears therefore to it the same relation that the
preceding _Hexaplecta_ exhibits to _Hexaplagia_. Whilst in these two latter
genera the six spines arise from a common central point, they arise here in
two divergent groups from the two poles of a horizontal common middle rod,
similar to the spicula of many #Beloidea#.


1. _Plectanium trigeminum_, n. sp. (Pl. 91, fig. 11).

Spines straight and stout, six to eight times as long as the common middle
rod, three-sided prismatic; in the distal half thickened, with three
divergent terminal thorns; in the basal half with three to four verticils
of thin lateral branches, which are again ramified, and by their united
threads produce an irregular loose framework.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.25, basal breadth 0.005, terminal
breadth 0.02; length of the middle rod 0.03.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, surface.


2. _Plectanium ovodimare_, n. sp.

Spines straight and stout, three-sided prismatic, about four times as long
as the common middle rod, gradually thinned towards the distal end; in the
basal half with two to three verticils of forked branches, which are
dichotomously ramified, and by their united threads form a loose ovate
framework.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.17, of the middle rod 0.04.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 236, surface.


3. _Plectanium sphaerozoum_, n. sp.

Spines straight, cylindrical, ten to twelve times as long as the common
middle rod, with six to eight verticils of thorny branches, tapering
towards the distal end; the branches of the verticils are simple in the
distal half, again ramified in the basal half, and here connected together
by irregularly branched threads forming a loose framework. (Resembles one
spiculum of _Sphaerozoum verticillatum_, Pl. 4, fig. 7, but is more richly
branched, with united ramules.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.2, of the middle rod 0.01.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.



{929}Subfamily 4. POLYPLECTIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.

_Definition._--#Plectanida# with numerous (seven to nine or more) radial
spines.



Genus 400. _Polyplecta_,[19] Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Plectanida# with numerous (seven to nine or more) radial
spines, arising from a common centre and lying in different planes.

The genus _Polyplecta_ comprises provisionally all Plectanida possessing
seven or more radial spines, united in the centre of the framework. It may
be derived from _Polyplagia_ by meeting and concrescence of the free
branches. But as in the latter genus, here also the few observed species
are very different, perhaps of different origin, and may be afterwards
better separated as representatives of diverse genera.


1. _Polyplecta heptacantha_, n. sp. (Pl. 91, fig. 12).

  _Heptaplegma heptacantha_, Haeckel, 1882, MS.

Seven unequal spines divergent from one common central point, slender,
slightly curved, three-sided prismatic. Four spines are much larger, twice
to three times as long and as thick as the three smaller spines. One of the
four larger spines is directed upwards (as "apical horn"), whilst the three
others diverge downwards (as "basal feet"). Each of the four larger spines
bears five to seven equidistant verticils of three divergent branches, the
proximal of which are branched, the distal simple. The three smaller spines
lie nearly horizontally, midway between the odd apical spine and the three
basal spines, and in the same meridian planes with them; each bears one
verticil of three divergent branches. All the branches are united by
arachnoidal threads, composing a loose wickerwork with irregular, generally
quadrangular meshes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the four larger spines 0.27 to 0.33, of the four
smaller 0.1 to 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.


2. _Polyplecta enneacantha_, n. sp.

  _Enneaplegma enneacantha_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 425.

Nine equal and equidistant, straight, cylindrical radial spines, lying
nearly in one plane, arise from an irregular spongy central framework; six
of them seem to be secondary, intercalated between three equidistant
primary spines, which are united in the centre. (This species resembles in
the nine-radial structure the remarkable _Enneaphormis rotula_, Pl. 57,
fig. 9, and may perhaps be derived from a similar species; but it has no
regular latticed shell.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.22, diameter of the framework 0.17.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


{930}3. _Polyplecta decacantha_, n. sp.

  _Pentaplegma decacantha_, Haeckel, Prodromus, p. 425.

Ten radial spines, curved, cylindrical, irregularly branched, diverge in
different directions and seem to arise in pairs from an irregular central
framework, in the centre of which five primary spines are united; the
latter correspond probably to the five spines of _Pentaspyris_, &c. The
density of the spongy central framework did not allow of an accurate
investigation, and makes it doubtful whether this species is not a
_Spongiomma_.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.4, diameter of the framework
0.18.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.


4. _Polyplecta polybrocha_, Haeckel.

  ? _Acanthodesmia polybrocha_, Haeckel, 1865, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
  Bd. xv. p. 368, Taf. xxvi. fig. 3.

  _Plegmosphaera polybrocha_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 455.

Numerous (twenty to thirty or more) radial spines, thin, cylindrical,
curved and irregularly branched, arising from an irregular central spongy
framework, are connected by numerous slender arches. The specimen observed
by me in 1880 in Portofino was a true _Polyplecta_, with three primary
spines centrally united, between which numerous other spines were
intercalated. The similar specimen, however, observed in 1864 in
Villafranca, and figured, _loc. cit._, was perhaps a _Plegmosphaera_.

_Dimensions._--Length of the radial spines 0.05 to 0.1, diameter of the
framework 0.16.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Villafranca, Portofino), surface.


5. _Polyplecta dumetum_, Haeckel.

  _Acanthodesmia dumetum_, J. Mueller, 1868, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 30, Taf. i. Fig. 3.

Numerous (ten to twelve or more) radial spines, thin and straight, with a
few straight lateral branches, diverge in different directions and are
connected by a few slender curved arches. Some similar forms, but more
developed, with numerous branches and curved rods, are found in the Pacific
Radiolarian ooze, and represent probably different species.

_Dimensions._--Length of the radial spines 0.05 to 0.08, of the branches
0.02 to 0.03.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, French shore (Cette and Saint Tropez), Johannes
Mueller, surface.


{931}----


Suborder III. STEPHOIDEA, Haeckel.

  _Stephoidea_ vel _Stephida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 444.
  _Acanthodesmida_ (_sensu ampliori_), Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss.
      Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 495.

_Definition._--NASSELLARIA without complete lattice-shell, with a skeleton
composed of one or more simple rings, which may be united by a loose
framework and are separated by large openings or gates. One primary or
sagittal ring, determining the sagittal or median plane of the bilateral
body, encloses the monaxonian central capsule.

The suborder #Stephoidea#, hitherto known by a few species only of
"Acanthodesmida," comprises a large number of interesting NASSELLARIA (now
more than two hundred species), which possess peculiar interest for the
morphology and phylogeny of this legion. The monaxonian central capsule of
the #Stephoidea# is surrounded either by one simple ring or by a complex
system of several loosely connected rings; these may be united by a loose
framework of connected branches, but never produce a complete
lattice-shell, as is constantly the case in the #Spyroidea#, #Botryodea#,
and #Cyrtoidea#. Therefore there remain between the parts of the connected
rings a few large openings which we call "gates," separating them from the
numerous small "pores" of the complete lattice-shells. In the most simple
case, if only one ring be formed, there is also present only one "gate,"
the aperture of this simple ring.

The first known species of #Stephoidea# were observed in the Mediterranean
by Johannes Mueller in 1856, and described and figured in his last treatise
(1858) under the names _Lithocircus annularis_ (_loc. cit._, Taf. i. fig.
1) and _Acanthodesmia vinculata_ (_loc. cit._, Taf. i. figs. 4-7). In the
following year I myself observed two other living species in the
Mediterranean, and described them in my Monograph (1862, pp. 268, 270) as
_Zygostephanus muelleri_ (Taf. xii. fig. 2) and _Prismatium tripleurum_
(Taf. iv. fig. 6). For these four longest known #Stephoidea# I founded the
new family of Acanthodesmida (_loc. cit._, p. 265), but united with them
two other similar genera which I afterwards separated:--_Plagiacantha_
(belonging to the #Plectoidea#) and _Dictyocha_ (belonging to the
PHAEODARIA).

When, in 1876, I received the rich material of the Challenger collection, I
was astonished to find in it an enormous number of new, similar, and partly
very interesting "Acanthodesmida," which were afterwards arranged in my
Prodromus (1881, p. 444) in thirty-eight different genera and four
"subfamilies," all united in one single large family, "Stephida or
Monopylaria cricoidea." I retain here this natural group in the same sense,
but give to it the rank of a "suborder," separating at the same time its
four subfamilies as substantial "families." Since the names of the
{932}latter, proposed in the Prodromus, were not quite suitable, I replace
them here by the following more convenient names:--

  1. Family Stephanida (= Monostephida, 1881, p. 447). Skeleton entirely
  formed by one simple ring (the primary vertical sagittal ring). The only
  "gate" is the simple aperture of the ring.

  2. Family Semantida (= Dyostephida, 1881, p. 446). Skeleton composed of
  two rings, perpendicular to one another; the primary vertical sagittal
  ring bears at the base a horizontal basal ring; between the two rings two
  or more "basal gates remain."

  3. Family Coronida (= Triostephida, 1881, p. 445). Skeleton composed of
  two crossed vertical or meridional rings, perpendicular to one
  another--the primary sagittal ring and the secondary frontal ring.
  Commonly the two vertical rings are united at the base by a horizontal
  basal ring, and between them remain two or more "basal gates."

  4. Family Tympanida (= Parastephida, 1881, p. 446). Skeleton composed of
  two parallel horizontal rings, and upper mitral ring, and a lower basal
  ring, both connected by vertical or divergent columellae, which are parts
  of vertical rings (primary sagittal, and secondary frontal ring).

The peculiar structure of the central capsule of the #Stephoidea#, and
their character as true MONOPYLEA, were first recognised by Richard
Hertwig, who in 1879, in his Organismus der Radiolarien, gave an excellent
detailed description of it (_loc. cit._, pp. 68-72, Taf. vii. figs. 4, 5).
He also pointed out the near affinity of these "Acanthodesmida" with the
#Spyroidea# or Zygocyrtida, uniting the latter with the former family.

A fuller explanation of this affinity, and of the morphological and
phylogenetic importance of the "Acanthodesmida," as ancestral forms of the
#Spyroidea# and #Cyrtoidea#, was given in 1882 by Buetschli (Zeitschr. f.
wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. pp. 495-501). He described in detail some
important fossil forms of Acanthodesmida as different species of
"_Stephanolithis_," a name which Ehrenberg had employed for various
ring-like fragments of Radiolarian shells, sponges, and other fossil
bodies. The four fossil species which Buetschli described represent four
different genera of #Stephoidea#, viz., _Semantis_ (_spinescens_),
_Semantrum_ (_muelleri_), _Semantidium_ (_haeckelii_), and _Tristephanium_
(_hertwigii_). On the phylogenetic conclusions, derived from these accurate
observations, compare above, p. 893, &c. The topographical signification of
the parts, employed by Buetschli, is contrary to mine; he calls my dorsal
side the "anterior," and my ventral side the "posterior."

The geometrical fundamental form of the body in nearly all #Stephoidea#
(with few exceptions) is distinctly bilateral or "dipleuric," so that we
can easily distinguish the {933}three different dimensive axes: the
principal axis with different apical and basal poles, the sagittal axis
with different dorsal and ventral poles, and the lateral axis with
equivalent right and left poles. In only a few genera this bilateral
symmetry is not expressed, and a simpler, more regular fundamental form
appears. The latter may be either primary (in the monaxonian _Archicircus_
and _Lithocircus_) or secondary, afterwards acquired (in the octahedral
_Trissocircus_ and _Trissocyclus_, the cubical _Lithocubus_, the prismatic
_Eutympanium_, and some other forms).

The most important element of the skeleton, with which the formation
begins, in all #Stephoidea# is the simple primary or sagittal ring, lying
vertically in the sagittal or median plane of the body and surrounding the
monaxonian central capsule. This sagittal ring is the only essential
element of the skeleton in all Stephanida, and is completely preserved in
all Semantida, also in the greater part of the Coronida and Tympanida. It
is partially reduced in the small groups of the true Acanthodesmida
(subfamily of Coronida) and the Dystympanida and Eutympanida (subfamilies
of Tympanida). Here only the vertical parts of it are preserved (dorsal and
ventral rod), whilst the horizontal parts are lost (mitral and basal rod).

The sagittal ring lies constantly in the vertical median plane of the body,
and therefore divides the enclosed central capsule into a right and a left
half. It is rarely regular or subregular, commonly dipleuric or distinctly
bilateral, so that we may easily distinguish its dorsal and ventral, apical
and basal parts. The most important of these four parts or "rods" is the
"basal rod" or the inferior part, because here the ring is in closer
connection with the central capsule and its "porous area"; here peculiar
spines or branches are commonly developed, which even on the isolated ring
immediately determine the basal pole. The opposite upper part, or the
"mitral rod," is also often distinguished by the peculiar appendages. The
posterior part, or the "dorsal rod" (the anterior rod, _a_, in the
description of Buetschli), is commonly more straight, often quite vertical.
The opposite anterior part, or the "ventral rod" (the posterior rod, _b_,
of Buetschli), is usually more convex, and often strongly curved or
semicircular.

Whilst this dipleuric or bilateral (commonly obliquely ovate or nearly
triangular) form of the sagittal ring is distinctly preserved in by far the
greater number of #Stephoidea#, it is replaced in some few genera by a more
regular, amphithect, diphragmatic, or biradial form. In this case we may
often suppose a primary regularity to exist, the dorsal and ventral parts
being not yet differentiated, as in _Archicircus_ and _Lithocircus_,
_Zygostephanus_ and _Protympanium_, and perhaps also in some other forms.
But in other cases the regularity is, on the contrary, secondary, being
derived from original bilateral forms.

The rod of the sagittal ring is either cylindrical (with circular
transverse section) or angular (commonly with triangular transverse
section). In nearly all #Stephoidea# (with very few exceptions) branches or
apophyses are developed from the ring, regularly disposed and often of
great morphological importance. Commonly these {934}apophyses are developed
in pairs, growing symmetrically on both sides of the ring. The most
important of these apophyses are:--(1) Basal apophyses, arising from the
basal hole of the ring; (2) mitral apophyses, arising from the apical pole;
(3) dorsal apophyses, arising from the middle of the dorsal rod; and (4)
ventral apophyses, arising from the middle of the ventral rod. The two
former arise in the principal axis, the two latter in the sagittal axis of
the body. Very frequently the latter pair is replaced by two pairs of
transverse branches, one inferior (mandibular) and one superior (orbital).
The apophyses of the ring are either simple or branched, often very large,
richly ramified, and give origin to a number of further products.

Whilst in the Stephanida the primary sagittal ring alone represents the
whole skeleton, it produces in all other #Stephoidea# one or more secondary
rings. The most important of these is the horizontal basal ring, appearing
first in the Semantida (Pl. 92). From the base of the sagittal ring there
arise in the horizontal basal plane two pairs of lateral branches or "basal
apophyses." The curved opposite branches of the corresponding pairs become
united on each side of the primary ring (right and left), and so produce a
second, horizontal ring, perpendicular to the former. This basal ring
encloses two paired basal gates, which are enclosed on the medial side by
the basal rod of the sagittal ring, and on the lateral side by two united
apophyses (_Semantis_, Pl. 92, figs. 1, 2). These two primary basal gates
are of the greatest morphological importance; we call them the "jugular
gates or jugular pores" (in the description of Buetschli, the pores I,
_loc. cit._, p. 498). The dorsal pair of basal apophyses (on their
posterior edge) are the coracal rods, _e_ (rods _e_ of Buetschli); the
opposite ventral pair (on their anterior edge) are the clavicular or
furcular rods, _f_ (rods _e_1 of Buetschli); compare Pls. 92-95, and their
explanation.

The skeleton of _Semantis_, the prototype of the Semantida, thus assumes
the characteristic form of a signet-ring. The basal ring enclosing the two
jugular pores corresponds to the seal-plate. It is commonly more or less
horizontal; but often the apophyses descend obliquely (Pl. 92, figs. 1, 2,
13, &c.), more rarely laterally (Pl. 29, fig. 11). The further development
of this typical form is essentially effected by the production of new basal
pores in the horizontal seal-plate. In _Semantrum_ (Pl. 92, figs. 3, 4, 5)
we find already four basal gates. Behind the jugular gates is formed a
second pair, the "cardinal gates" (pores II of Buetschli). These are
enclosed on the anterior margin by the coracal rods (_e_), on the posterior
margin by the scapular rods (_d_), a third pair of basal apophyses, arising
behind the former from the sagittal ring and uniting with them (the rods
_e_2 of Buetschli). Commonly the two posterior, or cardinal gates are much
larger than the two anterior, jugular gates. This characteristic basal
plate of _Semantrum_, with two pairs of basal pores, is of the greatest
morphological importance, as it is inherited in by far the greater number
of the NASSELLARIA, though not so generally as Buetschli supposes. The
basal ring of _Semantrum_ is either more circular {935}or elliptical, or
more polygonal, and is connected with the basal rod of the sagittal ring by
three pairs of radial apophyses, the anterior furcular, the middle coracal,
and the posterior scapular rods.

A third important form of Semantida is _Semantidium_ (Pl. 92, figs. 6, 7).
Here we find three pairs of basal pores in the seal-plate; the third pair,
newly formed, consists of the cervical gates (_e_), bounded in front by the
scapular rods (_d_), behind by a fourth pair of basal apophyses, the
cervical rods.

The basal apophyses of the sagittal ring are not only of great
morphological importance, because they produce by their union three typical
pairs of basal gates or "collar pores," but also because their
prolongations often appear as typical basal feet. The distal prolongations
of the coracal rods appear in _Semantiscus_ (Pl. 92, figs. 16-18) as two
pectoral feet, those of the scapular rods as two tergal feet, whilst the
opposite prolongations of the basal rod of the sagittal ring appear as two
"sagittal feet" (in front an anterior or sternal, and behind a posterior or
caudal foot). In the typical _Cortiniscus_ (Pl. 92, figs. 11-13) only three
feet are developed; an odd caudal and two paired pectoral feet (compare
above, p. 891). The typical basal ring of the Semantida, with its paired
basal gates (_Semantis_), reappears in the majority of the Coronida,
differing from the former in the development of a second vertical ring,
which lies in the frontal plane (perpendicular to the sagittal ring), and
which we therefore call the frontal ring. In only one small group of the
Coronida the basal ring is absent, namely, in the Zygostephanida, and here
the frontal ring appears in the simplest form, as a complete elliptical
meridian ring, crossing the sagittal ring perpendicularly on the two poles
of the main axis (_Zygostephanus_, Pl. 93, figs. 1-4), Four large lateral
gates between the two rings remain open. This form may be derived directly
from the Stephanida in the following way; from both poles of a simple
sagittal ring there arise two opposite lateral apophyses, which in the
frontal plane become curved one towards the other, and united in the poles
of the transverse axis. The basal apophyses would be the coracal rods. But
it is also possible that _Zygostephanus_ was derived from _Semantis_ by the
loss of the furcular rods.

The three typical rings (or the "dimensive rings") of the #Stephoidea#
appear in their most complete form in the subfamily Trissocyclida (Pl. 93,
figs. 7, 13). Here all three rings are undivided and completely developed
in the three dimensive planes, perpendicular one to another. Between them
there remain eight large open gates; the four superior are the four
"lateral gates" of _Zygostephanus_, the four inferior are the four basal
gates of _Semantrum_. The four latter are originally much smaller than the
four former; but in _Trissocircus_ and _Trissocyclus_ (Pl. 93, figs. 10-12)
they reach the same size. Therefore all eight gates are here of equal form
and similar size, and the basal ring, now a true equatorial ring, divides
the two meridional rings into two equal halves.

In the Eucoronida, a third subfamily of Coronida, the sagittal and the
basal rings {936}are complete, but the frontal ring is incomplete, its
basal part being wanting (Pl. 82, figs. 4-6). Therefore we find here six
large gates between the three rings; four upper lateral gates (between the
two crossed vertical rings) and two lower basal gates (between the basal
rod of the sagittal ring and the two halves of the basal ring).
_Eucoronis_, the type of this subfamily, may be derived either directly
from _Semantis_ by development of a frontal ring, or from _Tristephanium_
by loss of the basal part of the frontal ring.

A quite simple basal ring with a single gate, distinguishes the fourth
subfamily of Coronida, the Acanthodesmida (_sensu restricto_), the genera
_Coronidium_ (Pl. 82, figs. 1, 2, 7, 8) and _Acanthodesmia_ (Pl. 93, fig.
5). The horizontal basal ring alone is here complete, whilst both vertical
rings (the sagittal and frontal rings) are incomplete, their basal parts
being wanting. Therefore there are here five gates, four lateral and one
basal. These forms may be derived from _Eucoronis_ by loss of the basal rod
of the primary sagittal ring.

The Tympanida, the fourth family of #Stephoidea#, exhibit another type of
ring structure. Here two parallel horizontal rings are constantly
developed, one on the apical pole, the other on the basal pole of the
sagittal ring. The latter is the same basal ring as in the Semantida and
Coronida. The former is a "mitral ring," developed in the same manner, by
union of two pairs of horizontal lateral branches, which arise on both
sides from the apical rod (or mitral rod) of the sagittal ring. In the
simplest case these two parallel horizontal rings are connected only by the
sagittal ring, which is either complete (_Protympanium_, Pl. 93, fig. 14)
or incomplete (_Parastephanus_, Pl. 93, fig. 21). But commonly also an
incomplete frontal ring is present, so that the two horizontal rings are
connected by four vertical or subvertical rods; two of these "columellae"
are the dorsal and ventral rods of the sagittal ring, the two others are
the lateral rods of the frontal ring. Between the former and the latter are
sometimes developed two, four, or more accessory columellae (probably
halves of accessory incomplete diagonal meridian rings). In this way arise
the characteristic "drum-forms" of many Tympanida, in which the two
parallel horizontal rings correspond to the upper and lower rings of a
drum, whilst the connecting vertical columellae correspond to its parallel
lateral rods (Pl. 83, figs. 1, 2, &c.).

Originally the two horizontal rings of these "drum-shells" are both
bisected by the complete sagittal ring, each provided with two lateral
gates (Protympanida). But in the Eutympanida both rings exhibit one simple
gate only, the apical and the basal rod of the sagittal ring being lost. In
the Paratympanida both rings are closed by a secondary lattice-plate whilst
in the Dystympanida the upper (mitral) ring alone is closed by such a
plate, the lower (basal) ring is open. In some Eutympanida the shell
assumes the strange form of a regular geometrical cube, the twelve edges of
which are represented by thin rods of silex (_Lithocubus_)--its four upper
edges represent the mitral ring, the four lower the basal ring; two
opposite of the four vertical {937}cube-edges are the lateral halves of the
frontal ring, the two other alternate ones are the remaining halves of the
reduced sagittal ring (dorsal and ventral rod) (Pl. 82, fig. 12).

In many Tympanida and Coronida a loose irregular lattice or framework is
developed, which partly closes the large open gates. But this never reaches
the completeness of a true lattice-shell, such as we find in the
#Spyroidea#, #Botryodea#, and #Cyrtoidea#. In by far the greater number of
#Stephoidea# the corners, and partly also the rods, of the shell are armed
with numerous irregular spines, often forked or richly branched. Among
these spines the descending "basal apophyses" possess a peculiar
importance, since by their regular number and disposition they correspond
to the radial rods of the #Plectoidea#, and to the typical "feet" of the
#Spyroidea# and #Cyrtoidea#. The most important of them are the three
cortinar feet (one caudal and two pectoral) of _Cortina_, _Cortiniscus_,
&c. (compare above, p. 891).

_The Central Capsule_ exhibits in the #Stephoidea# the same characteristic
structure as in all other MONOPYLEA, first exactly pointed out by Richard
Hertwig in 1879 (Organismus der Radiol., p. 71, Taf. vii. figs. 4, 5). Its
form is commonly ovate or ellipsoidal, sometimes also lentelliptical or
nearly spherical. It exhibits constantly on the basal pole the porochora or
porous area, and in the basal half the podoconus or pseudopodial cone. From
the surrounding sagittal ring it is separated by a thick jelly-like
calymma, which commonly exhibits numerous zooxanthellae. The numerous
pseudopodia are commonly branched, with rather rare anastomoses. The
membrane of the central capsule is thick.

_Synopsis of the Families of_ #Stephoidea#.

  I. Skeleton composed of the simple vertical sagittal ring
    only, without secondary rings,                           1. STEPHANIDA.

  II. Skeleton composed of two crossed rings, a vertical
    sagittal and a horizontal basal ring,                    2. SEMANTIDA.

  III. Skeleton composed of two crossed vertical meridional
    rings (a primary sagittal and a secondary frontal ring),
    commonly also with a horizontal basal ring,              3. CORONIDA.

  IV. Skeleton composed of two parallel horizontal rings
    (upper mitral and lower basal ring), both connected by
    a vertical sagittal ring (and often by a vertical
    frontal ring),                                           4. TYMPANIDA.



Family XLVIII. #STEPHANIDA#, Haeckel (Pl. 81).

  _Monostephida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.

_Definition_.--#Stephoidea# with a simple sagittal ring, without any
lattice-work.

The family #Stephanida# is the most simple of all #Stephoidea#, and
probably the common ancestral group of this suborder (compare above, p.
933). The skeleton {938}consists of a simple ring only, surrounding the
central capsule, and armed commonly with simple thorns or with larger
branched spines. The branches of these spines are constantly free, never
joining together. Therefore the shell exhibits no trace of fenestration or
lattice-work, no pores or gates, except the simple large gate of the ring
itself. In all other #Stephoidea# we find secondary gates or lattice-work.

The first known form of this family is _Lithocircus annularis_, described
by Johannes Mueller in 1858 (Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 29,
Taf. i. fig. 1). He observed already the central capsule ("Blase")
surrounded by the circular ring of silex, and the calymma ("Strahlige
Gallert") enveloping the whole body. The peculiar structure of the soft
body, particularly the "area porosa" on the basal pole of the central
capsule, and the pseudopodial cone within it, were first accurately
described by Hertwig (in 1879). A great number of simple rings, similar to
these, were found in the Challenger collection, and are here arranged in
six genera and forty-eight species.

The simple ring of silex, which alone forms the skeleton of the Stephanida,
corresponds to the primary or sagittal ring of the other #Stephoidea#, and
lies therefore vertically in the median or sagittal plane of the body. We
can therefore distinguish on it four different segments, rods or bows, two
of which are more horizontal, two more vertical. The former are one upper
bow or apical rod, and one lower bow or basal rod. The latter are one
posterior bow or dorsal rod, and one anterior bow or ventral rod. Sometimes
each of these four component bows is distinguished by a corner-spine, or by
a pair of divergent branches.

In the two simplest (and probably oldest) genera of Stephanida, in
_Archicircus_ and _Lithocircus_, the dorsal and ventral rods of the ring
are equal and cannot be distinguished; therefore the fundamental form is
here amphithect, diphragmatic, or biradial (the poles of the sagittal axis
being equal). In the four other genera the dorsal rod is more straight
(often vertical) and more or less different from the ventral, convexly
curved rod; therefore the fundamental form is here dipleuric or bilateral,
as in the greater number of all NASSELLARIA (the poles of the sagittal axis
being unequal). The general form of the ring in this latter case is
commonly obliquely ovate or nearly triangular, the basal pole being more
pointed, the apical pole more rounded (Pl. 81).

The rods or bows of the ring are either roundish or cylindrical (with
circular or elliptical transverse section), or they are prismatic or
angular (commonly with triangular transverse section). In the latter case
one edge usually is prominent in the sagittal plane (on the convex outside
of the ring), whilst two other edges diverge laterally on both sides of it.
The inner or concave margin of the ring is commonly smooth.

The inner perimeter of the large gate, enclosed by the ring, is commonly
rounded (elliptical or ovate), rarely angular. However, the outer perimeter
of the ring is {939}nearly always polygonal, with prominent corners, and
usually from these arise thorns or branched spines which are regularly
disposed. Regarding this disposition we may distinguish three cases: A, the
spines lie in the sagittal plane and form a single row, arising from the
median edge; B, the spines lie on both sides of the latter and form two
parallel rows, arising from the two lateral edges; C, the spines represent
a combination of A and B, and are disposed in three rows, two paired rows
arising from the two lateral edges, and an odd middle row between them,
arising from the median edge. The spines are simple, without branches, in
_Archicircus_ and _Zygocircus_; more or less branched in _Lithocircus_ and
_Dendrocircus_. The branches are often richly ramified or arborescent, and
exhibit great variety in size, special form, and direction (compare Pl.
81).

The number and disposition of the spines or groups of spines are usually
constant, and may be employed in the further progress of our knowledge, to
distinguish a number of genera and subgenera. Very commonly (perhaps in the
majority of the Stephanida) we find six groups of spines, an apical group
on the upper rod of the sagittal ring, a basal group on the lower rod (on
the porochora of the central capsule), two ventral groups on the anterior
rod, and two dorsal groups on the posterior rod. In other species we find
four or eight groups instead of six, and sometimes a larger number.

The most important of these apophyses of the ring are the basal spines,
arising from its basal pole, where the porochora of the central capsule
rests upon it. They are often much larger and more branched than the other
spines, and attain a peculiar morphological value in the small subfamily
Cortinida. Here we find three or four regularly disposed "basal spines,"
which may be compared to the typical "basal feet" of the #Cyrtellaria#,
appearing in the majority of #Spyroidea# and #Cyrtoidea#. _Cortina_, one of
the most important NASSELLARIA, bears three typical divergent feet on the
base of the simple ring, two paired anterior or "pectoral feet," and an odd
posterior or "caudal foot." The latter appears as a direct basal
prolongation of the dorsal rod of the ring, and is opposed to an upper
prolongation of the same, which corresponds to the "apical horn" of the
#Cyrtellaria# (Pl. 97, figs. 1-3). As already explained above, these three
basal feet of _Cortina_ possess the highest phylogenetic value, since they
may also be compared with the three primary radial spines of the
#Plectoidea#, and so connect the #Cyrtellaria# and the #Plectellaria#.
_Stephanium_ differs from _Cortina_ in the possession of four basal feet,
an odd anterior or "sternal foot" being added to the three typical feet of
the latter (Pl. 92, figs. 20, 21). Some forms of #Plectoidea#
(_Plagoniscus_, _Plectaniscus_, &c.) seem to be nearly related to these
Cortinida, and may be easily transformed into them by development of a
complete ring, embracing the central capsule. They seem to demonstrate the
near affinity of all these triradiate NASSELLARIA (Pl. 91, figs. 4, 5, 9,
10).

{940}_Synopsis of the Genera of Stephanida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Lithocircida.
     No typical basal feet on the base of the ring (no cortinar feet).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Ring diphragmatic or   { Ring smooth or thorny,
    amphithect; dorsal   {   without branched spines.  401. _Archicircus_.
    and ventral bow      {
    equal.               { Ring armed with branched
                         {   spines,                   402. _Lithocircus_.

  Ring dipleuric,        { Ring smooth or thorny,
    bilateral; dorsal    {   without branched spines,  403. _Zygocircus_.
    and ventral bow      {
    different.           { Ring armed with branched    404. _Dendrocircus_.
                         {   spines.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Cortinida.
      Three or four typical basal feet on the ring (cortinar feet).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Three basal feet (and  { One caudal and two lateral
    an apical horn).     {   feet,                     405. _Cortina_.

  Four basal feet (and   { Two sagittal and two
    an apical horn).     {   lateral feet,             406. _Stephanium_.



Subfamily 1. LITHOCIRCIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition_.--#Stephanida# without typical basal feet or cortinar feet.



Genus 401. _Archicircus_,[20] n. gen.

_Definition_.--#Stephanida# with a simple amphithect or diphragmatic ring,
smooth or thorny, without branched spines and basal feet.

The genus _Archicircus_ is the most primitive and simplest form of all
#Stephoidea#, and probably the common ancestral form, not only of this
suborder, but of the greater number of all NASSELLARIA (compare above, p.
893). The skeleton consists only of a quite simple sagittal ring, in which
commonly a slight difference of both poles of the main axis (basal and
apical pole) is visible, but no difference between the dorsal and the
ventral bow of the ring. In my Prodromus (1881, p. 447) the species of
_Archicircus_ were disposed partly in the subgenus _Monostephus_, partly in
the genus _Lithocircus_.



Subgenus 1. _Monostephus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.

_Definition._--Ring circular, elliptical, or ovate, without prominent
corners.


1. _Archicircus princeps_, n. sp.

Gate circular. Ring circular, smooth, its transverse section also circular.
The simplest form of all #Stephoidea#.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.05 to 0.08; thickness of the ring
0.006 to 0.008.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


{941}2. _Archicircus monostephus_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 17).

Gate circular. Ring circular, with three elegantly denticulate edges (one
outer median and two lateral edges). Transverse section of the ring
triangular.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.06 to 0.08; thickness of the ring
0.01 to 0.008.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Archicircus ellipsis_, n. sp.

Gate elliptical. Ring elliptical, on the inner margin smooth, on the outer
margin with fifteen to twenty equal, short, simple, or slightly forked
thorns. Transverse section ovate.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.05 to 0.09; thickness of the ring
0.01 to 0.014.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms; also
fossil in Barbados.


4. _Archicircus ovalis_, n. sp.

Gate ovate. Ring elliptical, smooth, with three prominent, slightly
distorted edges, without thorns; in the transverse section triangular.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.08 to 0.12; thickness of the ring
0.006 to 0.009.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


5. _Archicircus monopylus_, n. sp.

Gate ovate. Ring ovate, thorny, with three distorted edges, in the
transverse section triangular; surface covered with numerous simple small
thorns arising from the three edges.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.1 to 0.15; thickness of the ring 0.01
to 0.012.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.



Subgenus 2. _Archistephus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Ring polygonal, with four to six or more prominent corners
(and commonly with simple spines arising from the corners).


6. _Archicircus quadratus_, n. sp.

Gate square. Ring square, with three edges and four short simple pyramidal
spines on the four corners, opposite in pairs in two perpendicular
diameters. Transverse section triangular.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.08; thickness of the ring 0.008.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


{942}7. _Archicircus rhombus_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 7).

Gate rhombic. Ring rhombic, with four prominent edges and four pairs of
short, divergent, pyramidal spines on the four corners, arising from the
lateral edges of the four rods, about as long as the radius of the gate.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.04 to 0.08; thickness of the ring
0.007 to 0.01.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


8. _Archicircus duodenus_, n. sp.

Gate square or rhombic. Ring rhombic, with three prominent edges and twelve
stout and straight pyramidal spines, about as long as the radius of the
gate. In each of the four corners are three divergent spines, arising from
the three edges of each two meeting rods.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.08; thickness of the ring 0.012.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, surface (Rabbe).


9. _Archicircus primordialis_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 1).

Gate ovate. Ring hexagonal, with three prominent edges and six short
pyramidal thorns at the six corners; the basal thorn is either simple or
forked.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.07; thickness of the ring 0.01 to
0.015.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


10. _Archicircus hexacanthus_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 4).

Gate subregular, hexagonal. Ring hexagonal, with three sharp edges and six
equal radial pyramidal spines, arising from the six corners and placed in
the plane of the ring, about as long as the diameter of the gate.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.05 to 0.07; thickness of the ring
0.01.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


11. _Archicircus hertwigii_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocircus annularis_, R. Hertwig (_non_ J. Mueller), 1879, Organismus
  der Radiol., p. 69.     Taf. vii. fig. 5.

Gate hexagonal, with prolonged main axis. Ring hexagonal, with two
prominent edges and six pairs of equal, short, conical spines, arising from
the two edges of the six rods at the six corners and divergent on each side
of the plane of the ring. The basal spine-pair is doubled, therefore there
are in all fourteen spines.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.05 to 0.07; thickness of the ring
0.005 to 0.006.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), Hertwig, surface.


{943}12. _Archicircus triglyphus_, n. sp.

Gate ovate. Ring hexagonal, with three prominent edges and twenty-two to
twenty-four simple curved spines, arising from the six corners and about as
long as the diameter of the gate. In the basal corner arise six to nine
larger spines, protecting the basal pole of the central capsule. From each
of the five other corners arise three spines, diverging from the three
edges.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.07 to 0.11; thickness of the ring
0.008 to 0.011.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


13. _Archicircus sexangularis_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 12).

Gate hexagonal or subcircular. Ring hexagonal, with two sharp prominent
edges and six pairs of divergent spines, about as long as the radius of the
gate, and arising from the two edges at the six corners. The two apical and
the two basal spines are simple and conical, whilst the eight other spines,
arising in pairs from the two dorsal and the two ventral corners, are
slightly forked.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.06 to 0.08; thickness of the ring
0.01 to 0.015.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.



Genus 402. _Lithocircus_,[21] J. Mueller, 1856, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 484.

_Definition._--#Stephanida# with a simple amphithect or diphragmatic ring,
armed with branched spines, without typical basal feet.

The genus _Lithocircus_ is the oldest known form of all #Stephoidea#,
founded by J. Mueller in 1856 for his _Lithocircus annularis_, the first
species of this suborder described. We retain here this cosmopolitan form
as the typical representative of the genus, which differs from the
preceding _Archicircus_, its ancestral form, in the development of branched
radial spines.


1. _Lithocircus annularis_, J. Mueller.

  _Lithocircus annularis_, J. Mueller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 29, Taf. i. fig. 1.

Gate circular. Ring circular, with four forked or simply branched spines,
opposite in pairs in two diameters, perpendicular one to the other. Spines
with slender curved fork-branches, about as long as the diameter of the
gate. The specimen figured by J. Mueller bears a supernumerary fifth spine;
numerous other specimens observed by me exhibited a regular cross of four
spines.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.1 to 0.15; length of the spines 0.01
to 0.18.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
surface.


{944}2. _Lithocircus quadricornis_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 9).

Gate square. Ring square, with three sharp denticulate edges, and four
large bunches of richly branched spines on the four corners. In each corner
arise three curved spines, about as long as the diameter of the ring; their
numerous irregular branches are forked and curved like the antlers of deer.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.07; length of the horns 0.06 to 0.09.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


3. _Lithocircus decimalis_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 15).

Gate elliptical. Ring pentagonal, with three prominent edges and five pairs
of branched spines on the five corners. In each corner arise two or three
curved spines, about as long as the radius of the gate, each with two to
four forked branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.08; length of the spines 0.03 to
0.05.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.


4. _Lithocircus hexablastus_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 17).

Gate elliptical. Ring hexagonal, with three prominent edges and six pairs
of branched spines, arising from the six corners. Each of the twelve spines
is short and stout, only half as long as the radius of the gate, and bears
a bunch of ten to twenty short, densely aggregated, conical or horn-like
curved branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.1; length of the spines 0.02 to 0.03.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.


5. _Lithocircus crambessa_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 6).

Gate elliptical or subcircular. Ring hexagonal, with three wing-shaped
distorted edges and six groups of branched spines, arising from the six
corners. In each corner arise three short and stout divergent spines, each
bearing a bunch of numerous short roundish branches like a cauliflower,
scarcely as long as the thickness of the ring.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the ring 0.1 to 0.12, length of the spines 0.01
to 0.02.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


6. _Lithocircus tarandus_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 19).

Gate circular. Ring hexagonal, with three sharp edges and six pairs of
large branched spines, arising from the flat lateral edges on the six
corners. Each of the twelve spines is horizontally expanded, longer than
the diameter of the ring and dichotomously forked like the antlers of a
{945}reindeer. If the lateral ends of the branches of this species become
united in the frontal plane, we get _Microcubus_, the four upper spines
forming the mitral ring, the four middle the equatorial ring, and the four
lower the basal ring.

_Dimensions_.--Diameter of the gate 0.08; length of the spines 0.09.

_Habitat_.--Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.


7. _Lithocircus furcatus_, n. sp.

Gate ovate. Ring ovate, with three sharp prominent edges. The two lateral
edges are smooth. The median edge (in the sagittal plane) bears sixteen to
twenty forked spines (commonly eight dorsal, eight ventral, and four
basal). All the spines are of nearly equal size, slightly curved, and about
half as long as the short sagittal axis of the ring.

_Dimensions_.--Diameter of the gate 0.08 to 0.12; length of the spines 0.03
to 0.04.

_Habitat_.--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.


8. _Lithocircus magnificus_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 16).

Gate ovate or nearly elliptical. Ring ovate, with three prominent edges,
and numerous richly branched spines arising from the three edges. The
specimen figured, which I observed living in the Mediterranean, exhibited
eight bunches of larger spines, three dorsal, three ventral, one apical,
and one basal bunch; the latter much larger than the seven others. Each
bunch was composed of two to four larger and numerous smaller spines, their
branches curved and forked. The ovate purple central capsule, with a
distinct podoconus, filled more than the half of the gate.

_Dimensions_.--Diameter of the gate 0.1 to 0.13; length of the spines 0.05
to 0.15.

_Habitat_.--Mediterranean (Portofino, 1880), Atlantic (Canary Islands),
Station 354, surface.



Genus 403. _Zygocircus_,[22] Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
vol. xxxvi. p. 496.

_Definition_.--#Stephanida# with a simple dipleuric or bilateral ring,
smooth or thorny, without branched spines and basal feet.

The genus _Zygocircus_ and the following _Dendrocircus_ differ from the two
preceding older genera in the bilaterally symmetrical or dipleuric form of
the sagittal ring. Whilst in _Archicircus_ and _Lithocircus_ the two
sagittal halves or bows of the ring, the dorsal and ventral bow, are equal
(therefore the fundamental form amphithect or diphragmatic), here both bows
become distinctly different; the dorsal bow is constantly more straight
(often vertical), the ventral bow more convex (obliquely ascending). This
dipleuric differentiation is most important, as it is transmitted to the
greater number of NASSELLARIA by heredity.


{946}1. _Zygocircus sagittalis_, n. sp.

Gate ovate. Ring half ovate or nearly triangular, with three curved edges
and three prominent corners, one apical and two basal protuberances. Dorsal
rod vertical, twice as long as the horizontal basal rod. Ventral rod
convexly curved.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.05 to 0.07; height of the tubercles
0.01 to 0.015.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Zygocircus trigonus_, n. sp.

Gate triangular. Ring triangular, with three curved edges and three
prominent corners, which are prolonged into nine divergent conical spines;
three spines arising from the three edges of each corner. Dorsal rod
vertical; ventral and basal rods curved and convergent.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.11 to 0.13; length of the spines 0.01
to 0.015.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Sunda Archipelago (Rabbe), surface.


3. _Zygocircus tetragonus_, n. sp.

Gate ovate. Ring quadrangular, without edges, with four simple conical
spines of different sizes; one smaller apical, one larger basal, and two
equatorial spines of middle size (one dorsal and one ventral). Dorsal and
ventral rod curved.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.04 to 0.06; length of the spines
0.018 to 0.026.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.


4. _Zygocircus rhombicus_, n. sp.

Gate rhombic. Ring rhombic, with three prominent edges, and eight short
conical curved spines arising from the lateral edges at the four corners of
the rhombus. The basal and ventral spine are larger than the apical and
dorsal spine; the ventral rod is more curved (with smaller angle) than the
shorter dorsal rod. The medial edge of the ring is smooth, without spines.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.08; length of spines 0.02 to 0.04.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.


5. _Zygocircus pentagonus_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 8).

Gate roundish pentagonal. Ring very thick (about as thick as the radius of
the gate), irregularly pentagonal, with prominent sagittal edge. On both
sides of the latter arise at the five corners five pairs of short simple
irregularly curved spines. The four ventral spines are larger than the four
dorsal, and the two basal spines larger than the eight former, forked. (In
fig. 8 the basal spines are turned upwards.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.07; length of the spines 0.04 to
0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


{947}6. _Zygocircus hexagonus_, n. sp.

Gate irregularly hexagonal. Ring obliquely hexagonal, thick, without edges,
with six short and stout conical spines on the six corners. The two spines
of the curved ventral rod are longer than the two spines of the straight
dorsal rod. The apical spine is smaller and the basal spine larger than the
four others.

_Dimensions_.--Diameter of the gate 0.07 to 0.09; length of the spines 0.01
to 0.03.

_Habitat_.--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


7. _Zygocircus triquetrus_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 3).

Gate obliquely ovate. Ring obliquely hexagonal, with three sharp edges and
three short conical spines on each of the six corners. Therefore each
hexagonal edge bears six short radial spines of equal size.

_Dimensions_.--Diameter of the gate 0.04 to 0.08; length of the spines 0.01
to 0.02.

_Habitat_.--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.


8. _Zygocircus dodecanthus_, n. sp.

Gate semicircular. Ring semicircular or irregularly hexagonal, without
edges, with twelve short blunt spines, arising in pairs from the six
corners; two apical, two basal, and between them two equatorial corners.
Three pairs of spines remain on the straight dorsal rod, three on the
curved ventral rod.

_Dimensions_.--Diameter of the gate 0.04 to 0.06; length of the spines 0.01
to 0.02.

_Habitat_.--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 268; depth 2650 to 2900
fathoms.


9. _Zygocircus acacia_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 5).

Gate obliquely ovate. Ring semi-ovate, with straight dorsal and curved
ventral rod, partly with distorted edges. Six bunches of numerous short and
straight conical spines arise from the ring, one larger bunch (often
trifid) from the apex, two smaller bunches from the dorsal, two from the
ventral rod, and one very large bunch from the base. The six bunches are
often more separated, smaller, and the spines shorter than in the figured
specimen, which passes over into _Dendrocircus_.

_Dimensions_.--Diameter of the gate 0.12 to 0.16; length of the spines,
0.01 to 0.07.

_Habitat_.--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


10. _Zygocircus polygonus_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 2).

Gate irregularly roundish or ovate. Ring irregularly polygonal or sometimes
nearly circular, without edges, armed with a single series of ten to
fifteen short pyramidal spines, which are irregularly {948}disposed in the
sagittal plane. The ventral rod is strongly curved, often semicircular, the
dorsal rod less curved or nearly straight.

_Dimensions_.--Diameter of the gate 0.05 to 0.07; length of the spines
0.004 to 0.02.

_Habitat_.--Cosmopolitan--Atlantic, Pacific; also fossil in Barbados.


11. _Zygocircus buetschlii_, n. sp.

  _Zygocircus productus_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. p. 497.

Gate obliquely ovate. Ring irregularly roundish, semi-ovate or ovate, with
interrupted and distorted edges, and with a large number (ten to twenty or
more) of simple, irregularly formed and asymmetrically disposed spines;
commonly some larger spines at the base.

_Dimensions_.--Diameter of the gate 0.05 to 0.09; length of the spines
0.005 to 0.02.

_Habitat_.--Fossil in Barbados.


12. _Zygocircus productus_, Buetschli.

  _Zygocircus productus_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi p. 496.

  _Lithocircus productus_, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 69,
  Taf. vii. fig. 4.

Gate obliquely ovate. Ring obliquely ovate, with three complete prominent
edges and with numerous (ten to twenty or more) simple, short conical
spines, arising in three series from the three edges; commonly some smaller
spines at the base.

_Dimensions_.--Diameter of the gate 0.1 to 0.2; length of the spines 0.005
to 0.02.

_Habitat_.--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.



Genus 404. _Dendrocircus_,[23] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.

_Definition_.--#Stephanida# with a simple dipleuric or bilateral ring,
armed with branched spines, without typical basal feet.

The genus _Dendrocircus_ has the same dipleuric or bilaterally symmetrical
form of the sagittal ring as its ancestral genus _Zygocircus_. It differs
from the latter in the development of branched radial spines, and therefore
bears to it the same relation as the amphithect _Lithocircus_ does to the
simpler _Archicircus_.


1. _Dendrocircus quadrangulus_, n. sp.

Gate irregularly quadrangular or nearly semicircular. Ring quadrangular,
edgeless, with four unequal sides; ventral rod more curved and with longer
sides than the dorsal rod. From the four edges arise four strong,
irregularly branched spines, about as long as the diameter of the gate,
{949}with curved branches; the ventral and basal spines larger than the
dorsal and apical spines. Similar to _Lithocircus quadricornis_ (Pl. 81,
fig. 9), but less branched, and with a striking difference between the
shorter dorsal and the longer ventral rod.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.04 to 0.06; length of the spines 0.05
to 0.07.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 256, depth 2950 fathoms.


2. _Dendrocircus dodecarrhiza_, n. sp.

Gate obliquely ovate. Ring irregularly quadrangular, with three prominent
edges. From the latter arise at the four corners twelve divergent,
irregularly branched spines (three in each corner), about as long as the
radius of the gate, with curved branches; the three basal spines larger
than the nine others.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.08 to 0.1; length of the spines 0.04
to 0.06.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Maldive Islands), surface (Haeckel).


3. _Dendrocircus dodecancistra_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 11).

Gate obliquely ovate or nearly elliptical. Ring irregularly ovate, with
three distorted edges and six pairs of branched spines. The two ventral
pairs are much more distant than the two dorsal pairs, the ventral rod
being longer and more curved than the dorsal rod. All twelve spines are of
nearly equal size, are more or less curved, about as long as the diameter
of the gate, and each bears six to twelve irregular short branches at the
end.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.07 to 0.08; length of the spines 0.05
to 0.08.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms.


4. _Dendrocircus arborescens_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 10).

Gate irregularly roundish or nearly circular. Ring of the same form, with
slight edges and six pairs of elegant arborescent spines (one apical, two
dorsal, two ventral, and one basal pair); the three latter somewhat larger
than the three former. Each tree is larger than the ring, in the basal half
simple, in the distal half forked, each fork-branch with numerous
dichotomous terminal branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.06 to 0.08; length of the spines 0.12
to 0.15.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, surface.


5. _Dendrocircus elegans_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 13).

Gate irregularly ovate. Ring thick, ovate, with three denticulate edges and
six bunches of stout, branched and spinulate, curved spines. The four
ventral spines are more distant than the four dorsal, the ventral rod being
more curved than the dorsal. The latter bears above the two apical spines.
The two basal spines are much larger, deeply forked; their four
fork-branches may be compared to the four basal feet of _Stephanium_.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the ring 0.09 to 0.11; length of the spines 0.03
to 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


{950}6. _Dendrocircus barbadensis_, n. sp.

Gate irregularly ovate or nearly semicircular. Ring of the same oblique
form, thick, with interrupted and distorted edges, armed with eight to
twelve larger irregularly formed and branched acute spines; between them
numerous conical smaller spines. This common species is very polymorphous
and variable.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the ring 0.05 to 0.08; length of the spines
0.005 to 0.02.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


7. _Dendrocircus stalactites_, n. sp. (Pl. 81, fig. 14).

Gate obliquely ovate. Ring irregularly ovate or roundish, very thick,
without edges, armed with numerous (eight to twelve or more) short and
stout branches, which are shorter than the diameter of the gate,
irregularly disposed and branched, with very numerous clustered blunt
ramules.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the gate 0.07 to 0.09; length of the spines 0.02
to 0.06.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. CORTINIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Stephanida# with typical basal feet (or cortinar feet).



Genus 405. _Cortina_,[24] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Stephanida# with a simple dipleuric or bilateral ring,
bearing at the base three divergent feet (one odd caudal and two paired
lateral feet).

The genus _Cortina_ and the following _Stephanium_ represent together the
small but very important group of Cortinida, differing from the simple
Lithocircida in the possession of three typical basal feet, which are
transmitted to the majority of the NASSELLARIA by heredity, and produce
their peculiar triradial structure. They appear therefore as a combination
of the simple ring (_Zygocircus_) with three basal feet (_Plagonium_). One
of these three divergent feet is the odd caudal foot, opposite to the
apical horn; the two others are the paired lateral or pectoral feet. (On
the probable origin and the typical signification of _Cortina_ compare
above, pp. 891-894.)


1. _Cortina tripus_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 9).

Ring ovate, smooth, or with a few short thorns. Apical horn oblique,
curved, simple, smooth, about as long as the sagittal axis of the ring.
Feet divergent, curved, simple, smooth, about as {951}long as the horn; the
caudal foot shorter than the two pectoral feet. Very variable in form and
size.

_Dimensions._--Height of the ring 0.06 to 0.09, breadth 0.04 to 0.06;
length of the feet 0.05 to 0.1.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface and in various
depths.


2. _Cortina typus_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 1).

Ring kidney-shaped or nearly semicircular, with revolute vertical dorsal
rod and strongly curved ventral rod; both rods with two pairs of
spine-bunches. Apical horn nearly straight, thorny, longer than the ring,
directed a little obliquely backwards. Feet slightly curved, of equal
length, two to three times as long as the ring; each armed with few large
bunches of curved spines, which are more developed in the caudal foot than
in the two pectoral feet.

_Dimensions._--Height of the ring 0.14, breadth 0.08; length of the feet
0.2 to 0.3.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


3. _Cortina conifera_, n. sp.

Ring subcircular, smooth. Apical horn and the three divergent feet of equal
size and similar form, cylindrical, straight, about as long as the ring, at
the distal end thickened, with a dimply cone (similar to _Tripospyris
conifera_ and _Tripospyris eucolpa_, Pl. 84, figs. 4, 7).

_Dimensions._--Height of the ring 0.08, breadth 0.06; length of the feet
0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Cortina furcata_, n. sp.

Ring elliptical, with three forked horizontal spines (one on the dorsal and
two on the ventral rod). Apical horn and the three divergent feet of equal
size, somewhat longer than the ring, slightly curved, in the distal half
forked.

_Dimensions._--Height of the ring 0.07, breadth 0.05; length of the feet
0.09.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms. Fossil in
Barbados.


5. _Cortina dendroides_, n. sp.

Ring ovate, with six pairs of branched horizontal spines, three on the
dorsal and three on the ventral rod. Apical horn very large, arborescent,
about as long and as broad as the ring. Feet similar to the horn, also
richly branched, of equal size. All the rods and their branches curved,
with prominent distorted edges.

_Dimensions._--Height of the ring 0.13 to 0.17, breadth 0.1 to 0.12; length
of the feet 0.15 to 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


{952}6. _Cortina cervina_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 21).

Ring ovate, with four pairs of forked horizontal spines (two dorsal and two
ventral pairs). Apical horn straight and stout, as long as the ring, with
trifid point. Three feet equal, widely divergent, very large, branched like
a deer's antler, with very numerous short and stout, curved and pointed
branches. All rods and branches roundish, without edges.

_Dimensions._--Height of the ring 0.1, breadth 0.07; length of the feet
0.12 to 0.16.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.



Genus 406. _Stephanium_,[25] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Stephanida# with a simple dipleuric or bilateral ring,
bearing at the base four divergent feet (two sagittal and two lateral
feet).

The genus _Stephanium_ differs from the preceding nearly allied _Cortina_
in the production of four basal feet; the new foot, missing in the latter,
is the anterior or sternal foot. Therefore _Stephanium_ may be regarded as
the archetype of all those NASSELLARIA in which, on the base of the
sagittal ring, there are developed four typical feet--two sagittal feet
(the posterior caudal and anterior sternal foot) and two lateral feet
(right and left). On the origin of _Stephanium_ compare above, p. 893, &c.


1. _Stephanium quadrupes_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 20).

Ring ovate, with three prominent dentate edges and a short pyramidal apical
horn. Four feet all of nearly equal size, about as long as the ring, also
with three thorny edges, in the upper half divergent, in the lower
convergent.

_Dimensions._--Height of the ring 0.12, breadth 0.08; length of the feet
0.11 to 0.13.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Stephanium tetrapus_, n. sp.

Ring elliptical, without edges, thorny, with a stout, thorny apical horn of
the same length. Four feet curved and irregularly branched, divergent, of
different size. The two sagittal feet (the anterior sternal and posterior
caudal) about as long as the ring. The two lateral feet (right and left)
nearly twice as long, more richly branched.

_Dimensions._--Height of the ring 0.16, breadth 0.11; length of the feet
0.15 to 0.3.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms. Fossil in
Barbados.



{953}Family XLIX. #SEMANTIDA#, n. fam.

_Definition._--#Stephoidea# with a single vertical ring (the primary
sagittal ring), bearing on its base a horizontal ring (basal or cortinar
ring) with two to four or more basal gates (or cortinar pores).

The family #Semantida# differs from the preceding Stephanida in the
development of a small horizontal ring on the base of the primary vertical
sagittal ring. By the crossing of these two rings a small latticed basal
plate is formed, with one or two pairs of pores; rarely with a greater
number of "basal pores." The production of this characteristic "basal
plate" is of the greatest morphological importance, as the beginning of the
numerous different lattice-formations, which are differentiated in the
great majority of NASSELLARIA.

In my Prodromus (1881, p. 446) I had enumerated the Semantida with three
genera (Nos. 298 to 300) as a separate subfamily of the Dyostephida or
"Stephoidea biannularia," and characterised these "Dyostephanida" by the
following definition: "Skeleto annulis duobus composito, qui in duobus
planis invicem perpendicularibus jacent; altero annulo (sagittali)
verticali, altero (basali) horizontali." As the names there given were
already employed with another signification, and as the Zygostephanida
(there united with the Dyostephanida) are more closely related to the
Coronida, I now change the names, and propose to call the family Semantida,
expressing by this term the typical similarity of the skeleton to a
signet-ring (_Semantis_, _Semantrum_, _Semantidium_).

At about the same time, some #Stephoidea# of this family were accurately
described by Buetschli (1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 495,
Taf. xxxii. figs. 6, 7, 8). He called them _Stephanolithis_, a name which
Ehrenberg had employed, not for complete shells of Radiolaria, but for
isolated parts of such, and for siliceous fragments of different skeletons,
needles of Sponges, &c. The three species described by Buetschli represent
three different genera of our Semantida, viz., _Semantis spinescens_ (with
two gates in the basal plate), _Semantrum muelleri_ (with four gates), and
_Semantidium haeckelii_ (with six gates). He pointed out the great
morphological value of the fenestrated basal plate and its paired gates, as
beginnings of numerous other NASSELLARIA. But his opinion, that in all
#Spyroidea# and #Cyrtoidea#, derived from these, two pairs of basal gates
were constant, was erroneous, nor was the formation of the first pair
naturally explained; he supposed that the formation of the basal plate
begins by development of an odd sagittal apophysis, arising from the base
of the primary sagittal ring. But this odd sagittal apophysis ("der unpaare
mediane Kieselfortsatz c1", _loc. cit._, p. 497) is in reality not a
primary {954}and essential part of the skeleton, but secondary and of
little morphological value, absent in the majority of the Semantida and of
the other NASSELLARIA.

We divide our family Semantida into two different subfamilies, which
possibly possess a direct phylogenetic relation to the two subfamilies of
Stephanida:--The Semantiscida have no typical feet, and have arisen
directly from the Lithocircida; the Cortiniscida, however, possess the
three typical basal feet of _Cortina_, and may therefore be derived
directly from the Cortinida. Since these three cortinar feet are probably
identical with the three primary radial rods of the #Plectoidea#, an
immediate affinity also to these NASSELLARIA is indicated.

The Semantiscida, which do not possess these three basal cortinar feet, are
the simpler forms of the family. The simplest of all, and perhaps the
common ancestral form of the whole family, is _Semantis_ (Pl. 92, figs. 1,
2). It may be derived from _Archicircus_ or _Zygocircus_ by development of
two pairs of horizontal apophyses on its base, around the porochora of the
central capsule. The two rods of each side (right and left), becoming
curved one towards the other, and meeting laterally, form a simple
horizontal gate, and the two paired basal gates together, a horizontal ring
or basal ring, to which the primary sagittal ring is perpendicular. In the
next allied genus, _Semantrum_ (Pl. 92, figs. 3-5), three pairs of
horizontal apophyses are developed, and therefore two pairs of basal gates
produced, an anterior and a posterior. In the third genus, _Semantidium_
(Pl. 92, figs. 6, 7), three pairs of basal pores or gates are visible,
surrounded and separated by four pairs of horizontal apophyses, which arise
from the base of the sagittal ring. Finally, in _Clathrocircus_ (Pl. 92,
figs. 8-10) the number of apophyses is much increased, and two parallel
rows of pores are developed along the two sides of the sagittal ring.

The basal plate or the "seal," developed from the base of the primary
sagittal ring or "signet-ring," is therefore a horizontal ring, which
becomes bisected by the latter, and exhibits either one pair of primary
"basal gates" or two or three pairs of these important basal pores, rarely
more. Since these pores possess the greatest morphological value, and are
probably everywhere homologous, we give to them and to the separating
apophyses certain names, and call the anterior pair of gates, "jugular
pores" (_i_ in our figures, the pair I of Buetschli); the middle (usually
the largest) pair, "cardinal pores" (_k_ in our figures, the pair II of
Buetschli), and the posterior, smaller pair, "cervical pores," _l_. The
typical pairs of rods, by the union of which these basal pores arise, are
the following:--(1) the clavicular or furcular rods, _f_, the first pair
(rods _e_1 of Buetschli), (2) the coracal rods, _e_, between the jugular
and cardinal pores (rods _e_ of Buetschli), (3) the scapular rods, _g_,
between the cardinal and cervical pores (rods _e_2 of Buetschli), (4) the
cervical rods, the fourth pair of apophyses, the most posterior, _h_.
Buetschli supposes that the topographical succession of the three typical
pairs of basal pores is also the chronological succession, the jugular
being formed first, the {955}cardinal second and the cervical pores third
but it seems that this succession is often altered and that the cardinal
pores (the largest), appear first, the jugular pores (in front of them)
second and the cervical pores third (or perhaps sometimes in the inverse
succession).

The Cortiniscida, the second subfamily of Semantida, differ from the
preceding Semantiscida in the possession of three typical basal feet, which
are probably inherited from the Cortinida, and perhaps indirectly from the
Plagonida (_Plagoniscus_). The simplest and the most important form of this
second family is _Cortiniscus_ (Pl. 92, figs. 11-13), differing from its
probable ancestral form, _Cortina_, in the development of a basal ring,
produced by horizontal union of the basal apophyses. The three typical feet
are the same as in all triradiate NASSELLARIA, two paired pectoral feet
(_p__{1}, _p__{11}) diverging on the anterior base of the sagittal ring,
whilst the odd caudal foot (_c_) lies on its posterior base in the sagittal
plane and appears as a basal prolongation of the dorsal rod of the sagittal
ring; the upper part of the dorsal rod is usually prolonged into an
ascending apical horn. In _Stephaniscus_ (Pl. 92, figs. 14, 15) four basal
feet are visible, an anterior or sternal foot (_z_) being added as a
prolongation of the basal rod of the ring, opposite to the caudal foot.
Finally, _Semantiscus_ (Pl. 92, figs. 16-18) is distinguished by the
possession of six divergent basal feet, probably identical with those of
all six-radiate NASSELLARIA; three of these may be regarded as primary and
perradial, the odd caudal and the paired pectoral feet; the three other
intercalated as secondary or interradial feet, the odd sternal (_z_) and
the paired tergal feet (_t__{1}, _t__{11}).

The basal plate of these Cortiniscida exhibits the same important
differences as in the preceding Semantiscida, either one, or two, or three
pairs of basal gates being developed. But there occur also in some species
(mainly in _Cortiniscus_) only three basal gates, an odd anterior (between
the two pectoral feet and a connecting horizontal bar), and two paired
posterior (between the two pectoral and the odd caudal foot). It requires
further accurate researches to solve the important problem, what the true
homologies of these typical basal pores and the separating bars are in the
different genera of Semantida. In _Semantiscus_ there are three pairs of
basal pores in the horizontal seal, corresponding to those of _Semantidium_
and the radial rods or bars between, these are the basal parts of the six
radial feet; therefore the odd caudal foot (_t_) seems to be the posterior,
and the odd sternal foot (_z_) the anterior prolongation of the basal part
of the primary sagittal ring; the two paired anterior or pectoral feet
(_p__{1}, _p__{11}) the prolongations of the coracal rods (_e_) and the two
paired posterior or tergal feet (_t__{1}, _t__{11}), the prolongations of
the scapular rods (_g_). But it is not yet certain whether these six radial
feet and the separating gates of the basal plate are all the same and truly
homologous in all six-radiate NASSELLARIA. In every case the comparative
study of the Semantida is of the highest value for the accurate knowledge
of the MONOPYLEA.

{956}_Synopsis of the Genera of Semantida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Semantiscida.
     Basal ring without typical, regularly disposed basal feet
       (no cortinar feet).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           { Two basal pores,         407. _Semantis_.
  Only two, four, or six   {
    basal pores (no dorsal { Four basal pores,        408. _Semantrum_.
    and ventral pores).    {
                           { Six basal pores,         409. _Semantidium_.

  Besides four basal pores, also apical pores or
    dorsal and ventral pores along the whole ring,    410. _Clathrocircus_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Cortiniscida.
      Basal ring with typical, regularly disposed basal feet
         (cortinar feet).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           { One odd caudal foot and
  Three basal feet.        {   two paired lateral
                           {   feet,                  411. _Cortiniscus_.

                           { Two sagittal and two
  Four basal feet.         {   lateral or pectoral
                           {   feet,                  412. _Stephaniscus_.

                           { Two sagittal, two
  Six basal feet.          {   pectoral, and two
                           {   tergal feet,           413. _Semantiscus_.



Subfamily 1. SEMANTISCIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Semantida# without typical basal feet or cortinar feet.



Genus 407. _Semantis_,[26] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Semantida# with two basal pores (or jugular pores), without
typical basal feet.

The genus _Semantis_, the most primitive and the oldest of the Semantida,
is of the greatest morphological interest, as the first form of
#Stephoidea# which produces gates or pores by communicating branches, and
therefore the probable ancestral form not only of this family, but of the
greater number of all #Stephoidea#, and perhaps even of all #Spyroidea# and
#Cyrtoidea#. _Semantis_ arises from _Archicircus_ by the production of two
pairs of lateral branches from the basilar rod of the sagittal ring, one
anterior pair of clavicular rods, and one posterior pair of coracal rods.
By junction of the clavicular and coracal rod on each side arises a left
and a right pore, the "jugular pore or jugular gate."


1. _Semantis biforis_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 2).

Sagittal ring obliquely ovate, nearly trapezoidal, with six pairs of short
mammillated knobs or branches; dorsal rod straight, vertical, with two
pairs of knobs, ventral rod strongly convex, also with {957}two pairs of
knobs; two other pairs in the apical rod. Basilar rod horizontal, straight.
Basal ring with six pairs of similar knobs, three on each side. Basal gates
ovate or nearly triangular.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.09, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.


2. _Semantis distoma_, n. sp.

Sagittal and basal ring nearly of the same form as in the preceding
species, but half as thick and armed with numerous branched spines which
are about half as long as the diameter of the main gate, and with thin and
curved pointed branches.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.11, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Semantis dipyla_, n. sp.

Sagittal ring kidney-shaped, very thick, with six pairs of short, thorny,
or irregularly tuberculated knobs (two dorsal, two apical, and two ventral
pairs). Basal ring smooth, scarcely half as thick, horizontal, with two
semicircular basal gates, about half as broad as the main gate. From the
two opposite lateral corners of the basal ring two slender upwardly curved
spines arise, resembling the basal part of a commencing frontal ring.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


4. _Semantis sigillum_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 1).

Sagittal ring elliptical, with four pairs of stout arborescent spines (two
apical and two equatorial pairs), which are irregularly branched and
forked, with numerous thin lateral branches. Apex with a short conical
trifid vertical horn. Basal ring thorny, with obliquely descending slightly
curved bars.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.12, breadth 0.09.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


5. _Semantis distephanus_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 3).

Sagittal ring thin, semicircular, smaller than the thin basal ring, which
exhibits two semicircular gates. Both rings are armed with numerous small
spines of equal size, which on the former are arranged in two, on the
latter in three regular rows. (The basal rod of the sagittal ring,
separating the two basal gates, in fig. 3 is, by mistake, not distinctly
enough drawn.)

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.06, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, surface.


{958}6. _Semantis spinescens_, Haeckel.

  _Stephanolithis spinescens_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p.160, Taf. i. fig. 29.

  _Stephanolithis spinescens_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
  vol. xxxvi. p. 497, Taf. xxxii. figs. 7_a_, 7_b_.

Sagittal ring ovate with four pairs of thin, irregularly branched spines,
two apical pairs, one on the straight dorsal rod and one on the curved
ventral rod. Basilar rod with a posterior and an anterior forked rod
(commencing caudal and sternal foot). Basal ring square, with two lateral
spines, and two triangular gates scarcely one-third as broad as the
ring-gate. An internal ascending procolumna (rod _c__1 in the figure of
Buetschli) connects the basal and ventral rods of the sagittal ring.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.1, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 408. _Semantrum_,[27] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Semantida# with four basal pores (two anterior jugular and
two posterior cardinal pores), without typical basal feet.

The genus _Semantrum_, one of the most important of the NASSELLARIA, arises
from the preceding _Semantis_ by duplication of the two basal gates. Behind
the pair of coracal rods there arises from the basilar rod of the sagittal
ring a third pair of lateral horizontal branches, the scapular rods. These
become connected with the coracal rods on each side, and so produce a
second posterior pair of basal pores, the "cardinal gates." These are
constantly larger than the anterior "jugular gates." Therefore the vertical
ring of _Semantrum_ possesses a horizontal basal ring with four very
characteristic gates, enclosed by three pairs of lateral curved and
connected branches, and these become transmitted by heredity to the
majority of the NASSELLARIA.


1. _Semantrum quadrifore_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 5).

Sagittal ring subcircular or ovate, with three edges and four sagittal
forked spines on the odd edge (two dorsal and two ventral spines). Basal
ring decagonal, with ten simple or forked spines on the ten corners.
Jugular gates tetragonal. Cardinal gates pentagonal.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.09, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 351, surface.


{959}2. _Semantrum tetrastoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 3).

Sagittal ring semicircular, thorny, without edges. Basal ring tetragonal or
nearly cordate, with a small anterior and a large posterior bow-shaped
incision; on the lateral edges with numerous irregular thorns. Jugular
gates pear-shaped. Cardinal gates nearly kidney-shaped.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.1 to 0.14, breadth 0.07 to
0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.


3. _Semantrum tetrapylum_, n. sp.

Sagittal ring elliptical, tuberculate. Basal ring trapezoidal, also with
roundish thick rods and small irregular tubercles on the margin. Jugular
gates ovate, two-thirds as broad as the triangular cardinal gates.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.


4. _Semantrum muelleri_, Haeckel.

  _Stephanolithis muelleri_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
  vol. xxxvi pp. 499, 539, Taf. xxxii. figs. 8_a_, 8_b_, 8_c_.

Sagittal ring nearly semicircular or obliquely ovate, thorny. Basal ring
also nearly semicircular, with two slight sagittal incisions (one anterior
and one posterior), on the lateral edges with numerous small thorns.
Jugular pores (pair I of Buetschli) pear-shaped. Cardinal pores (pair II of
Buetschli) triangular. Sometimes (but not constantly) a pair of cervical
bows connects the scapular bars with the subvertical dorsal rod of the
sagittal ring.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.09, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Semantrum sphragisma_, n. sp.

Sagittal ring circular, smooth. Basal ring also nearly circular and smooth;
its four basal gates of nearly equal size, elliptical or subcircular; the
jugular pores scarcely smaller than the cardinal pores. All rods smooth,
cylindrical, without edges and thorns.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


6. _Semantrum buetschlii_, n. sp.

Sagittal ring triangular, with vertical straight ascending dorsal rod,
horizontal straight basilar rod and obliquely ascending, slightly curved
ventral rod; all rods nearly cylindrical, with irregular {960}branched
thorns and distorted edges. Jugular pores triangular, scarcely half as
broad as the large semicircular cardinal pores.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.11, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


7. _Semantrum signarium_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 4).

Sagittal ring obliquely ovate, thorny. Basal ring kidney-shaped or nearly
pentagonal, with broad concave dorsal incision and five larger branched
spines on the five corners; between them smaller thorns. Jugular gates
pear-shaped, scarcely half as broad as the triangular cardinal gates.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.12, breadth 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 409. _Semantidium_,[28]  n. gen.

_Definition._--#Semantida# with six basal pores (two anterior jugular, two
middle cardinal, and two posterior cervical pores), without typical basal
feet.

The genus _Semantidium_ exhibits a further developmental stage of the basal
plate of the Semantida. Whilst this plate in _Semantis_ possesses one pair
of basal pores, and in _Semantrum_ two pairs, here in _Semantidium_ it has
three pairs. The new third pair is produced on the dorsal edge of the basal
plate, which becomes connected with the basal part of the dorsal rod of the
sagittal ring by a pair of cervical rods. The middle pair of pores (the
cardinal) are always larger than the anterior (jugular) and the posterior
(cervical pores). The same form of basal plate is preserved in numerous
#Spyroidea# and #Cyrtoidea#, as a "cortinar septum with six collar pores,"
(_e.g._, Pl. 53, fig. 18).


1. _Semantidium hexastoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 6).

Sagittal ring ovate, thorny. Basal ring rhombic or nearly square, with four
short conical descending spines on the four prominent edges (two sagittal
and two lateral); between them numerous smaller irregular thorns. Jugular
and cervical gates nearly equal, ovate, half as broad as the triangular
cardinal gates between them.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.14, breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Semantidium sexangulum_, n. sp.

Sagittal ring ovate, with six pairs of short branched thorns (two apical,
two dorsal, and two ventral). Basal ring hexagonal, with three pairs of
short branched thorns on the six corners (one {961}sagittal pair, one
posterior and one anterior). All six gates of the basal plate triangular,
the jugular and cervical a little smaller than the cardinal gates.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.1, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


3. _Semantidium haeckelii_, Buetschli.

  Stephanolithis Haeckelii, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. pp. 499, 538, Taf. xxxii. figs. 6_a_, 6_b_.

Sagittal ring elliptical, with three pairs of short horizontal branched
spines, one apical and two equatorial pairs (one dorsal and one ventral).
Basal ring roundish hexagonal, with numerous short thorns on the margin.
Jugular pores ovate, about half as broad as the ovate cardinal pores and
twice as broad as the small cervical pores.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Semantidium signatorium_,  n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 7).

Sagittal ring semicircular, thorny; basal ring pentagonal, with short
spines on the margin and five stronger thorny spines on the five corners.
Jugular pores ovate, smaller than the triangular cervical pores. Cardinal
pores two to three times as large as each of the former, pentagonal.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 341, depth 2300 fathoms.



Genus 410. _Clathrocircus_,[29] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.

_Definition._--#Semantida# with a variable number of pores on the apical
and the basal part of the ring, symmetrically arranged, without typical
basal feet.

The genus _Clathrocircus_ comprises those Semantida in which the sagittal
ring bears not only basal pores (as in the three preceding genera) but also
apical pores (on the opposite pole of the main axis), or a variable number
of pores along the whole ring. All these pores are symmetrically arranged
in pairs. In the simplest form there are only two apical pores opposite to
four basal pores, whilst in the highest state of development the whole ring
bears two complete circles of pores. At both poles of the transverse axis
two large lateral gates remain open. If these become closed by
lattice-work, _Clathrocircus_ passes over into _Dictyospyris_.


{962}1. _Clathrocircus hexaporus_, n. sp.

Sagittal ring circular, smooth, with three pairs of pores (one apical and
two basal). The two apical pores are triangular with two lateral spines,
and correspond to the two mitral gates of the Tympanida. The four basal
pores form a hexagonal basal plate, with six lateral spines, and correspond
to the four basal pores of _Semantrum_; the two jugular are pear-shaped,
and half as broad as the two triangular cardinal pores.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific, many Stations, surface.


2. _Clathrocircus octoporus_, n. sp.

Sagittal ring elliptical, smooth, with four pairs of pores (two apical and
two basal). The four apical pores are of nearly equal size, subcircular,
and form a regular cross around the apical pole. The four basal pores are
ovate, and form a quadrangular plate, armed with marginal thorns; the two
jugular pores are somewhat smaller than the two cardinal pores.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.11, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


3. _Clathrocircus decaporus_, n. sp.

Sagittal ring ovate, thorny, with five pairs of pores (two apical and three
basal). The four apical pores are roundish and form a cross. The six basal
pores are triangular and form a hexagonal plate with thorny margin; the two
jugular pores are somewhat larger than the two cervical, and half as broad
as the two cardinal pores.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.09, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 256, depth 2950 fathoms.


4. _Clathrocircus stapedius_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 8).

Sagittal ring ovate, smooth, with six pairs of pores (two apical and four
basal). The four apical pores are of nearly equal size and form a
quadrangular mitral plate with two large lateral horns. The eight basal
pores are of very different size (the four central far larger than the two
anterior and the two posterior), and form a hexagonal basal plate, also
with two large lateral horns. The four branched lateral horns (two upper
and two lower) form together an incomplete frontal ring.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.1, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


{963}5. _Clathrocircus dictyospyris_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 9).

Sagittal ring ovate, thorny, with eight pairs of pores. The four apical and
the four basal pores are elliptical and far larger than the four dorsal and
the four ventral pores. Resembles a _Dictyospyris_ with open lateral gates.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


6. _Clathrocircus multiforis_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 10).

Sagittal ring circular, smooth, with ten to twelve pairs of roundish pores,
forming together a complete lattice-girdle with two parallel circular rows
of pores. Four larger of these are the four gates of the basal ring (two
jugular and two cardinal pores).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the ring 0.1 to 0.15, breadth 0.03 to 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.



Subfamily 2. CORTINISCIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Semantida# with large, typical, regularly disposed basal
feet (originally three cortinar feet, one odd caudal and two paired
pectoral).



Genus 411. _Cortiniscus_,[30] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Semantida# with three typical basal feet (an odd caudal
foot and two paired lateral or pectoral feet).

The genus _Cortiniscus_ is of peculiar importance, as the common ancestral
form of the _Cortiniscida_, or those Semantida in which the basal ring is
provided with typical, regularly disposed basal feet--three, four, or six.
Since these typical basal feet (or "cortinar feet") are preserved in the
greater number of all NASSELLARIA, determining their triradial structure,
they possess a great morphological value. _Cortiniscus_ exhibits the same
three primary feet as _Cortina_, from which it differs in the production of
two or more basal pores (between the odd caudal and the paired lateral
feet).


1. _Cortiniscus tripodiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 11).

Sagittal ring ovate, thorny, with three prominent, distorted edges; its
dorsal rod nearly straight and vertical, with one or two pairs of short
thorns; its ventral rod strongly curved, with three or four pairs of
divergent thorns. Basal ring larger than the sagittal ring, with two
semicircular gates and obliquely ascending halves, which on the inner and
lower edge are smooth, {964}on the outer and upper thorny. Apical horn and
the three divergent feet nearly equal, straight, about as long as the
sagittal ring, with three thorny edges.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.1 to 0.12, breadth 0.07 to
0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


2. _Cortiniscus dipylaris_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 13).

Sagittal ring nearly semicircular, with prominent distorted edges and six
pairs of small roundish papillate tubercles (three pairs on the straight
dorsal, three on the curved ventral rod). Apical horn short and stout, with
a tuberculate knob. Basal ring smaller than the sagittal ring with two
elliptical gates. Three feet short and stout, irregularly branched like a
cauliflower, with numerous short papillate tubercles.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.11, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Cortiniscus tripylaris_, n. sp.

Sagittal ring elliptical, smooth. Apical horn conical, smooth. Basal ring
larger than the sagittal ring, with three elliptical gates of equal size;
two paired, posterior (jugular pores) between the basal parts of the caudal
foot and the two pectoral feet, and an odd, anterior (sternal pore) between
the basal parts of the two pectoral feet and a connecting horizontal convex
sternal bow.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.09, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


4. _Cortiniscus tetrapylaris_, n. sp.

Sagittal ring elliptical, with four pairs of short branched thorns, two
posterior on the straight dorsal, and two anterior on the curved ventral
rod. Basal ring smaller than the sagittal ring, with four triangular gates;
the two anterior (jugular pores) a little smaller than the two posterior
(cardinal pores). Apical horn and the three divergent feet shorter than the
sagittal ring, irregularly branched, with curved, often tuberculate
branches.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.08 to 0.12, breadth 0.06 to
0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Cortiniscus typicus_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 12).

Sagittal ring ovate, thorny, with three distorted edges; dorsal rod nearly
straight and vertical prolonged upwards into a stout thorny apical horn,
downwards into the caudal foot. Basal ring smaller than the sagittal ring,
with four elliptical or nearly triangular gates; the two anterior (jugular
pores) about half as large as the two posterior (cardinal pores). Three
feet of equal size, thorny, divergent, straight or slightly curved, about
as long as the diameter of the sagittal ring.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.14 to 0.18, breadth 0.1 to
0.12.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, at various depths.



{965}Genus 412. _Stephaniscus_,[31] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Semantida# with four typical basal feet (two sagittal and
two lateral or pectoral feet).

The genus _Stephaniscus_ differs from the preceding _Cortiniscus_ in the
production of a fourth (sternal) foot, and therefore exhibits the same
relation to it that _Stephanium_ among the Stephanida bears to _Cortina_.
It differs from _Stephanium_, in the production of a basal ring, with pores
or gates between the bases of the basal feet. Two of these feet are
sagittal (the posterior caudal and the anterior sternal foot), whilst the
other two are lateral or pectoral (right and left). The basal lattice-plate
exhibits either two pores ("jugular gates") or four pores (two anterior
jugular and two posterior cardinal gates).


1. _Stephaniscus tetrapodius_, n. sp.

Sagittal ring nearly circular, smooth, with a short conical apical horn.
Basal ring square, smooth, with two triangular gates. Four feet simple,
equal, conical, divergent, about as long as the diameter of the ring.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


2. _Stephaniscus quadrifurcus_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 14).

Sagittal ring subcircular, thorny with a small thorny apical horn. Basal
ring also nearly circular, with two large semicircular gates and a few
small thorns.  All four feet curved and forked, the fork-branches again
ramified, with numerous short curved and pointed branches.  The two lateral
feet (right and left) are larger and more branched than the two sagittal
feet (sternal and caudal foot).

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.12, breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Stephaniscus quadrigatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 15).

Sagittal ring oblique, ovate, with three prominent thorny edges; its dorsal
rod nearly straight and vertical, the ventral rod strongly curved; apex
with a small curved horn. Basal ring with a few short thorns and four gates
of different size; the two anterior (jugular pores) ovate or nearly
triangular, two-thirds as broad as the two posterior subcircular or
pentagonal (cardinal pores). All {966}four feet simple, curved, with three
edges, the posterior (caudal) foot larger, the anterior (sternal) foot
smaller than the two lateral (pectoral) feet.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.09, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 351, surface.


4. _Stephaniscus medusinus_, n. sp.

Sagittal ring elliptical, thorny, with a larger apical horn. Basal ring
nearly square, with short marginal thorns and four large ovate gates of
nearly equal size. All four feet of equal size divergent, curved,
irregularly branched, with short curved branches.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.13, breadth 0.09.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms. Fossil in
Barbados.



Genus 413. _Semantiscus_,[32] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Semantida# with six typical basal feet (two sagittal, two
pectoral, and two tergal feet).

The genus _Semantiscus_ may be the archetype of those NASSELLARIA which
exhibit six typical basal feet, in combination with the sagittal ring.
Three of these are the primary feet of _Cortina_ and _Cortiniscus_, the
other three are secondary productions between the former. The basal ring
may possess either two, four, or six basal pores.


1. _Semantiscus hexapodius_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 16).

Sagittal ring elliptical, with a large branched apical horn. Basal ring
small, square, with two small triangular gates (or jugular pores). From its
periphery there arise six short and stout cylindrical feet, one very large
(caudal) from the posterior corner, two tergal on each side, two opposite
(pectoral) from the lateral corners, and one odd sternal from the anterior
corner. All six spines bear a bunch of ten to twenty stout pointed conical
branches, partly simple, partly forked.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.12, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Semantiscus hexaspyris_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 18).

Sagittal ring semicircular, broad, latticed, with two pairs of irregular
dorsal and two pairs of ventral pores. The dorsal rod is straight and
vertical, prolonged upwards into a short serrate apical horn, downwards
into a straight linear caudal foot. The ventral rod is curved and prolonged
into a similar sternal foot. Basal ring hexagonal, with four ovate gates
(two smaller jugular and two larger cardinal pores); its four lateral
corners prolonged into four curved thorny lateral feet (two {967}anterior
larger pectoral, and two posterior smaller tergal feet). This species may
be regarded as a commencing _Hexaspyris_ or _Liriospyris_.

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.08, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


3. _Semantiscus hexapylus_, n. sp. (Pl. 92, fig. 17).

Sagittal ring ovate, thorny, with a small apical horn. Basal ring with six
roundish or nearly triangular gates; the two jugular pores are smaller than
the two cardinal and larger than the two cervical pores. The separating
bars between these six pores are prolonged into six straight, thorny widely
divergent feet; three larger feet (the caudal and the two pectoral) with a
pair of apophyses, three smaller between them simple (the sternal and the
two tergal feet).

_Dimensions._--Height of the sagittal ring 0.13, breadth 0.09.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



Family #L. CORONIDA#, Haeckel.

  _Triostephida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.

_Definition._--STEPHOIDEA with two crossed vertical rings, perpendicular
one to the other (the primary sagittal and the secondary frontal ring).
Usually their common base bears a horizontal basal ring, but a mitral ring
(or a horizontal ring at the apex) is never developed.

The family #Coronida# comprises those #Stephoidea# in which the primary
sagittal ring (of the Stephanida and Semantida) becomes crossed by a second
vertical ring, the lateral or frontal ring. Between these two vertical
meridian rings, perpendicular to one another, four large apertures remain
constantly open, the "lateral" gates. But besides these four constant
openings, usually (excepting only in the Zygostephanida) other gates are
developed on the common base of the two crossed rings, produced by a third,
horizontal, basal ring. These basal gates are the same which we have found
already in the Semantida.

The distinction of the Coronida from the other #Stephoidea# is always easy.
In the Stephanida and Semantida, the frontal ring, or the second meridian
ring, which we find in all Coronida, is never developed. On the other hand
these latter never exhibit the typical "mitral ring," or the second, upper,
horizontal ring, which distinguishes the Tympanida.

We distinguish here, among the Coronida, four different subfamilies, which
perhaps afterwards may be better separated as families. Of these four
groups the Zygostephanida and Acanthodesmida exhibit the nearest
relationship to the Stephanida, whilst the Eucoronida and Trissocyclida
possess a closer affinity with the Semantida.

{968}The Zygostephanida, constituting the first subfamily, exhibit four
large gates only, and differ from all other Coronida in the absence of a
basal ring and of basal gates. Therefore the skeleton is entirely composed
of two crossed vertical rings, perpendicular to one another; the first is
the primary or sagittal ring (inherited from the Stephanida), the second is
the new lateral or frontal ring. The four large lateral gates are either
quite simple (_Zygostephanus_) or partly closed by loose and irregular
lattice-work (_Zygostephanium_). The Zygostephanida may be derived directly
from the Stephanida by development of lateral branches forming a frontal
ring. They commonly possess the same characteristic spines or branches, and
the same typical difference between the straight dorsal rod and convex
ventral rod of the sagittal ring, which we found in the greater number of
Stephanida. The frontal ring is commonly elliptical or kidney-shaped, and
much larger than the ovate sagittal ring.

The Acanthodesmida, forming the second subfamily of Coronida, differ from
all other members of this family in the possession of a large simple basal
gate, surrounded by a simple horizontal basal ring. Only this ring is
complete, whilst the two crossed vertical meridian rings (the primary
sagittal and the secondary frontal ring) are incomplete, both truncated at
the base by the basal ring. Therefore there remain here between the three
rings five large gates (recognised previously by Johannes Mueller in 1856
in _Acanthodesmia_): four lateral gates (the same as in the Zygostephanida)
and one central basal gate. The latter is always quite simple and serves
for the emission of the pseudopodia, arising from the basal pole of the
central capsule. The four lateral gates are either quite simple
(_Coronidium_) or partly closed by irregular loose lattice-work
(_Acanthodesmia_). The subfamily Acanthodesmida may be derived either
directly from the Stephanida (by development of a central basal gate) or
from the Eucoronida (by loss of the basilar part of the sagittal ring).

The Eucoronida, the third subfamily, are the most important group of the
Coronida; their numerous species are much more frequent and more widely
distributed than those of the other three subfamilies. They may be derived
immediately from the Semantida by the development of a lateral or frontal
ring. This remains incomplete in the basal part, whilst the two other
rings, perpendicular to it (the vertical sagittal ring and the horizontal
basal ring), are complete. Therefore the shell constantly exhibits six
large open gates between the three rings; four lateral gates (the same as
in the Zygostephanida and Acanthodesmida) and two basal gates (inherited
from _Semantis_); the latter correspond to the "jugular pores" of the
#Spyroidea# and #Cyrtoidea#; they remain constantly simple. The four
lateral gates may also remain simple (_Eucoronis_) or they may become
partly closed by irregular loose lattice-work (_Plectocoronis_). The
remarkable genus _Podocoronis_ is distinguished by the development of
typical descending basal feet, which are regularly disposed and correspond
to the typical "cortinar feet" of the other NASSELLARIA. There may be
developed either two lateral feet (as lower {969}prolongations of the
segments of the frontal ring), or three feet (one caudal and two pectoral,
as in _Cortina_ and _Cortiniscus_), or four feet (two sagittal and two
lateral, as in _Stephanium_ and _Stephaniscus_), or six feet (two sagittal,
two pectoral, two tergal, as in _Semantiscus_), sometimes numerous feet (as
in _Petalospyris_ and _Anthocyrtis_, &c.).

The Trissocyclida represent the fourth and last subfamily of Coronida,
distinguished from all others in the possession of three complete rings,
perpendicular one to another, and of eight large gates separated by them.
Two of the three rings are vertical (the primary sagittal and the secondary
frontal ring), the third is horizontal (the basal ring). The four upper
gates correspond to the four lateral gates of the preceding three
subfamilies; the four lower gates are the same as the four basal gates of
_Semantrum_ (two primary jugular and two secondary cardinal gates);
therefore the Trissocyclida may be derived directly from these Semantida by
development of a complete frontal ring. Probably the two jugular gates were
originally smaller than the two cardinal, but usually they have become
equal. In _Tristephanium_ (the common ancestral form of the Trissocyclida)
and in the closely allied _Tricyclidium_ the four basal gates remain
smaller than the four lateral gates. But in two other genera,
_Trissocircus_ and _Trissocyclus_, the four lower or basal gates reach the
same size as the four upper or lateral gates; therefore all eight gates
become equal and the basal ring becomes equatorial. In the most regular
species of the latter genera also the three rings become perfectly equal
and cannot be any longer distinguished. Here the original bilateral (or
dipleuric) fundamental form of the shell passes over into a regular cubic
or octahedral form (with three equal, isopolar axes, perpendicular one to
another). The eight large gates of the Trissocyclida usually remain simple
(_Tristephanium_, _Trissocircus_), but sometimes they become partly closed
by loose lattice-work (_Tricyclidium_, _Trissocyclus_).

The original rings, and the secondary rods or bars, composing the loose
framework of the Coronida are either roundish (with circular or elliptical
transverse section) or three-edged (with triangular transverse section),
rarely quadrangular or provided with distorted edges. The branches or
spines arising from them, are either simple or branched, and offer a great
variety in number, form, and disposition. The most important forms are
those which develop the three typical basal feet of _Cortina_, _e.g._,
_Podocoronis cortina_ (Pl. 97, fig. 2).

The _Central Capsule_ of the Coronida is the same as in the other
#Stephoidea# (comp. p. 937), and offers all those characteristic
peculiarities of "Monopylea" which we have mentioned above in the general
description of the NASSELLARIA (p. 890). Usually it is spherical or
ellipsoidal, often violin-shaped or bilobed, with a sagittal constriction.
The porochora of its basal pole is in close contact with the base of the
sagittal ring.

{970}_Synopsis of the Genera of Coronida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Zygostephanida. Four lateral gates (no basal gate).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Two meridional rings     }Four lateral gates
   (sagittal and frontal)  } simple,                 414. _Zygostephanus_.
   complete, perpendicular }
   to one                  }Four lateral gates
   another (no basal       } partly latticed,        415. _Zygostephanium_.
   ring).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Acanthodesmida.
      Five large gates (four lateral and one simple basal).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Two meridional rings     }Four lateral gates
   (sagittal and frontal)  } simple,                 416. _Coronidium_.
   incomplete, both        }
   truncated by the        }Four lateral gates
   complete horizontal     } partly latticed,        417. _Acanthodesmia_.
   basal ring.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  III. Subfamily Eucoronida. Six large gates (four lateral and two basal).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Two rings (the      {Basal ring     {Gates simple, 418. _Eucoronis_.
   sagittal meridional{ without larger{
   ring and the       { descending    {Gates partly
   horizontal basal   { feet.         { latticed,    419. _Plectocoronis_.
   ring) complete, the{
   frontal meridian   {Basal ring with large,
   ring incomplete.   { regularly disposed,
                      { descending feet. Gates
                      { simple,                      420. _Podocoronis_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  IV. Subfamily Trissocyclida.
      Eight large gates (four upper lateral and four lower basal).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Two meridional      {Four upper     {Gates simple, 421. _Tristephanium_.
   rings (sagittal and{ gates larger  {
   frontal) and the   { than the      {Gates partly
   horizontal basal   { four lower.   { latticed,    422. _Tricyclidium_.
   ring complete. All {
   three complete     {All eight gates{Gates simple, 423. _Trissocircus_.
   rings perpendicular{ of equal size.{
   to one another.    {               {Gates partly
                                      {latticed,     424. _Trissocyclus_.



Subfamily 1. ZYGOSTEPHANIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.

_Definition._--#Coronida# with four large lateral gates, without basal
gate. Skeleton composed of two complete vertical rings, perpendicular one
to another--the primary sagittal and the secondary frontal ring.



Genus 414. _Zygostephanus_,[33] Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 268.

_Definition._--#Coronida# with four large, simple, lateral gates, without
basal gate and lattice-work. Skeleton composed of two simple meridional
rings, perpendicular to one another.

The genus _Zygostephanus_, founded by me in 1862 for the Mediterranean
_Zygostephanus muelleri_, is the simplest and most primitive of all the
Coronida, and may {971}therefore be regarded as the common ancestral form
of this family. The simple skeleton is composed of two meridional rings
only, perpendicular one to another--a sagittal and a frontal ring.



Subgenus 1. _Zygostephus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.

_Definition._--The two vertical rings of nearly equal height, therefore
without sagittal constriction.


1. _Zygostephanus dissocircus_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 1).

Both rings elliptical, of nearly equal height, smooth, without spines.
Frontal ring somewhat longer than the sagittal. No sagittal constriction.

_Dimensions._--Height of the rings 0.07, breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.


2. _Zygostephanus serratus_, n. sp.

Both rings elliptical, of nearly equal height, with a serrate prominent
edge on the outer convexity (in the transverse section three-edged). No
sagittal constriction.

_Dimensions._--Height of the rings 0.08, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Zygostephanus muelleri_, Haeckel.

  _Zygostephanus muelleri_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 268, Taf.
  xii. fig. 2.

Both rings elliptical, of nearly equal height, armed with numerous (about
fifty) slender curved spines, as long as the radius of the rings; commonly
each ring with twelve pairs of divergent spines. No sagittal constriction.

_Dimensions._--Height of the rings 0.06, breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), surface.


4. _Zygostephanus ramosus_, n. sp.

Both rings elliptical, of nearly equal height, armed with numerous branched
spines, which are arranged on each ring in two divergent rows; the branches
of the spines are curved and partly protect the open gates. No sagittal
constriction.

_Dimensions._--Height of the rings 0.07, breadth 0.09.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.



{972}Subgenus 2. _Zygostephaniscus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.

_Definition._--The two vertical rings of different heights; the frontal
ring higher than the sagittal ring, therefore with a sagittal constriction
in the median plane.


5. _Zygostephanus reniformis_, n. sp.

Frontal ring kidney-shaped, in the upper half convex, in the lower concave,
in the latter with a deep sagittal constriction, armed with numerous
irregular short spines. Sagittal ring thicker and lower, only two-thirds as
high, with four pairs of short divergent spines (two ventral and two dorsal
pairs).

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.13, breadth 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


6. _Zygostephanus violina_, n. sp.

Frontal ring violin-shaped, on the upper and the lower margin concave, with
a deep sagittal constriction, armed with numerous irregular spines, which
are partly simple, partly branched. Sagittal ring thicker and lower, only
half as high, with a few short conical spines at the apical and basal
poles.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.18.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


7. _Zygostephanus bicornis_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 2).

Frontal ring violin-shaped, on the upper and the lower margin concave, with
a deep sagittal constriction; its two halves pentagonal. Between numerous
smaller spines there arise from the frontal ring six groups of larger
branched spines, two odd in the corners of the highest points (curved like
two horns), two branched pairs on the prominent lateral corners (at right
and left), and two pairs in the corners of the lowest points (like four
branched basal feet). Sagittal ring only two-thirds as high, with four
pairs of irregular spines.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.11, breadth 0.16.

_Habitat._--South Pacific Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.



Genus 415. _Zygostephanium_,[34] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.

_Definition._--#Coronida# with four large, partly latticed, lateral gates,
without basal gate. Skeleton composed of two meridional rings perpendicular
to each other.

The genus _Zygostephanium_ differs from the preceding ancestral genus
_Zygostephanus_ in the development of lattice-work along the two crossed
rings, produced by their anastomosing branches. Therefore the four large
lateral gates between them, which are quite simple, in the preceding genus
here become more or less fenestrated.


{973}1. _Zygostephanium dizonium_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 3).

  _Tympaniscus dizonius_, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.

Both rings elliptical, of nearly equal height, smooth, without spines.
Sagittal ring with four pairs of small pores (two apical pairs and two
basal pairs). Frontal ring with three pairs of small pores (one pair
lateral, one pair above and one pair below).

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.08, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Zygostephanium paradictyum_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 4).

Frontal ring kidney-shaped, in the upper half convex, in the lower concave,
in the latter with a deep sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring ovate, about
two-thirds as high as the frontal ring. Both rings three-edged, armed with
numerous short and branched bristle-shaped spines, which anastomose along
their three edges and produce two series of irregular polygonal pores.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.08, breadth 0.13.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 236, surface.


3. _Zygostephanium constrictum_, n. sp.

Frontal ring violin-shaped, concave on the upper and lower margins, with a
deep sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring ovate, about two-thirds as high
as the frontal ring. Both rings covered with numerous branched irregular
spines, which partly anastomose along the edges of the rings, and produce
small irregular polygonal pores.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.18.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. ACANTHODESMIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.

_Definition._--#Coronida# with five large gates (four lateral and one
basal). Skeleton composed of three rings, perpendicular one to another, two
of which are vertical and incomplete (the primary or lateral, and the
secondary or frontal), the third is horizontal and complete (the tertiary
or basal ring).



Genus 416. _Coronidium_,[35] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.

_Definition._--#Coronida# with five large simple gates (four lateral and
one basal). Skeleton composed of two incomplete meridional rings and one
complete basal ring, without lattice-work.

{974}The genus _Coronidium_ and the following, nearly allied
_Acanthodesmia_, form together the peculiar subfamily of
Acanthodesmida--not in the wider sense in which I first founded this group
(1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 265), but in the restricted sense, which is
exactly defined in my Prodromus (1881, p. 445). According to this
definition, the shell is composed of three different rings, perpendicular
to one another; only one of these is complete, the simple horizontal basal
ring; the two others are incomplete and vertical (the primary or sagittal
and the secondary or frontal ring). Therefore there remain constantly
between the three rings five characteristic large openings or gates; four
of these are lateral (between the halves of the two meridional rings), the
fifth is basal, enclosed by the horizontal basal ring. The longest known
type of this subfamily is _Acanthodesmia vinculata_, the five
characteristic gates of which are clearly distinguished by its discoverer,
Johannes Mueller ("Das Gehaeuse besteht nur aus den Leisten zwischen fuenf
grossen Luecken"). The Acanthodesmida may be derived from the Eucoronida by
reduction of the basilar rod of the sagittal ring. If in _Eucoronis_ this
basal rod be lost, _Coronidium_ arises.


1. _Coronidium dyostephanus_, n. sp. (Pl. 82, fig. 7).

Frontal ring elliptical, with few scattered thorns, twice as broad as high,
and three times as broad as the smooth rhombic basal ring. Sagittal ring
semicircular, very stout, twice as thick as the two other rings, with short
lateral thorns (in the figure seen from the apical pole, which exhibits a
four-lobed dimple). Basal gate rhombic.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.08, breadth 0.16.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.


2. _Coronidium diadema_, n. sp. (Pl. 82, fig. 8).

Frontal ring kidney-shaped, one and a half times as broad as high, with a
slight sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring ovate, smaller, about of the
same size as the elliptical basal ring. Rods of all three rings
cylindrical, bearing numerous short and stout curved spines, partly simple,
partly branched. Four bunches of larger spines on the four corners of the
basal ring, and one very large bunch on the apical pole. Basal gate
elliptical, one and a half times as broad as long.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.13, breadth 0.18.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.


3. _Coronidium cervicorne_, n. sp. (Pl. 82, fig. 1).

Frontal ring kidney-shaped, twice as broad as high, one and a half times as
broad as the elliptical basal ring, both with a slight sagittal
constriction. Sagittal ring ovate. All three rings {975}(in the figure seen
from the apical pole) with cylindrical rods, armed with numerous stout
spines, branched like a deer's antler. Basal gate rather oblong, twice as
broad as long.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.08, breadth 0.16.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


4. _Coronidium acacia_, n. sp. (Pl. 82, fig. 2).

Frontal ring and sagittal ring nearly circular, of equal size, truncated at
the base. Basal ring circular, somewhat smaller. All three rings with
prominent edges, bearing bunches of short and straight pointed spines, like
those of an Acacia. Basal gate circular.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.14.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.



Genus 417. _Acanthodesmia_,[36] J. Mueller, 1856, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 485.

_Definition._--#Coronida# with five large, partly latticed gates (four
lateral and one basal). Skeleton composed of two incomplete, partly
fenestrated meridional rings, and one complete basal ring.

The genus _Acanthodesmia_, the oldest known form of all Coronida, differs
from the preceding _Coronidium_, its ancestral form, in the development of
irregular loose lattice-work along the rings, and therefore bears to it the
same relation that _Zygostephanium_ does to _Zygostephanus_. The first
species described by Johannes Mueller, _Acanthodesmia vinculata_ ("with
five large gates between the bars of the shell") remains the true type of
this genus; the second species described by him (_Acanthodesmia dumetum_)
belongs to the Plectanida (_Polyplecta_).


1. _Acanthodesmia vinculata_, J. Mueller.

  _Acanthodesmia vinculata_, J. Mueller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 30, Taf. i. figs. 4-6 (_non_ 7).

  _Lithocircus vinculatus_, J. Mueller, 1856, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 484.

Frontal ring violin-shaped, one and a half times as broad as high, with a
sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring ovate, smaller. The four gates between
the two rings are partly fenestrated by a few thin threads, irregularly
branched and connecting the two rings. A few short thorns are scattered
here and there. Basal gate elliptical.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.18.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Nice), Atlantic (Canary Islands), surface.


{976}2. _Acanthodesmia ceratospyris_, n. sp.

Frontal ring violin-shaped, one and a half times as broad as high, with a
deep sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring semicircular, half as high as the
frontal ring. The four gates between the two rings are partly fenestrated
by anastomosing branches of the numerous, irregularly branched spines,
which cover all three rings. Basal gate nearly circular, smaller than the
sagittal ring.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.08, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Acanthodesmia corona_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 5).

Frontal ring kidney-shaped, nearly twice as broad as high, with a flat
sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring semicircular. The four gates between
the two rings are partly fenestrated by an arachnoidal network, composed of
thin, irregularly branched threads, arising from the rings. The edges of
all three rings are armed with irregular thorns. Basal gate circular,
larger than the sagittal ring.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.08, breadth 0.14.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.


4. _Acanthodesmia muelleri_, n. sp.

Frontal ring kidney-shaped with a deep sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring
ovate. The four gates between the two rings irregularly fenestrated, with a
few large polygonal meshes. Edges of the rings with a few scattered thorns.
Basal gate violin-shaped.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.1, breadth 0.16.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.



Subfamily 3. EUCORONIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.

_Definition._--#Coronida# with six large gates (four lateral and two basal
gates). Skeleton composed of three rings perpendicular to one another, two
of which are complete (the vertical sagittal, and the horizontal basal
ring); the third is incomplete (the vertical frontal ring).



Genus 418. _Eucoronis_,[37] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.

_Definition._--#Coronida# with six large simple gates (four lateral and two
basal). Skeleton composed of two complete rings (the sagittal and basal)
and one incomplete (frontal) ring. Basal ring without typical feet.

{977}The genus _Eucoronis_ and the following two nearly allied genera
(_Plectocoronis_ and _Podocoronis_) compose together the important
subfamily Eucoronida. In this typical main group of Coronida the shell is
constantly composed of three rings and six gates. The vertical sagittal
ring and the horizontal basal ring are complete (as in the Semantida); the
vertical frontal ring is incomplete. Between these three rings remain six
large open gates, the four upper (or lateral) are always much larger than
the four lower (or basal gates). _Eucoronis_ may be derived from _Semantis_
by development of the frontal ring.



Subgenus 1. _Acrocoronis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.

_Definition._--Rings smooth or rough, armed with numerous short spines or
thorns.


1. _Eucoronis perspicillum_, n. sp. (Pl. 82, fig. 6).

Frontal ring elliptical, twice as broad as high, with a slight constriction
at the apical pole, armed with three pairs of short conical spines, one
apical pair (near the constriction) and two lateral pairs (one upper and
one lower pair). Sagittal ring of the same height, half the breadth and
double the thickness, also armed with three pairs of spines (one basal, one
dorsal, and one ventral pair).

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.11, breadth 0.22.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.


2. _Eucoronis laevigata_, n. sp.

Frontal ring elliptical, smooth, one and a half times as broad as high,
without sagittal constriction, with horizontal basal gates. Sagittal ring
of the same height and thickness, also elliptical and smooth. No spines on
either of the smooth rings.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.1, breadth 0.15.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


3. _Eucoronis nephrospyris_, n. sp. (Pl. 82, fig. 5).

Frontal ring kidney-shaped, in the upper half convex, in the lower concave,
with a sagittal constriction (often much deeper than in the specimen
figured). Sagittal ring ovate, about two-thirds as high as the frontal
ring. Rods of both rings without edges, cylindrical, armed with numerous
short conical thorns.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.1 to 0.12, breadth 0.15 to
0.18.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, many
Stations, surface and at various depths.


{978}4. _Eucoronis angulata_, n. sp. (Pl. 82, fig. 3).

Frontal ring violin-shaped, twice as broad as high, on the upper and the
lower margin concave, with a deep sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring
pentagonal, with straight horizontal basal rod, two-thirds as high as the
frontal ring. Rods of both rings with sharp prominent edges, bearing
numerous short pyramidal spines.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.09, breadth 0.17.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Lithocoronis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.

_Definition._--Rings armed with numerous large, branched or arborescent
spines.


5. _Eucoronis cervicornis_, n. sp.

Frontal ring kidney-shaped, in the upper half convex, in the lower concave,
with sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring ovate, two-thirds as high as the
frontal ring. Both rings armed with numerous stout spines, irregularly
branched like a deer's antler. (Very similar to _Coronidium cervicorne_,
Pl. 82, fig. 1, which I formerly confounded with it, but differing in the
complete sagittal ring, which in the latter form is incomplete and has lost
its basal part.)

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 264, surface.


6. _Eucoronis arborescens_, n. sp.

Frontal ring kidney-shaped, with a deep sagittal constriction in the
concave basal part. Sagittal ring ovate, half as high as the frontal ring.
Both rings armed with numerous thin, richly branched and arborescent spines
(branches much thinner and more numerous than in the preceding and
following species).

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.15, breadth 0.25.

_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 247, surface.


7. _Eucoronis challengeri_, n. sp. (Pl. 82, fig. 4).

  _Lithocoronis challengeri_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.

Frontal ring violin-shaped, one and a half times as broad as high, with a
strong sagittal constriction. Sagittal ring nearly circular, two-thirds as
high as the frontal ring. Both rings armed with numerous irregularly
branched spines. (The specimen figured, with red central capsule and
numerous xanthellae, was observed living by me at the Canary Islands.)

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.1 to 0.12, breadth 0.14 to
0.17.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface and at various
depths.



{979}Genus 419. _Plectocoronis_,[38] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.

_Definition._--#Coronida# with six large, partly latticed gates (four
lateral and two basal). Skeleton composed of two complete rings (the
sagittal and basal) and one incomplete (frontal) ring. Basal ring without
developed typical feet.

The genus _Plectocoronis_ differs from the preceding _Eucoronis_, its
ancestral form, in the development of loose irregular lattice-work along
the two meridional rings, and therefore bears to it the same relation that
_Acanthodesmia_ does to _Coronidium_. If the lattice-work become more
complete and close the gates, these Coronida pass over directly into
#Spyroidea# (Zygospyrida).


1. _Plectocoronis anacantha_, n. sp.

Basal ring and frontal ring elliptical, without sagittal constriction.
Sagittal ring ovate. The frontal and sagittal rings are bordered on both
edges with an incomplete series of small irregular pores. All three rings
smooth, without spines.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.1, breadth 0.16.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Plectocoronis triacantha_, n. sp.

Basal ring and frontal ring nearly circular, without sagittal constriction.
Sagittal ring elliptical, prolonged at the apex into an apical horn from
which two branched lateral bows descend and unite with the uppermost parts
of the frontal ring. Four other small bows descend from the lowermost parts
of the latter and unite with the basal ring. From the lateral corners of
the basal ring descend two short vertical feet. (May be regarded as derived
from _Podocoronis toxarium_, Pl. 83, Fig. 7, by development of the bows
connecting the rings.)

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.11, breadth 0.13.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Plectocoronis pentacantha_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 6).

Basal ring and frontal ring kidney-shaped, with deep sagittal constriction.
Sagittal ring ovate, prolonged at the apex into an oblique horn. From the
edges of the angular rings delicate threads arise, which anastomose and
form irregular arachnoidal meshes, partly closing the four open lateral
gates. Two basal gates simple. From the four nodal points of the basal ring
there arise four, short diverging feet, comparable to rudimentary cortinar
feet (two lateral from the frontal ring and two sagittal from the primary
ring, as basal prolongations).

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.18.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.



{980}Genus 420. _Podocoronis_,[39] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.

_Definition._--#Coronida# with six large gates (four lateral and two
basal). Skeleton composed of two complete rings (the sagittal and basal)
and one incomplete (frontal) ring. Basal ring provided with typical,
regularly disposed, descending feet (cortinar feet).

The genus _Podocoronis_ differs from the two preceding nearly allied genera
in the development of typical radial feet on the basal ring, which by their
regular disposition and their general appearance among the #Spyroidea# and
#Cyrtoidea# obtain great morphological importance. According to the
different number and disposition of these basal feet (or "cortinar feet"),
the following subgenera may be distinguished (regarded in my Prodromus,
1881, p. 445, as separate genera):--_Dipocoronis_ with two lateral feet,
_Tripocoronis_ with three cortinar feet (most important!), _Tetracoronis_
with four crossed feet, _Hexacoronis_ with six radial feet, _Stylocoronis_
with numerous (8 or more feet). These subgenera have important relations to
the corresponding genera of Zygospyrida.



Subgenus 1. _Dipocoronis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.

_Definition._--Basal ring with two descending lateral feet (right and left)
as prolongations of the frontal ring.


1. _Podocoronis dipodiscus_, n. sp.

Basal ring nearly circular, with two conical, straight, parallel descending
feet, which are direct lateral prolongations of the subcircular frontal
ring, and half as long as it. The ovate sagittal ring bears at the apex a
short conical vertical horn. All rings nearly smooth.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Podocoronis toxarium_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 7).

Basal ring elliptical, with two descending, slightly curved conical feet,
lateral prolongations of the subcircular frontal ring. The ovate sagittal
ring bears at the apex a cylindrical vertical horn, which is connected by
two descending lateral arches (or galear arches) with the uppermost part of
the frontal ring.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.1, breadth 0.13.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



{981}Subgenus 2. _Tripocoronis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.

_Definition._--Basal ring with three descending feet (one caudal and two
pectoral).


3. _Podocoronis cortiniscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 2).

Basal ring violin-shaped, with three straight divergent thorny feet, about
as long as the ovate sagittal ring. The dorsal part of the latter is
straight, vertical, and prolonged downwards into the caudal foot, upwards
into a stout, thorny, vertical apical horn. The ventral part is
semicircular and gives off the lateral branches, forming the kidney-shaped
sagittal ring. All the rings and their apophyses are armed with stout
thorns. This and the following tripodal species may be directly derived
from _Cortina_.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.1, breadth 0.15.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


4. _Podocoronis tripodiscus_, n. sp.

Basal ring kidney-shaped, with three large divergent curved feet, nearly
twice as long as the semicircular sagittal ring. The straight dorsal part
of the latter is prolonged downwards into the caudal foot, upwards into a
large branched apical horn, curved backwards. Differs from the preceding
species mainly in the longer curved apophyses and in the larger
violin-shaped frontal ring.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.2.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 238, surface. Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 3. _Tetracoronis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.

_Definition._--Basal ring with four descending feet (two sagittal and two
lateral).


5. _Podocoronis tetrapodiscus_, n. sp.

Basal ring kidney-shaped, with four stout and straight divergent feet,
about as long as the sagittal ring; two of them are lateral and arise from
the basal corners of the violin-shaped frontal ring (at its junction with
the basal ring); two are sagittal, and arise from the basal corners of the
semicircular sagittal ring (one posterior caudal and one anterior sternal).
The straight dorsal part of the sagittal ring is prolonged upwards into an
apical horn. All the rings are thorny.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.15, breadth 0.25.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Subgenus 4. _Hexacoronis_, Haeckel

_Definition._--Basal ring with six radial descending feet (two sagittal,
two pectoral, and two tergal feet).


{982}6. _Podocoronis hexapodiscus_, n. sp.

Basal ring violin-shaped, with six conical, vertically descending feet,
half as long as the sagittal ring; two of them are sagittal (arising from
the two basal corners of the sagittal ring, caudal and sternal feet); the
other four are lateral, and prolongations of the forked basal parts of the
frontal ring, which is inserted on the basal ring with two forked branches;
the anterior correspond to the pectoral, the posterior to the tergal feet
of _Hexaspyris_. All the rings are thorny.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.11, breadth 0.17.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.



Subgenus 5. _Stylocoronis_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal ring with numerous (eight to twelve or more)
descending feet.


7. _Podocoronis petalospyris_, n. sp.

Basal ring violin-shaped, with ten to twelve flat lamellar, vertically
descending feet, about as long as the ovate sagittal ring. Frontal ring
twice as broad as long, elliptical. All rings nearly smooth. Similar to a
_Petalospyris_ without lattice-work.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.1, breadth 0.2.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


8. _Podocoronis polypodiscus_, n. sp.

Basal ring elliptical, with fifteen to eighteen conical, curved, descending
feet, half as long as the ovate sagittal ring. Frontal ring kidney-shaped,
one and a half times as broad as long. All the rings armed with short
conical spines.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.18.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.



Subfamily 4. TRISSOCYCLIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.

_Definition._--#Coronida# with eight large gates (four superior lateral and
four inferior basal). Skeleton composed of three complete rings,
perpendicular to one another; two of which are vertical (the primary or
sagittal and the secondary or frontal ring), the third is horizontal (the
tertiary or basal ring).



Genus 421. _Tristephanium_,[40] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.

_Definition._--#Coronida# with eight large, simple gates of different
sizes; the four upper or lateral gates larger than the four lower or basal
gates. Skeleton composed of three simple complete rings, perpendicular to
one another.

{983}The genus _Tristephanium_, and the three following genera derived from
it, represent together the interesting subfamily of Trissocyclida
(Prodromus, 1881, p. 446). These differ from all other Coronida in the
possession of three complete rings, perpendicular to one another. The first
of these is the vertical sagittal ring, the second the vertical frontal
ring, and the third the horizontal basal ring. Since these three rings lie
in the three dimensive planes, they are perpendicular to one another; and
between them remain eight large open gates. Originally the four upper or
lateral gates (corresponding to those of _Zygostephanus_) are much larger,
the four lower or basal gates (corresponding to those of _Semantrum_) much
smaller; but afterwards the latter may reach the size of the former, so
that the basal ring becomes equatorial (in _Trissocircus_ and
_Trissocyclus_). The common ancestral form of the Trissocyclida
(_Tristephanium_) may be derived directly either from _Semantrum_ (by
complete development of the frontal ring) or from _Eucoronis_ (by complete
development of four basal gates).



Subgenus 1. _Triostephus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.

_Definition._--Sagittal and frontal ring of different size and form.


1. _Tristephanium dimensivum,_ n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 9).

Sagittal ring ovate, with a large thorny apical horn, smaller than the two
other rings. Frontal ring violin-shaped, with a deep sagittal constriction.
Basal ring also violin-shaped, in the sagittal axis constricted. Its four
gates (two jugular and two cardinal) of nearly equal size. All three rings
angular, armed with scattered, stout, thorny spines, which are larger in
the basal half.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.08, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


2. _Tristephanium octopyle,_ n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 8).

Sagittal ring ovate, nearly smooth, smaller than the two other rings.
Frontal ring kidney-shaped, with a deep basal constriction. Basal ring
violin-shaped. The jugular gates about half as large as the cardinal gates.
Rods of the rings cylindrical, with few scattered thorns.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.09, breadth 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


3. _Tristephanium hertwigii,_ Haeckel.

  _Acanthodesmia hertwigii_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
  vol. xxxvi. pp. 499, 539, Taf. xxxii. figs. 9_a_-9_c_.

Sagittal ring ovate or nearly semicircular; its dorsal rod straight, smooth
(fig. 9_c_, _a_), its ventral rod (_b_) curved, thorny. Frontal ring much
larger, thorny, violin-shaped, with a slight sagittal {984}constriction.
Basal ring smaller than the sagittal ring, thorny, kidney-shaped, with four
different gates; the two cardinal pores much larger than the two jugular
pores. (The four basal pores are often much larger than in the specimen
figured by Buetschli. Also the number, form, and size of the spines is very
variable.)

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.07 to 0.09, breadth 0.17 to
0.2.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Tristephaniscus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 445.

_Definition._--Sagittal and frontal ring of equal size and form.


4. _Tristephanium quadricorne_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 7).

Sagittal and frontal ring of equal size and form, larger than the circular
basal ring. From the four corners, in which the latter crosses the two
former, arise four strong, divergent spines, branched like a deer's antler.
Some smaller spines are scattered on the rings, and a bunch of four spines
arises on the apical pole. The four upper gates are triangular, the four
lower nearly semicircular, the latter of equal size, half as large as the
former.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.13, breadth 0.14.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms.



Genus 422. _Tricyclidium_,[41] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.

_Definition._--#Coronida# with eight large, partly fenestrated gates; the
four upper or lateral gates larger than the four lower or basal gates.
Skeleton composed of three latticed complete rings, perpendicular to one
another.

The genus _Tricyclidium_ differs from the preceding _Tristephanium_, its
ancestral form, in the development of loose rudimentary lattice-work along
the rings, and therefore bears to it the same relation that _Plectocoronis_
does to _Eucoronis_. It may pass directly over into _Dictyospyris_.


1. _Tricyclidium dictyospyris_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 13).

Sagittal ring ovate, twice as thick as the two other larger rings, which
become very thin, thread-like at the lateral junction, and are both
slightly violin-shaped, in the middle sagittal plane constricted; the
frontal ring larger than the basal. All three rings bear small scattered
spines, which are irregularly branched, and by anastomoses of the
thread-like branches form small irregular meshes along the rings. The four
basal gates are of equal size.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.11, breadth 0.15.

_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


{985}2. _Tricyclidium semantrum_, n. sp.

Sagittal ring ovate, smaller than the violin-shaped frontal ring and larger
than the elliptical basal ring. All three rings of nearly equal thickness,
armed with short irregular branches, which are partly connected, and
forming small irregular meshes along the rings. The four basal gates are of
different sizes; the two anterior (jugular) gates only half as large as the
two posterior (cardinal) gates.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.18.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.



Genus 423. _Trissocircus_,[42] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.

_Definition._--#Coronida# with eight large simple gates of equal size.
Skeleton composed of three simple complete rings, perpendicular to one
another.

The genus _Trissocircus_, and the following nearly allied _Trissocyclus_,
differ from the two preceding ancestral genera in the remarkable growth of
the four basal gates, which reach the size of the lateral gates. Therefore
both hemispheres of the shell (the upper or apical and the lower or basal)
here become equal and the basal ring becomes equatorial. Sometimes even all
three rings attain the same size, so that it is difficult or impossible to
distinguish them. In this curious case the Coronida exhibit a striking
resemblance to some #Sphaeroidea#.



Subgenus 1. _Tricircarium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Sagittal ring smaller than the two other rings, which are
both elliptical.


1. _Trissocircus lentellipsis_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 10).

All three rings elliptical, of different sizes, smooth, without spines. The
sagittal ring is the smallest, but two to three times as thick as the other
two rings, which have the larger (transverse) axis common. The smaller
(sagittal) axis of the sagittal ring is also the smaller axis of the
equatorial ring, whilst the larger (principal) axis of the former is the
smaller axis of the frontal ring.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.07, breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.


2. _Trissocircus binellipsis_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 6).

Sagittal ring circular, smaller than the other two rings, which are both
equal, elliptical, slightly constricted on the poles of the principal and
transverse axes. The axis of the circular sagittal {986}ring is the shorter
axis of the frontal and equatorial ring, and about half as long as their
longer axis. All three rings smooth, without spines.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.08, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Trissocircus octostoma_ (Pl. 93, fig. 11).

Sagittal ring circular, smaller than the other two rings, which are both
equal, elliptical, distinctly constricted at the poles of the principal and
transverse axes. The axis of the circular sagittal ring is the shorter axis
of the frontal and equatorial ring, about one-third shorter than their
longer axis. All three rings armed with short, irregularly branched spines.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.1, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Ceylon (Belligemma), Haeckel, surface.



Subgenus 2. _Tricirconium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--All three rings equal, circular.


4. _Trissocircus octahedrus_, n. sp.

All three rings equal, circular, smooth, their rods cylindrical (in the
transverse section circular). From each pole of the three equal axes arises
a short conical spine; these six spines correspond to the six corners of a
regular octahedron.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of all three rings 0.08, thickness 0.006.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


5. _Trissocircus globus_, n. sp. (Pl. 82, fig. 13).

All three rings equal, circular, thorny; their rods prismatic (in the
transverse section triangular), with three sharp dentated edges and
scattered branched thorns. From each pole of the three equal axes (which
correspond to the three axes of a regular octahedron) arises a bunch of
larger spines.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of all three rings 0.12, thickness 0.01.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



Genus 424. _Trissocyclus_,[43] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.

_Definition._--#Coronida# with eight large, partly fenestrated gates of
equal size. Skeleton composed of three complete latticed rings,
perpendicular to one another.

The genus _Trissocyclus_ differs from its nearly allied ancestral form
_Trissocircus_ only in the development of small anastomosing branches along
the edges of the rings. The incomplete lattice-work, produced by these
anastomoses, partly protects the eight large gates. The three rings are
either of equal or of different sizes.



{987}Subgenus 1. _Tricyclarium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Sagittal ring circular, smaller than the other two rings,
which are both elliptical.


1. _Trissocyclus stauroporus_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 5).

Sagittal ring circular, smaller than the other two equal elliptical rings.
On each of the six corners (or crossing points of every two rings) are
developed four small pores, forming a cross around the poles of the three
axes. All three rings smooth, without spines.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.09, breadth 0.13.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Trissocyclus triaxonius_, n. sp.

Sagittal ring circular, smaller than the two other equal elliptical rings.
From the edges of all three rings are developed small branches, which by
irregular ramification and anastomoses form small irregular meshes along
the rings. Similar to _Trissocircus octostoma_, but with thicker rings; it
may be developed from the latter species by connection of the branches
which border the rings.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.15.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Tricyclonium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--All three rings equal, circular.


3. _Trissocyclus sphaeridium_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 12).

All three rings equal, circular, thorny; their rods prismatic, three-sided,
with three denticulate edges; the teeth of the lateral edges become
branched, and form by anastomoses of the branches small irregular meshes,
which partly protect the eight large open gates.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the three rings 0.16, thickness 0.012.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Belligemma, Ceylon (Haeckel), surface



Family LI. #TYMPANIDA#, Haeckel.

  _Parastephida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.

_Definition._--#Stephoidea# with two parallel horizontal rings, an upper
mitral and a lower basal ring; both connected by complete or incomplete
vertical rings, or by parallel vertical columellae.

{988}The family #Tympanida# (or Parastephida) differs from the other
#Stephoidea# in the development of two horizontal rings, which lie in
horizontal planes and arise from the upper and the lower poles of the
primary sagittal ring. Therefore the same formation, which we found in the
Semantida on the basal pole only of the main axis, here takes place also on
its apical pole. On both poles arise at each side from the sagittal ring
two corresponding pairs of curved branches: the lateral ends of the
opposite branches (dorsal and ventral branch) become united in the frontal
plane and so form two complete horizontal rings. The upper ring, composed
of the superior or mitral branches, may be called the mitral ring, the
lower ring, formed by the inferior or basal branches, the basal ring. Both
rings are commonly of nearly equal size, more rarely of different sizes.
Their connection is effected either by the primary (sagittal) ring only, or
also by secondary vertical rings, a frontal ring in the lateral plane, or
some diagonal meridian rings between the latter and the former. These
vertical rings, which connect both horizontal rings in the form of
"columellae," may be either complete or incomplete; in the latter case
their apical and basal parts are lost, the dorsal and ventral parts only
being preserved.

The Tympanida develop a great variety of different forms, greater than in
the three other families of #Stephoidea#, so that we may distinguish here
not less than sixteen genera and seventy-two species. Hitherto only three
species were known: _Prismatium tripleurum_, figured in 1862 in my
Monograph, _Tympanidium barbadense_, figured by Bury in the "fossil
Polycystins of Barbados," and _Tympaniscus fibula_, described in 1875 by
Ehrenberg as a _Ceratospyris fibula_. The number of species in this large
and richly developed group will be considerably augmented by further
researches. A great many of them exhibit remarkable relations to different
NASSELLARIA. For better survey of the whole family we distinguish here four
subfamilies, the first of which (Protympanida) is probably the common
ancestral group of the other three. They may have been derived originally
either from the Semantida or directly from the Stephanida.

The first subfamily, Protympanida, exhibits a complete primary or vertical
sagittal ring, bearing on the upper part a horizontal mitral ring, on the
lower part a horizontal basal ring. Therefore the gates of these two
parallel rings become bisected by the sagittal ring, each divided into a
right and a left half. The sagittal ring itself becomes divided by the two
horizontal rings into four parts or rods; two opposite of these are more or
less vertical; the dorsal (posterior) and the ventral (anterior) rod; the
two other rods are more or less horizontal; the mitral (upper) and the
basal (lower) rod.

In _Protympanium_ (Pl. 93, fig. 14), the simplest and most primitive form
of Tympanida, the connection of the two horizontal rings is effected only
by the dorsal and ventral rods of the sagittal ring forming two parallel
more or less vertical "columellae." In all other Protympanida accessory
columellae are developed between the latter. In the greater number we find
two secondary columellae in the lateral plane, being the lateral
{989}segments of an incomplete frontal ring (_Acrocubus_, Pl. 93, figs.
15-17). Between the latter and the former there are sometimes developed
four tertiary columellae, as segments of two crossed incomplete diagonal
rings (_Tympanidium_, Pl. 94, figs. 1, 18). At other times we find six
columellae; here probably the frontal ring is cleft into halves on each
side (_Tympaniscus_, Pl. 94, figs. 4-7). Some genera are distinguished by
the development of an equatorial ring, or a third horizontal ring (between
the upper mitral and the lower basal ring); this equatorial ring is either
complete (_Microcubus_ Pl. 94, figs. 8-10) or incomplete, developed only
laterally (_Octotympanum_, Pl. 94, figs. 2, 3). The genus _Toxarium_ (Pl.
93, figs. 18-20) is distinguished by the development of accessory pairs of
bows in the frontal plane, upper or galear bows and lower or thoracal bows,
remarkable as beginnings of the accessory joints, which we distinguish in
many #Spyroidea# and #Cyrtoidea# as "galea and thorax."

The second subfamily of Tympanida are the Paratympanida, in which the two
horizontal rings become closed by lattice-work. The numerous columellae
connecting the two rings are here either divergent (_Paratympanum_, with
two unequal rings, Pl. 94, fig. 14) or parallel and vertical
(_Lithotympanum_, with two equal rings, Pl. 83, fig. 1). The shell of the
latter assumes the form of a drum.

A third small subfamily, Dystympanida, is represented by a single genus
only, _Dystympanium_ (Pl. 94, figs. 15, 16). Here only the upper or mitral
ring is closed by lattice-work, whilst the lower or basal ring exhibits
quite a simple opening, a large "basal gate" which has probably arisen by
loss of the basilar rod of the sagittal ring. These curious forms exhibit a
remarkable resemblance to some Monocyrtida, and also to the _Dictyocha_
(PHAEODARIA).

The fourth subfamily, the Eutympanida, are distinguished by the simple wide
aperture of the two horizontal rings; the upper enclosing a simple "mitral
gate," the lower a simple "basal gate." Here probably the two horizontal
parts of the sagittal ring (the upper mitral rod and the lower basilar rod)
are lost by reduction; its two vertical parts (the dorsal and ventral rods)
only remaining and forming the two parallel columellae, which connect the
two horizontal rings (_Parastephanus_, Pl. 93, fig. 21). In this group also
secondary columellae are commonly developed between the two rings,
alternating with the two primary columellae. _Pseudocubus_ (Pl. 94, figs.
11, 12), resembling an obelisk, exhibits four divergent columellae; the two
sagittal of these are probably the vertical parts of the primary ring,
whilst the two lateral are the halves of an incomplete frontal ring. In
_Lithocubus_ (Pl. 82, fig. 12) the four columellae are parallel and
vertical, the two rings being equal; the shell here assumes the form of a
geometrical cube. _Prismatium_ is distinguished by three parallel
columellae; two of these are probably parts of a frontal ring, whilst the
third is the remains of a reduced sagittal ring. In _Circotympanum_ (Pl.
94, fig. 17) and in _Lithotympanum_ (Pl. 82, fig. 11) the number of the
columellae is augmented, there being six to eight or more; in the former
they are divergent {990}(the two rings being of different sizes), in the
latter parallel (the two rings being equal); the fundamental form of the
former is a truncated pyramid, of the latter a prism.

Comparing these differences between the four subfamilies of Tympanida, we
may suppose that the common ancestral group are the Protympanida, derived
from the Semantida by the formation of a mitral ring. If the two horizontal
rings become closed by lattice-work, the Paratympanida arise. When the
mitral ring only becomes latticed, the basal ring being simple, the
Dystympanida originate. Finally, the fourth subfamily, the Eutympanida, may
be derived from the Protympanida by the loss of the two horizontal parts of
the sagittal ring.

The two horizontal rings (upper mitral and lower basal) and the two
vertical rings (primary sagittal and secondary frontal), which thus compose
the loose framework of the Tympanida, are rarely smooth, commonly armed
with spines or branches, similar to those of the Coronida. The rods or bars
are either roundish (with circular transverse section) or angular (commonly
with triangular transverse section). The paired branches of the two
vertical rings often preserve the characteristic arrangement inherited from
the Semantida and Stephanida. The two horizontal rings sometimes exhibit
typical apophyses, which recur in the #Spyroidea# and #Cyrtoidea#. The
mitral ring may possess one odd apical horn and two paired frontal horns
(Pl. 93, figs. 16, 17, 19, 23). The basal ring sometimes bears the three
typical feet of _Cortina_ (Pl. 93, figs. 16, 22), one odd caudal foot and
two paired pectoral feet. Sometimes a fourth (sternal) foot is developed
(Pl. 94, fig. 4), at other times only two lateral feet (Pl. 94, figs. 5,
6).

_Synopsis of the Genera of Tympanida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Protympanida.
     Two horizontal rings (upper mitral ring and lower basal ring)
        bisected by the complete sagittal ring.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Two horizontal rings          {One complete sagittal
   connected by two             { ring (no frontal
   columellae.                  { ring),              425. _Protympanium_.

                }               {No galear and
  Two horizontal}               { thoracal bows,      426. _Acrocubus_.
  rings         }No equatorial  {
  connected     } ring.         {Galear and
  by four       }               { thoracal bows,      427. _Toxarium_.
  columellae    }
  (the halves of}               {Equatorial ring
  the sagittal  }An equatorial  { complete,           428. _Microcubus_.
  and the       } ring.         {
  frontal ring).}               {Equatorial ring
                }               { incomplete,         429. _Octotympanum_.

                                {Six columellae
  Two horizontal rings          { (three meridional
   connected by six or eight    {  rings),            430. _Tympaniscus_.
   columellae (three or four    {
   vertical rings).             {Eight columellae
                                { (four meridional
                                { rings),             431. _Tympanidium_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Paratympanida. Two horizontal rings fenestrated.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                {Two rings unequal
  Two horizontal rings closed   { (columellae
   by a lattice-plate,          { divergent),         432. _Paratympanum_.
   connected by numerous        {
   columellae.                   {Two rings equal
                                { (columellae
                                { parallel),          433. _Lithotympanum_.




  III. Subfamily Dystympanida. Mitral ring fenestrated, basal ring simple.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Two horizontal rings    } Mitral ring closed by a
   connected by numerous  } lattice-plate, basal
   (six  to eight or more } ring simple,              434. _Dystympanium_.
   columellae).           }

  IV. Subfamily Eutympanida. Two horizontal rings (upper mitral ring and
  lower basal ring) simple. Apical and basal parts of the sagittal ring
  lost.
  -----
                          {Two columellae (parts of
  Two horizontal rings    { the sagittal ring),       435. _Parastephanus_.
   connected by two or    {
   three columellae (four {Three columellae (parts of
   or five open gates).   { the half sagittal and
                          { the frontal ring),        436. _Prismatium_.

                          {              {Two rings
                          {              { unequal,   437. _Pseudocubus_.
                          {Four          {
  Two horizontal rings    { columellae   {Two rings
   connected by four or   {              { equal,     438. _Lithocubus_.
   more columellae (six or{
   eight or more open     {              {Two rings
   gates).                {Six to eight  { unequal,   439. _Circotympanum_.
                          { or more      {
                          { columellae.  {Two rings
                          {              { equal,     440. _Eutympanium_.



Subfamily 1. PROTYMPANIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two bisected horizontal rings, connected by
the complete vertical sagittal ring. (The upper mitral ring and the lower
basal ring become divided by the complete primary or sagittal ring into two
horizontal symmetrical gates, two mitral gates on the apical and two basal
gates on the basal pole.)



Genus 425. _Protympanium_,[44] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447 (_sensu
emend._).

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two bisected horizontal rings, connected by
two vertical columellae.

The genus _Protympanium_, is the most simple form of all Tympanida, and
probably the common ancestral form of this family. It arises from
_Lithocircus_ by the development of two horizontal rings, perpendicular to
the primary sagittal ring. The upper or mitral ring arises by lateral union
of two pairs of superior branches, the lower or basal ring by union of two
pairs of basal branches of the primary vertical ring.


1. _Protympanium primordiale_, n. sp.

Mitral and apical ring of equal size, elliptical, smooth, somewhat smaller
than the connecting thorny sagittal ring.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the two horizontal rings 0.12, of the sagittal
ring 0.15.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, at various depths.


{992}2. _Protympanium amphipodium_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 14).

Mitral and apical rings of equal size, thin, elliptical, smooth, larger
than the broad connecting sagittal ring. The latter bears on the apical and
on the basal pole two divergent straight spines (lying in the frontal
plane), the two apical (or horns) somewhat smaller and not so spiny as the
two basal spines (or feet). In the frontal plane there arise from the two
horizontal rings on each side two small opposite spines (remnants or
beginnings of the lateral frontal ring?).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the two horizontal rings 0.11, of the sagittal
ring 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


3. _Protympanium trissocircus_, n. sp.

Mitral ring smaller than the basal ring; both rings circular, rough.
Sagittal ring in size between the two former. All three rings covered with
very small thorns.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the mitral ring 0.08, of the sagittal ring 0.1,
of the basal ring 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



Genus 426. _Acrocubus_,[45] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two bisected horizontal rings, connected by
four vertical columellae. No equatorial ring.

The genus _Acrocubus_ is the most primitive of those remarkable Tympanida,
the skeleton of which represents more or less exactly the form of a
geometrical cube. A simple complete sagittal ring bears on the superior and
on the inferior part two opposite pairs of lateral branches; by union of
the convergent branches of each side there arise two horizontal parallel
quadrangular rings, which are bisected by the sagittal ring. Therefore the
superior ring encloses two triangular mitral gates, the inferior two
triangular basal gates. The lateral corners of the two gates of each side
are connected by a vertical rod or columella. These two parallel columellae
are the remaining middle parts of the secondary or frontal ring, which is
incomplete on the superior and on the inferior face of the body. If the
sagittal ring also become incomplete, by the loss of the superior and
inferior part (the anterior and posterior only remaining), then _Acrocubus_
is transformed into _Lithocubus_.



Subgenus 1. _Apocubus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal ring without descending feet.


{993}1. _Acrocubus octopylus_, n. sp. (Pl. 82, fig. 9).

Mitral ring somewhat smaller than the basal ring; both rings rhombic, with
curved outlines. Sagittal ring elliptical, with six pairs of nodulate
protuberances. Four columellae curved. Nodal points without radial spines.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.12, breadth 0.18.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


2. _Acrocubus tesseralis_, n. sp.

Mitral ring of the same size as the basal ring; both rings square, smooth,
with straight outlines. Sagittal ring also square, smooth. Four columellae
straight. Nodal points without radial spines. The shell has the form of a
regular geometrical cube, the edges of which are represented by the rings.

_Dimensions._--Height of the frontal ring 0.1, breadth 0.11.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Dipocubus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal ring with two descending feet.


3. _Acrocubus brachiatus_, n. sp.

Mitral ring smaller than the basal, both rings square, with thick straight
rods. Sagittal ring tuberculate, square, equatorial part thinner. Four
columellae curved, the two lateral ones prolonged downwards into two
vertical parallel straight feet of half their length.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cube 0.12; length of the feet 0.06.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Acrocubus amphistylus_, n. sp.

Mitral and basal rings of nearly equal size, square, with thick curved
rods. Sagittal ring elliptical, in the equatorial part thinner. Frontal
ring tuberculate. Four columellae curved, the two lateral ones prolonged
downwards into two vertical, tuberculate feet of half their length.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cube 0.13; length of the feet 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


5. _Acrocubus arcuatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 15).

Mitral and basal rings, as well as the sagittal ring, of the same form as
in the preceding nearly allied species. The two lateral columellae are
prolonged not only downwards into two short {994}vertical feet, but also
upwards into two curved bows, which are united in a vertical ascending
horn, arising from the apical pole of the sagittal ring.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cube 0.14; total height 0.21.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Tripocubus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal ring with three descending feet (one odd caudal and
two paired lateral).


6. _Acrocubus lasanum_, n. sp.

Mitral ring smaller than the basal, both rings square, with curved rods.
Sagittal ring ovate, prolonged upwards into an occipital simple horn,
downwards into a caudal foot. Two lateral columellae prolonged downwards
into two pectoral feet. All three feet conical, about as long as the height
of the cube.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cube 0.08; length of the feet 0.07.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


7. _Acrocubus cortina_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 16).

Mitral ring smaller than the basal, both rings elliptical, with curved
rods. Sagittal ring ovate, prolonged upwards into an occipital horn,
downwards into a caudal foot, as in the preceding species. As in the
latter, also, the two lateral columellae are prolonged downwards into two
pectoral feet, but also upwards into two convergent horns, which are united
with the occipital horn (commencing the formation of a galea). Rings and
feet somewhat thorny.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cube 0.16; total height 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



Subgenus 4. _Tetracubus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal ring with four descending feet (two sagittal and two
lateral).


8. _Acrocubus tetrapodius_, n. sp.

Mitral and basal rings of the same size, square, with straight rods,
sagittal ring also square. The four vertical columellae are nearly parallel
and straight, prolonged upwards into four short conical horns, downwards
into four longer conical feet. (The shell has nearly the form of a
geometrical cube, the eight corners of which are prolonged into eight
vertical conical spines, four smaller ascending and four larger
descending.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cube 0.09; length of the feet 0.06.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


{995}9. _Acrocubus amphithectus_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 17).

Mitral ring smaller than the basal, both rings elliptical, with curved
rods. Four columellae thorny, also curved, divergent downwards, prolonged
upwards into four thorny convergent horns, downwards into four larger
branched divergent feet. The two sagittal horns and feet (anterior and
posterior) are smaller than the two lateral (right and left); therefore the
fundamental form of this species is distinctly amphithect (as in the
_Ctenophora_).

_Dimensions._--Breadth of the cube 0.12; total height 0.2.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.



Genus 427. _Toxarium_,[46] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two bisected horizontal rings, connected by
four vertical columellae. In the frontal plane two galear bows project
upwards, and two thoracal bows downwards.

The genus _Toxarium_ differs from its ancestral form _Acrocubus_ in the
development of two pairs of peculiar bows, placed in the lateral or frontal
plane; the upper pair projects above the mitral gates, and may be called
the "galear bows," the lower pair projects below the basal gates of the
cubical shell, and may be called the "thoracal bows." Both pairs are
produced originally by the development of two forked vertical spines,
arising in the frontal plane on both poles of the principal axis from the
sagittal ring (compare _Protympanium amphipodium_, Pl. 93, fig. 14). The
apical fork-branches become connected with the lateral corners of the
mitral gates, the basal branches with those of the basal gates. By
development of lattice-work between the bows and the rings some #Spyroidea#
(_Amphispyris_, &c.) may have arisen. The important genus _Toxarium_ may be
divided into three subgenera. In _Toxellium_ all the bows are simple, in
_Toxonium_, all are forked; in _Toxidium_, the galear bows are simple, the
thoracal bows forked.



Subgenus 1. _Toxellium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Galear and thoracal bows simple.


1. _Toxarium circospyris_, n. sp. (Pl. 88, fig. 1).

Galear and thoracal bows simple, of about the same size as the frontal bows
between them; all bows armed with scattered simple conical spines. Sagittal
constriction deep, half as long as the whole shell. Lateral outlines of the
shell nearly parallel.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.16, breadth 0.13.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


{996}2. _Toxarium subcirculare_, n. sp.

Galear and thoracal bows simple, armed with scattered simple spines of
about equal size, smaller than the smooth frontal bows between them.
Sagittal constriction very flat. Therefore the frontal perimeter of the
shell is nearly circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.15, breadth 0.14.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic (Antilles), Weber, surface.


3. _Toxarium thorax_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 18).

Galear bows simple, smaller than the frontal bows, and these again smaller
than the simple thoracal bows; therefore the shell increases in breadth
towards the base, and resembles the skeleton of the thorax of one of the
higher vertebrates (the bow-pairs corresponding to rib-pairs, the ventral
part of the sagittal ring to the sternum, the dorsal part to the vertebral
column). Sagittal constriction very deep. All bows are armed with
scattered, irregularly branched spines.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.17, breadth 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Toxarium constrictum_, n. sp.

Galear and thoracal bows simple, of nearly equal size, larger than the
frontal bows between them. Therefore the shell is constricted in the
equatorial plane. Sagittal constriction also deep. All bows armed with
scattered, irregularly branched spines.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.14, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 236, surface.



Subgenus 2. _Toxidium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Galear bows simple, thoracal bows forked.


5. _Toxarium cordatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 19).

Galear bows simple, thoracal bows forked, both somewhat smaller than
frontal bows; all bows armed with scattered simple conical spines, mostly
developed at the thoracal bows. Both galear bows are united in a central
vertical columella, which arises from the apex of the sagittal ring, and is
prolonged into an apical horn. Therefore the sagittal constriction exists
only in the basal half of the inversely cordate shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.18, breadth 0.16.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


{997}6. _Toxarium furcatum_, n. sp.

Galear bows simple, thoracal bows forked, both somewhat broader than the
frontal bows. Shell therefore slightly constricted in the equatorial plane.
Sagittal constriction rather deep, equal in the apical and basal parts. All
bows armed with scattered spines, which are partly simple, partly forked.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.14, breadth 0.16.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.


7. _Toxarium pedatum_, n. sp.

Galear bows simple, smaller than the frontal bows, which are again smaller
than the thoracal bows. Therefore the breadth of the shell increases
towards the base. Sagittal constriction flat in the apical part, deep in
the basal part. All bows armed with small irregularly scattered spines; at
the base six larger divergent feet (two lateral, two anterior, and two
posterior).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.17, breadth 0.15.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Toxonium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Galear and thoracal bows forked.


8. _Toxarium costatum_, n. sp.

Galear and thoracal bows forked, smaller than the frontal bows, all bows
thorny, without larger spines. Sagittal constriction on both poles deep.
Lateral outlines of the shell nearly parallel.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.15, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Socotra (Haeckel), surface.


9. _Toxarium bifurcum_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 20).

Galear and thoracal bows forked, the former smaller than the frontal bows,
the latter larger. Sagittal constriction rather flat on the apical pole,
which bears a vertical forked horn, very deep on the basal pole of the
primary ring. All bows armed with numerous spines, which are partly simple,
partly forked, and mainly developed at the basal part of the thoracal bows.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 428. _Microcubus_,[47] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two bisected horizontal rings, connected by
four vertical columellae, which are bisected again by an equatorial ring.

{998}The genus _Microcubus_ is derived from its ancestral form _Acrocubus_
by development of a third horizontal ring, which lies in the equatorial
plane, parallel to the upper mitral and the lower basal ring. Whilst these
latter are both bisected by the complete vertical sagittal ring, the
equatorial ring is complete, and connected at the poles of the sagittal
axis with the principal ring, and at the poles of the transverse axis with
the frontal ring. Therefore the shell exhibits not eight large gates as in
_Acrocubus_, but twelve, viz., four horizontal gates (two superior mitral
and two inferior basal), four upper vertical gates (between the mitral and
the equatorial ring), and four lower vertical gates (between the basal and
the equatorial ring).


1. _Microcubus dodecastoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 94, fig. 9).

All twelve gates simple, irregularly ovate or pentagonal. Frontal ring on
the sides concave, constricted by the equatorial ring. All rings curved,
armed with short irregular thorns. No larger basal spines.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.13, breadth 0.15.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750
fathoms.


2. _Microcubus pentacircus_, n. sp.

All twelve gates simple. Frontal ring on the sides convex, not constricted
by the equatorial ring. All rings tuberculate, with irregular roundish
knots. No larger basal spines. Similar to the preceding species; but the
five rings are much thicker and tuberculate (not thorny); the twelve gates
are therefore relatively smaller.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Microcubus zonarius_, n. sp. (Pl. 94, fig. 8).

All twelve gates simple, ovate. Frontal ring on the sides convex, not
constricted by the equatorial ring, nearly twice as broad as long. All
rings thorny, very thin, except only the broad angular sagittal ring. No
larger basal spines.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.15.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


4. _Microcubus quadrupes_, n. sp.

All twelve gates simple, square. Frontal ring square, not constricted by
the equatorial ring. All rings smooth, quadrangular. Basal ring with four
short vertical conical feet, two of which (right and left) are inferior
prolongations of the frontal ring, and arise from the lateral corners of
the {999}basal gates; two others are prolongations of the sagittal ring
(sternal and caudal), and arise from the medial corners of the basal gates.
(The shell is like a small cube with four feet.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.13, breadth 0.11.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.


5. _Microcubus cornutus_, n. sp.

Eight gates (two mitral, two basal, and four superior) simple; four
inferior gates fenestrated by arachnoidal irregular threads. Frontal ring
square, constricted on the sides by the equatorial ring. Basal ring with
four short conical vertical feet, as in the preceding species. Sagittal
ring with a vertical horn on the apex. All rings with small scattered
thorns.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.11, breadth 0.13.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 235, surface.


6. _Microcubus amphispyris_, n. sp. (Pl. 94, fig. 10).

Four gates (two mitral and two basal) simple; eight lateral gates (four
superior and four inferior) fenestrated by arachnoidal irregular threads.
Frontal ring convex, not constricted by the equatorial ring. Basal ring
with six short conical divergent feet (two sagittal and four lateral).
Sagittal ring with an apical horn. (Resembles some #Spyroidea#.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Genus 429. _Octotympanum_,[48] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two bisected horizontal rings converging
laterally and connected in the lateral poles of the equatorial plane. Eight
large gates.

The genus _Octotympanum_ differs from all other Tympanida in the peculiar
connection of the two horizontal rings, which here reach the maximum of
their growth, converge towards the equator, and come into direct contact on
the poles of the equatorial transverse axis. Therefore the shell appears to
be composed of three complete vertical meridian rings, the middle of which
(the sagittal ring) is free and simple; the two other (subfrontal) rings
are grown together at the lateral poles of the equatorial plane; commonly
at these poles there arises (on the right and left) a strong lateral spine,
and the base of this (or the crossing point of the two touching horizontal
rings) corresponds to the remnants of the shortened frontal ring. The
crown-shaped shell exhibits therefore eight large gates; two superior
(mitral) and two inferior basal gates, two larger anterior (facial) and two
larger posterior (occipital) gates. Seen from the lateral poles {1000}only
two of the former are visible, and represent the figure of a vertical 8;
seen from the sagittal poles, only two of the latter are visible, in the
form of a larger horizontal 8. _Octotympanum_ may be derived from
_Acrocubus_ by reduction of the lateral frontal ring to a knot (or
cross-point), and by maximal extension of the two parallel horizontal
rings, which become curved downwards laterally and touch at the lateral
poles.


1. _Octotympanum octospinum_, n. sp.

Mitral gates smaller than the basal gates; upper halves of the two lateral
meridional rings smaller than the lower halves. Rings with few scattered
thorns; four larger simple spines, nearly horizontal in the equatorial
plane; two on the poles of the sagittal axis, two on the poles of the
lateral axis. Four other large spines, nearly vertical at the four
lowermost basal points of the subfrontal rings.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.


2. _Octotympanum octonarium_, n. sp. (Pl. 94, fig. 3).

Mitral gates of the same size as the basal gates; upper and lower halves of
the meridional rings of equal size. Rings armed with numerous stout,
thorny, simple and forked spines; four very large branched spines in the
equatorial plane, nearly horizontal, two on the poles of the sagittal, two
on the poles of the transverse axis, the latter curved downwards.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


3. _Octotympanum arborescens_, n. sp.

Mitral gates smaller than the basal gates, the lower halves of the lateral
rings being broader than the upper halves. Rings very spiny, armed with
numerous branched spines; ten very large arborescent spines on the lateral
rings; two on the poles of the transverse axis, eight on the prominent
corners of the diagonal axes (four upper and four lower); sagittal ring
thorny.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.8, breadth 0.16.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


4. _Octotympanum cervicorne_, n. sp. (Pl. 94, fig. 2).

Mitral and basal gates of equal size, the lower and upper halves of the two
crossed lateral rings being nearly equal. Rings armed with numerous
branched spines; two very large spines, similar to the antlers of a deer,
on the poles of the lateral axis; their branches about half as large as the
whole shell. Sagittal ring nearly smooth, with few small thorns on the
poles of the main axis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.16, breadth 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



{1001}Genus 430. _Tympaniscus_,[49] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two bisected horizontal rings, which are
connected by three vertical meridional rings (or six columellae).

The genus _Tympaniscus_ and the following _Tympanidium_ differ from all
preceding Tympanida in the multiplication of the vertical columellae, which
connect the two horizontal bisected rings. _Tympaniscus_ exhibits six
columellae, which may be regarded as halves of three meridional rings. Only
one, however, of these is complete (the sagittal ring, which bisects the
mitral and the basal ring); the two other meridional rings (placed in
diagonal planes) may be regarded as produced by lateral bifurcation of an
incomplete frontal ring; this appears to be already foreshadowed in the
preceding _Octotympanum_.


1. _Tympaniscus corona_, n. sp.

Basal ring larger than the mitral ring, with numerous irregular short
spines but without descending feet. Six columellae strongly curved, in the
lower half thicker and thorny; the four lateral much thinner than the two
sagittal. Apex of the jointed sagittal ring with a conical horn.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.11.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


2. _Tympaniscus bipes_, n. sp.

Basal ring of about the same size as the mitral ring, with two lateral
descending feet, which are parallel and vertical, simple, without spur,
half as long as the sagittal ring. The latter is ovate, twice as long and
broad as the two circular frontal rings.

_Dimensions._--Breadth of the shell 0.14, length 0.09.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Tympaniscus dipodiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 94, figs. 5, 6).

Basal ring smaller than the mitral ring, with two lateral descending feet,
which are nearly parallel and vertical, obtuse, about as long as the
sagittal ring, and which bear on the outside a horizontal spur. Sagittal
ring hexagonal, very stout, with a caudal appendix at the base, and with a
small sagittal arch, bearing a stout spinulate double knob at the apex. The
two subfrontal rings depressed, twice as broad as high, on the outside
thorny, connected at each side in the lower half by a double transverse
arch.

_Dimensions._--Breadth of the shell 0.18, length 0.08 (with spines 0.18).

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


{1002}4. _Tympaniscus tripodiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 94, fig. 7).

Basal ring of about the same size as the mitral ring, with three large and
stout divergent feet (two lateral and one caudal). Sagittal ring stout,
broader than the two spiny subsagittal rings; the upper part of the latter
bears two ascending arches, which are united with the large apical horn
arising from the apex of the sagittal ring. Six columellae nearly vertical,
slightly curved on the outside; their lateral edges armed with numerous
simple or forked spines.

_Dimensions._--Breadth of the shell 0.1, total length 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


5. _Tympaniscus quadrupes_, n. sp. (Pl. 94, fig. 4).

Basal ring larger than the mitral ring, with four short vertical
three-sided pyramidal feet of equal size (two lateral and two sagittal);
the feet are three-sided pyramidal, with finely denticulate median edges,
and bear at the base a horizontal thorny spur. Sagittal ring at the apex
with a very large cross-shaped horn, bearing two horizontal thorny lateral
branches; the horn is supported by an anterior and a posterior arch. Six
columellae strongly curved and dentate.

_Dimensions._--Breadth of the shell 0.15, length 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.


6. _Tympaniscus fibula_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris fibula_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 3.

Basal ring of about the same size as the mitral ring, with six large
conical descending feet; these are prolongations of the six columellae,
nearly of the same length, slightly divergent, and bear at the base a
strong horizontal spur. The six columellae are strongly curved, spiny, and
bear above small arches, which are united with the apical horn of the
sagittal ring.

_Dimensions._--Breadth of the shell 0.09, height 0.05; total height 0.09.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


7. _Tympaniscus dodecaster_, n. sp.

Basal ring of the same size as the mitral ring, with six very large and six
alternating smaller, slightly divergent, curved feet, about as long an the
shell; the larger are the basal prolongations of the six curved, thorny
columellae. Mitral ring spiny, not overgrown with arches, as in the similar
preceding species.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



{1003}Genus 431. _Tympanidium_,[50] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two bisected horizontal rings, which are
connected by four vertical meridional rings (or eight columellae).

The genus _Tympanidium_ differs from all other Protympanida in the
development of four vertical rings, placed in four different meridional
planes. Only one of these is complete, the primary sagittal ring; the three
others are incomplete, inserted on the two horizontal rings, which are
formed by the paired mitral and basal branches of the sagittal ring; one of
these three lies in the frontal plane, the two others in diagonal
meridional planes (between the frontal and sagittal). The shell therefore
exhibits twelve large gates, four of which are horizontal (the two superior
mitral and the two inferior basal gates); the eight others are vertical,
separated by the eight columellae, or the halves of the four meridional
rings. In the subgenus _Tympanomma_ the number of gates amounts to sixteen,
the four lateral gates being bisected by an incomplete equatorial ring. The
genus _Tympanidium_ may be derived from _Acrocubus_ by development of the
two diagonal rings (between the frontal and sagittal).



Subgenus 1. _Tympanura_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with twelve gates; the four lateral gates simple.


1. _Tympanidium foliosum_, n. sp. (Pl. 94, fig. 1).

Shell with twelve gates; the four lateral gates simple. Basal gates of the
shell larger than the mitral gates. Sagittal ring ovate, much smaller than
the three other meridional rings, which are armed with numerous large
elegant spines, bearing a lanceolate leaf on a thin pedicle. The sagittal
ring bears a bunch of similar spines only at the apex, and on both poles of
the sagittal axis (in the equator) a single forked spine, with two thorny
branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.09 (with spines 0.25), breadth 0.15.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


2. _Tympanidium spinosum_, n. sp.

Shell with twelve gates; the four lateral gates simple. Basal and mitral
gates of about equal size. Shell similar to that of the preceding species,
differing mainly in the different armature; the numerous spines, covering
the convex outside of the four vertical rings, are not leaf-shaped, but
conical, short, of very variable size, partly simple, partly irregularly
branched.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08 (with spines 0.2), breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.



{1004}Subgenus 2. _Tympanomma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with sixteen gates (eight median gates, paired on both
sides of the sagittal ring, and eight lateral gates, paired on both sides
of the frontal ring). The four lateral gates of the two preceding species
(subgenus _Tympanura_) are bisected in _Tympanomma_ by the lateral parts of
an incomplete equatorial ring.


3. _Tympanidium binoctonum_, n. sp. (Pl. 94, fig. 18).

Shell with sixteen gates; the four lateral gates double, bisected by the
lateral parts of an incomplete equatorial ring. Basal gates nearly
rectangular, of the same breadth as the pentagonal mitral gates, but twice
as long. Equatorial outline of the shell (seen in fig. 18 from the apical
pole) octagonal. All rods of the shell thin, smooth.

_Dimensions._--Transverse axis of the shell 0.1, sagittal axis 0.06.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


4. _Tympanidium barbadense_, Haeckel.

  "Hollow cylinder," &c., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xvi.
  fig. 1.

Shell with sixteen gates; the four lateral gates double, bisected by an
incomplete equatorial ring. Basal gates kidney-shaped, of the same breadth
as the circular mitral gates, but twice as long. Equatorial outline of the
shell elliptical. All rods of the shell thin, smooth.

_Dimensions._--Transverse axis of the shell 0.12, sagittal axis 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in South Naparima, Trinidad, Barbados.


5. _Tympanidium staurocircum_, n. sp.

Shell with sixteen gates; the four lateral gates double, bisected by an
incomplete equatorial ring. Basal and mitral gates of the shell of about
equal size, roundish.  Equatorial outline of the shell violin-shaped, with
a sagittal constriction. All rods of the shell armed with short irregular
spines.

_Dimensions._--Transverse axis of the shell 0.12, sagittal axis 0.06.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. PARATYMPANIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two fenestrated horizontal rings, which are
connected by a variable number of vertical rods or columellae. The shell
therefore becomes more completely latticed than in the other Tympanida, and
approaches that of the #Spyroidea#.



{1005}Genus 432. _Paratympanum_,[51] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two latticed horizontal rings, connected by
numerous descending and diverging columellae; mitral ring smaller than the
basal ring.

The genus _Paratympanum_ and the following nearly allied _Lithotympanum_
form together the small subfamily of Paratympanida, distinguished from the
other Tympanida by the fenestration of the two parallel horizontal rings.
These rings in _Lithotympanum_ are both equal, whilst in _Paratympanum_,
the basal ring is larger than the mitral ring; therefore the connecting
rods or columellae are in the former parallel and vertical, in the latter
divergent and descending. Two opposite ones of these columellae are parts
of the primary sagittal ring, two others are parts of the lateral or
frontal ring, whilst the remainder are afterwards intercalated.
_Paratympanum_ may be derived from _Dystympanium_ by fenestration of the
basal ring.


1. _Paratympanum hexastylum_, n. sp.

Six divergent columellae, about as long as the diameter of the hexagonal
mitral ring, connect it with the larger hexagonal basal ring. Lattice of
the mitral ring hemispherical, with six roundish pores, surrounding a
central apical horn. Lattice of the basal ring with one large central pore,
surrounded by numerous peripheral pores. Rings and rods smooth, without
spines.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.07; breadth of the mitral ring 0.06,
of the basal ring 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Paratympanum octostylum_, n. sp. (Pl. 94, fig. 14).

Eight divergent columellae, about as long as the diameter of the octagonal
mitral ring, connect it with the larger circular basal ring, and bear at
each end a divergent, strong, conical spine. Lattice-plate of both rings
slightly convex, with numerous subregular circular pores, smooth, without
surface spines.

_Dimensions._--Breadth of the mitral ring 0.06, of the basal ring 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Paratympanum decastylum_, n. sp.

Ten divergent columellae, only half as long as the diameter of the
decagonal mitral ring, connect it with the larger circular basal ring.
Lattice-plate of the mitral ring nearly hemispherical of the basal ring
flat, both with numerous irregular roundish pores and scattered spines.
Margin of both rings spiny.

_Dimensions._--Breadth of the mitral ring 0.08, of the basal ring 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



{1006}Genus 433. _Lithotympanum_,[52] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two latticed horizontal rings, connected by
numerous parallel and vertical columellae; mitral and basal rings of equal
size.

The genus _Lithotympanum_ has the form of a cylindrical drum, the two
fundamental faces of which (the mitral and basal gates) are closed by
lattice-work. Both horizontal rings are equal, whilst in the preceding
_Paratympanum_ the basal gate is larger than the mitral. It may be derived
from the latter by equalisation of these two rings, or directly from
_Dystympanium_ by fenestration of the basal ring.


1. _Lithotympanum tuberosum_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 1).

Both lattice-plates slightly convex; the mitral plate with six larger
marginal pores and one central pore separated by numerous smaller pores;
the basal plate with seven large pores only (one central and six
peripheral). Surface and margin of the plates uneven, with roundish
prominent dimpled tubercles. Both rings connected by ten to twelve simple
cylindrical vertical columellae.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.13, breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


2. _Lithotympanum spinosum_, n. sp.

Both lattice-plates flat, with numerous irregular roundish pores of
variable size. Surface thorny. Margin with numerous irregular spines,
directed upwards on the mitral, downwards on the basal plate. Both rings
connected by eight simple cylindrical vertical columellae.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.



Subfamily 3. DYSTYMPANIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with fenestrated mitral ring and simple open
basal ring; both horizontal rings connected by numerous vertical or
divergent columellae.



Genus 434. _Dystympanium_,[53] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two horizontal rings, connected by numerous
(six to eight or more) divergent columellae. The upper mitral ring is
smaller and latticed, the lower basal ring larger and open.

{1007}The genus _Dystympanium_, representing a peculiar subfamily, differs
from all other Tympanida in the different shape of the two parallel
horizontal rings. The upper or mitral ring is closed by a lattice-plate (as
in _Paratympanum_), the lower or basal ring is simple and open (as in
_Eutympanium_). _Dystympanium_ may therefore be regarded as an intermediate
form between these two genera, and may perhaps be derived from
_Paratympanum_ by loss of the lower lattice-plate.


1. _Dystympanium dictyocha_, n. sp. (Pl. 94, figs. 15, 16).

Basal ring circular, with eighteen to twenty short conical divergent
spines. Mitral ring about two-thirds as broad, hexagonal, with six
ascending spines on the six corners. The latter are connected with the
former by six simple, straight, obliquely descending columellae, about as
long as the diameter of the mitral ring. Mitral lattice-plate slightly
convex, with seven roundish pores (six peripheral pores around a central
pore).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.09, mitral ring 0.06; length of
the columellae 0.05.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.


2. _Dystympanium distephanus_, n. sp.

Basal ring hexagonal, with six larger spines at the six corners, and
numerous smaller ones between them. Mitral ring half as broad as the basal
ring, also with six angular spines. The latter are connected with the
former by six divergent curved columellae, about as long as the diameter of
the basal ring. Mitral lattice-plate flat, with irregular roundish pores.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.1, mitral ring 0.05; length of
the columellae 0.09.

_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


3. _Dystympanium medusa_, n. sp.

Basal ring circular, with eight larger and numerous smaller divergent
spines. Mitral ring two-thirds as broad as the basal ring, octagonal, with
eight conical ascending spines on the eight corners. The latter are
connected with the former by eight divergent, curved columellae, as long as
the diameter of the mitral ring. Mitral lattice-plate nearly hemispherical,
with nine circular pores (eight peripheral pores around one central pore).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.12, mitral ring 0.08; length of
the columellae 0.09.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.



Subfamily 4. EUTYMPANIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two simple horizontal rings, which are
connected by a variable number of vertical rods or columellae. Therefore
the shell exhibits a large simple mitral gate on the upper, and a large
simple basal gate on the lower side; between the two a variable number of
lateral gates.



{1008}Genus 435. _Parastephanus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 446.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two simple horizontal rings, connected by
two vertical columellae.

The genus _Parastephanus_ is the simplest among the Eutympanida, and
exhibits only two vertical rods or columellae, which connect the two
parallel horizontal rings. One of these latter must be regarded as the
mitral or superior ring, the other as the basal or inferior ring; whilst
the two parallel columellae, connecting both, are the remaining vertical
parts of the sagittal ring, the upper and lower parts of which are lost. By
loss of the latter _Parastephanus_ has probably been derived from
_Protympanium_.


1. _Parastephanus circularis_, n. sp.

Two horizontal rings smooth, circular, of equal size, connected by two
curved smooth columellae, which are somewhat shorter than the diameter of
the rings.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the rings 0.08, length of the columellae 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.


2. _Parastephanus quadrispinus_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 21).

Two horizontal rings smooth, elliptical or nearly circular, of equal size,
connected by two vertical, slightly curved columellae, which are about as
long as the radius of the rings. Each ring bears two simple lateral spines,
which in the mitral ring are curved downwards, in the basal ring upwards,
possibly the last remains of a reduced frontal ring.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the rings 0.09, length of the columellae 0.05.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 236, surface.


3. _Parastephanus asymmetricus_, n. sp. (Pl. 82, fig. 10).

Two horizontal rings thorny, of equal size, irregularly ovate or nearly
semicircular, and of somewhat asymmetrical form. The two connecting
parallel columellae are straight, cylindrical, about as long as the
diameter of the rings. The peculiar asymmetry in the form of the rings
raises the possibility that the two columellae in this species are the
remaining parts of a frontal ring, and that the sagittal ring has
altogether disappeared. In this case the convex half of both rings would be
the ventral, the straight half the dorsal part.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the rings 0.1, length of the columellae 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


{1009}4. _Parastephanus dispar_, n. sp.

Two horizontal rings elliptical, thorny, of different sizes, the basal ring
one and a half times as broad as the mitral ring. The two connecting
columellae are curved, somewhat longer than the diameter of the mitral
ring.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.09, mitral 0.06; length of the
columellae 0.07.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.



Genus 436. _Prismatium_,[54] Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 270.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two simple horizontal rings, connected by
three vertical columellae.

The genus _Prismatium_ was hitherto the only known form of the Tympanida,
and the only species described in 1862 in my Monograph was _Prismatium
tripleurum_ (_loc. cit._, p. 270, pl. iv. fig. 6). A new species from the
Challenger collection (Pl. 93, fig. 22), _Prismatium tripodium_, explains
the true structure of this remarkable genus. The skeleton is composed of
nine siliceous rods, corresponding to the edges of a trilateral prism. Six
of these are horizontal, and enclose the two parallel triangular horizontal
gates, the superior of which is formed by the mitral or coryphal, and the
inferior by the basal or cortinar ring. The three other rods are vertical
and nearly parallel, and connect (as lateral edges of the prism) the
corresponding corners of the two parallel horizontal triangles. Two of
these vertical columellae, together with the two horizontal parallel rods
connecting them, represent the complete frontal ring, whilst the third
vertical columella is the posterior half of the sagittal ring, the other
parts of which are lost.


1. _Prismatium tripodium_, n. sp. (Pl. 93, fig. 22).

Mitral ring triangular, somewhat smaller than the triangular basal ring,
both connected at the corners by three vertical, slightly curved
columellae. From the six corners arise six radial spines of different size
and form; the two paired spines of the mitral ring are simple and very
small, whilst those of the basal ring are three times as long and bear a
lateral branch. The odd spine of the third corner is on both rings larger,
and distinguished by some thorns. This difference seems to indicate that
these two odd spines correspond to the apical horn and the caudal foot of
_Cortina_, and the columella between them is the rest of the reduced
sagittal ring. In this case the quadrangular vertical ring, which is
composed of the two paired columellae and the two connecting horizontal
rods, would be probably the frontal ring.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.


{1010}2. _Prismatium tripleurum_, Haeckel.

  _Prismatium tripleurum,_ Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 270, Taf.
  iv. fig. 6.

  _Acanthodesmia prismatium_, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 799.

Mitral and basal rings of equal size, equilateral triangular, both
connected at the corners by three vertical equal columellae. From the six
corners arise six short, equal, conical radial spines. The nine rods of the
shell correspond to the nine edges of a triangular equilateral prism.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.044, breadth 0.032.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), surface.



Genus 437. _Pseudocubus_,[55] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two simple horizontal rings of different
sizes, connected by four divergent columellae.

The genus _Pseudocubus_ exhibits the characteristic form of an obelisk, or
a truncated four-sided pyramid. The four edges of this obelisk, or the four
"columellae," are the remaining parts of the two incomplete vertical rings;
two opposite edges are the dorsal and ventral rod of the sagittal ring; the
two alternate edges between these are the lateral rods of the frontal ring.
The two horizontal rings, which become connected by the four divergent
columellae, are the smaller mitral ring and the larger basal ring; both are
either square or nearly circular.


1. _Pseudocubus obeliscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 94, fig. 11).

Mitral ring square, with circular gate and two divergent simple spines on
each corner. Basal ring twice as broad, square, with four convex sides and
one simple spine on each corner. Four columellae straight. All twelve rods
with three smooth edges.

_Dimensions._--Breadth of the mitral ring 0.02, of the basal ring 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Pseudocubus octostylus_, n. sp.

Mitral ring square, with one stout pyramidal spine on each corner. Basal
ring twice as broad, square, also with a single strong spine on each
corner. Four columellae straight. All twelve rods with three smooth edges.

_Dimensions._--Breadth of the mitral ring 0.04, of the basal ring 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


{1011}3. _Pseudocubus hexapylus_, n. sp. (Pl. 94, fig. 12).

Mitral ring circular, two-thirds as broad as the subcircular, or nearly
square, basal ring; both rings with a simple spine on the two sagittal
corners (dorsal and ventral), with a forked or branched larger spine on the
two lateral corners (right and left). All twelve rods more or less curved
and thorny.

_Dimensions._--Breadth of the mitral ring 0.07, of the basal ring 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Genus 438. _Lithocubus_,[56] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two simple horizontal rings of equal size,
connected by four parallel vertical columellae.

The genus _Lithocubus_ is very remarkable for the regular cubical form of
the skeleton, which is composed of twelve siliceous rods, corresponding to
the twelve edges of a cube. Eight of these are horizontal, and enclose the
two parallel square horizontal gates, the superior mitral and the inferior
basal gate. The four other rods are vertical, parallel, and connect (as
lateral edges of the cube) the corresponding corners of the two horizontal
squares. Two opposite ones of these four vertical columellae are the
remaining halves of the incomplete sagittal ring; the two alternate are the
remaining halves of the incomplete frontal ring. The four lateral gates
between these four columellae are also square or rectangular, and either of
the same size as the two horizontal gates, or somewhat larger. _Lithocubus_
may be derived from _Acrocubus_ by reduction of the coryphal and the basal
part of the primary sagittal ring, the only remaining parts of which are
the anterior and the posterior columellae.


1. _Lithocubus geometricus_, n. sp. (Pl. 94, fig. 13).

The twelve rods, corresponding to the edges of the geometrical cube, are
straight and smooth; the eight corners provided with a small conical thorn.
The shell exhibits six equal square sides, and represents therefore exactly
the geometrical form of a cube.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cube 0.05; thickness of the bars 0.008.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.


2. _Lithocubus octacanthus_, n. sp.

The twelve rods of the cubical shell are slightly curved, convex, smooth,
as in the similar preceding species. It differs from that in the
development of eight slender radial spines, arising from the eight corners
of the geometrical cube, from two to three times as long as its diameter,
and lying opposite in pairs in its diagonals.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cube 0.06; length of the spines 0.15.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Canary Islands, surface.


{1012}3. _Lithocubus vinculatus_, Haeckel.

  _Acanthodesmia vinculata_, J. Mueller, 1856 (_partim_), Abhandl. d. k.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, Taf. i. fig. 7 (not 4-6).

The twelve rods of the cubical shell are curved and armed with scattered,
simple, short spines. The figure 7 of Johannes Mueller (_loc. cit._)
corresponds exactly to the Mediterranean form observed by me at Portofino,
and is quite different from his true _Acanthodesmia vinculata_ (_loc.
cit._, figs. 4-6), so that I have no doubt he did observe these two
different species (compare above, p. 975).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cube 0.07; length of the spines 0.02.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Nice, Portofino).


4. _Lithocubus astragalus_, n. sp. (Pl. 82, fig. 12).

The twelve rods of the cubical shell are stout and slightly curved, armed
with numerous, simple, and irregularly branched spines. Eight larger
spines, branched like a deer's antler, arise from the eight corners of the
cube.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cube 0.1 to 0.12; length of the corner
spines 0.05 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 439. _Circotympanum_,[57] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two simple different horizontal rings,
connected by numerous (six to eight or more) divergent columellae.

The genus _Circotympanum_ comprises those Tympanida in which two simple
horizontal rings of different size (an upper smaller "mitral ring," and a
lower larger "basal ring") are connected by a variable number of divergent
rods or columellae (at least six or eight). _Circotympanum_ is probably
derived from _Tympaniscus_ or _Tympanidium_ by partial reduction of the
sagittal ring, the upper (apical) and lower (basal) part of which is lost.
The geometrical fundamental form is a truncated pyramid with six to eight
or more edges.


1. _Circotympanum hexagonium_, n. sp.

Mitral and basal ring hexagonal, the latter twice as broad as the former,
each with a simple small spine on the six corners. Six columellae nearly
straight, as long as the radius of the basal ring. All rods with three
prominent edges.

_Dimensions._--Breadth of the mitral ring 0.06, of the basal ring 0.11.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


{1013}2. _Circotympanum octogonium_, n. sp. (Pl. 94, fig. 17).

Mitral and basal rings octagonal, the latter one and a half times as broad
as the former. Eight columellae slightly curved, thorny. The mitral ring
bears on each corner a short ascending spine, the basal ring a larger,
thorny, obliquely descending spine, which has some recurved thorns on the
upper edge. All rods more or less thorny.

_Dimensions._--Breadth of the mitral ring 0.06, of the basal ring 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


3. _Circotympanum decagonium_, n. sp.

Mitral and basal rings circular, the latter nearly twice as broad as the
former, both armed with scattered irregular thorns. Ten columellae smooth,
curved.

_Dimensions._--Breadth of the mitral ring 0.07, of the basal ring 0.12.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.



Genus 440. _Eutympanium_,[58] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.

_Definition._--#Tympanida# with two simple equal horizontal rings,
connected by numerous (six to eight or more) parallel and vertical
columellae.

The genus _Eutympanium_ contains those Tympanida in which the drum-shaped
shell is composed of two simple, parallel and equal horizontal rings, and
numerous vertical and parallel rods or columellae connecting them. The
number of the latter is at least six or eight. Two opposite of these must
be regarded as remaining vertical parts of the sagittal ring, two others as
parts of the frontal ring, whilst the other columellae (between the former
and the latter) are secondary and intercalated. Therefore _Eutympanium_ may
be derived from _Tympanidium_ by reduction and loss of the apical and basal
parts of the sagittal ring.


1. _Eutympanium musicantum_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 2).

Eight parallel and vertical columellae, simple, straight and smooth. Both
horizontal rings equal, circular, each armed with eight to twelve short
conical thorns.

_Dimensions._--Height of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


{1014}2. _Eutympanium octonarium_, n. sp.

Eight vertical columellae slightly curved, thorny. Both horizontal rings
equal, octagonal, each armed with eight large, irregularly-branched spines,
which on the mitral ring are directed obliquely upwards, on the basal ring
downwards.

_Dimensions._--Height of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Eutympanium coronarium_, n. sp.

Eight thorny columellae, obliquely descending and curved like a bow,
divergent in the upper part, convergent in the lower. Basal ring circular,
mitral ring octagonal. Both horizontal rings armed with eight stout thorny
spines, which on the mitral ring are smaller and directed obliquely
upwards, on the basal ring larger and directed downwards, each with a
recurved hook.

_Dimensions._--Height of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


4. _Eutympanium militare_, n. sp. (Pl. 82, fig. 11).

Ten parallel and vertical columellae straight and smooth, cylindrical. Both
horizontal rings equal, circular, armed with numerous short conical spines,
divergent in all directions. Ten to twenty spines on each ring larger than
the others.

_Dimensions._--Height of the shell 0.1, breadth, 0.08.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


5. _Eutympanium dodecarium_, n. sp.

Twelve vertical columellae, slightly curved, smooth. Mitral and basal rings
circular, both horizontal rings armed with twelve stout,
irregularly-branched spines, which are prolongations of the columellae, and
on the mitral ring directed upwards, on the basal ring downwards.

_Dimensions._--Height of the shell 0.13, breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


{1015}----


Order VI. CYRTELLARIA, Haeckel, 1881.

_Definition_.--NASSELLARIA with a complete lattice-shell enveloping the
central capsule.



Suborder I. SPYROIDEA, Haeckel.

  _Spyridina_, Ehrenberg (_pro parte_), 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
      Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.
  _Zygocyrtida_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 291.
  _Zygocyrtida_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p.
      501.
  _Acanthodesmida_, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus der Radiol., p. 68.
  _Spyrida_ vel _Spyroidea_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 440.

_Definition._--NASSELLARIA with a complete lattice-shell, exhibiting
constantly a bilocular cephalis with a sagittal constriction.

The suborder #Spyroidea#, and the two following closely allied suborders,
#Botryodea# and #Cyrtoidea#, represent together that large group of
Radiolaria which I first described in my Monograph (1862, pp. 272, 280) as
the family Cyrtida, but afterwards as a separate order (or sublegion) under
the name #Cyrtellaria# (1883, Jena. Sitzungsber., Feb. 16, p. 18). This
group comprises all those MONOPYLEA or NASSELLARIA which possess a complete
lattice-shell, whilst the preceding #Plectellaria# never develop a perfect
fenestrated shell enveloping the central capsule. The #Spyroidea# differ
from the other #Cyrtellaria# (#Botryodea# and #Cyrtoidea#) in the bilocular
shape of the cephalis, which is bisected by the sagittal ring and a
corresponding longitudinal constriction into two symmetrical halves.

The #Spyroidea# appear in the first system of Polycystina of Ehrenberg
(1847, _loc. cit._, pp. 53, 54) as the fourth of his seven families, under
the name Spyridina, with the following definition:--"Testae nucleo
destitutae (associatae et coalitae); cellulae binae clathratae, nucis forma
amplae, strictura longitudinali levius discretae." Ehrenberg united them
with his "Polycystina composita or SPUMELLARIA" and separated them from the
closely allied "Polycystina solitaria or NASSELLARIA." He distinguished
among them five genera, two of which have no external appendages
(_Dictyospyris_ and _Pleurospyris_), whilst the other three possess spiny
or lamellar appendages (_Ceratospyris_, _Cladospyris_, and _Petalospyris_).
These five genera and the accompanying definitions were also repeated in
the same terms in the last system of Ehrenberg (1875, _loc. cit._, p. 157).
In my Monograph (1862, pp. 280, 291) the #Spyroidea# are enumerated as a
{1016}subfamily of the Cyrtida, under the name Zygocyrtida, with the
following definition:--"Lattice-shell divided by an annular sagittal
longitudinal constriction into two neighbouring equal joints or chambers."
I adopted at that time the above five genera of Ehrenberg, only eight
species of which were known.

Richard Hertwig gave in 1879 the first accurate description of the central
capsule of the #Spyroidea#, and demonstrated that they possess the same
characteristic structure of the capsule, with a porochora and a podoconus,
that is common to all MONOPYLEA. He separated the Zygocyrtida from the
other Cyrtida, and united them with the #Stephoidea# (_Lithocircus_) in the
family Acanthodesmida. In my Prodromus (1881, p. 449) I adopted that
division and put the "Spyrida or #Spyroidea#" as a separate family between
the #Cyrtoidea# and #Stephoidea#. I there gave the following
definition:--"_Monopylaria gemina_, testa silicea clathrata gemina, cameris
binis juxta compositis, annulo verticali sagittali contiguis, capsula
centrali a testa inclusa. Promorpha dipleura vel bilaterali, dextro et
sinistro antimero symmetricis, plano sagittali annuloque separatis. Polum
superiorem axis verticalis vel principalis plerumque spina apicalis (vel
occipitalis) occupat, polum inferiorem ostium clathratum (poris tribus aut
quatuor aut pluribus) et spina caudalis (posterior). Ad dextram et
sinistram duae spinae laterales distant. Ab hac forma tripoda (Monocyrtida
triradiata acuta cum annulo mediano) diversae Spyridum formae derivandae
sunt." I there divided the Spyrida into seven subfamilies and forty-eight
genera. Buetschli in 1882 published accurate researches on the Zygocyrtida
in his Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Radiolarien-Skelete, insbesondere der
der Cyrtida (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 501, Taf. xxxii.). He
gave a very exact anatomical description of the skeleton of several fossil
#Spyroidea# of Barbados, and pointed out their close affinity to the
Acanthodesmida on the one hand, and to the Cyrtida on the other. Regarding
their phylogenetical relation, he supposed that the Zygocyrtida have
descended from the Acanthodesmida (our #Stephoidea#) and are the ancestors
of all other Cyrtida. The best part of this valuable paper of Buetschli is
his exact description of the sagittal ring and its apophyses, producing the
basal plate; and the general conception thus derived of the essential parts
of the skeleton in all MONOPYLEA, bearing a sagittal ring. But his general
conclusions were partly erroneous, since the fossil #Spyroidea# and
#Cyrtoidea# of Barbados, upon which they were founded, contain only the
minority of genera of the large group; and many important and typical forms
remained unknown to him.

The numerous new genera discovered in the rich collection of the
Challenger, and mainly in the wonderful Radiolarian ooze of the Central
Pacific (Stations 263 to 274) throw a new light upon the complicated
affinities of the whole group, and manifest a far greater richness in
developmental variations and admirable morphological productions than
Buetschli could suppose. The following description, however, must remain
very incomplete, since the exact and thorough study of all individual
forms, in the same manner as {1017}Buetschli had done in the case of a
small number of species, would require several years. I can therefore only
give the basis of further researches.

In the majority of #Spyroidea# the three essential elements of the
Nassellarian skeleton are easily recognisable, viz.:--A, the vertical
sagittal ring of the #Stephoidea#; B, the basal tripod of the #Plectoidea#,
and C, the latticed cephalis of the #Cyrtellaria#. These three elements are
constantly so combined that the primary sagittal ring bisects the cavity of
the lattice-shell and produces an external, longitudinal, more or less
distinct constriction, separating the lateral inflated halves of the
bilocular cephalis; while the three divergent feet of the basal tripod
descend from the cortinar or basal plate of the cephalis. The number of the
feet is often augmented; they are rarely wanting (probably reduced). The
sagittal ring is constantly present, though its relation to the shell-wall
exhibits many modifications. The bilocular form of the fenestrated
cephalis, with its sagittal constriction, is characteristic of all true
#Spyroidea#, and separates them from the #Botryodea# (with multilobate
cephalis) on the one hand, and from the #Cyrtoidea# (with simple cephalis)
on the other. There are, however, some intermediate forms between these
three suborders of #Cyrtellaria#, which show a direct transition to one
another. Almost constantly the length of the three dimensive axes in the
cephalis of the #Spyroidea# is so different that the lateral or frontal
axis is the longest, the sagittal or dorso-ventral axis the shortest, and
the principal or longitudinal axis intermediate between them. As in all
dipleuric or bilaterally symmetrical forms, the two poles of the frontal
axis are equal, whilst the two poles of the sagittal and of the principal
axis are more or less different. In only a few forms of #Spyroidea# these
differences are difficult to make out; usually the dorsal side is
distinctly different from the ventral, and the apical side from the basal.
A perfect knowledge of the dipleuric shell requires therefore accurate
observation from all six sides.

The suborder of #Spyroidea# is here divided into four different families.
In the first and original family, the Zygospyrida, the shell is represented
by the bilocular cephalis only. The second family, Tholospyrida, is
distinguished by a fenestrated cupola or galea, a hemispherical or conical
dome, arising from the upper or coryphal face of the cephalis. In the third
family, Phormospyrida, a thorax is developed, or a fenestrated basal
chamber, arising from the lower or basal face of the cephalis. The fourth
family, Androspyrida, combines the characters of the second and the third
family, a galea arising from the upper and a thorax from the lower face of
the cephalis.

The bilocular cephalis, as the most important and constant part of the
skeleton in all #Spyroidea#, requires a further general consideration. Its
lattice-work, very variable in the numerous species, is usually more or
less different on the six sides of the nut-shaped shell. Its most important
part is the horizontal basal plate or lower face, and the sagittal ring
arising from it in the vertical median plane. This part of the shell
corresponds exactly to the skeleton of the Semantida, and exhibits the same
modifications {1018}as in that family; it is therefore probable that the
majority of the #Spyroidea# (if not the whole group) have been derived
directly from the Semantida by further development of network from the
fenestrated ring of _Clathrocircus_. Whilst in this latter Semantid the two
lateral sides of the central capsule remain naked, in the #Spyroidea# they
become enclosed and covered by lattice-work, which arises on the right and
left from the ring. In some forms, however, as in the _Ceratospyris
acuminata_ of Hertwig, and in my Perispyrida, the frontal ring also of the
Coronida and the mitral ring of the Tympanida appear as the initial parts
of a complete latticed cephalis.

The basal plate of the cephalis, or the "cortinar plate," the
"Basal-Scheibe" of Buetschli, has constantly, according to this author, two
pairs of pores, an anterior smaller pair of jugular pores (the pores I of
Buetschli) and a posterior larger pair of cardinal pores (the pores II in
his description) (compare Pl. 95, figs. 3, 6). This applies to the majority
of #Spyroidea#, but by no means to the whole group. We find basal plates
with two pores only (Pl. 95, fig. 1), with three pores (figs. 2, 5), with
six pores (figs. 4, 7), with nine pores (Pl. 87, fig. 2), &c. The forms
with two basal pores may be derived directly from _Semantis_ (Pl. 92, figs.
1, 2); the common forms with four pores from _Semantrum_ (figs. 3-5); the
rarer forms with six pores from _Semantidium_ (figs. 6, 7); and the forms
with three pores from _Cortiniscus_, &c. In this as well as in other
respects the variety of different forms and of developmental variations is
far greater than Buetschli (1882, _loc. cit._) supposed. The bars between
the pores of the basal plate possess the same value and the same names as
in the Semantida (compare above, p. 954).

The coryphal plate of the cephalis, its upper or apical lattice-plate, does
not exhibit such important differences as the opposite basal plate, is far
less variable, and is usually pierced by numerous, smaller pores. Some
larger pores lie, often in pairs, on the right and left side of the
sagittal constriction, and have in some groups a regular form and
disposition. Either in the middle of the coryphal plate, or (usually)
nearer to its dorsal margin, there arises in majority of #Spyroidea# an
apical horn, directed either vertically or more or less obliquely
backwards. In many #Spyroidea# three horns are developed in the coryphal
plate, the odd middle apical horn and two paired frontal or lateral horns
arising on each side of the latter and directed more forwards (Pl. 84,
figs. 9-12). Sometimes the apical horn disappears, while the two frontal
horns remain (Pl. 95, fig. 12).

The anterior or ventral plate of the cephalis (the "Hinterseite" of
Buetschli), and the posterior or dorsal side (the "Vorderseite" of that
author), exhibit in the majority of #Spyroidea# more or less marked
differences in the number, form, and disposition of their pores, which
require a far more accurate description than is here possible. Usually the
sagittal constriction of these two plates, produced by the primary vertical
ring, is deeper and sharper in the middle of the ventral than in that of
the dorsal plate. On both sides of the ring there appear in each plate
usually two or three pairs of larger pores, whilst numerous smaller pores
are situated towards the lateral sides. We may {1019}distinguish the large
pores of the ventral plate as facial pores (upper orbital, middle nasal,
and lower maxillary pores), and the opposite large pores of the dorsal
plate as occipital pores (upper epoccipital, middle mesoccipital, and lower
suboccipital pores). A closer comparison of these pores, and of the
separating bars in the numerous #Spyroidea#, may show a regularity of
development similar to that offered by the homologies of the parts in the
skeleton of the Echinodermata, or of the bones in the skull of the
Vertebrata.

The two convex lateral plates of the cephalis, or the right and left sides,
both symmetrically equal, do not exhibit the same regularity in the shape,
number, and disposition of the pores that the four other sides do. Usually
their pores are much smaller and more numerous. In very few forms only a
distinct frontal ring is visible (corresponding to that of the Coronida),
and in this case the lateral pores are sometimes disposed symmetrically on
both sides of this ring. These #Spyroidea# may have arisen directly from
corresponding forms of Coronida.

The sagittal ring (or the primary vertical ring) inherited from the
Stephanida and Semantida, shows in the #Spyroidea# great variety in its
form and in its relation to the cephalis. These variations are far greater
than Buetschli (1882, _loc. cit._) supposed. We may distinguish the
following six principal cases:--A. The ring lies completely in the wall of
the cephalis, and causes a deep sagittal constriction in it. In this case
the lower part or basal segment of the ring separates the basal pores into
pairs; its anterior part or ventral rod the facial pores; its upper part or
coryphal rod the apical pores; and its posterior part or dorsal rod the
occipital pores. No part of the ring is free in the shell-cavity. B. The
greater part of the ring lies enclosed in the shell-wall; only its dorsal
rod arises free in the shell-cavity and ascends vertically or obliquely to
the apex, where it is usually prolonged into the apical horn. This seems to
be the most common case. C. The coryphal and the basal part of the ring lie
enclosed in the shell-wall, with its dorsal and ventral rod free in the
shell-cavity; the dorsal rod ascends vertically to the apex, the ventral
rod obliquely upwards to the upper part of the facial plate (the nasal or
orbital region). This case, regarded by Buetschli as the usual one, is far
less common than he supposed. D. The greater part of the ring lies free in
the shell-cavity, its basal rod only is enclosed in the shell-wall, and
separates the right from the left group of the cortinar pores. This case
seems to be rarer than the preceding. E. The whole ring lies free in the
shell-cavity, and is connected with the sagittal constriction of the
shell-wall by numerous short radial beams. The distance of the shell-wall
from the enclosed ring is usually least on the basal rod, and greatest on
the dorsal rod. F. The whole ring lies free in the shell-cavity (as in the
preceding case), and is connected by numerous short radial beams with a
secondary larger, concentric sagittal ring, which is developed in the
longitudinal constriction of the shell-wall.

{1020}Comparing these six principal cases, in respect of the relation of
the primary sagittal ring to the cephalis of the #Spyroidea#, we may
suppose that they represent together a continuous phylogenetical series of
which the first (A) is the original, and the last (F) the latest case; and
that the true cause of the various changes is a successive separation of
the ring, which becomes more and more free and independent from the
lattice-plate of the cephalis. Since the intimate study of the structure of
the cephalis in many #Spyroidea# is very difficult, it requires further
accurate observations (from all six sides of the shell). There are also
some other more difficult complications of its structure, which cannot be
solved without exact study and extended comparison.

Of peculiar importance for the differentiation of the numerous genera of
the #Spyroidea# are the basal feet or the descending and diverging
apophyses, which are developed from the base of their cephalis. In general
they exhibit the same typical shape which we find in the #Plectellaria# as
well as in the #Cyrtoidea#, and which we regard therefore as an important
common character of the majority of NASSELLARIA. We may therefore
distinguish here also the three primary, and the other ones as secondary
feet. The three primary feet, or the "cortinar feet," are the same that we
found in the Plagonida and Plectanida, in _Cortina_ and _Cortiniscus_ among
the #Stephoidea#, and in the majority of #Cyrtoidea#. They also reappear in
the same characteristic disposition and connection with the basal plate of
the cephalis, in the majority of #Spyroidea#. The odd caudal foot (_c_) is
the lower prolongation of the dorsal rod of the sagittal ring, which is
prolonged upwards into the apical horn. The two paired pectoral feet,
however (_p'_, _p''_), are the descending prolongations of the coracal rods
(_e_) which separate the jugular pores (_i_) from the cardinal pores (_k_)
of the cortinar plate (compare Pl. 95, figs. 2-6).

The three cortinar feet are nearly equally developed in the majority of
#Spyroidea# (compare Pls. 84, 89). But often the odd caudal foot exhibits a
different shape from that of the two paired pectoral feet, and in many
genera of the group it becomes more or less rudimentary. It has quite
disappeared in the subfamily Dipospyrida (Pl. 85); here the two pectoral
feet only are developed (often excessively), and are usually opposite in
the frontal plane. Such dipodal forms, very common in the #Spyroidea#, are
never found in the #Cyrtoidea#.

The secondary feet, which we contrast with the three primary feet as later
productions, exhibit great variations in number and development. Very
frequently three interradial secondary feet become developed, alternating
with the three primary cortinar or perradial feet, and opposed to them in
pairs (Pl. 95, figs. 7, 8). In these hexapodal #Spyroidea# (or Hexaspyrida)
an odd anterior or sternal foot (_z_) is opposite to the odd caudal foot,
and two paired posterior or tergal feet (_t'_, _t''_) to the two pectoral
feet. When the sternal foot becomes rudimentary or lost, pentapodal forms
arise (Pentaspyrida, Pl. 95, figs. 9-11), and when the two odd feet (caudal
and sternal) disappear, tetrapodal forms arise with two pairs of feet
(Therospyrida, Pl. 89, figs. 5, 6). The latter differ from {1021}those
quadrupedal forms in which two opposite sagittal feet (the caudal and
sternal) alternate in the form of a cross with two paired lateral or
pectoral feet (Tetraspyrida, Pl. 53, figs. 19, 20). In many #Spyroidea# the
number of basal feet is greatly increased, and they form a regular radial
corona around the basal plate, like a circle of tentacles (Polyspyrida, Pl.
87). In this latter case the feet are usually flat and lamellar, whilst in
the other groups they exhibit a very variable form, as is seen in Pls.
83-89.

The _Central Capsule_ of the #Spyroidea# has been accurately observed in
only a few genera, and requires a further exact examination regarding the
different modifications which occur in their different families. It is very
probable that these will agree with the well known modifications in the
corresponding groups of #Cyrtoidea#. The characteristic Monopylean
structure of the capsule (with porochora and podoconus) was first described
by Richard Hertwig in his _Ceratospyris acuminata_ (_loc. cit._, p. 72,
taf. vii. fig. 2). I found the same afterwards in many other forms. In the
Zygospyrida and Tholospyrida the central capsule seems to be usually
bilobate (bisected by the sagittal ring), and enclosed in the two chambers
of the cephalis. The two lobes of the capsule (right and left) are equal
and connected by a smaller middle part, which contains the transverse
elliptical nucleus and is enclosed by the sagittal ring; often each lobe
contains a large oil-globule. In some forms, however, three or four lobes
(sometimes perhaps more) are developed, which pierce the cortinar pores of
the basal plate and depend freely between the basal feet (Pl. 53, fig. 19).
In the Phormospyrida and Androspyrida the formation of such basal lobes
seems to be more frequent; they are here enclosed by the thorax. Usually
each lobe contains a large oil-globule. In _Nephrospyris_ (Pl. 90) and in
some similar genera the central capsule is violin-shaped, deeply bisected
by the sagittal ring; in each of the two lobes a series of oil-vesicles is
developed at both poles of the transverse axis (figs. 7, 10); the nucleus,
a transverse cylindrical body, is placed in the latter. In the periphery of
the voluminous calymma of this singular genus a large number of globular
cells are developed (figs. 7, 10), probably symbiotic xanthellae. In some
forms of _Nephrospyris_ these xanthellae are enclosed by a peculiar
inflated girdle, developed in the periphery of the kidney-shaped skeleton
(Pl. 90, figs. 1, 4-6).

_Synopsis of the Families of_ #Spyroidea#.

                                  {Cephalis without galea
  Shell without thorax; no second { (or apical cupola),   1. ZYGOSPYRIDA.
    shell-joint, developed from   {
    the base of the cephalis.     {Cephalis with a galea
                                  { (or apical cupola),   2. THOLOSPYRIDA.

                                  {Cephalis without galea
  Shell with a thorax, or a       { (or apical cupola),   3. PHORMOSPYRIDA.
    second shell-joint, developed {
    from the base of the cephalis.{Cephalis with a galea
                                  { (or apical cupola),   4. ANDROSPYRIDA.



{1022}Family LII. #ZYGOSPYRIDA#, n. fam. (Pls. 84-87).

_Definition._--#Spyroidea# without galea and thorax; the shell consisting
of the bilocular cephalis only and its apophyses.

The family Zygospyrida is by far the richest among the four families of
#Spyroidea#, the number of genera in the whole suborder amounting to
forty-five, in the former to twenty-eight; and the number of species in the
latter to two hundred and thirty-seven, in the former to one hundred and
seventy-two. The number of individuals also found in many species of
Zygospyrida is far greater than in any species of the three other families.
The shell of the Zygospyrida is represented by the bilocular cephalis only,
and never develops a galea (as in the Tholospyrida) nor a thorax (as in the
Phormospyrida and Androspyrida). The three latter families have therefore
been derived from the former as their common ancestral group.

The Zygospyrida are very similar and nearly related to the Monocyrtida, and
in both groups the cephalis alone represents the whole shell. Therefore in
1882, Buetschli, in the paper mentioned above (p. 1016), maintained the
opinion, that these two groups were identical. But there is this important
difference between them, that in the Zygospyrida (as in all #Spyroidea#)
the cephalis is bilocular, with a sagittal constriction, separating the
right and left chambers. In the Monocyrtida, however (as in all
#Cyrtoidea#), the cephalis is unilocular, forming a quite simple chamber
without sagittal constriction. Correspondingly the primary sagittal ring in
all Zygospyrida is well preserved and usually complete, while in the
Monocyrtida it is never complete, and often quite absent. Another
difference is indicated by the form of the central capsule, which in the
Zygospyrida is usually bilobed, and more developed in the frontal axis,
whilst in the Monocyrtida it is commonly ovate, and more developed in the
principal axis.

The important questions of the origin and phylogenetical relation of these
two similar groups of NASSELLARIA form a very complicated and difficult
problem, and we do not at present possess the means of solving it. It may
be that a part of the Monocyrtida has been derived from the Zygospyrida (as
Buetschli erroneously supposes for all), but the contrary is also possible.
A third possibility is the independent origin of both groups from the
Semantida. But we shall see afterwards, in the description of the
Monocyrtida, that a great part of this group may with greater probability
be derived from the #Plectoidea# than from the #Stephoidea#, and that
another part of them has probably been derived quite independently from the
Nassellida. Regarding the complicated relations of these similar groups,
mentioned above (pp. 892-894), it seems hopeless here to discuss further
their difficult affinities; but in any case it seems useful or even
necessary to separate the Monocyrtida from the Zygospyrida.

{1023}The cephalis of the Zygospyrida possesses all the characteristic
features which we have described above as belonging to the #Spyroidea# in
general (p. 1017), and a survey of the Pls. 84-87 exhibits the most
important modifications of its shape (compare also Pl. 95, figs. 1-13).
Therefore we may avoid useless repetitions by referring to the description
given above. We will only point out that the bilocular character of the
cephalis (in opposition to the simple cephalis of the Monocyrtida) in the
majority of Zygospyrida is apparent on the first view, and that it is
always demonstrated by an accurate examination of the sagittal ring and its
relation to the longitudinal constriction of the cephalis (compare p.
1019). The basal plate or cortinar plate exhibits usually four typical
pores (two smaller jugular, _i_, and two larger cardinal, _k_), but this is
by no means a general rule, as Buetschli thought; moreover, instead of four
cortinar pores, there are frequently found three or six or some other
numbers (compare above, p. 1018).

The top of the cephalis in the majority of Zygospyrida bears an apical
horn, as an upper prolongation of the dorsal rod of the sagittal ring; it
is often of unusual size and shape (Pl. 85, figs. 5-11; Pl. 95, fig. 8,
&c.). In several genera two lateral or frontal horns are developed on both
sides of the former (Pl. 84, figs. 9-12; Pl. 86, figs. 5-13). Sometimes
these two alone are present, while the original apical horn is lost by
reduction (Pl. 95, fig. 12). In other genera the apical face bears no
horns; probably they are lost by reduction.

The greatest variety of forms is produced in the Zygospyrida by the
different number, disposition, and shape of the feet, or the basal
apophyses arising from the base of the cephalis. Regarding these remarkable
differences, we may distinguish eight subfamilies. The common ancestral
group of all are probably the Tripospyrida, which possess the three typical
basal feet of _Cortina_ and _Cortiniscus_, an odd caudal and two paired
pectoral feet (Pl. 84). From these may be derived the Dipospyrida (Pl. 85)
by loss of the caudal foot, the Tetraspyrida by development of an odd
sternal foot (Pl. 53, figs. 7, 8, 19), and the Hexaspyrida by development
of three secondary interradial between the three primary perradial feet.
The Pentaspyrida may have been derived from the latter by loss of the
sternal foot (Pl. 95, figs. 9-11), and the Therospyrida by loss of the two
sagittal feet (Pl. 89, figs. 5, 6). The Polyspyrida bear numerous (seven to
twelve or more, often twenty to thirty) basal feet, forming a corona around
the cortinar plate (Pl. 87); they may have been derived from the
Tripospyrida or Hexaspyrida by further multiplication of the feet. Finally,
the Circospyrida exhibit no feet at all (Pl. 89, figs. 7-12); they may be
derived either from one of the preceding groups by complete reduction and
loss of the basal apophyses, or directly from those Semantida which have no
feet (_Semantis_, _Semantrum_, _Clathrocircus_, &c.).

{1024}_Synopsis of the Genera of Zygospyrida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Tripospyrida.
     Three basal feet. (One odd caudal and two paired pectoral.)
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Apex of the shell with one horn,                   441. _Tripospyris_.

  Apex of the shell with three horns,                442. _Triceraspyris_.

  Apex of the shell without horns,                   443. _Tristylospyris_.

  Apex with two large coryphal holes, right and
   left,                                             444. _Cephalospyris_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Dipospyrida.
      Two basal lateral feet. (Originally the two pectoral feet.)
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Two feet free, not    {Feet simple,   }One horn,   445. _Dipospyris_.
    grown together.     { not branched, }
                        { without       }
                        { lateral       }No horn,    446. _Brachiospyris_.
                        { spines.       }
                        {
                        {Feet branched  }One horn,   447. _Dendrospyris_.
                        { like a tree.  }
                        {
                        {Feet with a    }
                        { series of     }One horn,   448. _Dorcadospyris_.
                        { lateral       }
                        { spines.       }

  Two feet grown        {Feet simple,                449. _Gamospyris_.
   together and         {
   uniting to form a    {Feet with a series of
   ring. Apex with a    { lateral spines,            450. _Stephanospyris_.
   horn.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  III. Subfamily Tetraspyrida. Two sagittal and two lateral feet.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             {Apex with one horn,    451. _Tetraspyris_.
  Feet simple, not branched. {
                             {Apex without a horn,   452. _Tessarospyris_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  IV. Subfamily Hexaspyrida. Six basal feet.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Two sagittal, two pectoral,{Apex with one horn,    453. _Hexaspyris_.
   and two tergal feet.      {
                             {Apex with three horns, 454. _Liriospyris_.
                             {
                             {Apex without a horn,   455. _Cantharospyris_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  V. Subfamily Pentaspyrida. Five basal feet.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  One caudal, two pectoral,  {Apex with one horn,    456. _Clathrospyris_.
   and two tergal feet.      {
                             {Apex with three horns, 457. _Aegospyris_.
                             {
                             {Apex without a horn,   458. _Pentaspyris_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  VI. Subfamily Therospyrida.
      Four paired lateral feet. (Two pectoral and two tergal.)
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Apex with one horn,                                459. _Zygospyris_.

  Apex with three horns (one apical and two
   frontal),                                         460. _Elaphospyris_.

  Apex with two lateral or frontal horns,            461. _Taurospyris_.

  Apex without a horn,                               462. _Therospyris_.

  VII. Subfamily Polyspyrida. Numerous (seven to twelve or more)
  basal feet.
  -----------
  Apex with one horn,                                463. _Petalospyris_.

  Apex with three horns (one apical and two
   frontal),                                         464. _Anthospyris_.

  Apex with numerous horns,                          465. _Ceratospyris_.

  Apex without a horn,                               466. _Gorgospyris_.

  VIII. Subfamily Circospyrida. No basal feet.
  --------------------------------------------
  Apex with one horn,                                467. _Circospyris_.

  Apex without a horn,                               468. _Dictyospyris_.



{1025}Subfamily 1. TRIPOSPYRIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# tripoda, with three descending basal feet (the
same as in _Cortina_, an odd posterior or caudal foot and two paired
anterior or pectoral feet).



Genus 441. _Tripospyris_,[59] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with three basal feet and one apical horn.

The genus _Tripospyris_ (Pl. 84, figs. 1-7) is in the large group of
#Spyroidea# probably the most original and typical form, from which, as a
common ancestral form, all other genera of this polymorphous suborder may
be derived. The shell is usually shaped like a nut or thorax, and exhibits
two paired lateral chambers, which are separated by a distinct sagittal
ring and a slighter or deeper sagittal constriction. The dorsal rod of the
ring is prolonged at the upper pole into an ascending apical horn, at the
lower pole into a descending caudal foot, whilst two paired pectoral or
lateral feet arise from the anterior pole of the basal rod. These three
divergent basal feet and the apical horn are the same four typical radial
spines which we have encountered already in _Plagoniscus_ (Plagonida), in
_Plectaniscus_ (Plectanida), in _Cortina_ (Stephanida), and in
_Cortiniscus_ (Semantida). Compare above, p. 891. From all these
#Plectellaria#, _Tripospyris_ differs in the development of a complete
bilocular lattice-shell, having the characters of the true #Spyroidea#. The
numerous species of this genus may be placed in different subgenera,
according to the different number of collar pores or cortinar pores in the
basal plate (two, three, four, six, or more). These differences are very
important, however difficult to make out; the following system therefore is
a provisional one, and requires further accurate observations.



Subgenus 1. _Tripospyrantha_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal plate with two large pores only (the primary jugular
pores of _Semantis_).


1. _Tripospyris cortina_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 1).

Shell ovate, smooth, about as long as broad, with slight ovate sagittal
stricture, and broad primary ring in its wall. Basal plate with two large
kidney-shaped collar pores only (cardinal pores). Facial and occipital
plates each with two pairs of large annular pores, and ten to twelve pairs
of small lateral pores. Apical horn and the three basal feet of equal
length, one and a half times as long as the shell, three-sided prismatic,
straight, divergent.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; horn and feet 0.15 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


{1026}2. _Tripospyris cortiniscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 84, fig. 6).

Shell ovate, smooth, one and a third times as long as broad, with sharp
ovate sagittal stricture and broad primary ring. Basal plate with two large
cardinal pores only. Occipital plate with two pairs of very large pores;
facial plate and lateral sides with numerous smaller irregular roundish
pores. Apical horn small, conical, curved, half as long as the three basal
feet, which are club-shaped and three-edged, with thinner bases and half as
long as the shell, strongly divergent.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.03 long, feet 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Tripospyris semantis_, n. sp. (Pl. 84, figs. 2, 3).

Shell subspherical, smooth, somewhat broader than long, with slight
sagittal stricture and subcircular parietal primary ring. Basal plate with
two large semicircular cardinal pores. Facial and occipital plate each with
two pairs of large annular pores and an odd large subapical pore; lateral
sides with very numerous small roundish pores. Apical horn and caudal foot
club-shaped, half as long as the shell, angular, simple; the two pectoral
feet somewhat longer, nearly vertical, and at the distal end with a small
incision, nearly forked.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.12 broad; horn and feet 0.05 to 0.07 long.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Tripospyris diomma_, n. sp. (Pl. 84, fig. 5).

Shell thorax-shaped, smooth, twice as broad as long, with deep sagittal
stricture, two vaulted ovate bosoms and smaller ovate internal primary
ring. Basal plate with two large ovate cardinal pores. Facial plate with
three pairs, occipital plate with four pairs of large annular pores; the
other lattice-work loose, with small and numerous irregular polygonal
pores. Apical horn and caudal feet slender and thin, curved, shorter than
half the shell; two pectoral feet also small, widely divergent, more or
less curved, deeply forked.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.16 broad; horn and feet 0.2 to 0.25 long.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Tripospyrella_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal plate with three large collar pores (two paired
posterior cardinal pores, and an odd anterior sternal pore).


5. _Tripospyris triomma_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris triomma_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xxi. fig. 3.

Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture and
circular internal ring. Basal plate with three large pores, which are
sometimes (but not in every specimen) surrounded by a {1027}circle of very
small pores. The other lattice-work with numerous small roundish pores.
Apical horn small, oblique, about as long as the shell. Three feet very
large, cylindrical, curved, widely divergent, four to five times as long as
the shell. (In Ehrenberg's description the caudal foot is erroneously
described as "frontal spine"; its figure exhibits the basal plate.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 to 0.09 diameter; horn 0.06 long, feet 0.3 to 0.4
long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados.


6. _Tripospyris conifera_, n. sp. (Pl. 84, figs. 7, 7_a_).

Shell nearly hemispherical, papillate, with slight sagittal stricture and
semicircular internal ring. Basal plate with three large pores (sometimes,
as in the figured specimen, with some small accessory peripheral pores).
The other lattice-work with subregular circular pores. Apical horn shorter
than the three basal feet, but of similar form, like an elegant ovate
dimpled cone, spinulate, with a smooth spindle-shaped pedicle, about as
long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.06 long, feet 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


7. _Tripospyris triplecta_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 2).

Shell thorax-shaped, spiny, with deep sagittal stricture and semicircular
internal ring. Basal plate with three large collar pores. Facial plate with
four pairs, occipital plate with three pairs of large annular pores; the
other pores small, subregular, circular. Apical horn and the feet slender,
three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.11 broad; horn and feet 0.1 to 0.15 broad.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Corfu (Haeckel), surface.



Subgenus 3. _Tripospyrissa_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal plate with two pairs of collar pores (two larger
posterior cardinal pores and two smaller anterior jugular pores).


8. _Tripospyris semantrum_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 3).

Shell thorax-shaped, thorny, with deep sagittal stricture and subcircular
ring. Basal plate with four large collar pores (two smaller ovate jugular,
and two larger pentagonal cardinal pores). Facial and occipital plates also
each with two pairs of large annular pores; lateral sides with smaller
irregular polygonal pores. Apical horn and the three feet slender,
prismatic, divergent, longer than the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.11 to 0.13
long.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Cape of Good Hope (Wilhelm Bleek), surface.


{1028}9. _Tripospyris capitata_, n. sp. (Pl. 84, fig. 1).

Shell subspherical, spiny, with slight sagittal stricture and ovate
internal ring. Basal plate with four large collar pores. Facial plate with
three pairs and occipital plate with two pairs of large roundish annular
pores; lateral lattice with smaller irregular pores. Apical horn and the
three feet subcylindrical, about half as long as the shell, straight,
divergent, with a spherical, spinulate knob at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.1 broad; horn and feet 0.05 to 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


10. _Tripospyris clavata_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris clavata_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. p. 539, Taf. xxxii. fig. 13, _a-c_.

Shell subspherical, compressed, rough, with slight sagittal stricture and
ovate internal primary ring. Basal plate with four large collar pores (fig.
13_a_, _loc. cit._). The other lattice-work with irregular small roundish
pores. Apical horn and the three feet short and thick, scarcely half as
long as the shell, with a roundish spinulate knob at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet
0.02 to 0.03 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


11. _Tripospyris tessaromma_, n. sp.

Shell nearly cubical, spiny, with deep sagittal stricture and subcircular
ring. Basal plate with four large collar pores. Facial and occipital plates
each also with two pairs of large square annular pores; lateral pores
irregular polygonal. Apical horn half as long as the feet, which are three
times the length of the shell, cylindrical, slightly curved.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.15 long, feet 0.3 long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.



Subgenus 4. _Tripospyromma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal plate with six or more collar pores. Commonly two
small anterior jugular pores, two large middle cardinal pores, and two
small posterior cervical pores; sometimes several small accessory collar
pores.


12. _Tripospyris hexomma_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 4).

Shell thorax-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture and
semicircular internal primary ring. Basal plate with three pairs of pores.
Facial plate with two pairs, occipital plate with four pairs of large
annular pores. Lateral pores smaller, irregular, polygonal. Apical horn and
caudal foot half as long as the shell and as the two pectoral feet; all
four spines cylindrical, two to three times as long as the shell, slightly
curved.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.12 broad; horn and feet 0.2 to 0.4 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


{1029}13. _Tripospyris semantidium_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, thorny, with sharp sagittal stricture and subcircular
ring. Basal plate with three pairs of large pores. Facial and occipital
plates each with three pairs of large squarish pores. Lateral pores small
and numerous, irregular roundish. Apical horn half as long as the shell and
the three feet; all four spines straight, cylindrical, with thickened
club-shaped end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.13 broad; horn 0.06 long, feet 0.15.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


14. _Tripospyris eucolpos_, n. sp. (Pl. 84, fig. 4).

Shell thorax-shaped, smooth, with two vaulted bosoms, separated by a deep
sagittal stricture and an internal primary ring. Basal plate constricted,
with three pairs of collar pores. The other lattice-work with subregular
circular pores. Apical horn and the three feet shorter than the shell,
straight, divergent; their inner half thinner, cylindrical, smooth, their
outer half an ovate dimpled cone.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.13 broad; horn and feet 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.


15. _Tripospyris tribrachiata_, Haeckel.

  _Cladospyris tribrachiata_, Ehrenberg, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xxi. fig. 8.

Shell subspherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and numerous,
very small circular pores. Basal plate with numerous small pores. Apical
horn and the three divergent feet very large and stout, straight,
three-sided prismatic, with dentate edges, two to three times as long as
the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.05; horn and feet 0.1 to 0.15 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


16. _Tripospyris furcata_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 11).

Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with deep sagittal stricture and broad ring.
Basal plate with three pairs of small pores. Facial and occipital plates
each with a pair of very large holes. Apical horn and caudal foot simple
conical, two pectoral feet forked or irregularly branched.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; horn and feet 0.05 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 442. _Triceraspyris_,[60] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with three basal feet and three coryphal
horns.

The genus _Triceraspyris_ has arisen from the preceding ancestral
_Tripospyris_ by the development of two paired frontal horns, so that the
shell here bears six appendages, {1030}three superior or coryphal spines
and three inferior or basal spines; two of these are odd and dorsal (the
apical horn and the caudal foot), the four others are paired and ventral
(the frontal horns and the pectoral feet). The numerous species of this
genus may be divided into three subgenera, according to the simple or
branched shape of the ascending horns and of the descending feet.



Subgenus 1. _Triospyris_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.

_Definition._--Horns and feet simple, not branched nor forked.


1. _Triceraspyris tripodiscus_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores
irregular roundish, two pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring.
Basal plate with three large pores. Horns and feet slender cylindrical,
straight, divergent; three horns about as long as the shell, three feet
twice as long.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horn 0.05 long, feet 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


2. _Triceraspyris cortiniscus_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores small and
numerous, subregular roundish. Basal plate with two large pores (?). Apical
horn conical, short, half as long as the shell and the two lateral horns,
which are curved outwards. All three feet equal, cylindrical, strongly
curved and divergent, twice to three times as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; horn 0.04 to 0.08 long, feet
0.15 to 0.2 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Triceraspyris didiceros_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris didiceros_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xxi. fig. 6.

Shell nut-shaped, thorny, with superficial sagittal stricture. Pores large,
irregular roundish. Basal plate with four larger pores. Apical horn and
caudal foot small, conical, shorter than half the shell. The two frontal
horns longer, slender conical. The two pectoral feet very large,
cylindrical, nearly parallel, vertical, slightly curved, twice to three
times as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad; two sagittal spines 0.02 long,
two lateral horns 0.04 long, two lateral feet 0.15 to 0.25 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Triospyrium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Horns simple, not branched; feet forked or branched.


{1031}4. _Triceraspyris furcata_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris furcata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 8.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores
numerous, irregular roundish. Basal plate with four large pores. Three
horns small, conical, shorter than half the shell. Three feet large,
cylindrical, curved, about twice as long as the shell, forked at the distal
end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; horns 0.02 long, feet 0.1 to
0.12 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Triceraspyris giraffa_, n. sp. (Pl. 84, fig. 11).

Shell nut-shaped, mammillate, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores
numerous, subregular circular. Basal plate with nine pores (three larger
central and three alternate pairs of smaller peripheral, as in Pl. 87, fig.
2). Three horns equal, straight, divergent, shorter than the shell, in the
basal half cylindrical, in the distal half spindle-shaped. Three feet
cylindrical, twice as long as the shell, nearly parallel, vertical, at the
distal end divergent, with a recurved branch near the base.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.1 broad; horns 0.05 to 0.07 long, feet
0.16 long.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


6. _Triceraspyris gazella_, n. sp. (Pl. 84, fig. 9).

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with sharp sagittal stricture. Pores large,
irregular roundish; two or three pairs of larger pores on each side of the
ring. Basal plate with three large triangular pores. Three horns simple,
about as long as the shell, the apical straight, the two frontal elegantly
curved. Three feet somewhat longer, slender, curved, with a recurved branch
near the base, repeatedly forked at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.05 long, feet 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Cocos Islands), surface (Rabbe).


7. _Triceraspyris corallorrhiza_, n. sp. (Pl. 84, fig. 12).

Shell nut-shaped, spiny, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores irregular
polygonal or roundish. Basal plate with two large semicircular pores. Three
horns slender, simple, about half as long as the shell. Three feet of the
same length, slender, divergent, irregularly branched like coral.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; horn and feet 0.03 to 0.05
long.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


8. _Triceraspyris maniculata_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, smooth, without external sagittal stricture. Pores
subregular circular. Basal plate with four large pores (?). Three horns
simple, straight, divergent, spindle-shaped, half {1032}as long as the
shell. Caudal foot of the same form, twice as long. Two pectoral feet
cylindrical, curved, twice as long as the shell, palmate, divided at the
distal end into five short fingers.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 diameter; horns 0.04 long; lateral feet 0.12
long.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


9. _Triceraspyris longicornis_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, papillate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores irregular
roundish. Basal plate with six pores (?). Apical horn short, conical, two
frontal horns very large, curved, widely divergent, longer than the shell.
Three feet of about the same length, irregularly branched.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; lateral horns and feet 0.15 to
0.2 long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Triospyridium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Horns and feet forked or branched.


10. _Triceraspyris damaecornis_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, smooth, compressed, with broad sagittal ring. Pores
irregular roundish; one pair of very large pores on each side of the ring.
Basal plate with four large collar pores. Three horns and three feet short,
divergent, slightly curved, about half as long as the shell, irregularly
branched. (In general form very similar to _Elaphospyris damaecornis_, Pl.
84, fig. 10, with which I formerly confounded it.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; horns and feet 0.04 long.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


11. _Triceraspyris arborescens_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores irregular roundish;
three pairs of larger pores on both sides of the ring. Basal plate with two
large collar pores. Three horns about half as long as the shell, with few
irregular terminal branches. (Beginning of a cupola.) Three feet strong,
cylindrical, twice as long as the shell, richly branched, arborescent.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.1 broad; horns 0.05 long, feet 0.2 long.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.



Genus 443. _Tristylospyris_,[61] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with three basal feet, without apical horn.

The genus _Tristylospyris_ exhibits in general the same structure as the
typical genus _Tripospyris_, its ancestral form. It differs from the latter
in the absence of the apical {1033}horn, which is completely reduced, and
may therefore be regarded as the simplest prototype of all tripodal
Cyrtellaria without a horn.



Subgenus 1. _Tristylospyrula_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet simple, not branched nor forked.


1. _Tristylospyris palmipes_, n. sp. (Pl. 84, fig. 14).

Shell companulate, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores irregular
roundish, three pairs of larger annular pores on each side of the broad
ring. Basal plate with four large collar pores. Feet half as long as the
shell, slightly divergent, straight, prismatic, with a broad, hand-like,
radially striped plate at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.09 broad; feet 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


2. _Tristylospyris scaphipes_, n. sp. (Pl. 84, fig. 13).

Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with sharp sagittal stricture. Pores very small
and numerous, circular; two pairs of larger pores on both sides of the
ring. Basal plate with four large pores (?). Feet about half as long as the
shell, angular, shovel-shaped, straight, parallel, vertical.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.04 long.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Tristylospyris clavipes_, n. sp. (Pl. 84, fig. 15).

Shell nut-shaped, rough, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores small,
subregular circular. Basal plate with three large pores. Feet about as long
as the shell, slender, straight, divergent, with a spinulate knob at the
thickened distal end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.05 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


4. _Tristylospyris triceros_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris triceros_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xxi. fig. 5.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, without external sagittal stricture. Pores
circular, not numerous. Basal plate with four large collar pores. Feet
large, cylindrical, three to four times as long as the shell, strongly
curved and divergent.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; feet 0.15 to 0.2 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



{1034}Subgenus 2. _Tristylospyrium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet forked or branched.


5. _Tristylospyris furcata_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, rough, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores subregular
circular. Basal plate with three large collar pores. Feet cylindrical,
three to four times as long as the shell, strongly curved and divergent, at
the distal end forked, with two short (sometimes ramified) branches.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; feet 0.2 to 0.3 long.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic (off Patagonia), Station 318, surface.


6. _Tristylospyris ramosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 23).

Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with a prominent sagittal ring. Pores
irregular roundish. Basal plate with three large pores. Feet large,
straight, widely divergent, about twice as long as the shell, prismatic,
irregularly branched. (Compare the following species.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 in diameter; feet 0.15 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


7. _Tristylospyris tripodiscium_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 22).

Shell subovate, tuberculate, very similar to the preceding species. It
differs from this in the very different size of the irregular pores and the
greater breadth of the pedal branches. The basal plate in a complete
specimen (observed afterwards from the base) exhibited four large collar
pores of the usual form, whilst in the similar preceding species it had
three pores. In the similar _Tripodiscium sphaerocephalum_ (Pl. 52, fig.
21) the basal mouth is quite simple and open.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.1 broad; feet 0.12 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



Genus 444. _Cephalospyris_,[62] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441 (_sensu
emend._).

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with three basal feet and two large apical
openings or coryphal holes, one on each side of the ring-apex. No true
horns.

The genus _Cephalospyris_ comprises some few Tripospyrida of very peculiar
shape, differing from all other Zygospyrida in the possession of two large
apical holes or coryphal apertures, lying on each side of a latticed
sagittal septum, which is formed by the upper part of the sagittal ring.
The sagittal stricture is deep, with a complete {1035}primary ring. The
vertical axis of the slender ovate shell is much greater than the
transverse. The network is very delicate, with very small and numerous
triangular or polygonal pores. The central capsule encloses peculiar
concrements (Pl. 96, fig. 28).


1. _Cephalospyris cancellata_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 10).

Shell slender ovate, two and a half times as long as broad, with deep
sagittal stricture and complete ring. Network very delicate, with very
small and numerous, irregular polygonal pores. The two large apical holes
are separated by a latticed triangular sagittal septum, the apex of which
represents a rudimentary horn. Basal plate with two large collar holes.
Three feet slightly curved, divergent, about half as long as the breadth of
the shell; the caudal foot slender, much thinner than the two stout
pyramidal pectoral feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.32 long, 0.13 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


2. _Cephalospyris ovata_, n. sp.

Shell slender, ovate, twice as long as broad, with deep sagittal stricture
and complete ring. Network very delicate, with very small and numerous
triangular pores (on both poles intermingled with irregular polygonal
pores). The two large apical holes are separated by a latticed triangular
sagittal septum, the upper edge of which is concave and bears two
rudimentary horns. Basal plate with four large collar holes. Three feet
latticed, slightly curved, convergent, scarcely one-eighth as long as the
breadth of the shell. The central capsule filled up by concrements.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.32 long, 0.16 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


3. _Cephalospyris triangulata_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 28).

Shell ovate, one and a half times as long as broad, with deep sagittal
stricture and complete ring. Network very delicate and regular, with small
triangular pores of equal size. The two large apical holes are separated by
a latticed semilunar septum, the upper edge of which is concave, and bears
two rudimentary horns. Basal plate with three large collar holes (?). Three
feet latticed, conical, nearly parallel and vertical (the caudal curved),
about half as long as the breadth of the shell. The ovate central capsule
contains peculiar amyloidal concentric concrements.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.2 long, 0.14 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. DIPOSPYRIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# dipoda, with two descending lateral basal feet
(probably corresponding to the pectoral feet of _Cortina_).



{1036}Genus 445. _Dipospyris_,[63] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with two simple free basal feet and one apical
horn.

The genus _Dipospyris_ and the following five genera represent together the
interesting subfamily of Dipospyrida, which always bear two opposite
lateral feet only. Therefore in this bipedal group the biradial or
bilateral type of the #Spyroidea# is particularly expressed. Such bipedal
forms never occur in the #Cyrtoidea#. The topographical relation of the two
lateral feet to the rods of the collar-plate, and to the cortinar pores
separated by these, leaves no doubt that they correspond to the pectoral
feet of _Cortina_ and _Tripospyris_, and therefore that the Dipospyrida
have originated from the Tripospyrida by loss of the caudal foot.
_Dipospyris_ is the simplest form of the Dipospyrida, with two simple free
feet.


1. _Dipospyris bipes_, n. sp.

Shell thorax-shaped, smooth, with deep sagittal stricture, two vaulted
bosoms, and subregular circular pores. Basal plate with two large collar
pores only. Horn and feet equal, conical, straight, about as long as the
shell; the feet widely divergent.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; horn and feet 0.1 to 0.15 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Dipospyris mystax_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris mystax_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 6.

Shell elliptical spinulate, with slight collar stricture and large
subregular circular pores. Basal plate with three pores (?) Horn small
conical, oblique, shorter than the shell. Feet slender conical, longer than
the shell, slightly curved, divergent. At the base of the columella,
between the two feet, a small rudiment of the last caudal foot is visible.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.02, feet 0.12 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Dipospyris cubus_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 18).

Shell box-shaped, subcubical, papillate, without external sagittal
stricture, with numerous subregular circular pores. Basal plate with three
very large collar pores, surrounded by a circle of smaller pores. Apical
horn short and thick, scarcely half as long as the shell. Feet of the same
form, longer than the shell, widely divergent.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.11 broad; horn 0.03 long, feet 0.14 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


{1037}4. _Dipospyris chelifer_, n. sp. (Pl. 85, fig. 3).

Shell elliptical, compressed, nodose, with deep sagittal stricture and
irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with three pores (?). Apical horn
stout, conical, twice to four times as long as the shell (often much longer
than in the figured specimen). Feet scarcely longer then the shell,
cylindrical, slightly curved towards one another.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.2 to 0.3 long, feet 0.1
to 0.15 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


5. _Dipospyris irregularis_, n. sp. Pl. 85, fig. 2.

Shell subspherical, without external sagittal stricture, with small
circular pores. Basal plate with four pores. Apical horn small, conical,
shorter than the shell. Feet three to four times as long as the shell,
cylindrical, irregularly curved, very variable in size and form.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.02 to 0.04 long, feet 0.2
to 0.3 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.


6. _Dipospyris sigmopodium_, n. sp.

Shell violin-shaped, thorny, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular
roundish pores. Basal plate with four collar pores. Horn straight, conical,
about as long as the shell. Feet twice as long, cylindrical, markedly
divergent, S-shaped, curved.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.06 long, feet 0.2 long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


7. _Dipospyris forcipata_, n. sp. (Pl. 85, fig. 1).

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate
with four larger and a circle of six to ten smaller pores. Horn
cylindrical, straight, two to three times as long as the shell. Feet three
to five times as long as the shell, cylindrical, semicircular, with
convergent and crossed distal ends. (If these ends grow together,
_Gamospyris_ arises.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.11 broad; horn 0.15 to 0.2 long, feet 0.2
to 0.4 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 268, depth 2600 to 3000
fathoms.



Genus 446. _Brachiospyris_,[64] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with two simple free basal feet, without
apical horn.

The genus _Brachiospyris_ differs from the preceding _Dipospyris_, its
ancestral form, only in the absence of the reduced apical horn, and
therefore bears to it a similar {1038}relation to that which the hornless
_Tristylospyris_, among the Tripospyrida, bears to the horned
_Tripospyris_. _Brachiospyris_ may therefore also be derived from
_Tristylospyris_ by loss of the caudal foot.


1. _Brachiospyris ocellata_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris ocellata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 5.

Shell nut-shaped, thorny, with slight sagittal stricture and irregular
roundish pores. Basal plate with four large and four alternate pairs of
smaller pores. Two feet cylindrical, straight, divergent, two to three
times as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.11 broad; feet 0.2 to 0.3 long.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms; also fossil in
Barbados.


2. _Brachiospyris diacantha_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 5).

  ? _Ceratospyris diacantha_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 303.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, compressed in the sagittal axis, convex on
the frontal face, concave on the sagittal face, with a slight sagittal
stricture; with large irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with three very
large pores. Two feet cylindrical, curved, S-shaped, about twice as long as
the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; feet 0.1 to 0.15 long.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), Station 206, depth
2100 fathoms.



Genus 447. _Dendrospyris_,[65] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with two free lateral feet, forked or branched
like a tree. Apex with a horn.

The genus _Dendrospyris_ differs from its ancestral form _Dipospyris_ in
the ramification of the two large lateral feet, which descend from the base
of the shell, and are usually very large and stout, sometimes simply
forked.


1. _Dendrospyris stylophora_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris stylophora_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 10.

Shell nut-shaped, thorny, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with
four pores. Apical horn and the two divergent feet straight, cylindrical,
larger than the shell, forked at the distal end. {1039}(The size and number
of the fork-branches is variable; the horn is sometimes simple. In some
specimens a rudimentary remnant of the lost caudal foot is visible.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; horn and feet 0.1 to 0.12 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Dendrospyris dirrhiza_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris dirrhiza_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 9.

Shell nut-shaped, spiny, very similar to the preceding species. It differs
from that mainly in the growth of the cylindrical feet, which are not
straight and divergent, but more or less curved and convergent; their
distal ends are sometimes simply forked, sometimes repeatedly dichotomous.
The size and form of the apical horn are also very variable.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.07 to 0.09
long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Dendrospyris bibrachiata_, Haeckel.

  _Cladospyris bibrachiata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xxi. fig. 7.

Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with sharp stricture and numerous very small
circular pores. Apical horn and the two feet very large and stout,
straight, prismatic, with irregular lateral branches on their edges, twice
to four times as long as the shell (The horn in the Ehrenberg's figure is
broken off.) This species is closely allied to _Tripospyris tribrachiata_.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; horn and feet 0.1 to 0.2 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Dendrospyris furcata_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with irregularly roundish pores. Basal
plate with two large pores. Apical horn simple, conical, as long as the
shell. Feet cylindrical, twice as long, in the proximal half parallel,
vertical, in the distal half with two stout divergent equal fork-branches,
one of which is directed dorsally, the other ventrally.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; horn 0.06 long, feet 0.1 to
0.15 long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.


5. _Dendrospyris polyrrhiza_, n. sp. (Pl. 85, fig. 8).

Shell subspherical, rough, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with
three pores (?). Apical horn simple, conical, half as long as the shell.
Feet cylindrical twice to three times as long as the shell, semicircular,
with a strong conical tooth in the middle of their outer convex edge; their
distal ends convergent, divided into a bunch of numerous short irregular
branches.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.7 long, 0.08 broad; horn 0.03 long, feet 0.15 to
0.25 long.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


{1040}6. _Dendrospyris ramosa_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, spiny, with irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with
three pairs of pores. Apical horn cylindrical, spinulate, twice to three
times as long as the shell. Feet as long as the horn, S-shaped, widely
divergent, irregularly branched, with widely distant pointed branches.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; horn and feet 0.2 to 0.3 long.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.


7. _Dendrospyris arborescens_, n. sp. (Pl. 85, fig. 9).

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate
with four central larger and ten to twelve peripheral smaller pores. Apical
horn cylindrical, twice as long as the shell, in the distal half spinulate
or tuberculate. Feet about three times as long as the shell, cylindrical,
nearly vertical, in the distal half irregularly branched, with dense
bunches of aggregated blunt branches.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad; horn and feet 0.12 to 0.18
long.

_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Genus 448. _Dorcadospyris_,[66] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with two free lateral feet armed with a series
of secondary spines. Apex with a horn.

The genus _Dorcadospyris_ and the closely allied _Stephanospyris_ differ
from the other Dipospyrida in the development of a series of secondary
spines on the convex outer margin of the two large curved lateral feet,
which therefore appear semipinnate. In some species this peculiar armature
attains an extraordinary size, whilst the shell itself is very small, as in
_Dorcadospyris dinoceras_ (Pl. 85, fig. 4).


1. _Dorcadospyris dentata_, n. sp. (Pl. 85, fig. 6).

Shell subspherical, tuberculate with small regular circular pores. Basal
plate with four larger pores. Apical horn three to four times as long as
the shell, slender conical, smooth. Feet more or less convexly curved
towards one another; the distal ends not crossed. In the convex edge of
each arm a series of five to ten smooth conical teeth, not longer than the
shell. This common species is very variable and often asymmetrical; the
figured specimen is an asymmetrical one, in which the two arms exhibit
different curves; in the normal form both arms have the same curve, now
more, now less convex.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horn 0.2, feet 0.03 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 267 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


{1041}2. _Dorcadospyris antilope_, n. sp. (Pl. 85, fig. 5).

Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with small regular circular pores. Basal
plate with four larger pores. Apical horn four to six times as long as the
shell, straight, cylindrical, smooth. Feet of the same length, crescentic
or nearly semicircular, with crossed distal ends. On the convex edge of
each foot a series of twelve to fifteen smooth conical teeth, partly longer
than the shell. (Very variable in size and curvature of the feet, and
number of their teeth.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.11 broad; horn and feet 0.4 to 0.6 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


3. _Dorcadospyris lunulata_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical spinulate, nearly of the same shape as in the preceding
species, but with a short conical horn (scarcely as long as the shell); the
feet are much mere slender, crescentic, and bear twenty to thirty smaller
smooth conical teeth (shorter than the shell). The distal ends of the feet
are crossed.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.06 long, feet 0.03 to
0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


4. _Dorcadospyris decussata_, n. sp. (Pl. 85, fig. 7).

Shell subspherical, smooth, very similar to that of the two preceding
species. Horn small conical, about as long as the shell. Feet more than
semicircular, more strongly curved than in any other species, each with
four to eight small conical teeth, shorter than the shell; distal ends
crossed. (In this species also, besides the normal symmetrical form, there
often occurs an asymmetrical form of the two feet; one of these frequent
anomalies is shown in fig. 7.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horn 0.05, feet 0.2 to 0.5
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.


5. _Dorcadospyris dinoceras_, n. sp. (Pl. 85, fig. 4).

Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Basal
plate with four larger central and eight to twelve smaller peripheral
pores. Horn about as long as the shell, in the basal half prismatic,
smooth, in the distal half ovate or strobiliform, spiny. Feet very large
and strongly curved, together nearly heart-shaped, four to six times as
long as the shell. Each foot bears on its outer convex side a series of
fifteen to twenty or more strong conical teeth, which are again spinulate,
perpendicular to the foot, and longer than the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.07 long, feet 0.3 to 0.5
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



{1042}Genus 449. _Gamospyris_,[67] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with two simple lateral feet, forming a ring
by union.

The genus _Gamospyris_ and the similar _Stephanospyris_ differ from all
other #Spyroidea# in the possession of a large basal ring, placed in the
frontal plane of the shell. This ring has been produced by concrescence of
the distal ends of the two large curved lateral feet of _Dipospyris_.


1. _Gamospyris circulus_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 19).

Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Basal
plate with four larger collar pores. Apical horn pyramidal, about as long
as the shell. The connected feet form together a circular or nearly
circular smooth ring, the diameter of which is three to four times as great
as that of the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; diameter of the arm-ring 0.25
to 0.33.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Gamospyris annulus_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate
with four large central and a circle of eight to twelve small peripheral
pores. Apical horn conical, twice as long as the shell. The connected arms
form together an elliptical smooth ring, which is five times as long and
three times as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad; ring 0.33 long, 0.26 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



Genus 450. _Stephanospyris_,[68] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with two lateral feet bearing a series of
secondary spines and forming a ring by union.

The genus _Stephanospyris_ exhibits the same peculiar armature of the
semipinnate lateral feet as its ancestral genus _Dorcadospyris_, but
differs from it in the concrescence of the distal ends of the feet, to form
a complete foot-ring. The former therefore bears to the latter the same
relation that _Gamospyris_ does to _Dipospyris_.


1. _Stephanospyris cordata_, n. sp. (Pl. 85, fig. 10).

Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with small regular circular pores. Basal
plate with four larger pores. Apical horn cylindrical, three times as long
as the shell, with three to four verticils {1043}of teeth. The connected
feet form a heart-shaped ring, four times as long and three times as broad
as the shell. Each foot bears on the outer convex edge four to six stout
conical teeth, shorter than the shell. Distal ends crossed and prominent.

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.1; length of the arm-ring 0.4, breadth 0.3.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Stephanospyris verticillata_, n. sp. (Pl. 85, fig. 11).

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate
with numerous small pores. Apical horn cylindrical, four to six times as
long as the shell, with six to ten verticils of teeth. The connected feet
form a circular ring, the diameter of which is four times as great as that
of the shell. Each foot bears ten to twelve conical teeth, about as long as
the shell. Distal ends not crossed and not prominent.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1, of the arm-ring 0.4.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Stephanospyris excellens_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 20).

Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with regular circular pores. Basal plate
with numerous small pores. Apical horn cylindrical, twice as long as the
shell, with eight verticils of teeth. The connected feet form an ovate
ring, which is three times as long and two and a half times as broad as the
shell. Each foot bears eight conical spinulate teeth, about as long as the
shell. The crossed and prominent distal ends bear two parallel vertical
teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1, of the arm-ring 0.2 to 0.3.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



Subfamily 3. TETRASPYRIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# tetrapoda, with four descending basal feet,
two of which are opposite in the sagittal plane (an odd caudal and an odd
sternal foot), whilst the two others are paired lateral or pectoral feet.



Genus 451. _Tetraspyris_,[69] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with four basal feet crossed in pairs (two
sagittal and two lateral). Apex with a horn.

The genus _Tetraspyris_ and the following closely allied _Tessarospyris_
represent together the small subfamily of Tetraspyrida, characterised by
the possession of four descending basal feet, three of which correspond to
the three original feet of the {1044}ancestral genera _Cortina_ and
_Tripospyris_, whilst the fourth in an odd anterior or sternal foot,
produced by anterior prolongation of the basilar segment of the sagittal
ring. Here, therefore, two opposed feet lie in the sagittal plane (a caudal
and a sternal foot), whilst the two others are the paired lateral or
pectoral feet, as also in _Stephanium_ and _Stephaniscus_, p. 965. The
Tetraspyrida ought not to be confounded with the Therospyrida (sixth
subfamily), in which the four feet have another signification.



Subgenus 1. _Tetrarrhabda_, Haeckel, 1881, p. 429.

_Definition._--Feet simple, not branched nor forked.


1. _Tetraspyris stephanium_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 6).

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture and small
roundish pores; three pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal
plate with four large collar pores. Apical horn stout conical, half as long
as the shell. Two pectoral feet somewhat longer than the two sagittal feet,
one and a half times as long as the shell. All four feet straight,
three-sided prismatic, strongly divergent.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.08 to
0.12 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


2. _Tetraspyris cubica_, n. sp.

Shell nearly cubical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and small
polygonal pores; some larger pores on both sides of the ring. Basal plate
with four large collar pores. Apical horn and the four feet of equal size
and form, about as long as the shell, cylindrical in the basal, spindle
shaped in the distal half.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 diameter; horn and feet 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Tetracorethra_, Haeckel, 1831, Prodromus, p. 429.

_Definition._--Feet branched or forked.


3. _Tetraspyris tetracorethra_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, figs. 19, 20).

  _Tetracorethra mirabilis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439, and Atlas,
  loc. cit.

Shell campanulate, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular
polygonal pores; two pairs of larger pores at the flattened occipital face
(fig. 20). Basal plate with four large collar pores. Apical horn very long,
thirty to forty times as long as the shell, slender three-sided prismatic,
straight, at the distal end irregularly branched, besom-shaped. Four basal
feet half as {1045}thick as the horn, eight to twelve times as long as the
shell, bristle-shaped, irregularly curved and branched, divergent, at the
distal end besom-shaped. Central capsule very large; the enclosed small
campanulate part sends out through the four collar pores four very long
club-shaped basal lobes, half as long as the feet; each lobe contains a
large oil-globule (fig. 19).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.036 diameter; horn 1 to 1.5 mm. long, feet 0.3 to
0.4 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, surface.


4. _Tetraspyris calcarata_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, smooth, very similar to that of the preceding species,
but differing in the following characters:--the two inferior occipital
pores are four times (in the preceding twice) as large as the two superior;
the apical horn bears at its distal end only three simple branches; the
sternal foot is smaller than the three others, arises higher, is more
divergent and curved, and bears at its base a large horizontal conical
spur.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.035 diameter; horn 1 to 1.2 long, feet 0.2 to 0.3
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.


5. _Tetraspyris scoparia_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, rough, very similar to the two preceding species, but
differing in the following characters:--the four occipital pores are of
nearly equal size; the apical horn is simple, not branched; the four feet
are forked near the base, so that apparently eight feet diverge, each in
the distal half richly branched, besom-shaped.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.038 diameter; horn 1 to 1.1 long, feet 0.4 to 0.5
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, surface.



Genus 452. _Tessarospyris_,[70] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with four basal feet crossed in pairs (two
sagittal and two lateral). Apex without horn.

The genus _Tessarospyris_ differs from the preceding _Tetraspyris_, its
ancestral genus, in the absence of the apical horn, and therefore bears to
it the same relation that _Tristylospyris_ does to _Tripospyris_.


1. _Tessarospyris clathrobursa_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, fig. 8).

  _Clathrobursa dictyopus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439, and Atlas,
  pl. liii. fig. 8.

Shell nearly ovate, strongly compressed, smooth, one and a half times as
long as broad, with deep sagittal stricture in the basal half. Pores very
small and numerous, irregularly roundish. Basal plate with four very large
triangular holes, two larger (posterior) cardinal, and two smaller
(anterior) {1046}jugular pores; above the latter (on the frontal face) two
large mental pores. Two pectoral feet large, half as long as the shell, at
the base fenestrated, vertical, and parallel. Two sagittal feet much
smaller, nearly horizontal, pyramidal (the caudal larger than the sternal
foot). Two longitudinal pectoral ribs arise on the frontal face.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.21 long, 0.14 broad; lateral feet 0.1, sagittal feet
0.02.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


2. _Tessarospyris nuciformis_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, papillate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores irregular
roundish, on both sides of the ring three to six times as large as on the
lateral sides. Basal plate with four large pores. Two pectoral feet
cylindrical curved, twice as long as the shell and as the two sagittal
feet; the caudal is much stronger than the sternal foot.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; lateral feet 0.1, sagittal feet
0.05 long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


3. _Tessarospyris seminulum_, Haeckel.

  _Petalospyris seminulum_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. pl. iii.
  fig. 12.

Shell subspherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and small
circular pores; some larger pores on both sides of the ring. Basal plate
with two large (lateral) pores only. Four feet nearly equal, short,
conical, divergent, scarcely one-fourth as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.016 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte), Stoehr.



Subfamily 4. HEXASPYRIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# hexapoda, with six descending basal feet;
three of these are primary (one odd caudal and two paired pectoral feet),
the other three are secondary, opposed diametrically to the former and
alternating with them (one odd sternal and two paired tergal feet).



Genus 453. _Hexaspyris_,[71] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with six basal feet and one apical horn.

The genus _Hexaspyris_ and the two following closely allied genera
represent together the peculiar subfamily of Hexaspyrida, and differ from
the other Zygospyrida in the possession of six descending basal feet; three
of these are the three original, perradial, or primary basal feet of
_Cortina_, _Cortiniscus_, _Plagoniscus_, _Plectaniscus_, _Tripospyris_,
&c.; the other three, usually opposed to the former diametrically, are
{1047}secondary or interradial; an odd sternal foot (opposed to the odd
caudal) and two paired tergal feet (opposed to the two paired pectoral).



Subgenus 1. _Hexaspyridium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet simple, not branched nor forked.


1. _Hexaspyris alterna_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular
polygonal pores; on each side of the stricture two pairs of larger square
annular pores. Basal plate also with four larger collar pores. Apical horn
twice as long as the shell, conical. Three primary feet (the apical and the
two pectoral) slender, curved, as long as the horn; three secondary feet
(the sternal and the two tergal) are half as long as the former and more
highly inserted; all six feet strongly divergent, cylindrical, pointed.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.15 long, feet 0.08 to
0.14 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.


2. _Hexaspyris setigera_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris setigera_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 11.

  _Ceratospyris setigera_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. p. 539, Taf. xxxii. figs. 11_a_, 11_b_.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with a complete internal sagittal ring and
numerous small circular pores. Basal plate with four larger central and a
circle of twelve to twenty smaller peripheral pores. Apical horn half as
long as the shell, bristle-shaped. Three primary feet longer and more
deeply inserted than the three secondary feet; all six feet strongly
divergent, bristle-shaped, shorter than the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.03 long; primary feet
0.05, secondary 0.02 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Hexaspyris buetschlii_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris triomma_, Buetschli (_non_ Ehrenberg), 1882, Zeitschr. f.
  wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 539, Taf. xxxii. fig. 12, _a_, _b_.

Shell nut-shaped, spinulate, with a complete internal sagittal ring and
subregular circular pores. Basal plate with twelve pores (four larger
central and eight smaller peripheral). Apical horn stout, oblique, as long
as the shell. Six feet of equal length, slightly divergent, nearly
vertical, slender, three to four times as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; horn 0.06, feet 0.15 to 0.2
long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1048}4. _Hexaspyris spinosa_, Haeckel.

  _Petalospyris spinosa_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 98,
  Taf. iii. fig. 14.

Shell subspherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and irregular
polygonal pores; on each side of the stricture two pairs of larger pores.
Basal plate with two large pores only. Apical horn short, pyramidal, three
primary feet half as long as the shell and twice as long as the three
secondary feet. All six feet pyramidal, slightly divergent.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; horn 0.02, feet 0.02 to 0.04
long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte, Caltanisetta).


5. _Hexaspyris ophirensis_, Haeckel.

  _Petalospyris ophirensis_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 297, Taf. ix. fig. 24.

Shell nut-shaped, with deep sagittal stricture and numerous irregular
roundish pores; two pairs of larger pores on each side of the stricture.
Apical horn short, curved. Six feet equal, divergent, straight, slender,
about as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.01, feet 0.05 to 0.08
long.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Zanzibar), depth 2200 fathoms, Pullen.



Subgenus 2. _Hexacorethra_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet forked or branched.


6. _Hexaspyris hexacorethra_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 8).

  _Hexacorethra magica_, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.

Shell campanulate, smooth, with sharp sagittal stricture and irregular
roundish pores. Basal plate with six larger collar pores. Apical horn very
long and thin, three-sided prismatic, straight, ten to twenty times as long
as the shell, branched at the distal end. Six feet thinner, bristle-shaped,
six to eight times as long as the shell, divergent, irregularly curved, in
the distal part branched, besom-shaped; the sternal foot at its base with a
large conical horizontal spur.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.034 diameter; horn 0.4 to 0.8 long, feet 0.2 to 0.3
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, surface.


7. _Hexaspyris articulata_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris articulata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 4.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture and small
irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with six pores (?). Apical horn
conical, longer than the shell. Six feet very large, thick
{1049}cylindrical, divergent, three to four times as long as the shell,
with few irregular lateral branches (often much more developed than in
Ehrenberg's figure).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.036 long, 0.05 broad; horn 0.05, feet 0.1 to 0.15
long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 454. _Liriospyris_,[72] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with six basal feet and three coryphal horns.

The genus _Liriospyris_ differs from the preceding _Hexaspyris_, its
ancestral form, in the possession of three coryphal horns (one odd apical
in the middle, and two paired frontal horns on each side of it); it
therefore bears to the latter the same relation that _Triceraspyris_ does
to _Tripospyris_.


1. _Liriospyris hexapoda_, n. sp. (Pl. 86, fig. 7).

Shell subspherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and irregular
roundish pores; two to three pairs of large annular pores on each side of
the stricture. Basal plate with four large collar pores. Three horns and
six feet nearly of the same size and of similar form, conical, divergent,
about one-third as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.09 to 0.1; horns and feet 0.03 to 0.04
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.


2. _Liriospyris clathrata_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyospyris clathrus_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig.
  25.

  _Dictyospyris clathrata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xix. fig. 7.

  _Dictyospyris clathrata_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. pp. 506, 539; Taf. xxxii. figs. 10_a_, 10_b_.

  _Petalospyris clathrus_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 295.

Shell campanulate or nearly spherical, smooth, with slight sagittal
stricture. Three pairs of large annular pores on each side of the
stricture; a few smaller irregular pores on the lateral sides. Basal plate
with six large collar pores (Buetschli, _loc. cit._, fig. 10_a_). Three
horns and six feet nearly of the same size and form; short, conical,
slightly divergent or nearly parallel, shorter than half the ring. (The
size of the nine appendages is in this common species rather variable;
sometimes they are rudimentary, at other times much stronger than in the
good figure of Buetschli.)

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.08 to 0.09, horns and feet 0.01 to 0.03.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific; also fossil in
Barbados and Sicily.


{1050}3. _Liriospyris heteropoda_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, nodose, with deep sagittal stricture and small circular
pores; two pairs of larger pores on each side of the stricture. Basal plate
with four larger central and eight smaller peripheral pores. Apical horn
conical, as long as the shell and twice as long as the two curved frontal
horns. Three primary feet twice as long as the shell and as the three
secondary feet, which are more highly inserted. All six feet slender
curved, divergent.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.11 broad; horn and secondary feet 0.08
long, primary feet 0.15 long.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


4. _Liriospyris turrita_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris turrita_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 1.

Shell ovate, campanulate, smooth, with sharp sagittal stricture and
irregular roundish pores; three to four pairs of larger pores on each side
of the stricture. Basal plate with four large collar pores. Three horns
short and stout, conical, fenestrated at the base. Six feet slender,
conical, nearly vertical, of equal size, only one-third as long as the
shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; horns 0.01 long, feet 0.03
long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Liriospyris amphithecta_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 7).

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with distinct sagittal stricture and
irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with six larger and twelve smaller
pores. Three horns conical, the apical as long as the shell and twice as
long as the curved frontal horns. Two pectoral feet cylindrical, very
large, curved, divergent, about three times as long as the shell and as the
four other feet, which are conical.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; apical horn 0.08, frontal horns
0.05 long; length of the two pectoral feet 0.2, of the four others 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 455. _Cantharospyris_,[73] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with six basal feet, without apical horn.

The genus _Cantharospyris_ differs from the preceding two hexapodal genera
in the absence of horns on the coryphal face, and has therefore the same
relation to them that the hornless _Tristylospyris_ bears to the one-horned
_Tripospyris_ and the three-horned _Triceraspyris._


{1051}1. _Cantharospyris carabus_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular roundish
pores. Basal plate with six larger pores. Six feet of different sizes,
cylindrical, curved; three primary feet (one caudal and two pectoral) about
as long as the shell and twice as long as the three secondary feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; feet 0.05 to 0.09 long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms; Central
Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Cantharospyris ateuchus_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris ateuchus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xxi. fig. 4.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture and unequal
circular pores. Basal plate with six larger pores. The two pectoral feet
very large and stout, four to six times as long as the shell, widely
divergent, curved. The four other feet much smaller and thinner, about as
long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; length of the two larger feet
0.2 to 0.3, of the four smaller 0.05 to 0.07.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Cantharospyris radicata_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris radicata_, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 43; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 37.

  _Haliomma radicatum_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 83.

  _Petalospyris radicata_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 295.

  _Petalospyris radicata_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol xxvi. p. 79,
  Taf. iii. fig. 11.

Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and irregular
roundish pores; two larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with
six pores (?). Six feet of equal size and similar form, conical, divergent,
slightly curved, shorter than half the ring.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.02 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados and Sicily.


4. _Cantharospyris platybursa_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, fig. 7).

  _Platybursa compressa_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429; Atlas, pl. 53,
  fig. 7.

Shell smooth, nearly discoidal circular, markedly compressed in the
sagittal direction, with slight basal stricture. Pores very numerous,
irregular polygonal, with thin bars. Basal plate with four very large
pores. Six feet short, conical, nearly horizontally expanded. Two sagittal
feet (caudal {1052}and sternal) larger, about half as long as the shell
(shortened in the figure). The two sternal feet larger than the two small
or rudimentary tergal feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.15 long, 0.13 broad; feet 0.02 to 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Subfamily 5. PENTASPYRIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# pentapoda, with five descending basal feet,
one odd caudal foot, and two pairs of lateral feet (two anterior or
pectoral, and two posterior or tergal feet).



Genus 456. _Clathrospyris_,[74] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with five basal feet and one apical horn.

The genus _Clathrospyris_ and the two following closely allied genera
represent together the small subfamily of Pentaspyrida, differing from the
other Zygospyrida in the possession of five descending feet on the basal
face. Three of these are the primary cortinar feet (of _Cortiniscus_,
_Plagoniscus_, _Tripospyris_, &c.), whilst the two others are secondary
tergal feet. The Pentaspyrida may therefore be probably derived from the
Hexaspyrida by loss of the odd anterior or sternal foot.


1. _Clathrospyris camelopardalis_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores
irregular roundish. Basal plate with six pores (?). Two pectoral feet very
large, twice as long as the shell, cylindrical, curved. Two tergal feet
half as long and thick as the pectoral. Caudal foot and apical horn
straight, conical, half as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad; horn and odd caudal foot 0.04
long; pectoral feet 0.16, tergal 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.


2. _Clathrospyris pyramidalis_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 9).

Shell four-sided pyramidal, truncate, thorny, with a slight sagittal
stricture. Pores very large, polygonal roundish. Two pairs of large pores
on each side of the ring (at the frontal and the occipital plate). Lateral
pores more numerous. Basal plate with four large pores. The four edges of
the pyramid are prolonged into four short pyramidal divergent lateral feet
(one-third as {1053}long as the shell). Caudal foot short. Horn at the apex
of the truncate pyramid with two lateral teeth.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.02 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


3. _Clathrospyris fusiformis_, n. sp.

Shell nearly cubical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores
roundish; three pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate
with six large pores. Five feet of equal length, slender, spindle-shaped,
about as long as the shell, divergent. Apical horn conical, and half as
long as the feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.05 long, feet 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 457. _Aegospyris_,[75] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with five basal feet and three coryphal horns.

The genus _Aegospyris_ differs from the preceding _Clathrospyris_, its
ancestral form, in the possession of three horns on the coryphal face (one
odd apical, and two paired frontal horns on each side), and therefore bears
to the latter the same relation that _Triceraspyris_ does to _Tripospyris_,
and _Liriospyris_ to _Hexaspyris_.


1. _Aegospyris aequispina_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores
subregular circular. Basal plate with four large collar pores. Three horns
and five feet all of equal size and similar form, slender conical, slightly
curved, widely divergent, about as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.11 broad; horns and feet 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


2. _Aegospyris octospina_, n. sp.

Shell nearly cubical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores
subregular circular; two pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring.
Basal plate with four large pores. Two paired horns and four paired feet of
equal size and similar form, S-shaped curved, twice as long as the shell.
Odd horn and odd feet half as long, straight, conical.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; six paired spines 0.2 long, two
odd spines 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 323, depth 1900 fathoms.


{1054}3. _Aegospyris longibarba_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris longibarba_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xxi. figs. 1, 2.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores
subregular circular. Basal plate with four larger central, and eight
smaller peripheral pores. Apical horn and caudal foot short, straight,
conical; two frontal horns longer, curved; four paired feet slender,
curved, twice as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; paired horns 0.03 long, paired
feet 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Aegospyris aegoceras_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 10).

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores
irregular roundish. Basal plate with three large pores. Apical horn and
caudal foot short, straight, spindle-shaped; two frontal horns as long as
the shell, strongly curved; four paired feet also curved, at the distal end
forked, divergent; the tergal thinner and as long as the shell, the
pectoral thicker and twice as long.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad; pectoral feet 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


5. _Aegospyris caprina_, n. sp. (Pl. 86, fig. 8).

Shell nut-shaped, papillate, with sharp sagittal stricture. Pores irregular
roundish, two pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate
with six large pores. Eight spines all straight, subvertical and nearly
parallel, cylindro-conical. Two frontal horns and two tergal feet about as
long as the shell; odd horn shorter; odd foot longer. Two pectoral feet
twice as long as the shell, club-shaped, with a spinulate knob at the
distal end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; pectoral feet 0.11 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.



Genus 458. _Pentaspyris_,[76] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with five basal feet, without apical horn.

The genus _Pentaspyris_ differs from the two preceding genera in the
absence of any coryphal horn, and represents therefore the pentapodal form
among the hornless Zygospyrida.


1. _Pentaspyris pentacantha_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 11).

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores
irregular roundish, two pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring.
Basal plate with four larger pores. All five feet {1055}cylindrical,
S-shaped curved, strongly divergent, with few short branches, the two
pectoral feet twice as long as the shell and the two tergal feet; odd
caudal foot shorter.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.13 broad; pectoral feet 0.2 long, tergal
feet 0.1, caudal foot 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Pentaspyris isacantha_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores small,
regular circular. Basal plate with six large pores (?). All five feet
equal, cylindrical, C-shaped curved, slightly divergent, about as long as
the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; feet 0.07 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



Subfamily 6. THEROSPYRIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# tetrapoda with two pairs of descending basal
feet, one pair corresponding to the anterior or pectoral, the other pair to
the posterior or tergal feet of the Hexaspyrida.



Genus 459. _Zygospyris_,[77] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with two pairs of lateral feet and an apical
horn.

The genus _Zygospyris_ and the following three genera represent together
the peculiar subfamily of Therospyrida. These always possess four basal
feet, like the Tetraspyrida; but whilst in the latter group two feet are
sagittal, and two lateral, in the Therospyrida there are no sagittal feet
at all, but the four feet are opposed in two lateral pairs; the anterior
pair corresponds to the pectoral, the posterior to the tergal feet of the
Hexaspyrida and Pentaspyrida; from these latter the Therospyrida have been
derived by loss of the sagittal feet.


1. _Zygospyris quadrupes_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores
irregular roundish, on each side of the ring two pairs of larger pores.
Apical horn conical, straight. Four feet equal, straight, divergent,
conical, about as long as the shell and the horn.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.11 broad; horn and feet 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.


{1056}2. _Zygospyris equus_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 16).

Shell subspherical, rough, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores small and
numerous, subregular circular; no larger annular pores. Apical horn
cylindrical, half as long as the shell. Two pectoral feet somewhat smaller
than the two tergal feet, about as long as the shell, slightly divergent,
cylindrical. The distal ends of the feet and of the horn form an ovate,
dimpled and spinulate cone.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Genus 460. _Elaphospyris_,[78] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with two pairs of lateral feet and three
coryphal horns.

The genus _Elaphospyris_ differs from the preceding _Zygospyris_, its
ancestral form, in the possession of three coryphal horns (one odd apical
and two paired frontal horns), and therefore bears to it the same relation
that _Triceraspyris_ does to _Tripospyris_ among the Tripospyrida.



Subgenus 1. _Giraffospyris_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.

_Definition._--Feet simple, not branched nor forked.


1. _Elaphospyris heptaceros_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris heptaceros_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 2.

  _Giraffospyris heptaceros_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture and
subregular circular pores. Basal plate with four large pores. Apical horn
small, conical, shorter than the two curved lateral horns, which are as
long as the shell. Caudal and sternal feet small, conical, straight. Two
pectoral feet slender, divergent, S-shaped, about as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; horns and feet 0.02 to 0.08
long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Elaphospyris capricornis_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, spiny, with slight sagittal stricture and numerous small
circular pores. Basal plate with four large pores. Three horns slender,
simple, about as long as the shell, the middle one straight, the two
lateral curved. Four feet of nearly equal size, slender, curved, divergent,
simple, twice as long as the shell and the horns.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad; horns 0.08 long, feet 0.15
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



{1057}Subgenus 2. _Corythospyris_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.

_Definition._--Feet branched or forked.


3. _Elaphospyris damaecornis_, n. sp. (Pl. 84, fig. 10).

Shell flat and broad, nearly triangular, with slight sagittal stricture and
irregular roundish pores; two very large pores on the frontal and on the
occipital face, opposite on both edges of the broad sagittal ring. Basal
plate with four large central and several smaller lateral pores. Three
horns about half as long as the shell, with two to six irregular branches.
Four feet of equal size, about as long as the shell, divergent, forked,
with four to six irregular terminal branches. (The shell in fig. 10 is seen
from the apical side.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.13 broad; horns 0.05 long, feet 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe, surface.


4. _Elaphospyris cervicornis_, n. sp. (Pl. 86, fig. 13).

Shell polyhedral, spiny, with deep sagittal stricture and a small number of
large roundish pores; two pairs of large pores on each side of the ring.
Basal plate with four pores. Three large horns as long as the shell arise
from the apex between smaller conical spines; the middle odd horn simple,
the two lateral each with a pair of branches. Two pectoral feet very large,
divergent, with broad and irregular distal ramification, twice as long as
the shell and as the two tergal feet, which are less branched. (Fig. 13
exhibits the shell from the dorsal side.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.11 broad; horns and smaller feet 0.07 to
0.09 long; pectoral feet 0.16 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


5. _Elaphospyris alcicornis_, n. sp. (Pl. 86, fig. 12).

Shell nut-shaped, spiny, with sharp sagittal stricture and large roundish
pentagonally framed pores; three pairs of larger pores on each side of the
ring. Basal plate with four larger and four alternate smaller pores. There
arise from the apex, between smaller spines, three large, divergent,
pyramidal horns, which are nearly as long as the shell, and connected by an
arched frontal bridge. Two pectoral feet very large, divergent, prismatic,
longer than the shell, and at the distal end with a bunch of thick spines.
Two tergal feet half as long and thick, simple (in the figure hidden behind
the large pectoral feet).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.11 broad; horns and smaller feet 0.06
long, pectoral feet 0.12 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



{1058}Genus 461. _Taurospyris_,[79] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with two pairs of lateral feet and one pair of
lateral horns.

The genus _Taurospyris_ bears only two frontal horns in the coryphal face
of the shell, and may therefore be derived from the preceding closely
allied _Elaphospyris_ by reduction and loss of the middle or apical horn.


1. _Taurospyris cervina_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 12).

Shell nut-shaped, thorny, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular
roundish pores; three pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal
plate with four large pores. Two horns cylindrical, curved, widely
divergent, about as long as the shell, branched. Four feet of nearly equal
length, also cylindrical and curved, divergent, somewhat longer than the
shell, in the distal half branched like a deer's antler.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.11 broad; horns 0.03 long, feet 0.06
long.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms; also fossil in
Barbados.


2. _Taurospyris bovina_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and small
circular pores. Basal plate with six larger pores. Two horns conical,
curved, divergent, about as long as the shell. Two pectoral feet very
large, twice as long as the shell and as the two thinner tergal feet; all
four feet curved, cylindrical, divergent, pointed at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; horns and posterior feet 0.1,
anterior feet 0.2 long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Genus 462. _Therospyris_,[80] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with two pairs of lateral feet, without apical
horn.

The genus _Therospyris_ has two pairs of lateral feet corresponding to
those of the preceding three genera, but differs from them in the complete
absence of horns on the coryphal face of the shell.


1. _Therospyris canis_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores
irregular, roundish. Basal plate with four longer pores. Surface covered
with roundish tubercles. Four feet equal, divergent, about as long as the
shell, thickened at the distal end, club-shaped, not forked.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.11 broad; feet 0.09 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1059}2. _Therospyris felis_, n. sp. (Pl. 89, fig. 6).

Shell nut-shaped, mammillate, with sharp sagittal stricture. Pores large,
irregularly roundish or polygonal, of somewhat different size. Basal plate
with four large pores. Surface covered with hemispherical pointed
mammillae. Four feet equal, divergent, half as long as the shell, at the
distal end forked, with few small branches.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.15 broad; feet 0.05 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Therospyris leo_, n. sp. (Pl. 89, fig. 5).

Shell nearly cubical, papillate, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores
irregular, roundish; on each side of the ring three pairs of larger pores
(the undermost the largest). Basal plate with two large pores. Surface
covered with conical papillae. Four feet equal, divergent, about as long as
the shell, with an external spur in the middle, and irregularly branched
spines at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; feet 0.09 long.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



Subfamily 7. POLYSPYRIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# polypoda, with numerous descending basal feet
(at least seven to nine, usually twelve to sixteen or more).



Genus 463. _Petalospyris_,[81] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with numerous (seven to twelve or more) basal
feet and one apical horn.

The genus _Petalospyris_ and the following three genera form together the
peculiar subfamily of Polyspyrida, differing from the other Zygospyrida in
the multiplication of the radial feet, which descend from the basal face of
the shell; they may therefore be also called "Zygospyrida multiradiata,"
and bear the closest relationship to the Archiphaenida (or the "Monocyrtida
multiradiata"). They differ, however, from the latter in the presence of
the distinct sagittal stricture, characteristic of all #Spyroidea#. The
number of the basal feet, which form a coronet around the margin of the
basal plate, is commonly between twelve and sixteen, but often more. Their
form is usually flat, lamellar, but often also more or less cylindrical or
conical.



{1060}Subgenus 1. _Petalospyrantha_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal plate with two large collar pores only, separated by
the base of the primary ring.


1. _Petalospyris foveolata_, Ehrenberg.

  _Petalospyris foveolata_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig.
  14; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig.
  10.

Shell campanulate, smooth, with distinct sagittal stricture and subregular
circular pores. Basal plate with two large collar pores only. Apical horn
and the eight feet slender, conical, slightly curved, about as long as the
shell; feet somewhat divergent (often seven or nine instead of eight).

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.04 to 0.05; length of the horn and the feet
0.04 to 0.05.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Petalospyris floscula_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture and subregular
circular pores. Basal plate with two large triangular pores only. Apical
horn slender, conical, twice as long as the shell. Twelve to sixteen feet
flattened, leaf-shaped, broad, slightly divergent, as long as the shell,
with truncate distal end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.12 long, feet 0.05 to
0.07 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Petalospyrella_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal plate with three large collar pores (two paired
posterior cardinal, and an odd anterior sternal pore).


3. _Petalospyris triomma_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 14).

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with sharp sagittal stricture and irregular
roundish pores. Basal plate with three large pores and three alternate
smaller. Apical horn stout, conical, half as long as the shell. Twelve to
fifteen feet, divergent, curved, pointed, as long as the horn.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.03 long.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Petalospyris platyacantha_, Ehrenberg.

  _Petalospyris platyacantha_, Ehrenberg, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, 1875, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 8.

Shell campanulate, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and small
irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with three large pores (?). Apical
horn very strong, three-sided pyramidal, twice as {1061}long as the shell
(its edge is described by Ehrenberg as a "canaliculus.") Feet ten to
twelve, flat, triangular, vertical, about as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; 0.07 long, feet 0.03 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Petalospyris corona_, Stoehr.

  _Petalospyris corona_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 98, Taf.
  iii. fig. 13.

Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and very numerous
small circular pores; on each side of the stricture three larger annular
pores (the undermost the largest). Basal plate with three large pores only.
Apical horn very small, conical. Feet twelve to eighteen, short conical,
nearly vertical, shorter than the half shell (in my specimen from
Caltanisetta much stouter than in that of Stoehr).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad; horn and feet 0.01 to 0.03
long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte, Caltanisetta).



Subgenus 3. _Petalospyrissa_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal plate with four collar pores (two larger posterior
cardinal and two smaller anterior jugular pores).


6. _Petalospyris octopus_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 11).

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with sharp sagittal stricture and irregular,
roundish pores. Basal plate with four larger pores. Horn slender, conical,
half as long as the shell. Feet eight, very slender, about three times as
long as the shell, subvertical, with outer convex edge and convergent ends.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.03 long, feet 0.2 long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms.


7. _Petalospyris eupetala_, Ehrenberg.

  _Petalospyris eupetala_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 4.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture and scattered
small circular pores. Basal plate with four large collar pores (sometimes
surrounded by several small peripheral pores). Apical horn slender,
conical, as long as the shell. Feet sixteen to twenty, laminated and
truncate, of the same length, nearly vertical and parallel.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.05 to 0.07
long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1062}8. _Petalospyris anthemis_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, spinulate, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular,
roundish pores. Basal plate with four large pores of equal size. Apical
horn conical, twice as long as the shell. Feet twenty to thirty, laminated
and truncate, as long as the shell, divergent.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; horn 0.1 long, feet 0.6 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


9. _Petalospyris tessaromma_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, with slight sagittal stricture and few small pores; on
each side of the stricture four larger, square, annular pores. Basal plate
with four large collar pores (two larger cardinal and two smaller jugular
pores). Horn and feet conical, about half as long as the shell. Feet twenty
to twenty-five, slightly curved, convergent.

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.08; horn and feet 0.04.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.



Subgenus 4. _Petalospyromma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal plate with numerous (six or more) collar pores,
commonly three or four larger central, and six to twelve smaller peripheral
pores.


10. _Petalospyris novena_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 12).

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture and
irregular, roundish pores. Basal plate with nine pores (three large primary
and three alternate pairs of small secondary pores). Nine long
corresponding feet, twice to four times as long as the shell (three very
thick primary, and three alternate pairs of thin secondary feet). All feet
cylindrical, curved, widely divergent. Horn conical.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.15 to 0.25.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Cocos Islands), Rabbe, surface.


11. _Petalospyris argiscus_, Ehrenberg.

  _Petalospyris argiscus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xxii. figs. 1, 2.

  _Petalospyris argiscus_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. p. 539, Taf. xxxii. fig. 17, _a_, _b_.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture and
irregular, roundish pores. Basal plate with nine pores (three larger
central and three alternate pairs of smaller peripheral pores).
{1063}Apical horn slender, spindle-shaped, about as long as the shell.
Twenty to twenty-five feet, of the same length, broad, lamellar and
truncate, nearly vertical, slightly divergent.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.1 broad; horn and feet 0.05 to 0.07 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


12. _Petalospyris papillata_, n. sp.

Shell nearly cubical, papillate, without external sagittal stricture, with
small, irregular, roundish pores. Basal plate with six pores (three larger
and three alternate smaller). Apical horn conical, half as long as the
shell. Feet twenty to thirty, one-half to one-third as long, conical,
divergent.

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.09; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.03 to 0.05 long.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.


13. _Petalospyris dictyocubus_, n. sp. (Pl. 86, fig. 6).

Shell nearly cubical, smooth, without external stricture, but with a
complete, parietal, square, sagittal ring. On each side of the ring four
pairs of larger pores, whilst the lateral pores are smaller and more
numerous. Basal plate also with four pairs of larger pores and smaller
lateral pores. Apical horn and basal feet short, pyramidal, scarcely
one-fourth as long as the shell. The three primary feet are larger than the
six to nine secondary feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.08; horn and feet 0.02 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.


14. _Petalospyris bellidiastrum_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture and
irregular, roundish pores. Basal plate with twelve pores (four central
larger and eight peripheral smaller pores). Apical horn slender, conical,
about as long as the shell (sometimes ramified at the distal end). Feet
sixteen to twenty, broadly lamellar, truncate, divergent, about as long as
the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.1 broad; horn and feet 0.07 to 0.09 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


15. _Petalospyris dinoceras_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 12).

Shell nut-shaped, mammillate, without external stricture, but with complete
external sagittal ring. Pores subregular, circular. Basal plate with four
large central pores, surrounded by a circle of twelve to twenty small
peripheral pores. Apical horn very large, spindle-shaped, one and a half
times as long as the shell. Feet twenty-five to thirty, broadly lamellar,
truncate, divergent, about as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 long, 0.13 broad; horn 0.15 long, feet 0.09 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


{1064}16. _Petalospyris furcata_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with sharp sagittal stricture. Pores numerous,
small, and circular; no larger annular pores. Basal plate with four larger
and four alternate pairs of smaller pores. Horn conical, about as long as
the shell. Feet fifteen to twenty, broadly lamellar, about twice as long as
the shell, in the distal half forked.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.04 long, 0.06 broad; horn 0.05 long, feet 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


17. _Petalospyris lobata_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 13).

Shell subspherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores small,
roundish; on each side of the ring two pairs of larger annular pores. Basal
plate with four pores. Horn stout, three-sided prismatic, half as long as
the shell. Feet twelve to sixteen, lamellar, lobate (the most part with
three lobes), nearly vertical, about as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.05; horn 0.03, feet 0.05 long.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.



Genus 464. _Anthospyris_,[82] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with numerous (seven to nine or more) basal
feet and three coryphal horns.

The genus _Anthospyris_ differs from the preceding _Petalospyris_, its
ancestral form, in the possession of three horns on the coryphal face (one
odd middle apical horn and two paired frontal horns, one on each side). The
former therefore bears to the latter the same relation that _Triceraspyris_
does to _Tripospyris_ and _Liriospyris_ to _Hexaspyris._


1. _Anthospyris mammillata_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 16).

Shell nut-shaped, mammillate, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular,
polygonal pores. Basal plate with two large ovate pores (?). The pediculate
apical horn and the two frontal horns stout and short, conical, twice to
three times as large as the conical papillae of the surface. Feet twelve to
fifteen, lanceolate lamellar, pointed, divergent, about as long as the
shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; horns 0.03, feet 0.04 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


{1065}2. _Anthospyris spathulata_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 15).

Shell subspherical, thorny, with slight sagittal stricture and irregular,
roundish pores. Basal plate with three large pores. The three horns
spindle-shaped, half as long as the ten to twelve thin feet, which are
pediculate, shovel-shaped, a little divergent, and shorter than the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 diameter; horn 0.02 long, feet 0.04 long.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 250, depth 3050 fathoms.


3. _Anthospyris diaboliscus_, Haeckel.

  _Petalospyris diaboliscus_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig.
  12; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 3.

Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and small circular
pores. Basal plate with four large pores. Apical horn straight conical,
frontal horns curved laterally. Feet nine to twelve, of about the same
length as the horns and the shell, broad lamelliform, truncate, nearly
vertical, slightly curved.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.04 long, 0.07 broad; horns and feet 0.05 to 0.07
long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Anthospyris arachnoides_, Haeckel.

  _Petalospyris arachnoides_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 294,
  Taf. xii. fig. 7.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture and
irregular, polygonal pores. Basal plate with four large pores (?). Apical
horn straight, conical, longer than the two curved lateral horns. Feet ten,
slender, S-shaped, widely divergent, about as long as the shell is broad.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; horns 0.03 to 0.05 long, feet
0.08 long.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), Atlantic, Station 354, surface.


5. _Anthospyris aculeata_, n. sp. (Pl. 86, fig. 5).

Shell campanulate, spiny, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular,
roundish pores. On each side of the stricture three pairs of larger annular
pores. Basal plate with two large square pores. The three horns of the same
size as, and similar form to, the ten to fifteen feet, slender pyramidal,
straight, divergent, about half as long as the shell. (This species is very
variable and closely allied to _Ceratospyris_.)

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.08 to 0.12; horns and feet 0.04 to 0.06
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, surface.


6. _Anthospyris doronicum_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 18).

Shell nut-shaped, spiny, with a deep sagittal stricture and small circular
pores. On each side of the stricture two pairs of very large square annular
pores. Basal plate with four larger collar {1066}pores and a corona of
numerous small peripheral pores. Three horns spindle-shaped, divergent,
about half as long as the shell. Feet twenty-five to thirty, broad,
lamellar, lanceolate, pointed, divergent, nearly as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.13 broad; horns 0.06, feet 0.09 long.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 296, depth 1825 fathoms.


7. _Anthospyris tragopogon_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 17).

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with distinct sagittal stricture and small
regular circular pores. Basal plate with numerous small pores. Apical horn
very large, spindle-shaped, twice as long as the shell; frontal horns
small, scarcely one-fourth as long, curved laterally. Feet twenty-five to
thirty, three to four times as long as the shell, lamellar, lanceolate,
pointed, parallel, vertical.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.11 broad; apical horn 0.16, feet 0.2
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.



Genus 465. _Ceratospyris_,[83] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with numerous (seven to twelve or more) basal
feet and numerous coryphal horns.

The genus _Ceratospyris_ differs from all the other Zygospyrida in the
possession of numerous large spines on the surface of the shell, which
usually exhibits only a small number of large pores or meshes. The lower
spines which cover the inferior or basal face of the shell (usually nine to
twelve or more) may be compared to the descending "basal feet" of the other
Zygospyrida; the upper spines, however, which cover the superior or
coryphal face (usually six to nine, rarely more), may be regarded as
"coryphal horns." In many species of this genus the lattice-work of the
shell is of a peculiar loose kind, with few large meshes, resembling the
wicker-work of the Plectanida.



Subgenus 1. _Lophospyris_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.

_Definition._--Spines simple, not branched. Meshes of the shell usually
polygonal, or roundish with polygonal frames. Bars of the network
prismatic.


1. _Ceratospyris polygona_, n. sp. (Pl. 86, fig. 1).

Shell polyhedral, with deep sagittal stricture, studded with twenty-four to
thirty long simple straight slender pyramidal spines, which are as long as
the shell or longer. All pores large, polygonal. On the frontal and the
occipital face two pairs of very large pores only, the superior
{1067}pentagonal, larger than the inferior tetragonal. Basal plate with two
triangular pores. Bars of the loose framework three-sided prismatic, thin.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; spines 0.06 to 0.12 long.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface.


2. _Ceratospyris pentagona_, Ehrenberg.

  _Ceratospyris pentagona_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 287, Taf. x. fig. 15.

Shell polyhedral, with slight sagittal stricture, studded with twenty-four
to thirty small simple conical spines, which are shorter than one-fourth of
the shell. Most pores pentagonal. On the frontal and the occipital face two
pairs of large pores only, the superior smaller than the inferior. Basal
plate with four quadrangular pores. Bars of the network prismatic, thin.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.11 broad; spines 0.01 to 0.02 long.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface.


3. _Ceratospyris allmersii_, n. sp. (Pl. 86, fig. 3).

Shell polyhedral, with slight sagittal stricture, studded with thirty to
forty prismatic spines which are not longer than half the shell. Most pores
pentagonal. On the frontal face two, on the occipital three pairs of larger
pores; the inferior the largest. Basal plate with two rhomboidal pores (?).
Bars of the network three-sided prismatic, thin. Dedicated to my dear
friend, the excellent poet and naturalist, Hermann Allmers, of
Rechtenfleth.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; spines 0.01 to 0.03.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


4. _Ceratospyris mulderi_, n. sp. (Pl. 86, fig. 4).

Shell polyhedral, with deep sagittal stricture, studded with fifty to
seventy prismatic spines; two inferior (pectoral) spines about as long as
the shell, the others much shorter. Pores polygonal. On the frontal and the
occipital face one pair of very large pores. Basal plate with two
distinctly hexagonal pores. Bars of the loose network prismatic. Dedicated
to my dear friend, the excellent author and painter, Ludwig Mulder, of the
Hague.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.12 broad; spines 0.01 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Sunda Straits (Rabbe), surface.


5. _Ceratospyris strasburgeri_, n. sp. (Pl. 86, fig. 2).

Shell polyhedral, with slight sagittal stricture, studded with thirty to
forty prismatic spines, which are about half as long as the shell (two or
four inferior are longer). Pores roundish, with polygonal frames. On the
frontal and occipital face two pairs of larger pores (the superior
{1068}smaller). Basal plate with two large pentagonal pores. Bars of the
network prismatic. Dedicated to my dear friend, the celebrated botanist,
Professor Eduard Strasburger, of Bonn.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.1 broad; spines 0.02 to 0.04.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475.


6. _Ceratospyris muelleri_, Stoehr.

  _Ceratospyris muelleri_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. Taf. iii.
  fig. 15.

Shell polyhedral, with slight collar stricture, studded with forty to fifty
pyramidal spines, shorter than half the shell. Pores circular, with
pentagonal frames of the same breadth, all nearly of equal size. (Basal
plate with four pores?) Bars of the network prismatic. Dedicated to
Johannes Mueller.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.1 broad; spines 0.01 to 0.03.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte (Stoehr).


7. _Ceratospyris krausei_, n. sp. (Pl. 86, fig. 10).

Shell nut-shaped, with deep sagittal stricture, studded with forty to fifty
strong conical spines; six basal spines as long as the shell and two to
three times as long as the others. Pores roundish polygonal, twice to three
times as broad as the bars; two pairs of larger pores on each side of the
ring. (Basal plate with four large pores?) Bars of the network rounded,
thick. Dedicated to my dear friend, the excellent author, Ernst Krause
(Carus Sterne), of Berlin.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; spines 0.03 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), Station 206, depth
2100 fathoms.


8. _Ceratospyris preyeri_, n. sp. (Pl. 86, fig. 9).

Shell nut-shaped, with slight sagittal stricture, studded with ten to
twelve longer club-shaped spines (about as long as the shell) and numerous
smaller conical spines. Pores irregular, roundish, numerous; two pairs of
larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with four large pores.
Bars of the network rounded. Dedicated to my honoured friend and colleague,
the celebrated investigator of psychical ontogeny, Professor William
Preyer, of Jena.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad; spines 0.02 to 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


9. _Ceratospyris echinus_, Ehrenberg.

  _Ceratospyris echinus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx, fig. 12.

Shell subspherical, with slight sagittal stricture, studded with numerous
conical curved spines; six basal and one apical spine are larger than the
others, about as long as the shell. Pores numerous, small, circular. Basal
plate with numerous pores. Bars of the network roundish.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; spines 0.02 to 0.05 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



{1069}Subgenus 2. _Cladospyris_, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--Spines forked or branched. Meshes roundish or polygonal.


10. _Ceratospyris ramosa_, Ehrenberg.

  _Ceratospyris ramosa_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xx. fig. 7.

  _Cladospyris ramosa_, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

Shell nut-shaped, with slight sagittal stricture, studded with numerous
conical, irregularly branched spines. The largest about as long as the
shell. Pores irregular, roundish; on each side of the ring two pairs of
larger pores. Basal plate with four pores. Bars of the network roundish.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; spines 0.02 to 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


11. _Ceratospyris carnerii_, n. sp. (Pl. 86, fig. 11).

Shell nut-shaped, with sharp sagittal stricture, studded with numerous
pyramidal spines; two basal spines are larger, as long as the shell, and
irregularly branched. Pores polygonal; on each side of the ring three pairs
of larger pores. Basal plate with four large pores. Dedicated to my dear
friend, the excellent monistic philosopher, B. von Carneri.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.12 broad; spines 0.02 to 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


12. _Ceratospyris calorrhiza_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 19).

Shell nut-shaped, with deep sagittal stricture, studded with numerous
conical strong spines, about one-fourth as long as the shell. Basal spines
irregularly branched, with root-like ends. Pores irregular, roundish, some
larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with four larger pores.
Bars of the network roundish.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.14 broad; spines 0.02 to 0.04 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.



Genus 466. _Gorgospyris_,[84] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# with numerous (seven to twelve or more) basal
feet, without coryphal horns.

The genus _Gorgospyris_ agrees with the three preceding genera in the
possession of numerous basal feet, but differs from them in the complete
absence of any horns on the coryphal face. It represents therefore the
"hornless polypedal Zygospyrida," and may {1070}be derived from
_Petalospyris_ by loss of the original apical horn. The feet are commonly
numerous, and often form a circle around the margin of the basal plate,
similar to the circle of tentacles in many Medusae (Gorgon).



Subgenus 1. _Gorgospyrium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet simple, not branched.


1. _Gorgospyris medusa_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 1).

Shell hemispherical, papillate, with slight sagittal stricture and
subregular circular pores. Basal plate with three large collar pores (by
mistake not correctly represented in the figure). Ten to twelve slender
feet, twice as long as the shell, strongly curved and divergent, of equal
length.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


2. _Gorgospyris medusetta_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 2).

Shell misshaped, smooth, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular,
roundish pores. Basal plate with three large collar pores, alternating with
three pairs of smaller pores. Sixteen to twenty slender feet, about as long
as the shell, slightly curved and divergent, of nearly equal length.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.05 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Gorgospyris ehrenbergii_, Haeckel.

  _Petalospyris pentas_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 11.

Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and unequal
circular pores. Basal plate with three large central pores, alternating
with three pairs of smaller pores, and with a peripheral circle of smaller
pores. Twenty-four to thirty short truncated feet, shorter than half the
shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; feet 0.02 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Gorgospyris polypus_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 3).

Shell hemispherical, papillate, with slight sagittal stricture and
subregular circular pores. Basal plate with four larger and four
alternating smaller pores. Feet sixteen to twenty, slender, carved,
divergent; four primary feet larger, twice to three times as long as the
shell and the other feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.1 broad; feet 0.1 to 0.2 long.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


{1071}5. _Gorgospyris eurycolpos_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 5).

Shell nut-shaped, rough, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular,
roundish pores; two to three pairs of larger annular pores on each side of
the stricture. Basal plate with four large collar pores. Feet eight, short,
triangular, vertical, about one-fourth as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.13 broad; feet 0.02 long.

_Habits._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.


6. _Gorgospyris liriope_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 6).

Shell nut-shaped, thorny, with sharp sagittal stricture and irregular,
roundish pores. Two pairs of larger annular pores on each side of the ring.
Basal plate with two very large circular pores only. Eight to ten short
feet vertical, about one-fourth as long as the shell, with an elegant
papillate knob at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.1 broad; feet 0.02 long.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 323, depth 1900 fathoms.


7. _Gorgospyris lamellosa_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate
with four larger and four alternate pairs of smaller pores. Feet fifteen to
twenty-five, broad, lamellar, vertical, truncate, about as long as the
shell, of irregular size and form, very variable.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.1 broad; feet 0.05 to 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Thamnospyris_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.

_Definition._--Feet divided or branched.


8. _Gorgospyris schizopodia_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 4).

Shell hemispherical, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture and small
regular, circular pores. Basal plate with four large central and a circle
of small pores. Feet fifteen to twenty, broad, lamellar, confluent at the
base, about as long as the shell, irregularly divided or forked.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.05 to 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


9. _Gorgospyris thamnopodia_, n. sp.

  _Thamnospyris thamnopodia_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 143.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture and irregular,
roundish pores. Basal plate with numerous small pores. Feet twenty to
thirty, slender, curved, divergent, twice to three times as long as the
shell, irregularly branched.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; feet 0.15 to 0.25 long.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.



{1072}Subfamily 8. CIRCOSPYRIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# apoda, without descending basal feet.



Genus 467. _Circospyris_,[85] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 444.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# without basal feet, with an apical horn.

The genus _Circospyris_ and the following closely allied genus
_Dictyospyris_ represent together the small subfamily Circospyrida,
differing from all other Zygospyrida in the absence of feet on the basal
face. They have probably arisen from the Tripospyrida (_Tripospyris_) by
reduction and loss of the feet (in the same way as the eradiate #Cyrtoidea#
from the triradiate). But it is also possible that many of the Circospyrida
(if not all) are derived directly from the Semantida (_Clathrocircus_) by
the closing of the two lateral openings and by completing the framework.


1. _Circospyris nucula_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 13).

Shell nut-shaped, compressed, smooth, with prominent sagittal ring. On each
side of the ring three to four pairs of very large annular polygonal pores.
Lateral pores small and numerous, roundish. Basal plate with two large
pores only. Horn slender, conical, shorter than half the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 long, 0.13 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


2. _Circospyris gigas_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyospyris gigas_, Ehrenberg, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.
  68, Taf. xix. fig. 6.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with distinct sagittal stricture. On each
side of the ring four pairs of larger annular pores. Lateral pores
roundish, smaller. Basal plate with four large central and a circle of
eight to twelve smaller peripheral pores. Horn cylindrical, about half as
long as the shell (in the inverted figure of Ehrenberg directed downwards).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.15 to 0.2 broad; horn 0.05 to 0.08
long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Circospyris tridentata_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyospyris tridentata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xix. fig. 10, _a_, _b_.

Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with sharp sagittal stricture. On each side of
the ring two pairs of large annular pores. Lateral pores roundish, smaller.
Basal plate with six large pores. Horn slender, cylindrical, about as long
as the shell, with three sharp teeth at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.03 long, 0.05 broad; horn 0.03 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



{1073}Genus 468. _Dictyospyris_,[86] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k.
preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Zygospyrida# without basal feet, and without coryphal
horns.

The genus _Dictyospyris_, the last and simplest of the twenty-eight genera
of Zygocyrtida, may be regarded either as a primordial ancestral form of
this large family, or more probably as the last and most reduced form of
it. In the former case the total absence of coryphal horns and basal feet
is primary, in the latter case secondary, effected by phylogenetic
reduction and loss. But it is also possible that in one part of the
numerous species of this genus the former case, and in another the latter
takes place, and that one part of _Dictyospyris_ may be directly developed
from the Semantida or Coronida (the lattice shell becoming complete),
another part arising from the Tripospyrida or Dipospyrida (the horns and
feet becoming lost).



Subgenus 1. _Dictyospyrantha_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal plate with two large pores only (the primary jugular
pores of _Semantis_).


1. _Dictyospyris distoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 89, figs. 11, 12).

Shell nut-shaped, smooth, or somewhat tuberculate, with deep sagittal
stricture. Pores not numerous, large, roundish-polygonal; three pairs of
large annular pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with two very
large pentagonal roundish collar pores.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.


2. _Dictyospyris stalactites_, n. sp. (Pl. 89, fig. 7).

Shell nut-shaped, covered with irregular ramified tubercles (like
stalactites), with deep sagittal stricture. Pores not numerous, large,
irregular, roundish. Two pairs of large triangular pores on each side of
the ring (the inferior larger). Basal plate with two very large
semicircular collar pores.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


{1074}3. _Dictyospyris biloba_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores very
numerous, small, circular. No larger pores on either side of the ring.
Basal plate with two very large circular pores, surrounded by a circle of
smaller pores.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Dictyospyrella_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal plate with three large collar pores (two paired
posterior cardinal pores and an odd anterior sternal pore).


4. _Dictyospyris triomma_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores not numerous,
large, polygonal roundish, two pairs of very large annular pores on each
side of the ring. Basal plate with three large triangular pores. No free
internal procolumella.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Zanzibar (Pullen), depth 2200 fathoms.


5. _Dictyospyris tristoma_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyospyris tristoma_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xix. fig. 9.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores
numerous, irregular, roundish. Three pairs of larger annular pores on each
side of the ring. Basal plate with three large semi-circular pores (the
sternal odd pore apparently halved by an internal free procolumella).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados and Sicily (Caltanisetta).


6. _Dictyospyris triloba_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyospyris triloba_, Ehrenberg, 1876, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xix. fig. 8.

Shell nut-shaped, spinulate, without external stricture, but with a
complete internal sagittal ring. Pores numerous, subregular circular; no
larger annular pores. Basal plate with three large, heart-shaped two-lobed
collar pores.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1075}7. _Dictyospyris gigas_, Buetschli.

  _Dictyospyris gigas_, Buetschli, 1880, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi., p. 539, Taf. xxxii. fig. 14_a_, 14_b_.

Shell subspherical, smooth, with a half (ventral) sagittal stricture, and a
nearly complete internal ring. Pores very numerous and small, circular. No
larger annular pores. Basal plate with three large collar pores (the
sternal odd pore apparently divided into two jugular pores by the visible
free procolumella.) (Compare _Circospyris gigas_, p. 1072 = _Dictyospyris
gigas_, Ehrenberg).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.14 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 3. _Dictyospyrissa_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal plate with four large collar pores (two larger
posterior cardinal and two smaller anterior jugular pores).


8. _Dictyospyris fenestra_, Ehrenberg.

  Dictyospyris fenestra, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xix. fig. 11.

Shell nearly cubical, smooth, without external sagittal stricture. Internal
sagittal ring complete. Pores small, roundish; on each side of the ring two
crossed pairs of large, square, equal, annular pores. Basal plate also with
four longer pores of nearly equal size.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


9. _Dictyospyris tetrastoma_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyospyris tetrastoma_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xix. fig. 12.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with slight sagittal stricture. Pores
numerous, irregular, roundish. No larger annular pores. Basal plate with
four large ovate collar pores (the two cardinal twice as large as the two
jugular pores).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; also fossil in
Barbados and Sicily.


10. _Dictyospyris spinulosa_, Ehrenberg.

  Dictyospyris spinulosa, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xix. fig. 13.

  ? _Ceratospyris borealis_, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. of Science and
  Arts, vol. xxii. pl. i. fig. 3.

Shell nut-shaped, spinulate, without external stricture, with an internal
free sagittal ring. Pores numerous, irregular, roundish; on each side of
the ring two pairs of very large square pores. Basal plate with four large
collar pores.

{1076}_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750
fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.


11. _Dictyospyris mammillaris_, n. sp. (Pl. 89, figs. 9, 10).

Shell mammillate, nut-shaped, with deep sagittal stricture. Mammillae of
the surface hemispherical, with a conical apex. Pores not numerous, large,
roundish. Two pairs of large pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate
with four large pores.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


12. _Dictyospyris anthophora_, n. sp. (Pl. 89, fig. 8).

Shell tuberculate, nut-shaped, nearly cubical, without external sagittal
strictures. Pores not numerous, large, polygonally roundish. Bars between
them compressed, elevated, with large, campanulate or flower-like tubercles
on the nodal points. Basal plate with four large pores.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.09 broad.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 349, depth 2450 fathoms.


13. _Dictyospyris quadriloba_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores numerous,
small, circular, on each side of the ring three to four times as large as
on the lateral sides. Basal plate with four very large collar pores and a
circle of twenty to twenty-five very small peripheral pores.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.11 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


14. _Dictyospyris messanensis_, J. Mueller.

  _Dictyospyris messanensis_, J. Mueller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 46, Taf. ii. fig. 8.

  _Dictyospyris messanensis_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 291.

Shell nut-shaped, spinulate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores numerous
and small, irregular roundish. No larger annular pores on the sides of the
ring. Basal plate with four large, nearly equal, pear-shaped collar pores.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean; Messina, surface.



Subgenus 4. _Dictyospyromma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal plate with six or more collar pores.


{1077}15. _Dictyospyris hexastoma_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, tuberculate, with deep sagittal stricture. Pores small,
irregular, roundish. Three pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring.
Basal plate with six large pores; the middle pair (cardinal) twice as large
as the anterior (jugular) and the posterior (cervical).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


16. _Dictyospyris enneastoma_, n. sp.

Shell ellipsoidal, smooth, without external sagittal stricture, but with an
internal free sagittal ring. Pores small and numerous, regular, circular.
No larger annular pores. Basal plate with nine pores, three larger
interradial alternating with three pairs of adradial.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.11 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.


17. _Dictyospyris polystoma_, n. sp.

Shell nut-shaped, mammillate, with distinct sagittal stricture. Pores small
and numerous, irregular, on each side of the ring three to five times as
large as on the lateral sides. Basal plate with twelve large pores (four
central and four alternate pairs of peripheral).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.14 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.



Family LIII. #THOLOSPYRIDA#, n. fam.

(Pl. 87, figs. 7-10; Pl. 89, figs. 1-4; Pl. 95, figs. 14-16).

_Definition._--#Spyroidea# with a galea, but without thorax; the shell
being composed of the bilocular cephalis and of an aboral cupola or galea
arising from its coryphal face.

The family #Tholospyrida# differs from the preceding Zygospyrida, its
ancestral group, in the development of a galea, _i.e._, a fenestrated
hemispherical or dome-shaped cupola, which covers the upper face of the
cephalis like a cap.

Only three species of this family have been hitherto described:
_Pylospyris_ (or _Spyridobotrys_) _trinacria_, figured in my Monograph
(1862), _Pylospyris_ (or _Lithopera_) _denticulata_, figured by Ehrenberg
(1872), and _Lophospyris_ (or _Ceratospyris_) _acuminata_, figured by
Hertwig (1879). Fourteen new species have been found in the collection of
the Challenger, which we dispose here among five genera. These may be
derived from corresponding genera of Zygospyrida by the development of a
galea.

{1078}The number and disposition of the terminal feet around the basal
plate do not vary so much in the Tholospyrida as in the Zygospyrida. We
find here only one genus with three feet, _Tholospyris_ (corresponding to
_Tripospyris_); one genus with two lateral feet, _Lophospyris_
(corresponding to _Dipospyris_); and two genera with numerous feet, the
horned _Sepalospyris_ and the hornless _Tiarospyris_ (the former
corresponding to _Petalospyris_, the latter to _Gorgospyris_). The fifth
genus (_Pylospyris_) has no feet at all, and may be derived from
_Circospyris_ among the Zygospyrida.

The cephalis exhibits in the Tholospyrida the same typical structure which
we have described above of all #Spyroidea# (compare p. 1017). The cupola or
galea, arising from its upper face, seems to be a secondary production,
perhaps caused by an apical growth of the central capsule, or in other
cases by descending branches of the apical horn, which cover the apical
face of the calymma with protecting network.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Tholospyrida._

                              {Three basal feet (two
  I. Subfamily Lophospyrida.  { paired pectoral and
  Two or three basal (cortinar{ an odd caudal),        469. _Tholospyris_.
    feet). Galea with a horn. {
                              {Two paired basal
                              { (pectoral) feet,       470. _Lophospyris_.

  II. Subfamily Tiarospyrida. }Galea with a horn,      471. _Sepalospyris_.
  Numerous basal feet in a    }
   corona (six to nine        }Galea without a horn,   472. _Tiarospyris_.
    or more).                 }

  III. Subfamily Pylospyrida. }Galea with a horn,      473. _Pylospyris_.
  No basal feet.              }



Genus 469. _Tholospyris_,[87] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.

_Definition._--#Tholospyrida# with three basal feet and an apical horn.

The genus _Tholospyris_ is probably the common ancestral form of the
Tholospyrida, and has arisen from _Tripospyris_ by development of a galea
or cupola; this is composed of the apical horn, the lateral branches of
which become connected with lateral spines arising from the coryphal face
of the cephalis, and of lattice-work developed between the former and the
latter. The three descending feet of the basal face are the typical
cortinar feet (one odd caudal and two paired pectoral), the same as in the
old ancestral genera _Cortina_, _Plagoniscus_, _Tripospyris_, &c.



Subgenus 1. _Tholospyrium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal feet simple, neither forked nor branched.


{1079}1. _Tholospyris tripodiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 89, fig. 1).

Shell campanulate, smooth, as broad as long, with deep sagittal stricture.
Cephalis compressed, with irregular roundish pores; two or three pairs of
larger annular pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with four large
pores. Galea with two very large opposite holes (an occipital and a frontal
opening). A slender free perpendicular columella connects the uppermost
part of the sagittal ring with the strong three-sided pyramidal apical
horn. All three feet of equal length, half as long as the ring,
three-sided, prismatic, divergent, with three dentated edges.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.13 diameter, ring 0.08 long, feet 0.05 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


2. _Tholospyris fenestrata_, n. sp. (Pl. 89, fig. 2).

Shell roundish polyhedral, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture. Cephalis
nearly cubical, with irregularly roundish pores; two or three pairs of
larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with two very large
pores. Galea pyramidal, with two large occipital holes. Columella enclosed
in the dorsal wall of the galea, prolonged into an oblique pyramidal spine
of the same length. Two pectoral feet pyramidal, nearly vertical and as
long as the ring, twice as long as the caudal foot.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 diameter, ring 0.07, pectoral feet 0.05 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Tholospyris galeata_, n. sp.

Shell helmet-shaped, thorny, with deep sagittal stricture. Cephalis
campanulate, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with three large
pores. Galea hemispherical, separated from the cephalis by a sharp
horizontal stricture; pores smaller. A slender free columella connects the
apex of the ring with the strong conical apical horn, which is half as long
as the ring. All three feet of equal length, divergent conical, as long as
the horn.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.14 diameter, ring 0.09 long, feet 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Tholospyridium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Basal feet forked or branched.


4. _Tholospyris ramosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 89, fig. 3).

Shell helmet-shaped, smooth, with deep sagittal stricture. Cephalis nearly
spherical, with irregularly polygonal pores; four or five pairs of larger
annular pores on each side of the strong angular ring. Cupola flat,
conical, with two pairs of larger pores. Columella enclosed in its dorsal
wall, {1080}bearing an irregularly branched horn. Caudal foot short
conical, simple. Two pectoral feet half as long as the shell, angular,
subvertical, irregularly branched.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.15 diameter, ring 0.1 long, pectoral feet 0.07 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


5. _Tholospyris cupola_, n. sp. (Pl. 89, fig. 4).

Shell pear-shaped or cupola-shaped, smooth, with slight sagittal stricture.
Cephalis not distinctly separated from the galea, as the ring in the
uppermost part of the shell-wall becomes obliterated. Pores irregularly
polygonal, small and numerous. Basal plate with four large pores. Apical
horn and the three divergent feet, irregularly branched; feet nearly as
long as the shell, about four times as long as the horn.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.14 diameter, ring 0.1 long, feet 0.12 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 470. _Lophospyris_,[88] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443 (_sensu
emendato_).

_Definition._--#Tholospyrida# with two lateral basal feet and an apical
horn.

The genus _Lophospyris_ differs from the preceding _Tholospyris_, its
probable ancestral form, in the absence of the caudal foot, and therefore
bears to it the same relation that _Dipospyris_ does to _Tripospyris_. The
two pectoral feet are alone developed and are placed opposite in the
frontal plane. _Lophospyris_ may also be derived from _Dipospyris_ by the
formation of a galea.


1. _Lophospyris dipodiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 14).

Shell ovate, spinulate, with sharp transverse coronal constriction. Cupola
hemispherical, half as large as the nut-shaped cephalis. Pores irregularly
roundish, much larger on the sagittal constriction. Apical horn pyramidal,
about half as long as the shell. Two lateral feet cylindrical, strongly
curved, about as long as the shell, with some irregular branches; together
forming a nearly complete circle.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.08 broad; ring 0.04 long, feet 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


2. _Lophospyris acuminata_, Haeckel.

  _Ceratospyris acuminata_, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 70,
  Taf. vii. fig. 2.

Shell campanulate, smooth, without external transverse stricture. Cupola
conical, half as long and broad as the nut-shaped cephalis. Pores
irregularly roundish, on each side of the sagittal {1081}strictures much
larger. Basal plate with four large triangular pores. Apical horn slender,
prismatic; its outer free part of the same length as the inner columella,
and as the two lateral feet, which are curved, shorter than half the ring.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; ring 0.06 long; horn and feet
0.03 long.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Messina (R. Hertwig).


3. _Lophospyris comosa_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, spiny, with deep transverse stricture. Cupola large,
campanulate, nearly as long and two-thirds as broad as the nut-shaped
cephalis. Pores irregular, roundish, of little different size, Basal plate
with numerous (eight to twelve) similar pores. Apical horn large, nearly as
long as the shell, surrounded by a bunch of smaller divergent spines. Two
lateral feet divergent, larger than the shell, cylindrical; at the distal
end irregularly branched, at the base surrounded by some smaller spines.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.15 long, 0.11 broad; ring 0.08 long; feet 0.2 long.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 206, depth 2100 fathoms.



Genus 471. _Sepalospyris_,[89] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.

_Definition._--#Tholospyrida# with numerous basal feet (eight to twelve or
more). Galea with a horn.

The genus _Sepalospyris_ has been derived from the similar _Petalospyris_
by development of a galea or cupola on the coryphal face of the cephalis,
or from _Tholospyris_ by multiplication of the basal feet. The latter (in
the two observed species from twelve to twenty-five) form a regular corona
around the basal plate.


1. _Sepalospyris platyphylla_, n. sp. Pl. 95, fig. 15.

Shell ovate, rough, with sharp transverse stricture. Cupola with delicate
network, hemispherical, about two-thirds as long and broad as the
nut-shaped thorax. Pores of the latter irregular, roundish; two or three
pairs of large pores on each side of the sagittal stricture. Apical horn
conical, half as long as the shell. Basal coronet with twelve to fifteen
broad, lamellar, truncate, vertical feet, somewhat shorter than the
cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.13 broad; ring 0.06 long; horn 0.04; feet
0.05 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Sepalospyris polyphylla_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, rough, with deep transverse stricture. Cupola
hemispherical, about one-third as long and broad as the nut-shaped thorax.
Pores irregular, roundish, a little different in {1082}size. Apical horn
pyramidal, about as long an the shell. Basal coronet with twenty to
twenty-five slender, lamellar, pointed, vertical feet, longer than the
shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 long, 0.12 broad; ring 0.07 long; horn 0.1; feet
0.12 to 0.18 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



Genus 472. _Tiarospyris_,[90] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.

_Definition._--#Tholospyrida# with numerous basal feet (eight to twelve or
more). Galea without a horn.

The genus _Tiarospyris_ has probably been derived from the preceding
_Sepalospyris_ by reduction and loss of the free apical horn; it therefore
bears to it the same relation that the similar _Gorgospyris_ does to
_Petalospyris_.


1. _Tiarospyris pervia_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 7).

Shell nut-shaped, smooth, with deep sagittal stricture. Cephalis on the
lateral sides with numerous small roundish pores, on each side of the ring
with a pair of very large holes. Basal plate with two large collar pores.
Cupola flat, cap-shaped, with two large parietal pores above the ring.
Coronet with eight conical, slightly divergent feet, about one-fourth as
long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.1 broad; ring 0.06 long; feet 0.02 long.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Tiarospyris galea_, n. sp.

Shell helmet-shaped, with deep sagittal stricture. Cephalis with irregular,
polygonal pores; on each side of the ring two pairs of larger annular
pores. Basal plate with four large pores. Cupola high, conical, nearly as
long as the cephalis, separated from it by a distinct coronal stricture.
Basal coronet with twelve to sixteen slender curved divergent feet, nearly
as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.16 long, 0.12 broad; ring 0.1 long; feet 0.15 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Tiarospyris mitra_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, figs. 9, 10).

Shell subspherical, smooth. Cephalis on the lateral sides with small
roundish, double-contoured pores, on each side of the ring with three to
five pairs of larger pores, each of which is closed by a thin fenestrated
lamella (different on the frontal face, fig. 9, and the dorsal face, fig.
10). Cupola flat, cap-shaped, separated by a distinct coronal stricture,
with similar pores. Basal coronet with, ten to twelve short conical
convergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 long, 0.12 broad; ring 0.04 long; feet 0.02 long.

_Habitat._--West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


{1083}4. _Tiarospyris amphora_, n. sp. (Pl. 87, fig. 8).

Shell amphora-shaped, in the upper half smooth, in the lower spiny, without
external sagittal stricture. Cephalis subspherical with a small number of
irregular, large, roundish pores, which are closed by a thin fenestrated
lamella. Cupola flat, cap-shaped, with numerous small pores. Base covered
with numerous conical divergent feet of different sizes, the largest
one-third as long as the shell. Internal sagittal ring ovate, nearly free.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.14 long, 0.13 broad; ring 0.1 long; feet 0.04 long.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.



Genus 473. _Pylospyris_,[91] Haeckel, 1881 Prodromus, p. 443.

_Definition._--#Tholospyrida# without basal feet, with an apical horn.

The genus _Pylospyris_ was first known from a Mediterranean species, called
by me, in 1862, _Spyridobotrys trinacria_. As this name was given
erroneously, on the supposition of a near relation to the Botryodea (=
Polycyrtida), I changed it afterwards to _Pylospyris_. This genus differs
from the other Tholospyrida in the total absence of basal feet, and may
therefore be derived either from them by reduction of the feet, or from
_Dictyospyris_ by formation of a galea.


1. _Pylospyris denticulata_, Haeckel.

  _Lithopera denticulata_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 297, Taf. xii. II. fig. 7.

  _Lithobotrys denticulata_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. Akad. Berlin,
  p. 203.

Shell spinulate, with slight coronal and deep sagittal constriction, with
irregular, roundish pores of variable size. Galea hemispherical, about half
as long and broad as the nut-shaped cephalis. No symmetrically disposed
larger pores.

_Dimensions._--Galea 0.04 long, 0.06 broad; cephalis 0.08 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Ehrenberg. (Included in the ice.)


2. _Pylospyris trinacria_, Haeckel.

  _Spyridobotrys trinacria_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 341,
  Taf. xii. figs. 8, 9.

Shell tuberculate, with sharp coronal and sagittal stricture. Galea
campanulate, with very small circular pores, and a short conical apical
horn of the same length. Cephalis nut-shaped, with large, irregular,
roundish pores; two pairs of larger annular pores on each side of the
sagittal ring, also four larger pores in the basal plate.

_Dimensions._--Galea 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; cephalis 0.04 long, 0.07 broad.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Messina, surface.


{1084}3. _Pylospyris canariensis_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 16).

Shell rough, with deep coronal and slight sagittal constriction. Galea
hemispherical, with numerous small irregular, roundish pores, about half as
long as the cephalis, with a slender conical horn of twice the length.
Cephalis nut-shaped, with larger roundish pores of very unequal size, three
pairs of larger pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with two larger
pores.

_Dimensions._--Galea 0.03 long, 0.08 broad; cephalis 0.06 long, 0.11 broad.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Canary Islands, surface.



Family LIV. #PHORMOSPYRIDA#, Haeckel (_sensu emendato_) (Pl. 83, figs.
13-15; Pl. 95, figs. 17-19).

  _Phormospyrida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442.

_Definition._--#Spyroidea# with a thorax, without galea; the shell composed
of the bilocular cephalis and of a simple thorax arising from its basal
face.

The family #Phormospyrida# differs from the Zygospyrida, their ancestral
group, in the development of a thorax, or a second fenestrated shell-joint,
which arises from the lower face of the cephalis. It corresponds,
therefore, to the Dicyrtida among the #Cyrtoidea#, and may perhaps be,
wholly or partially, the ancestral group of the latter. When the sagittal
ring and the longitudinal constriction of the cephalis disappear, the
Phormospyrida pass over into the Dicyrtida.

Only three species of this family have been hitherto known, which were
found fossil in Barbados, and described by Ehrenberg (1875) as _Lithobotrys
stiligera_ and _Petalospyris confluens_, and by Buetschli (1882) as
_Petalospyris anthocyrtoides_. Fifteen other species are found in the
Challenger collection, which we dispose here among five genera.

Two of these five genera (the horned _Acrospyris_ and the hornless
_Phormospyris_) possess the three typical basal feet of _Cortina_ and
_Tripospyris_, and may be derived from these genera by the development of
network between the bases of the feet. The three other genera possess
numerous feet, and may be derived in the same way from the Polyspyrida; the
apical face differs in the three genera, in _Desmospyris_ it is hornless,
in _Patagospyris_ it bears an apical horn, and in Rhodospyris three horns
(an apical and two lateral or frontal).

The cephalis in the Phormospyrida exhibits the same typical structure,
which we have described above, of all #Spyroidea# (compare, p. 1017). The
thorax or the second joint of the shell arises by reticular connection of
the bases of the basal feet, and represents a cylindrical or
truncate-conical joint in the polypodal forms, or a three-sided joint in
the tripodal forms. The terminal aperture or the mouth of the thorax is
constantly open, and surrounded by the free ends of the feet.

{1085}_Synopsis of the Genera of Phormospyrida._

  I. Subfamily Acrospyrida.     }
                                } One apical horn,     474. _Acrospyris_.
  Three basal cortinar feet     }
   (one odd caudal and two      } No apical horn,      475. _Phormospyris_.
    paired pectoral).           }

  II. Subfamily Rhodospyrida.   { One apical horn,     476. _Patagospyris_.
                                {
  Numerous basal feet in a      { Three apical horns,  477. _Rhodospyris_.
   corona (nine to  twelve or   {
    ore.)                       { No apical horn,      478. _Desmospyris_.



Subfamily 1. ACROSPYRIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441 (_sensu
emendato_).

_Definition._--#Phormospyrida# with three basal feet (an odd caudal and two
paired pectoral).



Genus 474. _Acrospyris_,[92] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 441.

_Definition._--#Phormospyrida# with three basal feet and one apical horn.

The genus _Acrospyris_ is probably the oldest and most primitive among the
Phormospyrida, perhaps the original ancestral form of this family. It has
been derived from _Tripospyris_ by the development of lattice-work between
the three basal feet, forming a second joint or thorax. It has also
therefore a close relation to the simplest forms of the triradiate
Dicyrtida: _Dictyophimus_, _Clathrocanium_, &c. It differs from these in
the distinct sagittal constriction of the cephalis, which divides it into
two lateral loculi.


1. _Acrospyris clathrocanium_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 17).

Shell tuberculate, with distinct collar and deep sagittal stricture.
Cephalis nut-shaped, with numerous irregular, roundish pores; three pairs
of larger annular pores on each side of the ring. Basal plate with four
larger pores (two major cardinal and two minor jugular pores). Apical horn
slender, pyramidal, curved, about as long as the shell, with three recurved
short spines. Thorax three-sided, about twice as large as the cephalis,
with three large basal holes and a broad riband with numerous smaller
holes; three ribs between them stout, pyramidal, strongly curved, prolonged
into three convergent crescentic feet.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.08 long, 0.11 broad; thorax 0.14 long, 0.16
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


2. _Acrospyris dictyophimus_, n. sp.

Shell smooth. Cephalis and thorax of nearly the same structure and form as
in the preceding species; it differs from the latter in the shape of the
three stout basal feet, which are {1086}straight, much longer than the
thorax, divergent, and at the broader base irregularly fenestrated, without
three larger holes.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


3. _Acrospyris pyramidalis_, n. sp.

Shell three-sided pyramidal, with slight collar stricture. Cephalis
campanulate, with deep sagittal stricture and stout ring, armed with a
strong pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax shorter and broader,
truncate. Pores irregular, roundish, scarce. Three feet divergent,
three-sided pyramidal, as long as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.02 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Acrospyris macrocephala_, n. sp.

Shell spinulate, with deep sagittal and very deep collar stricture.
Cephalis very large, nut-shaped, twice as long and broad as the small,
truncate, pyramidal thorax. Pores irregular, roundish. Horn spindle-shaped,
nearly as long as the cephalis; the three divergent feet are of the same
form and size as the horn, and arise as three ribs from the deep collar
stricture.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.1 long, 0.15 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.09 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Acrospyris fragilis_, n. sp.

Shell very thin-walled and fragile, with deep sagittal and collar
strictures. Pores very small and numerous, circular. Cephalis nut-shaped,
nearly spherical, with a slender bristle-shaped horn of the same length.
Basal stricture with two large collar pores only (luminella). Thorax nearly
three-sided prismatic, longer than the cephalis, with three parallel ribs,
prolonged into three slender, long, bristle-shaped feet.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, surface.



Genus 475. _Phormospyris_,[93] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 442 (_sensu
emendato_).

_Definition._--#Phormospyrida# with three basal feet, without apical horn.

The genus _Phormospyris_ has been derived from _Acrospyris_, its ancestral
form, by reduction and loss of the apical horn; it therefore bears to the
latter the same relation that _Tristylospyris_ has to the ancestral
_Tripospyris_.


{1087}1. _Phormospyris tricostata_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 15).

Cephalis nut-shaped, thorny, with deep sagittal and collar strictures, half
as large as the pyramidal thorax. Mouth of the latter dilated and ciliated,
twice as broad as the cephalis. Pores irregular, polygonal, with thin bars.
Three cylindrical, straight, divergent ribs descend in the wall of the
thorax, and are prolonged over the mouth into three short conical teeth.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; thorns 0.08 long, 0.16
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


2. _Phormospyris tridentata_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 18).

Cephalis nut-shaped, with deep sagittal and collar strictures, about twice
as large as the thorax. Mouth of the latter half as broad as the cephalis.
Pores very small and numerous, subregular, circular. Collar plate with four
large triangular pores. In the wall of the thorax three vertical prismatic
ribs descend, which are prolonged over the mouth into three parallel feet
of the same length.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; thorns 0.04 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Phormospyris trifoliata_, n. sp.

Cephalis nut-shaped, with deep sagittal and collar strictures, smaller than
the thorax. Mouth of the latter nearly as broad as the cephalis. Pores
circular, double-contoured, larger in the thorax than in the cephalis. The
thorax has no lateral ribs, but bears around the mouth three large
triangular lamellar terminal feet.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.05
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. RHODOSPYRIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Phormospyrida# with a corona of numerous (nine to twelve or
more) basal feet.



Genus 476. _Patagospyris_,[94] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.

_Definition._--#Phormospyrida# with numerous basal feet (nine to twelve or
more) and an apical horn.

The genus _Patagospyris_ and the two following closely allied genera differ
from the two preceding tripodal genera in the multiplication of the basal
feet, and therefore have to the latter the same relation that the
Polyspyrida (_Petalospyris_) bear to the Tripospyrida (_Tripospyris_). When
the numerous basal feet of _Petalospyris_ become connected by lattice-work,
_Patagospyris_ arises.


{1088}1. _Patagospyris confluens_, Haeckel.

  _Petalospyris confluens_, Ehrenberg, 1885, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 5.

Shell tuberculate, with distinct sagittal and collar strictures. Pores
irregular, roundish. Cephalis nut-shaped, larger than the short truncate
thorax. Horn conical, shorter than the cephalis. Peristome with a coronet
of twelve to fifteen short triangular feet, which are parallel and
vertical, slightly curved and shorter than the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.03 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbadoes.


2. _Patagospyris lanceolata_, n. sp.

Shell tuberculate, with slight sagittal and sharp collar strictures. Pores
subregular, circular. Cephalis subspherical, about as large as the truncate
subcylindrical thorax. Horn spindle-shaped, about as long as the cephalis.
Peristome with a coronet of fifteen to twenty divergent lanceolate lamellar
feet, longer than the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Patagospyris stiligera_, Haeckel.

  _Lithobotrys stiligera_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 76, Taf. iii. fig. 17.

Shell smooth, hyaline, with deep sagittal and collar strictures. Pores very
small and few. Cephalis nut-shaped, bilobed, of the same breadth as the
cylindrical thorax. Horn conical, about as long as the cephalis. Peristome
with a coronet of six to nine broad lamellar feet (in Ehrenberg's figure
broken off).

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 to 0.05 diameter; thorax 0.06 long, 0.05
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Patagospyris anthocyrtis_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 19).

Shell smooth, with deep sagittal and deep collar strictures. Pores
irregular, roundish, of various sizes, numerous. Cephalis nut-shaped, with
two inflated bosoms, about twice as broad as the short cylindrical thorax.
Horn stout, pyramidal, about as long as the cephalis. Peristome with a
coronet of fifteen to twenty parallel and vertical triangular lamellar
feet, nearly as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.1 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Genus 477. _Rhodospyris_,[95] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.

_Definition._--#Phormospyrida# with numerous basal feet (nine to twelve or
more), and with three coryphal horns.

{1089}The genus _Rhodospyris_ differs from the preceding _Patagospyris_ in
the development of three coryphal horns (one odd middle apical horn, and
two paired frontal horns on each of its sides), and therefore bears the
same relation to the latter that the similar _Anthospyris_ does to
_Petalospyris_. When the numerous basal feet of _Anthospyris_ become
connected by lattice-work, _Rhodospyris_ arises.


1. _Rhodospyris tricornis_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 13).

Cephalis nut-shaped, with deep sagittal stricture, and three short apical
horns of half its length; the middle odd horn is straight, the two paired
lateral horns are curved outwards. Thorax somewhat larger than the
cephalis, dilated around the wide open mouth, with a coronet of twenty-five
to thirty slender basal feet, which are slightly curved and convergent,
about as long as the thorax. Pores small, numerous and circular.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08
broad; horns 0.02 long, feet 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


2. _Rhodospyris triceros_, n. sp.

Cephalis nut-shaped, with deep sagittal and deep collar stricture, and with
three stout divergent horns of nearly equal length. Thorax cylindrical,
twice as long as the cephalis, and of the same breadth, with a coronet of
twelve to sixteen broad, lamellar, rectangular, perpendicular feet around
the mouth, about as long as the cephalis. Pores rather large, subregular,
circular.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Singapore (Trebing), surface.



Genus 478. _Desmospyris_,[96] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.

_Definition._--#Phormospyrida# with numerous basal feet (nine to twelve or
more), without a coryphal horn.

The genus _Desmospyris_ differs from the two preceding polypodal genera in
the complete absence of horns on the coryphal face of the cephalis. It
therefore corresponds to _Gorgospyris_ among the Zygocyrtida, and arises
when the numerous basal feet of the latter become connected by
lattice-work.


1. _Desmospyris mammillata_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 14).

Shell mammillate, with deep sagittal and slight collar constriction.  Pores
irregular, roundish. Cephalis nut-shaped, larger than the inversely conical
thorax, and twice as broad as the constricted {1090}mouth. Coronet of the
peristome with twelve to fifteen short conical convergent feet, shorter
than half the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


2. _Desmospyris cyrtocolpos_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, with deep sagittal and collar strictures. Pores subregular,
circular, double-contoured, very small and numerous. Cephalis nut-shaped,
larger than the short truncate thorax. Coronet with eighteen to twenty-four
slender, irregular, pointed, convergent feet, about twice as long as the
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


3. _Desmospyris anthocyrtoides_, Haeckel.

  _Petalospyris anthocyrtoides_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
  vol. xxxvi. pp. 533, 539, Taf. xxxii. fig. 19, _a-c_.

Shell tuberculate, with slight sagittal and sharp collar strictures. Pores
subregular, circular. Cephalis nut-shaped, larger than the short truncate
thorax. Coronet with fifteen to twenty short conical, parallel and vertical
feet, about as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.09 broad; thorax 0.02 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Desmospyris carpocanium_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, with slight sagittal and slight collar strictures. Pores
subregular, circular, small and numerous. Cephalis campanulate, smaller
than the ovate thorax. Coronet with fifteen to twenty irregular lamellar
feet, which are longer than the thorax, pointed, nearly vertical and
parallel.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.



Family LV. #ANDROSPYRIDA#, n. fam. (Pl. 88-90).

_Definition._--#Spyroidea# with galea and thorax; the shell composed of a
bilocular cephalis and of two secondary joints, a galea arising from its
upper face, and a thorax arising from its lower face.

{1091}The family #Androspyrida# differs from the three preceding families
of #Spyroidea# in the three-jointed shell, in which the galea of the
Tholospyrida and the thorax of the Phormospyrida are combined; it may
therefore be derived from the latter by development of a galea, or from the
former by formation of a thorax. The common ancestral group of these three
families is probably the Zygospyrida. But it may be that a part of the
Androspyrida has originated directly from the #Stephoidea#.

Two species only of this family were hitherto known, _Amphispyris
reticulata_ (figured, in 1872, by Ehrenberg, as _Dictyospyris_) and
_Sphaerospyris sphaera_ (described, in 1882, by Buetschli, as
_Dictyospyris_). Thirty new species were found in the collection of the
Challenger, and are here disposed in seven genera. But perhaps these may
represent three different families, which we here enumerate as subfamilies;
the Lamprospyrida, Perispyrida, and Nephrospyrida.

The Lamprospyrida, the first subfamily, are tripodal #Spyroidea# with galea
and thorax; they may therefore be regarded as a combination of
_Tholospyris_ and _Acrospyris_. In the simpler form, _Androspyris_ (Pl. 83,
fig. 8), the network of the shell is simple, and allows a very clear
recognition of the internal structure. In the splendid _Lamprospyris_,
derived from it (Pl. 89, figs. 13, 14) the delicate network is more or less
spongy. The large apical horn is branched and fenestrated in the latter and
simple in the former.

The Perispyrida, the second subfamily, possess no free apophyses, but a
three-jointed shell with two distinct transverse strictures, an upper
mitral and a lower collar stricture. The network of this shell is
incomplete in _Amphispyris_ (Pl. 88, figs. 2-7), being developed only in
the frontal or lateral perimeter, thus making it probable that this
subfamily may have arisen directly from the Tympanida (_Toxarium_, Pl. 88,
fig. 1; Pl. 93, figs. 18-20). The network of _Tricolospyris_ (Pl. 88, figs.
8-11) is complete, of another shape in the cephalis than in the galea and
thorax; it is doubled or spongy in _Perispyris_ (Pl. 88, figs. 12, 13).

The Nephrospyrida, the third subfamily, contains two very different genera
only, each of which may represent a separate family. _Sphaerospyris_ (Pl.
83, fig. 4) possesses a spherical or subspherical lattice-shell, the
central part of which includes a sagittal ring, connected with the inner
face of the sphere by a number of paired apophyses, corresponding to those
of _Lithocircus_; it may be easily confounded with some #Sphaeroidea#
(_Carposphaera_), but the enclosed ring leaves no doubt as to its true
origin. _Nephrospyris_ (Pl. 90) has a flat discoidal shell of considerable
size, usually kidney-shaped or cordate, with a deep sagittal incision at
the base, indicating the region where the pseudopodia are protruded from
the porochora. The violin-shaped central capsule has two large lateral
lobes on each side of the including sagittal ring, and the transverse
nucleus is perpendicular to its sagittal plane (Pl. 90, figs. 7, 10).
_Sphaerocircus_ as well as _Nephrospyris_ have probably arisen
independently from the Stephanida.

{1092}_Synopsis of the Genera of Androspyrida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Lamprospyrida. Three free basal feet.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Lattice-work simple, not  {Apical horn usually
   spongy.                  { simple, not
                            { fenestrated,            479. _Androspyris_.

  Lattice-work wholly or    {Apical horn usually
   partly spongy.           { branched and
                            { fenestrated,            480. _Lamprospyris_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Perispyrida. No free basal feet. Shell three-jointed.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            {Lattice-work only
                            { complete in the
                            { frontal ring,           481. _Amphispyris_.
  Shell with two transverse {
   coronal strictures (one  {Lattice-work complete
   superior mitral and one  { on all sides,           482. _Tricolospyris_.
   inferior collar          {
   stricture).              {Lattice-work double
                            { or spongy,              483. _Perispyris_.

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  III. Subfamily Nephrospyrida.
       No free basal feet. Shell spherical or discoidal.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            {Shell spherical or
                            { subspherical,           484. _Sphaerospyris_.
  Shell without external    {
   transverse stricture.    {Shell discoidal,
                            { kidney-shaped or
                            { subcircular,            485. _Nephrospyris_.



Subfamily 1. LAMPROSPYRIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Androspyrida# with three free basal feet (an odd posterior
caudal foot and two paired anterior pectoral feet).



Genus 479. _Androspyris_,[97] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Androspyrida# with three free basal feet and a simple
apical horn; lattice-work of the three-jointed shell simple, not spongy.

The genus _Androspyris_ is probably the most original form of the
Androspyrida, and represents, together with the following _Lamprospyris_,
the subfamily of Lamprospyrida, which always possess three free basal feet,
an odd posterior or caudal foot, and two paired anterior or pectoral feet.
It may be derived either from _Acrospyris_ by development of a cupola, or
from _Tholospyris_ by development of a thorax; the common ancestral form of
these three typical genera is, no doubt, _Tripospyris_. Some species of
_Androspyris_ reach a considerable size and are distinguished by a peculiar
external form resembling somewhat a human figure.


1. _Androspyris homunculus_, n. sp.

Shell thorny, with two deep transverse constrictions and irregular
polygonal pores. Galea subspherical, with a strong pyramidal oblique horn,
about two-thirds as large as the cephalis, which has the form of a human
thorax, includes a strong ovate sagittal ring, and bears on each side a
stronger lateral spine. Thorax short and broad, prolonged into three
latticed divergent feet; the {1093}two lateral (pectoral) feet are like the
legs of a human body, and are twice as long as the cephalis and as the
tail-like caudal feet. (The whole shell exhibits a curious similarity to a
human figure, more than in the following nearly allied species.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (including horn and feet) 0.4, breadth
0.1 to 0.15.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.


2. _Androspyris anthropiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 8).

Shell rough, with two distinct transverse constrictions and irregular
polygonal pores. Galea ovate, with a slender conical oblique horn, about as
large as the cephalis, which exhibits a deep longitudinal furrow in the
sagittal dorsal line. Thorax half as long, prolonged into three short
latticed feet; the terminal spines of the two lateral feet are vertical and
parallel, that of the caudal foot larger, directed obliquely backwards.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (including horn and feet) 0.35, breadth
0.1 to 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


3. _Androspyris pithecus_, n. sp. (Pl. 95, fig. 20).

Shell smooth, with two slight transverse constrictions. Galea conical, with
a short conical horn, longer than the nut-shaped cephalis. Thorax with
three nearly vertical and parallel feet of equal length. Pores in the galea
and thorax very small and numerous, circular, in the cephalis much larger,
irregular, roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (including horns and feet) 0.25, breadth
0.06 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


4. _Androspyris aptenodytes_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, with two slight transverse constrictions and irregular,
roundish pores. Galea hemispherical, with a short conical horn, about as
large as the roundish cephalis and half as large as the ovate thorax. The
three feet arise immediately beyond the collar stricture, are equal,
divergent, curved, about as long as the cephalis, and are not terminal (as
in the three preceding species), but lateral appendages of the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.05 to 0.07.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.



Genus 480. _Lamprospyris_,[98] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 447.

_Definition._--#Androspyrida# with three free basal feet and a fenestrated
apical horn; lattice-work of the three-jointed shell wholly or partly
spongy.

The genus _Lamprospyris_ differs from the preceding _Androspyris_, its
ancestral form, mainly in the higher development of the lattice-work of the
large shell. Whilst this in {1094}the latter genus is a simple
lattice-plate, it here becomes more or less spongy, and sometimes forms a
very dense and delicate wickerwork. The apical horn and the three basal
feet are commonly also fenestrated. The two annular strictures, which
separate the cephalis from the conical cupola and the inflated thorax, are
commonly not so distinct as in the preceding genus. Some species belong to
the largest Spyroidea and reach more than half a millimetre in length.


1. _Lamprospyris darwinii_, n. sp. (Pl. 89, fig. 13).

Shell nearly pear-shaped, with two distinct annular strictures, and uneven
papillate surface. The total length is equal to twice the greatest breadth,
and to seven times the length of the ring. Apical horn free, irregularly
branched and fenestrated, as long as the included columella beyond it. The
three diverging feet are strongly curved, S-shaped, and completely included
by loose lattice-work. In the middle of their length they give off a simple
strong lateral branch. The loose arachnoidal lattice-work is rather equally
developed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the entire shell (including the apophyses) 0.5,
greatest breadth 0.25, ring 0.07 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


2. _Lamprospyris lyellii_, n. sp.

Shell slender, pear-shaped, very similar to the preceding species, but
differing in the following characters--the branched horn is much larger and
twice as long as the columella; the two annular transverse strictures
(separating the three joints) are deeper. The free internal branches of the
three included feet are forked. Lattice-work looser than in the preceding
species.

_Dimensions._--Length of the entire shell 0.6, breadth 0.2, ring 0.09 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Lamprospyris huxleyi_, n. sp. (Pl. 89, fig. 14).

Shell ovate, spiny, with two slight annular transverse strictures; their
length equal to one and a half times the breadth, and up to seven times the
length of the ring. Apical horn quite included by the loose lattice-work of
the large conical cupola, which is as long as the cephalis and thorax
together. The three slender feet are also included in the lattice-work and
only one-third as long as the shell, nearly vertical. Lattice-work much
denser than in the two preceding species.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.4, breadth 0.26, ring 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


4. _Lamprospyris hookeri_, n. sp.

Shell ovato-conical, very similar to the preceding species, but smooth, not
spiny. The apical horn and the three feet are much longer, not included in
the network, but freely prominent, half {1095}as long as the shell and
nearly vertical, parallel. The arachnoidal lattice-work is much denser in
the middle third (cephalis) than in the upper third (cupola) of the lower
third (thorax).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (without appendages) 0.45, breadth 0.3,
ring 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.


5. _Lamprospyris spenceri_, n. sp.

Shell slender, ovate, very similar to the preceding species; differing from
it in the larger cupola, which is as long as the cephalis and thorax
together. The three feet are much shorter and weaker, more divergent. This
differs from all four preceding species in the possession of a large double
apical horn; the two horns are strong, pyramidal, straight, strongly
divergent, and as long as the cupola.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (without the appendages) 0.3, breadth
0.2, ring 0.05 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. PERISPYRIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.

_Definition._--#Androspyrida# without free basal feet, with three distinct
joints separated by two parallel transverse strictures.



Genus 481. _Amphispyris_,[99] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 444.

_Definition._--#Androspyrida# without free basal feet, with three distinct
joints, separated by two transverse strictures; lattice-work of the shell
only complete in the frontal ring, with large open holes on the ventral and
dorsal face.

The genus _Amphispyris_ and the two following genera arising from it,
represent together the peculiar small subfamily of Perispyrida. This may
have originated directly from _Toxarium_ (family Tympanida, Pl. 88, fig. 1;
Pl. 93, figs. 18-20), the large holes between its arches and rings becoming
filled up by lattice-work; in _Amphispyris_ this intercalated network
remains incomplete on the ventral and dorsal faces, whilst in
_Tricolospyris_ it becomes complete, and in _Perispyris_ spongy.



Subgenus 1. _Amphispyrium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--On each side of the ring-plane three pairs of large annular
meshes; no middle zygomatic ring is developed between the two tympanic
transverse rings (superior orbital and inferior maxillary ring).


{1096}1. _Amphispyris thorax_, n. sp. (Pl. 88, fig. 4).

Shell thorax-shaped, as long as broad, with a deep sternal incision and two
slight transverse strictures. On each side of the ring-plane three pairs of
large, irregular, annular holes of nearly equal size, the middle holes
nearly half as broad as the shell. No zygomatic bars between the orbital
and maxillary bars. Lateral lattice-girdle narrow, with few small roundish
meshes.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.17 long, 0.17 broad, ring 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.


2. _Amphispyris quadrigemina_, n. sp. (Pl. 88, fig. 6).

Shell shaped like the "corpora quadrigemina cerebralia," with two deep
crossed strictures, a coronal transverse stricture and a sagittal sternal
stricture. On each side of the ring plane three pairs of large, irregular,
annular, double holes, the middle holes larger than the upper and lower
holes, and about one-fourth as long as the shell. No zygomatic bars between
the orbital and maxillary bars. Lateral lattice-girdle broad, with numerous
small meshes.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.13 long, 0.16 broad, ring 0.07 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Amphispyris reticulata_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyospyris reticulata_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 289, Taf. x. fig. 19.

Shell thorax-shaped, one and one-fifth times as long as broad, with a deep
sternal incision and two distinct transverse strictures. On each side of
the ring-plane three pairs of large annular holes of nearly equal size,
about one-third as long as the shell. No zygomatic bars between the orbital
and maxillary bars. Lateral girdle narrow, with few large polygonal meshes.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.18 long, 0.15 broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).



Subgenus 2. _Amphispyridium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--On each side of the ring-plane four pairs of larger annular
meshes; a middle horizontal zygomatic ring is developed between the two
tympanic transverse rings (superior orbital and inferior maxillary ring).


4. _Amphispyris sternalis_, n. sp. (Pl. 88, fig. 2).

Shell thorax-shaped, one and one-fifth times as long as broad, with deep
sternal incision and two distinct transverse (tympanic) strictures. On each
side of the ring-plane four pairs of large irregular, annular holes; the
fourth (inferior or buccal) pair is the longest. The middle of the sagittal
ring {1097}is crossed by horizontal zygomatic bars (between the ascending
orbital and the descending maxillary bars). Lateral lattice-girdle narrow,
with few large meshes.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.24 long, 0.2 broad; ring 0.09 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


5. _Amphispyris subquadrata_, n. sp. (Pl. 88, fig. 5).

Shell compressed, nearly square, spiny, with slight sternal incision and
two distinct transverse strictures. Similar to the preceding species; four
pairs of irregular annular pores of nearly equal size. Zygomatic ring
complete. Lateral lattice-girdle narrow, with few large meshes.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.14 long, 0.12 broad; ring 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 285, depth 2275 fathoms.


6. _Amphispyris costata_, n. sp. (Pl. 88, fig. 3).

Shell compressed, nearly square, with slight sternal incision and two
obliterated transverse strictures. Similar to the two preceding species;
with four pairs of large annular pores, the two middle of which (the
orbital and nasal holes) are much larger than the superior (frontal) and
inferior (oral) holes. Zygomatic ring incomplete. Lateral lattice-girdle
broad, with very numerous, small, irregular, polygonal pores.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.2 long, 0.16 broad; ring 0.07 long.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


7. _Amphispyris toxarium_, n. sp. (Pl. 88, fig. 7).

Shell inflated, with deep sternal incision and two distinct transverse
strictures. Similar to the preceding species, but with deeper constriction
and looser lattice-work. Four pairs of large, irregular, annular pores, the
central two of which are much larger. Zygomatic ring complete. Lateral
girdle broad, with irregular pores of very different size.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.2 long, 0.14 broad; ring 0.09 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Genus 482. _Tricolospyris_,[100] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 443.

_Definition._--#Androspyrida# without free basal feet, with three distinct
joints, separated by two transverse strictures; lattice-work of the shell
complete, simple.

The genus _Tricolospyris_ has arisen from the preceding _Amphispyris_, its
ancestral form, by development of lattice-work which completely closes the
large open holes remaining on the ventral and dorsal faces of the latter.


{1098}1. _Tricolospyris kantiana_, n. sp. (Pl. 88, fig. 10).

Shell smooth, one and a half times as long as broad, with two deep
transverse strictures. Pores of the cephalis large, roundish, of nearly
equal size. Cupola and thorax hemispherical, of about the same size and
form, with numerous and small, double-contoured, roundish pores.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.08 broad; ring 0.04 long.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


2. _Tricolospyris leibnitziana_, n. sp. (Pl. 88, fig. 9).

Shell spiny, twice as long as broad, with two deep transverse strictures.
Pores of the cephalis large, roundish, polygonally framed, of very
different size; two middle transverse rows of smaller pores enclosed
between a superior and an inferior row of very large pores. Cupola and
thorax hemispherical, about equal, with much smaller and very numerous
roundish pores.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.15 long, 0.07 broad; ring 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.


3. _Tricolospyris baconiana_, n. sp. (Pl. 88, fig. 8).

Shell rough, twice as long as broad, with two sharp strictures. Pores of
the cephalis large, very irregular, partly lobated. Cupola hemispherical,
smaller than the campanulate thorax, both with smaller irregular pores.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.15 long, 0.08 broad; ring 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 215, depth 2500 fathoms.


4. _Tricolospyris newtoniana_, n. sp. (Pl. 88, fig. 11).

Shell spiny, slender, three times as long as broad, with two distinct
strictures. Pores of the cephalis very large, irregular. Cupola
hemispherical, only one-third as long as the slender inversely conical
abdomen, both with irregular, much smaller pores.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.22 long, 0.08 broad; ring 0.05 long.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 206, depth 2100 fathoms.



Genus 483. _Perispyris_,[101] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 444.

_Definition._--#Androspyrida# without free basal feet, with three distinct
joints, separated by two transverse strictures; lattice-work of the shell
double or spongy.

The genus _Perispyris_ differs from the preceding _Tricolospyris_, its
ancestral form, in the development of a secondary outer shell, which
encloses the inner primary one either like an enveloping cortical shell or
like a spongy veil. This is produced by the concrescence of meeting
branches, which arise from spines of the inner shell.


{1099}1. _Perispyris bicincta_, n. sp. (Pl. 88, fig. 13).

Shell smooth, with two deep transverse annular strictures and a deep
sagittal incision at the sternal base; one and a half times as long as
broad. Cephalis nut-shaped, with large irregular roundish pores and very
broad bars. Everywhere from its surface there arise numerous slender
arborescent radial beams; by the anastomoses of their ramified branches
there arise the flat cap-shaped cupola and the larger bilobed thorax; and
also the external enveloping shell with loose delicate network.

_Dimensions._--Inner shell 0.17 long, 0.1 broad; outer shell 0.23 long,
0.17 broad; ring 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


2. _Perispyris spongiosa_, n. sp.

Shell rough, with two distinct transverse strictures and a deep sternal
incision, similar to the preceding; the radial beams arising from the inner
shell, and forming by anastomosing branches the outer shell, are thinner
and more numerous, and the framework of the latter on the surface is very
dense and spongy, therefore the shell is dark and not transparent.

_Dimensions._--Inner shell 0.18 long, 0.12 broad; outer shell 0.24 long,
0.18 broad; ring 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Perispyris lentellipsis_, n. sp. (Pl. 88, fig. 12).

Shell smooth, lentelliptical, with three different isopolar axes,
perpendicular one to another. Transverse and sagittal strictures are
wanting; but the large enclosed ring and the two pairs of large adjacent
annular meshes indicate clearly the position and size of the hidden
cephalis. The two other joints (the cupola on the upper and the thorax on
the lower pole of the cephalis) are nearly equal, cap-shaped or
hemispherical. The outer lentelliptical shell is little larger than the
inner, connected with it by numerous thin bristle-shaped radial beams, and
exhibits a delicate arachnoidal lattice-work.

_Dimensions._--Inner shell 0.15 long, 0.1 broad; outer shell 0.18 long,
0.13 broad; ring 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Subfamily 3. NEPHROSPYRIDA (vel PARADICTYIDA, Haeckel, 1881).

_Definition._--#Androspyrida# without free basal feet and external
constrictions. Shell either spherical or discoidal.



Genus 484. _Sphaerospyris_,[102] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Androspyrida# with a spherical or subspherical shell,
without basal incision and transverse constriction; without free basal
feet.

{1100}The genus _Sphaerospyris_ differs from all other #Spyroidea# in the
regular spherical or spheroidal form of the lattice-shell. It may therefore
be easily confounded with some species of the #Sphaeroidea#; but the
internal sagittal ring, placed in the median plane of the fenestrated
sphere and connected with it by radial beams, leaves no doubt that it is
derived from a true Spyroid, either _Dictyospyris_ or _Amphispyris_, or
another genus. Sometimes also four larger collar pores are visible.


1. _Sphaerospyris sphaera_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyospyris sphaera_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. vol.
  xxxvi. pp. 511, 539, Taf. xxxii. fig. 15, _a_, _b._

Shell smooth, nearly spherical, slightly flattened at the base, with small
regular circular pores. In the centre of the basal plate a regular
rectangular cross with four equal collar pores.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.11, of the enclosed ring 0.06.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Sphaerospyris quadriforis_, n. sp.

Shell rough, nearly spherical, slightly flattened at the base, with small
regular circular pores. In the centre of the basal plate a bilateral
symmetrical cross with four ovate collar pores; two cardinal pores twice as
large as the two jugular pores and six to eight times as broad as the other
shell-pores.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.26, of the enclosed ring 0.09.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


3. _Sphaerospyris globosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 83, fig. 4).

Shell smooth, perfectly spherical, with small subregular circular pores. In
the centre of the basal plate no larger collar pores. (The original collar
pores are here of the same size as the other pores, and cannot therefore be
distinguished.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.13, of the enclosed ring 0.06.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Genus 485. _Nephrospyris_,[103] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 444.

_Definition._--#Androspyrida# with a discoidal, kidney-shaped, or
subcircular shell, with a basal incision; without transverse constriction
and free basal feet.

The genus _Nephrospyris_ is one of the most peculiar and most modified of
the #Spyroidea#, of extraordinary size, in this respect surpassing all
other genera of this {1101}suborder, and differing from them in its flat
discoidal form. The diameter of the compressed shell often reaches one half
millimetre or more; its perimeter is elliptical or nearly circular, smooth,
constantly with a characteristic deep sternal incision or a basal sinus on
the basal pole of the main axis. The central sagittal ring is comparatively
small. The margin is often inflated like a delicate reticular girdle, and
contains a large number of peculiar spherical or roundish nucleated cells
(Pl. 90, figs. 6-10). According to the observations of Dr. John Murray,
made on living _Nephrospyris_, they are Vorticellina, perhaps constant
Symbiontes.



Subgenus 1. _Nephrodictyum_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 444.

_Definition._--Network of the shell simple, with bars of nearly equal
breadth.


1. _Nephrospyris renilla_, n. sp. (Pl. 90, figs. 9, 10).

Shell kidney-shaped, one and a half times as broad as long, and three times
as long as the deep kidney-shaped sternal incision. Ring with six pairs of
branched apophyses, the bars of the apical pair vertical, of the basal pair
divergent. The corresponding bars of the two middle pairs (on the frontal
and the occipital face) form together on each side a large pentagonal or
hexagonal naso-orbital area, which is surrounded by four or five large
polygonal meshes; the other meshes become smaller towards the inflated
margin. All meshes simple, without arachnoidal framework.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.3 to 0.4 long, 0.4 to 0.5 broad; ring 0.08 to 0.1
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


2. _Nephrospyris nephridium_, n. sp.

Shell kidney-shaped, one and two-third times as broad as long, very similar
to the preceding species (or only a variety of it?). Ring with seven pairs
of branched apophyses. The large naso-orbital area is on the dorsal or
occipital side simple, on the ventral or facial side divided by an
equatorial pair of transverse horizontal branches into two superior
orbital, and two inferior nasal holes. Sternal incision ovate. All meshes
simple.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.25 to 0.35 long, 0.4 to 0.5 broad; ring .007 to 0.08
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Nephrospyris phaseolus_, n. sp.

Shell kidney-shaped, twice as broad as long, very similar to the two
preceding species (or only a variety of them?). Ring with eight pairs of
branched apophyses. The large naso-orbital area (between the mitral and
collar ring) is on the dorsal and on the ventral side divided by two
equatorial pairs of horizontal branches into two superior (orbital and
occipital), and two inferior (nasal and suboccipital) holes. Sternal
incision cordate. All meshes simple.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.25 long, 0.5 broad; ring 0.06 to 0.07 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


{1102}4. _Nephrospyris cordata_, n. sp.

Shell heart-shaped, about as long as broad. Ring with six pairs of branched
apophyses (as in _Nephrospyris renilla_, Pl. 90, fig. 9). No equatorial
transverse branches. Sternal incision cordate, deeper than in all other
species of the genus, nearly half as long as the shell. All meshes of the
network simple.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.32 long, 0.36 broad; ring 0.05 to 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Paradictyum_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 444.

_Definition._--Network of the shell double; the larger meshes separated by
strong bars, and filled up by a very delicate secondary arachnoidal
network.


5. _Nephrospyris paradictyum_, n. sp. (Pl. 90, figs. 1-8).

  _Paradictyum paradoxum_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas, _loc. cit._

Shell nearly circular, ten times as broad as the inflated marginal girdle,
and three times as long as the sternal incision. Ring with six pairs of
branched apophyses; the bars of the apical pair nearly vertical, of the
basal pair divergent; the corresponding and opposite bars of the two middle
pairs (on the occipital and on the frontal face) form together a large
middle naso-orbital area; above and below this lie six pairs of larger
meshes. All larger meshes of the network are filled up by very delicate
arachnoidal framework. The inflated and delicately reticulated marginal
girdle of this and of the following closely allied species is usually
filled up by nucleated roundish cells (fig. 7), which are Vorticellinae,
according to the observations of Dr. John Murray on living specimens.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.5 to 0.6, of the marginal girdle
0.05 to 0.07; ring 0.07 to 0.09 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


6. _Nephrospyris paradoxa_, n. sp.

Shell kidney-shaped, one and one-third times as broad as long, six times as
broad as the inflated marginal girdle, and half as long as the sternal
incision. Ring with six pairs of apophyses. Above and below the large
naso-orbital holes lie ten pairs of larger meshes. All the meshes are
filled up by very delicate arachnoidal network.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.4 to 0.5, breadth 0.5 to 0.7; ring
0.06 to 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.


{1103}----


Suborder II. Botryodea, Haeckel, 1881 (Pl. 96).

  _Polycyrtida_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 341.
  _Polycyrtida_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p.
      519.
  _Botryodea_ (= _Botrida_ vel _Botryida_), Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p.
      439.

_Definition._--NASSELLARIA with a complete lattice-shell, exhibiting
constantly a lobate and multilocular cephalis, with three to five or more
separated lobes, and two to three or more constrictions.


The suborder #Botryodea# differs from the other #Cyrtellaria# in the
multilocular and lobate shape of the cephalis, which is composed of at
least three or four, often five or six, and sometimes even a greater number
of lobes, which are separated by constrictions and partly also by internal
septa. This characteristic shape is found neither in the #Spyroidea# (with
bilocular cephalis) nor in the #Cyrtoidea# (with simple cephalis). The
affinities of the former group to the two latter form a very complicated
problem, which is not yet solved; the morphology of the #Botryodea# is the
most difficult part in the system of NASSELLARIA, and what we can here
give, are incomplete and unsatisfactory beginnings only.

Up to the year 1860 only a single genus of the #Botryodea# was known,
_Lithobotrys_, one of the oldest genera of "_Polycystina_," and described
by Ehrenberg in 1844 (Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.
74). He gave the following definition:--"Loricae siliceae articuli in
adulto non in seriem, sed in uvae brevis formam, id est in loculos plus
minus discretos nonnullos contiguos dispositi. Proxime ad Lithocampem
accedit." In his first System (1847) _Lithobotrys_ is placed with
_Lithocampe_ among his family Lithochytrina. Afterwards (1860) Ehrenberg
added two new genera, under the names _Botryocampe_ and _Botryocyrtis_ and
figured some species of these incompletely in his last works (1872, 1875).

In my Monograph I founded for these three genera the separate subfamily of
Polycyrtida, added as a fourth genus _Spyridobotrys_, and gave to the group
the following definition (1862, loc. cit., p. 341):--"Lattice-shell divided
by two or more annular strictures, partly longitudinally, partly
transversely, into three or more unequal chambers, which are placed in
different planes and have a different relation to the poles of the
shell-axis."

The new and remarkable forms of #Botryodea#, which I subsequently found in
the Challenger collection, demonstrated that the #Botryodea# differ from
the other #Cyrtellaria# (the #Cyrtoidea# as well as the #Spyroidea#) in a
far higher degree than I formerly had supposed. A synopsis of the figures
in Pl. 96 will give sufficient evidence of this view. Therefore in my
Prodromus (1881, p. 439) {1104}I completely separated the #Botryodea# (or
Botrida) from the other suborders of #Cyrtellaria# (Spyrida and Cyrtida).

Buetschli gave, in 1882, in his paper on the Cyrtida (_loc. cit._) a very
accurate description of _Lithobotrys geminata_, and pointed out its close
affinity to _Lithocorythium_ and _Lithomelissa_, and the importance of an
oblique septum separating the cephalis into a smaller anterior and a larger
posterior lobe. His views on the #Botryodea# (as a subordinate group of the
#Cyrtoidea#) are however incomplete, since the peculiar forms, described in
the following pages, were unknown to him.

According to the wide morphological divergence of the different
#Botryodea#, and the numerous peculiar forms developed from it, we here
divide the whole group into three families and ten genera, with fifty-five
species. These form, however, only a small part of the large and varied
mass of closely related forms which are found in the rich collections of
the Challenger. The great difficulty of researches on their intimate
structure, and the great amount of time required for it, prevented me from
giving a more complete and exact description than the one here given. The
observation of the small shells from all the different sides is a difficult
task, requiring years of work, and its satisfactory explanation would be
possible only by means of numerous figures.

The three families of #Botryodea#, here described, correspond to the three
first groups of #Cyrtoidea#. The first family, Cannobotryida, corresponds
to the Monocyrtida clausa and to the Zygospyrida; their shell consists of a
cephalis only, without subsequent joints. The second family, Lithobotryida,
corresponds to the Dicyrtida and Phormospyrida; their shell is composed of
a cephalis and a thorax, both joints being separated by a transverse
cortinar septum and a collar stricture. The third family, Pylobotryida, has
a three-jointed shell, like the Tricyrtida, with cephalis, thorax and
abdomen.

The cephalis is the most characteristic part of the shell of the
#Botryodea# and its lobulate and multilocular shape separates them from the
#Spyroidea# and #Cyrtoidea#. It represents the whole shell in the
Cannobotryida, and in the young state of the two other families, which
afterwards develop a thorax (Lithobotryida) and an abdomen (Pylobotryida).
The typical lobulation of the cephalis is probably originally caused by
internal septa; and these may be originated by branches of the internal
columella, which corresponds either to the central ascending columella of
the #Plectoidea# or to the excentric ascending dorsal rod of the sagittal
ring of the #Stephoidea#. But afterwards, when the original septa disappear
and are lost by reduction, only the external constrictions remain to
indicate the limits of the single lobes.

Among the internal septa and the corresponding external constrictions which
effect the lobulation of the cephalis, may be distinguished primary or
constant septa and secondary or inconstant septa.  As primary septa we
regard firstly an oblique frontal {1105}septum and secondly a vertical
sagittal septum. The frontal septum (described accurately by Buetschli) has
usually two or three pairs of pores and ascends obliquely from the base to
the anterior face of the cephalis, where it is inserted in the orbital
region; it divides the cephalis into a smaller anterior or facial lobe and
a larger posterior or occipital lobe. The latter is commonly higher and
more developed than the former and partly covers its upper face, like the
crest of a helmet. The facial lobe is again bisected by an incomplete
sagittal septum and a corresponding partial constriction on the anterior
face. We find, therefore, in this original cephalis of the #Botryodea#,
three primary lobes, an odd larger occipital lobe and two paired smaller
facial lobes. The typical trilobed cephalis may be regarded perhaps as the
common original form of the #Botryodea#.

The secondary and inconstant constrictions which we find in many
#Botryodea#, and which produce a greater number of lobes in the cephalis,
require further accurate observation. The following cases of lobation may
be considered as the most important:--(1) Cephalis with four lobes,
opposite in two pairs (two larger occipital and two smaller facial lobes,
separated by a complete sagittal and an oblique frontal constriction); (2)
cephalis with four unequal lobes, two of which are odd and sagittal, two
paired and lateral (the odd occipital lobe usually larger and the odd
mandibular lobe smaller than the two paired lateral or buccal lobes); (3)
cephalis with five lobes (a large odd occipital lobe and two pairs of
smaller lobes, anterior nasal, and lateral buccal lobes); (4) cephalis with
five lobes, three of which are odd (a posterior occipital, middle frontal,
and anterior facial lobe), and one pair of lateral lobes; (5) cephalis with
six lobes, opposite in pairs (two larger occipital, two smaller nasal and
two intermediate lateral or buccal lobes); (6) cephalis with six lobes, two
of which are odd and sagittal (a large occipital and a smaller nasal lobe),
four opposite in pairs (two anterior and two posterior buccal lobes); (7)
cephalis with seven lobes, three of which are odd (a large posterior
occipital, a middle frontal, and an anterior small nasal lobe), four
opposite in two pairs (an anterior buccal and a posterior temporal pair);
(8) cephalis with eight lobes, two of which are odd (a large posterior
occipital and a small anterior frontal lobe) and six opposite in three
lateral pairs; (9) cephalis with nine lobes, three of which are odd (an
occipital, a frontal and a nasal lobe) and six opposite in three lateral
pairs; (10) cephalis with ten lobes, two of which are odd (a large
occipital and a smaller frontal lobe) and the other eight opposite in
pairs; (11) cephalis with numerous lobes (twelve to fifteen or more) which
are symmetrically disposed on each side of the median plane; (12) cephalis
with numerous lobes (twelve to fifteen or more) which are irregularly and
sometimes spirally conglomerated.

All these different forms of lobation require a far more thorough
examination than I can devote to them, and may furnish examples of regular
laws of development. The irregular forms are rather common, and I have
found some very irregular #Botryodea# {1106}(not here described) in which I
could not determine the topographical regions of the cephalis. The
difficulty in the examination of these complicated forms is increased by
their very small size, which does not reach the usual dimensions of the
other #Cyrtellaria#. In some cases I was able to observe on the base of the
cephalis the same typical cortinar pores (in two or three pairs), which we
also find in the same part of the cephalis in the #Spyroidea# and
#Cyrtoidea#, and which are inherited from the Semantida.

The thorax of the #Botryodea#, or the second shell-joint, absent in the
Cannobotryida, is usually of very simple form, ovate, truncate, conical or
cylindrical, and consists of a secondary joint, developed from the base of
the cephalis. The thorax is usually small, about the same size as the
cephalis or a little larger, whilst in the #Cyrtoidea# it is commonly much
larger than the latter. Its terminal mouth is closed by a lattice-plate in
the Botryocellida, while it remains open in the Botryopylida and
Pylobotryida.

The abdomen, or the third shell-joint, developed in the Pylobotryida only,
generally also exhibits a very simple shape, like the thorax, and it is a
tertiary joint developed from the base of the thorax. It exhibits to the
latter the same relation as in the Tricyrtida. The terminal mouth of the
abdomen remains open in the Botryocyrtida; it becomes closed by a
lattice-plate in the Botryocampida.

The lattice-plate forming the shell of the #Botryodea# is usually very thin
and fragile, with very small circular pores. These are often very numerous,
at other times scarce, and sometimes nearly wanting, so that the shell
appears hyaline. In this group there never occurs that great variety in
form and size of the pores, which numerous #Cyrtoidea# and #Spyroidea#
exhibit.

The radial apophyses which are found in the majority of #Botryodea# seem to
correspond in position and relation to the typical radial beams of the
other NASSELLARIA, viz., three descending basal feet arising from the base
of the cephalis, and an ascending vertical apical horn arising from the top
of the cephalis. Here also they seem to be inherited from the #Plectoidea#
or #Stephoidea# (_Cortina_, _Cortiniscus_). But whilst these four typical
radial beams in the other NASSELLARIA are usually simple spines or solid
rods, here they usually appear as hollow cylindrical tubes, the thin wall
of which is pierced by the same small pores as the shell. These porous
tubes are either straight or slightly curved, often inflated and ovate at
the base. We find in their number and disposition the same variety as in
the simple radial spines of the other NASSELLARIA. The original number may
here also be seen in the development of four typical beams, an ascending
apical tube on the top of the cephalis, and three descending basal tubes on
its base; the odd posterior tube of the latter corresponds to the caudal
foot, the two paired anterior to the pectoral feet. There is often also a
fourth foot developed opposite to the caudal, and representing a sternal
tube. Sometimes also two superior tubes are developed, a posterior
occipital and an anterior frontal. The different {1107}apophyses may be
lost by reduction. I have never observed #Botryodea# with more than five
apophyses.

_The Central Capsule_ of the #Botryodea# is not yet sufficiently known, no
living species having been observed. In some preparations from specimens in
the Challenger collections, stained by Dr. John Murray with carmine
immediately after the dredging operation, single #Botryodea# are to be
found in which the central capsule is deeply coloured. In _Botryopera
quinqueloba_ (Pl. 96, fig. 2) it filled up the greater part of the cephalis
and seemed to be divided into some small lobes. In _Lithobotrys
sphaerothorax_ (Pl. 96, fig. 15) it was divided into four lobes, three of
which filled the trilobed cephalis, the fourth large lobe occupying a great
part of the spherical thorax. Details of their structure, unfortunately,
were not recognisable. There can, however, be no doubt that they are the
same as in all other NASSELLARIA.

_Synopsis of the Families of_ #Botryodea#.

  1. Shell monothalamous, consisting of the lobate
     cephalis only,                                       1. CANNOBOTRYIDA.

  2. Shell dithalamous, composed of a lobate cephalis
     and a simple thorax,                                 2. LITHOBOTRYIDA.

  3. Shell trithalamous, composed of a lobate cephalis,
     a thorax and an abdomen,                             3. PYLOBOTRYIDA.



Family LVI. #CANNOBOTRYIDA#, Haeckel (_sensu emendato_).

  _Cannobotryida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 440.

_Definition._--Botryodea monothalamia, the shell of which represents a
lobate cephalis, without thorax and abdomen.

The family #Cannobotryida# (retained here with a stricter definition than
originally was given in my Prodromus) comprises those #Botryodea#, in which
the whole shell is represented by the cephalis alone, without thorax and
abdomen. Since the two latter joints, found in the two following families,
are secondary productions, the Cannobotryida must be regarded as the
ancestral forms of all #Botryodea#, in an ontogenetic as well as in a
phylogenetic sense.

Two species only of this family have been hitherto known, incompletely
described by Ehrenberg as _Lithobotrys triloba_ and _Lithobotrys
quadriloba_. A great number of similar forms are to be found in the
Radiolarian ooze of the Central Pacific, but they are very minute, and
difficult to examine. We can describe here only twelve species of these,
which we arrange in two genera; _Botryopera_ without porous tubes, and
_Cannobotrys_ bearing a variable number of porous cylindrical tubes (one to
five). The number of lobes of the cephalis is also variable in each genus
(one to five or more). If in the future these minute and interesting shells
should be better examined, it would {1108}be advisable to distinguish a
number of genera according to the different number of the porous tubes and
of the lobes of the cephalis. The base of the latter is constantly closed
by a basal lattice-plate, and usually exhibits two or three pairs of
cortinar pores, identical with those of the Semantida.

The phylogenetic origin of the Cannobotryida may be found either in the
Zygospyrida or in the Monocyrtida; they differ from these two similar
groups in the lobation of the cephalis, which is effected by the
development of internal septa and external constrictions.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Cannobotryida._

  Cephalis without porous tubes,                    486. _Botryopera_.

  Cephalis with a variable number of porous tubes,  487. _Cannobotrys_.



Genus 486. _Botryopera_,[104] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Cannobotryida# without tubes on the cephalis.

The genus _Botryopera_ is the simplest form among the #Botryodea#, the
shell consisting of a lobate cephalis only, without tubes or radial
appendages. It may be derived either from _Dictyospyris_ or from
_Archicapsa_ by development of the horizontal fold in the frontal face of
the shell, and the corresponding internal frontal septum, which separates
the larger occipital lobe from the smaller facial half; the latter may be
divided again into paired frontal lobes, lateral buccal lobes, &c.
_Botryopera_ may be the common ancestral form of many #Botryodea#.


1. _Botryopera cyrtoloba_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 1).

Cephalis trilobate; the posterior odd occipital lobe helmet-shaped, about
twice as large as the two paired anterior frontal lobes, which are subovate
and covered by the upper half of the former. Pores small and numerous,
subregular, circular; some larger pores at the base.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, basal breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


2. _Botryopera triloba_, Haeckel.

  _Lithobotrys triloba_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 30.

Cephalis trilobate; the occipital lobe subcylindrical, one and a half times
as long as the two frontal lobes, which are slender, ovate and not covered
by the former. Pores small and numerous.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.05, breadth 0.03.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of the Mediterranean (Sicily, Greece,
&c.)


{1109}3. _Botryopera quadriloba_, Haeckel.

  _Lithobotrys quadriloba_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 84.

Cephalis quadrilobate; the occipital lobe helmet-shaped, one and a half
times as long as the two paired hemispherical buccal lobes, and twice as
large as the anterior frontal lobe. Pores not numerous, rather large,
circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.06, breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados and North America (Virginia).


4. _Botryopera quinqueloba_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 2).

Cephalis quinquelobate; the occipital lobe helmet-shaped, and twice as long
as the two hemispherical frontal lobes, three times as long as the
subspherical lateral buccal lobes. Pores scarce, small, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.07, basal breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.


5. _Botryopera multiloba_, n. sp.

Cephalis multilobate; the posterior odd occipital lobe ovate, and of about
the same size as the anterior frontal half of the shell, which is clustered
and divided into five to seven smaller lobes, an odd subspherical sternal
lobe, and on each side of it two or three pairs of smaller subspherical
lobes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



Genus 487. _Cannobotrys_,[105] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus p. 440.

_Definition._--#Cannobotryida# with tubes on the cephalis.

The genus _Cannobotrys_ differs from the preceding _Botryopera_ in the
development of hollow radial tubes, arising from the lobate cephalis in
various numbers. According to their number the genus may be divided into
various subgenera: (1) _Cannobotrantha_ (_monocanna_) with a single apical
tube; (2) _Cannobotrella_ (_dicanna_) with two divergent tubes, an
ascending apical and a descending sternal one; (3) _Cannobotrissa_
(_tricanna_) with three tubes in the sagittal plane (an upper apical, a
posterior caudal, and an anterior sternal); (4) _Cannobotromma_
(_tetracanna_) with four radial tubes disposed like the four typical spines
of _Cortina_ (compare p. 950), and _Cannobotrusa_ (_pentacanna_) with five
radial tubes disposed like the five typical spines of _Stephanium_ (p.
952). {1110}Perhaps these five groups may be separated as five genera,
possessing near relations to five very different genera of NASSELLARIA
(_Circospyris_, _Halicapsa_, _Archibursa_, _Cortina_, _Stephanium_, &c.)


1. _Cannobotrys monocanna_, n. sp.

Cephalis trilobate, with a single cylindrical straight apical tube on the
apex of the occipital lobe, which is helmet-shaped, and about one and a
half times as long as the two subspherical frontal lobes. Pores small and
numerous, subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.05, breadth 0.03.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


2. _Cannobotrys dicanna_, n. sp.

Cephalis quadrilobate, with two divergent tubes, an odd apical tube on the
apex of the posterior occipital lobe, and an odd sternal tube on the
anterior frontal lobe. Between these two odd lobes lie two paired lateral
or buccal lobes, of about the same size. Shell nearly hyaline, with very
few minute pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.06, breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean; Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


3. _Cannobotrys tricanna_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 3).

Cephalis quinquelobate, with three curved cylindrical tubes in the sagittal
plane; an ascending apical tube on the apex of the helmet-shaped occipital
lobe, and two horizontal tubes on the base of the shell (a posterior
caudal, _c_, and an anterior sternal, _z_). The two frontal lobes are
hemispherical, and twice as large as the two lateral buccal lobes. Pores
very small and numerous.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, basal breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Cannobotrys sagittalis_, n. sp.

Cephalis multilobate, with three straight divergent cylindrical tubes in
the sagittal plane; a vertical apical tube on the apex of the ovate
occipital lobe, and two horizontal tubes on the base, as in the preceding
similar species; it differs from the latter in the greater number of lobes
(seven or nine), the two frontal lobes being divided into two or four
secondary lobules.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


5. _Cannobotrys cortina_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 4).

Cephalis quinquelobate, with four cylindrical nearly straight tubes of
equal size; an ascending, nearly vertical, apical tube on the apex of the
occipital lobe, and three divergent descending tubes {1111}on the base of
the shell (an odd posterior caudal tube and two paired anterior pectoral
tubes). The two lateral buccal lobes are twice as large as the two anterior
frontal lobes, and half as large as the posterior odd occipital lobe. The
four tubes in this and the following species correspond probably to the
four spines of _Cortina_ (p. 950).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.07, basal breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


6. _Cannobotrys tetracanna_, n. sp.

Cephalis multilobate, with four cylindrical curved tubes conical at their
wider base, corresponding to those of the preceding species and to the four
spines of _Cortina_. The odd occipital lobe is of about the same size as
the anterior part of the shell, which is cleft into three pairs of roundish
lobes, one pair of anterior larger frontal lobes, and two pairs of smaller
lateral buccal lobes. Pores very few and minute.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.11, basal breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.


7. _Cannobotrys pentacanna_, n. sp.

Cephalis quinquelobate, with five cylindrical slender curved tubes, three
of which are placed in the sagittal plane (a superior apical, a posterior
caudal, and an anterior sternal), whilst the other two are paired and
diverge laterally (two pectoral tubes). The five tubes correspond exactly
to the five typical spines of _Stephanium_ (p. 952). The helmet-shaped
occipital lobe of the shell is twice as large as each of the two anterior
frontal lobes, and three times as large as each of the two lateral buccal
lobes. Pores numerous.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.07, basal breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



Family LVII. #LITHOBOTRYIDA#, n. fam.

_Definition._--Botryodea dithalamia, the shell of which is composed of a
lobate cephalis and a simple thorax, without abdomen.

The family #Lithobotryida# comprises those #Botryodea# in which the shell
is divided by a transverse annular constriction into a lobate cephalis and
a simple thorax. They correspond therefore to the Dicyrtida among the
#Cyrtoidea#, and to the Phormospyrida among the #Spyroidea#. The thorax, or
the second shell-joint, is in all these three families a secondary
production, arising from the base of the cephalis; therefore the
Lithobotryida must be phylogenetically derived from the Cannobotryida.

Several species of _Lithobotrys_ were first described by Ehrenberg as
_Lithobotrys_ and _Lithocorythium_. These two genera are, however,
identical, as has been {1112}demonstrated by Buetschli (1882, _loc. cit._,
p. 519). Some other species united by Ehrenberg with _Lithobotrys_ belong
to other genera. The number of Lithobotryida found in the "Radiolarian
ooze" of the Challenger collection, is far greater than that of the
Cannobotryida and Pylobotryida. But only a small part of them could be
thoroughly examined and described here, so that their number may be greatly
augmented by further accurate researches. We here arrange those forms in
four genera, representing two different subfamilies. The terminal mouth of
the thorax remains open in the Botryopylida, whilst it becomes closed by a
lattice-plate in the Botryocellida. In each group there are shells with and
without porous tubes. The number of these tubes, and also the number of
lobes of the cephalis, is very variable, and may in future serve for the
distinction of more genera.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Lithobotryida._

                               {Cephalis without porous
  I. Subfamily Botryopylida.   { tubes,                 488. _Botryopyle_.
                               {
  Mouth of the thorax open.    {Cephalis with a
                               { variable number of
                               { porous tubes,          489. _Acrobotrys_.

                               {Cephalis without
  II. Subfamily Botryocellida. { porous tubes,          490. _Botryocella_.
                               {
  Mouth of the thorax closed   {Cephalis with a
    by a lattice-plate.        { variable number of
                               { porous tubes,          491. _Lithobotrys_.



Genus 488. _Botryopyle_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 440.

_Definition._--#Lithobotryida# without tubes on the cephalis, and with the
mouth of the thorax open.

The genus _Botryopyle_ comprises the simplest forms of Lithobotryida, the
lobate cephalis bearing no tubes and the basal mouth of the thorax
remaining open. It may be derived either from _Dictyocephalus_ or from
_Desmospyris_, by development of lobes on the cephalis and of an internal
frontal septum, separating the larger occipital lobe from the smaller
frontal half of the shell. The latter may be divided again into anterior
frontal lobes, lateral buccal lobes, &c.


1. _Botryopyle sethocorys_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 7).

Cephalis trilobate, separated by a deep collar constriction from the
hemispherical thorax, which is twice as broad. Occipital lobe
helmet-shaped, little longer than the two hemispherical frontal lobes.
Surface spiny. Pores irregular, roundish, of very different size.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


{1113}2. _Botryopyle cribrosa_, Haeckel.

  _Lithobotrys cribrosa_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 76, Taf. iii. fig. 20.

  ? _Lithobotrys biceps_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 295, Taf. ix. fig. 23.

Cephalis trilobate, separated by a slight collar constriction from the
ovate thorax, which is somewhat smaller. Occipital lobe very large,
helmet-shaped, longer than the thorax and twice as long as the two
subspherical frontal lobes. Pores regular, circular, scarce.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.11, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Botryopyle cephalodes_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocorythium cephalodes_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iv. fig. 6.

Cephalis quinquelobate, separated by a slight collar constriction from the
larger conical thorax, which is gradually dilated towards the wide mouth.
Occipital lobe helmet-shaped, little longer than the frontal half of the
cephalis, which is divided into two pairs of lateral chambers,
corresponding to the four crossed pores of the sagittal septum, figured by
Ehrenberg. The figure of the latter is inverse, seen from the frontal face,
a part of the frontal wall having been broken off.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Botryopyle dictyocephalus_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 6).

Cephalis multilobate, separated by an oblique constriction from the
subcylindrical thorax, which is somewhat larger and slightly curved.
Occipital lobe conical, of the same length as the posterior part of the
triangular frontal half of the shell, which is divided into five to seven
lobes, two or three odd lobes in the median part, and one or two pairs of
lateral lobes; very variable in size and form of the lobes. Mouth of the
thorax wide, truncate.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750
fathoms.


5. _Botryopyle inclusa_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 5).

Cephalis multilobate, campanulate, separated by a sharp constriction from
the inflated thorax, which is nearly twice as long and broad. Both joints
of the shell are irregularly lobate, with numerous vaulted lobes of
different sizes, and partly internal septa. Pores small and numerous.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Candia), Spratt, depth 1620 fathoms.



{1114}Genus 489. _Acrobotrys_, Haeckel,[106] 1881, Prodromus, p. 440.

_Definition._--#Lithobotryida# with tubes on the cephalis, and with the
mouth of the thorax open.

The genus _Acrobotrys_ differs from the preceding _Botryopyle_ in the
development of radial tubes, and from its probable ancestral form,
_Cannobotrys_, in the development of a thorax, the basal mouth of which
remains open. According to the varying number of the tubes we may
distinguish the following five subgenera (corresponding to those of
_Cannobotrys_), viz., (1) _Acrobotrantha_ (_monosolenia_) with a single
(apical) tube; (2) _Acrobotrella_ (_disolenia_) with two divergent tubes
(an apical and a sternal); (3) _Acrobotrissa_ (_trisolenia_) with three
sagittal tubes (an apical, a caudal, and a sternal); (4) _Acrobotromma_
(_tetrasolenia_) with four tubes, like the four typical spines of
_Cortina_; and (5) _Acrobotrusa_ (_pentasolenia_) with five feet,
corresponding to the five typical spines of _Stephanium_.


1. _Acrobotrys monosolenia_, n. sp.

Cephalis trilobate, with a single straight apical tube, which ascends
vertically from the apex of the occipital lobe, and is pointed at the
distal end, with an anterior oblique aperture. Two frontal lobes paired,
ovate, half as long as the helmet-shaped occipital lobe. Thorax ovate,
twice as long as the cephalis. Pores very scarce.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Corfu), surface.


2. _Acrobotrys disolenia_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 10).

Cephalis trilobate, with three odd ovate lobes of nearly equal size in the
sagittal plane and two divergent straight slender cylindrical tubes, a
vertical apical tube on the occipital lobe, and a horizontal nasal tube on
the frontal lobe; the middle lobe between them is somewhat smaller. Thorax
ovate, about twice as large as the cephalis, with constricted mouth. Pores
small and numerous.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


3. _Acrobotrys aquaria_, n. sp.

Cephalis quinquelobate, with two divergent long cylindrical curved tubes.
Occipital lobe helmet-shaped, with an ascending apical tube; nasal lobe
conical, with a descending sternal tube; {1115}between them a smaller odd
middle lobe, and on each side of the latter an ovate frontal lobe. Thorax
inflate, twice as long and broad as the cephalis. Pores small, scarce.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.


4. _Acrobotrys acuminata_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 9).

Cephalis sexlobate, with two divergent tubes. Occipital and frontal lobes
ovate, odd; between them a cupola-shaped apical lobe, bearing an ascending
pointed apical tube. On each side at the base a small buccal lobe, and
between the paired buccal lobes an anterior nasal lobe with a descending
curved sternal tube. Thorax smaller than the cephalis. Pores numerous and
small.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.11, breadth 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


5. _Acrobotrys auriculata_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 11).

Cephalis quadrilobate, with three pointed and auriculate tubes, two
ascending apical (an anterior and a posterior) in the helmet-shaped
occipital lobe, and a descending sternal tube on the base of the frontal
lobe; between the lobes two lateral paired buccal lobes. Thorax
campanulate, twice as broad as the cephalis.  Pores rather large and
numerous.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


6. _Acrobotrys trisolenia_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 8).

Cephalis quadrilobate, with four odd lobes and three divergent curved
tubes, an ascending apical tube in the conical occipital lobe, and two
descending tubes on the anterior and posterior basal lobes; between these
three lobes a small central lobe. Thorax ovate, about as large as the
cephalis. Pores small and numerous.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.11, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


7. _Acrobotrys tetrasolenia_, n. sp.

Cephalis trilobate, with four slender cylindrical tubes. Occipital lobe
helmet-shaped, with an apical tube on the apex and a caudal tube on the
base. Two frontal lobes ovate, prolonged into two paired pectoral tubes.
The four tubes correspond in position to the four spines of Cortina. Thorax
inflate, ovate, larger than the cephalis. Pores very scarce, rather large,
irregular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


8. _Acrobotrys pentasolenia_, n. sp.

Cephalis quinquelobate, with five short conical tubes; three divergent odd
tubes arise from three odd lobes; an apical from the occipital lobe, a
posterior caudal from the suboccipital lobe, and an {1116}anterior sternal
from the nasal lobe. Two paired lateral tubes arise from the base of two
ovate frontal lobes. The five tubes correspond in disposition to the five
spines of Stephanium. Thorax truncate. Pores small.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.09.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Genus 490. _Botryocella_,[107] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 440.

_Definition._--#Lithobotryida# without tubes on the cephalis, and with the
mouth of the thorax closed.

The genus _Botryocella_ differs from the closely allied _Botryopyle_ in
having the mouth of the thorax closed, and may be derived from it by
development of a lattice-plate, effecting this closure. It bears therefore
the same relation to the latter that _Dicolocapsa_ has to _Dictyocephalus_.


1. _Botryocella nucula_, Haeckel.

  _Lithobotrys nucula_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 76, Taf. iii. fig. 16.

  _Lithobotrys adspersa_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 76, Taf. iii. fig. 15.

Cephalis trilobate; occipital lobe helmet-shaped, nearly twice as long as
the two ovate frontal lobes. Thorax about as long as the cephalis. Pores
very small and scarce.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.06, breadth 0.03.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Botryocella borealis_, Haeckel.

  _Lithobotrys borealis_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 294, Taf. ii. fig. 3.

Cephalis trilobate; occipital lobe ovate, little longer than the two ovate
frontal lobes. Thorax about twice as long as the cephalis. Pores very
numerous and small.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Greenland, depth 1000 to 2000 fathoms.


3. _Botryocella tricellaris_, n. sp.

Cephalis trilobate, with three odd sagittal lobes; the middle or central
lobe larger than the anterior frontal and smaller than the posterior
occipital lobe. Thorax nearly spherical, about as long as the cephalis.
Pores small and scarce.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.


{1117}4. _Botryocella quadricellaris_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 13).

Cephalis quadrilobate; the helmet-shaped occipital lobe twice as long as
the two paired subspherical buccal lobes, and three times as long as the
odd spherical frontal lobe. Thorax nearly spherical, about as long as the
cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 4475 fathoms.


5. _Botryocella quadrigemina_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 14).

Cephalis quadrilobate, with two pairs of lateral ovate lobes and complete
sagittal constriction; the two occipital lobes nearly twice as large as the
two frontal lobes. Thorax ovate, separated from the cephalis by a collar
septum with four cortinar pores (fig. 14).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait (Rabbe), surface.


6. _Botryocella multicellaris_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 12).

Cephalis multilobate; occipital lobe helmet-shaped, very large, about twice
as long and broad as the frontal half of the shell, which is divided into
six to eight small roundish clustered lobes. Thorax subspherical, of about
the same size as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--South Pacific Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.



Genus 491. _Lithobotrys_,[108] Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 74.

_Definition._--#Lithobotryida# with tubes on the cephalis, and with the
mouth of the thorax closed.

The genus _Lithobotrys_, the oldest and first known of the #Botryodea#, was
founded by Ehrenberg in 1844, and was one of his five oldest genera of
Polycystina. It represented by itself the suborder #Botryodea# until the
year 1860. The numerous species described by Ehrenberg belong to very
different genera of #Botryodea#, and partly also of #Spyroidea#. Following
Buetschli (1882) we retain here the name _Lithobotrys_ for those species,
the type of which is _Lithobotrys geminata_. The genus _Lithocorythium_ of
Ehrenberg is for the greater part identical with it. When in the preceding
genus _Acrobotrys_ the mouth of the thorax becomes closed by lattice work,
_Lithobotrys_ arises. In the latter as well as in the former the number of
tubes on the cephalis is different, and may characterise different
subgenera.


{1118}1. _Lithobotrys geminata_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lithobotrys geminata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 76, Taf. iii. fig. 19.

  _Lithobotrys geminata_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi, p. 519, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 27, a to c.

  ? _Lithocorythium platylophus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iv. fig. 5.

Cephalis trilobate, with a single apical tube in the apex of the
helmet-shaped occipital lobe, which is one and a half times as long as the
two subspherical frontal lobes. Thorax ovate, one and a half times as long
as the cephalis, with few small pores in six to eight transverse rows.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Lithobotrys lithocorythium_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocorythium oxylophus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iv. figs. 3, 4.

  ? _Lithopera oxystauros_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 6.

Cephalis trilobate, with a single apical horn or a pointed tube in the apex
of the helmet-shaped occipital lobe, which is a little longer than the two
ovate frontal lobes. Thorax ovate, about as long as the cephalis, with very
numerous and small pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Lithobotrys nasuta_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lithobotrys nasuta_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 76, Taf. iii. fig. 21.

Cephalis quadrilobate, with a single descending sternal or nasal tube on
the base of the anterior or frontal lobe, which is half as long as the
helmet-shaped occipital lobe and twice as large as the two lateral buccal
lobes. Thorax ovate, twice as long as the cephalis. Pores rather large,
circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.11, broad 0.05.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Lithobotrys ornata_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lithobotrys ornata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 76, Taf. iii. fig. 18.

Cephalis quinquelobate, with two divergent ascending tubes, a posterior
occipital and an anterior sternal or nasal tube. Occipital lobe
campanulate, twice as large as the two frontal, and four times as large as
the two buccal lobes. Thorax ovate, twice as long as the cephalis. Pores
scarce and small. The specimen figured by Ehrenberg is very incomplete.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1119}5. _Lithobotrys sphaerothorax_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 15).

Cephalis trilobate, with two divergent cylindrical tubes, an ascending
apical tube in the apex of the ovate occipital lobe, and a descending
sternal or nasal tube in the campanulate frontal lobe; between the two
lobes a smaller central lobe. Thorax spherical, twice as long as the
latter. Pores very small, numerous.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4575 fathoms.


6. _Lithobotrys mascula_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 16).

Cephalis sexlobate, with two divergent cylindrical tubes, an ascending
apical tube in the apex of the helmet-shaped occipital lobe and a
descending sternal tube on the base, between the two kidney-shaped frontal
lobes. The latter are half as large as the odd occipital lobe and of about
the same size as the two inflated lateral buccal lobes, which are separated
by a small odd nasal lobe.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.13, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


7. _Lithobotrys orchidea_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 17).

Cephalis sexlobate, similar to the preceding species, but with five
divergent and curved cylindrical tubes, which correspond to the five spines
of _Stephanium_; an apical tube on the apex of the occipital lobe, a caudal
tube on its base, a sternal tube between the two frontal lobes, and two
paired pectoral tubes between the latter and the lateral buccal lobes.
Pores small and scarce.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Family LVIII. #PYLOBOTRYIDA#, Haeckel (_sensu emendato_).

  _Pylobotryida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 440.

_Definition._--Botryodea trithalamia, the shell of which is composed of a
lobate cephalis, a thorax, and an abdomen.

The family #Pylobotryida# comprises those #Botryodea# in which the shell
exhibits two parallel transverse annular constrictions, and is divided by
these into three successive joints, corresponding to the cephalis, the
thorax, and the abdomen of the Tricyrtida. As in the latter, the abdomen is
here also a later production, arising from the terminal mouth of the
thorax; therefore the Pylobotryida must be derived phylogenetically from
the Lithobotryida.

Two genera of Pylobotryida were incompletely described in 1860 by
Ehrenberg, _Botryocyrtis_ and _Botryocampe_. We retain them here, with a
stricter definition, however. Two other genera were added in my
Prodromus--_Pylobotrys_ and _Phormobotrys_. {1120}The small number of
species here enumerated may be easily increased, since numerous forms,
belonging probably to this family, are not sufficiently known. Their study
is, however, very difficult and requires accurate examination of the tiny
shells from different sides.

The four genera of Pylobotryida, here described, represent two different
subfamilies. The terminal mouth of the abdomen remains open in the
Botryocyrtida, whilst it becomes closed by a lattice-plate in the
Botryocampida. There are in both groups shells with and without porous
tubes; the number of these tubes, and also the number and disposition of
the lobes in the cephalis, exhibits remarkable differences in the different
species of those genera, and may in future serve for their division into a
greater number of genera.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Pylobotryida._

                               { Cephalis without
  I. Subfamily Botryocyrtida.  {  porous tubes,        492. _Botryocyrtis_.
                               {
  Mouth of the abdomen open.   { Cephalis with a
                               {  variable number of
                               {  porous tubes,        493. _Pylobotrys_.

                               { Cephalis without
  II. Subfamily Botryocampida. {  porous tubes,        494. _Botryocampe_.
                               {
  Mouth of the abdomen closed  { Cephalis with a
    by a lattice-plate.        {  variable number
                               {  of porous tubes,     495. _Phormobotrys_.



Genus 492. _Botryocyrtis_,[109] Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 829.

_Definition._--#Pylobotryida# without tubes on the cephalis, and with the
mouth of the abdomen open.

The genus _Botryocyrtis_, founded by Ehrenberg upon two Indian species, is
the simplest among the Pylobotryida. It may have been derived from
_Botryopyle_ by the development of an abdomen (or a third shell-joint), the
mouth of which remains open.


1. _Botryocyrtis serpentis_, Ehrenberg.

  _Botryocyrtis serpentis_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 287, Taf. x. fig. 21.

Cephalis quadrilobate; the odd frontal and the two paired buccal lobes
subspherical, about half as large as the odd occipital lobe. Thorax
inflated, about as long as the cephalis and half as long as the ovate
abdomen. Mouth of the latter constricted, of half the breadth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Zanzibar), depth 2200 fathoms, Pullen.


{1121}2. _Botryocyrtis theocampe_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 19).

Cephalis quadrilobate; the odd frontal and the two paired buccal lobes
hemispherical, about half as large as the helmet-shaped occipital lobe.
Thorax cylindrical, of equal length and breadth, one and a half times as
broad as the cephalis and as the cylindrical abdomen. Pores rather large,
irregular, roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Botryocyrtis cerebellum_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 18).

Cephalis quinquelobate; the odd frontal and the two paired buccal lobes
ovate, about half as large as the two helmet-shaped paired occipital lobes
(?). Thorax campanulate, twice as broad and long as the cephalis and as the
truncate cylindrical abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


4. _Botryocyrtis quinaria_, Ehrenberg.

  _Botryocyrtis quinaria_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 287, Taf. x. fig. 16.

Cephalis quinquelobate; the odd occipital lobe ovate, twice as large as
each of the other four subspherical lobes, the two anterior (or frontal) of
which are somewhat smaller than the two posterior (or buccal). Thorax
campanulate, somewhat larger than the truncate abdomen. Pores rather large,
irregular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Zanzibar and Madagascar), surface.



Genus 493. _Pylobotrys_,[110] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 440.

_Definition._--#Pylobotryida# with tubes on the cephalis, and with the
mouth of the abdomen open.

The genus _Pylobotrys_ differs from the closely allied _Acrobotrys_, its
ancestral form, in the development of an abdomen or a third shell-joint,
the basal mouth of which remains open.


1. _Pylobotrys putealis_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 21).

Cephalis multilobate, with a single curved and descending tube on the base
of its anterior part (sternal tube). Occipital half of the cephalis divided
into three large odd lobes (the largest {1122}the apical); facial half
divided into three to five lobes, an odd frontal and one or two lateral
pairs of small buccal lobes. Thorax truncate conical, about as large as the
cephalis and larger than the truncate abdomen. Pores regular circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.12, breadth  0.08.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


2. _Pylobotrys fontinalis_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 20).

Cephalis trilobate, with three ovate lobes in the sagittal plane, of nearly
equal size, and two divergent cylindrical tubes conical at the base. An
ascending apical tube on the apex of the occipital lobe and a descending
sternal tube on the base of the frontal lobe. The middle lobe between the
former distinctly exhibits in the apical view (fig. 20) the collar septum
with the four cortinar pores. Thorax campanulate, larger than the cephalis
and the truncate abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.11, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


3. _Pylobotrys cerebralis_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 22).

Cephalis multilobate, with four divergent cylindrical tubes, which are
cylindrical, obliquely truncate at the mouth, and correspond in position to
the four typical spines of _Cortina_; an ascending apical tube and three
descending basal tubes (an odd caudal and two paired pectoral). The
helmet-shaped occipital lobe is about as large as the frontal half of the
cephalis, which is divided into three pairs of smaller pyriform lobes.
Thorax subspherical, about as large as the cephalis and half as large as
the inflated abdomen. Pores very scarce and small.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.15, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe, surface.



Genus 494. _Botryocampe_,[111] Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 829.

_Definition._--#Pylobotryida# without tubes on the cephalis, and with the
mouth of the abdomen closed.

The genus _Botryocampe_ may be derived from _Botryocyrtis_ by development
of a basal lattice-plate, closing the terminal mouth of the abdomen. It is
at the same time closely allied to the Tricyrtid _Theocapsa_, and may be
perhaps derived from this by lobation of the cephalis.


{1123}1. _Botryocampe inflata_, Ehrenberg.

  _Botryocampe inflata_, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 296;    Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, p. 285,
  Taf. ii. fig. 4.

  _Botryocampe inflata_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 345.

  _Lithobotrys inflata_, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol.
  xxii. p. 1, pl. i. fig. 15.

Cephalis trilobate, inflated, of about the same breadth and length as the
tun-shaped thorax and the hemispherical abdomen. Frontal lobes of the
cephalis ovate, a little smaller than the ovate odd occipital lobe. Pores
numerous and small.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.05 to 0.08, breadth 0.02 to 0.04.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, Stations 267 to
274, 241, 354, &c., surface, and in various depths.


2. _Botryocampe theocapsa_, n. sp.

Cephalis trilobate, half as long as the campanulate thorax, and one-third
as long as the ovate abdomen. Frontal lobes subspherical, scarcely half as
long as the helmet-shaped occipital lobe. Pores very small and scarce.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.


3. _Botryocampe galea_, Haeckel.

  _Lithobotrys galea_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 83.

  _Lithocorythium galea_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 29,
  a, b.

  _Lithocorythium galea_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 330.

Cephalis quinquelobate, about as large as the ovate thorax, and twice as
large as the hemispherical abdomen (which is identical with the "crista
obtusa finis anterioris" of Ehrenberg). Occipital lobe helmet-shaped, about
twice as long as the two pairs of lateral lobes (the superior frontal and
the inferior buccal lobes).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Botryocampe rotalia_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 23).

Cephalis quinquelobate, half as large as the campanulate thorax and the
subspherical abdomen. Occipital lobe ovate, one and a half times as long as
the two ovate frontal lobes, and three times as long as the two
subspherical buccal lobes. Collar septum with six distinct cortinar pores
(two anterior jugular, two middle cardinal and two posterior cervical, fig.
23).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


{1124}5. _Botryocampe camerata_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 24).

Cephalis multilobate, about as long and half as broad as the irregularly
campanulate thorax, which is half as long as the subspherical large
abdomen. Occipital lobe of the cephalis helmet-shaped, larger than its
uviform frontal part, which is divided into six to eight small subspherical
lobes. In the interior of the thorax and abdomen irregularly branched rods
are visible, which divide their inner space into compartments or incomplete
chambers. Pores large, regular, circular, hexagonally framed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.15, breadth 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 495. _Phormobotrys_,[112] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 440.

_Definition._--#Pylobotryida# with tubes on the cephalis, and with the
mouth of the abdomen closed.

The genus _Phormobotrys_ differs from the similar and closely allied
_Pylobotrys_ in the development of a basal lattice-plate closing the
terminal mouth of the thorax, and corresponds therefore to _Lithobotrys_
among the Lithobotryida. As in the latter and in _Cannobotrys_, &c., so
here in _Phormobotrys_, different subgenera may be distinguished, according
to the different number and disposition of the radial tubes which become
developed from the lobate cephalis.


1. _Phormobotrys trithalamia_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 26).

Cephalis trilobate, with a single apical tube, which is only one-third as
long, spindle-shaped, pointed, with frontal opening. Frontal lobes ovate,
two-thirds as long as the helmet-shaped occipital lobe. Internal frontal
septum of the cephalis with four large pores. Thorax cylindrical, twice as
long as the hemispherical abdomen. Pores small and numerous, irregular,
roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.16, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Phormobotrys pentathalamia_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 27).

Cephalis quinquelobate, with a single conical apical tube of the same
length, which has an obliquely truncate frontal opening. Odd frontal and
paired buccal lobes smaller than the sternal and the occipital lobe.
Internal frontal septum with six large pores. Thorax inflated, a little
larger than the subspherical abdomen. Pores subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.15, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


{1125}3. _Phormobotrys hexathalamia_, Haeckel.

  _Botryocampe hexathalamia_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 344,
  Taf. xii. fig. 10.

Cephalis sexlobate, with a single apical horn, which is solid, vertical,
cylindrical, pointed, only one-third as long. Frontal lobes subcylindrical,
nearly as long as the kidney-shaped occipital lobe, three to four times as
long as the small buccal lobes and the odd sternal lobe. Thorax tun-shaped,
smaller than the cephalis, larger than the hemispherical abdomen. Pores
numerous, subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.13 to 0.15, breadth 0.05 to 0.06.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Messina, surface.


4. _Phormobotrys cannothalamia_, n. sp. (Pl. 96, fig. 25).

Cephalis trilobate, of about the same breadth and length as the campanulate
thorax, which is three times as long as the flat cap-shaped abdomen. The
middle (or central) lobe of the cephalis is simple, nearly cubical, and
smaller than the ovate occipital and frontal lobe. The two latter are
prolonged into two slender cylindrical divergent tubes. Pores small and
very numerous.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


5. _Phormobotrys polythalamia_, n. sp.

Cephalis multilobate, of the same length and breadth as the subspherical
thorax, and half as long as the ovate abdomen. Occipital lobe
helmet-shaped, about as large as the frontal half of the cephalis, which is
divided into six to eight lobes (two odd and two or three pairs of lateral
lobes). Four cylindrical tubes corresponding to the four typical spines of
_Cortina_, an ascending apical and three descending basal tubes (a
posterior caudal and two anterior pectoral).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.14, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.


{1126}----


Suborder III. CYRTOIDEA, Haeckel, 1862.

  _Cyrtida_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., pp. 272, 280.
  _Cyrtoidea_ vel _Cyrtida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 425-439.
  _Polycystina solitaria_, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
      d. Wiss. Berlin, pp. 53, 54.
  _Monodictya nassellaria_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. preuss. Akad.
      d. Wiss. Berlin, pp. 156, 157.

_Definition._--NASSELLARIA with a complete lattice-shell, exhibiting a
simple or reduced cephalis, which is neither bilocular nor lobate, without
sagittal constriction.

The order #Cyrtoidea#, described by me in 1862 as the family Cyrtida, is by
far the largest of all the main groups of Radiolaria, and remarkable from
the extraordinary variety of forms and the number of species. In the
following system more than eleven hundred species are described, comprising
about one-fourth of the number of species in the whole class of Radiolaria.
This astonishing variety, however, is not effected by development of a
large number of different types, but by an extraordinary variability within
certain restricted boundaries, similar to what is seen among insects and
birds. The number of genera, therefore, is comparatively small, and they
may all be disposed into four families only, which in my Monograph (1862,
p. 280) were distinguished as Monocyrtida, Dicyrtida, Tricyrtida and
Stichocyrtida. If we divide these four groups in the following pages into
twelve families and twenty-four subfamilies, we are guided by practical
considerations only, hoping thereby to give a better survey of the
difficult labyrinth of Cyrtoidean morphology.

The #Cyrtoidea# are characterised by this wonderful richness of specific
forms not only in the present seas, but also for millions of years in the
former ages of our globe. The majority of all the fossil Radiolaria which
are now known belong to this group, and many species of it are so common
that great rocks are formed by their union. The fact was first observed by
Ehrenberg, who in his first system of _Polycystina_ (1847, _loc. cit._, p.
54) enumerated forty-four genera and two hundred and eighty-two species;
the #Cyrtoidea#, his Polycystina solitaria, form the preponderant majority
of the whole class, viz., twenty-five genera and one hundred and
ninety-three species.

In this first system (of 1847), as well as in the last systematic table of
Ehrenberg (of 1875, _loc. cit._), the Cyrtida as "Polycystina solitaria"
are opposed to all other Radiolaria, as "Polycystina composita." The former
bear the definition "Testae siliceae spatio interno ample pervio, aut
passim levius transverse constricto"; the latter, however, "Testae siliceae
spatio interno celluloso aut strictura longitudinali constricto." In
reality these definitions are insufficient, and the conclusions which
Ehrenberg derived {1127}from the organisation of the Polycystina solitaria
and composita, were quite erroneous. So also are the definitions of the
three families into which he divided the Polycystina solitaria, afterwards
(in 1875) called by him "Monodictya nassellaria." These three families were
the Halicalyptrina, Lithochytrina and Eucyrtidina. With these were also
united the three genera of #Botryodea# known to Ehrenberg (_Lithobotrys_,
_Botryocampe_, _Botryocyrtis_). We entirely separate these here from the
true Cyrtida, on account of their lobate or multilocular cephalis.

Whilst Ehrenberg only knew the skeleton of the Polycystina solitaria, the
first observations of living Cyrtida were published by Johannes Mueller,
1858, in his fundamental treatise. He gave the first description and
figures of the central capsule of this group, with the characteristic lobes
developed from its basal part; and of the pseudopodia radiating on all
sides (_loc. cit._, Taf. vi.). The forms described by him were all
Mediterranean, one Dicyrtid (_Lithomelissa mediterranea_), two Tricyrtids
(_Eucyrtidium zancleum_ and _Pterocanium charybdeum_), and one Stichocyrtid
(_Lithocampe tropeziana_).

In my monograph (1862, p. 272-341) I gave a detailed description of all
known and some new Cyrtida, and characterised this family by the
fundamental monaxonial form of the shell, with two different poles (an
upper apical and a lower basal pole), and by the unipolar growth, beginning
from the apical pole. I pointed out also the peculiar structure of the
monaxonial central capsule. At that time I divided the Cyrtida into five
subfamilies, in which, however, the #Spyroidea# (= Zygocyrtida), and the
#Botryodea# (= Polycyrtida) were united with the true #Cyrtoidea#
(Monocyrtida, Dicyrtida, Stichocyrtida).

The astonishing number of new and interesting forms of Cyrtida which I
found in the rich collection of the Challenger (beginning from 1876), and
mainly in the Radiolarian ooze of the Central Pacific (Stations 263 to
274), enabled me to give in my Prodromus, in 1881, a greatly enlarged and
amended system of this important group. I separated there the #Spyroidea#
(= Zygocyrtida), and the _Botryodea_ (= Polycyrtida) from the true
#Cyrtoidea# by restricted definition, pointing out the essential
differences in the structure of the cephalis in these groups of
#Cyrtellaria#. The latter name, as here used, is therefore identical with
the "Cyrtida" of my Monograph. In the Prodromus I divided the true Cyrtida
(p. 426) into five subfamilies and thirty tribes, corresponding to the
differences in the number of the shell-joints and of the radial apophyses,
and in the shape of the closed or open mouth. These groups are here
retained, but reduced to four families and twenty-four subfamilies, since
the Tetracyrtida are better united with the Stichocyrtida (compare below).

Richard Hertwig in his work Organismus der Radiolarien (1879, pp. 74 to 86)
gave the first accurate description of the finer structure of the central
capsule of the Cyrtida, and pointed out their character as true MONOPYLEA,
with porochora and {1128}podoconus, and the peculiar shape of its nucleus.
He also published excellent figures of some interesting new species.

O. Buetschli, 1882, in his valuable paper entitled: "Beitraege zur Kentniss
der Radiolarien-Skelette, insbesondere der der Cyrtida" (Zeitschr. fuer
wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 485) made an attempt at a natural
classification of the Cyrtida, which he derived from the #Spyroidea# or
Zygocyrtida. As already mentioned above, we cannot accept this essay as the
foundation of a true natural system, since the affinities of the
#Cyrtellaria# (and of the NASSELLARIA as a whole) are far more complicated
and difficult than Buetschli supposed. His views were supported by accurate
observations only on the structure of the fossil #Cyrtoidea# of Barbados;
these, however, represent the minority only of the genera, and many
interesting and important forms (mainly of true "Monocyrtida") remained
unknown to Buetschli. A great part, however, of his observations are very
useful, and his remarks on comparative morphology are very suggestive.

The #Cyrtoidea# may be divided into families and subfamilies according to
three different principles, viz., (1) the number of joints into which the
shell is divided by transverse strictures; (2) the number of radial
apophyses which arise from the shell; (3) the shape of the basal mouth,
which is either open or closed by a lattice-plate. At present every attempt
of classification in this large group must be more or less artificial,
since the affinities of the numerous smaller and larger groups are
extremely complicated, and the ontogeny, the only sure guide in this
phylogenetical labyrinth, is perfectly unknown. It seems therefore the most
convenient to employ for our artificial classification, first, the number
of shell-joints, second, the radial structure, and third, the shape of the
mouth.

A. The number of joints into which the shell is divided by transverse
constrictions, serves here for the distinction of four primary groups or
suborders of the #Cyrtoidea#, viz., (1) Monocyrtida with one joint; (2)
Dicyrtida with two joints; (3) Tricyrtida with three joints; and (4)
Stichocyrtida with four or more joints. In my Prodromus (1881, p. 426) I
divided the latter group into Tetracyrtida (with four joints), and
Stichocyrtida (with five or more joints); but these two groups may be
united, since the fourth and all the succeeding joints are of rather
indifferent shape and of little morphological value. The three first
joints, however, are usually very different and possess a high
morphological importance, so that we distinguish the first joint as
cephalis, the second as thorax, and the third as abdomen. The uppermost
transverse constriction, which separates the two first joints, cephalis and
thorax, is the collar stricture and is usually caused by an internal
fenestrated septum, the cortinar septum. The second constriction, which
separates the second and third joints (thorax and abdomen) is called the
lumbar constriction. The following constrictions (in the Stichocyrtida) are
indifferent and of little morphological interest, and require therefore no
peculiar designation.

{1129}B. The radial structure, indicated by radial apophyses arising from
the shell, offers three principal differences, according to which the whole
group of #Cyrtoidea# may be divided into three large groups or sections,
viz., (1) Pilocyrtida, or Cyrtoidea triradiata, with three radial
apophyses; (2) Astrocyrtida, or Cyrtoidea multiradiata, with numerous
radial apophyses (four to nine or more); and (3) Corocyrtida, or Cyrtoidea
eradiata, without external radial apophyses. The majority of #Cyrtoidea#
are Pilocyrtida, with three radial apophyses, which are probably homologous
to the three primary feet of the #Plectoidea# and of _Cortina_ (therefore
"cortinar feet"). The Astrocyrtida, or the #Cyrtoidea# with a variable
number of radial apophyses (at least four to six) may be derived from the
Pilocyrtida by interpolation of secondary or interradial apophyses between
the three primary or perradial apophyses. The Corocyrtida, however, or the
#Cyrtoidea# without external radial apophyses, may have originated by
reduction and loss of the latter, either from the Pilocyrtida or from the
Astrocyrtida.

C. The shape of the basal mouth in the #Cyrtoidea# exhibits two essential
differences only, viz., (1) the terminal mouth of the shell is a simple
wide opening in the Stomocyrtida, or (2) the terminal mouth is closed by a
lattice-plate, in the Clistocyrtida. As these two different cases occur in
all the twelve families, which we have distinguished according to the
differences in the number of joints and in the radial structure, we get
altogether twenty-four subfamilies which are synoptically arranged in the
following table:--

  +---------------------------+---------------------------------+
  |   Synopsis of the four    |                                 |
  | sections, twelve families |          PILOCYRTIDA.           |
  |and twenty-four subfamilies|     Cyrtoidea triradiata.       |
  |      of CYRTOIDEA.        |   (Three radial apophyses.)     |
  +---------------------------+----------------+----------------+
  |   Mouth of the shell.     |    _Aperta._   |    _Clausa._   |
  +---------------------------+----------------+----------------+
  |      MONOCYRTIDA.         |           TRIPOCALPIDA.         |
  |(Cyrtoidea monothalamia).  |  Archipilida.  |  Archiperida.  |
  +---------------------------+----------------+----------------+
  |       DICYRTIDA.          |           TRIPOCYRTIDA.         |
  |(Cyrtoidea dithalamia).    |  Sethopilida.  |  Sethoperida.  |
  +---------------------------+----------------+----------------+
  |       TRICYRTIDA.         |            PODOCYRTIDA.         |
  | (Cyrtoidea trithalamia).  |   Theopilida.  |  Theoperida.   |
  +---------------------------+----------------+----------------+
  |     STICHOCYRTIDA.        |            PODOCAMPIDA.         |
  |(Cyrtoidea polythalamia).  |  Stichopilida. | Stichoperida.  |
  +---------------------------+---------------------------------+
  |                           |          ASTROCYRTIDA.          |
  |                           |     Cyrtoidea multiradiata.     |
  |                           |(Four to nine or more apophyses.)|
  +---------------------------+----------------+----------------+
  |   Mouth of the shell.     |    _Aperta._   |    _Clausa._   |
  +---------------------------+----------------+----------------+
  |      MONOCYRTIDA.         |           PHAENOCALPIDA.        |
  |(Cyrtoidea monothalamia).  | Archiphormida. | Archiphaenida. |
  +---------------------------+----------------+----------------+
  |       DICYRTIDA.          |           ANTHOCYRTIDA.         |
  |(Cyrtoidea dithalamia).    | Sethophormida. | Sethophaenida. |
  +---------------------------+---------------------------------+
  |       TRICYRTIDA.         |           PHORMOCYRTIDA.        |
  | (Cyrtoidea trithalamia).  |  Theophormida. |  Theophaenida. |
  +---------------------------+----------------+----------------+
  |     STICHOCYRTIDA.        |           PHORMOCAMPIDA.        |
  |(Cyrtoidea polythalamia).  | Stichophormida.| Stichophaenida.|
  +---------------------------+----------------+----------------+
  |                           |          COROCYRTIDA.           |
  |                           |      Cyrtoidea eradiata.        |
  |                           |     (No radial apophyses.)      |
  +---------------------------+----------------+----------------+
  |   Mouth of the shell.     |    _Aperta._   |    _Clausa._   |
  +---------------------------+----------------+----------------+
  |      MONOCYRTIDA.         |           CYRTOCALPIDA.         |
  |(Cyrtoidea monothalamia).  |   Archicorida. |  Archicapsida. |
  +---------------------------+----------------+----------------+
  |       DICYRTIDA.          |           SETHOCYRTIDA.         |
  |(Cyrtoidea dithalamia).    |   Sethocorida. | Sethocapsida.  |
  +---------------------------+---------------------------------+
  |       TRICYRTIDA.         |           THEOCYRTIDA.          |
  | (Cyrtoidea trithalamia).  |   Theocorida.  |  Theocapsida.  |
  +---------------------------+----------------+----------------+
  |     STICHOCYRTIDA.        |           LITHOCAMPIDA.         |
  |(Cyrtoidea polythalamia).  |  Stichocorida. | Stichocapsida. |
  +---------------------------+----------------+----------------+

{1130}The cephalis, or the first shell-joint of the #Cyrtoidea#, is in the
majority homologous with the cephalis of the #Spyroidea#, from which it
differs in the reduction of the sagittal ring and the absence of the
corresponding sagittal constriction; its cavity is therefore simple, not
bilocular. Its homology with the original cephalis of the #Spyroidea#
cannot be doubted, when its base exhibits the typical basal pores of the
Semantida. But in many cases these are wanting, and in a great number of
#Cyrtoidea# (mainly of Monocyrtida) there is more or less evidence that the
original cephalis is lost, and that the real first joint is the thorax, the
original second joint. At present it is quite impossible to distinguish
between the former and the latter shells, and therefore in the following
descriptions the first joint is always named cephalis and the second
thorax. In future, when the affinities of the #Cyrtoidea# become better
known, it will be necessary to distinguish the "Archicephalis," or true
cephalis of all #Spyroidea# and of the majority of #Cyrtoidea#, from the
"Pseudocephalis" or the false cephalis of the minority (_e.g._, of many
Monocyrtida aperta, Archipilida, Archiphormida, Archicorida, &c.).

The thorax, or the second shell-joint of the #Cyrtoidea#, is in the
majority homologous with the thorax of the Phormospyrida and Androspyrida,
and therefore developed by apophyses, which arise from the base of the
cephalis and become united by transverse branches forming a lattice-plate.
Its size is generally in inverse proportion to that of the cephalis. The
more the cephalis becomes reduced, the more the thorax is developed. Its
form is very variable, usually three-sided pyramidal or prismatic in the
triradiate, polyhedral in the multiradiate, and conical or cylindrical in
the eradiate #Cyrtoidea#. Its terminal mouth is either a simple wide
opening, or closed by a lattice-plate. In the majority of #Cyrtoidea# the
thorax is separated from the cephalis not only by the external collar
constriction, but also by the internal cortinar septum, a horizontal
lattice-plate which exhibits the typical basal pores of the Semantida
(usually two smaller jugular and two larger cardinal pores). But this
septum is often reduced or perfectly lost, and then the external collar
constriction alone indicates the separation of the cephalis and the thorax.

The abdomen, or the third shell-joint of the #Cyrtoidea#, absent in the
Monocyrtida and Dicyrtida (as also in all #Spyroidea#), occurs constantly
in all Tricyrtida and Stichocyrtida. It is a simple large chamber in the
Tricyrtida, but forms an annulated body, composed of a variable number of
successive joints, in the Stichocyrtida. The constrictions between these
joints, and also the lumbar constriction, between abdomen and thorax, are
usually provided with a lattice-girdle, projecting into the cavity of the
shell, like a diaphragm. Usually this horizontal girdle bears only a single
circle of pores, rarely two or more. In many #Cyrtoidea# it is replaced by
a solid horizontal ring of silex, and often it is wanting. It originates by
the insertion of the following shell-joint, which takes place not on the
terminal mouth of the preceding joint, but somewhat above it.

{1131}The annular joints of the Stichocyrtida succeeding the third joint,
and very variable in number, may be regarded either as a series of new
postabdominal chambers, succeeding the true abdomen, or as secondary joints
of the annulated abdomen itself. The latter view may be sustained by the
fact that these joints are usually of an indifferent shape, and do not
possess the characteristic features which we find in the first three
joints, the abdomen, the thorax and the cephalis.

The lattice-work of the shell exhibits in the #Cyrtoidea# an extraordinary
variety, similar to that of the #Sphaeroidea#; it serves in the first place
for the distinction of species. The three first joints of the shell are
often distinguished by the different character of the lattice-work. The
cephalis has usually very small and simple pores. The lattice-work of the
thorax is often characterised by radial structures. The pores of the
abdomen are usually very numerous and regular. The numerous joints in the
annulated abdomen of the Stichocyrtida commonly exhibit little variety.

The closure of the mouth, effected by a convex or horizontal terminal
lattice-plate, has a different signification in the Monocyrtida and in the
jointed #Cyrtoidea#. In the Monocyrtida clausa this closing plate is the
original cortinar plate or the basal plate of the cephalis. In the jointed
#Cyrtoidea#, however, the lattice-plate which closes the terminal mouth of
the thorax or of the abdomen (of the last annular joint in the
Stichocyrtida), is produced by central union of the convergent edges, which
grow centripetally from the margin of the mouth of the last joint towards
its centre.

The radial apophyses arising from the shell of the #Cyrtoidea# may probably
be always derived from that tripodal structure which is found in all
#Plectoidea#, in _Cortina_ and _Cortiniscus_ among the #Stephoidea#, and in
the majority of #Spyroidea#. Therefore the prototype of this radial
structure would be _Plagoniscus_ and _Cortina_, with four radial spines
united in a common point, the cortinar centrum; an ascending apical horn
and three descending basal feet. The odd posterior or caudal foot is
usually similar in shape to the two paired anterior or pectoral feet, but
may be distinguished from these latter by its relation to the apical horn.
Very frequently an internal vertical free columella arises in the cephalis,
or instead of it an ascending rib in the dorsal wall of the cephalis, which
connects the base of the apical horn with the origin of the caudal foot.
This is probably the remaining part of the sagittal ring. More rarely also
a part of the ventral rod of the latter is preserved, or on the anterior
pole of the basal rod of the cephalis an ascending procolumella arises
which is inserted on the frontal face of the cephalis, and sometimes
prolonged into a nasal horn (the rod, C, of Buetschli). These two odd
horns, the posterior apical horn and the anterior nasal horn, are usually
different and divergent. In some genera a variable number of accessory
radial horns is developed on the convex face of the cephalis. In many
hornless genera the free apical horn is lost, but not unfrequently the
columella is preserved which connects the caudal foot with that point of
the cephalis, in which formerly the apical horn was inserted.

{1132}The three primary radial beams, corresponding to the three basal feet
of _Plectaniscus_ and _Cortina_, exhibit in the #Cyrtoidea# the greatest
variety in form and size, and chiefly in their relation to the shell, the
latter serving mainly for the distinction of genera. Originally these three
cortinar beams arise from the basal plate of the cephalis, the odd caudal
foot appearing as a prolongation of the basal rod of that plate, and the
paired pectoral feet as prolongations of its coracal rods (between the
jugular and cardinal pores). The lattice-work of the thorax is developed
usually between the three cortinar feet, more rarely inside or outside of
them. Therefore the three beams appear commonly as three divergent ribs in
the wall of the thorax, and continue over its basal mouth as three free
terminal feet. With the increasing length of the shell and the number of
its joints the three radial ribs are also prolonged, and their free distal
ends may be prominent at very different points, either as three lateral
wings or as three terminal feet. These are either solid spines or
lattice-plates, sometimes more or less ramified.

The three radial apophyses are prevalent in the majority of the
#Cyrtoidea#, which we call "Pilocyrtida" (or Cyrtoidea triradiata). Their
number increases in the Astrocyrtida (or Cyrtoidea multiradiata). The most
frequent cases of multiplication are here caused by the development of six
or nine radial apophyses; these may be enclosed ribs, or lateral wings, or
terminal feet. In the sexradial #Cyrtoidea# there are three secondary or
interradial apophyses interpolated between the three primary or perradial;
in the nine-radial #Cyrtoidea#, however, there are six adradial apophyses
interpolated.

A third and last great group is formed by the Corocyrtida or Cyrtoidea
eradiata. These exhibit no radial apophyses, neither enclosed ribs, nor
free lateral wings, nor terminal feet. But in a great number of them
internal traces of an original triradiate structure are visible, mainly in
the cortinar septum between cephalis and thorax; this often exhibits three
or four, and sometimes six cortinar or collar pores, of the same typical
shape as in the triradial #Spyroidea#. Sometimes even an internal columella
with three radial branches is preserved, as in _Axocorys_. It is therefore
very probable that a great part of these Cyrtoidea eradiata (if not all)
may be derived from triradiate or multiradiate ancestral forms, by
reduction and loss of the radial apophyses. In another part of this group,
mainly in the Monocyrtida eradiata (Cyrtocalpida) it is possible, or even
probable, that their eradiate shell has originated independently from
Nassellida, and that they have no true relation to radial #Cyrtoidea#.

_The Central Capsule_ of the #Cyrtoidea#, first observed by J. Mueller
(1858), and more fully described in my Monograph (1862), was very
accurately examined by Richard Hertwig (1879). His observations were
confirmed by numerous new forms, which I was able to examine in
well-preserved preparations of the Challenger. The central capsule,
according to these, exhibits the same typical shape, which is
characteristic of all MONOPYLEA (with porochora and podoconus), and may be
derived with the latter from the common ancestral forms, _Cystidium_ and
_Nassella_ (= the skeletonless Nassellida). In {1133}the majority, however,
of #Cyrtoidea#, the capsule develops on its basal face a number of
depending lobes, as were also found in some #Spyroidea# (and probably also
#Botryodea#). In this respect we may distinguish two main forms of the
capsule in the #Cyrtellaria#, viz., the primary simple, not lobate form,
and the secondary lobate form. The central capsule is originally always
enclosed in the cephalis, and has there a simple, subspherical, ellipsoidal
or ovate form. As soon as their growth increases, and the enclosing
cephalis becomes too narrow, it sends out prolongations in the form of
basal lobes, which depend from its base, and proceed through the pores of
the basal lattice of the cephalis, or the cortinar pores. In the great
majority of #Cyrtoidea# in which the capsule was observed, either three or
four such lobes were seen (already described by J. Mueller). Of course this
number depends upon the number of cortinar pores, which is either three or
four; therefore in the #Cyrtoidea# with three pores in the cortinar plate,
we find three lobes of the central capsule (an odd posterior and two paired
anterior); in the #Cyrtoidea#, however, with four pores in the cortinar
plate (the majority) we find four lobes of the central capsule (two smaller
anterior jugular and two larger posterior cardinal lobes). Usually each
lobe is ovate or pear-shaped and encloses a large oil-globule, and often
also an apophysis of the cell-nucleus.


----


Section I. MONOCYRTIDA, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., pp. 280, 281.

_Definition._--Cyrtoidea monothalamia, with simple, not jointed shell (or
cephalis), without transverse constrictions.

_Synopsis of the three Families and six Subfamilies of Monocyrtida._

  Family LIX. Tripocalpida.  } Mouth open,    1. Archipilida.
                             }
  Three radial apophyses.    } Mouth closed,  2. Archiperida.

  Family LX. Phaenocalpida.  } Mouth open,    3. Archiphormida.
                             }
  Numerous radial apophyses. } Mouth closed,  4. Archiphaenida.

  Family LXI. Cyrtocalpida.  } Mouth open,    5. Archicorida.
                             }
  No radial apophyses.       } Mouth closed,  6. Archicapsida.



Family LIX. #TRIPOCALPIDA#, n. fam.

  _Archipilida et Archiperida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 427, 429.

_Definition._--Monocyrtida triradiata. (#Cyrtoidea# with a simple, not
jointed shell, representing a simple cephalis, with three radial
apophyses.)

{1134}The family Tripocalpida, composed of the Archipilida and Archiperida
of my Prodromus, comprises those #Cyrtoidea# in which the lattice-shell is
quite simple, without transverse constriction, and bears three radial
apophyses. The two subfamilies differ in the shape of the basal mouth,
which in the Archipilida is a simple wide opening, in the Archiperida
closed by a lattice-plate; the former are here divided into eight, the
latter into seven different genera.

Only three species of this family were hitherto described, all three
belonging to the Archipilida, viz., (1) _Tripocalpis galea_ (fossil in
Barbados, figured by Ehrenberg, 1875, as _Halicalyptra galea_), (2)
_Tripodiscium campanula_ (fossil in Sicily, figured by Stoehr, 1880, as
_Carpocanium_); and (3) _Tridictyopus elegans_, of which Richard Hertwig
gave an excellent description in 1879, with an accurate figure of the
central capsule. All the other species of the family (seventy) are new.

The shell in the majority of Tripocalpida is ovate or campanulate,
sometimes conical or three-sided pyramidal. Three radial apophyses are
constantly distinct, either three lateral wings or three terminal feet;
these are usually solid spines, rarely lattice-plates. The top of the shell
usually bears an apical horn, rarely two or more horns; often the horn is
wanting. The lattice-work of the shell is very various in the different
species, and often of a remarkable structure (Pl. 51, figs. 6-8; Pl. 98,
figs. 4-8). The cavity of the shell is in all Archipilida, and in a part of
the Archiperida (_Peridium_, _Archipera_, _Archibursa_) quite simple. In
the other part of the Archiperida, however, constituting the peculiar group
of Euscenida (genera 504-507), a vertical columella arises in the centre of
the basal plate, and is prolonged upwards in the apical horn; this
columella is either simple (_Euscenium_, _Archiscenium_) or branched
(_Cladoscenium_, _Pteroscenium_); in the latter case the ascending branches
are disposed in triradiate verticils and are inserted on the inner face of
the shell (compare Pl. 53, figs. 11-16, and Pl. 98, figs. 1-4).

The phylogenetic origin of the Tripocalpida may be very divergent, and
their morphological affinity to the other #Nassellaria# is a very
complicated problem. The Euscenida (genera 504-507) may be derived directly
from the Plagonida (_Plagoniscus_) or Plectanida (_Plectaniscus_). The
Archibursida (genera 508-510) however, manifest a closer affinity to the
Tripospyrida, and may be derived from them by reduction of the sagittal
ring and constriction. In these two groups of Archiperida the shell may be
regarded as a true cephalis. In the Archipilida, however, where the shell
has a wide basal opening and the three radial ribs arise originally from
the base of the apical horn, the shell itself may correspond to the thorax
of the Dicyrtida, and may be derived from these by loss of the cephalis.
This is the more probable, as sometimes a small remnant of the reduced
cephalis is preserved (Pl. 98, fig. 8). None of these difficult questions
can be answered until a much closer morphological knowledge of the
Tripocalpida is acquired.

{1135}_Synopsis of the Genera of Tripocalpida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Archipilida. Basal mouth of the shell a simple wide opening.
                            --------------------
  Shell with three lateral ribs or wings, with or without terminal feet.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           { Apex with a horn,     496. _Tripocalpis_.
  Three terminal feet.     {
                           { No apical horn,       497. _Tripodonium_.

  Six to nine or more      } No apical horn,       498. _Tripterocalpis_.
   terminal feet.          }

  No terminal feet.        { Apex with a horn,     499. _Trissopilium_.
                           {
                           { No apical horn,       500. _Archipilium_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Shell without lateral ribs or wings but with three terminal feet.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Feet simple or           } Apex with a horn,     501. _Tripilidium_.
   branched, not latticed. }
                           } No apical horn,       502. _Tripodiscium_.

  Feet latticed.             Apex with a horn,     503. _Tridictyopus_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Archiperida.
      Basal mouth of the shell closed by a lattice-plate.
                            --------------------
      Shell in its axis with a free (simple or branched) internal
      columella,
         prolonged into an apical horn.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Shell with three         } Columella simple,     504. _Euscenium_.
   free feet, without      }
   lateral lattice-wings.  } Columella branched,   505. _Cladoscenium_.

  Shell with three         } Columella simple,     506. _Archiscenium_.
   lateral lattice-wings,  }
   connecting the three    } Columella branched,   507. _Pteroscenium_.
   feet with the horn.     }
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Shell with simple cavity, without free columella. Three free basal feet.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  One apical horn,                                 508. _Peridium_.

  Two or more horns,                               509. _Archipera_.

  No apical horn,                                  510. _Archibursa_.



Subfamily 1. ARCHIPILIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.

_Definition._--#Tripocalpida# with the basal mouth of the shell open (vel
Monocyrtida triradiata aperta).



Genus 496. _Tripocalpis_,[113] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.

_Definition._--#Archipilida# (vel Monocyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
lateral ribs prolonged into three terminal feet. Apex with a horn.

The genus _Tripocalpis_ opens the series of Archipilida, or of those
Monocyrtida in which the monothalamous shell exhibits a distinct triradial
structure, and a simple open mouth, without cortinar lattice. _Tripocalpis_
is probably the most primordial of the Archipilida, and has three lateral
ribs, which are prolonged into three free terminal {1136}feet, and
connected in the apex of the pyramidal or campanulate shell with the apical
horn. It may probably be derived from _Dictyophimus_ by loss of the
cephalis. The central capsule is simple, spherical, or ellipsoidal.


1. _Tripocalpis plectaniscus_, n. sp.

Shell three-sided pyramidal, smooth, about as long as broad, with irregular
polygonal pores and thin bars. Apical horn stout, three-sided pyramidal,
about as long as the shell. From the three edges of its base arise three
prominent straight radial ribs, which are prolonged into three large
divergent feet, of equal size and the same form as the horn.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 diameter, horn and feet 0.12.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), Station 206, depth 2100
fathoms.


2. _Tripocalpis galea_, Haeckel.

  _Halicalyptra galea_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 74, Taf. ii. fig. 10.

Shell campanulate, rough, about as long as broad, with irregular roundish
pores and thick bars. Apical horn stout, three-sided pyramidal, scarcely
one-fourth as long as the shell. Beyond its base there arise three
prominent, slightly curved lateral ribs, which are prolonged into three
pyramidal, slightly divergent stout feet, somewhat shorter than the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 to 0.09 diameter, horn 0.02, feet 0.07.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Tripocalpis tricostata_, n. sp.

Shell ovate campanulate, one and a half times as long as broad, with
regular circular pores, disposed in alternate longitudinal rows. Apical
horn three-sided pyramidal, stout, half as long as the shell. In the middle
of the shell there arise three wing-like lateral ribs, which are prolonged
into three broad, slightly curved, divergent terminal feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.08 broad, horn and feet 0.06 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Tripocalpis triserrata_, n. sp. (Pl. 51, fig. 6).

Shell ovate, nearly twice as long as broad. The three sides of the shell,
between the three large ribs, are provided each with nine delicate
parallel, longitudinal, slightly curved ribs, alternating with ten
longitudinal rows of regular circular pores about as broad as the bars.
Apical horn short and broad, three-sided pyramidal; from the three edges of
its base there arise three wing-like serrate main ribs, which are prolonged
into three short pyramidal terminal feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.07 broad, horn and feet 0.01.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


{1137}5. _Tripocalpis cortinaris_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 3).

Shell hemispherical, one and a half times as broad as long, with regular,
circular, hexagonally framed pores, Apical horn stout, three-sided
pyramidal, with three serrate edges. From the base of the latter arise
three strongly dentate and curved lateral ribs, with recurved teeth, and
these are prolonged into the serrate convex edge of the three basal feet,
which are crescentic and twice as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.06 long, feet 0.14 long.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.



Genus 497. _Tripodonium_,[114] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.

_Definition._--#Archipilida# (vel Monocyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
lateral ribs prolonged into three terminal feet. Apex without horn.

The genus _Tripodonium_ differs from the preceding _Tripocalpis_, its
probable ancestral form, only in the loss of the apical horn (already very
small in some forms of the latter). It bears therefore to the latter the
same relation that _Sethopilium_ does to _Dictyophimus_.


1. _Tripodonium campanulatum_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, somewhat broader than high, with regular circular pores,
twice as broad as the bars. Three broad lateral wings, lamellar,
triangular, are prolonged over the peristome into three short triangular
lamellar feet one-fourth as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; feet 0.02 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


2. _Tripodonium ovatum_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, one and one-third times as long as broad, with numerous and
small circular pores, scarcely as broad as the bars. Three prominent
longitudinal ribs, arising in the lower half of the shell-wall, are
prolonged into three divergent conical curved feet, about half as long as
the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.09 broad; feet 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 498. _Tripterocalpis_,[115] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.

_Definition._--#Archipilida# (vel Monocyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
lateral wings and a peristomial corona of numerous terminal feet. Shell
ovate, with constricted mouth, without apical horn.

{1138}The genus _Tripterocalpis_ is distinguished from the other
Archipilida by the remarkable combination of three lateral wings and of
numerous (six to nine or more) terminal feet. It may be derived directly
from the preceding _Tripocalpis_ by multiplication of the terminal feet.
These are sometimes obliquely directed. The central capsule is ellipsoidal
or ovate, and fills up the greater part of the shell.


1. _Tripterocalpis phylloptera_, n. sp. (Pl. 51, fig. 1).

Shell slender, ovate, nearly twice as long as broad. Pores circular, of
different sizes and at unequal distances. Along the lower half of the shell
there arise three broad triangular lamellar wings. Peristome with twelve
conical, nearly parallel and vertical feet, about one-sixth as long as the
shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.2 long, 0.12 broad; wings 0.1 long, feet 0.03 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


2. _Tripterocalpis conoptera_, n. sp. (Pl. 51, fig. 2).

Shell ovate, nearly as broad as long. Pores regular, circular, quincuncial,
twice as broad as the bars. In the middle of the shell there arise three
conical, smooth, divergent wings, about half as long as the shell.
Peristome with six short triangular, oblique, convergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.16 long, 0.14 broad; wings 0.09 long; feet 0.02
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


3. _Tripterocalpis ogmoptera_, n. sp. (Pl. 51, figs. 3-5).

Shell ovate, nearly as broad as long. Pores small and numerous, circular or
roundish, partly confluent, double-contoured (fig. 4). In the middle of the
shell there arise three very large conical divergent wings, which are
longitudinally striped and longer than half the shell. Peristome with nine
short triangular, oblique, convergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.18 long, 0.16 broad; wings 0.12 long, feet 0.02
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 499. _Trissopilium_,[116] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.

_Definition._--#Archipilida# (vel Monocyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
lateral ribs or wings. Mouth smooth, without terminal feet. Apex with a
horn.

The genus _Trissopilium_ and the following nearly allied _Archipilium_
differ from the other Archipilida in the absence of terminal feet, the
peristome being quite simple, and truncate. But there are three lateral
wings, arising either from the apex or from the lateral sides of the
monothalamous shell. _Trissopilium_ may perhaps be derived from
_Lithomelissa_ by reduction of the cephalis.


{1139}1. _Trissopilium tetraplecta_, n. sp.

Shell in the upper half three-sided pyramidal, in the lower half inversely
hemispherical, of equal length and breadth. Pores irregular, roundish, in
the upper half larger. From the apex there diverge four equal, straight and
stout, three-sided pyramidal spines, one of which is vertically ascending
(the horn), the three others obliquely descending (the wings). The distal
half of the latter is free, whilst the proximal half forms three ribs,
enclosed in the shell-wall. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long and broad, horn and wings 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Trissopilium lithomelissa_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, one and one-third times as long as broad. Pores circular, of
different sizes, small and numerous. Apical horn very large, straight,
cylindrical, vertical, longer than the shell. Three lateral wings shorter,
arising from the middle of the shell, conical, curved, divergent. Mouth
truncate, two-thirds as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 long, 0.08 broad; horn 0.13 long, wings 0.09
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 500. _Archipilium_,[117] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.

_Definition._--#Archipilida# (vel Monocyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
lateral ribs or wings. Mouth truncate, without terminal feet. Apex without
horn.

The genus _Archipilium_ differs from the nearly allied _Trissopilium_, its
probable ancestral form, in the absence of the apical horn. The three
lateral wings of the ovate shell are stout spines. It may also be derived
from the similar _Sethopilium_ by reduction and loss of the cephalis.


1. _Archipilium orthopterum_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, fig. 7).

Shell ovate, smooth, nearly cylindrical, scarcely broader than the
truncate, widely open mouth. Pores numerous, irregular, roundish, of very
different sizes. Three lateral wings arising from the middle zone, twice as
long as the shell, straight, divergent, stout, cylindrical, longitudinally
striped.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; wings 0.15 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


2. _Archipilium sigmopterum_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, smooth, nearly campanulate, of equal length and breadth, one
and one-third times as broad as the truncate, slightly constricted mouth.
Pores scarce, irregularly formed and {1140}scattered, of very different
sizes. Three lateral wings, stout, prismatic, about as long as the shell
widely divergent and S-shaped, curved.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 diameter, wings 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Archipilium cyrtopterum_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, rough, twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores small
and numerous, subregular, circular, smaller than the bars. Three lateral
wings cylindrical, crescentic, in the upper half divergent, in the lower
convergent, one and one-half times as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.07 broad; wings 0.14 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.



Genus 501. _Tripilidium_,[118] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.

_Definition._--#Archipilida# (vel Monocyrtida triradiata aperta) without
lateral ribs, with three simple or branched terminal feet and an apical
horn.

The genus _Tripilidium_ differs from _Tripodonium_ in the absence of the
three lateral ribs, and may be derived either from this ancestral form, or
directly from _Tripospyris_ (by loss of the sagittal ring and
constriction); perhaps also from _Lychnocanium_ (by reduction of the
cephalis). We distinguish as two subgenera, _Tristylocorys_ (with simple
feet) and _Tripodocorys_ (with branched feet).



Subgenus 1. _Tristylocorys_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet simple, not branched.


1. _Tripilidium cortina_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, rough, about as long as broad. Pores subregular,
circular, larger in the middle zone, twice to three times as broad as the
bars. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the shell. Apical horn straight
and stout, three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the shell. Three feet
divergent, slightly S-shaped, curved, somewhat longer the the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 diameter, horn 0.09 long, feet 0.13 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


2. _Tripilidium hemisphaericum_, n. sp.

Shell hemispherical, smooth, nearly twice as broad as long. Pores large,
with thin bars, irregular, roundish, of very different sizes. Mouth wide
open. Apical horn conical, half as long as {1141}the shell. Three feet
slender cylindrical, widely divergent, curved, nearly twice as long as the
shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.14 broad; horn 0.05 long, feet 0.15 long.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.


3. _Tripilidium lychnocanium_, n. sp.

Shell hemispherical, thorny, one and a half times as broad as long. Pores
regular, circular, hexagonally framed, as broad as the bars. Mouth slightly
constricted. Apical horn stout and short, three-sided pyramidal. Three feet
cylindrical, straight, divergent, twice to three times as long as the
shell. (Similar to _Lychnocanium favosum_, Pl. 61, fig. 6, perhaps derived
from it by reduction of the cephalis.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.02 long, feet 0.2 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Tripilidium ovatum_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, smooth, one and one half times as long as broad. Pores
regular, circular, as broad as the bars. Mouth constricted, half as broad
as the shell. Horn short, conical. Three feet conical, curved, convergent,
scarcely one-third as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.15 long, 0.11 broad; horn 0.02 long, feet 0.04 long.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


5. _Tripilidium clavatum_, n. sp.

Shell nearly spherical, tuberculate, a little broader than long. Pores
regular, circular, as broad as the bars. Mouth constricted, half as broad
as the shell. Apical feet and the three divergent feet of equal size and
similar form, about as long as the shell, straight, in the basal half
smooth, cylindrical, in the distal half club-shaped, dimpled. (Very similar
to _Tripospyris conifera_ and _Tripospyris eucolpos_, Pl. 84, figs. 7 and
4; but the spherical shell exhibits no trace of sagittal ring or
constriction, and the simple shell-cavity has a wide open mouth, and is not
closed by a basal plate.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 diameter, horn and feet 0.08 to 0.09 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


6. _Tripilidium costatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, figs. 8, 8_a_, 8_b_).

Shell ovate, spinulate and costate, nearly twice as broad as long. Surface
with fifteen to twenty prominent longitudinal ribs, which are convergent
towards each pole and elegantly denticulate. The deep furrows between them
are divided by delicate, parallel, transverse ribs into numerous short and
broad dimples (thirty to forty in each furrow); each dimple contains a
small pore, like a transverse {1142}fissure. The apex bears a short and
stout, three-sided pyramidal horn, the hollow base of which is closed by a
small cortinar septum with three collar pores (fig. 8_b_). This seems to
indicate a rudimentary cephalis and the derivation of this species from
_Lychnocanium_ (Pl. 61). Peristome constricted, only one-fourth as broad as
the shell, with three short, conical, nearly vertical feet. The central
capsule (fig. 8_a_) in the specimen examined was well preserved,
hemispherical, not lobate, and filled up the upper half of the shell-cavity
(beyond the rudiment of the cortinar septum).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.2 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.01 long, feet 0.02 long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


7. _Tripilidium elongatum_, n. sp.

Shell elongate, smooth, nearly cylindrical, in the upper third conical.
Pores small and numerous, regular, circular, half as broad as the bars,
disposed in about thirty longitudinal alternating rows. Peristome scarcely
constricted. The apical horn and the three parallel feet are of equal size
and similar form, straight, conical, one-sixth as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.06 broad; horn and feet 0.02 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Tripodocorys, Haeckel_, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.

_Definition._--Feet forked or branched.


8. _Tripilidium dichopodium_, n. sp.

Shell hemispherical, nearly twice as broad as long, smooth. Pores
irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as the bars. Mouth wide
open. Apical horn spindle-shaped, half as long as the shell. Three feet
cylindrical, nearly straight and parallel, as long as the shell, forked at
the distal end. (Exhibits an external similarity to _Tripospyris semantis_,
Pl. 84, fig. 2, but has no trace of sagittal ring and constriction, and the
simple shell-cavity has a wide open mouth.)

_Dimensions._--0.06 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.03 long, feet 0.07 long.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


9. _Tripilidium cladopodium_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, rough, about as long as broad. Pores subregular,
circular, as broad as the bars. Mouth slightly constricted. Apical horn and
three divergent feet of nearly equal size and form, three-sided prismatic,
straight and stout, irregularly dentate and branched, somewhat longer than
the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 diameter; horn and feet 0.1 to 0.12 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.



{1143}Genus 502. _Tripodiscium_,[119] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.

_Definition._--#Archipilida# (vel Monocyrtida triradiata aperta) without
lateral ribs and apical horn, with three simple or branched terminal feet.

The genus _Tripodiscium_ may be derived either from the preceding
_Tripilidium_ by loss of the apical horn, or from the nearly related
_Tristylospyris_ by loss of the sagittal ring and constriction. Some forms
of the latter genus can scarcely be distinguished from similar species of
the former.



Subgenus 1. _Tripodiscinus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet simple, not branched nor forked.


1. _Tripodiscium tristylospyris_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the
bars. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the shell, with three short
spindle-shaped feet, which are nearly parallel and vertical, half as long
as the shell. (Similar to _Tristylospyris scaphipes_, Pl. 84, fig. 13, but
without sagittal ring and constriction.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.07 broad; feet 0.04 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Tripodiscium ovatum_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, rough, nearly as broad as long. Pores regular circular,
double-contoured, twice as broad as the bars. Mouth constricted, one-third
as broad as the shell, with three convergent short triangular feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.09 broad; feet 0.02 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


3. _Tripodiscium clavatum_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, smooth, one and a half times as long as broad. Pores irregular
roundish, of different sizes. Mouth constricted, two-thirds as broad as the
shell, with three divergent, straight club-shaped feet, nearly as long as
the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


{1144}4. _Tripodiscium campanula_, Haeckel.

  _Carpocanium campanula_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 96,
  Taf. iii. fig. 9.

Shell campanulate or subspherical, smooth, about as long as broad. Pores
small, regular circular, as broad as the bars. Mouth constricted, about
half as broad as the shell, with three short conical descending feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.05 broad; feet 0.02 long.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in
Sicily.



Subgenus 2. _Tripodisculus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet branched or forked.


5. _Tripodiscium furcatum_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, rough, nearly as broad as long. Pores subregular, circular,
twice as broad as the bars. Mouth constricted, two-thirds as broad as the
shell, with three divergent parallel and vertical feet, which are as long
as the shell, and forked at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.07 long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.


6. _Tripodiscium ramosum_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, tuberculate, nearly as broad as long. Pores irregular,
roundish, of very different sizes. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the
shell, with three large, divergent, irregularly branched feet, nearly twice
as long as the shell. (Similar to _Tristylospyris ramosa_, Pl. 52, fig. 23,
but without sagittal ring and constriction.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; feet 0.15 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


7. _Tripodiscium sphaerocephalum_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 21).

Shell subspherical, rough, with circular pores of different sizes. Mouth
constricted, circular, simple, two-thirds as broad as the shell, with three
large divergent feet, which are three-sided prismatic, irregularly
branched, and twice as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; feet 0.12 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



{1145}Genus 503. _Tridictyopus_,[120] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.

_Definition._--#Archipilida# (vel Monocyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
latticed terminal feet. Shell ovate or subconical, with an apical horn.

The genus _Tridictyopus_ differs from the nearly allied _Tripilidium_ in
the possession of three large fenestrated shovel-shaped feet, forming
direct prolongations of the large conical shell. The lattice work exhibits
a peculiar elegant structure recurring in the similar, perhaps nearly
related, _Cephalospyris_ (Pl. 83, fig. 10; Pl. 96, fig. 28). The central
capsule is large, ellipsoidal or ovate, and fills up the greater part of
the shell cavity (compare R. Hertwig, 1879, _loc. cit._, p. 75).


1. _Tridictyopus vatillum_, n. sp. (Pl. 51, fig. 8).

Shell campanulate, about as long as broad (excluding horn and feet). Pores
irregular, polygonal, in the middle part more regular, triangular. Horn
short and stout, three-sided pyramidal. Three feet large, triangular,
shovel-shaped, about half as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.14 long, 0.15 broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


2. _Tridictyopus conulus_, n. sp. (Pl. 51, fig. 7).

Shell campanulate conical, about one and a half times as long as broad
(excluding horn and feet). Pores mostly triangular, disposed in subregular
hexagonal figures, which are separated by bands of smaller irregular
polygonal pores. Horn short and stout, three-sided pyramidal. Three feet
triangular shovel-shaped, convergent, about one-sixth as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.3 long, 0.2 broad; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.05 long.

_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


3. _Tridictyopus elegans_, R. Hertwig.

  _Tridictyopus elegans_, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 75,
  Taf. vii. fig. 3, 3_a_, 3_b._

Shell slender, conical, campanulate, about twice as long as broad
(excluding horn and feet). Most pores subregular triangular, with some
irregular polygonal ones intermingled. The horn in the two observed
specimens was broken off, together with the conical apex of the shell.
Three feet triangular shovel-shaped, about one-sixth as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.3 long, 0.15 broad; feet 0.05 long.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), R. Hertwig, surface.



{1146}Subfamily 2. ARCHIPERIDA, Haeckel, 1881, p. 429.

_Definition._--#Tripocalpida# with the basal mouth of the shell fenestrated
(vel Monocyrtida triradiata clausa).



Genus 504. _Euscenium_,[121] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Archiperida# (vel Monocyrtida triradiata clausa) with a
free simple internal columella, prolonged into an apical horn. Three basal
feet free, without lateral wings.

The genus _Euscenium_ and the three following nearly allied genera form
together the remarkable small group of Euscenida, probably one of the
oldest and most primitive of all #Cyrtoidea#, and perhaps the common root
of this suborder, arising directly from the #Plectoidea#. The simple
skeleton is composed of four radial beams united in one point (the cortinar
centrum). Three beams are directed downwards, and form three divergent
basal feet; the fourth beam is directed upwards and represents an apical
horn; its basal part is enclosed as "columella" in the cavity of the simple
shell, the lattice-work of which connects the four spines (compare above,
_Plectaniscus_, p. 924). In the genus _Euscenium_, the simplest of all, the
columella is simple, and the three feet also simple, without wings.



Subgenus 1. _Euscenarium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Three feet simple, not branched.


1. _Euscenium plectaniscus_ (Pl. 98, fig. 1).

Shell three-sided pyramidal, thorny, about as long as broad, with three
dentate edges. Framework very loose, with irregular polygonal meshes; in
the middle of each of the three triangular sides a horizontal band of
denser network. Basal plate with three very large simple collar-holes. The
apical horn and the three feet are three-sided pyramidal, about half as
long as the columella, with three prominent irregularly dentate edges. The
horn is straight, whilst the three feet are hook-shaped, its distal end
being curved downwards and inwards.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 long, 0.13 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Euscenium archicyrtis_, n. sp.

Shell three-sided pyramidal, smooth, nearly as long as broad, with three
straight edges connected by irregular loose framework with polygonal
meshes. Basal plate with three very large {1147}simple collar-holes. The
apical horn and the three feet are three-sided prismatic, smooth, about
twice as long as the columella, straight and widely divergent.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


3. _Euscenium hemisphaericum_, n. sp.

Shell hemispherical smooth, half as long as broad, with small and numerous
subregular circular pores. Basal plate with three large triangular simple
collar-holes. Horn slender, three-sided prismatic, twice as long as the
columella. Feet very slender, with three denticulate edges, widely
divergent and curved like the quadrant of a circle.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.04 long, 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Euscenium tricolpium_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, fig. 12).

  _Archiscenium tricolpium_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas, _loc. cit._

Shell cap-shaped, nearly hemispherical, with three vaulted hemispherical
bosoms between the three arches ascending from the feet to the horn.
Network very irregular, with polygonal meshes, of different form and size.
Basal plate with three large primary and some smaller irregular accessory
collar-holes. Horn slender, straight, twice as long as the columella. Feet
of the same length, slender, widely divergent, slightly curved. The three
edges of the horn and the feet are elegantly denticulated.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.04 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


5. _Euscenium tripospyris_, n. sp. (Pl. 84, fig. 8).

  _Tripospyris euscenium_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.

Shell nearly spherical, smooth, with numerous small circular pores. Basal
plate also with numerous small pores. Horn and feet stout, three-sided
prismatic, straight or slightly curved, about as long as the thin, somewhat
curved columella.  This species is closely allied to Tripospyris.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 to 0.12 diameter, horn and feet 0.08 to 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Euscenidium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet forked or branched.


6. _Euscenium furcatum_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, smooth, with numerous irregular roundish pores. Basal
plate with nine pores (three larger central and six smaller distal). Horn
club-shaped, half as long as the columella. {1148}Feet twice as long,
cylindrical, parallel, vertical, forked at the distal end. (Similar to
_Tripospyris semantis_, Pl. 84, fig. 2, but without sagittal feet.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


7. _Euscenium quadratum_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, smooth with subregular square pores. Basal plate with
three large pores. Horn and feet of the same size and shape, twice as long
as the columella, three-sided prismatic, each with four or five verticils
of lateral branches. (Similar to the cephalis of _Clathrocorys murrayi_,
Pl. 64, fig. 8, but with four free spines without connecting
lattice-wings.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.05 broad; horn and feet 0.12 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.


8. _Euscenium ramosum_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, rough, with small subregular circular pores. Basal
plate with nine pores (three larger central and six smaller distal pores).
Horn and feet of the same size and form, three to four times as long as the
columella, three-sided prismatic, irregularly branched.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 diameter, horn and feet 0.15 to 0.2 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 505. _Cladoscenium_,[122] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.

_Definition._--#Archiperida# (vel Monocyrtida triradiata clausa) with a
free branched internal columella, prolonged into an apical horn. Three
basal feet free, without lateral wings.

The genus _Cladoscenium_ differs from the preceding _Euscenium_ only in the
ramification of the internal columella, which bears one or more verticils
of three ascending lateral branches. The three branches of each verticil
lie in the same equidistant meridian planes as the three basal feet, and
are inserted with their distal ends on the inner surface of the simple
lattice-shell. The three feet are also branched, but without vertical
lattice-wings. _Cladoscenium_ is perhaps closely allied to _Clathrocorys_.


1. _Cladoscenium fulcratum_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, smooth, with large irregular roundish pores. Basal
plate with three large pores. Columella with a single verticil of three
ascending lateral branches. Apical horn as long as the {1149}columella,
simple, three-sided prismatic. Feet twice as long, widely divergent,
straight, prismatic, with some irregular basal branches.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 diameter, horn 0.05 long, feet 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Cladoscenium ancoratum_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, fig. 13).

Shell campanulate, smooth, with irregular polygonal pores. Basal plate with
six pores (two large cardinal, two smaller jugular and two still smaller
cervical pores). Columella with a single verticil of three ascending
lateral branches (by mistake not distinct in the figure). Apical horn and
the three feet of the same form and size, slender, prismatic, twice to
three times as long as the shell, straight, in the distal half with three
slender recurved branches, anchor-shaped.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; horn and feet 0.1 to 0.15 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Cladoscenium gladiatum_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, with irregular polygonal pores. Basal plate with three
large pores. Columella with two verticils of three ascending lateral
branches. Apical horn as long as the columella, three-sided prismatic. Feet
of the same form, twice as long, in the distal half with two opposite
transverse branches, sword-shaped.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


4. _Cladoscenium pinnatum_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, with irregular polygonal pores. Basal plate with four
pores (two major cardinal and two minor jugular). Columella with two
verticils of three ascending lateral branches, and prolonged into a slender
prismatic apical horn of twice the length, which bears four such verticils.
Feet twice as long as the horn, pinnate, each with four or five pairs of
opposite lateral branches, decreasing towards the thin distal end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.05 broad; horn 0.1 long, feet 0.2 long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


5. _Cladoscenium verticillatum_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, with subregular square pores. Basal plate with nine
pores (three larger central and six smaller distal). Columella with three
verticils of three ascending lateral branches. Apical horn and the three
basal feet of equal size and similar form, four to six times as long as the
columella, three-sided prismatic, each with four to five verticils of three
lateral branches, which are {1150}irregularly ramified and tapering towards
the distal end. (Similar to _Clathrocorys teuscheri_, Pl. 64, fig. 10, but
with four free spines, without connecting lattice-wings.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; horn and feet 0.2 to 0.25 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


6. _Cladoscenium pectinatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, fig. 2).

Shell subspherical, with irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with three
large holes. Columella with two verticils of three ascending lateral
branches. Apical horn and the three feet of nearly the same size and form,
three to four times as long as the columella, straight, three-sided
prismatic, each with five to eight verticils of three simple lateral
branches, tapering towards the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.16 to 0.22
long.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.



Genus 506. _Archiscenium_,[123] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.

_Definition._--#Archiperida# (vel Monocyrtida triradiata clausa) with a
free simple internal columella, prolonged into an apical horn. Three basal
feet connected with the horn by three vertical lateral wings.

The genus _Archiscenium_ and the following nearly allied _Pteroscenium_ are
derived from the two preceding genera, from which they differ in the
development of three free vertical lateral lattice-wings; these arise from
the upper edge of the three basal feet and connect them with the three
edges of the apical horn. The basal part of the latter, enclosed in the
shell, forms an internal free columella, which in _Archiscenium_ is simple,
not branched.


1. _Archiscenium quadrispinum_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, fig. 11).

Shell hemispherical, smooth, with a small number of large irregular
polygonal meshes and thin bars. Basal lattice with three very large central
meshes and six smaller peripheral meshes (two on the base of each foot).
Apical horn and the three feet of equal size and similar form, slender,
pyramidal, widely divergent, straight, as long as the shell-diameter. Three
lateral wings small, little prominent, each with two or three irregular
meshes. Central capsule subspherical.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Archiscenium clathrocorys_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, smooth, with numerous irregular square meshes. Basal
lattice with three very large meshes. Apical horn and the three feet of
equal size and similar form, three-sided prismatic, {1151}widely divergent,
straight, twice as long as the shell-diameter. Three lateral wings broad,
each with a basal row of few very large irregular roundish meshes, and
several distal rows of small square meshes. This species is very similar to
_Clathrocorys murrayi_ (Pl. 64, fig. 8), but has no trace of thorax-wall.
The latter species may be derived from the former by development of the
thoracic lattice, which connects the three free feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Archiscenium tripterygium_, n. sp.

Shell hemispherical, smooth, with numerous irregular roundish meshes of
very different sizes. Basal lattice with four large meshes, two major
cardinal and two minor cardinal pores. Apical horn and the three feet of
similar form and size, slender prismatic, three to four times as long as
the shell; the horn straight, the feet curved. Three lateral wings very
delicate, with a basal row of few large irregular polygonal meshes, and
several distal rows of similar small pores.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.04 long, 0.05 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Archiscenium cyclopterum_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, fig. 3).

Shell hemispherical, with small irregular roundish pores. Basal lattice
with four large meshes, two major cardinal and two minor jugular pores.
Apical horn and the three feet of similar form and size, slender prismatic,
straight, twice to four times as long as the shell. Three lateral wings
nearly semicircular, densely latticed, with the same pores as the shell,
and smooth convex margin.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


5. _Archiscenium callimitra_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, with irregular polygonal pores. Basal lattice with nine
meshes (three larger central and six smaller distal pores, as in
_Callimitra carolotae_, Pl. 63, fig. 8). Apical horn straight, prismatic,
slender, conical, twice as long as the shell. Feet longer and more slender,
slightly curved. Three lateral wings very broad, densely fenestrated, with
irregular polygonal pores of the same shape as in the similar _Callimitra
carolotae_ (Pl. 63, fig. 1).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.04 broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



Genus 507. _Pteroscenium_,[124] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.

_Definition._--#Archiperida# (vel Monocyrtida triradiata clausa) with a
free branched internal columella, prolonged into an apical horn. Three
basal feet connected with the horn by three vertical lateral wings.

{1152}The genus _Pteroscenium_ differs from the preceding _Archiscenium_
only in the ramification of the internal columella, and therefore exhibits
to it the same relation that _Cladoscenium_ bears to _Euscenium_. The
branches of the columella form also here verticils of ascending branches,
three in each verticil, and their distal ends are inserted on the inner
surface of the lattice-shell.


1. _Pteroscenium arcuatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, fig. 4).

Shell campanulate, smooth, nearly conical, somewhat broader than long, with
irregular dense network of small circular pores. Columella straight, with
two or three triradiate verticils of horizontal lateral branches, which are
inserted in the shell-wall. Horn slender pyramidal, as long as the shell.
Three divergent feet twice as long as the horn, strongly curved, thorny,
three-edged; the distance of their pointed ends twice as broad as the
shell. From the outer edge of each foot arise numerous ascending bristles,
which are connected together and with similar lateral branches of the horn
by curved arches, forming three delicate spiny vertical wings.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


2. _Pteroscenium arcadophorum_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, smooth, with irregular polygonal pores, very similar to
the preceding species but with much broader wings, forming several arcades
with three to five rows of irregular meshes. Columella with five or six
triradiate verticils of lateral branches. Horn twice as long as the shell,
of the same length as the strongly curved spinulate feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.11 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Pteroscenium pinnatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, figs. 14, 15, 16).

Shell campanulate, smooth, somewhat longer than broad, with irregular
delicate network of small roundish pores. Columella straight, with numerous
(eight to twelve) triradiate verticils of ascending lateral branches, which
are inserted in the shell-wall. The uppermost end of the columella is a
conical apical horn. The three divergent feet are smooth, slender, conical,
slightly curved, about as long as the shell, pinnate, with six to ten pairs
of ascending lateral branches, parallel to those of the columella and
inserted on the three vaulted lateral wings. (Fig. 14 exhibits the outside
of the shell, fig. 15 the internal structure of the cortina, fig. 16 the
basal view.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


4. _Pteroscenium spinulosum_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, spinulate, about as long as broad, with small and
numerous irregular polygonal pores, very similar to the preceding species,
but differing in the more slender form of {1153}the horn and the feet,
bearing more numerous lateral branches (twelve to sixteen pairs on each
foot). Columella with six to eight triradiate verticils. Horn about as long
as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


5. _Pteroscenium macropodium_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, spinulate, with irregular polygonal pores; very similar
to the two preceding species, but differing in the size and shape of the
three feet, which are for the most part solid, triangular, nearly parallel,
vertical, very slender, three times as long as the shell, latticed only at
the curved base, with few pairs of lateral branches. Columella with four to
six triradiate verticils, as long as the stout triangular pyramidal horn.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


6. _Pteroscenium tripocolpum_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, spinulate, similar to _Euscenium tricolpium_ (Pl. 53,
fig. 12) with three vaulted hemispherical bosoms between the three delicate
arachnoidal vertical wings. Network loose, very irregular, with polygonal
meshes of very different sizes. Columella with three or four triradiate
verticils, as long as the slender pyramidal horn. Three feet twice as long,
somewhat curved, widely divergent, with three or four pairs of lateral
branches. The three edges of the feet and of the horn are elegantly
denticulated.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.09 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 508. _Peridium_,[125] Haeckel, 1881, p. 429.

_Definition._--#Archiperida# (vel Monocyrtida triradiata clausa) without
internal columella, with an apical horn.

The genus _Peridium_ (or _Archiperidium_, Prodromus, _loc. cit._) and the
two following nearly allied genera form together the small group of
Archibursida, differing from the four preceding genera (the Euscenida) in
the absence of an internal free columella. The three basal feet have
therefore no direct connection with the apical horn. _Peridium_, the
ancestral form of the Archibursida, may have originated either from
_Euscenium_ by reduction and loss of the columella, or directly from
_Tripospyris_ by loss of the sagittal ring and the longitudinal
constriction.



Subgenus 1. _Peridarium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet smooth, simple, neither spiny nor branched.


{1154}1. _Peridium lasanum_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, smooth, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate
with three large meshes. Horn apical, vertical, of the same size and form
as the three divergent smooth feet, slender pyramidal, twice to three times
as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell-diameter 0.06 to 0.07, length of the three spines 0.15
to 0.2.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.


2. _Peridium papillatum_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, papillate, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate
with four meshes (two major cardinal and two minor jugular pores). Horn
occipital, oblique, three-sided pyramidal, half as long as the shell and as
the three widely divergent, subhorizontal, smooth feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.07 to 0.08, length of the horn 0.04, of the
feet 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Peridium curvipes_, n. sp.

Shell hemispherical, thorny, with irregular roundish pores. Basal plate
with six pores (two larger middle cardinal, two smaller anterior jugular
and two smaller posterior cervical pores, as in Pl. 53, figs. 13, 18). Horn
conical, oblique, arising from the middle of the occipital face, half as
long as the shell. Feet slender, conical, curved, smooth, twice as long as
the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.04 long, 0.06 broad; horn 0.02 long; feet 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Station 206, depth 2100 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Archiperidium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet spiny or branched.


4. _Peridium spinipes_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, fig. 9).

Shell ovate, rough or thorny, with irregular roundish pores. Basal plate
with four pores (two larger cardinal and two smaller jugular pores). Horn
oblique, occipital, three-sided pyramidal, half as long as the shell,
connected with the caudal foot by a prominent crest. Three feet
horizontally expanded, prismatic, spiny, about as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.06 to
0.09 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


5. _Peridium palmipes_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, fig. 10).

Shell ovate, smooth, with irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with three
large pores. Horn oblique, three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the
shell, inserted near its occipital base. Three feet prismatic, slender,
half as long, ending with a broad dentate plate.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.05 broad; horn 0.05 long, feet 0.03 long.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.


{1155}6. _Peridium alatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 7).

Shell subspherical smooth, with regular circular, hexagonally-framed pores.
Basal plate with nine pores (three larger central and six smaller distal
pores). Horn apical, of equal size and the same form as the three feet,
three-sided prismatic, with three broad prominent wings, somewhat longer
than the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.1 to 0.12 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


7. _Peridium cervinum_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, spiny, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate with
four pores (?). Horn apical, conical, about as long as the shell. Feet
three to four times as long, cylindrical curved, with irregular simple or
forked branches like the antlers of a deer.

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.1, horn 0.1 long, feet 0.3 to 0.4 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 509. _Archipera_,[126] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.

_Definition._--#Archiperida# (vel Monocyrtida triradiata clausa) without
internal columella, with two or more apical horns.

The genus _Archipera_ differs from the preceding _Peridium_ only in the
multiplication of the apical horn, which in the latter is always simple.
The number of horns is usually two or three, sometimes four or more. The
species bearing three horns may be derived directly from _Triceraspyris_ by
loss of the sagittal ring.


1. _Archipera cortiniscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, fig. 5).

Shell ovate, thorny, with large roundish pores, which are closed by
sieve-plates with numerous small porules. Basal plate with two pairs of
simple large pores (two smaller jugular and two larger cardinal, similar to
Pl. 98, fig. 10_b_). Two horns divergent, curved, slender, pyramidal; the
apical horn longer than the shell, the frontal horn shorter. Three feet
divergent, longer than the shell, three-sided prismatic, at the distal end
club-shaped, thorny.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.08 broad; horns and feet 0.11 to 0.14
long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


2. _Archipera pentacantha_, n. sp.

Shell pear-shaped, smooth, with numerous and small irregular roundish
pores. Basal plate with three larger pores. Two horns and three feet of
nearly equal size and similar form, three-sided {1156}prismatic, about as
long as the shell diameter, somewhat curved. The apical horn stands on the
apex, the frontal horn half-way up the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; horns and feet 0.05 to 0.07
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


3. _Archipera bicornis_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, rough, with small regular circular, sparsely scattered pores.
Basal plate with four larger central and a peripheral coronal of twelve
smaller pores. Two horns near the apex widely divergent, somewhat shorter
than the shell, of equal size and similar form. Three feet twice as long,
horizontally expanded. All five spines slender, three-sided pyramidal,
straight.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; horns 0.05 long, feet 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


4. _Archipera tricornis_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, smooth, with subregular circular pores. Basal plate
with four large meshes (two major cardinal and two minor jugular pores). On
the apex three divergent pyramidal horns of different size, one larger
occipital and two smaller frontal horns. Three feet prismatic, about twice
as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.05, length of the feet 0.1.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.


5. _Archipera quadricornis_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, smooth, with a small number of irregular roundish, widely
scattered pores. Basal plate with four crossed meshes of nearly equal size.
On the equator there arise four divergent prismatic horns of nearly equal
size, three of which correspond to the three feet, whilst the fourth is
opposite to the caudal foot. The three feet are also prismatic, as long as
the shell, horizontally expanded. (Similar to the upper half of
_Lithomelissa decacantha_, Pl. 56, fig. 2, but without thorax.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; horns and feet 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


6. _Archipera multicornis_, n. sp.

Shell hemispherical, spiny, with irregular polygonal pores. Basal plate
with six meshes (?). Between the smaller spines of the surface arise six
larger conical divergent horns. Three feet also conical, divergent, about
twice as long as the shell and the horns.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; horns 0.05 long, feet 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



{1157}Genus 510. _Archibursa_,[127] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.

_Definition._--#Archiperida# (vel Monocyrtida triradiata clausa) without
internal columella and without apical horn.

The genus _Archibursa_ has probably arisen from _Peridium_ by loss of the
apical horn, and is the only genus of Archiperida which bears no horn. The
three basal feet are well-developed. It differs from the similar
_Tristylospyris_ by the absence of the sagittal ring and the corresponding
longitudinal constriction.


1. _Archibursa tripodiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, fig. 6).

Shell subspherical, smooth, with irregular roundish pores. Basal plate with
three large triangular pores of equal size (fig. 6). Three feet widely
divergent, straight, three-sided prismatic, about as long as the diameter
of the shell.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.07, length of the feet 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Family LX. #PHAENOCALPIDA#, n. fam.

  _Archiphormida_ et _Archiphaenida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 428,
      429.

_Definition._--#Monocyrtida# multiradiata. (#Cyrtoidea# with a simple, not
jointed shell, resembling a simple cephalis, with numerous radial apophyses
(four to nine or more).

The family #Phaenocalpida#, composed of the Archiphormida and Archiphaenida
of my Prodromus, comprises those #Cyrtoidea# in which the lattice-shell is
quite without transverse constriction, but bears numerous radial apophyses.
The two subfamilies differ in the shape of the basal mouth, which in the
Archiphormida is a simple wide opening, but is closed in the Archiphaenida
by a lattice-plate.

Several Phaenocalpida were formerly described by Ehrenberg, viz.,
_Halicalyptra virginica_ (in 1844) and _Litharachnium arachnodiscus_ (in
1872, called by him _Carpocanium_, though it is quite different from this
genus, and closely allied to my _Litharachnium tentorium_, figured in
1862). These forms belong to the Archiphormida (with open mouth). Several
fossil Archiphaenida (with closed mouth) were figured by Ehrenberg, in
1875, as belonging to _Petalospyris_ (_ocellata_, _carinata_, _flabellum_),
though the absence of the sagittal ring and the corresponding longitudinal
constriction demonstrates their character as _Phaenocalpis_.

{1158}The Phaenocalpida are probably an artificial family, composed of
three or four (or perhaps more) different groups, which have a quite
different origin. The Litharachnida (genera 511-515) and the Haliphormida
(genera 516-518) are probably derived from the Sethophormida by loss of the
cephalis, the retrograde metamorphosis of which may be observed in all its
different stages. The Halicalyptrida (genera 519-521) are perhaps
independent of the other Phaenocalpida, and may be Archicorida which have
produced a corona of teeth around the mouth, without relation to lost
radial ribs. The Phaenoscenida (_Phaenocalpis_, _Phaenoscenium_) may be
derived from the Euscenida (genera 504-507) by interpolation of interradial
feet between the three primary ones, or directly from the #Plectoidea#. The
Calpophaenida, on the other hand (_Calpophaena_, _Archiphaena_), may have
arisen from the Zygospyrida (_Petalospyris_, _Gorgospyris_) by loss of the
sagittal ring and the longitudinal constriction. The phylogeny of the
Phaenocalpida is therefore a very complicated problem, as yet unsolved.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Phaenocalpida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Archiphormida.
     Basal mouth of the shell a simple wide opening.
                            --------------------
     Radial ribs enclosed in the wall of the shell, usually prolonged into
        free terminal feet.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      { Shell simple, with simple
                      {   network,                   511. _Bathropyramis_.
  Shell slender,      {
   pyramidal          { Shell simple, with double
   (without horn).    {   network,                   512. _Cinclopyramis_.
                      {
                      { Shell double, with an outer
                      {   mantle,                    513. _Peripyramis_.

  Shell flatly        } Radial ribs simple,          514. _Litharachnium_.
   campanulate or     }
   discoidal (without } Radial ribs branched,        515. _Cladarachnium_.
   horn).             }

                      { Mouth smooth, constricted
  Shell ovate,        {   (no horn),                 516. _Cystophormis_.
   urceolate or       {
   campanulate.       { Mouth, with    { With horn,  517. _Haliphormis_.
                      { a corona of    {
                      {   feet.        { No horn,    518. _Archiphormis_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  No radial ribs in the wall of the shell. Mouth surrounded by a corona of
     free terminal feet.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       { With horn,  519. _Halicalyptra_.
  Shell simple without mantle.         {
                                       { No horn,    520. _Carpocanistrum_.

  Shell double, with an external mantle (no horn),   521. _Arachnocalpis_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Archiphaenida. Basal mouth closed by a lattice-plate.
                            --------------------
      In the axis of the shell-cavity a free columella.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  In the axis of the     { Columella simple,         522. _Phaenocalpis_.
   shell-cavity a        {
   free columella.       { Columella branched,       523. _Phaenoscenium_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Shell-cavity simple, without axial columella.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Shell-cavity simple,   { Apex with a horn,         524. _Calpophaena_.
   without axial         {
   columella.            { No apical horn,           525. _Archiphaena_.



{1159}Subfamily 1. ARCHIPHORMIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.

_Definition._--#Phaenocalpida# with the basal mouth of the shell open (vel
Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta).



Genus 511. _Bathropyramis_,[128] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.

_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
simple, slender pyramidal shell and numerous radial beams (six to nine or
more). Network simple, with large, unfenestrated, quadrangular meshes.

The genus _Bathropyramis_ and the following four nearly allied genera form
together a peculiar group of Archiphormida, the Litharachnida, possessing
near relations to _Sethopyramis_ and the allied Sethophormida, from which
they are probably derived by reduction and loss of the small cephalis. The
shell in all these forms is distinctly pyramidal, composed of numerous
divergent radial beams (commonly six to nine), which form the edges of the
pyramid, and are connected by parallel horizontal rings. The quadrangular
meshes so produced are quite simple in _Bathropyramis_. This genus cannot
be sharply separated from _Sethopyramis_, its ancestral form.



Subgenus 1. _Acropyramis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.

_Definition_.--Shell smooth, without spines on the surface.


1. _Bathropyramis acephala_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, slenderly pyramidal, with three cortinar pores at the apex
and with six stout radial beams or longitudinal ribs, connected by twelve
to sixteen complete hexagonal horizontal rings. Meshes nearly square,
increasing gradually in size towards the mouth.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.25 long, 0.15 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


2. _Bathropyramis quadrata_, n. sp. (Pl. 54, fig. 1).

Shell smooth, slenderly pyramidal, with three cortinar pores at the apex
and nine stout radial beams, connected by eight to twelve complete circular
horizontal rings. Meshes subregular, square, increasing in size gradually
towards the circular mouth.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.2 to 0.3 long, 0.12 to 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


{1160}3. _Bathropyramis trapezoides_, n. sp. (Pl. 54, fig. 3).

Shell smooth, broadly pyramidal, with four cortinar pores at the apex and
eight (or sometimes nine) stout radial beams, connected by twelve to
sixteen complete octagonal horizontal rings. Meshes trapezoidal, of nearly
equal length, but gradually increasing in breadth.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.3 long, 0.3 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Bathropyramis interrupta_, n. sp. (Pl. 55, fig. 7).

Shell smooth, flatly pyramidal, nearly discoidal, with four cortinar pores
at the apex and nine to ten stout radial beams, connected by eight to
sixteen interrupted rings; the rings are complete only in the apical part,
in the distal part more or less irregularly interrupted.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.36 broad.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.


5. _Bathropyramis medusa_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, flatly pyramidal, nearly discoidal, with four cortinar pores
and numerous radial beams (thirty to fifty); the four perradial of these
are prolongations of the four cortinar beams, and alternate with four
interradial of the same size. Between these are intercalated eight adradial
beams arising from the third ring; and between the former and the latter,
sixteen to twenty-four peripheral radial beams, arising from the fourth to
the sixth ring. The inner four to six rings are complete, the outer ten to
fifteen irregularly interrupted.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.3 to 0.4 broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 338, surface.



Subgenus 2. _Cladopyramis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.

_Definition_.--Shell spiny, with prominent simple or branched spines on the
surface.


6. _Bathropyramis spinosa_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, slenderly pyramidal, with three cortinar pores at the apex and
with nine strong radial beams, connected by fifteen to twenty complete
parallel rings. Meshes subregular square, increasing gradually in size.
Surface covered with simple, strong conical spines, arising from the nodal
points.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.24 long, 0.16 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


{1161}7. _Bathropyramis ramosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 54, fig. 4).

Shell spiny, slenderly pyramidal, with three cortinar pores at the apex,
and with nine (or sometimes eight or ten) strong radial beams, connected by
fifteen to eighteen complete parallel rings. Meshes subregular, square,
increasing gradually in size. Surface covered with forked or irregularly
branched spines, arising from the nodal points.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.3 long, 0.17 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Genus 512. _Cinclopyramis_,[129] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.

_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
simple, slender, pyramidal shell, and numerous radial beams (six to nine or
more). Network double, with a delicate arachnoidal fenestration, filling up
the large quadrangular meshes.

The genus _Cinclopyramis_ differs from the preceding _Bathropyramis_ in the
development of a very delicate secondary network, filling up the large
quadrangular meshes, which are produced by the crossing of the radial beams
and the parallel horizontal rings. It therefore bears the same relation to
the preceding genus that _Plectopyramis_ does to _Sethopyramis_; it is
perhaps derived directly from the former by loss of the small cephalis.


1. _Cinclopyramis cribellum_, n. sp.

  _Cinclopyramis cribellum_ = "Ladder of lattice-shape," Bury, 1862,
  Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xii. fig. 6.

Shell slender, pyramidal, with six strong radial ribs, which are connected
by twelve to sixteen complete horizontal rings. Meshes trapezoidal, filled
up by a very delicate and regular secondary network with square porules
(two to four horizontal threads in each larger mesh).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.2 to 0.3 long, 0.12 to 0.16 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Cinclopyramis infundibulum_, n. sp. (Pl. 54, fig. 7).

Shell slender, pyramidal, with nine strong radial ribs, which are connected
by eighteen to twenty-four complete horizontal rings. Meshes subregular
square, filled up by a very delicate and regular secondary network with
square porules (ten to twelve horizontal threads in each larger mesh). Apex
of the pyramid with three very small cortinar pores.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.3 to 0.4 long, 0.2 to 0.25 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.


{1162}3. _Cinclopyramis lithosestrum_, n. sp.

Shell slender, pyramidal, with twelve strong radial ribs (six primary
longer and six secondary shorter) connected by twelve to fifteen
interrupted irregular rings. Meshes irregular square or trapezoidal, filled
up by a delicate secondary network with irregular polygonal porules.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.4 to 0.5 long, 0.2 to 0.3 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 513. _Peripyramis_,[130] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.

_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
double, slenderly pyramidal shell, and numerous radial beams (six to nine
or more). Network double, with an external arachnoidal or spongy envelope
around the primary lattice-shell.

The genus _Peripyramis_ differs from its probable ancestral form,
_Bathropyramis_, by development of a delicate external envelope around the
primary shell, and therefore bears to it the same relation that
_Spongopyramis_ among the Dicyrtida does to _Sethopyramis_. It may also be
derived directly from the former by loss of the cephalis.


1. _Peripyramis circumtexta_, n. sp. (Pl. 54, fig. 5).

Shell slender, pyramidal, with nine strong radial beams, connected by
fifteen to twenty transverse horizontal rings, which are partly complete,
partly interrupted. Meshes subregular, square. From the nodal points of the
surface there arise branched spines, which at equal distances from it are
connected by thin threads, forming a delicate outer arachnoidal shell with
large irregular polygonal meshes.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.32 long, 0.16 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


2. _Peripyramis spongiosa_, n. sp.

Shell slender, pyramidal, with nine strong radial beams, connected by
twelve to eighteen irregular interrupted rings. Meshes irregular, square or
polygonal. From the whole surface arise numerous branched spines, which by
communication and dense ramification form an outer spongy envelope around
the shell. (Similar to _Spongopyramis spongiosa_, Pl. 56, fig. 10.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.45 long, 0.32 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



{1163}Genus 514. _Litharachnium_,[131] Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k.
preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 835.

_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
flatly conical, tent-shaped or nearly discoidal shell, and numerous,
simple, radial beams in its wall.

The genus _Litharachnium_, and the closely allied genus _Cladarachnium_,
differ from the preceding similar genera mainly in the flat form of the
depressed shell, which is not slenderly pyramidal, but more tent-shaped or
nearly discoidal. The radial ribs are generally not straight, but more or
less curved. The top of the tent exhibits three or four important meshes,
the original pores of the cortinar septum. _Litharachnium_ may be derived
directly from _Sethophormis_ by reduction and loss of the cephalis.



Subgenus 1. _Litharachnidium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Apex with three cortinar pores (one odd sternal and two
paired cardinal pores).


1. _Litharachnium tentorium_, Haeckel.

  Litharachnium tentorium, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 281, Taf.
  iv. figs. 7-10.

Shell flatly conical or tent-shaped, with concave lateral outlines. Apex
with three equal cortinar pores. Twenty radial ribs at nearly equal
distances. Between them very numerous and thin secondary ribs, crossed by
more than one hundred concentric rings. Pores square, as in all the
following species. Margin truncate, circular.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.35 long, 0.8 broad.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina).


2. _Litharachnium araneosum_ (Pl. 55, figs. 8, 10).

Shell flatly conical, nearly discoidal, with straight lateral outlines.
Apex with three unequal cortinar pores (one odd smaller sternal and two
paired larger cardinal pores). Twenty radial ribs at unequal distances,
with numerous intercalated secondary ribs. Margin ciliate.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.18 long, 0.32 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.


{1164}3. _Litharachnium arachnodiscus_, Haeckel.

  _Litharachnium arachnodiscus_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 283.

  _Carpocanium arachnodiscus_, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 296; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
  1872, Taf. ii. fig. 8.

Shell flatly campanulate, nearly discoidal, with convex (?) lateral
outlines. Apex with three unequal cortinal pores. Nine stronger radial
primary ribs complete; between them numerous secondary intercalated ribs
(sixty to seventy). Margin ciliate.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.03 long, 0.1 broad (?).

_Habitat._--Arctic Ocean (between Greenland and Iceland), depth 1000
fathoms (Schaffner).


4. _Litharachnium epeira_, n. sp. (Pl. 55, fig. 9).

Shell flatly conical or tent-shaped, with concave lateral outlines. Apex
with three unequal cortinar pores. Twelve stronger radial primary ribs
complete; between them numerous (twenty-four to thirty-six) thinner
secondary, and very numerous (more than one hundred) tertiary ribs. Margin
reflexed, like the curved brim of a hat.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.27 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.



Subgenus 2. _Litharachnoma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Apex with four cortinar pores (two anterior jugular and two
posterior cardinal pores).


5. _Litharachnium discoides_, n. sp.

Shell flat, funnel-shaped, nearly discoidal, with concave outlines. Apex
with four unequal cortinar pores (two smaller jugular and two larger
cardinal pores). Twelve strong primary or perradial ribs alternating with
twelve weaker secondary or interradial ribs; between these there are
twenty-four shorter tertiary or adradial ribs, and in the outer flat,
discoidal, half of the shell very numerous peripheral radial ribs (more
than two hundred to three hundred). Margin flat, discoidal.

_Dimensions._--Shell about 0.2 long, 1.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.


6. _Litharachnium pilidium_, n. sp.

Shell flat, hat-shaped, with S-shaped outlines, in the upper half convex,
in the lower half concave. Apex with four equal crossed cortinar pores.
Thirty primary ribs of equal size; four of them are the prolongations of
the four cortinar beams, eight intercalate between these secondary,
{1165}and the other eighteen tertiary. Between them very numerous
peripheral beams. Margin broad horizontal, reflexed like the brim of a
"Bismarck" hat.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.17 long, 0.38 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.



Genus 515. _Cladarachnium_,[132] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
flatly conical, tent-shaped or nearly discoidal shell, and numerous
branched radial beams.

The genus _Cladarachnium_ differs from the preceding _Litharachnium_ only
in the ramification of the radial beams, the distal ends of which project
over the margin of the shell. Only one species of the genus has been
observed.


1. _Cladarachnium ramosum_, n. sp. (Pl. 55, figs. 5, 6).

Shell flatly conical or tent-shaped, with nearly straight lateral outlines;
apical part somewhat higher. Apex with three cortinar pores surrounded by a
few girdles of larger pores. From these there arise about twelve to fifteen
strong radial beams at unequal distances; these are somewhat curved and
irregularly branched. The network between them has irregular polygonal
meshes and is more delicate towards the periphery. Margin with twenty-four
to thirty irregular indentations or concave excisions, separated by the
prominent distal ends of the branched ribs.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.16 long, 0.4 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.



Genus 516. _Cystophormis_,[133] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
ovate or urceolate shell and numerous radial ribs in its wall. Mouth more
or less constricted, smooth, truncated. Apex without horn.

The genus _Cystophormis_, like the preceding genera, exhibits numerous
prominent radial or longitudinal ribs in the wall of the urceolate shell;
it differs from these in the constricted and truncated mouth, with smooth
margin of the peristome.


1. _Cystophormis pila_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 1).

Shell balloon-shaped, subspherical, with twenty denticulate meridional
ribs, alternating with twenty longitudinal rows of circular pores, which
are twice as broad as the bars. Peristome constricted and then dilated,
smooth, half as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 long, 0.09 broad; mouth 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


{1166}2. _Cystophormis aerostatica_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, figs. 2, 3).

Shell balloon-shaped, subspherical, with twenty smooth meridional ribs,
alternating with twenty longitudinal rows of circular pores, of the same
breadth as the bars. Peristome constricted, about half as broad as the
shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.07 broad; mouth 0.03 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Cystophormis spiralis_, n. sp. (Pl. 51, fig. 9).

Shell ovate, one and a half times as long as broad, with twenty spirally
convoluted, elegantly denticulated ribs, alternating with twenty spiral
rows of small circular pores, of about the same breadth as the bars.
Peristome constricted, very small, only one-seventh as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.07 broad; mouth 0.01 broad.

_Habitat._--West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


4. _Cystophormis tabulata_ (Pl. 79, fig. 2).

Shell urceolate and tabulate, twice as long as broad with twenty-five to
thirty denticulated longitudinal ribs crossed by twenty to twenty-four
transverse rings. Pores therefore regularly disposed in longitudinal and
transverse rows; each pore circular, with a square frame. Peristome
constricted, scarcely half as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.2 long, 0.1 broad; mouth 0.04 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms



Genus 517. _Haliphormis_,[134] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54 (_sensu mutato_).

_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
numerous radial ribs in the wall of the campanulate shell, prolonged into
free terminal feet. Apex with a horn.

The genus _Haliphormis_ (with an apical horn) and the following
_Archiphormis_ (without a horn) comprise those Archiphormida in which the
open mouth is more or less constricted and surrounded by a coronet of
radial feet, as terminal prolongations of the radial ribs of its wall. The
few forms, upon which Ehrenberg originally founded the genus _Haliphormis_,
are partly not recognisable, partly belong to other genera. We therefore
give here a new definition of the genus, as stated in my Prodromus, 1881,
p. 428.


{1167}1. _Haliphormis lagena_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 5)

Shell bottle-shaped, twice as long as broad, tapering towards both ends,
with nine longitudinal curved ribs. These are connected by irregular
transverse beams, and the quadrangular meshes, so produced, are filled up
by irregular, delicate, arachnoidal framework. The constricted mouth is
half as broad as the middle part of the shell and surrounded by nine
slender convergent feet, the free distal ends of the ribs. The apex bears a
small knob with an oblique horn, perhaps the rudimentary cephalis of
_Sethamphora_ or _Sethopyramis_ (?).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.6 to 0.7 long, 0.3 to 0.4 broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


2. _Haliphormis costata_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, somewhat longer than broad, with twelve prominent
longitudinal ribs, alternating with twelve rows of regular circular pores.
Mouth constricted half as broad as the shell, with twelve long triangular
feet, formed by the free distal ends of the ribs. Apical horn short and
stout, triangular pyramidal.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.1 broad; mouth 0.07 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 518. _Archiphormis_,[135] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.

_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
numerous radial ribs in the wall of the campanulate or urceolate shell,
prolonged into free terminal feet. Apex without horn.

The genus _Archiphormis_ differs from the preceding _Haliphormis_, its
probable ancestral form, in the absence of the apical horn. The number of
the longitudinal ribs, which are prolonged into terminal feet, is from six
to nine or twelve or even more.


1. _Archiphormis cancellata_, Haeckel.

  (?) _Halicalyptra cancellata_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 243.

Shell cup-shaped or campanulate, with six prominent ribs, prolonged into
six terminal triangular feet, one-third as long as the shell. Ribs
connected by five or six transverse horizontal rings; meshes between them
rounded squarish.  (As Ehrenberg has given no figure of this species, its
identity with the Challenger specimen is doubtful.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; mouth 0.04 broad.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.


{1168}2. _Archiphormis campanulata_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, with nine prominent denticulate ribs, prolonged into
nine terminal feet, which are broad, lamellar, truncate, nearly vertical,
one-third as long as the shell. Pores between the ribs circular, disposed
in nine longitudinal and seven to eight transverse rows.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.1 broad; mouth 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.


3. _Archiphormis urceolata_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, fig. 11).

Shell urceolate, with nine smooth prominent curved ribs, prolonged into
nine triangular convergent short feet, scarcely one-sixth as long as the
shell. Pores between the ribs in nine regular longitudinal rows, twice or
three times as broad as long, quadrangular, eight to twelve pores in each
row. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.13 long, 0.11 broad; mouth 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 519. _Halicalyptra_,[136] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54 (_sensu emendato_).

_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta)
without radial ribs in the wall of the campanulate or ovate shell. Mouth
with a coronet of radial feet. Apex with a horn.

The genus _Halicalyptra_ and the two following closely allied genera differ
from the preceding Archiphormida in the absence of radial ribs. The
multiradiate structure is indicated only by the terminal spines or feet,
forming a coronet around the mouth. These feet are either the free ends of
reduced ribs, or new productions of the peristome. _Halicalyptra_ may be
derived from _Calpophaena_ and _Petalospyris_ by loss of the basal
lattice-plate of the cephalis. But it is also possible that it has been
derived from _Anthocyrtis_ by loss of the cephalis, and that its shell
corresponds to the thorax of the latter.



Subgenus 1. _Acrocalpis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.

_Definition._--Shell smooth, without spines or thorns (other than the feet
and the apical horn).


{1169}1. _Halicalyptra virginica_, Ehrenberg.

  _Halicalyptra virginica_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xviii. fig.
  110.

  _Halicalyptra virginica_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 289.

  _Haliomma virginicum_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 71.

  _Acrocalpis virginica_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.

Shell smooth, campanulate, nearly hemispherical. Pores subregular circular,
about as broad as the bars. Horn conical, half as long as the shell.
Peristome scarcely constricted, with six conical divergent feet, as long as
the horn.

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.04 to 0.05, length of the feet 0.02.

_Habitat._--Fossil in tertiary rocks of Barbados and North America
(Richmond, Virginia).


2. _Halicalyptra campanula_, n. sp.

  _Podocyrtis spinosa_, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xvii. fig.
  3.

Shell smooth, campanulate. Pores irregular, roundish, about as broad as the
bars. Horn large conical, about as long as the shell. Peristome not
constricted, with six large divergent feet, which are as long as the shell,
lamellar, with dentate edges.

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.07, length of the feet 0.07.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Halicalyptra ampulla_, n. sp.

  _Petalospyris foveolata_, var., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl.
  ix. fig. 1.

Shell smooth, subspherical, inflate. Pores regular, circular, twice as
broad as the bars. Horn slender conical, about as long as the shell.
Peristome constricted, with six divergent cylindrical, irregularly curved
feet, twice to three times as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.12, feet 0.2 to 0.3 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


4. _Halicalyptra novena_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, campanulate. Pores irregular, roundish. Horn slender conical,
about as long as the shell. Peristome slightly constricted, with nine
slender divergent feet of the same length. (Very similar to _Petalospyris
foveolata_, Ehrenberg, but without internal columella and ring, with
perfectly simple shell-cavity and open mouth.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 diameter, feet 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Halicalyptra petalospyris_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, fig. 12).

Shell smooth, campanulate. Pores small, circular, irregularly scattered.
Horn stout, pyramidal, about as long as the shell. Peristome scarcely
constricted, with fifteen to twenty broad {1170}lamellar or lanceolate
feet, which are twice to three times as long as the shell, parallel and
vertical. (Very similar to _Petalospyris flabellum_, &c., Ehrenberg, 1875,
_loc. cit._, Taf. xxii. figs. 6-8, but without any trace of sagittal ring
or columella.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 to 0.08 diameter, feet 0.15 to 0.25 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Echinocalpis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.

_Definition._--Shell spiny, covered with numerous spines or thorns (besides
the feet and the apical horn).


6. _Halicalyptra spinosa_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, ovate, inflate in the apical half. Pores irregular polygonal,
four to eight times as broad as the bars. Peristome constricted, half as
broad as the shell, with nine slender divergent feet, which like the apical
horn are curved, twice to three times as long as the shell and five to ten
times as long as the numerous bristles of the surface.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; feet 0.15 to 0.25 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


7. _Halicalyptra castanella_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, nearly spherical. Pores irregular roundish. Peristome
constricted, scarcely one-third as broad as the shell, with twelve to
twenty slender, widely divergent feet, which like the horn are irregularly
curved, and longer than the shell. (Very similar to certain forms of the
Phaeodarium _Castanella_, Pl. 113, fig. 2.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.13 diameter, feet 0.15 to 0.18 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Genus 520. _Carpocanistrum_,[137] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta)
without radial ribs in the wall of the campanulate or ovate shell. Mouth
with a corona of radial feet. Apex without horn.

The genus _Carpocanistrum_ differs from the similar preceding
_Halicalyptra_ in the loss of the apical horn. It is very nearly related to
the Dicyrtid _Carpocanium_ and may be easily confounded with it. But in the
latter the uppermost part of the shell-cavity includes a rudimentary
cephalis with a cortinar septum, whilst in _Carpocanistrum_ {1171}the
cephalis is entirely lost, and the inner cavity quite simple. The number of
the feet of the peristome is from nine to twenty, sometimes more. The mouth
is commonly more or less constricted.


1. _Carpocanistrum novenum_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, smooth, one and a third times as long as broad. Pores regular
circular, hexagonally framed, three times as broad as the bars, eight to
ten on the greatest breadth of the shell. Peristome strongly constricted,
one-third as broad as the shell, with nine large ovate lamellar, slightly
convergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; mouth 0.02 broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.


2. _Carpocanistrum flosculum_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 9).

Shell campanulate, rough, thick-walled, of equal breadth and length. Pores
regular circular, of the same breadth as the bars, twelve to fifteen on the
greatest breadth of the shell. Peristome slightly constricted, with twelve
elegant lanceolate, nearly vertical, a little convergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.07 broad; mouth 0.05 broad.

_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.


3. _Carpocanistrum giganteum_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, smooth, very thick-walled, one and a third times as long as
broad. Pores very numerous and small, subregular circular, forty to fifty
on the greatest breadth of the shell, of about the same breadth as the
bars. Peristome small, constricted, scarcely one-fourth as broad as the
shell, with twelve to fifteen short triangular vertical feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.28 to 0.31 long, 0.21 to 0.23 broad; mouth 0.06 to
0.07 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Carpocanistrum acephalum_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 10).

Shell ovate, smooth, thin-walled, one and a fifth times as long as broad.
Pores subregular circular, twice as broad as the bars, sixteen to twenty on
the greatest breadth of the shell. Peristome slightly constricted, with
fifteen to eighteen slender, slightly bent, nearly vertical, and parallel
feet, which are half as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.1 broad; mouth 0.07 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


{1172}5. _Carpocanistrum evacuatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 11).

Shell urceolate, smooth, thin-walled, one and a half times as long as
broad. Pores regular circular, sixteen to twenty on the greatest breadth of
the shell. Peristome slightly constricted, with twenty to twenty-five small
triangular vertical feet.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.07 broad; mouth 0.05 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


6. _Carpocanistrum pyriforme_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocarpium pyriforme_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 97,
  Taf. iii. fig. 10.

Shell pear-shaped or subspherical, one and a fourth times as long as broad.
Pores roundish, polygonally framed (or with square meshes ?). Peristome
strongly constricted, one-fourth as broad as the shell, somewhat tubular,
with twelve to twenty short vertical and parallel feet. The position of
this species is doubtful; perhaps it represents a peculiar genus.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.17 long, 0.14 broad; mouth 0.035 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte) Stoehr.



Genus 521. _Arachnocalpis_,[138] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.

_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
an ellipsoidal or nearly spherical double shell; outer shell arachnoidal or
spongy. Peristome small, constricted with a corona of numerous radial feet.
No apical horn.

The genus _Arachnocalpis_ differs from the other Archiphormida by
possessing a double shell (like _Peripyramis_). The large shell, reaching
nearly half a millimeter in length is either ellipsoidal or nearly
spherical, and composed of an inner primary and an outer secondary shell.
Its network is very delicate, in the outer envelope either spongy or
arachnoidal. This very remarkable genus has probably no true relation to
the other Archiphormida but has been derived from true #Calpoidea#
(_Mitrocalpis_) by development of a corona around the mouth.


1. _Arachnocalpis ellipsoides_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, fig. 13).

Shell ellipsoidal, one and a half times as long as broad, on the apical
pole hemispherical, on the basal pole coronate, with an elegant prominent
funnel-shaped peristome, which is one-eighth as broad as the shell,
fenestrated by very fine pores, and bears fifteen to twenty short conical
divergent teeth. Inner shell with irregular polygonal meshes of very
different size, separated by thin, {1173}finely-denticulate bars. Outer
spongy shell very delicate, arachnoidal, with numerous prominent conical
spongy papillae. Central capsule ellipsoidal, half as long and broad as the
shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.46 long, 0.32 broad; mouth 0.045 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, surface.


2. _Arachnocalpis sphaeroides_, n. sp.

Shell spheroidal, of the same structure as the preceding ellipsoidal
species, with the same form of the spongy envelope; differing from it in
the globose form and the shorter peristome, bearing only nine or ten small
conical divergent teeth. Central capsule spherical.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.3 diameter, mouth 0.04 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 270, surface.



Subfamily 2. ARCHIPHAENIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.

_Definition._--#Phaenocalpida# with the basal mouth of the shell
fenestrated (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata clausa).



Genus 522. _Phaenocalpis_,[139] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Archiperida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata clausa) with an
internal axial simple columella, prolonged outside into an apical horn.

The genus _Phaenocalpis_ and the following _Phaenoscenium_ comprise those
Archiphaenida in which the vertical axis of the shell-cavity is occupied by
a simple or branched columella, arising from the centre of the base and
prolonged into an apical horn. This columella may be either the vertical
rod of a _Plectaniscus_ or the remnant of an original ring of
_Petalospyris_. The latter genus differs by its sagittal constriction.


1. _Phaenocalpis petalospyris_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 4).

Shell subspherical, rough, with irregular, roundish pores, larger than the
bars. Columella straight, central, thin, prolonged into a large apical horn
with three dentate edges. Six basal feet curved, divergent, lamellar, with
a middle rib and dentate edges.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.05 broad; horn and feet 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


{1174}2. _Phaenocalpis ocellata_, Haeckel.

  _Petalospyris ocellata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 9.

Shell subspherical, smooth, with irregular roundish pores, about as broad
as the bars. Columella slightly curved and excentric, prolonged into a
slender conical horn of the same length. Six basal feet similar to the
horn, slightly divergent.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.07 broad; horn and feet 0.05 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Phaenocalpis carinata_, Haeckel.

  _Petalospyris carinata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 6.

Shell campanulate, rough, with irregular roundish pores, smaller than the
bars. Columella straight, central, prolonged into a stout conical horn of
the same length. Nine basal feet slender, triangular, longer than the
shell, nearly vertical, with a middle rib in the basal half.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Phaenocalpis flabellum_, Haeckel.

  _Petalospyris flabellum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, Taf. xxii. fig. 7.

Shell campanulate smooth, with very small circular pores, half as broad as
the bars. Columella straight, central, prolonged into a pyramidal horn of
half the length. Twelve to fifteen basal feet lamellar, linear, twice to
three times as long as the shell, parallel and vertical, pointed at the
distal end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; horn 0.02 long, feet 0.1 to
0.12 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 523. _Phaenoscenium_,[140] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Archiphaenida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata clausa) with
an internal axial branched columella, prolonged outside into an apical
horn.

The genus _Phaenoscenium_ differs from the preceding _Phaenocalpis_ in the
branched columella, which is connected by three or six ascending branches
with the inner wall of the shell. It bears therefore to the latter the same
relation that _Cladoscenium_ exhibits to _Euscenium_. The former genera may
have been derived from the latter by interpolation of new interradial feet
between the three primary perradial feet.


{1175}1. _Phaenoscenium hexapodium_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, fig. 9).

Shell campanulate, smooth, about as long as broad. Network delicate, with
irregular polygonal pores and thin bars. Columella with four to six
ascending three-branched verticils, prolonged into the conical hollow
apical horn (with six to eight smaller verticils) which is about as long as
the shell. Six basal feet curved, divergent, of the same length, with
pinnate middle rod.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.11 broad; horn and feet 0.08 to 0.09 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Section 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


2. _Phaenoscenium cladopodium_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, conical, smooth, somewhat broader than long. Network
with irregular roundish pores, about as broad as the bars. Columella with a
single verticil of three ascending branches. Horn pyramidal, stout, as long
as the shell, with three dentate edges. Six feet divergent, slightly
curved, very unequal; three primary (or perradial) very large, longer than
the shell, three sided pyramidal, with three dentate edges; three secondary
(or interradial) much smaller, simple, shorter than the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; horn and feet 0.04 to 0.07
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


3. _Phaenoscenium polypodium_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, about as long as broad, smooth. Network with regular
circular pores, twice as broad as the bars. Columella with two verticils of
three ascending branches, prolonged into a stout conical horn of twice the
length. Twelve to fifteen conical curved divergent feet, about as long as
the shell. The three primary feet are directly connected with the base of
the columella.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 diameter, horn 0.15 long, feet 0.07 to 0.09 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 524. _Calpophaena_,[141] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.

_Definition._--#Archiphaenida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata clausa) with
an apical horn and simple internal cavity of the shell without axial
columella.

The genus _Calpophaena_ and the following closely tied _Archiphaena_ differ
from the two preceding genera of Archiphaenida in the simple shell cavity,
which encloses no columella. They may be derived either from the preceding
_Phaenocalpis_ by loss of the columella, or directly from the Zygospyrida
by reduction of the sagittal constriction and loss of the primary ring.
Different subgenera may be distinguished in _Calpophaena_ according either
to the number of the feet or to their shape (being simple or branched).



{1176}Subgenus 1. _Acrocorona_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

_Definition._--Feet simple, not branched nor forked.


1. _Calpophaena tetrarrhabda_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Apical
horn conical, about as long as the shell. Basal plate with a regular cross
of four equal cortinar pores, separated by four bars; these are crossed in
the sagittal and frontal diameter, and prolonged into four equal conical
divergent feet, about as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 diameter, horn and feet 0.1 to 0.12 long.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.


2. _Calpophaena hexarrhabda_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, figs. 17, 18).

Shell subspherical, rough, with irregular roundish pores. Apical horn
conical, shorter than the shell. Basal plate (fig. 18) with three pairs of
triangular pores, two larger (cardinal) pores in the middle, two smaller
(cervical) at the dorsal, and two intermediate (jugular) at the ventral
side. The bars between them are prolonged into six equal cylindrical
divergent feet, nearly as long as the shell, provided with a spiny knob at
the end.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.06 to 0.08
long.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.


3. _Calpophaena ennearrhabda_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, spiny, with irregular, roundish pores. Apical horn
cylindrical, longer than the shell. Basal plate with nine collar pores,
three larger central alternating with three pairs of smaller peripheral
(like Pl. 87, fig. 2). Corona with nine slender cylindrical, slightly
curved, divergent feet, somewhat longer than the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 long, 0.1 broad; horn and feet 0.12 to 0.15 long.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


4. _Calpophaena enneaphylla_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, smooth, with regular circular pores. Apical horn pyramidal,
half as long as the shell. (Basal plate with four cortinar pores?) Corona
with nine broad, lamellar, truncate, vertical feet, about as long as the
horn.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.09 broad; horn and feet 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.


{1177}5. _Calpophaena petalospyris_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, tuberculate, with irregular, roundish pores. Apical horn
conical, shorter than the shell. (Basal plate with nine pores?) Corona with
twelve to twenty broad, lamellar, truncate, vertical feet, of different
sizes, somewhat irregular.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; horn and feet 0.07 to 0.12
long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Cladocorona_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

_Definition._--Feet branched or forked.


6. _Calpophaena tetracorethra_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores. Basal plate
with four larger pores. Apical horn and the four divergent basal feet of
equal size and similar form, three to four times as long as the shell,
slender, bristle-shaped, curved, in the distal half irregularly branched.
(Very similar to the remarkable _Tetraspyris tetracorethra_, Pl. 53, figs.
19, 20, but with shorter appendages and with simple spherical shell, which
exhibits no trace of sagittal ring and constriction.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 diameter, horn and feet 0.3 to 0.5 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


7. _Calpophaena hexacorethra_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, smooth, similar to the preceding species. Basal plate
with six pores. Apical horn and the six divergent feet twice to three times
as long as the shell, bristle-shaped, irregularly curved and branched.
(Similar to _Hexaspyris hexacorethra_, Pl. 95, fig. 8, but without sagittal
ring and constriction.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 long, 0.13 broad; horn and feet 0.2 to 0.3 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 525. _Archiphaena_,[142] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.

_Definition._--#Archiphaenida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata clausa), with
simple internal cavity of the shell, without apical horn and axial
columella.

The genus _Archiphaena_ has the same simple cavity of the shell as the
preceding _Calpophaena_, but differs from it in the loss of the apical
horn. It bears therefore to the latter the same relation that _Gorgospyris_
does to _Petalospyris_. The two former genera may be derived from the two
latter by loss of the sagittal ring and constriction.



{1178}Subgenus 1. _Coronophaena_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.

_Definition._--Feet simple, not branched nor forked.


1. _Archiphaena gorgospyris_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, figs. 10, 10_a_).

Shell hemispherical, smooth, with small subregular, circular pores. Collar
septum with four large pores (fig. 10_a_). Twelve to fifteen feet,
divergent, lamellar, truncate, about as long as the shell. (Similar to
certain forms of _Gorgospyris_, Pl. 87, figs. 1 to 3, but with simple shell
cavity, without sagittal ring and constriction, and without a columella.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.04 broad; feet 0.03 to 0.04 long.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Archiphaena corona_, n. sp.

Shell crown-shaped, somewhat broader than long, at the base flattened,
papillate, with irregular roundish pores. Twenty to twenty-five feet,
broad, lamellar, truncate, nearly vertical, about twice as long as the
shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.12 broad; feet 0.2 to 0.22 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Stephanophaena_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.

_Definition._--Feet branched or forked.


3. _Archiphaena stephanoma_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, somewhat longer than broad, with subregular, circular
pores. Margin of the flattened base with a corona of about twenty unequal
feet, which are partly simple, partly irregularly branched, and about as
long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 long, 0.03 broad; feet 0.08 to 0.12 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Family LXI. #CYRTOCALPIDA#, n. fam.

  Archicorida et Archicapsida, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 427, 428.

_Definition._--#Monocyrtida# eradiata. (#Cyrtoidea# with a simple, not
jointed shell, representing a simple cephalis without radial apophyses.)

The family #Cyrtocalpida#, composed of the Archicorida and Archicapsida of
my {1179}Prodromus, comprises those #Cyrtoidea# in which the lattice-shell
is quite simple, without transverse constriction, and without radial
apophyses. The two subfamilies differ in the shape of the basal mouth,
which in the Archicorida is a simple wide opening, but in the Archicapsida
is closed by a lattice-plate.

Only a few species of this family were formerly known. Ehrenberg, in 1838,
founded upon these the genus _Cornutella_, one of the three oldest genera
of Polycystina (_Cornutella_, _Lithocampe_, _Haliomma_). In 1862 I
described some living forms, with a central capsule, as _Cyrtocalpis_. The
Challenger collection contains a large number of new genera and species.

Probably the family Cyrtocalpida is an artificial group, comprising two or
more different subfamilies of very different origin. The Cornutellida
(_Cornutella_, _Cornutanna_) have probably been derived from the
Sethocorida by loss of the cephalis, so that their conical shell represents
a thorax alone. The Mitrocalpida on the other hand (genera 528-531) may be
originally simple ovate shells (like _Gromia_ and _Lecythium_), arising
independently from the Nassellida. The Archicapsida (_Halicapsa_,
_Archicapsa_) are probably derived from the Zygospyrida (_Dictyospyris_,
_Circospyris_) by loss of the sagittal ring and constriction. This is
nearly certain, when the three or four typical cortinar pores appear in
their basal plate. Some forms of _Halicapsa_ may be easily confounded with
some forms of Prunoidea (_Lithapium_).

Those Cyrtocalpida, which possess a central capsule with three or four
lobes, are probably derived from Tripocyrtida by loss of the three feet, or
from Sethocyrtida by loss of the cephalis, since the lobes indicate the
original presence of cortinar pores and of a cephalis. Those Cyrtocalpida,
however, in which a simple ovate shell encloses a simple central capsule
without lobes, may be original "Monocyrtida eradiata," without relation to
any radial ancestral forms.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Cyrtocalpida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Archicorida. Basal mouth of the shell a simple wide opening.
                            --------------------
     Shell with simple lattice-work (not double or spongy).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Shell conical, gradually   { With horn,    526. _Cornutella_.
   dilated towards           {
   the mouth.                { No horn,      527. _Cornutanna_.

  Shell ovate or urceolate,  { With horn,    528. _Archicorys_.
   with constricted          {
   mouth.                    { No horn,      529. _Cyrtocalpis_
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Shell not simply latticed.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Shell ovate, double, with an external      530. _Mitrocalpis_.
   mantle,

  Shell ovate, with spongy irregular,
   lattice-work                              531. _Spongocyrtis_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Archicapsida. Mouth closed by a lattice plate.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Shell with an apical horn,                 532. _Halicapsa_.

  Shell without horn on the apex,            533. _Archicapsa_.



{1180}Subfamily 1. ARCHICORIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.

_Definition._--#Cyrtocalpida#, with the basal mouth of the shell open (vel
Monocyrtida eradiata aperta).



Genus 526. _Cornutella_,[143] Ehrenberg, 1838, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 128.

_Definition._--#Archicorida# with conical shell, gradually dilated towards
the wide open mouth. Apex armed with a horn.

The genus _Cornutella_ is one of the three oldest genera of Polycystina,
described by Ehrenberg, in 1838 (_Cornutella_, _Lithocampe_, and
_Haliomma_). He afterwards enumerated, in 1872 and 1875, a large number of
fossil and living species, the majority of which, however, belong to other
genera of Monocyrtida and Dicyrtida (at least six or seven different
genera). We retain here as the true type of the genus the oldest known
species:--_Cornutella clathrata_, and the nearly allied forms _Cornutella
stylophaena_, _Cornutella mitra_, _Cornutella circularis_, &c. The simple
conical shell exhibits no distinct trace of an original cephalis, excepting
the apical horn; it may have originated either independently, or been
derived from _Sethoconus_, by loss of the cephalis.



Subgenus 1. _Cornutellium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Axis of the conical shell straight. Pores polygonal, or
roundish with polygonal frames.


1. _Cornutella hexagona_, n. sp. (Pl. 54, fig. 9).

Shell slender, conical, with straight outlines. Pores subregular,
hexagonal, gradually increasing in size towards the mouth; in about ten to
twelve longitudinal series, in the upper part very small. Horn slenderly
conical, nearly bristle-shaped, long.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.04 to 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, surface, and at different
depths.


2. _Cornutella sethoconus_, n. sp. (Pl. 54, fig. 10).

Shell slender, conical, with undulate outlines. Pores subregular,
hexagonal, gradually increasing in size towards the mouth, in about fifteen
to eighteen longitudinal series, in the upper part circular. Horn small,
conical, short. The network is not so delicate as in the preceding similar
species.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 to 0.16 long, 0.06 to 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


{1181}3. _Cornutella distenta_, Ehrenberg.

  _Cornutella distenta_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 287, Taf. vi. III. fig. 3.

Shell slender, conical, with straight outlines. Pores small, circular,
regularly disposed in six to eight alternating longitudinal rows, each pore
surrounded by a large rhombic frame. The connected frames form together a
regular rhombic framework with obliquely crossed crests. Horn conical,
stout, large.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.04 to 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Californian Sea, depth 2600 fathoms, Ehrenberg.


4. _Cornutella stiligera_, Ehrenberg.

  _Cornutella stiligera_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 1;
  Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 3.

Shell slender, conical, with straight outlines. Pores subregular, rhombic
or nearly square, disposed in oblique series, separated by parallel
obliquely ascending rings, which are crossed by interrupted parallel bars.
Horn slenderly conical or bristle-shaped, thin and long.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 to 0.12 long, 0.03 to 0.04 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Cornutissa_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.

_Definition._--Axis of the conical shell straight. Pores circular or
roundish, without polygonal frames.


5. _Cornutella circularis_, Ehrenberg.

  _Cornutella circularis_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 4.

Shell wide, conical or funnel-shaped, with straight outlines. Pores very
large, circular, ten to twenty times as broad as the bars, in about nine to
twelve longitudinal alternating rows, increasing gradually towards the
mouth. Horn very large, cylindrical.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.08 to 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


6. _Cornutella mitra_, Ehrenberg.

  _Cornutella mitra_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 8.

Shell wide, conical, campanulate, with convex outlines. Pores subregular,
circular, nearly equal in size, not regularly disposed in rows. Horn
conical, stout.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 to 0.16 long, 0.08 to 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


{1182}7. _Cornutella clathrata_, Ehrenberg.

  _Cornutella clathrata_, Ehrenberg, 1838, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 129; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 39.

  _Cornutella clathrata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, Taf. ii. fig. 9.

Shell wide, conical with slightly convex outlines. Pores regular, circular,
gradually increasing in size towards the mouth, disposed in twelve to
fifteen longitudinal alternating rows. Horn short and stout, conical.
(Compare _Cornutella curvata_.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.15 to 0.2 long, 0.06 to 0.09 broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; also fossil in
tertiary rocks of Barbados, Nikobar and Sicily.


8. _Cornutella stylophaena_, Ehrenberg.

  _Cornutella stylophaena_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 287, Taf. vi. III. fig. 1.

  ? _Cornutella tumens_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 287, Taf. vi. III. fig. 4.

Shell slender, conical, with undulate outlines. Pores subregular, circular,
gradually increasing in size, disposed in six to nine quincuncial
alternating longitudinal rows.  Horn very long, cylindro-conical, sometimes
about as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 to 0.13 long, 0.04 to 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Californian Sea, depth 2600 fathoms.


9. _Cornutella granulata_, Ehrenberg.

  _Cornutella granulata_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 287, Taf. vi. III. fig. 5.

Shell slender, conical, nearly cylindrical, with straight outlines, rounded
at the apex. Pores very small and numerous, punctiform, disposed into very
numerous parallel transverse rows. Horn small, conical (may be perhaps the
shell of a Tintinnoid Infusorium?).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.02 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Californian Sea, depth 2600 fathoms.


10. _Cornutella annulata_, Ehrenberg.

  _Cornutella annulata_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 287, Taf. ii. fig. 16.

Shell slender, conical, nearly cylindrical, with straight outlines, rounded
at the apex. Pores small and numerous, regular circular, of equal size,
regularly disposed in ten to fifteen parallel transverse series. Horn
bristle-shaped. (Compare _Artostrobus annulatus_, _Cornutella annulata_,
Bailey.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 to 0.13 long, 0.03 to 0.04 broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.



{1183}Subgenus 3. _Cornutosa_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.

_Definition._--Axis of the conical shell curved. Pores circular or
roundish.


11. _Cornutella curvata_, Haeckel.

  _Cornutella clathrata_, var., Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii.
  figs. 39_a_, _b_, _c_.

  _Cornutosa clathrata_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.

Shell slender, conical, with curved axis; the curve lies in one plane and
is not spirally convoluted. Pores subregular, circular, of nearly equal
size, quincuncially disposed. Horn short, conical.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.04 to 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta).


12. _Cornutella spiralis_, n. sp.

  _Cornutura spiralis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.

Shell slender, conical, nearly cylindrical, very long, spirally contorted;
its axis is an ascending spiral line with two or three windings, widely
distant. Pores irregular, square, small and numerous.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.2 to 0.25 long, 0.05 to 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 527. _Cornutanna_,[144] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.

_Definition._--#Archicorida# with conical shell, gradually dilated towards
the wide open mouth. Apex without horn.

The genus _Cornutanna_ has the same simple conical shell as the preceding
_Cornutella_, but differs from it in the total absence of an apical horn.
It bears therefore to the latter the same relation that _Cyrtocalpis_ does
to _Archicorys_. It may be derived from _Sethoconus_ by complete reduction
of the cephalis and its horn.


1. _Cornutanna orthoconus_, n. sp.

Shell slender, conical, with straight axis and straight outlines. Pores
subregular, circular, quincuncially disposed in nine to twelve alternating
longitudinal series, gradually increasing in size towards the mouth.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 to 0.12 long, 0.03 to 0.04 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.


{1184}2. _Cornutanna cyrtoconus_, n. sp.

Shell slender, conical, with curved axis; the curve lies in one plane as in
the similar _Cornutella curvata_; the pores are smaller and more numerous
than in this latter species, and the rounded apex bears no horn.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 to 0.16 long, 0.05 to 0.07 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


3. _Cornutanna loxoconus_, n. sp.

Shell wide, conical, with irregularly curved axis; the parts of the curve
do not lie in one plane. Pores very small and numerous, of nearly equal
size.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.2 long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



Genus 528. _Archicorys_,[145] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.

_Definition._--#Archicorida# with simple urceolate or ovate shell,
constricted towards the mouth. Apex armed with a horn.

The genus _Archicorys_ and the following closely allied _Cyrtocalpis_
differ from the two preceding genera in the ovate or urceolate form of the
shell, which is more or less constricted towards the terminal mouth. The
upper pole in _Archicorys_ bears an apical horn, which is absent in
_Cyrtocalpis_. The origin of these two genera may be the same, probably
arising directly from Nassellida, and independently of the triradiate
#Cyrtoidea# or bilocular #Spyroidea#. (Compare p. 1179.)


1. _Archicorys galea_, n. sp.

Shell smooth urceolate. Pores large, in the middle part hexagonal, towards
both ends smaller and polygonal. Apical horn stout, three-sided pyramidal,
half as long as the shell. Mouth with a short tubular peristome, about
one-third as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell (without horn) 0.15 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.07 long,
mouth 0.05 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


2. _Archicorys ampulla_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, thin-walled, bottle-shaped, in the upper half conical, in the
lower half inflate, subspherical. Pores subregular, circular, of the same
breadth as the bars. Horn conical, stout, {1185}/about one-third as long as
the shell. Mouth truncate, without peristome, about half as broad as the
shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.15 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.05, mouth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Archicorys microstoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 51, fig. 12).

Shell rough, thick-walled, ovate. Pores large, subregular, circular, twice
to four times as broad as the bars. Horn small, conical, not larger than
one pore. Mouth very small, truncate, scarcely larger than one pore.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.07 broad; horn 0.012, mouth 0.015.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


4. _Archicorys globosa_, n. sp.

Shell nearly spherical, thorny, thick-walled. Pores very large, circular,
separated by spinulate frames, smaller towards each pole. Horn conical,
large, nearly as long as the radius of the shell; mouth truncate, simple,
about one-third as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.13, horn 0.06, mouth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Archicorys ovata_, n. sp. (Pl. 51, fig. 10).

Shell ovate, rough, thick-walled. Pores regular, circular, of equal size,
very small and numerous, quincuncially disposed. Horn small, conical,
sometimes (as in the figured specimen) rudimentary. When it becomes lost,
the species may be called _Cyrtocalpis ovata_. Mouth truncate, small,
simple, one-sixth as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.2 long, 0.15 broad; horn 0.01 to 0.03 long, mouth
0.03 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 529. _Cyrtocalpis_,[146] Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 835.

_Definition._--#Archicorida# with simple urceolate or ovate shell,
constricted towards the mouth. Apex without horn.

The genus _Cyrtocalpis_ comprises a large number of common, very primitive
Monocyrtida, which in the simple ovate or urceolate form of the shell
resemble the well known _Gromia_ among the Thalamophora. Its basal mouth is
more or less constricted, as in {1186}the preceding genus _Archicorys_,
from which it differs in the total absence of an apical horn. There is no
trace of any triradial structure, excepting in some smaller species, in
which the basal part of the central capsule is trilobate; these may be
derived from the Dicyrtides _Sethocorys_ or _Dictyocephalus_, by loss of
the cephalis and the cortinar septum. But the larger species, which have a
quite simple, ovate, central capsule (Pl. 51, fig. 13), have probably an
independent origin, from _Cystidium_.


1. _Cyrtocalpis urceolus_, n. sp. (Pl. 51, fig. 13).

Shell smooth, urceolate, with very delicate and elegant network. Pores in
the middle part large, regular, hexagonal, towards each pole smaller,
irregular, roundish or polygonal. Mouth with broad, hyaline, annular
peristome, about one-third as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.16 long, 0.12 broad; mouth 0.05 broad.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Portofino near Genoa), surface.


2. _Cyrtocalpis reticulum_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, urceolate, very similar to the preceding species, but
differing from it in the densely reticulated framework of the shell, which
is composed of very numerous and small, irregular, polygonal meshes of
nearly equal size. Mouth without peristome, half as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.18 long, 0.15 broad; mouth 0.07 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


3. _Cyrtocalpis amphora_, Haeckel.

  _Cyrtocalpis amphora_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 286, Taf. v.
  fig. 2.

Shell smooth, urceolate with regular, circular pores of equal size, of
about the same breadth as the bars. Mouth with smooth peristome, about half
as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.08 broad; mouth 0.04 broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific; surface, and at
various depths.


4. _Cyrtocalpis urna_, Stoehr.

  _Cyrtocalpis urna_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 96, Taf.
  iii. fig. 7.

Shell smooth, urceolate, with subregular, circular pores of different
sizes, gradually increasing towards the mouth, of about the same breadth as
the bars. Mouth without peristome (?), about half as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.06 broad; mouth 0.035 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte).


{1187}5. _Cyrtocalpis sethopora_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 4).

Shell smooth, urceolate, very thin-walled, with large irregular roundish
meshes, each of which is closed by a thin porous sieve-plate. Mouth
two-thirds as broad as the shell, with a broad, emarginate, longitudinally
striped peristome. (Perhaps the shell of a Tintinnoid Infusorium?)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.05 broad; mouth 0.03 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


6. _Cyrtocalpis compacta_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, figs. 7, 8).

Shell smooth, ovate, very thick-walled, with small, subregular, circular
pores of equal size, perpendicularly perforating the wall, about half as
broad as the bars. Mouth small, only one-third as broad as the compact
shell. (Perhaps a reduced _Lithocampe_ or _Lithomitra_?)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.04 broad; mouth 0.015 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


7. _Cyrtocalpis lithomitra_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, figs. 5, 6).

Shell smooth, slender, ovate, nearly cylindrical, with small subregular,
circular pores, which are disposed in nine to twelve transverse rows, and
obliquely ascending perforate the wall. Mouth wide, without peristome,
about two-thirds as broad as the shell. (Compare _Lithomitra_, Pl. 79.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.045 broad; mouth 0.03 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


8. _Cyrtocalpis ovulum_, n. sp.

  _Cyrtocalpis obliqua_, var. _ovulum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol.,
  p. 286, Taf. v. fig. 3.

Shell smooth, broad, ovate, with very numerous and small regular circular
pores, quincuncially disposed, twice as broad as the bars. Mouth without
peristome, about half as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.047 broad; mouth 0.04 broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.


9. _Cyrtocalpis obliqua_, Haeckel.

  _Cyrtocalpis obliqua_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 286, Taf. v.
  figs. 4-11.

Shell smooth, irregularly ovate, more or less oblique, variable in size and
form, sometimes nearly spherical, at other times subcylindrical. Pores
subregular, circular, once or twice the breadth of the bars.  Mouth simple
without peristome, about half as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 to 0.1 long, 0.05 to 0.08 broad; mouth 0.03 to
0.04 broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.


{1188}10. _Cyrtocalpis gromia_, n. sp. (Pl. 51, fig. 11).

Shell rough, ovate, very thick-walled, with subregular, circular pores of
somewhat variable size. The diameter of the internal, simple, subspherical
cavity is five to six times as great as the thickness of the wall. Mouth
tubular, cylindrical, very narrow, only one-sixth as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.16 long, 0.11 broad; mouth 0.02 broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



Genus 530. _Mitrocalpis_,[147] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.

_Definition._--#Archicorida# with a double ovate or ellipsoidal shell,
composed of two parallel lattice-plates, which are connected by numerous
beams. Apex without horn.

The genus _Mitrocalpis_ and the following closely allied _Spongocyrtis_
differ from the four preceding genera of Archicorida in the complicated
structure of the shell-wall, which in the former is double, in the latter
spongy. The mouth is in both genera constricted, narrow, and the apex
without a horn. _Mitrocalpis_ has been derived probably from _Cyrtocalpis_
in the same way as _Peripyramis_ from _Bathropyramis_, by development of
spines on the surface of the shell, which at equal distances from the
latter become connected by branches, thus forming an outer envelope.


1. _Mitrocalpis palliata_, n. sp.

Shell ellipsoidal, large, one and a third times as long as broad. Inner
shell very thin-walled, with irregular, polygonal pores of very variable
size and form. From its nodal points there arise numerous bristle-shaped
radial beams, about as long as the diameter of the mouth, which are
connected at equal distances from the surface by delicate threads, forming
the outer enveloping shell. The surface of the latter is smooth. The thin
bars of the inner shell are twice to four times as broad as those of the
outer. Mouth about one-seventh as broad as the shell, with a short tubular
peristome.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.35 long, 0.27 broad; mouth 0.04, distance of both
shells 0.037.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.



Genus 531. _Spongocyrtis_,[148] Dunikowski.

  _Spongocyrtis_, Dunikowski, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien,
  vol. xlv. p. 31.

_Definition._--#Archicorida# with a spongy ovate shell, the wall of which
is composed of irregular spongy wickerwork. Apex without horn.

The genus _Spongocyrtis_ differs from most other Monocyrtida in the spongy
structure of the shell, which is found in only very few other genera of
#Cyrtoidea#, e.g., in _Spongopyramis_ and _Spongomelissa_. It has been
derived either from the similar {1189}_Cyrtocalpis_ by development of
irregular spongy wickerwork on the surface of the simple lattice-shell; or
from _Arachnocalpis_ (Pl. 98, fig. 13) by loss of the peristome.


1. _Spongocyrtis montis ovis_, Dunikowski.

  _Spongocyrtis montis ovis_, Dunikowski, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Wien, vol. xlv. p. 31, Taf. vi. figs. 67, 68.

Shell broad, ovate, rough, spongy, thick-walled; length to the breadth =
4 : 3. Spongy framework very dense and dark, with very small roundish
pores. Mouth constricted, with a short tubular peristome, about one-third
as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.35 long, 0.26 broad; mouth 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in the Alpine Lias (Schafberg bei Salzburg, Dunikowski).


2. _Spongocyrtis arachnoides_, n. sp.

Shell ellipsoidal, spiny, spongy, thin-walled; length to the breadth =
3 : 2. Spongy framework loose and delicate, with irregular polygonal meshes
and arachnoidal thread-like bars. Mouth constricted, without peristome,
about one-fifth as broad as the shell. (Very similar to _Arachnocalpis
ellipsoides_, Pl. 98, fig. 13, but without corona around the mouth.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.32 long, 0.21 broad; mouth 0.04 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. ARCHICAPSIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.

_Definition._--#Cyrtocalpida#, with the basal mouth of the shell
fenestrated (vel Monocyrtida eradiata clausa).



Genus 532. _Halicapsa_,[149] Haeckel, 1881 Prodromus, p. 429.

_Definition._--#Archicapsida# with an apical horn.

The genus _Halicapsa_, and the following closely allied _Archicapsa_,
represent together the small subfamily of Archicapsida, or of those
Cyrtocalpida, in which the basal mouth of the simple shell is closed by a
lattice plate. This may be the original state of this family, if it is
derived from the Circospyrida (_Circospyris_, _Dictyospyris_) by loss of
the sagittal constriction and the primary ring. But it is also possible
that the Archicapsida have been partly derived from the Archicorida by
secondary fenestration of the open mouth. The genus _Halicapsa_ may be
easily confounded with the similar Ellipsid _Lithapium_ (compare p. 303,
Pl. 14, figs. 8-10). The skeleton of both genera may be perfectly similar,
the only distinction being the structure of the central capsule, which in
_Halicapsa_ is that of the MONOPYLEA, in _Lithapium_ that of the PERIPYLEA.



{1190}Subgenus 1. _Calpocapsa_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Surface of the shell smooth or rough, but not spiny.


1. _Halicapsa lithapium_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 6).

Shell pear-shaped, rough, one and a half times as long as broad. Pores
subregular, circular, twice as broad as the bars. Basal plate with four
larger ovate cortinar pores (two larger cardinal and two smaller jugular),
and with six smaller peripheral pores (fig. 6). Horn of the apex
three-sided pyramidal, stout, half as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.16 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Halicapsa triglochin_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, figs. 3, 4).

Shell ovate, rough, a little longer than broad. Pores regular, circular,
hexagonally framed, of the same breadth as the bars. Basal plate (fig. 4)
without larger pores. Horn pyramidal, stout, about half as long as the
shell, with three short, horizontally divergent secondary spines at the
base (possibly remnants of three original cortinar feet?)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.06 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


3. _Halicapsa prunoides_, n. sp.

Shell pear-shaped, tuberculate, a little longer than broad. Pores
irregular, roundish, of different sizes. Basal plate with four larger and
six smaller pores. Horn pyramidal, stout, about one-third as long as the
shell. (May belong perhaps to the similar #Prunoidea# _Lithapium_, compare
p. 303 and Pl. 14, figs. 8-10.)

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.14 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.05 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Echinocapsa_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.

_Definition._--Surface of the shell spiny, covered with thorns, papillae or
larger spines.


4. _Halicapsa papillata_, n. sp.

Shell bottle-shaped, papillate, one and a half times as long as broad.
Pores circular, much larger in the middle part than towards the poles. The
elevated frames between them bear on the {1191}nodal points large blunt
conical papillae. Basal plate without larger pores. Horn three-sided
pyramidal, one-third as long as the shell, gradually passing into the
slender neck of the bottle.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.22 long, 0.15 broad; horn 0.07 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


5. _Halicapsa pyriformis_, Haeckel.

  ? _Haliomma pyriforme_, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol
  xxii. p. 1, pl. i. fig. 29.

Shell pear-shaped, a little longer than broad, covered with numerous short
conical spines. Pores subregular, circular, of nearly equal size, twice as
broad as the bars. Basal plate with four crossed larger ovate pores (two
larger cardinal and two smaller jugular pores). Horn stout pyramidal,
scarcely one-fourth as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.16 long, 0.14 broad; horn 0.04 long.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados, living in the North Pacific (Kamtschatka)?


6. _Halicapsa hystrix_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, figs. 5, 6).

Shell pear-shaped, subspherical, a little longer than broad, with scattered
stout pyramidal spines about as long as the radius of the shell. Pores
subregular, circular, three times as broad as the bars. Basal plate (fig.
6) without larger pores. Horn very large, pyramidal, longer than the shell.

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.13 long.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 533. _Archicapsa_,[150] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.

_Definition._--#Archicapsida# without apical horn.

The genus _Archicapsa_ differs from the preceding _Halicapsa_ in the
absence of the apical horn, and represents the simplest form among the
Monocyrtida clausa, a simple, ovate, or pear-shaped shell without any
appendages. The characteristic structure of the basal lattice-plate (with
three or four large cortinar pores) makes it probable that _Archicapsa_ has
been derived either from _Halicapsa_, by loss of the horn, or directly from
_Dictyospyris_, by reduction of the sagittal ring and constriction.


1. _Archicapsa triforis_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, figs. 1, 2).

Shell pear-shaped, smooth, one and a half times as long as broad. Pores
subregular, circular, of about the same breadth as the bars. Basal plate
(fig. 2) with three very large pores, three times as broad as the others
(one odd sternal pore and two paired cardinal pores).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


{1192}2. _Archicapsa quadriforis_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, rough, a little longer than broad. Pores subregular, circular,
twice as broad as the bars. Basal plate with four larger ovate cortinar
pores (two smaller jugular and two larger cardinal pores).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 to 0.15 long, 0.1 to 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.


3. _Archicapsa nonaforis_, n. sp.

Shell pear-shaped, thorny, one and a half times as long as broad. Pores
regular, circular, small, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars.
Basal plate with nine cortinar pores (three larger alternating with three
pairs of smaller pores, as in Pl. 87, fig. 2).

_Dimensions._--Shell 0.14 long, 0.09 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


----


Section II. DICYRTIDA, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., pp. 280, 296.

_Definition._--#Cyrtoidea# dithalamia, with two-jointed shell, being
divided by a transverse collar stricture into an apical joint (or cephalis)
and a basal joint (or thorax).

_Synopsis of the three Families and six Subfamilies of Dicyrtida._

  Family LXII. Tripocyrtida.  { Mouth open,    1. Sethopilida.
                              {
  Three radial apophyses.     { Mouth closed,  2. Sethoperida.

  Family LXIII. Anthocyrtida. { Mouth open,    3. Sethophormida.
                              {
  Numerous radial apophyses.  { Mouth closed,  4. Sethophaenida.

  Family LXIV. Sethocyrtida.  { Mouth open,    5. Sethocorida.
                              {
  No radial apophyses.        { Mouth closed,  6. Sethocapsida.



Family LXII. #TRIPOCYRTIDA#, n. fam.

  _Sethopilida et Sethoperida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 431, 433.

_Definition._--#Dicyrtida# triradiata. (#Cyrtoidea# with a two-jointed
shell, divided by a transverse constriction into cephalis and thorax, and
bearing three radial apophyses.)

{1193}The family #Tripocyrtida#, composed of the Sethopilida and
Sethoperida of my Prodromus, comprises those #Cyrtoidea# in which the
lattice-shell is two-jointed and bears three radial apophyses. The two
subfamilies differ in the shape of the mouth, which in the Sethopilida is a
simple wide opening, but in the Sethoperida is closed by a lattice-plate;
the former are here divided into sixteen, the latter into eight different
genera. Though probably the two shell-joints are not truly homologous in
all Tripocyrtida, we call the first joint here, as in all Dicyrtida, the
cephalis, and the second joint the thorax.

Numerous Tripocyrtida, living as well as fossil forms, were formerly
described by Ehrenberg. His genera _Dictyophimus_, _Clathrocanium_,
_Lithomelissa_, and _Lychnocanium_ belong to the Sethopilida, and have the
mouth open; his genera _Lithopera_ and _Lithochytris_ (partly) belong to
the Sethoperida, and have the basal mouth closed by a lattice-plate. Many
of these Tripocyrtida belong probably to the oldest forms of Dicyrtida, are
nearly related to the Phormospyrida, and therefore of special phylogenetic
interest, as was demonstrated by Buetschli (1882, _loc. cit._, pp.
514-519). This near relation to certain #Spyroidea# (_Tripospyris_,
_Acrospyris_, &c.) is particularly striking in some forms of
_Clathrocanium_, _Lithomelissa_, &c. Some other Tripocyrtida seem to
possess a closer relation to certain #Plectoidea# (_Plagoniscus_,
_Plectaniscus_), so mainly some forms of _Tripocyrtis_ and _Dictyophimus_.

The cephalis, or the first joint of the shell, corresponds usually to the
whole shell of the Zygospyrida and of numerous Monocyrtida, and exhibits
various modifications of shape, which have been already described in these
latter families. It is usually subspherical or hemispherical and armed with
an apical horn. In a small number of genera the horn is lost, in some other
genera multiplied. The cephalis is separated from the thorax not only
externally by the collar constriction, but commonly also internally by a
transverse horizontal fenestrated septum, which usually exhibits three or
four characteristic cortinar pores. The central capsule, originally
enclosed in the cephalis, develops usually three or four large pear-shaped
caecal sacs which pass through the cortinar pores and depend into the
thorax (Pl. 55, figs. 2-11; Pl. 60, figs. 3-7, &c.).

The thorax in this family exhibits a great variety of interesting
modifications, mainly in the development of the three radial apophyses
arising from it. These may be either enclosed in the wall of the thorax as
ribs, or arise as free wings, very often prolonged over the mouth as three
terminal feet. Finally the three terminal feet only remain, whilst the
original ribs are lost. The special ornamentation of these three apophyses
exhibits an extraordinary variety and elegancy of structure, and many
Tripocyrtida belong, no doubt, to the most graceful and admirable forms of
NASSELLARIA.

{1194}_Synopsis of the Genera of Tripocyrtida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Sethopilida.
     Terminal mouth of the thorax a simple wide opening.
                            --------------------
  A. Three radial ribs (or cortinar rods) partly or completely enclosed in
     the wall of the thorax. No latticed vertical cephalic wings.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  a. Three thoracic {               { Feet solid,    534. _Dictyophimus_.
   ribs prolonged   { Cephalis      {
   into three       {  with a horn. { Feet latticed, 535. _Tripocyrtis_.
   terminal feet.   {
                    { No horn, feet solid,           536. _Sethopilium_.

                    { Thorax        { With horn,     537. _Lithomelissa_.
                    {  perfectly    {
  b. Three thoracic {  latticed.    { No horn,       538. _Psilomelissa_.
   ribs prolonged   {
   into three       { Thorax with spongy framework,  539. _Spongomelissa_.
   lateral wings.   {
                    { Thorax with three large
                    {  lateral holes between
                    {  the three ribs,               540. _Clathrocanium_.

  c. Three thoracic {
   ribs completely  { Peristome simple, smooth,      541. _Lamprodiscus_.
   enclosed in the  {
   wall of the      { Peristome with a corona of
   flat thorax      {  spines,                       542. _Lampromitra_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  B. Three radial ribs enclosed in the wall of the thorax and connected
     with the cephalic horn by three latticed vertical wings.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  a. Thorax         { No frontal horn (four spines), 543. _Callimitra_.
   completely       {
   latticed         { With frontal horn (five
                    {  spines),                      544. _Clathromitra_.

  b. Thorax with three large lateral holes between
   the three ribs. No frontal horn,                  545. _Clathrocorys_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  C. Three radial beams (or cortinar rods) perfectly free, not enclosed in
     the wall of the thorax.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Three beams outside the thorax, arising freely
   from the collar stricture (no cephalic hole),     546. _Eucecryphalus_.

  Three beams inside the thorax. Cephalis with
   a large apical hole,                              547. _Amphiplecta_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  D. Three radial terminal feet on the peristome (the three original
     lateral ribs are lost).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Feet solid,                                        548. _Lychnocanium_.

  Feet latticed,                                     549. _Lychnodictyum_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Sethoperida.
      Terminal mouth of the thorax closed by a lattice-plate.
                            --------------------
      Three divergent ribs (or cortinar rods) enclosed either in the wall
         or in the cavity of the thorax.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Three ribs enclosed in the lattice-wall of the
   thorax,                                           550. _Sethopera_.

  Three internal rods in the cavity of the thorax,   551. _Lithopera_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Three divergent free lateral wings (as prolongation of the three ribs)
     on the sides of the thorax.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Three solid       { Cephalis with horn,            552. _Micromelissa_.
   lateral spines.  {
                    { No horn,                       553. _Peromelissa_.

  Three latticed lateral wings. With horn,           554. _Sethomelissa_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Three free terminal feet (on the base of the thorax).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Three feet solid,                                  555. _Tetrahedrina_.

                    { Shell without external
  Three feet        {  mantle,                       556. _Sethochytris_.
   latticed.        {
                    { Shell with an arachnoidal
                    {  mantle,                       557. _Clathrolychnus_.



{1195}Subfamily 1. SETHOPILIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.

_Definition._--#Tripocyrtida#, with the basal mouth of the shell open (vel
Dicyrtida triradiata aperta).



Genus 534. _Dictyophimus_,[151] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 53.

_Definition._--#Sethopilida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
complete thoracic ribs, prolonged into three solid divergent feet on the
peristome. Cephalis with an apical horn.

The genus _Dictyophimus_, comprising many common species, may be regarded
as the common ancestral form of all sethopilida, and therefore also of the
whole family of Dicyrtida. The cephalis bears an apical horn, and the
thorax three ribs, which are prolonged over the open mouth into three solid
feet. _Dictyophimus_ may be derived either from _Euscenium_ or _Peridium_
(Archiperida), or from _Tripospyris_ (Zygospyrida), or from _Plectaniscus_
(Plectanida), by development of lattice-work between the three terminal
feet, which therefore become thoracic ribs.



Subgenus 1. _Dictyophimium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell smooth or rough, without prominent spines on the edges
of the three thoracic ribs. (Commonly one single horn on the cephalis.)


1. _Dictyophimus sphaerocephalus_, n. sp. (Pl. 57, fig. 10).

Shell smooth, with a deep collar stricture, separating two joints of nearly
equal size. Cephalis subglobular, rough, with a stout pyramidal horn of
half the length, and regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores. Thorax
nearly three-sided prismatic, smooth, with three stout, little divergent or
nearly parallel ribs, which are prolonged into conical subvertical feet
half as long. Thoracic pores irregular, roundish.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.08 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


2. _Dictyophimus_ tripus, Haeckel.

  _Dictyophimus tripus_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 306, Taf.
  vi. fig. 1.

Shell with a slight collar stricture, separating two joints of slightly
different size. Cephalis nearly ellipsoidal, large, with a slender conical
horn of the same length. Thorax truncate three-sided {1196}pyramidal, with
three strongly divergent ribs, which are prolonged into three slender
conical feet of about the same length. Pores irregular, roundish, of
variable size.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.032 long, 0.028 broad; thorax 0.34 long, 0.064
broad.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), Atlantic (Canary Islands), surface.


3. _Dictyophimus plectaniscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 61, figs. 8, 9).

Shell flat, pyramidal, smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same length and numerous small
regular pores. Thorax flat, triangular, pyramidal, with three widely
divergent ribs, which are prolonged into three cylindrical feet of the same
length. Thoracic pores fifteen, very large, subregular, roundish, disposed
in two transverse girdles, the inner with six, the outer with nine pores;
five pores between every two ribs.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.18
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Dictyophimus craticula_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyophimus craticula_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. v. figs. 4, 5.

  _Dictyophimus craticula_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. p. 515, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 35.

Shell flat, pyramidal, very similar to the preceding species, but differing
in the rudimentary horn, which is smaller than half the cephalis, and in
the length of the three cylindrical feet, which are twice to three times as
long as the shell. The nine inferior large pores of the thorax are twice to
three times as large as the six superior pores. The basal peristome is
commonly thorny.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Dictyophimus pyramis_, n. sp. (Pl. 61, fig. 16).

Shell regular, pyramidal, with flat collar stricture. Relative length of
the two joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 2 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
stout pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax triangular pyramidal, with
three prominent ribs, which are prolonged into three slender pyramidal
feet, half as long. Pores small and very numerous, subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.15 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


6. _Dictyophimus challengeri_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyophimus challengeri_, Haeckel, 1878, Protistenreich, p. 47, fig.
  35.

Shell campanulate, with sharp collar stricture. Relative length of the
joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout
pyramidal horn of twice the length, and numerous {1197}very small pores.
Thorax nearly hemispherical, with three vaulted bosoms between the three
decurrent ribs, which are prolonged into three nearly parallel and vertical
feet of about the same length. Pores subregular, circular, of medium size.
This species is very similar to _Lychnodictyum challengeri_, Haeckel, but
differs in the smaller straight horn and the longer solid feet, which are
not fenestrated.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.13
broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.


7. _Dictyophimus lasanum_, n. sp. (Pl. 61, fig. 5).

Shell nearly pear-shaped, with distinct collar stricture. Relative length
of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
conical horn of the same length. Thorax nearly spherical, on both poles
truncate and constricted, with three decurrent curved ribs and small
regular circular pores. The prolongations of the ribs form three divergent
pyramidal straight feet, nearly as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


8. _Dictyophimus longipes_, n. sp. (Pl. 61, fig. 3).

Shell three-sided pyramidal, with distinct collar stricture. Relative
length of the two joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 2 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical,
with a rudimentary pyramidal horn, scarcely one-fourth as long; and with
small circular regular pores. Thorax with larger irregular pores, and three
vaulted bosoms between the three decurrent ribs, which are prolonged into
three very long and slender prismatic feet, S-shaped, curved, and twice to
three times as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.13
broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


9. _Dictyophimus gracilipes_, Bailey.

  _Dictyophimus gracilipes_, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol.
  xxii. p. 4, pl. i. fig. 8.

Shell three-sided pyramidal, with a deep collar stricture. Relative length
of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
thin horn of the same length. Thorax with three curved ribs, which are
prolonged into three divergent angular feet of the same length. Pores
irregular roundish.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 240, surface, Kamtschatka (Bailey).


10. _Dictyophimus cortina_, n. sp. (Pl. 61, fig. 1).

Shell three-sided pyramidal, with distinct collar stricture. Relative
length of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subspherical,
with a pyramidal horn of half the length. Thorax {1198}with much larger
irregular roundish pores and three prominent ribs, which are prolonged into
three stout, club-shaped, strongly divergent feet of the same length. Mouth
widely open, elegantly coronate, with a circle of numerous small cilia.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


11. _Dictyophimus arabicus_, Haeckel.

  _Lychnocanium arabicum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 296, Taf. x. fig. 3.

Shell smooth, three-sided pyramidal, with deep collar stricture. Relative
length of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subspherical,
with a slender horn of the same length. Thorax with much larger, irregular
roundish pores, and three widely divergent ribs, which are prolonged into
three slender, somewhat recurved feet of about the same length.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Zanzibar (Pullen), depth 2200 fathoms.


12. _Dictyophimus platycephalus_, n. sp. (Pl. 60, figs. 4, 5).

Shell smooth, flat, three-sided pyramidal, with distinct collar stricture.
Relative length of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 3 : 9. Cephalis flat,
cap-shaped, three times as broad as long, with a slender conical horn of
the same length. Thorax flatly vaulted, with much larger, irregular
roundish, double-edged pores, and three widely divergent ribs, which are
prolonged into three slender conical feet of the same length. Central
capsule in the cephalis flat, discoidal, with a discoidal nucleus of half
the size, and with four large pear-shaped caecal sacs depending into the
thorax, each of which contains a large oil globule (fig. 4).

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.18
broad.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Canary Islands (Lanzerote), Haeckel, surface.


13. _Dictyophimus brandtii_, n. sp. (Pl. 60, fig. 6).

Shell smooth, flat, three-sided pyramidal, with deep collar stricture, very
similar to the preceding species. Relative length of the two joints =
1 : 3, breadth = 2 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender conical horn
of twice the length. Thorax flatly vaulted, with irregular polygonal pores
and thin bars; and with three widely divergent ribs, which are prolonged
into three slender prismatic feet of thrice the length. In fig. 6 the shell
is seen from the base and exhibits very distinctly the collar septum with
its four large meshes, two minor jugular and two major cardinal pores.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 236, surface.


{1199}14. _Dictyophimus lucerna_, Haeckel.

  _Lychnocanium lucerna_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 6;
  Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 80, Taf. viii. fig. 3.

  _Lychnocanium lucerna_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 311.

Shell smooth, three-sided pyramidal, with slight collar stricture. Relative
length of the two joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical,
with a thick conical horn of twice the length. Thorax with small regular,
circular pores and three flat sides; between these arise three rounded
ribs, which are prolonged into three short, conical, divergent feet,
one-third as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.025 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


15. _Dictyophimus hamosus_, Haeckel.

  _Lychnocanium hamosum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. vii. fig. 9.

Shell pear-shaped, rough, with deep collar stricture. Relative length of
the two joints = 1 : 2, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subglobular, with a
conical horn of twice the length. Thorax with small, regular, circular
pores, and with three prominent ribs, prolonged into three vertical
prismatic feet, which are about as long as the shell, parallel or a little
convergent towards the distal end, with recurved teeth or hooks at the
lateral edges.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


16. _Dictyophimus tridentatus_, Haeckel.

  _Lychnocanium tridentatum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 80, Taf. vii. fig. 4.

Shell smooth, three-sided pyramidal, with deep collar stricture. Relative
length of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subspherical,
with a conical horn of the same length, and some small accessory thorns.
Thorax tetrahedral, with three smooth hyaline walls, bearing only a single
series of small pores on each side of the three prominent ribs, which are
prolonged into three strong prismatic curved feet of twice the length, with
the convexity external. A group of small pores and a strong triangular
tooth at the base of each foot.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Lamprotripus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.

_Definition._--Shell spiny or thorny, with prominent spines on the edges of
the three thoracic ribs. (Commonly one larger and a few smaller horns or
spines on the cephalis.)


{1200}17. _Dictyophimus triserratus_, n. sp. (Pl. 61, fig. 17).

Shell three-sided pyramidal, with slight collar stricture. Relative length
of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis small, subspherical,
with a large pyramidal horn three times as long. Thorax with much larger,
irregular roundish, double-edged pores, and three prominent, serrate ribs,
which are prolonged into three pyramidal strongly divergent feet of the
same length.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


18. _Dictyophimus bicornis_, n. sp.

Shell thorny, with deep collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints
= 2 : 3, breadth = 2 : 3. Cephalis nearly as large as the thorax,
subglobular, with numerous small, circular pores, and two divergent
pyramidal horns of half the length (a major occipital and a minor frontal
horn). Thorax three-sided pyramidal, with larger irregular pores and three
serrate ribs, which are prolonged into three prismatic spiny feet of half
the length. (Differs from the similar _Dictyophimus sphaerocephalus_, Pl.
57, fig. 10, mainly in the double horn and the spinulate feet.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


19. _Dictyophimus pocillum_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyophimus pocillum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. v. fig. 6.

Shell thorny, with distinct collar stricture. Relative length of the two
joints = 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis nearly spherical, with numerous
small conical spines. Thorax flat, three-sided pyramidal with large,
irregular, roundish pores, and three strong, widely divergent, spinulate
ribs, which are prolonged into three prismatic spinulate feet of the same
length.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.15
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


20. _Dictyophimus cienkowskii_, n. sp. (Pl. 60, fig. 1).

  _Lamprotripus squarrosus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.

Shell spiny, flatly pyramidal, with slight collar stricture. Relative
length of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 2 : 6. Cephalis flat,
cap-shaped, three times as long as broad, with numerous bristle-shaped
spines three times as long. Thorax also spiny, with irregular, very large,
polygonal meshes and thin bars; its three ribs prolonged into three very
long and thin, widely divergent, prismatic feet, bearing numerous long
spines on the three edges.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.025 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.075 long, 0.15
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 250, surface.


{1201}21. _Dictyophimus buetschlii_, n. sp. (Pl. 60, fig. 2).

  _Lamprotripus horridus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.

Shell spiny, flatly pyramidal, with deep collar stricture. Relative length
at the two joints = 1 : 2, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with
numerous long, bristle-shaped spines and a larger ramified horn. Thorax
also spiny, flatly vaulted, with large, subregular, hexagonal meshes and
thin bars; its three spiny ribs prolonged into three very long and thin,
prismatic, widely divergent feet, twice to four times as long as the
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 284, surface.


22. _Dictyophimus hertwigii_, n. sp. (Pl. 60, fig. 3).

  _Lamprotripus spinosus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.

Shell spiny, flatly pyramidal with sharp collar stricture. Relative length
of the two joints = 1 : 2, breath = 1 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with
irregular roundish pores, numerous small spines and a large, oblique,
prismatic horn of the same length, bearing on its distal end a bunch of
small divergent spines. Thorax pyramidal, with larger irregular polygonal
pores and thin bars; its three strong, widely divergent ribs spiny,
straight, and prolonged into three prismatic slender feet of the same
length. Central capsule with three lobes depending into the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.



Genus 535. _Tripocyrtis_,[152] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Sethopilida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
complete thoracic ribs, prolonged into three latticed divergent feet on the
peristome. Cephalis with an apical horn.

The genus _Tripocyrtis_ has been derived from the preceding _Dictyophimus_
by complete fenestration of the three basal feet, which throughout their
whole length become united by complete lattice-work. This genus is closely
allied to _Plectaniscus_.


1. _Tripocyrtis plagoniscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 60, fig. 10).

Cephalis subspherical, with large, roundish meshes and a stout, three-sided
pyramidal, irregularly branched horn of twice the length. Thorax with a
small number of large, irregular, polygonal meshes and three stout curved
ribs about as long as the cephalic horn.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.11 long, 0.16
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.


{1202}2. _Tripocyrtis tripodiscus_, n. sp.

Cephalis subspherical, with small, polygonal pores and a large,
arborescent, vertical horn of thrice the length, bearing numerous ramified
branches. Thorax with three straight, widely divergent ribs, of the same
length as the horn, connected by a delicate, arachnoidal framework with
irregular, polygonal meshes.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 05 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.18 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 269, surface.


3. _Tripocyrtis plectaniscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 60, fig. 9).

Cephalis subspherical, with small roundish pores, and a stout, three-sided
pyramidal, denticulate horn of the same length. Thorax with three little
divergent and curved ribs, twice as long as the horn, in the upper half
with smaller, in the lower half with larger, polygonal, irregular meshes.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 264, surface.



Genus 536. _Sethopilium_,[153] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.

_Definition._--#Sethopilida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
complete thoracic ribs, which are prolonged into three solid divergent feet
on the peristome. Cephalis smooth, without a horn.

The genus _Sethopilium_ differs from its probable ancestral form
_Dictyophimus_ by the complete loss of the cephalic horn, and of the collar
septum between both joints, which are only separated by the slight external
collar stricture.


1. _Sethopilium orthopus_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 8).

Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture, Relative length of the two
joints = 5 : 4, breadth = 7 : 6. Cephalis large, subspherical, with
numerous regular circular pores, twice as broad as the bars. Thorax with
three stout, straight, widely divergent ribs, prolonged into three straight
pointed feet of the same length. Between every two ribs, in the centre of
the collar stricture, a single large triangular mesh, and beyond this three
to six rows of smaller irregular meshes.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Sethopilium cyrtopus_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture.  Relative length of the two
joints = 4 : 6, breadth = 7 : 11. Cephalis hemispherical, with large
irregular roundish pores, four times as broad as the bars. {1203}Thorax
with three stout, curved, widely divergent ribs, prolonged into three
cylindro-conical, curved feet of twice the length, which are convex in the
proximal half, concave in the distal half. Between every two ribs, beyond
the collar stricture, two large ovate meshes, and beyond this two rows of
smaller irregular meshes.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.11
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Sethopilium macropus_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 9).

Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Relative length of the two
joints = 4 : 7, breadth = 6 : 13. Cephalis hemispherical, with irregular
double-contoured pores, about as broad as the bars. Thorax with three very
stout, carved, widely divergent ribs, prolonged into three curved,
cylindrical, very long feet, which are three to four times as long as the
shell, and convex on the outside. Between every two ribs, beyond the collar
stricture, two large broad meshes, and beyond this two or three rows of
smaller meshes.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.13
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 537. _Lithomelissa_,[154] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Sethopilida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
free lateral wings, or solid spines arising from the sides of the thorax.
No terminal feet. Cephalis with one or more horns.

The genus _Lithomelissa_, containing numerous and widely distributed forms,
may like _Dictyophimus_ be regarded as one of the most primitive and
ancient forms of Dicyrtida. It differs from the latter by the lateral (not
terminal) position of the three thoracic feet, and may be derived either
from _Dictyophimus_ (by secondary development of intrapedal network towards
the mouth, on the inside of the three feet) or directly from _Tripospyris_
by similar formation of thoracic network beyond the collar stricture,
outside the base of the three divergent feet and pierced by the latter. As
the species of this genus are numerous, it may perhaps be better to divide
it into two or three genera: _Acromelissa_, with a single horn,
_Micromelissa_, with two horns, and _Sethomelissa_, with three or more
horns.



Subgenus 1. _Acromelissa_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.

_Definition._--Cephalis with a single occipital horn.


{1204}1. _Lithomelissa macroptera_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lithomelissa macroptera_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii. figs. 9, 10.

Shell smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Relative length of the two
joints = 4 : 5, breadth = 3 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a stout, excentric,
vertical, pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax little larger, ovate,
truncate. Both joints with very small and scattered pores. Three divergent
ribs arise from the base of the cephalic horn, and are prolonged over the
major part of the thorax; their under free part arises from the middle part
of the thorax and is as long as the horn, straight, pyramidal. Mouth
truncate, little constricted.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.04
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Lithomelissa ehrenbergii_, Buetschli.

  _Lithomelissa ehrenbergii_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
  vol. xxxvi. p. 517, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 21_a_, _b_.

  _Lithomelissa macroptera_, var., Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 8.

  (?) _Lophophaena capito_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. viii. fig. 6.

  (?) _Lophophaena galeata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. viii. fig. 12.

Shell rough, with distinct collar stricture. Relative length of the two
joints = 4 : 2, breadth = 3 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a stout excentric,
oblique, pyramidal horn of half the length. Thorax little shorter,
truncate, conical. Both joints with regular circular pores, of the same
breadth as the bars. Three divergent conical feet, as long as the cephalis,
arise below the collar stricture. Mouth truncate, not constricted.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in
Barbados.


3. _Lithomelissa macroceras_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, with sharp collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints
= 5 : 7, breadth = 5 : 6. Cephalis spherical, with a large pyramidal horn
of twice the length. Thorax little longer, ovate, truncate. Both joints
with regular circular pores, three times as broad as the bars. Three
divergent pyramidal feet, twice as long as the cephalis, arise from the
middle part of the thorax. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


4. _Lithomelissa mitra_, Buetschli.

  _Lithomelissa mitra_, Buetschli, 1881, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., p. 518,
  Taf. xxxiii. fig. 24.

Shell smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Relative length of the two
joints = 5 : 4, breadth = 4 : 5. Cephalis ovate, with a slender, straight,
vertical, pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax ovate, {1205}truncate,
of about the same size. Both joints with very small and numerous pores, as
broad as the bars. Three feet arising from the middle part of the thorax,
very small, rudimentary, pyramidal, about as long as broad. Mouth truncate,
little constricted.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.05
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Lithomelissa pycnoptera_, n. sp.

Shell rough, papillate, with slight collar stricture. Relative length of
the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis small, hemispherical,
with very small pores and a slender, straight, conical horn of twice the
length. Thorax subconical, with regular circular, hexagonally framed pores,
as broad as the bars. From its lower half arise three divergent, very
strong feet, pyramidal, as long as the thorax, and three times as long as
broad.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.1 diameter.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


6. _Lithomelissa microstoma_, n. sp.

Shell papillate, with slight collar stricture. Relative length of the two
joints = 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a
conical horn of twice the length. Thorax subspherical, with subregular
circular pores, three times as broad as the bars. From its middle part
arise three divergent, stout, conical feet, of half the length, and twice
as long as broad. Mouth small, strongly constricted, one-fourth to
one-third as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.15 diameter.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


7. _Lithomelissa amphora_, Stoehr.

  _Lithomelissa amphora_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontograph, vol. xxvi. p. 100,
  Taf. iii. fig. 11.

Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Relative length of the two
joints = 1 : 5, breadth = 2 : 4. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a
cervical horn of the same length. Thorax ovate, with small regular circular
pores, twice as broad as the bars. From its upper half arise three
divergent, slender, conical feet, only one-fourth as long. Mouth
constricted, with a hyaline peristome, half as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.013 long, 0.026 broad; thorax 0.063 long, 0.053
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte (Stoehr).



Subgenus 2. _Micromelissa_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433 (_sensu
emendato_).

_Definition._--Cephalis with two divergent horns, a superior occipital horn
and an inferior frontal horn.


{1206}8. _Lithomelissa thoracites_, Haeckel.

  _Lithomelissa thoracites_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 301,
  Taf. vi. figs. 2-8.

  _Lithomelissa thoracites_, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 76,
  Taf. viii. fig. 1.

Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture. Cephalis ovate, with two
divergent, slender, conical horns, of about half the length; a major
oblique occipital horn on the posterior face, and a minor, nearly
horizontal horn above the collar stricture, on the anterior face. Thorax
about as large as the cephalis, truncate, ovate. Pores of both joints
irregular, roundish, of different sizes. From the upper half of the thorax,
below the collar stricture, there arise three slender, conical divergent
feet, about as long as the cephalis. Mouth truncate, wide open, not
constricted. On the numerous varieties of this common species compare my
Monograph, on the structure of the ovate central capsule (enclosed in the
cephalis), Hertwig, _loc. cit._

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 to 0.08 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.03 to 0.05
long, 0.05 to 0.07 broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
surface.


9. _Lithomelissa mediterranea_, J. Mueller.

  _Lithomelissa mediterranea_, J. Mueller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 45, Taf. vi. fig. 11.

  _Lithomelissa mediterranea_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 302.

Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Relative length of the two
joints = 4 : 5, breadth = 4 : 5. Cephalis campanulate, conical, with two
divergent small conical horns, a major occipital subvertical horn near the
summit, and a minor sub-horizontal frontal horn near the collar stricture.
Thorax truncate, ovate, little larger than the cephalis. From its lower
part there arise three short conical, divergent feet, scarcely half as long
as the cephalis (in Mueller's figure one of them is seen shortened,
opposite to the frontal horn). Pores irregular, roundish, much smaller in
the cephalis than in the thorax.  Mouth wide open, not constricted.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 diameter, thorax 0.05 diameter.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (French shore), J. Mueller, surface.


10. _Lithomelissa bicornis_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lithomelissa bicornis_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 297, Taf. ii. fig. 7.

Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints
= 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2. Cephalis hemispherical, with two divergent, stout
and straight, pyramidal horns; a larger occipital horn sub-vertical near
the summit, and a smaller oblique frontal horn near the collar stricture.
Thorax subspherical, twice as large, with larger irregular, roundish pores.
From its lower half there arise three divergent curved pyramidal feet of
about the same length. Mouth constricted, only one-third as broad as the
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 diameter.

_Habitat._--Atlantic, Stations 348 to 353, surface.


{1207}11. _Lithomelissa haeckelii_, Buetschli.

  _Lithomelissa haeckelii_, Buetschli, 1883, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. p. 517, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 23, a, b.

Shell rough, with sharp collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints
= 6 : 5, breadth = 6 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, large, with two divergent
horns, a very large, oblique pyramidal occipital horn on the summit, and a
very small frontal horn on the middle of the forehead. Thorax campanulate,
little larger than the cephalis, with regular circular pores of twice the
breadth. From the upper part of the thorax, below the collar stricture,
there arise three stout, divergent, angular, semi-lunar feet, about as long
as the shell. Mouth wide open, not constricted.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.6 long, 0.6 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.07 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2260 fathoms; fossil in
Barbados.


12. _Lithomelissa buetschlii_, n. sp. (Pl. 56, fig. 1).

Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Relative length of the two
joints = 5 : 6, breadth = 4 : 5. Cephalis ovate, large, with two small
conical horns, which are opposed nearly horizontally, in the upper part of
the cephalis; an anterior frontal and a posterior occipital horn. Thorax
ovate, truncate, little larger. Pores of both joints irregular, roundish,
of very different sizes. From the middle part of the thorax there arise
three short conical divergent feet. (In the figured specimen there were
some accessory thorns; in another specimen, found afterwards, the surface
was quite smooth, but the two horns and the three feet much larger, half as
long as the cephalis.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; 0.06 long, 0.05 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Sethomelissa_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.

_Definition._--Cephalis with three, four, or more horns, a primary
occipital, a secondary frontal, and one or more accessory parietal horns.


13. _Lithomelissa corythium_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lithomelissa corythium_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d.k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii, fig. 12.

Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Relative length of the two
joints = 4 : 3, breadth = 4 : 5. Cephalis campanulate, with three short
conical horns on the summit. Thorax flat and wide. From its upper part
below the collar stricture, there arise three divergent, pyramidal feet,
fenestrated at the base, about as long as the shell. Mouth wide open. (The
specimen figured by Ehrenberg was an incomplete one.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 in diameter, thorax 0.03 long, 0.05 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in
Barbados.


{1208}14. _Lithomelissa decacantha_, n. sp. (Pl. 56, fig. 2).

  _Sethomelissa decacantha_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.

Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture, and with ten prismatic spines of
nearly equal size and similar form. Relative length and breadth of the two
joints about equal. Cephalis ovate, in the upper half hyaline, in the lower
half with few scattered pores; in the equator with four prismatic horns of
the same length, which diverge upwards; three of them are placed in the
same meridional planes as the three wings and the three feet of the thorax
(one occipital and two parietal); the fourth (frontal) horn is opposed to
the occipital. Thorax campanulate, three-edged, with three vertical
prominent feet (directed downward) and three horizontal wings, arising from
their knees. Mouth wide open, not constricted.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 diameter; thorax 0.05 long, 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.



Genus 538. _Psilomelissa_,[155] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.

_Definition._--#Sethopilida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
free lateral wings, or solid spines arising from the sides of the thorax.
No terminal feet. Cephalis smooth, without a horn.

The genus _Psilomelissa_ has the same formation of the shell as the nearly
allied preceding genus _Lithomelissa_, and may be derived from it by
reduction and loss of the cephalic horn. The cephalis is quite bare.


1. _Psilomelissa galeata_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyocephalus galeatus_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 289, Taf. vii. fig. 25.

Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Relative length of the two
joints = 5 : 3, breadth = 4 : 5. Cephalis ovate, with numerous irregular,
roundish pores. Thorax truncate, conical, with a few small pores. From its
upper part (below the collar stricture) there arise three thin,
bristle-shaped, widely divergent wings, about as long as the cephalis.
Mouth widely open.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.03 long, 0.05
broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Stations 200 to 225, surface.


2. _Psilomelissa phalacra_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture. Relative length of the two joints
= 5 : 6, breadth = 4 : 4. Cephalis ovate, hyaline, with few small pores
only in the lower third. Thorax cylindrical, truncate, with small
irregular, roundish pores. From its upper third there arise below the
stricture three {1209}club-shaped, nearly horizontally divergent wings, as
long as the thorax. The cephalis and the three feet are similar to those of
_Peromelissa phalacra_, (Pl. 57, fig. 11); but the cylindrical thorax with
irregularly scattered pores is completely different, and exhibits a
truncate, wide open mouth.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.04
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Psilomelissa hertwigii_, Haeckel.

  _Lithomelissa hertwigii_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., p.
  517, Taf xxxiii. fig. 22, _a_, _b_.

Shell rough, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
4 : 4, breadth = 5 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical. Thorax little larger,
cylindrical. From its upper half there arise three very strong pyramidal
divergent wings, about as long as the shell. Pores of both joints very
small and numerous, circular. Mouth truncate, wide open.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.05
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Psilomelissa calvata_, n. sp. (Pl. 56, fig. 3).

Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
7 : 5, breadth = 5 : 6. Cephalis ovate, large, with subregular, circular,
double-contoured pores. Thorax smaller, ovate, with very irregular,
roundish pores of different sizes. From its upper third there arise three
conical, slender, widely divergent spines or wings of the same length. (In
fig. 3 the cephalis with the three wings is alone represented.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.07 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


5. _Psilomelissa sphaerocephala_, n. sp.

Shell rough, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 2,
breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis spherical. Thorax cap-shaped, flat and broad.
From its upper half there arise three pyramidal wings, half as long,
fenestrated at the base and nearly horizontally divergent. Mouth
constricted, half as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.06 long, 0.09 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Genus 539. _Spongomelissa_,[156] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Sethopilida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
free lateral wings, or solid spines arising from the sides of the thorax.
No terminal feet. Cephalis with one or more horns.

{1210}The genus _Spongomelissa_ differs from its ancestral genus
_Lithomelissa_ only in the development of spongy framework in the
shell-wall--a very rare production in the #Cyrtoidea# (compare
_Peripyramis_, p. 1162, and _Spongocyrtis_, p. 1188).


1. _Spongomelissa spongiosa_, Haeckel.

  _Lithomelissa spongiosa_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. pp. 519, 539, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 25, _a_, _b_, _c_.

Shell of dense spongy structure, with a deep collar stricture. The
subspherical cephalis and the truncate abdomen of nearly equal size, both
with irregular delicate spongy framework. Mouth wide open. Cephalis with a
large vertical apical and a small oblique frontal horn. Thorax with three
very stout, three-sided prismatic widely divergent lateral wings, which are
covered with numerous irregularly ramified branches; the spongy framework
arises by communication of the delicate branches.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 540. _Clathrocanium_,[157] Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 829.

_Definition._--#Sethopilida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
prominent lateral ribs on the thorax, alternating with three large holes
(or thoracic gates). Cephalis with a horn.

The genus _Clathrocanium_ is nearly allied to _Dictyophimus_ and
_Lithomelissa_, and, together with these two genera, may be regarded as
surviving representatives of the oldest and most primitive forms of
Dicyrtida. It differs from the latter mainly in the incomplete fenestration
of the shell, three large interradial holes remaining between the three
perradial thoracic ribs. It may therefore be derived either from
_Euscenium_ or from _Tripospyris_ by the development of a terminal
lattice-band between the three feet. _Clathrocanium_ may be divided into
two different subgenera: _Clathrocanidium_, with simple horn and smooth
mouth, and _Clathrocorona_, with fenestrated horn and coronated mouth.



Subgenus 1. _Clathrocanidium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Horn of the cephalis simple, not fenestrated. Peristome
smooth.


{1211}1. _Clathrocanium squarrosum_, Ehrenberg.

  _Clathrocanium squarrosum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 287, Taf. vii. fig. 5.

Cephalis campanulate, with irregular roundish pores and a pyramidal horn of
the same length, bearing at the apex three short branches. Length of the
two joints 2 : 3, breadth = 2 : 6. Thorax with three simple, prismatic,
thin ribs, which are twice as long as the cephalis, separated by large
triangular holes and connected only at the distal end by a small triangular
ring of delicate lattice-work. Peristome smooth, wide, as broad as the
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), depth 3300 fathoms.


2. _Clathrocanium sphaerocephalum_, n. sp. (Pl. 64, fig. 1).

Cephalis spherical, with regular circular pores and a prismatic horn of the
same length, with three serrated edges. Length of the two joints = 2 : 3,
breadth 2 : 4. Thorax with three broad, triangular, latticed, divergent
ribs, which are separated by three large ovate holes (about as large as the
cephalis), and connected at the distal end by a broad fenestrated circular
ring of regular lattice-work (about six pores in its height). Peristome
smooth, constricted, half as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


3. _Clathrocanium coarctatum_, Ehrenberg.

  _Clathrocanium coarctatum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 287, Taf vii. fig. 6.

  _Lychnocanium fenestratum_, Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 767.

Cephalis spherical, thorny, with regular circular pores and a simple
pyramidal horn of the same length. Length of the two joints = 2 : 3,
breadth = 2 : 5. Thorax with three simple, prismatic, little prominent
ribs, which are separated by three large ovate holes (twice as long as the
cephalis), and connected below the prominent distal end by a narrow
circular ring of delicate lattice-work. Peristome smooth, wide, little
narrower than the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), depth 3300 fathoms.


4. _Clathrocanium triomma_, n. sp. (Pl. 64, fig. 3).

Cephalis spherical, thorny, with regular circular pores, and a slender
prismatic horn of twice the length, bearing at its apex three short
recurved branches. Length of the two joints = 2 : 4, breadth = 2 : 5.
Thorax with three broad prismatic, fenestrated ribs, which are separated by
three large {1212}subcircular holes, and below the prominent distal end by
a broad, triangular, roundish ring of subregular lattice-work (with square
pores). Peristome smooth, about half as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Clathrocorona_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.

_Definition._--Horn of the cephalis fenestrated. Peristome on the margin of
the basal mouth with a corona of spines.


5. _Clathrocanium diadema_, n. sp. (Pl. 64, fig. 2).

  _Clathrocorona diadema_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.

Cephalis hemispherical, thorny, with irregular roundish pores, and a large
prismatic horn of twice the length, the three edges of which are
denticulate and fenestrated, each with a series of square pores. Length of
the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 2 : 4. Thorax thorny, with three broad
fenestrated divergent ribs, which are separated by three large ovate holes
(twice as long as the cephalis) and have their prominent distal ends
connected below by a broad circular ring of lattice-work (with irregular
polygonal small meshes). Peristome wide, two-thirds as broad as the thorax,
with a circular corona of small square pores and alternating prominent
small teeth.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


6. _Clathrocanium reginae_, n. sp. (Pl. 64, fig. 4).

  _Clathrocorona reginae_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.

Cephalis hemispherical, with irregular roundish pores and a prismatic
club-shaped horn of twice the length, the three edges of which are
denticulate and fenestrated. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth =
1 : 4. Thorax thorny, with three broad triangular, fenestrated and
nodulated ribs, which are separated by three large ovate holes (twice as
long as the cephalis) and have their prominent distal ends connected below
by a circular ring of lattice-work. Peristome constricted, as broad as the
thorax, with a corona of short spines.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 541. _Lamprodiscus_,[158] Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 831.

_Definition._--#Sethopilida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
divergent lateral ribs in the wall of the flat, conical, discoidal, or
pyramidal thorax. Cephalis with a horn. Peristome smooth, without corona of
spines.

{1213}The genus _Lamprodiscus_, and the following nearly allied
_Lampromitra_, differ from all preceding Sethopilida in the complete
connection of the three thoracic feet by lattice-work, so that they are
imbedded in the thorax-wall as prominent ribs and are not prolonged beyond
the margin as free feet. The shell is commonly very flat, conical or
pyramidal, sometimes nearly discoidal. The margin of _Lamprodiscus_ is
simple, smooth.


1. _Lamprodiscus monoceros_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lamprodiscus monoceros_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 295, Taf. vii. fig. 2.

Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5,
breadth = 1 : 8. Cephalis spherical, hyaline, without pores, with an
oblique conical horn of the same length. Thorax flat, campanulate, nearly
hemispherical, with convex lateral outlines, and regular hexagonal meshes,
increasing gradually in size towards the mouth. Bars very thin. Peristome
smooth.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.1 long, 0.16 broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), Station 200,
surface.


2. _Lamprodiscus coscinodiscus_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lamprodiscus coscinodiscus_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 295, Taf. vii. fig. 3.

Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Thorax of the same form and
structure as in the preceding species, differing from it mainly in the
structure of the smooth circular margin, which is composed of a ring of
very small square pores. Length of the two joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 8.
Cephalis with small hexagonal pores, without horn or with a short
rudimentary horn. Lateral outlines of the campanulate thorax in the upper
part concave, in the lower convex.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.08 long, 0.16 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Stations 206, 224, 266, &c., surface.


3. _Lamprodiscus tricostatus_, n. sp.

Shell smooth with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3,
breadth = 1 : 7. Cephalis  spherical, with an oblique conical horn of twice
the length and small circular pores. Thorax flatly conical, twice as broad
as high, with straight lateral outline, and regular hexagonal meshes,
increasing gradually in size towards the mouth; bars very thin. Peristome
or margin of the basal mouth circular, smooth.  Very similar to _Theopilium
tricostatum_ (Pl. 70, fig. 6), but without abdomen. Differs from the two
preceding species mainly in the conical form of the thorax and the less
delicate network.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.1 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan, Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific;
surface.


{1214}4. _Lamprodiscus laevis_, Haeckel.

  _Eucecryphalus laevis_, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 77,
  Taf. viii. figs. 6, 6_a_, 6_b._

Shell smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, with small circular pores
and an oblique conical horn of twice the length. Thorax flat, pyramidal,
twice as broad as long, with three strong, straight divergent edges and
subregular roundish pores. Peristome smooth.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.025 diameter; thorax 0.08 long, 0.16 broad.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), R. Hertwig, surface.



Genus 542. _Lampromitra_, Haeckel,[159] 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.

_Definition._--#Sethopilida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
divergent lateral ribs in the wall of the flat conical or pyramidal thorax.
Cephalis commonly with a horn. Peristome with a corona of spines.

The genus _Lampromitra_ differs from the preceding and nearly allied
_Lamprodiscus_ only in the development of a dentated peristome, or an
elegant corona of teeth around the wide open mouth. It bears therefore to
the latter the same relation that _Clathrocorona_ does to _Clathrocanium_.


1. _Lampromitra coronata_, n. sp. (Pl. 60, fig. 7, 7_a_).

Shell flat, conical, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints
= 1 : 2, breadth = 2 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical oblique
horn of twice the length, and small subregular hexagonal pores. Thorax with
larger, subregular, hexagonal meshes, six to eight times as broad as the
bars. Peristome or basal margin of the thorax circular, with a marginal
ring of smaller polygonal meshes and a triple coronal of short spines; two
external rings of short conical centrifugal spines, and an internal ring of
thin centripetal rods (fig. 7_a_). In fig. 7 the shell is seen from below
and exhibits very distinctly the internal cross of the collar septum,
composed of the four divergent cortinar bars; between the latter descend
the four pear-shaped lobes of the central capsule (each containing an oil
globule), whilst the apical part of the capsule (with the nucleus) is
hidden in the large cap-shaped cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


2. _Lampromitra quadricuspis_ (Pl. 58, fig. 7).

Shell flat, conical, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints
= 1 : 3, breadth = 2 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, with subregular circular
pores and an oblique, conical, occipital horn of twice {1215}the length,
bearing three divergent lateral branches, which are directed upwards, and
correspond to the three thoracic ribs. Further down, near the collar
stricture, a short divergent frontal horn arises. Thorax with irregular
roundish pores of different sizes, three to six times as broad as the bars.
Peristome with a simple coronal of short, conical, divergent spines, about
as long as the diameter of the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Canary Islands, surface.


3. _Lampromitra furcata_, n. sp. (Pl. 58, fig. 8).

Shell flat, conical, with deep collar stricture, very similar in form and
structure to the preceding species; differs from it in the shape of the
peristome and the armature of the cephalis, which bears a conical, forked,
occipital horn of the same length, and a small rudimentary divergent
frontal horn. Length of the two joints = 1 : 2, breadth = 1 : 6. The four
pores of the collar septum (two larger cardinal and two smaller jugular)
exhibit in this species a peculiar asymmetry (fig. 8). The peristome bears
a simple coronal of spines as long as the diameter of the cephalis. The
major part of them is forked, some irregularly branched.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.18
broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.


4. _Lampromitra pyramidalis_, n. sp.

Shell flat, pyramidal, smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 9. Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique
pyramidal horn of twice the length, and small circular pores. Thorax with
three strong, divergent, straight ribs and three flat triangular sides
between them, with subregular hexagonal pores, increasing in size towards
the mouth. Peristome with a simple coronal of large and numerous divergent,
conical spines, half as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.18
broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 325, depth 2650 fathoms.


5. _Lampromitra huxleyi_, Haeckel (Pl. 59, fig. 1).

  _Eucecryphalus huxleyi_, Haeckel, 1879, Natuerl. Schoepfungsgesch., Edit.
  vii. Taf. xvi. fig. 9.

Shell flat, conical, spiny, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with a short
conical horn of the same length. Thorax with irregular polygonal pores.
Peristome with three coronals of divergent bristle-shaped spines; the first
directed obliquely upwards, the second outwards, and the third nearly
vertically, downwards; the bristles of the latter are much longer, about as
long as the height of the shell.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.16
broad.

_Habitat._--Australia (east coast), Station 169, surface.


{1216}6. _Lampromitra schultzei_, Haeckel.

  _Eucecryphalus schultzei_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 309,
  Taf. v. figs. 16-19.

Shell flat, conical, smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with a small
conical horn of half the length, and very small roundish pores. Thorax with
three strong, straight ribs and irregular polygonal pores, which are much
larger in the middle part than in the upper or lower part. Peristome with a
double coronal of short, conical, divergent spines; the superior obliquely
ascending, the inferior vertically descending. (Named in honour of the late
Professor Max Schultze, the illustrious histologist.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.025 diameter; thorax 0.07 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Messina, surface.


7. _Lampromitra arborescens_, n. sp, (Pl. 60, fig. 8, 8_a_).

Shell flat, pyramidal, spiny, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 2 : 10. Cephalis cap-shaped, with an oblique,
slender, conical horn of twice the length, and small circular pores. Thorax
with three slight almost obliterated ribs and three vaulted sides between
them, with irregular roundish pores. The three ribs are distinct in the
proximal, not in the distal part. Peristome with a double coronal of
smaller squarish pores and numerous divergent spines; the larger spines are
irregularly branched and as long as the diameter of the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.15 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


8. _Lampromitra dendrocorona_, n. sp. (Pl. 58, fig. 9).

Shell flat, conical, with smooth surface and deep collar stricture. Length
of the two joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 2 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
slender occipital horn of three times the length, and a small divergent
frontal horn. Thorax with three strong prominent straight ribs and
irregular polygonal meshes, increasing in size towards the mouth. Peristome
with a dense coronal of numerous short conical spines and twenty-four to
thirty larger arborescent spines, longer than the diameter of the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Genus 543. _Callimitra_,[160] Haeckel, Prodromus, 1881, p. 431.

_Definition._--#Sethopilida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
vertical latticed wings, which stretch between the three divergent lateral
ribs of the thorax and the vertical horn of the cephalis. No frontal horn.

{1217}The genus _Callimitra_, and the two following nearly allied genera,
_Clathromitra_ and _Clathrocorys_, form together a peculiar small group,
the Callimitrida, living in the Central Pacific, and differing from the
other Sethopilida in some remarkable points, derived perhaps directly from
the Archiscenida, _Archiscenium_ and _Pteroscenium_, by the development of
thoracic network between the three cortinar feet. In the centre of the
collar septum, where these feet are united, there arises a vertical free
columella, prolonged over the top of the cephalis as a free horn, and this
horn is connected with the three thoracic ribs by three vertical
fenestrated wings.


1. _Callimitra carolotae_, n. sp. (Pl. 63, figs. 1, 7, 8).

Cephalis campanulate, conical, with irregular, polygonal pores, and a thin
bristle-shaped apical horn of the same length. Length of the two joints =
3 : 6, breadth = 2 : 6. Thorax in the upper half with irregular network, in
the lower half with parallel transverse bars; in each of its three sides
descend two convergent pairs of stronger, parallel, curved ribs, not
confluent at the peristome. Each of the three vertical wings with eight
stronger ribs, three arising from the cephalis, five from each foot.
Dedicated to my dear mother Charlotte Sethe.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.07 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.15
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.


2. _Callimitra annae_, n. sp. (Pl. 63, fig. 2).

Cephalis campanulate, conical, with irregular, polygonal pores, and a thin
bristle-shaped horn of the same length. Length of the two joints = 1 : 2,
breadth = 1 : 3. Thorax nearly in its whole extent with parallel transverse
bars, which are crossed by two convergent systems of parallel beams; in
each of its three sides descend four convergent pairs of stronger,
parallel, curved ribs, not confluent at the peristome. Each of the three
vertical wings with six stronger ribs, three arising from the cephalis,
three from each foot. Dedicated to my dear first wife Anna Sethe.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.18
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


3. _Callimitra agnesae_, n. sp. (Pl. 63, fig. 5).

Cephalis pear-shaped, with irregular, square pores, and a slender
bristle-shaped horn twice as long. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3,
breadth = 1 : 5. Thorax in its whole extent with parallel transverse bars,
which are crossed by two converging and crossed systems of parallel beams;
in each of its three sides descend five convergent pairs of stronger,
parallel, curved ribs, the two or three upper of which are crossed at the
peristome. Each of the three vertical wings with five stronger ribs, three
arising from the cephalis and the horn, two from each foot.  Dedicated to
my dear second wife Agnes Huschke.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.22
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.


{1218}4. _Callimitra elisabethae_, n. sp. (Pl. 63, fig. 6).

Cephalis nearly hemispherical, with irregular square pores, and a strong
prismatic horn thrice the length. Length of the two joints = 2 : 7, breadth
= 2 : 9. Thorax in the upper third with irregular network, in the lower
two-thirds with parallel transverse bars which are crossed by two
convergent systems of parallel beams; in each of its three sides descend
three convergent pairs of stronger, parallel, curved ribs; the two ribs of
the uppermost pair are united and confluent in a single odd rib in the
lower half of the thorax. Each of the three vertical wings with seven
stronger ribs, three arising from the cephalis and the horn, four from each
foot. Dedicated to my dear elder daughter Elizabeth Haeckel.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


5. _Callimitra emmae_, n. sp. (Pl. 63, figs. 3, 4).

Cephalis campanulate, with irregular, polygonal pores, and very thin bars
(of the same shape as in the thorax) and with a thin bristle-shaped horn
twice the length. Length of the three joints = 3 : 6, breadth = 2 : 9.
Thorax in its whole extent with an arachnoidal network similar to that in
the cephalis and the three wings, composed of very numerous parallel
threads, which are crossed by two crossed diagonal systems of parallel
threads. In each of the three sides of the thorax descend five convergent
pairs of stronger ribs, the three upper of which are crossed and form large
rhomboidal meshes. Each of the three vertical wings with ten stronger ribs,
four arising from the cephalis and each horn, six from each foot. Dedicated
to my dear younger daughter Emma Haeckel.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.22
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 544. _Clathromitra_,[161] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.

_Definition._--#Sethopilida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
vertical latticed wings, which stretch between the three divergent lateral
ribs of the thorax and the vertical horn of the cephalis. The front of the
latter is armed with a large frontal horn.

The genus _Clathromitra_ differs from the preceding similar _Callimitra_ in
the development of a free frontal or sternal horn, a prolongation of an
internal obliquely ascending rod, opposite to the caudal foot. Therefore
the shell in this genus possesses five divergent free spines, two cephalic
horns, and three thoracic feet. The lattice-work of the three vertical
wings is not so delicate as in _Callimitra_.


{1219}1. _Clathromitra pterophormis_, n. sp. (Pl. 57, fig. 8).

Cephalis very large, hemispherical, about as long and half as broad as the
three-sided pyramidal thorax; both with irregular, polygonal meshes. Apical
horn three to four times as long as the frontal horn and the three basal
feet. All five spines three-sided prismatic, with nearly smooth edges.
Three lateral wings half as broad as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.1 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.15 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Clathromitra pentacantha_, n. sp.

Cephalis large, hemispherical, half as long as the three-sided pyramidal
thorax; both with irregular, roundish meshes. Apical horn of about the same
length as the frontal horn, and twice as long as the three basal feet. All
five spines three-sided prismatic, with denticulated edges. Three lateral
wings about as broad as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



Genus 545. _Clathrocorys_,[162] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.

_Definition._--#Sethopilida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
prominent lateral ribs on the thorax, alternating with three large holes
(or thoracic gates). The three ribs are connected with the central apical
horn of the cephalis by three vertical latticed wings.

The genus _Clathrocorys_ differs from the two preceding nearly allied
genera in the incomplete fenestration of the thorax, the three perradial
ribs of which are separated by three large interradial holes. It has
therefore the same relation to _Callimitra_ that _Clathrocanium_ bears to
_Dictyophimus_.


1. _Clathrocorys murrayi_, n. sp. (Pl. 64, fig. 8).

Cephalis pear-shaped, with irregularly square pores. From the centre of its
base there arise four strong, prismatic, radial beams of nearly equal size,
the vertical, straight, cephalic horn being little longer than the three
divergent, somewhat curved feet. In the three meridional planes (between
the horn and each foot) a few rather thick branches arise, which by
communication of the ramules form the three vertical latticed wings; each
wing with two large meshes, three to five meshes of medium size, and three
to four parallel arachnoidal rows of small, square, distal meshes. The
three walls of the flat pyramidal thorax (between every two feet) are
formed in the upper part by squarish network {1220}similar to that of the
cephalis, in the middle part by a single row of arches separated by thin
threads, and in the lower part by a narrow band of arachnoidal network.
Dedicated to Dr. John Murray.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.15
broad; apical distance of every two feet 0.15, of each foot and the horn
0.17.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


2. _Clathrocorys teuscheri_, n. sp. (Pl. 64, fig. 10).

Cephalis pear-shaped, with irregular, square pores. From the centre of its
base there arise seven prismatic, radial beams of equal strength,
supporting the lattice-work of the wall; the single vertical beam is
prolonged into the apical horn; six others lie in the three meridian planes
(between the horn and each foot); three ascending end in the wall of the
cephalis, three descending are prolonged into the three strong feet, which
are longer than the horn. In each meridional plane there arise four thicker
and several thinner bars, which by communication of their ramules form the
three latticed wings; each wing with a single very large mesh, two meshes
of medium size, and a narrow marginal band of small, square pores. The
three walls of the flat pyramidal thorax are formed in the upper part by
squarish network similar to that of the cephalis, in the lower part by a
narrow band of the same; between them a large hole. Dedicated to Dr.
Reinhold Teuscher.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.15
broad; apical distance of every two feet 0.2, of each foot and the horn
0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


3. _Clathrocorys giltschii_, n. sp. (Pl. 64, fig. 9).

Cephalis pear-shaped, with irregular, polygonal pores. From the centre of
its base there arise seven prismatic, radial beams of different strength;
the single vertical beam bears six lateral branches (parallel to the three
ascending supporting beams), and is prolonged into the apical horn; six
others lie in the three meridional planes (between the horn and each foot);
three weaker ascending beams end in the wall of the cephalis, three
stronger descending are prolonged into the three large diverging feet,
which are twice as long as the cephalic horn. The network of the three
wings and of the three-sided pyramidal thorax is about the same as in the
preceding species, but much more developed; the marginal bands with the
squarish network are much broader, and an arachnoidal wicker-work of very
thin thread-like bars fills out the large meshes. Dedicated to Mr. Adolf
Giltsch.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.2 broad;
apical distance of every two feet 0.24, of each foot and the horn 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 546. _Eucecryphalus_,[163] Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 836.

_Definition._--#Sethopilida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
free collar {1221}wings or solid spines arising from the collar stricture,
and freely prominent between the horned cephalis and the flat conical
thorax.

The genus _Eucecryphalus_, according to the restricted definition here
given, comprises only those Sethopilida in which the three primary cortinar
beams are perfectly free divergent collar wings, _i.e._, free spines
arising outside the shell from the collar stricture, between the cephalis
and thorax. The type of this genus (which I formerly united with other
Sethopilida) remains _Eucecryphalus gegenbauri_.



Subgenus 1. _Eucyrtomphalus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.

_Definition._--Peristome or margin of the basal mouth of the thorax smooth,
without marginal spines.


1. _Eucecryphalus corocalyptra_, n. sp.

Shell flatly conical, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique
conical horn twice its length. Thorax conical, twice as broad as long, with
regular hexagonal meshes and straight lateral outlines. From the collar
stricture there arise three slender conical spines, about as long as the
thorax, divergent downwards. Similar to _Corocalyptra agnesae_ (Pl. 59,
fig. 3), but without lumbar stricture and abdomen. Peristome or basal
margin of the mouth of the thorax smooth, simple.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.3 diameter; thorax 0.09 long, 0.18 broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface.


2. _Eucecryphalus halicalyptra_, n. sp.

Shell flat, campanulate, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 2 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, with two
divergent conical horns, a major occipital and a minor frontal horn. Thorax
with subregular hexagonal meshes and concave-convex lateral outlines,
campanulate. From the collar stricture there arise three divergent
bristle-shaped spines, nearly horizontal, about half as long as the thorax.
Peristome smooth, with a marginal coronal of small square pores.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, surface.



Subgenus 2. _Eucecryphalium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Peristome or margin of the basal mouth of the thorax
dentate, with a coronal of marginal spines.


{1222}3. _Eucecryphalus cuvieri_, n. sp.

Shell flatly conical, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 8, breadth = 2 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, with an oblique
pyramidal horn twice as long. Thorax with straight outlines and regular
hexagonal meshes, increasing in size towards the mouth. From the collar
stricture there arise three stout conical spines, half as long as the
thorax, and diverging downwards. Peristome with a ring of small square
pores and alternate conical divergent spines. Differs from the similar
_Clathrocyclas alcmenae_ (Pl. 59, fig. 6), mainly in the simple apical horn
and the possession of the three collar fundamental spines.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms.


4. _Eucecryphalus muelleri_, n. sp.

Shell flatly campanulate, of nearly the same structure as and similar form
to that of the preceding species. Differs from it mainly in the
considerable size of the cephalic horn and the three collar spines, which
are bristle-shaped and longer than the shell. Length of the two joints =
1 : 4, breadth = 2 : 8. The peristome bears a double marginal ring of
divergent conical spines, the upper being directed upwards, the lower
downwards.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.16
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


5. _Eucecryphalus gegenbauri_, Haeckel.

  _Eucecryphalus gegenbauri_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 308,
  Taf. v. figs. 12-15.

  _Eucecryphalus gegenbauri_, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p.
  76, Taf. viii. figs. 5, 5_a_, 5_b_.

Shell flatly conical, campanulate, with slight collar stricture. Length of
the two joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
conical horn of the same length, and very small pores. Thorax about twice
as broad as high, with large, subregular, hexagonal meshes, increasing in
size downwards. In the upper half of the thorax the meshes are filled up by
an extremely delicate arachnoidal network. From the collar stricture there
arise three divergent bristle-shaped spines half as long as the thorax.
Peristome with a double coronal of small square pores (the inner smaller
and more numerous than the outer), and with a single coronal of divergent
marginal spines. This cosmopolitan species is rather variable.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 to 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.1 to 0.12 long,
0.02 to 0.25 broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
surface.


{1223}6. _Eucecryphalus campanella_, Haeckel.

  _Pterocodon campanella_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xix. fig. 2.

Shell campanulate, conical, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2. Cephalis hemispherical, with a short
conical horn half as long, and very small pores. Thorax campanulate, as
broad as high, with large roundish meshes, increasing in size downwards.
From the collar stricture arise three strong, divergent, somewhat curved
spines, nearly as long as the thorax. Peristome with a coronal of ten to
twelve strong, conical, marginal spines, which are nearly parallel,
directed downwards, a little curved, and half as long as the thorax. In the
complete specimen examined by me, the apical horn, the three lateral wings
and twelve terminal feet were well preserved.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 to 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.06 to 0.07 long and
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 547. _Amphiplecta_,[164] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 424.

_Definition._--#Sethopilida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
internal thoracic ribs, enveloped by the network of the thorax. Cephalis
with a large apical opening, surrounded by a coronal of spines.

The genus _Amphiplecta_ (or _Amphicryphalus_) comprises some very peculiar
forms of Sethopilida, probably widely remote from the other genera of this
subfamily, and derived directly from the Plectanida (compare above, p.
921). The cortinar tripodium, composed of three feet divergent downwards,
and one apical horn ascending upwards (in some species also a second
frontal horn) is here enclosed in the cavity of a two-jointed shell, which
exhibits two large openings, a smaller apical hole in the top of the
cephalis, and a larger terminal mouth on the thorax. There is no trace of a
sagittal ring.


1. _Amphiplecta amphistoma_, n. sp.

Cephalis subspherical, spiny, with sharp collar stricture on the base; its
apical opening central, surrounded by a coronal of twelve to eighteen short
spines. Length of the two joints = 7 : 8, breadth = 6 : 20.  Thorax flatly
conical, armed with bristle-shaped spines.  Meshes of the network in both
joints subregular, hexagonal, six to eight times as broad as the bars.
Basal mouth bristly.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.


2. _Amphiplecta acrostoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 10).

Cephalis subspherical, spiny, with distinct collar stricture on the base,
its apical opening central, surrounded by a coronal of six to nine
divergent denticulate spines. Length of the two joints = 5 : 6,
{1224}breadth = 4 : 15. Thorax flatly conical, armed with denticulate
spines. Meshes of both joints irregular, polygonal, twice to six times as
broad as the bars. Basal mouth armed with longer, divergent, denticulate
spines.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.15
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Amphiplecta callistoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 59, fig. 2).

Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, spiny, with obliterated collar stricture on the
base; its apical opening excentric, oblique, surrounded by a coronal of ten
to twenty bristle-shaped spines. Length of the two joints = 4 : 5, breadth
= 7 : 25. Thorax flatly conical, armed with long bristle-shaped spines.
Meshes of both joints irregular, hexagonal, twice to six times as broad as
the bars. Basal mouth with a double irregular coronal of small square
pores, and of bristle-shaped divergent spines.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.25
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.



Genus 548. _Lychnocanium_,[165] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Sethopilida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta), with three
solid terminal feet on the peristome. No thoracic ribs. Cephalis with a
horn.

The genus _Lychnocanium_, very rich in common living and fossil forms,
comprises those Sethopilida in which the thorax bears three simple terminal
feet around the mouth, but no lateral ribs in its wall. It has therefore
been probably derived from _Dictyophimus_ by reduction and loss of these
three lateral ribs. The mouth is commonly more or less constricted. The
three feet surrounding it are sometimes divergent, straight or curved, at
other times parallel and vertical, straight, or curved and convergent. The
central capsule exhibited in some living species three or four distinct
lobes, filling up the upper half of the thorax.



Subgenus 1. _Lychnocanella_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet divergent, straight or scarcely curved; their terminal
distance greater than their basal distance.


1. _Lychnocanium lanterna_, n. sp. (Pl. 61, fig. 7).

Shell conical, rough, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis with a stout pyramidal horn of
the same length. Thorax pear-shaped, twice as {1225}broad as the
constricted mouth, with regular, circular pores of the same breadth as the
bars. Three feet pyramidal, little divergent, straight, about as long as
the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 268, depth 2650 to 2900
fathoms.


2. _Lychnocanium continuum_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lychnocanium continuum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. vii. fig. 11.

Shell smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subspherical with a conical horn of the
same length. Thorax pear-shaped, twice as broad as the constricted mouth,
nearly hyaline, with a very small number of scattered minute pores. Three
feet pyramidal, little divergent, straight, about as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Lychnocanium pyriforme_, n. sp. (Pl. 61, fig. 11).

Shell pear-shaped, rough, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical
horn of the same length. Thorax inflated, four times as broad as the
constricted tubular mouth, with regular, circular pores. Three feet
pyramidal, straight, divergent, about as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.15
broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, many Stations; also
fossil in Barbados.


4. _Lychnocanium favosum_, n. sp. (Pl. 61, fig. 6).

Shell campanulate, rough, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a rudimentary
pyramidal horn of half the length. Thorax subglobular, three times as broad
as the constricted mouth, with regular, circular pores, and an elevated
hexagonal framework between them. Three feet cylindrical, slender,
straight, divergent, twice to three times as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.025 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


5. _Lychnocanium nodosum_, n. sp. (Pl. 61, fig. 14).

Shell campanulate, nodose, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subglobular, with a rudimentary
conical horn of half the length. Thorax nearly hemispherical, twice as
broad as the flat mouth, with regular, circular pores, and a variable
{1226}number of scattered, conical, fenestrated protuberances. Three feet
very large, prismatic, straight, divergent, twice as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.


6. _Lychnocanium carinatum_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lychnocanium carinatum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. viii. fig. 5.

Shell campanulate, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subglobular, with a slender horn of the
same length. Thorax conical, twice as broad as the flat mouth, with fifteen
to twenty prominent, longitudinal, divergent ribs, alternating with the
same number of rows of pores. Three feet slender, prismatic, straight,
divergent, twice as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


7. _Lychnocanium ventricosum_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lychnocanium ventricosum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 80, Taf. vii. fig. 12.

Shell pear-shaped, rough, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subglobular, with a stout conical
horn twice the length. Thorax conical, three times as broad as the
constricted mouth, with irregular, roundish pores of different sizes. Three
feet stout, conical, divergent, half as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms; fossil in Barbados.


8. _Lychnocanium tribulus_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lychnocanium tribulus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. vii. fig. 1.

Shell pear-shaped, nodose, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subglobular, with a conical
horn twice the length. Thorax ovate, twice as broad as the constricted
mouth, with irregular, roundish pores of different sizes. Three stout feet
strongly divergent, pyramidal, about as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; 0.08 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Lychnocanissa_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet divergent, more or less curved; their terminal distance
greater than their basal distance.


{1227}9. _Lychnocanium fortipes_, n. sp. (Pl. 61, fig. 12).

Shell inflated, rough, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 6. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a
pyramidal horn of half the length. Thorax subglobular, truncate, twice as
broad as the constricted mouth, with large, regular, circular pores and
very thin bars. Three feet very stout, prismatic, twice as long as the
thorax, widely divergent, curved with convexity outwards, club-shaped at
the distal end, with denticulate edges.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


10. _Lychnocanium falciferum_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lychnocanium falciferum_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig.
  7; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, Taf. viii. fig. 4.

  _Lithomelissa falcifera_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 303.

Shell inflated, rough, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints
= 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis small, with a conical horn of half the
length. Thorax subglobular, truncate, three times as broad as the
constricted mouth, with small, regular, circular pores. Three feet widely
divergent, twice as long as the thorax, curved like a crescent, with strong
convexity outwards.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


11. _Lychnocanium tuberosum_, n. sp. (Pl. 61, fig. 13).

Shell conical, tuberculate, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subglobular, with a conical horn
of the same length. Thorax inflated, twice as broad as the flat mouth, with
small, irregular, roundish pores and scattered fenestrated tubercles. Three
feet very large, angular, three times as long as the thorax, curved like a
crescent, with strong convexity outwards.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


12. _Lychnocanium hirundo_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lychnocanium hirundo_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. vii. fig. 8.

  _Lithornithium hirundo_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xix. fig. 53.

  _Lithocampe hirundo_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 65.

Shell conical, tuberculate, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical
horn of half the length. Thorax {1228}campanulate, twice as broad as the
flat mouth, with longitudinal, divergent ribs, alternating with rows of
small circular pores. Three feet divergent, striated, gradually lessening
from a broad base, twice as long as the thorax, curved like a crescent,
with convexity outwards.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados and the Mediterranean
(Sicily, Greece).


13. _Lychnocanium fenestratum_, n. sp. (Pl. 61, fig. 10).

Shell pear-shaped, rough, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subglobular, with a very large
prismatic horn, which is about as long as the shell, with three
denticulate, prominent, wing-like crests, which are pierced by a series of
pores. Thorax ovate, three times as broad as the constricted, prominent
mouth, with subregular, circular pores. Three feet arising somewhat above
the mouth, prismatic, with denticulate edges, about as long as the thorax,
divergent, curved, with convexity outwards.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


14. _Lychnocanium sigmopodium_, n. sp. (Pl. 61, fig. 15).

  ? _Lychnocanium tetrapodium_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 80, Taf. vii. fig. 3.

Shell campanulate, rough with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a slender
pyramidal horn twice the length. Thorax inflated, conical, with regular
circular pores and a wide open mouth of nearly the same breadth. Three feet
widely divergent, twice as long as the thorax, angular, S-shaped, or curved
with convexity inwards. (_Lychnocanium tetrapodium_ of Ehrenberg is perhaps
a variety of this species?).

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, many stations
at various depths; also fossil in Barbados and Sicily.


15. _Lychnocanium trichopus_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lychnocanium trichopus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. vii. fig. 5.

Shell conical, smooth, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints
= 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a rudimentary conical
horn of half the length. Thorax campanulate, with regular, circular pores
and wide open mouth of nearly the same breadth. Three feet divergent, very
slender, four to five times as long as the thorax, not broader than one
pore, S-shaped, or curved with convexity inwards in the distal half.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



{1229}Subgenus 3. _Lychnocanoma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet parallel, vertical, straight, or little curved;
divergent in the basal half, often convergent in the distal half; their
terminal distance about equal to the basal distance.


16. _Lychnocanium tripodium_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lychnocanium tripodium_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. vii. fig. 2.

Shell ovate, smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subglobular, with a slender
conical horn twice the length. Thorax inflated, twice as broad as the
constricted mouth, with small, regular, circular pores. Three feet slender,
prismatic, twice to three times as long as the thorax, nearly straight and
parallel, vertical.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.


17. _Lychnocanium cypselus_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lychnocanium cypselus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. vii. fig. 10.

Shell slender, ovate, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn
of the same length. Thorax ovate, truncate, three times as broad as the
narrow, constricted mouth, with small, regular, circular pores. Three feet
slender, somewhat shorter than the thorax, little curved, with convexity
outwards, nearly parallel, vertical. (In the specimen figured by Ehrenberg,
the third foot was broken off.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


18. _Lychnocanium ovatum_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, rough, without external collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 6, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis conical, with a stout conical
horn of the same length. Thorax ovate, four times as broad as the narrow
constricted mouth, with small, regular, circular pores, separated by
hexagonal frames of twice the breadth. Three feet cylindrical, half as long
as the thorax, and three times as long as broad, straight, parallel,
vertical.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax, 0.12 long, 0.1
broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


{1230}19. _Lychnocanium crassipes_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lychnocanium crassipes_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. vii. fig. 7.

Shell campanulate, rough, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a thin conical
horn of the same length. Thorax semi-ovate, three times as broad as the
narrow constricted mouth, with fifteen to twenty divergent, denticulate
ribs, alternating with the same number of rows of small, regular, circular
pores. Three feet very stout, as long as the thorax, cylindrical, nearly
straight and parallel, vertical, at the distal end clavate, spinulate or a
little forked.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


20. _Lychnocanium clavigerum_, n. sp. (Pl. 61, fig. 4).

Shell campanulate, sulcate, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis subglobular, with a
spindle-shaped papillate horn twice the length. Thorax nearly spherical,
truncate at both poles, three times as broad as the narrow, constricted,
somewhat tubular mouth, with fifteen to twenty elevated meridional ribs,
alternating with the same number of rows of circular pores. Three feet
slender, cylindrical, twice as long as the thorax, in the basal half
divergent, in the distal half convergent, club-shaped, with a thickened
papillate end.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.025 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.01
broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar, surface (Rabbe).


21. _Lychnocanium pudicum_, n. sp. (Pl. 61, fig. 2).

Shell campanulate, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, hyaline (without pores),
with a short and thick club-shaped, spinulate horn of the same length.
Thorax subglobular, truncate at both poles, twice as broad as the
constricted mouth, with small, irregular, roundish pores. Three feet
somewhat shorter than the thorax, curved like a crescent, with convexity
outwards; their distal ends club-shaped, spinulate, convergent towards the
central axis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.025 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Genus 549. _Lychnodictyum_,[166] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.

_Definition._--#Sethopilida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata aperta), with three
latticed terminal feet on the peristome, without thoracic ribs. Cephalis
originally with a horn (sometimes lost).

{1231}The genus _Lychnodictyum_ differs from the preceding _Lychnocanium_
only in the fenestration of the three terminal feet, and bears therefore to
it the same relation that the ancestral _Tripocyrtis_ does to
_Dictyophimus_.


1. _Lychnodictyum challengeri_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyopodium challengeri_, Wyville Thomson, 1877, Atlantic, vol. i. p.
  234, fig. 52.

  _Dictyophimus_ (vel _Tripocyrtis_) _challengeri_, Haeckel, 1878,
  Protistenreich, p. 47, fig. 35.

Shell campanulate, smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a large,
oblique, pyramidal horn thrice the length. Thorax with three inflated
bosoms between the three decurrent ribs, which are prolonged into three
vertical, parallel, pyramidal, in the upper half fenestrated feet, as long
as the thorax. Pores regular, circular. Mouth constricted, flat, half as
broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.08 long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.


2. _Lychnodictyum wyvillei_, n. sp.

Shell pyramidal, smooth, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a large,
straight, pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax nearly tetrahedral,
inflated, with three rounded, decurrent ribs, which are prolonged into
three widely divergent, angular, curved feet, about as long as the shell,
with pyramidal fenestrated base. Pores regular, circular. Mouth
constricted, flat, half as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.025 diameter; thorax 0.08 long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


3. _Lychnodictyum scaphopodium_, n. sp. (Pl. 56, fig. 4).

Cephalis hemispherical, large, without horn, with irregular, small,
roundish pores. Thorax a little larger, campanulate, with three broad,
shovel-shaped, fenestrated, vertical feet, and larger, irregular pores. In
the figured specimen the third (posterior) foot was broken off. In another
specimen the three feet were somewhat longer and not so broad.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


4. _Lychnodictyum sethopodium_, n. sp.

Cephalis hemispherical, large, with a rudimentary conical horn, and very
scarce small pores. Thorax twice as broad and long as the cephalis,
campanulate, with irregular, roundish pores, and three slender, pyramidal,
divergent feet twice the length, which in the upper half are fenestrated,
in the lower half solid.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.025 long, 0.045 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 330, surface.



{1232}Subfamily 2. SETHOPERIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.

_Definition._--#Tripocyrtida# with the basal mouth of the shell fenestrated
(vel Dicyrtida triradiata clausa).



Genus 550. _Sethopera_,[167] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.

_Definition._--#Sethoperida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata clausa), with three
divergent ribs enclosed in the latticed wall of the thorax. Cephalis with a
horn.

The genus _Sethopera_ is probably the oldest form of the Sethoperida, and
may therefore be regarded as the common ancestral form of this subfamily.
The thorax exhibits three radial ribs, which are completely enclosed in its
wall. Sethopera may be derived either from _Dictyophimus_ or from another
of the Sethopilida (_Lamprodiscus, Clathrocanium_) by development of a
basal lattice-plate closing the mouth. There are often wide holes or open
spaces between the three radial ribs.


1. _Sethopera tricostata_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 11).

Cephalis subspherical, spinulate, with a pyramidal horn of the same length.
Length of the two joints = 5 : 8, breadth = 5 : 8. Thorax also nearly
spherical; in the upper half with three stout, prismatic, convex, divergent
ribs, and three large ovate holes between them; in the lower half with
numerous small and irregular pores, spinulate.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 diameter; thorax 0.08 diameter.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


2. _Sethopera oceania_, Haeckel.

  _Lithopera oceania_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 297, Taf. iv. fig. 21.

Cephalis hemispherical, with a small bristle-shaped horn of half the length
(broken off in Ehrenberg's figure). Length of the two joints = 3 : 4,
breadth = 3 : 4. Thorax nearly spherical; in the upper half with three
divergent ribs, separated by some larger, irregular pores; in the lower
half with numerous small, irregular, roundish pores.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.04
broad.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 354, surface; Canary Islands and
Azores.


3. _Sethopera pyrum_, Haeckel.

  ? _Lithopera pyrum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 297.

Cephalis hemispherical, with a small conical horn of half the length.
Length of the two joints = 3 : 10, breadth = 3 : 7. Thorax pear-shaped,
with rather large, regular, quincuncial pores; {1233}its upper half with
three divergent ribs in the wall, half as broad as the subspherical lower
half. (The three ribs probably were overlooked by Ehrenberg.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.07 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 256, surface; Californian Sea, 2600
fathoms, Ehrenberg.


4. _Sethopera lagena_, Haeckel.

  _Lithopera lagena_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 4.

Cephalis pear-shaped, with a small conical horn of half the length. Length
of the two joints = 3 : 8, breadth = 3 : 6. Thorax smooth, pear-shaped,
with irregular roundish pores; in the wall of its upper third three
divergent thin ribs (sometimes wanting); the lower half inflated. (Compare
_Sethocapsa lagena_.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 551. _Lithopera_,[168] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Sethoperida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata clausa), with three
divergent ribs enclosed in the cavity of the thorax. Cephalis with a horn.

The genus _Lithopera_ is, like the preceding _Sethopera_, one of the most
simple and oldest forms of the Sethoperida, and exhibits three divergent
thoracic ribs, which are prolonged neither into lateral wings nor into
basal feet. But whilst in _Sethopera_ the three ribs are enclosed in the
lattice-work of the shell-wall, in _Lithopera_ they lie freely in its
cavity, and are overgrown by the enveloping shell-wall, being inserted on
its inner face with their distal ends. _Lithopera_ may be derived directly
from _Lithomelissa_, by development of lattice-work closing the
shell-mouth. Therefore the lower part of the cephalis is hidden in the
uppermost part of the thorax; only its upper part is free.


1. _Lithopera bacca_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lithopera bacca_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
  p. 297, Taf. viii. fig. 1.

Cephalis spherical, with small, irregular pores and a bristle-shaped spine
of half the length; its lower half hidden in the thorax. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 6, breadth = 1 : 5. Thorax ellipsoidal, smooth, with regular,
hexagonal, small pores, and very thin, thread-like bars. From the deep
collar stricture there arise three internal, divergent bars, which are
inserted at the uppermost third of the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.12 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Stations 200, 224, 266, 271, &c., surface.


{1234}2. _Lithopera bursella_, Ehrenberg.

_Lithopera bursella_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 297, Taf. x. fig. 4.

Shell of about the same form and structure as in the nearly allied
preceding species, but smaller, of more slender form, with smaller pores
and thinner bars. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 3. In the
specimen observed by me the three internal, divergent bars of the
ellipsoidal thorax (not seen by Ehrenberg) were as distinct as in the
similar preceding and following species.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.1 long, 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Zanzibar (Pullen), Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


3. _Lithopera ananassa_, n. sp. (Pl. 57, fig. 3).

Shell of about the same form and structure as in the two preceding species,
but larger and more robust, and differing in the spiny surface. Length of
the two joints = 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 4. Here also the lower half of the
spherical cephalis is submerged in the ellipsoidal thorax, and from the
collar stricture arise three strong, internal, divergent beams. The bars of
the hexagonal pores are much thicker than in the two preceding species.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.16 long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347 to 352, surface.


4. _Lithopera globosa_, n. sp.

Cephalis spherical, very small, with two divergent conical horns of half
the length; its lower half hidden in the thorax. Length of the two joints =
1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5. Thorax spherical, with regular, circular,
hexagonally-framed pores. From the collar stricture arise three radial
internal beams, horizontally diverging, and inserted at the inside of the
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.15 diameter.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


5. _Lithopera gutta_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lithopera gutta_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
  p. 297, Taf. viii. fig. 2.

Shell pear-shaped, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis spherical, with a conical horn of the same
length; its lower half hidden in the uppermost part of the ovate thorax,
and connected with its wall by three internal, cortinar beams. Pores of the
thorax very irregular in form and size, partly lobed.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms;
Philippine Sea (depth 3300 fathoms), Ehrenberg.



{1235}Genus 552. _Micromelissa_,[169] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.

_Definition._--#Sethoperida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata clausa), with three
divergent, solid, lateral wings. Cephalis with a horn.

The genus _Micromelissa_ differs from the two preceding genera in the free
prominence of the three cortinar ribs, forming three solid lateral wings.
Beyond these the thorax walls are convergent, and the basal mouth closed by
a lattice-plate. Therefore _Micromelissa_ may have arisen from
_Lithomelissa_ simply by development of this basal mouth-plate.


1. _Micromelissa bombus_, n. sp. (Pl. 57, fig. 14).

Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis spherical, with an oblique conical horn of
the same length. Thorax subspherical, in the upper half with three conical,
downwardly diverging wings, about as long as its radius. Pores very small
and scarce.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Micromelissa vespa_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 2 : 5,
breadth = 2 : 3. Cephalis spherical, with an oblique pyramidal horn twice
the length. Thorax inversely ovate, in the upper half with three pyramidal
wings, which are equal to its breadth, little curved and diverging
downwards. Pores very small and scarce.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 diameter; thorax 0.1 long, 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


3. _Micromelissa apis_, n. sp.

Shell rough, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 2 : 3,
breadth = 2 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a straight conical horn of
half the length, and subregular, circular, double-contoured pores, of the
same breadth as the bars. Thorax little larger, subspherical, with
irregular, roundish pores, twice to four times as broad as the bars. From
its lower half arise three short conical wings, curved downwards, and half
as long as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


{1236}4. _Micromelissa microptera_, Haeckel.

  _Lithomelissa microptera_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig.
  2; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 13.

  _Lithomelissa microptera_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
  vol. xxxvi. p. 539, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 26.

Shell smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
4 : 6, breadth = 3 : 5. Cephalis ovate, with a straight sword-shaped horn
of the same length and very small pores, some larger ones above the
stricture. Thorax little larger, ovate, nearly hyaline, with very few and
small scattered pores. From its uppermost part arise three short conical
wings, scarcely half as long as the cephalic horn, little curved and
divergent downwards.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.05
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Micromelissa ventricosa_, Haeckel.

  _Lithomelissa ventricosa_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 11.

Shell rough, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 7, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a small conical
horn of half the length. Thorax ovate, very large, papillate, with
irregular, roundish pores. From its basal part arise three short and stout
conical wings at great distances, shorter than the cephalis. (A
transition-form to _Sethocapsa_.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.022 broad; thorax 0.14 long, 0.11
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 553. _Peromelissa_,[170] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.

_Definition._--#Sethoperida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata clausa) with three
divergent solid lateral wings.  Cephalis without horn.

The genus _Peromelissa_ differs from the preceding ancestral form,
_Micromelissa_, only in the absence of the cephalic horn, which is lost by
reduction.


1. _Peromelissa phalacra_, n. sp. (Pl. 57, fig. 11).

Shell smooth, with two joints of nearly equal size and similar ovate form.
Cephalis in the upper half hyaline, without pores; in the lower half with
four remote, transverse rows of irregular, roundish pores, decreasing in
size towards the hemispherical summit. Thorax with twelve transverse
{1237}rows of pores, the upper six rows three to four times as large as the
lower six rows. From its upper half diverge almost horizontally three
angular club-shaped wings, half as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.05
broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


2. _Peromelissa psilocrana_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, very similar to the preceding species in size and form, but
differing from it in the disposition of the irregular, roundish pores,
which are irregularly scattered, and in the form of the three wings, which
are slender, pyramidal, diverging downwards, and about as long as the
entire shell.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


3. _Peromelissa capito_, Haeckel.

  _Lithomelissa capito_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 14.

Shell rough, with two joints of nearly equal size and similar ovate form.
Pores irregular, roundish, everywhere scattered. From the upper half of the
thorax arise three short conical wings, which are little curved and diverge
downwards (scarcely half as long as the breadth of the shell).

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Peromelissa calva_, n. sp. (Pl. 57, fig. 12).

Shell rough, with two ovate joints of somewhat different sizes. Pores
irregular, roundish, everywhere scattered. Thorax little larger than the
cephalis; from its upper half arise three short conical wings, diverging
downwardly or nearly horizontally.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.05
broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.



Genus 554. _Sethomelissa_,[171] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.

_Definition._--#Sethoperida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata clausa) with three
divergent latticed lateral wings. Cephalis with a horn (or a bunch of
horns).

The genus _Sethomelissa_ differs from the nearly allied _Micromelissa_ in
the fenestration of the three lateral wings, and may be derived either from
this genus by development of lattice-work connecting the three wings with
the shell, or perhaps from _Clathrocanium_ by closing the mouth.


{1238}1. _Sethomelissa hymenoptera_, n. sp.

Cephalis subspherical, thorny, with a bunch of three divergent, larger
apical spines. Thorax pear-shaped, with three broad, triangular, latticed
wings, the superior edge of which is a horizontal, straight, and stout
spine, nearly as long as the thorax. Pores irregular, roundish.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.11 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 555. _Tetrahedrina_,[172] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.

_Definition._--#Sethoperida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata clausa) with a
three-sided pyramidal thorax, the three edges of which are prolonged into
three divergent, solid, terminal feet. Cephalis with a horn.

The genus _Tetrahedrina_, and the two following nearly allied genera, are
distinguished by the possession of three free, divergent, terminal feet,
projecting over the latticed mouth of the thorax. _Tetrahedrina_ may be
derived directly from _Dictyophimus_, by development of a horizontal
latticed mouth-plate from the middle part of the feet, the lower part of
which remains free. This genus, not noticed by Ehrenberg, is similar to his
_Lithochytris_, and common in the Barbados deposits.


1. _Tetrahedrina pyramidalis_, n. sp.

Shell three-sided pyramidal, smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length
of the two joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with
small, sparsely disposed pores, and a pyramidal horn of the same length.
Thorax with subregular, circular pores and three sharp edges, prolonged
into three divergent pyramidal feet of the same length.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.12 long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Tetrahedrina pyriformis_, n. sp.

Shell pear-shaped, rough, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 2 : 6, breadth = 2 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn
of the same length. Thorax with subregular, circular pores, ovate, at the
broad base with three pyramidal, widely divergent feet of the same length.
(Similar to _Lychnocanium tribulus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, _loc. cit._, pl. vii.
fig. 1, but with the mouth closed by a lattice-plate.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 diameter; thorax 0.12 long, 0.1 broad,

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


{1239}3. _Tetrahedrina quadricornis_, Haeckel.

  _Lithochytris triangula_, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xix.
  figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell pear-shaped, papillate, with slight collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout
conical horn twice the length. Thorax with irregular, roundish, lobulated
pores, with three conical, stout, divergent feet at the base, of the same
size and form as the cephalic horn.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.1 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 556. _Sethochytris_,[173] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.

_Definition._--#Sethoperida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata clausa) with three
terminal latticed feet or hollow, fenestrated, divergent, basal apophyses
of the thorax. Cephalis with a horn.

The genus _Sethochytris_ differs from the preceding _Tetrahedrina_ in the
fenestration of the three basal feet, which form direct protrusions or
evaginations of the three basal corners of the pyramidal shell. It may be
derived from _Sethopera_ by centrifugal growth of the basal corners.


1. _Sethochytris triconiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 57, fig. 13).

Shell rough, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 8,
breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis spherical, with an oblique pyramidal horn of the
same length. Thorax campanulate, conical; its three basal corners prolonged
into three divergent, slender, hollow, fenestrated cones, twice as long as
the thorax, and ending in a stout pyramidal spine.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 diameter, thorax 0.12 diameter, length of the
feet 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Sethochytris barbadensis_, Haeckel.

  _Lithochytris barbadensis_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 160, Taf. v. fig. 2.

Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 6, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a conical horn of half the
length. Thorax conical; its base prolonged into three divergent, hollow,
fenestrated cones, half as long as the thorax. Pores small, subregular,
circular.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.025 diameter, thorax 0.1 diameter, length of the
feet 0.05.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1240}3. _Sethochytris pyramis_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 8, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis ovate, with a conical horn of half the
length. Thorax pyramidal, with three sharp edges; its base prolonged into
three pyramidal, divergent, hollow, fenestrated feet, nearly as long as the
thorax. Pores regular, circular, double-contoured.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 diameter; thorax 0.2 diameter, length of the
feet 0.15.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


4. _Sethochytris triangula_, Haeckel.

  _Lithochytris triangula_, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xix.
  fig. 7.

Shell rough, with obliterated collar stricture (but distinct internal
collar septum). Length of the two joints = 1 : 6, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis
subspherical, with a stout conical horn of the same length. Thorax
pear-shaped, inflated; its base prolonged into three divergent, hollow,
fenestrated cones, about as long as the thorax. Pores regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.09 diameter, length of the
feet 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 557. _Clathrolychnus_,[174] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.

_Definition._--#Sethoperida# (vel Dicyrtida triradiata clausa), with three
vertical, lateral latticed wings stretched between the apical horn and the
three terminal feet. The external lattice-work connecting the wings and
closing the mouth forms an arachnoidal mantle around the shell.

The genus _Clathrolychnus_ may be derived directly from _Clathrocorys_, by
development of an external arachnoidal mantle connecting the three wings
and the three feet, and enveloping the whole shell, closing at the same
time the basal mouth of the thorax by a fenestrated plate.


1. _Clathrolychnus araneosus_, n. sp. (Pl. 64, fig. 5).

Cephalis subspherical, with irregular, polygonal pores and a large
pyramidal horn of twice the length. Length of the two joints = 4 : 9,
breadth = 5 : 12. Thorax with three large triangular holes (twice as broad
as the cephalis) between the three pyramidal, divergent feet, which at the
distal end are connected by a narrow band of network, composed of two or
three rows of polygonal pores. The entire pyramidal shell is enveloped by a
very delicate web of irregular, polygonal {1241}meshes, closing also the
basal mouth. (In fig. 5 the greater part of the web is taken off to
demonstrate the large holes of the thorax). Only two feet are visible.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.


2. _Clathrolychnus periplectus_, n. sp. (Pl. 64, fig. 6).

Cephalis subspherical, with subregular, circular pores and a pyramidal horn
of the same length. Length of the two joints = 1 : 2, breadth = 1 : 3.
Thorax with three large elliptical holes between the three pyramidal,
divergent feet, which are connected at the distal end by a broad band of
network, composed of five to ten rows of polygonal pores. The entire
pyramidal shell is enveloped by a very delicate web, which on the sides is
composed of subregular, square meshes, and on the closed mouth of polygonal
meshes. (In fig. 6 only a part of the web is represented.)

_Dimensions._--0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.14 broad.

_Habitat._.--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.



Family LXIII. #ANTHOCYRTIDA#, n. fam.

  _Sethophormida et Sethophaenida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432, 433.

_Definition._--#Dicyrtida# multiradiata. (#Cyrtoidea# with a two-jointed
shell, divided by a transverse constriction into cephalis and thorax, and
bearing numerous--four to nine or more--radial apophyses.)

The family #Anthocyrtida#, composed of the Sethophormida and Sethophaenida
of my Prodromus, comprises those #Cyrtoidea# in which the shell is
two-jointed and bears numerous radial apophyses. The two subfamilies differ
in the shape of the mouth, which in the Sethophormida is a simple, wide
opening; in the Sethophaenida closed by a lattice-plate.

Numerous fossil and living forms of Anthocyrtida were described formerly by
Ehrenberg in his genera _Carpocanium_ and _Anthocyrtis_. These, however,
represent only a small part of the whole family, which exhibits a great
variety in the composition of the lattice-work and in the number of radial
beams. The number of species here described amounts to one hundred and
forty, and these are disposed in fourteen genera (twelve Sethophormida and
two Sethophaenida).

The Sethophormida may be again divided into two different groups or tribes,
the _Sethamphorida_ and _Carpocanida_; in the former the thorax bears
numerous radial ribs, enclosed in its wall; in the latter these ribs have
disappeared, and only a corona of terminal feet is developed around the
mouth. The shell of the former is usually pyramidal, with a widely open
mouth; of the latter ovate, with a constricted mouth. The mouth of the
thorax becomes perfectly closed in the Sethophaenida.

{1242}The majority of the Anthocyrtida may be derived from the Polyspyrida
(_Petalospyris_, &c.) by reduction of the cephalis and loss of the sagittal
ring, as was suggested by Buetschli (1882, _loc. cit._). But another part
may also have arisen from the Tripocyrtida, by interpolation of secondary
radial apophyses between the three primary perradial apophyses. The
cephalis in this family is developed in all possible degrees, from one of a
considerable size to one very much reduced. If it becomes perfectly lost,
the Cyrtocalpida arise.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Anthocyrtida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Sethophormida.
     Terminal mouth of the thorax a simple wide opening.
                            --------------------
     Radial ribs thorny (rarely smooth) prolonged into free terminal feet
        (cephalis commonly large, with one or more horns).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Shell flat, campanulate or nearly discoidal
   (cephalis without horn),                          558. _Sethophormis_.

  Shell ovate, with constricted mouth
   (without horn),                                   559. _Sethamphora_.

                   { Meshes of the network simple,   560. _Sethopyramis_.
                   {
  Shell slender    { Meshes fenestrated by
   pyramidal, with {  secondary latticework,         561. _Plectopyramis_.
   straight ribs.  {
                   { Meshes closed by spongy
                   {  framework,                     562. _Spongopyramis_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Radial ribs thorny (rarely smooth) prolonged into free terminal feet
     (cephalis commonly large, with one or more horns).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Shell not enveloped by arachnoidal network,        563. _Acanthocorys_.

  Shell enveloped by arachnoidal network,            564. _Arachnocorys_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  No ribs in the thorax. Peristome with free terminal feet.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                   {               { Six feet,       565. _Anthocyrtoma_.
                   { Feet          {
                   {  terminal,    { Nine feet,      566. _Anthocyrtis_.
  Cephalis         {  without      {
   well-developed  {  separate     { Twelve or more
   with an apical  {  peristome.   { feet,           567. _Anthocyrtium_.
   horn.           {
                   { Feet subterminal, outside the
                   {  constricted peristome,         568. _Anthocyrtidium_.

  Cephalis rudimentary, hidden in the upper
   part of the thorax, without horn,                 569. _Carpocanium_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Sethophaenida. Terminal mouth closed by a lattice-plate.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Thorax with lateral apophyses (four to six or
   more wings),                                      570. _Sethophaena_.

  Thorax with terminal apophyses (four to six or
   more feet),                                       571. _Clistophaena_.



{1243}Subfamily 1. SETHOPHORMIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.

_Definition._--#Anthocyrtida# with the basal mouth of the shell open (vel
Dicyrtida multiradiata aperta).



Genus 558. _Sethophormis_, Haeckel,[175] 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.

_Definition._--#Sethophormida# (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
numerous radial ribs in the wall of the flat and broad campanulate or
nearly discoidal thorax. Cephalis also flat and broad, cap-shaped without
horn.

The genus _Sethophormis_ comprises a great number of widely distributed and
large Dicyrtida, all agreeing in the flat cap-shaped or nearly discoidal
form of the thorax, which has constantly a very delicate network, and is
pierced by numerous radial beams. Four of these are commonly primary and
direct prolongations of the four cortinar rods in the collar septum, whilst
the others are secondary or interpolated ribs. _Sethophormis_ may be
derived either from the triradial _Lamprodiscus_ by multiplication of the
ribs (or interpolation of secondary ribs between the three primary), or
from _Halicalyptra_ by development of transverse rods connecting its
terminal feet, and forming a ribbed thorax. Corresponding to the number of
the ribs, we may distinguish as subgenera (separate genera in my Prodromus,
1881, p. 432) _Tetraphormis_ with four, _Pentaphormis_ with five,
_Hexaphormis_ with six, _Octophormis_ with eight, _Enneaphormis_ with nine,
and _Astrophormis_ with ten to twenty or more ribs. The cephalis bears no
horn, and is usually large, flat, cap-shaped or hemispherical.



Subgenus 1. _Tetraphormis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.

_Definition._--Thorax with four radial ribs opposite in pairs in two
meridional planes, perpendicular to one another.  Collar septum with four
large pores.


1. _Sethophormis cruciata_, n. sp.

Cephalis very large, hemispherical with irregular, delicate network of
small square meshes. Thorax flatly campanulate, with delicate, regular
network of small hexagonal meshes. All bars very thin, thread-like. Four
stout radial thoracic ribs, crossed in pairs, lie in two meridional planes,
perpendicular to one another. Very similar to _Sethophormis aurelia_ (Pl.
55, figs. 3, 4), but not so flat, and with only four thoracic ribs.
Peristome or margin of the thoracic mouth smooth, circular.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.36
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.


{1244}2. _Sethophormis medusa_, n. sp.

Cephalis very large, flat, cap-shaped, with irregular, delicate network of
polygonal meshes. Thorax flat, campanulate, nearly hemispherical, with
delicate, irregular network of small polygonal meshes. All bars very thin,
thread-like. Four stout radial thoracic ribs, as in the preceding species.
Peristome denticulate.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.09 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.25
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, surface.



Subgenus 2. _Pentaphormis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.

_Definition._--Thorax with five radial ribs, one of the three primary ribs
(the odd occipital rib) being simple, the two others (the paired lateral
ribs) forked.


3. _Sethophormis pentalactis_, n. sp. (Pl. 56, fig. 5).

Cephalis large, flat, hemispherical, with subregular, hexagonal pores.
Thorax flat, campanulate, nearly hemispherical; also with subregular,
hexagonal pores, and with five stout ribs. The three primary ribs of the
thorax are complete, and reach the peristome; the two secondary ribs (as
basal branches of the two lateral ribs) are incomplete and absent in the
distal half of the thorax. Peristome denticulate, with an elegant marginal
corona of small square pores and short conical spines.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


4. _Sethophormis asteriscus_, n. sp.

Cephalis large, flat, cap-shaped, with irregular polygonal pores. Thorax
flat, campanulate, with subregular, hexagonal pores, and five stout ribs.
The marginal distance between the two anterior (lateral) ribs is twice as
great as the distance between every two other ribs (the postero-lateral
ribs being basal branches of the antero-lateral ribs). Peristome with a
double corona of short, conical spines.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.17
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


5. _Sethophormis astrodiscus_, n. sp.

Cephalis small, flatly vaulted, cap-shaped with irregular polygonal pores.
Thorax very flatly vaulted, nearly discoidal, with subregular hexagonal
pores, and five stout ribs. The marginal distance between all five ribs is
nearly equal. Peristome denticulate with an elegant corona of small square
pores and short conical thorns.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.035 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.2
broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.



{1245}Subgenus 3. _Hexaphormis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.

_Definition._--Thorax with six radial ribs (three primary perradial and
three secondary interradial beams).


6. _Sethophormis hexalactis_, n. sp. (Pl. 56, fig. 6).

Cephalis large, hemispherical, with irregular, polygonal pores. Thorax
flatly campanulate, with subregular, hexagonal pores, and six stout radial
ribs; the lateral connected in pairs. (Fig. 6 exhibits the central part of
the shell, seen from below.) In the subcircular collar septum the two
anterior (jugular) meshes are much smaller than the two posterior
(cardinal) meshes. The odd anterior (sternal) rib is opposite to the
posterior (caudal) rib. The two paired ribs of each side (antero-lateral or
pectoral and  postero-lateral or ventral ribs) diverge from one common
point. In the specimen figured the left half of the thorax exhibited the
two regular ribs, and the right half three, a posterior accessory branch
being developed (transition to _Octophormis_). This specimen might indeed
be called _Heptaphormis heptalactis_.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.22
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


7. _Sethophormis hexagonalis_, n. sp.

Cephalis small, flat, cap-shaped, with small, regular, hexagonal pores.
Thorax flatly conical, nearly discoidal, with larger pores of the same
form, and six stout, straight, prominent ribs. These arise at equal
distances from the six corners of the hexagonal base of the collar septum.
Peristome hexagonal, with a corona of short spines.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis  0.015 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.24
broad.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.



Subgenus 4. _Octophormis_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax with eight radial ribs, four secondary interradial
beams being interpolated between the four primary perradial beams of
_Tetraphormis_.


8. _Sethophormis octalactis_, n. sp.

Cephalis large, hemispherical, with irregular, polygonal pores. Thorax
flatly campanulate, with regular, hexagonal pores, and eight stout,
regularly-disposed, radial ribs reaching the margin at equal distances.
Four of these correspond to the four primary ribs of _Tetraphormis
cruciata_, and exhibit at their base a larger pair of basal pores,
surrounded by a semicircular ring (Pl. 70, fig. 5); the other four are
secondary, interpolated. Peristome circular, simple.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.22 broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.



{1246}Subgenus 5. _Enneaphormis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.

_Definition._--Thorax with nine radial ribs, three of which are the primary
beams, the other six being secondary and interpolated.


9. _Sethophormis rotula_, n. sp. (Pl. 57, fig. 9).

  _Enneaphormis rotula_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas, pl. lvii. fig.
  9.

Cephalis very large, flat, cap-shaped, trilobed, with irregular, polygonal
network. Horizontal collar-ring stout, hexagonal, with three larger and
three alternate smaller sides of half the length. From the middle of the
three larger sides arise three horizontal, centripetal, radial beams, which
are united in the centre of the collar-septum--the three primary cortinar
beams. These are prolonged outside into three centrifugal primary ribs of
the thorax. From the six corners of the collar-ring arise six other
secondary, thoracic ribs, equal in size and similar in form to the three
primary. Each of these nine equal, straight ribs of the thorax is thickened
towards the distal end, and bears at equal distances five pairs of opposite
(tangential) lateral branches. The opposite branches of the neighbouring
spines become united, and lie nearly horizontally in one plane, so that the
flat, discoidal thorax is like a nine-angled wheel with nine equally
distant spokes and five concentric, nine-angled rings.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.12 diameter, thorax 0.36 diameter.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


10. _Sethophormis triloba_, n. sp.

Cephalis large, hemispherical, distinctly trilobed, with dense, irregular,
polygonal network. From the centre of its top diverge three stout arches or
semilunar rods, which are curved downwards, and unite with the three
horizontal, radial beams of the collar-septum inside the collar-ring. These
three parietal arches of the cephalis are much stronger than in the similar
preceding species (Pl. 57, fig. 9), and between them are placed three
vaulted bosoms of the cephalis. The collar-ring and the thorax are of the
same form as in the preceding, but possess only four concentric,
nine-angled rings.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.24 diameter.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


11. _Sethophormis enneastrum_, n. sp.

Cephalis very large, flat, cap-shaped, with hexagonal base, trilobed, of
similar form and structure to the two preceding species. The flat,
discoidal thorax has also the same form, with nine stout ribs and five
concentric, nine-angled rings; its forty-five large meshes, however, are
not so simple {1247}as these (Pl. 57, fig. 9), but are subdivided into
irregular, smaller meshes by interpolated radial beams connecting the
concentric rings.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.1 diameter, thorax 0.3 diameter.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.


12. _Sethophormis arachnium_, n. sp.

Cephalis very large, flat, cap-shaped, trilobed, with hexagonal base, of
the same structure as in the three preceding species. The flat discoidal
thorax is also similar, and has the same structure as in the preceding
species (Pl. 57, fig. 9); but the number of concentric, nine-angled rings
is raised from five to eight, and in its outer part nine secondary radial
beams are interpolated between the nine primaries, so that the peristome
has not nine but eighteen corners.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.08 diameter, thorax 0.4 diameter.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


13. _Sethophormis enneactis_, n. sp.

Cephalis small, hemispherical, with small, irregular, polygonal pores.
Thorax flatly pyramidal, nearly discoidal, with nine prominent, stout ribs,
which are connected by numerous (twelve to sixteen) horizontal, nine-angled
rings. In the outer half of the thorax there are nine weaker secondary ribs
interpolated between the nine stronger primaries, and eighteen shorter and
feebler tertiary ribs between the former and the latter. Peristome
denticulated, nine-angled.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.08 long, 0.24 broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


14. _Sethophormis eupilium_, n. sp. (Pl. 56, fig. 9).

  Sethopyramis eupilium, Haeckel, 1882, Atlas, pl. lvi. fig. 9.

  Craspedilium eupilium, Haeckel, 1878, Manuscript.

Cephalis very small, hemispherical, hyaline, without pores. Thorax flatly
pyramidal, with nine concave, triangular faces and nine little curved,
stout, radial beams. Between these are interpolated numerous incomplete
secondary beams, which are absent in the apical part of the thorax. The
radial beams being connected by numerous (thirty to forty or more)
horizontal, ring-like threads, a delicate arachnoidal network with small,
quadrangular pores is produced. Peristome nine-angled, with a peculiar
vertical gallery, composed of four horizontal, parallel, nine-angled rings,
which are connected by numerous vertical, parallel bars, therefore with
three transverse rows of square pores. This peculiar species is very
different from the preceding and may represent a separate genus,
_Craspedilium_.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.01 diameter, thorax 0.1 long, 0.25 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.



{1248}Subgenus 6. _Astrophormis_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax with a variable number of radial ribs (twelve to
twenty or more).


15. _Sethophormis aurelia_, n. sp. (Pl. 55, figs. 3, 4).

  _Leptarachnium aurelia_, Haeckel, 1879, Manuscript et Atlas.

Cephalis large, nearly hemispherical, with irregular, delicate network of
small square meshes. Collar-septum with four large meshes, separated by a
cross of four bars, opposite in pairs. Thorax flatly campanulate, with
delicate, subregular, hexagonal meshes, and twenty-four prominent radial
ribs; four of these are primary or perradial (centrifugal prolongations of
the four bars of the collar-septum); four others are interradial or
secondary, alternating with the former at angles of 45d; sixteen others are
adradial or tertiary, interpolated between the first and second more or
less irregularly. In some specimens the disposition of the twenty-four ribs
was more regular, in others more irregular, than in the specimen figured
(figs. 3, 4). The central capsule (fig. 4) exhibits a flat, cap-shaped part
with the nucleus (enclosed in the cephalis), and four large, pear-shaped
lobes protruded through the four large collar holes (somewhat deformed in
the preparation figured). The wall of the thorax exhibits at the base four
larger, nearly semicircular pores, bisected by the four primary thoracic
ribs. Peristome with twenty-four indentations (between the prominent distal
ends of the twenty-four ribs), often more distinct than in the specimen
figured.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.1 to 0.2 long, 0.4
to 0.6 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


16. _Sethophormis dodecaster_, n. sp. (Pl. 56, fig. 12).

Cephalis small, flatly cap-shaped, with irregular, small, roundish pores.
Thorax flatly conical, nearly of the same shape as in the preceding
species, but only with twelve prominent ribs; four primary or perradial
ribs (as prolongations of the four crossed cortinar bars), and eight
adradial ribs interpolated between the former, and arising at some distance
from the collar ring. Peristome with twelve prominent pointed lobes
(supported by the distal ends of the twelve ribs), and with twelve
semicircular bosoms between them. (The specimen figured is young and not
fully developed.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.3 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.


17. _Sethophormis umbrella_, n. sp. (Pl. 70, figs. 4, 5).

Cephalis large, flatly cap-shaped, with irregular, small polygonal meshes.
Thorax flat, umbrella-shaped, with subregular, hexagonal meshes, and
sixteen strong radial ribs. Four of these are perradial, and centrifugal
prolongations of the four crossed collar beams; four others are
interradial, and {1249}arise, alternating with the former, directly from
the horizontal collar ring; eight ribs are adradial or tertiary, and arise
in pairs from the four large perradial basal arches of the thorax, which
become bisected by the four primary ribs. Peristome irregularly
denticulate.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.32
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific (off Japan), Stations 236 to 239, surface.


18. _Sethophormis floscula_, n. sp.

Cephalis small, hemispherical, with subregular, small hexagonal pores.
Thorax flatly conical, with larger hexagonal meshes and twenty-four ribs;
four of these are perradial and prolongations of the four collar bars; four
interradial arise from the collar ring between the former, alternating with
them. Each of these eight main ribs gives off two more or less irregular,
lateral branches (one at each side), altogether sixteen. The thorax is
similar to _Cladarachnium ramosum_ (Pl. 55, fig. 5), whilst the cephalis is
quite different. Peristome with twenty-four prominent triangular lobes.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.4 broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.


19. _Sethophormis leptoscenium_, n. sp.

Cephalis very small, spherical, with few small, circular pores. Thorax
flatly conical or tent-shaped, with concave lateral outlines, small
hexagonal meshes, and numerous (thirty to forty or more) strong, little
curved, simple radial ribs. Peristome nearly circular, with a corona of
small, irregular, conical spines.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.015 diameter; thorax 0.07 long, 0.26 broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


20. _Sethophormis leptopilium_, n. sp.

Cephalis very small, subspherical, hyaline, without pores. Thorax flatly
conical or hat-shaped, with concave lateral outlines, and a very delicate
network of small square meshes (similar to _Litharachnium araneosum_, Pl.
55, fig. 8). This is supported by thirty-two curved radial ribs, four of
which are primary, four secondary, and the other twenty-four interpolated.
Peristome horizontally expanded and little recurved, like the reflexed brim
of a hat.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.12 diameter; thorax 0.08 long, 0.24 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 291, depth 2250 fathoms.



Genus 559. _Sethamphora_,[176] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Sethophormida# (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
numerous curved ribs in the wall of the ovate thorax, the small mouth of
which is constricted. Cephalis without horn.

{1250}The genus _Sethamphora_ differs from the preceding _Sethophormis_,
and from the next following ribbed Sethophormida, mainly in the small, more
or less constricted mouth; therefore the thorax is more or less ovate, and
its ribs curved, with the convexity external. Sethophormis may be divided
into two different subgenera, _Dictyoprora_ and _Cryptocephalus_; in the
former the cephalis is perfectly free and well developed, in the latter it
is more or less hidden in the uppermost part of the thorax (like
_Carpocanium_).



Subgenus 1. _Dictyoprona_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

_Definition._--Cephalis large, perfectly free, not hidden in the thorax.


1. _Sethamphora hexapleura_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 3 : 11, breadth = 5 : 10. Cephalis large, free, hemispherical,
with small circular pores. Thorax truncate, ovate, with six strong curved
ribs, and six large triangular meshes between them in the upper half; five
smaller pores between every two ribs in the lower half (in three tiers);
therefore, together, thirty-six thoracic meshes. Mouth strongly
constricted, smooth, only one-third as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.05 broad; thorax, 0.11 long, 0.1
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Sethamphora enneapleura_, n. sp.

Shell subovate, smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 3 : 9, breadth = 4 : 8. Cephalis large, hemispherical, free, with
small circular pores. Thorax inflated, ovate, with nine strong curved ribs,
which are connected by five transverse circular rings at equal distances.
Forty-five rounded, squarish, large meshes between them, in five transverse
and nine longitudinal rows. Mouth constricted, smooth, half as broad as the
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


3. _Sethamphora dodecapleura_, n. sp.

Shell urceolate, smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 3 : 9, breadth = 5 : 9. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, free, with
twelve ribs, and very small pores between them. Thorax thick-walled,
inflated, with subcylindrical cavity, and twelve prominent sharp ribs,
alternating with twelve longitudinal rows of very small circular pores
(eight pores in each row). Mouth constricted, half as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


{1251}4. _Sethamphora mongolfieri_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium mongolfieri_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxiv. fig.
  18; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 72, Taf. x. fig. 3.

Shell urceolate, smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 2 : 9, breadth = 3 : 7. Cephalis campanulate, with eighteen ribs
and small pores. Thorax nearly ellipsoidal, with eighteen prominent ribs,
and eighteen longitudinal rows of regular circular pores between them
(eight pores in each row; therefore 144 pores altogether). Mouth
constricted, only one-third as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Sethamphora costata_, n. sp. Pl. 62, fig. 3.

Shell urceolate, smooth, very similar to the preceding species; also with
eighteen longitudinal ribs, but differing in the larger size of the
cephalis and its pores, and in the more slender and ovate form of the
thorax. Length of the two joints = 5 : 10, breadth = 5 : 8. Pores of the
cephalis more numerous. Mouth half as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


6. _Sethamphora serrata_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, spinulate, without external collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 1 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, with small
circular pores. Thorax ovate, truncate, with eighteen serrate longitudinal
ribs, alternating with eighteen longitudinal rows of short and broad rather
oblong pores (twenty to thirty pores in each row). Mouth strongly
constricted, only one-fourth as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


7. _Sethamphora ampulla_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium ampulla_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 15;
  Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 72, Taf. x. figs. 11, 12.

Shell broad, urceolate, spiny, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with few small
pores (in figs. 12_a_ and 12_b_ of Ehrenberg, _loc. cit._, broken off, so
that the four pores of the cortinar septum appear). Thorax inflated,
bottle-shaped, with twenty prominent, sharply dentate ribs, alternating
with twenty longitudinal rows of circular pores (about eight pores in each
row). Mouth flat, constricted, one-third as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.025 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.14
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1252}8. _Sethamphora aerostatica_, Haeckel.

  _Podocyrtis aerostatica_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xvi. fig. 4.

Shell broad, urceolate, smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 2 : 6, breadth = 3 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, large, with
few pores (broken off in fig. 4_a_ of Ehrenberg, so that the six collar
pores appear). Thorax inflated, bottle-shaped, with twenty-two to
twenty-four smooth prominent ribs, alternating with the some number of
longitudinal rows of small circular pores. Mouth very small, strongly
constricted, scarcely as broad as the cephalis, with three short teeth.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Cryptocephalus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

_Definition._--Cephalis more or less hidden in thorax, being partly
enveloped by its uppermost part.


9. _Sethamphora microstoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 57, fig. 5).

  _Cryptoprora microstoma_, Haeckel, Atlas, pl. lvii., fig. 5.

Shell ovate, smooth, without external collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, without ribs,
with small circular pores. Thorax ovate, with twenty-four prominent ribs,
alternating with deep longitudinal furrows, each of which contains a series
of about fifteen small circular pores. Mouth very small, representing a
short cylindrical tube, which is only one-eighth as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 220, depth 1100 fathoms.


10. _Sethamphora favosa_, n. sp, (Pl. 57, fig. 4).

  _Cryptocephalus favosus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

Shell ovate, dimply. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5.
Cephalis subspherical, small, completely hidden in the thickened top of the
thorax (but very distinct in the longitudinal section). Thorax ovate, with
twenty-five to thirty longitudinal ribs, alternating with the same number
of longitudinal furrows, each of which contains ten to twelve circular,
hexagonally framed pores. In the smooth wall of the peristome only twelve
triangular ribs are visible. Mouth constricted, one-third as broad as the
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.1 long, 0.09 broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



{1253}Genus 560. _Sethopyramis_,[177] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432
(sensu emendato !)

_Definition_.--#Sethophormida# (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
numerous straight or slightly curved radial ribs in the wall of the
pyramidal thorax. Network simple. Cephalis commonly without horn.

The genus _Sethopyramis_ and the four following genera form together a
peculiar small group (Sethopyramida), characterised by the slender
pyramidal shell, in the wall of which numerous (six to nine or more) radial
ribs are enclosed. These ribs may be regarded as the terminal feet of a
_Calpophaena_ or _Halicalyptra_, which become connected by transverse bars.
_Sethopyramis_ may be derived also directly from _Patagospyris_ by loss of
the primary sagittal ring and reduction of the cephalis.



Subgenus 1. _Sestropyramis_, Haeckel.

_Definition_.--Pyramidal shell with six radial main beams (sometimes also
five or seven, as individual varieties).


1. _Sethopyramis scalaris_, Haeckel.

  _Cornutella scalaris_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 1.

Shell smooth, slenderly pyramidal, hexagonal. Cephalis large, subglobular,
hyaline, without pores (or with very small and scarce pores). Thorax with
six straight (or little curved) stout longitudinal ribs or radial beams,
which are connected by twenty to thirty complete, hexagonal, horizontal
rings. The large meshes so produced are regular, square, their length and
breadth equally and gradually increasing towards the mouth.

_Dimensions_.--Cephalis 0.04 diameter; thorax (with twenty-four transverse
rings) 0.4 long, 0.15 broad at the mouth.

_Habitat_.--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Sethopyramis hexalactis_, n. sp.

Shell thorny, of the same form as, and similar structure to, the preceding
species, but differing in the spiny surface and the smaller subglobular
cephalis, which bears small circular pores and an oblique conical horn
twice the length. The whole surface is covered with short conical thorns.

_Dimensions_.--Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax (with twenty transverse
rings) 0.25 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat_.--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Cephalopyramis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.

_Definition._--Pyramidal shell with nine radial main beams (sometimes also
eight or ten, as individual varieties).


{1254}3. _Sethopyramis enneactis_, n. sp. (Pl. 56, fig. 7).

  _Cephalopyramis enneactis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas, pl. lvi.
  fig. 7.

Shell smooth, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis large, ovate, with pointed apex,
nearly hyaline, with very few and small scattered pores. Thorax very
slenderly pyramidal, with straight lateral outlines, and nine stout and
straight radial beams, which are connected by fifteen to twenty horizontal
complete rings. Meshes subregular, square, simple, without secondary
network; their length and breadth equally increasing towards the mouth.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.03 broad; thorax (with twenty
transverse rings) 0.24 long, 0.1 broad at the mouth.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.


4. _Sethopyramis quadrata_, n. sp. (Pl. 54, fig. 2).

Shell smooth, slenderly pyramidal, very similar in form and structure to
the preceding species; differing from it in the rudimentary cephalis, which
is very small, hemispherical, with few small porules. The three internal
cortinar bars of the collar stricture are present; when they become lost
this species passes over into _Bathropyramis quadrata_ (Pl. 54, fig. 1).

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.02 broad; thorax (with ten transverse
rings) 0.15 long, 0.1 broad at the mouth.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


5. _Sethopyramis quadratella_, Haeckel.

  _Cornutella quadratella_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 2.

  _Litharachnium quadratella_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
  vol, xxxvi. p. 540, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 37.

Shell smooth, broadly pyramidal. Cephalis ovate, small, blunt, hyaline,
with very few and small pores (in the figure of Ehrenberg broken off).
Thorax broadly pyramidal, with straight lateral outlines, and nine stout
and straight radial beams, which are connected by eight to twelve
horizontal complete rings. Meshes in the upper half regular, square, in the
lower half broad, rectangular (in the tenth transverse row twice as broad
as long).

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax (with ten transverse
rings) 0.15 long, 0.15 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


6. _Sethopyramis trapezoides_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, broadly pyramidal. Cephalis large, ovate, hyaline, without
pores; its collar septum exhibits distinctly the four collar pores (two
larger cardinal and two smaller jugular pores). {1255}Thorax broad,
pyramidal, with slightly concave lateral outlines and nine (sometimes eight
or ten) curved ribs, which are connected by eighteen to twenty-four
complete transverse rings. The large meshes, so produced, have the form of
a parallel trapezoid, and are in the eighth transverse row three times as
broad as long. (Differs from _Bathropyramis trapezoides_, Pl. 54, fig. 3,
mainly by the possession of a well developed cephalis).

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax (with eighteen rings)
0.32 long, 0.24 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.


7. _Sethopyramis spinosa_, n. sp.

Shell thorny, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis small, subspherical, with few
small pores and a straight, vertical, conical horn twice the length. Thorax
with nine straight ribs, which are connected by sixteen to twenty complete
transverse nine-angled rings. The large meshes so produced are subregular,
square. From each nodal point a short conical spine arises. (Differs from
the similar _Bathropyramis spinosa_, Pl. 54, fig. 4, by the development of
the cephalis and the simple pointed, unforked spines.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax (with sixteen rings) 0.2
long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.


8. _Sethopyramis hexagonalis_, n. sp.

Shell papillate, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a
straight conical horn twice the length, and small circular pores. Thorax
conical, with slightly convex outlines and nine stout, somewhat curved ribs
in zig-zag form, which are connected by ten to twelve interrupted
transverse bars. From each nodal point a small conical papilla arises. The
large meshes so produced are regular, hexagonal, gradually increasing in
size towards the mouth.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax (with twelve transverse rows
of meshes) 0.18 long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.


9. _Sethopyramis cyclomma_, n. sp.

Shell thorny, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis large, subspherical, with
numerous very small circular pores, and a small conical horn of the same
length. Thorax similar in form and structure to that of the preceding
species; but each hexagonal mesh is provided with a very thin circular
hyaline ring (like a diaphragm), so that the openings are not hexagonal,
but circular. From each nodal point a short pointed conical or slightly
forked spine arises.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax (with ten transverse rows of
meshes) 0.18 long, 0.14 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.



{1256}Subgenus 3. _Actinopyramis_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Pyramidal shell with twelve or more radial beams (commonly
twelve to twenty-four, sometimes forty or more).


10. _Sethopyramis dodecalactis_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis small, spherical, hyaline, with
a short conical horn. Thorax with twelve radial ribs in the upper half,
between which twelve others are interpolated in the lower half. These are
connected by twenty to twenty-four complete transverse rings. The meshes so
produced are subregular, rectangular.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.6 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


11. _Sethopyramis bicornis_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis small, spherical, hyaline, with
two divergent conical horns, the major (occipital) three times and the
minor (frontal) twice as long. Thorax slender, pyramidal, campanulate,
thorny, with twenty to thirty radial beams, which are little curved, convex
in the upper, concave in the lower half, and connected by numerous
interrupted transverse bars. Meshes in the upper third rounded, in the
lower two-thirds quadrangular, of very different sizes. Surface covered
with spinules.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorns 0.9 long, 0.4 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


12. _Sethopyramis maxima_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis small, spherical, with few small
pores, and a stout, vertical, conical horn twice the length. Thorax very
prolonged, conical, with straight lateral outlines and numerous (twenty to
fifty) radial beams (in the upper third twelve, in the middle third
twenty-four, in the lower third forty to fifty, by interpolation); they are
connected by very numerous interrupted transverse bars. Meshes subregular,
quadrangular. Surface smooth.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 1.05 long, 0.45 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 561. _Plectopyramis_,[178] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.

_Definition._--#Sethophormida# (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
numerous straight or slightly curved radial ribs in the wall of the
pyramidal thorax. Network double, the large primary meshes being
fenestrated by fine secondary network. Cephalis commonly without horn.

{1257}The genus _Plectopyramis_ differs from the preceding _Sethopyramis_,
its ancestral form, only in the peculiar double fenestration of the shell,
the large primary meshes of which are separated by strong bars, and filled
up by a very delicate arachnoidal network, composed of small pores and very
thin threads between them. This double lattice-work often exhibits a very
remarkable regularity. As in the preceding genus, the number of radial ribs
is commonly six or nine, rarely twelve to twenty or more.



Subgenus 1. _Hexapleuris_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Pyramidal shell with six radial main beams (sometimes five
or seven in individual varieties).


1. _Plectopyramis magnifica_, Haeckel.

  _Polycystina magnifica_, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xi.
  fig.

Shell smooth, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis large, ovate, pointed, separated
from the thorax by a very deep collar stricture, with few irregular pores.
Thorax with six strong and straight radial beams, which are connected by
about twenty horizontal, hexagonal rings. The large meshes so produced are
regular, square, and filled up by an extremely delicate secondary
arachnoidal network, composed of regular square pores (as in Pl. 54, figs.
7, 8).

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.04 broad; thorax (with twenty
transverse rings) 0.4 long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Plectopyramis hexapleura_, n. sp.

Shell thorny, slender, pyramidal. Cephalis large, ovate, blunt, with deep
collar stricture. Thorax with six strong and straight radial beams, which
are connected by numerous (twenty to thirty) interrupted transverse bars.
The large meshes so produced are irregular, quadrangular, and filled up by
irregular, delicate, secondary network, with small polygonal pores.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.3 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Enneapleuris_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Pyramidal shell with nine radial main beams (sometimes eight
or ten in individual varieties).


{1258}3. _Plectopyramis dodecomma_, n. sp. (Pl. 54, fig. 6).

Shell smooth, slenderly pyramidal, with straight outlines. Cephalis
conical, obtuse, with thirty-six small square pores (in nine divergent
longitudinal rows, each of four pores). Collar septum (between cephalis and
thorax) with four distinct collar pores. Thorax pyramidal, with nine very
stout and straight angular radial beams, which are connected by ten to
fifteen broad horizontal nine-angled rings. Each of the large regular,
square meshes so produced contains a very delicate fenestration, with
twelve regular, square pores, separated by two transverse and three
longitudinal crossed threads. A very regular and remarkable structure.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax (with ten rings) 0.2
long, 0.15 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


4. _Plectopyramis quadratomma_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, slenderly pyramidal. Cephalis large, ovate, hyaline, with few
very small basal pores and deep collar stricture. Thorax pyramidal, with
straight outline, and nine very stout and straight radial beams, which are
connected by fifteen to twenty horizontal nine-angled rings. Each of the
large regular, square meshes so produced is filled up by a very delicate
arachnoidal network, with very numerous and small square pores (as in the
similar _Cinclopyramis infundibulum_, Pl. 54, fig. 7, which differs in the
loss of the cephalis).

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.03 broad; thorax (with fifteen rings)
0.32 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


5. _Plectopyramis trapezomma_, n. sp. (Pl. 54, fig. 8).

Shell smooth, broadly pyramidal, with concave lateral outlines. Cephalis
hemispherical, small, with numerous small, circular pores. Thorax
pyramidal, with nine stout, concavely curved radial beams, which are
connected by twelve to sixteen horizontal nine-angled rings. The large
meshes so produced are in the upper half square, in the lower half parallel
trapezoid (in the fifteenth ring three times as broad as long), and filled
up by a secondary arachnoidal network, with very numerous and small square
pores.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.025 broad; thorax (with fifteen
rings) 0.22 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


6. _Plectopyramis polygonomma_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, pyramidal, very similar to the preceding species; differing
from it in the irregular shape of the delicate polygonal (not tetragonal)
secondary network, filling up the large rectangular meshes. The cephalis is
larger, hyaline, pear-shaped, pointed, without pores, with a deep collar
stricture. The nine radial beams of the thorax are less concave.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax (with fifteen rings)
0.3 long, 0.22 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


{1259}7. _Plectopyramis heteromma_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, slenderly pyramidal, with concave outlines. Cephalis very
small, subspherical, with a small oblique, conical horn, and very small,
scarce circular pores. Thorax with nine stout concavely curved radial
beams, which are connected by numerous (thirty to fifty or more)
interrupted transverse bars. The large irregular meshes so produced are
filled up by irregular, polygonal, delicate lattice-work.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.6 long, 0.3 broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


8. _Plectopyramis serrata_, n. sp.

Shell thorny, slenderly pyramidal, with straight outlines. Cephalis very
small, spherical, with a long oblique, conical horn, and very small
circular pores. Thorax with nine stout, straight, regularly serrate ribs or
radial beams, which are connected by numerous (twenty to thirty or more)
interrupted transverse bars. The latter, being crossed by intercalated and
interrupted irregular radial beams, produce a subregular secondary network
of rectangular meshes of different sizes.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax, 0.3 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.


9. _Plectopyramis fenestrata_, Haeckel.

  _Pyramis fenestrata_, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xxi. fig.
  8.

Shell thorny, broadly pyramidal, with straight outlines. Cephalis very
small, spherical, hyaline. Thorax with nine stout, spinulate, straight ribs
or radial beams, which are connected by ten to fifteen transverse bars,
which in the upper half are complete rings, in the lower half interrupted,
and crossed by irregularly intercalated radial beams. Meshes therefore
irregular, quadrangular. All the bars are thorny.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.01 diameter; thorax 0.2 long, 0.16 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic.


10. _Plectopyramis furcata_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, slenderly pyramidal, with straight outlines. Cephalis small,
spherical, with few small pores. Thorax with nine stout and straight
spinulate ribs, which are connected by a variable number of irregular
interrupted transverse bars; the large quadrangular meshes so produced are
filled up by irregular delicate network. The entire surface of the thorax
is covered with short forked spines.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.3 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Zanzibar), Pullen, depth 2200 fathoms.



{1260}Subgenus 3. _Polypleuris_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Pyramidal shell with numerous (twelve or more) radial main
beams (commonly twelve to eighteen, sometimes twenty to thirty or more).


11. _Plectopyramis polypleura_, n. sp. (Pl. 56, fig. 8).

Shell smooth, slenderly conical, with straight outlines. Cephalis small,
subspherical, with very small dot-like pores, and an oblique conical horn
twice the length. Thorax with numerous (twenty to thirty) divergent
longitudinal ribs; usually twelve of these radial beams appear as stronger,
primary main ribs, and twelve to eighteen other as secondary, feebler,
interpolated ribs. They are crossed by numerous (twenty to forty or more)
horizontal rings. The large meshes so produced are quadrangular, and partly
filled up by a very delicate secondary network, with small square pores.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter; thorax 0.36 long, 0.24 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 267, depth 2700 fathoms.


12. _Plectopyramis lagena_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, wine-bottle shaped, or slenderly conical-campanulate, with
bent outlines, which are concave in the upper, convex in the lower half.
Cephalis very small, spherical, hyaline, without pores. Thorax with
twenty-four radial ribs, twelve stronger primary, alternating with twelve
feebler secondary. They are crossed by interrupted transverse bars. The
irregular quadrangular meshes so produced are filled up by a delicate,
irregular, secondary network.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter; thorax 0.5 long, 0.3 broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.



Genus 562. _Spongopyramis_,[179] n. sp.

_Definition._--#Sethophormida# (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
numerous straight or slightly curved radial ribs in the wall of the
pyramidal thorax. Network spongy. Cephalis commonly without horn.

The genus _Spongopyramis_ has arisen from _Sethopyramis_ by development of
an irregular spongy framework around the lattice-shell, and is one of the
small number of #Cyrtoidea# in which the shell-wall exhibits a spongy
structure. In both observed species the cephalis is small, but evident.


{1261}1. _Spongopyramis spongiosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 56, fig. 10).

  _Plectopyramis spongiosa_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas, _loc. cit._

Shell partly or entirely enveloped by spongy framework, slender, pyramidal,
with rather straight outlines. Cephalis very small, ovate, hyaline. Thorax
with nine very stout and nearly straight ribs, which are connected by
fifteen to twenty or more irregular, interrupted transverse bars. The
irregular quadrangular meshes so produced are filled up by an irregular
secondary network, with meshes of very different size and form. The dense
spongy envelope, which in the specimen figured covered only half the shell,
was complete in another older specimen.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.01 broad; thorax 0.4 long, 0.25
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


2. _Spongopyramis spongoplecta_, n. sp.

Shell entirely enveloped by spongy framework, pyramidal, with straight
outlines. Cephalis ovate (twice as large as in the preceding species), with
small circular pores. Thorax with twelve stout and straight ribs, which are
connected by twenty to twenty-five annular, transverse bars. The subregular
square meshes so produced are filled up by irregular, spongy network, which
envelops the whole shell more loosely than in _Spongopyramis spongiosa_.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.5 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Genus 563. _Acanthocorys_,[180] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 432.

_Definition._--#Sethophormida# (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
numerous radial ribs in the wall of the pyramidal thorax, prolonged into
divergent terminal feet. Network simple. Cephalis commonly with several
horns.

The genus _Acanthocorys_ and the following nearly allied _Arachnocorys_
possess a near relation to the three preceding pyramidal genera, but differ
from them in the terminal prolongation of the radial ribs, which are
commonly spiny and form a corona of free feet around the mouth of the
thorax. The cephalis is usually much larger than in the three preceding
genera, and bears a variable number of radial horns. Therefore these two
genera are probably older and nearer to the common ancestral form of the
Sethophormida than the preceding genera. It may be derived directly from
_Dictyophimus_ by interpolation of three secondary (interradial) ribs
between the three primary (perradial) ribs.



{1262}Subgenus 1. _Acanthocorallium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax with six divergent ribs or radial beams (three
primary or perradial alternating with three secondary or interradial).


1. _Acanthocorys hexapodia_, n. sp.

Cephalis large, ovate, with subregular hexagonal pores, and six strong,
conical, simple, divergent horns of the same length. Thorax flat, conical,
smooth, with six large triangular basal holes, separated by six strong,
prismatic, smooth beams, which are connected only near the distal end by a
hexagonal ring of delicate, irregular network. Collar septum with three
meshes, separated by the three centripetal prolongations of the three
primary ribs.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.24
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Acanthocorys pristipodia_, n. sp.

Cephalis large, hemispherical, with irregular, polygonal pores, and
numerous (ten to twenty) bristle-shaped, radiating horns, which are conical
at the base, and twice as long. Thorax flatly campanulate, thorny, with six
strong, serrate or spinulate, divergent, radial ribs, prolonged into six
free conical feet of the same length. Meshes of the thorax irregular,
polygonal, a corona of six larger ones at the base. Collar septum with four
meshes, shaped as in Pl. 56, fig. 6.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.18
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Acanthocorys macropodia_, n. sp.

Cephalis small, subspherical, with irregular, roundish pores and numerous
small, bristle-shaped horns. Length of the two joints = 1 : 2, breadth =
1 : 6. Thorax sexangular, pyramidal, with six very long and straight,
widely divergent feet, which are prismatic and spiny, and three to five
times as long as the breadth of the shell. Only the upper third of the six
ribs is connected by irregular, roundish network, with six large triangular
holes at the base. Collar septum with four meshes which have the same
relation to the six ribs as in _Sethophormis hexalactis_ (Pl. 56, fig. 6).

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.025 diameter, thorax 0.05 long, 0.15 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.


4. _Acanthocorys buetschlii_, Haeckel.

  ? _Clathrocanium ehrenbergii_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
  vol. xxxvi. pp. 514, 539, Taf. xxxii. fig. 18, _a_, _b_.

Cephalis large, subspherical, with numerous small, circular pores and three
to six divergent, slender, apical horns. Thorax flatly conical, smooth, not
much larger than the cephalis, with six {1263}large, triangular or ovate
basal holes between the six ribs. Three of these ribs are primary or
perradial, and arise immediately from the collar septum, alternating with
three secondary or interradial ribs, which arise more outside. The specimen
observed by me exhibited six apical horns, and was more complete than that
figured by Buetschli, the six ribs being prolonged over the connecting
lattice-girdle into six short, divergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Acanthocoronium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax with nine divergent ribs or radial beams, three of
which are primary or perradial, the other six secondary or interradial.


5. _Acanthocorys umbellifera_, Haeckel.

  _Arachnocorys umbellifera_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 305,
  Taf. vi. fig. 12.

Cephalis large, ovate, with subregular, circular pores and numerous
divergent, simple spines of different lengths. Thorax flatly conical, with
nine strong, divergent ribs, which in the distal half are free, in the
proximal half connected by numerous transverse beams, forming irregular
polygonal meshes. Dorsal face of the thorax armed with scattered ascending
spines.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.035 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina); Atlantic, Station 354, surface.


6. _Acanthocorys triloba_, n. sp.

Cephalis large, campanulate, trilobed, with irregular, roundish pores,
numerous spines, and a large pyramidal horn on the top, which is connected
by three constricted arches with the base of the horizontal collar beams.
From the latter arise as centrifugal prolongations three stout, curved,
primary ribs of the flatly vaulted thorax, and each of these gives off at
the base two opposite, lateral, secondary ribs. These nine ribs are spiny,
and connected by irregular, arachnoidal network.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.07 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.18
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


7. _Acanthocorys enneapodia_, n. sp.

Cephalis large, ovate, with irregular roundish pores, and numerous
divergent, ascending spines. Thorax smooth, conical, little larger, with
the same network, and nine larger, triangular holes at the base; with nine
straight, equally-disposed ribs, which are prolonged into slender feet
twice the length. With these latter alternate nine shorter radial spines,
arising from the truncate peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


{1264}8. _Acanthocorys macroceras_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 12).

Cephalis large, hemispherical, spiny, with regular, circular pores, and a
very large, cylindrical, vertical horn five times as long as the whole
shell. Thorax spiny, campanulate, with irregular, roundish pores and nine
strong, curved ribs, prolonged into nine slender, divergent feet twice the
length, which are curved, convex in the proximal half and concave in the
distal half.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.


9. _Acanthocorys furcata_, n. sp.

Cephalis large, subspherical, spiny, with irregular, roundish pores. Thorax
flatly conical, thorny, with irregular, polygonal pores, decreasing in size
toward the mouth, and with nine straight divergent ribs, which at the
peristome are forked and prolonged into eighteen slender, very long,
bristle-shaped feet.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.045 diameter, thorax 0.07 long, 0.13 broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 323, depth 1900 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Acanthocorythium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax with a variable number (ten to twenty or more) radial
ribs, prolonged into free terminal feet.


10. _Acanthocorys dodecaster_, n. sp.

Cephalis small, subspherical, with small circular pores and a large conical
horn of twice the length, and some accessory spines. Thorax thorny, flatly
campanulate, with twelve stout curved ribs, which at the peristome are
prolonged into twelve slender, curved feet of twice the length; four of
them are centrifugal prolongations of the four cortinar beams separating
the four large meshes of the collar septum; eight other ribs are secondary,
interpolated in pairs between the former. At the base of the thorax are
twelve large triangular holes between the ribs; the other network is
irregular, with polygonal meshes.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.05 long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


11. _Acanthocorys polypodia_, n. sp.

Cephalis small, hemispherical, with small, roundish pores and divergent
radial spines. Thorax flatly conical, spiny, with twenty to twenty-four
divergent, straight ribs, which in the proximal {1265}third are separated
by the same number of large, triangular meshes, in the middle third
connected by irregular network, in the distal third free.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.15
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.



Genus 564. _Arachnocorys_,[181] Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 837.

_Definition._--#Sethophormida# (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
numerous radial ribs in the wall of the pyramidal thorax, prolonged into
divergent terminal feet. Network double, with an arachnoidal outer mantle
around the inner lattice-shell. Cephalis commonly with numerous horns.

The genus _Arachnocorys_ has been derived from the preceding
_Acanthocorys_, by development of numerous external siliceous threads which
connect the radial horns of the cephalis with the secondary spines arising
from the thoracic ribs. In this way there becomes formed an outer
arachnoidal framework, enveloping loosely, like a delicate mantle, the
inner primary lattice-shell.



Subgenus 1. _Arachnocorallium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax with six divergent ribs or radial beams (three
primary or perradial, alternating with three secondary or interradial).


1. _Arachnocorys hexaptera_, n. sp.

  _Arachnocorys circumtexta_ (juv.?), R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d.
  Radiol., p. 79, Taf. viii. fig. 2_a_.

Cephalis large, subspherical, with irregular, polygonal pores, and numerous
bristle-shaped spines twice the length; on the centre of the top a single
larger vertical horn. Thorax flatly conical, with six strong and straight
widely divergent ribs, which in the proximal half are separated by six
large holes, in the distal half connected by a broad ring of irregular
network. From each rib arises a perpendicular branch, and these branches
are connected together, and with the spines of the cephalis, by arachnoidal
network.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 diameter, thorax 0.08 long, 0.24 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266; Mediterranean, surface.


2. _Arachnocorys discoides_, n. sp.

Cephalis small, pyramidal, with irregular, roundish pores and numerous thin
spines, on the top a single larger vertical horn. Thorax very flat, nearly
discoidal, with six strong and straight ribs, {1266}which by communication
of few larger and numerous smaller branches form an irregular network with
polygonal meshes. From each of the six ribs arise two or three larger,
perpendicular branches of half the length, and from the network numerous
smaller spines. All these dorsal spines of the shell are connected by a
dense arachnoidal wicker-work.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter, thorax 0.04 long, 0.3 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.



Subgenus 2. _Arachnocoronium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax with nine divergent ribs or radial beams, three of
which are primary or perradial, the other six secondary or interradial.
(Sometimes eight or ten occur instead of the nine normal ribs.)


3. _Arachnocorys circumtexta_, Haeckel.

  _Arachnocorys circumtexta_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 304,
  Taf. vi. figs. 9-11.

  _Arachnocorys circumtexta_, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p.
  78, Taf. viii. fig. 2.

Cephalis large, subspherical, with numerous roundish pores, and eight to
ten slender, conical horns twice the length. Thorax flatly conical, with
nine strong, straight, widely divergent, conical feet, each of which bears
in the middle of its outer side a perpendicular ascending branch of half
the length. These branches and the horns of the cephalis are connected by
very thin, parallel, arachnoidal threads. Network of the thorax irregular,
with nine larger triangular holes at the base. Collar septum with numerous,
irregular, roundish pores.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 to 0.05 diameter, thorax 0.08 to 0.12 long,
0.15 to 0.25 broad.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina); Atlantic, Stations 347 to 354,
surface.


4. _Arachnocorys enneaptera_, n. sp.

Cephalis large, campanulate, with irregular, polygonal pores, two larger
stout pyramidal and numerous slender, bristle-shaped horns. Thorax of the
same structure as in the preceding species, only the nine basal holes are
of twice the size; the lower network denser (as in _Clathrocanium diadema_,
Pl. 64, fig. 2). Collar septum with numerous, irregular, roundish pores.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 diameter, thorax 0.12 long, 0.22 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, surface.


5. _Arachnocorys araneosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 56, fig. 11).

Cephalis large, subspherical, with circular, subregular, hexagonally framed
pores, and twenty to thirty slender, cylindrical, straight radial spines.
Thorax flatly conical, nearly of the same shape as in the two preceding
species, but with nine longer ribs, and more irregular, broader network
between them. From the middle of each rib arises, nearly horizontally, a
strong branch, which is directed {1267}outwards. These branches are
connected with the spines of the cephalis as well as with the distal half
of the ribs, by dense and delicate arachnoidal network, composed of
parallel, very thin, siliceous threads (in fig. 11 only partially
represented).  Collar septum with numerous irregular, roundish pores.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 diameter, thorax 0.1 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station  270 to 274, surface.


6. _Arachnocorys arachnodiscus_, n. sp.

Cephalis small, campanulate, conical, with a single very large conical
central horn, and numerous smaller accessory spines. Thorax in form and
structure similar to that of the three preceding species, but much flatter,
being nearly discoidal. The meshes of the network are smaller and more
numerous, irregularly polygonal, and the nine basal holes little larger.
Collar septum with four large meshes (as in Pl. 60, fig. 6).

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.25 long, 0.3 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.24 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 248, surface.


7. _Arachnocorys trifida_, n. sp.

Cephalis large, campanulate, with irregular, roundish pores and numerous
ramified spines; in the centre of the top a larger pyramidal oblique horn
of twice the length. Thorax cap-shaped, flatly vaulted, with nine strong
convex ribs, prolonged into slender free feet. Three of these nine ribs are
the centrifugal prolongations of the three cortinar bars (united in the
centre of the collar stricture, separating its three large cortinar
meshes); the other six are diverging lateral branches of the former,
arising in pairs at both sides of its base. All nine ribs are connected by
delicate arachnoidal network with irregular polygonal meshes. From its
surface arise thin bristles, and from the base of each main rib a stout,
perpendicular branch. All these dorsal spines are connected by irregular,
arachnoidal wicker-work, covering thorax and cephalis. (A remarkable
primitive species?)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.18
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Arachnocorythium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax with a variable number of radial ribs (twelve to
twenty or more), prolonged into free terminal feet.


8. _Arachnocorys polyptera_, n. sp.

Cephalis large, subspherical, with irregular, roundish pores and numerous
radial spines. Thorax flatly conical, with numerous radial ribs (twenty to
thirty), which are in the distal half free, in the proximal half connected
by delicate arachnoidal wicker-work, with polygonal, irregular meshes. From
its dorsal face arise numerous radial spines, which are connected together,
and with the cephalic spines, by very thin and numerous threads, parallel
between every two spines. Similar to {1268}_Arachnocorys araneosa_ (Pl. 56,
fig. 11), but differing in the structure of the cephalis, and in the
greater number of the ribs and spines.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 diameter, thorax 0.12 long, 0.24 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.



Genus 565. _Anthocyrtoma_,[182] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Sethophormida# (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata aperta) without
thoracic ribs, with six terminal feet around the mouth. Cephalis free, with
an apical horn.

The genus _Anthocyrtoma_ and the four following genera form together the
peculiar group of Carpocanida, comprising all those Sethophormida in which
the original thoracic ribs are lost, and only the terminal feet remain.
_Anthocyrtoma_ is the simplest form of this group, possessing only six
terminal feet, three primary perradial, and three alternating, secondary,
interradial. It may be directly derived either from _Lychnocanium_, by
interpolation of three interradial feet, or from _Hexaspyris_ by loss of
the sagittal ring.


1. _Anthocyrtoma serrulata_, Haeckel.

  _Anthocyrtis serrulata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. vi. fig. 7.

Shell pear-shaped, rough, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with very small pores,
and a stout conical horn of the same length. Abdomen inflated, truncate,
with larger, regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the constricted
mouth. Six feet vertical, parallel, serrate, all of the same size, about as
long as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.2 long, 0.17 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Anthocyrtoma alterna_, n. sp.

Shell pear-shaped, smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender
conical horn of twice the length. Abdomen inflated, subglobular, with
regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, three times as broad as the
narrow, constricted mouth. Six feet conical, smooth, somewhat divergent,
alternating, of different sizes; the three larger (perradial) half as long
as the shell, and twice as long as the three smaller (interradial).
(Similar to _Anthocyrtis ventricosa_.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.18
broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



{1269}Genus 566. _Anthocyrtis_,[183] Ehrenberg, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1847, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Sethophormida# (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata aperta) without
thoracic ribs, with nine terminal feet around the mouth. Cephalis free,
with an apical horn.

The genus _Anthocyrtis_ (in the original definition of Ehrenberg) contained
all Dicyrtida without thoracic ribs, with terminal feet. We here restrict
the definition to those Sethophormida in which the number of free terminal
feet is constantly nine (three primary perradial and three alternate pairs
of secondary interradial feet). _Anthocyrtis_ may be derived either
directly from _Patagospyris_ by loss of the sagittal ring, or from
_Lychnocanium_ by interpolation of three secondary feet.



Subgenus 1. _Anthocyrtella_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet of the peristome-corona divergent, their basal distance
less than their terminal distance.


1. _Anthocyrtis mespilus_, Ehrenberg.

  _Anthocyrtis mespilus_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Taf. xxxvi. fig. 13; Abhandl. d.
  k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 66, Taf. vi. fig. 4 (not 5).

Shell smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 5, breadth = 2 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout pyramidal horn
of twice the length. Thorax nearly hemispherical, with regular, circular,
quincuncial pores. Mouth scarcely constricted, with nine divergent,
triangular, lamellar feet, about as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.012 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Anthocyrtis furcata_, Ehrenberg.

  _Anthocyrtis furcata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 64, Taf. vi. fig. 2.

Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5,
breadth = 2 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a short pyramidal horn of
half the length. Thorax hemispherical, with large, irregular, roundish
pores. Mouth scarcely constricted, with nine divergent, curved, slender
feet, which are about as long as the shell, and forked at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1270}3. _Anthocyrtis butomus_, n. sp.

Shell thorny, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
2 : 6, breadth = 2 : 7. Cephalis ovate, with very small and scarce pores,
and a conical horn of the same length. Thorax inflated, pear-shaped, with
regular, circular, quincuncial pores. Mouth about half as broad,
constricted, with nine divergent, broad, nearly square, lamellar feet, half
as long as the thorax (similar to _Anthocyrtis serrulata_, Ehrenberg, _loc.
cit._, Taf. vi. fig. 7).

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.14
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Anthocyrtis ventricosa_, Ehrenberg.

  _Anthocyrtis ventricosa_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. viii. fig. 1.

Shell thorny, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 7, breadth = 2 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, hyaline, without pores,
with a slender, conical horn, of about the same length. Thorax inflated,
pear-shaped or subspherical, with regular, circular, quincuncial pores.
Mouth only one-third as broad, much constricted, with nine divergent,
slender, conical feet, about one-fifth as long as the diameter of the shell
(partly broken off in Ehrenberg's figure).

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.14 long, 0.14
broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Anthocyrtissa_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet of the peristome-corona parallel, vertical; their basal
and terminal distances equal.


5. _Anthocyrtis ophirensis_, Ehrenberg.

  _Anthocyrtis ophirensis_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 285, Taf. ix. fig. 13.

Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis ovate, with irregular, roundish pores, and
a pyramidal, excentric, vertical horn of the same length. Thorax
campanulate, with delicate network of large, regular, hexagonal pores.
Mouth scarcely constricted, with nine parallel, vertical, conical feet,
about as long as the cephalis. (In the specimen figured by Ehrenberg only
seven feet are represented, two being broken off; two other specimens of
this species, captured by Rabbe, exhibited nine regularly disposed feet.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Zanzibar (Pullen); Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


{1271}6. _Anthocyrtis lauranthus_, n. sp.

Shell smooth with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with large, roundish pores, and a
conical horn of twice the length. Thorax inflated, campanulate, with
regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores. Mouth two-thirds as broad,
little constricted, with nine parallel, vertical, broad, lamellar,
triangular feet, half as long as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266 to 270, depth 2550 to 2925
fathoms.


7. _Anthocyrtis grossularia_, Ehrenberg.

  _Anthocyrtis grossularia_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 64, Taf. vi. fig. 6.

Shell spiny, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5,
breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, thorny, with a conical horn of the
same length. Thorax ovate, spiny, with numerous densely-crowded,
subregular, circular pores. Mouth about half as broad, constricted, with
nine parallel, vertical, slender, conical feet, about as long as the
cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.2 long, 0.18 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


8. _Anthocyrtis subglobosa_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 7,
breadth = 1 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn twice the
length. Thorax nearly spherical, with small and very numerous, regular,
circular pores. Mouth only one-third as broad, constricted, with nine
parallel, vertical, square, lamellar feet, about twice as long as the
cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.035 broad; thorax 0.2 long, 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Anthocyrtura_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet of the peristome-corona convergent, their basal
distance greater than their terminal distance.


9. _Anthocyrtis enneaphylla_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 6, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn twice
the length, nearly hyaline, with very small and scarce pores. Thorax nearly
spherical, with regular, circular, quincuncial pores. Mouth only {1272}half
as broad, with nine broad, triangular feet, twice as long as the cephalis,
and curved inwards, convergent towards the main axis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.025 broad; thorax 0.11 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


10. _Anthocyrtis ovata_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, fig. 13).

Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with numerous small pores, and an
excentric conical horn of the same length. Thorax ovate, with regular,
circular, quincuncial pores. Mouth nearly of the same breadth, scarcely
constricted, with nine triangular, widely-separated feet, about as long as
the cephalis, and convergent towards the main axis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.035 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.1
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Genus 567. _Anthocyrtium_,[184] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Sethophormida# (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata aperta) without
thoracic ribs, with numerous terminal feet around the mouth (twelve to
fifteen or more). Cephalis free, with an apical horn.

The genus _Anthocyrtium_ has been derived from the two preceding genera by
further multiplication of the terminal feet, the number of which is at
least twelve to fifteen, often twenty or more. It may be that some species
have arisen directly from _Patagospyris_ by loss of the sagittal ring.



Subgenus 1. _Anthocyrtarium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet of the peristome-corona divergent, their basal distance
less than their terminal distance.


1. _Anthocyrtium chrysanthemum_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, fig. 14).

Shell smooth, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
3 : 7, breadth = 4 : 9. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, circular pores,
and a large, straight, cylindro-conical horn, about as long as the shell.
Thorax campanulate, hemispherical, with six to eight transverse rows of
squarish pores, increasing in size downwards. Mouth little constricted,
with twelve to fifteen divergent, curved, slender feet, about as long as
the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


{1273}2. _Anthocyrtium centaurea_, Haeckel.

  _Anthocyrtis mespilus_, var. _major_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 66, Taf. vi. fig. 5.

Shell smooth, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
2 : 6, breadth = 3 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with irregular, roundish
pores, and a very large pyramidal horn, longer than the shell, with
contorted edges. Thorax hemispherical, with six to eight transverse rows of
regular, circular pores of equal size. Mouth little constricted, with
fifteen to twenty divergent, curved, slender feet, about as long as the
shell.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Anthocyrtium anthemis_, n. sp.

Shell papillate, with obliterated collar stricture.  Length of the two
joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with very small
and scarce pores, and a conical horn of the same length. Thorax conical, as
long as broad, with conical papillae, and eight to ten transverse rows of
roundish pores, gradually increasing in size downwards. Mouth scarcely
constricted, with fifteen to twenty divergent, straight, conical feet, half
as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Anthocyrtium collare_, Haeckel.

  _Anthocyrtis collaris_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 64, Taf. vi. fig. 8.

Shell rough, conical, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 3 : 5, breadth = 4 : 7. Cephalis conical, with a pyramidal horn of
the same length, and with two transverse rows of rather oblong, narrow
pores. Thorax truncate, conical, in the lower part thorny, with six to
eight transverse rows of regular, circular pores, increasing in size
downwards.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Anthocyrtium adonis_, n. sp. (Pl. 62 fig. 20).

Shell rough, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
3 : 10, breadth = 4 : 12. Cephalis subspherical, with very small circular
pores, and a very long, straight cylindrical, horn, twice to three times as
long as the shell. Thorax inflated, ovate, or subspherical, with small
regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Mouth strongly constricted,
half as broad as the thorax, with fifteen to {1274}twenty divergent, broad,
lamellar, rectangular feet, as long as the thorax, and so densely placed
that their margins come in contact with one another.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263 to 268, depth 2650 to 3000
fathoms.


6. _Anthocyrtium anemone_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5,
breadth = 1 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of half the
length, hyaline, without pores. Thorax spiny, pear-shaped, inflated, with
small and numerous, regular, circular pores. Mouth constricted, half as
broad as the thorax, with twelve to fifteen divergent, slender, conical,
denticulate feet, half as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.14 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Anthocyrtonium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet of the peristome-corona parallel, vertical; their basal
and apical distances equal.


7. _Anthocyrtium campanula_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, fig. 17).

Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3,
breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis spherical, with a conical horn of the same
length. Thorax campanulate, thin-walled, with delicate network of regular,
hexagonal pores and thin bars. Mouth little constricted, with twenty to
twenty-four parallel, vertical, lanceolate feet, about as long as the
cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.09 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450 fathoms.


8. _Anthocyrtium reticulatum_, Haeckel.

  _Thyrsocyrtis reticulata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii. fig. 10.

Shell rough, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 2,
breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a prismatic, denticulate horn
of the same length, and small, irregular pores. Thorax campanulate, thorny,
thin-walled, with delicate network of irregular, polygonal pores. Mouth
little constricted, with twelve (or more) small, parallel, vertical,
triangular feet, shorter than the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1275}9. _Anthocyrtium leptostylum_, Haeckel.

  _Anthocyrtis leptostyla_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 64, Taf. vi. fig. 1.

Shell thorny, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 5, breadth = 2 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, scarce pores
and a slender conical horn of the same length. Thorax spiny, with regular,
circular, quincuncial pores. Mouth constricted, half as broad, with twelve
to eighteen slender, parallel, vertical feet, about as long as the
cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 270, depth 2550 to 2925
fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.


10. _Anthocyrtium hispidum_, Haeckel.

  _Anthocyrtis hispida_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 64, Taf. viii. fig. 2.

  _Anthocyrtis hispida_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. p. 540, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 30.

Shell thorny, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 4, breadth = 2 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, hyaline, with few very
small pores, or without any; with a stout conical horn of twice the length.
Thorax spiny, with regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores (half as
broad as the bars between them). Mouth wide open, scarcely constricted,
with twelve to fifteen parallel, vertical, broad, lamellar, rectangular
feet, reaching nearly the length of the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 to 0.03 long, 0.03 to 0.05 broad; thorax 0.07
to 0.09 long, 0.1 to 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 265, depth 2650 to 3000
fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.


11. _Anthocyrtium turris_, n. sp.

Shell thorny, very similar to _Calocyclas turris_, Ehrenberg (1875, _loc.
cit._, Taf. xviii. fig. 7), but without fenestrated abdomen. Collar
stricture deep. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis
subspherical, hyaline, without pores, with a stout conical horn of twice
the length. Thorax nearly spherical, spiny, with regular, circular,
quincuncial pores. Mouth little constricted, with fifteen to twenty
parallel, vertical, broad, lamellar, rectangular feet, about as long as the
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


{1276}12. _Anthocyrtium doronicum_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, fig. 18).

Shell rough, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 5,
breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, circular pores and a
stout conical horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate, subcylindrical,
with regular, circular, quincuncial pores, three to four times as broad as
the bars. Mouth scarcely constricted, with twenty-four to thirty vertical,
nearly parallel, little curved feet, which are about half as long as the
shell, broad, lamellar, rectangular, and in close contact with their edges.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.025 long, 0.035 broad, thorax 0.12 long, 0.1
broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Anthocyrturium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet of the peristome-corona convergent, their basal
distance greater than their apical distance.


13. _Anthocyrtium pyrum_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, fig. 12).

Shell smooth, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
2 : 7, breadth = 3 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with a small,
bristle-shaped horn of half the length. Thorax inflated, subglobose, with
regular, circular, quincuncial pores and thin bars. Mouth constricted, only
half as broad, with fifteen to twenty small, triangular, convergent feet,
shorter than the cephalis. (In another specimen the feet were twice as
long, stronger and more convergent, than in the one figured.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.8 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


14. _Anthocyrtium setosum_, Haeckel.

  _Anthocyrtis setosa_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 311.

  ? _Lithopera setosa_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxv. B., B. iv.
  fig. 23.

Shell spiny, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 2,
breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same
length and some accessory spines. Thorax campanulate, with subregular,
circular pores. Mouth little constricted, with twenty to thirty small,
triangular, convergent feet, about as long as the cephalis. (In Ehrenberg's
incomplete figure they are mostly broken off.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


{1277}15. _Anthocyrtium ehrenbergii_, Haeckel.

  _Anthocyrtis ehrenbergii_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 100,
  Taf. iii. fig. 21, _a_, _b._

Shell smooth, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
3 : 10, breadth = 2 : 8. Cephalis subcylindrical, with an excentric, stout,
pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax bottle-shaped, with small,
regular, circular pores of equal size. Mouth little constricted, with
twenty to thirty small, triangular, convergent feet, about half as long as
the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte), Stoehr.


16. _Anthocyrtium zanguebaricum_, Haeckel.

  _Anthocyrtis zanguebarica_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 285, Taf. ix. fig. 12.

Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
3 : 10, breadth = 2 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, with an excentric conical
horn of the same length. Thorax slender, ovate or bottle-shaped, with
irregular, roundish pores increasing in size downwards. Mouth little
constricted, with twelve to fifteen small, triangular, convergent feet,
about half as long as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.07 broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Zanzibar), depth 2200 fathoms, Pullen.


17. _Anthocyrtium ficus_, Haeckel.

  _Anthocyrtis ficus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 64, Taf. vi. fig. 3.

Shell rough, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
2 : 12, breadth = 3 : 10. Cephalis conical, with a large, cylindrical horn,
pyramidal at the base, about as long as the thorax. Thorax subovate,
truncate, papillate, with small, regular, circular, quincuncial pores of
the same breadth as the bars. Mouth constricted, two-thirds as broad as the
thorax, with fifteen to twenty strongly convergent, lamellar, rectangular
or sword-shaped feet, nearly as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


18. _Anthocyrtium flosculus_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, fig. 19).

  _Anthocyrtis flosculus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas, pl. lxii.
  fig. 19.

Shell ribbed, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 4, breadth = 2 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, circular pores
and a large cylindrical horn, twice as long as the thorax and half as broad
at the base as the cephalis. Thorax subovate, truncate, with twenty-four to
thirty longitudinal ribs and alternating rows of circular pores. Mouth
constricted, two-thirds {1278}as broad as the thorax, with twenty-four to
thirty slender, convergent feet, which are as long as the entire shell,
with their edges in close contact and their distal ends pointed.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.



Genus 568. _Anthocyrtidium_,[185] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 431.

_Definition._--#Sethophormida#, (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata aperta) without
thoracic ribs, with numerous (twelve to fifteen or more) subterminal feet,
which are separated from the constricted mouth by a ring of lattice-work.
Cephalis free, with an apical horn.

The genus _Anthocyrtidium_ has been derived from the preceding
_Anthocyrtium_ by further growth and constriction of the peristome, which
becomes separated from the subterminal corona of feet by a more or less
broad ring of lattice-work.


1. _Anthocyrtidium cineraria_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, fig. 16).

Shell campanulate, smooth, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 5 : 11, breadth = 3 : 13. Cephalis subcylindrical-ovate, with
a conical straight horn of half the length. Thorax hemispherical, inflated,
nearly twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores subregular, circular,
double-contoured. Above the mouth, separated from it by two rows of pores,
a corona of twelve to fifteen short conical feet, which are directed
downwards, slightly curved, and as long as the cephalic horn.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.11 long, 0.13
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


2. _Anthocyrtidium ligularia_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, fig. 15).

Shell campanulate, rough, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 2 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender,
conical, slightly curved horn, about as long as the shell. Thorax
hemispherical, three times as broad as the cephalis, nearly twice as broad
as the constricted mouth, which is prolonged into a prominent smooth ring.
Above the mouth, separated from it by one row of pores, a corona of twelve
to fifteen slender linear feet, which are slightly curved, divergent, and
emarginate at the truncated distal end.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


{1279}3. _Anthocyrtidium matricaria_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, rough, very similar to the preceding species, but
differing in the straight, large, pyramidal horn of the cephalis (as long
as the shell), and in the longer feet, which are twelve to fifteen in
number, little curved at the distal end, pointed, and about as long as the
shell. Length of the two joints = 2 : 6, breadth = 3 : 8. Differs from the
similar _Anthocyrtium centaurea_, Ehrenberg (1875, _loc. cit._, Taf. vi.
fig. 5), mainly in the prominent ring of the peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 569. _Carpocanium_,[186] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Sethophormida# (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata aperta) without
thoracic ribs, with numerous terminal feet around the mouth (six to twelve
or more). Cephalis hidden in the thorax, without apical horn.

The genus _Carpocanium_, very common, and rich in numerous living and
fossil species, was formerly placed by me among the true Monocyrtida, since
an external constriction is not visible (Monogr., 1862, p. 290). Afterwards
(in 1879) Richard Hertwig demonstrated that the cavity of the ovate shell,
externally simple, is divided by an internal transverse septum into two
joints, the upper of which is the flat rudimentary cephalis (Organism. d.
Radiol., p. 79; compare also Buetschli, 1882, _loc. cit._, p. 535). Indeed
this septum, with four central crossed cortinar beams, is a true collar
septum, and _Carpocanium_ has been derived from _Anthocyrtis_ or
_Desmospyris_ by reduction of the cephalis, which is very flat and
perfectly hidden in the uppermost part of the thorax. The apical horn is
lost. If the internal septum were to become lost, the genus would pass over
into _Carpocanistrum_.



Subgenus 1. _Carpocanarium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Peristome-corona composed of six feet (three primary
perradial alternating with three secondary interradial).


1. _Carpocanium calycodes_, Stoehr.

  _Carpocanium calycodes_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 96,
  Taf. iii. fig. 8.

Shell urceolate, smooth, nearly twice as long as broad, with hemispherical
vaulted cephalis. Length of the two joints = 3 : 16, breadth = 5 : 10.
Pores regular, circular, as broad as the bars, {1280}quincuncially disposed
in about five longitudinal series at each side. Mouth constricted, half as
broad as the thorax. Peristome with six vertical, equilateral, triangular
feet.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.025 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.05
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte, Caltanisetta).


2. _Carpocanium setosum_, Haeckel.

  _Halicalyptra setosa_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 160, Taf. ii. fig. 12.

Shell ovate, truncate at the mouth, thorny, exactly as long as broad.
Length of the two joints = 1 : 8, breadth = 3 : 9. Cephalis hidden, with
very small pores. Thorax inflated, with regular, circular pores, twice as
broad as the bars, in about ten longitudinal series at each side. Mouth
constricted, half as broad as the thorax. Peristome with six vertical,
parallel, broad, lamellar, rectangular feet, separated by equal internals,
half as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Carpocanium laeve_, Ehrenberg.

  _Carpocanium laeve_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 287.

Shell subspherical, smooth, equal in length and breadth, with little
vaulted, cap-shaped cephalis. Length of the two joints = 1 : 6, breadth =
4 : 7. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars, in nine
longitudinal rows. Mouth constricted, only one-third as broad as the
thorax. Peristome with six strong conical feet, which are slightly curved
and convergent.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Greece); Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth
2450 fathoms.


4. _Carpocanium lanceolatum_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, thorny, with perfectly hidden cephalis. Length of the
two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally
framed, half as broad as the bars, in about sixteen longitudinal rows at
each side. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the thorax. Peristome with
six large lanceolate, vertical, lamellar feet, half as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Carpocanidium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Peristome-corona composed of nine feet (three primary
perradial and six secondary interradial).


{1281}5. _Carpocanium diadema_, Haeckel.

  _Carpocanium diadema_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 290, Taf. v.
  fig. 1.

  _Carpocanium diadema_, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 79,
  Taf. viii. figs. 7, 7_a_, 8, 8_a_, 8_b_.

Shell ovate, with little vaulted cephalis. Length of the two joints =
1 : 8, breadth = 3 : 6. Pores regular, circular, in about twelve
longitudinal rows, twice as broad as the bars. Mouth constricted, half as
broad as the thorax. Peristome with nine vertical, equilateral, triangular
feet.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; many
stations, surface.


6. _Carpocanium cylindricum_, n. sp.

Shell cylindrical, with hemispherical, flatly vaulted cephalis. Length of
the two joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 3 : 3. Pores regular, circular,
double-contoured, as broad as the bars, in about fifteen longitudinal
series. Mouth constricted, two-thirds as broad as the thorax. Peristome
with nine vertical, slender, triangular, pointed feet.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


7. _Carpocanium enneaphyllum_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly ovate, at the mouth truncate, thorny, with hemispherical,
vaulted cephalis. Length of the two joints = 1 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4. Pores
regular, circular, hexagonally framed, as broad as the bars, in about
thirteen longitudinal rows. Mouth constricted, about two-thirds as broad as
the thorax. Peristome with nine broad, lamellar, vertical, nearly square
feet, half as long as the shell, with small intervals.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


8. _Carpocanium solitarium_, Ehrenberg.

  _Carpocanium solarium_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 28.

  _Lithocampe solitaria_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 65.

Shell slenderly ovate, twice as long as broad, with hidden spherical
cephalis, completely enclosed in the summit of the thorax. Length of the
two joints = 1 : 6, breadth = 1 : 4. Pores small, regular, circular, as
broad as the bars, in about eleven longitudinal rows. Mouth gradually
constricted, half as broad as the thorax. Peristome with nine ovate blunt
feet, which are as long as the cephalis, little curved and convergent.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta).


{1282}9. _Carpocanium gemmula_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, smooth, equal in length and breadth, with hemispherical
vaulted cephalis. Length of the two joints = 2 : 7, breadth = 4 : 9. Pores
small, regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars, in about twenty
longitudinal rows. Mouth strongly constricted, only one-fourth as broad as
the thorax. Peristome with nine conical feet, which are twice as long as
the cephalis, curved, and so convergent that their distal ends come nearly
in contact.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


10. _Carpocanium microdon_, Ehrenberg.

  _Carpocanium microdon_, Ehrenberg, 1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 30.

Shell broad, ovate, rough, with perfectly hidden cephalis. Length of the
two joints = 2 : 9, breadth = 4 : 7. Pores very small and scarce, smaller
than the bars between them, irregularly scattered. Mouth constricted,
one-third as broad as the thorax. Peristome with nine short, triangular,
pointed, convergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Crete), Atlantic (Canary Islands), Station 354,
surface.



Subgenus 3. _Carpocanobium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Peristome-corona composed of twelve or more feet.


11. _Carpocanium trepanium_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 18).

Shell subcylindrical, with flatly vaulted cephalis. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 6, breadth = 3 : 4. Pores regular, hexagonal, four to six
times as broad as the bars. Mouth little constricted, two-thirds as broad
as the thorax. Peristome with eighteen to twenty-four large, slender,
triangular, vertical feet.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


12. _Carpocanium hexagonale_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 15).

Shell broadly ovate or subconical, with vaulted, cap-shaped cephalis.
Length of the two joints = 2 : 7, breadth = 6 : 9. Thorax subglobular,
truncate. Pores subregular, hexagonal, three to four times as broad as the
bars. Mouth constricted, two-thirds as broad as the thorax. Peristome with
twenty to twenty-five small, triangular, vertical feet.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.


{1283}13. _Carpocanium petalospyris_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 19).

Shell subspherical, smooth, with perfectly hidden cephalis. Length of the
two joints = 1 : 6, breadth = 3 : 6. Pores regular, circular,  hexagonally
framed, twice as broad as the bars, in about sixteen longitudinal rows.
Mouth slightly constricted, little narrower than the thorax. Peristome with
twenty to twenty-four vertical, broad, lamellar feet, which are nearly as
long as the shell, at the distal end truncate, and almost in contact at
their edges.

_Dimensions_.--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.11 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat_.--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


14. _Carpocanium polypterum_, Haeckel.

  _Cryptoprora polyptera_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 287, Taf. ix. fig. 17.

  _Carpocanium macropterum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 302.

Shell campanulate-conical, smooth, with perfectly hidden cephalis. Length
of the two joints = 1 : 6, breadth = 4 : 6. Pores regular, circular, twice
as broad as the bars, in about sixteen longitudinal rows. Mouth wide open,
not constricted. Peristome with twenty to thirty vertical, slender, conical
feet, about as long as the shell.

_Dimensions_.--Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat_.--Indian Ocean (Zanzibar), depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).


15. _Carpocanium palmipes_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, very thick-walled, smooth. Lower half of the subspherical
cephalis hidden in the summit of the thorax, upper half free, with few
small pores. Length of the two joints = 3 : 10, breadth = 3 : 10. Thorax
foveolate, with oblong dimples, each of which encloses a small, circular,
double-contoured pore, half as broad as the bars. Mouth little constricted,
nearly as broad as the thorax. Peristome prolonged into a solid,
cylindrical tube, nearly as long and as broad as the shell; the upper half
of the tube is solid, the lower divided into from twelve to fifteen
vertical, lamellar, pointed feet.

_Dimensions_.--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat_.--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


16. _Carpocanium peristomium_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, figs. 16, 17).

Shell ovate, smooth, with perfectly hidden, flat cephalis (fig. 17). Length
of the two joints = 2 : 10, breadth = 5 : 9. Pores small and very numerous,
regular, circular, as broad as the bars, in about twenty longitudinal rows.
Mouth little constricted. Peristome broad; in the upper {1284}half a
hyaline, circular ring, in the lower half divided into from eighteen to
twenty-four triangular, curved, little convergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.09 broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; many stations, at
various depths.


17. _Carpocanium coronatum_, Ehrenberg.

  _Carpocanium coronatum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. v. fig. 7.

Shell ovate, smooth, with perfectly hidden, subspherical cephalis. Length
of the two joints = 2 : 9, breadth = 2 : 8. Pores small and very numerous,
twice as broad as the bars, regular, circular, in about twenty longitudinal
rows. Mouth little constricted, two-thirds as broad as the thorax.
Peristome with twenty-five to thirty short, bristle-shaped feet, which are
slightly curved, convergent, and in the upper half connected by a solid
ring.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


18. _Carpocanium dactylus_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly ovate, twice as long as broad, with flat, perfectly hidden
cephalis. Length of the two joints = 1 : 12, breadth = 4 : 8. Pores
subregular, circular, as broad as the bars, in about twelve longitudinal
rows, separated by prominent longitudinal ribs. Mouth constricted,
two-thirds as broad as the thorax. Peristome with twelve large, lanceolate,
lamellar, convergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


19. _Carpocanium irregulare_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 14).

Shell irregular, roundish, subovate, with flat and oblique, perfectly
hidden cephalis. Length of the two joints = 1 : 10, breadth = 3 : 9. Pores
irregularly scattered, roundish, about as broad as the bars. Mouth wide
open, not at all or little constricted. Peristome with twenty to thirty
long, lamellar, pointed feet, which are irregularly curved and convergent.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.01 to 0.02 long, 0.03 to 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09
to 0.11 long, 0.08 to 0.09 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263 to 274, surface, and at various
depths.


20. _Carpocanium verecundum_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, figs. 12, 13).

Shell ovate, smooth, with flat, perfectly hidden cephalis (fig. 12). Length
of the two joints = 1 : 9, breadth = 4 : 9. Pores subregular, circular,
twice as broad as the bars, in about eighteen, {1285}partly interrupted,
longitudinal rows, separated by prominent crests. Mouth little constricted.
Peristome with twenty to twenty-four broad, lamellar, pointed feet, which
are about as long as the shell, little curved, and convergent.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


21. _Carpocanium virgineum_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 20).

Shell ovate, smooth, with flat perfectly hidden cephalis. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 8, breadth = 3 : 9. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally
framed, as broad as the bars, in about sixteen longitudinal rows on each
side. Mouth little constricted. Peristome with eighteen to twenty-four very
large, lamellar, pointed feet, which are longer than the shell, and so
curved and convergent that their distal points come nearly in contact.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.01 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. SETHOPHAENIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.

_Definition._--#Anthocyrtida# with the basal mouth of the shell fenestrated
(vel Dicyrtida multiradiata clausa).



Genus 570. _Sethophaena_,[187] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.

_Definition._--#Sethophaenida# (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata clausa) with
lateral apophyses. Cephalis with a horn.

The genus _Sethophaena_ and the following _Clistophaena_ form together the
small subfamily of Sethophaenida, comprising those Dicyrtida in which the
thorax bears numerous radial appendages (four to six or more), and the
mouth is closed by a lattice-plate. In _Sethophaena_ the apophyses are
lateral wings, as in _Micromelissa_, from which it may be derived by
development of secondary wings, interpolated between the three primary
wings.


1. _Sethophaena tetraptera_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
3 : 10, breadth = 4 : 9. Cephalis subspherical, without horn. Thorax ovate,
with rounded hemispherical base, and subregular, hexagonal pores. From its
upper half (below the collar stricture) arise four divergent,
{1286}conical, straight wings, of half the length, opposite in pairs in two
meridional planes, perpendicular to one another (compare _Tetralacorys_,
Pl. 65, figs. 4, 5).

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.09 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


2. _Sethophaena hexaptera_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 13).

Shell rough, pear-shaped, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 2 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical
horn of the same length. Thorax inflate, inversely ovate, nearly
pear-shaped, with subregular, circular pores. From its upper half arise, by
a broad base, six divergent, strong, conical wings, which are horn-like,
curved downwards, and half as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.025 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Sethophaena enneaptera_, n. sp.

Shell rough, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 1 : 6,
breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout conical horn of twice
the length. Thorax inversely ovate, with pointed, conical, basal part, and
irregular, roundish pores. From its middle part arise, by a broad
triangular base, nine compressed, divergent wings, which are a little
curved, slender, and about as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.025 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.17 long, 0.1
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


4. _Sethophaena polyptera_, n. sp.

Shell thorny, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 10, breadth = 3 : 8. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, without horn. Thorax
pear-shaped, with hemispherical base and regular, circular pores. From its
lower half (beyond the equator) arises a corona of numerous short conical
wings (eighteen to twenty-four), which are a little curved, and divergent
downwards, scarcely one-third as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.



Genus 571. _Clistophaena_,[188] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.

_Definition._--#Sethophaenida# (vel Dicyrtida multiradiata clausa) with
terminal apophyses. Cephalis with a horn.

{1287}The genus _Clistophaena_ agrees with the preceding _Sethophaena_ in
the mouth of the thorax being closed by a lattice-plate. But the appendages
of the thorax are terminal feet, not lateral wings; their number is
commonly six or nine, rarely more. _Clistophaena_ may be derived either
from _Tetrahedrina_ by interpolation of secondary feet between the three
primary, or from _Sethamphora_ by development of a basal lattice-plate
closing the mouth.


1. _Clistophaena ruestiana_, n. sp. (Pl. 57, fig. 6).

Shell rough, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
3 : 10, breadth = 4 : 11. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, circular
pores and a stout oblique horn three times the length, which is three-sided
prismatic, and at the top denticulate. Thorax subconical, inflate, with
regular, circular, quincuncial pores, increasing in size towards the base.
Margin of the flat base, with six divergent, stout feet of the same
prismatic form as the cephalic horn, with denticulate distal ends, about as
long as the thorax. This elegant species is dedicated to Dr. Ruest of
Freiburg, the discoverer of numerous fossil Radiolaria in the Liassic and
Jurassic formations.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.11 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Clistophaena hexolena_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, small, with a large,
vertical, cylindrical horn, about as long as the shell, and small, circular
pores. Thorax nearly three-sided pyramidal or tetrahedral, with three
rounded edges and sub-regular, circular pores. Margin of the flat base with
six conical, divergent, straight feet, somewhat shorter than the thorax.
(Three on the corners, one on the middle of each side of the triangular
base.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.12 long, 0.14 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


3. _Clistophaena pyramidalis_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
2 : 8, breadth = 3 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout pyramidal
horn of twice the length. Thorax six-sided pyramidal, with regular,
circular pores of equal size, and six prominent, straight edges, which are
prolonged into six divergent, pyramidal feet of half the length.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


{1288}4. _Clistophaena armata_, n. sp. (Pl. 57, fig. 7).

Shell spiny, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 4 : 18,
breadth = 5 : 15. Cephalis subspherical, with small, circular,
hexagonally-framed pores, and a stout, three-sided prismatic, cuspidate
horn of the same length. Thorax pear-shaped, with regular, circular pores
and three pairs of stout pyramidal wings, placed in the three primary
meridional planes of the collar beams; three of them lie in the upper, and
three in the lower third of the thorax. Margin of the flat base with nine
cylindrical, somewhat club-shaped, divergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.18 long, 0.15
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


5. _Clistophaena enneolena_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
4 : 20, breadth 5 : 16. Cephalis hemispherical, hyaline, with a stout
conical horn of the same length and some small accessory horns. Thorax
ovate, spiny, with subregular, circular pores. Margin of the vaulted base
with nine divergent, conical feet, half as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.2 long, 0.16 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 296, depth 1825 fathoms.


6. _Clistophaena polyolena_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, conical, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 5, breadth = 2 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, with small,
circular pores and two divergent conical horns (a major occipital and a
smaller frontal horn). Thorax obtusely conical, with regular, hexagonal
pores at the mantle, and circular pores in the basal plate, the margin of
which bears eighteen vertical, parallel, conical feet, as long as the
cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.025 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750
fathoms.



Family LXIV.--#SETHOCYRTIDA#, n. fam.

  _Sethocorida et Sethocapsida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 439, 433.

_Definition._--#Dicyrtida# eradiata. (#Cyrtoidea# with a two-jointed shell,
divided by a transverse constriction into cephalis and thorax, without
radial apophyses).

The family #Sethocyrtida#, composed of the Sethocorida and Sethocapsida of
my Prodromus, comprises those #Cyrtoidea# in which the shell is two-jointed
and bears no radial apophyses. The two subfamilies differ in the shape of
the mouth, which in the Sethocorida is a simple wide opening, and in the
Sethocapsida is closed by a lattice-plate. The former are here divided into
eight, the latter into three genera.

{1289}Numerous living and fossil forms of Sethocyrtida were previously
described by Ehrenberg, partly in his genera _Dictyocephalus_ and
_Lophophaena_, partly (intermingled with three-jointed and many-jointed
forms) in the genera _Eucyrtidium_ and _Lithocampe_. A larger number of new
forms has been found in the Radiolarian ooze collected by the Challenger,
and others fossil in Barbados. Many of these Sethocyrtida are common and
widely distributed. When a new third joint is formed on their basal mouth,
they pass over into Theocyrtida.

The cephalis is usually subspherical or hemispherical, and much smaller
than the thorax, the form of which exhibits all possible intermediate
stages between flat, discoidal, conical, cylindrical, and ovate forms. The
wide open mouth becomes more and more constricted, and finally closed in
the Sethocapsida. The majority of the Sethocyrtida may have been derived
either from the Tripocyrtida, or from the Anthocyrtida by reduction and
loss of the radial apophyses.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Sethocyrtida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Sethocorida.
     Terminal mouth of the thorax a simple wide opening.
                            --------------------
     Thorax conical or campanulate, gradually dilated.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Shell simple, without mantle,                      572. _Sethoconus_.

  Shell double, with an arachnoid mantle,            573. _Periarachnium_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Thorax discoidal, flatly expanded.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Cephalis very large, without horn,                 574. _Sethocephalus_.

                               { Mouth simple,       575. _Sethocyrtis_.
  Cephalis with a single horn. {
                               { Mouth tubular,      576. _Sethocorys_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Thorax cylindrical or ovate, with truncate, constricted or tubular mouth.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Cephalis with two horns or a bunch of horns,       577. _Lophophaena_.

  Cephalis without horn,                             578. _Dictyocephalus_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Sethocapsida.
      Terminal mouth closed by a lattice-plate.
                            --------------------
      Cephalis free, not hidden in the thorax
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  One horn,                                          579. _Sethocapsa_.

  No horn,                                           580. _Dicolocapsa_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Cephalis hidden in the upper part of the thorax.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  No horn,                                           581. _Cryptocapsa_.



Subfamily 1. SETHOCORIDA, Haeckel, Prodromus, p. 430.

_Definition._--#Sethocyrtida# with the basal mouth of the shell open (vel
Dicyrtida eradiata aperta).



{1290}Genus 572. _Sethoconus_,[189] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

_Definition._--#Sethocorida# (vel Dicyrtida eradiata aperta) with conical
or campanulate, gradually dilated thorax and wide open mouth. Cephalis with
one or more horns.

The genus _Sethoconus_ is the oldest and simplest form of the Sethocorida,
or of those Dicyrtida in which the simple thorax bears no apophyses and has
the mouth open and not closed by a basal lattice-plate. Probably all those
eradiate Sethocorida have been derived either from triradiate Sethopilida
(_Lychnocanium_), or from multiradiate Sethophormida (_Sethophormis_,
_Anthocyrtis_ ?) by loss of the radial ribs and feet. In _Sethoconus_ the
thorax is more or less conical, sometimes more campanulate, commonly
smooth, in some species covered with spines. The cephalis is usually small,
with rudimentary collar septum, at other times large, with distinct
cortinar septum. Correspondingly, the genus may be divided into different
groups, which here are enumerated as subgenera.



Subgenus 1. _Conarachnium_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430. (=
_Ceratocyrtis_, Buetschli), 1882, _loc. cit._, p. 536.

_Definition._--Cephalis relatively large, with distinct collar septum and
numerous pores. Thorax smooth.


1. _Sethoconus trochus_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium trochus_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 293, Taf. vii, fig. 17.

  _Conarachnium trochus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

Cephalis ovate, relatively large, with a pyramidal horn of the same length,
and three pairs of large opposite pores, on each side of a vertical septum.
Thorax wide, conical, about as long as broad, with nearly straight
outlines; its pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, of the same size
as the cephalic pores.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Stations 200 to 281, surface.


2. _Sethoconus cucullaris_, Haeckel.

  _Cornutella cucullaris_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 7.

  _Ceratocyrtis cucullaris_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss Zool., Bd.
  xxvi. p. 536, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 36, _a._, _b._

Cephalis subspherical, thorny, relatively large, with a conical horn of the
same length, and small circular pores. Thorax wide, conical, enveloping the
lower hidden half of the cephalis, about as {1291}long as broad, with
slightly convex outlines; its pores subregular, circular, half as broad as
the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.14
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Sethoconus pileus_, n. sp.

Cephalis subspherical, free, with distinct collar stricture, a conical
oblique horn of the same length, and small, irregular, roundish pores.
Thorax flatly conical, about half as long as broad, with straight outlines;
its pores subregular, hexagonal, half as broad as the cephalis, with very
thin bars.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.16
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 262 to 274, surface.


4. _Sethoconus ampliatus_, Haeckel.

  _Cornutella ampliata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 5.

  _Ceratocyrtis ampliata_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd.
  xxxvi. p. 536.

Cephalis, hemispherical, thorny, with a conical horn of twice the length;
it is separated from the thorax by a complete internal collar septum, but
without external collar stricture. Thorax flatly conical, about half as
long as broad, with straight outlines; its pores subregular, hexagonal,
about as large as the cephalis, with thin bars.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.18
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Sethoconus mitra_, Haeckel.

  _Cornutella mitra_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 8.

  _Ceratocyrtis mitra_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd.
  xxxvi. p. 536.

Cephalis ovate, with slight collar stricture (not distinct enough in
Ehrenberg's figure), with few large pores, and a conical stout horn of the
same length. Thorax campanulate, conical, twice as long as broad, with
slightly convex outlines; its pores subregular, roundish, increasing in
size towards the mouth, the largest as broad as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms; fossil in
Barbados.


6. _Sethoconus rayianus_, n. sp. (Pl. 58, fig. 6).

  _Conarachnium rayianum_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

Cephalis ovate, with obliterated collar stricture (but distinct internal
septum), with small, irregular pores, and two to four divergent horns,
which are longer than the cephalis, and two or three of which are forked.
Thorax tent-shaped, conical, two-thirds as long as broad, with slightly
{1292}concave outlines, and subregular, hexagonal pores, gradually
increasing towards the mouth, the largest half as broad as the cephalis.
This elegant species is dedicated to Dr. Ray, the discoverer of many rare
Radiolarians in the Challenger collection.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, surface.


7. _Sethoconus cervus_, Haeckel.

  ? _Eucyrtidium cervus_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 291, Taf. ix. fig. 21.

  _Conarachnium cervus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

Cephalis subspherical, with slight collar stricture, small circular pores,
and two to four divergent horns, one or two of which are forked. Thorax
wide, conical, about as long as broad, with straight outlines and
irregular, polygonal pores, gradually increasing towards the mouth; the
largest as broad as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean; Maldive Islands, surface (Haeckel); Zanzibar,
depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).


8. _Sethoconus lophophaena_, n. sp.

  _Conarachnium lophophaena_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

Cephalis subspherical, with distinct collar stricture, small circular
pores, and numerous (twelve to sixteen) radial, bristle-shaped horns of
different lengths. Thorax wide, conical, somewhat longer than broad, with
slightly convex outlines, and subregular, hexagonal pores, increasing
gradually in size towards the mouth; the largest twice as broad as the
cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.2 long, 0.16 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


9. _Sethoconus larvatus_, Haeckel.

  _Lophophaena larvata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. viii. fig. 10.

  _Dictyocephalus larvatus_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd.
  xxxvi. p. 535.

Cephalis subspherical, large, with sharp collar stricture, and numerous
(five to ten or more) radial, conical (partly forked) horns of different
lengths. Thorax wide, conical, somewhat broader than long, with straight
outlines. Pores of both joints very irregular, roundish, of very different
sizes and form.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1293}10. _Sethoconus nassa_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium nassa_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, Taf. ix. fig. 9.

Cephalis slenderly ovate, with sharp collar stricture, few scattered pores,
and a very stout, pyramidal horn of the same length, which is surrounded at
the base by three short, divergent, ascending spines (perhaps the remnants
of the three cortinar rods of _Eucecryphalus_, &c. ?). Thorax slender,
conical, with straight outlines, and small, dense, regular, circular pores
of equal size.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


11. _Sethoconus tabulatus_, Haeckel.

  _Cycladophora tabulata_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 289, Taf. iv. fig. 18.

Cephalis subspherical, with slight collar stricture, and numerous small,
irregular pores, without horn, or with a small conical horn. Thorax
slenderly conical, with straight outlines, and large, regular, hexagonal
pores. Mouth truncate. (In the specimen I examined  the thorax was longer
and more conically dilated; the cephalis had a distinct small horn.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Antilles, depth 1600 fathoms (Ehrenberg);
Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Cornutellium_ (vel _Ceratarachnium_), Haeckel, 1881,
Prodromus, p. 430.

_Definition._--Cephalis very small, rudimentary, hyaline, without distinct
collar septum, and without pores (or with scarce, rudimentary pores).
Thorax smooth.


12. _Sethoconus hexagonalis_, Haeckel.

  _Cornutella trochus_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 287, Taf. ix. fig. 14.

Cephalis very small, subspherical, hyaline, without pores, with a
rudimentary horn of half the length. Thorax slenderly conical, or
bottle-shaped, twice to three times as long as broad; in the lower half
nearly cylindrical, with very thin, thread-like bars, and regular,
hexagonal pores, increasing in size towards the mouth.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.005 diameter, thorax 0.12 long, 0.05 broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).


13. _Sethoconus verrucosus_, Haeckel.

  _Cornutella verrucosa_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 287, Taf. ix. fig. 16.

Cephalis very small, subspherical, hyaline, without pores, with a
rudimentary horn of half the {1294}length. Thorax slenderly conical, or
bottle-shaped, with little convex outlines; three to four times as long as
broad, papillate, with regular, circular pores, which are included by
rhombic frames, and increase in size towards the mouth.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.004 diameter, thorax 0.12 long, 0.035 broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Zanzibar), depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).


14. _Sethoconus orthoceras_, n. sp. (Pl. 54, fig. 11).

  _Cornutella orthoceras_, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, _loc. cit._

Cephalis very small, conical, hyaline, without pores, with a double
internal stricture, and a very short, rudimentary horn. Thorax slenderly
conical, with undulate outlines, three to four times as long as broad, with
subregular, roundish pores, gradually increasing in size towards the mouth.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.01 broad; thorax 0.16 long, 0.04 to
0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.


15. _Sethoconus profundus_, Haeckel.

  _Cornutella profunda_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxv. B, Nr. B.
  iv. fig. 21.

  _Cornutella profunda_, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Jour., vol. xxii. pl. i. fig.
  23.

  _Cornutella profunda_, Haeckel, 1862 Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 284.

Cephalis very small, spherical, hyaline without pores and internal
stricture, with a very short, rudimentary horn. Thorax slenderly conical
with straight outlines, three to four times as long as broad, with
subregular, circular pores, gradually increasing in size towards the mouth.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.004 to 0.008 diameter, thorax 0.08 to 0.12 long,
0.03 to 0.04 broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; at
various depths.


16. _Sethoconus trichostylus_, Haeckel.

  _Cornutella trichostyla_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 287, Taf. vi. fig. 2.

Cephalis very small, conical, hyaline, without pores, with a very long,
bristle-shaped, spirally twisted horn, longer than the whole shell. Thorax
slenderly conical, with straight outlines, and very small, regular,
circular pores of nearly equal size, which are separated by broader bars
and spirally ascending oblique crests (according to the figure).

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.004 long, 0.002 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.04
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific (California), depth 2600 fathoms.


17. _Sethoconus longisetus_, Haeckel.

  _Cornutella longiseta_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 287, Taf. ix. fig. 15.

Cephalis very small, spherical, hyaline, without pores, with a very long,
bristle-shaped horn, {1295}nearly as long as the shell. Thorax slenderly
conical, rough, with straight outlines, and irregular, roundish pores,
gradually increasing in size towards the mouth.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.01 diameter, thorax 0.09 long, 0.03 broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Zanzibar), depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).


18. _Sethoconus gracilis_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium gracile_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. fig. 15.

Cephalis small, subspherical, with few scarce pores, and a stout, pyramidal
horn, of the same length. Thorax slenderly conical, three to four times as
long as broad, with straight outlines, and very small and numerous circular
pores of equal size.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.015 diameter, thorax 0.12 long, 0.04 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


19. _Sethoconus bimarginatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 54, fig. 12).

  _Cornutella bimarginata_, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, _loc. cit._

Cephalis very small, subspherical, hyaline, without pores, with a
rudimentary, conical horn of the same length. Thorax slenderly conical,
three times as long as broad, with undulated, little convex outlines, and
irregular, roundish, double-contoured pores, arranged in nine longitudinal
series, markedly increasing in size towards the mouth.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.01 diameter, thorax 0.16 long, 0.05 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


20. _Sethoconus clathratus_, Haeckel.

  _Cornutella clathrata_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig.
  39_a_, _b_, _c_.

Cephalis very small, subspherical, hyaline, without pores, with a
rudimentary horn of half the length. Thorax slenderly conical, three to
four times as long as broad, smooth, with curved axis and small, regular,
circular pores, nearly equal in size. This common species differs from all
others of the genus by the curvation of the axis of the shell, which is
more or less crescentic, or curved like a cowherd's horn; it may,
therefore, represent a peculiar genus, _Sethodrepanum_.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.003 to 0.006 diameter, thorax 0.08 to 0.16 long,
0.03 to 0.05 broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific, many stations; fossil in
Barbados and Sicily.



Subgenus 3. _Phlebarachnium_, Haeckel (et _Cladarachnium_, Haeckel), 1881,
Prodromus, p. 430.

_Definition._--Cephalis small, with very small pores, and internal collar
septum. Thorax spiny or thorny.


{1296}21. _Sethoconus facetus_, n. sp. (Pl. 55, fig. 1).

  _Phlebarachnium facetum_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

Cephalis small, hemispherical, with distinct collar septum, the same
network as the thorax, and numerous bristle-shaped horns of the same
length. Thorax wide, conical, about as long as broad, with slightly convex
outlines; its network extremity delicate, with very small and numerous,
regular, hexagonal pores, disposed in numerous divergent, longitudinal
series, which are convoluted somewhat spirally around the shell axis.
Surface covered with thin, scattered, bristle-shaped spines, about as long
as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter, thorax 0.2 long, 0.22 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, surface.


22. _Sethoconus anthocyrtis_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, fig. 21).

  _Anthocyrtis sethoconus_, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, _loc. cit._

Cephalis small, subspherical, with very small pores and numerous radial,
bristle-shaped spines of the same length. Thorax wide, conical, about as
long as broad, with parabolic outlines, its network very delicate, with
subregular, hexagonal meshes. Surface with scarce, bristle-shaped spines
(not represented in the figure). Mouth with a corona of numerous small,
vertical spines.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.025 diameter, thorax 0.26 long, 0.24 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 248, surface.


23. _Sethoconus virgultus_, n. sp.

  _Cladarachnium virgultum_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

Cephalis and thorax nearly of the same form and stricture as in _Sethoconus
facetus_, but larger and wider, with the same delicate, hexagonal network
(Pl. 55, fig. 1); it differs from the latter by the wider, more convex and
campanulate form, but mainly by the armature of the surface, which is
densely covered with thin, arborescent, bristle-shaped spines, irregularly
branched, and four to eight times as large as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter, thorax 0.32 long, 0.4 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 288, surface.


24. _Sethoconus setosus_, n. sp.

  _Phlebarachnium setosum_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

Cephalis small, subspherical, with distinct collar septum, and the same
network as the thorax, with numerous bristle-shaped horns of the same
length. Thorax slenderly conical, twice as long as broad, with irregular,
polygonal pores of little different sizes, and very thin bars. Surface
covered with perpendicular, simple, bristle-shaped spines, about as long as
the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter, thorax 0.12 long, 0.22 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, surface.


{1297}25. _Sethoconus venosus_, n. sp. (Pl. 55, fig. 2).

  _Phlebarachnium venosum_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430, et Atlas,
  _loc. cit._

Cephalis subspherical, with a stout prismatic horn twice the length,
bearing three denticulate edges. The uppermost part of the thorax is
supported by three diverging, radial beams arising from the deep collar
stricture. Thorax wide, conical, nearly twice as long as broad, with
slightly convex, thorny outlines; its delicate network is composed of very
irregular, polygonal meshes of different sizes, separated by stronger bars,
and of numerous very small polygonal pores separated by very thin bars
inside the former. The central capsule of the figured specimen exhibited in
the upper third of the thorax four large club-shaped lobes, which arose
from a very small sphere enclosed in the cephalis and containing the
nucleus.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.4 long, 0.3 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.



Genus 573. _Periarachnium_,[190] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

_Definition._--#Sethocorida# (vel Dicyrtida eradiata aperta) with conical
or campanulate, gradually dilated thorax, and widely open mouth. Primary
lattice-shell enveloped by an external arachnoidal mantle. Cephalis with
one or more horns.

The genus _Periarachnium_ has been derived from those forms of the
preceding _Sethoconus_, in which the conical thorax is covered with simple
spines (_Phlebarachnium_) or branched spines (_Cladarachnium_). By
communication of the branches of these spines a second outer shell is
formed, which, like an arachnoidal mantle, envelops the inner primary
shell.


1. _Periarachnium periplectum_, n. sp. (Pl. 55, fig. 11).

Cephalis hemispherical, separated from the thorax by a sharp collar
stricture, from which arise three internal, diverging beams supporting its
upper third. Thorax campanulate, conical, about as long as broad, with
slightly convex outlines. The delicate lattice-work of the entire shell is
double; the inner composed of subregular, hexagonal meshes; the outer of
larger, irregular, polygonal meshes. The bars of the inner are much thicker
than the thin threads of the outer. Both shells are connected by numerous
bristle-shaped beams. The central capsule of the figured specimen exhibited
in the upper part of the thorax three club-shaped lobes, which arose from a
sphere enclosed in the cephalis and containing the nucleus.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.



{1298}Genus 574. _Sethocephalus_,[191] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

_Definition._--#Sethocorida# (vel Dicyrtida eradiata aperta) with
discoidal, flatly expanded thorax. Cephalis large, without horn.

The genus _Sethocephalus_ (formerly proposed under the name
_Platycryphalus_) contains some few and rare Sethocorida, distinguished by
the very large cephalis, the collar opening of which is wide open, not
closed by cortinar beams, and surrounded by a very flat, nearly discoidal
thorax, like the brim of a hat. It is possible that this peculiar genus has
been derived from a Tricyrtid (_Theocalyptra_?) by loss of the original
cephalis, and that the apparent large cephalis is the original thorax.


1. _Sethocephalus eucecryphalus_, n. sp. (Pl. 56, fig. 13).

Cephalis very large, campanulate-conical, with irregular, polygonal pores
and thin bars. Thorax short, scarcely broader than the cephalis, beyond the
sharp collar stricture expanded like the brim of a hat, with few rows of
irregular, polygonal pores. (In the specimen figured the thorax was only
half as broad as in another specimen found afterwards.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.12 long, 0.09 broad; thorax 0.02 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 285, surface.


2. _Sethocephalus platycryphalus_, n. sp.

  _Platycryphalus sethodiscus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

Cephalis large, hemispherical, with irregular square pores and thin bars.
Thorax flatly conical, three to four times as broad as the cephalis, beyond
the collar stricture expanded nearly discoidally, with a delicate network
of small, subregular, hexagonal pores. (Similar in general form to
_Sethophormis aurelia_, Pl. 55, fig. 3, but without any trace of collar
beams or radial ribs.)

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.08 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.3 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, surface.



Genus 575. _Sethocyrtis_,[192] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Sethocorida# (vel Dicyrtida eradiata aperta) with ovate or
subcylindrical thorax, the mouth of which is constricted, simple, without
prominent hyaline peristome. Cephalis with an apical horn.

{1299}The genus _Sethocyrtis_ and the three following nearly allied genera
differ from the three preceding genera of Sethocorida in the form of the
thorax, which is not gradually dilated, conical, but cylindrical or ovate,
with more or less constricted mouth. _Sethocyrtis_ may be derived from
_Anthocyrtis_ by loss of the terminal feet. Its mouth is quite simple,
without tubular or annular peristome.


1. _Sethocyrtis oxycephalis_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, fig. 9).

Shell rough, subconical, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 4 : 9, breadth = 3 : 8. Cephalis ovate, with a pyramidal horn of
half the length. Thorax campanulate, with regular, circular pores, twice as
broad as those of the cephalis. Mouth constricted, scarcely half as broad
as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 3000
fathoms.


2. _Sethocyrtis cancrina_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium cancrinum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 4.

Shell smooth, bottle-shaped, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of
the two joints = 4 : 9, breadth = 2 : 7. Cephalis subcylindrical, with a
stout conical horn of the same length, and sometimes a smaller accessory
horn at its base. Thorax ovate, truncate, with regular, circular,
quincuncial pores, twice as broad as those of the cephalis. Mouth little
constricted, flat, nearly as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Sethocyrtis diomedis_, n. sp.

Shell thorny, pear-shaped, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 3 : 16, breadth = 4 : 20. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical
horn of twice the length. Thorax inflate, ovate, truncate at both poles,
with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as those of the thorax. Mouth
constricted, flat, half as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 to 0.16 long,
0.16 to 0.2 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.


4. _Sethocyrtis menelai_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, pear-shaped, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 3 : 15, breadth = 4 : 18. Cephalis subspherical, with a large,
cylindro-conical horn, about as long as the whole shell. {1300}Thorax
inflate, subspherical, truncate, with large, irregular, roundish pores,
four to six times as large as those of the cephalis. Mouth constricted,
flat, one-third as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.18
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Sethocyrtis subacuta_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium subacutum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 293, Taf. vii. fig. 18.

Shell smooth, pear-shaped, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with small,
irregular pores and a rudimentary horn of half the length. Thorax ovate,
with large, subregular, hexagonal pores and thin bars between them. Mouth
constricted, flat, half as broad as the thorax, without prominent
peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Philippine Sea, depth 3300 fathoms (Ehrenberg).


6. _Sethocyrtis pleuracantha_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium pleuracanthum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 293, Taf. vii. fig. 21.

Shell smooth, bottle-shaped, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis slenderly ovate, with an
excentric pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax inflate, ovate, with
irregular, roundish pores and thin bars between them. Mouth constricted,
flat, half as broad as the thorax, without prominent peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Stations 200, 225, 266, 274, &c., at various
depths.


7. _Sethocyrtis agamemnonis_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, figs. 11, _a_, _b_).

Shell pear-shaped, rough, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 2 : 10, breadth = 3 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, with very small
pores and a small, pyramidal horn of half the length. Thorax inflate,
ovate; in the uppermost part (beyond the collar stricture) with a ring of
six to nine very large roundish pores, which are twice to four times as
broad as the other irregular, roundish pores. (The shell is seen in fig. 11
from the apical pole, in fig. 11_a_ with the cephalis, in fig. 11_b_
without it, exhibiting the four central collar pores of the cortinar
septum.) Mouth truncate, without prominent peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


{1301}8. _Sethocyrtis cassis_, Haeckel.

  _Cornutella cassis_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 38.

  _Cyrtocalpis cassis_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 287.

Shell pear-shaped, smooth, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 4 : 13, breadth = 3 : 12. Cephalis ovate, with a conical horn
of half the length. Thorax inflate, ovate, with subregular, circular,
quincuncial pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars. Mouth
constricted, truncate, two-thirds as broad as the thorax, without prominent
peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.13 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta).



Genus 576. _Sethocorys_,[193] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

_Definition._--#Sethocorida# (vel Dicyrtida eradiata aperta) with ovate or
sub-cylindrical thorax, the mouth of which is constricted and prolonged
into a ring-like peristome. Cephalis with an apical horn.

The genus _Sethocorys_ differs from the preceding _Sethocyrtis_, its
ancestral form, in the form of the constricted mouth, which is prolonged
into a prominent, hyaline, tubular, or annular peristome.


1. _Sethocorys achillis_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, fig. 8).

Shell rough, pear-shaped, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 4 : 8, breadth = 3 : 8. Cephalis ovate, with a stout pyramidal
horn of half the length. Thorax nearly spherical, with regular, circular,
quincuncial pores of the same breadth as the cephalic pores. Mouth
constricted, half as broad as the thorax, with a broad, smooth, striated
peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean (Corfu), Atlantic, Indian, Pacific;
many stations, at various depths.


2. _Sethocorys patrocli_, n. sp.

Shell thorny, pear-shaped, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 4 : 12, breadth = 3 : 10. Cephalis ovate, with a pyramidal horn of
twice the length. Thorax ovate, truncate at both poles, with regular,
circular pores, twice as broad as the cephalic pores. Mouth constricted,
half as broad as the thorax, with a broad, smooth, prominent peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 3000
fathoms.


{1302}3. _Sethocorys armadillo_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium armadillo_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf ix. fig. 10.

Shell slenderly ovate, smooth, with deep collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 3 : 10, breadth = 4 : 6. Cephalis ovate, at the apex thorny,
with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax smooth, ovate, truncate,
with small, regular, circular pores, disposed in from twelve to fifteen
transverse rows of the same breadth as the cephalic pores. Mouth
constricted, half as broad as the thorax, with a broad, hyaline, prominent
peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Sethocorys odysseus_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, fig. 10).

Shell ovate, smooth, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 2 : 9, breadth = 4 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender,
conical horn of the same length. Thorax nearly spherical, with regular,
circular pores, of the same breadth as the cephalic pores, quincuncially
disposed. Mouth constricted, only one-third as broad as the thorax, with a
broad, hyaline, prominent peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


5. _Sethocorys amphora_, Haeckel.

  _Lophophaena amphora_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 99, Taf.
  iii. fig. 11.

Shell ovate, mouth with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints
= 1 : 5, breadth = 2 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a short conical horn
of half the length. Thorax ovate, truncate, with small, regular, circular,
quincuncial pores. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the thorax, with a
narrow, prominent, hyaline peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.015 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte (Stoehr).


6. _Sethocorys ajacis_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly ovate, smooth, without external collar stricture, but with
an internal septum. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2.
Cephalis conical, with a large pyramidal horn of twice the length, and
sometimes with a smaller accessory horn at its base; its pores scarce,
irregular. Thorax ovate, truncate, hyaline, in the greater part without
pores, in the smaller part {1303}with from two to four transverse rows of
small, circular pores only. Mouth constricted, with a large cylindrical,
tubular, hyaline peristome, half as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



Genus 577. _Lophophaena_,[194] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Sethocorida# (vel Dicyrtida eradiata aperta) with ovate or
subcylindrical thorax, the mouth of which is either truncate or
constricted. Cephalis armed with several large horns.

The genus _Lophophaena_ differs from the nearly allied _Sethocorys_ and
_Dictyocephalus_ only in the armature of the large cephalis, which bears a
group of large horns, often arranged in a corona of radial spines.
Sometimes these spines are connected by anastomosing branches (like
_Arachnocorys_).



Subgenus 1. _Lophophaenula_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Horns of the cephalis simple, free, radial spines, neither
branched nor connected.


1. _Lophophaena galea_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lophophaena galea orci_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin p. 245.

  _Lophophaena apiculata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. viii. fig. 11.

  ? _Cornutella spiniceps_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 6.

Shell with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 5 : 4,
breadth = 5 : 6. Cephalis subglobular, with numerous bristle-shaped, radial
spines, about as long as its radius. Thorax about the same size, truncate,
conical, smooth, with wide open mouth. Pores in both joints of equal size,
small, regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.05 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


3. _Lophophaena radians_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lophophaena radians_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. viii. fig. 9.

  ? _Lophophaena lynx_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. viii. fig. 13.

Shell with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 4 : 6,
breadth = 4 : 5. Cephalis subglobular, with numerous, stout, conical,
radial spines, about as long as its diameter. Thorax {1304}of about the
same size, subcylindrical, smooth, truncate, with wide open mouth. Pores in
both joints of equal size, small, regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.05
broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; also fossil in
Barbados.


3. _Lophophaena liothorax_, n. sp.

Shell with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 4 : 10,
breadth = 4 : 8. Cephalis subglobular, with large, circular,
hexagonally-framed pores, and with numerous stout, conical, radial spines,
about as long as its diameter. Thorax twice as long, ovate, smooth,
truncate, with little constricted mouth, and with irregular, roundish
pores, of very different sizes.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


4. _Lophophaena echinocephala_, n. sp.

Shell with deep collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 4 : 8, breadth
= 4 : 9. Cephalis subglobular, of the same shape as in the preceding
species. Thorax thorny, inflate, nearly spherical, with a constricted mouth
of half the breadth, and with irregular, roundish, double-contoured pores.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Lophophaenoma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Horns of the cephalis connected by anastomosing branches.


5. _Lophophaena circumtexta_, Haeckel.

  _Lophophaena radians_, var., Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, Taf. viii. figs. 7, 8.

Shell with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints = 4 : 5,
breadth = 4 : 5. Cephalis subglobular, with numerous conical, radial
spines, about as long as its diameter, and at equal distances from the
surface, connected by anastomosing branches. Thorax nearly cylindrical,
smooth, little dilated towards the truncate, wide open mouth. Pores
subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.05 long, 0.05
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.



{1305}Genus 578. _Dictyocephalus_,[195] Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k.
preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 830.

_Definition._--#Sethocorida# (vel Dicyrtida eradiata aperta) with ovate or
subcylindrical thorax, the mouth of which is more or less constricted,
either truncate or with a ring-like peristome. Cephalis rounded, without
horn.

The genus _Dictyocephalus_ has originated probably from _Sethocorys_ by
reduction and loss of the apical horn. The mouth is more or less
constricted, either simple, truncate (_Dictyocryphalus_), or provided with
a prominent, broad, hyaline, annular peristome (_Dictyoprora_).



Subgenus 1. _Dictyoprora_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

_Definition._--Mouth of the thorax constricted, with a prominent, ring-like
or tubular, hyaline peristome.


1. _Dictyocephalus amphora_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, fig. 4).

Shell smooth, thick-walled, subovate, with slight collar stricture. Length
of the two joints = 5 : 9, breadth = 6 : 8. Cephalis large, obtusely
conical, with numerous oblique pore-canals. Thorax inflate, with six to
eight transverse rows of roundish pores, increasing in size towards the
base. Mouth constricted, one-third as broad as the thorax, with an internal
diaphragm and a narrow hyaline peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 272, depth 2425 to 2925
fathoms.


2. _Dictyocephalus urceolus_, n. sp.

  ? _Eucyrtidium Mongolfieri_, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. v.
  fig. 2.

Shell smooth, thick-walled, urceolate, with obliterated collar stricture.
Length of the two joints = 5 : 12, breadth = 4 : 10. Cephalis campanulate,
with numerous oblique pore-canals. Thorax inflate, with five or six
transverse rows of roundish pores of equal size. Mouth constricted, nearly
half as broad as the thorax, with a broad hyaline peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.1 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


{1306}3. _Dictyocephalus excellens_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium excellens_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 2.

Shell annulate, thick-walled, urceolate, with slight collar stricture.
Length of the two joints = 5 : 10, breadth = 4 : 7. Cephalis large,
ovate-conical, with numerous oblique pore-canals. Thorax ovate, with ten to
twelve transverse rows of regular, roundish pores, which are separated by
prominent annular ribs. Mouth constricted, about half as broad as the
thorax, with a broad hyaline peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.07 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Dictyocephalus ocellatus_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyocephalus ocellatus_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 297.

  ? _Eucyrtidium ocellatum_, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 299.

Shell smooth, thick-walled, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 3 : 9, breadth = 4 : 7.  Cephalis subspherical, with numerous
oblique pore-canals. Thorax inflate, campanulate, hyaline, only with three
or four remote transverse rows of circular, double-contoured pores of equal
size. Mouth constricted, one-third as broad as the thorax, with a narrow
hyaline annular peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Greenland; Faeroee Channel (Gulf Stream), John
Murray.


5. _Dictyocephalus crassiceps_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium crassiceps_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. fig. 4.

Shell smooth, thick-walled, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 4 : 6, breadth = 3 : 4. Cephalis ovate, in the upper part with
scattered pores, in the lower part with one transverse row of pores. Thorax
hyaline, subcylindrical, only with four or five remote transverse rows of
small, circular pores. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the thorax, with
a short hyaline peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.04
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


6. _Dictyocephalus australis_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, fig. 1).

Shell smooth, thick-walled, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 2 : 9, breadth = 3 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with few small
pores. Thorax subcylindrical, with large, {1307}roundish, double-contoured
pores, irregularly disposed. Mouth constricted, two-thirds as broad as the
thorax, with a broad, hyaline peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.06
broad.

_Habitat._--East coast of Australia, Station 164, surface.


7. _Dictyocephalus mediterraneus_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, fig. 2).

Shell rough, thin-walled, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 3 : 10, breadth = 4 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with small,
circular pores. Thorax ovate, truncate, with much larger circular pores of
different sizes and thin bars between them. Mouth little constricted,
two-thirds as broad as the thorax, with a narrow, hyaline peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.1 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Smyrna (Haeckel), surface.


8. _Dictyocephalus papillosus_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium papillosum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 293, Taf. vii. fig. 10.

Shell thin-walled, papillate, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of
the two joints = 2 : 7, breadth = 3 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, with
small, circular pores. Thorax slenderly ovate, with larger, subregular,
circular pores, separated by oblique series of conical papillae. Mouth with
a broad, hyaline peristome (the "third articulus" of Ehrenberg), separated
by a stricture from the little broader thorax.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.07 long, 0.05
broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), depth 3300 fathoms.


9. _Dictyocephalus tabulatus_, n. sp.

Shell thin-walled, papillate, with obliterated collar stricture. Length of
the two joints = 2 : 10, breadth = 3 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with
small, circular pores. Thorax slenderly ovate, truncate, with large,
subregular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Mouth little constricted,
nearly as broad as the thorax, with a broad, hyaline peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad, thorax 0.1 long, 0.07 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


10. _Dictyocephalus reticulum_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyocephalus reticulum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 297.

  _Eucyrtidium reticulum_, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 300.

Shell thin-walled, smooth, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 2 : 8, breadth = 3 : 5.  Cephalis subspherical, with small,
circular pores. Thorax campanulate, with {1308}transverse rows of
alternating square pores. Mouth little constricted, nearly as long as the
thorax, with a narrow, prominent peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.05
broad.

_Habitat._--Arctic Ocean, Greenland (Schaffner); Iceland (Krabbe).


11. _Dictyocephalus ampulla_, n. sp.

Shell thin-walled, smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, without pores,
hyaline. Thorax inflate, subspherical, with scarce and small,
widely-scattered, circular pores. Mouth constricted, only one-third as
broad as the thorax, with a narrow, prominent peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.02 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Dictyocryphalus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.

_Definition._--Mouth of the thorax flat or truncate, without prominent
ring-like peristome.


12. _Dictyocephalus obtusus_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyocephalus obtusus_, Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 830.

  _Lophophaena obtusa_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 40.

  _Cornutella obtusa_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 877.

  _Dictyocephalus obtusus_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 296.

Shell smooth, thick-walled, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 5 : 6, breadth = 4 : 5. Cephalis ovate, little smaller than
the subcylindrical thorax. Pores subregular, circular, of little different
sizes. Mouth truncate, without ring-like peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.06 long, 0.05
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta), Grotte, &c.


13. _Dictyocephalus globiceps_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, fig. 7).

Shell rough, thin-walled, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 6 : 8, breadth = 6 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, large, with
circular, double-contoured pores. Thorax cylindrical, with irregular,
roundish pores, the size of which, like the thickness of the wall,
decreases gradually towards the truncate mouth, which has no ring-like
peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.08 long, 0.07
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


{1309}14. _Dictyocephalus cavea_, n. sp.

Shell rough, thin-walled, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 3 : 10, breadth = 5 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, thorny, with
numerous regular, circular pores. Thorax subcylindrical, with very large,
circular, hexagonally-framed pores (in nine longitudinal alternating rows),
three to five times as broad as the cephalic pores. Mouth truncate, wide
open, without ring-like peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.06 long, 0.1 broad; thorax 0.2 long, 0.14 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


15. _Dictyocephalus capito_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyocephalus capito_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 289, Taf. vii. fig. 24.

Shell smooth, thin-walled, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 7 : 9, breadth = 6 : 8. Cephalis ovate, with numerous irregular,
roundish, densely-crowded pores. Thorax ovate, with very few
widely-scattered, irregular, roundish pores (broken off in Ehrenberg's
figure). Mouth truncate, little constricted, without ring-like peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.07 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea) Station 206, depth
2100 fathoms.


16. _Dictyocephalus hispidus_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyocephalus hispidus_, Ehrenberg, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, p. 289, Taf. v.
  fig. 18.

Shell rough, thin-walled, with deep collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 3 : 4, breadth = 3 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, spiny, with the
same irregular, roundish pores as the funnel-shaped or nearly ovate thorax.
Mouth truncate, little narrower than the thorax, without ring-like
peristome.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.03 broad; thorax 0.04 long, 0.05
broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Mexican Gulf (Ehrenberg); Station 338, depth
1990 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. SETHOCAPSIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.

_Definition._--#Sethocyrtida# with the basal mouth of the shell fenestrated
(vel Dicyrtida eradiata clausa).



{1310}Genus 579. _Sethocapsa_,[196] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433 (sensu
emendato).

_Definition._--#Sethocapsida# (vel Dicyrtida eradiata clausa) with a free
cephalis bearing an apical horn.

The genus _Sethocapsa_ and the two following genera represent together the
small subfamily of Sethocapsida, or those Dicyrtida in which the mouth of
the thorax is closed, and no radial apophyses are present. _Sethocapsa_ may
be derived either from _Lithopera_ by loss of the three radial rods, or
from _Sethocyrtis_ by closure of the mouth.


1. _Sethocapsa pyriformis_, n. sp. (Pl. 57, fig. 2).

Shell rough, pear-shaped, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 3 : 10, breadth = 3 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, with numerous
small pores, and a short pyramidal or conical horn of half the length.
Thorax ovate, with subregular, circular, quincuncial pores.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.1 long, 0.08 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 3000
fathoms.


2. _Sethocapsa lagena_, Haeckel.

  _Lithopera lagena_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 4.

Shell smooth, pear-shaped, with sharp collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 3 : 8, breadth = 3 : 6. Cephalis pear-shaped, with few scarce
pores, and a small conical horn of half the length. Thorax pear-shaped,
with irregular, roundish pores. This species differs from the similar
_Lithopera lagena_ almost only in the complete absence of the three
internal radial collar beams inside the thorax, and may be derived from it
by their retrograde metamorphosis.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.08 long, 0.06 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Sethocapsa macroceros_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, pear-shaped, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two
joints = 2 : 11, breadth = 2 : 9. Cephalis subspherical, with small
circular pores, and a very large, straight, pyramidal horn, of about the
same length as the shell. Thorax ovate, with large, irregular, roundish
pores, which are surrounded by polygonal frames.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 diameter, thorax 0.11 long, 0.09 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.


{1311}4. _Sethocapsa nidus_, Haeckel.

  _Lithopera nidus pendulus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 7.

Shell smooth, pear-shaped, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the
two joints = 3 : 6, breadth = 3 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a large,
straight, pyramidal horn of twice the length, and scarce small pores.
Thorax ovate, also with very small and scarce pores.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.06 long, 0.05 broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Sethocapsa bulla_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
3 : 12, breadth = 4 : 12. Cephalis hemispherical, with small, scarce pores,
and a conical horn of the same length. Thorax nearly spherical, with large,
subregular, circular, quincuncial pores, twice as broad as the bars.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.12 long, 0.12
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in
Barbados.


6. _Sethocapsa ampulla_, n. sp.

Shell papillate, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, hyaline, without pores,
with a large pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax nearly spherical,
with large, irregular, roundish, lobulated pores.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.15 long, 0.15
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


7. _Sethocapsa staurocephala_, Haeckel.

  ? _Lithopera oxystauros_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 6.

  ? _Lithopera amblystauros_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iii. fig. 5.

Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the two joints =
3 : 4, breadth = 3 : 4. Cephalis large, ovate, with a conical horn of the
same length, small scarce pores, and an internal frontal septum, composed
of two crossed beams, a vertical and a horizontal. Thorax little larger
than the cephalis, ovate, with irregular, small and scarce pores. (The two
figures of Ehrenberg are either incomplete--in _Lithopera amblystauros_,
the cephalic horn, and in _Lithopera oxystauros_, the basal part of the
thorax, being broken off--or they belong to different #Botryodea#).

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.04 diameter.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



{1312}Genus 580. _Dicolocapsa_,[197] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433
(sensu emendato).

_Definition._--#Sethocapsida# (vel Dicyrtida eradiata clausa) with a free
cephalis, without apical horn.

The genus _Dicolocapsa_ differs from the preceding _Sethocapsa_ in the loss
of the apical horn, and therefore bears to it the same relation that
_Dictyocephalus_ does to _Sethocyrtis_.


1. _Dicolocapsa microcephala_, n. sp. (Pl. 57, fig. 1).

Shell smooth, thin-walled, with distinct collar stricture. Cephalis small,
subspherical, with small, crowded pores. Length of the two joints = 1 : 3,
breadth = 1 : 3. Thorax also nearly spherical, three times as large as the
cephalis, with small, irregularly scattered, circular pores, and much
broader bars.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.09 diameter.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


2. _Dicolocapsa megacephala_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, thin-walled, with sharp collar stricture. Cephalis large,
conical, obtuse. Length of the two joints = 5 : 9, breadth = 6 : 8. Thorax
ovate, truncate, with hemispherical base. Pores of both joints equal,
subregular, circular, about as broad as the bars.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; thorax 0.09 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


3. _Dicolocapsa platycephala_, n. sp.

Shell papillate, thick-walled, with slight collar stricture. Cephalis flat,
hemispherical, hyaline, without pores (or with few small pores). Length of
the two joints = 2 : 11, breadth = 4 : 9. Thorax ovate, with small,
regular, circular pores, half as broad as the bars.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.02 long, 0.04 broad; thorax 0.11 long, 0.09
broad.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 581. _Cryptocapsa_,[198] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 433.

_Definition._--#Sethocapsida# (vel Dicyrtida eradiata clausa) with a
cephalis hidden in the thorax, without apical horn.

{1313}The genus _Cryptocapsa_ differs from the preceding _Dicolocapsa_, its
ancestral form, in the peculiar shape of the cephalis, which is nearly
perfectly enclosed in the upper part of the inflated thorax. It has,
therefore, to the latter the same relation as _Carpocanium_ bears to
_Anthocyrtis_.


1. _Cryptocapsa bacca_, n. sp.

Cephalis spherical, with small circular pores enclosed in the upper part of
the thorax, which is ovate, smooth, and exhibits regular, circular pores,
about as broad as the bars.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.03 diameter, thorax 0.15 long, 0.12 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Cryptocapsa pila_, n. sp.

Cephalis spherical, with few small pores, enclosed in the upper part of the
thorax, which is pear-shaped, spiny, and exhibits subregular, hexagonal
pores, three times as broad as the bars. From each hexagon corner a small
thorn arises.

_Dimensions._--Cephalis 0.04 diameter, thorax 0.25 long, 0.17 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 269, depth 2900 fathoms.


----


Section III. TRICYRTIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 426, 434.

_Definition._--#Cyrtoidea# trithalamia, with three-jointed shell, composed
of cephalis, thorax, and abdomen, with two separating transverse
constrictions, an upper collar, and a lower lumbar constriction.

_Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies of Tricyrtida._

  Family LXV. Podocyrtida.     { Mouth open,               Theopilida.
  Three radial apophyses.      {
                               { Mouth closed,             Theoperida.

  Family LXVI. Phormocyrtida.  { Mouth open,               Theophormida.
  Numerous radial apophyses.   {
                               { Mouth closed,             Theophaenida.

  Family LXVII. Theocyrtida.   { Mouth open,               Theocorida.
  No radial apophyses.         {
                               { Mouth closed,             Theocapsida.



{1314}Family LXV. #PODOCYRTIDA#, n. fam. (Pl. 67, 68, 71-73).

  _Theopilida et Theoperida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 435, 436.

_Definition._--#Tricyrtida# triradiata. (#Cyrtoidea# with a three-jointed
shell, divided by two transverse constrictions into cephalis, thorax, and
abdomen, and bearing three radial apophyses.)

The family #Podocyrtida#, composed of the Theopilida and Theoperida of my
Prodromus, comprises those #Cyrtoidea# in which the lattice-shell is
three-jointed and triradial, bearing three external apophyses. The two
subfamilies differ in the shape of the basal mouth, which in the Theopilida
is a simple wide opening, in the Theoperida closed by a lattice-plate. The
latter are derived from the former by development of this closing plate.
The phylogenetic origin of the Podocyrtida may be found in the
Tripocyrtida, from which they are derived by development of an abdomen. But
there are also some forms, which may be derived directly from the
#Plectoidea#, and the origin of some other forms seems to be doubtful.

The Podocyrtida represent one of the largest groups of #Cyrtoidea#, very
rich in numerous species, which are partly very common and widely
distributed. A large number of living and fossil species has already been
described and figured by Ehrenberg, (1872, 1879, _loc. cit._). These mainly
belong to his genera _Podocyrtis_, _Pterocanium_, _Rhopalocanium_,
_Lithornithium_, &c., and many of them are very characteristic and common
forms, in which the triradial structure of the three-jointed shell is
visible at first view. We distinguish here twenty genera and one hundred
and fifty species. The majority have a shell with a simple wide open mouth
(Theopilida, fourteen genera and one hundred and eighteen species), in the
minority the mouth is closed by lattice-work (Theoperida, six genera and
thirty-two species).

The three joints of the shell have in the majority of Podocyrtida such a
proportion that the cephalis is the smallest, the abdomen the largest, and
the thorax between them intermediate in size. The cephalis bears almost
constantly an apical horn; this is rarely reduced or lost; sometimes two or
more horns are developed. The three radial apophyses arise originally from
the base of the cephalis, and may from this point run along the shell-wall
embedded in the lattice-plate of the thorax and the abdomen. They leave the
latter at very different points, and form either lateral wings or terminal
feet, sometimes both together. They are either solid or latticed, sometimes
also branched, and of very various shape. Often only the three terminal
feet surrounding the mouth have remained, whilst the ribs have disappeared.

Many species of this large family are very variable and connected with
other different species by numerous transitional forms; the distinction of
the genera described is also often very difficult.

{1315}_Synopsis of the Genera of Podocyrtida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Theopilida. (Podocyrtida aperta.)
     Terminal mouth of the shell a simple wide opening.
                            --------------------
  A. Three free limbs or wings on the thorax (partly also on the abdomen).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
             {                 { Wings arising from
             {                 {   the thorax,         582. _Pterocorys_.
             {                 {
             { Three wings of  { Three ribs enclosed
             {  the thorax     {   in the wall of the
             {  solid.         {   thorax,             583. _Theopilium_.
  No free    {                 {
   external  {                 { Wings arising free
   appendages{                 {   from the collar
   on the    {                 {   stricture,          584. _Corocalyptra_.
   abdomen.  {
             {                 { Wings not prolonged
             { Three wings of  {   into the cephalis,  585. _Dictyoceras_.
             {  the thorax     {
             {  latticed.      { Wings prolonged
             {                 {   into the cephalis,  586. _Pteropilium_.

             { Three ribs      { Ribs and feet
             {  prolonged      {   solid,              587. _Theopodium_.
             {  into three     {
             {  terminal       { Ribs and feet
  Free       {  feet.          {    latticed,          588. _Pterocanium_.
   appendages{
   on the    { Three free      { Wings and feet
   abdomen.  {  wings on the   {   solid,              589. _Pterocodon_.
             {  thorax.        {
             {  Numerous       { Wings and feet
             {  terminal feet. {   latticed,           590. _Dictyocodon_.

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  B. Free appendages not on the thorax, only on the abdomen.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Abdomen with three ribs and three feet,              591. _Pleuropodium_.

                               { Three feet solid,
                               {   simple,             592. _Podocyrtis_.
  Abdomen without lateral      {
   ribs, with three            { Three feet solid,
   terminal feet.              {   ramified,           593. _Thyrsocyrtis_.
                               {
                               { Three feet latticed,  594. _Dictyopodium_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Theoperida. (Podocyrtida clausa.)
      Terminal mouth of the shell closed by a lattice-plate.
                            --------------------
  Three lateral wings only on the thorax,
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Wings solid,                                       595. _Lithornithium_.

  Wings latticed,                                    596. _Sethornithium_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Three lateral wings beginning from the thorax and prolonged
     into the abdomen,
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     597. _Theopera_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Three wings only on the abdomen.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                               { No horn on the
                               { basal pole,         598. _Rhopalocanium_.
  Spell spindle-shaped, with   {
   three lateral wings on the  { Basal pole of the
   abdomen.                    { shell with a horn,  599. _Rhopalatractus_.

  Shell three-sided pyramidal, with three
   terminal-feet  on the basal corners,              600. _Lithochytris_.



Subfamily 1. THEOPILIDA, Haeckel, Prodromus, p. 435.

_Definition._--#Podocyrtida# with the terminal mouth of the shell open (vel
Tricyrtida triradiata aperta).



{1316}Genus 582. _Pterocorys_,[199] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 435.

_Definition._--#Theopilida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
simple, free lateral wings arising from the sides of the thorax.

The genus _Pterocorys_, comprising numerous and some very common species,
may be one of the oldest and most primitive Theopilida, and is perhaps the
common ancestral form of all Tricyrtida. It exhibits three free lateral
wings, arising from the sides of the thorax, like _Lithomelissa_ among the
Dicyrtida, and may be derived directly from this genus by development of an
abdomen. The latter is commonly cylindrical or ovate, with a wide open
mouth, whilst the thorax is either campanulate or three-sided and
pyramidal.



Subgenus 1. _Pterocyrtidium_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
vol. xxxvi. p. 531.

_Definition._--Horn of the cephalis simple. Abdomen not prolonged into a
narrow tube.


1. _Pterocorys campanula_, n. sp. (Pl. 71, fig. 3).

Shell campanulate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints
= 2 : 3 : 2, breadth = 2 : 4 : 6. Cephalis subovate, with a pyramidal horn
of the same length. Thorax subconical, in the middle zone with three
conical, horizontal wings, shorter than the cephalis, from which three thin
ribs are decurrent to the mouth. Abdomen short and much dilated, with wide,
truncate mouth. Pores nearly equal, small, subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, surface.


2. _Pterocorys carinata_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium carinatum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 322, Taf.
  vii. figs. 4-7.

Shell subovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a pyramidal horn of
twice the length. Thorax campanulate, with three decurrent crests, from
which in the lower part three small conical wings arise, shorter than the
cephalis. Abdomen barrel-shaped, inflated, with wide, truncate mouth. Pores
everywhere equal, small, regular, circular, quincuncial.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.25, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.075;
breadth, _a_ 0.25, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific; many stations,
surface.


{1317}3. _Pterocorys sabae_, Haeckel.

  _Pterocanium sabae_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 299, Taf. x. fig. 17.

Shell campanulate or subconical, with two sharp strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with
a conical horn of the same length. Thorax subconical, in the lower third
with three small, conical, little curved wings, shorter than the cephalis.
Abdomen dilated towards the wide, truncate mouth. Pores subregular,
circular, gradually increasing in size from the collar towards the mouth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, 2200 fathoms (Pullen).


4. _Pterocorys columba_, n. sp. (Pl. 71, fig. 2).

Shell subovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 5 : 4, breadth = 3 : 7 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with a curved
conical horn of the same length. Thorax inflate, in the middle zone with
three pyramidal downwardly divergent wings of nearly the same length.
Abdomen short, inflate, little constricted towards the wide, truncate
mouth. Pores all nearly equal, subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 237, surface.


5. _Pterocorys falcifera_, Haeckel.

  _Pterocanium falciferum_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 107,
  Taf. iv. fig. 15.

  ? _Pterocanium bibrachiatum_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol xxvi. p.
  106, Taf. iv. fig. 14.

Shell subovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 6 : 5, breadth = 3 : 9 : 10. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn
of the same length. Thorax hemispherical, thick-walled, rough, with three
stout triangular wings, which are about as long as the shell, and curved
downwards, with upper convexity. Abdomen ovate, cylindrical, with wide,
truncate mouth. Pores irregular, roundish, large and small intermingled; at
the base of the abdomen (below the lumbar girdle) a circle of somewhat
oblong, quadrangular pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.05;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte (Stoehr);
Caltanisetta (Haeckel).


6. _Pterocorys aquila_, n. sp. (Pl. 71, fig. 5).

Shell ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 4 : 4, breadth = 1 : 8 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender
curved horn of three times the length. Thorax hemispherical, campanulate,
spiny, prolonged above the lumbar girdle into three stout, three-sided
prismatic {1318}wings, which are longer than the shell, fenestrated at the
base, and S-shaped, curved. Abdomen barrel-shaped, with wide, truncate
mouth. Pores irregular, roundish, of very different sizes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.16, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


7. _Pterocorys hirundo_, n. sp. (Pl. 71, fig. 4).

Shell slender, ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints
= 1 : 4 : 4, breadth = 2 : 5 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, with a large
pyramidal horn longer than the half shell. Thorax conical, spiny, prolonged
above the lumbar girdle into three slender, triangular, prismatic wings,
which are about as long as the shell, and slightly curved downwards, with
lower convexity. Abdomen inflated, with wide, truncate mouth. Pores
irregular, roundish, of very different sizes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


8. _Pterocorys barbadensis_, Haeckel.

  _Pterocanium barbadense_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xvii. fig. 6.

  _Pterocyrtidium barbadense_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
  Bd. xxxvi.,  Taf. xxxiii. fig. 29, _a_, _b_.

Shell slender, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 2 : 4 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
stout pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate-conical, in
the lower half with three divergent, angular wings, which are slightly
curved downwards, and as long as the thorax. Abdomen cylindrical, with
wide, truncate mouth. Pores small, subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


9. _Pterocorys apis_, Haeckel.

  _Pterocodon apis_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
  p. 82, Taf. xix. fig. 3.

Shell slender, smooth, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 6, breadth = 2 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
curved, conical horn of three times the length. Thorax very small, with
three nearly horizontal, conical wings, which are slightly curved
downwards, and twice as long as the thorax. Abdomen cylindrical, three
times as long as the thorax, with wide, truncate mouth. Pores small,
subregular, circular. Differs from all other species in the very small size
of the thorax; the abdomen is broken off in Ehrenberg's figure.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.15, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.04.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific, many stations; also fossil in
Barbados.


{1319}10. _Pterocorys melitta_, Haeckel.

  _Rhopalocanium ornatum_, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, Taf. vi.
  fig. 4.

Shell slender, smooth, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints
= 1 : 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 2. Cephalis subspherical, with a pyramidal
horn of twice the length. Thorax broad and short, loaf-shaped, with three
conical wings, which are horizontally expanded, and half as long as the
shell. Abdomen cylindrical, with wide, truncate mouth. Pores small,
subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


11. _Pterocorys turgida_, Haeckel.

  _Lychnocanium turgidum_, Ehrenberg, 1885, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. vii. fig. 6.

Shell thick-walled, pear-shaped, smooth, with sharp collar stricture. The
lumbar stricture is not distinct externally, but is represented by a broad,
internal, annular septum. Length of the three joints = 1 : 6 : 3, breadth =
2 : 7 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout pyramidal horn of the same
length. Thorax and abdomen together pear-shaped, inflated. Immediately
above the lumbar stricture three stout, conical, lateral wings, as long as
the cephalis, arise. Mouth very small, about as broad as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.13, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Pterosyringium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Horn of the cephalis simple. Abdomen prolonged into a narrow
cylindrical tube.


12. _Pterocorys tubulosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 68, fig. 6).

  _Pterosyringium tubulosum_, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, _loc. cit._

Shell thick-walled, rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 4 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 1. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
conical horn of the same length. Thorax ovate, in the upper half with three
ribs, arising into short, triangular, slightly prominent wings. Abdomen
prolonged into a cylindrical, narrow tube of the same length as the thorax.
Terminal mouth very narrow. Pores subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.03.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


{1320}13. _Pterocorys pipetta_, n. sp.

Shell thin-walled, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 6 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 1. Cephalis ovate, with a conical
horn of twice the length. Thorax ovate, in the middle zone with three
conical wings of the same length, curved slightly downwards (like those of
_Pterocorys columba_, Pl. 71, fig. 2). Abdomen constricted into a
cylindrical tube half as long as the thorax, with narrow mouth. Pores
subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.02.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Pterocorythium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Horn of the cephalis double or multiple. Abdomen not
prolonged into a narrow tube.


14. _Pterocorys rhinoceros_, n. sp. (Pl. 71, fig. 1).

Shell very delicate and thin-walled, with two sharp strictures. Length of
the three joints = 2 : 10 : 3, breadth, 3 : 11 : 9. Cephalis obtuse,
conical, with two divergent, conical horns of equal length. Thorax
triangular, pyramidal; from its three edges there arise on the middle joint
three conical descending wings (little larger than the horns), and from the
base of each wing descend two divergent crests, forming at the sides of the
pyramid three rounded lobes. Abdomen short, cylindrical, with wide,
truncate mouth. Network of the whole shell very delicate, with very small
and numerous, regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.11, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface, and in various
depths.


15. _Pterocorys prismatica_, n. sp.

Shell very delicate and thin-walled throughout, with fine fenestration
similar to that of the preceding species, but differing from it in the form
of the abdomen, which is much larger, three-sided and prismatic; three
edges of the prism decurrent from the bases of the three short wings.
Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 5, breadth = 2 : 6 : 6. No lobes at
the thorax. Mouth wide open, truncate, triangular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 288, surface.


16. _Pterocorys tricornis_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 5 : 3, breadth = 1 : 7 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with three stout,
pyramidal, divergent horns, which are three times as long, {1321}and bear
three serrated edges. Thorax three-sided pyramidal, spiny; its three edges
prolonged at the girdle into three stout, triangular, prismatic wings of
the same length, little curved. Abdomen short, cylindrical, with wide open,
truncate mouth. Pores irregular, polygonal, roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.14, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, surface.


17. _Pterocorys zittelii_, Haeckel.

  _Pterocyrtidium zittelii_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
  vol. xxxvi. pp. 531, 540, Taf. xxxiii. figs. 28, _a_, _b_.

Shell thin-walled, rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 5 : 7, breadth = 3 : 5 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, armed with
a very large, prismatic, vertical horn, which is half as long as the shell,
and at its base surrounded by several (three to five) shorter, upwardly
diverging horns. Thorax campanulate, in the upper half with three short,
downwardly diverging, conical wings. Abdomen subcylindrical, with wide,
truncate mouth. Pores small, subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


18. _Pterocorys macroptera_, n. sp.

Shell thin-walled, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 3 : 2, breadth = 1 : 4 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, armed with
two larger and six to eight smaller, conical, divergent horns of different
lengths. Thorax three-sided pyramidal; its three edges prolonged into three
very large diverging wings, which are slender, three-sided, prismatic, and
nearly twice as long as the shell. Abdomen short, cylindrical, with wide,
truncate mouth. Pores irregular, roundish, in the middle part of the shell
(on both sides of the girdle) much larger than in the upper and lower part.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.12. _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, surface.



Genus 583. _Theopilium_,[200] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 435.

_Definition._--#Theopilida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
lateral ribs enclosed in the wall of the thorax, without free lateral or
terminal appendages.

The genus _Theopilium_ differs from all the other Theopilida in the absence
of free external appendages; it has neither lateral wings nor terminal
feet, but three divergent ribs are enclosed in the wall of the thorax. It
agrees in this character with the Dicyrtid _Lamprodiscus_, and may be
derived directly from this by development of an abdomen.


{1322}1. _Theopilium tricostatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 70, fig. 6).

Shell flatly conical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 2,
breadth = 2 : 6 : 10. Cephalis subspherical, with a thin oblique horn of
the same length. Thorax with three stout ribs in its wall, and with
subregular, hexagonal pores increasing in size towards the girdle. Abdomen
flatter than the thorax, without ribs, nearly horizontal, with subregular,
square pores, disposed in four to six concentric, subcircular series of
different sizes; decreasing in size towards the wide open mouth. Seen from
the side, this species resembles _Corocalyptra agnesae_, (Pl. 59, fig. 3).

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 260 to 274, surface.


2. _Theopilium triradiatum_, n. sp.

Shell flatly conical, smooth, in general of the same form as, and with
similar fenestration to, the preceding species, but different in the
proportions. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 2, breadth = 2 : 4 : 6.
Cephalis hemispherical, with two divergent, thin horns of the same length.
Thorax more elevated, about as high as broad. The three divergent ribs are
not limited to the thorax, but prolonged through the whole abdomen, the
outline of which is a prolongation of that of the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.05;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.15.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.


3. _Theopilium cranoides_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium cranoides_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 320, Taf.
  vii. figs. 1-3.

Shell campanulate-conical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 2 : 5 : 4,
breadth = 3 : 9 : 10. Cephalis ovate, with a straight, excentric, prismatic
horn of the same length. The campanulate thorax is separated from it by no
external collar stricture, but by an internal septum. From the base of the
horn arise three divergent radial ribs, running in the wall of the two
first joints to the lumbar stricture (_loc. cit._, Taf. vii. fig. 3).
Abdomen short and wide, without ribs. Pores rather large, regular,
circular, quincuncial, in the cephalis smaller. Central capsule four-lobed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.027, _b_ 0.054, _c_ 0.047;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), surface.



Genus 584. _Corocalyptra_,[201] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Theopilida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
simple, free, lateral wings, arising from the collar stricture between
cephalis and thorax.

The genus _Corocalyptra_ comprises a small number of very elegant
hat-shaped Tricyrtida, which resemble greatly _Eucecryphalus_ among the
Dicyrtida.  As in the {1323}latter, three free, radial spines, or simple
wings, corresponding to the three basal feet of _Cortina_, arise from the
collar stricture between the small hemispherical cephalis and the large,
flatly conical thorax. _Corocalyptra_ differs from _Eucecryphalus_, its
ancestral form, in the development of a flat and broad abdomen, which is a
prolongation of the thorax, and may be compared to the brim of a hat.


1. _Corocalyptra agnesae_, n. sp. (Pl. 59, fig. 3).

Shell flatly conical or hat-shaped. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 2,
breadth = 2 : 8 : 12. Cephalis hemispherical, with an oblique, small,
conical horn of the same length. From the slight collar stricture arise
three slender, conical feet of equal length, twice as long as the apical
horn, nearly horizontally divergent. Lateral outline of the conical thorax
straight, of the flatter abdomen convex; the smooth margin of the abdomen
turned inwards. Network delicate, with subregular, hexagonal pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.15, _c_ 0.24.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, surface.


2. _Corocalyptra elisabethae_, n. sp. (Pl. 59, fig. 10).

Shell flatly conical, hat-shaped, very similar to the preceding species,
but with different proportions. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 2;
breadth = 1 : 7 : 10. Cephalis very small, with an oblique horn of the same
length. The three feet are of different sizes, the caudal odd foot being
twice as long as the two lateral, which are equal to the horn. Lateral
outline of the campanulate thorax convex, of the flatter abdomen less
convex. Margin of the mouth flat.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.03;
breadth _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.14, _c_ 0.2.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.


3. _Corocalyptra emmae_, n. sp. (Pl. 59, fig. 4).

Shell nearly conical, hat-shaped. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 1,
breadth = 1 : 5 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with a straight horn of the
same length. Feet of the collar larger than in the preceding species, the
two lateral smaller being directed upwards, the larger odd caudal
downwards. Thorax slightly campanulate; its hexagonal meshes two to four
times as large as those of the short, convex abdomen, which is turned
inwards.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.13, _c_ 0.17.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, surface.


4. _Corocalyptra margarethae_, n. sp.

Shell nearly conical, hat-shaped, very similar to the preceding species,
but with much more delicate hexagonal network, with thread-like bars.
Length of the three joints = 1 : 7 : 2, breadth = {1324}1 : 10 : 12.
Cephalis hemispherical, with six bristle-shaped spines of half the length
of the shell; three horns divergent upwards, and three alternating feet
divergent downwards. Thorax nearly conical. Abdomen flatter.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.15, _c_ 0.18.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 236, surface.


5. _Corocalyptra ludovicae_, n. sp.

Shell flatly campanulate or hat-shaped. Length of the three joints =
1 : 4 : 3, breadth = 2 : 7 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, with six
bristle-shaped spines, about one-fourth to one-third as long as the shell;
three horns diverging upwards, and three alternate feet diverging
downwards. Thorax nearly conical. Abdomen much larger than in all preceding
species, inflated, with convex, lateral outline; its mouth-edge curved
inwards. The network is much finer than in the similar _Corocalyptra emmae_
(Pl. 59, fig. 4), and the abdomen is relatively twice as long and broad.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.14, _c_ 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.



Genus 585. _Dictyoceras_,[202] Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 333.

_Definition._--#Theopilida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
latticed free lateral wings on the sides of the thorax, which are not
prolonged into the cephalis.

The genus _Dictyoceras_ and the following _Pteropilium_ agree with the two
preceding genera in the possession of three lateral wings on the sides of
the thorax; but whilst these in the latter are simple solid spines, they
are in the former vertical fenestrated plates. _Dictyoceras_ may be derived
from _Pterocorys_ by development of a vertical lattice-plate between the
thorax and the three free lateral spines arising from it.


1. _Dictyoceras insectum_, n. sp. (Pl. 71, figs. 6, 7).

Shell with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 2,
breadth = 2 : 4 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender pyramidal horn
of twice the length. Thorax subspherical, in the upper half with three
divergent lattice-wings of the same length, each of which represents a
slender, fenestrated, three-sided pyramid. Abdomen subovate, with wide,
truncate mouth (in the figured specimen broken off).  Pores circular,
small, of different sizes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.055, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.035, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


{1325}2. _Dictyoceras formica_, n. sp. (Pl. 71, fig. 8).

Shell with obliterate collar, but deep lumbar stricture. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 2 : 5 : 4. Cephalis conical, with an
oblique curved horn of the same length. Thorax with three vaulted swellings
between the three prominent, diverging lattice-wings, the apex of which is
prolonged downwards into a solid curved spine, half as long as the inflated
abdomen. Mouth little constricted. Pores irregular, roundish, of different
sizes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.


3. _Dictyoceras melitta_, n. sp. (Pl. 71, fig. 9).

Shell with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 4,
breadth = 1 : 6 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with two conical divergent
horns of the same length. Thorax three-sided pyramidal, the three edges
prolonged into three lattice-wings of the same form, with short, terminal
spines. Abdomen inflated, subovate, with constricted mouth. Pores small,
regular, circular, of equal size, with very thin bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.18, _c_ 0.15.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


4. _Dictyoceras bombus_, n. sp. (Pl. 71, fig. 10).

Shell with deep collar, but evanescent lumbar stricture. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 5 : 3, breadth = 1 : 6 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, with
a conical horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate, with three short and
broad, triangular lattice-wings, the upper edge of which is nearly
horizontal, the lower nearly vertical and decurrent from the height of the
collar to the lumbar stricture. Abdomen inflated, with constricted mouth of
half the breadth. Pores small, subregular, circular, of nearly equal size.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


5. _Dictyoceras virchowii_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyoceras virchowii_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 333, Taf.
  viii. figs. 1-5.

  _Lithornithium dictyoceras_, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1860, p. 840.

Shell with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 4,
breadth = 1 : 5 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique curved horn of
the same length. Thorax conical, with three broad, triangular lattice-wings
different in size and direction, two of which are directed outwards, the
third downwards--each terminated by a strong spine. Abdomen oblique,
inflated, with wide open, truncate mouth. On the shell surface some few
conical spines are scattered. Pores irregular, {1326}roundish, of different
sizes. On the peculiar symmetry of this remarkable form, compare the
detailed description in my Monograph.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Messina, surface.



Genus 586. _Pteropilium_,[203] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 435.

_Definition._--#Theopilida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
latticed free lateral wings on the sides of the thorax, prolonged into the
horn of the cephalis in the form of three vertical, free cephalic wings.

The genus _Pteropilium_ differs from the preceding closely allied
_Dictyoceras_ in the development of three free, vertical, latticed cephalic
wings, expanded between the apical horn of the cephalis and the three wings
of the thorax; they may be direct prolongations of the latter.
_Pteropilium_, however, may also be derived directly from the Dicyrtida
_Callimitra_ or _Clathrocorys_ by development of an abdomen. All these
interesting forms are closely allied to the #Plectoidea#.



Subgenus 1. _Clathropilium_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 435.

_Definition._--Thorax completely latticed, without three larger lateral
holes between the three wings.


1. _Pteropilium stratiotes_, n. sp. (Pl. 70, figs. 9, 10).

Shell thin-walled, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 5 : 4, breadth = 2 : 6 : 9. Cephalis hemispherical, with a vertical,
straight, prismatic horn of three times the length. Thorax inflated,
oblique, with three slender, nearly straight, widely divergent ribs,
beginning from the collar stricture and united in its centre with the
centripetal prolongation of the horn. The basal half of the three ribs is
enclosed in the thorax wall, whilst the distal half lies outside it, and is
connected with its lower half only by two divergent, reticulated wings. The
upper edge of the ribs is connected with the occipital horn by a vertical,
loosely reticulated, triangular wing. Abdomen half as long as the thorax,
also of irregular and oblique form, with knee-shaped outline and a wide,
truncate mouth. Network with irregular polygonal, for the most part
quadrangular, meshes, separated by thin bars and forming irregular
transverse rows. Some stronger, vein-like ribs ramify in the wall,
diverging towards the mouth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.18.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.


{1327}2. _Pteropilium hoplites_, n. sp.

Shell in the general form and in the irregular, quadrangular fenestration
similar to the preceding species, but more heavy and with different
proportions. Length of the three joints = 1 : 6 : 4, breadth = 2 : 6 : 8.
Cephalis twice as broad as in _Pteropilium stratiotes_. Thorax more slender
and subovate. Abdomen truncate, conical, gradually dilated, with straight,
non-geniculate outline. Network coarser, with larger square meshes and
thicker bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.16.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


3. _Pteropilium eques_, n. sp.

Shell in the general form and in the irregular, quadrangular fenestration
similar to those of the two preceding species, but more slender and with
different proportions. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 2, breadth =
2 : 4 : 4. Cephalis flatter. Thorax subconical, also flatter. Abdomen
short, cylindrical, with straight outline. Network looser than in the two
preceding species, with larger square meshes and thinner bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.06;
breadth _a_ 0.06, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Arachnopilium_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 435.

_Definition._--Thorax with three large lateral holes between the three
latticed wings.


4. _Pteropilium clathrocanium_, n. sp. (Pl. 64, fig. 7).

  _Arachnopilium clathrocanium_, Haeckel, Prodromus, 1881, p. 435.

Shell very delicate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 4 : 2, breadth = 2 : 10 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with circular,
polygonally-framed pores, and a central, three-sided pyramidal, apical horn
of twice the length. Thorax three-sided pyramidal, with three large, ovate
holes between three prominent latticed wings. From its surface arises a
very delicate, arachnoidal network with irregular, polygonal meshes,
enveloping also the entire cephalis. Abdomen wide and short, as long as the
cephalis, and half as broad as the distance of the wings, twice as broad as
the constricted mouth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.2, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



{1328}Genus 587. _Theopodium_,[204] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 435.

_Definition._--#Theopilida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
divergent solid ribs, which lie in the wall of the thorax and the abdomen,
and are prolonged into three solid terminal feet.

The genus _Theopodium_ and the following closely allied _Pterocanium_
differ from the preceding four genera in the development of the three
radial rods or the primary cortinar spines, which are not free lateral
wings, but longitudinal ribs enclosed in the wall of the thorax and
abdomen, and prolonged over the basal mouth into three free terminal feet.
These are solid in _Theopodium_, which, therefore, corresponds to
_Lychnocanium_ among the Dicyrtida.


1. _Theopodium tricostatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 14).

Shell three-sided pyramidal, thorny, with two distinct strictures. Length
of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 2, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a stout conical horn of the same length. Thorax with
regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen with irregular,
roundish pores of very different sizes. From the middle part of the thorax
arise the three prominent, wing-like edges of the pyramid, which are
prolonged over its wide mouth into three stout, pyramidal, divergent feet
about as long as the thorax, with dentate, lamellar edges.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


2. _Theopodium pyramidale_, n. sp.

Shell three-sided pyramidal, rough, without external strictures, but with
two broad internal girdles. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 6, breadth
= 2 : 4 : 8. Cephalis with a thick horn of the same length, conical. Thorax
with very small, regular, circular pores. Abdomen with irregular, roundish
pores of very different sizes. From the collar stricture arise the three
rectilinear edges of the pyramid, which are prolonged over its wide-open
mouth into three stout, divergent, pyramidal feet, about as long as the
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.075, _c_ 0.15.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 588. _Pterocanium_,[205] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Theopilida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
divergent ribs, which run along the thorax and abdomen, and are prolonged
into three latticed terminal feet.

{1329}The genus _Pterocanium_ differs from the preceding _Theopodium_ in
the fenestration of the three terminal feet, which are basal prolongations
of the three radial ribs, enclosed in the wall of the thorax and the
abdomen. Often also these ribs are partly or wholly fenestrated. It
corresponds to _Lychnodictyum_ among the Dicyrtida, and may be derived from
this by development of an abdomen. The latter forms sometimes three concave
bays, at other times three convex lobes between the three latticed feet.



Subgenus 1. _Pterocanarium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Free basal edge of the abdomen between the three feet
concave, forming three shallower or deeper bays between them.


1. _Pterocanium proserpinae_, Ehrenberg.

  _Pterocanium proserpinae_, Ehrenberg, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, 1872, p. 299, Taf. xi. fig. 22.

  _Pterocanium proserpinae_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 332.

Shell campanulate, rough. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 2, breadth
1 : 5 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, with a triangular-pyramidal vertical horn
of thrice the length. Thorax hemispherical, without prominent swellings.
Abdomen shorter, with three concave basal bays. Pores in the thorax and
abdomen nearly equal, subregular, circular. Feet from the girdle (or the
lumbar stricture) little divergent, nearly straight.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.3, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Candia, Spratt, depth 1100 fathoms.


2. _Pterocanium gravidum_, n. sp., (Pl. 73, fig. 3).

Shell campanulate, nearly three-sided pyramidal, smooth. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 4 : 3, breadth = 1 : 6 : 10. Cephalis subspherical, with
a pyramidal straight horn of twice the length. Thorax hemispherical,
without prominent swellings. Abdomen shorter, with three concave basal
bays; its network prolonged to the ends of the feet. Pores in the thorax
and abdomen of nearly equal size, irregular, roundish. Feet from the girdle
strongly divergent, with convex back.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.075, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.2.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


3. _Pterocanium orcinum_, n. sp. (Pl. 73, fig. 2).

Shell campanulate, nearly three-sided pyramidal, covered with conical
spines. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 3, breadth = 1 : 5 : 6.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax
without prominent swellings, with subregular, circular pores. Abdomen
{1330}shorter, with three concave basal edges and irregular, polygonal
pores. Feet from the girdle strongly divergent, nearly straight.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


4. _Pterocanium contiguum_, Ehrenberg.

  _Pterocanium contiguum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, Taf. xvii. fig. 7.

Shell three-sided pyramidal, smooth. Length of the three joints =
1 : 3 : 2, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Cephalis small, subspherical, with a large
conical horn three times the length. Thorax and abdomen with small,
regular, circular pores of equal size, densely crowded together, with thin
bars. Abdomen shorter, with three concave basal edges. Feet very thick,
straight, from the girdle strongly divergent.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.025;
breadth _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Pterocanium pyramis_, n. sp. (Pl. 68, fig. 7).

Shell three-sided pyramidal, smooth. Length of the three joints =
1 : 4 : 3, breadth = 2 : 4 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn
of the same length. Thorax campanulate, with fifteen to twenty prominent
longitudinal ribs, separating as many rows of regular, circular pores.
Abdomen shorter, with three concave basal bays, and irregular, roundish
pores. Feet very strong, pyramidal, straight, gradually divergent from the
girdle.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


6. _Pterocanium virgineum_, n. sp. (Pl. 73, fig. 6).

Shell nearly three-sided pyramidal, smooth. Length of the three joints =
1 : 4 : 8, breadth 2 : 6 : 9. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical
straight horn three times the length. Thorax campanulate, with three slight
swellings between the three knee-shaped ribs, and with regular circular
pores. Abdomen longer, with three concave basal bays, and with very small
and numerous pores (much smaller than those of the thorax). At both sides
of the three prominent abdominal crests, two rows of larger, nearly square
pores occur. Feet slender, nearly straight, divergent.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.15, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


7. _Pterocanium praetextum_, Haeckel.

  Lychnocanium praetextum, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 297, Taf. x. fig. 2.

Shell nearly three-sided prismatic, smooth. Length of the three joints =
1 : 2 : 1, breadth = 1 : 4 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a straight,
conical horn of three times the length. Thorax {1331}campanulate with three
slight swellings between the three knee-shaped ribs, and with regular,
circular pores. Abdomen smaller, with three deep concave basal bays, and
with irregular, roundish pores. Feet longer than the shell, slender,
pyramidal, straight, parallel.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.02;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Ceylon (Haeckel); Zanzibar (Pullen).


8. _Pterocanium depressum_, Haeckel.

  _Lychnocanium depressum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 297, Taf. x. fig. 1.

Shell (including the feet) nearly three-sided prismatic, rough. Length of
the three joints = 1 : 2 : 1, breadth = 1 : 6 : 6. Cephalis subspherical,
with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax a very flat and broad
triangular pyramid, three times as broad as long. Abdomen smaller, with
three deep, parabolic, concave bays. Pores irregular, roundish. Feet longer
than the shell, slender, pyramidal, straight, parallel.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.02;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).


9. _Pterocanium campanella_, Haeckel.

  _Lychnocanium campanella_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 297, Taf. viii. fig. 12

  _Podocyrtis campanella_, Ehrenberg, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 769.

Shell campanulate, smooth, with three high fenestrated crests and deep
collar stricture. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3;1, breadth =
1 : 4 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a slender horn of the same length.
Thorax inflated, campanulate, with three vaulted swellings between the
three curved ribs. Abdomen short, with three semicircular bays between the
three feet. Pores of the whole shell regular, circular, small, and
numerous. Feet broad, triangular, shorter than the thorax, with convex back
and convergent ends.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.2;
breadth _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Philippine Sea, 3300 fathoms
(Brooke).


10. _Pterocanium tricolpum_, n. sp. (Pl. 73, fig. 1).

Shell nearly three-sided prismatic, smooth, with three high fenestrated
crests and two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 2,
breadth = 1 : 5 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique, conical horn
of the same length. Thorax inflated, with three highly vaulted bosoms
between the three high crests, and with subregular, circular pores. Abdomen
shorter, with three concave (or nearly rectangular, square) basal bays
between the three feet, and with irregular, roundish pores, three to four
pairs of larger pores occurring at the sides of the base of the feet. Feet
nearly as long as the shell, with fenestrated bases, nearly straight and
parallel; somewhat convergent, with convex back. (Often the concave bays
between the three feet are not square, as in the specimen figured, but
{1332}semicircular.) The ends of the feet are sometimes strongly
convergent. The vaultings of the three swellings and the reticulation are
also variable; the whole form is often irregular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific; many stations, surface.



Subgenus 2. _Pterocanidium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Free basal edge of the abdomen between the three feet
convex, forming three rounded or semicircular prominent lobes between them.


11. _Pterocanium eucolpum_, n. sp. (Pl. 73, fig. 4).

  _Dictyopodium eucolpum_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.

Shell about triangular-prismatic, with two deep strictures, smooth. Length
of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis
subspherical, with a conical, oblique horn of the same length. Thorax
inflated, with three hemispherical swellings between the three crests, and
with subregular, hexagonal pores. Abdomen longer, with much smaller,
irregular, roundish pores, forming three broad, convex lobes between the
three feet. (In the figured specimen the lobes were not fully developed,
and extremely thin below the line parallel to the edge. In another
specimen, found afterwards in the same locality, the three lobes were much
larger, semicircular, and reached almost to the basal plane of the ends of
the feet by reason of their convexity.) Feet strong, with slightly convex
back, divergent.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


12. _Pterocanium bicorne_, n. sp. (Pl. 73, fig. 5).

  _Dictyopodium bicorne_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.

Shell nearly three-sided pyramidal, slender, smooth. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 2, breadth = 1 : 4 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with two
oblique, conical horns of nearly equal length. Thorax nearly hemispherical,
with slightly prominent crests, and with subregular, hexagonal pores.
Abdomen of about the same length, with much smaller, irregular, roundish
pores, forming three convex, nearly circular lobes between the three large
divergent feet. These are slender, three-sided pyramidal, longer than the
shell, fenestrated at the thickened base, with some rows of larger pores;
their back is slightly concave.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


{1333}13. _Pterocanium trilobum_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyopodium trilobum_, Haeckel, 1882, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 340, Taf.
  viii. figs. 6-10.

Shell three-sided pyramidal, nearly tetrahedral, covered with conical
spines. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 2, breadth = 1 : 6 : 10.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a large conical horn (as long as the thorax).
Thorax tetrahedral, with little prominent crests. Abdomen forming three
semicircular, convex lobes between the three feet, half as long as the
thorax, with the same irregular, roundish pores. Feet slender, about as
long as the shell, triangular, with convex back, strongly divergent,
fenestrated at the inflated and thickened base. (Compare the special
description of the living form and its soft body in my Monograph.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.2.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Messina, surface.



Genus 589 _Pterocodon_,[206] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Theopilida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
solid free lateral wings on the thorax, and numerous solid terminal feet
around the mouth of the abdomen.

The genus _Pterocodon_ differs from the closely allied _Pterocorys_, its
ancestral form, in the development of numerous solid feet around the
terminal mouth, similar to the terminal corona of _Calocyclas_.


1. _Pterocodon campana_, Ehrenberg.

  _Pterocodon campana_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 10.

  _Pterocodon campana_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xix. fig. 1.

Shell slender, campanulate, subconical, with two distinct strictures.
Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 2 : 3 : 5. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a conical horn of twice the length. Thorax
hemispherical, in the upper part with three divergent, conical horns, as
long as the cephalis, and curved downwards. Abdomen with four transverse
rows of large circular pores, increasing in size towards the mouth; the
largest (undermost), five times as broad as the circular thoracic pores.
Mouth not constricted, with a corona of twelve to fifteen divergent,
conical feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Pterocodon ornatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 70, fig. 11).

Shell nearly ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 3 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with a large
oblique horn reaching half the length of the {1334}shell; three edges of
the horn wing-shaped and dentated. Thorax hemispherical, in the middle zone
with three conical wings, which are half as long as the thorax, and curved
downwards. Pores hexagonal, roundish, twice as broad in the inflated
abdomen as in the thorax. Mouth constricted, with a corona of from fifteen
to eighteen conical, divergent, curved feet, similar to the thoracic wings.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Pterocodon favosus_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 2 : 2, breadth = 2 : 4 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn
of twice the length. Three wings of the thorax equal to those of the
preceding species. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, of equal
size in the thorax and abdomen. Mouth constricted, with a corona of nine
straight, conical, nearly vertical feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.0025, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.05;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Genus 590. _Dictyocodon_,[207] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 435.

_Definition._--#Theopilida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
latticed free lateral wings on the thorax, and numerous latticed terminal
feet around the mouth of the abdomen.

The genus _Dictyocodon_, one of the most elegant among the NASSELLARIA,
differs from the preceding _Pterocodon_ in the fenestration of the three
lateral wings of the thorax, and the numerous terminal feet of the abdomen.
It may be derived from _Dictyoceras_ by development of regular lattice-feet
around the terminal mouth.



Subgenus 1. _Dictyocodella_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--The three lateral lattice-wings arise from the thorax alone.


1. _Dictyocodon annasethe_, n. sp. (Pl. 71, fig. 11).

Shell with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = 2 : 5 : 4,
breadth = 1 : 5 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, with a very large, three-sided
prismatic horn of three times the length, bearing at the base some smaller
accessory spines. Thorax nearly conical, with three large, inflated,
triangular lattice-wings, the upper edge of which (the cortinar rod)
descends obliquely, and is larger {1335}than the thorax, ending in a spine.
Abdomen inflated, subcylindrical, divided at the wide open mouth by nine
deep incisions into nine large triangular feet. Network in the thorax and
wings composed of small, regular, hexagonal pores, in the abdomen of three
transverse rows of irregular, very large pores, which are surrounded and
separated by bands of very small pores; in each foot one large pore and a
marginal series of very small pores occur. I dedicate this wonderful
species to the memory of my dear wife, Anna Sethe.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean; Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.


2. _Dictyocodon carolotae,_ n. sp. (Pl. 71, fig. 14).

Shell with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 7,
breadth = 2 : 5 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with an oblique pyramidal horn
of twice the length. Thorax subconical, in the upper half with three
divergent, triangular wings of half the length, the upper edge of which is
nearly horizontal, little curved. Abdomen nearly cylindrical; divided at
the wide open mouth by nine deep incisions into nine triangular, vertical
feet, about as large as the wings. Network very delicate, with regular,
small, circular pores of equal size and very thin bars. I dedicate this
elegant species to my dear mother, Charlotte Sethe.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.14;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Cape of Good Hope (Bleek), surface.



Subgenus 2. _Dictyocodoma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--The three lateral wings are prolonged from the thorax to the
abdomen.


3. _Dictyocodon palladius_, n. sp. (Pl. 71, figs. 12, 13).

Shell with distinct collar, but evanescent lumbar stricture. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 2 : 7, breadth = 1 : 3 : 8. Cephalis very small, with a
large pyramidal horn of twice the length, bearing at its base some small,
often branched, accessory spines. Thorax three-sided pyramidal, without
external boundary prolonged into the large, inflated, gradually dilated
abdomen. The internal boundary between the two is marked by a fenestrated,
horizontal ring (not indicated in the figure). Three prominent, triangular,
fenestrated wings arise from the base of the cephalic horn, and are
prolonged nearly through the whole shell almost to the edge of the mouth;
in its lower half they form three elevated fenestrated apophyses, the upper
edge of which is nearly horizontal. Mouth divided by about twenty incisions
into as many triangular, vertical, fenestrated feet. The network of the
whole shell is very delicate, like fine gauze, composed of very small,
regular, hexagonal pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.055, _c_ 0.21;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.25.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.


{1336}4. _Dictyocodon prometheus,_ n. sp.

Shell tower-shaped, very similar to the preceding species in form and
fenestration, but more slender and different in the longer and three-sided
prismatic abdomen. Length of the three joints = 1 : 1 : 8, breadth =
1 : 3 : 7. Cephalis with two large divergent horns of three times the
length, which are united by interior prolongations with the basal central
point, from which arise the upper edges of the three divergent wings; the
ends of the latter are directed downwards. Mouth with a corona of about
thirty irregular, triangular feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.025;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.2.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.



Genus 591. _Pleuropodium_,[208] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.

_Definition._--#Theopilida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) without ribs
in the thorax, but with three ribs enclosed in the abdomen, which are
prolonged into three terminal feet.

The genus _Pleuropodium_, formerly confounded with _Theopodium_ and
_Pterocanium_, differs from these two closely allied ancestral genera in
the localisation of the three lateral ribs, which have disappeared in the
thorax and become limited to the abdomen. It is therefore intermediate
between the former and the following _Podocyrtis_.


1. _Pleuropodium charybdeum_, Haeckel.

  _Pterocanium charybdeum_, J. Mueller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 43, Taf. vi. figs. 7-10.

  _Podocyrtis charybdea_, J. Mueller, 1856, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 492.

Shell campanulate, armed with scattered, bristle-shaped spines, with sharp
collar and slight lumbar stricture. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 1,
breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis cupola-shaped, with a large prismatic,
somewhat curved horn, half as long as the shell. Thorax hemispherical,
spiny. Abdomen short and wide, three-sided prismatic, with three stout
longitudinal ribs, which are prolonged into three slender, prismatic,
nearly vertical, slightly curved feet, about as long as the shell. Pores
irregular, roundish, of variable size.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina, Nice, &c.), surface.


2. _Pleuropodium cortina_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, smooth, with two distinct strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 4 : 2, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with
a small, pyramidal, straight horn of the same length. {1337}Thorax
pear-shaped, with regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen
three-sided pyramidal, with irregular, roundish pores and three prominent,
stout, prismatic ribs, which are prolonged into three straight, divergent
feet of the same length.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.04;
breadth _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.



Genus 592. _Podocyrtis_,[209] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Theopilida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
simple, terminal feet on the mouth of the abdomen, without lateral ribs or
wings. Apex with a horn, which usually is simple.

The genus _Podocyrtis_, and the two following closely allied genera, differ
from all the preceding Theopilida in the absence of lateral ribs or wings,
and the possession of three free terminal feet, which arise directly from
the peristome, or from the margin of the abdominal mouth. They may be
derived from _Pleuropodium_ by reduction and loss of the three piercing
lateral ribs, the terminal free prolongations of which only remain. The
genus _Podocyrtis_ is one of the largest and most common among all
#Cyrtoidea#, being rich mainly in fossil forms. Ehrenberg in his
Polycystins of Barbados (1875, _loc. cit._, p. 80) enumerated not less than
thirty-one species. Some of these are yet living, and occur in the Pacific
Radiolarian ooze collected by the Challenger. Other new forms are to be
added, so that the number of species described in the following pages
amounts to forty-five. Many of these are cosmopolitan, or at least common
and widely distributed. To facilitate study we may divide this large genus
into four subgenera: in two of these the terminal feet are divergent, or
nearly parallel; in the two others convergent. In each of these two groups
the pores of the thorax and the abdomen are either nearly equal in size and
form, or distinctly different, the abdominal pores being often much larger
than the thoracic. The small cephalis bears constantly an apical horn,
which is usually simple, rarely branched.



Subgenus 1. _Podocyrtarium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet divergent (the distance between their ends being
greater than that between their bases). Pores of the thorax and abdomen
nearly equal in size and similar in form.


{1338}1. _Podocyrtis tripodiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 72, fig. 4).

Shell nearly conical, gradually dilated from the apical to the basal part,
with two slight strictures. Surface a little rough. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 2 : 4 : 6. Pores subregular, circular,
quincuncially disposed, of nearly equal size in the conical thorax and the
subspherical abdomen. Cephalis hemispherical, with smaller pores and a
spindle-shaped spiny horn of twice the length. Feet cylindrical, as long as
the abdomen, little divergent, their ends curved outwards and thickened
into a papillate knob.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.11.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265 to 272, depth 2425 to 2925
fathoms.


2. _Podocyrtis attenuata_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis attenuata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xvi. fig. 5.

Shell nearly conical, gradually dilated from the apical to the basal part,
with two slight strictures. Surface a little rough. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 3 : 4, breadth = 2 : 4 : 5. Pores subregular, circular, equal,
quincuncial. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of twice the
length. Feet cylindrical, as long as the abdomen, little divergent
(sometimes as in the specimen figured, nearly parallel).

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Podocyrtis thyrsoceras_, n. sp.

Shell slender, conical, smooth, very similar to _Thyrsocyrtis rhizodon_,
Ehrenberg (1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii.
fig. 1), with two slight strictures, nearly of the same form and
fenestration as in the preceding smaller species. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a
large cylindrical straight horn, which reaches the length of the abdomen,
and is papillate in the distal half. Feet cylindrical, divergent, nearly as
long as the whole shell, broadened and spinulated at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


4. _Podocyrtis conica_, n. sp.

Shell conical, without external strictures, but with two internal septal
rings. Surface papillate. Length of the three joints = 2 : 3 : 8, breadth =
3 : 6 : 10. Pores equal, subregular, circular, quincuncial. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a thick conical horn of the same length. Feet conical,
about as long as the thorax, divergent in the direction of the outline of
the conical shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan, Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274; Tropical
Atlantic, Station 348, in depths between 2350 and 2925 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


{1339}5. _Podocyrtis corythaeola_, n. sp. (Pl. 72, fig. 2).

Shell ovate conical, with two deep strictures, and with rough surface.
Length of the three joints = 2 : 5 : 8, breadth = 3 : 8 : 10. Cephalis
hemispherical, thorny, with a strong oblique horn three times the length,
which is armed with nine to twelve conical spines. Pores small, circular,
of irregular size and distribution. Feet spindle-shaped, divergent, as long
as the inflated abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three feet, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Maldive Islands (Haeckel), surface.


6. _Podocyrtis surena_, n. sp. (Pl. 72, fig. 10).

Shell thin-walled, tower-shaped, smooth, with two deep strictures. Length
of the three joints = 2 : 5 : 10, breadth = 3 : 10 : 11. Cephalis
subspherical, with a bent conical horn, as long as the hemispherical
thorax. Abdomen cylindrical. Pores subregular, circular, quincuncially
disposed, and slightly larger in the abdomen. Feet with a thickened calf,
nearly perpendicular, as long as the thorax; their distal ends little
divergent, and forming a knob beset with small roundish tubercles.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.035, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.11.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


7. _Podocyrtis conulus_, n. sp.

Shell elongate, conical, rough, without external strictures, but with two
internal septal rings. Length of the three joints = 3 : 4 : 15, breadth =
5 : 7 : 12. Cephalis hemispherical, with a thick pyramidal horn of the same
length. Feet also pyramidal, divergent, of the same size as the horn. Pores
irregular, roundish, of variable size. Abdomen very long.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.15;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


8. _Podocyrtis tridactyla_, n. sp.

Shell conical, with two slight strictures, smooth. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 6 : 5, breadth = 4 : 5 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
pyramidal horn of twice the length. Pores irregular, polygonal, of variable
size. Feet as long as the abdomen, constricted in the middle, trilobed at
the distal end; the middle lobe twice as large as the lateral lobes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.05;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe.



Subgenus 2. _Podocyrtecium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet divergent (the distance between their ends being
greater than that between their bases). Pores of the thorax and abdomen of
different form or size.


{1340}9. _Podocyrtis prismatica_, n. sp. (Pl. 72, fig. 1).

Shell conical, rough, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a
curved conical horn of twice the length. Thorax and abdomen together nearly
hemispherical. Pores small, regular, circular, quincuncial, twice as large
in the abdomen as in the thorax. Feet very large, twice as long as the
whole shell, divergent, bent outwards, prismatic, with strong prominent
edges.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


10. _Podocyrtis brevipes_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis brevipes_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xvi. fig. 6.

Shell conical, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 3 : 6, breadth = 2 : 5 : 9. Cephalis subspherical, with a
conical horn of the same length. Pores regular, circular, quincuncial,
three times as broad in the abdomen as in the thorax. Feet short,
triangular, divergent, as long as the horn. (The specimen figured by
Ehrenberg was incomplete, one foot and the horn being broken off.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


11. _Podocyrtis divergens_, n. sp. (Pl. 72, fig. 6).

Shell slender, subconical, thick-walled, with two distinct strictures.
Length of the three joints = 2 : 5 : 7, breadth = 4 : 8 : 10. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a large, oblique, prismatic horn three times the
length, and a small divergent by-horn at its base. Thorax hemispherical,
rough, with regular, circular, quincuncial pores. Abdomen cylindrical,
thorny, with larger circular pores of subregular disposition, two to three
times as broad as those of the thorax. Feet conical, horn-like, bent, as
long as the abdomen; strongly divergent in the distal half.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 220, depth 1100 fathoms.


12. _Podocyrtis collaris_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis collaris_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xvi. fig. 1.

Shell conical, with slight collar and deeper lumbar stricture. Length of
the three joints = 1 : 4 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical,
with a small oblique horn of the same length. Pores regular, circular,
quincuncial, four to six times as broad in the inflated abdomen as in the
conical thorax. Feet short and slightly divergent, little longer than the
cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.16.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1341}13. _Podocyrtis ventricosa_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis ventricosa_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xvi. fig. 3.

Shell conical, with two deep strictures, thorny. Length of the three joints
= 1 : 2 : 5, breadth = 1 : 4 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, with a small
conical horn of the same length. Pores regular circular, quincuncial, four
to six times as broad in the inflated abdomen as in the hemispherical
thorax. (Pores much larger and less numerous than in the similar preceding
species.) Feet broad and stout, triangular, divergent, as long as the
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.16.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


14. _Podocyrtis flosculata_, n. sp. (Pl. 72, fig. 9).

Shell conical, rough, as broad as long, with distinct collar, but
obliterated lumbar stricture. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4,
breadth = 2 : 4 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with a thick conical horn of
the same length. Thorax truncate, conical, with small, circular,
quincuncial pores. Abdomen inflated, with very large and remarkable
regular, quincuncial pores; their inner edge circular, the outer six-lobed,
the six lobes elegantly alternating with six short conical spines. Feet
very coarse, equilateral triangular, half as broad as the thorax, little
divergent.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


15. _Podocyrtis centriscus_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis centriscus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xiv. fig. 2.

Shell conical, rough, about as high as broad, with two obliterated
strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 7.
Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a stout conical horn. Pores of the
inflated abdomen irregular, roundish, very large, three occurring in the
course of its length, five times as broad as the small, very numerous,
regular, circular pores of the conical thorax. Feet S-shaped, as long as
the abdomen, with the blunt end curved outwards.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms; fossil in
Barbados.


16. _Podocyrtis magnifica_, n. sp. (Pl. 72, fig. 5).

Shell conical, spiny, a little longer than broad, with two distinct
strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 5, breadth = 2 : 4 : 7.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a large conical horn, which is as long as the
abdomen, nearly scaly, and covered with short, simple, and bifid spines.
Pores regular, circular, quincuncially disposed, four times as broad in the
inflated abdomen as in the {1342}conical thorax. Spines of the former twice
as large as those of the latter. Feet very long and slender, cylindrical,
S-shaped, bent outwards at the thickened distal end, with a spindle-shaped
papillate knob.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Canary Islands, Lanzerote, Haeckel, surface.


17. _Podocyrtis princeps_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis princeps_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xiii. fig. 1.

  _Podocyrtis princeps_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. p. 540, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 32.

Shell conical, with two distinct strictures. Length of three joints =
1 : 2 : 5, breadth = 1 : 4 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, with a large
cylindrical, vertical horn, longer than the whole shell. Pores regular,
circular, quincuncial, in the inflated spiny abdomen very large (four to
five in the course of its length), five times as broad as in the smooth
conical thorax. Feet about as long as the shell, slightly bent, S-shaped,
cylindrical.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms; fossil in
Barbados.


18. _Podocyrtis euceros_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis euceros_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xv. fig. 1.

Shell conical, campanulate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 3 : 6, breadth = 2 : 5 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
large, cylindrical horn, nearly as long as the shell. Pores regular,
circular, hexagonally framed, quincuncial, four times as broad in the
papillated, inflated abdomen as in the hemispherical, smooth thorax. Feet
short and broad, triangular, divergent, about as long as the thorax. (In
the specimen figured by Ehrenberg, two feet were broken off).

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.016, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific
Oceans, at many stations, and in various depths; fossil in Barbados.


19. _Podocyrtis cristata_, n. sp. (Pl. 72, fig. 7).

Shell conical-campanulate, thorny, with two deep strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 2 : 5, breadth = 2 : 4 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, with
a large, oblique, little bent, conical horn, as long as the abdomen. Thorax
hemispherical, papillate, with small, regular, circular pores. Abdomen
inflated, with very large, circular pores, (three to four in its length),
six times as broad as those of the thorax, and separated by hexagonal,
serrated crests. Feet cylindrical, stout, S-shaped, slightly divergent,
with a spherical papillate knob at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.035, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


{1343}20. _Podocyrtis schomburgkii_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis schomburgkii_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig.
  22; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 82, Taf. xiv. 7.

Shell ovate-conical, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 5 : 10, breadth = 3 : 8 : 12. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
large, straight, conical horn as long as the abdomen. Thorax campanulate,
smooth, with small, regular, circular pores. Abdomen inflated, papillate,
with very large, regular, hexagonal pores (three to four in the course of
its length), five times as broad as their bars and as the pores of the
thorax. Feet as long as the abdomen, nearly parallel, slightly bent
outwards at the conical distal end.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


21. _Podocyrtis hexagonalis_, n. sp.

Shell nearly ovate, slender, everywhere covered with a regular network of
high, hexagonal, denticulated crests, separating the circular,
funnel-shaped pores, which are twice as large in the subspherical abdomen
as in the hemispherical thorax, between both of which are two deep
strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 6, breadth = 2 : 5 : 6.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a long and thin cylindrical, vertical horn, as
long as the abdomen. Feet of the same length and form, nearly straight,
slightly divergent.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.11, _c_ 0.13.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


22. _Podocyrtis ovata_, n. sp.

Shell nearly ovate, papillate, without external strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 2 : 4 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, with
a pyramidal horn half as long as the shell. Pores regular, circular,
hexagonally framed, three times as broad in the inflated abdomen as in the
conical thorax. Feet pyramidal, little bent, divergent, about as long as
the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.095, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Corfu, Haeckel, surface.


23. _Podocyrtis urceolata_, n. sp.

  ? _Podocyrtis mitra_, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. v. fig. 3.

Shell nearly ovate, smooth, with two deep strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a
stout, conical horn of the same length. Thorax flat, hemispherical, with
four to six transverse rows of small circular pores. Abdomen urceolate,
{1344}with four to five transverse rows of very large, subregular,
hexagonal pores. Feet short and thick, bent outwards, as long as the
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.15;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.13.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in
Barbados.


24. _Podocyrtis ehrenbergii_, Haeckel.

  _Podocyrtis amphiacantha_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xvii. fig. 3.

Shell slender, ovate, smooth, with deep collar, but evanescent lumbar
stricture. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 2, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3.
Cephalis subspherical, with a large conical horn, as long as the
campanulate thorax. Abdomen nearly cylindrical. Pores irregular, roundish,
two to four times as large in the abdomen as in the thorax. Feet conical,
slender, divergent, nearly as long as the shell. (In the imperfect specimen
figured by Ehrenberg, two spines were broken off.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, a 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms; fossil in
Barbados.


25. _Podocyrtis argulus_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis argulus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xvi. fig. 2.

Shell slender, ovate, or subconical, with two deep strictures. Length of
the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical,
with a small conical horn of the same length (broken off in the figure of
Ehrenberg). Pores regular, circular, three times as broad in the inflated
abdomen as in the campanulate thorax. Feet spindle-shaped, slender,
divergent, about as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 247, depth 2530 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.



Subgenus 3. _Podocyrtidium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet convergent (the distance between their ends being
smaller than that between their bases). Pores of the thorax and abdomen
nearly equal in size and similar in form.


26. _Podocyrtis papalis_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis papalis_, Ehrenberg, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 23;
  Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 82, Taf. xv. fig. 6.

Shell ovate, smooth, without external stricture. Length of the three joints
= 1 : 3 : 1, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with a stout pyramidal
horn of twice the length. Thorax and {1345}abdomen with about thirty
longitudinal, divergent ribs, separating the same number of longitudinal
rows of regular, circular pores, the size of which increases gradually
towards the base. Feet shovel-shaped (broad, triangular, with convex outer
and concave inner side, the obtuse end being curved inwards), about as long
as the short abdomen, only slightly convergent.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.11.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


27. _Podocyrtis costata_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, smooth, of the same form and structure as _Podocyrtis
papalis_, but with two distinct strictures and different proportions.
Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4 : 6. About thirty
longitudinal ribs regularly alternating with rows of circular, regular
pores. Feet as in _Podocyrtis papalis_.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, depth 2425 to 2925
fathoms.


28. _Podocyrtis mitrella_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis mitrella_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xv. fig. 3.

Shell ovate, smooth, nearly of the same form and structure as _Podocyrtis
papalis_, but different in the proportions of the joints, in the much
smaller, regular pores, and in the great breadth of the shovel-shaped,
blunt, about semicircular feet. Length of the three joints = 2 : 9 : 4,
breadth = 3 : 10 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a thick pyramidal horn of
the same length. Slight collar, but no lumbar stricture.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.03.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


29. _Podocyrtis mitra_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis mitra_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 20;
  Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 82, Taf. xv. fig. 4.

Shell ovate, conical, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis with the horn (of
equal length) conical. Pores regular, circular, in about twenty
longitudinal rows, slightly increasing in size in the middle part of the
abdomen. Feet shovel-shaped, blunt, slightly divergent, only as long as the
cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.5, _c_ 0.7;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.075, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean (Gibraltar), Canary Islands,
Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, in different depths; also fossil in
Barbados.


{1346}30. _Podocyrtis argus_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis argus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xvi. fig. 9.

Shell ovate, with two distinct strictures, smooth. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subconical, with a
conical horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate. Abdomen inflated.
Pores subregular, roundish, of nearly equal breadth, quincuncial. Feet
shovel-shaped, triangular, nearly vertical, only as long as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface; fossil in Barbados.


31. _Podocyrtis eulophos_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis eulophos_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xiv. fig. 6.

Shell subconical, slender, with two slight strictures, smooth. Length of
the three joints = 1 : 2 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical,
with a large, spindle-shaped, angular horn of twice the length. Thorax
hemispherical. Abdomen truncate, conical. Pores subregular, roundish, in
about twenty longitudinal rows, their breadth gradually increasing towards
the base. Feet shovel-shaped, blunt, nearly vertical, only as long as the
cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.16;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


32. _Podocyrtis favosa_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, with two slight strictures, and with honeycomb-like surface.
Length of the three joints = 1 : 5 : 2, breadth = 2 : 6 : 5. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax
hemispherical. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, funnel-shaped,
with high, prominent crests between them. Feet shovel-shaped, little
convergent, triangular, as long as the abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.11.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


33. _Podocyrtis fusiformis_, n. sp.

Shell slender, nearly spindle-shaped, diminishing gradually from the
broadest middle part (immediately above the lumbar septum) towards the two
poles. Length of the three joints = 1 : 5 : 8, breadth = 2 : 6 : 5.
Cephalis subspherical, with a large conical horn three times the length.
Thorax and abdomen with twenty-four to thirty denticulated, longitudinal
ribs, separating the same number of longitudinal rows of regular, circular
pores. Instead of the lumbar stricture, a broad, internal septum occurs.
Feet slender, straight, as long as the abdomen, only slightly convergent.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.16;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe) surface.



{1347}Subgenus 4. _Podocyrtonium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet convergent (the distance between their ends being
smaller than that between their bases). Pores of the thorax and abdomen
different in size or form.


34. _Podocyrtis pedicellaria_, n. sp. (Pl. 72, fig. 8).

Shell conical, ovate, with two very slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 3 : 8, breadth = 2 : 4 : 8. Cephalis conical, with a pyramidal
horn of the same length. Pores subregular, circular, quincuncially
disposed, two to three times as broad in the smooth abdomen as in the
rough, spinulate thorax. Feet as long as the thorax, shovel-shaped (broad,
triangular, with convex outer and concave inner side, the free ends being
curved inwards), only slightly convergent.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.16;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.16.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.


35. _Podocyrtis sinuosa_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis sinuosa_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xv. fig. 5.

  _Podocyrtis sinuosa_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. p. 540, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 33.

Shell slender, conical, with slight collar, but without lumbar stricture.
Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 2 : 4. Cephalis
subspherical (in the figure of Ehrenberg broken off), with a pyramidal horn
of the same length. Pores subregular, circular, four times as broad in the
abdomen as in the thorax. Feet shovel-shaped, as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


36. _Podocyrtis floribunda_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, conical, with two very slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 3 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4 : 7. Between twenty-four to thirty
longitudinal, denticulated ribs lie the same number of subregular pores,
which are flower-like, lobed, or rosette-shaped, and two to three times as
large in the abdomen as in the thorax. Feet shovel-shaped (as in the
similar _Podocyrtis pedicellaria_ (Pl. 72, fig. 8).

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


37. _Podocyrtis scaphopodia_, n. sp.

Shell conical, rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 3 : 5, breadth = 2 : 4 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, with a
pyramidal horn of twice the length. Pores subregular, {1348}circular,
quincuncial, four times as large in the abdomen as in the thorax. Feet
short and broad, triangular, shovel-shaped, with convergent ends. This
species is similar to _Podocyrtis brevipes_, but differs in the form and
size of the horn and of the feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.05;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


38. _Podocyrtis lithoconus_, n. sp. (Pl. 72, fig. 3).

Shell conical, thick-walled, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of
the three joints = 2 : 3 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical,
with a spindle-shaped horn of the some length. Pores subregular, circular,
two to four times as broad in the abdomen as in the thorax. Feet
triangular, shovel-shaped, nearly vertical, as long as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.


39. _Podocyrtis ampla_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis ampla_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xvi. fig. 7.

Shell conical, thick-walled, with distinct collar, but without lumbar
stricture. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 5, breadth = 1 : 6 : 7.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a large conical horn, as long as the thorax.
Pores regular, circular, quincuncial, three times as broad in the rough
abdomen as in the smooth thorax. Feet very small, shovel-shaped, only as
long as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic (Florida); also fossil in Barbados.


40. _Podocyrtis nana_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis nana_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
  p. 82, Taf. xvii. fig. 2.

Shell conical, thorny, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 3 : 3, breadth = 2 : 5 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
large cylindrical horn, nearly as long as the shell. Pores in the abdomen
irregular, roundish, two to four times as broad as the regular, circular,
quincuncial pores of the thorax. Feet very small, shovel shaped, scarcely
as long as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.01, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms; also fossil in
Barbados.


41. _Podocyrtis lyaea_, Haeckel.

  _Thyrsocyrtis lyaea_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii, fig. 3.

Shell ovate, conical, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints
= 2 : 5 : 8, breadth = 3 : 8 : 9. Cephalis hemispherical, with a large
conical horn, which is spinulate, scaly, and as {1349}long as the abdomen.
Pores subregular, circular, two to four times as broad in the smooth
abdomen as in the spiny thorax. Feet very short and broad, shovel-shaped,
scarcely as long as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


42. _Podocyrtis bromia_, Haeckel.

  _Thyrsocyrtis bromia_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii. fig. 2.

Shell ovate, thorny, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 5 : 5, breadth = 3 : 8 : 9. Cephalis subspherical, with a
large conical horn, which is half as long as the shell, and spirally
dentated in the distal half. Thorax conical, spinulate, with regular,
circular, quincuncial pores. Abdomen tuberculate, with a small number of
very large irregular pores. Feet short, shovel-shaped, nearly vertical, as
long as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.05;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


43. _Podocyrtis sphaerogaster_, n. sp.

Shell inversely ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints
= 1 : 2 : 6, breadth = 2 : 4 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender,
slightly bent horn, as long as the abdomen. Thorax hemispherical,
spinulate. Abdomen nearly spherical, with much constricted mouth. Pores
subregular, circular, hexagonally framed. Feet slender, cylindro-conical,
about as long as the shell, with outer convexity, distinctly convergent.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


44. _Podocyrtis tripus_, Haeckel.

  _Podocyrtis bicornis_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xvi. fig. 8.

  ? _Podocyrtis dipus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 83, Taf. xii. Fig. 11.

Shell conical, rough, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints
= 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a large,
oblique, conical horn (sometimes with a small accessory horn at its base).
Thorax hemispherical, with subregular, circular, small, quincuncial pores.
Abdomen campanulate, with a small number (about twenty) of very large,
irregular, polygonal pores. Feet conical, small, as long as the thorax,
slightly convergent or nearly vertical.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1350}45. _Podocyrtis triacantha_, Ehrenberg.

  _Podocyrtis triacantha_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, Taf. xiii. fig. 4.

Shell conical, rough, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 2 : 4 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
very large conical horn, nearly as long as the whole shell. Thorax
campanulate, densely spinulate, with very small, regular, circular,
quincuncial pores. Thorax inflated, with very large, irregular, roundish,
pores (three to four in the course of its length), five to ten times as
broad as those of the thorax. Feet slender and thin, subcylindrical, as
long as the abdomen, divergent in the proximal half, convergent and curved
inwards in the distal half.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.



Genus 593. _Thyrsocyrtis_,[210] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Theopilida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
branched terminal feet on the mouth of the abdomen, without lateral ribs or
wings. Apex with a horn, which usually bears lateral spines.

The genus _Thyrsocyrtis_ differs from the preceding _Podocyrtis_, its
ancestral form, in the ramification of the three terminal feet, which in
the latter genus remain simple.


1. _Thyrsocyrtis rhizodon_, Ehrenberg.

  _Thyrsocyrtis rhizodon_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, Taf. xii. fig. 1.

Shell slender, conical, smooth, with two distinct strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with
a large cylindrical horn, reaching half the length of the shell, and
papillate in the distal half. Pores nearly equal, regular, circular,
quincuncially disposed, small. Feet divergent, about half as long as the
shell, broadened and forked at the distal end. (The fork incision is often
much deeper, as in the figure given by Ehrenberg.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Thyrsocyrtis arborescens_, n. sp. (Pl. 68, fig. 9).

Shell nearly ovate, thorny, with a deep collar, but without lumbar
stricture. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 2 : 3 : 4.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout scaly or branched horn, half as long
as the shell. Pores irregular, roundish, small, separated by spinulated
crests, of slightly different sizes. Feet divergent, cylindrical, and as
long as the thorax in the proximal half, {1351}irregularly branched or
arborescent in the distal half, with ten to thirty blunt, thickened or
papillate, terminal branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth, 2900 fathoms.


3. _Thyrsocyrtis furcata_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, thorny, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints
= 1 : 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a pyramidal
smooth horn of twice the length. Pores of the thorax and abdomen nearly
equal, regular, circular, quincuncial. Feet very broad, forked, about as
long as the abdomen, much divergent; the outer fork-branch as long as the
simple basal half of the foot, and twice as long as the inner or axial
branch.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.


4. _Thyrsocyrtis rhizopus_, Haeckel.

  _Podocyrtis rhizodon_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 83, Taf. xv. fig. 2.

Shell pear-shaped, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 5. Cephalis ovate, with a stout,
sword-shaped horn of the same length. Pores regular, circular, twice as
broad in the inflated abdomen as in the truncate, conical thorax. Feet
cylindrical, parallel, vertical, straight, divided at the distal end into
two short fork-branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Thyrsocyrtis rhizopodium_, n. sp. (Pl. 68, fig. 8).

Shell campanulate-conical, with deep collar, but without lumbar stricture.
Length of the three joints = 3 : 4 : 10, breadth = 4 : 10 : 15. Cephalis
subspherical, with a small conical horn of the same length. Pores regular,
circular, quincuncial, three to four times as large in the inflated abdomen
as in the truncate, conical thorax. Feet cylindrical, slightly divergent,
about as long as the abdomen, S-shaped, bent outwards, irregularly branched
in the distal half, with tuberculate terminal branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.15.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


6. _Thyrsocyrtis radicata_, Haeckel.

  _Podocyrtis radicata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xiii. fig. 5.

Shell campanulate-conical, with two distinct strictures, length of the
three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, with
a small conical horn of half the length. Pores regular, {1352}circular,
quincuncial, four to five times as broad in the inflated, rough abdomen as
in the campanulate, smooth thorax. Feet cylindrical, nearly as long as the
whole shell, S-shaped, bent outwards, dilated and hand-shaped at the distal
end, divided by three to five incisions in some irregular finger-like
branches.

_Dimensions_.--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08;
breadth _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


7. _Thyrsocyrtis trifida_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate-conical, thorny, with two slight strictures. Length of
the three joints = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 5. Cephalis subspherical,
with a short pyramidal horn of the same length. Pores regular, circular,
hexagonally framed, twice as broad in the inflated spiny abdomen as in the
rough, campanulate thorax. Feet very large, as long as the shell,
cylindrical in the proximal simple half, in the distal half broadened and
cleft into three large, irregularly lobed branches, two shorter lateral,
and one longer abaxial branch; the latter forms the prolongation of the
proximal half. The outer straight edges of the three diverging feet
correspond to the edges of a three-sided pyramid.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.15.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.



Genus 594. _Dictyopodium_,[211] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Theopilida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata aperta) with three
latticed terminal feet on the mouth of the abdomen, without lateral ribs or
wings. Apex with a horn.

The genus _Dictyopodium_ differs from the two preceding ancestral genera in
the fenestration of the three terminal feet, which in _Podocyrtis_ are
simple, in _Thyrsocyrtis_ branched, but not latticed.


1. _Dictyopodium eurylophus_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyopodium eurylophus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xix. fig. 4.

Shell campanulate-conical, thorny, with two deep strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with
a stout angular horn of twice the length, which at the apex is broadened
and divided into some spines. Pores in the hemispherical thorax and in the
truncate, conical abdomen of nearly equal size, small, subregular, circular
(in the {1353}abdomen sometimes more irregular and unequal). Feet as long
as the abdomen, arising from it with triangular base, diverging,
fenestrated throughout the entire length.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms; fossil in
Barbados.


2. _Dictyopodium oxylophus_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyopodium oxylophus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xix. fig. 5.

Shell subconical, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 5 : 7, breadth = 3 : 8 : 10. Cephalis subspherical, with a
small, conical, smooth horn of the same length. Pores irregular, polygonal,
roundish, slightly larger in the abdomen than in the thorax. Feet as long
as the thorax, arising from it with triangular base, diverging, fenestrated
throughout the entire length. (The figures of this and the preceding
species given by Ehrenberg are incomplete, having been drawn from spoiled
specimens. In perfect specimens all the three feet are present and diverge
in both species in the direction of the conical outline. The main
difference between the two species is connected with the pores, which in
_Dictyopodium oxylophus_ are larger and more irregular, the two strictures
are here not so deep.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Dictyopodium scaphopodium_, n. sp. (Pl. 73, fig. 8).

Shell campanulate, conical, with two deep strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 6, breadth = 1 : 4 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
conical, smooth horn of twice the length. Thorax hemispherical, rough, with
small, regular, circular pores. Abdomen inflated and papillate, with very
large, polygonal or roundish pores (eight to ten times as broad as the
thoracic pores). Feet divergent, nearly as long as the shell, S-shaped,
bent outwards, solid and cylindrical in the proximal half, shovel-shaped
and fenestrated in the distal half.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.16.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


4. _Dictyopodium cothurnatum_, Haeckel.

  _Podocyrtis cothurnata_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. B.
  21; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 82, Taf. xiv. fig. 1.

  _Anthocyrtis cothurnata_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 310.

Shell subconical, rough, with two deep strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
very large cylindrical, vertical horn, about as long as the whole shell.
Thorax conical, rough, with small, regular, circular pores. Abdomen
inflated, with very large, roundish pores (four to five in the course of
its length), six to eight times {1354}as large as the thoracic pores. Feet
nearly vertical, only slightly divergent, S-shaped, bent, as long as the
abdomen, cylindrical; at the distal end shovel-shaped and fenestrated
(often much more than in Ehrenberg's figure).

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.15.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Dictyopodium thyrsolophus_, n. sp. (Pl. 73, fig. 7).

Shell subconical, rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with an
elegant horn, which is half as long as the shell, spindle-shaped and scaly
on the distal third. Thorax hemispherical, with small, regular, circular
pores. Abdomen inflated, papillate, with regular, circular pores, three
times as large as the thoracic pores (five to six in the course of its
length). Feet slightly divergent, cylindrical, about as long as the shell,
shovel-shaped and fenestrated (with a prominent middle rib) at the distal
end.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.18.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. THEOPERIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.

_Definition._--#Podocyrtida# with the basal mouth of the shell fenestrated
(vel Tricyrtida triradiata clausa).



Genus 595. _Lithornithium_,[212] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Theoperida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata clausa) with three
solid lateral wings on the thorax.

The genus _Lithornithium_ has an ovate or spindle-shaped shell, with two
distinct strictures, and tapering towards both poles. The abdomen is
simple, whilst the cephalis bears an apical horn, and the thorax three
free, lateral, solid, divergent wings. It may be derived from _Pterocorys_
by development of a terminal lattice-plate closing the mouth.


1. _Lithornithium ciconia_, n. sp. (Pl. 67, fig. 3).

Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with a large
pyramidal spine of twice the length. Thorax three-sided pyramidal with
three pyramidal wings of the same length, the broad triangular bases of
which occupy the whole length of the thoracic edges. Abdomen inversely
ovate (in the {1355}figured specimen broken off, in another specimen, found
afterwards, completely closed at the distal end). Pores very small,
regular, circular, of equal size.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


2. _Lithornithium falco_, n. sp. (Pl. 67, fig. 1).

Shell nearly ovate, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical
spine of the same length. Thorax subspherical, with three conical wings of
half the length, little curved, arising with broad triangular base from the
upper half of the thorax. Abdomen inversely conical. Pores irregular,
roundish, of different sizes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Lithornithium trochilus_, n. sp. (Pl. 67, fig. 4).

Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with two deep strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 2. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
thin curved horn of the same length. Cephalis subovate, with three thin
curved wings of half the length, arising with broad base from its upper
half. Abdomen ovate. Pores subregular, circular, of slightly different
sizes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.04.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


4. _Lithornithium foveolatum_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lithornithium foveolatum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iv. fig. 7.

Shell subovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 4 : 3, breadth = 3 : 5 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a short
conical spine of the same length. Thorax subspherical, with three broad
triangular wings of half the length arising from its lower half. Abdomen
subconical. Pores small, regular, circular, of nearly equal size.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.04.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Lithornithium fringilla_, n. sp. (Pl. 67, fig. 2).

Shell ovate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints =
4 : 7 : 4, breadth = 3 : 7 : 5. Cephalis ovate, with a pyramidal spine of
the same length  Thorax subconical, with three stout {1356}conical, curved
wings of half the length, arising from its lower third (immediately above
the girdle). Abdomen inversely campanulate. Pores subregular, circular, of
equal size.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


6. _Lithornithium hirundo_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lithocampe hirundo_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 65.

  _Lithornithium hirundo_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xix. fig. 53.

Shell nearly ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 6 : 4, breadth = 2 : 7 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, with an oblique,
conical horn of twice the length. Thorax hemispherical, with three long,
angular, little divergent wings of twice the length, which are S-shaped,
curved, and arise from its lower third, immediately above the girdle.
Abdomen inversely conical. Pores irregular, roundish, of different sizes.
In the figure of Ehrenberg the abdomen is broken off; in a specimen from
Caltanisetta, with somewhat shorter and broader wings, I found it complete.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of the Mediterranean (Aegina, Greece;
Caltanisetta, Sicily).



Genus 596. _Sethornithium_,[213] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.

_Definition._--#Theoperida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata clausa) with three
latticed lateral wings on the thorax.

The genus _Sethornithium_ differs from the preceding _Lithornithium_, its
ancestral form, only in the fenestration of the three thoracic wings, and
bears therefore to it the same relation that _Dictyoceras_ exhibits to
_Pterocorys_.


1. _Sethornithium dictyopterum_, n. sp. Pl. 68, fig. 14.

Shell ovate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 4 : 3, breadth = 1 : 5 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a pyramidal horn of
twice the length. From the middle part of the thorax arise three broad,
triangular, latticed wings of about the same length, the distal end of each
of which is curved downwards. Abdomen inversely conical. Pores regular,
circular. (Similar to _Lithornithium fringilla_, Pl. 67, fig. 2, but with
much larger wings, which in the greater part are fenestrated.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



{1357}Genus 597. _Theopera_,[214] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.

_Definition._--#Theoperida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata clausa) with three
lateral wings, beginning from the sides of the thorax and prolonged into
the sides of the abdomen.

The genus _Theopera_ differs from the two preceding genera in the greater
extension of the three lateral wings, which are prolonged from their
original base, the thorax, into the inversely conical abdomen. It has
therefore an intermediate position between the preceding and the following
genera. It differs from the similar _Pterocanium_ and _Theopodium_ in the
closure of the constricted and fenestrated mouth.


1. _Theopera prismatica_, n. sp. (Pl. 67, fig. 7).

  _Rhopalocanium prismaticum_, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, pl. lxvii. fig. 7.

Shell three-sided prismatic, with three broad and long hyaline wings, which
are prolonged from the collar stricture almost to the basal end, with three
parallel edges. Length of the three joints = 2 : 8 : 10, breadth =
3 : 9 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same length.
Thorax subspherical; abdomen inversely ovate; pores of both small, regular,
circular, of equal size.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332. depth 2200 fathoms.


2. _Theopera pyramis_, Haeckel.

  _Rhopalocanium_ sp., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xvii. fig.
  8.

Shell three-sided pyramidal, with three broad and long hyaline wings, which
are prolonged from the collar stricture almost to the basal end, with three
diverging edges. Length of the three joints = 3 : 8 : 11, breadth =
4 : 8 : 9. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of the same length.
Thorax hemispherical; abdomen inversely campanulate. Pores in the abdomen
twice to three times as broad as in the thorax, subregular, circular.
Differs from the preceding species mainly in the broader pyramidal form and
the divergence of the wings.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.11;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Theopera fusiformis_ (Pl. 67, fig. 5).

Shell nearly spindle-shaped, rough, with two slight strictures. Length of
the three joints = 2 : 3 : 6, breadth = 2 : 5 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical,
large, with an oblique conical horn of the same length. Thorax
hemispherical; abdomen inversely conical. Pores irregular, roundish, of
very {1358}different sizes. Three wings short, broad, diverging,
triangular, and striated, embracing at the base the lumbar stricture, the
lower third of the thorax and the upper third of the abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.045, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


4. _Theopera luscinia_, Haeckel.

  _Lithornithium luscinia_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 78, Taf. iv. fig. 9.

Shell slenderly ovate, with distinct collar, but indistinct lumbar
strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 6, breadth = 1 : 5 : 5.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender cylindrical horn of three times the
length, bearing a spindle-shaped spinulate top (like a fir-cone). Pores
subregular, circular, twice as broad in the abdomen as in the thorax. Three
wings arising with broad triangular base, embracing the lower third of the
thorax and the upper third of the abdomen, prolonged into three slender
diverging spines, as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Theopera chytropus_, n. sp. (Pl. 67, fig. 6).

Shell slender, ovate, with distinct collar, but indistinct lumbar
stricture. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 5, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Pores in
the thorax and abdomen of similar shape, irregular, roundish. Three wings
with broad triangular base attached at the upper half of the shell, in the
lower half free, diverging, with a spinulate knob at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.15;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.


6. _Theopera cortina_, n. sp. (Pl. 67, fig. 8).

Shell slender, ovate, with distinct collar, but indistinct lumbar
stricture. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 6, breadth 1 : 4 : 4.
Cephalis subspherical, with an elegant pyramidal horn of three times the
length, bearing an ovate, spinulate knob. Pores subregular, circular, two
or three times as large in the abdomen as in the thorax. The three wings
are slightly elevated small ribs on the thorax, arise with broad,
triangular, striated bases in the upper half of the abdomen, and are
prolonged into three slender diverging feet, which are as long as the
shell, and bear a spinulate, ovate knob at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.13;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.



{1359}Genus 598. _Rhopalocanium_,[215] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k.
preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Theoperida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata clausa) with three
lateral wings on the sides of the inversely conical abdomen, which bears no
vertical terminal horn on the basal apex.

The genus _Rhopalocanium_, and the closely allied _Rhopalatractus_ which
follows, differ from the preceding _Theopera_, their probable ancestral
form, in the origin of the three lateral wings from the inversely conical
abdomen, the thorax bearing no wings. The upper part of the wing bases,
which arose formerly from the thorax, is here reduced and lost.


1. _Rhopalocanium lasanum_, n. sp. (Pl. 67, fig. 10).

Shell subovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical,
dimpled horn of twice the length. Thorax subconical, abdomen campanulate,
both with irregular, circular pores. Three wings cylindrical, divergent,
about as long as the shell, striated, with an ovate, dimpled knob at the
distal end, their broad triangular base being attached to the upper half of
the abdomen. (Form rather variable.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 268, depth 2650 to 3000
fathoms.


2. _Rhopalocanium ornatum_, Ehrenberg.

  _Rhopalocanium ornatum_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 9;
  Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 82, Taf. xvii. fig. 8.

Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with two distinct strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 3 : 6, breadth = 1 : 4 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with
a stout, cylindrical horn of twice the length, bearing a dimpled cone.
Thorax ovate, campanulate. Abdomen inversely conical. Pores subregular,
circular, twice as large in the thorax as in the abdomen. Three wings
compressed, slender, divergent, slightly longer than the abdomen, bearing
an ovate, dimpled cone at their distal end, with the broad, triangular,
striated base attached to the upper third of the abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Rhopalocanium cortinium_, n. sp.

Shell slender, ovate, nearly of the same form as, and with similar
fenestration to that of _Theopera cortina_, (Pl. 67, fig. 8). It differs
from the latter mainly by the absence of the three thoracic ribs,
characteristic of _Theopera_. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 6,
breadth = 1 : 4 : 4. The {1360}three wings arise by a broad, triangular,
striated base from the upper half of the abdomen, below the lumbar
stricture. The cephalic horn and the three divergent wings are shorter, and
at the distal end not so much thickened as in _Theopera cortina_.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.045, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


4. _Rhopalocanium pythia_, n. sp.

  _Rhopalocanium ornatum_, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. vi.
  fig. 1.

Shell nearly ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 4 : 8, breadth = 1 : 4 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn
of three times the length. Thorax inflated, abdomen inversely campanulate
and prolonged into a short, conical, latticed tube. Pores subregular,
circular. Three wings slender, as long as the abdomen, arising by a broader
base from the uppermost part of the abdomen, their thickened end being
curved inwards.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.15;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Rhopalocanium delphicum_, n. sp. (Pl. 67, fig. 9).

Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with two deep strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
slender, conical, curved horn, as long as the hemispherical thorax. Abdomen
inversely campanulate, prolonged into a short, conical, latticed tube.
Pores subregular, circular. Three wings arising by a narrow base from the
uppermost part of the abdomen, slender, cylindrical, S-shaped, curved,
divergent, with a thick scaly appendix like a fir-cone at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.14;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



Genus 599. _Rhopalatractus_,[216] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.

_Definition._--#Theoperida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata clausa) with three
lateral wings on the sides of the inversely conical abdomen, which bears a
vertical terminal horn on the basal apex.

The genus _Rhopalatractus_, one of the most remarkable forms of Tricyrtida,
differs from the preceding _Rhopalocanium_, its ancestral form, in the
production of a vertical, basal horn, which descends from the basal apex of
the inversely conical abdomen, and is opposed to the upper apical horn of
the cephalis. The shell becomes here, therefore, exquisitely
spindle-shaped.


{1361}1. _Rhopalatractus pentacanthus_, n. sp. (Pl. 68, fig. 11).

Shell very thick-walled, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 6 : 8, breadth = 1 : 6 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with
conical cavity, and a conical horn of twice the length. Thorax
subspherical, separated from the abdomen by a deep lumbar stricture, with
small, regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen three-sided
prismatic, with three strong, prominent, wing-shaped edges, which are
slightly divergent towards the base, and prolonged into three pyramidal
feet about as long as the thorax. Pores of the abdomen disposed in
longitudinal rows, which are separated by denticulate crests. Abdominal
base inversely pyramidal, and prolonged into a very large, cylindrical,
basal, axial spine, nearly as long as the whole shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.15;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.11, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Rhopalatractus foveolatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 68, fig. 10).

Shell slenderly ovate, thick-walled, with rough, dimpled surface. Length of
the three joints = 1 : 3 : 5, breadth = 2 : 4 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical,
with spherical cavity, and a thick, conical spine of the same length.
Thorax subspherical, with subregular, circular pores. Abdomen inversely
conical, with larger, irregular, roundish pores, prolonged at the distal
end into a cylindrical, axial, basal spine of about half its length. From
the middle part of the abdomen arise three lateral, conical feet, which are
slightly curved and divergent downwardly, scarcely as long as the basal
spine. All five spines are dimpled.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.1;
breadth _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Rhopalatractus fusiformis_, n. sp.

Shell slender, spindle-shaped, nearly of the same form as in the preceding
species. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 6, breadth = 1 : 2 : 2.
Cephalis subspherical, with a cylindrical horn three times the length.
Pores subregular, circular, of equal breadth in the thorax and in the
abdomen, which is prolonged into a cylindrical, axial, basal spine of the
same length. From the upper third of the abdomen arise, from a broad
triangular base, three conical wings of half the length, divergent and
slightly curved inwards.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.15;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.


4. _Rhopalatractus fenestratus_, n. sp. (Pl. 68, fig. 12).

  _Dictyatractus fenestratus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.

Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with two distinct strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 3 : 6, breadth = 1 : 4 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with
a large, club-shaped horn, nearly as long as the abdomen, sulcated by
longitudinal ribs, which are elegantly denticulate in the distal half.
Thorax {1362}subspherical. Abdomen subovate, prolonged into a pyramidal,
axial, basal spine, half as long as the thorax. Pores subregular, circular.
From the upper half of the abdomen arise three stout, lateral, diverged
wings of about the same length, which are curved inwards and fenestrated
both at the broad triangular base and at the thickened, three-edged distal
end.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 600. _Lithochytris_,[217] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Theoperida# (vel Tricyrtida triradiata clausa) with a
three-sided pyramidal abdomen, the triangular base of which is prolonged at
the three corners into three terminal feet.

The genus _Lithochytris_ differs from all the other Theoperida in the
absence of lateral wings and the possession of three divergent, terminal
feet, which arise from the three corners of the three-sided pyramidal
abdomen. It repeats, therefore, among the Tricyrtida, that characteristic
formation which _Sethochytris_ and _Tetrahedrina_ represent among the
Dicyrtida. Some species may be derived from _Pterocanium_, other species
from _Podocyrtis_, by the development of a lattice-plate closing the
terminal mouth.



Subgenus 1. _Lithochytrodes_, Haeckel.

Three feet of the abdomen solid, not fenestrated, representing external
apophyses of the triangular shell-base.


1. _Lithochytris cortina_, n. sp. (Pl. 67, fig. 12).

Shell three-sided pyramidal, without external strictures, but with two
internal girdles. Length of the three joints = 2 : 2 : 5, breadth =
3 : 4 : 6. Cephalis large, truncate-pyramidal, with nine deep divergent
ribs (and nine longitudinal rows of pores between them), and with a stout
pyramidal horn of half the length. The three prominent edges of the thorax
and abdomen are prolonged over the base of the pyramid into three very
stout, solid, subovate feet, about as long as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.06, _b_ 0.08, a 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Lithochytris pyriformis_, n. sp. (Pl. 67, fig. 13).

Shell pyramidal, nearly pear-shaped, with two distinct strictures. Length
of the three joints = 1 : 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 3. Cephalis large,
pear-shaped, with a short pyramidal horn of half the {1363}length. Thorax
and abdomen rounded, without prominent edges. Three basal feet pyramidal,
solid, nearly vertical, as long as the thorax. Pores irregular, roundish,
in the abdomen large, twice to three times as broad as in the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


3. _Lithochytris tripodium_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lithochytris tripodium_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 76, Taf. iv. fig. 11.

Shell pyramidal, nearly pear-shaped, with two distinct strictures. Length
of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 2 : 5. Cephalis with a horn
of the same length, conical. Thorax and abdomen rounded, without prominent
edges. Three basal feet conical, solid, strongly divergent, shorter than
the thorax. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad in the abdomen as in
the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Lithochytridium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Three feet of the abdomen hollow and fenestrated,
representing direct protuberances or corner prolongations of the triangular
shell-base.


4. _Lithochytris galeata_, n. sp. (Pl. 67, fig. 16).

Shell pyramidal, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 2 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique
pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax somewhat larger. Abdomen
inflated, with three sharp, prominent edges, which are prolonged over the
shell-base into three pyramidal, hollow, and fenestrated feet, longer than
the thorax. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad in the abdomen as in
the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.025, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


5. _Lithochytris pileata_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lithochytris pileata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 76, Taf. v. fig. 3.

Shell three-sided pyramidal, with deep collar, but indistinct lumbar
stricture. Length of the three joints = 2 : 2 : 9, breadth = 3 : 5 : 10.
Cephalis with a conical horn of the same length, pear-shaped. Thorax very
short and broad. Abdomen inflated, with three sharp, prominent edges, which
{1364}are prolonged over the shell-base into three pyramidal, hollow and
fenestrated feet, the lower edge of which is horizontal. Pores regular,
circular, of equal size in the thorax and abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


6. _Lithochytris lucerna_, n. sp. (Pl. 67, fig. 14).

Shell three-sided pyramidal, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 2 : 5, breadth = 2 : 3 : 8. Cephalis small, with a horn
of the same length, conical. Thorax with subspherical cavity. Abdomen with
three rounded, prominent edges, which are prolonged over the shell-base
into three conical, hollow, and fenestrated feet, twice as long as the
thorax, with a thick, pyramidal, terminal spine. Pores subregular,
circular, of equal size in the thorax and abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.16.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.


7. _Lithochytris lanterna_, n. sp. (Pl. 67, fig. 11).

Shell three-sided pyramidal, with two distinct strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 6. Cephalis small, with a
pyramidal slender horn of twice the length. Thorax with subspherical
cavity. Abdomen with three sharp prominent edges, which are prolonged over
the convex shell-base into three slender, prismatic, hollow, fenestrated
feet, strongly divergent, twice as long as the thorax (seen in fig. 11 from
the vaulted base). Pores circular, twice as broad in the abdomen as in the
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


8. _Lithochytris pyramidalis_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lithochytris pyramidalis_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 76, Taf. v. fig. 1.

Shell three-sided pyramidal, without external strictures, but with two
internal transverse girdles. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 6,
breadth = 2 : 4 : 8. Cephalis with a short horn of half the length,
conical. Cavity of the thorax subspherical. Abdomen with three rounded
edges, prolonged over the concave base into three pyramidal, hollow, and
fenestrated feet, twice as long as the thorax. Pores large, irregular,
roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.16.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms; fossil in Barbados.


9. _Lithochytris pteropus_, n. sp. (Pl. 67, fig. 15).

Shell three-sided pyramidal, with two indistinct strictures, but with two
broad, internal girdles. Length of the three joints = 2 : 2 : 6, breadth =
2 : 3 : 9. Cephalis with a small horn of half the {1365}length,
pear-shaped. Thorax broader than long. Abdomen with three prominent,
rounded edges, prolonged over the concave base into three conical, hollow,
and fenestrated feet, twice as long as the thorax. Pores small, circular,
irregular, in longitudinal series along the edges.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.18.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


10. _Lithochytris vespertilio_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lithochytris vespertilio_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 76, Taf. iv. fig. 10.

Shell three-sided pyramidal, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 2 : 5, breadth = 2 : 3 : 10. Cephalis with a short horn
of half the length, conical. Thorax inflated. Abdomen without prominent
edges, divided in the lower half into three large, conical, hollow, and
fenestrated feet, twice as long as the thorax. Pores small, irregular,
roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.2.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Family LXVI. #PHORMOCYRTIDA#, n. fam.

  _Theophormida et Theophaenida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 436, 437.

_Definition._--#Tricyrtida# multiradiata. (#Cyrtoidea# with a three-jointed
shell, divided by two transverse constrictions into cephalis, thorax, and
abdomen, with numerous, four to nine or more, radial apophyses.)

The family #Phormocyrtida#, composed of the Theophormida and Theophaenida
of my Prodromus, comprises those #Cyrtoidea# in which the lattice-shell is
three-jointed, and bears numerous radial appendages (usually six or nine,
sometimes more, rarely less, four or five). The two subfamilies differ in
the shape of the terminal mouth, which is in the Theophormida a simple wide
opening, in the Theophaenida closed by a lattice-plate. The phylogenetic
origin of the Phormocyrtida may be found either in the Podocyrtida or in
the Anthocyrtida; they may be derived either from the former by
interpolation of interradial, secondary apophyses between the three primary
perradial apophyses; or from the latter by development of an abdomen.

The radial apophyses are originally radial ribs, which arise from the base
of the cephalis on the collar stricture, run along the thorax and abdomen,
and are often prolonged into terminal feet. Whilst in some forms the radial
ribs are completely preserved in both joints, they are in other forms only
partly visible (in the abdomen), and very often only their free terminal
prolongations are preserved in the form of a corona of feet around the
mouth of the thorax. This corona is either simple or double. Sometimes also
a corona is developed on the lumbar stricture, between the thorax and
abdomen.

{1366}These apophyses exhibit a remarkable variety in the great subfamily
Theophormida, with open mouth. In the small subfamily Theophaenida,
however, the apophyses appear as six or nine simple lateral wings on the
abdomen.

The Theophormida are richly represented not only in the present seas, but
also as fossils in Barbados, and numerous remarkable forms have been
already described by Ehrenberg, in his genera _Calocyclas_ and
_Cycladophora_. Many Phormocyrtida belong to the most elegant and admirable
forms of Radiolaria.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Phormocyrtida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Theophormida.
     Terminal mouth of the abdomen a simple wide opening.
                            --------------------
     Radial ribs enclosed in the wall of the shell, either the thorax
        or the abdomen.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                   { Abdomen flat, dilated, with
                   {  a wide open mouth,           601. _Theophormis_.
  Radial ribs in   {
   the thorax and  {
   the abdomen.    { Abdomen ovate or cylindrical,
                   {  with constricted
                   {  mouth,                       602. _Phormocyrtis_

                   { Peristome with free terminal
  Radial ribs in   {  feet,                        603. _Alacorys_.
   the abdomen     {
   only.           { Peristome smooth, without
                   {  free feet,                   604. _Cycladophora_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  No radial ribs in the shell wall. Peristome with a corona of
     terminal feet.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                   { Abdomen cylindrical or
  Terminal         {  ovate, not dilated,          605. _Calocyclas_.
   corona simple.  {
                   { Abdomen dilated, truncate,
                   {  conical or discoidal,        606. _Clathrocyclas_.

                   { Both coronas terminal,        607. _Lamprocyclas_.
   Corona of feet  {
      double.      { One corona, terminal, the
                   {  other lumbar,                608. _Diplocyclas_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Theophaenida.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Terminal mouth of the  { Six lateral wings,      609. _Hexalatractus_.
   abdomen closed by a   {
   lattice-plate.        { Nine Lateral wings,     610. _Theophaena_.



Subfamily 1. THEOPHORMIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.

_Definition._--#Phormocyrtida# with the basal mouth of the shell open (vel
Tricyrtida multiradiata aperta).



Genus 601. _Theophormis_,[218] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.

_Definition._--#Theophormida# (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
numerous radial ribs enclosed in the wall of the thorax and of the flat
dilated abdomen; mouth of the latter wide open.

{1367}The genus _Theophormis_ commences the series of the Theophormida, or
the multiradiate Podocyrtida, as their oldest and simplest form. The
three-jointed shell is flat, campanulate or hat-shaped, and pierced by four
or more radial ribs, four of which are primary or perradial, the others
secondary or interradial. _Theophormis_ may be derived from the similar
_Sethophormis_ by development of a lumbar constriction, and a third joint
or abdomen.


1. _Theophormis callipilium_, n. sp. (Pl. 70, figs. 1-3).

Shell flat, hat-shaped, with two sharp annular strictures. Cephalis large,
flatly cap-shaped, with small, irregular, square meshes (fig. 3). The
collar septum (fig. 2) is composed (as in the following species) of four
crossed, thin, horizontal beams, each of which is inserted at the collar
stricture by a three forked branch. From the centre of the collar stricture
(in the common nodal point of the four beams) there arises a vertical,
axial rod, which is inserted at the flat top of the cephalis by five
branches (one central and four lateral). Length of the three joints =
1 : 3 : 2, breadth = 2 : 6 : 11. Thorax flat, campanulate, with four
primary perradial ribs (prolongations of the four cortinar beams), and
numerous (twenty to thirty) interpolated secondary ribs; four of these are
in interradial (midway between the four primary ribs), and bisect the four
large, semicircular, perradial meshes at the base of the thorax. Network of
the thorax and abdomen subregular, with hexagonal meshes and thin bars.
Abdomen flatly expanded, somewhat curved, like the brim of a hat, half as
broad in the anterior (frontal) part as in the posterior (occipital) part,
which is about as broad as the radius of the thorax. The twenty to thirty
radial ribs of the abdomen are prolongations of the thoracic ribs, and are
somewhat prominent at the margin of the peristome, which appears therefore
elegantly indented.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02 to 0.03, _b_ 0.06 to
0.08, _c_ 0.03 to 0.06; breadth, _a_ 0.05 to 0.08, _b_ 0.2 to 0.3, _c_ 0.4
to 0.5.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.


2. _Theophormis medusa_, n. sp.

Shell flatly campanulate, with two distinct, annular strictures. Length of
the three joints = 1 : 2 : 1, breadth = 2 : 5 : 8. Cephalis large,
hemispherical. Thorax flatly conical, with four crossed ribs, opposite in
pairs in two meridional planes, perpendicular one to another, and prolonged
into the flat, nearly discoidal abdomen, which is half as broad as the
thorax. The wall of the abdomen is pierced by eight radial ribs; four
secondary ribs being interpolated between the four primary. Network of the
entire shell very delicate, with regular, hexagonal meshes, and very thin
bars. Peristome circular, not dentate.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.06, _b_ 0.16, _c_ 0.24.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.


3. _Theophormis cruciata_, n. sp.

Shell flat, campanulate, with two distinct annular strictures. Cephalis
flat, cap-shaped, with irregular, square meshes. Thorax flat, conical, with
hexagonal meshes. Abdomen flatly expanded, {1368}of half the breadth, with
larger hexagonal meshes. Thorax and abdomen pierced by four stout radial
ribs, lying opposite in pairs in two diameters, perpendicular one to
another. No secondary or interradial ribs are interpolated between the four
primary. Mouth truncate, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.18, _c_ 0.25.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.


4. _Theophormis senaria_, n. sp.

Shell flat, hat-shaped, similar to _Theophormis callipilium_ (Pl. 70, figs.
1-3), but with a different number and arrangement of the piercing radial
ribs. The cephalis and its collar septum exhibit the same formation as in
_Sethophormis hexalactis_, described above (p. 1245, Pl. 56, fig. 6.) The
caudal and sternal ribs, which are opposed in the sagittal plane, are
simple, whilst the two lateral ribs are forked. In the flat abdomen there
are six secondary or interradial ribs, interpolated between the six primary
or perradial ribs of the thorax. Delicate network with regular, hexagonal
meshes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.035, _b_ 0.075, _c_ 0.025;
breadth, _a_ 0.07, _b_ 0.2, _c_ 0.3.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.



Genus 602. _Phormocyrtis_,[219] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Theophormida# (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
numerous radial ribs enclosed in the wall of the thorax, and of the ovate
or cylindrical abdomen; mouth of the latter constricted.

The genus _Phormocyrtis_ differs from the preceding _Theophormis_ in the
ovate or cylindrical form of the abdomen, the mouth of which is more or
less constricted. The former exhibits, therefore, the same relation to the
latter that _Sethamphora_ bears to _Sethophormis_ among the Dicyrtida.
_Phormocyrtis_ may be derived directly either from _Sethamphora_ by
development of an abdomen, or from _Pterocorys_ or _Theopilium_ by
multiplication of the three radial ribs.


1. _Phormocyrtis carinata_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout
pyramidal horn of twice the length, and few very small pores. Pores in the
campanulate thorax and the inflated abdomen regular, circular, small, and
numerous. Six stout prominent ribs, beginning from the collar stricture,
arise along the thorax and abdomen, and reach the constricted mouth, which
is half as broad as the abdomen. (This species is very similar to
_Pterocorys carinata_, from which it differs in the six complete radial
ribs of the shell-wall.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


{1369}2. _Phormocyrtis fastosa_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium fastosum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 291, Taf. ix. fig. 19.

Shell ovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 3 : 3, breadth = 1 : 5 : 6. Cephalis ovate, with a stout pyramidal horn
of the same length, and numerous rather large pores. Pores in the
campanulate thorax and the inflated abdomen much smaller, very numerous,
regular, hexagonal. Along these two joints arise nine delicate, divergent
ribs; these extend almost to the wide mouth, which is slightly constricted.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Zanzibar), depth 2200 fathoms, Pullen.


3. _Phormocyrtis costata_, n. sp. (Pl. 69, fig. 6).

Shell smooth, with sharp collar, but indistinct lumbar stricture. Length of
the three joints = 2 : 5 : 5, breadth = 2 : 6 : 6. Cephalis conical, with a
stout pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax and abdomen together
nearly cylindrical, constricted towards both poles, with thirty to forty
longitudinal ribs, which are nearly parallel, vertical in the middle part,
and convergent towards both poles; alternate with the same number of
longitudinal rows of regular, circular pores. Mouth with a broad, hyaline,
only slightly constricted peristome.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


4. _Phormocyrtis embolum_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium embolum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 5.

Shell smooth, with sharp collar, but indistinct lumbar stricture. Length of
the three joints = 3 : 7 : 10, breadth = 3 : 9 : 7. Cephalis subspherical,
with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate; abdomen
inversely truncate, conical; both with sixteen to twenty longitudinal ribs,
and alternate longitudinal rows of small circular pores, converging towards
the two poles. Mouth truncate, with broad hyaline peristome.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms; fossil in Barbados.


5. _Phormocyrtis quadrata_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, papillate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 3 : 13, breadth = 4 : 6 : 11. Cephalis hemispherical, small,
with two divergent, pyramidal horns of twice the length. Along the
hemispherical thorax and the ovate inflated abdomen run twenty-four to
thirty curved ribs, converging towards the two poles, and alternate with
the same number of {1370}longitudinal rows of circular, regular pores,
disposed in ten to twelve transverse rows. Each pore with a square,
elevated frame. Mouth constricted, only one-third as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.13;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.11.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.


6. _Phormocyrtis longicornis_, n. sp. (Pl. 69, fig. 15).

  _Theocorys longicornis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas, _loc. cit._

Shell slender, ovate, rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the
three joints = 3 : 8 : 12, breadth = 4 : 10 : 11. Cephalis hemispherical,
with a very large, cylindrical horn, about as long as the shell. Thorax
hemispherical, with regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen
subcylindrical, with twenty to twenty-four nearly parallel undulate ribs,
and alternate longitudinal rows of regular, circular pores. Mouth
constricted, circular, about half as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.11.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.



Genus 603. _Alacorys_,[220] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.

_Definition._--#Theophormida# (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
numerous radial ribs in the abdomen, which are prolonged over the mouth
into free feet.

The genus _Alacorys_ and the following _Cycladophora_ differ from the
preceding two genera in the formation of the radial ribs, which arise from
the lumbar stricture, and lie in the wall of the abdomen, but are absent on
the thorax. The shell is usually large, more or less pyramidal or conical,
with a wide open terminal mouth. The latter is in _Cycladophora_ simply
truncate, whilst in _Alacorys_ it is surrounded by from four to twelve or
more terminal feet, prolongations of the abdominal ribs. According to the
different number of these (four, five, six, or more) some subgenera may be
distinguished, as _Tetralacorys_, _Pentalacorys_, _Hexalacorys_, &c.



Subgenus 1. _Tetralacorys_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.

_Definition._--Peristome armed with four feet, opposite in two meridian
planes, which are perpendicular to one another.


1. _Alacorys lutheri_, n. sp. (Pl. 65, fig. 4).

Shell papillate, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the three joints
= 3 : 6 : 6, breadth = 3 : 8 : 10. Cephalis subspherical, with a pyramidal
horn of the same length. Thorax tuberculate, {1371}nearly hemispherical,
with circular pores of very different sizes. From the margin of its wide
open mouth descend four stout perradial ribs, which are forked at the
distal end, and by communication of their fork-branches form the four
large, pentagonal holes of the abdomen. From the middle of the lower margin
of the holes descend four parallel, vertical, slender feet, about as long
as the shell. This species is dedicated to the memory of the great
Reformer, Martin Luther.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


2. _Alacorys tetracantha_, Haeckel.

  _Podocyrtis tetracantha_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xiii. fig. 2.

  ? _Podocyrtis parvipes_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xiv. fig. 5.

Shell rough, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the three joints =
1 : 3 : 5, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, with a rudimentary
conical horn. Thorax campanulate, with irregular, roundish pores of
different sizes. Abdomen inflated, with a small number of very large
irregular holes, intermingled with smaller roundish holes. From the margin
of the wide open mouth descend, nearly vertically, four strong vertical
feet, which are about as long as the shell, and slightly curved, with
convex outlines. _Podocyrtis parvipes_ of Ehrenberg seems to be only a
mutilated specimen of this species.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.13.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Pentalacorys_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.

_Definition._--Peristome armed with five feet, one of which is odd and
occipital, the other four paired and lateral.


3. _Alacorys pentacantha_, Haeckel.

  _Podocyrtis pentacantha_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xvii. fig. 1.

Shell rough, with  slight collar stricture. Length of the three joints =
1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, with a rudimentary
conical horn. Thorax campanulate, with subregular, circular, quincuncial
pores. Abdomen wider, campanulate, with a small number of very large and
irregular, roundish holes. From the peristome descend five stout conical
feet, which are slightly curved and divergent, nearly as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.11.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1372}4. _Alacorys bismarckii_, n. sp. (Pl. 65, fig. 3).

Shell spiny, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the three joints =
1 : 4 : 5, breadth = 2 : 7 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, with a very stout,
dimpled, conical horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate, spiny, with
regular, circular pores. Abdomen wider, campanulate, with larger conical
spines, and a small number of irregular, roundish, very large holes. From
the peristome descend, nearly vertically, five very large cylindrical feet,
nearly twice as long as the shell; they are S-shaped, curved, spinulate in
the distal half, and armed at the proximal base with two stout conical
spines, the smaller of which is directed inwards, the larger curved
upwards. Dedicated to Prince Otto von Bismarck, the Reconstructor of the
German Empire.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.14, _c_ 0.2.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific (north of New Guinea), Station 220,
depth 1100 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Hexalacorys_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.

_Definition._--Peristome armed with six feet, three of which are primary or
perradial (Podocyrtis), the three other alternate, secondary or
interradial.


5. _Alacorys friderici_, n. sp. (Pl. 65, fig. 1).

Shell conical, rough, with sharp collar stricture. Cephalis subspherical,
with a large, oblique, prismatic horn, twice the length. Thorax
campanulate, with regular, circular pores (six to eight in its length).
Abdomen wider, campanulate, with a small number of very large pores (three
to four in the course of its length). Peristome with six very large
divergent feet, which are about as long as the shell, cylindrical,
irregularly curved. The specimen figured was observed living, with expanded
pseudopodia. The central capsule exhibited four large pear-shaped lobes,
filling up the shell-cavity; each contained an oil-globule in the thoracic
part. The undivided cephalic part of the capsule enclosed a nucleus, from
which four lobes protruded through the four collar pores into the thorax.
Dedicated to Frederick the Great, the Royal Philosopher of Potsdam.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Canary Islands, Lanzerote (Haeckel), surface.


6. _Alacorys guilelmi_, n. sp. (Pl. 65, fig. 2).

Shell thorny, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the three joints =
1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 2 : 5 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with a rudimentary
conical horn. Thorax hemispherical, spiny, with regular, circular pores.
Abdomen wider, campanulate, papillate, with a small number of very large
circular holes. Peristome with six diverging feet, which are about as long
as the shell, at the base conical, thickened, and at the distal end curved
inwards, with a spinulate knob. Dedicated to the German Emperor, Wilhelm.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.16.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.


{1373}7. _Alacorys hexacantha_, n. sp.

Shell thorny, with slight collar stricture. Length of the three joints =
2 : 5 : 7, breadth = 4 : 10 : 14. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, with a
rudimentary conical horn. Thorax campanulate, with regular, circular pores.
Abdomen wider, campanulate, with a small number of very large polygonal
pores. Peristome with six large divergent feet, which are longer than the
shell, cylindrical, and slightly curved, in the proximal half convex, in
the distal half concave.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


8. _Alacorys hexapleura_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the three joints =
2 : 10 : 8, breadth = 3 : 11 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, large, hyaline,
and thick-walled, with a very stout, conical horn of the same length.
Thorax pear-shaped, with numerous, regular, circular pores and conical
spines, the size of which increases gradually towards the deep, lumbar
stricture. Abdomen truncate, conical, with irregular, roundish pores, and
six very strong, straight, divergent ribs, prolonged into six short,
conical feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.2, _c_ 0.16;
breadth, _a_ 0.06, _b_ 0.22, _c_ 0.2.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 4. _Octalacorys_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Peristome armed with eight feet, four of which are primary
or perradial (corresponding to those of _Tetralacorys_), the other four
alternate, secondary, or interradial.


9. _Alacorys aculeata_, Haeckel.

  _Podocyrtis aculeata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xiii. fig. 3.

  _Podocyrtis aculeata_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. p. 540, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 34.

Shell spiny, with deep collar stricture. Length of the three joints =
2 : 5 : 8, breadth = 2 : 7 : 10. Cephalis subspherical, with a slender,
conical horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate, thorny, with regular,
circular pores. Abdomen wider, campanulate, with a small number of very
large, regular, hexagonal meshes, and stout spines in the nodal points.
Peristome with eight strong conical feet, which are nearly parallel, little
curved (convex at the outside), and sometimes all of the same size (equal
to the length of the shell); at other times different, four larger
alternating with four smaller feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1374}10. _Alacorys octacantha_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, with deep collar stricture. Length of the three joints =
2 : 8 : 6, breadth = 3 : 7 : 7. Cephalis ovate, with a short, conical horn.
Thorax pear-shaped, spiny, with regular, circular pores, similar to
_Cycladophora erinaceus_, Ehrenberg (1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xviii. fig. 2). Abdomen truncate, conical, with
irregular, roundish pores, and eight stout, straight, thorny, divergent
ribs of equal size, which are prolonged into eight free, conical, spiny
feet of the same length.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.16. _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.06, _b_ 0.14, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.



Subgenus 5. _Ennealacorys_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Peristome armed with nine feet, three of which are primary
or perradial, the other six secondary or interradial.


11. _Alacorys enneacantha_, n. sp.

Shell papillate, with slight collar stricture. Length of the three joints =
2 : 4 : 8, breadth = 3 : 6 : 9. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout,
conical horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate, with subregular,
circular pores, and small, conical papillae. Thorax wider, campanulate,
with circular pores, and conical papillae of three times the size.
Peristome with nine widely divergent, little curved, conical feet, about as
long as the shell. Similar to _Podocyrtis ventricosa_, Ehrenberg (1875,
_loc. cit._, Taf. xvi. fig. 3), different mainly in the feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


12. _Alacorys gigas_, n. sp.

Shell thorny, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the three joints =
1 : 4 : 2, breadth = 1 : 5 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a short, conical horn
of about half the length. Thorax campanulate, thorny, with small, regular,
circular pores, very similar to _Cycladophora gigas_, Ehrenberg (_loc.
cit._, 1875, p. 68, Taf. xviii. fig. 1). Abdomen truncate, conical, smooth,
with irregular, roundish pores, and nine stout and straight, little
divergent ribs, which are prolonged into nine cylindrical, pointed feet of
the same length.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.2, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.25, _c_ 0.2.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 6. _Polyalacorys_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Peristome with numerous (ten to twenty or more) prominent
feet, three or four of which are primary and perradial, the others
secondary and interradial.


{1375}13. _Alacorys dodecantha_, n. sp.

  ? _Podocyrtis schomburgkii_, var., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados,
  Taf. xii. fig. 3.

Shell smooth, with slight collar stricture. Length of the three joints =
1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 7. Cephalis ovate, with a conical horn of the
same length. Thorax campanulate, with regular, circular pores. From its
margin arise twelve stout, little curved, radial beams, which are widely
divergent, and connected in the middle part by a transverse circular ring,
so that the abdomen exhibits twelve large triangular holes, and at the
peristome, alternating with these, twelve free conical feet of the same
length.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.11;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.22.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


14. _Alacorys carcinus_, n. sp. (Pl. 74, fig. 9).

  _Calocyclas carcinus_, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, _loc. cit._

  _Podocyrtis schomburgkii_, var., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl.
  i. fig. 2; pl. xii. fig. 4.

Shell rough, with distinct collar stricture. Length of the three joints =
1 : 4 : 4, breadth = 2 : 6 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a large,
cylindrical, bent spine of three times the length. Thorax inflated,
campanulate, with large, regular, circular pores. Abdomen truncate,
conical, with three to four transverse rows of regular, square pores,
produced by eighteen divergent, straight ribs, which are connected by three
to four horizontal rings. Distal end of the ribs prolonged into eighteen
slender, conical feet, which are about as long as the thorax and slightly
curved inwards.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.


15. _Alacorys polyacantha_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, with deep collar stricture. Length of the three joints =
3 : 9 : 10, breadth = 4 : 12 : 16. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout
conical horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate, with regular, circular
pores and conical spines, increasing in size towards the deep lumbar
stricture. Abdomen truncate, conical, with twenty to thirty divergent,
straight ribs, which are connected by four to six transverse rings, and
prolonged into free conical feet of half the length. Therefore four to six
transverse rings of regular, square pores occur.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.16.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


16. _Alacorys ornata_, Haeckel.

  _Cryptoprora ornata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. v. fig. 8.

Shell ovate, smooth, without external strictures, but with two internal
annular septa. Length of the three joints = 3 : 5 : 4, breadth = 3 : 6 : 5.
Cephalis subspherical, partly enclosed by the uppermost part of the thorax,
without horn, or with a small rudimentary horn. Pores subregular,
{1376}circular, half as broad in the cephalis as in the two other joints.
Thorax campanulate. Abdomen truncate, with eighteen to twenty-four
parallel, vertical, longitudinal ribs, which are prolonged into slender,
free, conical feet of the same length. (This remarkable species may be
derived from _Carpocanium_ by apposition of a third joint.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 604. _Cycladophora_,[221] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Theophormida# (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
four to six or more radial ribs in the abdomen, the terminal mouth of which
is truncate, without feet.

The genus _Cycladophora_ differs from the preceding _Alacorys_, its
probable ancestral genus, in the absence of free terminal feet, the radial
ribs of the abdomen being connected by transverse beams throughout their
whole length. The number of the regularly disposed ribs (four to six or
more) may also here be used for the distinction of different subgenera.



Subgenus 1. _Lampterium_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.

_Definition._--Abdomen with four radial ribs, opposite in pairs in two
meridian planes, perpendicular one to another.


1. _Cycladophora goetheana_, n. sp. (Pl. 65, fig. 5).

Shell shaped like a lantern, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 12, breadth = 1 : 4 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
slender pyramidal horn of three times the length. Thorax twice as large,
thorny, hemispherical, with regular, circular pores. Abdomen very long,
nearly four-sided prismatic, with four superior smaller, and four inferior
larger holes; the former separated by four short, divergent, perradial, the
latter by four long, parallel, vertical, interradial bars. Mouth square,
four-lobed. Dedicated to Wolfgang Goethe.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.24;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.1 to 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 269, depth 2550 to 2900
fathoms.


2. _Cycladophora tetrapleura_, n. sp.

Shell very similar to the preceding species, but differing in the following
characters: Cephalis conical, with a horn of the same length. Thorax
campanulate. Four ribs of the abdomen not {1377}parallel and vertical, but
more or less divergent. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 8, breadth =
1 : 2 : 4. Whole shell slender, pyramidal. Mouth square, four-lobed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.24;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


3. _Cycladophora lanterna_, n. sp.

Shell very similar to the two preceding species, but differing in the
following characters. Cephalis subspherical, with a thick, pyramidal horn
of the same breadth, and three times the length. Thorax hemispherical, with
circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen ovate, with four convex ribs,
and twelve large holes, four superior smaller pentagonal, four intermediate
very large, ovate, and four inferior, small, triangular holes. Mouth little
constricted, nearly circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.22;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.11.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Lamptidium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Abdomen with six radial ribs (three primary or perradial,
and three alternate, secondary or interradial).


4. _Cycladophora hexapleura_, n. sp.

  _Lanterna chinensis_, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xiii. fig.
  7.

Shell shaped like a lantern, with six sides and two sharp strictures.
Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 8, breadth = 1 : 2 : 4. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a conical spine of the same length. Thorax twice as
large, hemispherical, with regular, circular pores. Abdomen nearly
six-sided prismatic, with six descending, little curved ribs, and eighteen
large holes between them; six superior holes interradial, ovate, six
intermediate holes very large, perradial, ovate, six inferior holes
triangular, interradial. Mouth six-lobed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.16;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Cycladophora pyramidalis_, n. sp.

  _Podocyrtis_ sp., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xii. fig. 2.

Shell slender, pyramidal, with six sides and two slight strictures. Length
of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 12, breadth = 1 : 4 : 8. Cephalis
subspherical, with a conical horn of twice the length. Thorax conical, with
regular, circular pores.  Abdomen truncate, pyramidal, with six strong,
divergent, straight ribs, which are connected by five to six transverse,
hexagonal rings; therefore {1378}six longitudinal rows of large, roundish,
quadrangular meshes (four to five meshes in each row). Mouth hexagonal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.3;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.2.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


6. _Cycladophora spinosa_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 4 : 3, breadth = 1 : 5 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout conical
horn of the same length. Thorax ovate, with regular, circular pores, and
numerous conical spines. Abdomen truncate, conical, with irregular,
roundish pores, and six strong, divergent ribs. Mouth circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.15, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in
Barbados.



Subgenus 3. _Lamptonium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Abdomen with nine radial ribs (three primary or perradial,
and six secondary or interradial).


7. _Cycladophora enneapleura_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 5 : 3, breadth = 2 : 7 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn
of twice the length. Thorax campanulate, with regular, circular pores, and
conical thorax. Abdomen cylindrical, with nine straight, parallel ribs, and
irregular, roundish pores. Mouth circular. (_Similar to Cycladophora
gigas_, Ehrenberg, 1875, _loc. cit._, Taf. xviii. fig. 1, but differing in
the possession of nine abdominal ribs.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.15, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.06, _b_ 0.2, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


8. _Cycladophora nonagona_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints =
3 : 10 : 7, breadth = 2 : 9 : 8. Cephalis pear-shaped, with a stout
pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax pear-shaped, with regular,
circular pores, and conical horns, increasing in size towards the base.
Abdomen truncate, pyramidal, with nine straight, spinulate ribs, and nine
even faces between them, with irregular, roundish pores. Mouth nonagonal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.06, _b_ 0.2, _c_ 0.14;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.18, _c_ 0.16.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



{1379}Subgenus 4. _Cyclampterium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Abdomen truncate, conical or campanulate, with numerous (ten
to twenty or more) divergent ribs. Mouth wide open, truncate.


9. _Cycladophora pantheon_, n. sp. (Pl. 68, fig. 3).

Shell dome-shaped, with slight collar and deep lumbar stricture. Length of
the three joints = 1 : 6 : 5, breadth = 1 : 7 : 8. Cephalis small, with a
conical horn of the same length. Thorax cupola-shaped, with large, regular,
circular pores, and numerous pyramidal tubercles. Abdomen with twelve
(sometimes eleven or thirteen) slender, divergent ribs, which are connected
at equal distances by four to six horizontal rings, and so produce twelve
longitudinal rows of large, regular, square meshes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.14, _c_ 0.15.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


10. _Cycladophora dodecapleura_, n. sp.

Shell cupola-shaped, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 5 : 6, breadth = 2 : 7 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical
horn of twice the length. Thorax subspherical, truncate at both poles,
thorny, with regular, circular pores. Abdomen in the upper half with a
coronal of twelve large ovate holes, separated by twelve divergent, slender
ribs, in the lower half with curved, convergent prolongations of the twelve
ribs, and numerous small, irregular, roundish pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


11. _Cycladophora campanula_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 4 : 5, breadth = 2 : 6 : 10. Cephalis ovate, with a conical horn of the
same length. Thorax campanulate, rough, with regular, circular pores.
Abdomen dilated, with fifteen to twenty slender, divergent, little curved
ribs, which are connected by two or three horizontal rings, and from two or
three transverse rows of large, roundish, square pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.2.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Bermuda, surface; also fossil in Barbados.


12. _Cycladophora spatiosa_, Ehrenberg.

  _Cycladophora spatiosa_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xviii. figs. 5, 6.

Shell campanulate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 6 : 9, breadth = 3 : 8 : 14. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn
of the same length. Thorax campanulate, {1380}smooth, with regular,
circular pores. Abdomen truncate, conical, with sixteen to twenty-four
divergent ribs, which are straight or slightly curved, and connected by
from four to six transverse, circular rings. The large regular meshes, so
produced, form sixteen to twenty-four longitudinal series, and are rounded
in the upper, square in the lower transverse rows.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


13. _Cycladophora favosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 62, figs. 5, 6).

Shell dome-shaped, without collar stricture, but with a deep lumbar
stricture. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, without horn, or with a rudimentary
conical horn, with small circular pores. Length of the three joints =
1 : 4 : 3, breadth = 2 : 5 : 4. Thorax subspherical, rough, with regular,
circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen truncate, conical, with
eighteen to twenty-four prominent ribs; between every two ribs only two or
three ovate pores occur. Mouth circular, with eighteen to twenty-four
teeth. The shape of the abdomen is rather variable (figs. 5, 6).

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



Subgenus 5. _Cyclamptidium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Abdomen nearly cylindrical or prismatic, with numerous (ten
to twenty or more) straight, vertical, parallel ribs. Mouth wide open,
truncate.


14. _Cycladophora fenestrata_, n. sp. (Pl. 68, fig. 2).

Shell rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 5 : 5, breadth = 1 : 6 : 5. Cephalis conical, with a conical, dimpled
horn of twice the length. Thorax nearly spherical, with regular, circular
pores, and small conical spines. Abdomen cylindrical, with eighteen stout,
parallel, vertical ribs, which are connected by six to eight horizontal,
circular rings; therefore regular transverse and longitudinal rows of
square or circular pores occur. Mouth truncate, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


15. _Cycladophora stiligera_, Ehrenberg.

  _Cycladophora stiligera_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xviii. fig. 3.

Shell smooth, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 7 : 8, breadth = 2 : 9 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn
of twice the length. Thorax subspherical, smooth, with regular, circular
pores. Abdomen cylindrical, with twelve parallel, vertical ribs, which
{1381}are connected by three to four broad, horizontal rings; therefore
subregular, transverse, and longitudinal rows of roundish pores are
present. Mouth truncate, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 605. _Calocyclas_,[222] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition._--#Theophormida# (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata aperta) with a
simple corona of terminal feet around the truncate mouth. Abdomen not
dilated, cylindrical or ovate. No ribs in the shell-wall.

The genus _Calocyclas_, and the three following closely allied genera,
differ from the four preceding genera of Theophormida in the absence of
radial or longitudinal ribs in the wall of the thorax and abdomen. These
are completely reduced, and their terminal prolongations only remain,
forming a simple or double corona around the mouth of the abdomen. They
correspond therefore to _Carpocanium_ and _Anthocyrtis_ among the
Dicyrtida. In _Calocyclas_ the corona is simple. The mouth is not dilated,
but often constricted, and the abdomen is cylindrical or ovate, not
conical. The teeth of the corona are usually vertical or convergent.



Subgenus 1. _Calocycletta_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax and abdomen smooth, without spines or thorns.


1. _Calocyclas veneris_, n. sp. (Pl. 74, fig. 5).

Shell smooth, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 2 : 2, breadth = 1 : 4 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with a large, triangular,
prismatic horn of three times the length. Thorax hemispherical; abdomen
cylindrical; both with regular, circular pores of equal size. Mouth
truncate, with a corona of nine to twelve vertical, lamellar feet, which
are as long as the abdomen, rectangular, twice as broad as their distance
apart, and truncate at the end.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03 to 0.04, _b_ 0.06 to
0.08, _c_ 0.04 to 0.06; breadth, _a_ 0.03 to 0.04, _b_ 0.09 to 0.11, _c_
0.08 to 0.1.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, many stations;
surface, and in various depths.


2. _Calocyclas virginis_, n. sp. (Pl. 74, fig. 4).

Shell smooth, with distinct collar, but indistinct lumbar stricture. Length
of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 1, breadth = 1 : 4 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with
a slender, conical horn, little shorter than the {1382}shell. Thorax
subspherical. Abdomen nearly cylindrical, little contracted towards the
peristome. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad in the thorax as in the
abdomen, where they are separated by slight longitudinal ribs. Corona of
the peristome composed of sixteen to twenty-four vertical, lamellar feet,
which are longer than the abdomen, rectangular, and truncate at the end.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.05;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.11, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


3. _Calocyclas minervae_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, with two deep strictures, similar to _Cycladophora
stiligera_. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4 : 3.
Cephalis subspherical, with a large, conical horn of three times the
length. Thorax subspherical, with small, regular, circular pores. Abdomen
cylindrical, with truncate mouth and few irregular pores of different
sizes, commonly arranged in three or four subregular, transverse rows, with
large intervening distances. Peristome with a corona of twelve to twenty
vertical, lamellar feet, which are about as long as the abdomen, and
truncate at the end (in Ehrenberg's figure these are broken off).

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


4. _Calocyclas amicae_, n. sp. (Pl. 74, fig. 2).

Shell smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 4 : 5, breadth = 2 : 5 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a pyramidal
horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate-conical; abdomen nearly
cylindrical; both with small, subregular, circular pores. Peristome with a
corona of twelve to fifteen small, triangular feet, only as large as the
thickness of the shell-wall, and separated by distances of twice the size.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.


5. _Calocyclas sacerdotis_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with a pyramidal horn of
three times the length. Thorax campanulate, conical; abdomen twice the
length, cylindrical; both with small, regular, circular pores. Peristome
somewhat constricted, with a corona of nine to twelve conical feet, which
are as long as the cephalis, and with the ends curved inwards, protecting
the mouth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


6. _Calocyclas vestalis_, n. sp. (Pl. 74, fig. 3).

Shell smooth, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a pyramidal
horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate; abdomen {1383}nearly
cylindrical; both with regular, hexagonal pores, three times as broad as
the bars. Peristome constricted, half as broad as the abdomen, with a
corona of nine conical, vertical feet as long as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.035, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Calocyclissa_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax spiny or thorny; abdomen smooth.


7. _Calocyclas turris_, Ehrenberg.

  _Calocyclas turris_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xviii. fig. 7.

Shell with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 4,
breadth = 1 : 5 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout conical horn of
the same length. Thorax subspherical, thorny with small, regular, circular,
quincuncial pores. Abdomen cylindrical, smooth, nearly hyaline, with very
scarce, irregular, widely scattered pores. Peristome with a corona of
fifteen to twenty broad, lamellar, vertical, truncate feet, about as long
as the abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


8. _Calocyclas hyalogaster_, n. sp.

Shell with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 6,
breadth = 1 : 4 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of twice
the length. Thorax subspherical, thorny, with regular, circular pores.
Abdomen cylindrical, smooth, quite hyaline, without any pores. Peristome
with a corona of twelve broad, lamellar, vertical, truncate feet, half as
long as the abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


9. _Calocyclas erinaceus_, Haeckel.

_Cycladophora erinaceus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xviii. fig. 2.

Shell with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = 2 : 9 : 5,
breadth = 3 : 9 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, rough, with a short and broad
conical horn of half the length. Thorax ovate, densely covered with conical
spines as long as the horn, and with regular, circular, quincuncial pores.
Abdomen cylindrical, smooth, with irregular roundish pores of different
sizes. Peristome with twelve to fifteen vertical, broad, lamellar, truncate
feet half as long as the abdomen (in Ehrenberg's figure these are broken
off).

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.18, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.06, _b_ 0.18, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1384}10. _Calocyclas gigas_, Haeckel.

  _Cycladophora gigas_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xviii. fig. 1.

Shell with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints = 2 : 5 : 3,
breadth = 2 : 6 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, rough, with a short and broad
conical horn of half the length. Thorax subspherical, campanulate, thorny,
with subregular, circular pores (smaller and more numerous than in the
preceding). Abdomen cylindrical, smooth, with a small number of sparsely
disposed, roundish, irregularly scattered pores. Peristome with twenty to
thirty short, lamellar, truncate, vertical feet about half as long as the
cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.06, _b_ 0.15, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.06, _b_ 0.18, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 3. _Calocycloma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax smooth; abdomen spiny or thorny.


11. _Calocyclas casta_, n. sp. (Pl. 73, fig. 10).

Shell ovate, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 2 : 8, breadth = 2 : 4 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with a strong
pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate, smooth, with small,
regular, circular pores. Abdomen inflated, subspherical, covered with large
conical spines, and large intervening circular pores (four times as broad
as the thoracic pores). Mouth constricted, only one-third as broad as the
abdomen, with a peristome of nine to twelve conical vertical feet as long
as the abdominal spines. (In the specimen figured they were broken off.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.15;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.15.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


12. _Calocyclas pudica_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 3 : 8, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn
of three times the length. Thorax and abdomen nearly of the same shape as
in the preceding species, but more slender and the regular, circular pores
of the abdomen only twice as broad as the thoracic pores. Conical spines of
the abdomen only half as large, but more numerous. Peristome constricted,
half as broad as the abdomen, with sixteen to twenty short, conical,
vertical feet as long as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.16;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



Subgenus 4. _Calocyclura_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax and abdomen spiny or thorny.


{1385}13. _Calocyclas parthenia_, n. sp. (Pl. 74, fig. 1).

Shell nearly ovate, with thorny surface, and two slight strictures. Length
of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 2 : 4 : 5. Cephalis
hemispherical, armed with numerous short, conical thorns, and with a
pyramidal, very large, vertical horn as long as the thorax, and on the
basal half as broad as the cephalis. Thorax hemispherical, separated by a
slight stricture from the broader, barrel-shaped abdomen, which is a little
constricted at the mouth. Teeth of the coronal about twenty, triangular,
short, little divergent. Pores circular, somewhat irregular in size, three
to four times as broad as the bars, in all three joints nearly of the same
shape.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.11;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, surface (Rabbe).


14. _Calocyclas aspasia_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, conical, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints
= 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical
horn of twice the length. Thorax and abdomen nearly of the same shape as in
the preceding species, but covered with longer conical spines, less
numerous, and twice as long as the diameter of the subregular, circular
pores. Mouth more constricted, and armed with a coronal of twelve to
sixteen broad, lamellar feet, as long as the cephalis, and similar to those
of _Calocyclas puella_ (Pl. 74, fig. 5).

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


15. _Calocyclas monumentum_, n. sp. (Pl. 73, fig. 9).

Shell nearly conical, with two very deep strictures, everywhere covered
with long, bristle-shaped, divergent spines, about as long as the thorax.
Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 2, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Cephalis
nearly spherical, with a very large, three-sided pyramidal horn of twice
the length. Thorax and abdomen of similar form, campanulate, with a lower
cylindrical, and an upper truncate, conical part. Pores irregular,
roundish, in the smaller thorax of slightly different sizes, in the larger
abdomen three to four transverse rows of larger pores (six to eight in each
row) are separated by numerous much smaller pores. Peristome wide open,
with a coronal of twelve large, triangular, vertical feet, nearly as long
as the abdomen; in the base of each foot a large, roundish, triangular
pore.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.18.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 606. _Clathrocyclas_,[223] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.

_Definition._--#Theophormida# (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata aperta) with a
simple corona of terminal feet around the dilated mouth. Abdomen dilated,
truncate-conical, or discoidal. No ribs in the shell-wall.

{1386}The genus _Clathrocyclas_ differs from the preceding closely allied
_Calocyclas_ in the dilated mouth and the flatter form of the abdomen,
which is usually truncate, conical, or nearly discoidal. The conical thorax
is often separated from the flat abdomen by an elegant ribbon of small
quadrangular pores. The feet or teeth of the terminal corona are divergent,
or even horizontally expanded, whilst in _Calocyclas_ they are usually
vertical or somewhat convergent.



Subgenus 1. _Clathrocyclia_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell highly conical, often ovate or slenderly campanulate.
Cephalis commonly with a single horn.


1. _Clathrocyclas principessa_, n. sp. (Pl. 74, fig. 7).

Shell ovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 2 : 1, breadth = 1 : 2 : 2. Cephalis hemispherical, large, with a
pyramidal, occipital horn of the same length. Thorax subspherical, with
irregular, circular pores, about as broad as the bars. Abdomen short,
widely open with a single transverse row of circular pores, and a coronal
of twelve triangular, divergent feet, as long as the abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Clathrocyclas basilea_, (Pl. 74, fig. 6).

Shell campanulate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 5 : 3, breadth = 3 : 7 : 9. Cephalis hemispherical, with an ovate,
oblique horn of the same length. Thorax hemispherical, with subregular,
circular pores of the same breadth as the bars. Abdomen short, with two
transverse rows of the same pores, and with a coronal of sixteen to twenty
ovate, divergent feet, as long as the horn.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.035, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


3. _Clathrocyclas fimbriata_, Haeckel.

  ? _Halicalyptra fimbriata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 72, Taf. ii. fig. 11.

Shell campanulate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 3 : 1, breadth = 1 : 3 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn
of twice the length. Thorax hemispherical, in the upper half hyaline,
without pores, in the lower half with four to six transverse rows of
subregular, circular pores. Abdomen short, suddenly dilated, with one or
two transverse rows of larger {1387}ovate pores (six to eight in one row),
and with a coronal of twelve to fifteen divergent, slender, curved feet, as
long as the cephalis. (In the figure of Ehrenberg, seen half from below,
the cephalis is not represented.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.02;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Clathrocyclas collaris_, n. sp. (Pl. 74, fig. 8).

Shell subconical, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 1 : 2, breadth = 1 : 2 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
triangular prismatic horn three times the length. Thorax truncate, conical,
with a single transverse row of circular pores, each of which is placed in
the lower end of an oblong, lanceolate, longitudinal furrow; collar
composed of fifteen to twenty such furrows. Abdomen inflated, with four to
six transverse rows of circular pores, and with a coronal of nine
triangular, divergent feet, longer than the collar.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


5. _Clathrocyclas puella_, Haeckel.

  _Podocyrtis puella sinensis_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xiv. fig. 3.

Shell subconical, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 1 : 2, breadth = 1 : 2 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
pyramidal horn of twice the length. Pores subregular, circular,
quincuncial, in the dilated abdomen (with four to five transverse rows),
twice to three times as large as in the short thorax (with two to three
rows). Coronal of the wide peristome with fifteen to twenty short,
triangular, divergent feet, about as long as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


6. _Clathrocyclas domina_, Haeckel.

  _Podocyrtis domina sinensis_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xiv. fig. 4.

Shell subconical, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a conical horn of the
same length (and sometimes with some little accessory thorns at its base).
Pores subregular, circular, quincuncial, in the dilated abdomen (with six
to eight transverse rows), twice to four times as large as in the
hemispherical thorax (with four to six rows). Coronal of the wide peristome
with nine to twelve short, triangular, divergent feet, half as long as the
cephalis (in Ehrenberg's figure incomplete).

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 268, depth 2650 to 3000
fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.



{1388}Subgenus 2. _Clathrocycloma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell flatly conical, often widely campanulate, or nearly
discoidal. Cephalis commonly with two or more horns.


7. _Clathrocyclas alcmenae_, n. sp. (Pl. 59, fig. 6).

Shell conical, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 10 : 1, breadth = 2 : 12 : 14. Cephalis hemispherical, with two
divergent, pyramidal horns; frontal horn as long as the cephalis, occipital
horn of twice the length. Thorax conical, with large hexagonal meshes,
increasing gradually in size towards the short abdomen, which is
represented only by a single circular girdle of small, square, abdominal
pores. Coronal of the peristome with twenty to thirty triangular,
divergent, nearly horizontal feet, as long as the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.01.
_breadth_, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


8. _Clathrocyclas europae_, n. sp. (Pl. 59, figs. 11, 12).

Shell conical, almost of the same form as the preceding nearly allied
species, differing from it in the concave (not straight) outline of the
flatter conical thorax, in the more rounded form of its pores, and in the
subspherical form of the cephalis, bearing only a single conical horn of
the same length. Length of the three joints = 2 : 8 : 1, breadth =
2 : 12 : 14. In fig. 11 the cephalis is broken off, so that the four
cortinar pores are visible (two smaller jugular and two larger cardinal
pores, separated by two coracal beams).

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.01.
_breadth_, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Corfu (Haeckel), surface.


9. _Clathrocyclas semeles_, n. sp. (Pl. 58, fig. 5).

Shell conical-campanulate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the
three joints = 2 : 8 : 1, breadth = 2 : 8 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical,
with three divergent, conical horns (the caudal horn, directed downwards,
much longer than the occipital and frontal horns). Pores of the thorax
large, roundish. Abdomen (as in the two preceding species) with only a
single circle of forty to fifty small square pores. Coronal with about the
same number of short, triangular, almost horizontally divergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.01.
_breadth_, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.


10. _Clathrocyclas danaes_, n. sp. (Pl. 59, figs. 13, 14).

Shell flatly conical, with straight outline (as in _Clathrocyclas
alcmenae_, Pl. 59, fig. 6). Length of the three joints = 1 : 5 : 1, breadth
= 2 : 8 : 1. Cephalis hemispherical, with a single, short, conical,
{1389}oblique horn (broken off in the specimen figured). Pores of the
thorax polygonal, increasing gradually in size towards the girdle (in three
to four circles.) Abdomen nearly horizontally expanded with two rows of
pores, the inner with very small and numerous square pores, the outer with
twenty to thirty much larger quadrangular pores. Coronal of the peristome
with the same number of short, divergent feet, alternating with the larger
pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.02;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.15, _c_ 0.2.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Canary Islands (Lanzerote), Station 354,
surface.


11. _Clathrocyclas jonis_, n. sp. (Pl. 59, fig. 9).

Shell campanulate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 5 : 2, breadth = 1 : 6 : 8. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with two
divergent, conical horns of nearly equal length. Pores of the thorax
polygonal, increasing in size towards the girdle; in the upper half filled
up by an extremely fine and delicate cobweb-like network. Abdomen with two
rows of pores, of the same shape as in the preceding species, also with
equal coronal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.16.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.


12. _Clathrocyclas latonae_, n. sp. (Pl. 59, fig. 7).

Shell campanulate, very similar to the preceding species, but flatter and
different in the larger cephalis, bearing only a single oblique horn. All
the polygonal pores of the thorax are filled out by delicate cobweb-like
network. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 1, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6.
Abdomen with three circular rows of quadrangular pores; first very small
and numerous, second of median size, third very large.  Coronal with thirty
to forty short triangular feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, b 0.12, c 0.18.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 325, surface.


13. _Clathrocyclas coscinodiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 58, figs. 3, 4).

Shell flatly campanulate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 5 : 2, breadth = 1 : 8 : 10. Cephalis hemispherical, with two
divergent, pyramidal horns of the same length. Thorax with concave outline,
with numerous hexagonal pores, gradually increasing in size towards the
girdle, except the outermost row (inside the girdle), which is composed of
very small, square pores. Abdomen (outside the girdle) with three rows of
pores; first with small, second with median, third with large pores.
Coronal with eighty to one hundred short, divergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, b 0.1, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, b 0.16, c 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


{1390}14. _Clathrocyclas cassiopeiae_, n. sp. (Pl. 59, fig. 5).

Shell flatly campanulate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 4 : 3, breadth = 2 : 6 : 8. Cephalis ovate, thorny, with a
pyramidal horn of the same length, and several smaller accessory horns.
Thorax smooth, with irregular, polygonal pores of nearly equal size.
Abdomen spiny, with three to four irregular rows of similar pores. Coronal
with sixty to ninety or more irregularly and obliquely divergent feet,
little larger than the abdominal spines.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.16.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.



Genus 607. _Lamprocyclas_,[224] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.

_Definition._--#Theophormida# (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata aperta) with a
double corona of solid terminal feet around the mouth. No ribs in the
shell-wall.

The genus _Lamprocyclas_ differs from _Calocyclas_, its ancestral form, in
the duplication of the terminal corona. Usually the feet or teeth of the
lower corona are convergent and curved inwards, whilst the teeth of the
upper corona are divergent and curved outwards. Sometimes above the latter
a third corona begins to be developed. The whole shell is more or less
conical, very thick-walled, with a large and stout apical horn.



Subgenus 1. _Lamprocyclia_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet of the peristome simple, not branched.


1. _Lamprocyclas nuptialis_, n. sp. (Pl. 74, fig. 15).

Shell campanulate, nearly smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 2 : 2, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a very
large, three-sided prismatic horn, nearly as long as the shell. Thorax and
abdomen gradually dilated, with regular, circular, double-edged pores.
Outer coronal of the peristome with twelve to fifteen divergent feet, inner
with as many subvertical, triangular, little curved feet, about as long as
the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


2. _Lamprocyclas maritalis_, n. sp. (Pl. 74, figs. 13, 14).

Shell campanulate, very similar to the preceding species in form and
fenestration, but not so slender and with different peristome. Length of
the three joints = 4 : 5 : 6, breadth = 4 : 10 : 13. Cephalis subspherical,
with a very stout, pyramidal horn of twice the length, the edges of which
are {1391}spirally convoluted. Outer coronal of the peristome with twelve
to fifteen short, divergent feet, inner with as many convergent, longer
feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.13.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


3. _Lamprocyclas deflorata_, n. sp. (Pl. 74, fig. 10).

Shell ovate, smooth, with deep collar, but indistinct lumbar stricture;
very similar to the two preceding species, but with different horn and
peristome. Length of the three joints = 3 : 5 : 8, breadth = 3 : 10 : 13.
Cephalis subspherical, with a pyramidal horn of twice the length, the three
faces of which are deeply concave. Thoracic pores half as large as the
abdominal, both subregular, double-edged. Outer coronal of the wide
peristome with nine short, triangular, subvertical feet, inner with nine
larger, horizontal feet, lying in the plane of the wide mouth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.13.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Lamprocyclas saltatricis_, n. sp. (Pl. 74, fig. 16).

Shell conical, rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Cephalis ovate, with a large,
prismatic horn, half as long as the shell. Pores subregular, circular, not
double-edged, three times as broad in the inflated abdomen as in the
hemispherical thorax. Outer coronal of the wide peristome with twelve to
fifteen divergent feet, inner with fifteen to twenty conical feet, which
are curved inwards nearly horizontally.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.15.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


5. _Lamprocyclas reginae_, n. sp. (Pl. 74, figs. 11, 12).

Shell campanulate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 3 : 3, breadth = 2 : 5 : 6. Cephalis subcylindrical, with about fifteen
longitudinal rows of circular pores, separated by prominent, parallel
crests, and with a very large sword-like horn, nearly as long as the shell.
Thorax hemispherical, smooth, with elegant, circular, hexagonally-framed
pores. Abdomen dilated, with similar but larger pores, armed with
hook-shaped spines. The two inferior rows of these hooks form the double
coronal of the peristome; the feet of the outer are curved downwards, of
the inner inwards.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


6. _Lamprocyclas aegles_, Haeckel.

  _Podocyrtis aegles_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxv. B. B iv.
  fig. 18.

Shell campanulate, conical, thorny, with two deep strictures. Length of the
three joints = 3 : 5 : 5, breadth = 3 : 8 : 11. Cephalis ovate, with a
stout, three-sided prismatic horn of twice the {1392}length. Pores
subregular, circular, twice as broad in the inflated abdomen as in the
campanulate thorax, and four times as broad as in the cephalis. Outer
coronal of the wide peristome with fifteen to twenty conical, divergent
feet, inner coronal with a smaller number of vertical, parallel, divergent
feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.05;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.11.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, depth 1400 fathoms (Berrymann).



Subgenus 2. _Lamprocycloma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet of the peristome forked or branched.


7. _Lamprocyclas bajaderae_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, very similar to the preceding species, but with stronger
spines on the abdomen and with different peristome. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 2 : 3, breadth = 2 : 6 : 8. Cephalis equal to that of
_Lamprocyclas maritalis_ (Pl. 74, figs. 13, 14). Outer coronal of the
peristome with fifteen to twenty divergent, pyramidal feet, half as long as
the horn; inner coronal with as many longer, vertical feet, which are
irregularly forked or branched.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.16.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.



Genus 608. _Diplocyclas_,[225] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.

_Definition._--#Theophormida# (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata aperta) with a
double corona of radial solid feet, an upper around the lumbar stricture, a
lower around the mouth. No ribs in the shell-wall.

The genus _Diplocyclas_ differs from all the other Theophormida in the
possession of a double coronal of radial teeth, an upper between thorax and
abdomen, and a lower around the terminal mouth of the latter; it may be
regarded as an _Anthocyrtis_, which has formed an abdomen, and repeated the
terminal armature. The cephalis bears a single or double apical horn.


1. _Diplocyclas bicorona_, n. sp. (Pl. 59, fig. 8).

Shell slender, campanulate. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 2, breadth
= 1 : 4 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with two divergent horns; the occipital
of the same length and forked, the frontal shorter and simple. Thorax
campanulate, with six to eight transverse rows of double-edged roundish
pores of increasing size. Abdomen cylindrical, with three transverse rows
of large {1393}polygonal pores, and a terminal row of very small square
pores. Lumbar and terminal coronals of similar shape, each with twenty to
thirty short divergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


2. _Diplocyclas bicincta_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, in general of the same form as, and similar fenestration
to, the preceding species but not so slender, and with different
proportions. Length of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 2, breadth = 2 : 5 : 5.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a single, conical, simple horn. Pores of the
thorax hexagonal, of increasing size (in eight to ten transverse rows).
Abdomen with smaller square pores (in four to six rows). The two coronals
of the same shape as in Pl. 59, fig. 8.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.


3. _Diplocyclas bizonalis_, n. sp.

Shell subconical, with indistinct collar and distinct lumbar stricture.
Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis
hemispherical, with two divergent conical horns of equal size. Thorax
conical, with small, irregular, double-edged pores, and a terminal corona
of about nine very large pores. Abdomen truncate, conical, with three to
four transverse rows of roundish, quadrangular, very large pores. Lumbar
and terminal coronals of similar shape, each with twelve to fifteen
triangular divergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. THEOPHAENIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.

_Definition._--#Phormocyrtida# with the basal mouth of the shell
fenestrated (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata clausa).



Genus 609. _Hexalatractus_,[226] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Theophaenida# (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata clausa) with six
lateral wings on the abdomen.

The genus _Hexalatractus_, and the following genus _Theophaena_, represent
together the small subfamily Theophaenida, or those Tricyrtida in which the
terminal mouth of the shell is closed by lattice-work, and six or nine
lateral apophyses indicate a multiradiate structure. The shell is more or
less ovate or spindle-shaped, tapering towards {1394}both poles, and
resembles greatly the triradiate _Rhopalocanium_. It may be derived from
the latter by interpolation of three secondary or interradial wings between
the three primary or perradial apophyses.


1. _Hexalatractus sexalatus_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, smooth, with two distinct strictures, length of the three
joints = 3 : 6 : 9, breadth = 4 : 9 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, with a
pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate; abdomen inversely
conical; both with subregular, circular pores. Six divergent wings arise,
beginning from the collar stricture, from the upper half of the shell, with
broad triangular base; they are little curved downwards, with the convexity
outside, and gradually tapering towards the distal end; the latter lies in
the same horizontal plane as the basal apex of the abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263, depth 2650 fathoms.


2. _Hexalatractus fusiformis_, n. sp. (Pl. 68, fig. 13).

Shell rough, nearly spindle-shaped, with sharp collar and slight lumbar
stricture. Length of the three joints = 2 : 5 : 12, breadth = 3 : 8 : 7.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax
hemispherical with regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen
inversely conical, with irregular, roundish pores. From the upper half of
the abdomen arise, with broad triangular base, six divergent wings, which
are nearly straight, and slightly fenestrated at the base; their conical
distal ends do not reach the horizontal plane, in which the basal apex of
the abdomen lies.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 610. _Theophaena_,[227] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.

_Definition._--#Theophaenida# (vel Tricyrtida multiradiata clausa) with
nine lateral wings on the abdomen.

The genus _Theophaena_ differs from the preceding six-radiate
_Hexalatractus_ in the possession of nine lateral wings, and may be derived
from the triradiate _Rhopalocanium_ by interpolation of six secondary wings
between the three primary apophyses.


1. _Theophaena corona_, n. sp. (Pl. 70, fig. 12).

Shell rough, nearly spindle-shaped, with two sharp strictures. Length of
the three joints = 4 : 9 : 16, breadth = 5 : 12 : 10. Cephalis
hemispherical, very thick-walled, with a conical horn of {1395}the same
length; both covered with numerous small dimples and spinules. Thorax
campanulate; abdomen inversely conical; both with regular, circular pores.
Thorax with nine thin curved ribs, which in the upper half of the abdomen
arise as nine large feet, which are strongly compressed and curved (with
the convexity outwards); their distal ends form nine ovate spinulate cones,
and lie in the same horizontal plane as the basal apex of the abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.16;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


2. _Theophaena nonaria_, n. sp.

Shell thorny, ovate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three joints
= 1 : 4 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical
horn of half the length. Thorax subspherical, with regular, circular pores
and conical spines. Abdomen ovate, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores.
In the upper half of the thorax descend nine straight, little divergent
ribs, which in the lower half become free, and represent nine slender,
conical wings; their distal ends do not reach the horizontal plane in which
the basal end of the abdomen lies.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.15;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.14, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--South of Australia, Station 160, surface.



Family LXVII.  #THEOCYRTIDA#, n. fam.

  _Theocorida et Theocapsida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 434, 436.

_Definition._--#Tricyrtida# eradiata. #Cyrtoidea# with a three-jointed
shell, divided by two transverse constrictions into cephalis, thorax, and
abdomen, without radial apophyses.

The family #Theocyrtida#, composed of the Theocorida and Theocapsida of my
Prodromus, comprises those #Cyrtoidea# in which the lattice-shell is
three-jointed, and bears no external radial apophyses. The two subfamilies
differ in the shape of the terminal mouth, which in the Theocorida is a
simple wide opening, in the Theocapsida closed by a lattice-plate. The
phylogenetic origin of the Theocyrtida may be found either in the
Podocyrtida or in the Sethocyrtida; they may have been derived from the
former by reduction and loss of the three primary apophyses, or from the
latter by development of an abdomen.

The number of species in this group is very large, and many belong to the
most common and widely distributed #Cyrtoidea#. A great number of living
and fossil species have already been described by Ehrenberg, the majority
being disposed in his genera _Lithocampe_ and _Eucyrtidium_.

The number of genera, however, is comparatively small, and their
distinction difficult, since the form of the shell presents no striking
differences.

{1396}It exhibits all possible passages, from a flatly expanded or nearly
discoidal form with a wide open mouth, to a conical or cylindrical, and by
constriction of the terminal mouth to an ovate or spindle-shaped form. By
complete closure of the mouth the Theocapsida arise. In some genera
remarkable traces of the original triradial structure are preserved. The
most interesting of these forms is _Axocorys_, with an internal axial
columella, which bears a number of verticils, each with three radial
branches.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Theocyrtida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Theocorida.
     Terminal mouth of the abdomen a simple wide opening.
                            --------------------
     Abdomen gradually dilated towards the wide open mouth.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Abdomen flatly         { With horn,               611. _Theocalyptra_.
   expanded,             {
   discoidal.            { No horn,                 612. _Cecryphalium_.

                         { One horn,                613. _Theoconus_.
  Abdomen conical.       {
                         { Two or more horns,       614. _Lophoconus_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Abdomen cylindrical, of nearly equal breadth throughout its whole length.
     Mouth truncate.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         { Thorax and abdomen
  A single apical horn   {  of equal breadth,       615. _Theocyrtis_.
   on the cephalis.      {
                         { Thorax much broader than
                         {  the tubular abdomen,    616. _Theosyringium_.

  Two horns or a bunch of horns on the ephalis,     617. _Lophocyrtis_.

  No horn on the cephalis,                          618. _Tricolocampe_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Abdomen ovate or inversely conical. Mouth more or less constricted.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         { Shell-cavity without an
  A single apical horn   {  internal columella,     619. _Theocorys_.
   on the cephalis.      {
                         { Shell-cavity with an
                         {  axial columella,        620. _Axocorys_.

  Two horns or a bunch of horns on the
   cephalis,                                        621. _Lophocorys_.

  No horn on the cephalis,                          622. _Theocampe_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Theocapsida.
      Terminal mouth closed by a lattice-plate.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  No latticed septum     { An apical horn,          623. _Theocapsa_.
   between thorax and    {
   abdomen.              { No horn on the cephalis, 624. _Tricolocapsa_.

  A complete latticed septum between thorax
   and abdomen,                                     625. _Phrenocodon_.



Subfamily 1. THEOCORIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.

_Definition._--#Theocyrtida# with the basal mouth of the shell open (vel
Tricyrtida eradiata aperta).



{1397}Genus 611. _Theocalyptra_,[228] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.

_Definition._--#Theocorida# (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) with discoidal
or flatly expanded abdomen. Cephalis with a single apical horn, or with two
divergent horns.

The genus _Theocalyptra_, and the following closely allied genus
_Cecryphalium_, differ from all the other Theocorida in the flattened form
of the cap-shaped or nearly discoidal shell. The abdomen specially is quite
flat, often horizontally expanded, and like the marginal brim of a flat
hat. They may be derived from the Dicyrtida _Sethocephalus_ by the
development of an abdomen, or from _Corocalyptra_ by loss of the collar
wings. The network is usually very delicate, as in the latter. The cephalis
of _Theocalyptra_ bears one or two horns.


1. _Theocalyptra veneris_, n. sp.

Shell flatly campanulate, very delicate and fragile, very similar to
_Eucecryphalus agnesae_ (Pl. 59, fig. 3), but without collar spines. Length
of the three joints = 1 : 4 : 2, breadth = 1 : 7 : 9. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a single bristle-shaped horn of twice the length.
Thorax subconical, separated from the flatter abdomen by a deep stricture,
with thin bars, and large, subregular, hexagonal meshes, increasing in size
towards the smooth mouth-edge.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.15, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, many stations,
surface.


2. _Theocalyptra orci_, Haeckel.

  _Halicalyptra orci_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 293, Taf. x. figs. 9, 10.

Shell flatly campanulate, very similar to the preceding species in general
form and fenestration, but flatter and smaller, with different proportions.
Length of the three joints = 7 : 2 : 1, breadth = 1 : 6 : 8. Cephalis
hemispherical, very small, with two divergent, bristle-shaped horns of the
same length. Abdomen nearly horizontally expanded.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.01;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.16.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).


3. _Theocalyptra discoides_, Haeckel.

  _Cycladophora discoides_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 68, Taf. xviii. fig. 4.

Shell flatly campanulate, similar to the two preceding species, but not so
delicate, with thicker bars, and roundish, not hexagonal meshes. Length of
the three joints = 1 : 2 : 2, breadth = 3 : 6 : 9. {1398}Cephalis large,
trilobed, with a short, oblique horn of half the length. Thorax
campanulate, conical, separated from the abdomen by a circle of smaller
pores and a deep stricture. Abdomen flat, discoidal, with three circles of
larger pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.06, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.18.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


4. _Theocalyptra cornuta_, Haeckel.

  _Carpocanium cornutum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 287, Taf. ii. fig. 9.

  _Halicalyptra cornuta_, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol.
  xxii. p. 5, pl. i. figs. 13, 14.

  _Lophophaena cornuta_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 299.

Shell campanulate-conical, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 3 : 1, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with two
stout, pyramidal, divergent horns of twice the length. Thorax campanulate,
with eight to ten transverse rows of roundish or nearly square pores,
increasing in size towards the abdomen, which is flatly expanded, nearly
discoidal, separated by a circle of smaller pores; the last circle of pores
(on the margin) is larger.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.16.

_Habitat._--Arctic Ocean, Kamtschatka (Bailey), Greenland (Ehrenberg).



Genus 612. _Cecryphalium_,[229] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.

_Definition._--#Theocorida# (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) with discoidal
or flatly expanded abdomen. Cephalis without horn.

The genus _Cecryphalium_ has the same flat, conical, or nearly discoidal
shell as the preceding _Theocalyptra_, its ancestral genus, but differs
from it in the complete absence of horns on the cephalis.


1. _Cecryphalium lamprodiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 58, fig. 2).

Shell flatly conical, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 3 : 2, breadth = 1 : 7 : 11. Cephalis roundish, very small.
Thorax conical, with straight lateral outline; its pores irregular,
polygonal, increasing in size towards the girdle. Abdomen little flatter
than the thorax, forming its direct prolongation, with five to six
circular, concentric rows of pores; the first row formed by sixty to eighty
very large, oblongish, quadrangular pores, the second row by very small,
the third again by larger pores; the outmost rows by very small and
numerous pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.14, _c_ 0.22.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.


{1399}2. _Cecryphalium sestrodiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 58, fig. 1).

Shell very flat, subconical, nearly discoidal, with two distinct
strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 1, breadth = 1 : 8 : 10.
Cephalis kidney-shaped, very small. Thorax flat, campanulate, with curved
lateral outline; its pores irregular, polygonal, increasing in size towards
the girdle. Abdomen horizontally expanded, like the brim of a hat, with
five to six concentric, circular rows of pores, the pores of the inner rows
twice to three times as large as those of the outer rows. (The inner circle
of large, oblongish, quadrangular pores, characteristic of the preceding
species, is here divided into three concentric rings by two circular
hoops.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.02;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.15, _c_ 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.



Genus 613. _Theoconus_,[230] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Theocorida# (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) with conical
abdomen, gradually dilated towards the wide open mouth. Cephalis with a
single horn.

The genus _Theoconus_, and the following closely allied _Lophoconus_,
differ from the other Theocorida in the conical or campanulate form of the
shell; the abdomen is a truncated cone, gradually dilated towards the
terminal mouth. The latter is usually truncated, widely open, sometimes
with a slightly constricted peristome. The cephalis of _Theoconus_ bears a
single apical horn.



Subgenus 1. _Theocorax_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Pores of the thorax and of the abdomen of nearly equal size
and similar form.


1. _Theoconus zancleus_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium zancleum_, J. Mueller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 41, Taf. vi. figs. 1-3.

  _Eucyrtidium zancleum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 321.

Shell bell-shaped, nearly conical, smooth. Length of the three joints =
1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 6. Cephalis nearly spherical, with a stout,
straight, pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax hemispherical. Abdomen
gradually increasing in breadth towards the wide truncated mouth. Pores in
all three joints nearly of the same shape, circular, regular, four times as
broad as the thin bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.027, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.18.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina, Naples, Nice, &c.).


{1400}2. _Theoconus aegaeus_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium aegaeum_, Ehrenberg, 1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 31; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxxv. a, xix. a, fig. 5.

  _Eucyrtidium aegaeum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 329.

Shell flatly bell-shaped, nearly conical. Length of the three joints =
2 : 5 : 3; breadth = 1 : 7 : 8. Cephalis ovate, with a stout, straight,
pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax flat, bell-shaped. Abdomen with
increasing breadth towards the wide truncated mouth. Pores in all three
joints nearly of the same shape, regular, circular, three times as broad as
the bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.016, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Coast of Greece and Sicily), surface.


3. _Theoconus zanguebaricus_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium zanguebaricum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 293, Taf. ix. fig. 22.

Shell bell-shaped. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 1, breadth =
1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with a straight, pyramidal horn of half the
length. Thorax hemispherical, without collar stricture, but with evident
girdle stricture. Abdomen dilated towards the wide truncated mouth. Pores
regular, hexagonal, of nearly equal size and form, four to six times as
broad as the thin bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.024, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.11.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (off Zanzibar), Pullen, depth 2200 fathoms.


4. _Theoconus campanulatus_, Haeckel.

  ? _Eucyrtidium campanulatum_, Ehrenberg, 1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 241.

  _Eucyrtidium campanulatum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 329.

Shell bell-shaped, smooth. Length of the three joints = 2 : 3 : 7, breadth
= 3 : 7 : 10. Cephalis small, spherical, with a short, conical, oblique
horn of the same length. Thorax hemispherical, with an external girdle
stricture, prolonged into the truncated, barrel-shaped abdomen, which is a
little constricted at the very wide mouth. Pores small and very numerous,
regular, circular, twice to three times as broad as the bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 352, surface.


5. _Theoconus orthoconus_, n. sp.

Shell perfectly conical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 3,
breadth = 1 : 2 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a strong, straight,
conical horn of the same length. Thorax conical, without external girdle
stricture, prolonged into the truncated, conical abdomen, which is
gradually {1401}dilated into a very wide mouth. Pores small, of nearly
equal size and similar form, of the same breadth as the bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific; many stations, at different
depths.



Subgenus 2. _Theocorbis_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Pores of the thorax and of the abdomen of different sizes or
dissimilar forms.


6. _Theoconus jovis_, n. sp. (Pl. 69, fig. 4).

Shell bell-shaped, nearly conical. Length of the three joints = 5 : 6 : 7,
breadth = 4 : 10 : 14. Cephalis nearly cylindrical, large, little curved,
with a very large, oblique, pyramidal horn, as long as the two first joints
together. Thorax and the broader abdomen irregularly bell-shaped, dilated
towards the wide mouth. Pores circular, somewhat irregularly disposed,
gradually increasing in size towards the mouth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


7. _Theoconus junonis_, n. sp. (Pl. 69, fig. 7).

Shell nearly conical. Length of the three joints = 4 : 5 : 8, breadth =
3 : 8 : 11. Cephalis ovate, with a large apical opening at the base of the
vertical compressed horn, which has about the same length. Thorax and the
broader abdomen together conical, gradually dilated towards the wide mouth.
Thorax with a bosom-like protuberance on one side. Pores circular,
gradually increasing in size.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.11.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


8. _Theoconus longicornis_, n. sp.

Shell conical, thorny. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth =
1 : 3 : 6. Cephalis nearly spherical, with a very large, cylindrical,
perpendicular, straight horn, once and a half to twice as long as the whole
shell. Thorax conical. Abdomen nearly hemispherical, with wide open mouth.
Pores circular, four to six times as broad in the thick-walled spiny
abdomen as in the thin-walled rough thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.18.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


{1402}9. _Theoconus ampullaceus_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe ampullacea_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. iv. fig. 1.

  _Theocorys ampullacea_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.

Shell bell-shaped, nearly conical, thorny. Length of the three joints =
3 : 4 : 10; breadth = 4 : 8 : 15. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout
lateral horn of the same length. Thorax hemispherical, rough. Abdomen
subspherical, widely truncated at both poles, spiny. Pores regular,
circular, three to four times as broad in the thick-walled abdomen as in
the thin-walled thorax. (Differs from the similar preceding species in the
smaller horn and the two deeper strictures of the shell.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.15.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


10. _Theoconus amplus_, Haeckel.

  ? _Podocyrtis ampla_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xvi. fig. 7.

  ? _Podocyrtis ampla_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. p. 539, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 16.

  ? _Eucyrtidium amplum_, Ehrenberg, 1873, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 248.

Shell conical, smooth, with two broad internal annular septa. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with
a very large, straight, conical horn of the same breadth, which is as long
as the conical thorax. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad in the
truncate, gradually dilated abdomen as in the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.15.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


11. _Theoconus ariadnes_, n. sp.

Shell conical, nearly bell-shaped, smooth. Length of the three joints =
1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical spine
of about the same length. Thorax hemispherical, thin-walled. Abdomen
conical, slightly constricted at the wide open mouth. Pores regular,
circular, twice as large in the thick-walled abdomen as in the thin-walled
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.018 to 0.022, _b_ 0.03 to
0.035, _c_ 0.06 to 0.07; breadth, _a_ 0.015 to 0.02, _b_ 0.04 to 0.06, _c_
0.07 to 0.09.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, common,
surface.


12. _Theoconus dionysius_, Haeckel.

  _Thyrsocyrtis dionysia_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii. fig. 5.

  _Thyrsocyrtis jacchia_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii. fig. 7.

Shell bell-shaped, smooth. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 5, breadth
= 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical, irregularly denticulate
horn of twice or thrice the length. Thorax {1403}inflated, nearly
spherical, truncate at both poles, separated by a deep stricture from the
cephalis, as well as from the conical abdomen, which is dilated gradually
towards the wide mouth. Pores in the thorax subregular, circular, in the
abdomen twice to four times larger, and irregular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


13. _Theoconus laterna_, n. sp.

Shell conical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth =
1 : 2 : 4. Cephalis small, ovate, with a strong, pyramidal, vertical horn
three times the length. Thorax hemispherical, with subregular, circular,
hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen truncate, conical, with only fifteen to
twenty very large, irregular, polygonal pores, which are separated by very
thick bars of the same breadth as the horn.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


14. _Theoconus ficus_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium ficus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. fig. 19.

  _Theocorys ficus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.

Shell conical, pear-shaped, smooth. Length of the three joints =
1 : 5 : 20, breadth = 2 : 10 : 25. Cephalis very small, ovate, with a
conical, straight horn three times the length. Thorax quite conical, with
solid wall, without pores. Abdomen very large, nearly spherical, truncate
at both poles, little constricted at the very wide mouth; its pores
subregular, circular, about three times as broad as the bars. (This species
is intermediate between the genera _Theoconus_ and _Theocorys_.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.01, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.2;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.25.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 614. _Lophoconus_,[231] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Theocorida# (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) with conical
abdomen gradually dilated towards the wide open mouth. Cephalis with two or
more horns or a corona of horns.

The genus _Lophoconus_ has the same conical shell with truncate mouth as
_Theoconus_, and differs from it only in the armature of the cephalis,
bearing either two large divergent horns (usually a larger occipital and a
smaller frontal horns), or a bunch or corona of numerous divergent horns.


{1404}1. _Lophoconus antilope_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium antilope_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 291, Taf. ix. fig. 18.

Shell conical, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 3 : 8, breadth = 2 : 4 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with two
divergent, pyramidal horns of twice the length. Thorax campanulate. Abdomen
gradually dilated towards the wide open mouth. Pores very small and
numerous, regular, hexagonal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean; between Aden and Socotra (Haeckel); Zanzibar
(Pullen).


2. _Lophoconus hexagonalis_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, conical, spiny, with two sharp strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with
numerous conical spines of different sizes, the largest of twice the
length. Thorax campanulate, with smaller spines. Abdomen inflated, dilated
towards the wide mouth. Pores large, three or four times as broad as the
bars, subregular, hexagonal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


3. _Lophoconus cornutella_, n. sp.

Shell slender, conical, smooth, without external strictures, but with two
internal, annular septa. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 6, breadth =
1 : 2 : 4. Cephalis ovate, with two stout, divergent, conical horns of
three times the length. Thorax and abdomen together conical, gradually
dilated towards the wide truncate mouth. Pores regular, circular,
quincuncial.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.


4. _Lophoconus apiculatus_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium apiculatum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 10.

Shell campanulate, conical, thorny, with two distinct strictures. Length of
the three joints = 1 : 2 : 2, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical,
with a bunch of eight to twelve divergent, conical horns, the largest of
which are longer than the cephalis. The regular, circular pores are in the
campanulate thorax scarcely half as broad as in the truncate, gradually
dilated abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1405}5. _Lophoconus cervus_, Haeckel

  ? _Eucyrtidium cervus_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 291, Taf. ix. fig. 21.

Shell conical, smooth, without external stricture, but with two internal
annular septa. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 6.
Cephalis campanulate, with two to six divergent, partly ramified horns.
Pores in the thorax regular, circular, in the abdomen three to four times
as large, regular, hexagonal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface (? Zanzibar, 2200
fathoms, Pullen).


6. _Lophoconus rhinoceros_, n. sp. (Pl. 69, fig. 2).

Shell campanulate, conical, rough, with two sharp strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with
numerous very small pores, and two stout, divergent, pyramidal horns, the
major of which is longer, the minor shorter, than the cephalis. Thorax
campanulate, with small, regular, circular pores. Abdomen inflated, with
thickened margin at the wide open mouth, and with irregular, roundish
pores, twice to  four times as broad as those of the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.



Genus 615. _Theocyrtis_,[232] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Theocorida# (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) with
cylindrical abdomen, and wide open truncate mouth. Cephalis with a single
horn.

The genus _Theocyrtis_ and the three following closely allied genera differ
from the other Theocorida in the cylindrical form of the slender abdomen,
which is of equal breadth nearly throughout its whole length. The terminal
mouth is wide open, usually truncate, and of the same breadth; sometimes
slightly constricted. The cephalis of Theocyrtis bears a single horn.



Subgenus 1. _Theocorypha_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Pores of the thorax and abdomen of nearly equal size and
similar form.


1. _Theocyrtis trachelius_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium trachelius_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 293, Taf. vii. fig. 8.

Shell thin-walled and very fragile, smooth. Length of the three joints =
2 : 8 : 7, breadth = 2 : 9 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, with a straight,
conical horn of the same length, separated by a {1406}slender neck from the
inflated, subspherical thorax. Abdomen cylindrical, with a wide open,
truncate mouth. Pores subregular, hexagonal, of equal size, four to six
times as broad as the thin, thread-like bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, many Stations (200, 224, 271, &c.), surface,
and in various depths.


2. _Theocyrtis barbadensis_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium barbadense_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. ix. fig. 7.

Shell thin-walled, smooth. Length of the three joints = 2 : 4 : 5, breadth,
2 : 5 : 4. Cephalis ovate or conical, with a strong, conical horn, without
external stricture, dilated into the campanulate thorax. Abdomen
cylindrical, with a wide open, truncate mouth. Pores subregular, circular,
quincuncially disposed, of about the same breadth as the bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados.


3. _Theocyrtis cylindrica_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium cylindricum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 1.

Shell elongate, cylindrical, straight, smooth. Length of the three joints =
1 : 2 : 6, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a thick,
pyramidal horn of the same length (the edges of the horn giving to it the
appearance of being composed of two converging spines). Thorax truncated,
conical. Abdomen perfectly cylindrical, much elongated. Pores subregular,
circular, twice as broad as the bars, quincuncially disposed. Mouth wide
open, truncate.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms; fossil in
Barbados.


4. _Theocyrtis elegans_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium elegans_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. fig. 12.

  ? _Eucyrtidium pusillum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 6

Shell slender, cylindrical, straight, smooth. Length of the three joints =
1 : 2 : 7, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis subconical, with a small conical
horn. Thorax campanulate, conical. Abdomen cylindrical, very slender. Pores
subregular, circular, small, disposed in transverse rows, three in the
thorax, six to eight in the abdomen. Mouth wide open, truncate.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.01, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.03.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados and Sicily.


{1407}5. _Theocyrtis paupera_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium pauperum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 13.

Shell slender, cylindrical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 6,
breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout conical horn of
twice the length. Thorax truncate, conical. Abdomen cylindrical. Pores very
small, regular, circular, disposed in transverse rows, one or two in the
thorax, three to five in the abdomen. (Distance between the rows twice as
great as in the preceding nearly related species.) Mouth wide open,
truncate.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.01, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.03.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms; also
fossil in Barbados and Sicily.


6. _Theocyrtis microtheca_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium microtheca_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 10.

  _Eucyrtidium hillaby_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 8.

Shell cylindrical, a little rough. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 4,
breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a small conical horn.
Thorax hemispherical or campanulate. Abdomen cylindrical, with wide open
truncate mouth. Pores subregular, circular, quincuncially disposed, of
medium size, rudimentary or wanting in the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015 to 0.02, _b_ 0.03 to
0.05, _c_ 0.05 to 0.08; breadth, _a_ 0.02 to 0.025, _b_ 0.05 to 0.06, _c_
0.05 to 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Theocorusca_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Pores of the thorax and the abdomen of different sizes or
forms.


7. _Theocyrtis macroceros_, n. sp. (Pl. 69, fig. 13).

Shell almost cylindrical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 5,
breadth = 2 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a very large cylindrical
horn, once or twice as long as the shell. Thorax truncate, hemispherical.
Abdomen cylindrical, only slightly contracted towards both ends. Two girdle
strictures deep. Pores small, subregular, circular, more irregular and
twice to three times as large in the abdomen as in the thorax, disposed in
transverse rows, five to six in the thorax, eight to ten in the abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02 to 0.03, _b_ 0.04 to
0.05, _c_ 0.1 to 0.12; breadth, _a_, 0.04, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms; also fossil in
Barbados.


{1408}8. _Theocyrtis ptychodes_, n. sp. (Pl. 69, fig. 8).

Shell almost cylindrical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 3,
breadth = 2 : 4 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a large, conical, curved
horn of twice the length. Thorax very large, inflated, campanulate,
thick-walled. Abdomen cylindrical, with a thin folded wall (like a
petticoat), the thickness of which decreases gradually towards the wide
truncate mouth. Pores subregular, circular, and quincuncially disposed in
the two first joints, irregular and larger in the abdomen, forming
longitudinal series between the folds.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.11;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


9. _Theocyrtis aspera_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium asperum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. viii. fig. 15.

Shell almost cylindrical, with rough or thorny surface. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 3 : 5, breadth = 1 : 5 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, small, with
a short conical horn. Thorax hemispherical, inflated. Abdomen cylindrical,
with wide truncate mouth. Pores in the thorax subregular, circular,
quincuncially disposed, in the abdomen irregular roundish, two to four
times as large.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015 to 0.02, _b_ 0.06 to
0.07, _c_ 0.08 to 0.1; breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms; fossil in
Barbados.


10. _Theocyrtis proserpinae_, n. sp.

Shell almost cylindrical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 3 : 6 : 9,
breadth = 2 : 8 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout conical horn.
Thorax campanulate. Abdomen cylindrical. Pores regular, circular,
quincuncially disposed, double-edged in the thorax, and three to four times
as large as in the cephalis and the abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 244 to 253, depth 2050 to 3125 fathoms.


11. _Theocyrtis oenophila_, Haeckel.

  _Thyrsocyrtis oenophila_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii. fig. 8.

Shell in the apical half conical, in the lower cylindrical. Length of the
three joints = 2 : 5 : 6, breadth = 3 : 8 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, with
a large prismatic horn, which is bulbous at the base, and armed with three
teeth at the distal apex. Thorax conical, constricted at the base, with
subregular, circular, quincuncial pores. Abdomen cylindrical, with a
coronal of nine large {1409}roundish pores beyond the lumbar stricture, and
two to four succeeding transverse rows of irregular, roundish, smaller
pores. Mouth widely open, truncated.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 616. _Theosyringium_, Haeckel,[233] 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.

_Definition._--#Theocorida# (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) with
cylindrical abdomen, which is much narrower than the inflated thorax, and
forms a slender, narrow tube, with truncated mouth. Cephalis with a single
horn.

The genus _Theosyringium_ differs from the closely allied _Theocyrtis_, its
ancestral form, in the wide inflated thorax, which is much broader than the
narrow tubular abdomen. The mouth of the latter is small and truncate.


1. _Theosyringium tibia_, n. sp. (Pl. 68, fig. 4).

Shell rough, very slender, with two distinct strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 2 : 1. Cephalis ovate, with a
conical horn of the same length. Thorax ellipsoidal. Abdomen cylindrical,
as long as the two former joints together. Pores subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.02.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.


2. _Theosyringium pipetta_, n. sp. (Pl. 68, fig. 5).

Shell rough, inflated, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 7 : 9, breadth = 2 : 7 : 2. Cephalis conical, with a slender
horn of half the length. Thorax subglobose. Abdomen cylindrical, as long as
the two former joints together. Pores subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.02.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Theosyringium siphonium_, n. sp.

Shell rough, inflated, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints
= 1 : 3 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 1. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout
pyramidal horn of twice the length. Thorax broad ovate. Abdomen slender,
inversely conical, as long as the thorax, and one-third as broad as the
base. Pores subregular, circular, hexagonally framed, (Similar to
_Eusyringium conosiphon_, Pl. 78, fig. 10, but only with two strictures and
three joints.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.025.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


{1410}4. _Theosyringium tubulus_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium tubulus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 6.

Shell smooth, slenderly spindle-shaped, with two slight strictures. Length
of the three joints = 2 : 10 : 8, breadth = 3 : 6 : 3. Cephalis
hemispherical, hyaline, with a stout, pyramidal horn of the same length.
Thorax spindle-shaped. Abdomen inversely conical, half as long as the
thorax prolonged into a slender, cylindrical tube. Pores subregular,
circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.03.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 617. _Lophocyrtis_,[234] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Theocorida# (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) with
cylindrical abdomen, and wide open truncate mouth.  Cephalis with two
horns, or a bunch of horns.

The genus _Lophocyrtis_ differs from its ancestral form _Theocyrtis_ only
in the armature of the cephalis, bearing instead of a single horn either
two divergent horns, or a bunch, or coronal of numerous spines. The slender
abdomen is in both genera cylindrical, with wide open mouth.


1. _Lophocyrtis holothuria_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, slender, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 2 : 4 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
bunch of five divergent, conical horns, the middle of which is larger and
vertical, nearly as long as the thorax. Thorax campanulate, half as long as
the cylindrical abdomen. Mouth truncate. Pores regular, circular,
quincuncial. (Similar to _Theocyrtis cylindrica_, but with different
cephalis and thorax.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Lophocyrtis stephanophora_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium stephanophorum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin p. 72, Taf. viii. fig. 14.

Shell smooth, slender, with deep collar and indistinct lumbar stricture.
Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis
subspherical, with very small circular pores, and a corona of three to nine
short conical spines. Thorax campanulate, with regular, circular pores,
which are half or one-third as broad as those of the cylindrical abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1411}3. _Lophocyrtis synapta_, n. sp. Pl. 68, fig. 15.

Shell spiny, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints =
5 : 10 : 6, breadth = 4 : 9 : 7. Cephalis large, ovate, with numerous
(twenty to thirty or more) conical, radially divergent spines of different
sizes, the largest about as long as the cephalis. Thorax subconical, with
numerous short, conical, divergent spines, which are directed downwards.
Abdomen smooth, cylindrical. The irregular, polygonal pores are separated
by thin bars, and in the thorax are twice to four times as broad as in the
first and last joints.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Maldive Islands (Haeckel), surface.


4. _Lophocyrtis coronata_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium coronatum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 9.

Shell smooth, cylindrical, with two deep strictures. Length of the three
joints = 4 : 3 : 4, breadth = 4 : 5 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, large, of
about the same size and form as the thorax, with a coronal of four to eight
short, conical spines on the apex. Pores in the two first joints irregular,
roundish, twice to four times as broad as the small, circular pores of the
cylindrical abdomen, which are disposed in four to eight transverse rows.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.04.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms; fossil in
Barbados.


5. _Lophocyrtis biaurita_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium biauritum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 8.

  _Eucyrtidium biauritum_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., p.
  540, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 38, _a_-_f_.

Shell smooth, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints =
1 : 6 : 3, breadth = 2 : 5 : 4. Cephalis small, hemispherical, hyaline,
with two large, divergent, curved horns of three times the length. Thorax
ovate, with few small, widely scattered pores. Abdomen cylindrical, without
pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.04.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 618. _Tricolocampe_,[235] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.

_Definition_.--#Theocorida# (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta), with
cylindrical abdomen, and wide open truncate mouth. Cephalis without horn.

The genus _Tricolocampe_ differs from its ancestral genus, _Theocyrtis_, in
the loss of the cephalic horn; it has the same cylindrical form of the
slender abdomen, and a wide {1412}open terminal mouth of the same breadth.
The whole shell is more or less cylindrical, (sometimes conical in the
upper part), with two distinct external strictures, or internal annular
septa.



Subgenus 1. _Tricolocampium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Pores of the thorax and of the abdomen of nearly equal size
and similar form.


1. _Tricolocampe cylindrica_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 21).

Shell nearly cylindrical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 2 : 3 : 15,
breadth = 3 : 4 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, with numerous very small
pores. Thorax and abdomen cylindrical, of about equal breadth, with equal,
circular pores, disposed regularly in transverse rows, three to four rows
in the thorax, ten to twelve in the abdomen. Mouth wide open, not
constricted.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.15;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


2. _Tricolocampe pupa_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium pupa_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 293, Taf. vii. fig. 16.

Shell nearly cylindrical, smooth. Length of the three joints = 2 : 2 : 8,
breadth = 2 : 3 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with four larger pores. Thorax
and abdomen cylindrical, of about equal breadth, with equal, very small
pores, disposed regularly in transverse rows, two rows in the thorax, eight
to ten in the abdomen. Mouth wide open, a little constricted.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.03.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), Station 206, depth 2100
fathoms.


3. _Tricolocampe polyzona_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 19).

Shell nearly cylindrical, thick-walled. Length of the three joints =
4 : 4 : 12, breadth = 8 : 9 : 9. Cephalis obtuse, conical. Thorax
barrel-shaped. Abdomen in the middle part a little constricted. Pores very
numerous, subregular, disposed regularly in transverse rows, six to eight
in the cephalis, eight to ten in the thorax, twelve to fifteen in the
abdomen. Mouth rather constricted, only half as broad as the abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.08, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, depth 2425 to 2925
fathoms; also fossil in the Nicobars and in Barbados.


{1413}4. _Tricolocampe stenozona_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 20).

Shell nearly cylindrical, thin-walled. Length of the three joints =
5 : 4 : 9, breadth = 6 : 8 : 9. Form of the three joints and disposition of
their pores nearly equal to the preceding species; but the proportion of
the joints is different, the shell more delicate, and the mouth more widely
open, and nearly as broad as the abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.06, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 256, depth 2950 fathoms.


5. _Tricolocampe amphizona_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 17).

Shell mitre-shaped, very thick-walled. Length of the three joints =
2 : 1 : 1, breadth nearly uniform. Cephalis obtuse, conical, as long as the
two other cylindrical joints together (probably composed of several united
joints). Pores subregular, disposed in transverse rows, six to eight in the
cephalis, two in the thorax, and two in the abdomen. Mouth widely open.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.02;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


6. _Tricolocampe panthera_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium panthera_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 18.

Shell mitre-shaped or nearly cylindrical, thick-walled. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 2. Cephalis subspherical. Thorax
campanulate. Abdomen cylindrical. Pores in all three joints irregular,
roundish, of different sizes, irregularly disposed. Mouth widely open,
truncated, not constricted.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015 to 0.02, _b_ 0.04 to
0.05, _c_ 0.06 to 0.08; breadth about _a_ 0.02, _b_ and _c_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific; also fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Tricolocamptra_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Pores of the thorax and the abdomen of different sizes or
forms.


7. _Tricolocampe urnula_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 22).

Shell cylindrical, with obtuse conical apex, smooth. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 3 : 10, breadth = 2 : 3 : 6. Cephalis subspherical. Thorax
barrel-shaped. Abdomen cylindrical with slightly constricted wide mouth.
Pores irregular, roundish, three to four times as broad in the abdomen as
in the thorax, irregularly disposed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.035, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


{1414}8. _Tricolocampe doliolum_, n. sp.

Shell cylindrical, with hemispherical apex, rough. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 3 : 5, breadth = 1 : 2 : 3. Cephalis spherical. Thorax and
abdomen cylindrical, of nearly equal breadth. Mouth widely open, not
constricted. Pores irregular, roundish, in the abdomen three to four times
as large as in the thorax, disposed in oblique rows.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.16;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


9. _Tricolocampe cingulata_, n. sp.

Shell subcylindrical, with obtuse conical apex, thick-walled. Length of the
three joints = 2 : 3 : 11, breadth = 3 : 7 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, not
separated externally from the short conical thorax, but with internal
collar septum. Abdomen cylindrical, with wide open, non-constricted mouth.
Pores in the thorax narrow, obliquely ascending, in the abdomen twice as
large, circular, arranged in ten to twelve regular transverse rows,
separated by slight strictures. Lumbar septum nearly complete.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.1 to
0.12; breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados, and in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; living in
the depths of the Atlantic and Central Pacific, Station 348, depth 2450
fathoms; Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


10. _Tricolocampe arcta_, Haeckel.

  ? _Eucyrtidium arctum_, Ehrenberg, 1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 33.

  ? _Lithocampe arcta_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 317.

Shell subcylindrical, with obtuse conical apex. Length of the three joints
= 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 2 : 2. Cephalis subspherical. Thorax
campanulate, separated by a deep collar, but a slight lumbar stricture.
Abdomen cylindrical, with wide truncate mouth. Pores in the thorax narrow,
obliquely ascending, in the abdomen half as large, very small, and densely
disposed in six to eight regular transverse rows.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.022, _b_ 0.045, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.026, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.



Genus 619. _Theocorys_,[236] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.

_Definition._--#Theocorida# (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) with ovate
abdomen, broader than the constricted mouth. Cephalis with a single horn.

The genus _Theocorys_ and the two following closely allied genera, united
formerly with _Eucyrtidium_, differ from the preceding Theocorida in the
constriction of the {1415}peristome, so that the inflated abdomen is
broader than the terminal mouth. They represent, therefore, the transition
to the Theocapsida, with closed mouth. The abdomen is commonly more or less
ovate or barrel-shaped, sometimes inversely conical. The cephalis of
_Theocorys_ bears a single apical horn.



Subgenus 1. _Theocoronium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Pores of the thorax and of the abdomen of nearly equal size
and similar form.


1. _Theocorys turgidula_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium turgidulum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 293, Taf. vii. fig. 13.

Shell slender, ovate, with two deep strictures, very fragile and
thin-walled. Length of the three joints = 2 : 5 : 7, breadth = 2 : 6 : 6.
Cephalis subspherical, with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax
nearly spherical. Abdomen ovate, twice as broad as the constricted mouth.
Pores very numerous, regular hexagonal, three to four times as broad as the
bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), Stations 206 and 224,
surface.


2. _Theocorys veneris_, n. sp. (Pl. 69, fig. 5).

Shell inversely ovate, with two deep strictures, smooth. Length of the
three joints = 2 : 5 : 6, breadth = 3 : 7 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with
a slender conical horn of twice the length. Thorax nearly spherical.
Abdomen ovate, twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores regular,
circular, twice as broad as the bars, quincuncially disposed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; many Stations,
surface.


3. _Theocorys cretica_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium creticum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 291, Taf. xi. fig. 23.

Shell ovate, thin-walled, smooth, with two deep strictures. Length of the
three joints = 2 : 4 : 4, breadth = 3 : 6 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with
a conical horn of the same length. Thorax and abdomen nearly hemispherical,
inflated, united by the opposite bases of the hemispheres. Constricted
mouth only one-third as broad as the abdomen. Pores very small and
numerous, regular, circular, of the same breadth as the bars, quincuncially
disposed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Crete, Corfu, surface.


{1416}4. _Theocorys ovata_, n. sp. (Pl. 69, fig. 16).

Shell quite ovate, thick-walled, smooth, without external strictures.
Length of the three joints = 2 : 2 : 9. breadth = 3 : 5 : 7. Cephalis
conical, with a thick conical horn of the same length. Thorax and abdomen
gradually dilated towards the base, and then hemispherical, constricted.
Mouth scarcely one-third as broad as the abdomen, prolonged into a short
tube. Pores regular, circular, disposed in transverse rows, two to three in
the cephalis, two to three in the thorax, eight to ten in the abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 268, depth 2650 to 3000
fathoms.


5. _Theocorys plutonis_, n. sp. (Pl. 69, fig. 1).

Shell ovate, thick-walled, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length of
the three joints = 2 : 5 : 4, breadth = 4 : 7 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical,
with a conical, oblique horn of the same length. Thorax and abdomen only
slightly inflated, gradually decreasing towards the wide, little
constricted mouth. Pores subregular, circular, much larger in the abdomen
and the lower half of the thorax than in the upper half and the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


6. _Theocorys scolopax_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium scolopax_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, Taf. ix. fig. 5.

Shell slender, inversely ovate, smooth. Length of the three joints =
1 : 3 : 3, breadth = 1 : 4 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a long,
slightly curved horn, half as long as the whole shell. Thorax campanulate.
Abdomen inversely ovate, twice as broad as the constricted mouth
(incomplete in Ehrenberg's figure).

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Theocorythium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Pores of the thorax and of the abdomen of different sizes or
dissimilar forms.


7. _Theocorys dianae_, n. sp. (Pl. 69, fig. 11).

Shell almost ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
3 : 6 : 8, breadth = 3 : 9 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, with a slender,
pyramidal horn of three times the length. Thorax {1417}conical, constricted
at the base. Abdomen bottle-shaped. Pores in the thorax irregular,
polygonal, in the abdomen subregular, circular, quincuncially disposed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, surface.


8. _Theocorys hyalothorax_, n. sp.

Shell slender, ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints
= 6 : 9 : 8, breadth = 7 : 12 : 11. Cephalis subspherical, with numerous
densely-placed circular pores, and with a pyramidal, slender horn of the
same length. Thorax hemispherical, hyaline, without any pores. Abdomen
ovate, twice as broad as the constricted mouth, with two to four widely
distant, transverse rows of small, circular pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.024, _b 0_.036, _c_ 0.032;
breadth, _a_ 0.028, _b 0_.048, _c_ 0.044.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


9. _Theocorys bachabunda_, Haeckel.

  _Thyrsocyrtis bachabunda_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii. fig. 4.

Shell inversely ovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 5 : 9, breadth = 3 : 9 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, small, with
a large cylindrical horn, which is half as long as the whole shell, and
armed with spines at the conical apex. Thorax conical, inflated, with
small, subregular, circular, quincuncial pores. Abdomen inversely ovate,
with irregular, roundish, pores of larger and smaller sizes mixed,
gradually lessening towards the constricted mouth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


10. _Theocorys attenuata_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium attenuatum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. fig. 16.

Shell inversely ovate, with distinct collar, but indistinct lumbar
stricture. Length of the three joints = 2 : 5 : 5, breadth = 2 : 7 : 6.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a short, oblique, conical horn. Thorax
inflated, campanulate, with small, regular, circular, quincuncial pores.
Abdomen inversely conical, with irregular pores of larger and smaller sizes
mixed, gradually lessening towards the truncated mouth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.05;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


11. _Theocorys obliqua_, n. sp. (Pl. 69, fig. 10).

Shell inversely ovate, with distinct collar, but indistinct lumbar
stricture. Length of the three joints = 3 : 7 : 4, breadth = 4 : 9 : 8.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout, pyramidal, oblique {1418}horn of the
same length. Thorax and abdomen together ovate, gradually lessening towards
the constricted mouth, which is only half as broad. Pores irregular,
roundish, in the thorax twice to four times as broad as in the abdomen.
Both joints are separated by an oblique, internal, lumbar septum, which in
some specimens observed was more oblique than in that figured; some
specimens had a very irregular form.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025 to 0.03, _b_ 0.06 to
0.07, _c_ 0.03 to 0.04; breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


12. _Theocorys alauda_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium alauda_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, Taf. ix. fig. 4.

Shell nearly spindle-shaped, decreasing from the thicker middle towards
both ends. Length of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 8, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5.
Cephalis subspherical, with a strong, conical horn of three times the
length. Thorax campanulate, with numerous regular, circular, quincuncial
pores. Abdomen inversely ovate, slender, twice as broad as the truncated
mouth, with irregular, roundish pores, three to four times as large as
those of the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.16;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados and in Tertiary rocks of Sicily.


13. _Theocorys apollinis_, n. sp. (Pl. 69, fig. 3).

Shell ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 3 : 5, breadth = 2 : 5 : 7. Cephalis subspherical, with a large,
straight, cylindrical horn, about as long as the whole shell (in the
specimen figured this is broken off). Thorax truncate, conical. Abdomen
subglobose, truncate on both poles, twice as broad as the constricted
mouth. Pores quincuncial, subregular, circular, twice as broad in the
abdomen as in the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.05;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.


14. _Theocorys sphaerophila_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium sphaerophilum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 72, Taf. viii. fig. 16.

Shell almost ovate, rough, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 7 : 10, breadth = 3 : 8 : 12. Cephalis subspherical, with a
strong, conical horn of the same length. Thorax nearly spherical, with
subregular, circular pores of different sizes. Abdomen ovate, truncate at
both poles, nearly twice as broad as the constricted mouth, with very
large, subregular, hexagonal pores, four to six times as broad as the bars,
in three to four transverse, and ten to twelve longitudinal rows.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms; fossil in
Barbados.


{1419}15. _Theocorys tuberculata_, n. sp.

Shell almost ovate, tuberculate, with deep collar, but slight lumbar
stricture. Length of the three joints = 2 : 5 : 12, breadth = 3 : 8 : 11.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a cylindrical horn of twice the length. Thorax
hemispherical, with regular, circular, double-edged, quincuncial pores,
between which conical tubercles occur. Abdomen truncate, ovate, twice as
broad as the constricted mouth, with regular, circular, hexagonally-framed
pores, three to four times as broad as those of the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.11.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms; fossil in
Barbados.


16. _Theocorys martis_, n. sp.

Shell slender, ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints
= 3 : 6 : 18, breadth = 4 : 8 : 12. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a
very large, sword-shaped broad horn, nearly as long as the whole shell.
Thorax hemispherical, honey-comb like, with regular, circular,
hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen ovate, with irregular, roundish, very
large pores, four to six times as broad as the bars, and as the pores of
the thorax. Constricted mouth half as broad as the abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.18;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


17. _Theocorys mercurii_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, conical, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 3 : 7, breadth = 2 : 4 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
broad pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate, with
longitudinal series of small, regular, circular pores, separated by
divergent crests. Abdomen nearly spherical, one and a half times as broad
as the constricted mouth, which is prolonged into a thin, solid,
cylindrical peristome. Pores of the abdomen regular, circular, hexagonally
framed, three to four times as broad as the bars, and as the pores of the
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.15;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.15.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.


18. _Theocorys minervae_, n. sp. (Pl. 69, fig. 14).

Shell ovate, conical, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints
= 1 : 3 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with a large
pyramidal horn as long as the thorax, and with small, circular pores.
Thorax rough, with regular, quincuncial, circular pores, three to four
times as large as those of the cephalis. Abdomen barrel-shaped, with
irregular, roundish pores of very different sizes, six very large pores
immediately beyond the lumbar stricture, and four to five rows {1420}of
pores, which are twice to four times as large as those of the thorax. Mouth
truncated, with thickened margin, two-thirds as broad as the abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.16;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.16, _c_ 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



Genus 620. _Axocorys_,[237] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.

_Definition._--#Theocorida# (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta), with ovate
abdomen, including an internal vertical axial rod, which bears three
divergent radial spines or verticils of three branches, and is prolonged
into an apical horn.

The genus _Axocorys_ contains only a single but very remarkable species,
and may, perhaps, represent a peculiar group, which has closer relations to
the #Plectoidea# than to the other Tricyrtida. The pyriform three-jointed
shell has neither lateral nor terminal free appendages, but possesses a
very large apical horn, and an inner prolongation of this, an axial rod,
which bears some triradiate verticils of branched spines. The original
ancestral forms of this remarkable genus are probably _Plagoniscus_ and
_Plectaniscus_ (pp. 912 and 924).


1. _Axocorys macroceros_, n. sp. (Pl. 68, figs. 1, 1_a_).

Shell pear-shaped, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three joints
= 2 : 3 : 16, breadth = 3 : 6 : 16. Cephalis hemispherical, with few small
pores. From its apex arises vertically a very long three-sided prismatic
horn with denticulate edges, three to four times as long as the shell. An
inner thin prolongation of the horn descends vertically nearly to the
mouth, and bears on its basal end three verticils of branched spines, each
verticil with three divergent forked spines (fig. 1_a_). Pores regular,
circular, in the subspherical abdomen three times as large as in the
hemispherical thorax. The constricted mouth is scarcely broader than the
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.16;
breadth _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.16.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 621. _Lophocorys_,[238] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 434.

_Definition._--#Theocorida# (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta), with ovate
abdomen, broader than the constricted mouth. Cephalis with two divergent
horns, or with a bunch of horns.

{1421}The genus _Lophocorys_ differs from its ancestral form, _Theocorys_,
only in the armature of the cephalis, bearing either two divergent horns,
or a corona of several radial horns. In two species there are four horns on
the apex, a larger vertical (occipital) horn being surrounded by three
smaller, upwards divergent horns.


1. _Lophocorys astrocephala_, n. sp. (Pl. 69, fig. 9).

Shell smooth, inversely ovate, with deep collar and slight lumbar
stricture. Length of the three joints = 3 : 7 : 6, breadth = 4 : 11 : 10.
Cephalis subspherical, stellate, densely covered with numerous (ten to
twenty or more) divergent, large, slenderly conical horns, the longest of
which reach the length of the shell. Thorax campanulate, with small,
regular, circular pores. Abdomen tapering towards the constricted mouth, in
the upper half with the same pores, in the lower half with smaller, scarce
pores, or nearly hyaline.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.11, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Lophocorys acanthocephala_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium acanthocephalum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 70, Taf. ix. fig. 8.

Shell rough, bottle-shaped, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 5 : 11 : 7, breadth = 4 : 12 : 10. Cephalis conical, with a large
pyramidal horn of the same length, and three smaller divergent accessory
horns at the base of the three edges of the latter. Thorax campanulate,
nearly as long as the tapering abdomen (which in the figure of Ehrenberg is
broken off). Pores regular, circular, quincuncial.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.11, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.12, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Lophocorys bicornis_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium bicorne_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. fig. 7.

Shell smooth, almost spindle-shaped, with two slight strictures. Length of
the three joints = 2 : 8 : 3, breadth = 3 : 5 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical,
with two stout, pyramidal, divergent horns of twice the length. Thorax
ovate, with seven to eleven transverse rows of small, regular, circular
pores (often very scarce in the upper half). Abdomen with two to four
transverse rows of the same pores. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.04.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1422}4. _Lophocorys quadricornis_, n. sp.

Shell rough, slenderly ovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the
three joints = 2 : 4 : 2, breadth = 2 : 4 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with four
very stout, three-sided prismatic horns; the largest is as long as the
thorax and vertical upon the apex, the three smaller are as long as the
cephalis and diverge upwards from the base of the former. Thorax ovate,
with large, irregular, roundish pores, which are three to four times as
broad as the small, circular pores of the first and the third joint.
Constricted mouth half as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.045, _b_ 0.085, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.035, _b_ 0.075, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


5. _Lophocorys bovicornis_, n. sp. (Pl. 69, fig. 12).

Shell rough, subovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints
= 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with two
divergent, curved horns of different lengths. Thorax campanulate, with
small, circular pores. Abdomen subspherical, truncate at both poles, twice
as broad as the constricted mouth, thorny, with very large, circular pores,
four to six times as broad as those of the smaller thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.



Genus 622. _Theocampe_,[239] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Theocorida# (vel Tricyrtida eradiata aperta) with ovate
abdomen, broader than the constricted mouth. Cephalis without horn.

The genus _Theocampe_ differs from the two preceding genera in the absence
of horns on the cephalis, and may, therefore be derived from _Theocorys_ by
reduction of the apical horn. It bears to the latter the same relation as
_Tricolocampe_ does to _Theocyrtis_.



Subgenus 1. _Theocampana_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Pores of the thorax and the abdomen of nearly equal size and
similar form.


1. _Theocampe ehrenbergii_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyomitra ehrenbergii_, Zittel, 1876, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol.
  Gesellsch., p. 82, Taf ii. fig. 5.

Shell ovate, smooth. Length of the three joints = 2 : 3 : 13, breadth =
4 : 7 : 12. Cephalis hemispherical. Thorax truncate, conical. Abdomen
inflated, nearly spherical, twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores
of nearly equal size and form, small, regular, circular.

{1423}_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.014, _b_ 0.018, _c_
0.076; breadth, _a_ 0.023, _b_ 0.044, _c_ 0.073.

_Habitat._--Fossil in the chalk of Northern Germany; Brunswick (Zittel).


2. _Theocampe pirum_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium pirum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, Taf. x. fig. 14.

  _Eucyrtidium excellens_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. p. 540, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 31.

Shell ovate, smooth. Length of the three joints = 3 : 5 : 15, breadth =
6 : 10 : 16. Cephalis hemispherical. Thorax truncate conical. Abdomen
inflated, subspherical, three times as broad as the constricted mouth.
Pores of nearly equal size, regular, circular in the thorax alternating, in
the abdomen disposed in five to six transverse, widely distant rows.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.025 _c_ 0.075;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados.


3. _Theocampe stenostoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 23).

Shell about ovate, smooth. Length of the three joints = 3 : 4 : 3, breadth
= 6 : 8 : 9. Cephalis hemispherical, large. Thorax and abdomen short,
barrel-shaped. Both strictures deep. Abdomen three times as broad as the
constricted mouth. Pores of equal size, regular, circular, disposed in
oblique rows.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.06, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Theocampe nucula_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium nucula_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 29, Taf. vii. fig. 19.

Shell nearly ovate, rough. Length of the three joints = 3 : 5 : 3, breadth
= 4 : 7 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, large. Thorax and abdomen inflated.
Both strictures deep. Thorax broader than the short abdomen, and twice as
broad as the constricted mouth. Pores of equal size, regular, circular,
regularly disposed in transverse rows: three in the cephalis, six in the
thorax, and three in the abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


5. _Theocampe cryptoprora_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium cryptoprora_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 291, Taf. vii. fig. 14.

Shell ovate, thin-walled, smooth, without external strictures, but with two
distinct internal annular septa. Length of the three joints = 2 : 7 : 4,
breadth = 3 : 7 : 6. Cephalis, large, subspherical, {1424}hyaline; its
lower half hidden in the upper part of the campanulate thorax. Mouth little
constricted, nearly as broad as the truncate abdomen. All pores equal,
small, regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Stations 225 to 265, in various depths.


6. _Theocampe ovulum_, n. sp.

Shell perfectly ovate, thick-walled, smooth, without external strictures,
but with two broad, internal septa. Length of the three joints =
2 : 3 : 10, breadth = 3 : 6 : 8. Cephalis and thorax together obtuse,
conical, with obliquely ascending pores. Abdomen inflated, twice as broad
as the constricted mouth, with ten to twelve transverse rows of pores. All
pores equal, small, regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados and Sicily.


7. _Theocampe cassis_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium cassis_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 291, Taf. vii. fig. 20.

Shell bottle-shaped, thin-walled, with slight collar, but deep lumbar
stricture. Length of the three joints = 3 : 8 : 6, breadth = 2 : 7 : 7.
Cephalis ovate. Thorax campanulate. Abdomen inflated, twice as broad as the
constricted mouth. Pores equal, regular, circular, disposed in quincuncial
rows.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08. _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific (Philippines), Station 206, depth 2100
fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Theocamptra_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Pores of the thorax and the abdomen of different sizes or
dissimilar forms.


8. _Theocampe sphaerothorax_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 25).

Shell almost ovate, rough. Length of the three joints = 2 : 5 : 10, breadth
= 3 : 8 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical. Thorax nearly spherical, truncate.
Abdomen ovate, twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores subregular,
circular, quincuncially disposed, in the abdomen twice as broad as in the
thorax, and four times as broad as in the cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.1;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


{1425}9. _Theocampe versipellis_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium versipellis_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 14.

Shell slenderly ovate, rough. Length of the three joints = 3 : 5 : 13,
breadth = 4 : 8 : 9. Cephalis subspherical, without pores. Thorax
hemispherical. Abdomen inflated, twice as broad as the constricted mouth.
Pores subregular, circular, quincuncially disposed, in the abdomen three
times as broad as in the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.13;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


10. _Theocampe megalopora_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium megaloporum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 291, Taf. vii. fig. 19.

Shell almost ovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 6 : 3, breadth = 3 : 6 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical. Thorax
ovate, inflated. Abdomen inversely ovate, two to three times as broad as
the constricted mouth. Pores subregular, circular, quincuncially disposed,
twice as broad in the large thorax as in the smaller abdomen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.04.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 267, depth 2700 fathoms.


11. _Theocampe collaris_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 18).

Shell almost ovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 3 : 3 : 6, breadth = 4 : 5 : 7. Cephalis obtuse conical, with five
or six transverse rows of small pores. Thorax truncate conical, with
longitudinal furrows, each of which contains a single pore. Abdomen
inflated, with five or six distant, transverse rows of small, circular
pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


12. _Theocampe gemmata_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium gemmatum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 6.

Shell slenderly ovate, smooth, with two internal annular septa. Length of
the three joints = 1 : 1 : 4, breadth = 1 : 2 : 3. Cephalis campanulate,
nearly as large as the truncate, conical thorax, both with small,
irregular, obliquely descending pores. Abdomen broader, twice as broad as
the constricted mouth, with numerous longitudinal ribs, alternating with
single rows of small, circular pores. (This and the following allied
species approach to _Cycladophora_, by the abdominal ribs.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.035, _c_ 0.045.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1426}13. _Theocampe costata_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 24).

Shell almost ovate, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 4 : 8, breadth = 3 : 5 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical. Thorax twice as
large, also hemispherical, both with regular, circular, quincuncial pores.
Abdomen broader, with numerous longitudinal ribs, alternating with
longitudinal rows of larger pores. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the
thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Sunda Straits (Rabbe), surface.


14. _Theocampe cryptocephala_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium cryptocephalum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. fig. 11.

Shell ovate, rough, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 4, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, its lower
half hidden in the campanulate thorax. Abdomen subspherical, twice as broad
as the constricted mouth. Pores subregular, circular, quincuncial, twice as
broad in the abdomen as in the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.025, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subfamily 2. THEOCAPSIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.

_Definition._--#Theocyrtida# with the basal mouth of the shell fenestrated
(vel Tricyrtida eradiata clausa).



Genus 623. _Theocapsa_,[240] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 436.

_Definition._--#Theocapsida# (vel Tricyrtida eradiata clausa), with an
apical horn, and a terminal lattice-plate on the mouth.

The genus _Theocapsa_, and the two following genera, represent together the
small subfamily of Theocapsida, or of those Tricyrtida in which the mouth
is closed by a lattice-plate, and external radial appendages are wanting.
_Theocapsa_ may be derived from _Theocorys_ by fenestration of the
constricted mouth.



Subgenus 1. _Theocapsetta_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax of about the same size as the abdomen, or somewhat
larger; pores of both nearly equal in size and similar in form.


{1427}1. _Theocapsa aristotelis_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 6).

Shell subovate, smooth, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 6 : 7, breadth = 3 : 8 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
conical, slender horn of about the same length. Thorax and abdomen nearly
equal in size, thin-walled, smooth, with small, regular, circular pores of
equal size. Basal pole rounded.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Gibraltar), Atlantic (Canary Islands), surface.


2. _Theocapsa plinii_, n. sp.

Shell subovate, smooth, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 5 : 6, breadth = 3 : 7 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
pyramidal, thick horn of about the same length. Thorax and abdomen of
nearly equal size, thick-walled, rough, with large, regular, circular,
double-edged pores of equal size (twice as large and half as numerous as in
the similar preceding species).

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.


3. _Theocapsa democriti_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 8).

Shell slender, ovate, spiny, with two distinct strictures. Length of the
three joints = 3 : 5 : 6, breadth = 4 : 7 : 7. Cephalis ovate, with
numerous slender horns of the same length. Thorax and abdomen with small,
irregular, roundish pores of nearly equal size, armed with scattered
slender spines, half as long as the cephalic horns. Basal pole
hemispherical, rounded.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


4. _Theocapsa galeni_, n. sp.

Shell broadly ovate, spiny, with two deep strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 7 : 6, breadth = 3 : 8 : 7. Cephalis hemispherical, with two
conical, divergent horns of the same length. Thorax and abdomen with large,
irregular, roundish pores of nearly equal size, armed with numerous short
spines, not larger than the pores. Basal pole conical, pointed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Theocapsilla_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax of about the same size as the abdomen, or somewhat
larger; pores of the two different in size or form.


{1428}5. _Theocapsa wottonis_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 11).

Shell subovate, rough, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints
= 3 : 7 : 5, breadth = 3 : 9 : 8. Cephalis subspherical, with regular,
circular, hexagonally-framed pores, and with a stout pyramidal horn of the
same length. Thorax conical, with subregular, circular, double-edged pores.
Abdomen hemispherical, smaller and thinner walled, with irregular, somewhat
oblong pores. Basal pole rounded.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.05;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


6. _Theocapsa gessneri_, n. sp.

Shell broadly ovate, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
3 : 9 : 5, breadth = 4 : 10 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender,
conical horn of the same length. Thorax subspherical, with small, regular,
circular pores. Abdomen inversely conical, with few large, somewhat oblong
pores. Basal pole acute.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.05;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.04.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


7. _Theocapsa aldrovandi_, n. sp.

Shell slender, inversely ovate, with two slight strictures. Length of the
three joints = 3 : 8 : 14, breadth = 4 : 11 : 8. Cephalis subglobular, with
a conical horn of the same length. Thorax also subglobular, papillate, with
regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen inversely conical,
slender, with very small and numerous, subregular, circular pores. Basal
pole ovate, pointed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.14;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.11, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


8. _Theocapsa malpighii_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 15).

Shell inversely ovate, with two distinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 3 : 8 : 11, breadth = 4 : 9 : 8. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
conical horn of the some length Thorax hemispherical, thorny, with very
small circular pores, surrounded by large, regular, hexagonal frames.
Abdomen inversely campanulate, with larger circular pores, and longitudinal
ribs. Basal pole blunt, conical.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.11,
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.09, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Theocapsomma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax much smaller than the abdomen, pores of the two
nearly equal in size and similar in form.


{1429}9. _Theocapsa linnaei_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 13).

Shell slender, subcylindrical, rough with two slight strictures. Length of
the three joints = 1 : 3 : 6, breadth = 1 : 4 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical,
with a pyramidal horn of twice the length (sometimes, as in the specimen
figured, one or two small accessory horns occur at its base). Thorax
hemispherical, thick-walled. Abdomen nearly cylindrical, twice as long as
the thorax, thin-walled, with a hemispherical, rounded basal pole. The
specimen figured is an abnormal one, with some deformities on the irregular
abdomen; in numerous other specimens the abdomen is cylindrical, regular.
Pores of the thorax and abdomen equal, very small and numerous, regular,
circular, three to four times as broad as the bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05 to 0.06, _c_
0.1 to 0.12; breadth, _a_ 0.03, b 0.06 to 0.07, _c_ 0.07 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans; many
Stations at various depths.


10. _Theocapsa forskalii_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 9).

Shell slender, subcylindrical, smooth, with two slight strictures. Length
of the three joints = 1 : 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 2. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a conical horn of half the length. Abdomen three times
as long as the thorax, of the same breadth, with the same irregular,
roundish pores, large and small intermingled. Basal pole rounded.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Canary Islands, Station 353, depth 2965
fathoms.


11. _Theocapsa wolffii_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 14).

Shell slender, spindle-shaped very thick-walled, rough, without external
strictures, but with two broad internal girdles. Length of the three joints
= 2 : 3 : 15, breadth = 4 : 5 : 7. Cephalis with a short horn of the same
length, conical. Abdomen five times as long as the thorax, with the same
subregular, circular pores. Basal pole inversely conical, with some larger,
elongate pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.15;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Crete, depth 1620 fathoms (Spratt).


12. _Theocapsa pallasii_, n. sp.

Shell subovate, thorny, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 3. Cephalis ovate, with a pyramidal
horn of the same length. Thorax and abdomen with subregular, circular pores
of medium size. Basal pole hemispherical. (Differs from _Theocapsa
muelleri_, Pl. 66, fig. 7, mainly in the larger number and smaller size of
the regular, quincuncial pores.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms.



{1430}Subgenus 4. _Theocapsura_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax much smaller than the abdomen, pores of the two
different in size or form.


13. _Theocapsa lamarckii_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 16).

Shell slenderly ovate, rough, with two distinct strictures. Length of the
three joints = 1 : 2 : 7, breadth = 1 : 4 : 5. Cephalis subspherical, with
a conical horn of twice the length. Thorax conical, with regular, circular
pores. Abdomen three times longer, with subregular, hexagonal pores of
twice the size. Basal pole hemispherical, with very large, irregular,
roundish pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.14;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


14. _Theocapsa cuvieri_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 10).

Shell slenderly spindle-shaped, thorny, with two slight strictures. Length
of the three joints = 1 : 3 : 6, breadth = 1 : 3 : 3. Cephalis
subspherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Thorax conical,
spiny, with regular, circular, double-edged pores. Abdomen thinner-walled,
inversely conical, with irregular, roundish pores. Basal pole acute, with a
bunch of larger spines.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


15. _Theocapsa baerii_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly spindle-shaped, smooth with two indistinct strictures.
Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 8, breadth = 2 : 3 : 4. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a thick conical horn of the same length. Abdomen four
times as long as the thorax. Pores in the thorax small and numerous,
regular, circular, in the abdomen twice as large, and irregularly roundish.
Basal pole inversely conical, acute. (Differs from _Theocapsa wolffii_, Pl.
66, fig. 14, mainly in the shape of the pores.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


16. _Theocapsa rathkei_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly conical, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 2 : 10, breadth = 2 : 4 : 15. Cephalis small, with a large,
conical horn of three times the length. Thorax small, thorny, with small
irregular, roundish pores. Abdomen very large, as long and as broad as the
thorax, with irregular polygonal or roundish, very large pores, the margin
of which is finely denticulate. Basal pole truncate, rounded.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.2;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.3.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1431}17. _Theocapsa schwannii_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly ovate, or pear-shaped, with two distinct strictures. Length
of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 7, breadth = 2 : 4 : 7. Cephalis
subspherical, small, with a stout, pyramidal horn of three times the
length. Cavity of the thorax subspherical, its thick wall with small,
regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores. Abdomen very thick-walled,
with crested bars, and very large, irregular, roundish pores. Basal pole
rounded, truncate.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.14,
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


18. _Theocapsa muelleri_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 7).

Shell slenderly ovate, or pear-shaped, spiny, with two indistinct
strictures. Length of the three joints = 1 : 2 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 3.
Cephalis ovate, with a stout, pyramidal horn of the same length, and with a
variable number of smaller accessory horns. Pores irregular, roundish,
three to four times as broad in the inflated abdomen as in the thorax.
Basal pole hemispherical, spiny.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.09;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


19. _Theocapsa sarsii_, n. sp.

Shell pear-shaped, with two indistinct strictures. Length of the three
joints = 1 : 1 : 3, breadth = 1 : 2 : 4. Cephalis with a thick horn of the
same length, conical. Abdomen subspherical, very thick-walled, its pores
regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars, and three times as broad as
those of the thorax. Basal pole flat, rounded.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.12;
breadth, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.11, _c_ 0.15.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


20. _Theocapsa darwinii_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 12).

Shell pear-shaped, with two distinct strictures. Length of three joints =
1 : 1 : 5, breadth = 1 : 2 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn
of twice the length. Thorax campanulate, with small, regular, circular
pores. Abdomen broad, ovate, with larger, regular, circular,
hexagonally-framed pores. Basal pole hemispherical.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.2;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.



Genus 624. _Tricolocapsa_,[241] Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Theocapsida# (vel Tricyrtida eradiata clausa) without
apical horn, with a terminal lattice-plate on the mouth.

{1432}The genus _Tricolocapsa_ differs from the preceding _Theocapsa_ in
the loss of the apical horn, and exhibits therefore to it the same relation
that _Theocampe_ bears to _Theocorys_. In some species (Pl. 66, figs. 1, 3)
a small tube begins to be developed on the cephalis, and these may perhaps
be separated as a peculiar genus, _Tricolopera_.



Subgenus 1. _Tricolocapsula_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax of about the same size as the abdomen, or larger.


1. _Tricolocapsa theophrasti_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 1).

Shell slenderly ovate, with two slight strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 8 : 5, breadth = 3 : 7 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
larger, tube-like, cervical pore at the collar stricture. Thorax very
thick-walled, with irregular, roundish, double edged pores, smaller than
the bars between them. Abdomen smaller, inversely campanulate-conical, with
very irregular pores. Basal pole acute.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.05;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


2. _Tricolocapsa dioscoridis_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 3).

Shell short and broad, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints
= 3 : 5 : 4, breadth = 4 : 7 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, with a larger,
tube-like, cervical pore above the collar stricture. Thorax very broad,
with irregular, large and spare, roundish pores. Abdomen much smaller,
inversely conical, with smaller pores. Basal pole obtuse.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.04;
breadth, _a_ 0.04, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Tricolocapsa linnaei_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 5).

Shell short and broad, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints
= 1 : 4 : 2, breadth = 1 : 4 : 2. Cephalis hemispherical. Thorax
thick-walled, inflated, with subregular, circular, double-edged pores.
Abdomen much smaller, thin-walled, with irregular, polygonal pores. Basal
pole hemispherical, rounded.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.05;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


{1433}4. _Tricolocapsa decandollei_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 4).

Shell subovate, with two sharp strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 2 : 2, breadth = 3 : 4 : 3.5. Cephalis campanulate. Thorax broader,
ring-shaped. Abdomen inversely hemispherical. All three joints of the same
length, thick-walled, with the same regular and peculiar reticulation, the
small circular pores being surrounded by square, elevated frames.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.07, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.10, _b_ 0.14, _c_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Tricolocapsium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Thorax much smaller than the abdomen.


5. _Tricolocapsa brownii_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, very thick-walled, with two indistinct strictures. Length of
the three joints = 2 : 4 : 7, breadth = 3 : 7 : 10. Cephalis flat,
hemispherical. Thorax truncate, conical. Abdomen inflated, inversely
hemispherical. Pores regular, circular, of the same breadth as the bars,
hexagonally-framed, twice as large in the abdomen as in the thorax. Basal
pole rounded.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.07;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


6. _Tricolocapsa schleidenii_, n. sp. (Pl. 66, fig. 2).

Shell subconical, with two deep strictures. Length of the three joints =
2 : 3 : 6, breadth = 3 : 5 : 6. Cephalis subspherical. Pores subregular,
circular, arranged in transverse girdles, three in the broad thorax, six in
the subglobular abdomen. Basal pole rounded.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.06;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Genus 625. _Phrenocodon_,[242] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Theocapsida# (vel Tricyrtida eradiata clausa) with an
apical horn, and a lattice-plate between thorax and abdomen.

The genus _Phrenocodon_ differs from the two preceding genera in the
remarkable circumstance, that the basal lattice-plate closes not the
terminal mouth itself, but the {1434}constricted opening between thorax and
abdomen. It may therefore be regarded as a _Sethocapsa_, which has
developed a third, open, abdominal joint. The cephalis bears an apical
horn.


1. _Phrenocodon clathrostomium_, n. sp. (Pl. 70, figs. 7, 8).

Shell campanulate-conical, with two deep strictures. Length of the three
joints = 2 : 6 : 3, breadth = 3 : 10 : 14. Cephalis hemispherical, with an
oblique curved horn of the same length. Thorax subconical, with polygonal,
roundish pores, increasing in size towards the girdle. A perfect
fenestrated diaphragm, with irregular, roundish pores of very different
sizes, separates the thorax from the abdomen. The latter is composed of
three parallel, circular rings, which are connected by fifteen to twenty
radial beams. As the middle ring is larger than the two others, the beams
between the large quadrangular pores are divergent in the upper, convergent
in the lower girdle. Short prolongations of the divergent beams form a
coronal around the middle ring (compare fig. 7 profile, fig. 8 from below).

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.03;
breadth, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


2. _Phrenocodon diaphragma_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate-conical, very similar to that of the preceding species,
but with abdomen and proportions different. Length of the three joints =
1 : 3 : 2, breadth = 1 : 4 : 4. Abdomen cylindrical, with two or three
transverse rows of large quadrangular meshes (fifteen to twenty in each
row), without the characteristic inflexion of the preceding species, and
without the coronal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the three joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.034;
breadth, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


----


Section IV. STICHOCYRTIDA, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 280, 312
(Pls. 75-80).

  _Stichocyrtida et Tetracyrtida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437, 438.

_Definition._--#Cyrtoidea# polythalamia, with annulated shell, divided by
three to six or more transverse, horizontal constrictions, into four to
seven or more annular joints. (The first joint represents the cephalis, the
second the thorax, the third the abdomen, all the following joints together
a post-abdomen.)

{1435}_Synopsis of the three Families and six Subfamilies of
Stichocyrtida._

  Family LXVIII. Podocampida.  } Mouth open,      Stichopilida.
  Three radial apophyses.      }
                               } Mouth closed,    Stichoperida.

  Family LXIX. Phormocampida.  } Mouth open,      Stichophormida.
  Numerous radial apophyses.   }
                               } Mouth closed,    Stichophaenida.

  Family LXX. Lithocampida.    } Mouth open,      Stichocorida.
  No radial apophyses.         }
                               } Mouth closed,    Stichocapsida.



Family LXVIII. #PODOCAMPIDA#, n. fam.

  _Artopilida et Artoperida, Stichopilida et Stichoperida_, Haeckel, 1881,
      Prodromus, p. 437-439.

_Definition._--#Stichocyrtida# triradiata. (#Cyrtoidea# with an annulated
shell, divided by three or more transverse constrictions into four or more
annular joints, and bearing three radial apophyses).

The family #Podocampida# comprises those #Cyrtoidea# in which the
lattice-shell is composed of numerous (four to eight or more) annular
joints, and bears three external radial apophyses. It may be divided into
two subfamilies, differing in the shape of the terminal mouth. This is a
simple wide opening in the Stichopilida (and the united Artopilida), closed
by a lattice-plate in the Stichoperida (and the united Artoperida). The
phylogenetic origin of the Podocampida may be found in the Podocyrtida (p.
1314).

Very few forms only of the Podocampida were hitherto known, viz.,
_Stichopilium_ (_Pterocodon_) _davisianum_, and three fossil species from
Barbados, figured by Ehrenberg; _Artopera loxia_ (united by him with
_Lithornithium_), and two species of _Pteropilium_ (_sphinx_ and _bombus_,
both united by him with the three-jointed _Pterocanium_). In general, the
triradiate Stichocyrtida are much rarer and much poorer in specific forms
than the triradiate Tricyrtida, their ancestors. We have observed
altogether only forty-four species, thirty Stichopilida, and fourteen
Stichoperida; the former are disposed among seven, the latter among three
genera.

The three radial apophyses appear either as lateral ribs or prominent wings
in the thorax (Pl. 77, fig. 8-12), or as three terminal feet around the
mouth (Pl. 97, fig. 15). Sometimes the ribs are replaced by three radial
combs, or rows of spines, and these may be united by three divergent beams,
forming three vaulted bridges with numerous bows (Pl. 75, figs. 10, 11).
The lateral wings or ribs, as well as the terminal feet, are either solid
or fenestrated.

{1436}_Synopsis of the Genera of Podocampida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Stichopilida.
     Mouth of the terminal joint a simple wide opening.
                            --------------------
     Three lateral appendices or wings (no terminal feet).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Lateral wings are     { Cephalis with
   solid spines.        {   horn,          626. _Stichopilium_.

                        { With horn,       627. _Artopilium_.
  Lateral wings are     {
   latticed.            { Without horn,    628. _Pteropilium_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Three terminal appendices or feet at the peristome (all with
  cephalic horn).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Three lateral ribs    { Feet solid,      629. _Stichocampe_.
   or crests prolonged  {
   into the three       { Feet latticed,   630. _Stichopterium_.
   terminal feet.       {

  No lateral ribs.      { Feet solid,      631. _Podocampe_.
   Three terminal       {
   feet free.           { Feet latticed,   632. _Stichopodium_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Stichoperida.
      Mouth of the terminal joint closed by a lattice-plate.
                            --------------------
  Last joint rounded, without a vertical basal spine (cephalis with horn).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Three lateral solid ribs
   (or rows of spines),                    633. _Stichopera_.

  Three lateral latticed wings
   (or rows of wings),                     634. _Cyrtopera_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Last joint conical, pointed, with a vertical basal spine.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Three lateral solid ribs
   (cephalis with an apical horn),         635. _Artopera_.



Subfamily 1. STICHOPILIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--#Podocampida# with the terminal mouth of the shell open (vel
Stichocyrtida triradiata aperta).



Genus 626. _Stichopilium_,[243] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--#Stichopilida# (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata aperta) with
three solid lateral ribs or wings, without terminal feet. Cephalis with a
horn.

The genus _Stichopilium_ is the most primitive among all Stichocyrtida, and
represents perhaps the common ancestral form of this family. The shell is
composed of four or more joints (sometimes ten to twelve), has a wide open
terminal mouth, and three lateral solid wings or ribs (sometimes a little
latticed on the base). _Stichopilium_ may be derived from _Theopilium_ or
_Pterocorys_ by addition of new terminal joints.



Subgenus 1. _Triacartus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.

_Definition._--Shell with three annular strictures, and four distinct
joints.


{1437}1. _Stichopilium cortina_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, with three sharp strictures. Length of the four joints =
2 : 6 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with a slender pyramidal horn of
twice the length. The three edges of the horn are prolonged into three
strong divergent ribs, along the three first joints, and into three free
conical lateral spines, directed downwards, on the end of the third joint.
The fourth joint is subcylindrical; its circular, terminal mouth half as
broad as the third joint, which is the broadest. Pores small, regular,
hexagonal, with thin bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.15, breadth 0.08.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.04.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


2. _Stichopilium costatum_, n. sp.

Shell conical, or nearly pyramidal, with three distinct strictures. Length
of the four joints = 3 : 5 : 8 : 4. Cephalis subconical, with a stout
pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax campanulate, with six
longitudinal ribs, from three of which in the middle arise three
horizontal, conical, free spines or wings, about as long as the cephalis.
The third large prismatic joint bears twelve parallel ribs, six new ribs
being intercalated between the six former. Fourth joint short, cylindrical,
without ribs, the wide open mouth not constricted, nearly as broad as the
third joint, which is the broadest. Pores small, irregular, polygonal, or
roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2, breadth 0.12.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.08, _d_ 0.04.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244 (off Japan), depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Stichopilium bicorne_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 9).

Shell conical, with three slight strictures. Length of the four joints =
4 : 14 : 5 : 3. Cephalis large, conical, with two stout pyramidal,
divergent horns of twice the length. From its base (in the middle of the
collar stricture) arise three internal, downwardly divergent ribs, which
are prolonged on the outside of the upper half of the thorax into three
stout, pyramidal, lateral spines (similar to the horns). The fourth joint,
with wide open mouth, was the broadest, but not fully developed in the
single specimen observed. Pores subregular, hexagonal, with thin bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.02, breadth 0.09.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.025, _d_ 0.015.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


4. _Stichopilium davisianum_, Haeckel.

  _Pterocodon davisianus_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 298, Taf. ii. fig. 10.

  _Cycladophora davisiana_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 289, Taf. ii. fig. 11.

  _Eucyrtidium davisianum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 328.

  _Pterocanium davisianum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 332.

Shell campanulate, conical, with three slight strictures. Length of the
four joints = 2 : 3 : 4 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with few small pores
and a short conical horn. Thorax campanulate, with {1438}larger circular
pores, and three recurved, divergent, lateral wings of the same length.
Third and fourth joints each with three transverse rows of very large
hexagonal pores. The similar form described by Ehrenberg as _Cycladophora
davisiana_, is either a mutilated specimen, or belongs to _Lithostrobus_.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12, breadth 0.08.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.03.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Greenland, depth 1000 to 1500 fathoms.


5. _Stichopilium campanulatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 11).

Shell campanulate, with three slight strictures. Length of the four joints
= 3 : 5 : 5 : 4. Cephalis subovate, with an internal rod-cross, and a stout
pyramidal horn of the same length. From the middle of the collar stricture
arise three divergent collar beams, which descend in the upper half of the
campanulate thorax as three divergent ribs, and are prolonged into three
free horizontal spines. (In the specimen figured these three wings are very
short; in another specimen, found afterwards, there were three solid,
pyramidal, horizontal spines, as long as the cephalic horn.) The third
joint is the broadest, of about the same length as the fourth. (The annular
septum between the two latter is by a mistake not figured). Pores
subregular, circular, hexagonally framed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.17, breadth 0.12.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.05, _d_ 0.04.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


6. _Stichopilium triserratum_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly campanulate, with three deep strictures. Length of the four
joints = 2 : 4 : 6 : 3. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout pyramidal horn
three times the length. The three edges of the horn are prolonged into
three strong prominent ribs along the three first joints; each rib bears a
series of stout, irregular, triangular teeth. The fourth joint is without
ribs; its constricted mouth is half as broad as the third (broadest) joint.
Pores subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.15, breadth 0.08.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.03.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Stichopilidium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with four or more annular strictures and five or more
joints.


7. _Stichopilium macropterum_, Haeckel.

  _Rhopalocanium varietas_, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xvii.
  fig. 7.

Shell slenderly conical, with five deep strictures. Length of the six
joints = 2 : 5 : 4 : 3 : 3 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a stout
conical horn of twice the length. Thorax campanulate, with {1439}three
large, triangular, widely divergent wings or ribbed solid spines, nearly as
long as the shell. The breadth of the joints increases gradually; the last
joint is the broadest, with wide open mouth. Pores subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.23, breadth 0.1.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.03, _e_
0.03, _f_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


8. _Stichopilium pectinatum_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly conical, with nine sharp strictures. All ten joints have
nearly equal length, and increase gradually in breadth; the last joint is
the broadest, and twice as long as each of the others, with wide open
mouth. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Each
joint (excepting the first and the last) bears three lateral, nearly
horizontal spines, and the bases of all the spines are connected by three
longitudinal, divergent ribs. Pores subregular, hexagonal. (Similar to
_Stichopera pectinata_, Pl. 75, fig. 11.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.32, breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


9. _Stichopilium thoracopterum_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly ovate, twice as long as broad, with eleven slight annular
strictures. The twelve joints (excepting the second) are of nearly equal
length, or alternately longer and shorter. The eighth joint is the
broadest, one and a half times as broad as the slightly constricted mouth.
Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a pyramidal horn of twice the length.
Thorax (or second joint) campanulate, twice to three times as long as each
of the eleven other joints, with three longitudinal ribs, prolonged into
three divergent, slender, free spines. Pores small, regular, hexagonal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.22, breadth 0.11.
Length of each joint (on an average) 0.015 to 0.017, thorax 0.035.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 296, depth 1825 fathoms.



Genus 627. _Artopilium_,[244] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.

_Definition._--#Stichopilida# (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata aperta) with
three latticed lateral ribs or wings, without terminal feet. Cephalis with
a horn.

The genus _Artopilium_ (including also the genera _Trictenartus_,
_Pterocorythium_, _Stichopterygium_, and _Clathropyrgus_ of my Prodromus)
has a shell of the same form as the preceding _Stichopilium_, but it
differs in the fenestration of the three lateral ribs or wings, which in
the latter are solid. The limit between the two genera is often not
{1440}sharp. _Artopilium_ may be also derived from the three-jointed
_Dictyoceras_ by addition of new terminal joints.



Subgenus 1. _Trictenartus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.

_Definition._--Shell with three annular strictures and four joints.


1. _Artopilium elegans_, n. sp. (Pl. 75, fig. 1).

Shell three-sided pyramidal, with three annular strictures. Length of the
four joints = 1 : 2 : 9 : 3. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with two large,
prismatic, divergent horns of three times the length. The three prominent
edges of the second and third joints are finely latticed and dentated, and
at the basal end of the third joint are prolonged into three stout, free,
pointed, pyramidal, divergent wings, about as long as the horns. The fourth
joint is only as long as the second, three-sided prismatic, its wide
triangular mouth is armed with six parallel, vertical, slender teeth (two
between every three wings). Network very delicate and regular, in the first
and second joints with circular, in the third and fourth joints with small
hexagonal meshes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.3, breadth of the
third joint 0.3, of the fourth 0.2. Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02,
_b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.18, _d_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Artopilium longicorne_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 10).

Shell subovate, with three internal annular septa. Length of the four
joints = 2 : 3 : 2 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a very large
three-sided prismatic horn, nearly as long as the shell. Along the three
following joints arise three broad, triangular, latticed wings, about as
long as the shell. The fourth joint is the broadest, and twice as broad as
the constricted mouth. Pores in the two upper joints regular, circular, in
the two lower and the three wings hexagonal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.13, breadth 0.09.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.02, _d_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.


3. _Artopilium cyrtopterum_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 12).

Shell subovate, with three sharp strictures. Length of the four joints =
1 : 2 : 3 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout, pyramidal horn of twice
the length. Along the second and third joints arise three broad,
triangular, latticed wings, about half as long as the shell. The third
joint is the broadest, and twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores
subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.1.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.



{1441}Subgenus 2. _Clathropyrgus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--Shell with four or more annular strictures, and five or more
joints.


4. _Artopilium trifenestra_, n. sp. (Pl. 75, fig. 7).

  _Clathropyrgus trifenestra_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (_loc.
  cit._).

Shell tower-shaped, nearly cylindrical, with nine deep strictures. The ten
joints are of different lengths and breadths. The third and fourth joints
are the longest, twice as long as the first, fifth, sixth, eighth, and
ninth joints. The third, seventh, and tenth joints are the broadest, and
nearly twice as broad as the second and ninth joints. The mouth of the last
joint is dilated. The second joint bears three divergent ribs, and the
third joint (as prolongations of these) three broad, triangular,
lattice-wings, and between the latter three large, ovate openings or
windows, recalling those in _Clathrocanium_ (Pl. 64). Cephalis
subspherical, with a pyramidal horn of twice the length. Pores subregular,
circular, hexagonally framed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.28, of the first and
ninth joints 0.02, of the third and fourth joints 0.04; breadth of the
third and seventh joints 0.08, of the second and ninth joints 0.04.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


5. _Artopilium trigonopterum_, n. sp.

Shell in the upper half campanulate-conical, in the lower half cylindrical,
with seven internal septa. The four middle joints are equal in length, each
about twice as long as each of the two first and of the two last joints.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Along the
first three joints arise three broad, triangular, lattice-wings. Pores
small, regular, hexagonal, in the wings and the two first joints circular.
The five lower joints are of equal breadth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1.
Length of the four middle joints, each about 0.034, of the two first and
the two last, each 0.017.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


6. _Artopilium cornutella_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly conical, without external strictures, but with twelve to
fifteen internal annular septa. All thirteen to sixteen joints are nearly
equal or slightly different in length, but increase gradually in breadth.
Along the whole shell arise three narrow, divergent lattice-wings,
increasing in height towards the wide open mouth. Pores subregular, square,
in three to four transverse rows on each joint, half as large in the three
wings as in the joints. Cephalis small, subspherical, with a conical horn
of twice the length. (In the specimen described the axis of the slender
cone was straight, in another incomplete specimen curved; this may perhaps
be a separate species, _Artopilium curvatum_.)

{1442}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with sixteen joints) 0.3, basal
breadth 0.12. Length of each single joint (on an average), 0.02.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


7. _Artopilium stichopterygium_, n. sp. (Pl. 75, fig. 8).

  _Stichopterygium tanypterum_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439, et Atlas.

Shell slenderly ovate, subconical, with five deep strictures. The four
lower joints are nearly equal in length, each about twice as long as each
of the first two joints. The fourth and fifth joints are the broadest.
Along the whole shell arise three broad, triangular wings, which envelop
the long, slender, pyramidal horn of the cephalis. In the delicate and
loose lattice-work of each wing is a longitudinal series of six large,
ovate apertures, one on each joint. The small pores of the shell are
irregular, polygonal, or roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.17, breadth 0.08.
Length of each of the four lower joints 0.03, of each of the two upper
joints 0.015.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


8. _Artopilium anomalum_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium anomalum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 323, Taf.
  vii. figs. 11-13.

  _Lithocampe anomala_, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 839.

  _Stichopterygium anomalum_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

Shell five-jointed, with four internal septa, of a peculiar, irregular, and
abnormal form. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with an oblique, curved horn.
Thorax inflated, campanulate, with three large, latticed, and carinated
protuberances. The third joint (the first abdominal joint) nearly as large
as the thorax, two to three times as long as the two last joints, the septa
of which are connected in a peculiar manner by a common nodal point on one
side. Pores subregular, circular. (Compare the detailed description of this
remarkable species--perhaps the type of a peculiar genus,
_Stichopterygium_--in my Monograph, _loc. cit._)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.15, breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), surface.



Genus 628. _Pteropilium_,[245] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Stichopilida# (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata aperta) with
three latticed external ribs or wings, without terminal feet. No horn upon
the cephalis.

The genus _Pteropilium_ (confounded by Ehrenberg with _Pterocanium_)
differs from this three-jointed form by addition of new terminal joints.
The shell-form is in general the same as in the preceding species, from
which it may be derived by phylogenetic loss of the cephalic horn.


{1443}1. _Pteropilium sphinx_, Haeckel.

  _Pterocanium sphinx_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 255, Taf. xvii. fig. 5.

Shell slenderly conical, with three slight strictures. Each of the two last
joints as long as the two first joints together. Cephalis hemispherical.
Third joint with three prominent, divergent ribs, which are prolonged along
the fourth joint into three latticed, triangular wings, ending in a free,
strong, conical spine. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad in the
fourth joint as in the third, and three times as broad as in the second
joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.15, of the single
joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.05, _d_ 0.05; breadth of the third joint
0.09, of the fourth joint 0.06.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Pteropilium bombus_, Haeckel.

  _Pterocanium bombus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xvii. fig. 4.

Shell broadly conical, with three deep strictures.  Length and breadth of
the four joints, gradually increasing giving the proportion 2 : 4 : 5 : 6.
Cephalis hemispherical, second joint with three prominent ribs, which are
prolonged along the third and fourth joints into three slender, triangular
pointed wings, with few pores at the base. Pores of the shell subregular,
circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.17, of the single
joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.05, _d_ 0.06; basal breadth 0.11.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Pteropilium pyramis_, n. sp.

Shell three-sided, pyramidal, with five deep strictures. Length and breadth
of the six joints gradually increasing towards the wide mouth. Cephalis
subconical. Along the four first joints arise three slender, divergent
ribs, which at the fifth joint become three free, triangular, latticed
wings, with long, descending, terminal spines. The sixth joint is free,
without wings. Pores irregular, roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2, basal breadth
0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.



Genus 629. _Stichocampe_,[246] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--#Stichopilida# (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata aperta) with
three solid lateral ribs or wings, which are prolonged into three solid
terminal feet. Cephalis with a horn.

{1444}The genus _Stichocampe_, together with the three following genera,
represent a peculiar small group among the Stichocyrtida, differing from
all other members of this family in the possession of three free terminal
feet around the open mouth. In the two genera, _Stichocampe_ and
_Stichopterium_, these three feet are the terminal prolongations of three
lateral ribs or crests, while in the two genera developed later,
_Podocampe_ and _Stichopodium_, the three original ribs are lost, and only
the three free feet remain. _Stichocampe_ (the most primitive of these four
genera) may be derived from _Theopodium_ by addition of new joints.


1. _Stichocampe divergens_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, broadly pyramidal, with six deep strictures. Seven joints
gradually increasing in breadth and length, the seventh twice as broad as
the fourth. Pores subregular, circular, hexagonally framed. The prominent
edges of the pyramis are prolonged over the wide mouth into three slender,
straight, divergent feet, half as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.3, of the last
joint 0.06, of the fourth 0.03; breadth 0.25.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Stichocampe convergens_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, slenderly pyramidal, with eight distinct strictures. All nine
joints nearly equal in length. Pores regular, circular, forming three or
four transverse rows in each joint. The smooth edges of the pyramis are
prolonged over the wide mouth into three slender, slightly curved, and
convergent feet, twice as long as one joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.25, of each joint,
about 0.035; breadth 0.11.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.



Genus 630. _Stichopterium_,[247] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--#Stichopilida# (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata aperta), with
three lateral ribs or wings, which are prolonged into three latticed,
terminal feet. Cephalis with a horn.

The genus _Stichopterium_ has in general the same shell-formation as the
nearly allied _Stichocampe_, but differs from this ancestral form in the
fenestration of the three terminal feet. It corresponds, therefore, to
_Pterocanium_ among the Tricyrtida.


{1445}1. _Stichopterium pterocanium_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, with three distinct strictures. Length of the four
joints = 2 : 3 : 4 : 3. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of twice
the length. Pores regular, hexagonal, with thin bars. From the collar
stricture arise three divergent ribs, which in the fourth joint become
latticed and prolonged over its mouth into three slender, pyramidal,
latticed, divergent feet, nearly as long as the shell. (Similar to
_Pterocanium bicorne_, Pl. 73, fig. 5, but with four distinct strictures.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12, breadth 0.1.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.03.

_Habitat._--South Pacific (off Patagonia), Station 304, surface.


2. _Stichopterium virgineum_, n. sp.

Shell three-sided, pyramidal, with four sharp strictures. Length of the
five joints = 1 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 1. Cephalis hemispherical, with a pyramidal
horn three times the length. Pores subregular, circular, in the second
campanulate joint twice or three times as broad as in the four other
joints. From the base of the cephalic horn arise three divergent ribs,
which descend over the whole shell, and in the fourth joint become latticed
and prolonged over the wide mouth of the fifth joint into three latticed,
pyramidal feet, as long as the second joint. (Similar in general form to
_Pterocanium virgineum_, Pl. 73, fig. 6.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.22, breadth 0.16.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.04, _e_
0.02.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 281, surface.


3. _Stichopterium dictyopodium_, n. sp.

Shell subovate, with five internal annular septa. The third and the fourth
joints are about twice as long as the two first and the two last joints.
The fifth joint is the broadest. Pores small and numerous, regular,
circular. The three first joints are without ribs. From the third stricture
arise three divergent, triangular, latticed wings, which descend along the
three last joints, and are prolonged over the wide mouth as three slender,
fenestrated, divergent feet, two-thirds as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, breadth 0.12.
Length of the two middle joints 0.04, of the four others 0.02 to 0.03.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 288, surface.



Genus 631. _Podocampe_,[248] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--#Stichopilida# (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata aperta),
without lateral ribs or wings, but with three free, solid, terminal feet.
Cephalis with a horn.

{1446}The genus _Podocampe_ is next allied to _Stichocampe_, and has also
three solid, free feet around the mouth, but it has lost the three lateral
ribs of the latter. It corresponds to _Podocyrtis_ among the Tricyrtida,
and may be derived from this by addition of new terminal joints.


1. _Podocampe tripodiscus_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, with three annular septa. The fourth joint is the broadest,
and as long as the three other joints together. Cephalis hemispherical,
with a pyramidal horn of twice the length. Mouth constricted, with three
convergent, curved, triangular feet, half as long as the last joint. Pores
subregular, circular. (Similar to _Podocyrtis pedicellaria_, Pl. 72, fig.
8, but larger, with more slender feet, and four joints instead of three.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2, of the last
joint 0.1; breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Podocampe trictenota_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 15).

Shell slenderly ovate, nearly spindle-shaped, with three annular septa. The
third joint is the broadest, somewhat longer than the second and third
joints, and three times as long as the hemispherical cephalis, which bears
a strong pyramidal horn of twice the length. Along the two first joints
arise three divergent, dentate crests, each with four to six strong
pyramidal teeth. Mouth strongly constricted, only as broad as the cephalis,
with three conical, vertical, parallel feet, as long as the cephalis. Pores
regular, circular, hexagonally framed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.14, of the third
joint 0.06, of the last 0.04; breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


3. _Podocampe conica_, n. sp.

Shell conical, with five distinct strictures. Six joints gradually
increasing in length and breadth. The sixth joint is the broadest, and
twice as long as the fifth joint, three times as long as the fourth.
Cephalis conical, with a stout, conical horn of the same length. Mouth
little constricted, with three divergent, conical feet, half as long as the
shell. Pores subregular, circular. (Similar to _Podocyrtis lithoconus_, Pl.
72, fig. 3, but with six joints instead of three, and with divergent,
slender feet.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, of the last
joint 0.06; breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


4. _Podocampe cornuta_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly conical, with seven distinct strictures. Eight joints of
nearly equal length, gradually increasing in breadth. Along the three last
joints arise three prominent crests, which are {1447}prolonged over the
wide mouth into three divergent, conical feet, half as long as the shell.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical, slender, curved horn, three times
the length. Pores subregular, hexagonal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.16, of each single
joint (on an average) 0.02; basal breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Genus 632. _Stichopodium_,[249] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--#Stichopilida# (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata aperta) without
lateral ribs or wings, but with three free latticed terminal feet. Cephalis
with a horn.

The genus _Stichopodium_ differs from the preceding genus _Podocampe_ in
the fenestration of the three free terminal feet. It agrees in this
character with the genus _Stichopterium_, and may be derived either from
this by loss of the lateral ribs, or from the three-jointed _Pterocanium_
by addition of new shell-joints.


1. _Stichopodium dictyopodium_, n. sp. (Pl. 75, fig. 6).

Shell subcylindrical, in the upper third conical, with six or seven
internal annular septa. All seven or eight joints are about equal in
length, except the small hemispherical cephalis, which is scarcely half as
long, and bears an oblique, conical horn of the same length. Pores small
and numerous, regular, circular, quincuncial. The last joint with wide open
mouth, and a peristome of three large, triangular, latticed, shovel-shaped,
vertical feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.2, breadth 0.11.
Length of each single joint about 0.03, of the feet 0.03.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. STICHOPERIDA, Haeckel, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--#Podocampida# with the terminal mouth of the shell
fenestrated (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata clausa).



Genus 633. _Stichopera_,[250] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--#Stichoperida# (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata clausa) with
three solid lateral ribs, or three longitudinal combs of spines. Cephalis
with a horn.

{1448}The genus _Stichopera_, and the two following genera, represent the
small subfamily of Stichoperida, or those triradiate Stichocyrtida in which
the terminal mouth is closed by lattice-work. In _Stichopera_ the three
radial appendages are either solid lateral ribs or longitudinal combs of
spines; the closed basal part of the shell is rounded, not pointed. It may
be derived either from _Stichopilium_ by closure of the mouth, or from
_Lithornithium_ by increase of the number of the joints.



Subgenus 1. _Stichoperina_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with three solid radial ribs, or longitudinal dentate
crests.


1. _Stichopera ovata_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, with three distinct strictures. Length of the four joints =
2 : 3 : 4 : 6. The fourth joint is the broadest, and twice as long as the
second, with hemispherical basal pole. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
conical horn of twice the length. Along the second and third joints descend
three prominent divergent ribs, which disappear in the middle zone of the
fourth joint. Pores regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.15, breadth 0.1.
Length of the single joint, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Stichopera lagena_, n. sp.

Shell bottle-shaped, with six sharp strictures; the upper half is slender,
conical, and composed of six joints of nearly equal length, the lower half
is formed only by the last subspherical joint. Cephalis subspherical, with
a pyramidal horn of the same length. From its base arise three divergent
ribs, which attain the greatest height in the fourth joint, and disappear
in the sixth joint. (Similar to _Stichophaena ritteriana_, Pl. 75, fig. 12,
but only with three ribs and seven joints.) Pores regular, hexagonal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.25. Length of each
joint 0.02 to 0.025, of the last joint 0.12; breadth 0.14.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


3. _Stichopera serrata_, n. sp.

Shell bottle-shaped, with eight deep strictures. The first eight joints are
little different in length, and form together a slender cone, while the
last joint is four times as long (half as long as this cone), and
subspherical. Cephalis conical, with a slender, prismatic horn of three
times the length. Along the whole shell arise three divergent, serrate
ribs, which disappear towards the hemispherical, basal pole. Pores
subregular, hexagonal.

{1449}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.21, breadth
0.08; length of each joint 0.016 to 0.019, of the last joint 0.07.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Sticholagena_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with three radial combs or longitudinal rows of
isolated spines (instead of the three radial ribs).


4. _Stichopera pectinata_, n. sp. (Pl. 75, fig. 11).

Shell club-shaped, with nine sharp strictures. The nine upper joints
increase gradually in length and breadth, and are together three times as
long as the inflated, inversely campanulate and rounded last joint. Each
joint (excepting the first and the last) bears three thin, bristle-shaped
spines, which are directed obliquely upwards. Cephalis subspherical, with a
slender, conical horn of twice the length. Pores subregular, in the upper
half circular, in the lower hexagonal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.22, breadth 0.09;
length of the eighth and ninth joints 0.02, of the last joint 0.075.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


5. _Stichopera clavata_, n. sp.

Shell club-shaped, with eight sharp strictures, very similar in form and
structure to that of the preceding species, but differing from it in the
club-like form of the inflated last joint, which is nearly half as long as
the shell; its lower half is broader than the upper (the reverse being the
case in the preceding species). The lateral spines of the three combs are
not directed upwards, but downwards. Cephalis with a curved, conical horn
of the same length.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.2, breadth 0.08;
length of the eighth joint 0.02, of the last joint 0.09.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.


6. _Stichopera verticillata_, n. sp.

Shell club-shaped, with ten sharp strictures, similar in form and structure
to that of the two preceding species, but differing from them in the ovate
form of the slender last joint, which is one-third as long as the whole
shell, and five times as long as the preceding joint. The lateral spines of
the three combs are directed nearly horizontally, and are much more
numerous, each joint (excepting the first and last) bears six to twelve
spines (two, three, or four in each radius). They form together about
thirty horizontal verticils, each with three spines. Cephalis with a
curved, conical horn of three times the length.

{1450}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eleven joints) 0.28, breadth
0.09; length of the tenth joint 0.02, of the last joint 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 634. _Cyrtopera_,[251] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--#Stichoperida# (vel Stichocyrtida triradiata clausa) with
three latticed lateral wings, or three longitudinal rows of lattice wings.
Cephalis with a horn.

The genus _Cyrtopera_ differs from the preceding _Stichopera_ in the
fenestration of the three lateral wings, and bears therefore to it the same
relation that _Sethornithium_ exhibits to _Lithornithium_ among the
Tricyrtida.



Subgenus 1. _Artopera_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.

_Definition._--Shell with three annular strictures and four joints.


1. _Cyrtopera thoracoptera_, n. sp. (Pl. 75, fig. 3).

  _Artopera thoracoptera_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (_loc. cit._).

Shell inflated, with three very deep strictures. Length of the four joints
= 2 : 7 : 8 : 6. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender, prismatic horn,
half as long as the shell. Thorax subspherical, in its middle third with
three latticed, triangular wings of half the length. Abdomen with inflated
third, and inversely hemispherical fourth joint; the third is the broadest.
Pores subregular, hexagonal, with thin bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.23. Breadth of the
third (broadest) joint 0.13. Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_
0.07, _c_ 0.08, _d_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Cyrtopera ornithoptera_, n. sp.

Shell broadly ovate, with three slight strictures. Length of the four
joints = 1 : 2 : 3 : 4. Cephalis hemispherical, with a slender, pyramidal
horn of three times the length. Along the second and third joints arise
with broad base three latticed, triangular wings, nearly as long as the
whole shell. Abdomen inflated. The fourth joint is the broadest and
longest, with hemispherical basal pole. Pores subregular, hexagonal.
(Similar to _Artopilium longicorne_, Pl. 77, fig. 10, but with more closely
reticulated network, and perfectly closed mouth.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2. Breadth of the
fourth (broadest) joint 0.14. Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_
0.04, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


{1451}3. _Cyrtopera gasteroptera_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly ovate, with three distinct strictures. Length of the four
joints = 2 : 6 : 7 : 6. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout pyramidal horn
of the same length. The three following joints have nearly equal length;
the third is the broadest. The thorax exhibits three divergent solid ribs;
as prolongations of these, three descending latticed wings, of about the
same length, arise from the third joint, with broad triangular base. The
fourth joint is inversely conical, blunt. Pores irregular, roundish.
(Similar to _Hexalatractus fusiformis_, Pl. 68, fig. 13, but with three
wings and four joints.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.21. Breadth of the
third (broadest) joint 0.11. Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_
0.06, _c_ 0.07, _d_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Cyrtolagena_, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas (Pl. 75).

_Definition._--Shell with four or more annular strictures, and five or more
joints.


4. _Cyrtopera laguncula_, n. sp. (Pl. 75, fig. 10).

  _Cyrtolagena laguncula_, Haeckel, 1879, Manuscript et Atlas (_loc.
  cit._).

Shell bottle-shaped, with seven sharp strictures; the upper part is
slender, conical, composed of seven joints of nearly equal length; the
lower part is only formed by the spherical last joint. Cephalis
subspherical, with a slender curved horn at three times the length. Along
the whole shell arise three longitudinal combs or rows of ascending spines
(three on each joint, fifteen on the last). These are connected by three
divergent longitudinal rods, so that three elegant fenestrated ribs are
formed (each rib with one series of large square meshes). Pores in the
seven upper joints regular, circular, in the last polygonal, irregular and
larger.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.17, of the last
joint 0.08; breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.


5. _Cyrtopera lagenella_, n. sp.

Shell bottle-shaped, with twelve sharp strictures, very similar in form and
structure to the preceding species; but instead of the three simple
fenestrated ribs there arise here, along the shell, three series of short,
triangular, latticed wings. The four first and the last joints are without
wings. The hemispherical cephalis bears a curved conical horn, as long as
the subspherical last joint. The twelve joints of the upper conical part
are nearly equal in length, with regular, small, hexagonal pores. The last
inflated joint is one-third as long as the shell, and has larger,
irregular, polygonal pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with thirteen joints) 0.25, of the last
joint 0.08; breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.



{1452}Genus 635. _Artopera_,[252] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.

_Definition._--#Stichoperida# with three solid lateral ribs or wings, and
with a vertical basal spine on the end of the pointed last joint. Cephalis
with a horn.

The genus _Artopera_ differs from its ancestral genus, _Stichopera_, in the
development of a vertical terminal spine on the end of the last joint, and
bears therefore to it the same relation that _Rhopalatractus_ exhibits to
_Rhopalocanium_ among the Tricyrtida.


1. _Artopera loxia_, Haeckel.

  _Lithornithium loxia_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 8;
  Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 78, Taf. iv. fig. 8.

Shell spindle-shaped, with three deep strictures. Length of the four joints
= 2 : 5 : 5 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, hyaline, without pores, with a
thick conical horn of the same length. From the two following joints, which
are nearly equal in size and of campanulate form, arise, with broad base,
three divergent, slender, triangular wings. The fourth joint is smaller,
inversely conical, and bears on the basal pole a strong, three-sided
pyramidal, vertical spine, half as long as the shell. Pores subregular,
circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.07.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.055, _c_ 0.055, _d_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Artopera motacilla_, n. sp.

Shell spindle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Length of the four
joints = 1 : 2 : 3 : 2. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of twice
the length. From the second joint arise three longitudinal, smooth,
divergent ribs, which are prolonged over the third joint, and terminate at
the third stricture in three short, conical teeth. The fourth is inversely
conical, and bears on the basal pole a strong, vertical, cylindrical spine,
nearly half as long as the shell. Pores subregular, circular, hexagonally
framed. (Similar to _Rhopalatractus pentacanthus_, Pl. 68, fig. 11, but
differing in the presence of three sharp strictures, and a large, conical,
basal joint).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18. Breadth of
third (broadest) joint 0.09. Length of the single joint, _a_ 0.02, _b_
0.04, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.04.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea), Station 198, depth
2150 fathoms.


3. _Artopera fusiformis_, n. sp.

Shell spindle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Length of the four
joints = 2 : 3 : 5 : 5. Cephalis conical, with a strong, conical horn of
the same length. Along the three first joints arise {1453}three divergent,
irregularly dentate ribs, which at the second joint bear stronger,
pyramidal teeth, also at the third stricture a strong, terminal tooth.
Fourth joint without ribs, inversely conical, with a strong, conical,
terminal spine of half the length on the basal pole. Pores subregular,
circular, double-edged.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.15. Breadth of the
third (broadest) joint 0.08. Length of the single joint, _a_ 0.02, _b_
0.03, _c_ 0.05, _d_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



Family LXIX. #PHORMOCAMPIDA#, n. fam.

  _Artophormida et Artophaenida, Stichophormida et Stichophaenida_,
      Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 438, 439.

_Definition._--#Stichocyrtida# multiradiata. (#Cyrtoidea# with an annulated
shell, divided by three or more transverse constrictions into four or more
annular joints, with numerous, four to nine or more, radial apophyses.)

The family #Phormocampida# comprises those #Cyrtoidea# in which the
lattice-shell is composed of numerous (four to eight or more) annular
joints, and bears numerous (four to eight or more) radial apophyses. We
divide it into two subfamilies, differing in the shape of the terminal
mouth. This is a simple wide opening in the Stichophormida (and the united
Artophormida), closed by a lattice-plate in the Stichophaenida (and the
united Artophaenida). The phylogenetic origin of the Phormocampida may be
found in the Phormocyrtida.

Three fossil forms only of Phormocampida were hitherto known, two of which
were described by Stoehr as _Eucyrtidium acutatum_ and _Lithocampe
fimbriata_, the third by Ehrenberg as _Eucyrtidium barbadense_; the latter
belongs to _Artophormis_, the two former to _Cyrtophormis_. All the other
Phormocampida here described, forming together thirty-one species, are new;
twenty-two of them belong to the Stichophormida, and nine to the
Stichophaenida. The latter are disposed in two, the former in four genera.

The number of the radial apophyses is sometimes six or nine, sometimes
twelve or more, usually a multiple of three. They are either lateral ribs
or wings (Pl. 75, figs. 2, 5, 12), or terminal feet (Pl. 77, figs. 13 to
18). Usually they are solid, not latticed, and not strongly developed. The
majority of Phormocampida have probably been derived from Phormocyrtida by
growth of the abdomen, which becomes annulated by transverse constrictions.
Some forms, however, may be derived from similar Podocampida, by
interpolation of three to six or more secondary apophyses between the three
primary or perradial apophyses.

{1454}_Synopsis of the Genera of Phormocampida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Stichophormida.
     Mouth of the terminal joint open, simple.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          { Lateral ribs prolonged
  Shell conical or        {  into the terminal feet, 636. _Stichophormis_.
   pyramidal. Mouth wide  {
   open, not constricted. { No lateral ribs. Feet
                          {  free, terminal,         637. _Phormocampe_.

                          {
                          { Lateral ribs prolonged
  Shell ovate or spindle- {  into the terminal feet, 638. _Artophormis_.
   shaped. Mouth more     {
   or less constricted.   { No lateral ribs. Feet
                          {   free, terminal,        639. _Cyrtophormis_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Stichophaenida.
      Mouth of the terminal joint closed by a lattice-plate.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Six radial ribs or wings,                          640. _Artophaena_.

  Nine radial ribs or wings,                         641. _Stichophaena_.



Subfamily 1. STICHOPHORMIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--#Phormocampida# with the terminal mouth of the shell open
(vel Stichocyrtida multiradiata aperta).



Genus 636. _Stichophormis_,[253] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--#Stichophormida# (vel Stichocyrtida multiradiata aperta)
with conical or pyramidal shell, bearing in its wall numerous lateral ribs,
which are prolonged into terminal feet. Mouth not constricted.

The genus _Stichophormis_ and the three following genera represent together
the subfamily of Stichophormida, or of those multiradiate Stichocyrtida in
which the mouth remains open; they may be derived therefore either from the
Theophormida by increasing the number of the shell-joints, or from the
Stichopilida by the interpolation of new radial ribs between the three
primary ribs. _Stichophormis_ may have been derived in the former way from
_Theophormis_.



Subgenus 1. _Stichophormium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with six prominent longitudinal ribs, which are
prolonged into six (sometimes five or seven) divergent free feet over the
mouth.


1. _Stichophormis pyramidalis_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly pyramidal, with three annular septa, and six prominent
radial ribs, which arise from the collar-septum, and are prolonged on the
mouth into six free, divergent, pyramidal feet, {1455}about as long as the
shell. Length of the four joints = 2 : 3 : 5 : 8. Cephalis subspherical,
with a stout, pyramidal horn of twice the length. Pores regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, basal breadth
0.08. Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.05, _d_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.


2. _Stichophormis lucerna_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly pyramidal, with three annular septa and six prominent
radial ribs, which arise from the second stricture, and are prolonged over
the mouth into six free, divergent, cylindrical feet, half as long as the
shell. Length of the four joints = 1 : 2 : 3 : 15. Cephalis hemispherical,
with a prismatic horn of the same length. Pores in the first and second
joints very small and scarce, in the third campanulate joint circular,
hexagonally framed, in the colossal fourth joint very large, polygonal
(each about as large as the third joint).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.4, basal breadth
0.2. Length of the single joints _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.3.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Stichophormis cornutella_, n. sp. (Pl. 75, fig. 9).

Shell slenderly conical, with nine annular strictures and six longitudinal
divergent ribs, which arise in the middle of the shell (from the sixth or
seventh stricture), and are prolonged over the wide mouth into six slender
bristle-shaped feet, about half as long as the shell. The bases of the feet
are connected by arcades of lattice-work. All ten joints have nearly the
same length and regular hexagonal pores (in the first and second joints
circular). Cephalis hemispherical, with a very large curved horn, nearly
half as long as the shell, and on one side decurrent to the fourth or fifth
joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.16, of each single
joint about 0.016; basal breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Stichophormiscus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with nine prominent radial ribs, which are prolonged
over the mouth into nine (sometimes eight or ten) divergent free feet.


4. _Stichophormis novena_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 9).

Shell slenderly conical, very similar to the preceding, but with eleven
annular strictures and nine divergent ribs, which arise from the tenth or
eleventh stricture, and are prolonged over the wide mouth into nine
bristle-shaped feet, half as long as the shell. The length of the twelve
joints increases gradually; the tenth is twice as long as the sixth. Pores
regular, circular. Cephalis {1456}hemispherical, with a curved conical horn
of twice the length. (In the somewhat mutilated specimen figured, the horn
and the nine feet were broken off, but were well preserved in another
specimen, found afterwards.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.22, eighth joint
0.02, fourth joint 0.01; basal breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


5. _Stichophormis radiata_, n. sp.

Shell slender, conical, with fourteen annular strictures, and nine radial
ribs; three primary ribs arise from the third stricture, the other six
(secondary) ribs from the ninth stricture; all are prolonged over the mouth
into nine slender bristle-shaped feet, about twice as long as one joint.
All joints have nearly the same length. Cephalis subspherical, with a
straight, conical horn three times the length. Pores regular, hexagonal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with fifteen joints) 0.24, of each
joint, about 0.016; basal breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.



Genus 637. _Phormocampe_,[254] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Stichophormida# (vel Stichocyrtida multiradiata aperta),
with conical or pyramidal shell, without lateral ribs. Mouth dilated, with
a corona of terminal feet.

The genus _Phormocampe_ may be derived from the preceding _Stichophormis_
by loss of the lateral ribs, whilst the terminal feet remain. It bears
therefore to the latter the same relation that _Calocyclas_ exhibits to
_Theophormis_ among the Tricyrtida.



Subgenus 1. _Anthocorys_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.

_Definition._--Shell with three transverse strictures or annular septa, and
with four distinct joints.


1. _Phormocampe campanula_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 13).

  _Anthocorys campanula_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (_loc. cit._).

Shell campanulate, with three internal, annular septa. Length of the four
joints = 5 : 2 : 8 : 3. Cephalis three-sided, pyramidal, slender, bearing a
pyramidal horn of the same length, with three dentate edges. Thorax very
small, hemispherical. Third joint very large, campanulate. Fourth joint of
the same breadth, but only one-third as long. Pores subregular, circular.
Peristome with a coronal of twelve to fifteen conical, divergent feet, as
long as the last joint.

{1457}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth
0.09. Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.05, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.08, _d_ 0.03.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


2. _Phormocampe lamprocyclas_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 16).

Shell conical, with three internal annular septa. Length of the four joints
= 1 : 1 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, as large as the thorax, with a
stout, pyramidal horn of three times the length, bearing at the apex a
spinulate knob. The fourth joint is the broadest, and has large, circular,
hexagonally-framed pores, two to three times as broad as the circular pores
of the three first joints. Peristome with a double coronal of short,
conical, divergent feet, nine on each coronal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16, breadth 0.11.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.05, _d_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


3. _Phormocampe eucalyptra_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 14).

Shell flatly conical, somewhat broader than long, with four internal
annular septa. The four joints increase gradually in length and breadth.
Pores subregular, hexagonal. Cephalis hemispherical, with two small,
divergent horns. Peristome with a coronal of thirty to forty short,
conical, divergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.14, breadth 0.17. Length of the single
joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


4. _Phormocampe metalis_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, with three broad internal annular septa. Three of the four
joints are nearly equal in length, each being three times as long as the
first. Cephalis subspherical, with a conical horn of twice the length. The
second and third joints are together nearly ellipsoidal, and are not
separated externally. The fourth joint is separated from them by a deep
stricture, one and a half times as broad, and flatly conical. Pores
subregular, circular, hexagonally framed. Peristome with a coronal of
twenty to thirty strong, conical, divergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.22, basal breadth 0.16. Length of the
single joint, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Cyrtocorys_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.

_Definition._--Shell with four or more transverse strictures, and five or
more joints.


{1458}5. _Phormocampe mitra_, n. sp.

Shell broadly campanulate, conical, about as broad as long, with five
internal annular septa. Length of the six joints gradually increasing.
Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, with a short, bristle-shaped, conical horn.
Pores small and numerous, regular, hexagonal, with thin bars. Peristome
with a coronal of forty to fifty divergent, bristle-shaped feet, about as
long as the last joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.16, of the last
joint 0.05; breadth 0.18.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 235 (off Japan), surface.


6. _Phormocampe conus_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly conical, three times as long as broad, with thirteen
distinct strictures. Length of the fourteen joints nearly equal. Breadth
gradually increasing towards the mouth. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
slender, conical, curved horn of three times the length. Pores small and
numerous, regular, circular. Peristome with a coronal of twenty to thirty
slightly divergent, bristle-shaped feet, twice as long as the last joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with fourteen joints) 0.22, of each
joint (on an average) 0.016; basal breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 297, surface.



Genus 638. _Artophormis_,[255] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.

_Definition._--#Stichophormida# (vel Stichocyrtida multiradiata aperta)
with ovate or spindle-shaped shell, bearing in its wall numerous lateral
ribs, which are prolonged into terminal feet. Mouth constricted.

The genus _Artophormis_ and the following _Cyrtophormis_ differ from the
two preceding genera in the ovate form of the shell, which tapers in
breadth towards the constricted mouth. It differs from the similar
_Alacorys_ in the greater number of the shell-joints, this being four or
more.


1. _Artophormis horrida_, n. sp. (Pl. 75, fig. 2).

Shell slenderly ovate, spiny, with three deep strictures, twice as long as
broad. Length of the four joints = 2 : 5 : 6 : 7. Whole surface covered
with strong conical spines. Six prominent, longitudinal ribs, decurrent
from the cephalis to the mouth, are armed with larger spines, which in the
upper joints are directed upwards, in the lower downwards. The six ribs are
prolonged over the constricted mouth into six stout, conical feet. Cephalis
subspherical, with a conical horn and some smaller spines. Pores circular,
of very different sizes.

{1459}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2, breadth
0.1. Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


2. _Artophormis costata_, n. sp.

Shell spindle-shaped, rough, with six distinct strictures, three times as
long as broad. The length of the seven joints increases gradually; the last
joint is twice as long as the fifth. Six prominent, radial ribs arise from
the third stricture, and are prolonged into six slender, convergent,
conical feet, as long as the sixth joint. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
pyramidal horn of twice the length. Pores regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.24, breadth 0.08.
Length of the last joint 0.05.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


3. _Artophormis barbadensis_, Haeckel.

  _Calocyclas barbadensis_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. xviii. fig. 8.

Shell slenderly ovate, smooth, with three sharp strictures, twice as long
as broad. Length of the four joints = 1 : 2 : 3 : 2. Nine prominent
longitudinal ribs arise from the third joint, and are prolonged into nine
slender, conical, little convergent feet. Cephalis hemispherical, with a
conical horn of the same length. Pores subregular, circular, twice as large
in the third joint as in the second; the fourth joint bears above a circle
of nine very large pores (alternate with the nine ribs), and below two or
three circles of smaller pores (eighteen to twenty-seven in the
circumference). Mouth somewhat constricted. The figure of Ehrenberg is
incomplete, the horn of the cephalis and the nine feet being broken off.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16, breadth 0.08.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.04.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Genus 639. _Cyrtophormis_,[256] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Stichophormida# (vel Stichocyrtida multiradiata aperta)
with ovate or spindle-shaped shell, without lateral ribs. Mouth
constricted, with a corona of terminal feet.

The genus _Cyrtophormis_ may be derived from the preceding _Artophormis_ by
reduction of the lateral ribs, whilst the terminal feet (as their free
prolongations) remain, and form a corona around the mouth. Sometimes also
each constriction bears {1460}a corona of spines. It corresponds to
_Calocyclas_ among the Tricyrtida and _Anthocyrtis_ among the Dicyrtida.



Subgenus 1. _Cyrtophormium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with six (sometimes five or seven) feet on the
peristome (three perradial alternate with three interradial).


1. _Cyrtophormis armata_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 17).

Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with three annular septa. Length of the four
joints = 3 : 4 : 5 : 6. The third joint is the broadest, being twice as
broad as the constricted mouth. Pores irregular, roundish. Cephalis
conical, armed with a bunch of strong, conical spines, and distinguished by
double-contoured pores. Peristome with six (sometimes five or seven)
triangular, vertical, parallel, or slightly divergent feet.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.09.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.05, _d_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Cyrtophormis ovata_, n. sp.

Shell rough, ovate, very thick-walled, with three distinct strictures.
Length of the four joints = 1 : 1 : 2 : 3. The fourth joint is the
broadest, inversely hemispherical, and three times as broad as the
constricted mouth. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Peristome with a
coronal of six short, conical, curved, outwardly convex teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2, breadth 0.14.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Cyrtophormiscus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with nine (sometimes eight or ten) feet on the
peristome (three perradial alternate with six interradial).


3. _Cyrtophormis cingulata_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 18).

Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with three internal annular septa, and three
external girdles of spines. The second and third joints are of nearly equal
length, twice as broad as the first, and half as broad as the fourth joint.
The third joint is the broadest, and twice as broad as the constricted
mouth. Pores subregular, circular. Cephalis hemispherical, with a large
apical horn, and {1461}a coronal of six strong ascending spines. Peristome
beyond the stricture of the mouth somewhat dilated, with nine triangular,
divergent teeth (broken off in the specimen figured).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.09.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.


4. _Cyrtophormis aculeata_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, slenderly ovate, with five distinct strictures, each with a
girdle of spines. The three middle joints are of nearly equal length, each
half as long as the second, and one-third as long as the sixth joint. The
fifth joint is the broadest, twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores
regular, circular. Cephalis conical, with a bunch of strong, divergent
spines. Peristome with nine strong, conical, vertical, parallel teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, breadth 0.08.
Length of the first joint 0.02, the second 0.04, the three following 0.02,
the sixth 0.06.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


5. _Cyrtophormis acutata_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium acutatum_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 105,
  Taf. iv. fig. 11.

Shell rough, spindle-shaped, with six annular strictures. The third,
fourth, and seventh joints are equal in length, three times as long as the
first and the fifth joints. The fourth joint is the broadest, four times as
broad as the constricted mouth. Pores irregular, roundish. Cephalis small,
subspherical, with a short conical horn. Peristome with nine (?) irregular,
triangular, little convergent teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.22, breadth 0.11.
Length of the third, fourth, and seventh joints 0.04.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte (Stoehr).



Subgenus 3. _Acanthocyrtis_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with numerous (twelve to twenty or more) terminal
feet.


6. _Cyrtophormis cylindrica_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 17).

Shell rough, subcylindrical, with three annular septa. The fourth
cylindrical joint is four times as long as the second and the third joints.
These three joints are nearly equal in breadth. Pores small and numerous,
almost square, in regular, transverse rows; two to three in the first
joint, five to six in the second and in the third, fourteen to sixteen in
the fourth joint. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, with a short, pyramidal horn.
Peristome half as broad as the shell, hyaline, with a coronal of numerous,
very delicate, vertical feet.

{1462}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2, breadth,
0.08. Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


7. _Cyrtophormis corona_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 15).

Shell smooth, conical, ovate, with three deep strictures, about twice as
long as broad. The fourth joint is the broadest, inflated, and three times
as long as the second and the third joints. Pores small and numerous,
circular, in regular, transverse rows; two in the first joint, four in the
second and third, and ten in the fourth joint. Cephalis hemispherical, with
a stout, pyramidal horn. Peristome two-thirds as broad as the fourth joint,
with twelve to fifteen triangular, convergent teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16, breadth 0.08.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.01, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.09.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


8. _Cyrtophormis cornuta_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 18).

Shell thorny, spindle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Length of the
four joints = 2 : 4 : 3 : 5. The third joint is the broadest. Pores
circular, of different sizes, in the three first joints double-contoured.
Cephalis subspherical, with a large, conical horn of three times the
length. The fourth joint is inversely conical, three times as broad as the
constricted mouth. Peristome with a coronal of numerous (ten to twenty)
irregular, thin, partly forked teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.14, breadth 0.07.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


9. _Cyrtophormis fimbriata_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe fimbriata_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 103,
  pl. iv. fig. 3.

Shell rough, spindle-shaped, with six annular septa. The fifth joint is the
longest, twice as long as each of the three preceding joints, and four
times as long as the sixth. The fourth joint is the broadest, three times
as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores small, regular, circular. Cephalis
small, subspherical, with a small, conical horn (broken off in the specimen
figured). Peristome with an irregular, double coronal of ten to twenty
vertical teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.25, breadth 0.1.
Length of the fifth joint 0.06, of each of the three preceding 0.03.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in
Sicily (Grotte, Caltanisetta).


10. _Cyrtophormis turrita_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, nearly conical, twice as long as broad, with twelve sharp
strictures. The thirteen joints increase gradually in length and breadth.
The last joint is much longer than any of {1463}the others, twice as long
as the eleventh, and twice as broad as the ninth joint. The constricted
mouth on its lower surface is only one-third as broad. Cephalis small,
hemispherical, with a short, conical horn. Peristome with a coronal of
twenty to thirty delicate, partly confluent, vertical teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with thirteen joints) 0.26, breadth
0.12.

_Habitat._--South-Eastern Pacific, Station 299 (off Valparaiso), depth 2160
fathoms.


11. _Cyrtophormis turricula_, n. sp. (Pl. 75, fig. 5).

Shell smooth, slender, tower-shaped, with fourteen distinct strictures. The
ten first joints are nearly equal in length. The twelfth joint is the
largest, three to four times as long as each of the preceding, and broader
than all the others, twice as broad as the suddenly constricted mouth.
Pores small and numerous, regular, circular, quincuncial. Cephalis small,
subspherical, with a pyramidal horn of three times the length. Peristome
with a coronal of twenty to thirty very delicate, partly confluent, short,
vertical teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with fifteen joints) 0.3, breadth 0.1.
Length of the twelfth joint 0.05.

_Habitat._--South-Eastern Pacific, Station 298 (off Valparaiso), depth 2225
fathoms.



Subfamily 2. STICHOPHAENIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--#Phormocampida# with the terminal mouth of the shell
fenestrated (vel Stichocyrtida multiradiata clausa).



Genus 640. _Artophaena_,[257] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.

_Definition._--#Stichophaenida# (vel Stichocyrtida multiradiata clausa)
with six radial ribs or wings.

The genus _Artophaena_ and the following genus _Stichophaena_ represent
together the small subfamily of Stichophaenida, or of those #Cyrtoidea# in
which the multiradiate shell is composed of numerous (four or more) joints,
and closed at the end by a lattice-plate. The number of the lateral, solid,
or latticed appendages is six in _Artophaena_, nine in _Stichophaena_. They
may have been derived either from the _Stichophormida_ by closure of the
terminal mouth, or from the _Stichoperida_ by intercalation of three or six
interradial appendages.


1. _Artophaena aerostatica_, n. sp. (Pl. 75, fig. 4).

Shell four-jointed, with three sharp strictures and internal septa. The
fourth joint is subspherical, longer than the three first joints together,
and twice as broad as these. The second joint is {1464}twice as long as the
first and the third, and armed with six divergent, stout, pyramidal, radial
spines or wings of the same length. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, with an
oblique pyramidal horn of twice the length. Pores regular, circular,
hexagonally framed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.12.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.02, _d_ 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Artophaena senaria_, n. sp.

Shell pear-shaped, with five distinct strictures. Length of the four middle
joints little different. The fifth joint is the broadest. From the first
stricture there arise six radial ribs, which at the fourth are prominent as
six short, conical, divergent spines. The last joint is inversely
hemispherical, twice as long as the preceding. Cephalis hemispherical, with
a conical horn of the same length. Pores regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.14, breadth 0.09; of
each joint 0.02, of the last 0.04.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.


3. _Artophaena hexalatractus_, n. sp.

Shell spindle-shaped, with three sharp strictures, and six triangular,
latticed, divergent wings, which arise from the collar stricture and
descend along the two middle joints. Their terminal points fall into the
same plane as the basal end of the fourth inversely conical joint. Length
of the four joints = 1 : 2 : 4 : 2. Cephalis hemispherical, with a conical
horn of the same length. (Similar to _Theophaena hexaptera_, Pl. 68, fig.
13, but with three distinct internal annular septa, corresponding to the
three external strictures.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.08.
Length of the four single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.08, _d_ 0.04.

_Habitat._--South Pacific (off Juan Fernandez), Station 300, depth 1375
fathoms.


4. _Artophaena hexapodiscus_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, without external strictures, but with five internal annular
septa. Length of the six joints = 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 3 : 6. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a stout conical horn of twice the length. The last
joint is the broadest, inversely hemispherical. From the fourth and fifth
joints arise six divergent ribs, which are prolonged over the fifth
stricture into six triangular, divergent, fenestrated feet, about as long
as the last joint. Pores in the upper half of the shell regular, circular,
in the lower half irregular, roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2, breadth 0.12.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.025, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.04, _e_
0.03, _f_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.



{1465}Genus 641. _Stichophaena_,[258] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--#Stichophaenida# (vel Stichocyrtida multiradiata clausa)
with nine radial ribs or wings.

The genus _Stichophaena_ differs from the preceding _Artophaena_ in the
typical number of the radial lateral appendages, being nine in the former,
six in the latter. Usually these are simple ribs enclosed in the
shell-wall, more rarely prominent wings.



Subgenus 1. _Stichophaenidium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Last joint of the shell rounded, without basal spines.


1. _Stichophaena ritteriana_, n. sp. (Pl. 75, fig. 12).

Shell pear-shaped, twice as long as broad, with seven internal annular
septa. The upper half is slenderly conical, composed of seven joints of
nearly equal length, gradually increasing in breadth. The lower half is
formed only by the eighth joint, which is very large, subglobose, inflated,
and as long as the seven other joints together. The spherical cephalis
bears a conical horn of the same length. From the thorax arise at equal
distances nine radial ribs in the form of thin, triangular lamellae, which
attain their greatest height in the sixth joint, and form nine elegant,
denticulate crests in the eighth joint. Pores small and numerous,
subregular, circular. This beautiful species is dedicated to my honourable
friend, Dr. Paul von Ritter, the magnanimous philanthropist and liberal
protector of free science, who founded in the University of Jena the first
professorial chair of Darwinism and phylogeny.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.24, breadth 0.12.
Length of each of the first seven joints 0.015; diameter of the
subspherical last joint 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300 (off Juan Fernandez), depth 1375
fathoms.


2. _Stichophaena darwiniana_, n. sp.

Shell pear-shaped, twice as long as broad, with six distinct strictures.
The last joint is the broadest and twice as long as the sixth, three times
as long as each of the five preceding joints. The hemispherical cephalis
bears a conical horn of twice the length. From the third joint arise nine
radial ribs, which reach the sixth joint, but are not developed in the last
hemispherical joint. Pores irregular, roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1.
Length of five first joints, each 0.018 to 0.022, of the sixth 0.03, of the
seventh joint 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


{1466}3. _Stichophaena goetheana_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, one and a half times as long as broad, rough, with five
internal annular septa. The six joints gradually increase in length and
breadth. The last joint is the broadest, and half as long as the five
others together. The hemispherical cephalis bears a pyramidal horn of twice
the length. From the thorax arise nine radial ribs, which attain their
greatest height in the fourth joint and reach the fifth joint, but are not
developed in the last ovate joint. Pores subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.22, breadth 0.14.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.025, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.035, _e_
0.04, _f_ 0.7.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Stichophaenoma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Last joint of the shell pointed, armed with a polar, basal
spine, or a bunch of spines.


4. _Stichophaena nonaria_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 6).

Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with five or six distinct strictures. The
third joint is the broadest and longest, and twice as long as the second
and the fifth joints. Along the second or third middle joint (beginning
from the second or third) descend nine prominent longitudinal ribs.
Cephalis hemispherical, with two short, conical, divergent horns. Last
joint inversely conical, armed with several strong, conical, divergent
spines.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.23, of the third
joint 0.05, of the last 0.04; breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


5. _Stichophaena novena_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 7).

Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with eight or nine deep strictures. The third
joint is the broadest, campanulate, in its lower half with nine prominent
ribs, which disappear beyond the third stricture. The following joints are
alternately longer and shorter, and decrease gradually in breadth. Thorax
hemispherical. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a conical horn of the
same length. Last joint also hemispherical, scarcely larger than the
cephalis, with a bunch of conical, divergent spines.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.25, of the third
joint 0.05, of the last 0.02; breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



{1467}Family LXX. #LITHOCAMPIDA#, n. fam.

  _Artocorida et Artocapsida_, _Stichocorida et Stichocapsida_, Haeckel,
      1881, Prodromus, pp. 437-439.

_Definition._--#Stichocyrtida# eradiata. (#Cyrtoidea# with an annulated
shell, divided by three or more transverse constrictions into four or more
annular joints, without radial apophyses.)

The family #Lithocampida# comprises those #Cyrtoidea# in which the
lattice-shell is composed of numerous (four to eight or more) annular
joints, and bears no radial apophyses. It may be divided into two
subfamilies, differing in the shape of the terminal mouth. This is a simple
wide opening in the Stichocorida (and the united Artocorida), closed by a
lattice-plate in the Stichocapsida (and the allied Artocapsida). The
phylogenetic origin of the Lithocampida may be found in the Theocyrtida.

The number of species of Lithocampida is very great, and amounts here to
more than one hundred and sixty whilst the total number of Stichocyrtida is
about two hundred and forty. They represent therefore, two-thirds of the
whole group, whilst one third is composed of the Podocampida and
Phormocampida. Ehrenberg has already described between forty and fifty
species in his genera _Eucyrtidium_ and _Lithocampe_; the majority of these
were fossils from Barbados.

This large number of species may be easily increased by accurate researches
on the great masses of Lithocampida, which are found in the Radiolarian
ooze of the Challenger, and as fossils in Barbados. The variety in the
number, size, and proportion of the shell-joints and of the lattice-pores
is very great, and permits us to distinguish a far greater number of
species than are here described. Many species are cosmopolitan, and belong
to the most common forms of Radiolaria.

This large number of species requires to be disposed in different genera,
but the distinction of these latter is a rather difficult task, since the
exterior of the shell, as well as its internal structure, offers no
striking differences (compare Pls. 78 to 80). In my Monograph (1862, pp.
312 to 319) I have already pointed out the difficulty of distinguishing
between _Lithocampe_ and _Eucyrtidium_. The general form of the shell
exhibits a continuous series of transformations, from a flat, conical, or
nearly discoidal form, through cylindrical to ovate, or spindle-shaped
shells, the wide open terminal mouth becoming more or less constricted, and
finally (in the Stichocapsida) closed. The absence or presence of an apical
horn may further serve for the distinction of genera. A peculiar small
group is represented by the Spirocampida (_Spirocyrtis_, _Spirocampe_, Pl.
76, figs. 11 to 17), the transverse latticed girdles separating the single
joints, which are usually parallel and horizontal, becoming here partly
connected, so that they form a descending spiral.

{1468}_Synopsis of the Genera of Lithocampida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Stichocorida.
     Terminal mouth of the last shell-joint a simple wide opening.
                            --------------------
     All annular septa or transverse strictures of the shell separated,
        parallel, not connected by a spiral line.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                   { Conical,        { With horn,      642. _Lithostrobus_.
  Shell conical    {  gradually      {
   or cylindrical. {  dilated.       { No horn,        643. _Dictyomitra_.
   Mouth of the    {
   last joint wide { Conical above,  {
   open, not       {  cylindrical    { With horn,      644. _Stichocorys_.
   distinctly      {  below.         {
   constricted.    {
                   { Cylindrical or  { With horn,      645. _Artostrobus_.
                   { subcylindrical. {
                   {                 { No horn,        646. _Lithomitra_.

                   {                 { Last joint
                   {                 {  not tubular,   647. _Eucyrtidium_.
                   { Cephalis with   {
  Shell ovate or   {  a horn.        { Last joint a
   spindle-shaped. {                 {  long tube,     648. _Eusyringium_.
   Mouth of the    {
   last joint      {                 { Cephalis with
   constricted.    { Cephalis        {  tube.          649. _Siphocampe_.
                   {  without horn.  {
                   {                 { Cephalis
                   {                 {  without tube,  650. _Lithocampe_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Annular septa or transverse strictures of the shell all or partly
     obliquely descending and connected spirally.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  With horn,                                           651. _Spirocyrtis_.

  No horn,                                             652. _Spirocampe_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Stichocapsida.
      Terminal mouth closed by a lattice-plate.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Last joint rounded, without a      { With horn,      653. _Cyrtocapsa_.
  vertical basal spine.              {
                                     { No horn,        654. _Stichocapsa_.

  Last joint conical, pointed, with  { Cephalis
    a vertical, basal spine.         {  with horn,     655. _Artocapsa_.



Subfamily 1. STICHOCORIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.

_Definition._--#Lithocampida# with the terminal mouth of the shell open
(vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta).



Genus 642. _Lithostrobus_,[259] Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
vol. xxxvi. p. 529.

_Definition._--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta), with
conical shell, gradually dilated towards the wide open mouth. Cephalis with
a horn.

The genus _Lithostrobus_ is probably the most primitive among the
Lithocampida, and comprises those forms of this family in which the
slender, conical shell is gradually dilated towards the wide, terminal
mouth, each joint being broader than the preceding. {1469}It may be derived
from _Theoconus_ by increase in the number of the joints. Some species are
distinguished by a curved axis, which gives them a horn-like appearance;
these may be separated as a peculiar genus, _Cornustrobus_.



Subgenus 1. _Conostrobus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell regularly conical, with straight axis; all joints
nearly equal in length, gradually increasing in breadth.


1. _Lithostrobus monostichus_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly conical, smooth, with straight axis, and eight to ten deep
strictures. All joints nearly of the same length, gradually increasing in
breadth; the eighth joint twice as broad as the fourth. In each joint only
a single transverse series of small, circular, regular pores. Horn of the
cephalis conical, straight, of twice the length. (Similar to _Lithostrobus
tetrastichus_, Pl. 80, fig. 6, but in each joint there is only a single
series of pores.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.2, of each joint
0.02; breadth of the fourth joint 0.03, of the eight 0.06.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


2. _Lithostrobus distichus_, n. sp.

Shell conical, papillate, with straight axis, and four to six deep
strictures. All joints nearly of the same length, the fifth twice as broad
as the second. In each joint two transverse rows of large, circular pores.
Horn of the cephalis stout, straight, conical, of the same length.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, of each joint
0.03; breadth of the second joint 0.04, of the fifth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Lithostrobus tristichus_, Haeckel.

  _Lithostrobus cuspidatus_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
  vol. xxxvi. p. 529.

  _Eucyrtidium cuspidatum_, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol.
  xxii, p. 5, pl. i. fig. 12.

Shell slenderly conical, smooth, with straight axis, and eight to ten deep
strictures. All joints nearly of the same length, the eighth joint twice as
broad as the third. In each joint three transverse rows of pores. Horn of
the cephalis bristle-shaped, strongly curved, about as long as the shell
(Ehrenberg confounds this species with _Lithostrobus cuspidatus_).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.16, of each joint
0.02; breadth of the fourth joint 0.04, of the eighth 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Kamtschatka (Bailey); Station 241, depth 2300
fathoms.


{1470}4. _Lithostrobus tetrastichus_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 6).

Shell slenderly conical, smooth, with straight axis and six to eight deep
strictures. All joints nearly of the same length, the eighth joint twice as
broad as the second. In each joint four transverse rows of regular,
circular pores with very thin bars. Horn of the cephalis conical, strong,
curved, about as long as two joints.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.12, of each joint
0.015; breadth of the second joint 0.02, of the eighth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


5. _Lithostrobus pentastichus_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly conical, smooth, with straight axis, and six to eight
slight strictures. All joints nearly of the same length, the sixth twice as
broad as the third. In each joint five transverse rows of small circular
pores. Horn of the cephalis pyramidal, of twice the length. (Similar to
_Eucyrtidium cienkowskii_, Pl. 80, fig. 9, but regularly conical, with all
the joints equal in length.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, of each joint
0.025; breadth of the third joint 0.04, of the sixth 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.


6. _Lithostrobus hexastichus_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 15).

Shell campanulate-conical, smooth, with straight axis, and six to eight
slight strictures. All joints nearly of the same length, the sixth joint
twice as broad as the second. In each joint six transverse rows of
subregular, hexagonal pores, with thin bars. Horn of the cephalis conical,
straight, of about the same length. (The specimen figured is a somewhat
irregular one; other specimens found afterwards were perfectly conical and
regular, with joints of equal length).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.16, of each joint
0.027.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Cornustrobus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell horn-shaped, conical, with curved axis; all joints
nearly equal in length, gradually increasing in breadth.


7. _Lithostrobus cyrtoceras_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 2).

Shell horn-shaped, conical, with curved axis, smooth, with six to eight
deep strictures. All joints nearly of the same length, gradually increasing
in breadth; the sixth joint twice as broad as the second. In each joint
about four transverse series of regular circular pores. Horn of the
cephalis conical, slightly curved, of the same length.

{1471}_Dimensions._--Length of the curved axis of the shell (with eight
joints) 0.24, length of each joint 0.03; breadth of the second joint 0.04,
of the sixth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


8. _Lithostrobus leptoceras_, n. sp.

Shell horn-shaped, slenderly conical, with curved axis (like a quadrant of
a circle), smooth, with twelve to fourteen slight strictures. All joints
nearly of the same length, the tenth twice as broad as the second. In each
joint only a single transverse row of small circular pores. Horn of the
cephalis curved, bristle-shaped, half as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the curved axis of the shell (with twelve joints)
0.18, length of each joint 0.15; breadth of the second joint 0.02, of the
tenth 0.04.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.


9. _Lithostrobus caloceras_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 4).

Shell horn-shaped, conical, with curved axis, smooth, with six to eight
deep strictures. All joints nearly of the same length, the sixth twice as
broad as the third. On each joint a single circle of very large roundish
pores, separated by two to four series of smaller pores. Horn of the
cephalis conical, curved, of twice the length.

_Dimensions._--Length of the curved axis of the shell (with six joints)
0.12, length of each joint 0.02; breadth of the third joint 0.04, of the
sixth 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.


10. _Lithostrobus macroceras_, n. sp.

Shell horn-shaped, slenderly conical, with curved, nearly semicircular
axis, without external strictures, but with twelve to twenty internal
septal rings. All joints nearly of the same length, the twelfth twice as
broad as the third. On each joint three to four transverse rows of
subregular, small, hexagonal pores. Horn of the cephalis conical, curved,
of twice the length.

_Dimensions._--Length of the curved axis of the shell (with sixteen joints)
0.32, length of each joint 0.02; breadth of the third joint 0.02, of the
twelfth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Cyrtostrobus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell conical (often more campanulate or irregular), with
straight axis; joints of different lengths. Cephalis not lobate.


{1472}11. _Lithostrobus conulus_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 1).

Shell slenderly conical, smooth, with straight axis, and seven to ten
distinct strictures. Joints of different lengths; the fourth and fifth
about twice as long as the preceding and following joints, the former with
four to five, the latter with two to three transverse rows of large
irregular pores; the seventh joint twice as broad as the third. Horn of the
cephalis short, pyramidal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.14, length of the
fifth joint 0.03; breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


12. _Lithostrobus picus_, Buetschli.

  _Lithostrobus picus_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. p. 529.

  _Eucyrtidium picus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 1.

Shell slenderly conical, smooth, with straight axis, and six to eight
slight strictures. Joints of different lengths, the second twice as long as
each of the three following, and four times as long as each of the last
joints; the sixth joint one and a-half times as broad as the second. Small
circular pores in regular transverse rows; six rows in the first and the
second, three rows in the third, fourth, and fifth, a single row in each of
the last joints. Horn of the cephalis cylindrical, half as long as the
shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.12, length of the
second joint 0.03; breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


13. _Lithostrobus argus_, Buetschli.

  _Lithostrobus argus_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. p. 529.

  _Eucyrtidium argus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. ix. fig. 1.

Shell conical, thorny, with straight axis, and five to seven slight
strictures. Joints of different lengths, each of the three first twice as
long as each of the following. Pores large, roundish, in transverse rows;
three rows in the first and the second joints (which in the figure of
Ehrenberg are not separated), two rows in the third joint, a single row in
each of the following joints. Horn of the cephalis large, conical, curved,
half as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.2, length of the
fourth joint (and each following) 0.02; breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


14. _Lithostrobus acuminatus_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium acuminatum_, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. i,
  fig. 1.

Shell slenderly conical, smooth, with straight axis, and four to six deep
strictures. Joints gradually increasing in length. Pores in regular,
transverse rows, commonly three rows in the first, four {1473}in the
second, five in the third, six in the fourth, seven in the fifth, &c.
(sometimes the increase of the number is more or less irregular). Horn of
the cephalis strong, conical, straight, about as long as the fourth or
sixth joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2; length of the
fourth joint 0.04, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


15. _Lithostrobus cuspidatus_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium cuspidatum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 291, Taf. ii. fig. 15.

Shell, slender, conical, smooth, with straight axis, and ten to twelve
distinct strictures. Joints gradually increasing slightly in length, the
tenth twice as long as the third. Pores circular, in regular transverse
rows; commonly two rows in the first, three in the second, four in the
third, seven in the eighth and following joints. Horn of the cephalis long,
bristle-shaped, curved. This species called _Eucyrtidium cuspidatum_ by
Ehrenberg, differs from _Lithostrobus tristichus_ (compare above), to which
Bailey had given the same name.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.2; length of the
tenth joint 0.03, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic (Greenland, Ehrenberg); Station 348, depth 2450
fathoms.


16. _Lithostrobus cornutella_, Buetschli.

  _Lithostrobus cornutella_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
  vol. xxxvi. p. 529.

  _Eucyrtidium cornutella_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 291, Taf. ii. fig. 14.

Shell slender, conical, smooth, with straight axis, and seven to nine
slight strictures. Joints gradually increasing slightly in length, the
sixth or seventh about twice as long as the third. Pores circular, in
regular transverse rows; two or three in the three or four first joints,
three or four in the following, four or five in the last joints. Horn of
the cephalis thin, bristle-shaped, curved.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.1; length of the
eighth joint 0.01, breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific; many stations,
surface.


17. _Lithostrobus tornatus_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium tornatum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 292, Taf. ix. fig. 20.

Shell campanulate-conical, smooth, with straight axis, and four to six deep
strictures. Joints broad, gradually increasing in length, the fifth twice
as long as the second. Pores small, circular, in regular transverse rows;
in the second and third joints three or four rows, in the fifth seven rows,
&c. Horn of the cephalis small, double or forked.

{1474}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.1; length of
the fifth joint 0.04, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, depth 2200 fathoms (Pullen).


18. _Lithostrobus seriatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 15).

Shell slender, conical, smooth, with straight axis, and four or five deep
strictures. Joints little different in length, increasing towards the
inflated last joint, which is twice as long as the preceding. On each joint
four or five transverse rows of small circular pores. Horn small,
bristle-shaped, oblique. This common species is rather variable.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.14; length of the
fifth joint 0.05, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


19. _Lithostrobus cornutus_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 6).

Shell slender, conical, subcampanulate, smooth, with three or four deep
strictures. Joints of different lengths, the third and the fourth twice as
long as the second, four times as long as the first. Transverse rows of
small circular pores; three in the first joint, five in the second, eight
in the third and in the fourth. Horn large, pyramidal, about as long as the
third joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12; length of the
third joint 0.04, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.


20. _Lithostrobus microporus_, Buetschli.

  _Lithostrobus microporus_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
  vol. xxxvi. p. 529.

  _Eucyrtidium microporum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 291, Taf. xi. fig. 20.

Shell slender, conical, smooth, very similar to the preceding species,
differs mainly in the more slender form and the smaller pores. The first
joint has four, the second eight, the third ten transverse rows of pores.
Horn conical, as long as the cephalis. The third joint in this and the
preceding species is campanulate, and large.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11; length of the
third joint 0.05, breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


21. _Lithostrobus quadratus_, n. sp.

Shell broad, conical, smooth, with straight axis, and six to eight deep
strictures. Joints of different lengths, usually alternately longer and
shorter. The seventh joint five times as broad as long, twice as long as
the sixth and the fourth; six transverse rows of pores in the seventh,
three {1475}in the sixth joint. Horn small, conical. This species differs
from all others in the subregular square form of the small pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.15; length of the
seventh joint 0.024, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750
fathoms.


22. _Lithostrobus hexagonalis_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 20).

Shell broad, conical, smooth, with straight axis, and five to eight
prominent girdles between six and nine constricted broad joints. The first
and the third joints are half as long as the second, the fourth, and each
of the following joints. The sixth joint is five times as broad as long.
Pores subregular, hexagonal, in regular transverse rows; three to four rows
in the first and the second joints, six to eight in the third, the fourth,
and each following joint. Cephalis with some small spines, and a larger,
oblique, curved horn.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2; length of the
sixth joint 0.04, breadth 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Subgenus 4. _Botryostrobus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell conical, with straight axis, joints of different
lengths. Cephalis lobate, with some irregular constrictions. (Perhaps
derived from #Botryodea#?).


23. _Lithostrobus botryocyrtis_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, figs. 18, 19).

Shell slender, conical, smooth, with straight axis, and three deep
strictures. Joints of different lengths. The length of the fourth joint
equals two-thirds of its breadth, and of the length of the three preceding
joints together. Each of the latter bears three transverse rows of small,
quadrangular pores, the fourth joint has six rows. The cephalis is
irregularly lobate, with four to six prominent lobes, and two small
divergent horns (fig. 19).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.1; length of the
fourth joint 0.04, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


24. _Lithostrobus lithobotrys_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 17).

Shell slender, conical, smooth, with straight axis, and four deep
strictures. Joints of different lengths, gradually increasing towards the
mouth, the length of the fifth joint equals half its breadth, and one-third
of the length of the whole shell. The single joints bear each four or five
transverse rows of small, roundish pores. Cephalis irregularly lobate, with
four to six prominent lobes, and the same number of small, conical horns.

{1476}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.12; length of
the fifth joint 0.04, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



Genus 643. _Dictyomitra_,[260] Zittel, 1876, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol.
Gesellsch., p. 80.

_Definition._--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta), with
conical shell gradually dilated towards the wide open mouth. Cephalis
without horn.

The genus _Dictyomitra_ agrees with the preceding _Lithostrobus_ in the
slender, conical form of the multiarticulate shell, but differs from it in
the absence of a horn on the cephalis; the horn is here completely lost.



Subgenus 1. _Dictyomitrella_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell smooth, with joints nearly equal in length.


1. _Dictyomitra articulata_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium articulatum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. figs. 2, 3.

Shell slender, conical, smooth, with six to eight deep strictures. All
joints nearly equal in length, gradually increasing in breadth, the eighth
four times as broad as long, and twice as broad as the fourth joint. In
each joint three to four transverse series of small, regular, circular
pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.12, of each joint
0.015; breadth of the fourth joint 0.04, of the eighth joint 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


2. _Dictyomitra macilenta_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium macilentum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 291, Taf. vii. fig. 15.

Shell slender, conical, smooth, with five to seven deep strictures. All
joints nearly equal in length, gradually increasing in breadth, the sixth
joint three times as broad as long, and twice as broad as the second. In
each joint only two transverse series of small, regular, circular pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.08, of each joint
0.012; breadth of the sixth joint 0.036, of the second 0.018.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Stations 200 to 225, in various
depths.


{1477}3. _Dictyomitra conica_, n. sp.

Shell widely conical, with six to eight prominent strictures. All joints
nearly equal in length, gradually increasing in breadth, the eighth five
times as broad as long, and twice as broad as the third. In each joint
three to four transverse rows of regular, hexagonal pores. (Similar to
_Lithostrobus hexagonalis_, Pl. 79, fig. 20, but more slender, and without
cephalic horn.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.16, of each joint
0.022; breadth of the sixth 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Dictyomitrissa_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell smooth, with joints of very different lengths.


4. _Dictyomitra polypora_, Zittel.

  _Dictyomitra polypora_, Zittel, 1876, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol.
  Gesellsch., p. 80, Taf. ii. fig. 1.

Shell slender, conical, rough, with six to nine deep strictures. Breadth
and length of the joints gradually increasing, so that the eighth joint is
twice as long and broad as the third. Pores regular, circular, in
transverse rows, four rows in each joint, in the last joint five to six
rows.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.24; length of the
eighth joint 0.04, breadth 0.1; length of the third joint 0.02, breadth
0.05.

_Habitat._--Fossil in secondary rocks of Northern Germany (chalk of
Brunswick, &c.), Zittel.


5. _Dictyomitra eurythorax_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 4).

  _Lithocampium eurythorax_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437, et Atlas,
  pl. lxxvii. fig. 4.

Shell campanulate, conical, rough, with three deep strictures. Cephalis
small, hemispherical. Thorax large, inflated, hemispherical, with six
transverse rows of pores. Abdomen with two broader joints, together as long
as the thorax, each with three to four rows of pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.14, of the thorax
0.06; breadth of the thorax 0.08, of the last joint 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


6. _Dictyomitra microcephala_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium microcephalum_, Ehrenberg, 1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 32; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1872,
  p. 291, Taf. xi. fig. 24.

Shell broadly conical, smooth, with six to eight distinct strictures.
Breadth of the joints gradually increasing, length unequal. The three first
joints short, only one-half or one-third as long as {1478}each of the
following joints; in each of the former three to four transverse rows, in
each of the latter six to eight transverse rows of small, regular, circular
pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.09, of the three
first joints 0.03, of the three following 0.06; breadth of the sixth joint
0.08, of the fourth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Candia) Spratt, depth 1620 fathoms.


7. _Dictyomitra demersissima_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium demersissimum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 291, Taf. vii. fig. 11.

Shell slender, conical, smooth, with four internal septal rings (without
external strictures). Breadth of the five joints gradually increasing,
length unequal; the third joint the longest, twice as long as the second,
and longer than any of the following. Pores very small and numerous, in
longitudinal rows.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.09, of the second
joint 0.015, of the third 0.03; breadth of the second joint 0.03, of the
third 0.05.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Philippine Sea, depth 3300 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Dictyomitroma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with longitudinal ribs and furrows between them, with
joints of different lengths.


8. _Dictyomitra costata_, n. sp.

Shell slender, conical, with prominent longitudinal ribs, and six to eight
deep strictures. Length of the majority of joints nearly equal, the two or
three first joints shorter, the last a little longer. In each joint only a
single transverse series of pores at the distal end (one pore in each
furrow). (Similar to _Siphocampe tubulosa_, Pl. 79, fig. 13, but conical,
and without cephalic tube.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.16, of each middle
joint 0.03, of the first 0.02; breadth of the last joint 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


9. _Dictyomitra multicostata_, Zittel.

  _Dictyomitra multicostata_, Zittel, 1876, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol.
  Gesellsch., p. 81, Taf. ii. figs. 2-4.

Shell slender, conical, with prominent longitudinal ribs, and eight to ten
deep strictures. Length and breadth of the joints gradually increasing, the
eighth joint twice as long and broad as the fourth joint. Pores regular,
circular, one series in each longitudinal furrow, three to four pores on
each joint.

{1479}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, of the
fourth joint 0.02, of the eighth joint 0.04; breadth of the fourth joint
0.04, of the eighth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in secondary rocks of North Germany (chalk of Brunswick,
&c.), Zittel.



Genus 644. _Stichocorys_,[261] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438 (_sensu
emendato_).

_Definition._--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta) with a
middle constriction of the shell, the upper half of which is conical, the
lower cylindrical. Mouth truncate. Cephalis with a horn.

The genus _Stichocorys_ is intermediate between the two preceding and the
two following genera; the upper half of the shell with the three first
joints is conical, the lower half with the fourth and the following joints
cylindrical, of equal breadth. The third joint of the shell (or the abdomen
of _Theoconus_) is constantly the largest, being broader than all the other
joints. _Stichocorys_ is a very common and characteristic form, and may be
derived from _Theoconus_ by development of a post-abdomen.


1. _Stichocorys wolffii_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 10).

Shell in the upper half (with three joints) thorny, in the lower half (with
two joints) smooth. Pores of the former double-contoured, in subregular,
transverse rows. Pores of the latter smaller, simple, scarcely scattered.
Cephalis with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Thorax with prominent,
longitudinal divergent ribs. Dedicated to Caspar Friedrich Wolff (Halle,
1759).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.16; breadth of the
third joint 0.08, of the fourth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


2. _Stichocorys panderi_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 7).

Shell in the upper conical half (with three joints) spiny, in the lower
subcylindrical half (with three joints) smooth. Pores small, circular,
irregularly scattered, simple. Cephalis with a conical horn of the same
length. No longitudinal ribs. Dedicated to Christian Pander (Wuerzburg,
1817.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18; breadth of the
third joint 0.08, of the fourth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Stichocorys baerii_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 8).

Shell in the upper conical half (with three joints) spiny, in the lower
cylindrical half (with three joints) sulcate, with prominent longitudinal
ribs, alternating with longitudinal rows of small pores. {1480}Pores of the
upper half smaller, quincuncially disposed. Cephalis with a stout pyramidal
horn of the same length. Dedicated to Carl Ernst Baer (Koenigsberg, 1828).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2; breadth of the
third joint 0.09, of the fourth 0.07.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Stichocorys okenii_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 5).

Shell smooth, without spines or ribs; the upper conical half (with three
joints) about the same length as the lower subcylindrical half (with three
joints). Pores subregular, circular, in the inflated third joint twice as
large as in the five other joints. At the lumbar stricture (between the
second and third joints) a coronal of nine very large pores. Cephalis with
a curved horn of half the length. Dedicated to Lorenz Oken (Jena, 1806).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2; breadth of the
third joint 0.09, of the fourth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


5. _Stichocorys huschkei_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 3).

Shell in the upper conical half (with three joints) thorny, in the lower
cylindrical half (with five joints) smooth, roundish. Pores irregularly
scattered, always double-contoured, in the second joint three times as
large as in the third. At the third stricture (between the third and fourth
joints) a coronal of larger pores. Cephalis with a small, conical horn of
half the length. No longitudinal ribs. Dedicated to Emil Huschke (Jena,
1832).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.18; breadth of the
third joint 0.08, of the fourth joint 0.07.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.


6. _Stichocorys rathkei_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, everywhere covered with short conical spines. The upper
conical part of the shell (with three joints) half as long as the lower
cylindrical part (with six joints). Pores irregular, roundish, in the
thorax twice to three times as large as in the eight other joints. Cephalis
with a pyramidal horn of the same length. No longitudinal ribs. Dedicated
to Heinrich Rathke (Koenigsberg, 1839).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.24; breadth of the
third joint 0.08, of the fourth joint 0.06.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.


7. _Stichocorys muelleri_, n. sp.

Shell in the upper conical part (with three joints) spiny, in the lower
cylindrical part (with seven joints) smooth. Pores in the former
irregularly scattered, roundish, in the latter circular, {1481}regularly
disposed in longitudinal series, alternate, with prominent ribs. The upper
conical part of the shell is about half as long as the lower cylindrical
part. Cephalis with a large, pyramidal horn of three times the length.
Dedicated to Johannes Mueller (Berlin, 1858).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.22; breadth of the
third joint 0.09, of the fourth joint 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.



Genus 645. _Artostrobus_,[262] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta) with
cylindrical shell, the upper pole of which is rounded, the lower truncate.
Cephalis with a horn.

The genus _Artostrobus_ and the following _Dictyomitra_ differ from all the
other Stichocorida in the cylindrical or nearly cylindrical form of the
shell, all the joints of which are nearly equal in breadth, and are very
short, often with a single transverse row of pores only. The first joint or
cephalis is usually different from the following, often hemispherical or
cap-shaped joints. The last joint is truncate, and has a wide open mouth.
Since the constrictions between the single joints are often very slight,
some species are very similar to the Dicyrtide _Sethocorys_.



Subgenus 1. _Artostrobulus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--A single transverse row of small, circular pores on each
joint. (Sometimes on the uppermost joints two or three rows.)


1. _Artostrobus annulatus_, Haeckel.

  _Cornutella annulata_, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol.
  xxii. pl. i. fig. 5_a_, 5_b_.

  _Eucyrtidium annulatum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 327.

Shell slender, cylindrical, smooth, without external strictures, but with
ten to twenty internal annular septa. On each joint only a single
transverse row of small pores. Cephalis hemispherical, with a single or
double small horn. Each joint about four times as broad as long.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with twenty joints) 0.2; length of each
joint 0.01, breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Arctic Ocean, Kamtschatka (Bailey); Greenland (Ehrenberg).


{1482}2. _Artostrobus elegans_, Haeckel.

  ? _Eucyrtidium elegans_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, pl. xi. fig. 12.

  ? _Eucyrtidium pauperum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, pl. xi. fig. 13.

Shell cylindrical, smooth, with eight to ten internal annular septa.
Cephalis subspherical, with a short, conical horn. Thorax campanulate, with
two transverse rows of pores. Abdomen with six to eight equal joints, each
with a single row of pores. (May be described, perhaps, better as
_Theocyrtis elegans_. _Eucyrtidium pauperum_, Ehrenberg, _loc. cit._, may
be a variety of this species.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.1; length of each
abdominal joint 0.01, breadth 0.03.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Artostrobium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--All (or the majority) of the joints of the shell with
several transverse rows of pores, in variable number.


3. _Artostrobus auritus_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe aurita_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 84.

  _Lithocampe auricula_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 71.

  _Eucyrtidium auritum_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 25.

  _Eucyrtidium auritum_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 104,
  Taf. iv. fig. 7.

Shell subcylindrical, with five sharp strictures. All six joints nearly
equal in length; each with four or five transverse rows of small pores.
Cephalis small, flat, hemispherical, with two or three small, conical,
oblique horns. Mouth of the sixth joint a little constricted.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.12; length of each
joint (on an average) 0.02, breadth 0.04 to 0.05.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte, Caltanisetta).


4. _Artostrobus biseriatus_, n. sp.

Shell cylindrical, smooth, with ten to twelve deep strictures. All joints
nearly equal in size; each with two transverse rows of small circular
pores. Cephalis hemispherical, with a long, bristle-shaped, curved horn.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.24; length of
each joint 0.02, breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


{1483}5. _Artostrobus articulatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 16).

Shell subcylindrical, with elegant longitudinal ribs and five sharp
strictures. All six joints nearly equal in length, each with three or four
transverse rows of small circular pores. The middle joints twice as broad
as long. Cephalis hemispherical with a conical, oblique horn.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.16, length of a
single joint 0.02 to 0.03, breadth 0.04 to 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.



Genus 646. _Lithomitra_,[263] Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., p.
529.

_Definition._--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta) with
cylindrical shell, the upper pole of which is rounded, the lower truncate.
Cephalis without horn.

The genus _Lithomitra_ differs from the preceding genus _Artostrobus_ in
the absence of a cephalic horn, and therefore bears to it the same relation
as _Dictyomitra_ does to _Lithostrobus._ In many species the joints are
very short, and bear only a single transverse row of pores, and since the
constrictions between the joints are often very slight, Lithomitra becomes
very similar to the Dicyrtide _Dictyocephalus_.



Subgenus 1. _Lithomitrella_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--A single transverse row of small circular pores on each
joint. (Sometimes on the uppermost joints two or three rows.)


1. _Lithomitra pachyderma_, Buetschli.

  _Lithomitra pachyderma_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Vol.
  xxxvi. p. 529.

  _Eucyrtidium pachyderma_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 21.

  _Eucyrtidium imbricatum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 22.

Shell thick-walled, subcylindrical, with longitudinal ribs, slightly
dilated in the middle, with ten to twelve subequal joints. On the lower
edge of each joint a single row of small circular pores. No external
strictures. This and the following species (though separated by Ehrenberg
as four different species) may be united.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.11; length of each
joint 0.01 to 0.012, breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1484}2. _Lithomitra acephala_, Buetschli.

  _Lithomitra acephala_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
  xxxvi. p. 529.

  _Eucyrtidium acephalum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. fig. 5.

  _Eucyrtidium obstipum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. xi. fig. 17.

Shell nearly cylindrical, smooth, thick-walled, with twelve to sixteen
subequal joints. On each joint a single row of small circular pores. No
external strictures. Scarcely differing from the preceding species; the
joints are broader and shorter, the cephalis is larger (by union of some
joints?), and the ribs of the surface less distinct.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.1; length of each
joint 0.006 to 0.009, breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


3. _Lithomitra lineata_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe lineata_, Ehrenberg (partim), 1838, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 130; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 26.

  _Lithocampe lineata_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 316.

  _Eucyrtidium lineatum_, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 43; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxxvi. fig. 16; Abhandl.
  d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 72, Taf. xi. fig. 9.

  _Dictyomitra lineata_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 101,
  Taf. iii. fig. 22.

Shell subcylindrical, smooth, with longitudinal ribs, and four to eight
slight transverse strictures. Cephalis small, subspherical, with few small
pores. Thorax broader, with two or three transverse rows of pores. Each
succeeding (abdominal) joint with a single transverse row of small pores.
Variable and nearly related to the two preceding species (compare my
Monograph, _loc. cit._).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six to eight joints) 0.06 to 0.08;
length of each joint (on an average) 0.01, breadth 0.03.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, in
various depths; many stations; fossil in Secondary and Tertiary rocks of
many places.


4. _Lithomitra nodosaria_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 1).

Shell subcylindrical, with longitudinal ribs, and five to eight transverse
strictures, and prominent girdles between them. On each girdle (at the
lowermost edge of each joint) a single transverse row of circular pores.
The three or four uppermost joints are united, and represent a conical
cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.1; length of each
joint 0.01 to 0.15, breadth 0.04 to 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


{1485}5. _Lithomitra eruca_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 3).

Shell subcylindrical, diminishing slightly towards both ends, with ten to
fifteen slight strictures. On each joint a single transverse row of
circular pores, descending obliquely in the wall. The two or three first
joints form together a roundish cephalis. Usually each joint is three times
as broad as long.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.2; length of each
joint (on an average) 0.016, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms; fossil in Barbados.


6. _Lithomitra chrysalis_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 4).

Shell subcylindrical, diminishing slightly towards both ends, with elegant
longitudinal ribs, and with five to eight slight strictures. Each of the
upper joints with two (or sometimes three) transverse rows of small pores;
each of the lower joints with only a single row.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.11; length of each
joint 0.01 to 0.015, breadth 0.04 to 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Lithomitrissa_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--All (or the majority) of the joints of the shell with
several transverse rows of pores, in variable number.


7. _Lithomitra cylindrica_, n. sp.

Shell cylindrical, smooth, with twelve to sixteen internal septal rings
(without external strictures). On each joint two transverse rows of small,
regular, circular pores. The hemispherical cephalis also has two rows of
pores. Each joint is twice as broad as long.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with sixteen joints) 0.3; length of
each joint 0.02, breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.


8. _Lithomitra costata_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyomitra costata_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 101,
  Taf. iii. fig. 23.

Shell with longitudinal ribs, in the upper half conical, in the lower half
cylindrical, with six to eight slight strictures. Small, circular pores in
regular transverse rows; three rows in each upper joint, two rows in each
lower joint (the last joints sometimes confluent).

{1486}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.15; length
of each joint 0.017 to 0.023, breadth 0.04 to 0.05.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte (Stoehr),
Caltanisetta (Haeckel).


9. _Lithomitra punctata_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe punctata_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 84.

  _Eucyrtidium punctatum_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 24.

  _Dictyomitra punctata_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 101,
  Taf. iii. fig. 24.

Shell subcylindrical, smooth, with four to six distinct strictures.
Cephalis small, subspherical. Thorax campanulate-conical. Abdomen
cylindrical, with three to four equal joints. In each joint five to six
transverse rows of small, circular pores, quincuncially disposed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.1; length of each
joint (except the first) 0.02, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Caltanisetta (Ehrenberg),
Grotte (Stoehr).


10. _Lithomitra seriolata_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium seriolatum_, Ehrenberg, 1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 33.

  _Lithocampe seriolata_, Haeckel, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 316.

Shell subcylindrical, smooth, with four to six sharp strictures. Cephalis
small, hemispherical. Thorax conical. Abdomen cylindrical, with three to
five different joints of alternate sizes. Small circular pores in
transverse rows; three or four rows in the third and fifth joints, seven or
eight rows in the second, fourth, and sixth joints.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.1; length of the
second and fourth joints 0.03, of the third and fifth joints 0.015.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Crete (Ehrenberg), Corfu (Haeckel).


11. _Lithomitra hyperborea_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium hyperboreum_, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol.
  xxii., pl. i. fig. 10.

  _Lithocampe hyperborea_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 315.

Shell cylindrical, with prominent longitudinal ribs and six deep
strictures. Cephalis hemispherical. On each joint three to four transverse
rows of small, obsolete pores. Each joint is about twice as broad as long.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.12; length of each
joint 0.02, breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Arctic and Northern Pacific, Kamtschatka (Bailey).


{1487}12. _Lithomitra australis_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe australis_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 187.

  _Lithocampe australis_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 315.

  _Eucyrtidium australe_, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 43; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxxv., A 21, fig. 18.

Shell subcylindrical, smooth, with five deep strictures. The two middle
joints somewhat larger than the two proximal and the two distal joints.
Pores small, circular, in regular, transverse rows; two rows in the first
and the sixth joints, five rows in the second and the fifth, seven or eight
rows in the third and fourth joints. The two latter are twice as broad as
long.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.14; length of the
four smaller joints 0.017, of the two larger joints 0.035; breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Sea (lat. 78d 10' S., long. 162d W.) Ross.


13. _Lithomitra eminens_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe eminens_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 102, Taf.
  iv. fig. 2.

Shell subcylindrical, rough, with seven slight strictures. The two or three
middle joints half as long as the two preceding and the two following
joints. Cephalis small, subspherical. Pores small, in subregular,
transverse rows, on the fifth and sixth joints only two rows, on the
second, third, seventh, and eighth joints four to five rows.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.27; length of the
fifth and sixth joints 0.17, of the others 0.03 to 0.04; breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte (Stoehr).


14. _Lithomitra infundibulum_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 5).

Shell in the upper half subconical, in the lower half subcylindrical,
rough, with four slight strictures. Cephalis hemispherical. Thorax conical.
Abdomen subcylindrical, three-jointed. Pores of the second, third, and
fourth joints funnel-shaped, with very small inner, and larger
double-contoured outer aperture; on the thorax twelve transverse rows, on
the third and fourth joints five rows. Fifth joint with irregular,
polygonal pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.2; length of the
thorax 0.06, breadth 0.08; length of each abdominal joint 0.04, breadth
0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 647. _Eucyrtidium_,[264] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.

_Definition_.--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiate aperta) with
ovate or spindle-shaped shell, the mouth of which is constricted, but not
prolonged into a tube. Cephalis with a solid horn.

{1488}The genus _Eucyrtidium_ (as here stated in the definition) and the
three following nearly allied genera differ from the preceding Stichocorida
in the more or less constricted mouth, and the consequent ovate or
spindle-form of the multiarticulate shell. The middle joints of the latter
are broader than the upper and the lower joints. In the earlier definition
given in my Monograph (1862, pp. 312 to 320), the genus had a much wider
sense; but the very large number of species since detected requires a more
strict definition. Ehrenberg confounded in his genus _Eucyrtidium_ a large
number of very different #Cyrtoidea#. In his last works (1872, 1875) he
described not less than one hundred and eleven species, fifty-five fossil
and fifty-six living (eight fossil species being yet living). But, in
reality, these one hundred and three species belong to twenty or twenty-two
very different genera of #Cyrtoidea#.



Subgenus 1. _Eucyrtis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.

_Definition._--All joints of the shell nearly of the same length (excepting
often the first). Surface smooth or rough, without spines.


1. _Eucyrtidium acuminatum_, Ehrenberg.

  _Eucyrtidium acuminatum_, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 43; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xii. fig. 27.

  _Eucyrtidium acuminatum_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 104,
  Taf. iv. fig. 6.

  _Eucyrtidium acuminatum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 326.

  _Lithocampe acuminata_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 84.

Shell smooth, slender, nearly spindle-shaped, without external strictures,
but with eight to nine internal septal rings. All joints (except the first)
nearly of the same length (or the upper somewhat longer). The fifth joint
is the broadest. Cephalis small, subspherical, with a short, conical horn.
Pores very small and numerous, regular, hexagonal, four to six on the
length of each joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.14; length of each
joint about 0.02; greatest breadth, in the fifth joint, 0.07.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta, Grotte, &c.).


2. _Eucyrtidium tropezianum_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe tropeziana_, J. Mueller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 42, Taf. vii. figs. 4, 5, 6.

  _Lithocampe tropeziana_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 326.

Shell smooth, slender, nearly spindle-shaped, without external strictures,
but with seven or eight internal septal rings. All joints of the same
length. The fifth and sixth joints are the broadest. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Pores very small
and numerous, regular, circular, hexagonally framed, five to six in the
length of each joint. (Very near to the preceding species, but more
regular, and with different pores.)

{1489}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.16, length
of each joint 0.02; greatest breadth (in the fifth joint) 0.07.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, French shore, St. Tropez (J. Mueller), surface.


3. _Eucyrtidium hexagonatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 11).

Shell smooth, ovate, with six to seven internal septal rings. All joints
(except the first) nearly of the same length; the sixth joint is the
broadest. The seventh and eighth joints (broken off in the specimen
figured) gradually decrease toward the constricted mouth, which is as broad
as the septum between the third and fourth joints. Cephalis and thorax
together pear-shaped, with circular pores, sharp lumbar stricture, and a
stout, pyramidal horn of the same length. The five or six abdominal joints
with regular, hexagonal pores, six or seven in course of the length of each
joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, length of each
joint 0.025 to 0.03; greatest breadth (in the sixth joint) 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, depth 2425 to 2925
fathoms.


4. _Eucyrtidium fusiforme_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, slender, spindle-shaped, without external strictures, but
with ten to twelve internal septal rings. All joints of the same length;
the sixth joint is the broadest. Cephalis conical, with a pyramidal horn of
the same length. Pores regular, circular, four or five in course of the
length of each joint. (Differs from all other species of the genus in the
regular, slender, spindle form; the constricted mouth of the last joint is
half as broad as the sixth joint.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.24, length of
each joint 0.02; greatest breadth (on the sixth joint) 0.06, of the mouth
0.03.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Maldive Islands (Haeckel, 1882), surface.


5. _Eucyrtidium doliolum_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, barrel-shaped, or nearly spindle-shaped, with eight or nine
distinct strictures. All joints (except the first) of the same length; the
fourth joint is the broadest. Cephalis small, subspherical, with two short,
divergent, conical horns. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed,
three to four in course of the length of each joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.2, length of each
joint 0.022; greatest breadth (in the fourth joint) 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Stichocyrtis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.

_Definition._--All joints of the shell nearly of the same length (excepting
often the first). Surface spiny.


{1490}6. _Eucyrtidium spinosum_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, slender, ovate, without external strictures, but with seven or
eight internal septal rings. Conical spines of different lengths are
scattered over the whole surface. All joints have nearly the same length;
the sixth is the broadest. Cephalis conical, with one large and two or
three smaller conical horns. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the shell.
Pores irregular, roundish, double-edged, three to four on the length of
each joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.16, length of each
joint 0.02; greatest breadth (on the sixth joint) 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


7. _Eucyrtidium chrysalidium_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with four to five slight strictures, above
each stricture a circle or girdle of conical spines (as in the similar
_Cyrtophormis cingulata_, Pl. 78, fig. 18). All joints (except the first)
have the same length. Cephalis subspherical, with a bunch of divergent
spines. Mouth constricted, only one-third as broad as the third joint,
which is the broadest. Pores subregular, circular, four to five on the
length of each joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, length of each
joint 0.032; greatest breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Artocyrtis_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Joints of the shell of very different lengths. Surface
smooth or rough, without spines.


8. _Eucyrtidium profundissimum_, Ehrenberg.

  _Eucyrtidium profundissimum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 293, Taf. vii. fig. 12.

Shell smooth, campanulate, ovate, with three internal septal rings. Four
joints of different lengths. Cephalis subspherical, with a small
bristle-shaped horn. Thorax campanulate, nearly twice as long as each of
the two following joints, which are nearly equal in breadth. Terminal mouth
wide open, little constricted. Pores very small and numerous, regular,
hexagonal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12; length of the
thorax 0.05, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Pacific; many Stations (Stations 206, 225, 253, 265, &c.), in
depths between 2000 and 4000 fathoms.


{1491}9. _Eucyrtidium anthophorum_, Haeckel.

  _Thyrsocyrtis anthophora_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xii. fig. 9.

Shell smooth, slender, ovate, with three slight strictures. Four joints of
different lengths. Cephalis subspherical, with a stout, club-shaped,
spinulate or branched horn of the same length. Second campanulate and third
subcylindrical joint about equal in size. Fourth joint only half as long,
with slightly constricted mouth (broken off in Ehrenberg's figure). Pores
small and numerous, regular, circular, quincuncial.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12; length of the
second and of the third joints 0.04, breadth 0.05 to 0.06.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


10. _Eucyrtidium hertwigii_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 12).

Shell smooth, ovate, truncate, with three distinct strictures. Four joints
of different lengths. Cephalis campanulate, with an internal rod-cross, and
a stout pyramidal horn of the same length. Second joint campanulate. Third
joint larger, subcylindrical, with a variable number of irregular,
longitudinal ribs, some of which are prolonged into the second and fourth
joints. The latter is only half as long, and slightly constricted towards
the mouth. Pores small and numerous, subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.22. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.08, _d_ 0.05; breadth, _a_ 0.03,
_b_ 0.1, _c_ 0.12, _d_ 0.11.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


11. _Eucyrtidium lagena_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium lagena_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 325, Taf. iv.
  fig. 11.

  _Lithocampe lagena_, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 839.

Shell smooth, bottle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of
different sizes. Cephalis small, spherical, with a bristle-shaped horn of
the same length. Second joint conical, third subcylindrical, fourth
inflated, with slightly constricted mouth; their lengths about equal. Pores
subregular, hexagonal, large, with thin bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16; length of each
of the three lower joints about 0.05, breadth 0.05 to 0.064.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina).


12. _Eucyrtidium teuscheri_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 5).

Shell smooth, bottle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of
different lengths. The third joint four times as long as each of the two
first joints, and longer than the fourth, which {1492}is little constricted
towards the mouth. The greatest breadth is in the middle of the shell.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a small, conical horn of the same length.
Pores large, circular, of variable sizes. Dedicated to Dr. Reinhold
Teuscher.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.07, _d_ 0.055; breadth, _a_ 0.03,
_b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.08, _d_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


13. _Eucyrtidium buetschlii_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 7).

Shell rough, slender, ovate, truncate, with three distinct strictures. Four
joints of different lengths; the third is the largest, inflated,
subspherical. Fourth joint subcylindrical, little constricted towards the
truncate mouth. Cephalis hemispherical, with a small, conical horn. Pores
circular, much larger in the third joint than in the three others.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.05; breadth, _a_ 0.03,
_b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.09, _d_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


14. _Eucyrtidium galatheae_, Ehrenberg.

  _Eucyrtidium galatheae_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 242.

Shell smooth, campanulate, with three deep strictures. Four joints of
different lengths; the fourth joint is the broadest, twice as long as the
third and the second, three times as long as the hemispherical cephalis,
which bears a stout, pyramidal, oblique horn of twice the length. Mouth
little constricted. Pores regular, circular, in transverse rows, three rows
in each of the three first joints, five or six rows in the last joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12; length of the
fourth joint 0.05, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


15. _Eucyrtidium galea_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium galea_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 324, Taf. vii.
  figs. 8-10.

  _Lithocampe galea_, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 838.

Shell smooth, helmet-shaped, with four sharp strictures. Five joints of
different lengths. Cephalis small, spherical, with a thin pyramidal horn of
the same length. Second joint conical, about as long as the third, longer
than the fourth and the fifth joints. The third joint is the broadest.
Pores regular, circular, small and numerous.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.18; length of the
second and the third joints 0.05, of the fourth 0.03; breadth 0.08 to 0.1.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), surface.


{1493}16. _Eucyrtidium eruca_, Ehrenberg.

  _Eucyrtidium eruca_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 70, Taf. x. fig. 13.

Shell smooth, slender, ovate, or nearly spindle-shaped, with four sharp
strictures. Five joints of different lengths, the third and fourth nearly
equal, twice as long as the fifth, one and a half times as long as the
second; the fourth joint is the broadest. Mouth little constricted.
Cephalis subspherical, with a small, conical horn. Pores small and
numerous, subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.12 to 0.14; length
of the third and the fourth joints, 0.03 to 0.04, breadth 0.04 to 0.05.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific, in different depths; also
fossil in Barbados and Sicily.


17. _Eucyrtidium montiparum_, Ehrenberg.

  _Eucyrtidium montiparum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, Taf. ix. fig. 11.

Shell rough, nearly spindle-shaped, with five deep strictures. Six joints
of different lengths, the third and fourth nearly equal, longer than the
fifth and the sixth joints; the fourth joint is the broadest. Mouth
slightly constricted. Cephalis very small, hemispherical, hyaline, with a
short, conical horn. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad as in the
similar smaller preceding species.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2; length of the
third and the fourth joints 0.05, breadth 0.07 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


18. _Eucyrtidium cienkowskii_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 9).

Shell smooth, subconical, with five distinct strictures. Six joints of
different lengths; the third joint conical, one and a half to two times as
long as each of the other joints; the fifth joint is the broadest. Mouth
wide, very slightly constricted. Cephalis hemispherical, with an oblique
pyramidal horn of the same length. Pores regular, circular, in dense
transverse rows; five to six rows in each of the three last joints, eight
to nine rows in the third joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.16, length of the
third joint 0.04, of each following joint 0.02; greatest breadth (in the
fifth joint) 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


19. _Eucyrtidium elongatum_, Stoehr.

  _Eucyrtidium elongatum_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 105,
  Taf. iv. fig. 10.

Shell rough, slender, nearly spindle-shaped, variable in size and form,
with six to seven distinct strictures. Seven to eight joints of different
lengths, often alternately longer and shorter. The second {1494}and the
last joints are the longest, the third is the broadest. Mouth slightly
constricted (broken off in Stoehr's figure). Cephalis small, subspherical,
with a small, oblique, curved horn. Pores irregular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.2; length of the
single joints, between 0.02 and 0.04, breadth 0.06 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Sicily (Grotte, Caltanisetta).


20. _Eucyrtidium stoehrii_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, gradually diminishing towards both ends, with
eight to ten distinct strictures. Nine to eleven joints of different
lengths; the two or three middle joints--fifth, sixth, and seventh--longer
and broader than the other joints; the broadest is the fifth joint, which
is twice to three times as long as the first and last joints. Cephalis
subspherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Terminal mouth
strongly constricted, one-half or one-third as broad as the fifth joint.
Pores small, regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.22; length of the
largest (fifth joint) 0.03, breadth 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


21. _Eucyrtidium scalarium_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, slender, ovate, with nine to ten deep strictures, and ten to
eleven separate step-like joints of different lengths. The sixth joint is
the longest, twice as long as the fourth, and three times as long as the
third and the last joint; the seventh and eighth joints are the broadest,
one and a half times as broad as the wide mouth. Cephalis hemispherical,
with a short pyramidal horn of the same length. Pores small and numerous,
subregular, square, in regular transverse rows; six rows in the sixth
joint, three rows in the last joint. (Somewhat similar to _Spirocyrtis
scalaris_, Pl. 76, fig. 14, but ovate, not conical and not spiral.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eleven joints) 0.22, breadth 0.11;
length of the last joint 0.01, of the sixth 0.03.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 64, surface.



Subgenus 4. _Acanthocyrtis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.

_Definition._--Joints of the shell of very different lengths. Surface
spiny.


22. _Eucyrtidium tricinctum_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 13).

Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of
different lengths, the first and third half as long as the second and
fourth; the third joint is the broadest, four times as {1495}broad as the
strongly constricted mouth. Spines irregularly scattered over the lower
half of the shell, increasing in size towards the mouth. Pores subregular,
circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.25. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.08, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.09; breadth (of the
third joint) 0.1.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


23. _Eucyrtidium armatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 14).

Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of
different lengths, the second and third joints of the same length, shorter
than the fourth joint; the third joint is the broadest, four times as broad
as the strongly constricted mouth. The latter, as well as the conical
cephalis, is armed with an irregular bunch of strong conical spines, while
numerous smaller spines are scattered over the whole surface. Pores
irregular, roundish, double-contoured.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.05, _d_ 0.08; breadth (of the
third joint) 0.1.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.


24. _Eucyrtidium conostoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 16).

Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with four distinct strictures. Five joints of
different lengths, having the proportion = 1 : 2 : 3 : 6 : 10. The fourth
joint is the broadest, inflated, twice as broad as long. Cephalis small,
with a conical horn of the same length. Fifth joint inversely conical, with
a narrow mouth, broader than the cephalis. Short conical spines are
scattered over the whole surface. Pores subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.22. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.01, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.06, _e_ 0.1; breadth (of
the fourth joint) 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


25. _Eucyrtidium ehrenbergii_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 15).

Shell spiny, spindle-shaped, with four distinct strictures (the first and
the fourth are by a mistake not distinctly figured). Five joints of
different lengths, having the proportion = 2 : 3 : 4 : 2 : 5. The third
joint is the broadest, twice as broad as long, and twice as broad as the
constricted mouth. Whole surface covered with strong spines. Pores
irregular, roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.16. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.02, _e_ 0.05; breadth
(in the third joint) 0.08.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 220, depth 1100 fathoms.


26. _Eucyrtidium ovatum_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, inversely ovate, with five sharp strictures. Six joints of
different lengths, having the proportion = 1 : 3 : 2 : 1 : 1 : 3. The third
joint is the broadest, three times as broad as the {1496}constricted mouth.
Cephalis with a stout pyramidal horn of the same length. Whole surface
spiny. Pores irregular, roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.22. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.06, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.02, _e_ 0.02, _f_ 0.06;
breadth (in the third joint) 0.11.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 648. _Eusyringium_,[265] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.

_Definition._--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta) with
ovate or spindle-shaped shell, the mouth of which is constricted, and
prolonged into a terminal cylindrical tube. Cephalis with a solid horn.

The genus _Eusyringium_ differs from the preceding closely allied genus
_Eucyrtidium_ in the peculiar formation of the last shell-joint,
representing a narrow, cylindrical, fenestrated tube. It exhibits,
therefore, to the latter the same relation as _Theosyringium_ bears to
_Theocorys_.



Subgenus 1. _Eusyringartus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with three strictures and four joints; the third joint
is the largest, inflated, and much broader than the three others.


1. _Eusyringium conosiphon_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 10).

Shell with four joints, very thick-walled, rough. Cephalis hemispherical,
with a very stout, smooth, three-sided pyramidal horn of the same length
and breadth. Thorax hemispherical. Third joint subspherical, three times as
long, and twice as broad as the thorax, and of the same length as the
slender, inversely conical fourth joint. Pores in the three first joints
subregular, circular, in the fourth joint irregular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.25. Length of the
single joint _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.1, _d_ 0.1; breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Eusyringium pachysiphon_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 11).

Shell with four joints, very thick-walled, rough. Cephalis conical, with a
thick, dimpled, conical horn of the same length. Thorax hemispherical.
Third joint inflated, subspherical, and fourth joint slender, inversely
conical, as in the similar preceding species. Differs from the latter
{1497}mainly in the form of the cephalic horn, and the cylindrical tube of
the last joint. Pores subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.3. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.12, _d_ 0.12; breadth 0.15.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


3. _Eusyringium macrosiphon_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 12).

Shell with four joints, thick-walled, rough. Cephalis subspherical with a
large, dimpled, conical horn of twice the length. The three following
joints nearly of the same shape as in the two similar preceding species. It
differs from these in the smaller size, the larger cephalic horn, and the
longer tube of the fourth joint, which is twice as long as the subspherical
third joint (in the figure the lower half is broken off). Pores subregular,
circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.3. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.08, _d_ 0.16; breadth 0.09.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


4. _Eusyringium leptosiphon_, n. sp.

Shell with four joints, thin-walled, smooth. Cephalis subspherical, with a
large, dimpled, slender, conical horn of three times the length. Thorax
hemispherical. Third joint ovate, four times as long as the thorax, and of
the same length as the thin, cylindrical tube of the fourth joint. Differs
from the three preceding species in the more slender form and the thinness
of the tube. Pores irregular, roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.33. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.13, _d_ 0.15; breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


5. _Eusyringium sipho_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium sipho_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 72, Taf. ix. fig. 2.

Shell with four joints, thick-walled, smooth. Cephalis subspherical,
hyaline, without pores, with a thick, conical horn of twice the length.
Thorax hemispherical. Third joint ovate, four times as long as the thorax,
and of the same length as the thin, cylindrical fourth joint. Pores
subregular, circular, in the fourth joint twice as broad as in the third,
and three times as broad as in the second joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.22. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.09, _d_ 0.09; breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1498}6. _Eusyringium fistuligerum_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium fistuligerum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 70, Taf ix. fig. 3.

Shell with four joints, thin-walled, smooth. Cephalis subspherical, with
numerous very small pores, and a stout, pyramidal horn of the same length.
Thorax hemispherical. Third joint subspherical, four times as long as the
thorax, and of the same length as the slender, inversely conical or
cylindrical, fourth joint. Pores irregular, roundish or circular, in the
fourth joint twice as broad as in the two preceding joints.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.08, _d_ 0.08; breadth 0.09.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.



Subgenus 2. _Eusyringoma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with four or more strictures, and five or more joints;
the last joint is strongly constricted, and forms a narrow cylindrical
tube.


7. _Eusyringium lagenoides_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium lagenoides_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 104,
  Taf. iv. fig. 8.

Shell with five joints, and four sharp strictures, nearly spindle-shaped.
The third joint is twice as long as the second and the fourth. Cephalis
small, cap-shaped, with a thin conical horn of the same length. The fifth
joint is in Stoehr's figure broken off, but well conserved in a specimen
from Caltanisetta, and represents a slender cylindrical tube, with few
pores, half as long as the shell. Pores small, subregular, circular,
quincuncial.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.24, breadth 0.08;
length of the third joint 0.06, of the second and the fourth 0.03, of the
fifth 0.1; breadth of the basal tube 0.027.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte, Caltanisetta).


8. _Eusyringium rhaphanus_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium rhaphanus_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 106,
  Taf. iv. fig. 12.

Shell with six or seven joints of very different lengths, in the upper half
campanulate, in the lower cylindrical. The second and the two last joints
are the longest. Cephalis small, subspherical, with a short conical horn.
The last joint is a narrow cylindrical tube of variable length, scarcely
one-fourth as broad as the preceding joints. Pores in the upper joints
regular, circular, in the lower irregular, roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1;
length of the second and last joints 0.03 to 0.04; breadth of the basal
tube 0.025.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte).


{1499}9. _Eusyringium siphonostoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 14).

Shell with eight joints, in the upper half slender, conical, in the lower
half cylindrical. The single joints are separated by seven internal annular
septa. The third and the seventh joints are the largest, twice as long as
the three intercalated joints. Cephalis small, cap-shaped, with a conical
horn of twice the length. The last joint (broken off in the specimen
figured) is a narrow cylindrical tube, one-third as long and one-third as
broad as the shell. Pores regular, circular, quincuncial.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.24, breadth 0.08;
length of the single joints 0.02 to 0.04; breadth of the basal tube 0.03.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


10. _Eusyringium cannostoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 80, fig. 13).

Shell with nine or ten joints, slender ovate. The single joints are
separated by eight or nine internal annular septa. The third joint is the
longest, about twice or three times as long as each following joint.
Cephalis hemispherical, with a curved, conical horn of the same length. The
last joint is a narrow, cylindrical tube, about as long as the third joint,
but only one-fourth as broad. Pores small, regular, circular, quincuncially
disposed, and hexagonally framed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.22, breadth 0.08;
length of the third joint 0.04, of the other joints 0.01 to 0.02, of the
basal tube 0.04; breadth of the latter 0.02.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 649. _Siphocampe_,[266] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.

_Definition._--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta) with
ovate or spindle-shaped shell, the mouth of which is constricted, but not
prolonged into a tube. Cephalis with an oblique, open, apical tube.

The genus _Siphocampe_ differs from the closely allied genera _Lithocampe_
and _Eucyrtidium_ in a very remarkable character, viz., the development of
a hollow cylindrical tube on the cephalis. This probably serves for the
emission of a bunch of pseudopodia. It has the same position and the same
oblique direction on the cephalis as the solid apical horn of
_Eucyrtidium_.



Subgenus 1. _Siphocampula_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--All joints of the shell (excepting the first) are nearly
equal in length.


{1500}1. _Siphocampe tubulosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 13).

Shell slender nearly spindle-shaped, with eight deep transverse strictures,
and elegant longitudinal ribs. Nine joints slightly different in length and
shape. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, with three or four transverse rows of
small pores, and a cylindrical, oblique tubule of twice the length. Each
successive joint with a single transverse row of regular, circular pores at
its lower edge, separated by divergent, longitudinal ribs. Last joint
shorter, with a hyaline annular peristome of the same length. Mouth half as
broad as the middle part of the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.24; length of each
joint (on an average) 0.02 to 0.03; breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


2. _Siphocampe annulosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 10).

Shell slender, subcylindrical, with nine slight transverse strictures, and
interrupted longitudinal ribs. Ten joints nearly equal in length and shape,
excepting the two first, which together form a hemispherical cephalothorax,
with six to eight transverse rows of pores. Tubule of the cephalis short
and wide, truncate, conical. Each of the eight abdominal joints with a
single transverse row of small pores. Mouth constricted, without tubulose
peristome, half as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.18; length of each
joint (on an average) 0.02, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Siphocampe caminosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 12).

Shell slender, subcylindrical, with six deep transverse strictures. Seven
joints nearly equal in length and breadth. Cephalis hemispherical, with an
oblique, cylindrical tubule of twice the length (in the figure the greater
part is broken away). Small circular pores in transverse rows and in
variable number; usually three rows in the first and the last joint, five
rows in the fourth joint, four rows in each of the other joints. Mouth
constricted, with a short tubulose peristome, only one-third as broad as
the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.18; length of each
joint (on an average) 0.025, breadth 0.055.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


4. _Siphocampe erucosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 11).

Shell slender, nearly spindle-shaped, with five slight transverse
strictures. Six joints nearly equal in length. The two first joints are
united, and form together a hemispherical cephalothorax, with a short,
oblique, cylindrical tubule. Pores regular, circular, double-contoured, in
regular, transverse rows; two rows in the first and the last joints, four
rows in each of the four middle joints. Mouth constricted, without
peristome, only one-third as broad as the shell.

{1501}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.14; length of
each joint (on an average) 0.02, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Siphocampium_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.

_Definition._--The joints of the shell are very different in length.


5. _Siphocampe quadrantalis_, n. sp.

Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with three deep strictures. Four joints of
very different lengths. Cephalis subspherical with an oblique cylindrical
tubule of twice the length, and with few small pores. Thorax ovate, half as
long as the shell, with twelve transverse rows of small pores. Abdomen with
two short joints, each of which has two transverse rows of pores. Mouth
constricted, one-third as broad as the thorax.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18; length of the
thorax 0.1, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific; North Coast of New Guinea, Station
220, depth 1100 fathoms.


6. _Siphocampe spiralis_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 14).

Shell nearly spindle-shaped, with eight slight strictures. Nine joints of
very different lengths. Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique cylindrical
tubule of the same length, and numerous small pores. Thorax conical,
one-fourth as long as the shell, with eight transverse rows of small pores.
Abdomen with numerous prominent, spirally convoluted ribs, and spiral rows
of pores between them. The first abdominal joint is from two to three times
as long as each of the six following joints. Abdominal pores larger,
roundish, disposed in eleven transverse rows. Four rows in the first
abdominal joint, one row in each of the five following, and two rows in the
last joint. Mouth slightly constricted, two-thirds as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.17, cephalis 0.02,
thorax 0.04, abdomen 0.11; breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms; also
fossil in Barbados.



Genus 650. _Lithocampe_,[267] Ehrenberg, 1838, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 128 (_sensu emendato_).

_Definition._--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta) with
ovate or spindle-shaped shell, the mouth of which is constricted, but not
prolonged into a tube. Cephalis without horn and tube.

{1502}The genus _Lithocampe_ is the oldest of all "Polycystina," being
founded by Ehrenberg in 1838 upon _Lithocampe radicula_. Afterwards
numerous other species, which belong to very different genera, were
described by him. In 1862 I attempted to give a more strict definition of
this genus in my Monograph (p. 312 to 315), and separated it from the
closely allied and often confounded _Eucyrtidium_ by the absence of a
cephalic horn. The great number of species afterwards discovered leads to
the stricter definition given above.



Subgenus 1. _Lithocampula_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--All joints of the shell (except often the first) are equal
or nearly equal in length.


1. _Lithocampe eupora_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium euporum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 291, Taf. iv. fig. 30.

Shell smooth, ovate or subconical, with three deep strictures. Four joints
equal in length, gradually increasing in breadth, each with three
transverse rows of regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores; the fourth
joint is the broadest. Mouth little constricted, of the same breadth as the
third joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.08; length of each
joint 0.02, greatest breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms; North
Atlantic, depth 3600 fathoms (Morse).


2. _Lithocampe platycephala_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium platycephalum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, pp. 145, 293, Taf. iii. fig. 16.

Shell smooth, subconical or slenderly ovate, with three slight strictures.
Four joints equal in length, slightly increasing in breadth towards the
mouth. The hemispherical cephalis with longitudinal ribs and irregular
pores, each of the three other joints with four transverse rows of regular,
circular pores. Mouth strongly constricted, half as broad as the third and
fourth joints.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12; length of each
joint 0.03, greatest breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, depth 3600 fathoms (Morse).


3. _Lithocampe nereidum_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe nereidum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 319.

  _Eucyrtidium nereidum_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 242; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxv. B, _b_, fig. 22.

Shell smooth, slenderly ovate, with four deep strictures. Five joints equal
in length, the fourth being the broadest. Each joint with three transverse
rows of small, regular, circular pores {1503}(sometimes in the fourth joint
there are four rows). Mouth constricted, half as broad as the fourth joint.
(In Ehrenberg's figure all five joints are delineated, but the greater part
of the hemispherical cephalis is broken off.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.1, of each joint
0.02; breadth of the fourth joint 0.05.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


4. _Lithocampe radicula_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lithocampe radicula_, Ehrenberg, 1838, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 130, Taf. iv. fig. 11.; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig.
  23_a_.

Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, with five sharp strictures. Six joints equal
in length, each with four transverse rows of regular, circular,
double-edged pores. The third and fourth joints are the broadest, and
equal. The constricted mouth is not broader than the hemispherical
cephalis, scarcely one-fourth as broad as the third and the fourth joints.
This remarkable species is the oldest known skeleton of a Radiolarian, a
figure of it being given in 1838, _loc. cit._ (compare my Monograph, 1862,
p. 3, 4, 331). But this figure of Ehrenberg is not quite accurate, and
differs from other figures of the same species, which he afterwards (1854)
published in his Mikrogeologie (_loc. cit._). The best of these is fig.
23_a_ in pl. xxii., and is identical with the typical form (common in
Barbados), and according to this I have here framed my description. The
sixth joint possesses a distinct (though small) terminal mouth; when this
becomes closed, the species passes over into _Stichocapsa radicula_.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, length of each
joint (on an average) 0.03; breadth of the third and fourth joints 0.08, of
the second and fifth 0.06, of the terminal mouth and the cephalis 0.03.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados.


5. _Lithocampe ventricosa_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyomitra ventricosa_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 102,
  Taf. iii. fig. 25.

Shell ovate, with six slight strictures. Seven joints nearly equal in
length, each with four (or sometimes three or five) transverse rows of
small, regular, circular pores, in the last joint the pores are larger. The
fourth and fifth joints are the broadest, and are twice as broad as the
constricted mouth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.13 to 0.14; length
of each joint 0.017 to 0.02, greatest breadth 0.083, mouth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte, Caltanisetta.


6. _Lithocampe fusiformis_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, decreasing uniformly towards the two blunt
poles, with eight or nine sharp strictures, and nine or ten joints of equal
lengths, each with four transverse rows of regular, {1504}hexagonal pores.
The fourth and fifth joints are the broadest. The constricted mouth is
twice as broad as the hemispherical cephalis, half as broad as the fourth
joint.

_Dimensions._ --Length of the shell (with ten joints) 0.2, of each joint
0.02; breadth of the fourth joint 0.06, mouth 0.03.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Lithocampium_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 437.

_Definition._--The joints of the shell are very different in length.


7. _Lithocampe ovata_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 1).

Shell smooth, urceolate or ovate, with three sharp strictures. Four joints
of different lengths, having the proportion 1 : 2 : 2 : 6. The fourth joint
is inflated and the broadest. The mouth is constricted, short, tubular, of
the same breadth as the hemispherical cephalis. Pores small, circular, in
regular transverse rows; four rows in the first, four in the second, two in
the third, and five in the fourth joint. The middle stricture is crossed by
longitudinal ribs.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.01, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.02, _d_ 0.06; greatest breadth
0.055.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


8. _Lithocampe aquilonaris_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe aquilonaris_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 317.

  _Eucyrtidium aquilonare_, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol.
  xxii. p. 4, pl. i. fig. 9.

Shell smooth, subconical, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of
different lengths, having the proportion 3 : 1 : 3 : 4. The fourth joint is
the broadest, suddenly constricted, with a short tubular mouth of half the
breadth. Pores subregular, circular, in transverse rows; three rows in the
first joint, two in the second, four in the third, and three in the fourth
joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.01, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.04; breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Kamtschatka (Bailey), Station 241, depth 2300
fathoms.


9. _Lithocampe quadrarticulata_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe quadrarticulata_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 319.

  _Eucyrtidium quadrarticulatum_, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 299.

Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, with three deep strictures. Four joints of
different lengths = 1 : 3 : 4 : 3. The third joint is the broadest, being
twice as broad as the constricted mouth of the fourth joint. Pores small,
regular, circular, in transverse rows; two being in the first, three in the
second, four in the third, three in the fourth joint.

{1505}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11. Length of
the single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.025; greatest
breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic (Greenland, depth 1600 fathoms, Ehrenberg),
Station 64, surface.


10. _Lithocampe multiseriata_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium multiseriatum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, page 293, Taf. vii. fig. 9.

Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, or slenderly ovate, with three sharp
strictures. Four joints of different lengths = 3 : 4 : 5 : 10. The third
and fourth joints nearly equal in breadth, and twice as broad as the
hemispherical cephalis. The truncate mouth is slightly constricted. Pores
very small and numerous, in regular transverse rows. Three or four rows in
the first, five or six in the second, seven or eight in the third, and
fifteen to twenty in the fourth joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.025, _d_ 0.05; breadth 0.045.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific (Philippine Sea, Ehrenberg), Stations 206,
224, 266, in various depths.


11. _Lithocampe diploconus_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 3).

Shell rough, doubly conical, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of
different lengths = 2 : 5 : 5 : 8. The third joint is the broadest. The
three first joints form together a broad cone, and the fourth an inverse
truncate cone; the latter is distinguished by convergent longitudinal ribs.
Pores regular, circular, alternating with the ribs in the fourth joint.
Truncate mouth hyaline, half as broad as the third joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.05, _d_ 0.08; breadth (in the
middle part) 0.1.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


12. _Lithocampe diaphana_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium diaphanum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 309.

Shell smooth, hyaline, spindle-shaped, decreasing uniformly towards both
poles, with three distinct strictures. Four joints of different lengths;
the second and third equal in breadth, twice as broad and three times as
long as the first and the fourth. Pores very small and scarce, in
transverse interrupted rows, commonly two rows in the first, two or three
in the second, three or four in the third, and only one in the last joint.
Mouth constricted, two-thirds as broad as the fourth joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.13. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.05, _d_ 0.015; breadth (in the
middle part) 0.06, mouth 0.02.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.


{1506}13. _Lithocampe hispida_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe hispida_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 318.

  _Eucyrtidium hispidum_, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 298; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, p.
  291, Taf. ii. fig. 19.

Shell thorny, slenderly ovate, or nearly spindle-shaped, with four sharp
strictures. Five joints of different lengths = 3 : 3 : 4 : 6 : 4. The
fourth joint is the broadest, and nearly twice as broad as the constricted
mouth. Pores small, circular, separated by longitudinal, spiny ribs,
regularly disposed in transverse rows; three rows in the first and second,
four rows in the third and fifth, six rows in the fourth joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.1. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.015, _c_ 0.02, _d_ 0.03, _e_ 0.02; greatest
breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Arctic Ocean (in different depths), Ehrenberg.


14. _Lithocampe tumidula_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe tumidula_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 318.

  _Eucyrtidium tumidulum_, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol.
  xxii. p. 5, pl. i. fig. 11.

  _Eucyrtidium tumidulum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 293, Taf. ii. fig. 12.

  ? _Eucyrtidium increscens_, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 299.

  ? _Lithocampe increscens_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 318.

Shell smooth, nearly spindle-shaped, with four sharp strictures, very
similar to the preceding in size and form. It differs in the smooth
surface, the absence of longitudinal ribs, and the unequal size of the
pores, which form four transverse series in each joint, and are much larger
in the broadest (fourth) joint. Proportion of the five joints =
2 : 2 : 3 : 5 : 4.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.1. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.012, _b_ 0.012, _c_ 0.02, _d_ 0.03, _e_ 0.025;
greatest breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific; many stations, in different
depths.


15. _Lithocampe heteropora_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe heteropora_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 317.

  _Eucyrtidium heteroporum_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 242.

Shell smooth, subconical, obtuse, with four distinct strictures. Five
joints of different lengths = 2 : 4 : 3 : 3 : 2. The fourth joint is the
broadest. Mouth slightly constricted. Pores regular, circular, in the
second joint much larger than in the four others, disposed in transverse
series; two rows in the first and fifth, three rows in the second, four
rows in the third and fourth joints.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.14. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.03, _e_ 0.02; greatest
breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic (depth 2000 fathoms, Ehrenberg), Canary Islands,
surface, Haeckel.


{1507}16. _Lithocampe meta_, Stoehr.

  _Lithocampe meta_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 103, Taf.
  iv. fig. 4.

Shell rough, subconical, obtuse, with four slight strictures. Five joints
of different lengths = 2 : 4 : 5 : 4 : 2. The fourth joint is the broadest,
and three times as broad as the constricted mouth. Pores, small, regular,
circular, quincuncially disposed, equal in size; two transverse rows in the
first and fifth, five rows in the second and fourth, six rows in the third
joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.14. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.017, _b_ 0.033, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.033, _e_ 0.017;
greatest breadth 0.083.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte (Stoehr),
Caltanisetta (Haeckel).


17. _Lithocampe urceolata_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 2).

Shell rough, wide, urceolate, without external strictures, but with four
internal septal rings (not visible in the figure), each of which contains
an internal circle of horizontal pores. Five joints of different lengths =
2 : 3 : 6 : 4 : 2. The third joint is the broadest, and three times as
broad as the constricted mouth. Pores of very different sizes, irregular,
roundish, with prominent polygonal frames. A very remarkable species.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.17. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.04, _e_ 0.02; greatest
breadth 0.13.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


18. _Lithocampe clava_, Ehrenberg.

  _Lithocampe clava_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 66, Taf. iv. fig. 2.

Shell smooth, club-shaped, or slenderly ovate, with five internal septal
rings. Six joints of very different lengths = 5 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 18. The
sixth joint is the broadest, and as long as the five others together. Pores
small, circular, in the basal half of the last joint irregular and larger.
Constricted mouth as broad as the subspherical, hyaline cephalis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.15. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.011, _c_ 0.013, _d_ 0.016, _e_ 0.02, _f_
0.07.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


19. _Lithocampe hexacola_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 7).

Shell smooth, nearly spindle-shaped, without external strictures, but with
five internal septal rings. Six joints of different lengths =
4 : 8 : 5 : 5 : 5 : 10. The fourth joint is the broadest, and four times as
broad as the constricted mouth. Pores subregular hexagonal, or irregular
polygonal, with thin bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.18, greatest breadth
0.09. Length of the six joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_, _d_, and _e_ each
0.025, _f_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


{1508}20. _Lithocampe heptacola_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 8).

Shell smooth, subcylindrical, constricted at both poles, with six distinct
strictures. Seven joints of different lengths, the five abdominal joints
nearly equal, each half as long as the hemispherical, vaulted thorax, and
twice as long as the subspherical, small cephalis. Mouth constricted, with
a short, tubular, hyaline peristome (like an eighth joint without pores),
about one-third as broad as each of the four middle joints. Pores
subregular hexagonal, or irregular polygonal, with thin bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.24, greatest
breadth 0.09. Length of the cephalis 0.02, thorax 0.06, each of the four
following joints 0.03, of the last joint 0.04.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


21. _Lithocampe octocola_, n. sp. (Pl. 79, fig. 6).

Shell smooth, subcylindrical, thick-walled, constricted at both poles,
without distinct, external strictures, but with seven internal septal
rings. Eight joints of different lengths; four joints (the second to the
fifth) being about twice as long as the four others (the first and the
three last). The constricted mouth only one-third as broad as the four
middle joints. Pores small and numerous, subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.19, breadth 0.09.
Length of the second to the fifth joints, each 0.03; length of the four
other joints, each about 0.016.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.


22. _Lithocampe polycola_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, subcylindrical, constricted at both poles, with twelve to
fifteen distinct strictures. Fourteen to sixteen joints of different
lengths. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, hyaline, without pores. Thorax nearly
hemispherical, with three transverse rows of small circular pores. Each
following joint (each abdominal joint) only with a single row of small
pores. The constricted mouth of the last joint only one-third as broad as
the middle part of the shell. (Very similar to _Lithomitra eruca_, Pl. 79,
fig. 3.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with sixteen joints) 0.3, breadth 0.08.
Length of the cephalis 0.02, thorax 0.06, each of the following joints
0.015, last joint 0.025.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.



Genus 651. _Spirocyrtis_,[268] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.

_Definition._--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta) with
spirally-arranged constrictions on the shell. Cephalis with a horn.

The genus _Spirocyrtis_ and the following closely allied genus _Spirocampe_
differ from the other Stichocorida (and also from nearly all #Cyrtoidea#)
in a very remarkable {1509}character. The annular constrictions of the
multiarticulate shell and the corresponding internal annular septa are here
not separated, and do not lie in parallel, transverse planes (as usually
happens), but they are all or partly connected in the form of an ascending
spiral, so that the joints are not perfectly separated. An irregularity or
asymmetry of growth on the different sides of the shell is probably the
cause of this strange, spiral structure.



Subgenus 1. _Spirocyrtidium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell conical, gradually dilating towards the wide open
terminal mouth.


1. _Spirocyrtis scalaris_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 14).

Shell conical, gradually dilating towards the wide open mouth, with ten to
twelve spiral convolutions, which correspond to the same number of short
and broad chambers or joints, gradually increasing in breadth; all joints
form together a spirally winding staircase. The length or height of the
single joints or stairs is about equal, and each bears four or five
transverse rows of small, square pores. Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, with two
or three short divergent horns.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with ten joints or turnings) 0.16,
length of each joint (on an average) 0.016; breadth of the third joint
0.04, of the fifth joint 0.07, of the tenth joint 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750
fathoms.


2. _Spirocyrtis cornutella_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 13).

Shell conical, gradually dilating towards the wide mouth, similar to the
preceding, but differing in the curved axis, and the broader and shorter
joints, each of which bears only two or three transverse rows of square
pores. The turnings of the staircase are not so sharp, nor so distinct, as
in the preceding species. Cephalis with a single short horn.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.1; breadth of the
fourth joint 0.05, of the eighth joint 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Spirocyrtoma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell ovate, or nearly spindle-shaped, more or less tapering
towards the narrower, somewhat constricted mouth.


3. _Spirocyrtis holospira_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 16).

Shell subovate, twice as long as broad, without external strictures, but
with an internal regularly descending spiral septum, which separates seven
to nine broad joints of nearly equal lengths; the {1510}first and second
joints together are conical, and about as long as each of the following
joints. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a thick pyramidal horn of the
same length. The fifth joint is the broadest, the truncate mouth is
slightly constricted (in the specimen figured it is broken off). Pores
regular, circular, quincuncial.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1;
length of each joint, about 0.03.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


4. _Spirocyrtis hemispira_, n. sp.

Shell slender, nearly spindle-shaped, three times as long as broad, without
external strictures, but with ten to eleven internal septa. The five or six
upper of these are perfectly separate, complete parallel rings; the five or
six lower are spirally connected. The eleven or twelve joints gradually
taper in length and breadth, from the broadest middle towards the two
constricted ends of the shell. The middle (fifth or sixth) joint is the
broadest, and is three to four times as broad as the constricted mouth.
Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a conical horn of the same length.
Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.25, breadth 0.09;
length of the middle joint 0.03.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


5. _Spirocyrtis merospira_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 15).

Shell ovate, with six to eight slight strictures, twice as long as broad.
The three or four upper joints are perfectly separated by annular septa,
the three or four lower joints connected by an internal spiral septum. The
spiral line is often more or less irregular or interrupted (as is also the
case in the specimen figured). Mouth rather wide. Pores small, subregular,
circular. A rather variable species.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


6. _Spirocyrtis diplospira_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 17).

Shell slender, ovate, with seven to eight slight strictures. All eight or
nine joints are connected by an internal double spiral septum, the first
spiral beginning from the ventral side, the second from the dorsal side of
the collar stricture. Length and breadth of the single joints rather
variable and irregular; the broadest joint is commonly the fifth. Mouth
more or less constricted. Pores subregular, circular. This remarkable
species differs from all other #Cyrtoidea# by the double spiral septum of
the joints.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



{1511}Genus 652. _Spirocampe_,[269] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.

_Definition._--#Stichocorida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata aperta) with
spirally arranged constrictions on the shell. Cephalis without horn.

The genus _Spirocampe_ has the same peculiar spiral structure of the shell
as the preceding _Spirocyrtis_, and differs from it only in the absence of
a cephalic horn. It exhibits, therefore, the same relation to the latter as
the similar _Lithocampe_ bears to _Eucyrtidium_.


1. _Spirocampe callispira_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 11).

Shell ovate, smooth, with six joints, connected in the form of a complete
winding staircase. All the windings are nearly at equal distances; each
bears one row of large roundish pores, enclosed by two rows of smaller
pores. Cephalis hemispherical, of about the same breadth as the
constricted, short tubular mouth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.15, breadth 0.09;
mouth 0.03 diameter.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.


2. _Spirocampe allospira_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 12).

Shell subcylindrical, or nearly spindle-shaped, smooth, very thick-walled,
with eight joints alternately longer and shorter, and connected in the form
of an irregular spiral. The distance between the windings is very variable.
Pores small, regular, circular. Cephalis hemispherical, of about the same
size as the short tubular mouth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.2, breadth 0.08;
mouth 0.03 diameter.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.


3. _Spirocampe polyspira_, n. sp.

Shell cylindrical, rough, with twelve joints nearly equal in length,
connected in the form of a regular, complete spiral. All windings are at
the same distance. Pores regular, circular, three rows on each turning.
Cephalis flat, cap-shaped, half as broad as the slightly constricted, not
tubular mouth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.24, breadth 0.07;
mouth 0.05 diameter.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. STICHOCAPSIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--#Lithocampida# with the terminal mouth of the shell
fenestrated (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata clausa).



{1512}Genus 653. _Cyrtocapsa_,[270] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--#Stichocapsida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata clausa) with an
apical horn on the cephalis, without basal terminal spine.

The genus _Cyrtocapsa_ and the two following genera represent together the
small subfamily of Stichocapsida, or of those #Cyrtoidea# in which the
many-jointed shell bears no radial appendages, and the terminal mouth is
closed by a lattice-plate. They have been derived from the Stichocorida by
development of such a closing plate. _Cyrtocapsa_ bears an apical horn on
the cephalis, and may be derived therefore directly from _Eucyrtidium_.



Subgenus 1. _Cyrtocapsella_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with three annular strictures (or internal septa) and
four distinct joints.


1. _Cyrtocapsa tetrapera_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 5).

Shell rough, pear-shaped, with three deep strictures. The three first
joints are of equal lengths, and each half as long as the hemispherical
fourth joint. Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique conical horn of the
same length. The third joint is the broadest, three times as broad as long.
Pores regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.15, breadth 0.09;
length of each of the three first joints 0.03, of the last 0.06.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


2. _Cyrtocapsa compacta_, n. sp. (Pl. 77, fig. 8).

  _Eucyrtidium compactum_, Haeckel, 1878, Atlas, loc. cit.

Shell rough, pear-shaped, with three slight strictures. The hemispherical
cephalis bears a thick pyramidal spine of the same length, and is half as
long as the second and the third joints, one-third as long as the
hemispherical fourth joint. The third joint is the broadest, three times as
broad as long. Pores subregular, circular. In the centre of the basal pole
is one larger pore, the remnant of the constricted mouth of _Eucyrtidium_.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16, breadth 0.12.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 206, depth 2100 fathoms.


{1513}3. _Cyrtocapsa inflata_, n. sp.

Shell spiny, pear-shaped, with three deep strictures. The inflated third
joint is twice as long as the second and fourth joints, and three times as
long as the hemispherical cephalis, which bears a large conical horn of
three times the length. Fourth joint flat, vaulted, inversely cap-shaped.
The third joint is the broadest, being twice as broad as long. Pores
regular, circular, double-contoured.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.14, breadth 0.11. Length of the single
joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.03.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Cyrtocapsa pyrum_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 8).

Shell thorny, pear-shaped, without external strictures, but with three
internal annular septa. Length of the four joints = 2 : 5 : 6 : 7. The
fourth joint is the broadest, being about twice as broad as long, and
hemispherical. The small subspherical cephalis bears a stout conical horn
of the same length. Pores large, regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.2, breadth 0.12.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


5. _Cyrtocapsa cornuta_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 9).

Shell rough, very thick-walled, nearly pear-shaped, with three annular
strictures; the second of which is very sharp, the first and third slight.
Length of the four joints = 3 : 4 : 5 : 6. The third joint is the broadest,
being about twice as broad as long; the fourth joint is hemispherical.
Cephalis subspherical, with a large, conical, curved horn of twice the
length. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.12.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.05, _d_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


6. _Cyrtocapsa diploconus_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 6).

Shell rough, doubly conical, with three annular septa. Length of the four
joints = 3 : 4 : 4 : 8. The third joint is the broadest, two and a half
times as broad as long; the fourth is inversely conical, acute. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a pyramidal horn of the same length. Pores irregular,
roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.19, breadth 0.1.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.03, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


{1514}7. _Cyrtocapsa fusulus_, n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 7).

Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, with three distinct strictures. Length of the
four joints = 1 : 1 : 4 : 3. The third joint is the broadest, somewhat
longer than broad. The fourth joint is inversely conical. Cephalis
hemispherical, with a coronal of large, ovate pores, and a pyramidal,
sulcate, oblique horn of twice the length. Pores regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.18, breadth 0.07.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.08, _d_ 0.06.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Cyrtocapsoma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with four or more annular septa, and five or more
joints.


8. _Cyrtocapsa incrassata_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium incrassatum_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 105,
  Taf. iv. fig. 9.

Shell rough, spindle-shaped, with four annular septa. Length of the five
joints = 2 : 3 : 4 : 4 : 4. The third joint is the broadest, nearly three
times as broad as long. The fourth joint is inversely conical, acute.
Cephalis small, spherical, with two short, conical, divergent horns. Pores
small, regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.17, breadth 0.11.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.035, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.04, _e_
0.04.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte.


9. _Cyrtocapsa costata_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, twice as long as broad, with numerous
longitudinal ribs, and four annular septa. Length of the five joints =
1 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 8. The third joint is the broadest. Fourth joint inversely
conical, acute. Cephalis small, hemispherical, with a small conical horn.
Pores regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.18, breadth 0.09.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.01, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.02, _e_
0.08.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


10. _Cyrtocapsa colatractus_, n. sp.

Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, with eight internal annular septa (without
external stricture). All nine joints are nearly equal in length, the first
somewhat shorter, the last longer. The fourth joint is the broadest, four
times as broad as long. Last joint inversely conical, blunt. Cephalis
subspherical, with a conical horn of the same length. Pores small and
numerous, regular, circular.

{1515}_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.22, breadth
0.1; length of the cephalis 0.015, of the last joint, 0.03, of each of the
seven other joints, 0.022 to 0.028.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


11. _Cyrtocapsa chrysalidium,_ n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 9).

Shell rough, nearly spindle-shaped, with seven distinct strictures. Length
of the eight joints = 4 : 6 : 11 : 8 : 5 : 5 : 4 : 3. The third and fourth
joints are the broadest. The last joint is small, inversely cap-shaped.
Cephalis subspherical, with an oblique, dentate horn of the same length.
Pores very numerous, subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.23, breadth 0.1.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.055, _d_ 0.04, _e_
0.025, _f_ 0.025, _g_ 0.02, _h_ 0.015.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 654. _Stichocapsa_,[271] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 439.

_Definition._--#Stichocapsida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata clausa) without
apical horn, and without basal spine.

The genus _Stichocapsa_ differs from the preceding _Cyrtocapsa_ in the
absence of an apical horn, and bears therefore to it the same relation as
_Lithocampe_ does to _Eucyrtidium_. It may be derived either from
_Cyrtocapsa_ by loss of the horn, or from _Eucyrtidium_ by closure of the
terminal mouth.


1. _Stichocapsa tetracola,_ n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 1).

Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, half as broad as long, with three slight
strictures. Length of the four joints = 3 : 4 : 4 : 11. The fourth joint is
the broadest, inversely conical, with acute basal pole. Pores subregularly
square in the second and third joints, more irregular in the fourth joint.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.11. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.02, _c_ 0.02, _d_ 0.055; breadth 0.055.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


2. _Stichocapsa quadrigata,_ n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 3).

Shell smooth, pear-shaped, half as broad as long, with three deep
strictures. Length of the four joints = 3 : 8 : 8 : 5. The second joint is
the broadest. The fourth joint is scarcely larger than the hemispherical
cephalis, inversely conical, with blunt basal pole. Pores subregular,
square, in transverse rows, in the second and third joints of equal size,
in the fourth smaller.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.12. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.015, _b_ 0.04, _e_ 0.04, _d_ 0.025; breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.


{1516}3. _Stichocapsa tricincta,_ n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 2).

Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, twice as long as broad, with three deep
strictures. Length of the four joints = 2 : 5 : 5 : 10. The third joint is
the broadest. Fourth joint inversely conical, with acute basal pole.
Cephalis small, subconical. Pores irregular, roundish, of very different
sizes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.11. Length of the single joints, _a_
0.01, _b_ 0.025, _e_ 0.025, _d_ 0.05; breadth 0.055.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


4. _Stichocapsa subglobosa,_ n. sp.

Shell thorny, broad, pear-shaped, nearly spherical, almost as broad as
long, with three internal septal rings. Length of the four joints =
1 : 2 : 7 : 2. Cephalis small, subspherical. Thorax flat, conical. Third
joint very large, inflated, about twice as broad as the second and fourth
joints. The latter is flat, cap-shaped, with rounded basal pole. Pores
regular, circular, hexagonally framed, in the third joint twice as broad as
in the second and fourth joints.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.24. Length of the single joints, _a_
0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.14, _d_ 0.04; breadth 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


5. _Stichocapsa compressa,_ Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe compressa_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 103,
  Taf. iv. fig. 5.

Shell rough, broad, pear-shaped, almost as broad as long, with three
internal septal rings. Length of the four joints = 1 : 2 : 3 : 2. Cephalis
very small, spherical. Thorax conical. The third joint is the broadest,
strongly inflated. The fourth joint (in the figure of Stoehr broken off) is
in a well preserved specimen inversely hemispherical, with rounded basal
pole. Pores very small, regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.1. Length of the single joints, _a_
0.013, _b_ 0.027, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.022; breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte, Caltanisetta.


6. _Stichocapsa pyriformis_, n. sp.

Shell rough, pear-shaped, about twice as long as broad, with three internal
septal rings. Length of the four joints = 2 : 5 : 2 : 9. Cephalis small,
spherical, hyaline. Thorax conical. Third joint very short and broad; the
fourth joint is the broadest, half as long as the shell, with an inversely
hemispherical basal pole. Pores subregular, circular, small and numerous,
larger in the basal third.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.18. Length of the single joints, _a_
0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.02, _d_ 0.09; breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


{1517}7. _Stichocapsa monstrosa,_ n. sp. (Pl. 78, fig. 4).

Shell tuberculate, twice as long as broad, irregular, horn-shaped or
inversely conical, with curved axis, and with three internal septal rings.
Length of the four joints = 2 : 7 : 3 : 4. Cephalis subspherical, with
small, circular pores. The thorax is the broadest joint, half as long as
the shell. The fourth joint is small, inversely conical, with a blunt,
curved, basal pole. Pores irregular, roundish, partly double-contoured.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.16. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.07, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.04; breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


8. _Stichocapsa pentacola_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 1).

Shell smooth, slender, pear-shaped, twice as long as broad, with four sharp
strictures. Length of the five joints = 1 : 1 : 1 : 2 : 3. The three first
joints are nearly equal in length, but increase in breadth. The fifth joint
is the broadest, nearly spherical, with rounded basal pole. Pores
irregular, roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with five joints) 0.13. Length of the
single joints, _a_ 0.017, _b_ 0.017, _c_ 0.017, _d_ 0.028, _e_ 0.05;
breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.


9. _Stichocapsa hexacola_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 2).

Shell rough, slender, pear-shaped, twice as long as broad, with five
internal septal rings. The five first joints are nearly equal in length.
The sixth joint is the broadest, half as long as the shell, with a rounded,
hemispherical basal pole. Pores small and numerous, subregular, circular,
larger in the inflated basal third.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2. Length of each of
the first five joints 0.02, of the sixth joint 0.1; breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


10. _Stichocapsa compacta_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 3).

Shell rough very thick-walled, slender, pear-shaped, twice as long as
broad, without external stricture, but with eight internal septal rings.
The eight first joints, gradually increasing in breadth, are nearly equal
in length. The eighth joint is the broadest, and one-third as long as the
shell, inversely hemispherical. Pores small, circular, in the last joint
larger.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.25. Length of each
of the eight first joints about 0.02, of the ninth joint 0.08; breadth
0.13.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.


{1518}11. _Stichocapsa radicula,_ Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe radicula_, Ehrenberg, 1838 (_partim_); Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf.
  xxii. fig. 23_b_.?

Shell smooth, spindle-shaped, decreasing from the broader middle towards
the two rounded poles, with four or five slight strictures. All five or six
joints nearly equal in length, the middle (third and fourth) are the
broadest. Pores subregular, circular. (To this species those forms of
_Lithocampe radicula_, Ehrenberg, must be referred, in which the basal
opening is perfectly closed by lattice-work. The other forms in which the
basal mouth remains open, and which are connected with the former by
transitional forms, constitute the true type of the genus _Lithocampe_
(page 1503).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.12 to 0.15, breadth
0.06 to 0.07.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


12. _Stichocapsa subligata_, Haeckel.

  _Lithocampe subligata_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 102,
  Taf. iv. fig. 1.

Shell rough, subcylindrical, irregular, with seven slight strictures. All
eight joints of slightly different lengths, the third joint is the
broadest; the seventh joint is much broader than the sixth and the eighth
joints. The latter is inversely hemispherical. Cephalis very small,
spherical. Pores regular, circular, very small and numerous.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.24; length of the
single joints (on an average) 0.025 to 0.035, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte).


13. _Stichocapsa paniscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 4).

Shell smooth, cylindrical, with a blunt, conical cephalis, and a
hemispherical last joint, without external strictures, but with seven or
eight internal septa. Eight or nine joints nearly equal in length, the
second and the last somewhat longer. Pores circular, of unequal sizes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.16; length of each
joint (on an average) 0.02 to 0.03, breadth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


14. _Stichocapsa cylindrica_, n. sp.

Shell rough, cylindrical, four times as long as broad, with hemispherical
cephalis and last joint, without external stricture, but with ten or eleven
internal septa. All eleven or twelve joints are nearly equal in length, and
are three times as broad as long. Only the flat cephalis is shorter, and
the vaulted last joint longer than each of the nine or ten other joints.
Pores regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with twelve joints) 0.24; length of
each joint (on an average) 0.02, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.



{1519}Genus 655. _Artocapsa_,[272] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 438.

_Definition._--#Stichocapsida# (vel Stichocyrtida eradiata clausa) with an
apical horn on the cephalis, and a basal terminal spine on the last joint.

The genus _Artocapsa_ differs from _Cyrtocapsa_, its ancestral form, by the
development of a vertical terminal spine, or a bunch of spines, on the base
of the last joint, and bears therefore to it the same relation as
_Rhopalatractus_ does to _Rhopalocanium_.


1. _Artocapsa fusiformis_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 5).

Shell spindle-shaped, rough, with five slight strictures, decreasing
uniformly from the broader middle towards both poles, with a strong,
pyramidal, terminal spine at each pole. Length of the six joints =
2 : 5 : 3 : 3 : 2 : 5. Cephalis hemispherical, hyaline, without pores, its
horn half as large as the basal spine. Pores small and numerous,
subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2, breadth 0.09.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.05, _c_ 0.03, _d_ 0.03, _e_
0.02, _f_ 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Artocapsa spinosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 10).

Shell spindle-shaped, spiny, with five distinct strictures. Length of the
six joints = 2 : 3 : 2 : 5 : 4 : 4. The fourth joint is the broadest, and
much larger than the five other joints. The first and the last joints are
similar in size and form, hemispherical, armed with some larger, irregular,
conical spines. Pores irregular, roundish, of variable sizes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2, breadth 0.09.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.02, _d_ 0.05, _e_
0.04, _f_ 0.04.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


3. _Artocapsa infraculeata_, Haeckel.

  _Eucyrtidium infraculeatum_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p.
  106, Taf. iv. fig. 13.

Shell subcylindrical, rough, with five annular septa. Length of the six
joints = 2 : 3 : 4 : 4 : 4 : 3. The third, fourth, and fifth joints are
nearly equal in length and breadth, whilst the second and sixth are
cupola-shaped. The cephalis is very small, subspherical (regarded by Stoehr
as a "large pore"), and bears a short conical horn. The last joint bears a
bunch of basal spines.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with six joints) 0.2, breadth 0.09.
Length of the cephalis 0.02, second and sixth joints 0.03, third, fourth,
and fifth joints 0.04.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte (Stoehr),
Caltanisetta (Haeckel).


{1520}4. _Artocapsa quadricamera_, n. sp.

Shell spindle-shaped, smooth, with three sharp strictures. Length of the
four joints = 2 : 3 : 4 : 8. The third joint is the broadest. The fourth
joint is inversely conical, nearly as long as the three other joints
together, and bears a strong, conical, basal spine, of half the length. The
cephalis is small, subspherical, and bears a conical horn of the same
length. Pores subregular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with four joints) 0.17, breadth 0.08.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.03, _c_ 0.04, _d_ 0.08.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


5. _Artocapsa armata_, n. sp.

Shell slender, inversely ovate, spiny, with six deep strictures. Length of
the seven joints = 2 : 4 : 6 : 5 : 4 : 3 : 2. The third joint is the
broadest, inflated, and much larger than the four following, which
gradually decrease in size. The small, hemispherical cephalis bears a stout
pyramidal horn of twice the length. The last hemispherical joint is armed
with a bunch of stout spines, one of which is much the larger, and as long
as the third joint. Pores irregular, roundish.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with seven joints) 0.26, breadth 0.12.
Length of the single joints, _a_ 0.02, _b_ 0.04, _c_ 0.06, _d_ 0.05, _e_
0.04, _f_ 0.03, _g_ 0.02.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4575 fathoms.


6. _Artocapsa octocamera_, n. sp.

Shell subcylindrical, smooth, with seven internal annular septa. Five
joints (the third to the seventh) are nearly equal in size, while the
second and eighth are cupola-shaped, somewhat longer. The cephalis is
smaller, with a conical horn of the same length. The last joint bears a
bunch of divergent, conical spines, of different lengths. Pores small,
regular, circular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with eight joints) 0.16, breadth 0.08.
Length of the cephalis 0.016, second and eighth joints 0.033, each of the
five other joints 0.022.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.


7. _Artocapsa elegans_, n. sp. (Pl. 76, fig. 8).

Shell spindle-shaped, smooth, with eight internal, broad, annular septa.
The second and third joints are the largest, the fourth and fifth of medium
size, while the cephalis and the four last joints are nearly equal in
length, and much shorter. The third joint is the largest. The subspherical
cephalis bears a bristle-shaped horn of the same length, while the last
joint is armed with a bunch of conical spines. Pores small, in the upper
half of the shell regular, hexagonal, in the lower half irregular.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (with nine joints) 0.2, breadth 0.09.
Length of the first and the four last joints, each 0.014; of the fourth and
fifth, each 0.02; of the third 0.04, second 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



{1521}LEGION IV. PHAEODARIA,

VEL CANNOPYLEA, VEL PANSOLENIA (PLS. 99-128).

  _Phaeodaria_, Haeckel, 1879.
  _Tripylea_, Hertwig, 1879.
  _Cannopylea_, Haeckel, 1881.
  _Pansolenia_, Haeckel, 1878.

_Definition._--Radiolaria with a double membrane surrounding the central
capsule, which bears on one pole of the main axis a peculiar astropyle, or
a tubular main-opening, in the centre of a circular radiate operculum.
Usually (but not constantly) a pair of small, lateral, accessory openings
(or parapylae) on the opposite pole of the main axis. Extracapsulum
constantly with a phaeodium, or with a voluminous aggregation of peculiar
dark pigment bodies (phaeodella) covering the astropyle of the central
capsule. Skeleton siliceous or silicated, always extracapsular, very rarely
wanting. Fundamental form very variable, originally monaxon, often
dipleuric or bilateral.

The legion PHAEODARIA, or CANNOPYLEA, in the extent here defined, was
constituted by me in 1878, in my Protistenreich (p. 102) under the name
PANSOLENIA. This name was given on the supposition that the skeleton of
these interesting Radiolaria is always composed of hollow tubules, in
contrast to that of the other Radiolaria, where it is never tubular. But I
was soon convinced that this supposition was erroneous, that in a great
part of the PANSOLENIA the skeleton is not composed of hollow tubules but
of solid bars, and that a constant, very characteristic, and never failing
mark of this group is to be found in the peculiar phaeodium, a voluminous,
constant, extracapsular pigment body. Therefore, in 1879, I changed the
name into PHAEODARIA, and having discovered in the collection of the
Challenger an astonishing number of new and wonderful types of this group,
I described, in a preliminary note on it, four different orders and ten
families with thirty-eight genera (Ueber die Phaeodarien, eine neue Gruppe
kieselschaliger mariner Rhizopoden; in Sitzungsberichte der Jenaischen
Gesellschaft fuer Medicin und Naturwissenschaft. Sitzung vom 12th December
1879).

In the same year (1879), Richard Hertwig, in his excellent work entitled
Der Organismus der Radiolarien, published the first accurate description of
the intimate structure of the soft body of the PANSOLENIA, and mainly of
their central capsule; and having always observed, in the few
representatives examined by him, three openings in the capsule (one
main-opening and two accessory openings), he called them TRIPYLEA (_loc.
cit._ p. 87), being guided by the erroneous supposition that these three
openings are {1522}constant in all members of the group. But this is by no
means the case. The two accessory openings are completely absent in several
families, whilst in others their number is increased. A constant and very
striking character, however, of all PHAEODARIA, is the peculiar structure
of their tubular main-opening, which I call astropyle, with its radiate
operculum and cannular proboscis. On account of this important and
startling characteristic I proposed in 1881 to call this group CANNOPYLEA.
The two names PHAEODARIA and CANNOPYLEA both express a very striking and
quite constant character of these curious Radiolaria, whilst the two names
PANSOLENIA and TRIPYLEA are applicable only to a part of the whole legion.

The history of our knowledge of the PHAEODARIA is short, but very
remarkable. Although hundreds of species, many of them cosmopolitan, are
distributed over all oceans and all zones, although their size is in
general much greater than that of the other Radiolaria (usually 1 to 2 mm.,
often even 5 to 10 mm. or more), and although their form and structure are
usually striking, nevertheless the PHAEODARIA remained completely unknown
up to the year 1859. During that year I observed the first forms living in
the Gulf of Messina, and described and figured in 1862 in my Monograph five
genera and seven species, viz., (1) _Aulacantha scolymantha_ (p. 263), (2)
_Thalassoplancta cavispicula_ (p. 261, now _Cannobelos cavispicula_), (3)
_Aulosphaera trigonopa_, and _Aulosphaera elegantissima_ (p. 359), (4)
_Spongodictyum trigonizon_ (p. 459, now _Sagoplegma trigonizon_), and (5)
_Coelodendrum ramosissimum_, and _Coelodendrum gracillimum_ (p. 361). I
recognised the structure of the three genera enumerated as 1, 3, and 5, as
so remarkable and so different from that of the other Radiolaria, that I
founded three peculiar families for them, the Aulacanthida, Aulosphaerida,
and Coelodendrida.

The first note on the numerous remarkable PHAEODARIA discovered by the
Challenger, and mainly on the large-sized inhabitants of the deep-sea, was
published in 1876 by Dr. John Murray, in his Preliminary Reports on Work
done on Board the Challenger (Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xxiv., read March 16,
1876). He pointed out (_loc. cit._, p. 535), that the tow-nets, sent down
to a great depth (according to a new plan, adopted in April 1875) brought
up on every occasion a great many new and peculiar Rhizopods, which had
never been observed in the nets used near the surface. "The shells of all
have an exceedingly beautiful tracery, a fenestrated appearance often,
which a closer examination shows to be caused by pit-like depressions. Some
have only one, others have several openings, through which the sarcode
flows. The sarcode of all these deep-sea Rhizopods has many large
black-brown pigment-cells. At times they come up with a good deal of the
sarcode outside of the shell; and two specimens have been seen to throw out
elongated pseudopodia" (_loc. cit._, p. 536). Dr. John Murray distinguished
at that time not less than fifty species of these interesting deep-sea
Rhizopods and called them provisionally Challengerida; a term which we
retain here for the largest and most characteristic family. He gave at the
same time, in an accompanying plate (xxiv.), six {1523}figures of new
PHAEODARIA, the names of which (as found by me in 1879 in the corresponding
preparations) are the following; (1) _Challengeria naresii_, (2)
_Challengeria aldrichii_, (3) _Bivalva compressa_ (now = _Conchopsis
compressa_), (4) _Tuscarora belknapii_, (5) _Challengeria circopora_ (now =
_Circoporus sexfurcus_), and (6) _Haeckeliana porcellana_. A great number
of these Challengerida (twenty species) were afterwards figured by Dr. John
Murray in the Narrative of the Cruise of H.M.S. Challenger, 1885, vol. i.
part 1, p. 226, Pl. A; viz., fourteen species of _Challengeria_ and six
species of _Tuscarora_.

The most important advance in the knowledge which we had of the peculiar
organisation of the PHAEODARIA, was made by the accurate description which
Richard Hertwig published, in 1879, of the intimate structure of their
central capsule, and mainly of its peculiar openings. He examined living at
Messina the following three forms, described in my Monograph; (1)
_Aulacantha scolymantha_, (2) _Aulosphaera elegantissima_, and (3)
_Coelodendrum ramosissimum_. Besides, he described an interesting new
genus, _Coelacantha anchorata_; and another new form, which he placed in
the Aulosphaerida, as _Aulosphaera gracilis_, but which really was a new
genus of Sagosphaerida, here described as _Sagoscena gracilis_. Finally,
Hertwig first discovered that the peculiar bodies, described by Ehrenberg
as _Dictyocha_ and placed by him in the _Diatomea_ (_Polygastrica_), were
the isolated pieces of the skeleton of a true _Phaeodarium_, and that they
were scattered loosely in great numbers over the surface of the
jelly-sphere, just as are the hollow spicula of _Thalassoplancta_ or
_Cannobelos_.

The six species mentioned, of which Hertwig gave a very accurate
description and very instructive figures, belong to six different genera,
and these represent six different families of PHAEODARIA, viz.;
Aulacanthida, Aulosphaerida, Coelodendrida, Cannosphaerida, Sagosphaerida
and Cannorrhaphida. He found that all these six forms, in spite of great
differences in the form and structure of their skeleton, were identical in
the structure of the central capsule; and since he observed constantly
three openings in its double wall (a large main-opening on the oral pole,
and a pair of lateral accessory openings on the aboral pole of its main
axis) he called them TRIPYLEA (_loc. cit._, p. 87, 94). But he also pointed
out the remarkable shape of their voluminous extracapsular body, and
especially the characteristic position, size, colour and composition of the
large pigment body, which I had called the phaeodium.

The accurate description of the gigantic and elegant skeleton of a new
_Phaeodarium_, surpassing all other known Radiolaria in its extraordinary
size (15 mm.), was published in 1882 by O. Buetschli (in Zeitschr. f. wiss.
Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 486, Taf. xxxi.). He called it _Coelothamnus
davidoffii_, in honour of its discoverer, who had found it floating on the
surface of the Gulf of Villafranca, near Nice. He placed it among the
Coelodendrida; it belongs, however, to that part of this group which
possesses a nasal tube, and which I afterwards separated under the name
Coelographida.

{1524}The total number of PHAEODARIA, hitherto described and illustrated by
figures, amounts therefore to seventeen species, viz., the seven species
first described by myself (in 1862); the six new species figured by Dr.
John Murray (in 1876); the three new species discovered by Hertwig (in
1879) and the single species last-mentioned described by Buetschli (in
1882). The rich collection of the Challenger has added to this small number
such an astonishing wealth of new and remarkable forms, that I can describe
in the following system of PHAEODARIA not less than eighty-four genera and
four hundred and sixty-five species. These belong to fifteen different
families and four different orders. But this great number is probably only
a small part of the numerous interesting PHAEODARIA, which are abundantly
distributed over all the oceans; those (_e.g._) of the Indian and of the
Arctic Oceans are almost unknown.

The great majority of these wonderful PHAEODARIA are inhabitants of the
deep-sea, mainly of the southern hemisphere, and are so common in many
stations explored by the Challenger, that its collection contains many
thousands (or rather hundreds of thousands) of well-preserved specimens. A
smaller part of the legion is found on the surface, widely distributed over
all oceans; some of these are very common (as, _e.g._, _Aulacantha_,
_Aulosphaera_, _Sagosphaera_, _Coelodendrum_, _Castanella_, &c.) and it is
difficult to explain how they could entirely escape the eyes of all former
observers.

The three general characters which distinguish the PHAEODARIA easily and
constantly from all the other Radiolaria are the following:--(1) the double
membrane, a thick outer and a thin inner envelope, of the big central
capsule; (2) its typical main-opening or astropyle, placed on the oral pole
of the main axis, and distinguished by a peculiar radiate operculum, with
tubular proboscis; (3) the phaeodium, or the peculiar voluminous
pigment-body, which constantly lies in the oral half of the calymma,
surrounds the oral part of the central capsule, and is composed of numerous
phaeodella, or singular pigment-granules of green, olive, brown or black
colour.

Besides these three general and never failing marks of the PHAEODARIA, the
majority of this legion (but by no means all) possess the three following
peculiarities; (1) two parapylae or accessory openings of the central
capsule, placed laterally (at the right and left) on the aboral pole of the
main axis (wanting in the Challengerida, Medusettida, Castanellida, and
perhaps in some other families); (2) a characteristic skeleton which is
always extracapsular, wanting only in the Phaeodinida, incomplete in the
Cannorrhaphida and Aulacanthida, but perfectly developed and of very
various shapes in the twelve other families; usually this silicated
skeleton is composed of hollow tubules, which are filled up by jelly
(PANSOLENIA); but in some families it is composed of ordinary solid
network, not different from that of the other Radiolaria, _e.g._,
especially in the Castanellida and Sagosphaerida; (3) an extraordinary size
of the body, as well of the central capsule and its nucleus, as of the
extracapsular skeleton; the majority of PHAEODARIA have a diameter of 1 to
2 mm., and are therefore from ten to twenty times as large as the
{1525}majority of the other Radiolaria; in some gigantic forms the diameter
of the unicellular body reaches 20 or even 30 mm.

_The Central Capsule_ of the PHAEODARIA is the most important part of their
body and preserves in all families of this legion the same essential
structure, and nearly the same form, in striking contrast to the
extraordinary variety and complication of the skeleton. As already
mentioned, it differs from the central capsule of all the other Radiolaria
in two most important peculiarities; firstly, the double membrane of the
spheroidal capsule, and secondly, the singular structure of its constant
main-opening, the astropyle. A third constant character is the considerable
size of the enclosed nucleus, the diameter of which usually equals about
half of that of the capsule itself.

The diameter of the capsule is, in the majority of PHAEODARIA, 0.1 to 0.2
mm., often also 0.3 to 0.4, rarely more than 0.5, or less than 0.05 mm.

The position of the central capsule is somewhat different in the four
orders into which we have divided the PHAEODARIA. It lies in the centre of
the spherical, concentric calymma in all the #Phaeocystina#, or in those
PHAEODARIA which possess no complete lattice-shell--Phaeodinida,
Cannorrhaphida, and Aulacanthida (Pls. 101-105). The #Phaeosphaeria#
(comprising the Orosphaerida, Sagosphaerida, Aulosphaerida, and
Cannosphaerida, Pls. 106-112) all possess a very big, usually spherical
lattice-shell, and here the central capsule is much smaller than the latter
and lies in its centre. Another position is constantly occupied by the
central capsule in all #Phaeogromia# (Pls. 99, 100, 113-120; the families
Challengerida, Medusettida, Castanellida, Circoporida, Tuscarorida), which
have a peculiar mouth on the lattice-shell, placed on the oral pole of its
main axis; the central capsule lies in the opposite aboral half of the
shell cavity. The #Phaeoconchia# finally (Pls. 121-128, the families
Concharida, Coelodendrida, and Coelographida) all possess a bivalved shell,
and the capsule is here enclosed between the two valves of the shell.

The form of the central capsule is constantly spheroidal, slightly
depressed in the direction of the main axis, and therefore comparable to
the spheroidal form of our globe. The depression is generally very slight,
so that the proportion of the minor vertical main axis to the major
horizontal or equatorial axis is about 4 : 5 or 5 : 6, often even 8 : 9 or
less; but sometimes the proportion becomes 3 : 4, or even 2 : 3, so that
the capsule becomes nearly lenticular; very rarely its form becomes almost
perfectly spherical (Pl. 101, fig. 1). The main axis stands always
vertically, and is distinctly marked by the peculiar shape of the
astropyle, placed on its oral pole. Usually this pole, in the living and
freely floating PHAEODARIA seems to be the lower pole, directed downwards
(as also in the NASSELLARIA); but in some families it seems to be inversely
directed upwards, as in the Challengerida and Tuscarorida, (Pls. 99, 100).

The two _membranes of the central capsule_ possess in all PHAEODARIA a very
different shape, and were in all preparations which I could accurately
examine (some hundreds {1526}belonging to all families) separated by a
clear, rather wide interval, filled up either by a colourless fluid or by a
structureless jelly (Pl. 103, fig. 1; Pl. 123, figs. 8, 9, &c.). They are
in direct connection only at the openings. In the living PHAEODARIA,
however, their distance is very small, or they are in immediate contact
without any interval (Pl. 101, fig. 10; Pl. 102, fig. 1). According to the
observations of Hertwig, the two membranes are always in close contact, and
without interspace, in the living PHAEODARIA; and the space between them is
an artificial product due to the influence of the preserving fluid or of
certain chemical agents. In every case it is very easy to separate both
membranes completely, except at the openings, where they are in direct
connection. We distinguish both membranes shortly as ectocapsa and
endocapsa.

The ectocapsa, or the outer membrane of the central capsule, is rather firm
and durable, double-contoured, elastic and difficult to destroy. Its
physical and chemical qualities seem to approach those of chitin. It
becomes, however, stained red by carmine, and yellow by nitric acid.
Usually it appears structureless and refracts the light strongly. In a few
cases, however, it exhibits, when examined by strong lenses, a fine
punctation; and in some Aulacanthida (especially in some big forms of
_Aulographis_ and _Aulospathis_) the entire ectocapsa was densely covered
with peculiar curved, or S-shaped dark corpuscles (Pl. 114, fig. 13). They
were all of the same length, about 0.01, and seemed to lie on its inner
face.

The endocapsa, or the inner membrane of the central capsule, is much
thinner than the outer, with which it is in immediate connection only at
the openings. It encloses the entire contents of the capsule, and becomes
very distinct, as soon as the latter are dissolved by chemical agents, or
stained by carmine. In the majority of well-preserved preparations it is
irregularly plicated, and resembles a thin, but firm, crumpled paper.
Isolated pieces of the endocapsa are completely structureless, but exhibit
also a considerable resistance, in spite of their minute thickness.

The openings of the central capsule exhibit in the PHAEODARIA a greater
variety than their discoverer, R. Hertwig, supposed. The majority of the
legion, certainly, possess the three openings described by him, and are
therefore true TRIPYLEA. Some families, however, have only one opening, the
astropyle, which is generally present (Challengerida, Medusettida,
Castanellida, and _Phaeocolla_ among the Phaeodinida, Pl. 101, fig. 1). In
some other families there is a variable number of accessory openings or
parapylae, one, three, or more, _e.g._, especially in the Circoporida and
Tuscarorida. The former may be called Astropylea, the latter Sporopylea.
Thus only a single opening to the central capsule is constant in all
PHAEODARIA without exception, and that is the astropyle, or the large
main-opening with its peculiar structure.

The astropyle, or the single constant main-opening of the central capsule,
is distinguished by a very remarkable structure, and is sufficient of
itself to separate the {1527}PHAEODARIA from all the other Radiolaria, and
from the other Rhizopoda in general. It is always placed on the oral pole
of the main axis, forming here a peculiar cap-shaped or flatly conical
elevation, the centre of which is prolonged into a short, cylindrical
tubule; we call the latter shortly a proboscis, and the former an
operculum. To understand better the different forms which these important
parts assume in the different families, compare Pl. 101, figs. 1-6; Pl.
102, fig. 1; Pl. 103, fig. 1; Pl. 104, figs. 1-3; Pl. 111, fig. 2; Pl. 123,
figs. 1-9; Pl. 127, figs. 4-6; Pl. 128, fig. 2, &c. Compare also the first
very accurate figures which R. Hertwig has given in 1879 (_loc. cit._) in
his Taf. x.

The operculum of the astropyle, the most important part of this main
opening ("der Oeffnungshof der Hauptoeffnung," in the description of
Hertwig), is a circular convex plate, always more strongly vaulted than the
surrounding part of the capsule membrane, and is sharply separated from it
by a circular, often thickened and double-contoured margin. The operculum
covers the main-opening like the lid of a tea-kettle, and the proboscis
arising from its centre is comparable to the handle of that lid. The
diameter of the circular operculum is usually about half as long (rarely as
long) as the radius of the central capsule, therefore in the majority of
PHAEODARIA 0.03 to 0.06, sometimes 0.1 and more. Its form is sometimes more
conical, sometimes more like a mamma. Its height is usually about equal to
half its diameter. It always exhibits a very distinct radial striation,
produced by numerous prominent radial ribs, which arise in the centre and
end at the circular sharply truncated margin. The usual number of these
radial ribs may be, in the operculum of smaller capsules, from thirty to
fifty, in those of medium size from sixty to ninety, and in the largest two
hundred to three hundred or more. Usually the ribs are simple (Pl. 101,
figs. 1, 2, 6, 10; Pl. 127, figs. 4-6; also in all figures given by
Hertwig); but sometimes, mainly in the biggest Aulacanthida, they are
distinctly branched in a centrifugal direction (Pl. 114, fig. 13; Pl. 115,
fig. 3). Hertwig is of the opinion that the radial ribs are thickened
ridges of the endocapsa ("leistenartige Verdickungen der inneren Membran"),
and that the ectocapsa covering it is structureless (compare his figs. 1
and 1_a_, in Taf. x.). But I am convinced now, by numerous experiments and
observations, that the radiate operculum is a part of the outer, not of the
inner membrane. That part of the latter which lies immediately beyond the
former, and which may be called the "inner operculum," also exhibits
usually a fine radial striation; but this is probably only the cast of the
stronger and much more prominent radial ribbing of the "outer operculum"
belonging to the ectocapsa. The latter exhibits a large circular opening
with thickened margin, when the radiate operculum is taken from it. The
operculum becomes stained intensely red by carmine, yellow by nitric acid,
corresponding to the ectocapsa, the main-opening of which is closed by it.

The proboscis, or the cylindrical tubule, which arises in the centre of the
{1528}operculum, is often rather short, and bears the same relation to it
as the nipple does to the human breast (Pl. 104, fig. 2). But usually it is
more or less prolonged and often about as long as the radius of the
capsule, rarely nearly as long as its diameter (Pl. 101, fig. 1). Its form
is usually a slender cylinder, sometimes somewhat conical and tapering
towards the distal end. It is more or less curved or S-shaped in the
majority of preparations (Pl. 115, fig. 3; Pl. 127, fig. 6, &c.). Its thin
wall is a direct prolongation of the outer membrane of the capsule,
therefore it appears as a direct apophysis of the operculum, when this is
detached from the latter. The opening at the distal end of the proboscis,
through which the endosarc is thrown out, is circular.

The parapylae, or the accessory openings of the central capsule, exhibit in
all PHAEODARIA the same form and structure, but vary in number and
disposition. They are recognised with difficulty in the smaller species,
since they are always of small size, and may be easily overlooked. They
seem to be completely wanting in the following families:--Challengerida
(Pl. 99), Medusettida (Pls. 118-120), Castanellida (Pl. 113), and in single
genera of other families, as in _Phaeocolla_ (Pl. 101, fig. 1). The
majority of PHAEODARIA seem to possess the two lateral parapylae, first
described by Hertwig, placed at a variable distance on each side of the
aboral pole, to the right and left (Pl. 101, figs. 2, 6, 10; Pl. 103, fig.
1_a_; Pl. 104, figs. 1, 2_a_; Pl. 123, figs. 1, 8_a_ &c.). The horizontal
axis, on which the two parapylae lie, is the the frontal or lateral axis;
and the plane, which passes through the three openings of these "Tripylea,"
is the frontal or lateral plane. The number of the parapylae seems to be
variable in the two families, Circoporida and Tuscarorida, which also
differ from the other PHAEODARIA in the peculiar (porcellanous) structure
of their shell-wall. The number seems to vary even in the single species of
one genus; and the following cases may be found: (A) a single parapyle,
placed on the aboral pole of the main axis and directly opposed to the
astropyle (on the oral pole), as in _Tuscaridium_ (Pl. 100, fig. 8); (B)
three equidistant parapylae, one of which is placed in the sagittal plane,
and the two others one on each side of it, to the right and left, is in
_Tuscarora_ (Pl. 100, figs. 1-6); the three parapylae seem to correspond
here to the three long feet, or the tubular aboral apophyses of the shell,
which are arranged in a similar manner to the three cortinar feet of the
NASSELLARIA; (C) four equidistant parapylae, placed in pairs on the poles
of the diagonal axes of a horizontal plane, as in _Tuscarora_ (Pl. 100,
fig. 7); they seem here to correspond to the four crossed aboral feet; (D)
six to eight or more parapylae probably in the different genera of
Circoporida (Pls. 114-117); perhaps each radial tube, which is surrounded
on its base by a circle of pores, here corresponds to a separate parapyle.
The number of well-preserved central capsules belonging to the two latter
families, however, which I could examine was relatively small and their
examination very difficult; therefore these numbers are not stated with
satisfactory certainty and require a further more accurate examination.
{1529}The minute structure of the parapylae (or "Neben-Oeffnungen") has
been described already very accurately by Hertwig (_loc. cit._, p. 95, Taf.
x. figs. 1-11_b_). The two membranes of the capsule are in direct and
immediate connection on each parapyle. The strong outer membrane arises in
the form of a ring or of a short cylindrical tubule (collare paraboscidis
or "Oeffnungshals"), is then reflected inwards, and connected at the bottom
of the cylindrical cavity with the delicate inner membrane. From this
connective ring arises a short conical or cylindrical tubule, which we call
shortly the "paraboscis." According to Hertwig (who calls it
"Oeffnungskegel") the paraboscis is a direct prolongation of the inner
membrane only. My own observations have led me to the opinion, that the
paraboscis of each parapyle is a direct prolongation of the outer membrane
(similarly to the larger proboscis of the astropyle), and that the basal
connective ring is, therefore, the inner opening of the paraboscis, through
which the entosarc enters, being protruded through its outer circular
opening. Usually the paraboscis of each parapyle is only a short cylinder,
arising by a conical base; but sometimes, especially in some Aulosphaerida
and Sagosphaerida, it is prolonged into a slender tubule, nearly as long as
the radius of the central capsule. It has been already figured by Hertwig
(_loc. cit._, Taf. x. figs. 6-8). It seems, therefore, that the paraboscis
of the accessory openings is developed in a way similar to the proboscis of
the main-opening, and that the chief difference between the two is
indicated by the large radiate operculum of the latter.

The cavity of the endocapsa, or the spheroidal space enclosed by the inner
membrane of the central capsule, is filled up in its central part by the
big nucleus, in its peripheral part by the endoplasm, or by the internal
protoplasm, which is in communication with the outer or extracapsular
protoplasm by the openings of that capsule. The endoplasm, or the
intracapsular sarcode, is rather opaque, finely granulated, and usually
filled up by numerous small clear spherules of equal size, which are more
or less regularly arranged and equidistant. These spherules have usually a
diameter of 0.01 to 0.015, rarely more than 0.02 or less than 0.005 mm.;
their size is generally equal in each capsule. They have been already
described and figured in my Monograph, as "wasserhelle kugelige Blaeschen,"
and are probably vacuoles or small vesicles filled up by jelly or by a
clear fluid. Usually each vesicle contains a small dark granule of fat, or
a group of such granules connected together; and in these Hertwig observed
a vibrating molecular motion. The central capsule of many PHAEODARIA
contains, besides the vacuoles, often granules of pigment (usually red or
yellow) and sometimes numerous groups of small crystals, placed mainly
beyond the operculum of the astropyle (Pl. 127, figs. 4-7). The outer layer
of the endoplasm, placed immediately beyond the endocapsa, often exhibits a
fine striation, as if composed of delicate fibrillae. This fibrillar
striation is usually most distinct on the base of the openings, where also
the endoplasm becomes stained very intensely by carmine. The astropyle as
well as {1530}the parapylae often exhibit here, when observed from the
face, a distinct radial striation (compare Hertwig, _loc. cit._, p. 98,
Taf. x. figs. 6-14) Perhaps the radiate shape of the operculum is only
produced by radial folds of the endocapsa placed beyond it, and these folds
may be in turn the product of the radial fibrillae, which are prominent
beyond the astropyle. On the other hand, these fibrillae may be compared to
the muscular fibrillae or "myophane filaments" in the ectosarc of the
Infusoria, and may perhaps effect by their contraction a dilatation of the
openings of the capsule.

The nucleus of the PHAEODARIA is always very large, usually about half or
two thirds as broad as the central capsule and placed either in its centre,
or sometimes nearer to one pole of the main axis, which is common to the
capsule and its nucleus. Therefore the diameter of the latter is usually
half or even two thirds of that of the capsule, and may be in the majority
0.05 to 0.15, often 0.2 to 0.3, rarely more than 0.4 or less than 0.01 mm.
The form of the nucleus is rarely spherical, usually spheroidal, and it is
more depressed in the direction of the main axis than the capsule itself.
In my Monograph, where I gave the first description of it, I called it
"Binnenblaeschen." The membrane of the vesicular nucleus is thin but rather
firm, and contains a rather clear, finely granulated substance, in which
numerous nucleoli are usually scattered. (Compare Pl. 101, figs. 1-10; Pl.
102-104; Pl. 123; Pl.127, &c.; the nucleus is marked by _n_, the nucleoli
by _l_.)

The nucleoli are very different in respect to their form, size, number and
arrangement. Since these differences are very great even in different
specimens of a single species (as, _e.g._, in the common cosmopolitan
_Aulacantha scolymantha_, _Aulosphaera trigonopa_, _Coelodendrum
ramosissimum_, &c.), it is probable that they represent different stages of
development and multiplication, and that the smallest fragments of the
nucleoli, or the final results of their repeated division, become the
nuclei of the flagellate spores, which are developed in the PHAEODARIA just
as in the other Radiolaria. In the majority of nuclei examined, the number
of the enclosed nucleoli proved to be very great, fifty to eighty or more,
often some hundreds, the greater their number the smaller their size. Their
form is usually irregular, roundish, or even amoeboid--probably the result
of amoebiform motions (Pl. 101, fig. 1). Sometimes the nucleoli were
regularly spherical, equidistant, and connected apparently by a delicate
network (Pl. 101, fig. 2). (Compare Pl. 102-104, 111, 123, and also Taf. x.
of Hertwig, _loc. cit._).

The calymma, or the extracapsular jelly-veil, is in the PHAEODARIA always
well developed and usually much larger than the enclosed central capsule.
The entire volume of the calymma may be three to six times as great as that
of the capsule in the majority of this legion; but in the large
Aulacanthida, Aulosphaerida, Coelodendrida, Coelographida, &c., the volume
of the former is twenty to fifty as great as that of the latter, or even
more. The jelly substance is rather firm and consistent, clear,
structureless, and becomes more or less intensely stained by carmine. In
the {1531}larger forms it is often filled by numerous large alveoles, which
are usually absent in the smaller forms. These extracapsular alveoles are
most strongly developed in the calymma of the #Phaeocystina#, or the
PHAEODARIA with incomplete skeleton, embracing the three families
Phaeodinida, Cannorrhaphida and Aulacanthida (Pls. 101-104). Usually the
calymma is here very voluminous and entirely filled up by large alveoles,
which are either spherical, irregularly roundish, or polyhedral by mutual
compression. These alveoles or vacuoles have no peculiar wall, but are only
cavities in the homogeneous substance of the jelly, and are filled by a
clear aqueous fluid. Between these the network of the anastomosing
pseudopodia is expanded.  They exhibit, therefore, the same shape, as was
first observed in _Thalassicolla_ and in the #Polycyttaria# (Collozoida,
Sphaerozoida and Collosphaerida).

The relation of the calymma to the skeleton is in the PHAEODARIA of the
same importance as in the other Radiolaria, and we may also here
distinguish a primary and a secondary calymma. The primary calymma is that
on the surface of which at a certain period of life (in the "shell-building
period") the fenestrated shell is secreted in the majority of PHAEODARIA.
The secondary calymma, however, is formed after this period, and envelops
the shell itself as well as its apophyses externally. Usually the entire
skeleton seems to be enveloped by the secondary calymma.

The parts of the extracapsular body, which are enclosed in the gelatinous
calymma possess a peculiar importance in the PHAEODARIA; these are firstly
the sarcomatrix and the pseudopodia arising from it, and secondly the
phaeodium. The sarcomatrix, or the layer of extracapsular sarcode
(ectoplasm), which immediately surrounds the central capsule is very thick
and more strongly developed in all PHAEODARIA than in all other Radiolaria.
Its extraordinary size has been already mentioned by Hertwig (1879, _loc.
cit._, p. 99). It is in direct connection with the intracapsular sarcode
(or the endoplasm) only by the openings of the central capsule, and mainly
by the astropyle. Very numerous radial pseudopodia arise everywhere from
the sarcomatrix and run to the surface of the calymma, usually forming a
rich network in it by means of numerous branches and anastomoses (compare
Pl. 101-104). On the surface of the calymma the meshes of this network are
very numerous, and there arise from its nodal points the terminal
pseudopodia, which float freely in the surrounding water. The metamorphoses
of this network of sarcode, the perpetual changes in the number and size of
its meshes, and the movements of the sarcode streams as well as of the
small granules running in it, are always very manifest in the PHAEODARIA
and in the big forms of this legion (mainly in the Aulacanthida) they are
better observed than in the majority of other Radiolaria. In many
PHAEODARIA (and perhaps in all) a part of the pseudopodia seems to have
undergone a local differentiation, for special physiological purposes; and
Hertwig has described a peculiar conical contractile body, which arises in
_Coelodendrum_ between the two parapylae (_loc. cit._, p. 100, fig. 3).
Further examination {1532}of these interesting organs in living PHAEODARIA
is required. Usually the sarcode, issuing from the openings of the capsule,
forms a stronger cylinder, with peculiar movements.

The phaeodium, or the peculiar dark extracapsular pigment-body of the
PHAEODARIA, is one of the most important and most characteristic parts of
their organisation, and has induced me to derive their name from it; it is
not less typical for the whole legion, than the astropyle with its radiate
operculum and the proboscis; and both these important parts are always in
direct topographical and physiological connection. Whilst I have missed the
phaeodium in no _Phaeodarium_ in which the soft body was well preserved, I
have not found it in any other Radiolaria; for the similar extracapsular
pigment bodies, which are found in some species of _Thalassicolla_ and some
other #Sphaerellaria#, have a composition and signification different from
that of the phaeodium--an exclusive peculiarity of the PHAEODARIA.

The typical importance of the phaeodium for all members of this legion is
proved by the following five facts:--(1) its constant presence in all
PHAEODARIA; (2) its constant excentric position in the oral half of the
calymma; (3) its constant relation to the astropyle, the operculum and the
proboscis of which is always surrounded by it; (4) its constant
considerable size, its volume being usually greater than that of the
central capsule, the aboral half of which is covered by it; (5) its
constant colour and morphological as well as chemical composition. These
five facts together demonstrate by their absolute constancy the high
morphological and physiological importance of the phaeodium for this
peculiar subclass of Radiolaria, although its true nature is difficult to
make out, and its main function is not yet sufficiently known.

The first remarks that have been made on the phaeodium were published in
1862 in my Monograph, where I noticed the peculiar dark brown extracapsular
pigment body and its excentric position covering only one-half of the
central capsule, in _Aulacantha_ (p. 263, Taf. ii. figs. 1, 2), in
_Thalassoplancta_ (p. 262, Taf. iii. fig. 10), and in _Coelodendrum_ (p.
361, Taf. xxxii. fig. 1). Its general presence and peculiar composition
were first recognised by Dr. John Murray, who had, during the Challenger
Expedition, the first opportunity of examining many big living PHAEODARIA
brought up from great depths. He gives in his first Report (1876, _loc.
cit._, p. 536), the following important notice:--"The sarcode of all these
deep-sea Rhizopods has many large black-brown pigment-cells. Small
bioplasts are scattered through the sarcode. These collect into
capsular-like clumps when the animal is at rest, and are quickly coloured
by carmine." In 1877 Dr. John Murray sent me the wonderful collection of
PHAEODARIA brought home by the Challenger, and I had now the best
opportunity for examining the phaeodium in hundreds of well-preserved
specimens. Supported by these extensive observations, I gave, in 1879, in a
preliminary paper,[273] a fuller description of the {1533}phaeodium, and of
the phaeodella (or the peculiar dark pigment-granules composing it). At the
same time R. Hertwig published his observations on the big living TRIPYLEA
examined by him at Messina, and pointed out particularly that the constant
presence, composition, and arrangement of this excentric extracapsular
pigment-body was most characteristic, and sufficient in itself to
distinguish this group from all the other Radiolaria (1879, _loc. cit._, p.
99).

The most striking peculiarity of the phaeodium, and the most important on
account of its absolute constancy, is its excentric position, covering only
the oral hemisphere of the central capsule, and wholly or partly wanting on
the aboral hemisphere. This constant topographical relation to the capsule
never fails, and may be always observed at the first glance, when the body
is seen from the side (the main axis of the capsule being perpendicular to
the axis of the eye of the observer), (compare Pl. 101, figs. 6, 10; Pl.
102, fig. 1; Pl. 103, fig. 1, &c.). The phaeodium envelops, therefore, the
oral half of the capsule completely, and especially the astropyle in its
centre; hence, the radiate operculum and the proboscis arising from the
latter cannot be seen usually before the former is removed. The general
form of the entire phaeodium, in consequence of this excentric position, is
concavo-convex (or crescentic in longitudinal section), its concave face
embracing the oral or anterior face of the capsule, and its convex face
being turned to the surface of the calymma.

The topographical relation of the phaeodium to the surrounding shell is
also very characteristic in the suborder #Phaeogromia#, or in those
PHAEODARIA which possess a peculiar shell-mouth placed on the oral pole of
its main axis. Here the capsule is always placed in the aboral half of the
shell-cavity, the phaeodium in its oral half, separating the astropyle from
the mouth of the shell, both of which lie in the main axis; as in the
Challengerida (Pl. 99), Tuscarorida (Pl. 100), Castanellida (Pl. 113),
Circoporida (Pl. 115), and Medusettida (Pl. 118-120). In this suborder (the
#Phaeogromia#), the volume of the phaeodium may be, on an average, about as
great as that of the central capsule, whilst in the majority of other
PHAEODARIA it is much greater than the latter.

A similar topographical relation between the phaeodium and the enclosing
shell, as in the #Phaeogromia#, also exists in the suborder #Phaeoconchia#,
or in those PHAEODARIA, which are distinguished from all the others by the
possession of a bivalved shell (Pl. 121-128). The two valves of this
curious shell, which resembles that of the Brachiopoda, are dorsal and
ventral, and the tripylean central capsule is always so placed between them
that its two lateral parapylae (right and left) lie in the frontal plane of
the shell, where a large frontal fissure opens between the opposed margins
of the two hemispherical or cap-shaped valves. The phaeodium is also placed
here on the oral half of the capsule and surrounds its astropyle; but it
exhibits some differences in the three families of #Phaeoconchia#.

{1534}The Concharida, the bivalved shell of which is simple, and without
tubular apophyses (Pl. 123-125), possess a relatively small central
capsule, which usually fills up only the third or fourth part of the
shell-cavity. This is the aboral or posterior part, on the apex of which
both valves are united by a ligament in some Concharida (Pl. 123, figs. 8,
9). The oral or anterior part of the shell-cavity (usually two-thirds or
more) is filled up by the phaeodium, and this is usually bifid, being
divided by a frontal constriction into two wings or lobes; the dorsal wing
is hidden in the upper valve of the shell, the ventral wing in the lower
valve; both wings are usually united only by a small central bridge, and
this bridge of the phaeodium is pierced in its centre by the proboscis of
the astropyle (Pl. 124, figs. 6, 10; Pl. 123, figs. 8, 9).

The Coelodendrida have a different shape (Pl. 121). Their bivalved shell is
relatively small and tiny, and bears on the two poles of the sagittal axis
two conical apophyses or galeae, from each of which three or four very
large, dichotomously branched tubes arise. The central capsule fills up the
cavity of the bivalved shell almost entirely, and the voluminous dark
phaeodium envelops both to such an extent that the shell and the enclosed
capsule are often hidden in it completely. Therefore I arrived in my first
description of _Coelodendrum_ (1862, _loc. cit._) at the erroneous
conclusion that the capsule lies outside, not inside the shell. The first
accurate figure and description of its structure was given in 1879, by
Hertwig (_loc. cit._, p. 99, Taf. x. fig. 3). The central capsule (_v_) is
here separated from the bivalved shell (_m_) only by a very small distance,
and the oral part of both is hidden in the phaeodium. I find, however, in
the majority of the numerous preparations of the Challenger collection, the
volume of the phaeodium much greater, and it often envelops the entire
shell.

The Coelographida, finally, have a phaeodium of the most remarkable shape,
since in their bivalved shell a peculiar reserve store or magazine of
phaeodella, which we call the "phaeocapsa" is developed for it (Pl.
126-128, _g.t.m._). The bivalved shell has in these most perfect PHAEODARIA
a structure similar to that in the Coelodendrida; but they differ from the
latter in the stronger development, and greater differentiation of the two
apical galeae, and the large hollow tubes arising from them. These two
helmet-shaped cupolae, the galeae (_g_), which arise from the two valves on
the poles of the sagittal axis, are in the Coelographida usually larger
than the valves themselves, and are not closed, as in the Coelodendrida,
but open by a tubular apophysis at their base, the nasal tube or rhinocanna
(_t_). The apex of the galea is connected with the open mouth of the
rhinocanna by a single or double frenulum (_b_). The two nasal tubes or
rhinocannae (a dorsal and a ventral) lie in the sagittal plane of the body
and run from the base of each galea along the anterior convexity of the
valve to its oral margin. Here is placed the proboscis of the astropyle,
between the two opposed mouths of the rhinocannae (Pl. 128, fig. 2). The
phaeodium is usually hidden entirely {1535}in the two phaeocapsae, which
are composed of the two galeae (_g_), and the two rhinocannae arising from
them (Pl. 127, figs. 4-9). A part of the phaeodella is usually thrown out
by the mouth of the latter (_m_).

The characteristic colour of the phaeodium exhibits numerous different
tints between green, brown, and black. It seems to be in the majority
blackish-brown or greenish-brown, very often olive, more rarely almost
quite green or red-brown. Usually the colour is so dark, intense and
opaque, that the parts enclosed by the phaeodium, mainly the oral
hemisphere of the central capsule and the astropyle, are completely hidden
in it. The chemical composition of the phaeodium demands further accurate
researches; unfortunately I have not been able to make out its true nature,
since numerous different experiments furnished no certain general results.

The phaeodella, or the pigment-corpuscles, which compose the phaeodium,
aggregated in hundreds, and in the bigger species in thousands, are usually
spherical, sometimes somewhat ellipsoidal, at other times spheroidal or
lenticular; but usually numerous smaller, irregular, roundish particles are
intermingled between the larger and more regular corpuscles, and often the
main mass forms a very fine black powder. The size of the phaeodella is
very variable, not only in the different species, but also in one and the
same individual. The larger phaeodella have a diameter of 0.01 to 0.02, the
smaller of 0.004 to 0.008 mm.; but there also occur very big forms of 0.04
to 0.05 mm., or even more, and very small ones of 0.001 mm. or less.
Usually the phaeodium appears as an aggregate of numerous larger and
smaller phaeodella, which are very different in size as well as in the
intensity and tint of their colour, and are irregularly crowded in a black,
powder-like substance.

The morphological nature of the phaeodella is also difficult to make out. I
have already pointed out in my first description of _Aulacantha_,
_Thalassoplancta_ and _Coelodendrum_ (1862, _loc. cit._), that a great part
of these pigment-corpuscles are true cells, composed of a nucleus and
protoplasm, which contains granules of pigment, and is enveloped by a
membrane. Dr. John Murray, who had during the Challenger voyage the
opportunity of examining numerous different living PHAEODARIA, and staining
them by carmine, also asserts that a great part of those dark corpuscles
are "large black-brown pigment-cells" (1876, _loc. cit._, p. 536). Numerous
preparations of the Challenger collection, well preserved in glycerine, and
stained by carmine, contain PHAEODARIA belonging to different families, the
phaeodium of which contains numerous such "pigment-cells," with a dark red
nucleus, and so similar are these cells, that every histologist should
recognise them. But in strange contrast to this is the fact, that in
numerous other mountings, prepared in the same manner, not a single cell of
this kind is found in the phaeodium, and that the latter is composed only
of irregular pigment-granules. In many PHAEODARIA belonging to different
families I, like Hertwig, could not find a single true nucleated cell in
the phaeodium.

{1536}A great part of the PHAEODARIA, and usually the bigger forms of
Aulacanthida, Cannorrhaphida, Coelodendrida, Coelographida, &c., exhibit a
peculiar structure of the larger phaeodella, viz., a fine parallel
striation (Pl. 101, figs. 3, 6; Pl. 102, fig. 1; Pl. 103, fig. 1; Pl. 104,
figs. 1-3, &c.). In each phaeodellum may be counted about ten to twenty
such fine parallel stripes (more in the greater, less in the smaller
forms); and in the ellipsoidal phaeodella the stripes are either transverse
rings, perpendicular to their main axis, or ascending obliquely; they often
resemble the convoluted spiral filament of a thread-cell or nettle-cell of
an Acaleph. Sometimes these parallel transverse stripes are very striking.
Another structure is seen in larger phaeodella, namely an aggregate or
cluster of smaller globules, often of equal size, resembling a small
morula. All these minute structures of the phaeodella as well as their
changes in the living PHAEODARIA, require a far more extensive examination
(by means of strong lenses and different chemical reagents), than I could,
unfortunately, devote to them.

The physiological signification of the phaeodella, therefore, is at present
not yet known; but the general facts quoted above, their constant presence,
position, volume, and composition, make it probable that their
physiological value in the PHAEODARIAN organism is very great. The
following hypotheses may be taken provisionally into consideration:--A. The
phaeodella are peculiar symbiontes, or unicellular algae, comparable to the
xanthellae or zooxanthellae of the other Radiolaria. This hypothesis is
probably correct for those phaeodella which are true nucleated cells; and
the more so, as the majority of PHAEODARIA do not exhibit those common
yellow xanthellae, which are usually found in the SPUMELLARIA and
NASSELLARIA. It is even possible that the latter are absent in all
PHAEODARIA. B. The phaeodella are dark pigment-bodies, which absorb light
and heat in a manner similar to the simple "pigment-eyes" of many lower
animals, and may therefore be optical sense-organs of the PHAEODARIA. This
hypothesis may be supported by a comparison with the large-eyed unicellular
Protist, _Erythropsis agilis_, described by R. Hertwig. C. The phaeodella
are organs of nutrition of the PHAEODARIA and active in their metastasis
("Stoffwechsel"). Regarding them from this point of view, we may suppose
that the phaeodella are secreted products which serve for digestion, acting
like the bile or the saliva of higher animals. Perhaps they too act like
the venomous matter produced in the thread-capsules of the Acalephae. The
suggestion that they are mere excretions, or half-digested matters, as
Hertwig supposes ("halb assimilirte Nahrungs-bestandtheile," 1879, _loc.
cit._, p. 99) seems less probable. The most important fact illustrating
their high signification for the processes of nutrition, digestion and for
effecting changes on matter, seems to be the close relation of the
phaeodium to the astropyle; the radiate operculum of the latter, and the
proboscis arising from it, being constantly covered and completely hidden
by the central main mass of the phaeodium.

{1537}The skeleton of the PHAEODARIA is always extracapsular, and exhibits
in the majority of this legion such a characteristic shape, form, and
structure, that these organisms may be easily recognised by it, even apart
from the central capsule and the phaeodium. In a few cases, however, the
skeleton is so similar to that of some NASSELLARIA and SPUMELLARIA, that it
may be accidentally confounded with it. In general the skeleton of the
PHAEODARIA is much larger, and much more highly developed, than that of
most other Radiolaria, and exhibits the most wonderful appearances, and the
most marvellous complications, which are found in the whole world of
Protists, or of unicellular organisms. The varied composition and
differentiation of the skeleton alone distinguishes the numerous families,
genera, and species of PHAEODARIA described in the sequel; all the fifteen
families, however, agree so completely in the structure of the central
capsule and the phaeodium described, that we may derive them all
phylogenetically from a small skeletonless family, the Phaeodinida.

The chemical composition of the skeleton seems to be, in the majority of
PHAEODARIA, somewhat different from that of the other Radiolaria. In a few
groups only, especially in the Cannobelida (_Dictyocha_, _Mesocena_, &c.),
and in a part of the Castanellida and Concharida, the substance of the
skeleton seems to be of pure silica, as in the NASSELLARIA and SPUMELLARIA;
these flinty skeletons, therefore, may be also found fossil. In the
majority of PHAEODARIA, however, the skeleton does not consist of pure
silica, but of an organic silicate; it becomes more or less intensely
stained by carmine, and browned or blacked by fire; in many cases it even
becomes completely burned and destroyed by the prolonged action of heat.
This circumstance explains why PHAEODARIA in general are rare in deep-sea
deposits, as in the common Radiolarian ooze of the Pacific, and why they
are generally absent in fossil deposits. Even the pure Radiolarian rocks of
the Barbados, &c., contain only a few PHAEODARIA, mainly Dictyochida.

According to the different forms of the skeleton, we may divide the legion
or subclass of PHAEODARIA into two sublegions, four orders, and fifteen
families. Firstly, we may distinguish as two groups the #Phaeocystina#,
without a lattice-shell, and the #Phaeocoscina#, with a lattice-shell
(compare above, p. 5). The #Phaeocystina# comprise three different
families, viz., (1) Phaeodinida, without any skeleton (Pl. 101, figs. 1,
2); (2) Cannorrhaphida, with an incomplete skeleton, composed of numerous
separate, not radial pieces, which are scattered around the capsule in the
calymma (Pl. 101, figs. 3-14; Pl. 114, figs. 7-13), and (3) Aulacanthida
(Pl. 102-105), with an incomplete skeleton, composed of numerous hollow
radial tubes, which pierce the calymma and come in contact by their
proximal ends with the surface of the central capsule.

The #Phaeocoscina#, or the PHAEODARIA with a lattice-shell (embracing the
great majority of the whole legion) exhibit three principal differences in
the shape of their shell, and from these we distinguish the three following
orders; (A) #Phaeosphaeria#, with a spherical, not bivalved shell (rarely
of an ellipsoidal or lenticular, or another {1538}modified form), without a
shell-mouth or a peculiar constant large opening on the lattice-shell; (B)
#Phaeogromia#, with an ovate or polyhedral, not bivalved shell (often also
of a subspherical, ellipsoidal, or another modified form), constantly
provided with a shell-mouth or a peculiar large opening on one pole of the
main axis of the lattice-shell; (C) #Phaeoconchia#, with a bivalved shell,
composed of two completely separated, hemispherical, cap-shaped or
boat-shaped valves (a dorsal and a ventral), comparable to that of the
Brachiopoda.

The #Phaeosphaeria#, or those PHAEODARIA the big shell of which is usually
spherical, never bivalved and never provided with a peculiar shell-mouth,
comprise a great number of common and large-sized PHAEODARIA, which may be
arranged into four different families, according to the different structure
of the shell--(1) Orosphaerida (Pl. 106, 107), spherical shell extremely
big and robust, composed of single piece of coarse lattice-work, the thick
bars of which are stratified and contain partly a fine axial-canal, meshes
of the network usually irregularly polygonal, no astral septa in the nodal
points; (2) Sagosphaerida (Pl. 108), spherical shell large-sized, but
extremely delicate and fragile, composed of a single piece of arachnoidal
lattice-work, the thin bars of which are simple solid threads, without
axial-canal, meshes of the network always large and triangular, no astral
septa in the nodal points; (3) Aulosphaerida (Pl. 109-111), spherical shell
large-sized, but very fragile, composed of numerous hollow cylindrical
tubes, which are connected (and at the same time separated) by peculiar
astral septa in the nodal points, meshes either triangular or polygonal;
(4) Cannosphaerida (Pl. 112), spherical shell double, composed of two
concentric shells which are connected by thin hollow radial tubes, the
inner shell simple, solid or fenestrated, with a shell-mouth on the basal
pole, the outer shell composed of hollow cylindrical tubes which are
connected by astral septa in the nodal points. The structure of this outer
shell is the same as in the Aulosphaerida, while the basal mouth of the
inner shell brings this family in closer relationship to the #Phaeogromia#.

The #Phaeogromia#, or those PHAEODARIA the shell of which is not bivalved,
but provided with a peculiar constant mouth on the oral pole of the main
axis, are in general similar to the NASSELLARIA (Monocyrtida), and may be
divided into five different families, viz., (1) Challengerida (Pl. 99),
shell ovate or subspherical, also often triangular or lenticular,
distinguished by a peculiar diatomaceous structure, an exceedingly fine
tracery of regular hexagonal, very delicate network; (2) Medusettida (Pl.
118-120), shell ovate, campanulate or cap-shaped, distinguished by a
peculiar alveolar structure, with a corona of peculiar hollow, large,
articulated feet around the mouth; (3) Castanellida (Pl. 113), shell
spherical or subspherical, of ordinary simple lattice-work, usually with a
corona of simple solid teeth around the mouth; (4) Circoporida (Pl.
114-117), shell spherical or polyhedral, with panelled or dimpled surface,
distinguished by a peculiar porcellanous structure (numerous thin needles
being {1539}embedded in a punctulate cement-substance), with hollow radial
spines and with a corona of simple solid teeth around the mouth; (5)
Tuscarorida (Pl. 100), shell ovate or subspherical, with smooth surface, of
the same peculiar porcellanous structure as the Circoporida, but with
hollow, very long tubular teeth around the mouth.

The #Phaeoconchia# are the peculiar and most interesting "PHAEODARIA
bivalva," differing from all other PHAEODARIA, and from all known
Radiolaria in general, in the possession of a bivalved lattice-shell,
composed of a dorsal and a ventral valve. They may be divided into three
families: (1) Concharida (Pl. 123-125), shell with two thick and firm,
regularly latticed valves, which bear no hollow tubes and no cupola or
galea on their apex or sagittal pole; (2) Coelodendrida (Pl. 121), shell
with two thin and fragile, scarcely latticed valves, which bear a conical
cupola or a helmet-shaped galea on their apex, and hollow branched tubes
arising from it (without rhinocanna and frenula); (3) Coelographida (Pl.
122, 126-128), shell with two thin and fragile, scarcely latticed valves,
similar to those of the Coelodendrida, but differing from them in the
development of a peculiar rhinocanna or nasal tube upon each valve; this
tube is connected by an odd or paired frenulum with the apex of the galea,
and both together contain the phaeodium.

The phylogenetic affinity of the fifteen families enumerated, and the
morphological relationship based upon it, form a very difficult problem.
The whole legion of PHAEODARIA is probably monophyletic, in as much as all
the families may be derived from a single ancestral group, the skeletonless
Phaeodinida (_Phaeodina_ and _Phaeocolla_); but at the same time
polyphyletic, in as much as probably many families have been derived,
independently one from another, from different branches of Phaeodinida; or
in other words, the characteristic malacoma of the PHAEODARIA (the
cannopylean central capsule and the calymma with the phaeodium) may be a
monophyletic product, inherited from a single ancestral form; the manifold
skeleton, however, is certainly a polyphyletic product, originating from
different skeletonless Phaeodinida.

Among the independent families of PHAEODARIA, derived directly from
skeletonless Phaeodinida by production of a peculiar skeleton, may be the
following: Cannorrhaphida (Pl. 101, probably polyphyletic), Aulacanthida
(Pl. 102-105), Castanellida (Pl. 113), Challengerida (Pl. 99), Concharida
(Pl. 123-125), Circoporida (Pl. 114-117) and Tuscarorida (Pl. 100). The
four families of #Phaeosphaeria# (the Orosphaerida, Sagosphaerida,
Aulosphaerida and Cannosphaerida (Pl. 106-112), may be derived perhaps from
the Castanellida; and the Medusettida (Pl. 118-120), have been perhaps
derived from the Challengerida. The complicated affinities of these groups
are however difficult to explain. The Coelodendrida (Pl. 121) are probably
derived from the Concharida, and the Coelographida (Pl. 126-128) from the
Coelodendrida.

The geometrical fundamental form of the shell is in the majority of
PHAEODARIA monaxonial, corresponding to the main axis of the enclosed
central capsule; the {1540}astropyle of the latter, placed on the oral pole
of the main axis, corresponds to the mouth of the shell in all
#Phaeogromia#. In the #Phaeosphaeria#, where no peculiar shell mouth is
developed, the general fundamental form of the shell is usually homaxonial
or spherical, often an endospherical polyhedron, rarely ellipsoidal or
spindle-shaped (with prolonged main axis), or lenticular (with shortened
main axis). The bivalved #Phaeoconchia# have usually either an amphithect
shell (with the same fundamental form as the Ctenophora), or a dipleuric,
bilaterally symmetrical shell (with a dorsal and a ventral valve, a right
and a left parapyle). A small number of PHAEODARIA (mainly Circoporida) are
remarkable on account of the regular polyhedral form of their shell, the
geometrical axes of which resemble crystalline axes and are defined by
regular radial tubes; as the octahedral _Circoporus_ (Pl. 117, fig. 6), the
dodecahedral _Circorrhegma_ (fig. 2), and the icosahedral _Circogonia_
(fig. 1).

The siliceous or silicate bars, which compose the skeleton of the
PHAEODARIA, are in the majority hollow tubes, filled up by jelly; in some
other families, however, they are solid rods, as in the NASSELLARIA and
SPUMELLARIA. Such usual lattice-work, composed of solid rods, occurs only
in the families Sagosphaerida (Pl. 108), Castanellida (Pl. 113), and
Concharida (Pls. 123-125). A quite peculiar structure, a diatomaceous
tracery of extremely fine and regular hexagonal frames, distinguishes the
Challengerida (Pl. 99). The hollow cylindrical tubes, which are found in
the other families, appear in three different forms, simple, articulate,
and provided with an axial thread. Simple hollow tubes, which are neither
articulate nor provided with an axial thread, occur in the Cannorrhaphida
(Pl. 101), Aulacanthida (Pl. 102-105), Coelodendrida (Pl. 121, 122), and
Coelographida (Pl. 126-128). In all these families the hollow cylindrical
tubes have a very thin wall and contain a wide cavity, filled only by
jelly. The Orosphaerida (Pl. 106, 107), differ in the reduction of the
cavity, which becomes very narrow (often rudimentary or lost), whilst the
walls of the tubes become extremely  thickened and stratified, numerous
concentric layers of silica being disposed one over the other. The hollow
cylindrical tubes contain an axial filament, or a thin thread of silica,
placed in its axis, in the families Aulosphaerida (Pl. 109-111),
Cannosphaerida (Pl. 112), Circoporida (Pl. 114-117), and Tuscarorida (Pl.
100). Usually the axial filament is connected with the thin wall of the
tube by numerous horizontal branches. A quite peculiar structure
distinguishes the Medusettida (Pl. 118-120); their hollow tubes, extremely
prolonged, are articulate owing to the presence of numerous, regular,
equidistant transverse septa; these are pierced by a short tubule, similar
to the siphon of the shells of _Nautilus_; this remarkable alveolar
structure also occurs in the peripheral part of their shell-wall (and
sometimes in the whole shell), numerous small polyhedral chambers or
alveoles which communicate by small openings, being developed; they become
easily filled with air in the dry shell (Pl. 120, figs. 11-16).

{1541}The substance of the siliceous or silicated shell-wall is, in the
majority of PHAEODARIA, homogeneous and structureless, as in the
SPUMELLARIA and NASSELLARIA; but sometimes it acquires a peculiar
structure. The thickened wall of the hollow tubes in the Orosphaerida and
in several Aulacanthida (Pl. 105, figs. 6-10) becomes distinctly
stratified, concentric strata being disposed one over the other. A very
remarkable structure, differing from that in all other Radiolaria, is found
in the porcellanous shell of the Circoporida (Pl. 114-117), and Tuscarorida
(Pl. 100). The thickened wall of the opaque shell is here composed of a
peculiar silicated cement, which encloses numerous very thin and
irregularly scattered needles (Pl. 115, figs. 6-9; Pl. 116, fig. 3). Dry
fragments of these shells, observed by a strong lens, appear finely
punctulate, and probably air, entering into these fine porules of the
cement, causes the white colour and the calcareous or porcellanous
appearance of the opaque dry shell. Its surface is smooth in the
Tuscarorida (Pl. 100), panelled in the Circoporida (Pl. 114-117).

The hollow or solid spines, which arise from the shell of the PHAEODARIA,
exhibit an extraordinary variety and elegance in the production of
different branches, bristles, hairs, secondary spine, and thorns, hooks,
anchor-threads, pencils, spathillae, &c. These appendages are developed
similarly to those of many SPUMELLARIA, but exhibit a far greater variety
and richness in form. They are organs partly for protection, partly for
retention of food. They are much more interesting than in other Radiolaria.

_Synopsis of the Orders and Families of_ PHAEODARIA.

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Order PHAEOCYSTINA.
     Skeleton absent or incomplete, composed of numerous single scattered
     pieces, without connection. Central capsule placed in the centre of
     the calymma.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Skeleton completely absent,                        1. PHAEODINIDA.

  Skeleton composed of numerous
   scattered pieces, not of radial tubes,            2. CANNORRHAPHIDA.

  Skeleton composed of numerous hollow
   radial tubes, the proximal ends of which
   are in contact with the central capsule,          3. AULACANTHIDA.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Order PHAEOSPHAERIA.
      Skeleton a simple or double lattice-shell, not bivalved, without a
      peculiar shell-mouth (shell usually spherical, rarely of a modified
      form, always without peristome). Central capsule placed in the centre
      of the shell-cavity.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       { Network very robust and
  Shell composed       { coarse, with irregular
   of a simple         { polygonal meshes; bars
   non-articulated     { very thick, partly hollow,  4. OROSPHAERIDA.
   lattice-plate,      {
   without astral      { Network very delicate and
   septa in the        { fragile, with subregular,
   nodal points.       { triangular meshes; rods
                       { very thin, filiform, always
                       { solid,                      5. SAGOSPHAERIDA.

  Shell composed       { Shell articulated, with
   of numerous         { astral septa, without a
   hollow, tangential  { simple central shell,       6. AULOSPHAERIDA.
   cylindrical tubes,  {
   which are           { Shell double, composed of
   separated by        { two concentric shells;
   astral septa in     { the outer articulated, the
   the nodal points.   { inner simple,               7. CANNOSPHAERIDA.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  III. Order PHAEOGROMIA.
       Skeleton a simple lattice-shell, not bivalved, constantly provided
       with a peculiar large shell-mouth placed on the oral pole of the
       main axis; peristome usually surrounded by peculiar feet or teeth.
       (Shell either spherical or ovate, or of another form). Central
       capsule excentric, placed in the aboral half of the shell-cavity.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       { Structure of the shell
                       {  diatomaceous, with very
                       {  delicate and regular
                       {  hexagonal pores.  No
                       {  articulate feet,             8. CHALLENGERIDA.
  Structure of the     {
   shell not           { Structure of the shell
   porcellanous        {  alveolar, with hollow
   (without needles    {  alveoles between a double
   imbedded in         {  plate. A corona of
   a punctulate        {  articulated feet around
   cement-substance).  {  the mouth,                   9. MEDUSETTIDA.
                       {
                       { Structure of the shell of
                       { simple lattice-work, neither
                       { diatomaceous nor alveolar.
                       { No articulate feet,          10. CASTANELLIDA.

  Structure of the     { Surface of the shell
   shell porcellanous, {  (sphericalpanelled or
   with peculiar fine  {  dimpled or polyhedral).
   needles imbedded    {  Peristome flat,             11. CIRCOPORIDA.
   in a punctulate     {
   cement-substance    { Surface of the shell
   (a circle of        {  smooth, even (ovate or
   pores around the    {  subspherical). Peristome
   base of each tube). {  prominent,                  12. TUSCARORIDA.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  IV. Order PHAEOCONCHIA.
      Skeleton a bivalved lattice-shell, composed of a dorsal and a ventral
      valve which are completely separated (rarely connected by a ligament
      on the aboral pole). Central capsule enclosed between the two valves.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  The two valves of the bivalved shell thick and firm,
   regularly latticed, without a galea or cupola on
   their apex, and without hollow tubes,              13. CONCHARIDA.

  The two valves       { Galea without rhinocanna
   of the bivalved     {  or nasal tube, without
   shell very thin     {  frenula,                    14. COELODENDRIDA.
   and fragile,        {
   scarcely latticed,  { Galea with a rhinocanna or
   each with a conical {  nasal tube, both connected
   cupola or a         {  by an odd or
   helmet-shaped galea {  paired frenulum,            15. COELOGRAPHIDA.
   on its sagittal     {
   pole or apex, and   {
   with hollow tubes.  {



Order I. PHAEOCYSTINA, Haeckel (1879).

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA without lattice-shell, either without any
skeleton, or with an incomplete skeleton, composed of numerous single
pieces, which are scattered in the calymma without connection. Central
capsule placed in the centre of the spherical calymma.



{1543}Family LXXI. #Phaeodinida#, Haeckel (Pl. 101, figs. 1, 2).

  _Phaeodinida_, Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec.
      12, p. 4.

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA without skeleton. Central capsule with one to
three (or more) openings, placed in the centre of the spherical naked
calymma.

The family #Phaeodinida# is the simplest and most primitive of the
PHAEODARIA, and differs from all the other families of this legion in the
complete absence of a skeleton. It bears, therefore, the same relation to
the latter as the Thalassicollida do to the other SPUMELLARIA. The soft
body is only composed of the central capsule with the nucleus, and the
calymma with the phaeodium.

Of course it is quite possible that the skeletonless PHAEODARIA, which we
regard here as the ancestral family of that legion, may be either members
of other families which have lost their skeleton accidentally, or young
PHAEODARIA which have not yet developed a skeleton. But in some
preparations of the Challenger certain large, well-preserved PHAEODARIA,
without any trace of skeleton, are not rare; and since I myself have
observed a complete living _Phaeodina_, I have no doubt that they are
independent, primordial forms (like _Actissa_, _Thalassicolla_,
_Cystidium_, _Nassella_, &c.). Probably also two skeletonless PHAEODARIA
belong to this family which are figured by R. Hertwig, in 1879, in his
Organismus d. Radiol. (Taf. x. fig. 1, 11); this author, however, supposed
that they had lost their original skeleton.

The three species of Phaeodinida which are described in the sequel
represent two different genera, _Phaeodina_ and _Phaeocolla_, already
distinguished in my first note on the PHAEODARIA (Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, 1879, Dec. 12, p. 4). _Phaeodina_ is a true TRIPYLEA, and
has the usual three openings which occur in the majority of PHAEODARIA, a
large astropyle or main-opening on the oral pole of the main axis, and a
pair of lateral accessory openings, or parapylae, on the aboral pole.
_Phaeocolla_, however, has only a single opening, the astropyle, and agrees
therefore with those PHAEODARIA which possess no parapylae (Challengerida,
Medusettida, Castanellida, &c.).

The complete body is in all observed Phaeodinida a small jelly sphere of 1
to 3 mm. in diameter, with a transparent cortical layer and an opaque dark
central part. This latter is the phaeodium, in which the central capsule is
hidden, surrounded on all sides by the gelatinous spherical calymma; the
smooth surface of the latter is spherical.

The _central capsule_ of the Phaeodinida (Pl. 101, figs. 1, 2), is either
spherical or spheroidal, somewhat lenticular, slightly depressed in the
direction of the main axis. Its diameter is between 0.15 and 0.25. Its
double membrane exhibits the same structure as in the other PHAEODARIA. The
thick, double-contoured outer membrane is separated from the thin and
delicate inner membrane by a clear space, filled up by jelly or by a fluid;
the two are connected in _Phaeocolla_ (fig. 1) only at the astropyle, in
_Phaeodina_ (fig. 2), {1544}they are also connected at the two parapylae.
The radiate operculum of the astropyle opens by a tubular prolongation or
proboscis, which is very long in the former, shorter in the latter. The two
parapylae of the latter also bear short tubules. The protoplasm, enclosed
in the inner membrane, contains numerous small circular vacuoles. The large
central nucleus is sometimes spherical or ellipsoidal, at other times
spheroidal or lenticular; it always contains numerous nucleoli. One
specimen observed, with two nuclei, was apparently engaged in self-division
(fig. 2).

The spherical gelatinous calymma, in the centre of which the central
capsule is placed, has a diameter of 1 to 2 mm. In the specimen of
_Phaeodina tripylea_, which I observed living, it exhibited exactly the
same shape as the figure of _Dictyocha stapedia_ in Pl. 101, fig. 10; the
only distinction in this latter being indicated by the pileated pieces of
the skeleton on the surface. The jelly-sphere contained numerous roundish
or globular alveoles of very different sizes, and between them an areolated
network of protoplasm; the latter has arisen from the outer surface of the
calymma in the form of very numerous, radiating, partly branched and
anastomosing pseudopodia. The dark and opaque centre of the jelly-sphere is
filled up by the granular, blackish-brown phaeodium, which envelops the
oral half of the central capsule completely; it exhibits the same
characters as in all the other PHAEODARIA.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Phaeodinida._

  Central capsule with a single opening (an astropyle
    on the oral pole),                                   656. _Phaeocolla_.

  Central capsule with three openings (an oral
   astropyle and two aboral parapylae),                  657. _Phaeodina_.



Genus 656. _Phaeocolla_,[274] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 4.

_Definition._--#Phaeodinida# with a single aperture to the central capsule
(an astropyle with radiate operculum, placed on the oral pole of the main
axis).

The genus _Phaeocolla_ may be regarded as the simplest form of all
PHAEODARIA, and perhaps as the common ancestral form of this legion. It has
no skeleton, and the central capsule exhibits only a single aperture on one
pole of the main axis. In this it agrees with the Challengerida,
Medusettida, and Castanellida, which have also no parapylae or secondary
openings.


1. _Phaeocolla primordialis_, n. sp. (Pl. 101, fig. 1).

Central capsule subspherical, or somewhat depressed in the direction of the
main axis. The oral pole of the latter exhibits a large astropyle, or a
radiate operculum, about as broad as the {1545}nucleus. From its centre
arises a conical mammilla, prolonged into a thin, cylindrical, S-like
tubulus, the proboscis, which is about as long as the diameter of the
capsule. The outer membrane of the capsule is thick and double-contoured;
the inner is very thin, but distinct, and includes finely granulated
protoplasm, and numerous spherical, clear vacuoles, each with some small
granules. Nucleus spheroidal, depressed in the direction of the main axis,
containing numerous dark, irregularly amoebiform nucleoli. The diameter of
the nucleus is about equal to the radius of the central capsule. The
extracapsular calymma is an alveolated sphere, the diameter of which is six
to eight times that of the capsule. The inner part of it contains an
irregular, blackish phaeodium, which surrounds and hides the oral half of
the central capsule.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the central capsule 0.16, of the nucleus 0.08,
of the calymma 1.0 to 1.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271 to 274, surface.



Genus 657. _Phaeodina_,[275] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch.
Jena, Dec. 12, p. 4.

_Definition._--#Phaeodinida# with three apertures to the central capsule
(an astropyle on the oral pole of the main axis, and two lateral parapylae
on both sides of the aboral pole).

The genus _Phaeodina_ has the same structure of the central capsule as the
majority of PHAEODARIA; one large main-opening or astropyle on the oral
pole of the main axis, and two smaller lateral accessory openings or
parapylae on each side of the aboral pole: it is therefore a true Tripylean
genus, like the majority of PHAEODARIA.


1. _Phaeodina tripylea_, Haeckel (Pl. 101, fig. 2).

  ? _Tripylea_ sp., R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., Taf. x. figs.
  1, 11.

Central capsule spheroidal or lenticular, somewhat depressed in the
direction of the main axis. Astropyle with a strongly ribbed, radiate
operculum, scarcely one-third as broad as the diameter of the capsule, and
prolonged into a short tubular proboscis. Parapylae also with short tubular
openings. The outer strong (double-contoured) membrane of the central
capsule is separated from the inner thin (simple-contoured) membrane by a
wide interval, filled up by a clear fluid or jelly; only at the three
apertures both membranes are in direct connection. The granulated
protoplasm contains numerous vacuoles, and surrounds a large spheroidal
nucleus, with numerous small nucleoli. The voluminous calymma in a
specimen, observed living, was alveolar, and the ramification of the
pseudopodia, as well as the formation of the dark brown phaeodium, very
similar to that of _Dictyocha stapedia_ (Pl. 101, fig. 10). Another
specimen, figured in Pl. 101, fig. 2, exhibited the first stages of
self-division; the reticulated nucleus and the radiate operculum of the
astropyle were already doubled, and the two membranes of the capsule
between them constricted in the median plane. To this species belong
probably the central capsules figured by R. Hertwig, _loc. cit._

{1546}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the central capsule 0.15 to 0.25, of the
nucleus 0.06 to 0.1, of the calymma 0.8 to 1.2.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean; Portofino, near Genoa (Haeckel); Messina
(Hertwig).


2. _Phaeodina cannopylea_, n. sp.

Central capsule subspherical, scarcely depressed in the direction of the
main axis. Astropyle with a finely ribbed radiate operculum, about as broad
as the radius of the capsule, prolonged into a slender, tubular proboscis
which is S-shaped, about as long as the radius, and similar to that of
_Phaeocolla primordialis_, Pl. 101, fig. 1. Parapylae also tubular, with
two slender prolongations, half as long and broad as the proboscis of the
parapyle. Nucleus spheroidal, about half as broad as the capsule. This
species differs from the preceding mainly in the cylindrical slender
prolongations of the three apertures, which are similar to those of
_Aulosphaera_ and _Aularia_ (Pl. 111, fig. 2).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the central capsule 0.2, of the nucleus 0.1, of
the calymma 1.2 to 1.5.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Family LXXII. #CANNORRHAPHIDA#, Haeckel, 1879 (Pl. 101, figs. 3-14; Pl.
114, figs. 7-13).

  _Cannorrhaphida_, Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena,
      Dec. 12, p. 4.

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with an incomplete skeleton, composed of numerous
separate, not radially arranged pieces, which are either hollow tangential
spicula or cap-shaped dishes, or fenestrated rings, scattered loosely in
the calymma. Central capsule placed in the centre of the spherical calymma.

The family #Cannorrhaphida# comprises those PHAEODARIA in which the
incomplete skeleton is represented by numerous separate pieces of silica,
which exhibit very different forms, and are scattered tangentially on the
surface of the spherical calymma, sometimes also throughout its jelly-mass.
They agree in this peculiar character with the Thalassosphaerida (among the
SPUMELLARIA) and bear the same relation to the skeletonless Phaeodinida as
the Thalassosphaerida do to the Thalassicollida (compare pp. 10 and 29).
The Cannorrhaphida represent the former group among the PHAEODARIA. They
differ from the following family, the Aulacanthida, in the arrangement and
position of the hollow spicula, which are never directed radially and never
touch the central capsule, as is constantly the case in the latter.

Two genera of Cannorrhaphida have been hitherto known. The first species
observed in a complete and living state (at Messina in 1859) was
_Cannobelos cavispicula_, described in 1862 in my Monograph as
_Thalassoplancta cavispicula_ (_loc. cit._, p. 261, Taf. iii. figs. 10-13).
I there figured a complete living specimen with expanded pseudopodia and a
double central capsule (in the stage of self-division). The latter was
surrounded by an {1547}alveolar calymma and by a voluminous mass of
blackish-brown pigment, the phaeodium; numerous, long, hollow, cylindrical
tubes were scattered on the surface of the calymma. At that time I did not
know the tripylean character of the central capsule and the peculiar
radiate operculum in the PHAEODARIA, and therefore placed _Thalassoplancta
cavispicula_ among the Thalassosphaerida.

The second description of a complete form of Cannorrhaphida was given in
1879 by R. Hertwig, under the name _Dictyocha fibula_ (Organismus d.
Radiol., p. 89, Taf. ix. fig. 5). The genus _Dictyocha_ had been already
founded by Ehrenberg in 1838, with the following definition:--"Lorica
simplex, univalvis, silicea, laxe reticulata aut stellata" (Abhandl. d. k.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1838, p. 128). Ehrenberg had found only scattered
pieces of the skeleton, fossil in Tertiary rocks. He placed them among the
_Bacillaria_ (= _Diatomaceae_), but added, that they may be possibly
scattered spicula of Sponges ("forsan Spongiarum ossicula").

In 1859 I myself observed similar forms of _Dictyocha_ at Messina, and
first recognised them as true Radiolaria. But I placed them at that time
among the Acanthodesmida, beside _Prismatium_, supposing that a small
spherical body which I had sometimes seen in the cavity of the pileated
pieces (probably a phaeodellum) was the small central capsule (Monogr. d.
Radiol., 1862, p. 271, Taf. xii. figs. 3-6). The complete body of
_Dictyocha_ was not described till 1879, when R. Hertwig gave a full
description of its peculiar structure, and especially of the great central
capsule, which resembles that of the other PHAEODARIA. He first stated that
the singular pileated pieces described by Ehrenberg were not complete
shells, but isolated pieces of the skeleton, which are scattered in the
jelly-envelope around the central capsule in a mode similar to the spicula
of _Thalassoplancta_, _Thalassosphaera_ and _Sphaerozoum_. Hertwig also
first recognised that the thin rods, which compose the reticular pileated
pieces of the skeleton in _Dictyocha_, are not solid bars, but thin hollow
tubules, similar to the hollow rods of _Aulacantha_ and of other
PHAEODARIA.

Numerous complete and well-preserved specimens of _Dictyocha_, which I
found in the collection of the Challenger, have convinced me that the
accurate description of R. Hertwig is correct in every respect, and that
these remarkable bodies are true PHAEODARIA, most closely allied to
_Cannobelos_ (= _Thalassoplancta_) and to _Aulacantha_ (compare Pl. 101,
fig. 10). I now regard them as representatives of a peculiar subfamily of
Cannorrhaphida, which I call Dictyochida. To the same subfamily also belong
the small annular bodies which Ehrenberg described in 1841 as _Mesocena_
(_loc. cit._, p. 401), and the elegant, more complicated, reticular and
pileated bodies, which Stoehr figured in 1880 under the name _Distephanus_
(Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 121). These peculiar bodies are also only
isolated pieces of the siliceous skeleton, and are scattered tangentially
in great numbers in the calymma, around the tripylean central capsule. A
still higher degree of development is attained by the interesting forms
{1548}which I describe here as _Cannopilus_ (Pl. 114, figs. 7-13). All
these peculiar forms may be derived from the simple annular pieces of
skeleton, which are aggregated in great numbers in the calymma of
_Mesocena_. The pieces of the skeleton of these Dictyochida never assume
the form of slender, cylindrical, tangential tubules which is
characteristic of the Cannobelida.

A third subfamily of Cannorrhaphida, the Catinulida, is represented by the
remarkable new genus _Catinulus_ (Pl. 117, fig. 8). The single pieces of
the skeleton, scattered in hundreds or thousands throughout the calymma,
are here not composed of hollow rods, as in the two former subfamilies, but
are solid hemispherical caps, or small, more flatly vaulted dishes, with a
peculiar radial striation. All the complete specimens of _Catinulus_ which
I could examine possessed four equal central capsules, united in one
spherical calymma.

The common character which unites the three rather different subfamilies,
the Cannobelida, Dictyochida and Catinulida into a single family, and which
separates this family, the Cannorrhaphida, from the other PHAEODARIA, is to
be found in the composition of the rudimentary skeleton from numerous
single pieces, which are loosely scattered either on the surface of the
calymma, or throughout its jelly-mass, and which are never arranged
radially and never touch the central capsule as is always the case in the
closely allied Aulacanthida.

The slender spicula of the Cannobelida are cylindrical or spindle-shaped,
tubular, scattered in variable numbers, but always in a tangential
direction on the surface of the calymma. Usually they are 0.2 to 0.5 long,
and 0.005 to 0.03 broad; either straight or slightly curved; smooth and
simple in _Cannobelos_, spiny or branched in _Cannorrhaphis_ (Pl. 101,
figs. 3-5). Their wall is thin and fragile, their diameter sometimes equal
throughout their whole length, at other times tapering towards both ends.
Their cavity is filled by jelly, and seems to be open at both ends, since
the purified and dried spicula constantly become filled by air.

The peculiar pieces of silica which compose the skeleton of the Catinulida
are not hollow, like the rods of the other Cannorrhaphida, but concave
hemispherical cups or more flatly vaulted little dishes, the thin flinty
wall of which is slightly thickened at the circular margin, and radially
striped above it. In all three species of _Catinulus_ observed they were
scattered throughout the calymma in hundreds or thousands (Pl. 117, fig.
8). Their relation to the Dictyochida is doubtful. Perhaps the small cups
of _Catinulus_ may be derived from the simple rings of _Mesocena_, by
development of an operculum on one side of the ring.

The skeleton of the Dictyochida is much more developed and possesses a
higher morphological interest; the numerous different forms, however, which
its pieces here assume, may be all derived from the simple circular ring of
_Mesocena_. This ring is formed by a thin, hollow, cylindrical, or
prismatic rod, sometimes circular or elliptical, at {1549}other times
polygonal. From its margin small, hollow, radial spines often proceed (Pl.
101, fig. 9). In _Dictyocha_ there arise from the ring two, three, four or
more siliceous bars or arches, which form one or more bulges over one side
of the ring; usually the little fenestrated shell thus produced assumes the
form of a three-sided or four-sided pyramid, or of a little hat with three
or four meshes (Pl. 101, figs. 10-14). From this _Dictyocha_ (in a
restricted sense) we separate the genus _Distephanus_, in which the little
pyramids become truncated, so that one central apical mesh (the apical or
upper ring) is surrounded by four, five, six or eight lateral meshes, the
sides of the pyramid (Pl. 114, figs. 7-9). The edges of the small pyramid
are formed by the same number of siliceous bars arising from the ring and
alternating with the meshes. Radial spines in different numbers and
arrangements arise from the corners of the two parallel rings, as well from
the smaller apical as from the larger basal ring. The simple apical ring of
_Distephanus_ becomes divided or fenestrated in the highest developed genus
of this subfamily, in _Cannopilus_ (Pl. 114, figs. 10-13); each pileated
piece of the skeleton exhibits here two rows of alternating lateral meshes,
an upper row of smaller and a lower row of larger meshes.

The majority of Dictyochida are armed with spines or thorns, which arise in
a regular manner from different points of the annular or pileated pieces.
In the ancestral genus, _Mesocena_, radial spines start from the corners of
the simple ring in centrifugal direction, and lie horizontally in its
plane. As these primary corner-spines determine the radial composition of
the more highly developed genera we call them perradial (lying in rays of
the first order). In _Dictyocha_ and _Distephanus_ commonly (but not quite
constantly) these perradial spines alternate with the ascending bars which
bisect the sides of the basal ring; these bars are therefore interradial
(lying in rays of the second order); consequently also the corners of the
apical ring of _Distephanus_ are interradial. The latter also often bear
small thorns or teeth. Other teeth frequently start in centripetal
direction from the lower or basal ring, on the side of the perradial
spines, and frequently they are directed obliquely downwards.

In _Dictyocha_ and _Distephanus_ are frequently found remarkable twin
pieces, composed of two pileated and reticulated skeleton pieces. These are
united by their basal rings loosely in such a way that they form together a
small fenestrated subspherical body; the union is strengthened by those
small teeth of the basal rings, which are directed downwards and catch one
into the other (Pl. 101, fig. 12; Pl. 114, fig. 8). A similar twin piece
has been already observed by Stoehr in the fossil _Distephanus rotundus_,
and upon this was founded this genus. Since the teeth of the two opposed
basal rings, catching one into the other, seem to be specially adapted for
the composition of those small double pyramids, it is probable that the
latter possess a special protective function in these PHAEODARIA, and
perhaps envelop their phaeodella or their flagellate spores (?). In every
case these formations are very remarkable.

{1550}_The Central Capsule_ of the Cannorrhaphida seems to possess the same
shape in the three subfamilies, and to agree in general with that of the
Aulacanthida. In a living specimen of _Dictyocha stapedia_, which I
observed at Ceylon (Pl. 101, fig. 10), the three openings of the TRIPYLEA
were distinct; the radiate operculum of the astropyle (on the oral pole)
was surrounded by the granules of the dark phaeodium, whilst on the
opposite aboral side, two parapylae or conical secondary openings were
visible. The voluminous spherical calymma (about four times as broad as the
central capsule) contained numerous large alveoles (as in _Aulosphaera_)
and its surface was protected by numerous pileated pieces of the skeleton;
the basal ring of the latter was placed tangentially in the spherical
surface of the calymma, their apical spine being directed outwards. The
pseudopodia, arising from the central capsule and forming a network between
the alveoles of the calymma, radiated outwards in great number from its
surface (Pl. 101, fig. 10).

The propagation by self-division seems to be very frequent in the
Cannorrhaphida. I frequently found two equal central capsules in one
calymma, as in the first observed species, _Cannobelos cavispicula_, and in
_Cannorrhaphis spinulosa_ (Pl. 101, fig. 3), sometimes also in _Dictyocha_
and _Distephanus_. As already mentioned, _Catinulus_ constantly exhibited
four central capsules united in each calymma.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Cannorrhaphida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Cannobelida.
     Pieces of the skeleton cylindrical or spindle-shaped tangential
      tubules.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Tubules simple, smooth,                             658. _Cannobelos_.

  Tubules spiny or branched,                          659. _Cannorrhaphis_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Catinulida.
      Pieces of the skeleton hemispherical or cap-shaped, solid.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Caps or hemispherical pieces of the skeleton
   solid, with radiate margin and circular opening,   660. _Catinulus_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  III. Subfamily Dictyochida.
       Pieces of the skeleton either simple rings or pileated or pyramidal
       bodies, composed of thin hollow rods and reticular meshes.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Flinty pieces simple   { Basal ring simple, not
   or arched rings, not  {  arched or fenestrated,    661. _Mesocena_.
   truncated pyramids,   {
   with a basal ring,    { Basal ring fenestrated,
   but without apical    {  with two or more arches,
   ring.                 {  vaulted over one side,    662. _Dictyocha_.

  Flinty pieces of the   { Apical ring simple, not
   skeleton resembling   {  fenestrated (one girdle
   a truncated pyramid,  {  of meshes on each piece), 663. _Distephanus_.
   with an upper smaller {
   apical ring, and a    { Apical ring fenestrated
   lower larger basal    {  (two girdles of meshes
   ring.                 {  on each piece),           664. _Cannopilus_.



{1551}Subfamily 1. CANNOBELIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Cannorrhaphida# with numerous hollow cylindrical or
spindle-shaped tubes, which lie tangentially scattered on the surface of
the spherical calymma.



Genus 658. _Cannobelos_,[276] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Cannorrhaphida# with a skeleton composed of tubular
acicular pieces, which are smooth, cylindrical or spindle-shaped tangential
needles, without spines and branches.

The genus _Cannobelos_, and the following closely allied _Cannorrhaphis_,
represent the peculiar subfamily Cannobelida, differing from the other
Cannorrhaphida in the acicular form of the pieces of the skeleton, which
are tangentially scattered on the surface of the spherical calymma. The
cylindrical or spindle-shaped hollow needles are smooth in _Cannobelos_,
whilst in _Cannorrhaphis_ they are studded with lateral spines or branches.


1. _Cannobelos cavispicula_, Haeckel.

  _Thalassoplancta cavispicula_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 261,
  Taf. iii. figs. 10-13.

  _Thalassicolla cavispicula_, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wis. Berlin, p. 798.

  _Cannorrhaphis cavispicula_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 470.

Tangential tubes cylindrical, more or less curved, gradually tapering
towards the two pointed ends. Calymma with a voluminous phaeodium.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubular spicule 0.25, breadth 0.003.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Messina, surface.


2. _Cannobelos calymmata_, n. sp.

Tangential tubes cylindrical, straight, of equal breadth throughout their
whole length, closed by a hemispherical cap on the two rounded ends.
Calymma very voluminous, with a small phaeodium.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubular spicula 0.3 to 0.5, breadth 0.004 to
0.008.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, surface.


3. _Cannobelos thalassoplancta_, n. sp.

Tangential tubes spindle-shaped, straight, gradually tapering towards the
two pointed ends. Calymma and the included phaeodium rather voluminous.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubular spicula 0.15 to 0.2, breadth in the
middle part 0.02.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.



{1552}Genus 659. _Cannorrhaphis_,[277] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 4.

_Definition._--#Cannorrhaphida# with a skeleton composed of tubular
acicular pieces, which are spiny, cylindrical or spindle-shaped tangential
needles, either with lateral spines or branches.

The genus _Cannorrhaphis_ differs from the preceding closely allied
_Cannobelos_ in the spiny shape of the tangential acicular spicula, which
are studded either with short spines or with longer lateral branches.


1. _Cannorrhaphis spinulosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 101, figs. 3, 4).

Tangential tubes cylindrical, straight, gradually tapering towards the two
pointed ends, densely studded with conical spines, arising perpendicularly.
(The specimen figured, fig. 3, exhibited two ovate central capsules, each
of which contained two large nuclei, with numerous nucleoli.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubular spicula 0.3 to 0.5, breadth 0.01 to
0.015.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, surface.


2. _Cannorrhaphis lampoxanthium_, n. sp.

Tangential tubes cylindrical, more or less curved, suddenly tapering
towards the two pointed ends, densely studded with irregular conical spines
of unequal length, which arise obliquely from their surface.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubular spicula 0.4 to 0.5, breadth 0.005 to
0.008.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.


3. _Cannorrhaphis lappacea_, n. sp.

Tangential tubes spindle-shaped, gradually tapering towards the two pointed
ends, densely studded with irregular lateral branches, which are partly
simply, partly forked, more or less curved, and arise obliquely from their
surface.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubular spicula 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.015 to
0.025.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.


4. _Cannorrhaphis spathillata_, n. sp. (Pl. 101, fig. 5).

Tangential tubes cylindrical, thin and straight, regularly zigzag, with
pointed, regularly alternating lateral spines, with an elegant spathilla,
or a cap-shaped verticil of eight to ten recurved spines on the two ends.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubular spicula 0.3, breadth 0.003.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.



{1553}Subfamily 2. CATINULIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Cannorrhaphida# with a skeleton composed of numerous
cap-shaped pieces, which lie tangentially scattered on the surface of the
spherical calymma. Each piece is a hemispherical or flatly cap-shaped
siliceous body, often with radial striations, and with a thin solid wall.



Genus 660. _Catinulus_,[278] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Cannorrhaphida# with a skeleton composed of solid,
cap-shaped or hemispherical, not fenestrated, pieces.

The genus _Catinulus_ differs from all the other Cannorrhaphida in the
peculiar shape of the numerous siliceous pieces, which are scattered on the
surface of the calymma and compose their rudimentary skeleton. These pieces
are neither hollow rings (as in the Dictyochida), nor hollow tubes (as in
the Cannobelida), but solid hemispherical caps or more flatly vaulted small
dishes. All the complete specimens of this genus which I observed exhibited
four equal central capsules in the spherical calymma.


1. _Catinulus quadrifidus_, n. sp. (Pl. 117, figs. 8, 8_a_).

Cap-shaped pieces of the skeleton flatly vaulted, three times as broad as
high, smooth; the marginal ring with fine radial ribs and with smooth
margin.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the calymma 0.6 to 0.8, of the four central
capsules 0.12 to 0.2; breadth of the concave caps 0.024, height 0.008.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 323, depth 1900 fathoms.


2. _Catinulus catillum_, n. sp.

Cap-shaped pieces of the skeleton flatly vaulted, three times as broad as
high, rough, covered with numerous small spinules; the marginal ring with
stout radial ribs and a corona of denticles on the margin.

_Dimensions._--Breadth of the concave caps 0.03, height 0.01.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


3. _Catinulus lopadium_, n. sp.

Cap-shaped pieces of the skeleton hemispherical, twice as broad as high,
smooth; the marginal ring smooth, slightly radiate, with thickened smooth
margin.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the calymma 1.2, of the central capsule 0.22;
breadth of the concave caps 0.024, height 0.012.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



{1554}Subfamily 3. DICTYOCHIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Cannorrhaphida# with a skeleton composed of numerous
annular pieces, which lie tangentially scattered on the surface of the
calymma. Each piece is either a simple hollow ring or a pileate and
reticulate cap, composed of a ring and several connected bars.



Genus 661. _Mesocena_,[279] Ehrenberg, 1841, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 401.

_Definition._--#Cannorrhaphida# with a skeleton composed of simple annular
pieces, each of which is a circular, elliptical or polygonal, not
fenestrated, ring, with or without radial spines.

The genus _Mesocena_ is the simplest form of the Dictyochida, and no doubt
the common ancestral form of this subfamily. The siliceous pieces, which
are scattered in variable and indefinite number in the calymma, are simple
hollow rings, with or without spines on the periphery. Ehrenberg, who first
described and figured such rings (found fossil in different Tertiary rocks)
has mistaken them for Diatoms. Some species, which I found in the
Challenger preparations, leave no doubt that these rings are the siliceous
pieces of the skeleton of the simplest Dictyochida. They are scattered in
great numbers in the spherical calymma, which surrounds a tripylean central
capsule with all the characters of the PHAEODARIA. In the living body the
rings probably always lie in the spherical periphery of the extracapsular
jelly-veil, in tangential planes, whilst in some of the Challenger
preparations the rings were scattered in hundreds throughout the whole
jelly-mass. In a few species the rings are quite simple, circular or
elliptical, smooth, and without teeth or spines. In the majority of species
some teeth or radial spines, regularly disposed, arise from the periphery
of each ring (two, three, four to eight; sometimes sixteen, eight smaller
alternating with eight larger spines). In some species small teeth occur on
the inner margin of the rings. The number of radial spines seems to be
rather constant in all the rings of one and the same individual, with the
exception of a few variations. Thus in _Mesocena octogona_ I found here and
there single rings with seven or nine teeth, instead of the usual number
eight. Ehrenberg enumerated sixteen different species of _Mesocena_; many,
however, of these are synonymous, being founded on slight variations in the
number of the teeth; of others he has given only the name, but neither a
figure nor a description (_e.g._, _Mesocena stephanolithis_, _Mesocena
spongolithis_, &c.).


{1555}1. _Mesocena circulus_, Ehrenberg.

  _Mesocena circulus_, Ehrenberg, 1840, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 208.

  _Mesocena circulus_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xix. fig. 44.

Rings of the skeleton circular, smooth or slightly denticulate on the outer
margin, without spines. This simple form is probably the ancestral form of
the Dictyochida.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the rings 0.02 to 0.03, thickness of the hollow
rod 0.001 or less.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados and of the Mediterranean
(Aegina, Greece; Caltanisetta, Sicily).


2. _Mesocena annulus_, n. sp.

  ? _Mesocena crenulata_, Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 822.

Rings of the skeleton elliptical, smooth or slightly denticulate on the
outer margin, without spines. This species is possibly identical with
_Mesocena crenulata_ of Ehrenberg, of which, however, no figure is given.
The major axis of the ellipse is one and a half times as long as the minor.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the rings in the major axis 0.03, in the minor
0.02; thickness of the bars 0.002.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


3. _Mesocena diodon_, Ehrenberg.

  _Mesocena diodon_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 84.

  _Mesocena diodon_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxiii., Nr. xv.
  fig. 18.

Rings of the skeleton elliptical, smooth, with two opposite spines on the
poles of the major axis, which is about one and one-third as long as the
minor axis.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the rings in the major axis 0.04, in the minor
0.03; length of the spines 0.01.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados, and in North America (Virginia).


4. _Mesocena triangula_, Ehrenberg.

  _Mesocena triangula_, Ehrenberg, 1840, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 208.

  _Mesocena triangula_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 41.

  _Dictyocha triangula_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 46.

  _Lithocircus triangularis_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. p.
  121, Taf. vii. fig. 10.

Rings triangular, with small peripheral thorns, and three larger teeth on
the corners of the equilateral triangle.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the rings 0.03 to 0.05, length of the spines
0.01.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary deposits of the Mediterranean; Caltanisetta,
Sicily (Ehrenberg, Stoehr).


{1556}5. _Mesocena quadrangula_, Ehrenberg.

  ? _Mesocena quadrangula_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, pp. 145, 273.

  ? _Mesocena quaternaria_, Ehrenberg, 1855, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 302.

Rings square, with four radial spines on the corners of the square.
Ehrenberg has given only the name of this species, but neither diagnosis
nor figure. I think it may be identical with the species described, which I
found in the North Atlantic.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the rings 0.02 to 0.025, length of the spines
0.007 to 0.01.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Faeroee Channel, Gulf Stream (John Murray),
depth 600 fathoms.


6. _Mesocena elliptica_, Ehrenberg.

  _Mesocena elliptica_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 84.

  _Mesocena elliptica_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., vol. i. Taf. xx. fig.
  44.

  _Dictyocha elliptica_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 44.

Rings elliptical or ovate, with four peripheral spines which lie in two
diameters, perpendicular to one another, two opposite in the major, the two
others in the minor axis of the ellipse.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the rings 0.015 to 0.03, length of the spines
0.005.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of the Mediterranean (Placca di furni,
from Zante, Greece); Caltanisetta, Sicily.


7. _Mesocena pentagona_, n. sp.

Rings regularly pentagonal, with smooth straight bars, and with five short
and straight radial spines on the five corners.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the rings 0.02, length of the spines 0.005.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.


8. _Mesocena hexagona_, Haeckel.

  ? _Mesocena senaria_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, pp. 163, 273.

  ? _Mesocena septenaria_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, pp. 163, 273.

Rings regular, hexagonal, with six radial spines on the six corners
(sometimes between the usual six-radiate rings of one and the same
individual are intermingled single rings with five or seven spines).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the rings 0.025 to 0.03, length of the spines
0.007 to 0.01.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Krim (Ehrenberg), Corfu (Haeckel).


{1557}9. _Mesocena octogona_, Ehrenberg.

  _Mesocena octogona_, Ehrenberg, 1841, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 417, Taf. i., Nr. iii. fig. 27.

  ? _Mesocena heptagona_, Ehrenberg, 1841, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 417, Taf. i., Nr. iii. fig. 26.

  ? _Mesocena heptagona_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xx. fig. 49.

  ? _Mesocena octoradiata_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, pp. 163, 273.

  ? _Mesocena nonaria_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, pp. 163, 273.

Rings regular, octagonal, with eight radial spines on the eight corners of
the ring (sometimes between the common octoradiate rings single rings with
seven or nine teeth are intermingled in one and the same calymma).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the rings 0.02, length of the spines 0.005.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific; Peru, Ehrenberg; Station 272 to 274, surface.


10. _Mesocena bisoctona_, Ehrenberg.

  _Mesocena bisoctona_, Ehrenberg, 1845, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 78; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxv., Nr. xviii. figs. 9, 10.

  _Mesocena binonaria_, Ehrenberg, 1845, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 78, _loc. cit._

Rings circular, with sixteen teeth; eight stronger teeth regularly disposed
on the outer margin, alternating with these eight smaller teeth on the
inner margin.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the rings 0.02, length of the outer spines
0.005.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Guano from Peru and South Africa, also in Barbados.


11. _Mesocena stellata_, n. sp. (Pl. 101, fig. 9).

Rings circular, with sixteen teeth regularly disposed on the outer margin
of the rings, eight stronger teeth alternating with eight smaller.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the rings 0.03, length of the larger spines
0.01.

_Habitat._--Central area of the Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.



Genus 662. _Dictyocha_,[280] Ehrenberg, 1838, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 128.

_Definition._--#Cannorrhaphida# with a skeleton composed of annular pieces,
which are fenestrated by one or more arches, arising on one side of the
simple ring, but do not form a truncated pyramid (therefore no apical
ring).

The genus _Dictyocha_ is a very remarkable and interesting form of
PHAEODARIA, which has had a curious history. Ehrenberg, who first observed
single pieces of it fossil in Tertiary rocks, supposed it to be the
siliceous carapace of a Diatom, and gave it the following {1558}diagnosis:
"Dictyocha, e familia Bacillariorum. Lorica simplex univalvis silicea, laxe
reticulata aut stellulata" (_loc. cit._). In my Monograph (1862, p. 271), I
placed it in the class Radiolaria, supposing that it might be a simple form
of Acanthodesmida, having found only isolated siliceous pieces. Afterwards
(in 1879) Richard Hertwig observed the entire living body, and demonstrated
that the hollow siliceous pieces are scattered in great numbers around a
tripylean central capsule, which exhibits all the essential characters of
PHAEODARIA (Organismus d. Radiol., 1879, p. 89). Hertwig describes the
position of the numerous siliceous pieces in the surface of the
extracapsular jelly-sphere so densely aggregated, that they touch one
another and produce the appearance of a reticulated sphere. In two
specimens, which I observed living (Pl. 101, fig. 10), and in numerous
complete specimens which I found in the collection of the Challenger, the
number of the siliceous pieces was much smaller, and they were scattered
irregularly in the surface of the alveolate jelly-sphere, being separated
by wide and unequal intervals. The regular position seems to be that the
basal rings lie tangentially in the spherical surface of the calymma,
whilst the bars of the reticulum are directed outwards, and the apical
spine radially in centrifugal direction. Very often two pieces are united
by their basal rings in such a manner that they form a little spheroidal
fenestrated body (as in _Distephanus_, Stoehr; compare p. 1550). The
characteristic reticular skeleton-pieces of _Dictyocha_ must be derived
from _Mesocena_; from its simple siliceous ring (on one side of its plane),
arise two, three, or four (rarely more) bars, which become united to a
loose framework (with two, three, or four meshes). When this network
assumes the form of a truncated pyramid (with a central mesh on the apex),
_Dictyocha_ passes over into _Distephanus_. From the corners of the
original basal ring several radial spines usually arise in a centrifugal
direction, and on the sides of these sometimes small teeth or thorns also
run in a centripetal direction. The number of the meshes and the separating
rods is usually four, more rarely two or three. The hollow rods are very
thin, either cylindrical or prismatic. As the ascending rods alternate
regularly with the corner-spines of the basal ring, we may call the latter
perradial, the former interradial. Ehrenberg has distinguished in his genus
_Dictyocha_ not less than fifty species, thirty-five living and twenty-five
fossil (ten species both living and fossil). The greater part of these
cannot be retained, as they are only slight varieties or abnormalities of
single pieces of the skeleton, such as very frequently occur associated
with the common regular forms in one and the same individual. Such abnormal
species are, _e.g._, _Dictyocha abnormis_, _Dictyocha binoculus_,
_Dictyocha bipartita_, _Dictyocha haliomma_, _Dictyocha hexathyra_,
_Dictyocha septenaria_, &c. One species (_Dictyocha splendens_), is the
fenestrated calcareous body of a Holothurian. Of some other species
Ehrenberg has only given the name, but neither a description nor a figure
(e.g., _Dictyocha borealis_, _Dictyocha cenostephania_, _Dictyocha compos_,
_Dictyocha coronata_, _Dictyocha socialis_, _Dictyocha specillum_). A
number of other species must be placed in the genera _Distephanus_ and
_Cannopilus_, so that only eight of his species of true _Dictyocha_ remain.


{1559}1. _Dictyocha navicula_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyocha navicula_, Ehrenberg, 1838, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 129; Mikrogeol., Taf. xx., Nr. i. fig. 43.

  _Dictyocha ponticulus_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 267.

Each individual ring elliptical or oblong, with one transverse arch in the
shorter axis, which bisects it into two meshes. No spines or teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the ring 0.02, of the bars 0.001.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary deposits, Barbados, Sicily, &c.; living in
the Atlantic, Stations 352, 354, and off Bermuda, surface.


2. _Dictyocha quadrata_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyocha quadrata_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 267.

Each individual ring square or rhomboid, with one transverse arch in the
shorter axis, forming two meshes. Two peripheral opposite spines on the
poles of one axis.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the ring 0.015.

_Habitat._--Atlantic, Bermuda Islands; fossil in Barbados.


3. _Dictyocha pons_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyocha pons_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 80; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxi. fig. 40.

  _Dictyocha tripyla_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 80; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxi. fig. 41.

Each individual ring elliptical or oblong, with one transverse arch in the
shorter axis, forming two meshes. Four peripheral spines, on the poles of
the longer and of the shorter axis. (The individual abnormality, figured as
_Dictyocha tripyla_, _loc. cit._, Taf. xxi. fig. 41, has the transverse
arch bifid at one end, therefore three meshes result; this forms an
interesting transition to _Dictyocha fibula_.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the ring 0.01, of the bars 0.001.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks, Oran, Africa.


4. _Dictyocha triommata_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyocha triommata_, Ehrenberg, 1845, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 76; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxiii., Nr. xv. fig. 11.

  _Dictyocha triactis_ (= _triacantha_), Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k.
  preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 80.

  _Dictyocha trifenestrata_, Ehrenberg, 1841, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 410; Mikrogeol., Taf. xix. fig. 38.

  _Dictyocha abyssorum_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 38.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a small three-sided pyramid, the
sides of which form three triangular meshes; the three edges between them
are three curved interradial beams, united in the {1560}centre (the apex of
the pyramid). Alternating with these, three horizontal, perradial,
centrifugal spines start from the base.

_Dictyocha trigona_, Zittel, 1876 (L. N. 29, p. 83, Taf. ii. fig. 6), is an
interesting Cretaceous species, perhaps a variety of _Dictyocha triommata_.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal triangle 0.01, of the three meshes
0.005.

_Habitat._--Fossil in different Tertiary deposits (of Sicily, Greece, North
America); living in the Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 272, depth 2600 to
2925 fathoms.


5. _Dictyocha tripyla,_ Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyocha tripyla,_ Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 80.

  _Dictyocha tripyla,_ Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xix. fig. 38 (et
  Taf. xxi. fig. 41?).

Each pileate piece of the skeleton is a small three-sided pyramid, similar
to that of _Dictyocha triommata_, but differs from it in the possession of
three small perpendicular teeth, which are directed downwards and start
from the basal ring near the origin of the three horizontal spines.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the triangular basal ring 0.015, of the three
meshes 0.007.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary deposits. North Africa (Oran), Sicily
(Caltanisetta).


6. _Dictyocha medusa_, n. sp. (Pl. 101, figs. 13, 14).

Each pileated piece of the skeleton has four equal, cruciate, triangular
meshes. From the four corners of the square basal ring proceed four
perradial horizontal spines, and between these four interradial curved
bars, which correspond to the edges of a four-sided pyramid, arise from the
centre of the four sides and become united in the centre (on the apex of
the pyramid). No apical spine.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.02, of the four meshes 0.01.

_Habitat._--Central area of the Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


7. _Dictyocha staurodon_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyocha staurodon,_ Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 80.

  _Dictyocha staurodon,_ Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xviii. fig. 58.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a small, regular, four-sided
pyramid, similar to the foregoing species. It differs from _Dictyocha
medusa_ in the development of a vertical apical spine, and of four small
centripetal teeth, which start from the inside of the basal square, between
the four perradial spines and the four ascending interradial beams.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.025, of the meshes 0.01.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks; Tripel of Richmond, Virginia
(Ehrenberg); Barbados, (Haeckel); living in the Tropical Atlantic, Station
347, surface.


{1561}8. _Dictyocha fibula_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyocha fibula_, Ehrenberg, 1839, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, p. 149; Mikrogeol., Taf. xviii. fig. 54, _a_, _b_, _c_, Taf. xix.
  fig. 43, Taf. xx. fig. 45, Taf. xxi. fig. 42, &c.

  _Dictyocha abnormis_, Ehrenberg, 1845, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 76; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxxvA., Nr. xvii. fig. 9.

  _Dictyocha bipartita_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 44.

  _Dictyocha tenella_, Ehrenberg, 1841, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
  Berlin, Taf. ii. fig. 11.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton stirrup-shaped, with two pairs of
meshes, and a square basal ring, the four corners of which are prolonged
into four perradial spines. Between the latter four interradial beams arise
from the sides in pairs, and the two pairs are connected by a diagonal
arch. Therefore the two opposite meshes are larger and pentagonal, the
other two meshes (alternating with these) are smaller and square. No
vertical spine on the apex.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal square ring (diagonal) 0.01 to 0.02,
of the meshes 0.005.

_Habitat._--Fossil in different Tertiary rocks (Barbados, Oran, Greece,
Sicily, &c.), Ehrenberg.


9. _Dictyocha messanensis_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyocha messanensis_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 272, Taf.
  xii. figs. 3-6.

  _Dictyocha fibula_, R. Hertwig (not Ehrenberg), 1879, Organismus d.
  Radiol., p. 89, Taf. ix. fig. 5.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton stirrup-shaped, very similar to
_Dictyocha fibula_, but distinguished by a vertical apical spine in the
centre of the transverse arch, which connects the two pairs of ascending
bars.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.02 to 0.03, of the meshes 0.01
to 0.016.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), North Atlantic (Canary Islands),
Station 354, surface.


10. _Dictyocha epiodon_, Ehrenberg.

  _Dictyocha epiodon_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 79; Mikrogeol., Taf. xviii. fig. 55.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton stirrup-shaped, with four paired meshes
similar to the hats of _Dictyocha fibula_, but distinguished by four small
centripetal thorns, which start from the inside of the basal ring, at the
side of the four ascending beams. No apical spine.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.03, of the meshes 0.01.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of North America (Miocene Tripel of
Richmond, Virginia, &c.).


11. _Dictyocha stapedia_, n. sp. (Pl. 101, figs. 10-12).

Each pileated piece of the skeleton stirrup-shaped, with four paired
meshes, similar to the hats of _Dictyocha fibula_ and _Dictyocha
messanensis_, but distinguished by four small centripetal teeth, which
start from the inside of the basal ring, at the side of the four ascending
beams. In the centre of the diagonal arch arises a vertical apical spine
(differing from _Dictyocha epiodon_). This species seems {1562}to be the
most common of the living forms and widely distributed over all warmer
seas. I observed in Ceylon, taken on the surface, the living specimen
figured in Pl. 101, fig. 10, the numerous spicula were irregularly
scattered over the spherical surface of the alveolate calymma. Other
specimens occur in various preparations of the Challenger collection, from
the Atlantic and the Pacific. The majority of the siliceous little hats
exhibited the stirrup-form shown in fig. 11, and many were united in pairs,
forming a twin-piece (fig. 12). Intermingled with these are found some
irregular forms, representing the specific form of some allied species,
viz., _Dictyocha speculum_, _Dictyocha staurodon_, _Dictyocha epiodon_ and
_Dictyocha messanensis_.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.015 to 0.03, of the meshes
0.005 to 0.012.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Ocean, in the Tropical
and warmer regions; Stations 159, 244, 266-272, 318, 352, &c.


12. _Dictyocha rhombus_, n. sp.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton stirrup-shaped, similar to _Dictyocha
stapedia_, with four paired meshes. It differs from the latter in the
rhomboid form of the basal ring and the larger size of the two opposite
meshes, which are two to three times as large as the two others. Therefore
the four centripetal teeth of the basal ring do not stand in the four
single meshes, but in pairs only in the two larger meshes.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.02, of the meshes 0.005 to
0.01.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic; Faeroee Channel, Gulf Stream, depth 50 to 600
fathoms, John Murray.



Genus 663. _Distephanus_,[281] Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi. Taf.
ii. p. 121.

_Definition._--#Cannorrhaphida# with a skeleton composed of pileated
pieces, each of which is a small truncated pyramid with one girdle of
meshes (the apical ring being simple).

The genus _Distephanus_ was founded in 1880 by Stoehr (_loc. cit._) for a
single twin-piece of the skeleton of _Dictyocha speculum_. Among the common
fossil forms of this species he once found in the Tertiary rocks of
Caltanisetta, Sicily, a single piece (_loc. cit._, Taf. vi. fig. 9), which
seemed to be composed of two equal pieces so united that they formed a
little sphere with fourteen meshes; on each pole of the sphere lies a
central hexagonal mesh surrounded by six pentagonal meshes, and from the
six corners of the equatorial ring arise six centrifugal spines. No doubt
this was a mistake, and the apparent little sphere was one of the above
mentioned twin-forms, composed of two separate hexagonal truncated
pyramids, which were loosely connected by their basal rings. I have often
seen such twin-pieces of _Dictyocha speculum_ and of other species (Pl.
101, fig. 12, Pl. 114, fig. 8), and was always able to separate the two
loosely connected halves of the bivalve shell by slight compression.

{1563}The genus _Distephanus_ of Stoehr, therefore, is nothing other than
the _Dictyocha_ of Ehrenberg. But I think it is more convenient to retain
the name _Distephanus_ for those forms of _Dictyocha_ which possess a
simple apical mesh surrounded by a ring of lateral meshes, and in which
each piece of the skeleton forms a small truncated pyramid. The basal plane
of this pyramid is marked by the original basal ring (_Mesocena_), the
truncated upper plane by the parallel apical ring, and the edges of the
pyramid by the rising bars which connect both rings. In this sense, so far
as the two rings lying in parallel planes are concerned, the term
_Distephanus_ is correct (but not in the original sense of Stoehr). The
number of the rising bars between the two rings varies from four, five, six
to eight or more. It seems rather constant in each species, so that all the
pieces of the skeleton of one specimen possess either four or six or eight
lateral meshes, &c. But sometimes individual irregularities occur. In the
majority of species each skeleton-piece is armed with spines. Usually a
radial horizontal spine starts centrifugally from each corner of the basal
ring, and on the side of this a small tooth or thorn often starts
centripetally or downwards. In the twin-pieces, where the two basal rings
are united, these teeth catch into one another. In some species upper
spines also occur, starting from the corners of the apical ring. The
perradial spines of the corners of the basal ring alternate regularly with
the interradial ascending bars, which bisect the sides of the ring, as in
_Dictyocha_.


1. _Distephanus crux_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyocha crux_, Ehrenberg, 1840, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 207; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xviii. fig. 56, Taf. xx.
  fig. 46, Taf. xxxiii. Nr. xv. fig. 9.

  _Dictyocha bipartita_, Ehrenberg, 1844, _loc. cit._, p. 79, Taf. xxii.
  fig. 44.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton exhibits four pentagonal lateral meshes
around one square central mesh, and is composed of two horizontal square
rings; the smaller upper square is connected with the larger lower square
by four ascending interradial beams, which start from the corners of the
former and bisect the sides of the latter; from the corners of the basal
ring arise four short perradial spines.

_Dimensions._---Diameter of the basal ring 0.02 to 0.03, of the apical ring
0.008.

_Habitat._---Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface; fossil in Tertiary
deposits of the Mediterranean (Sicily, Oran).


2. _Distephanus mesophthalmus_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyocha mesophthalma_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 80; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 43.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton exhibits four lateral meshes around the
central mesh, and is composed of two parallel horizontal square rings, like
those of _Distephanus crux_, but distinguished {1564}from this by eight
short teeth, four centripetal on the larger lower ring and four perradial
centrifugal on the smaller upper ring.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.03, of the apical ring 0.015.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Caltanisetta (Ehrenberg);
living in the Central Pacific, Station 270 to 272, surface.


3. _Distephanus stauracanthus_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyocha stauracanthus_, Ehrenberg, 1845, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 76; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxxiii., Nr. xv.
  fig. 10.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton exhibits four lateral meshes around the
central mesh, and is composed of two horizontal rings, which are connected
by four perradial beams arising from the corners of the upper and smaller
square ring. Lower ring octagonal, with eight peripheral adradial spines,
and with four interradial centripetal teeth on the inside.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.03, of the apical ring 0.004.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of North America (Hollis Cliff,
Virginia; Norwich, Connecticut).


4. _Distephanus asteroides_, n. sp.

  _Dictyocha asteroides_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton exhibits five lateral meshes around the
central mesh (or the upper ring). Five peripheral spines (on the corners of
the lower ring) simple, not articulated.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.02, of the apical ring, 0.007.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


5. _Distephanus pentasterias_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyocha pentasterias_, Ehrenberg, 1839, Mikrogeol., Taf. xviii. fig.
  61.

  ? _Dictyocha quinaria_, Ehrenberg, 1842, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 265.

  ? _Dictyocha elegans_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 80; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 51.

  _Actiniscus elegans_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 51.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton exhibits five lateral meshes around the
central mesh (or the upper ring). Five peripheral spines (on the corners of
the lower ring) articulated, triangular, with three distinct joints
(tapering towards the distal end).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.012 to 0.018, of the apical
ring 0.002 to 0.003.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; living in the depths of the Atlantic and Central
Pacific, Stations 247, 270 to 272, depths 2530 and 2600 to 2925 fathoms;
fossil in Tertiary deposits (Tripel of Caltanisetta, Sicily; Richmond,
Virginia).


{1565}6. _Distephanus speculum_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyocha speculum_, Ehrenberg, 1837, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 150; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xviii. fig. 57, Taf. xix.
  fig. 41, Taf. xxi. fig. 44, Taf. xxii. fig. 47, &c.

  _Dictyocha speculum_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi., Taf. vii.
  fig. 8.

  _Dictyocha anacantha_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 238.

  _Dictyocha diommata_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxiii., Nr.
  xvii. fig. 6.

  _Dictyocha erebi_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 238.

  _Dictyocha haliomma_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Mikrogeol., 1854. Taf. xxi. fig.
  46.

  _Dictyocha hexathyra_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig.
  46.

  _Dictyocha ubera_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 80.

  _Dictyocha stella_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 52.

  _Dictyocha rotundus_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr., vol. xxvi., Taf. vii.
  fig. 9.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a truncated, six-sided pyramid, and
composed of two regular hexagonal rings which lie in parallel plains, and
are connected by six ascending interradial beams; these start from the
corners of the upper smaller ring and bisect the sides of the lower larger
ring; from the corners of the latter start six perradial centrifugal
spines.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.03, of the apical ring 0.01.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; fossil
in Barbados, Sicily, &c.


7. _Distephanus ornamentum_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyocha ornamentum,_ Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 80;   Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 49.

  _Dictyocha binoculus_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 79;   Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xix. fig. 42.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a truncated, six-sided pyramid,
similar to that of _Distephanus speculum_, but distinguished by six small
(probably vertical) teeth, which start from the inside of the lower
(larger) ring, on the sides of the ascending beams.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.03, of the apical ring 0.015.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary deposits of Sicily, Caltanisetta
(Ehrenberg).


8. _Distephanus aculeatus_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyocha aculeata_, Ehrenberg, 1839, Abhandl. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 149;   Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. Fig. 48, Taf. xix.
  fig. 40.

  _Dictyocha aculeata_, Stoehr, 1880, Palaeontogr.,  vol. xxvi. p. 120,
  Taf. vii. fig. 7.

  _Dictyocha bisternaria_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 201.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a truncated, six-sided pyramid,
similar to that of _Distephanus speculum_, but distinguished by six small
perradial, horizontal teeth, which start from the sides of the upper
(smaller) ring.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.02, of the apical ring 0.008.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary deposits of the Mediterranean; plastic clay
of Greece and Sicily; living in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, Station
352, surface.


{1566}9. _Distephanus sirius_, Haeckel.

  _Actiniscus sirius_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 68.

  _Dictyocha sirius_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xviii. fig. 59.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a truncated six-sided pyramid,
similar to that of _Distephanus speculum_, but distinguished by the six
broad, triangular, peripheral spines, which are articulated and connected
by a thin siliceous membrane (like a web-membrane); each spine has three
articulations (as in _Dictyocha pentasterias_).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.02, of the apical ring 0.005.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks (Richmond, Virginia), but also living
in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf Stream, Faeroee Channel, John Murray, 1880.


10. _Distephanus corona_, n. sp. (Pl. 114, figs. 7-9).

  _Dictyocha corona_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a truncate six-sided pyramid like
that of _Distephanus speculum_, but differing in the number (twenty-four)
of teeth or spines. Six interradial ascending beams connect the two
horizontal rings between these, and six nearly vertical spines arise from
the perradial corners of the upper hexagonal ring. In the same meridional
(perradial) plains six larger spines descend downwards from the corners of
the lower larger ring. Between these six descending spines and the six
ascending beams arise from the upper edge of the lower ring twelve shorter
teeth of unequal size (the right tooth in each pentagonal lateral mesh
being smaller and directed upwards, the left tooth being larger and
directed nearly horizontally outwards). The lower ring is nearly
dodecagonal.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.025 to 0.03, of the apical ring
0.012 to 0.02.

_Habitat._--North-west Pacific, Sea of Japan, Station 231, depth 2250
fathoms.


11. _Distephanus octonarius_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyocha octonaria_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 201.

  _Dictyocha polyactis_, Ehrenberg, 1844, _loc. cit._, p. 80; Mikrogeol.,
  1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 50.

  _Dictyocha septenaria_, Ehrenberg, 1844, _loc. cit._, p. 80; Mikrogeol.,
  1854, Taf. xxi. fig. 45.

Each pileate piece of the skeleton is a truncated eight-sided pyramid,
composed of two regular octagonal rings, which lie in parallel plains, and
are connected by eight radial beams. From the eight outer corners of the
lower ring (or from the eight interradial meshes, between the eight
perradial beams) start eight basal centrifugal spines. (This species is
similar to _Distephanus speculum_, but has eight beams instead of six. In
single pieces the number of the beams and meshes varies between seven and
nine, the constant number being eight.) A seven-rayed variety is _Dictyocha
septenaria_ (_loc. cit._), a nine-rayed _Dictyocha polyactis_.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.02 to 0.03, of the apical ring
0.01 to 0.015.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks (Tripel and Marne from Caltanisetta,
Sicily; Oran, Africa); living in the depths of the Atlantic, Station 348,
and Pacific, Station 270, &c.


{1567}12. _Distephanus octogonius_, n. sp.

  _Dictyocha septenaria_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvA., Nr.
  xxi. fig. 8.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a truncated eight-sided pyramid,
like that of _Distephanus octonarius_, but differs from it by having eight
short erect teeth, which arise from the corners of the upper smaller ring
and lie in the same perradial plains as the eight horizontal spines
starting from the corners of the lower larger ring. Ehrenberg has figured
only an individual abnormality with seven beams instead of eight, taken
from the Antarctic ice; but I found the same form frequent in deep-sea
soundings from the Antarctic, almost constantly with eight beams, isolated
hats with six, seven, or nine beams being intermingled.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.02, of the apical ring 0.012.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean; in smolten "Pancake-Ice," taken by Sir James
Clark Ross in lat. 78d 10' S., long. 162d W. (Ehrenberg); Station 156,
depth 1975 fathoms.


13. _Distephanus diadema_, n. sp.

  _Dictyocha diadema_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton is an eight-sided pyramid, like that of
the two foregoing species, but differing in the number and distribution of
the teeth or spines, which are thirty-two. From the eight corners of the
basal ring start eight long, nearly horizontal perradial spines, which bear
on each side a smaller, nearly vertically descending spine. From the eight
corners of the upper ring ascend also eight perradial spines, alternating
with the eight interradial beams, which connect the two rings.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.04, of the apical ring 0.02.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.



Genus 664. _Cannopilus_,[282] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Cannorrhaphida# with a skeleton composed of pileated
pieces, each of which is a small truncated pyramid with two girdles of
meshes (the apical ring being fenestrated).

The genus _Cannopilus_ represents the most highly developed form of
Dictyochida. Each piece of the skeleton is a little fenestrated hat or
topped pyramid, as in _Distephanus_. But the apical mesh is simple in the
latter, in the former it is divided into several meshes by bars which start
in a centripetal direction from the upper ring. Therefore we find two
annular rows of meshes, one above the other; an apical or upper row of
smaller meshes and a basal or lower row of larger meshes. In the apex of
the little {1568}hat is either a central mesh or an apical spine. Other
spines arise from the basal ring, as in the former genera. The number of
corner-spines on the basal ring is either four, six, or eight (in
individual abnormalities also five or seven).


1. _Cannopilus superstructus_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyocha superstructa_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 80; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 45.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a reticulated four-sided pyramid.
The base of it (or the lower ring) is a square, from the four perradial
corners of which start four centrifugal horizontal spines. In the centres
of the four basal bars (or the sides of the square) arise four interradial
beams, which unite in the second (or upper) square ring. This latter forms
a second (but much smaller) four-sided pyramid, the apex of which is
truncated. Therefore the little hat bears nine meshes; around the large
central opening four upper smaller and four lower larger quadrangular
meshes.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.03, of the apical ring 0.01.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta).


2. _Cannopilus diplostaurus_, n. sp. (Pl. 114, fig. 10).

Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a truncated quadrangular pyramid.
From the corners of the square basal ring start four perradial, nearly
horizontal, spines. Between these arise four interradial beams, which are
united above by an upper square ring. This latter is divided into four
small square meshes by a regular cross of perradial bars, the distal ends
of which are prolonged into four short ascending spines. In the centre of
the cross arises a vertical apical spine.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.04, of the apical ring 0.016.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


3. _Cannopilus calyptra_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyocha heptacanthus_, Ehrenberg, 1840, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
  d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 208; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xix. fig. 39 (?).

Each pileated piece of the skeleton is a truncated six-sided pyramid, like
that of _Dictyocha speculum_, but distinguished by the reticulation of the
upper (smaller) ring, which is divided by six beams into six meshes, lying
in the horizontal plane of the upper ring. Six peripheral spines on the
corners of the lower ring. (The irregular form, figured by Ehrenberg as
_Dictyocha heptacanthus_, _loc. cit._, is probably only an individual
abnormality with seven peripheral spines, instead of six; similar
abnormalities occur also among the regular hexagonal forms which I found in
the Tertiary rocks of Caltanisetta (Sicily).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.05, of the apical ring 0.02.

_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary deposits of Greece and Sicily.


{1569}4. _Cannopilus hemisphaericus_ (Haeckel).

  _Dictyocha hemisphaerica_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
  Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 266.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton is nearly hemispherical, with thirteen
meshes; six lower and larger meshes in the sides of the truncated six-sided
pyramid, seven others in the convex surface of the upper ring (one central
with six surrounding it). From the six corners of the lower ring arise six
horizontal perradial spines. From the inside of the same ring (probably on
the side of the six ascending interradial beams) spring six centripetal
teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.02, of the apical ring 0.01.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic; Bermuda (Bailey).


5. _Cannopilus cyrtoides_, n. sp. (Pl. 114, figs. 11, 12).

  _Dictyocha cyrtoides_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.

Each pileated piece of the skeleton is an eight-sided truncated pyramid, or
nearly hemispherical. From the basal ring arise twenty-four thorns or
teeth, eight longer perradial centrifugal teeth placed almost horizontally,
and between these sixteen shorter adradial teeth, directed downwards and
somewhat centripetally. The network of the small hat is composed of
seventeen meshes, arranged in two rows. The eight lower meshes are
hexagonal, separated by six interradial ascending beams, and twice as large
as the eight upper pentagonal meshes, which are separated by eight
perradial beams, and enclose an apical central mesh.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the basal ring 0.04, of the apical ring 0.005.

_Habitat._--Central area of the Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



Family LXXIII. #AULACANTHIDA#, Haeckel (Pls. 102-105).

  _Aulacanthida_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 262.

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with an incomplete skeleton, composed of numerous
hollow radial tubes, which pierce the spherical calymma and touch with
their proximal ends the surface of the tripylean central capsule.

The family #Aulacanthida# represents a large and interesting group of
PHAEODARIA, differing from all other families of this legion in the
possession of numerous large radial tubes, which pierce the gelatinous and
alveolated calymma in a radial direction, and come in contact with the
outer surface of the central capsule by their inner or proximal ends,
whilst their outer or distal ends project over the surface of the spherical
calymma, and develop a great variety of manifold branches and terminal
appendages. Usually (with the exception of a single genus only) the surface
of the calymma is covered by an {1570}arachnoidal veil or mantle, composed
of thousands of very fine, hollow, tangential needles. The skeleton
therefore is incomplete, without any direct connection between the isolated
pieces, just as in the preceding Cannorrhaphida, but the latter never
possess the large, hollow, cylindrical, radial tubes, which are
characteristic of all Aulacanthida.

The spherical body of the Aulacanthida has usually a diameter of 1 to 2
mm., and including the radial tubes, of 4 to 5 mm. or more. Some species
are very common and cosmopolitan, and some genera contain numerous species,
distributed widely over all oceans. In spite of their considerable size and
wide distribution, only one species of this great family has been hitherto
known, having been discovered by me at Messina in 1859, and described in my
Monograph as _Aulacantha scolymantha_ (1862, p. 263, Taf. ii. figs. 1, 2,
and Taf. iv. figs. 1-5). I there founded for it the peculiar subfamily
Aulacanthida, and annexed it to the Thalassicollida. The same cosmopolitan
species has been subsequently observed at Messina by R. Hertwig, who first
recognised the three openings in its central capsule, and therefore united
it with his TRIPYLEA (Organism. d. Radiol., 1879, p. 88, Taf. ix. figs. 3,
4; Taf. x. figs. 7, 10). The rich collection of the Challenger has added an
astonishing number of new and interesting forms of Aulacanthida, so that I
can describe here not less than six genera and fifty-eight species. The
majority are inhabitants of the colder parts of the South Pacific and South
Atlantic, at great depths, whilst a few species only are found in the
tropics.

The structure of the body in all Aulacanthida seems to be similar in all
important points, and the differences by which we are enabled to separate
this great number of species are mainly produced by differences in the
development of the radial tubes, their form and their polymorphous
apophyses. The entire body represents a rather firm jelly-sphere of 1 to 2
mm. diameter (rarely less or more); the peripheral layer of the spherical
calymma is rather clear and transparent, whilst its central part is dark
and opaque, containing the big phaeodium and the enclosed central capsule.
The diameter of the latter is usually between 0.1 and 0.3, often 0.4 to
0.5, or even more. The gelatinous calymma, in the centre of which the
capsule is placed, always contains numerous, large, spherical or roundish
alveoles, similar to those of _Thalassicolla_, and between them a delicate
network of sarcode (Pl. 102, fig. 1; Pl. 103, fig. 1; Pl. 104, fig. 1).

The spherical surface of the calymma is nearly always protected by that
characteristic arachnoidal veil or mantle, which is composed of thousands
of very fine tangential needles, densely interwoven in all tangential
directions but never directly connected. They are wanting in a single genus
only, in _Aulactinium_ (Pl. 101, figs. 6-8). This genus, therefore, may
represent a separate subfamily, the Aulactinida, whilst all other genera
protected by that mantle constitute the subfamily Aulographida. The
tangential needles always seem to have the same shape as I have accurately
described, in 1862, of _Aulacantha scolymantha_. They are constantly
smooth, very thin and fragile, but also very elastic cylinders of silica,
of equal breadth throughout their whole length, and seem {1571}to be open
at both ends, since they are easily and constantly filled by air when
dried. Their length is usually between 0.2 and 0.3 mm., rarely less than
0.15 or more than 0.5; their diameter is always less than 0.001, usually
less than 0.0005.

The large radial tubes of the Aulacanthida constitute the most
characteristic structures of this family, and are always so placed that
their inner or proximal ends are in loose contact with the outer surface of
their central capsule (upon which they rest), whilst their outer or distal
ends are more or less prominent over the spherical surface of the calymma.
Their position, therefore, is rather loose and movable, since they are
fixed only by the consistence of the jelly of the surrounding calymma, and
on the surface of the latter by the covering veil or the mantle of
tangential needles (compare Pl. 102, fig. 1; Pl. 103, fig. 1; Pl. 104, fig.
1). Their number seems never to be fixed, and is probably very variable in
different species. I found, in 1859, in the common _Aulacantha
scolymantha_, the number varying from thirty to one hundred and fifty
(_loc. cit._, p. 264). So also in _Aulographis pandora_, _Aulospathis
variabilis_, and some other common species, numerous specimens of which I
could compare, I found their number very variable, being in one and the
same species sometimes only from ten to twenty, at other times from fifty
to eighty, and sometimes even from one hundred to one hundred and fifty or
more. Perhaps the number increases with the age and the increasing size of
the calymma.

The radial tubes are always cylindrical (circular in transverse section),
never angular or prismatic. Usually they are straight, more rarely slightly
curved (Pl. 105, figs. 1, 2; Pl. 101, fig. 6). The cylinders are usually
more or less tapering towards both ends, sometimes even spindle-shaped; the
inner or proximal end is always simple and rounded, often slightly swollen
or inflated, and ovate; the outer or distal end is often thickened,
club-shaped, and exhibits the greatest variety in form and ramification.
The length of the radial tubes is usually from 1 to 3 mm., rarely less than
0.8, or more than 3.2; their diameter is usually between 0.02 and 0.03,
rarely less than 0.01 or more than 0.05. The smallest radial tubes are
found in _Aulactinium_, the largest in _Aulospathis_.

The siliceous wall of the cylindrical radial tubes is usually very thin,
fragile, and perfectly structureless. Only in a few species, mainly of
_Aulographis_, does the wall become very thick and composed of concentric
cylindrical layers (Pl. 105, figs. 6-11). Their cavity is wide and simple,
and filled up by jelly (not by sarcode, as I supposed in my first
description). The simple cavity of the tubes, though not smaller than in
the radial tubes of the Aulosphaerida, Circoporida and Tuscarorida, never
contains the characteristic axial filament with its branches, which is
constantly found in the latter families. According to the description of R.
Hertwig, the tubes are perfectly closed and have no opening. I suppose,
however, that a small opening always exists in the centre of the rounded
base, and perhaps a second on the distal apex. Otherwise the circumstance
that the entire and well-preserved tubes become easily and constantly
filled {1572}up by air, when purified by hot mineral acids and afterwards
dried, cannot be explained. I suppose that the jelly contained in the
cavity of the tubes remains in constant connection by these openings with
the jelly of the surrounding calymma.

The distal ends of the radial tubes exhibit in the Aulacanthida the
greatest variety in the production of different branches and capturing
apparatus, and this serves for the distinction of the genera and subgenera
here described. In two genera only (in _Aulactinium_ Pl. 101, figs. 6-8;
and in _Aulacantha_, Pl. 105, fig. 16), the distal ends are simple, not
branched. In the four other genera they are armed with terminal branches,
which are usually arranged in elegant verticils. The greatest variety in
the formation of these verticils is developed in _Aulographis_ (Pl. 103).
The single branches of the terminal verticils are here simple, whilst in
the closely allied _Auloceros_ they are forked or elegantly ramified (Pl.
102). _Aulospathis_, the biggest of all Aulacanthida, is distinguished by
the possession of a verticil of lateral branches, placed beyond the
terminal verticil, immediately above the veil of tangential needles (Pl.
104). _Aulodendron_, finally, possesses lateral and terminal branches,
which are irregularly scattered.

The branches of the radial tubes are rarely straight, usually more or less
curved, either simple or again ramified. Their surface is either smooth or
armed with small spines or recurved teeth, often elegantly dentated or
serrated (Pl. 103, figs. 20-27; Pl. 105, figs. 7-13). Their distal ends are
either simply pointed or armed with a spathilla, or a small crown of
verticillate, usually recurved teeth (Pl. 104, figs. 4-17). The variety and
elegance of these minute armatures are very interesting, the more so as
they occur in very similar and analogous forms among the Aulosphaerida, the
Coelographida, and other PHAEODARIA.

The _central capsule_ of the Aulosphaerida and its large nucleus
("Binnenblaeschen"), as well as the surrounding alveolate calymma
("Alveolen-Huelle"), and the enclosed dark phaeodium ("dunkels Pigment")
were first described in my Monograph (1862, _loc. cit._, p. 362). Their
minute structure has been examined afterwards very accurately by R. Hertwig
(1879, _loc. cit._, p. 95). The numerous well-preserved preparations of the
Challenger (stained with carmine and preserved in glycerine) which I could
examine, confirmed in all respects the detailed description of Hertwig
(compare Pl. 102, fig. 1; Pl. 103, fig. 1; Pl. 104, fig. 1).

The spherical or subspherical central capsule is usually slightly depressed
in the shortened main axis. Its diameter is usually between 0.1 and 0.3,
rarely less than 0.08 or more than 0.4 mm. Its outer membrane (_e_) is
thick and double-contoured, separated by a clear interval from the very
thin but firm inner membrane (_i_). The large astropyle, or the
main-opening on the oral pole of the main axis, is closed by a large,
convex, radiate operculum (_o_), from which arises a short tubular
proboscis. On both sides of the opposite aboral pole (to the right and
left) are two conical parapylae or secondary openings (_u, u_).  The space
between the inner membrane of the capsule and {1573}the nucleus is filled
up by protoplasm, containing numerous spherical vacuoles of equal size
(_v_); each vacuole encloses a small, dark, fat-granule. The large nucleus
(_n_) is either spherical or lenticular, and more or less depressed in the
main axis; its diameter is usually about half as great as that of the
enclosing capsule, 0.05 to 0.15, rarely less or more; it contains, enclosed
in a clear mass, numerous dark, roundish or oblongish nucleoli (_l_).

Numerous preparations of Aulacanthida exhibited a central capsule with two
nuclei (Pl. 101, fig. 6), or a calymma with two central capsules (Pl. 104,
figs. 1, 3); so that the process of propagation by self-division, observed
already in many different PHAEODARIA, seems to happen very frequently in
the Aulacanthida. The voluminous phaeodium is usually about twice or three
times as large as the central capsule, and covers its oral or anterior
half; the colour of the roundish phaeodella composing it is sometimes more
green or brown, at other times more blackish. The roundish alveoles, which
fill up the rather firm jelly of the calymma, exhibit nearly the same shape
as in the common _Thalassicolla nucleata_. The surface of the calymma is
usually protected by the dense veil of tangential needles, and often forms
conical or tent-shaped elevations around the bases of the piercing radial
tubes (Pl. 102, fig. 1).

_Synopsis of the Genera of Aulacanthida._

                          { Surface of the calymma
                          {  naked, without tangential
                          {  needles,                   665. _Aulactinium_.
  Radial tubes simple,    {
   without lateral and    { Surface of the calymma
   terminal branches.     {  covered by a veil of
                          {  tangential needles,        666. _Aulacantha_.

  Radial tubes without    { Terminal branches simple,   667. _Aulographis_.
   lateral branches, but  {
   with a verticil of     { Terminal branches forked
   terminal branches.     {  or again ramified,         668. _Auloceros_.

                          { Lateral branches
  Radial tubes with       {  verticillate,              669. _Aulospathis_.
   lateral and with       {
   terminal branches.     { Lateral branches
                          {  irregularly scattered,
                          {  not verticillate,          670. _Aulodendron_.



Subfamily 1. AULACTINIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Aulacanthida# without external veil of tangential needles
on the surface of the calymma.



Genus 665. _Aulactinium_,[283] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Aulacanthida# without a veil of tangential needles, with
simple radial tubes, which bear neither lateral nor terminal branches.

{1574}The genus _Aulactinium_ differs from all the other Aulacanthida in
the complete absence of the characteristic fine tangential needles, which
constitute in the latter an arachnoidal veil or mantle around the spherical
calymma. We accordingly divide the whole family into two subfamilies, the
Aulactinida with a naked calymma, and the Aulographida with a veil of
tangential needles. The radial tubes possess in the few species of
_Aulactinium_ observed a very simple shape, as in the closely allied
_Aulacantha_.


1. _Aulactinium actinastrum_, n. sp. (Pl. 101, figs. 6, 7).

Radial tubes slenderly spindle-shaped, slightly curved, gradually tapering
from the middle towards both ends. The proximal two-thirds of the tubes
enclosed in the calymma are smooth; the distal freely prominent third is
armed with six to eight equidistant verticils of small conical teeth (ten
to fifteen in each verticil).

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.5 to 1.5, breadth 0.02.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.


2. _Aulactinium actinelium_, n. sp. (Pl. 101, fig. 8).

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, slightly tapering towards both ends.
Proximal two-thirds smooth, the distal third studded with numerous small
recurved thorns.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.6 to 0.9, breadth 0.02.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.


3. _Aulactinium actinosphaerium_, n. sp.

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, smooth, of nearly equal breadth
throughout their whole length, without thorns and spathillae, pointed at
both ends.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.6 to 2.2, breadth 0.02 to 0.03.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Sea, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. AULOGRAPHIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Aulacanthida# with an external veil of interwoven, very
numerous and thin, hollow, tangential needles, entirely covering the
surface of the calymma.



Genus 666. _Aulacantha_,[284] Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 799.

_Definition._--#Aulacanthida# with a veil of tangential needles, and with
simple radial tubes, which bear neither lateral nor terminal branches.

{1575}The genus _Aulacantha_, hitherto the only representative of this
family, was founded by me in 1860 for the cosmopolitan _Aulacantha
scolymantha_, the most common and most widely distributed of all the
members of the family. It is the simplest form of the Aulographida, or of
those Aulacanthida in which the spherical surface of the calymma is densely
covered with interwoven tangential needles. The large radial tubes of
_Aulacantha_ possess a very simple shape, as in the preceding
_Aulactinium_, and have neither lateral nor terminal branches.


1. _Aulacantha scolymantha_, Haeckel.

  _Aulacantha scolymantha_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 263, Taf.
  ii. figs. 1, 2, Taf. iv. figs. 1-5.

  _Aulacantha scolymantha_, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 88,
  Taf. ix. fig. 3, Taf. x. figs. 7-10.

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, of nearly equal breadth throughout
their whole length, somewhat inflated on the proximal basal end, smooth
throughout the greater part of their length, but in the distal third
dentate, with numerous (ten to forty) small pointed teeth, which are curved
outwards, and shorter than the thickness of the tube.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.5 to 2.0, breadth 0.01 to 0.02.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; at many
Stations; surface and at various depths; the most common of all
Aulacanthida.


2. _Aulacantha tubulosa_, n. sp.

Radial tubes cylindrical or nearly spindle-shaped, straight, gradually
tapering towards the two pointed ends, twice as broad in the middle third
as in the outer and inner third, smooth in the inner half, dentate in the
outer half, with very numerous (one hundred to two hundred) short conical
teeth, which are scarcely one-fourth as large as the greatest breadth of
the tube.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.4 to 0.5, breadth in the middle part
0.02 to 0.03.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, surface.


3. _Aulacantha spinosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 105, fig. 4).

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, of equal breadth throughout their whole
length, rounded on the proximal base, smooth in the inner proximal half,
dentate or spinescent in the outer distal half, with numerous (fifty to
eighty) slender conical teeth, which are curved forwards, increasing in
size towards the distal end, and somewhat longer than the breadth of the
tube.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.8 to 1.2, breadth 0.015 to 0.02.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 241 to 253, surface.


{1576}4. _Aulacantha cannulata_, n. sp. (Pl. 105, fig. 16).

Radial tubes cylindrical in the inner proximal half, prismatic in the outer
distal half, with from three to six, usually four, prominent, thick,
parallel edges, which are dentate towards the thicker distal end; their
teeth short, conical, directed outwards, scarcely one-fourth as long as the
thickness of the tube. The edges are separated in the distal third by more
or less deep furrows, like a channelled column.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.2 to 2.5, breadth 0.03 to 0.04.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Stations 291 to 293, surface.


5. _Aulacantha clavata_, n. sp.

Radial tubes more or less irregularly curved, in the inner proximal half
slenderly conical, and gradually tapering towards the inflated base, in the
outer distal half club-shaped, armed with a few (five to twenty) short
conical teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.0 to 1.2, breadth in the middle pact
0.01, in the distal part 0.04.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.


6. _Aulacantha laevissima_, n. sp.

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, of nearly equal breadth throughout
their whole length; the inner proximal end rounded, the outer distal end
pointed. Surface of the tubes perfectly smooth, without any teeth. The
thickness and length of the simple spicula, as well as the thickness of
their wall, are very variable in this species.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.5 to 4.2, breadth 0.003 to 0.02.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 253, Faeroee Channel, surface, John
Murray.



Genus 667. _Aulographis_,[285] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.

_Definition._--#Aulacanthida# with a veil of tangential needles, and with
radial tubes, which bear no lateral branches, but at the distal end a
verticil of simple terminal branches.

The genus _Aulographis_, the richest in the number of species among all
Aulacanthida, differs from the preceding _Aulacantha_, its ancestral form,
in the development of simple terminal branches, which form either a fork or
a verticil. The branches are either smooth or spiny, but not ramified as in
the following genus, _Auloceros_. Their distal {1577}ends are either simply
pointed or bear a terminal spathilla, or a little crown of recurved teeth.
According to these differences we may dispose the twenty-six species
described into four subgenera.



Subgenus 1. _Aulographantha_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Terminal branches of the radial tubes simple, smooth,
without lateral teeth and terminal spathillae. Tubes usually thin and
fragile.


1. _Aulographis pandora_, n. sp. (Pl. 103, figs. 2-9).

Radial tubes cylindrical, slender, straight or slightly curved, of equal
breadth. Terminal branches of the tubes very variable in size and number
(two to six, usually three or four), without lateral teeth and terminal
spathillae, slender, conical, slightly curved, directed outwards, twice to
four times (rarely five to eight times) as long as the breadth of the
tubes. This species is extraordinarily variable in the number and size of
the simple terminal branches; the eight tubes, shown in figs. 2 to 9, are
all found in one and the same specimen.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.5 to 1.5, breadth 0.01 to 0.03;
branches 0.02 to 0.12.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; surface
and in various depths.


2. _Aulographis bovicornis_, n. sp. (Pl. 103, figs. 12-14).

Radial tubes cylindrical, slender, straight, of equal breadth. Terminal
branches usually two (rarely three), smooth, without lateral teeth and
terminal spathillae, eight to ten times as long as the breadth of the tube,
pointed, S-shaped, or curved like the horns of an ox.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.6 to 0.8, breadth 0.015 to 0.02;
branches 0.1 to 0.2.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic (east of Buenos Ayres), Stations 323 to 325,
surface.


3. _Aulographis taumorpha_, n. sp. (Pl. 103, fig. 16).

Radial tubes cylindrical, slender, straight, gradually tapering towards the
pointed proximal end. Terminal branches constantly two, opposite in a
tangential, slightly concave or nearly straight line, ten to twelve times
as long as the breadth of the tube, smooth, straight in the proximal part,
recurved in the distal part.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.7 to 0.8, breadth 0.01 to 0.015;
branches 0.1 to 0.15.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 231, depth 2250 fathoms.


{1578}4. _Aulographis triglochin_, n. sp. (Pl. 103, fig. 17).

Radial tubes robust, club-shaped at the distal end. Terminal branches three
(rarely two or four), widely divergent, geniculated and recurved, smooth,
without lateral teeth and terminal spathillae.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.2 to 1.8, breadth 0.02; branches 0.12
to 0.15.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, surface.


5. _Aulographis cruciata_, n. sp. (Pl. 103, fig. 25).

Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, of equal breadth. Terminal branches
almost constantly four, equal, regularly crossed (very rarely three or
five), slender, straight or slightly curved, smooth, divergent outwards,
six to eight times as long as the breadth of the tube.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.0 to 1.5, breadth 0.02; branches 0.12
to 0.15.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Stations 325 to 332, surface.


6. _Aulographis ancorata_, n. sp. (Pl. 103, fig. 21).

Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, straight. Terminal branches constantly
four, equal, regularly crossed, arcuato-recurved or nearly semicircular,
smooth, six to eight times as long as the breadth of the tube. Resembling
an anchor with four teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.5 to 0.7, breadth 0.012 to 0.015;
branches 0.07 to 0.09.

_Habitat._--South-west Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.


7. _Aulographis stellata_, n. sp. (Pl. 103, figs. 23, _a_-_c_).

Radial tubes club-shaped, gradually thickened towards the distal end.
Terminal branches stellate, numerous (five to ten or more), diverging in
all directions, smooth, straight or slightly curved, slenderly conical,
three to five times as long as the distal breadth of the tube. The branches
are very variable in size, sometimes very small (figs. _a_, _b_).

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.4 to 0.8, breadth 0.02; branches 0.01
to 0.02.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


8. _Aulographis penicillata_, n. sp.

Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, of equal breadth. Terminal branches
pencil-shaped, smooth, very numerous (twenty to thirty or more), diverging
outwards, curved, eight to ten times as long as the breadth of the tube,
very thin and fragile, resembling a brush.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.0 to 1.5, breadth 0.02; branches 0.15
to 0.2.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic (Antilles), Weber, surface.


{1579}9. _Aulographis pistillum_, n. sp. (Pl. 105, fig. 6).

Radial tubes club-shaped, robust, straight, gradually thickened towards the
distal end. Terminal branches eight to ten (usually nine), conical, smooth,
slightly curved, divergent outwards like a regular corona.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.5 to 0.6, distal breadth 0.04;
branches 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 354, depth 1675 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Aulographella_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Terminal branches of the radial tubes without terminal
spathillae, but with lateral teeth or secondary spines. (Tubes usually very
stout and robust, club-shaped.)


10. _Aulographis triaena_, n. sp. (Pl. 105, fig. 8).

Radial tubes club-shaped, straight, tapering gradually towards the rounded
proximal end. Terminal branches constantly three, divergent, very stout,
eight to ten times as long as the breadth of the tube, each studded with
three to six irregular, conical, secondary spines. Sometimes the branches
become forked, the species passing over into _Auloceros cervinus_.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.2 to 1.5, breadth 0.004 to 0.06;
branches 0.3 to 0.5.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 299, depth 2160 fathoms.


11. _Aulographis martagon_, n. sp. (Pl. 105, fig. 7).

Radial tubes club-shaped or slenderly conical, strongly thickened towards
the distal end. Terminal branches six to nine, conical, slightly curved,
divergent outwards, studded outside with small, conical, secondary spines,
twice to three times as long as the breadth of the tube.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.0 to 1.2, breadth 0.04 to 0.05;
branches 0.1 to 0.15.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.


12. _Aulographis flammabunda_, n. sp. (Pl. 105, fig. 9).

Radial tubes club-shaped, more or less curved, with thickened distal ends.
Terminal branches three to six, conical, very stout, three to four times as
long as the breadth of the tube, densely studded with numerous, crowded,
conical, secondary spines, which are very irregular and more or less
curved, resembling the flames of a fire.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.0 to 1.2, distal breadth 0.08 to 0.1;
branches 0.2 to 0.4.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450 fathoms.


{1580}13. _Aulographis gemmascens_, n. sp. (Pl. 105, fig. 11).

Radial tubes club-shaped, more or less curved, with thickened distal end.
Terminal branches three to nine (usually three larger and six smaller)
stout, conical, studded with irregular, straight, conical, secondary
spines, crowded and densely aggregated, like the leaves in a bud.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 1.5 to 1.8, distal breadth 0.07 to 0.1;
branches 0.2 to 0.6.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


14. _Aulographis flosculus_, n. sp. (Pl. 105, fig. 10).

Radial tubes club-shaped, straight, tapering gradually towards the rounded
proximal end. Terminal branches nine to twelve, stout, conical, twice to
three times as long as the breadth of the tube, studded with irregular
secondary spines, connected in the proximal half by a solid, cap-shaped,
flinty lamella, so that the terminal corona resembles a flower. The hollow
canal of the tube sends a thin branch into each branch of the crown.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.2 to 1.8, distal breadth 0.04 to 0.05;
branches 0.1 to 0.2.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Faeroee Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray,
depth 600 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Aulographidium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Terminal branches of the radial tubes armed with terminal
spathillae (or whorls of small radial teeth), but without lateral denticles
or spines.


15. _Aulographis furcula_, n. sp. (Pl. 103, figs. 10, 11).

Radial tubes cylindrical, slender, slightly curved. Terminal branches
usually two, sometimes on single tubes three, eight to ten times as long as
the tube is broad, strongly curved, ascending vertically from a horizontal
base, with a terminal spathilla of four crossed teeth at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.6 to 0.8, breadth 0.006 to 0.008;
branches 0.06 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--North-west Pacific (off Japan), Station 231, depth 2250
fathoms.


16. _Aulographis triangulum_, n. sp. (Pl. 103, fig. 15).

Radial tubes cylindrical, slender, straight. Terminal branches constantly
three, slender, slightly curved, nearly horizontally (tangentially)
expanded, eight to ten times as long as the tube is broad, with a terminal
spathilla of four recurved teeth which are opposite in pairs. Since the
angles between the three branches are equal (= 120d) they correspond to the
axes of an equilateral triangle.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.2, breadth 0.015 to 0.02; branches 0.1
to 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.


{1581}17. _Aulographis tetrancistra_, n. sp. (Pl. 103, fig. 22).

Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, straight. Terminal branches four to six
(usually four), eight to ten times as long as the tube is broad, slightly
curved and widely divergent, with a terminal spathilla of four crossed
recurved teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.5 to 0.7, breadth 0.01; branches 0.08
to 0.1.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.


18. _Aulographis hexancistra_, n. sp. (Pl. 103, figs. 18, 19).

Radial tubes club-shaped, slightly curved, gradually thickened from the
proximal to the distal end. Terminal branches four to eight (usually six in
the majority of tubes), widely divergent, nearly straight, three to four
times as long as the tube is broad, with a terminal spathilla of six
(rarely five) recurved teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.4 to 0.6, breadth 0.01 to 0.02;
branches 0.04 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 244 to 253, depth 2050 to 3125 fathoms.


19. _Aulographis polyancistra_, n. sp.

Radial tubes club-shaped, straight, thickened towards the distal end.
Terminal branches ten to twenty, smooth, strongly curved, disposed in a
corona, six to eight times as long as the tube is broad, each with a
terminal spathilla of eight to twelve radial teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.6 to 0.8, distal breadth 0.02;
branches 0.12 to 0.16.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


20. _Aulographis asteriscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 103, fig. 24).

Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, straight, equally broad. Terminal
branches six to nine, widely divergent, disposed in a radiate corona,
around a central branch, which is the distal prolongation of the tube
itself. Each branch bears a stellate terminal spathilla, composed of ten to
twenty conical teeth, which radiate in all directions.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.5 to 0.8, breadth 0.02; branches 0.06
to 0.09.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.



Subgenus 4. _Aulographonium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Terminal branches of the radial tubes armed with numerous
lateral denticles, and with terminal spathillae (or whorls of small radial
teeth).


{1582}21. _Aulographis dentata_, n. sp. (Pl. 103, fig. 20).

Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, equally broad, scarcely inflated at the
distal end. Terminal branches six to eight, curved, disposed in a corona
around a straight central branch, eight to ten times as long as the tube is
broad, armed with numerous stout recurved lateral denticles and with a
terminal spathilla of five or six recurved teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.5 to 2.5, breadth 0.03; branches 0.15
to 0.2 long.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 354, depth 1675 fathoms.


22. _Aulographis pulvinata_, n. sp. (Pl. 103, fig. 26).

Radial tubes club-shaped, straight, gradually thickened towards the distal
end, which bears a broad, circular, biconvex cushion. The margin of this
cushion bears two alternating verticils of radially divergent, straight,
terminal branches, which are twice to three times as long as the tube is
broad. Each branch is armed with two opposite lateral rows of numerous
small denticles, and bears a terminal spathilla with six to eight recurved
radial teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 2.0 to 2.4, distal breadth 0.03 to 0.07;
branches 0.05 to 0.08 long.

_Habitat._--South-east Pacific (off Valparaiso), Station 298, depth 2225
fathoms.


23. _Aulographis tripentas_, n. sp. (Pl. 105, fig. 13, 13_a_).

Radial tubes club-shaped, straight, thickened towards the inflated distal
end, which bears three alternating verticils of terminal branches, each
with five radial branches. The ten branches of the inner and outer
verticils are perradial, smooth; the alternating five branches of the
middle verticil are armed with recurved lateral denticles. Each of the
fifteen branches bears a terminal spathilla with five to seven recurved
teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the spines 2.0 to 2.5, distal breadth 0.03 to
0.06; branches 0.1 long.

_Habitat._--South-east Pacific (off Juan Fernandez), Station 299, depth
2160 fathoms.


24. _Aulographis verticillata_, n. sp. (Pl. 105, fig. 12, 12_a_).

Radial tubes cylindrical, equally broad, with an inflated ellipsoidal knob
at the distal end. This knob bears twenty to thirty slender, slightly
curved, terminal branches, which are regularly arranged in five radial or
meridional rows, and in four to six concentric verticils. The branches are
five to ten times as long as the tube is broad, and armed with two opposite
rows of lateral denticles, and with a terminal spathilla of six to eight
recurved teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.5 to 1.8, breadth 0.01 to 0.02;
branches 0.5 to 1.0 long.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.


25. _Aulographis serrulata_, n. sp. (Pl. 103, fig. 27).

Radial tubes club-shaped, curved, thickened towards the inflated
ellipsoidal distal end, which bears a bunch of fifteen to twenty-five
terminal branches, arranged more or less regularly in radial {1583}or
meridional rows and concentric horizontal verticils. The branches are
irregularly curved, twice to four times as long as the distal end of the
tube, armed with two opposite rows of lateral denticles, and at the distal
end with a spathilla of six radial teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.5 to 1.8, breadth 0.02 to 0.04;
branches 0.1 to 0.15 long.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 253 and 254, depth 3025 to 3125
fathoms.


26. _Aulographis candelabrum_, n. sp. (Pl. 103, fig. 1).

Radial tubes club-shaped, straight, thickened towards the distal end and
constricted beyond the ovate, inflated, terminal knob. This knob is similar
to a candelabrum and bears a corona of six to nine strongly curved terminal
branches, which are eight to ten times as long as the tube is broad, armed
with scattered lateral denticles, and with a spathilla of five to seven
radial teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.6 to 2.4, breadth 0.03 to 0.05;
branches 0.2 to 0.3 long.

_Habitat._--South-east Pacific (off Juan Fernandez), Station 300, depth
1375 fathoms.



Genus 668. _Auloceros_,[286] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Aulacanthida# with a veil of tangential needles, and with
radial tubes, which bear no lateral branches, but at the distal end a
verticil of ramified or forked terminal branches.

The genus _Auloceros_ differs from the preceding closely allied
_Aulographis_, its ancestral form, in the ramification of the verticillate
terminal branches. They are either simply forked or again ramified, and
their distal ends are either simply pointed or armed with a terminal
spathilla, or a little crown of recurved teeth. Some forms of this genus
belong to the most elegant and graceful PHAEODARIA, as the _Auloceros
elegans_ figured, which I observed living in the Indian Ocean.



Subgenus 1. _Auloceraea_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Distal ends of the terminal branches pointed, smooth,
without spathilla (or corona of radiate denticles).


1. _Auloceros furcosus_, n. sp. (Pl. 102, figs. 2-6).

Radial tubes slender, spindle-shaped or nearly cylindrical, more or less
tapering towards the two ends. Terminal branches slender, curved, twice to
four times as long as the tube is broad, very variable in number (usually
two or three, rarely four, five, or six; compare figs. 2-6), once or twice
forked; the secondary branches are short, irregular, and pointed. No
terminal spathillae. {1584}In some specimens of this species all the tubes
bear two or three terminal branches, whilst in others there are tubes with
four, five, or six branches intermingled. When the number of the terminal
branches is constant in single localities, this transformistic or
"Darwinian" species may be divided into the following "subspecies:" (1)
_Auloceros pandora_ (with variable numbers); (2) _Auloceros bifurca_ (fig.
2); (3) _Auloceros trifurca_ (fig. 3); (4) _Auloceros quadrifurca_ (fig.
4); (5) _Auloceros quinquefurca_ (fig. 5); (6) _Auloceros sexfurca_ (fig.
6).

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.5 to 2.5, breadth 0.02 to 0.03;
branches 0.05 to 0.15 long.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 231 to 253, surface and at various
depths.


2. _Auloceros trigeminus_, n. sp. (Pl. 102, fig. 7).

Radial tubes club-shaped, gradually thickened towards the inflated distal
end. Terminal branches short, scarcely longer than the tube is broad, two
constantly opposite, each with three equal, conical, short secondary
branches. No terminal spathillae.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.6 to 0.8, breadth 0.02 to 0.03;
branches 0.04 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.


3. _Auloceros capreolus_, n. sp. (Pl. 102, fig. 8).

Radial tubes cylindrical, equally broad. Terminal branches in two opposite
clustered bunches, each with sixteen to eighteen unequal secondary
branches. The total length and breadth of each cluster is about four times
as great as the tube is broad. No terminal spathillae.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tube 1.5 to 2.0, breadth 0.03; branches 0.07
to 0.1.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


4. _Auloceros cervinus_, n. sp. (Pl. 102, figs. 9, 10).

Radial tubes slender, spindle-shaped, slightly curved, tapering gradually
from the middle towards the two ends. Terminal branches constantly three,
obliquely ascending, each twice or three times forked (often more or less
irregularly), with slender, curved, secondary and tertiary branches (twenty
to twenty-four on each tube); the latter are scarcely half as broad as the
three main branches of each tube. No terminal spathillae.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 2.0 to 3.5, breadth 0.03 to 0.04;
branches 0.12 to 0.15 long.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 325, depth 2650 fathoms.


5. _Auloceros elegans_, n. sp. (Pl. 102, fig. 1).

Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, straight, equally broad. Terminal
branches two or three, more or less irregularly branched, each with twelve
to eighteen curved and pointed secondary branches. No terminal spathillae.
Differs from the preceding _Auloceros cervinus_ in the cylindrical form of
the thinner straight tubes, and the more irregular ramification; the
branches are nearly {1585}tangentially expanded, The specimen figured, with
expanded pseudopodia, red central capsule, and green phaeodium, was
observed living by me in 1882 in Ceylon.

_Dimensions._--length of the tubes 1.0 to 2.0, breadth 0.02 to 0.03;
branches 0.15 to 0.3.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Ceylon (south of Matura), Haeckel, surface.



Subgenus 2. _Auloceratium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Distal ends of the terminal branches with a spathilla, or a
small corona of radial, usually recurved teeth.


6. _Auloceros dicranaster_, n. sp. (Pl. 105, figs. 14, 15).

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, equally broad. Terminal branches
tangential, forked, expanded horizontally, five to six times as long as the
tube is broad; their number is usually five (more rarely four or six), and
each is divided into two short, equal, divergent, secondary branches, armed
at the distal end with a spathilla of five or six unequal recurved teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.0 to 1.5, breadth 0.01 to 0.02;
branches 0.05 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 244 to 252, depth 2050 to 3050 fathoms.


7. _Auloceros spathillaster_, n. sp. (Pl. 102, fig. 12).

Radial tubes club-shaped or nearly cylindrical, straight, often thickened
towards the distal end. Terminal branches ascending, three to six, usually
four, partly simple, partly forked, slightly curved. The branches are from
twice to three times as long as the tube is broad, and much thinner; at the
distal end they are armed with a spathilla of five or six recurved teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 2.0 to 2.5, breadth 0.02 to 0.03;
branches 0.08 to 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 319, depth 2425 fathoms.


8. _Auloceros arborescens_, n. sp, (Pl. 102, figs. 11, 13).

Radial tubes club-shaped, irregularly curved, thickened towards the distal
end. Terminal branches two opposite (rarely three or four), forked near the
base, and either dichotomously or more irregularly branched; each tube
bears fifteen to thirty, usually twenty to twenty-four, secondary branches,
which are irregularly curved, and armed at the distal end with a spathilla
of four to eight recurved teeth. The tubes are more richly branched than in
the preceding, smaller, closely allied species, and the branches are more
flatly expanded.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 2.6 to 3.3, breadth 0.03 to 0.04;
branches 0.1 to 0.2.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Stations 288 to 295, depth 1500 to 3000 fathoms.



{1586}Genus 669. _Aulospathis_,[287] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Aulacanthida# with a veil of tangential needles, and with
radial tubes, which bear two verticils of branches, a distal verticil of
terminal branches, and a proximal verticil of lateral branches.

The genus _Aulospathis_ and the following _Aulodendron_ differ from the
preceding Aulacanthida in the possession of lateral branches; these are
usually similar to the terminal branches, and irregularly scattered along
the distal half of the tubes in _Aulodendron_. In _Aulospathis_, however,
the largest form in the family, each tube bears two whorls or verticils
only, a verticil of terminal branches at the distal end, and a verticil of
lateral branches beyond the latter, between the middle and distal third of
the tube. The number of branches in each verticil is usually from two to
four, rarely more; it is, however, very variable, so that the ten species
described in the sequel are "Darwinian species," derived either from
_Aulospathis polymorpha_, or from _Aulospathis variabilis_. Each branch
bears at the distal end a spathilla, the teeth of which are very variable
in form, number and arrangement.



Subgenus 1. _Aulospathessa_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Distal ends of the radial tubes inflated, usually in the
form of an ovate or pyriform terminal knob.


1. _Aulospathis bifurca_, n. sp. (Pl. 104, figs. 1-5).

Radial tubes with an inflated ovate terminal knob at the distal end, which
bears two divergent, curved, terminal branches (often a few tubes bear
three or four branches instead of the usual two). Proximal whorl usually
cruciate, with four irregularly crossed lateral branches (but often with
five or six, more rarely with two or three).

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.15 to 25 mm., breadth 0.04 to 0.06;
branches 0.1 to 0.15.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Stations 293 to 295, depth 1500 to 2270 fathoms.


2. _Aulospathis trifurca_, n. sp. (Pl. 104, figs. 6, 7, 7_a_).

Radial tubes with an inflated ovate terminal knob at the distal end, which
bears three divergent, straight, or slightly curved terminal branches
(often a few tubes bear two or four branches instead of the usual three).
Proximal whorl irregular, usually with six divergent, straight, lateral
branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 2.2 to 3.4, breadth 0.03 to 0.05;
branches 0.1 to 0.15.

_Habitat._--South Pacific (off Valparaiso), Stations 298 to 300, depth 1375
to 2225 fathoms.


{1587}3. _Aulospathis quadrifurca_, n. sp.

Radial tubes with an inflated ovate terminal knob at the distal end, which
bears four crossed, divergent, curved terminal branches. Proximal whorl
also rather regular, with a cross of four straight lateral branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 3.0 to 4.0, breadth 0.04 to 0.08;
branches 0.2 to 0.3.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 291, depth 2250 fathoms.


4. _Aulospathis polymorpha_, n. sp. (Pl. 104, figs. 10-13).

Radial tubes with an inflated ovate terminal knob at the distal end, which
bears a variable number of divergent, curved, irregular, terminal branches.
Usually the majority of the tubes bear three branches, whilst others
exhibit two or four, sometimes also five or six. Proximal whorl also very
variable and irregular, with two to six, usually three or four unequal
branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 2.0 to 4.0, breadth 0.04 to 0.06;
branches 0.1 to 0.3.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Aulospathilla_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Distal ends of the radial tubes of equal breadth or tapering
gradually, not inflated, without terminal knobs.


5. _Aulospathis diodon_, n. sp.

Radial tubes without inflated terminal knob, forked at the tapering distal
end, with two divergent curved branches of equal size. Proximal whorl
cruciate, with four rather equal, crossed, straight, lateral branches
(sometimes three or five instead of four in single tubes).

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 2.0 to 2.5, breadth 0.03 to 0.04;
branches 0.1 to 0.3.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 231, depth 2250 fathoms.


6. _Aulospathis triodon_, n. sp. (Pl. 104, fig. 8).

Radial tubes without inflated terminal knob, with three divergent, slightly
curved, terminal branches. Proximal whorl with a variable number of curved
lateral branches, usually also three (often two or four, rarely more).

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 2 to 3, breadth 0.03 to 0.05; branches
0.2 to 0.3.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 250 to 253, depth 2740 to 3125 fathoms.


{1588}7. _Aulospathis tetrodon_, n. sp. (Pl. 104, fig. 9).

Radial tubes without inflated terminal knob, with four crossed, divergent,
slightly curved terminal branches. Proximal whorl usually with an irregular
cross of four lateral branches (often five or six, rarely two or three
instead of the usual four).

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 2.0 to 2.5, breadth 0.03 to 0.04;
branches 0.2 to 0.3.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 244 to 245, depth 2775 to 2900 fathoms.


8. _Aulospathis hexodon_, n. sp.

Radial tubes without inflated terminal knob, with three forked, curved
branches at the distal end, so that each tube usually bears six terminal
branches; but other tubes of the same specimen bear only three simple or a
few irregularly forked branches. Proximal whorl usually with six curved,
irregular, lateral branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 2.0 to 3.0, breadth 0.03 to 0.06;
branches 0.2 to 0.5.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.


9. _Aulospathis furcata_, n. sp.

Radial tubes without inflated terminal knob, with a variable number of
unequal terminal branches, which are partly simple, partly irregularly
forked or branched; the usual number of terminal branches is three or four,
more rarely two or five or six. Proximal whorl very irregular, usually with
four to six unequal, lateral branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 2.0 to 2.5, breadth 0.03 to 0.05;
branches 0.1 to 0.3.

_Habitat._--Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 fathoms.


10. _Aulospathis variabilis_, n. sp. (Pl. 104, figs. 14-17).

Radial tubes without inflated terminal knob, with a variable number of
unequal terminal branches, which are constantly simple, never forked; the
usual number is in the majority of the tubes three or four, often also two,
rarely five to eight. Proximal whorl irregular, with a variable number of
lateral branches (usually four to six).

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 2.0 to 3.0, breadth 0.03 to 0.06;
branches 0.1 to 0.3.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750
fathoms.



Genus 670. _Aulodendron_,[288] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Aulacanthida# with a veil of tangential needles, and with
radial tubes, which bear numerous, irregularly scattered, lateral and
terminal branches.

{1589}The genus _Aulodendron_ differs from the other Aulacanthida in the
possession of lateral and terminal branches, which are irregularly
scattered on the radial tubes and not arranged in regular verticils. The
branches are usually short, simple or forked, rarely longer and again
irregularly ramified.


1. _Aulodendron antarcticum_, n. sp. (Pl. 105, fig. 5).

Radial tubes cylindrical, more or less curved, in the inner proximal half
smooth and half as broad as in the outer distal half, which is studded with
irregularly curved, partly branched spines, arising usually perpendicularly
from the tube. The majority of the spines usually simple, the minority
forked, with two to four short branches, the largest spines scarcely twice
as long as the breadth of the tube.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 0.7 to 0.9, breadth 0.01 to 0.02; length
of the branches 0.02 to 0.04.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean (Kerguelen), Stations 156 to 159, surface.


2. _Aulodendron pacificum_, n. sp. (Pl. 105, fig. 2).

Radial tubes cylindrical, slightly curved, in the proximal half smooth, in
the distal half with scattered lateral branches, which are partly simple,
partly forked, about twice as long as the breadth of the tube, and bear at
the distal end a spathilla with five to six recurved teeth. The distal end
of the tubes bears a spherical knob, which is separated by a deep stricture
and armed with a bunch of six to twelve strong conical teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1 to 1.2, breadth 0.015 to 0.02;
branches 0.03 to 0.04.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.


3. _Aulodendron australe_, n. sp. (Pl. 105, fig. 3).

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, thin, smooth in the proximal half,
armed with numerous lateral branches in the distal half; the majority of
the branches forked, about as long as the breadth of the tube, with two or
three short ramules, each of which bears a spinulate terminal knob. The
distal end of the tubes also forked, with two or three divergent branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.2 to 1.6, breadth 0.01 to 0.012.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289; New Zealand, Station 169, surface.


4. _Aulodendron atlanticum_, n. sp.

Radial tubes cylindrical, tapering gradually towards the two ends; smooth
and straight in the proximal half, irregularly curved and branched in the
distal half, with ten to twenty (rarely more) branches, which arise almost
perpendicularly from the tube. The proximal branches are from four to eight
times as long as the greatest breadth of the tube, forked, with two or
three short ramules; {1590}the distal branches are much smaller and simple.
The distal end of each branch bears a spathilla with four to six short
teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 2.4 to 3.6, breadth 0.06 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


5. _Aulodendron indicum_, n. sp. (Pl. 105, fig. 1).

Radial tubes cylindrical, irregularly curved, tapering gradually towards
the two ends; smooth in the proximal half, irregularly branched in the
distal half, with ten to twenty or more curved branches. The proximal
branches are very large, one-sixth to one-fourth as long as the tube and
irregularly ramified; the distal branches are much shorter, also ramified
or simple. All the branches are more or less curved and bear a spinulate
knob at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Length of the tubes 1.2 to 1.8, breadth 0.02 to 0.03; length
of the branches 0.1 to 0.3.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean; Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.


----


Order II. PHAEOSPHAERIA, Haeckel, 1879.

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with a simple or double, usually spherical
lattice-shell, which is not bivalved and has no peculiar mouth or
peristome. Central capsule placed in the centre of the shell.



Family LXXIV. #OROSPHAERIDA#, n. fam. (Pls. 106, 107).

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with a big spherical (sometimes polyhedral or
ellipsoidal), very coarse shell, which is composed of thick bars containing
an axial canal. Nodal points of the coarse network without astral septa.
Meshes of moderate size, irregularly polygonal. Surface of the shell
usually with radial spines and pyramidal elevations. No peculiar mouth in
the shell. Central capsule tripylean, in the centre of the shell.

The family #Orosphaerida# comprises those PHAEODARIA which possess a simple
spherical or polyhedral lattice-shell, composed of hollow, very thick,
non-articulate rods, without a peculiar shell-mouth. They agree in the
considerable size of the spherical lattice-shell and the absence of a
peculiar shell-mouth with the other #Phaeosphaeria#, but differ from them
in the coarse and irregular shape of the massive network, which is composed
of irregular polygonal meshes, separated by very thick concentrically
stratified rods, containing a fine axial canal. The closely allied
Sagosphaerida differ from them in the delicate shape of the solid and very
thin, filiform rods of the network, and its subregular {1591}triangular
meshes. The Aulosphaerida differ in the development of the peculiar nodal
cavities and astral septa, by which the thin-walled cylindrical tubes of
the articulated network are separated in the stellate nodal points. The
Cannosphaerida, closely allied to these latter, also differ in the
articulated network, and further in the possession of an internal
concentric shell. The Castanellida are sometimes similar to the
Orosphaerida, but distinguished by a peculiar large shell-mouth and a
network of different shape.

The Orosphaerida belong to the biggest Radiolaria, and the lattice-work of
their spherical shell is of a ruder and coarser shape than in any of the
other families of this class. Nevertheless they have been hitherto
perfectly unknown, and were first discovered by the Challenger. We have
been able to distinguish in the collection four genera and twenty-seven
species. This strange fact may be explained by the circumstance, that they
are in general rare, and restricted to a few localities, and that probably
all the species are inhabitants of great depths. Complete shells also are
rarely found, whilst broken fragments of their big shells, easily
recognisable by the coarse irregular meshes and the thick stratified bars,
are met with frequently in the Radiolarian ooze of some Pacific Stations,
especially at Stations 265 and 268, at a depth of 2900 fathoms.

The lattice-shell of the Orosphaerida is usually spherical, or an
endospherical polyhedron (Pl. 106, fig. 4); rarely one axis is somewhat
prolonged, so that the shell becomes slightly ellipsoidal (Pl. 106, fig.
1). Its diameter is usually between 2 and 3, often also between 2 and 1
mm., rarely more than 3, or less than 1 mm. The largest shells observed
attained 5 to 6, the smallest 0.5 to 0.6 mm. Their general habit is very
characteristic, so that they may be easily distinguished from all other
spherical lattice-shells, especially from the Castanellida and from the
simple Monosphaerida (_Cenosphaera_, _Acanthosphaera_), with which I
confounded them in the beginning (hence the first shell observed, figured
in 1878, was placed among the Monosphaerida in Pl. 12). A closer
examination of the coarse network and of the peculiar structure of its
thick bars always enables one to recognise even small isolated fragments of
broken shells.

The meshes of the coarse network exhibit in all observed Orosphaerida a
very irregular form and unequal size; the majority are usually more or less
quadrangular, more rarely they are triangular, pentagonal or hexagonal,
very rarely rounded. They are often arranged in parallel rows, which seem
to be determined by prominent crests, connecting the bases of the radial
spines (Pl. 12, fig. 1; Pl. 106, fig. 4, &c.). The diameter of the meshes
is usually between 0.05 and 0.1, often 0.1 to 0.2, rarely more than 0.25,
or less than 0.025 mm. In _Oroplegma_, which develops an outer loose,
spongy shell around the inner primary shell, the big meshes of the former
become much larger and very irregular (Pl. 107, fig. 1).

The coarse bars which separate the large meshes of the irregular network
are very thick and massive, cylindrical, usually of unequal thickness,
straight or slightly curved, never angular or prismatic. Their diameter is
usually between 0.01 and 0.02, rarely {1592}more than 0.03 or less than
0.005 mm. Their surface is either smooth or slightly spinulate. Examined in
the dry state and by strong lenses, they constantly exhibit a fine, but
distinct longitudinal striation, as the expression of concentric
stratification. A fine axial canal or central tubule is usually visible in
the axis of each rod, and often this axial canal is studded with numerous
short lateral branches (Pl. 107, figs. 2, 4, 8). But very often the axial
canals become rudimentary or lost, or are developed only in a part of the
bars (Pl. 12, fig. 1). When they are completely developed, the entire
network of the shell is drained by a reticulate system of communicating
axial canals; they are probably filled by jelly in the living body. This
tubular system never attains that regularity and high development which is
constantly found in the Aulosphaerida; and the characteristic stellate
nodal points of the latter, with their astral septa, are never found in any
of the Orosphaerida. Moreover the wall of the tubular bars is very thin and
structureless in the Aulosphaerida, very thick and stratified in the
Orosphaerida, the enclosed canal very wide in the former, very narrow in
the latter. The stratification of the concentric cylindrical lamellae,
which surround the narrow axial canal, is effected by the gradual
deposition of the concentric layers, and is very similar to that which is
found in the thick spicula of many sponges. The peculiar structure of the
bars in the Orosphaerida becomes very distinct if the skeleton be burned,
or acted upon by fire for some time; it then assumes a brown colour and its
surface often appears dimpled. Sometimes the concave dimples on the surface
of the bars are rather deep and separated by prominent crests (Pl. 107,
figs. 4, 7). The few genera of Orosphaerida which are here distinguished
have all the same structure, are closely allied, and differ mainly in the
shape of the outer surface of the lattice-sphere. The latter is quite
simple and smooth only in _Orona_. In the common _Orosphaera_ (Pl. 106,
figs. 1-3) it is studded with radial spines. In the most frequent form,
_Oroscena_, the shell has a pyramidal or tent-shaped elevation on the base
of each radial spine, and usually the bases of the neighbouring spines are
connected by strong prominent crests, the edges of the three-sided or
four-sided pyramids (Pl. 12, fig. 1; Pl. 106, fig. 4). This remarkable form
is more or less polyhedral, with concave sides, and is similar to the
characteristic shells which are represented by _Auloscena_ among the
Aulosphaerida, by _Sagoscena_ and _Sagoplegma_ among the Sagosphaerida
(compare Pls. 108 and 110). The pyramids or tents, however, are in these
latter more regularly and distinctly developed than in the Orosphaerida.
The radial spines which arise form the top of the pyramids are often
branched, and the branches become connected to form an outer enveloping
secondary shell or a loose spongy framework in _Oroplegma_ (Pl. 107, fig.
1).

The radial spines of the Orosphaerida never exhibit a constant number or
disposition in the individual species; their usual number is from twenty to
sixty. Their form exhibits two different types, which, however, are not
sharply separated; robust club-shaped and slender rod-shaped spines. The
robust club-shaped spines are usually about as long as {1593}the diameter
of the shell; they are longitudinally striped in the basal part, spinulate
or reticulately dimpled in the distal part; sometimes they are straight, at
other times curved or undulate (Pl. 106, figs. 1-4; Pl. 107, figs. 4-6).
The slender rod-shaped spines are usually longer than the diameter of the
shell, cylindrical, more or less curved or even undulate, smooth or thorny,
sometimes irregularly branched, and often the branches are all or partly
connected (Pl. 106, fig. 3; Pl. 107, fig. 1). In the majority of the shells
observed the radial spines were found to be partly broken off. Their
structure is the same as that of the bars of the network; but the central
axial canal and the surrounding concentric lamellae are usually more
distinct than in the latter.

The central capsule of the Orosphaerida lies in the centre of the spherical
lattice-shell, surrounded by the voluminous calymma, which fills up its
cavity. The form, structure, and size of the central capsule are the same
as in the closely allied Aulosphaerida (Pl. 111, fig. 2). Its diameter is
usually about 0.2, or between 0.15 and 0.25, rarely more than 0.3 or less
than 0.12. The dark phaeodium is of about the same volume as the central
capsule, and envelops its oral half with the radiate operculum and the
proboscis of the astropyle. The two opposite parapylae are small.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Orosphaerida._

  I. Subfamily          { Surface smooth, without
         Oronida.       {  radial spines,                671. _Orona_.
  Surface of the shell  {
    without pyramidal   { Surface studded with simple or
   or tent-shaped       {  branched radial spines,       672. _Orosphaera_.
   elevations.          {

  II. Subfamily         { Pyramids of the surface free,
        Oroscenida.     {  without spongy envelope,      673. _Oroscena_.
  Surface of the shell  {
   with numerous        { Pyramids of the surface
   pyramidal or tent-   {  connected by a spongy
   shaped elevations.   {  envelope or an external
                        {  lattice-shell,                674. _Oroplegma_.



Genus 671. _Orona_,[289] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Orosphaerida# with a simple spherical or slightly
ellipsoidal shell, without pyramidal elevations and radial spines.

The genus _Orona_ is the simplest of the Orosphaerida, and probably the
common ancestral form of this family. The lattice-shell is a simple
fenestrated sphere, sometimes slightly ellipsoidal, with prolonged main
axis, and bears on its surface neither tent-shaped elevations nor radial
spines. It may be confounded with some big forms of _Cenosphaera_; it
differs, however, in the possession of hollow central canals in the thick
bars of the very coarse lattice-plate.


{1594}1. _Orona maxima_, n. sp. (Pl. 107, fig. 5).

Shell spherical, with very irregular polygonal meshes. Bars of the loose
network smooth or slightly spinulate, very thick, with a pinnulate axial
canal.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 5.0 to 5.5, of the meshes 0.2 to 0.4,
of the bars 0.01.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900.


2. _Orona robusta_, n. sp.

Shell spherical, with irregular quadrangular meshes (intermingled with
single triangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal meshes). Bars of the coarse
network very thick, spinulate.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.0 to 3.6, of the meshes 0.05, of
the bars 0.012.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Orona crassissima_, n. sp. (Pl. 107, fig. 7).

Shell ellipsoidal, slightly prolonged in the main axis, with irregular
polygonal meshes of very different sizes and unequal forms. Bars of the
coarse network very thick, thorny and dimpled, their surface being covered
with a network of prominent polygonal crests.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.0 to 4.0, of the meshes 0.2 to 0.5,
of the bars 0.02 to 0.06.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.



Genus 672. _Orosphaera_,[290] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Orosphaerida# with a simple, spherical (sometimes slightly
ellipsoidal or polyhedral) lattice-shell without pyramidal elevations, but
with numerous radial spines.

The genus _Orosphaera_ differs from the preceding _Orona_, its ancestral
form, in the development of simple or branched radial spines. It bears,
therefore, the same relation to the latter that _Acanthosphaera_ has to
_Cenosphaera_. In the two latter genera, however, the bars of the network
are solid, in the two former hollow. The species referred to _Orosphaera_
are closely allied and require a further accurate examination.



Subgenus 1. _Oronium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Radial spines simple, smooth or spiny, but neither branched
nor arborescent.


{1595}1. _Orosphaera hastigera_, n. sp.

Radial spines cylindrical, straight, smooth, simple, about as long as the
diameter of the spherical shell, and as broad as its smooth bars. Meshes of
the network irregularly polygonal, the majority quadrangular, of different
sizes.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.0 to 1.2, length of the radial
spines 1.1 to 1.5, middle breadth 0.004.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


2. _Orosphaera spinigera_, n. sp.

Radial spines cylindrical, irregularly curved, thorny, simple, two to three
times as long as the diameter of the spherical shell, and as broad as its
spiny bars. Meshes of the network irregularly polygonal, the majority
pentagonal.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.5 to 1.8, length of the spines 3.0
to 5.0, breadth 0.006.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.


3. _Orosphaera fusigera_, n. sp.

Radial spines slender, spindle-shaped, straight, smooth, about as long as
the diameter of the spherical or slightly ellipsoidal shell, in the thicker
middle part five times as broad as the bars, and tapering equally towards
both ends. Meshes of the network irregularly polygonal, the majority
quadrangular, separated by smooth bars.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 1.0 to 1.2, length of the spines 1.2
to 1.6, basal breadth 0.02, middle breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.


4. _Orosphaera foveolata_, n. sp.

Radial spines spindle-shaped, straight, dimpled, half as long as the radius
of the spherical shell and three to five times as thick as the bars. Meshes
irregular, polygonal, of very different shapes, separated by dimpled bars.
(Similar to _Oroscena gegenbauri_, Pl. 106, fig. 4, but with spherical
dimpled shell, without pyramidal elevations.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 2.0 to 2.4, length of the spines 0.5,
breadth 0.15.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 267, depth 2700 fathoms.


5. _Orosphaera serpentina_, n. sp. (Pl. 106, fig. 1).

Radial spines cylindrical, dimpled, undulate or curved in a snake-like
manner, about as long as the diameter of the ellipsoidal or spherical shell
and four to six times as broad as its smooth bars. Meshes very irregular,
polygonal.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 1.0 to 1.2, length of the spines 0.12
to 0.15, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.


{1596}6. _Orosphaera horrida_, n. sp. (Pl. 106, fig. 2).

Radial spines club-shaped, very strong, straight, about as long as the
diameter of the polyhedral shell, ovate and smooth in the distal half,
slenderly conical, and armed with recurved spines in the proximal half;
their outer third is the thickest, and five times as broad as the smooth
bars of the coarse network. Meshes of the latter irregularly quadrangular.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 1.2 to 1.6, length of the spines 1.2
to 2.0, breadth 0.2.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 291, depth 2250 fathoms.


7. _Orosphaera clavigera_, n. sp.

Radial spines club-shaped, thickened towards the distal end, more or less
curved, spinulate, about as long as the diameter of the spherical shell; in
the distal third four to six times as broad as the spinulate bars. Meshes
irregularly polygonal, the majority pentagonal.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 2.0 to 2.5, length of the spines 1.8
to 2.2, breadth 0.16.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Orothamnus_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Radial spines branched or arborescent.


8. _Orosphaera ramigera_, n. sp.

Radial spines cylindrical, spinulate, straight, about twice as long as the
diameter of the spherical shell and as thick as its spinulate bars.
Numerous simple spinulate branches, straight or slightly curved, and two to
four times as long as the meshes, are irregularly scattered, and arise
nearly perpendicularly from the bars.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 2.0 to 2.2, length of the spines 4 to
5, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


9. _Orosphaera furcata_, n. sp.

Radial spines cylindrical, smooth, irregularly curved, about as long as the
radius of the spherical shell and as thick as its smooth bars, forked at
the distal end, with two or three terminal branches of various lengths.
Meshes irregularly polygonal (the majority hexagonal).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 1.2, length of the spines 0.7, breadth
0.03.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface (?).


10. _Orosphaera confluens_, n. sp.

Radial spines cylindrical, smooth, irregularly curved, two to three times
as long as the diameter of the polyhedral shell, twice as broad as its
smooth bars, bearing numerous irregular, lateral {1597}branches, which are
partly confluent and fenestrated (similarly as in Pl. 107, fig. 1), but not
forming an outer lattice-shell. Meshes irregularly polygonal.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 3.3, length of the spines 6 to 9,
breadth 0.03.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


11. _Orosphaera arborescens_, n. sp. (Pl. 106, fig. 3).

  _Orothamnus arborescens_, Haeckel, 1881, Atlas, loc. cit.

Radial spines cylindrical, rough, more or less curved, somewhat longer than
the diameter of the subspherical or slightly ellipsoidal shell, and at the
thicker base three times as broad as its smooth bars, bearing numerous
irregularly branched and curved, sometimes confluent, lateral branches.
Meshes irregularly quadrangular.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 1.2 to 1.6, length of the spines 1.5
to 2.2, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.



Genus 673. _Oroscena_,[291] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Orosphaerida# with a simple, polyhedral or subspherical
lattice-shell, and with numerous pyramidal elevations on its surface, the
top of which bears a radial spine.

The genus _Oroscena_ differs from the preceding _Orosphaera_ in the
possession of numerous pyramidal or tent-shaped elevations, each of which
bears on its top a radial spine. It exhibits therefore the same relation to
the latter that _Sagoscena_ does to _Sagosphaera_ and _Auloscena_ to
_Aulosphaera_. The bases of the radial spines are usually connected by
prominent concave crests, the edges of the pyramids. The species described
of _Oroscena_ seem to be very variable and transformistic.



Subgenus 1. _Oroscenium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Radial spines simple, smooth or spiny, but neither branched
nor forked.


1. _Oroscena gegenbauri_, n. sp. (Pl. 106, fig. 4).

Radial spines club-shaped, about half as long as the radius of the shell,
cylindrical and finely sulcate in the basal third, ovate and elegantly
dimpled in the distal two-thirds. The bases of the radial spines are
connected by prominent concave crests, which form the edges of the
polyhedral shell. Meshes irregularly polygonal, the majority quadrangular,
separated by denticulate bars.

{1598}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell (without spines) 1.2 to 1.8, of
the meshes 0.04 to 0.1; length of the spines 0.3 to 0.5.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Oroscena muelleri_, n. sp. (Pl. 107, fig. 8).[292]

Radial spines club-shaped, very similar to that of the preceding species,
but much larger, about as long as the radius of the shell. Meshes
irregularly polygonal, the majority pentagonal, separated by smooth bars.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 2.0 to 2.4, length of the spines 1.0
to 1.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Oroscena cuvieri_, n. sp. (Pl. 107, fig. 6).

Radial spines club-shaped, compressed and smooth in the proximal half,
spindle-shaped and dimpled in the distal half, about as long as the radius
of the shell. Meshes irregularly polygonal, the majority hexagonal,
separated by denticulate bars.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 1.5, length of the spines 0.8.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.


4. _Oroscena baerii_, n. sp. (Pl. 107, fig. 4).

Radial spines nearly spindle-shaped, undulate, tapering from the thicker
middle towards both ends, coarsely dimpled, about one-third as long as the
radius of the shell. Meshes irregularly polygonal, the majority pentagonal,
separated by spinulate bars.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 3.2, length of the spines 1.0 to 1.2,
breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


5. _Oroscena wolffii_, n. sp.

Radial spines cylindrical, spinulate, more or less curved, longer than the
diameter of the shell and about twice as broad as its bars. Meshes
irregularly polygonal, of very variable form and unequal size, separated by
smooth bars.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 2.5, length of the spines 3.0 to 3.5,
breadth 0.02.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Zanzibar (Pullen), depth 2200 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Orodendrum_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Radial spines branched or arborescent.


{1599}6. _Oroscena huxleyi_, n. sp. (Pl. 12, figs. 1, 1_a_).

Radial spines cylindrical, obliquely ascending and irregularly curved,
about as long as the diameter of the shell and somewhat thicker than its
thorny bars. A variable number of short, irregular, partly simple, partly
forked, lateral branches arises from the spines. Meshes of the network very
irregular, partly solid, partly hollow (fig. 1_a_*), the majority
quadrangular. This species, the first observed form of Orosphaerida
(captured the 21st February 1873 at Station 5), was at the beginning of my
observations, in 1876, and when I had no knowledge of the central capsule,
erroneously regarded by me as a gigantic Sphaeroid (of the Monosphaerida)
and therefore placed in Pl. 12. The long branched spines, afterwards
observed complete in another specimen, were broken off in the specimen
first figured.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 2.0 to 2.5, length of the spines 2 to
3 mm., breadth 0.03.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic (west of Canary Islands), Station 5, depth 2740
fathoms.


7. _Oroscena darwinii_, n. sp.

Radial spines cylindrical, irregularly curved and branched, about twice as
long as the diameter of the shell; the branches are all again ramified and
partly confluent (as in Pl. 107, fig. 1). The branches and the bars of the
network are of equal breadth, smooth (not thorny as in the similar
preceding species). Meshes rather subregular, quadrangular.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 2.4 to 2.8, length of the spines 4 to
5 mm., breadth 0.015.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


8. _Oroscena duncanii_, n. sp.

  ? _Hexactinellida dictyonina_, Martin Duncan, 1881, Journ. Roy. Micr.
  Soc., p. 175, pl. iii. figs. 4, 6.

Radial spines cylindrical, thorny, arborescent, somewhat shorter than the
diameter of the shell, with irregular ramified branches (similar to
_Orosphaera arborescens_, Pl. 106, fig. 3). The size and ramification of
the arborescent spinulate branches decrease towards the apex. The thicker
branches are from two to three times as broad as the spinulate bars of the
network. Meshes of the latter irregular, the majority quadrangular.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 3.2, length of the spines 3.5 to 4.5,
breadth 0.02 to 0.3.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms; coast of
Portugal, 1095 fathoms.



Genus 674. _Oroplegma_,[293] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Orosphaerida# with a spongy, spherical or slightly
polyhedral lattice-shell, which is enveloped by a loose spongy framework
and bears numerous radial spines.

The genus _Oroplegma_ differs from the other Orosphaerida in the
development of an external lattice-work enveloping the internal primary
shell, and produced by the union {1600}of the branches of the radial
spines. This outer shell is either a simple lattice-plate (comparable to
the cortical shell of _Diplosphaera_), or a spongy framework (as in
_Rhizoplegma_).



Subgenus 1. _Oroplegmium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--External shell a simple fenestrated lamella, forming an
outer concentric lattice-sphere around the inner primary shell.


1. _Oroplegma diplosphaera_, n. sp. (Pl. 107, fig. 1).

Radial spines slender, cylindrical, smooth, more or less curved, about
twice as broad as the smooth bars of the network. External shell a simple
irregular lattice-sphere, with loose polygonal meshes, which are on an
average three to four times as broad as the irregular meshes of the
internal shell. The free prominent parts of the radial spines are
irregularly branched, very long, with partly confluent branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner sphere 1.5 to 2.0, of the outer 2.5 to
3.0; length of the free spines 1.2, breadth 0.04.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.


2. _Oroplegma spinulosum_, n. sp.

Radial spines slender, cylindrical, thorny, more or less curved, very
similar to those of the preceding species; the shell also much resembles
that of _Oroplegma perplexum_. It differs from the latter in the more
regular fenestration of both shells, and mainly in the shape of the bars
and the spine-branches, which are all spinulate and densely studded with
small conical thorns.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner sphere 1.5 to 2.0, of the outer 2.5 to
3.0; length of the spines 1.2, breadth 0.03.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


3. _Oroplegma velatum_, n. sp.

Radial spines stout, cylindrical, somewhat club-shaped, spiny, slightly
curved, about three to four times as broad as the thorny bars of the
network. External shell a simple lattice-sphere with irregular polygonal
meshes, which are for the most part pentagonal and about four times as
broad as the polygonal meshes of the inner shell. The free prominent parts
of the radial spines are thickened, club-shaped, and about as long as the
radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner sphere 2.0 to 2.4, of the outer 2.8 to
3.6; length of the free spines 0.5 to 0.7, breadth 0.12 to 0.15.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.



{1601}Subgenus 2. _Orodictyum_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--External shell a complex framework, forming an outer spongy
envelope around the inner primary shell.


4. _Oroplegma spongiosum_, n. sp. (Pl. 107, fig. 3).

Radial spines stout, cylindrical, spinulate, slightly curved, three to five
times as broad as the inner rough bars. External shell with pyramidal
elevations, forming a loose spongy framework, the irregular polygonal
meshes of which are two to five times as broad as those of the enclosed
internal shell; the thickness of the spongy envelope equals about half the
radius of the inner shell. External free prolongations of the radial spines
about equal to the radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner sphere 2 to 2.5, of the outer 3 to
3.5; length of the free radial spines 0.5 to 2.0, breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.


5. _Oroplegma giganteum_, n. sp. (Pl. 107, fig. 2).

Radial spines slender, cylindrical, spinulate, irregularly curved, about
twice as broad as the spinulate tubular bars of the network (fig. 2).
External shell an irregular, loose, spongy framework, the polygonal meshes
of which are three to six times as broad as the rounded irregular meshes of
the inner shell; the thickness of the spongy envelope about equals the
radius of the inner shell. External free prolongation of the radial spines
irregularly branched.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner sphere 3.2 to 3.5, of the outer 5.4 to
6.6; length of the free spines 1.4 to 1.5, breadth 0.03.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Family LXXV. #SAGOSPHAERIDA#, n. fam. (Pl. 108).

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with a large spherical (or sometimes polyhedral),
very delicate shell, which is composed of solid, very thin and long
threads. Nodal points of the arachnoidal network without astral septa.
Meshes large, triangular. Surface of the shell usually armed with radial
spines and often studded with pyramidal elevations. No peculiar mouth in
the shell. Central capsule tripylean, in the centre of the shell.

The family #Sagosphaerida# comprises a rather large number of common and
widely distributed PHAEODARIA, which in respect of the special form and
differentiation of the shell exhibit the greatest similarity to the common
Aulosphaerida, but differ essentially from them in the peculiar structure
of the network. This is not composed of stout hollow cylindrical tubes, but
of solid, very thin threads; and these fine arachnoidal {1602}threads are
simply united or confluent at the nodal points, and are not connected by a
radial or stellate septal junction, as in the Aulosphaerida. There are,
therefore, neither astral septa nor a nodal cavity in each nodal point. The
delicate shape of the thin and fragile threads separates the Sagosphaerida
from the closely allied Orosphaerida, the thick bars of which contain a
central axial canal and exhibit a concentric structure. Another difference
between these two similar families is indicated by the form of the meshes
of the network, which are constantly triangular in the Sagosphaerida, but
irregularly polygonal or quadrangular in the Orosphaerida. The general
habit of these two families, however, is very different, since the big and
stout spheres of the Orosphaerida are the coarsest and rudest spherical
shells of all Radiolaria, whilst the fragile and delicate spheres of the
Sagosphaerida represent the finest and most tender in the whole class.

The spherical lattice-shell of the Sagosphaerida has a considerable size,
its diameter being usually between one and three millimetres, rarely less
or more. Some species are very common and widely distributed, usually
accompanying the common Aulosphaerida; very frequently the similar shells
of the two are found interwoven. But in spite of this frequency and visible
size, the Sagosphaerida have hitherto almost completely escaped the
attention of observers. The main cause of this strange fact may be their
extreme delicacy and fragibility, so that complete and intact shells occur
very rarely, the majority being more or less broken and incomplete. It
seems that only two species of Sagosphaerida have been hitherto observed.

The first form described is _Sagmarium trigonizon_, observed by me in 1859
living at Messina, and figured in 1862 in my Monograph as _Dictyosoma
trigonizon_ (Taf. xxvi. figs. 4-6), but afterwards called _Spongodictyum
trigonizon_ (_loc. cit._, p. 459). I supposed at that time (now twenty-five
years ago), that this remarkable and in many respects distinct form might
belong to the Spongosphaerida, and that an internal, triple, spherical
lattice-shell, found entangled in its spongy framework, might be its
central "medullary shell." But at present, having found many shells of
different Radiolaria accidentally entangled in the arachnoidal framework of
various Sagosphaerida, I think it much more probable, that that "triple
medullary shell," composed of three simple concentric lattice-spheres, was
really a species of _Plegmosphaera_ or _Actinomma_, accidentally entangled
in the arachnoidal spongy framework of _Sagmarium_. This is the more
probable, as I had observed very frequently at Messina, in 1859, fragments
of that framework, but only once the triple lattice-shell which I supposed
to be the "triple medullary shell" of the former. The peculiar structure of
the loose framework, its very large triangular meshes and thin arachnoidal
bars, partly provided with cruciate verticils (_loc. cit._, Taf. xxvi.
figs. 4, 5) have been very frequently observed by me during the last ten
years in various Sagosphaerida (PHAEODARIA), but never in any true
#Sphaeroidea# (SPUMELLARIA).

The second species of Sagosphaerida hitherto observed, is _Sagoscena
gracilis_, described and figured in 1879 by Richard Hertwig as _Aulosphaera
gracilis_ (Organism. {1603}d. Radiol., p. 91, Taf. ix. fig. 4). He too
observed only fragments of destroyed and incomplete shells, and was led by
their striking similarity to fragments of _Aulosphaera elegantissima_ to
unite it with the genus _Aulosphaera_. But the accurate description and the
figure given by him of the fragments observed leaves no doubt that it was a
true _Sagoscena_.

In the collection of the Challenger the Sagosphaerida are so common and so
richly represented, that we may describe here not less than seven genera
and thirty-three species, but this may be a small part only of the numerous
species of this family, which seems to be widely distributed over all
oceans, in the Arctic and Antarctic as well as in temperate and tropical
zones. The majority are inhabitants of the surface, but a few species have
been found only in deep-sea soundings. A striking fact is their usual
association with the similar Aulosphaerida. The majority of shells of both
families were found entangled in one another.

The shell of all Sagosphaerida seems to be spherical or nearly spherical in
the complete state; but complete spheres can be observed only very rarely,
and it is not impossible that deviations from the spherical form exist just
as in some Aulosphaerida (_e.g._, the lenticular _Aulophacus_ and the
spindle-shaped _Aulatractus_). The diameter of the spheres usually seems to
be between 1 and 2, often also 3 millimetres; very rarely shells occur
which are less than 1 or more than 3 (4 or 5) millimetres.

The siliceous network or lattice-work of the Sagosphaerida exhibits a very
characteristic shape, and this enables one to distinguish it at first sight
from all the other Radiolaria. It is constantly composed of triangular,
very large meshes, which are separated by very thin and delicate, flexible
and elastic bars. With respect to the arrangement of these meshes we
distinguish two different subfamilies; in the Sagenida the wall of the
spherical shell is very thin and composed only of a simple lattice-plate;
in the Sagmarida the wall is thickened and spongy, with a complete
wicker-work of threads, interwoven in different directions.

The typical triangular form of the large meshes is usually regular or
subregular in the fenestrated Sagenida, more or less irregular in the
spongy Sagmarida. In many cases, however, irregular triangles also occur in
the former, and regular triangles in the latter subfamily. Very rarely
irregular polygonal meshes are found in a part of the network, small
connecting bars being developed accidentally between two neighbouring sides
of the triangles. The diameter of the meshes is usually between 0.1 and 0.2
mm., often also greater, between 0.2 and 0.3, rarely smaller, 0.05 to 0.09
mm. The triangular meshes of the Sagosphaerida are therefore on an average
ten times as large as the usual meshes in the network of the common
#Sphaeroidea#.

The filiform bars, or the thread-shaped, very long and thin rods between
the triangular meshes, are scarcely less characteristic of the
Sagosphaerida than the form and size of the meshes. Their length is usually
between 0.1 and 0.2 mm., often also {1604}from 0.2 to 0.3 mm., whilst their
thickness is only 0.002 to 0.004 mm., often it is less than 0.001, rarely
more than 0.005 mm. The nodal points of the network, in which six threads
are usually united, are more or less thickened, often stellate (Pl. 108,
figs. 9, 12, &c.). Sometimes they are pierced by a central pore. The thin
threads are constantly cylindrical, never edged or prismatic, very elastic
and flexible; usually they are perfectly smooth, rarely spiny or thorny,
sometimes provided with scattered cruciate verticils of lateral branches,
as in _Sagena crucifera_ and in the first described form of this family,
_Sagmarium trigonizon_ (compare my Monograph, 1862, Taf. xxvi. fig. 5).

The surface of the spherical shell is smooth only in two genera of
Sagosphaerida, in _Sagena_ and _Sagmarium_ (Pl. 108, figs. 2, 8). In the
five other genera it is covered either with radial spines, arising from the
nodal points of the network, or with peculiar cortical pyramids or
tent-shaped elevations (Pl. 108, figs. 1, 3-6, &c.). These pyramids are of
the same characteristic shape as in the similar _Auloscena_ among the
Aulosphaerida (Pl. 110, fig. 1); usually, however, they are less regular
than in the latter. The pyramids or tents are usually six-sided, often,
however, they are also four-sided or three-sided, more rarely five, seven
or more sided. The edges of the pyramids are formed by filiform bars
similar to those which compose the original lattice-work of the
Sagosphaerida. The cavity of the pyramids is quite simple in _Sagoscena_
(figs. 1, 5, 6), whilst in _Sagenoscena_ and _Sagoplegma_ a radial column
arises in its axis, the thickened axial rod (figs. 3, 4, 10).

The radial spines, which arise either from the tops of the pyramids or from
the nodal points of the network, exhibit in the Sagosphaerida a variety and
elegance similar to the closely allied Aulosphaerida. Sometimes a single
radial spine arises in each nodal point or at the top of each pyramid
(figs. 3, 4, 10); at other times two, three, or four (rarely more)
divergent spines (figs. 6-9, 12, 13). These are rarely quite simple,
usually provided with lateral and terminal branches. The lateral branches
are either scattered irregularly, or regularly disposed in elegant
verticils, each of which is usually composed of three or four short
branches (Pl. 108, figs. 9, 13). The terminal branches form either a
similar verticil, or a bunch or corona, composed of numerous radial
secondary spines. The distal ends of the terminal as well as of the lateral
branches are rarely simple, usually they are provided with a spinulate knob
or with an elegant spathilla (Pl. 108, figs. 3, 9, 13).

The _central capsule_ of the Sagosphaerida is comparatively small, as it
also is in the Aulosphaerida and Orosphaerida. Its diameter is usually
about one-third or one-fourth that of the enveloping shell, between 0.2 and
0.3, often only 0.12 to 0.18, rarely more than 0.3 mm. It is surrounded on
the oral half by a red or dark phaeodium and separated from the inner
surface of the shell by the voluminous calymma. The subspherical nucleus is
usually about half as broad as the capsule. The three openings of the
latter, the large tubular astropyle and the two opposite lateral parapylae,
exhibit the same shape {1605}as in the closely allied Aulosphaerida (Pl.
111, fig. 3). The pseudopodia arising from the central capsule form a loose
network in the calymma, and proceed over its surface as numerous delicate
radial filaments, often supported by the radial spines.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Sagosphaerida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Sagenida.
     Wall of the spherical shell composed of a simple lattice-plate with
     or without pyramidal elevations.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           { No radial spines, surface
  Surface of the spherical {  smooth,                   675. _Sagena_.
   shell smooth or spiny,  {
   without pyramidal       { Radial spines in the nodal
   elevations.             {  points,                   676. _Sagosphaera_.

  Surface of the spherical { Pyramids without internal
   shell covered with      {   axial rod,               677. _Sagoscena_.
   pyramidal or tent-      {
   shaped elevations.      { Pyramids with an internal
                           {  radial axial rod,         678. _Sagenoscena_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Sagmarida.
      Wall of the spherical shell spongy, composed of an irregular
      complicated wicker-work.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Surface of the spherical { Surface smooth, without
   shell smooth or spiny,  {  radial spines,            679. _Sagmarium_.
   without pyramidal       {
   elevations.             { Surface studded with
                           {  radial spines,            680. _Sagmidium_.

  Surface of the spherical { Pyramids on the top with a
    shell covered with     {  radial spine or a bunch
    pyramidal elevations.  {  of divergent spines,      681. _Sagoplegma_.



Subfamily 1. SAGENIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Sagosphaerida# with a delicate spherical shell, the thin
wall of which is composed of a simple lattice-plate, not spongy.



Genus 675. _Sagena_,[294] n. gen.

_Definition._.--#Sagosphaerida# with a delicate shell, the thin wall of
which is composed of a simple smooth lattice-plate, without radial spines.

The genus _Sagena_ is the simplest of the Sagosphaerida and may be regarded
as the common ancestral form of this family. The delicate wall of the
simple spherical lattice-shell is composed of large, regular, or
subregular, triangular meshes, the nodal points of which bear no radial
spines. It agrees therefore perfectly with _Aularia_, and differs from this
simplest form of Aulosphaerida only in the structure of the skeleton, which
is composed not of hollow articulated tubes, but of very thin solid
threads. The skeleton may therefore also be confounded with _Cenosphaera_,
but the central capsule of this latter is "peripylean," with numerous fine
pores in the entire wall, whilst that of _Sagena_ is "tripylean," having
the proboscis of all PHAEODARIA.


{1606}1. _Sagena ternaria_, n. sp. (Pl. 108, fig. 8).

Network subregular, with equilateral triangular meshes, intermingled with
single irregular meshes (fig. 8). Bars of the network smooth, its nodal
points solid, not pierced.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the spherical shell 1.5 to 2.5, length of the
bars 0.1 to 0.2, breadth 0.002 to 0.005.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
surface.


2. _Sagena pertusa_, n. sp.

Network subregular, with nearly equal triangular meshes. Bars of the
network smooth, its nodal points pierced by a circular hole.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 1.2 to 1.8, length of the bars 0.2 to
0.25, breadth 0.003.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.


3. _Sagena triangula_, n. sp.

Network very regular, with equilateral triangular meshes. Bars of the
network spinulate, like those of _Sagoplegma spinulosa_. (Pl. 108, fig.
14), its nodal points solid, not pierced.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 2.2, length of the bars 0.25, breadth
0.004.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.


4. _Sagena crucifera_, n. sp.

Network more or less irregular, with unequal triangular meshes. Bars of the
network studded with scattered, rectangular, minute crosses, arising
perpendicularly, each cross composed of four small equal bars. Nodal points
partly solid, partly pierced by a hole. Network very similar to that of
_Dictyosoma trigonizon_, figured in my Monograph, Taf. xxvi. figs. 4, 5.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 1.5, length of the bars 0.1 to 0.2,
breadth 0.003.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Atlantic, Canary Islands, Station 353, surface.



Genus 676. _Sagosphaera_,[295] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Sagosphaerida# with a delicate spherical shell, the thin
wall of which is composed of a simple lattice-plate, and bears on its nodal
points radial spines.

The genus _Sagosphaera_ differs from the preceding _Sagena_, its ancestral
form, in the development of radial spines on the nodal points of the simple
delicate lattice-sphere. It exhibits therefore the same relation to the
latter as _Aulosphaera_ bears to _Aularia_. {1607}The regular or subregular
triangular meshes of the lattice-sphere are separated in _Sagosphaera_ by
solid, very thin threads, in the similar _Aulosphaera_, however, by thicker
hollow tubes. The genus _Sagosphaera_ may be divided into two
subgenera:--_Sagosphaerella_ with a single radial spine at each nodal point
of the network, and _Sagosphaeroma_ with a bunch of two to four or more
divergent radial spines.


1. _Sagosphaera trigonilla_, n. sp.

Radial spines simple, straight, smooth, about as long as the smooth bars of
the network, a single one at each nodal point. Meshes very regular, of
equal size, equilateral triangular. (Similar to the common _Aulosphaera
trigonopa_.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.2 to 1.8, length of the bars 0.1 to
0.2, breadth 0.002 to 0.006.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.


2. _Sagosphaera penicilla_, n. sp. (Pl. 108, fig. 10).

Radial spines straight, stout, a single one at each nodal point, twice as
thick, but of the same length as the smooth bars of the network, armed at
the distal end with a brush of numerous thin radial bristles. (Very similar
to _Sagenoscena penicillata_, but without pyramidal elevations on the
surface of the sphere.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.0 to 1.5, length of the bars 0.1 to
0.15, breadth 0.002 to 0.004.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 154, surface.


3. _Sagosphaera verticilla_, n. sp.

Radial spines slender, slightly curved, a single one at each nodal point,
armed with three to five cruciate verticils, each of which is composed of
four crossed lateral branches with spinulate terminal knobs (similar to
_Sagmidium crucicorne_, Pl. 108, fig. 9), but with a spherical shell,
having a simply latticed, and not a spongy wall.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.0 to 2.5, length of the bars 0.1 to
0.2, breadth 0.002.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 256, surface


4. _Sagosphaera furcilla_, n. sp. (Pl. 108, figs. 11, 11_a_).

Radial spines short, spinulate, with a spiny terminal knob (fig. 11_a_),
two or three arising from each nodal point of the network in divergent
directions, only one-third or one-fourth as long as its smooth bars. Meshes
more or less irregular, triangular.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.2, length of the bars 0.2 to 0.3,
breadth 0.004.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.


{1608}5. _Sagosphaera coronilla_, n. sp.

Radial spines slender, smooth, three to six arising from each nodal point
of the network in divergent directions, about as long as its smooth bars,
crowned at the distal end with a bunch of twenty to thirty radial terminal
branches, and provided with a spinulate knob at the distal end (similar to
_Sagenoscena stellata_, Pl. 108, fig. 3).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.0, length of the bars 0.1 to 0.2,
breadth 0.002.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 677. _Sagoscena_,[296] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Sagosphaerida# with a delicate spherical shell, the thin
wall of which is composed of a simple lattice-plate and covered with
numerous pyramidal elevations; each pyramid bears on its top one or more
radial spines, but has no axial rod in its radial axis.

The genus _Sagoscena_, and the following closely allied _Sagenoscena_ (both
very common and widely distributed), exhibit a peculiar and very remarkable
structure of the delicate lattice-shell, similar to that which _Auloscena_
represents among the Aulosphaerida. The surface of the simple spherical
lattice-shell is covered with numerous pyramidal or tent-shaped elevations.
These elegant and delicate pyramids are, however, in _Sagoscena_ usually
not so regular as in the similar _Auloscena_; the edges of the pyramids are
in the latter hollow cylindrical tubes, in the former thin solid threads.
The top of each pyramid usually bears a bunch of apical spines.


1. _Sagoscena castra_, n. sp. (Pl. 108, fig. 1).

Pyramids subregular, of equal size and similar form, usually three-sided,
crowned at the top with three divergent apical spines, which alternate with
the three edges of the pyramids and bear a small spinulate terminal knob.
(Some four-sided and single five-sided pyramids are often intermingled with
the three-sided.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.7 to 2.3, length of the bars 0.2 to
0.25, breadth 0.008.

_Habitat._--South-Eastern Pacific, Stations 295, 296, surface.


2. _Sagoscena tentorium_, n. sp. (Pl. 108, fig. 6).

Pyramids subregular, of equal size and similar form, usually four-sided,
crowned at the top with three divergent apical spines, which are trifurcate
at the distal end. (Some three-sided and five-sided pyramids are often
intermingled with the four-sided.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.2, length of the bars 0.2 to 0.25,
breadth 0.005.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 291, surface.


{1609}3. _Sagoscena praetorium_, n. sp. (Pl. 108, fig. 7).

Pyramids subregular, of equal size and similar form, usually four-sided,
crowned at the distal top with three or four divergent apical spines, which
bear some irregular verticils of lateral and terminal branches. (Some
five-sided and some six-sided pyramids are often intermingled with the
four-sided.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.6, length of the bars 0.3, breadth
0.006.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, surface.


4. _Sagoscena pellorium_, n. sp. (Pl. 108, fig. 5).

Pyramids subregular, of equal size and similar form, usually five-sided or
six-sided, crowned at the distal end with three to six divergent apical
spines, which bear an irregularly spinulate terminal knob. (The size and
form of the apical spines is here very variable, as well as the number of
the edges of the pyramids, which varies between three and six.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.2, length of the bars 0.15 to 0.25,
breadth 0.008.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 156, surface.


5. _Sagoscena cruciarium_, n. sp.

Pyramids subregular, usually six-sided (intermingled with single five-sided
and seven-sided or eight-sided forms), crowned at the distal top with three
divergent, slender, apical spines, each of which bears three to six regular
cruciate verticils; the four crossed lateral branches of each verticil
bearing a spinulate terminal knob. (Similar to _Sagoplegma scenophora_, Pl.
108, fig. 13.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 2.5, length of the bars 0.2 to 0.3,
breadth 0.004.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 240 to 244, surface.


6. _Sagoscena debilis_, n. sp.

Pyramids more or less irregular, with four, five, or six sides, of somewhat
different form and unequal size; crowned at the top with one, two, or three
slender apical spines, of variable length. These spines as well as the bars
of the network bear scattered cruciate verticils, each usually composed of
four crossed, small, lateral branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 2 to 3.0, length of the bars 0.1 to
0.15, breadth 0.003.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, surface.


7. _Sagoscena gracilis_, Haeckel.

  _Aulosphaera gracilis_, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 91,
  Taf. ix. fig. 4.

Pyramids more or less irregular, with five, six, or seven sides, often of
somewhat different form and unequal size; crowned at the top with a single
radial spine, which has the same size as the {1610}bars of the network, and
bears in its distal half four cruciate verticils, each composed of four
crossed and curved horizontal branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1 to 2, length of the bars 0.08 to
0.09, breadth 0.002.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), surface.


8. _Sagoscena fragilis_, n. sp.

Pyramids very irregular, with four to eight sides, of different form and
unequal size; crowned at the top with a single, slender, radial spine, of
the same thickness as the slender bars of the network; the latter as well
as the former are smooth, without lateral branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.0 to 2.0, length of the bars 0.1 to
0.2, breadth 0.001 to 0.002.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific, surface.



Genus 678. _Sagenoscena_,[297] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Sagosphaerida# with a delicate spherical shell, the thin
wall of which is composed of a simple lattice-plate and covered with
numerous pyramidal elevations; each pyramid bears on its top one or more
radial spines, and has an internal axial rod in its radial axis.

The genus _Sagenoscena_ differs from the preceding closely allied
_Sagoscena_ in the possession of an internal radial axial rod, which arises
in the centre of the base of each pyramid, and is prolonged usually over
its apex into a free, radial, apical spine. The distal end of the latter is
usually armed with a bunch of terminal teeth or bristles. In the similar
_Sagoscena_ the internal cavity of the pyramids is simple, without axial
rod.


1. _Sagenoscena stellata_, n. sp. (Pl. 108, fig. 3).

Pyramids rather regular, usually six-sided (intermingled with single
five-sided and four-sided forms); their axial rod and its prolongation, the
radial apical spine, three to four times as thick as the slender edges of
the pyramid. The distal end of the apical spine bears an elegant star of
numerous radially divergent terminal branches, each of which is armed with
a spinulate terminal knob.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.5 to 4.0, length of the net bars
0.3, breadth 0.003; length of the radial spines 0.2, breadth 0.012.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.


2. _Sagenoscena ornata_, n. sp. (Pl. 108, fig. 4).

Pyramids rather regular, usually six-sided (intermingled with single
five-sided and seven-sided forms); their axial rod and apical spine
spindle-shaped, two to four times as thick as the smooth bars {1611}of the
network. The distal end of the radial spines bears an elegant, foliate,
terminal knob, composed of four to six vertical pinnate leaves, lying in
crossed meridional planes.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2 to 3, length of the rods 0.1 to
0.2, breadth 0.003 to 0.01.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 156, depth 1975 fathoms.


3. _Sagenoscena penicillata_, n. sp. (Pl. 108, fig. 10).

Pyramids rather regular, usually six-sided (intermingled with single
five-sided, seven-sided, and eight-sided forms); their axial rod and apical
spine spindle-shaped, thicker than the smooth bars of the network. The
distal end of the radial spines is penicillate and bears a brush of
bristle-shaped, radial, terminal spinules (compare _Sagosphaera penicilla_,
p. 1607).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1 to 1.5, length of the bars 0.1 to
0.15, breadth 0.004 to 0.005.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.


4. _Sagenoscena coronata_, n. sp.

Pyramids rather regular, usually four-sided (intermingled with single
five-sided and six-sided forms); their axial rod and apical spines
cylindrical, scarcely thicker than the smooth bars of the network. The
distal end of the radial spines bears a corona of twenty to thirty curved
terminal branches, which form a regular circle, and are armed with a
spinulate terminal knob.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2 to 3, length of the bars 0.12 to
0.18, breadth 0.004 to 0.008.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 256, surface.


5. _Sagenoscena spathillata_, n. sp.

Pyramids more or less irregular, of different sizes and various forms, each
composed of four to eight convergent rods and a central axial rod. The
latter is prolonged into a free apical spine, which bears at the distal end
a spathilla of eight to twelve recurved teeth, and often beyond it a second
similar verticil.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 4.0, length of the bars 0.1 to 0.2,
breadth 0.002.

_Habitat._--Arctic Ocean, Greenland (Olrik).


6. _Sagenoscena cruciata_, n. sp.

Pyramids very irregular, of different sizes and various forms, each
composed of six to nine convergent rods and a central axial rod. The latter
is prolonged into a free apical spine, which bears three to five cruciate
verticils, each composed of four perpendicularly crossed lateral branches
which bear at the distal end a spinulate knob (similar to _Sagmidium
crucicorne_, Pl. 108, fig. 9).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.0 to 1.2, length of the bars 0.06
to 0.09, breadth 0.001.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.



{1612}Subfamily 2. SAGMARIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Sagosphaerida# with a spongy spherical shell, the thickened
wall of which is composed of a loose spongy framework.



Genus 679. _Sagmarium_,[298] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Sagosphaerida# with a spongy spherical shell, the thickened
wall of which is composed of a loose spongy framework, and exhibits a
smooth surface, without radial spines and pyramidal elevations.

The genus _Sagmarium_, and the following two genera of Sagosphaerida,
represent together the subfamily Sagmarida, differing from the preceding
Sagenida in the spongy structure of the shell-wall. Whilst in the latter
the thin wall of the delicate spherical shell is composed of a simple
lattice-plate with triangular meshes, in the former numerous branches
diverge from the nodal points of these meshes, and produce by union an
irregular and loose spongy framework. The surface of this spongy hollow
sphere (similar to _Plegmosphaera_) is in _Sagmarium_ smooth.


1. _Sagmarium spongodictyum_, n. sp. (Pl. 108, fig. 2).

Spongy wall of the hollow sphere about half as thick as the radius of its
cavity. Bars of the spongy framework very thin and fragile, smooth, without
thorns.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.0 to 2.4; length of the bars 0.1 to
0.2, breadth 0.001.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 333, surface.


2. _Sagmarium plegmosphaerium_, n. sp. (Pl. 108, fig. 14).

Spongy wall of the hollow sphere about one-fourth as thick as the radius of
its cavity. Bars of the spongy framework rather stout, studded with
numerous small spines, which arise perpendicularly from their surface.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.2 to 1.5, length of the bars 0.1 to
0.16, breadth 0.004.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.


3. _Sagmarium trigonizon_, Haeckel.

  _Dictyosoma trigonizon_, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
  Wiss. Berlin, p. 841.

  _Spongodictyon trigonizon_, Haeckel, 1863, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 459,
  Taf. xxvi. figs. 4, 5.

Bars of the spongy framework thin, irregularly curved, bearing scattered
small crosses, which are composed of four small rods arising
perpendicularly from the bars. Nodal points of the {1613}framework partly
pierced by a hole. The peculiar network of a complete specimen, observed by
me at Portofino in 1880, was so similar to that of _Spongodictyon
trigonizon_, described above (p. 91), and figured in 1862 in my Monograph,
that I am doubtful if the two forms are not identical, the two medullary
shells of the latter being accidentally entangled in the framework.
(Compare p. 1602.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.1 to 1.5, length of the bars 0.1 to
0.2, breadth 0.002.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina, Portofino), surface.



Genus 680. _Sagmidium_,[299] n. gen.

_Definition._--Sagosphaerida with a spongy spherical shell, the thickened
wall of which is composed of a loose spongy framework, and bears on the
nodal points of its surface radial spines.

The genus _Sagmidium_ differs from the preceding _Sagmarium_ in the
development of radial spines on the surface of the spongy hollow sphere. It
bears therefore the same relation to the latter as _Sagosphaera_ does to
_Sagena_, and may be derived either from _Sagmarium_ by the formation of
radial spines, or from _Sagosphaera_ by development of the spongy envelope.


1. _Sagmidium unicorne_, n. sp.

Radial spines simple, straight, smooth, a single one at each nodal point of
the surface of the spongy sphere, bearing on its distal end a spinulate
knob, or a bunch of numerous radial bristles. (Similar to _Sagenoscena
penicillata_, Pl. 108, fig. 10.) Bars of the spongy framework smooth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.0 to 3.5, length of the bars 0.15
to 0.2, breadth 0.003 to 0.006.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 256, surface.


2. _Sagmidium tricorne_, n. sp.

Radial spines simple, smooth, usually three divergent united at each nodal
point of the surface (sometimes two or four instead of three). Each spine
bears on its distal end three short divergent conical teeth. (Similar to
the terminal teeth of _Sagoscena tentorium_, Pl. 108, fig. 6.) Bars of the
spongy framework smooth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.6 to 2.4, length of the bars 0.06
to 0.09, breadth 0.001 to 0.002.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 268, surface.


3. _Sagmidium crucicorne_, n. sp. (Pl. 108, fig. 9).

Radial spines slender, verticillate, three or four divergent arising from
each nodal point of the surface. Each spine bears three to six cruciate
verticils of lateral branches; each verticil being {1614}composed of four
crossed small branches with a spinulate terminal knob. Bars of the spongy
framework partly covered with similar verticils.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.0 to 3.0, length of the bars 0.2 to
0.3, breadth 0.002 to 0.003.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 240 to 244, surface.


4. _Sagmidium quadricorne_, n. sp. (Pl. 108, fig. 12).

Radial spines stout, smooth, cylindrical, usually four divergent arising
from each nodal point of the surface (sometimes three, five, or six,
instead of four). Each spine bears on its distal end a club-shaped stellate
knob. Bars of the spongy framework smooth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 4.5, length of the bars 0.2 to 0.3,
breadth 0.003 to 0.005.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.


5. _Sagmidium multicorne_, n. sp.

Radial spines slender, more or less curved, verticillate, in variable
number (three to six) divergent, arising from the nodal points of the
surface. The spines as well as the bars of the spongy framework are partly
simple, partly covered with irregularly scattered cruciate verticils, very
similar to those of _Sagmarium trigonizon_ (or _Dictyosoma trigonizon_),
figured in my Monograph, pl. xxvi. figs. 4, 5.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 5.0, length of the bars 0.2 to 0.3,
breadth 0.003.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.



Genus 681. _Sagoplegma_,[300] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Sagosphaerida# with a spongy spherical shell, the thickened
wall of which is composed of a loose spongy framework, and bears on its
surface numerous pyramidal elevations.

The genus _Sagoplegma_ differs from _Sagmarium_, its ancestral form, in the
development of pyramidal or tent-shaped elevations on the surface of the
spongy hollow sphere. It exhibits, therefore, the same relation to the
latter as the similar _Sagoscena_ bears to _Sagena_. The wall of the
spherical shell is in the two latter genera a thin simple lattice-plate, in
the former a thickened spongy framework.


1. _Sagoplegma pyramidophora_, n. sp.

Pyramids on the surface of the spongy sphere subregular, mostly
tetrahedral, of nearly equal size and similar form. The three edges of each
pyramid are prolonged over its top into three {1615}short, divergent,
apical spines which are forked at the distal end. (Very similar to
_Sagoscena castra_ and _Sagoscena tentorium_, Pl. 108, figs. 1, 6, probably
derived from them, but differing in the spongy structure of the thickened
shell-wall, which is half as thick as the radius of its cavity.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.0 to 2.5, length of the bars 0.15
to 0.2, breadth 0.002.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 231 to 239, surface.


2. _Sagoplegma scenophora_ n. sp. (Pl. 108, fig. 13).

Pyramids on the surface of the spongy sphere irregular, with three to six
sides, unequal in size and different in form. The edges of each pyramid are
prolonged over its top into three to six divergent apical spines, which
bear three to six cruciate verticils, each composed of four small, crossed,
lateral branches, armed with a spinulate knob at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.0 to 3.5, length of the bars 0.25
to 0.35, breadth 0.003.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 252, 253, surface.



Family LXXVI. #AULOSPHAERIDA#, Haeckel (Pls. 109-111).

  _Aulosphaerida_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 357.

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with a large spherical or subspherical (rarely
spindle-shaped) articulated shell, which is composed of hollow tangential
tubes. Nodal points of the loose network stellate, with a nodal cavity and
astral septa. Meshes either triangular or polygonal. Hollow radial spines
arise usually at the nodal points of the surface. No peculiar mouth in the
shell. Central capsule tripylean, placed in the centre of the shell.

The family #Aulosphaerida# comprises a great number of splendid and widely
distributed PHAEODARIA, which have a special interest on account of the
peculiarly complicated structure of their large lattice-shell, of the
extraordinary beauty of their form and of their remarkable relations to the
other PHAEODARIA. They differ from all the other Radiolaria in the peculiar
articulate composition of the spherical skeleton of hollow tangential
tubes, which are connected (and at the same time separated) by sutural or
astral septa and filled up by jelly. The same peculiar structure recurs
only in the closely allied Cannosphaerida, which, however, differ in the
possession of a second internal concentric shell, connected with the outer
by radial beams. The similar Sagosphaerida, which exhibit corresponding
forms in various genera, differ from the Aulosphaerida in the simpler
structure of the delicate lattice-sphere, which is composed of very thin
solid threads of silica, without astral septa. The Orosphaerida, finally,
also nearly related to the preceding families, differ from them in the
coarse structure of the lattice-sphere, which is composed of very thick
tangential, concentrically stratified rods, with an internal axial canal,
but without astral septa at the nodal points.

{1616}One genus only, and two species, of Aulosphaerida have been hitherto
known, having been discovered by me in 1859 at Messina, and described in my
Monograph in 1862 as _Aulosphaera trigonopa_ and _Aulosphaera
elegantissima_ (_loc. cit._, p. 357, Taf. x. figs. 4, 5; Taf. ix. figs. 5,
6). The characteristic structure of their central capsule, as true
TRIPYLEA, was afterwards, in 1879, described more accurately by Richard
Hertwig (Organism. d. Radiol., p. 90, Taf. x. figs. 2, 8, 14). The rich
collection of the Challenger has demonstrated that the Aulosphaerida belong
to the most common and most widely distributed PHAEODARIA; many of them are
distinguished by the admirable elegance and astonishing regularity of their
large and delicate shell. Nine genera and fifty-six species of this great
family are described in the following pages, which, however, may represent
only a small part of the numerous forms which are found on the surface as
well as in different depths of all oceans and in all zones.

The shell is in the great majority of Aulosphaerida a regular sphere or an
endospherical polyhedron. Two genera only, both rather rare, exhibit a
different monaxonial form, one vertical main axis being developed either
more or less than all the other ones of the sphere:--_Aulatractus_ is
spindle-shaped or ellipsoidal, with prolonged main axis; _Aulophacus_ is
lenticular or discoidal, with shortened main axis. The former may be
compared to the #Prunoidea#, the latter to the #Discoidea#, in opposition
to the common regular #Sphaeroidea#. The size of the lattice-shell is very
considerable in all Aulosphaerida, its diameter varying usually between 1
and 3 mm., often it amounts to 4 or 5 mm.; very rarely the diameter is more
than 5 or less than 1 mm. The largest form observed is the spindle-shaped
_Aulatractus_, in which the vertical prolonged main axis attains 6 to 10
mm., the horizontal equatorial axis 3 to 5 mm.

The network of the lattice-shell exhibits in the Aulosphaerida two
different types, according to which we distinguish two different
subfamilies: Aularida and Aulonida; the former are much more common and
richer in remarkable forms than the latter. The meshes of the network are
in the Aularida constantly triangular, regular or subregular, and very
similar to those of the Sagosphaerida; at each nodal point six tangential
tubes are usually united, so that the network may be regarded also as
composed of regular hexagonal meshes, each of which is divided into six
smaller triangular meshes (Pl. 109, figs. 1, 3, 5). The second subfamily,
the Aulonida, are much rarer than the former, and are distinguished by the
polygonal meshes of the network; these are usually more or less irregular,
pentagonal and hexagonal intermingled, more rarely tetragonal, heptagonal,
or octagonal; usually three or four, rarely five or more tangential tubes
are united at each nodal point (Pl. 111, figs. 1, 3). The size of the
meshes is very considerable, and agrees with that of the Sagosphaerida;
their diameter being usually between 0.1 and 0.3, rarely less or more.

The hollow tubes which compose the loose network are usually cylindrical,
straight or slightly curved, smooth (Pl. 111, fig. 2), more rarely somewhat
spinulate (Pl. 109, {1617}fig. 5). Their length is usually between 0.1 and
0.2 mm., rarely less than 0.08, or more than 0.24 mm.; their diameter
usually between 0.003 to 0.005, sometimes only 0.002 or less, at other
times 0.006 or more. In several species the tangential tubes are thinner in
the middle part, and thickened towards the two ends (Pl. 109, figs. 3, 4).
Each tube consists of a thin cylindrical wall of silex, and of a jelly-mass
filling up its cavity; in its axis runs a very thin, straight or slightly
curved thread of silica, the axial filament.

The arrangement of the tangential tubes, which originally, in the simplest
Aulosphaerida, lie tangentially in the spherical face of a simple
lattice-sphere, exhibits various secondary modifications, leading to
various interesting generic forms. Two genera only, _Aularia_ (with
triangular meshes, Pl. 111, fig. 2) and _Aulonia_ (with polygonal meshes,
Pl. 111, fig. 1) possess a smooth, perfectly simple lattice-sphere, and may
therefore be regarded as the ancestral genera of the two subfamilies. Two
other corresponding genera, the common _Aulosphaera_ (Pl. 109) and the
rarer _Aulastrum_ (Pl. 111, fig. 3), differ from the former in the
development of radial spines at the nodal points of the simple
lattice-sphere. _Aulophacus_ may be developed from _Aulosphaera_ by
shortening, _Aulatractus_, however, by prolongation of the vertical main
axis (Pl. 111, figs. 6, 7). In two genera, _Auloplegma_ and _Aulodictyum_,
the latticed wall of the spherical shell becomes thickened and spongy, an
irregular framework being formed by tubes connected in different directions
(Pl. 111, fig. 8). The most remarkable and the most elegant form, however,
of the whole family is represented by _Auloscena_ (Pl. 110). The entire
surface of the spherical lattice-shell is here covered with numerous
regular or subregular pyramids, or tent-shaped elevations. Usually each
pyramid is six-sided, and surrounded by six other six-sided pyramids, their
bases being separated by six triangular meshes, which lie in the spherical
face. A similar elegant form is developed among the Sagosphaerida in the
genera _Sagoscena_, _Sagenoscena_ and _Sagoplegma_ (Pl. 108, fig. 1). The
structure of _Auloscena_, however, is usually more regular, and in the top
of each pyramid a radial tube arises.

The junction of the cylindrical tubes at the nodal points of the network is
very remarkable. _Aularia_, the simplest form of the family, exhibits at
each nodal point the union of six tangential tubes (Pl. 111, fig. 2); their
ends are so pointed and truncated that they are connected in the form of a
regular six-radiate star; the conical end of each tube is separated from,
and at the same time closely connected with, the adjacent conical ends of
the two neighbouring tubes by a thin septum, the astral or sutural septum.
The six astral septa compose together a six-radiate star, and in the centre
of this star the six axial filaments of the tubes are united. Their central
union is surrounded by a small, double-contoured circle, and this circle
seems to be the perimeter of a small and flat cavity on the inside of the
star, which we call shortly the "nodal cavity" ("die kleine Vertiefung"
according to Hertwig, _loc. cit._, p. 90). The nodal cavity of _Aularia_
probably possesses a central opening on its inside and six small
surrounding pores, which {1618}lead into the six connected tangential
tubes. In _Aulosphaera_ and _Auloscena_, where a radial spine arises at
each nodal point, its axial filament arises from the centre of the star,
and is usually prolonged on the inside into a free centripetal beam (Pl.
109, figs. 6, 7; Pl. 110, figs. 4, 6). This centripetal beam is a slender,
very thin, conical tube (often with a six-sided pyramidal base) and perhaps
of great morphological interest as a rudiment, being homologous to the
hollow radial beams which connect the two concentric spheres of the
Cannosphaerida. Possibly the Aulosphaerida have been derived from the
latter by loss of the inner shell and reduction of the radial beams; the
centripetal beams which are found in many (but not in all) Aulosphaerida,
may be the last remnant of those radial beams. They contain also an axial
filament, as a direct internal prolongation of that of the external radial
spine. The axial filaments of the radial spines are usually connected with
their thin wall by a variable number of scattered transverse threads, or
sometimes even by thin transverse septa (Pl. 110, figs. 4-7, &c.). This
structure corresponds to the similar axial filaments and their thin
filiform transverse branches which we have found in other PHAEODARIA,
_e.g._, in the Tuscarorida and Circoporida.

The Aulonida (with polygonal meshes) exhibit in general the same structure
as the Aularida (with triangular meshes). But whilst in the latter usually
six tangential tubes are united at each nodal point, in the former only
three or four tubes become united. Therefore also the number of the small
sutural partitions or astral septa, which radiate from the central openings
of the nodal cavity, is six in the latter, three or four in the former.
Correspondingly three or four small pores lead from the nodal cavity into
the surrounding tangential tubes.

The true nature of the nodal points, and the intimate structure of the
different parts here united, is a matter which it is very difficult to
explain. It is a certain fact, well established by hundreds of
observations, that in the complete and well-preserved skeletons which are
perfectly purified by fire, or by hot mineral acids, and afterwards dried,
all the tubes of the skeleton, the tangential as well as the radial
cylinders, become filled up by air. Each tube contains usually one large
cylindrical air-bubble, with two hemispherical ends. But the air-bubbles of
the neighbouring tubes are completely separated one from another by the
thin astral or sutural septa, and the air-bubble of the radial tubes is
also separated from the former. The central cavity of each nodal point is
therefore surrounded in the Aularida by six, in the Aulonida by three or
four separate cylinders of air. This fact seems to be explained only on the
supposition that each single tube has two terminal pores or fissures, which
open into the two nodal cavities on its two ends. The radial tubes must
also possess at least one small opening, probably on their base, and
probably they have another on their distal apex. In no other way can it be
explained, that in all complete, well-preserved and purified skeletons,
each single tube constantly becomes easily filled by an air-bubble after
drying.

In the living Aulosphaerida the cavities of all tubes are filled up by a
jelly-substance, {1619}which may be stained by carmine and is probably
identical with the jelly of the calymma. The latter is probably in direct
connection with the former by the central pore of the nodal cavity, which
is placed on its inside and surrounded by the astral septa; these separate
the tangential tubes, radiating from one nodal point, completely, and are
thin and simple, but very solid lamellae of silica. Therefore the nodal
stars of broken shells usually remain united, whilst the single radiating
tubes composing them are broken off (Pl. 110, figs. 3, 8, 10). But it
happens only rarely (and only in certain individual species) that complete
single tubes separate; usually the fragments of the connected neighbouring
tubes remain on their ends. The two small terminal openings of each
tangential tube, which lead from its cavity into the nodal cavity, and are
surrounded on each end by the truncated ends of two neighbouring astral
septa, are very difficult to observe (Pl. 110, figs. 8-10).

The wonderful elegance and the high complication of these regular skeletons
of the Aulosphaerida, produced by a single cell, becomes increased by the
graceful and manifold appendages and apophyses which are usually developed
on the radial tubes. In only a few species these are simple, as in the
common and cosmopolitan _Aulosphaera trigonopa_. Usually lateral or
terminal appendages are developed in great variety, a selection of which is
figured in Pls. 109-111. The lateral branches are either irregularly
scattered spines (Pl. 110, figs. 3-7) or regular verticils of cruciate or
radiate spines; each verticil is usually composed of four perpendicularly
crossed horizontal branches (Pl. 109, figs. 3, 4, 7, 10, &c.), more rarely
of a greater number of radiating transverse branches.

The terminal appendages of the radial spines exhibit a striking similarity
with those of the Aulacanthida (Pls. 102-105). They are either forks with
two or three divergent branches (Pl. 111, figs. 3, 4), or regular crosses
with four branches opposite in pairs (Pl. 109, figs. 2, 6, 7, 10), or
elegant crowns or verticils, composed of numerous radiating branches (Pl.
110, figs. 1-6). The distal ends of the terminal as well as of the lateral
branches are either simple, pointed, or armed with a spinulate knob, or
with a terminal spathilla. The variety and elegance of these terminal
ornaments, the function of which is that of capturing tentacles, is in the
Aulosphaerida not less admirable than in the Aulacanthida and
Coelodendrida.

The _central capsule_ of the Aulosphaerida (Pl. 111, fig. 2) was first
figured in my Monograph (1862, Taf. xi. fig. 5) of _Aulosphaera
elegantissima_, as a sphere of 0.2 to 0.3 mm. in diameter. I described
there the large nucleus (of half that size) as a spherical "Binnenblase,"
and the numerous pseudopodia which arise from the capsule and radiate
through the meshes of the lattice-shell. But I had not observed at that
time the three typical openings of the capsule, which were first discovered
and accurately described by R. Hertwig (1879, _loc. cit._, p. 94, Taf. x.
figs. 2, 4, 5, 8, 14). The large astropyle with its radiate operculum and
proboscis, and the two smaller lateral parapylae, provided with {1620}a
smaller tubule, have in general the same shape as in the closely allied
Sagosphaerida and Orosphaerida, and agree in their strong development with
that of the Aulacanthida. The collection of the Challenger contains
numerous well-preserved preparations of Aulosphaerida, which were stained
by carmine immediately after being captured, and in which the central
capsule and its nucleus exhibit the same intimate structure already
accurately described by R. Hertwig. The diameter of the capsule is usually
between 0.2 and 0.3, rarely less than 0.15 or more than 0.35 mm., the
nucleus has half that size. The phaeodium has usually about the same volume
(Pl. 109, fig. 1), but seems to be in many Aulosphaerida less developed
than in the other PHAEODARIA.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Aulosphaerida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Aularida.
     Meshes of the network triangular, regular or subregular. Six
     tangential tubes united at each nodal point of the net.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         { Without radial tubes,        682. _Aularia_.
  Shell spherical, with  {
   a simple network.     { With radial tubes in
                         {  the nodes of the net,       683. _Aulosphaera_.

                         { Shell covered with pyramidal
                         {  elevations, the top of
  Shell spherical, with  {  which bears a radial tube,  684. _Auloscena_.
   pyramidal elevations  {
   or with spongy        { Shell with spongy framework,
   framework.            {  the surface of which bears
                         {  radial tubes,               685. _Auloplegma_.

                         { Shell lenticular, with
  Shell not spherical,   {  shortened main axis and
   either lenticular or  {  radial tubes,               686. _Aulophacus_.
   spindle-shaped, with  {
   simple network.       { Shell spindle-shaped, with
                         {  prolonged main axis and
                         {  radial tubes,               687. _Aulatractus_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Aulonida.
      Meshes of the network polygonal, usually irregular. Three or four
      (rarely more) tangential tubes united at each nodal point.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         { Without radial tubes,        688. _Aulonia_.
  Shell spherical, with  {
   a simple network.     { With radial tubes in the
                         {  nodes of the net,           689. _Aulastrum_.

  Shell spherical, with  { Without radial tubes,        690. _Aulodictyum_.
   a spongy framework.   {



Subfamily 1. AULARIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Network of the shell with triangular, regular or subregular
meshes; six tangential tubes being united at each nodal point.



{1621}Genus 682. _Aularia_,[301] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Aulosphaerida# with triangular meshes in the network, the
tangential tubes of which form a simple smooth lattice-sphere. No radial
tubes at the nodal points.

The genus _Aularia_ is the simplest form of the subfamily Aularida, or of
those Aulosphaerida in which the network of the shell is composed of
regular or subregular triangular meshes; they are the main group of the
family, much more common and far richer in distinct forms than the Aulonida
(or the Aulosphaerida with polygonal meshes). The shell of _Aularia_, the
probable ancestral form of the family, is a simple lattice-sphere with
smooth surface, and differs from the common _Aulosphaera_ in the absence of
radial tubes, arising at the nodal points.


1. _Aularia ternaria_, n. sp. (Pl. 111, fig. 2).

Tangential tubes of the network cylindrical, straight, smooth, of equal
breadth. Triangular meshes of the reticular sphere very regular,
equilateral triangular. This species is the simplest of all Aulosphaerida
and similar to the common _Aulosphaera trigonopa_, but has no radial tubes.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.0 to 2.0; tubes 0.1 to 0.15 long,
0.007 to 0.01 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.


2. _Aularia tubularia_, n. sp.

Tangential tubes of the network cylindrical, straight, of equal breadth,
thorny, covered with numerous short bristle-shaped thorns, which are all of
the same length and perpendicular to the tube.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.0; tubes 0.15 long, 0.005 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 291, depth 2250 fathoms.


3. _Aularia trigonaria_, n. sp.

Tangential tubes of the network smooth, very thin in the middle part,
gradually dilated towards both ends, so that the nodal points of the
network are inflated. (Similar to _Aulosphaera sceptrophora_, Pl. 109, fig.
3, but without radial tubes.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.2; tubes 0.1 long, 0.002 broad in
the middle part, 0.01 on both sides.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.



{1622}Genus 683. _Aulosphaera_,[302] Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k.
preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 802.

_Definition._--#Aulosphaerida# with triangular meshes in the network, the
tangential tubes of which form a simple lattice-sphere. Radial tubes arise
at its nodal points.

The genus _Aulosphaera_, the first observed form of all Aulosphaerida, is
also the most common form of the whole family, the richest in distinct
species, and widely distributed over all oceans, in the tropical as well as
in the temperate and Arctic zones.

The twenty-one species here enumerated may be only a small part of the
numerous forms, which may be distinguished according to the different forms
of the tubes. One of the two Mediterranean species, which I first described
in my Monograph, is cosmopolitan. The shell is in all species a simple
regular lattice-sphere with triangular meshes; it differs from the
preceding _Aularia_ in the development of radial tubes at the nodal points
of the lattice-work.



Subgenus 1. _Aulosphaerantha_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Radial tubes simple, smooth, without terminal teeth and
without lateral branches.


1. _Aulosphaera trigonopa_, Haeckel.

  _Aulosphaera trigonopa_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 359, Taf.
  x. fig. 4.

Radial tubes of the spherical shell cylindro-conical, straight, smooth, of
the same length as the tangential tubes of the network, which are also
smooth, straight, cylindrical.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.0 to 2.0; tangential tubes 0.1 to
0.2 long, 0.002 to 0.004 broad.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
surface.


2. _Aulosphaera flexuosa_, n. sp.

Radial tubes slenderly conical, smooth, gradually tapering towards the
distal end, more or less irregularly curved, two to three times as long as
the tangential tubes, which are cylindrical, straight and smooth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.2; tangential tubes 0.15 long,
0.006 broad.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Faeroee Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray,
surface.



{1623}Subgenus 2. _Aulosphaerella_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Radial tubes smooth, without lateral branches or spines, but
armed with a verticil of teeth at the distal end.


3. _Aulosphaera diodon_, n. sp.

Radial tubes cylindro-conical, straight, smooth, of the same length as the
smooth, cylindrical, tangential tubes; armed at the distal end with two
divergent terminal teeth, which are slightly curved, pincer-shaped, and
about one-fourth as long as the tube.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.5; tangential tubes 0.16 long,
0.003 broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


4. _Aulosphaera triodon_, n. sp. (Pl. 109, fig. 8).

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, smooth, two to three times as long as
the smooth, cylindrical, tangential tubes; armed at the distal end with
three divergent terminal teeth, which are straight or slightly curved and
about one-third as long as the tube.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.2; tangential tubes 0.1 long, 0.01
broad.

_Habitat._--North-Eastern Pacific (off Japan), Station 231, surface.


5. _Aulosphaera tetrodon_, n. sp.

Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, straight, smooth, about three times as
long as the smooth, cylindrical, tangential tubes; armed at the distal end
with a regular cross of four terminal teeth, which are directed almost
horizontally, and are slightly recurved (just as in _Aulosphaera
spathillata_, Pl. 109, fig. 7, but longer and without lateral verticils).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.6; tangential tubes 0.15 long,
0.005 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.


6. _Aulosphaera polyodon_, n. sp.

Radial tubes slender, spindle-shaped, gradually tapering towards the two
ends, smooth, about twice as long as the cylindrical, smooth, tangential
tubes; armed at the distal end with a verticil of twelve to twenty or more
divergent, conical, slightly curved teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.3; tangential tubes 0.2 long, 0.01
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Aulosphaerissa_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Radial tubes verticillate, armed with a variable number of
regular verticils of lateral branches.


{1624}7. _Aulosphaera verticillata_, n. sp.

Radial tubes slender, cylindro-conical, straight, tapering towards the
distal end, about as long as the smooth, cylindrical, tangential tubes;
armed with eight to twelve verticils of three curved, simple, lateral
branches. (Very similar to the tubes of _Aulastrum trichoceros_, Pl. 111,
fig. 5_a._)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.6; tangential tubes 0.15 long,
0.008 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, surface.


8. _Aulosphaera spathillata_, n. sp. (Pl. 109, figs. 7, 7_a_).

Radial tubes slender, cylindro-conical, straight, tapering towards the
distal end, two to three times as long as the smooth, cylindrical,
tangential tubes; armed with two or three distal alternate verticils, each
of which forms a horizontal cross of four (sometimes three or five)
equidistant branches; their distal ends are on the terminal cross simple
hooks, on the proximal cross spathillae.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.2; tangential tubes 0.12 to 0.16
long, 0.01 broad.

_Habitat._--South-Eastern Pacific (off Valparaiso), Station 298, depth 2225
fathoms.


9. _Aulosphaera cruciata_, Haeckel (Pl. 109, fig. 10).

  _Aulosphaera elegantissima_, R. Hertwig (_non_ Haeckel), 1879, Organism.
  d. Radiol., p. 90, Taf. ix. fig. 1; Taf. x. figs. 2, 4, 5, 8, 14, 15.

  ? _Aulosphaera pourtalesii_, Duncan, 1881, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., p.
  175, pl. iii. figs. 1-3.

Radial tubes slender, cylindro-conical, straight, tapering towards the
distal end, twice as long as the smooth, cylindrical, tangential tubes;
armed with four to eight cruciate equidistant verticils, each of which
forms a regular cross of four equal, horizontal, lateral branches, bearing
at the end a small knob or spathilla.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.2 to 1.8; tangential tubes 0.1 to
0.15 long, 0.003 broad.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), North Atlantic (Canary Islands),
Caribbean Sea.


10. _Aulosphaera elegantissima_, Haeckel.

  _Aulosphaera elegantissima_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 359,
  Taf. x. fig. 5; Taf. xi. figs. 5, 6.

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, twice as long as the smooth,
cylindrical, tangential tubes; armed with four to eight equidistant
verticils, each of which is composed of eight to twelve simple, horizontal,
lateral branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.5 to 2; tangential tubes 0.12 to
0.16 long, 0.004 broad.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), surface.


11. _Aulosphaera bisternaria_, n. sp. (Pl. 109, figs. 11, 12).

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, about as long as the cylindrical
tangential tubes, smooth or somewhat thorny, armed at the distal end with
two alternate verticils of three branches, which bear {1625}a terminal
spathilla; the proximal branches are twice as long as the distal, and
alternate with them regularly, so that the six branches lie in six
different meridional planes.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.5; tangential tubes 0.2 long, 0.01
broad.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 156, surface.


12. _Aulosphaera dendrophora_, n. sp. (Pl. 109, figs. 1, 2).

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, about as long as the cylindrical,
smooth, tangential tubes, armed in the distal half with three verticils of
four crossed branches; the four proximal branches are three times as long
as the four distal, and twice as long as the four intermediate branches.
All twelve branches bear a terminal spinulate knob, and lie in two
perpendicularly crossed meridian planes.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.2 to 2.8; tangential tubes 0.2
long, 0.01 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


13. _Aulosphaera sceptrophora_, n. sp. (Pl. 109, figs. 3, 4).

Radial tubes straight, in the proximal half conical, with inflated base; in
the distal half cylindrical, with five or six cruciate verticils, each of
which has four perpendicularly crossed teeth. Tangential tubes half as long
as the radial tubes, in the middle part very thin, thickened towards both
ends.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.2; tangential tubes 0.1 long, 0.002
broad in the middle part, 0.012 on both ends.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


14. _Aulosphaera spathophora_, n. sp.

Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, more or less curved, about three times
as long as the tangential tubes, in the distal half with eight to twelve
verticils of six to eight lateral branches, which are forked, decrease in
length towards the distal end, and bear on each ramule a terminal
spathilla. Tangential tubes slightly curved and thorny. (Similar to
_Auloplegma perplexum_, Pl. 111, fig. 8_a_, but with a simple
lattice-sphere.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.2; tangential tubes 0.2 long. 0.006
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.



Subgenus 4. _Aulosphaeromma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Radial tubes spiny or thorny, with irregular lateral
branches, often with forked distal ends.


{1626}15. _Aulosphaera bifurca_, n. sp.

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, thorny, twice as long as the smooth,
cylindrical, tangential tubes, forked at the distal end, with two curved,
convergent, thorny, terminal branches. (Similar to _Aulastrum dendroceros_,
Pl. 111, figs. 4_a_-4_c_, but with longer and more spinulate branches.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.2; tangential tubes 0.25 long, 0.01
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 239, surface.


16. _Aulosphaera trifurca_, n. sp. (Pl. 109, fig. 9).

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, thorny, about as long as the smooth,
cylindrical, tangential tubes, forked at the distal end, with three curved,
convergent, terminal branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.5 to 3.0; tangential tubes 0.2
long, 0.01 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 240, surface.


17. _Aulosphaera quadrifurca_, n. sp.

Radial tubes cylindro-conical, straight, about as long as the smooth,
cylindrical, tangential tubes; studded with numerous irregular lateral
branches in the distal half, and armed at the distal end with a cross of
four divergent, forked, terminal branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 4.2; tangential tubes 0.2 long, 0.01
broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


18. _Aulosphaera multifurca_, n. sp.

Radial tubes cylindrical, more or less curved, three to four times as long
as the smooth, often curved, tangential tubes; studded with numerous
forked, irregular, lateral branches, and armed at the distal end with a
verticil of twelve to sixteen divergent, forked, terminal branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.2; tangential tubes 0.06 long,
0.003 broad.

_Habitat._--Arctic Ocean, Greenland (Olrik), surface.


19. _Aulosphaera coronata_, n. sp.

Radial tubes spindle-shaped, tapering from the thicker middle part towards
both ends, twice as long as the thorny tangential tubes, studded with
numerous irregular, curved, lateral spines, and bearing at the distal end a
corona of twenty to twenty-five divergent, curved, terminal branches.
(Similar to _Auloscena flammabunda_, Pl. 110, fig. 4.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.0; tangential tubes 0.2 long, 0.08
broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.


{1627}20. _Aulosphaera undulata_, n. sp. (Pl. 109, fig. 6).

Radial tubes slender, cylindro-conical, undulate, about twice as long as
the spinulate and undulate tangential tubes; studded with numerous short,
perpendicular, lateral branches which are partly simple, partly forked, and
bear small terminal spathillae. The distal end of each radial tube bears
usually a verticil of four to eight similar pediculate spathillae.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.4; tangential tubes 0.2 long, 0.005
broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 252, surface.


21. _Aulosphaera spinosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 109, fig. 5).

Radial tubes and tangential tubes equal in size and similar in form, more
or less curved, slender, cylindrical, densely studded with numerous
irregular spines.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.6; tangential tubes 0.1 long, 0.004
broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Genus 684. _Auloscena_,[303] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Aulosphaerida# with triangular meshes in the network, the
tangential tubes of which arise in pyramidal groups of six over the surface
of the spherical shell. Radial tubes arise at the tops of the six-sided
pyramids, which cover the whole surface.

The genus _Auloscena_ differs from the preceding _Aulosphaera_, its
ancestral form, in a very remarkable and elegant character. The tangential
tubes of the network here lie not on a spherical face (as in the latter),
but arise over the surface of the spherical calymma in the form of
numerous, regular, hexagonal pyramids; each pyramid being composed of six
convergent ascending tubes, which are united in a common nodal point; at
the latter arises a radial tube, which usually bears an elegant corona of
radially divergent terminal branches. Therefore the base of each hexagonal
pyramid is in contact at its six corners with the basal corners of six
similar neighbouring pyramids, whilst the neighbouring sides of the bases
are separated by six regular triangular meshes, which lie on the spherical
face. In some species this remarkable and elegant structure is quite
regular, whilst in others it becomes more or less irregular.



Subgenus 1. _Auloscenium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Radial tubes smooth, without lateral branches or spines,
bearing a terminal verticil at the distal end.


{1628}1. _Auloscena mirabilis_, n. sp. (Pl. 110, figs. 1, 2).

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, smooth, about as long as the smooth
pyramidal tubes (or the convergent tubes which form the edges of the
six-sided pyramids of the network). The distal end of each radial tube
bears an elegant spathillate terminal corona (fig. 2), or a verticil of
fifteen to twenty curved radial branches, the distal end of which is armed
with a spinulate knob.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.0 to 3.0; pyramidal tubes 0.16 to
0.24 long, 0.008 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750
fathoms.


2. _Auloscena spectabilis_, n. sp. (Pl. 110, figs. 8, 9).

Radial tubes cylindro-conical, straight, smooth, twice as long as the
smooth pyramidal tubes, armed at the distal end with a conical terminal
corona, or a verticil of twelve to sixteen divergent, straight, pointed,
terminal branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 4.0 to 5.0; pyramidal tubes 0.25 to
0.3 long, 0.012 broad.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 154, surface.


3. _Auloscena pyramidalis_, n. sp.

Radial tubes slender, conical, straight, smooth, of the same length as the
smooth pyramidal tubes, armed at the distal end with a hexagonal terminal
corona, or a verticil of six divergent, straight, pointed, terminal
branches, which correspond to the six sides of a pyramid; the proximal apex
of this terminal pyramid is opposed to the distal apex of the similar basal
pyramid.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.0 to 4.0; pyramidal tubes 0.2 to
0.3 long, 0.01 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347 to 349, surface.



Subgenus 2. _Auloscenidium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Radial tubes thorny, with lateral branches or spines,
usually with a terminal verticil at the distal end.


4. _Auloscena tentorium_, n. sp. (Pl. 110, fig. 6).

Radial tubes spindle-shaped, tapering towards both ends, nearly smooth, of
the same length as the smooth pyramidal tubes. The distal part of the
radial tubes is thorny, and bears a verticil or a corona of twenty to
thirty slender terminal branches, which are about one-third as long as the
tube, sabre-shaped, with concave outer edge and pointed distal end.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 4.0; radial tubes 0.3 to 0.4 long,
0.02 to 0.03 broad.

_Habitat._--North-Western Pacific (off Japan), Station 231, surface.


{1629}5. _Auloscena verticillus_, n. sp. (Pl. 110, figs. 10, 11).

Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, twice as long as the smooth or somewhat
thorny pyramidal tubes, armed in the distal part with two or three
irregular verticils of three to six perpendicular spines, and on the distal
end with a corona of twelve to eighteen straight, divergent, pointed,
terminal branches, which often arise in pairs.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.2; pyramidal tubes 0.15 long, 0.01
broad.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.


6. _Auloscena penicillus_, n. sp. (Pl. 110, fig. 3).

Radial tubes slender, cylindrical, thorny, one and a half times as long as
the thin and smooth pyramidal tubes, armed in the distal half with densely
crowded perpendicular spines and a terminal corona of numerous (twenty to
thirty or more) bristle-shaped branches, like a brush.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.0 to 2.5; radial tubes 0.15 to 0.2
long, 0.005 to 0.01 broad.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Stations 156, 157, surface.


7. _Auloscena flammabunda_, n. sp. (Pl. 110, fig. 4).

Radial tubes cylindro-conical, twice as long as the thorny pyramidal tubes,
studded with numerous curved spines, and armed with a verticil or corona of
numerous (twenty to thirty or more) undulate, divergent, pointed, terminal
branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.0; radial tubes 0.3 to 0.4 long,
0.02 to 0.03 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 252, surface.


8. _Auloscena gigantea_, n. sp. (Pl. 110, fig. 7).

Radial tubes cylindrical, thorny, about as long as the thorny pyramidal
tubes, armed in the distal half with four to eight verticils of short
curved ciliae, and at the distal end with a similar small terminal
verticil.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 5.2; pyramidal tubes 0.2 to 0.3 long,
0.01 broad.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, surface.


9. _Auloscena arboretum_, n. sp.

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, about the same
length as the smooth pyramidal tubes; armed in the distal half with three
or four verticils, tapering in size towards the distal end; each verticil
is composed of four crossed and curved branches, which bear a terminal
spinulate knob. (This species is very similar to _Aulosphaera dendrophora_,
Pl. 109, fig. 1, and may {1630}be derived from it by elevation of the
hexagonal pyramids, which in the latter lie in the spherical plane).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 4.4; pyramidal tubes 0.25 long, 0.01
broad.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.


10. _Auloscena serrata_, n. sp. (Pl. 110, fig. 5).

Radial tubes spindle-shaped, tapering towards both ends, thorny, twice as
long as the thorny pyramidal tubes; armed at the distal end with an elegant
corona which is composed of twelve to sixteen curved terminal branches.
Each branch bears two opposite series of small recurved teeth and a
terminal spathilla of six to eight larger recurved teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.0; pyramidal tubes 0.3 long, 0.012
broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.



Genus 685. _Auloplegma_,[304] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.

_Definition._--#Aulosphaerida# with triangular meshes in the network, the
tubes of which are connected in different directions, and form the spongy
wall of a spherical shell. Radial tubes arise on the surface at the nodal
points.

The genus _Auloplegma_, one of the rarest forms of Aulosphaerida, differs
from the preceding genera in the spongy structure of the lattice-sphere,
the thickened wall of which is composed of a loose framework. Numerous
tubes, irregularly disposed in different directions, are connected at the
nodal points of this loose spongy framework, whilst radial tubes arise on
the surface of the latter. _Auloplegma_ exhibits therefore a relation to
_Aulosphaera_, its probable ancestral form, similar to that which
_Plegmosphaera_ does to _Acanthosphaera_ among the #Sphaeroidea#.


1. _Auloplegma perplexum_, n. sp. (Pl. 111, figs. 8, 8_a_).

Radial tubes straight, cylindro-conical, armed with six to eight verticils
of lateral branches, which increase in size towards the base; each verticil
is a cross of four dichotomous delicate ramules, ending with a spinulate
knob. The length of the radial tube is about equal to the radial diameter
of the spongy framework, which forms the thick wall of the spherical shell,
and is composed of smooth and straight cylindrical tubes.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 1.5 to 2.0, of its wall 0.3 to 0.4;
length of the radial tubes 0.2 to 0.3, basal breadth 0.015.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 237, surface.


{1631}2. _Auloplegma spongiosum_, n. sp. (Pl. 111, fig. 9).

Radial tubes slender, straight, cylindro-conical, studded irregularly with
lateral branches, which are short, simple, slightly curved, partly
verticillate in the distal third, and ending with a small spinulate knob.
The length of the radial tubes is about twice as great as the radial
diameter of the spongy framework, which forms the wall of the spherical
shell, and is composed of thorny or verticillate cylindrical tubes.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 3.2, of its wall 0.1; length of the
radial tubes 0.24, breadth 0.01.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 231, surface.



Genus 686. _Aulophacus_,[305] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Aulosphaerida# with triangular meshes in the network, the
tangential tubes of which form a simple, lenticular, biconvex
lattice-shell, with shortened vertical main axis. Radial tubes arise at its
nodal points.

The genus _Aulophacus_ differs from the common _Aulosphaera_, its ancestral
form, only in the lenticular compression of the spherical lattice-shell,
the vertical axis of which is considerably shortened. It exhibits therefore
to the latter the same relation as _Cenodiscus_ does to _Cenosphaera_ among
the #Sphaeroidea#. The contrary condition is shown in the following genus
_Aulatractus_, in which the vertical axis is prolonged. In the two species
of _Aulophacus_ observed the radial spines exhibit a remarkable
peculiarity, being longer on the circular periphery of the lens, shorter on
both its faces, and shortest in the vertical main axis.


1. _Aulophacus lenticularis_, n. sp. (Pl. 111, fig. 5_a_).

Shell biconvex, lenticular, with rounded circular margin; its horizontal
diameter three times as great as its thickness (or its vertical main axis).
Radial tubes cylindro-conical, straight, with six to nine triradiate
verticils, those of the margin of the lens twice as long as the smooth
tangential tubes, the others shorter.

_Dimensions._--Horizontal diameter of the lens 5.5 mm., vertical main axis
0.2; length of the radial tubes 0.2, breadth 0.01.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Belligemma, Ceylon (Haeckel), surface.


2. _Aulophacus amphidiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 111, fig. 5_b_).

Shell discoidal, slightly biconvex, with rounded circular margin; its
horizontal diameter five times as great as its thickness. Radial tubes
cylindrical, covered with numerous short thorns, those of the margin of the
lens three times as long as the smooth tangential tubes, the others
shorter.

{1632}_Dimensions._--Horizontal diameter of the lens 6.0, vertical main
axis 1.2; length of the radial tubes 0.2, breadth 0.005.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.



Genus 687. _Aulatractus_,[306] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Aulosphaerida# with triangular meshes in the network, the
tangential tubes of which form an ellipsoidal or spindle-shaped, simple
lattice-shell, with prolonged vertical main axis. Radial tubes arise at its
nodal points.

The genus _Aulatractus_ differs from all the other Aulosphaerida in the
peculiar prolongation of the vertical axis of the lattice-sphere, by which
the latter becomes ellipsoidal or spindle-shaped. The triangular meshes of
the regular lattice-work become usually more or less irregular and
polygonal at the two poles of the elongated main axis. _Aulatractus_ seems
to be developed from _Aulosphaera_ in the opposite way from _Aulophacus_,
the former by elongating, the latter by shortening of the vertical
main-axis.


1. _Aulatractus fusiformis_, n. sp. (Pl. 111, figs. 6, 6_a_, 6_b_).

Shell spindle-shaped, about twice as long as broad, rounded at both poles
of the main axis. Tangential tubes smooth, cylindrical. Radial tubes of the
same length as the tangential tubes, but much thinner, slender cylindrical,
studded with perpendicularly arising, short, lateral branches, which are
scattered in the proximal part, verticillate in the distal part, and bear a
spinulate terminal knob.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 7.5 to 10.0, breadth 3.5; length of the
radial tubes 0.15 to 0.18, breadth 0.004.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 348, 349; surface, and in various
depths.


2. _Aulatractus diploconus_, n. sp. (Pl. 111, fig. 7).

Shell diploconical or nearly spindle-shaped, about three times as long as
broad, equally pointed at the two poles of the main axis, not inflated in
the middle part. Radial tubes slenderly conical, thorny, only half as long
as the smooth tangential tubes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 6.0 to 8.0, breadth 2.2 to 4.5; length
of the radial tubes 0.1 to 0.15, breadth 0.007.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Canary Islands, Station 353, surface.


3. _Aulatractus fusulus_, n. sp.

Shell spindle-shaped, about twice as long as broad, pointed at the two
equal poles of the main axis. Radial tubes cylindro-conical, smooth, about
as long as the smooth tangential tubes. This {1633}species resembles in its
simple structure the common cosmopolitan _Aulosphaera trigonopa_, and
differs from it only in the constant spindle-form of the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 6 to 8, breadth 3 to 4; length of the
radial tubes 0.16 to 0.2, breadth 0.008.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Faeroee Channel, Gulf Stream (John Murray);
Hebrides (Moebius).


4. _Aulatractus ellipsoides_, n. sp.

Shell ellipsoidal, about twice as long as broad, with equally rounded poles
on the main axis. Radial tubes straight, cylindrical, verticillate, about
twice as long as the smooth tangential bars; each verticil is cruciate,
composed of four rectangularly crossed, short, lateral branches which bear
a small spathilla at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 6.6, breadth 3.6; length of the radial
tubes 0.2, breadth 0.01.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.



Subfamily 2. AULONIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Network of the shell with polygonal, usually irregular
meshes; three or four tangential tubes usually being united at each nodal
point.



Genus 688. _Aulonia_,[307] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Aulosphaerida# with polygonal meshes in the network, the
tangential tubes of which form a simple smooth lattice-sphere. No radial
tubes at the nodal points.

The genus _Aulonia_ is the simplest form of the subfamily Aulonida, or of
those Aulosphaerida in which the lattice-work of the shell is composed not
of triangular but of polygonal meshes; all these Aulonida are much rarer
and much less differentiated than the Aularida or the common Aulosphaerida
with triangular meshes. _Aulonia_ has the same simple, smooth, spherical
lattice-shell as _Aularia_, and differs from it only in the polygonal form
of the meshes, which, however, is very constant.


1. _Aulonia tetragonia_, n. sp.

Meshes regular or subregular, square, sometimes intermingled with a
variable number of irregular, triangular, and pentagonal meshes. Bars
cylindrical, of equal breadth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the spherical shell 2.0 to 3.2, of the meshes
0.12 to 0.18; breadth of the bars 0.008.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 154, depth 1800 fathoms.


{1634}2. _Aulonia pentagonia_, n. sp.

Meshes subregular, pentagonal, intermingled with a smaller number of
quadrangular and triangular irregular meshes. Bars cylindrical, of equal
breadth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the spherical shell 2.8 to 3.2, of the meshes
0.15 to 0.2; breadth of the bars 0.01.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Stations 293 to 302, depth 1375 to 2270 fathoms.


3. _Aulonia hexagonia_, n. sp. (Pl. 111, fig. 1).

Meshes regular or subregular, hexagonal, often intermingled with a variable
number of pentagonal and heptagonal meshes. Bars cylindrical, of equal
breadth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the spherical shell 2.5 to 3.3, of the meshes
0.15 to 0.25; breadth of the bars 0.012.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347 to 349, surface.


4. _Aulonia metagonia_, n. sp.

Meshes subregularly alternating, larger octagonal and smaller tetragonal.
The network of this remarkable species has a striking similarity to the
arrangement of the radial tubes in some species of _Sycon_, figured in my
Monograph of the Calcispongiae (1872, Bd. iii., Taf. ix. fig. 12).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 4.4, of the greater octagonal meshes
0.24 to 0.3, smaller tetragonal 0.1 to 0.12; breadth of the bars 0.007.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.


5. _Aulonia polygonia_, n. sp.

Meshes irregular, polygonal, variable in form and unequal in size; the
majority usually pentagonal or hexagonal, but numerous intermingled meshes
with three, four, seven, or eight sides. Very variable in the size of the
bars and the form of the meshes.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.5 to 5.5, of the meshes 0.1 to 0.2;
breadth of the bars 0.008 to 0.12.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface.



Genus 689. _Aulastrum_,[308] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Aulosphaerida# with polygonal meshes in the network, the
tangential tubes of which form a simple lattice-sphere. Radial tubes arise
at its nodal points.

{1635}The genus _Aulastrum_ differs from the preceding _Aulonia_, its
ancestral form, only in the development of radial spines at the nodal
points of the simple lattice-sphere. It exhibits therefore to the latter
the same relation as _Aulosphaera_ does to _Aularia_. But the meshes of the
spherical network are constantly triangular in the two latter genera,
polygonal in the two former. The different species of _Aulastrum_ are much
rarer, and are not so differentiated as those of the common _Aulosphaera_.


1. _Aulastrum monoceros_, n. sp.

Radial tubes simple, smooth, straight, cylindro-conical, about as long as
the smooth tangential tubes or somewhat longer. Meshes of the network
irregularly polygonal, the majority usually pentagonal or hexagonal.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 3.0 to 4.0, of the meshes 0.15;
breadth of the tubes 0.012.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347, 348, depth 2250 to 2450
fathoms.


2. _Aulastrum dichoceros_, n. sp.

Radial tubes cylindrical, more or less curved, undulate, smooth, twice as
long as the smooth tangential tubes, forked at the distal end, with two
divergent curved branches. Meshes of the network subregular, hexagonal (as
in _Aulonia hexagonia_, Pl. 111, fig. 1), intermingled with single
pentagonal and square meshes.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.0 to 2.5, of the meshes 0.12 to
0.18; breadth of the tubes 0.01.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.


3. _Aulastrum dendroceros_, n. sp. (Pl. 111, figs. 4_a_, _b_, _c_).

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, thorny, forked at
the distal end, two to three times as long as the thorny tangential tubes;
the thorns are short and thin, partly simple, partly irregularly branched
and scattered, arborescent. Meshes of the network irregularly polygonal,
the majority pentagonal or tetragonal.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.4; radial tubes 0.2 to 0.3 long,
0.02 broad.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241 to 244, surface.


4. _Aulastrum triceros_, n. sp. (Pl. 111, figs. 3, 3_a_).

Radial tubes cylindrical, straight, smooth, about twice as long as the
smooth tangential tubes, armed with three divergent curved teeth at the
distal end. Meshes subregular, pentagonal, intermingled with a small number
of tetragonal and hexagonal meshes.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.2 to 1.8; radial tubes 0.15 long,
0.01 broad.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 349, depth 2450 fathoms.


{1636}5. _Aulastrum trichoceros_, n. sp.

Radial tubes slender, straight, cylindro-conical, about twice as long as
the smooth tangential tubes, armed with six to eight verticils of lateral
branches, each of which is composed of three short curved branches (similar
to those of _Aulophacus lenticularis_, Pl. 111, fig. 5_a_). Meshes
irregularly polygonal, the majority tetragonal, intermingled with
pentagonal and triangular meshes.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2.2; tangential tubes 0.12 long,
0.007 broad.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.


6. _Aulastrum tetraceros_, n. sp.

Radial tubes straight, cylindrical, about three times as long as the smooth
tangential meshes, armed with three to six subregular cruciate verticils of
branches, each of which is composed of four short, regularly crossed
branches, bearing at the end a spinulate knob (similar to those of
_Aulatractus fusiformis_, Pl. 111, fig, 6_b_). Meshes subregular, square,
intermingled with single pentagonal and hexagonal meshes.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 1.5, of the meshes 0.12 to 0.16;
breadth of the bars 0.008.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.


7. _Aulastrum pentaceros_, n. sp.

Radial tubes straight, cylindrical, smooth, about as long as the smooth
tangential tubes, armed at the distal end with a corona of five curved
teeth (of the same shape as in _Cannosphaera atlantica_, Pl. 112, fig. 6).
Meshes subregular pentagonal (intermingled with single tetragonal,
hexagonal, and heptagonal meshes).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 5.0, of the meshes 0.2; breadth of
the bars 0.015.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


8. _Aulastrum polyceros_, n. sp.

Radial tubes spindle-shaped, tapering from the broader middle towards both
ends, spiny, twice as long as the spiny tangential tubes, armed at the
distal end with a corona of twelve to twenty divergent curved teeth
(similar to the radial tubes of _Auloscena tentorium_, Pl. 110, fig. 6).
Meshes irregular, polygonal, very variable in size and form. All tubes of
this species are armed with scattered, short, conical spines.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 4.5, of the meshes 0.1 to 0.2;
breadth of the bars 0.006.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



{1637}Genus 690. _Aulodictyum_,[309] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.

_Definition._--#Aulosphaerida# with polygonal meshes in the network, the
tubes of which are connected in different directions and form the spongy
wall of a spherical shell. No radial tubes prominent over the surface.

The genus _Aulodictyum_ differs from _Aulonia_, its ancestral form, in the
development of a spongy framework in the thickened wall of the spherical
lattice-shell. It bears therefore to the latter the same relation as
_Auloplegma_ does to _Aularia_. But the outer surface of the hollow sphere
is in _Aulodictyum_ completely smooth, as well as the inner, and bears no
radial tubes. Only one species of this genus has been observed.


1. _Aulodictyum hydrodictyum_, n. sp.

Shell spherical, smooth on the outer and inner surfaces, composed of an
irregular framework of straight and smooth cylindrical tubes; its meshes
very irregular, of unequal size and various forms. The diameter of the
sphere is about six or eight times as great as the thickness of its
reticular wall.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 2 to 3, of its meshes 0.1 to 0.2;
breadth of the bars 0.01.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.



Family LXXVII. #CANNOSPHAERIDA#, Haeckel (Pl. 112).

  _Cannosphaerida_, Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena,
      Dec. 12, p. 6.

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with two concentric spherical or subspherical
shells, which are connected by numerous thin, tubular, radial beams. Inner
shell simple, spherical or ovate, solid or latticed, with a peculiar mouth.
Outer shell spherical or polyhedral, articulate, composed of hollow
tangential tubes, which are separated by astral septa at the stellate nodal
points. From the latter arise hollow radial tubes, whilst the inner radial
beams, connecting the two shells, are inserted in the middle of the
tangential tubes. No peculiar mouth in the outer shell. Central capsule
enclosed by the inner shell.

The family #Cannosphaerida# comprises a small number of remarkable
PHAEODARIA which are rare and found only in a few localities. They differ
from all the other PHAEODARIA in the possession of two concentric spherical
shells, which are connected by radial beams, and the inner of which is
quite simple, like that of the Medusettida, {1638}whilst the outer is
articulated and composed of hollow tangential tubes, like that of the
Aulosphaerida. This latter family seems to be most nearly allied to the
Cannosphaerida, and is perhaps derived from them by loss of the inner
shell. The possession of a peculiar mouth in this inner shell brings the
Cannosphaerida nearer to the Phaeogromia. The similar Coelodrymida, in
which also two concentric spherical shells are connected by hollow radial
beams, differ essentially in the bivalved shape of the inner shell and the
simple, non-articulated, network of the outer shell.

Only a single species of Cannosphaerida has been hitherto known, described
and figured in 1879 by R. Hertwig as _Coelacantha anchorata_ (_loc. cit._,
p. 92, Taf. ix. fig. 2). The rich collection of the Challenger has added to
it only four other species, one of which is most nearly allied to the
former, whilst the others belong to a separate genus, _Cannosphaera_ (Pl.
112). The inner shell is in this latter genus a solid lamella of silica,
whilst in the former it is fenestrated. In all other essential points of
structure both genera are scarcely different.

The inner shell is either spherical or ovate and has a diameter of 0.1 to
0.4 (usually 0.2 to 0.3 mm.). A distinct main axis is always marked by the
large open mouth on its oral pole. The aboral part of the shell-cavity
contains the spherical central capsule, the oral part the dark phaeodium, a
part of which is often prominent through the mouth (figs. 1, 2, 4). The
wall of the inner shell is a very thin and transparent lamella of silica,
which is structureless and solid in _Cannosphaera_, distinctly fenestrated
in _Coelacantha_; the pores of the latter are irregularly rounded and seem
to possess a thickened margin.

From the surface of the inner shell arise numerous thin tubular, radial
beams (twenty to eighty or more) and connect it with the outer shell. These
beams are always very thin and straight cylindrical tubules, about twice to
four times as long as the diameter of the inner shell, and usually 0.001
mm. broad, or even less. Their basal end at the surface of the latter
appears mammillated (figs. 2, 4). The cavity of the inner shell seems to
pass over immediately into the tubular cavities of the radial beams. These
latter are sometimes simple, at other times articulated or jointed by a
number of transverse septa. The radial beams are covered in all the species
observed either with scattered spines (fig. 5) or with verticils of
anchor-threads, very thin, filiform, lateral branches which bear a
spathilla with three or four recurved teeth on the distal end (figs. 2, 4).

The outer shell is either spherical or an endospherical polyhedron, the
prominent nodal points of which fall into a spherical face. Its diameter is
usually from 2 to 3 mm., rarely more than 3 or less than 1 mm. Its
structure is the same as described for the Aulosphaerida, being composed of
hollow cylindrical tubes, which form a loose network and are separated at
its nodal points by astral septa. The meshes of the network are {1639}very
large, usually twice to three times as broad as the inner shell, and
irregularly polygonal; the usual and prevailing form is pentagonal, but
hexagonal meshes are also often intermingled, more rarely meshes with five,
seven, or eight sides.

The cylindrical tangential tubes possess in general the same shape as in
the similar Aulosphaerida, have a thin wall, are filled with jelly, and
contain a delicate axial filament in their axis; they differ, however, in a
peculiar constant character; in the middle of each tube is inserted an
inner radial beam coming from the inner shell, so that both together have
the form of a T. The central point of insertion has a somewhat shorter
radial distance from the centre of the body than the two nodal points on
both ends of the tangential tube, so that the latter is somewhat geniculate
(figs. 1-5). The two halves of each tangential tube are usually somewhat
thinner on the central end (where the inner radial beam is inserted),
thicker on the distal end (where the outer radial tube arises); at both
ends they are closed by a thin transverse septum. Often also some other
septa are developed, so that each tangential tube seems to be composed of
four to six joints or segments. Usually the tangential tubes are armed with
spines or anchor threads, similar to those of the inner radial beams. The
length of the single tangential tubes is usually between 0.1 and 0.3, their
diameter from 0.01 to 0.02.

The nodal points of the outer lattice-sphere, in which the outer radial
spines arise, seem to possess the same structure as in the similar
Aulosphaerida. Since three tangential tubes are connected to each nodal
point, in its centre is the union of three small astral septa or sutural
partitions. The small nodal cavity on the inside of the nodal point has
probably three small pores, which lead into the three tangential tubes
between the three astral septa. A fourth pore probably leads from the nodal
cavity into the cavity of the hollow radial tube. This structure is
difficult to observe, but seems to be demonstrated by the fact, that in the
complete and carefully purified skeletons which are treated with hot
mineral acids and afterwards dried, all cylinders, the tangential as well
as the radial tubes, become easily filled by air (compare the description
of the similar structure in the Aulosphaerida).

The external radial tubes which arise in the nodal points of the outer
shell are either cylindrical or cylindro-conical, straight, and usually
about as long as the diameter of the inner shell. Their structure and
armature is the same as in the similar Aulosphaerida. In the axis of each
radial tube runs a delicate axial filament, which is connected with its
thin and fragile wall either by filiform transverse branches or by delicate
transverse septa. The outside of the radial tubes is either smooth (figs.
3-5) or armed with scattered spines (fig. 4) or with verticils of lateral
branches; each verticil is usually composed of three or four branches. The
distal end of the radial tubes is rarely simple, pointed; it is usually
armed with a spathilla of three or four curved terminal branches (figs. 3,
5) sometimes with an elegant corona composed of twenty to thirty thin
radially divergent branches (fig. 4).

{1640}The _central capsule_ of the Cannosphaerida is small (of 0.1 to 0.15
in diameter) and hidden in the aboral half of the enclosing inner shell,
whilst the oral half of the latter is filled up by the phaeodium (figs. 2,
4). The structure of the capsule and of its three openings seems to be the
same as in the closely allied Aulosphaerida. I have, however, not been able
to recognise the two parapylae or secondary openings, and have only
observed the astropyle or the main-opening with its radiate operculum
surrounded by the phaeodium, and directed with its tubular proboscis
towards the mouth of the inner shell. As R. Hertwig also could not
recognise the two parapylae, it is not impossible that they are wanting,
and that the Cannosphaerida possess only one opening, the astropyle, like
the Medusettida and Challengerida. The nucleus, enclosed in the central
capsule, is spherical, half or one-third as broad as the latter, and
contains numerous nucleoli.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Cannosphaerida._

  Internal shell solid, without open pores,        691. _Cannosphaera_.
  Internal shell latticed, with open pores,        692. _Coelacantha_.



Genus 691. _Cannosphaera_,[310] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.

_Definition._--#Cannosphaerida# with a solid, not latticed internal shell.

The genus _Cannosphaera_ comprises those Cannosphaerida in which the inner
shell is formed by a thin solid siliceous-plate and exhibits no pores
between the prominent bases of the radial beams.


1. _Cannosphaera atlantica_, n. sp. (Pl. 112, figs. 5, 6).

Internal shell not mammillate, with fifteen to twenty radial rods, which
are loosely studded with single, scattered, simple, lateral spines.
External shell with irregular, mostly hexagonal meshes, armed with numerous
scattered forks of paired divergent spines, and with twenty to thirty
larger simple radial spines, which are about half as long as the internal
rods, and bear at the distal end a verticil of three to five curved,
simple, terminal branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner shell 0.1, of the outer 0.5.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347 to 349, depth 2250 to 2450
fathoms.


2. _Cannosphaera antarctica_, n. sp. (Pl. 112, figs. 1-3).

Internal shell mammillate, with sixty to ninety radial rods, which are
studded with cruciate verticils of tridentate anchor-threads. External
shell with irregular, mostly pentagonal meshes, {1641}the bars of which
bear on the outside bunches of similar tridentate anchor-threads. At each
nodal point arises a simple, smooth, radial spine, which bears at the
distal end a verticil of three or four small, curved, terminal branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner shell 0.2 to 0.3, of the outer 1.5 to
2.0.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Stations 154 to 157, depth 1300 to 1975
fathoms.


3. _Cannosphaera pacifica_, n. sp. (Pl. 112, fig. 4).

Internal shell mammillate, with one hundred to one hundred and twenty
radial rods, which are studded with cruciate verticils of tridentate
anchor-threads. External shell with irregular, mostly hexagonal meshes, the
bars of which bear on the outside and on the inside bunches of similar
tridentate anchor-threads. At each nodal point arises a simple, thorny,
radial spine, which bears at the distal end an elegant verticil of fifteen
to twenty flatly expanded, thin, terminal branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner shell 0.25 to 0.35, of the outer 2.0
to 2.5.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.



Genus 692. _Coelacantha_,[311] R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p.
91.

_Definition._--#Cannosphaerida# with a latticed internal shell.

The genus _Coelacantha_ comprises those Cannosphaerida in which the inner
shell is formed by a fenestrated flint-plate, and exhibits numerous pores
between the prominent bases of the radial beams.


1. _Coelacantha anchorata_, R. Hertwig.

  _Coelacantha anchorata_, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 92,
  Taf. ix. fig. 2.

Internal shell slightly mammillate, with thirty to forty radial rods, which
are densely studded with verticils of tridentate anchor-threads. External
shell with irregular, mostly pentagonal meshes, the bars of which bear the
same verticils, each composed of three thin, tridentate anchor-threads. At
each nodal point arises a slender radial spine, which bears six verticils,
each composed of three to five lateral branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner shell 0.5, of the outer 3.0.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Messina (R. Hertwig), surface.


2. _Coelacantha mammillata_, n. sp.

Internal shell strongly mammillate, with sixty to eighty radial rods, which
are densely studded with cruciate verticils of quadridentate
anchor-threads. External shell with irregular, mostly {1642}hexagonal
meshes, the bars of which bear the same verticils, each composed of four
thin quadridentate anchor-threads. At each nodal point arises a slender,
smooth, radial spine, which bears at its distal end a verticil of four
large, curved, terminal branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner shell 0.4, of the outer 3.2.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


----


Order III. PHAEOGROMIA, Haeckel, 1879.

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with a simple, not bivalved lattice-shell, which
assumes very different forms, but is always provided with a peculiar mouth
and peristome on the oral pole of the main axis. Central capsule always
excentric, placed in the aboral half of the shell-cavity.



Family LXXVIII. #CHALLENGERIDA#, John Murray (Pl. 99).

  _Challengerida_, John Murray, 1876, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., vol. xxiv. p.
      471, pl. xxiv. figs. 1, 2.

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with a monaxonial, usually ovate or lenticular
shell, which exhibits a peculiar, fine, regularly hexagonal, diatomaceous
structure, and is usually provided with teeth on the mouth, but without
articulated feet. Central capsule excentric, placed in the aboral half of
the shell-cavity.

The family #Challengerida# represent a large, peculiar, and interesting
group of PHAEODARIA, which are, for the most part, inhabitants of great
depths, and were perfectly unknown before the discoveries of the
Challenger. The first note on these remarkable Radiolaria was given in 1876
by John Murray, in his Preliminary Reports on Work done on board the
Challenger (Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., vol. xxiv. pp. 471, 536, pl. xxiv. figs.
1, 2). He described the peculiar exceedingly beautiful tracery of their
shell, similar to that of the Diatomaceae, the enclosed central capsule
coloured by carmine, and the surrounding mass of black-brown pigment lumps
(the phaeodium). "At times these Challengerida come up with a good deal of
sarcode outside of the shell, and two specimens have been seen to throw out
elongated pseudopodia" (_loc. cit._, p. 536). He found also the shells in
the Radiolarian ooze of the deep sea. The number of different forms found
in the collection of the Challenger is so great, that I can describe in the
following pages not less than six genera and fifty-eight species. A part of
these have already been figured by Dr. John Murray in the Narrative of the
Challenger Expedition, vol. i. p. 226, Pl. A, 1885.

In my first preliminary note on the PHAEODARIA, in 1879, I gave a stricter
definition {1643}of the Challengerida (Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch.
Jena, Dec. 12, 1879, p. 5). But I united at that time the true
Challengerida with the Tuscarorida, which, however, are sharply separated
by the entirely different structure of their shell. In Plate A given by Dr.
John Murray, and mentioned above, figs. 1-14 represent genuine
Challengerida, with diatomaceous shell-structure, whilst figs. 15-20 are
Tuscarorida, with porcellanous shell-structure. These latter, therefore,
are more closely allied to the Circoporida, whilst the Challengerida
exhibit a closer affinity to the Medusettida and Castanellida. But the two
latter families never possess that peculiar extremely regular and delicate
diatomaceous structure which is exhibited only by the Challengerida.

The general form of the Challengerida is rather simple, usually more or
less ovate, sometimes nearly triangular, at other times subspherical. In
nearly all species, with a few exceptions, the shell is more or less
compressed from the two sides, so that its horizontal transverse section is
not circular, but elliptical or lanceolate. In many species the shell is
more or less lenticular, with a sharp or sometimes keeled margin. This
margin lies in the sagittal plane of the body, whilst the two flat sides
are right and left. The main axis is always perpendicular, and its oral or
anterior pole is marked by the open mouth of the shell; the latter is in
the living organism probably the upper pole, whilst the opposite aboral or
posterior pole (often marked by large spines) is the lower pole. The dorsal
margin of the mouth is usually different from the ventral, and in the
majority of species this difference is so striking, that right and left
sides of the body may be recognised immediately, the fundamental form being
dipleuric or bilaterally-symmetrical. In a few species, however, and mainly
in those simplest forms in which the ovate shell has a circular mouth
without teeth, and a circular transverse section, that difference is not
recognisable, and the ovate shell is monaxonial, as it is in _Gromia_ and
_Lagena_ among the Foraminifera (Pl. 99, figs. 19, 20, 22). The size of the
shell is in the majority of species between 0.2 and 0.5 mm.; there are,
however, some very small species, in which the diameter of the shell is
only 0.05 to 0.08, or even less; and some large species, the diameter of
which attains 0.8 to 0.9 mm.

The peculiar structure of the siliceous shell-wall, which we call shortly
"diatomaceous," and by which the Challengerida differ from all the other
PHAEODARIA, has been already represented very well by Dr. John Murray, in
Pl. A. of the Narrative (vol. i. p. 266, figs. 1_c_-1_e_, 2_a_, 4_a_, 7_a_,
7_b_). This elegant diatomaceous structure is extremely similar or nearly
identical with that well-known regular structure which we find in the
common Diatomaceae or Bacillariae. The entire surface of the shell is
covered with a very great number of very small pit-like depressions,
perfectly regular, circular in form, equal in size, and quincuncial in
arrangement. The neighbouring equidistant pits are always surrounded by
regular hexagonal frames of equal size, and the prominent fine crests of
these frames produce the regular hexagonal tracery, which gives to the
shell such a striking similarity to that of the Diatomaceae. According to
{1644}the different positions to which the focus of the microscope is
brought, the hexagonal tracery exhibits a different appearance; either a
regular network of equal hexagonal frames, or a lattice with equal and
equidistant circular openings, or a combination of three crossed and
equidistant systems of parallel lines (crossed at angles of 120d). All the
well-known and often discussed optical phenomena which are observed in the
valves of the Diatomaceae, reappear also on the shell of the Challengerida.

To recognise the true nature of this diatomaceous structure, sections and
slides of the shell are required, and also fragments of broken shells, the
broken margins of which are of special value for obtaining further
explanation. The figures given by Dr. J. Murray (_loc. cit._, Pl. A) have
already demonstrated that the pit-like depressions are regular small
cavities in the flinty shell-wall, which possess an inner and an outer
opening. These intraparietal cavities are either spherical (fig. 7_b_) or
cylindrical (fig. 1_d_, 4_a_) or spindle-shaped, with a constriction (fig.
2_a_). Further accurate examinations probably will show a greater variety
in their shape. But each cavity constantly possesses two small openings,
one on the outer, and the other on the inner surface of the shell-wall.
Closer examination (especially of broken shells and slides) proves the
presence of these two openings, which in the smaller species seem to be
absent on the first view. I may, therefore, suppose that also in the
similar valves of the Diatomaceae, which exhibit exactly the same
structure, an inner and an outer opening are always present in each
hexagonal pit, and that the very small size alone prevents them from being
recognised. The regular hexagonally-framed cavities in the shell-wall of
the Challengerida (probably also of the Diatomaceae) are therefore genuine
pores, differing from the pores of other Radiolaria only in their smaller
size and the dilatation of the middle part, which is much wider than the
two openings.

The mouth of the shell, its single larger opening, exhibits in the various
Challengerida a great variety in form and structure, and offers the best
means for separating genera and species. According to its essential shape
two different subfamilies and six genera may be distinguished in this
family. In the first subfamily, Lithogromida, the mouth is a simple large
opening in the wall of the shell on the oral pole of its main axis (Pl. 99,
figs. 1-15). In the second subfamily, Pharyngellida, the mouth is prolonged
into a cylindrical hollow tube, which is prominent into the shell-cavity,
and comparable to the pharynx of the Metazoa in general form and function
(Pl. 99, figs. 16-20). In this case we may distinguish an inner and an
outer mouth of the tubular pharynx.

In a few forms of both subfamilies the mouth is toothless, smooth, and not
armed with prominent external spines or teeth, as in _Lithogromia_, the
simplest form of all (Pl. 99, fig. 22) and in _Entocannula_ (figs. 19, 20).
In the great majority of Challengerida, however, the outer opening of the
mouth is armed with one or more teeth, usually strong prominent spines
(figs. 1-18). Usually the base of these teeth is {1645}semitubular or a
half cylinder, forming a more or less prominent peristome or a proboscis;
and always in this case the open concave side of the canal-shaped groove is
directed towards the ventral side of the shell, the closed convex side
towards the dorsal side. When several teeth arise from the two lateral free
margins of the groove, they are also directed towards the ventral side
(figs. 2, 12, 17, &c.). Often a deep ventral incision or a guttural
constriction separates the base of the proboscis from the genuine shell.
The structure of this proboscis or peristome is usually the same as in the
diatomaceous shell-wall; but sometimes its lattice-work assumes a different
shape.

The opening of the mouth itself is rarely circular, usually it is
elliptical or even lanceolate, often triangular. Sometimes two prominent
opposite lips may be distinguished as right and left, when the fissure of
the mouth is prolonged in a sagittal or longitudinal direction; as upper
and lower, when it is prolonged in a frontal or transverse direction. The
upper or dorsal lip is always more developed than the lower or ventral; and
the entire semitubular proboscis may be regarded as a production of the
upper lip. Sometimes the latter attains an extraordinary size and
development, the greatest in _Challengeria murrayi_ (Pl. 99, fig. 1).

The teeth of the mouth, which arise from the upper lip, are usually hollow,
at least on the base; a prolongation of the shell-cavity arising into the
base of the teeth. Their form is very variable, conical, lanceolate,
triangular, sabre-shaped, &c. Usually they are more or less curved, and
shorter than the radius of the shell; rarely they are straight, and longer
than the radius (Pl. 99, figs. 5, 6). More important is their different
number, which we have employed for the distinction of subgenera; future
observations may prove that they are different genera. The most important
are the following cases:--(A.) a single odd dorsal tooth (figs. 5, 16);
(B.) two paired lateral teeth (figs. 4, 6, 17); (C.) three teeth, an odd
dorsal and two paired lateral (figs. 7, 9, 10); (D.) four paired teeth, two
dorsal and two ventral (figs. 3, 13); (E.) five teeth, an odd dorsal and
two pairs of lateral (figs. 2, 12); (F.) six teeth in three lateral pairs
(fig. 1).

The teeth of the peristome are not the only apophyses which arise from the
shell of the Challengerida. In the majority other spines appear on the
sagittal margin, which separates the right and left halves of the shell.
These marginal spines are characteristic of the genera _Challengeron_ and
_Porcupinia_; they are usually radially directed, straight, conical,
sometimes solid, at other times hollow. Their number and arrangement is
very variable and serves for the distinction of species; the following
differences are the most important:--(A.) a single odd spine on the apical
pole of the shell, in the principal axis, opposite to the centre of the
mouth (Pl. 99, figs. 6, 7); (B.) two aboral spines, a dorsal and a ventral
(figs. 8-10); (C.) a bunch or a crowded group of radial spines on the
aboral margin of the shell, usually one larger apical spine surrounded by
several smaller dorsal and ventral (figs. 11, 12, 16); (D.) numerous radial
spines along the whole sagittal margin of the shell (figs. 13-15).

{1646}The _central capsule_ of the Challengerida is constantly placed in
the aboral half of the shell-cavity, whilst its oral half is occupied by
the phaeodium; the intervals between them and the inner surface of the
shell are filled up by the calymma. Frequently from the outer surface of
the capsule arise numerous branched streams of sarcode, which pierce the
calymma and are directed towards the inside of the shell-wall, where they
are united by a thin continuous layer of protoplasm (Pl. 99, fig. 1). The
phaeodium is usually more voluminous than the capsule and envelops the
latter on its anterior or oral face; more rarely the entire capsule is
hidden in the phaeodium. The phaeodella, constituting the latter, are of
very different sizes, of variable colour, olive and greenish-brown,
red-brown, black-brown or nearly black. In some preparations, stained with
carmine, numerous red coloured granula, similar to nuclei, were scattered
in the phaeodium (compare Murray, _loc. cit._, Pl. A, figs. 1-14).

The diameter of the central capsule is usually about one-half or one-third
as great as that of the enclosing shell (Pl. 99, figs. 1-20). Its form is
either spherical or slightly compressed, spheroidal, or sometimes
lenticular. The large nucleus has the same form, is about half as broad as
the capsule and contains numerous nucleoli. Sometimes the capsule contained
two nuclei of equal size, and in a few specimens the shell contained two
central capsules, each with a nucleus, so that the Challengerida seem to
propagate also by self-division (Pl. 99, fig. 6).

The astropyle, or the large opening of the central capsule, exhibits the
usual radiate operculum of the PHAEODARIA, and the tubular proboscis
arising from it. This is constantly placed on the oral or anterior pole of
the capsule and directed towards the mouth of the shell. I was never able
to discover any parapyle or secondary opening in the central capsule,
though numerous and well-preserved specimens of the Challenger collection
were accurately examined. It seems therefore that the Challengerida are not
TRIPYLEA (as the majority of PHAEODARIA), but MONOPYLEA with a single
opening (like the closely allied Medusettida and Castanellida).

_Synopsis of the Genera of Challengerida._

                              { Shell smooth, without
                              {  adoral teeth and
                              {  marginal spines,      693. _Lithogromia_.
  I. Subfamily Lithogromida.  {
     Shell without pharynx    { Shell with adoral
     or inner prominent tube  {  teeth, but without
     of the mouth.            {  marginal spines,      694. _Challengeria_.
                              {
                              { Shell with adoral
                              {  teeth and with
                              {  marginal spines,      695. _Challengeron_.

                              { Shell smooth, without
                              {  adoral teeth and
  II. Subfamily Pharyngellida.{  marginal spines,      696. _Entocannula_.
      Shell with a pharynx,   {
      or an inner cylindrical { Shell with adoral
      tube, arising from the  {  teeth, but without
      mouth and prominent     {  marginal spines,      697. _Pharyngella_.
      inside.                 {
                              { Shell with adoral
                              {  teeth and with
                              {  marginal spines,      698. _Porcupinia_.



{1647}Subfamily 1. LITHOGROMIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Challengerida# without pharynx, with a simple mouth, not
prolonged into an inner prominent tube.



Genus 693. _Lithogromia_,[312] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.

_Definition._--#Challengerida# without pharynx, without adoral teeth and
marginal spines.

The genus _Lithogromia_ and the two following genera represent together the
subfamily Lithogromida, comprising those Challengerida in which the mouth
of the shell is a simple opening, and not prolonged into a pharynx or an
internal prominent tube. _Lithogromia_ may be regarded as the common
ancestral form of this family, since it is the simplest of all, and
possesses no external apophyses, neither teeth on the mouth, nor spines on
the margin of the smooth shell.


1. _Lithogromia silicea_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 22).

Shell ovate, one and a half times as long as broad, not compressed.
Transverse section circular. Mouth a simple circular opening with smooth
edges about one-third as broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.15; mouth 0.05.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Faeroee Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray,
depth 600 fathoms.


2. _Lithogromia diatomacea_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 21).

Shell ovate, lenticular, one and one-third times as long as broad, strongly
compressed. Transverse section elliptical. Mouth a broad fissure, half as
broad as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.27, breadth 0.2; mouth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


3. _Lithogromia lenticula_, n. sp.

Shell subcircular, lenticular, about as long as broad, strongly compressed.
Transverse section lanceolate. Mouth a narrow fissure, one-third as broad
as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15, mouth 0.05.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.



{1648}Genus 694. _Challengeria_, John Murray, 1876, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond.,
vol. xxiv. p. 536.

_Definition._--#Challengerida# without pharynx, with one or more adoral
teeth, but without spines on the sagittal margin.

The genus _Challengeria_, and the following closely allied _Challengeron_,
differ from the preceding _Lithogromia_, their ancestral form, in the
development of teeth on the mouth of the shell. _Challengeron_ has also
radial spines on the sagittal margin, while these are wanting in
_Challengeria_. The latter genus exhibits not less than twenty-one, the
former twenty-five species, so that both together make by far the greatest
part of the family (containing fifty-eight species). They are also more
common and more widely distributed than the four other genera of
Challengerida, and many species appear in great numbers in certain
localities. With a few exceptions living on the surface, they are all
inhabitants of great depths.



Subgenus 1. _Challengerantha_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Peristome with a single simple tooth, which is neither
forked nor branched (_Challengeriae monodontes_).


1. _Challengeria naresii_, John Murray.

  _Challengeria naresii_, John Murray, 1876, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., vol.
  xxiv. pl. xxiv. fig. 1.

  _Challengeria naresii_, John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_, Narr. Chall.
  Exp., vol. i. p. 236, pl. A, figs. 1, 1_a_-1_e_.

Shell circular or nearly circular, strongly compressed, lenticular.
Peristome on the dorsal corner with a single simple vertical tooth, which
is nearly straight, conical, with two sharp lateral edges on the base,
about half as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.5 to 0.6, length of the tooth 0.2 to
0.3.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, at depths between 1000
and 3000 fathoms.


2. _Challengeria xiphodon_, n. sp.

Shell circular, nearly spherical, slightly compressed. Peristome on the
dorsal corner with a single simple vertical tooth, which is straight,
three-sided prismatic, and as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.13, length of the tooth 0.1
to 0.12.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 349 to 352, surface.


{1649}3. _Challengeria sigmodon_, n. sp.

Shell circular, nearly spherical, slightly compressed. Peristome with a
single simple tooth, which is S-shaped, more or less curved, and about
one-third as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.4, length of the tooth 0.1 to
0.14.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 231, depth 2250 fathoms.


4. _Challengeria tritonis_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 5).

Shell ovate, slightly compressed. Peristome with a single simple tooth,
which is vertical, straight, slenderly conical, and about half as long as
the shell.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15 to 0.2, length of the tooth 0.1
to 0.12.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Faeroee Channel, Gulf Stream, in great numbers,
in depths from 100 to 600 fathoms. (Expedition of H.M.S. "Triton," 1882),
John Murray.


5. _Challengeria pyramidalis_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly ovate, one and a half times as long as broad, slightly
compressed. Peristome with a single, simple, large tooth, which is
three-sided pyramidal, vertical, straight, and longer than half the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.6 to 0.8, breadth 0.4 to 0.5; length
of the tooth 0.4 to 0.5.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.


6. _Challengeria cyrtodon_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, lenticular, strongly compressed. Peristome with a single
simple tooth, which is crescent-shaped, curved over the mouth, and about
half as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.4 to 0.5, breadth 0.3 to 0.4; length
of the tooth 0.2 to 0.25.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Challengeretta_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Peristome with a forked or bifid tooth, or with two parallel
lateral teeth (_Challengeria diodontes_).


7. _Challengeria sloggettii_, John Murray (Pl. 99, fig. 4).

  _Challengeria harstoni_, John Murray, 1879 (_partim_), _in litteris_,
  Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 14.

Shell triangular, strongly compressed, with three rounded corners, or
nearly semicircular; its aboral margin straight, horizontal, longer than
the convex, dorsal, and ventral margins. Peristome {1650}with two parallel,
triangular pointed teeth, which are obliquely ascending, lamellar, with
inflated ovate base, and about as long as the shell-radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.3, length of the teeth 0.1 to
0.15.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347, 348, depth 2250 to 2450
fathoms.


8. _Challengeria harstoni_, John Murray.

  _Challengeria harstoni_, John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_, Narr. Chall.
  Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 14_a_.

Shell subcircular or somewhat triangular, with convex margins. Peristome
with two parallel, slender, lanceolate teeth, which are obliquely
ascending, and about half as long as the shell-radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15 to 0.18, length of the teeth 0.04
to 0.05.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 231, depth 2250 fathoms.


9. _Challengeria campbelli_, John Murray.

  _Challengeria campbelli_, John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_, Narr. Chall.
  Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 9.

Shell cordate, nearly triangular, compressed, with blunt apex. Peristome in
the excavated middle of the broad base, with two short, parallel,
triangular teeth. This species is very similar to _Porcupinia cordiformis_
(Pl. 99, fig. 16), but differs from it in the absence of an internal
pharynx and of external apical spines.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.24; length of the teeth 0.03
to 0.05.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Stations 332 to 335, depth 1425 to 2200
fathoms.


10. _Challengeria thomsoni_, John Murray.

  _Challengeria thomsoni_, John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_, Narr. Chall.
  Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 2.

Shell ovate, slightly compressed, with rounded apical pole. Peristome
semitubular, obliquely ascending, nearly straight, in the lower half an
open half-cylinder, in the upper half forked, with two parallel, thin,
oblique teeth. Sometimes a third small (dorsal) tooth is developed.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.3 to 0.35, breadth 0.2 to 0.25; length
of the peristome 0.08 to 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Stations 318 to 330, surface, and in depths
from 1900 to 2900 fathoms.


11. _Challengeria bidens_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, strongly compressed, lenticular. Peristome with two curved,
long and thin bristle-shaped teeth, which are obliquely inclined over the
mouth, and longer than the radius of the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.12 to 0.18, breadth 0.1 to 0.14;
length of the teeth 0.08 to 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750
fathoms.


{1651}12. _Challengeria havergalli_, John Murray.

  _Challengeria havergalli_, John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_, Narr. Chall.
  Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, figs. 13, 13_a_.

Shell subspherical, slightly compressed. Peristome semitubular, slender,
somewhat curved, in the lower half a simple half-cylinder, in the upper
half forked, with two divergent teeth, nearly as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.15, length of the peristome
0.08 to 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


13. _Challengeria elephas_, n. sp.

Shell ellipsoidal, not compressed. Peristome very similar to that of
_Challengeron diodon_ (Pl. 99, fig. 6), from which this species differs
mainly in the absence of an apical spine, and in a more constricted mouth.
The two conical teeth of the mouth are very large, nearly as long as the
shell, straight, and almost parallel, each tooth has a large hole on the
thickened base.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.22, length of the teeth 0.2.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.



Subgenus 3. _Challengerilla_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Peristome with three teeth or trifid, with an odd dorsal and
two paired lateral teeth (_Challengeriae triodontes_).


14. _Challengeria macleari_, John Murray.

  _Challengeria macleari_, John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_, Narr. Chall.
  Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 3.

Shell subcircular, lenticular, with a sharp marginal edge. Peristome
semitubular, an oblique half-cylinder, with three divergent, short,
triangular teeth; the dorsal odd tooth nearly vertical, the paired lateral
teeth subhorizontal. Length of the peristome about one-third or one-fourth
of the diameter of the shell.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.25 to 0.35, length of the peristome
0.1 to 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Stations 325 to 332, depth 1715 to 2900
fathoms.


15. _Challengeria tridens_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, slightly compressed. Peristome about as long as the
radius of the shell, with three diverging and obliquely descending teeth;
the dorsal odd tooth twice as long as the paired lateral teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.12, length of the peristome
0.05 to 0.07.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Faeroee Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray.


{1652}16. _Challengeria trigona_, Haeckel.

  _Challengeria macleari_, var., John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_, Narr.
  Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 3_b_.

Shell triangular, with three rounded corners; the two lateral sides nearly
straight, equal, the aboral side more or less convex and somewhat shorter.
Peristome a curved half-tube (often longer than in Murray's figure),
one-third to one-half as long as the shell, with three short triangular
diverging and ascending teeth of equal length.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.25 to 0.3, breadth 0.2 to 0.25; length
of the peristome 0.08 to 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Stations 332 to 335, depth 1425 to 2200
fathoms.


17. _Challengeria trifida_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, more or less compressed, about two-thirds as long as broad.
Peristome semitubular, obliquely ascending, about one-third as long as the
shell, in the lower half simple, in the upper trifid, with three curved
divergent teeth; the dorsal odd tooth shorter than the paired lateral
teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.3 to 0.36, breadth 0.24 to 0.28.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.



Subgenus 4. _Challengeromma_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Peristome with four to six or more teeth.


18. _Challengeria quadridens_, n. sp.

Shell subglobose, with nearly circular perimeter. Peristome an oblique
short and broad tube, the breadth of which is twice as great as its length
and equal to the radius of the shell. Margin of the peristome with four
divergent, short, triangular teeth, the two dorsal teeth half as long as
the two ventral.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.22 to 0.24, breadth of the peristome
0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.


19. _Challengeria bromleyi_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 3).

Shell ovate, lenticular, strongly compressed. Peristome a broad,
trapezoidal, horizontal lamella, the breadth of which is twice as great as
its length and nearly equal to the diameter of the shell; its margin with
four divergent triangular lamellar teeth, the two dorsal teeth three times
as long as the two ventral.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08 to 0.1, breadth 0.05 to 0.07;
breadth of the peristome 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 244 to 253, surface, and in various
depths.


{1653}20. _Challengeria wildi_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 2).

Shell subspherical, slightly compressed. Peristome semitubular, curved, as
long as the shell-radius; with five curved lamellar teeth, an odd longer
dorsal tooth and two pairs of lateral teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.18, length of the peristome
0.08 to 0.12.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347 to 348, depth 2250 to 2450
fathoms.


21. _Challengeria aldrichi_, John Murray, _Challengeria aldrichi_1876, L.
N. 27, pl. 24, fig. 2.

  _Challengeria aldrichi_, John Murray, 1879, in litteris, Narr. Chall.
  Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 4.

Shell subspherical, slightly compressed. Peristome a collar-like curved
lamella, the breadth of which is twice as great as its length, and equals
the radius of the shell; its margin with six short triangular teeth, two
convergent ventral, two external horizontal lateral, and two ascending
dorsal.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2, breadth of the peristome 0.1.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244 to 248, depth 2050 to 2900 fathoms.


22. _Challengeria murrayi_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 1).

Shell subcircular, lenticular, strongly compressed. Peristome a
trapezoidal, curved, collar-like lamella, the breadth of which is three
times as great as its length and equal to the diameter of the shell; its
margin with six triangular teeth, disposed like the preceding species, but
larger.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15, breadth of the peristome 0.15.

_Habitat._--North-Western Pacific (south of Japan), Station 231, depth 2250
fathoms.



Genus 695. _Challengeron_, John Murray, 1879, _in litteris et schedulis_.

_Definition._--#Challengerida# without pharynx, with one or more teeth on
the mouth, and with marginal spines.

The genus _Challengeron_ has in general the same shape as the preceding
closely allied _Challengeria_, but differs from it in the development of
radial spines on the sagittal margin of the shell, which in the latter
genus is smooth. According to the different number and arrangement of these
marginal spines, which give a very singular appearance to them, we divide
the twenty-five species of this cosmopolitan genus into four
subgenera:--(1) with a single, odd apical spine; (2) with two opposed
aboral spines (a dorsal and a ventral); (3) with a bunch of aboral spines;
(4) with numerous radial spines along the whole sagittal margin of the
shell.



Subgenus 1. _Challengeranium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Margin of the shell with a single spine on the apical pole,
opposite to the peristome (_Challengeriae caudatae_).


{1654}1. _Challengeron monodon_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, slightly compressed, with a single straight conical
spine on the apical pole, about as long as the radius. Peristome with a
single vertical, straight, conical tooth, diametrically opposite to the
apical spine and of the same length. (Similar to _Challengeria naresii_.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.3, length of the two opposite
spines 0.1 to 0.15.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


2. _Challengeron cochlear_, n. sp.

Shell nearly circular, lenticular, strongly compressed, with a single
straight conical spine on the apical pole, about half as long as the
radius. Peristome spoon-shaped, obliquely curved and inclined over the
mouth, with a single terminal tooth, somewhat longer than the radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1, length of the peristome 0.06.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe, surface.


3. _Challengeron diodon_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 6).

Shell ovate, slightly compressed, with a single straight conical spine on
the aboral pole, half as long as the radius. Peristome short and broad,
collar-shaped, about twice as broad as long, and half as long as the
radius, obliquely inclined over the mouth, with two divergent straight
teeth, which are conical and longer than the shell-radius; beyond each
tooth a large ovate hole in the wall of the peristome.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.1, length of the teeth 0.06
to 0.08.

_Habitat._--South-Eastern Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.


4. _Challengeron pearceyi_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 7).

Shell ellipsoidal or subspherical, scarcely compressed, with a single
straight conical spine on the apical pole, about as long as the diameter.
Peristome slender, semitubular, nearly as long as the diameter, somewhat
obliquely inclined over the mouth, with three divergent triangular or
lanceolate teeth; the dorsal odd tooth about twice as large as the paired
lateral teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.12, length of the peristome
0.08 to 0.1.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, between Kerguelen and Heard Island, Station
157.


5. _Challengeron swirei_, John Murray.

  _Challengeria swirei_, John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_, Narr. Chall.
  Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 11.

Shell subspherical or somewhat ovate, with a single straight conical spine
on the apical pole, about as long as the radius. Peristome slender,
semitubular, straight and vertical, nearly as long as the shell, with three
pointed teeth, an odd longer terminal and two paired shorter lateral.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.06 to 0.08, length of the peristome
0.05 to 0.06.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, surface, common.


{1655}6. _Challengeron triodon_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, one and a half times as long as broad, not compressed, with a
single short and stout conical spine on the apical pole, shorter than half
the radius. Peristome short and broad, collar-shaped, nearly half as broad
and one-third as long as the shell, with three divergent terminal teeth, an
odd dorsal and two paired lateral.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.25 to 0.3, breadth 0.15 to 0.2; length
and breadth of the peristome 0.1.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 245, surface.



Subgenus 2. _Challengerebium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Margin of the shell with two widely distant aboral spines,
opposite in the sagittal plane, a dorsal and a ventral.


7. _Challengeron balfouri_, John Murray.

  _Challengeria balfouri_, John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_, Narr. Chall.
  Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 10.

Shell subcircular, lenticular, strongly compressed, with two short
divergent spines on the apical margin (a dorsal and a ventral). Peristome
slender, semitubular, as long as the radius, vertical, in the distal half
forked, with two parallel teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.16, length of the peristome
0.04 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Stations 353 to 354, Hebrides, surface.


8. _Challengeron golfense_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, lenticular, compressed, with two short divergent spines on the
apical margin (a dorsal and a ventral). Peristome slender, semitubular,
half as long as the radius, with three terminal teeth, two short,
vertically ascending, paired teeth and a larger odd tooth, which is
inclined obliquely over the mouth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15 to 0.2, peristome 0.05 to 0.07.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Faeroee Channel, Gulf Stream, surface and at
various depths, John Murray.


9. _Challengeron richardsii_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 8).

Shell subcircular, lenticular, strongly compressed, with two stout,
divergent, straight spines on the aboral margin (a dorsal and a ventral)
which reach the length of the radius. Peristome slender, semitubular,
slightly curved, about as long as the radius, with three short, divergent,
{1656}terminal teeth. Mouth obliquely truncate. The dorsal odd tooth is
nearly vertical, the two lateral paired teeth almost horizontal.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.25, length of the spines and
the peristome 0.08 to 0.12.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, surface, common.


10. _Challengeron fergusoni_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 9).

Shell isosceles triangular, with three slightly convex edges and two short,
nearly vertically descending spines on the two corners of the aboral
margin. Peristome inversely funnel-shaped, with a deep ventral incision on
the base, and three broad, ovate, triangular teeth. The dorsal odd tooth is
nearly vertical, whilst the two lateral paired teeth are almost horizontal;
therefore the angle between the former and the latter is about a right
angle.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.3, length of the peristome
0.1.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.


11. _Challengeron tizardi_, John Murray.

  _Challengeria tizardi_, John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_, Narr. Chall.
  Exp., vol i. p. 226, pl. A, figs. 7-7_b_.

Shell nearly equilateral triangular, with concave ventral, convex dorsal
and aboral edges, on the two corners of the latter two opposite horizontal
spines (a dorsal and a ventral). Peristome auriculate and bilobate, with a
deep ventral incision on the base, and three pointed triangular teeth, the
upper margins of which are nearly horizontal.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.22 to 0.3, length and breadth of the
peristome 0.01 to 0.12.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Stations 332 to 335, depth 1425 to 2200
fathoms.


12. _Challengeron triangulum_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 10).

Shell nearly equilateral triangular, with three slightly convex or nearly
straight sides, and two opposite obliquely descending and diverging spines
on the two corners of the aboral margin. Peristome auriculate and bilobate,
with a very thin basal neck and a deep incision on its ventral side; its
distal margin is obliquely truncate, and exhibits an odd ascending dorsal
tooth and two parallel, paired, descending, lateral teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.3; length and breadth of the
peristome 0.1 to 0.12.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 244 to 253, depth 2050 to 3125 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Challengeridium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Margin of the shell smooth on the dorsal and the ventral
side, but with three to five or more large spines (or a bunch of spines) on
the aboral side; the middle spine is placed in the main axis, and larger
than the others.


{1657}13. _Challengeron bisternum_, n. sp.

Shell subcircular, lenticular, strongly compressed, with three stout
conical spines on the aboral pole; the middle spine is placed in the main
axis, as long as the radius and three times as long as the two others.
Peristome semitubular, straight, vertical, about as long as the radius,
with three divergent teeth, the middle of which is odd and twice as large
as the two paired lateral teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.22; length of the peristome 0.1.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


14. _Challengeron heptacanthum_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, slightly compressed, with a series of five stout, conical,
radial spines on the aboral margin; the middle spine is placed in the main
axis and longer than the radius, twice as long as the two next, and three
times as long as the more distant spines. Peristome short and broad,
collar-shaped, with two large, divergent, straight teeth, each of which is
longer than the shell-radius and bears at its base a large hole.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.09 to 0.11, breadth 0.07 to 0.08;
length of the teeth 0.07.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347, 348, depth 2250 and 2450
fathoms.


15. _Challengeron crosbiei_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 11).

Shell ovate, strongly compressed, with a series of seven to nine conical
spines on the aboral margin; the middle spine is placed in the main axis,
as long as the radius, and much larger than the six or eight other spines.
Peristome short and broad, collar-like, with several small spines and two
slender, widely distant, conical teeth, which are half as long as the
shell, and curved towards one another like a pincer, each with a large hole
at its base.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08 to 0.09, breadth 0.06 to 0.07;
length of the two larger teeth 0.04 to 0.05.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.


16. _Challengeron buchanani_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 12).

Shell ovate, slightly compressed, with a terminal comb of nine to twelve
conical radial spines, densely crowded on the aboral pole; the middle spine
is placed in the main axis, about half as long as the shell and much larger
than the others. Peristome subconical, semitubular, recurved, half as long
as the shell, with five triangular teeth; the dorsal odd tooth is inclined
backwards, the two parallel pairs of lateral teeth directed ventrally.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.15 to 0.18, breadth 0.1 to 0.12;
length of the peristome 0.06 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.



{1658}Subgenus 4. _Challengerosium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Margin of the shell dentated or serrated, with a continuous
series of numerous short radial spines.


17. _Challengeron channeri_, John Murray.

  _Challengeron channeri_, John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_, Narr. Chall.
  Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 12.

Shell subcircular, lenticular, strongly compressed, with fourteen to
eighteen slender, straight, radial spines on the margin; the spines are
straight, equidistant, cylindrical, and about as long as the radius of the
shell. Peristome short, with two parallel, vertical, lateral, straight
teeth, which are less than half the length of a spine.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.14 to 0.17; length of the spines
0.06 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 231, depth 2250 fathoms.


18. _Challengeron moseleyi_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 14).

Shell circular, lenticular, strongly compressed, with thirty to forty
slender, straight, equidistant, radial spines on the margin, larger and
smaller spines alternating; the larger spines are about as long as the
radius, the smaller only half as long. Peristome short, tubular, with two
divergent ovate or nearly triangular teeth, a dorsal and a ventral, about
as long as the shorter marginal spines.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.13 to 0.15; length of the larger
spines 0.06 to 0.07, of the smaller 0.03 to 0.04.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.


19. _Challengeron bethelli_, John Murray.

  _Challengeron bethelli_, John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_, Narr. Chall.
  Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 6.

Shell subcircular, lenticular, strongly compressed, with numerous (twenty
to thirty) short conical spines on the margin (often wanting in the upper
part of the dorsal margin). Peristome with a deep labial incision and two
parallel triangular lateral teeth, the upper margin of which is horizontal.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.25; length of the spines 0.02
to 0.03.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 238, 241 (off Japan), depth between
2300 and 3950 fathoms.


20. _Challengeron bathybium_, n. sp.

Shell subcircular, lenticular, slightly compressed, with a corona of
numerous (thirty to forty or more) short, conical, radial spines on the
margin. Peristome helmet-shaped, nearly as long as the {1659}radius, with
two widely divergent, conical, curved teeth, a vertical dorsal and a nearly
horizontal ventral tooth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.22; length of the peristome 0.1.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.


21. _Challengeron johannis_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, slightly compressed, with a corona of numerous (forty to sixty
or more) short radial spines on the margin, ten to fifteen of them (in the
aboral half) are pyramidal, and much larger than the others. Peristome
helmet-shaped, about one-third as long as the shell, with a deep bosom and
two widely divergent teeth on the concave upper margin, a forked dorsal and
a conical ventral.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.13, breadth 0.1; length of the
peristome 0.04.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Faeroee Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray.


22. _Challengeron carpenterii_, John Murray.

  _Challengeron carpenterii_, John Murray, 1877, _in litteris_, Narr.
  Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 8.

Shell ovate, with a series of twelve to fifteen short, conical, radial
spines on the aboral half of the margin. Peristome slender, semitubular,
nearly as long as the shell, in the upper half forked, with two short
parallel teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.13 to 0.18, breadth 0.1 to 0.14;
length of the peristome 0.1 to 0.12.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347 to 348, depth 2250 to 2450
fathoms.


23. _Challengeron ciliatum_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, slightly compressed, with numerous (forty to fifty or more)
short and thin, bristle-shaped, radial spines on the margin. Peristome
obliquely truncate, with three curved spines; the dorsal odd spine
subvertical, nearly as long as the radius, and much stronger than the two
parallel, nearly horizontal, lateral spines.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.15, breadth 0.11; length of the
peristome 0.1.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 231, depth 2250 fathoms.


24. _Challengeron willemoesii_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 13).

Shell broadly-ovate or nearly circular, lenticular, with numerous (fifty to
sixty) short and stout, conical, radial spines on the margin, increasing in
size towards the aboral pole; the spines are alternately larger and
smaller, the largest about half as long as the radius. Peristome
helmet-shaped or half conical, longer than the radius of the shell, with
two pairs of conical, curved, {1660}divergent teeth; the terminal teeth are
the halves of a forked dorsal tooth and diverge laterally; the lower teeth
are nearly horizontal and directed ventrally.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.13 to 0.15; length of the peristome
0.07 to 0.1.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Stations 274 to 276, depth 2350 to 2750
fathoms.


25. _Challengeron wyvillei_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 15).

Shell ovate, lenticular, strongly compressed, with numerous (forty to
fifty) short, conical, radial spines on the margin; the spines are larger
on the aboral side and spinulate. Peristome narrow, with two parallel,
lateral, lamellar, forked teeth, about as long as the radius; the upper
branch of the forks is sabre-shaped, obliquely truncate, subvertical,
ciliate, and much broader than the lower nearly horizontal branch, which is
directed towards the ventral side and curved upwards.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.12 to 0.16, breadth 0.1 to 0.14;
length of the peristome 0.08 to 0.11.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. PHARYNGELLIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Challengerida# with a pharynx, or an internal prominent
mouth tube.



Genus 696. _Entocannula_,[313] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.

_Definition._--#Challengerida# with a pharynx, without teeth on the mouth,
and without marginal spines.

The genus _Entocannula_ and the two following genera represent together the
subfamily Pharyngellida, differing from the preceding Lithogromida in the
development of a peculiar pharynx, an internal, cylindrical, or
funnel-shaped tube, which is conspicuous, leads from the mouth into the
shell-cavity, and is provided with an inner and an outer opening. The
Pharyngellida are much rarer than the Lithogromida; only ten species have
been observed of the former, fifty of the latter. _Entocannula_ is the
simplest form of the Pharyngellida, having a smooth shell, without aboral
teeth and marginal spines; it differs from _Lithogromia_ only in the
possession of the pharynx. One remarkable species is covered entirely with
extremely thin, flinty hairs, and may represent therefore a peculiar genus,
_Trichogromia_.


{1661}1. _Entocannula circularis_, n. sp.

Shell circular or nearly circular, lenticular, strongly compressed. Pharynx
cylindrical, one-third or one-fourth as broad as the shell, twice as broad
as long, its outer and inner apertures of equal breadth. Surface smooth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.20 to 0.32, of the pharynx 0.07 to
0.09.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 250, depth 3050 fathoms.


2. _Entocannula subglobosa_, n. sp.

  _Challengeria bromleyi_, (_partim_), John Murray, 1879, _in schedulis_
  Chall. Coll.

Shell circular, nearly spherical, slightly compressed. Pharynx
funnel-shaped, truncate, conical, its outer opening twice as broad as the
inner. Surface smooth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.25 to 0.28, of the inner mouth 0.05.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.


3. _Entocannula infundibulum_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 19).

  _Challengeria bromleyi_ (_partim_), John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_,
  Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 5.

Shell ovate, truncate at the mouth, slightly compressed. Pharynx
funnel-shaped, its outer aperture two to three times as broad as the inner.
Surface smooth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.22 to 0.28, breadth 0.2 to 0.25; inner
mouth 0.04 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.


4. _Entocannula hirsuta_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 20).

  _Trichogromia hirsuta_, Haeckel, 1881, Manuscript.

Shell ovate. Pharynx cylindrical, one-fourth as broad as the shell, its
inner and outer apertures of equal breadth. The whole surface of the shell,
and mainly the outer mouth, is densely covered with thin, curved, siliceous
bristles.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.27 to 0.36, breadth 0.2 to 0.3; mouth
0.05 to 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Faeroee Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray,
depth 600 fathoms.



Genus 697. _Pharyngella_,[314] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Challengerida# with a pharynx, and with one or more teeth
on the mouth, but without marginal spines.

The genus _Pharyngella_ differs from the preceding _Entocannula_, its
ancestral form, in the development of one or more teeth on the peristome,
and exhibits therefore the same relation to it that _Challengeria_ bears to
_Lithogromia_. Only a few species of this genus have been observed, all in
the Atlantic.


{1662}1. _Pharyngella monoceros_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, slightly compressed, with a single large tooth on the dorsal
corner of the peristome. The tooth is cylindro-conical, half as long as the
shell, straight or slightly curved, and lies in the main axis of the shell.
Pharynx cylindrical, straight, half as long as the shell-radius. This
species is very similar to _Challengeria tritonis_ (Pl. 99, fig. 5), and to
the common cosmopolitan _Challengeria naresii_, but differs generically
from them in the possession of the pharynx.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.25 to 0.28; length of the tooth
0.14.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


2. _Pharyngella gastrula_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 18).

Shell ovate. Peristome with two parallel, vertical, straight, pointed
teeth, which are half as long as the shell-radius. Pharynx of the same
length, cylindrical or funnel-shaped, its outer aperture scarcely broader
than the inner.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.3 to 36, breadth 0.24 to 0.3; teeth
and pharynx 0.07 to 0.09.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Faeroee Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray,
depth 600 fathoms.


3. _Pharyngella invaginata_, n. sp.

Shell circular, slightly compressed or nearly spherical. Peristome with two
parallel, vertical, straight, pointed teeth, which are about as long as the
shell-radius. Pharynx of the same length, funnel-shaped; its outer aperture
twice as broad as the inner.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.22, teeth and pharynx 0.05.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


4. _Pharyngella gastraea_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 17).

Shell broad, ovate or nearly circular, lenticular, strongly compressed.
Peristome with two parallel, pointed teeth, which are nearly as long as the
shell-radius, slightly curved, and obliquely inclined over the mouth.
Pharynx half as long, cylindrical, obliquely descending; its outer and
inner apertures of equal breadth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.33, teeth 0.12, pharynx 0.06.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Stations 328 to 334, surface.



Genus 698. _Porcupinia_,[315] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.

_Definition._--#Challengerida# with a pharynx, with teeth on the mouth and
marginal spines.

The genus _Porcupinia_ differs from the preceding _Pharyngella_ in the
development {1663}of marginal spines, and exhibits therefore the same
relation to it that _Challengeron_ bears to _Challengeria_. Only two
species have been observed; the first of these bears, besides the large
marginal spines, numerous flinty bristles on the surface of the shell.


1. _Porcupinia aculeata_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, one and one-third times as long as broad, slightly compressed,
covered with short, bristle-shaped spines over the whole surface, similar
to _Entocannula hirsuta_ (Pl. 99, fig. 20). The keeled margin is armed with
numerous long and stout radial spines, which are alternately larger and
smaller, as in _Challengeron moseleyi_ (Pl. 99, fig. 14); the larger about
as long as the radius, the smaller half as long. Peristome with two
straight, parallel teeth. Pharynx funnel-shaped, half as long as the
radius, its outer aperture twice as broad as the inner.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.24, breadth 0.18; peristome 0.05.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


2. _Porcupinia cordiformis_, n. sp. (Pl. 99, fig. 16).

Shell heart-shaped, nearly triangular, with a deep, concave bosom at the
broad oral base, and a bunch of five to nine divergent spines at the blunt
aboral apex, the middle spine (in the main axis) larger than the others.
Peristome with two parallel, short, triangular teeth, which are obliquely
inclined over the mouth (their upper convex edge nearly horizontal).
Pharynx cylindrical, short, curved, and obliquely descending.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.25, of the pharynx 0.05 to
0.08.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.



Family LXXIX. #MEDUSETTIDA#, n. fam. (Pls. 118-120).

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with a simple, ovate, hemispherical or cap-shaped
lattice-shell of peculiar alveolate structure, and with hollow articulate
feet surrounding the widely open mouth. Central capsule excentric, placed
in the aboral half of the shell-cavity.

The family #Medusettida# represents a peculiar group of remarkable
PHAEODARIA, which are similar to the Challengerida and Tuscarorida in the
general form of the monaxonian shell and its apophyses, but differ from
both families in the strange alveolate structure of the shell and of the
hollow articulate feet surrounding its mouth. All the forms of this family
here described are new, and not a single species was known before the
discoveries of the Challenger. The majority seem to be inhabitants of the
deep-sea, and occur mainly in those places where other families of
PHAEODARIA (Aulacanthida, Aulosphaerida, Coelodendrida) are also well
represented; they are, however, nowhere so common as these latter families.
Their long feet and the small delicate {1664}shell are extremely fragile,
so that complete and well-preserved specimens are rare. Some species are
among the most admirable forms of Radiolaria, and are similar to small
elegant Medusae, _e.g._, _Medusetta_ (Pl. 120, figs. 1-4), _Gazelletta_
(Pl. 118, fig. 1), and _Gorgonetta_ (Pl. 119).

The shell of the Medusettida is usually very small and delicate, in
comparison to the long, often exceedingly large, feet, which depend from
the margin of its mouth. From the size and the weight of these feet, we
must suppose that the shell floats in the water in the same position as in
the NASSELLARIA, so that the main axis is vertical, and the open mouth with
the feet on its lower pole. The form of the shell exhibits the same
varieties as the similar umbrella of the Medusae. It is usually more or
less hemispherical, sometimes flatter, cap-shaped, at other times more
highly vaulted, campanulate or ovate. The similarity with the umbrella of a
Medusa is so great, that in many species the large lower opening on the
mouth of the shell is surrounded by a prominent ring or diaphragm,
comparable to the velum of the Craspedotae or Hydromedusae (Pl. 120, figs.
3-4).

The structure of the shell, which we term shortly "alveolate," is very
remarkable, and seems to be different from that of the other PHAEODARIA.
Its reticulate appearance seems to indicate at first sight the usual
lattice-shell, pierced by numerous very small pores (Pl. 118, figs. 1-3).
But as soon as we make the shell dry, air always enters into its thin
walls, and each apparent pore is found to be a small alveole or a separate
compartment, which contains a small bubble of air (Pl. 120, figs. 11, 16).
The thin wall of the shell is therefore double, composed of two parallel,
very thin lamellae of silica, which are little distant from one another,
and are connected by a network of small rods or septa. This network is
rarely regular, with square meshes (Pl. 118, fig. 3), or with hexagonal or
triangular meshes (Pl. 116, fig. 2); it is usually irregular, with
polygonal meshes (Pl. 120, figs. 11-16). The size of the meshes or alveoles
is usually smallest on the aboral apex of the shell, and increases
gradually towards the mouth. The largest alveoles are around the mouth, on
the velum-shaped peristome, and here the marginal alveoles of the shell
pass directly over into the separate alveoles or hollow compartments of the
articulate feet (Pl. 118, fig. 1). Probably each alveole is a separate
compartment, filled up by jelly, and has a small opening or pore on its
inside; this pore is very distinct in the marginal alveoles of some larger
species (Pl. 116, fig. 1_a_; Pl. 120, fig. 14), but I have not been able to
recognise it everywhere. Moreover, it often happens that the alveoles are
apparently completely closed. In some smaller species the alveolate
structure seems to be present only in the peripheral part of the shell,
whilst the central part is solid.

The outer convex surface of the shell is usually smooth, sometimes
papillate (Pl. 116, fig. 1), at other times studded with small, conical,
radial spines (Pl. 118, fig. 1; Pl. 120, figs. 4-11). Prolonged cylindrical
spines or tubes are rarely {1665}scattered over the surface (Pl. 116, figs.
1, 2). In some genera a long vertical or oblique spine is developed from
the apex of the shell, and is comparable to the "apical horn" of the
NASSELLARIA (Pl. 118, figs. 2, 3; Pl. 120, figs. 1-4).

The mouth of the shell, or the large opening on the lower pole of its
vertical main axis, is usually widely open, circular or polygonal, more
rarely constricted. In many species the peristome is broadened and its
margin developed in the form of a horizontal diaphragm, which constricts
the entrance into the shell-cavity, and is comparable to the velum of the
Hydromedusae (Pl. 120, figs. 1-4). Sometimes the margin of the velum is
fringed and bears numerous small dependent filaments of silica, comparable
to the marginal tentacles of many Medusae (Pl. 118, figs. 1, 3; Pl. 120,
fig. 16). Rarely the mouth is strongly constricted and prolonged into a
narrow, long, cylindrical tube, comparable to a proboscis; its opening is
usually fringed (Pl. 116, figs. 1, 2).

The hollow articulate feet, or the large radial apophyses of the peristome,
are the most remarkable organs of the Medusettida, and occur in the same
form in no other family of Radiolaria. Their number is variable from three
to twelve or more, and is here employed for the distinction of genera, as
it is rather constant; the most frequent number is four (_Medusetta_) or
six (_Gazelletta_). The feet are usually cylindrical, much longer than the
shell, and more or less curved; more rarely they are straight or slightly
compressed. They are always articulate, and divided by numerous transverse
parallel septa into hollow compartments or alveoles; the transversely
striated appearance of the feet is brought about by these septa. The
alveoles have usually the form of short discoidal cylinders, and are
broader than long (Pl. 120, figs. 5-13); rarely they are longer than broad
(fig. 15). The septa between the alveoles are always perforated by a small
opening and usually this opening is prolonged into a shorter or longer
tubule, comparable to the siphuncle in the septa of the chambered shells of
Cephalopoda; as in these latter, the succeeding siphons are arranged in a
continuous series, which lies either in the axis of the foot or parallel to
it (Pl. 120, figs. 8, 13, 15). The siphons are directed towards the distal
end of the foot, so that, _e.g._, the siphon which arises from the septum
between the ninth and tenth alveole, projects into the cavity of the
latter. The communicating cavities of all the alveoles are filled up by
jelly. In the dry shells, which are cleaned by hot mineral acids or by
fire, and in which, therefore, the jelly is destroyed, the cavities become
easily filled by air-bubbles (Pl. 120, figs. 8, 11, 15). Whilst the
alveoles of each foot always form a long simple series, this series becomes
doubled on the base of the larger feet, where they are broadened, and pass
over into the compartments of the peristome (Pl. 122, figs. 10, 11, 14).
The terminal alveole of each foot is closed.

The feet of the Medusettida are rarely quite simple and smooth (Pl. 120,
figs. 1, 5, 7, 10, &c.). Usually they are armed with numerous spines or
with elegant pencils of spathillae. These secondary appendages or branches
are also hollow, with a {1666}thin wall of silex; but they seem usually not
to communicate with the alveoles of the foot directly; the cavities of the
foot and its appendages are separated by a thin, solid septum. In
_Medusetta_ the convex outer edge of each curved foot is studded with a
series of simple alveolate branches (Pl. 120, figs. 2-4). In _Gazelletta_,
the feet are usually armed with verticillate or alternate spines, which are
either simple or branched (Pl. 120, figs. 11-15); sometimes each branch is
elegantly arborescent (Pl. 118, fig. 1). Sometimes the distal end of each
branch is armed with a spathilla or a coronet of recurved teeth. The
branches attain their highest development in the admirable _Gorgonetta_
(Pl. 119). The twelve feet of this most interesting genus are
differentiated into two different and alternating groups, six descending
and six ascending. The six upper or ascending feet are arborescent, and
each branch is armed at the distal end with a spathilla (figs. 1, 2). The
six lower or descending feet are covered with most elegant arborescent
pencils or anchor-bearing trees; each terminal branch of a tree is armed
with two spathillae, a smaller terminal and a larger below it (figs. 3, 4).
The distal ends of the feet are rarely simple, usually they are forked or
branched, or armed with peculiar spathillae; and sometimes these terminal
branches are very large (Pls. 118, 119).

The _central capsule_ of the Medusettida is usually subspherical or
somewhat lenticular, and hidden in the aboral or upper part of the
shell-cavity, whilst its oral or lower part is filled up by the phaeodium
(Pl. 120, figs. 2, 9, 10, 11). Sometimes the phaeodium is very large and
prominent at the aperture of the mouth (Pl. 118, figs. 2, 3; Pl. 119, fig.
1). The nucleus is usually ellipsoidal, half as large as the central
capsule, and includes numerous nucleoli. The membrane of the central
capsule seems in all Medusettida to possess only one opening, the astropyle
or main-opening with a radiate operculum and proboscis, placed at the lower
or oral pole (Pl. 120, fig. 2). I have never been able to observe any
secondary opening or parapyle. The free space between the shell wall and
the capsule is filled up by the calymma, which also includes the phaeodium.
The jelly of the calymma is probably in direct continuity with the jelly
which fills up the alveoles of the shell-wall and of the articulate feet.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Medusettida._

  I. Subfamily Euphysettida.   { Three equal feet,       699. _Cortinetta_.
  Peristome of the shell with  {
   a corona of three or four   { Four equal feet,        700. _Medusetta_.
   feet. Apex of the shell     {
   (usually) with an apical    { One large and three
   horn.                       {  small feet,            701. _Euphysetta_.

                               { Six descending feet,    702. _Gazelletta_.
                               {
  II. Subfamily Gazellettida.  { Six descending and six
   Peristome of the shell with {  ascending alternating
   six to twelve or more feet. {  feet,                  703. _Gorgonetta_.
   Apex of the shell (usually) {
   without apical horn.        { Numerous (ten to twenty
                               {  or more) descending
                               {  feet,                  704. _Polypetta_.



{1667}Genus 699. _Cortinetta_,[316] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Medusettida# with three articulate feet on the peristome.

The genus Cortinetta comprises Medusettida which exhibit the minimum number
of feet, three, and which therefore may be compared to the tripodal
NASSELLARIA (_Cortina_, _Cortiniscus_, _Tripodiscus_, &c.). This similarity
is the greater, as in the few observed species an apical horn is developed
(as also in the following genus). The three feet are in the two species
observed of equal size and similar form, and equidistant, so that they
cannot be distinguished as an odd caudal and two paired lateral feet, as in
the similar NASSELLARIA.


1. _Cortinetta tripodiscus_, n. sp. (Pl. 117, fig. 7).

Shell campanulate, covered with numerous curved ascending bristles, with a
prominent annular velum on the peristome, similar to that of _Medusetta
craspedota_. (Pl. 120, fig. 4). Feet equal, widely divergent and
equidistant, somewhat longer than the shell, slightly curved, and covered
on their convex outer edge with a series of short lateral branches, the
three ramules of which bear a spathilla. Apical horn conical, straight,
about as long as the shell, also covered with curved bristles.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.14, breadth 0.11; length of the feet
0.16, of the apical horn 0.11.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


2. _Cortinetta cortiniscus_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, subspherical, thorny, with a prominent annular velum on
the peristome. Feet equal, very large, widely divergent, about three times
as long as the shell and studded with arborescent branches, similar to
those of _Gazelletta drymonema_ (Pl. 118, fig. 1). Apical horn slender,
conical, straight, thorny, twice as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.18, breadth 0.16; length of the feet
0.5 to 0.6, of the apical horn 0.33.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.



Genus 700. _Medusetta_,[317] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Medusettida# with four equidistant articulate feet of equal
size on the peristome.

The genus _Medusetta_ comprises those forms of the family which bear on the
peristome four equal radial feet, and therefore exhibit a striking
similarity to many {1668}small Medusae (_e.g._, _Codonium_, _Tiara_,
_Sarsia_, &c.). This similarity is the greater, as usually the four feet
are elegantly curved and the entrance in the shell-cavity partly closed by
a marginal diaphragm, comparable to the velum of the Craspedotae or
Hydromedusae. In all the species observed the apex of the shell bears a
slender vertical or curved spine, comparable to the apical horn of the
NASSELLARIA. In most species the feet bear on their convex outside a series
of teeth or branches, which are also alveolate.


1. _Medusetta codonium_, n. sp. (Pl. 120, fig. 1).

Shell ovate, smooth, twice as broad as the constricted mouth. Apical horn
about as long as the shell, nearly straight, smooth. Feet cylindrical,
smooth, irregularly curved, about as long as the shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.05.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


2. _Medusetta tiara_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, smooth, about as long as broad, and three times as broad
as the constricted mouth, which is surrounded by a horizontal broad ring,
like the velum of a Hydromedusa. Apical horn conical, straight, half as
long as the shell. Feet divergent, irregularly curved, twice as long as the
shell.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.07, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic (Faeroee Channel), John Murray, surface.


3. _Medusetta minima_, n. sp.

Shell slenderly ovate, smooth, about twice as long as broad, twice as broad
as the constricted mouth. Apical horn straight, vertical, of the same
length. Feet somewhat longer, very thin, slightly curved at the base, in
the distal half nearly parallel and descending vertically.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.06, breadth 0.03.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


4. _Medusetta quadrigata_, n. sp. (Pl. 120, fig. 2).

Shell ovate, campanulate, smooth, little broader than the wide open mouth.
Apical horn longer than the shell, more or less curved, smooth. Feet
cylindrical, about as long as the shell, strongly curved and somewhat
spirally revoluted, with a series of short curved teeth on the abaxial
margin.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.07 to 0.09, breadth 0.04 to 0.06.

_Habitat._--North Pacific (off Japan), Stations 231 to 237, surface.


{1669}5. _Medusetta tetranema_, n. sp. (Pl. 120, fig. 3).

Shell campanulate, conical, smooth, nearly twice as broad as the
constricted mouth, without prominent velum. Apical horn somewhat shorter,
straight, conical, thorny. Feet strongly curved inwards, convergent, twice
as long as the shell, each with four to six strong, ascending, alveolate
branches on the abaxial margin.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.07 to 0.09, breadth 0.05 to 0.07.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 352, surface.


6. _Medusetta spiralis_, n. sp.

Shell hemispherical, thorny, with wide open mouth. Apical horn straight,
vertical, thorny, twice as long as the shell; feet cylindrical, three times
as long as the shell, spirally convoluted around the vertical axis of the
shell, with a series of recurved teeth on the abaxial margin.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.05, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 272, surface.


7. _Medusetta craspedota_, n. sp. (Pl. 120, fig. 4).

Shell campanulate or nearly spherical, spiny, twice as broad as the
constricted mouth, which is surrounded by a funnel-shaped truncate velum.
Apical horn conical, straight, spiny, half as long as the shell. Feet
strongly curved, longer than the shell, with a series of short conical
spines on the abaxial side.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.06, breadth 0.06.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 239, surface.



Genus 701. _Euphysetta_,[318] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Medusettida# with four articulate feet on the peristome,
one odd very large, and three small or rudimentary feet.

The genus _Euphysetta_ agrees with the preceding _Medusetta_ in the
possession of four articulate feet; but whilst these in the latter are of
equal size and similar shape, in the former a single odd foot only is
developed, and very large, whilst the three others are rudimentary and very
small. _Euphysetta_ exhibits therefore the same relation to _Medusetta_
that the Euphysidae (_Euphysa_, _Steenstrupia_, &c.) bear to the Sarsiadae
(_Codonium_, _Sarsia_), among the Hydromedusae (compare my System der
Medusen, 1879, vol. i. p. 12).


{1670}1. _Euphysetta staurocodon_, n. sp. (Pl. 118, fig. 2).

Shell ovate, nearly as broad as long, smooth, with an oblique, slender,
conical, apical horn of the same length. The larger odd foot cylindrical,
curved, somewhat longer than the shell, with three diverging branches at
the distal end. The three smaller feet very short, representing the form of
a regular rectangular cross.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.15, breadth 0.14.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


2. _Euphysetta hybocodon_, n. sp.

Shell ovate, one and one-third times as long as broad, smooth, with an
oblique, stout, conical horn of half the length. The larger odd foot
cylindrical, curved, twice as long as the shell, with a few pairs of short
lateral branches and forked distal end. The three smaller feet half as long
as the shell, thorny.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.16, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


3. _Euphysetta amphicodon_, n. sp. (Pl. 118, fig. 3).

Shell subspherical, smooth, with a short, oblique, conical, apical horn.
The larger odd foot cylindrical, nearly straight, as long as the shell,
with a few short lateral branches, at the distal end forked. The three
smaller feet were in one specimen observed forked, in another (the specimen
figured) replaced by nine small thorns.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.11, breadth 0.13.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.



Genus 702. _Gazelletta_,[319] John Murray, 1876 (_in litteris_).

_Definition._--#Medusettida# with six articulate feet on the peristome.

The genus _Gazelletta_ is by far the most common of all Medusettida, and
some species seem to be widely distributed, or even cosmopolitan. The
number of species, too, is in this genus much larger than in all the other
genera of this family. It differs from the latter in the possession of six
feet, which number is very constant in the majority of species; in some
species, however, single specimens are not rarely found which possess five
or seven feet instead of six. Usually the six feet are rather regularly
formed and disposed, and diverge downwards; but sometimes there is more or
less {1671}irregularity in their shape and arrangement. In the majority of
species the feet are very long, curved, and armed in a very various manner,
so that four subgenera may be distinguished, according to the armatures.



Subgenus 1. _Gazellarium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet simple, smooth, without spines and without terminal
branches.


1. _Gazelletta hexanema_, n. sp. (Pl. 120, fig. 5).

Shell hemispherical, smooth. Feet very long, cylindrical, straight, smooth,
widely divergent, without terminal branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.03 to 0.04, breadth 0.06 to 0.07;
length of the feet 0.1 to 0.2.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
surface.


2. _Gazelletta macronema_, n. sp. (Pl. 120, figs. 7, 8).

Shell hemispherical, smooth. Feet very long, cylindrical, smooth, in the
basal part horizontally expanded, in the distal part strongly curved
downwards, without terminal branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, length of the feet 1.2 to
1.6.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.


3. _Gazelletta orthonema_, n. sp. (Pl. 120, fig. 10).

Shell hat-shaped, thorny.  Feet cylindrical, straight, smooth, widely
divergent, without terminal branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.16, length of the feet 0.3
to 0.5.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.


4. _Gazelletta cyrtonema_, n. sp. (Pl. 120, fig. 9).

Shell hat-shaped, thorny. Feet cylindrical, smooth, widely diverging at the
base, strongly curved and convergent in the distal part, often
semicircular, without terminal branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.11 to 0.13, length of the feet 0.4
to 0.6.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 354, Canary Islands, surface.



Subgenus 2. _Gazellidium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet smooth, without lateral spines, but branched at the
distal end, or with a bunch of terminal spines.


{1672}5. _Gazelletta furcata_, n. sp.

Shell flat, cap-shaped, smooth. Feet cylindrical, nearly straight, at the
distal end forked, with two divergent, spinulate, terminal branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.3; length of the feet
0.6 to 0.8.

_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, surface.


6. _Gazelletta bifurca_, n. sp. (Pl. 120, fig. 6).

Shell cap-shaped, thorny. Feet nearly straight, widely divergent,
cylindrical, smooth, at the distal end twice forked, with four divergent,
terminal branches, each of which bears a spathillum with six to eight
recurved teeth (sometimes, as in the specimen figured, five or six terminal
branches instead of four).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1, length of the feet 0.3 to 0.4.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 288, surface.


7. _Gazelletta penicillata_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, spiny. Feet cylindrical, strongly curved, smooth, with a
bunch of twelve to twenty or more curved spines at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.08, length of the feet 0.6.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.



Subgenus 3. _Gazellonium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet spiny, armed with simple or branched lateral spines,
and with terminal branches of the same shape.


8. _Gazelletta pectinata_, n. sp.

Shell flat, cap-shaped, thorny, three times as broad as high. Feet straight
or slightly curved, cylindrical, widely divergent, with four longitudinal
rows of short and simple conical spines, which are directed towards the
distal end, and about as long as a single joint of the foot.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.16, breadth 0.5; length of the feet
1.5 to 2.0, breadth 0.03 to 0.05.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Faeroee Channel (John Murray), Hebrides
(Moebius).


9. _Gazelletta pinnata_, n. sp.

Shell hat-shaped, thorny. Feet cylindrical, strongly curved, pinnate, with
two opposite longitudinal rows of simple conical spines, which are slightly
curved, directed towards the distal end and opposed in pairs on about each
third or fourth joint.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.3, length of the feet 1.2 to 1.5.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 325, depth 2650 fathoms.


{1673}10. _Gazelletta studeri_, n. sp. (Pl. 120, fig. 15).

Shell flat, cap-shaped, thorny. Feet widely divergent, nearly straight and
horizontally expanded, with two alternate longitudinal rows of lateral
spines, which arise perpendicularly from the foot, are simple, conical,
slightly curved, and alternate on the succeeding joints. Ends of the feet
constricted, with four to six spines in one row. Dedicated to Professor
Studer.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15, length of the feet 0.6 to 0.8.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic (east of Patagonia), Station 318, surface.


11. _Gazelletta schleinitzii_, n. sp. (Pl. 120, figs. 11, 12).

Shell hat-shaped, thorny. Feet cylindrical, nearly straight and
horizontally expanded, with four longitudinal rows of equal lateral spines,
which arise perpendicularly from the foot and bear at the end three short
divergent teeth. The end of the arms bears three forked spines. I name this
elegant species in honour of Captain Schleinitz, commander of the German
ship "Gazelle," who conducted the deep-sea soundings during the years 1874
to 1876.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12, length of the feet 0.6 to 0.8.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


12. _Gazelletta trispathilla_, n. sp. (Pl. 120, fig. 13).

Shell flat, cap-shaped, smooth. Feet cylindrical, nearly straight, widely
divergent, with longitudinal rows of alternate spines, which arise
perpendicularly from the foot and bear at the end three short divergent
branches, each with a spathilla of six short teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.25, length of the feet 1.2 to
1.5.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 235 to 238, surface.


13. _Gazelletta robusta_, n. sp. (Pl. 120, fig. 14).

Shell flat, cap-shaped, thorny. Feet cylindrical, very stout, slightly
curved, covered with short irregularly branched spines; their ends with a
bunch of similar spines.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.6, length of the feet 2.5 to 3.3.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 263 to 274, surface.



Subgenus 4. _Gazellusium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Feet spiny, armed with simple or branched lateral spines,
and with larger terminal branches of a different shape.


{1674}14. _Gazelletta dendronema_, n. sp. (Pl. 120, fig. 16).

Shell hemispherical, thorny, with a broad, alveolate velum which bears
irregular hollow thorns on the inside and on the free margin (fig. 16).
Feet divergent, irregularly curved, with scattered arborescent lateral
spines, which are irregularly branched, and bear at the distal end of each
branch a small spathilla with four to six teeth. The distal ends of the
feet are dichotomously branched, with stouter simple fork-branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.17, breadth 0.36; length of the feet
0.5 to 0.7.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 252, surface.


15. _Gazelletta melusina_, n. sp. (Pl. 118, fig. 1).

Shell campanulate, spiny. Feet divergent, strongly curved, with scattered
arborescent lateral spines, which are richly and dichotomously branched,
with thin, simple, terminal branches. The distal ends of the feet bear
three or four much larger and stouter branches, which are again
dichotomously branched.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.15; length of the feet
0.5 to 0.8.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.



Genus 703. _Gorgonetta_,[320] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Medusettida# with twelve articulate feet on the peristome,
six ascending and six alternate descending.

The genus _Gorgonetta_ is the most highly developed of all hitherto
observed Medusettida, and belongs to the most remarkable forms of
Radiolaria. Its general shape is very similar to that of a larva of a
_Geryonia_ or _Carmarina_, in which six interradial larval tentacles are
directed upwards, six alternating perradial permanent tentacles downwards.
The six ascending feet are in all the four species observed smaller, more
or less branched, and armed with spathillae. The six descending feet are
much larger and covered with very elegant pencils, the single threads of
which bear a double spathilla. The distal ends of the feet are forked or
branched.


1. _Gorgonetta mirabilis_, n. sp. (Pl. 119, figs. 1-4).

Shell cap-shaped, flatly vaulted, or nearly hemispherical, about twice as
broad as long, with smooth surface. Six ascending feet widely divergent,
about twice as long as the breadth of the shell, nearly straight,
arborescent, with numerous curved branches, each of which bears at the
distal end a spathilla with four to six short recurved teeth (fig. 2). Six
descending feet about twice as {1675}long as the six alternate ascending,
nearly straight, covered with numerous elegant pencils. Each pencil is
richly branched, with fifty to one hundred or more thread-like ramules, and
each terminal ramule has two cruciate spathillae, a larger proximal and a
smaller distal (figs. 3, 4); the four recurved anchor-teeth of the proximal
spathilla are twice as large as those of the distal. The distal end of each
descending foot bears three or four very stout terminal branches, each of
which is about as long as the shell and again trifurcate at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.4 to 0.5.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 346 to 348, surface.


2. _Gorgonetta geryonia_, n. sp.

Shell hemispherical, twice as broad as long, with short scattered thorns on
the surface. Twelve feet of similar shape to those in the preceding
species, but differing in the following characters:--the six ascending feet
are much smaller, about as long as the breadth of the shell, and each bears
only six to twelve short branches; the six descending feet are about three
times as long as the shell, more or less curved; their pencils much
smaller, and the two spathillae of each pencil-thread bear five
anchor-teeth. The distal ends are more richly and irregularly branched.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.4, breadth 0.7.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Cocos Islands), Rabbe, surface.


3. _Gorgonetta carmarina_, n. sp.

Shell flat, cap-shaped, three times as broad as long. Twelve feet similar
in shape to those of the two preceding species, but more irregular in form
and arrangement, and differing in the following characters:--the six
ascending feet are nearly horizontally expanded, one and a half times as
long as the breadth of the shell, with few short branches, each of which
bears a spathilla with six recurved anchor-teeth. The six descending feet
are about five times as long as the shell, irregularly curved, studded with
numerous small pencils, each thread of which bears a double spathilla with
six teeth. The distal ends are irregularly branched.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.7.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.


4. _Gorgonetta bisenaria_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, similar to that of _Gazelletta melusina_ (Pl. 118, fig.
1), with smooth surface. Six ascending feet about as long as the shell,
nearly straight, similar to those of _Gorgonetta mirabilis_ (Pl. 119, fig.
1). Six descending feet also similar to those of the latter, but shorter,
about twice as long as the shell, strongly curved, studded with numerous
small pencils, each thread of which has a double spathilla with three
teeth. The distal end of each foot bears a whorl of six to eight irregular
forked branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.5, breadth 0.4.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263, surface.



{1676}Genus 704. _Polypetta_,[321] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Medusettida# with numerous (ten to twenty or more)
articulate feet.

The genus _Polypetta_ comprises those Medusettida in which the number of
feet is very large and not limited, usually twenty to thirty or more. The
few specimens of this genus that have been observed are rather different;
and it may be that only the two first species described in the following
lines are true Medusettida; they possess the usual distinctly alveolate
feet, and are derived from the similar _Medusetta_ or _Gazelletta_ simply
by multiplication of the feet. The two other species, however (figured in
Pl. 116, figs. 1, 2, as _Porospathis_), belong perhaps to another family of
PHAEODARIA (Castanellida?); their shell-structure is peculiar and their
feet not distinctly alveolate; they may therefore represent a peculiar
genus _Porospathis_ (Haeckel, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec.
12, 1879, p. 5).


1. _Polypetta polynema_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, thorny, about as long as broad, with slightly
constricted mouth, similar to that of _Gazelletta orthonema_ (Pl. 120, fig.
10). Shell-wall hollow, with irregular polygonal alveoles. Peristome with a
corona of eighteen divergent, curved, cylindrical feet of unequal size; six
larger primary on the margin of the shell, the other twelve secondary,
between the former, somewhat above the margins at different heights. The
feet are two to three times as long as the shell, irregularly curved and
distinctly alveolate, without appendages.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.11.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.


2. _Polypetta alveolata_, n. sp.

Shell campanulate, thorny, about as long as broad, very similar to that of
_Medusetta craspedota_ (Pl. 120, fig. 4). Shell-wall hollow, with
subregular hexagonal alveoles. Peristome prolonged into a short
funnel-shaped proboscis, twice as long as the similar velum of the latter.
The velum is surrounded by a corona of eight larger and eight to twelve
smaller feet; the larger are about as long as the shell, divergent,
irregularly curved, thorny, and distinctly alveolate; the smaller feet are
scattered above the latter and form an immediate transition to the small
spines of the shell-surface.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.09.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 284, surface.


{1677}3. _Polypetta tabulata_, n. sp. (Pl. 116, figs. 2, 2_a_, 2_b_).

  _Porospathis tabulata_, Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch.
  Jena, Dec. 12.

Shell subspherical, with elegantly panelled or tabulate surface, composed
of small triangular plates, which are separated by a network of prominent
crests; at each nodal point of the network a small conical thorn arises
(figs. 2_a_, 2_b_). Each triangular plate seems to contain a hollow
alveole, which opens into the shell-cavity (?). On the surface of the shell
are scattered numerous (thirty to forty or more), cylindrical, hollow,
radial spines, which are straight or slightly curved, not distinctly
alveolate, and increase in size towards the mouth. The aboral spines are
scarcely one-third as long as the radius of the shell, whilst the oral
spines are three times as long as its diameter. The proboscis of the
constricted mouth is a hollow cylinder, longer than the shell-radius, and
armed with a corona of fifteen to twenty slender bristle-shaped teeth. The
position of this singular species in this family is doubtful.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.11, length of the peristome
0.07, breadth 0.02.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


4. _Polypetta mammillata_, n. sp. (Pl. 116, figs. 1, 1_a_).

  _Porospathis mammillata_, Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat., Gesellsch.
  Jena, Dec. 12.

Shell subspherical, densely covered with numerous mammiliform hollow
papillae, between which are scattered single longer, hollow, radial spines;
these are irregularly curved, cylindrical, without distinct alveoles; the
twelve longest are two to three times as long as the shell, divergent in
the oral direction, and surround the base of the peristome in two irregular
alternate circles, each with six spines. The hollow papillae of the
surface, between which are placed numerous circular pores (or dimples?),
open into the shell-cavity by a small pore (fig. 1_a_); they are perhaps
reduced radial spines. The constricted peristome is conical and prolonged
into an inversely conical proboscis, which is about as long as the radius
of the shell; its dilated mouth is surrounded by a corona of slender,
divergent, bristle-shaped teeth. The position of this species in the family
Medusettida is doubtful; perhaps it is more closely allied to the
Castanellida.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12; length of the proboscis 0.08,
breadth 0.03; length of the shorter spines 0.1, of the longest spines 0.3.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 252, surface.



Family LXXX. #CASTANELLIDA#, Haeckel, 1879 (Pl. 113).

  _Castanellida_, Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec.
      12, p. 5.

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with a spherical or subspherical shell,
exhibiting ordinary lattice-work, with circular or roundish pores. Radial
spines without circles of basal pores. Mouth of the shell large, usually
circular and armed with teeth. Central capsule excentric, placed in the
aboral half of the shell-cavity.

{1678}The family #Castanellida# represents a common and widely distributed
group of PHAEODARIA, which posses a very simple and uniform shell, viz., a
simple lattice-sphere with radial spines and one simple mouth. It may
therefore be easily confounded with the Coscinommida, or those
#Sphaeroidea# in which the shell is also a simple lattice-sphere armed with
radial spines (_Astrosphaerida simplicia_, p. 209). Indeed the shell of
both groups is very similar, and differs in one important point only; the
Castanellida constantly possess one larger opening in the shell-wall, the
shell-mouth, which is either smooth or armed with a corona of teeth; in the
Coscinommida, however, such a mouth is never present. The living specimens
of both groups, and those shells in which the soft body is preserved, are
very easily distinguished, since the shell encloses in the Coscinommida the
central capsule and the transparent calymma only, whilst the latter,
besides, in the Castanellida contains a voluminous dark brown or green mass
of phaeodella, the characteristic phaeodium. A closer examination of the
central capsule reveals in all Castanellida the typical operculum, the
astropyle, with the proboscis of the PHAEODARIA, which is never present in
any #Sphaeroidea#.

The Castanellida are easily distinguished also from those similar
PHAEODARIA in which the shell is also a lattice-sphere; the lattice-work is
constantly quite simple, as in the similar Coscinommida, never composed of
separated tangential pieces (as in the Aulosphaerida), or of porcellanous
structure, with basal circles of pores (as in the Circoporida), or of
diatomaceous structure (as in the Challengerida). The gigantic
Orosphaerida, which also in part posses a simple lattice-sphere, differ
from the Castanellida in the absence of the peculiar shell-mouth.

Though the Castanellida belong to the most common PHAEODARIA, and though
the number of individuals, floating on the surface of the tropical seas, is
extraordinarily great, their variety of forms is very small; the six genera
distinguished in the following system differ only in very slight
characters, and the majority of the species are very similar, and often
hardly distinguishable. The seven species figured in Pl. 113 exhibit the
most striking differences which I could distinguish among all the species
observed. The shell usually has the characteristic appearance of a
chestnut, a sphere covered with very numerous short radial spines or
bristles. In the majority of species a certain number of longer thin radial
spines is scattered over the surface; these are usually simple, rarely
branched. The mouth of the shell, corresponding to the proboscis of the
central capsule, and placed in the same radius, is either a quite simple
larger opening with a smooth margin (figs. 3, 5, 7) or is armed with a
corona of teeth (figs. 1, 6).

The size of the shell varies between 0.2 and 0.8 mm., and is usually
between 0.3 and 0.5 mm. Its form is in the majority of species a
geometrical sphere; rarely it is somewhat irregular, slightly ellipsoidal
(prolonged in the axis of the mouth and proboscis), or polyhedral (by
conical protuberances from the bases of the radial spines). {1679}The ideal
fundamental form of the shell, however, is constantly monaxonian, since the
place of the shell-mouth and of the proboscis of the capsule (both lying in
one axis of the sphere), causes a principal axis to be different from all
others. The longer radial spines, quite variable in number and disposition,
are never arranged regularly or symmetrically, and therefore determine no
constant axes.

The lattice-work of the spherical shell offers also but slight differences.
It is usually more or less irregular, with circular or subcircular pores of
unequal sizes. More rarely the network is perfectly regular, with
equidistant circular pores of equal size, and sometimes these are
surrounded by hexagonal frames (fig. 6), as in many #Sphaeroidea#. More
rarely the pores are perfectly irregular, roundish or sometimes polygonal,
of unequal sizes and dissimilar forms (fig. 2). The size of the pores is
very variable between 0.01 and 0.05, usually between 0.015 and 0.025. They
are commonly somewhat broader than the bars between them, more rarely
smaller. The substance of the shell-wall is in the the majority of
Castanellida hyaline, transparent (as in the similar #Sphaeroidea#); in
some larger forms, however, a network of fine axial filaments is visible in
the lattice (fig. 2), and sometimes this seems to be hollow, with an axial
canal (as in the large Orosphaerida). Such an axial filament or fine axial
canal is usually visible in the larger radial spines. The shell-wall of the
Castanellida, however, never exhibits that characteristic structure (with
tangential needles in a cement-like fundamental substance), which we find
in all Circoporida. The latter differ also in the constant presence of
circles of large pores around the bases of the radial spines, which are
never found in the Castanellida. The shell becomes usually stained more or
less purple by carmine, and when burned by fire, becomes of a brown colour.

The inner surface of the shell is always quite smooth, the outer surface
armed with numerous short and thin radial bristles. Sometimes these
bristles or "by-spines" are very short, but never perfectly wanting.
Usually their length is about one-third or one-fourth of the radius of the
shell, often less, rarely more. They arise from the nodal points between
every three or four neighbouring spines, and are commonly very thin and
straight, pointed, with slightly thickened conical basis. Rarely they are
directed not quite radially, but more or less obliquely.

The larger radial spines, which arise between the thin bristles or
"by-spines" and may be opposed to the latter as "main-spines," are wanting
in two genera only, in _Castanarium_ and _Castanella_ (Pl. 113, fig. 6).
They are simple in _Castanidium_ (figs. 2, 5, 7) and _Castanissa_ (fig. 1),
irregularly branched in _Castanopsis_ and _Castanura_ (figs. 3, 4). Their
number and disposition is never regular nor symmetrical (as in the majority
of #Sphaeroidea#) and varies even in each single species. In general the
number of main-spines varies between ten and forty (rarely less or more)
usually between twenty and thirty. Their length is commonly about equal to
the diameter of the shell, often somewhat shorter, rarely considerably
longer. Their {1680}thickness is in the majority of species about equal to
the diameter of one or two pores of the lattice. Sometimes they are much
stronger, rarely thinner.

The form of the radial main-spines is not very variable, usually it is
cylindrical or cylindro-conical, rarely angular, prismatic or pyramidal.
Sometimes they are straight (perfectly radial), at other times more or less
irregularly curved. Usually they are simple, rarely branched; the branches
are always very irregular and exhibit a remarkable tendency to unite by
concrescence (figs. 3, 4). Some thicker forms of spines exhibit a
remarkable structure, the surface being covered with small dimples and
spinules between them (fig. 1); sometimes the dimples are hexagonal (fig.
5_a_). In the axis of the thicker spines there is often visible the same
axial filament or funicle which we find in many other PHAEODARIA, more
rarely a hollow axial canal.

The mouth of the shell is usually circular, more rarely polygonal or
irregularly roundish (fig. 2). It is either quite smooth (fig. 3, 5, 7) or
armed with a corona of strong teeth (figs. 1, 4, 6). These teeth are
different from the other spines of the shell; they are much thicker than
the radial bristles, and shorter than the main-spines. Their number varies
between three and twenty, usually between five and seven. They are usually
parallel to the main axis, which is determined by the excentric position of
the mouth and the centre of the sphere (figs. 1, 6). The teeth are usually
conical, more or less irregular in size and form, more rarely of equal
size. The corona of teeth is usually sharply separated from the surrounding
lattice-work of the shell, but has no influence on its regular spherical
form.

The _central capsule_ of the Castanellida immediately determines beyond
doubt their true PHAEODARIAN nature; it lies excentrically in the cavity of
the enclosing shell, and is surrounded at the oral pole by the large and
dark phaeodium. The latter covers the radiate operculum of the capsule
membrane and the tubular proboscis, which arises from it and is directed
towards the shell mouth. Usually the diameter of the spherical central
capsule is about one-third of the shell diameter, rarely one-quarter only,
and in a few cases it attains nearly its half. The calymma, therefore, is
larger than the capsule, and fills up the whole cavity of the shell which
is not occupied by the latter. The greater part of the calymma again is
filled up by the dark green or brown, sometimes black phaeodella, the
roundish granules which compose the voluminous non-transparent phaeodium.
Sometimes the latter proceeds through the mouth and is partially placed
outside the shell (fig. 5).

The astropyle, or the main-opening of the central capsule, is placed on the
oral pole of its main axis, while its radiate operculum and the tubular
proboscis arising from it possess the same structure as in the other
PHAEODARIA. But the two lateral parapylae or accessory openings which are
present in the majority of the latter seem to be absent in the Castanellida
as well as in the Medusettida and the Challengerida. I could never observe
a trace of them. The proboscis is a small cylindrical tube and is directed
towards the {1681}mouth of the shell, therefore placed in its main axis; it
is usually quite hidden in the dark phaeodium, which occupies the oral half
of the shell-cavity, whilst the capsule lies in the aboral half. The large
nucleus of the central capsule and its double membrane present the same
characters as in the other PHAEODARIA.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Castanellida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  No long radial main-spines (in addition to the constant short bristles
     of the shell-surface).
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Mouth smooth,                                      705. _Castanarium_.

  Mouth dentate,                                     706. _Castanella_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Long radial main-spines scattered between the short constant bristles
     of the shell-surface.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                              { Mouth smooth,        707. _Castanidium_.
  Main spines simple.         {
                              { Mouth dentate,       708. _Castanissa_.

                              { Mouth smooth,        709. _Castanopsis_.
  Main spines branched.       {
                              { Mouth dentate,       710. _Castanura_.



Genus 705. _Castanarium_,[322] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.

_Definition._--#Castanellida# without radial main-spines, with a smooth
mouth.

The genus _Castanarium_ is the simplest form of all the Castanellida, and
may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this family. The simple
spherical shell has a smooth, toothless mouth and no larger radial spines;
it is densely studded with the simple, radial bristles, which are common to
all Castanellida. The shell therefore is very similar to those species of
the Astrosphaeride _Acanthosphaera_, which represent the subgenus
_Rhapidococcus_ (compare above, p. 210, Pl. 26, fig. 3); it differs from
the latter in the possession of the shell-mouth, which is absent in all
#Sphaeroidea#.


1. _Castanarium darwini_, n. sp.

Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, three times as broad as the
bars. Radial bristles half as long as the radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.4, of the pores 0.03.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic (east of Patagonia), Station 318, depth 2040
fathoms.


{1682}2. _Castanarium hookeri_, n. sp.

Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars.
Radial bristles one-third as long as the radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.55, of the pores 0.025.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.


3. _Castanarium lyelli_, n. sp.

Pores regular, circular, without hexagonal frames, of the same breadth as
the bars. Radial bristles twice as long as the diameter of one pore.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.24, of the pores 0.015.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


4. _Castanarium lubbocki_, n. sp.

Pores irregularly roundish, about of the same breadth as the roundish,
non-crested bars. Radial bristles one-third as long as the radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.36, of the pores 0.01 to 0.02.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


5. _Castanarium huxleyi_, n. sp.

Pores irregularly polygonal, two to three times as broad as the bars,
separated by prominent polygonal crests. Radial bristles half as long as
the radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.45, of the pores 0.02 to 0.05.

_Habitat._--South Pacific (off Australia), Station 165, surface.



Genus 706. _Castanella_,[323] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.

_Definition._--#Castanellida# without radial main-spines, with a dentate
mouth.

The genus _Castanella_ comprises the most common and most widely
distributed species of Castanellida. It agrees in general shape with its
ancestral form, the preceding _Castanarium_, differing from it only in the
possession of strong teeth, which form a corona around the mouth.


{1683}1. _Castanella wyvillei_, n. sp. (Pl. 113, fig. 6).

Pores regular, circular, of equal size, hexagonally framed, of the same
breadth as the bars. Radial bristles twice as long as the diameter of one
pore. Mouth with five to six parallel, conical strong teeth, which are
twice as long as a bristle (fig. 6_a_).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.5 to 0.7, of the pores 0.02 to 0.03.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 252 to 256, surface.


2. _Castanella thomsoni_, n. sp.

Pores regular, circular, of equal size, hexagonally framed, twice as broad
as the bars. Radial bristles about as long as the diameter of one pore.
Mouth with four strong, conical teeth, forming a regular cross, four times
as long as a bristle.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.7 to 0.8, of the pores 0.03.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Stations 295 to 298, surface.


3. _Castanella campbelli_, n. sp.

Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, three times as broad as the
bars. Radial bristles half as long as the radius of the shell. Mouth with a
coronet of eight conical, parallel teeth, of the same length as the
bristles, but four to six times as thick.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.4 to 0.45, of the pores 0.025.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.


4. _Castanella sloggetti_, n. sp.

Pores subregular, circular, without frames, of different sizes, about twice
as broad as the bars. Radial bristles three times as long as one pore.
Mouth with five or six strong, conical teeth, twice as long as the
bristles.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.36, of the pores 0.02 to
0.03.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 347 to 349, surface.


5. _Castanella balfouri_, n. sp.

Pores irregular, roundish, two to three times as broad as the bars.
Bristles about one-fourth as long as the radius. Mouth with four strong
conical teeth, forming a cross, somewhat longer and much thicker than the
bristles.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.22 to 0.28, of the pores 0.01 to
0.02.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 240 to 245, surface.


{1684}6. _Castanella channeri_, n. sp.

Pores irregular, roundish, two to four times as broad as the bars. Bristles
nearly half as long as the radius. Mouth with seven to nine short conical
teeth, shorter than the bristles, but much thicker.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.4, of the pores 0.02 to
0.025.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Stations 352 to 354, surface.


7. _Castanella horstoni_, n. sp.

Pores irregular, polygonal, three to four times as broad as the bars.
Bristles about as long as the radius. Mouth with six stout pyramidal teeth,
which are scarcely one-third as long as the radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.55, of the pores 0.02 to 0.025.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.



Genus 707. _Castanidium_,[324] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.

_Definition._--#Castanellida#, with simple radial main-spines and a simple
smooth mouth.

The genus _Castanidium_ agrees with its ancestral form _Castanarium_ in the
simple shape of the smooth and toothless mouth, but differs from it in the
possession of long radial main-spines, which are scattered between the
constant radial bristles or by-spines of the surface. The shell agrees
therefore in its general shape with the Astrosphaeride _Heliosphaera_, as
defined above (p. 217, Pl. 26, fig. 9), but differs from it in the
possession of the shell-mouth wanting in all #Sphaeroidea#.


1. _Castanidium willemoesi_, n. sp.

Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars.
Bristles three times as long as the diameter of one pore. Radial
main-spines straight, conical, smooth, as long as the radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.4, of the pores 0.012 to
0.016.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263 to 274, surface.


2. _Castanidium wildi_, n. sp.

Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, of the same breadth as the
bars. Bristles twice as long as one pore. Radial main-spines straight and
short, cylindrical, with dimpled surface (as in Pl. 113, fig. 1), as broad
as one pore and as long as the diameter of the shell.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.66, of the pores 0.045.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 297, surface.


{1685}3. _Castanidium buchanani_, n. sp. (Pl. 113, fig. 7).

Pores regular, circular, without frames, twice as broad as the bars, of
variable size. Bristles five to six times as long as one pore. Radial
main-spines numerous, straight, slender, cylindrical, about as long as the
diameter of the shell.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.25 to 0.3, of the pores 0.012 to
0.02.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 346 to 349, surface.


4. _Castanidium murrayi_, n. sp. (Pl. 113, figs. 5, 5_a_).

Pores subregular, circular, without frames, three times as broad as the
bars. Bristles three times as long as one pore. Radial main-spines
cylindrical, stout, irregularly curved, longer than the shell-diameter,
covered with longish hexagonal dimples, which are separated by a network of
prominent crests (fig. 5_a_).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.4 to 0.5, of the pores 0.02 to
0.025.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 352 to 354, surface.


5. _Castanidium aldrichi_, n. sp.

Pores subregular, circular, without frames, of variable size, about as
broad as the bars. Bristles four times as long as one pore. Radial
main-spines conico-cylindrical, irregularly curved, straight, about as long
as the radius. (The conical base of the spines is inflated and fenestrated,
therefore the shell is nearly polyhedral.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.35 to 0.4, of the pores 0.012 to
0.015.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.


6. _Castanidium bromleyi_, n. sp.

Pores irregular, roundish, two to four times as broad as the bars. Bristles
half as long as the radius. Radial main-spines cylindrical, straight,
slender, longer than the shell-diameter.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.22 to 0.26, of the pores 0.006 to
0.02.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean and Southern Pacific, Stations 162 to 169,
surface.


7. _Castanidium bethelli_, n. sp.

Pores irregular, roundish or polygonal, two to three times as broad as the
bars. Bristles one-third as long as the radius. Radial main-spines
conico-cylindrical, irregularly curved, with dimpled surface, somewhat
longer than the radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.5 to 0.6, of the pores 0.015 to
0.03.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 235 to 245, surface.


{1686}8. _Castanidium moseleyi_, n. sp. (Pl. 113, fig. 2).

Pores irregular, roundish or polygonal, two to four times as broad as the
bars. Bristles about as long as the diameter of one pore, or a little
longer. Radial main-spines cylindrical, irregularly curved, somewhat longer
than the diameter of the shell; their base is more or less inflated and
fenestrated, therefore the shell is nearly polyhedral.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.7 to 0.8, of the pores 0.01 to 0.04.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 346 to 349, surface.



Genus 708. _Castanissa_,[325] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.

_Definition._--#Castanellida# with simple radial main-spines and a dentate
mouth.

The genus _Castanissa_ agrees with the preceding _Castanidium_ in the
possession of large radial main-spines, scattered between the numerous
bristles or by-spines of the surface; but it differs from it in the
possession of teeth around the mouth, identical with those of _Castanella_;
it may be derived therefore either from the latter by development of
main-spines, or from the former by formation of teeth.


1. _Castanissa challengeri_, n. sp. (Pl. 113, fig. 1).

Pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars. Bristles
one-fourth as long as the radius. Radial main-spines (about twelve) very
stout, straight, cylindrical, at the distal end conical, pointed, with
dimpled surface, about half as long as the radius. Mouth very large,
circular, about one-third as broad as the shell, with a corona of twelve to
sixteen very large, triangular, parallel teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.7 to 0.8, of the pores 0.03.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


2. _Castanissa pearceyi_, n. sp.

Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars. Bristles half as long
as the radius. Radial main-spines (about twenty) slender, cylindrical,
smooth, irregularly curved, about as long as the radius. Mouth large, half
as broad as the radius, with a corona of ten to twelve irregular, slender
teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.5 to 0.6, of the pores 0.02.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


{1687}3. _Castanissa richardsi_, n. sp.

Pores subregular, circular, about as broad as the bars. Bristles twice as
long as one pore. Radial main-spines (about twenty) slender, cylindrical,
irregularly curved, with dimpled surface (like those in Pl. 113, fig.
5_a_). Mouth with a corona of six stout, parallel, triangular teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.35, of the pores 0.015.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.


4. _Castanissa crosbiei_, n. sp.

Pores irregular, roundish, two to three times as broad as the bars.
Bristles one-third as long as the radius. Radial main-spines very numerous,
straight, cylindrical, smooth, about as long as the diameter of the shell.
Mouth with ten or twelve irregular, conical, parallel teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.28, of the pores 0.01 to 0.015.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 231 to 235, surface.


5. _Castanissa macleani_, n. sp.

Pores irregular, roundish or polygonal, two to four times as broad as the
bars. Bristles about one-fourth as long as the radius. Radial main-spines
numerous, straight, conical, stout, with dimpled surface, shorter than the
radius. Mouth with six to eight irregular conical teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.32, of the pores 0.012 to 0.024.

_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.


6. _Castanissa hoylei_, n. sp.

Pores irregular, polygonal, two to three times as broad as the bars.
Bristles nearly half as long as the radius. Radial main-spines (about
thirty) very long and thin, cylindrical, irregularly curved, at the conical
base inflated and fenestrated; shell therefore slightly polyhedral. Mouth
with five strong conical teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.35 to 0.4, of the pores 0.02 to
0.03.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 245 to 250, surface.



Genus 709. _Castanopsis_,[326] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.

_Definition._--#Castanellida# with branched radial main-spines and a simple
smooth mouth.

The genus _Castanopsis_ differs from its ancestral form _Castanidium_ in
the ramification of the radial main-spines; the branches are usually very
irregular and often partly {1688}confluent. The shell is very similar to
the Astrosphaeride _Cladococcus_ (compare above p. 223, Pl. 27), but
differs from it in the possession of the shell-mouth, absent in all
#Sphaeroidea#.


1. _Castanopsis naresi_, n. sp. (Pl. 113, fig. 3).

Pores subregular, circular, about twice as broad as the bars. Bristles
twice as long as one pore. Radial main-spines somewhat shorter than the
diameter of the shell, straight, cylindrical, in the proximal half simple,
in the distal half irregularly branched, each with ten to twelve partly
confluent branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.6 to 0.7, of the pores 0.02 to 0.03.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347 to 349, surface.


2. _Castanopsis macleari_, n. sp.

Pores irregular, roundish, two to four times as broad as bars. Bristles
half as long as the radius. Radial main-spines about as long as the radius,
stout and straight, cylindrical, forked at the distal end, with two or
three unequal fork-branches.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.42, of the pores 0.015 to 0.03.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


3. _Castanopsis fergusoni_, n. sp.

Pores irregular, roundish or polygonal, about as broad as the bars.
Bristles three times as long as one pore. Radial main-spines somewhat
longer than the diameter of the shell, cylindrical, with irregular and
partly confluent lateral branches (similar to Pl. 113, fig. 4_a_).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.55, of the pores 0.012 to 0.016.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.



Genus 710. _Castanura_,[327] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch.
Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.

_Definition._--#Castanellida# with branched radial main-spines and a
dentate mouth.

The genus _Castanura_ differs from the preceding _Castanopsis_ in the
possession of a corona of teeth surrounding the mouth, similar to that of
_Castanissa_. It differs from the latter in the ramification of the radial
main-spines, wherein it agrees with the former. _Castanura_ may therefore
be derived either from _Castanissa_ by ramification of the main-spines, or
from _Castanopsis_ by development of teeth around the mouth.


{1689}1. _Castanura tizardi_, n. sp. (Pl. 113, fig. 4, 4_a_).

Pores regular, circular, without hexagonal frames, twice as broad as the
bars. Bristles twice as long as one pore. Radial main-spines somewhat
longer than the radius, straight, very stout, with irregular lateral
branches, which are partly confluent. Mouth with six strong conical teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.6, of the pores 0.03.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 346, surface.


2. _Castanura havergali_, n. sp.

Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, as broad as the bars. Bristles
three times as long as one pore. Radial main-spines as long as the
shell-diameter, in the basal half simple, in the distal half with
irregular, not confluent, lateral branches. Mouth with ten to twelve
irregular, parallel, conical teeth of different sizes.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.5, of the pores 0.045.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


3. _Castanura swirei_, n. sp.

Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, as broad as the bars. Bristles
half as long as the radius. Radial main-spines straight, longer than the
shell-diameter; on the distal end with a few irregular, confluent, lateral
branches. Mouth with six larger and six alternate smaller, parallel,
conical teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.28, of the pores 0.015.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, surface.


4. _Castanura carpenteri_, n. sp.

Pores irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as the bars.
Bristles about as long as the largest pores. Radial main-spines irregularly
curved, longer than the shell-diameter, with inflated and fenestrated
conical base; in the distal half irregularly branched, with simple, not
confluent, lateral branches. Mouth with six to nine irregular, strong,
conical teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.3, of the pores 0.012 to 0.025.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 331, depth 1715 fathoms.



Family LXXXI. #CIRCOPORIDA#, Haeckel, 1879 (Pls. 114-117).

  _Circoporida_, Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec.
      12, p. 5.

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with a spherical or polyhedral shell, exhibiting
a peculiar solid porcellanous structure, with a stellate circle of radial
pores around the base of the hollow radial spines. Mouth usually with
teeth. Surface of the shell {1690}tabulate, panelled or dimpled. Central
capsule excentric, placed in the aboral half of the shell-cavity.

The family #Circoporida# comprises those PHAEODARIA in which the simple
spherical or polyhedral shell exhibits a peculiar porcellanous structure,
possesses a simple mouth, and is particularly distinguished by the constant
character denoted by their name, viz., by circles of pores surrounding the
base of the radial spines. It agrees in these striking peculiarities with
the following family, the Tuscarorida, but differs from them essentially by
the spherical or polyhedral form of the shell, which is never ovate, with
the main axis prolonged. The radial spines, variable in number, are
regularly or symmetrically disposed in all Circoporida, whilst they are
arranged around the poles of the main axis in all Tuscarorida. Whilst the
latter are always extremely large, more than a millimeter in size, the
former are much smaller and never reach the diameter of a millimeter. The
number of genera and species in this family is not large, and the majority
are very rare, but they belong to the most remarkable Radiolaria by the
peculiar structure, as well as by the geometrical regularity of the
polyhedral shell.

The Circoporida may be divided into two different subfamilies, the
Circogonida and the Haeckelinida. The latter are represented by the single
genus _Haeckeliana_ (Pl. 114), and possess a spherical shell with numerous
small dimples between the circles of pores, and numerous simple radial
spines which do not exhibit a regular arrangement. The Circogonida, on the
other hand, comprise all other genera (Pls. 115-117) and possess a panelled
shell with polygonal plates, and a certain number of radial spines, which
are regularly disposed on the corners of the polyhedral shell, and usually
armed with verticillate bristles and terminal forks or spathillae. Perhaps
the Circogonida and Haeckelinida may be better considered as two separate
families.

The geometrical fundamental form of the shell is in the Circoporida of the
highest interest, since it exhibits regular proportions, which are very
rare in other organic forms, generally some rare forms of regular
polyhedrons. The shell in all members of this family belongs to that group
of geometrical forms which I have called in my General Morphology
"_Polyaxonia_" (vol. i., 1866, pp. 406-416). The shell therefore is
constantly an "endospherical polyhedron," _i.e._, a polyhedron, all the
corners of which lie in a spherical surface. The corners are always
indicated by the bases of the radial spines arising from the surface of the
shell and marking its axes, and it is immaterial whether the shell itself
is a true polyhedron or a sphere; for in the latter case also the radial
spines mark the axes of the polyhedron.

The six genera which we here distinguish among the Circoporida, represent
six different fundamental forms. _Circoporus_ (Pl. 115, figs. 1-3; Pl. 117,
figs. 5, 6) possesses six radial spines, opposite in pairs in three
diameters, perpendicular one to another; it agrees therefore with the
Cubosphaerida (p. 169, Pls. 21-25) and {1691}represents the regular
octahedron, with eight congruent triangular faces and six corners. It has
the same form as the well-known antheridia of Chara (Gener. Morphol., vol.
i. p. 412). _Circogonia_ (Pl. 115, figs. 8-10; Pl. 117, fig. 1) exhibits
twelve radial spines, opposite in pairs in six equidistant diameters. The
surface of the shell is divided into twenty equal and equilateral
triangles, and agrees therefore with the regular icosahedron. The same form
appears also in some forms of _Aulosphaera_, and in several Astrosphaerida
(Gener. Morphol., vol. i. p. 411). _Circorrhegma_ (Pl. 117, fig. 2)
possesses a regular shell with twelve equal pentagonal faces and twenty
equidistant corners, from which arise twenty regularly disposed radial
spines. It represents therefore the regular "pentagonal dodecahedron," the
same remarkable form which is found in some Astrosphaerida, and in the
pollen-grains of some plants, _e.g._, _Bucholzia maritima_, _Fumaria
spicata_, _Polygonum amphibium_, &c. (Gener. Morphol., vol. i. p. 412, Taf.
ii. fig. 18).

The three genera of Circoporida mentioned therefore represent three
different forms of regular polyhedrons, in the exact mathematical sense,
viz., _Circoporus_, the regular octahedron, _Circogonia_, the regular
icosahedron, and _Circorrhegma_, the regular dodecahedron. In each of these
three regular forms all the faces, edges, and corners are equal. The
remaining three genera of Circoporida represent, however, three forms of
subregular or irregular endospherical polyhedra, which are not perfectly
regular. _Circospathis_ (Pl. 115, figs. 4-7; Pl. 117, fig. 3) is a rather
common form, and constantly possesses nine symmetrically disposed radial
spines; the shell is either spherical or polyhedral, with fourteen
triangular faces and thirty edges; the nine spines lie in three meridional
planes, which are crossed at equal angles (three equidistant spines in each
plane). We call this remarkable form the tetradecahedron; it appears also
in some Astrosphaerida (_e.g._, in _Haliomma echinaster_, figured in my
Monograph, Taf. xxiv. fig. 1). _Circostephanus_ (Pl. 116, fig. 3) exhibits
a subregular polyhedral shell with a variable number of triangular faces
and of radial spines (twenty-four to forty or more). _Circostephanus
sexagenarius_ possesses sixty triangular equilateral faces, which are
disposed in twelve pentagonal groups (each with five faces), so that the
shell seems to be derived from a regular pentagonal dodecahedron, the
twelve regular faces of which are divided each into five congruent
triangles. From its corners arise thirty-two radial spines (twelve from the
central points of the pentagons, twenty from the meeting corners of every
three pentagons). In other cases the number of faces and radial spines
seems to be larger and their arrangement more irregular. The same may be
said of _Haeckeliana_, in which the dimpled shell is constantly spherical,
and possesses a variable number of radial spines, from sixteen to
fifty-five (usually between thirty and forty).

The structure of the shell in the Circoporida is the same as in the
Tuscarorida, of a peculiar porcellanous nature. The shell-wall is very
thick, more or less opaque, and in direct light whitish or yellowish. Its
surface is dimpled, with numerous small, circular, {1692}roundish or
polygonal dimples in _Haeckeliana_ (Pl. 114, figs. 1-6). In the
Circogonida, however, the surface is panelled, with regular or irregular
polygonal plates, often separated by high prominent crests (Pl. 115, figs.
4-9, &c.). Numerous simple thin needles of silica lie tangentially disposed
and irregularly scattered in the porcellanous or cement-like substance of
the thick shell-wall. Under a strong lens this substance appears finely
punctate, being probably pierced by numerous very fine pores. The surface
of the shell is therefore minutely roughened, and often appears quite black
under the microscope, by the adhesion of innumerable fine air-bubbles. In
all Circoporida, as well is in the Tuscarorida, the porcellanous shell has
not the perfect transparency of the purely siliceous shells of other
Radiolaria; its refractive power is somewhat different from the latter; it
becomes deeply stained by carmine and browned by fire, and seems therefore
to consist of a peculiar carbonic silicate.

The shell in all Circoporida exhibits a simple, excentric mouth, which
corresponds to the main osculum of the central capsule. The excentric
position of this shell-mouth has no influence on the regular form of the
shell. The mouth is either circular or polygonal, usually about as large as
a basal circle of pores. It is always armed with prominent conical or
pyramidal teeth, the number of which is variable and seems to depend partly
upon the number of the shell-faces or the radial spines. _Circoporus_ has
usually four cruciate teeth (Pl. 115, fig. 1; Pl. 117, figs. 4, 5).
_Circorrhegma_ exhibits a pentagonal mouth with five teeth (Pl. 117, fig.
2). _Circogonia_ possesses a hexagonal mouth with six teeth (Pl. 115, fig.
8; Pl. 117, fig. 1). _Circospathis_ has no constant number; some species
have five teeth (Pl. 115, fig. 4), others four (Pl. 115, fig. 10), others
nine (Pl. 117, fig. 3_a_). _Circostephanus_ is also variable; one species
exhibits eight teeth (Pl. 116, fig. 3_a_), another ten, another twelve. In
_Haeckeliana_ (Pl. 114, fig. 3) the teeth are smaller and more numerous.
Usually the teeth arise vertically from the surface of the shell and are
spinulate; more rarely their points are directed towards the centre of the
mouth. Sometimes numerous thin needles arise between the teeth (Pl. 115,
fig. 10).

The radial spines of the Circoporida are tubular, usually cylindrical and
conical at the thickened base, more rarely prismatic or slenderly
pyramidal, with three or more edges; sometimes the edges are spirally wound
around the axis (Pl. 115, fig. 6). In the majority of species their length
is about equal to the diameter of the shell; often they are somewhat
shorter, more rarely longer. Their tubular structure is always the same as
in the Tuscarorida; the wall of the tube is thick, and in the axis of its
cavity lies an axial cord or funicle, which is connected with the wall by
numerous horizontal, simple, or branched threads (Pl. 115, figs. 6, 7). The
axial funicle itself is either a simple thread of silica, or a strand,
composed of three to fifteen or more filaments, which are closely twisted
like a rope around the axis of the spine, and arise separately from the
bridges between the pores of the basal circle (Pl. 115, figs. 7, 9). The
number of {1693}pores in these circles is very variable, commonly from
three to nine, sometimes twelve to fifteen or more; their form is usually
irregularly ovate (Pl. 115, figs. 7, 9). The bridges between the pores
usually bear numerous siliceous threads or bristles, which are curved
downwards or upwards (Pl. 115, figs. 4-6). Sometimes the spines are
entirely covered with similar bristles or cilia (Pl. 117, figs. 2-5), more
rarely with regular verticils of lateral branches (Pl. 117, fig. 6).

The distal ends of the radial spines are simple in _Haeckeliana_ (Pl. 114),
whilst in the other Circoporida they are usually (or perhaps constantly)
either forked or armed with a verticil of terminal branches. When the
spines are simply forked, their two terminal branches lie in certain
meridional planes (Pl. 117, fig. 5). The same is probably the case when
they bear three divergent branches (Pl. 115, figs. 1, 2), or four crossed
branches (Pl. 117, figs. 4, 6). The larger species usually bear a corona of
five curved branches disposed around the distal apex of each spine (Pl.
116, fig. 3; Pl. 117, figs. 1, 2). Sometimes the formation of these coronas
is twice or more often repeated, so that the spines appear verticillate.

The _central capsule_ of the Circoporida (Pl. 115, fig. 8; Pl. 117, fig. 6)
is usually about half as large as the enclosing shell, and lies
excentrically in that half of its cavity which is remote from the
shell-mouth (Pl. 115, fig. 8). The other half (near the mouth) is filled up
by the cap-shaped, dark phaeodium. The proboscis, or the central tubule of
the astropyle, is hidden in the axis of the blackish phaeodium, and is
directed towards the mouth of the shell; it is often S-shaped, more or less
curved. The circular radiate operculum of the astropyle, placed on the base
of the proboscis, exhibits numerous branched radial ribs, and closes the
main-opening like the lid of a tea-kettle (Pl. 115, fig. 3). The number of
the parapylae, or the accessory openings of the capsule, which in the
majority of PHAEODARIA is two, seems to be usually increased in the
Circoporida. In _Circoporus_ the capsule seems to posses six and in
_Circospathis_ nine secondary openings, and therefore there is some
probability that each circle of pores on the base of a radial spine
corresponds to a secondary opening of the capsule. In _Haeckeliana_,
however (Pl. 114), I could observe no parapylae at all. These accessory
openings are always very small in the Circoporida, and may be easily
overlooked. Furthermore, the number of observations respecting this
difficult point is too small, and their certainty not satisfactory; it
requires therefore further accurate examination, as also does the whole
central capsule of the Circoporida.

The numerous and remarkable characters of shape and structure, which we
have described above as occurring in the Circoporida, are also found in the
following closely allied family, the Tuscarorida; all the species are
inhabitants of great depths. Perhaps it may therefore be more convenient to
separate these two families from the other PHAEOGROMIA as a peculiar order,
under the name PHAEOCALPIA.

{1694}_Synopsis of the Genera of Circoporida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Circogonida.
     Shell spherical or polyhedral with panelled structure and polygonal
     plates. A certain number of radial spines are geometrically disposed.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Shell octahedral (or
   spherical),             Six radial spines,        711. _Circoporus_.

  Shell tetradecahedral,   Nine radial spines,       712. _Circospathis_.

  Shell icosahedral,       Twelve radial spines,     713. _Circogonia_.

  Shell dodecahedral,      Twenty radial spines,     714. _Circorrhegma_.

  Shell polyhedral,        Twenty-four to forty
                            or more radial spines,   715. _Circostephanus_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Haeckelinida.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Shell spherical, with dimpled structure, and a
   variable number of radial spines (without
   polygonal plates),                                716. _Haeckeliana_.



Subfamily 1. CIRCOGONIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Circoporida# with panelled shell, composed of polygonal
plates. The shell is usually polyhedral, more rarely spherical, and the
radial spines are usually (or perhaps constantly) branched and regularly
arranged.



Genus 711. _Circoporus_,[328] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.

_Definition._--#Circoporida# with a spherical or regularly octahedral
shell, composed of eight congruent, triangular plates, with six corners
from which arise six radial spines, opposite in pairs in three diameters,
perpendicular one to another.

The genus _Circoporus_, the simplest among the Circoporida, is
distinguished by the regular octahedral form of the shell, with the three
equal axes of the regular crystalline system perpendicular one to another.
Six equal radial spines, arising from the six corners, lie opposite in
pairs in those three dimensive axes. The eight equal triangular faces of
the octahedron are sometimes plane, sometimes concave or convex, and
sometimes the shell becomes spherical. In this case it becomes very similar
to the Hexastylida among the #Sphaeroidea#.


1. _Circoporus sexfurcus_, Haeckel (Pl. 117, fig. 5).

  _Challengeria_ sp., John Murray, 1876, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., vol. xxiv.
  pl. xxiv. fig. 5.

Shell spherical, covered with irregular, polygonal plates. Six radial
spines shorter than the diameter of the shell, covered with thin curved
bristles, in the proximal half cylindrical, in the distal half forked, each
with two equal curved fork-branches. Around the ciliated base of each spine
a {1695}corona of twelve to sixteen pores surrounded by a circle of
numerous, curved, longer bristles. Mouth cruciform, with four triangular,
convergent teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.55, length of the spines 0.4.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.


2. _Circoporus hexastylus_, n. sp. (Pl. 117, fig. 4).

Shell regularly octahedral, with eight plane, congruent, triangular faces,
which are covered with a very delicate network of small, regular, hexagonal
plates. Six radial spines as long as the radius of the shell, four-sided
pyramidal, simple, in the basal half covered with numerous curved bristles.
Around the base of each spine a corona of four equal pores, surrounded by a
circle of twelve short teeth. Apex with four crossed, curved branches (like
those of _Circospathis tetrodon_). Mouth cruciform, with four smooth teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.24, length of the spines 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


3. _Circoporus characeus_, n. sp.

Shell spherical, covered with a delicate network of irregular polygonal
plates. Six radial spines longer than the diameter of the shell,
cylindrical, covered with numerous curved bristles, each with eight pores
at the base surrounded by a circle of long bristles. Apex of each spine
with a trident or fuscina, similar to that of the following species.
Similar to an antheridium of Chara.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.32, length of the spines 0.4.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.


4. _Circoporus sexfuscinus_, n. sp. (Pl. 115, figs. 1-3).

Shell subregular, octahedral, with eight triangular, concave, somewhat
unequal faces, which are covered with an extremely delicate network of
small square dimples, and furrowed by radial crests arising from the bases
of the spines (fig. 2). Six radial spines about as long as the diameter of
the shell, four-sided, prismatic, with rounded edges; each in the basal
half with a verticil of four crossed, curved bristles (fig. 1), sometimes
with two verticils (fig. 2); on the distal apex inflated, armed with a
trident or fuscina. Around the base of each spine four crossed elliptical
pores. Mouth cruciform, with four small teeth (fig. 1).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.25, length of the spines 0.2
to 0.25.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


5. _Circoporus octahedrus_, n. sp. (Pl. 117, fig. 6).

Shell regularly octahedral, with eight plane, or slightly convex,
congruent, triangular faces, which are covered with very small, regular,
triangular plates (like those of _Polypetta tabulata_, Pl. 116, fig. 2).
Six stout radial spines, about as long as the diameter of the shell,
four-sided prismatic, {1696}covered with three or four verticils of four
long curved bristles; at the distal apex inflated, with four crossed,
divergent, stout, curved horns. Around the pyramidal base of each spine a
corona of eight pores (two on each of the four faces). Mouth cruciform,
with four triangular, convergent teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.16, length of the spines 0.18.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.



Genus 712. _Circospathis_,[329] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.

_Definition._--#Circoporida# with a subregular, spherical, or polyhedral
shell, composed of fourteen triangular, nearly equal plates, with nine
corners, from, which arise nine radial spines, symmetrically disposed.

The genus _Circospathis_ exhibits the remarkable and peculiar form of a
"Tetradecahedron," or a subregular polyhedron with fourteen triangular
faces, thirty edges, and nine corners, from which arise nine radial spines.
These lie in three meridional planes, which are crossed at equal angles
(three equidistant spines in each plane). The same interesting form occurs
also in some Astrosphaerida, which bear nine regularly disposed radial
spines, as _Haliomma echinaster_. All four observed species of
_Circospathis_ are South Atlantic.


1. _Circospathis furcata_, n. sp. (Pl. 115, figs. 4-6).

Shell polyhedral or nearly spherical, with nine prominent corners, from
which arise nine radial spines, about as long as the diameter of the shell.
The polygonal plates of the shell are separated by high crests, usually
hexagonal or pentagonal, irregular, about twelve to fifteen on the half
meridian. Radial spines cylindrical, straight, about as long as the
diameter of the shell, with spirally turned edges, covered with numerous
curved bristles, at the distal end forked; the two fork branches curved,
one-third as long as the simple basal part. The inflated base of each spine
is surrounded by a corona of nine to twelve ovate basal pores. Mouth
pentagonal, with five thick, mammillate and spinulate, somewhat convergent
teeth (fig. 5).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.6, length of the spines 0.5.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic (east of Buenos Ayres), Station 325, depth 2650
fathoms.


2. _Circospathis novena_, n. sp. (Pl. 117, figs. 3, 3_a_).

Shell polyhedral (tetradecahedral), with fourteen triangular, plane, or
slightly convex faces, covered with small, irregular, polygonal (usually
hexagonal) plates, and nine prominent corners, from which arise nine radial
spines, shorter than the diameter of the shell. Each spine is surrounded at
the broader base by a circle of twelve to sixteen pores and a corona of
bristles, and bears at the {1697}inflated distal apex a trident or fuscina,
similar to that of _Circoporus sexfuscinus_ (Pl. 115, fig. 2). Mouth with
nine convergent, conical, denticulate teeth (fig. 3_a_).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.6, length of the spines 0.4.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 318 (east of Patagonia), depth 2040
fathoms.


3. _Circospathis tetradeca_, n. sp.

Shell spherical, covered with irregular, polygonal plates. Nine radial
spines, cylindrical, as long as the radius of the shell, bristly, armed at
the distal apex with a trident. (In one specimen six spines possessed three
terminal branches, two spines two branches, and one spine four branches.)
The broader base of each spine is surrounded by a corona of nine pores and
a circle of curved bristles. Mouth with nine smooth conical teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.55, length of the spines 0.3.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332 (west of Tristan da Cunha), depth
2200 fathoms.


4. _Circospathis tetrodonta_, n. sp. (Pl. 115, fig. 10).

Shell subspherical or polyhedral, with fourteen triangular, convex faces,
covered with irregular polygonal plates. Nine radial spines cylindrical,
nearly smooth, about as long as the diameter of the shell; at the distal
apex with four strong curved horns, like those of _Circoporus hexastylus_,
Pl. 117, fig. 4. Each spine is surrounded at the base by a corona of nine
irregular pores. Mouth with four large, prominent, conical teeth, which are
spinulate, with vertical inner edge (fig. 10).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.5, length of the spines 0.45.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 323 (east of Buenos Ayres), depth 1900
fathoms.



Genus 713. _Circogonia_,[330] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Circoporida# with a regular icosahedral shell, composed of
twenty congruent, triangular plates, with twelve corners, from which arise
twelve radial spines.

The genus _Circogonia_ is remarkable for the regular icosahedral form of
its shell, a geometrical fundamental form, which occurs very rarely in
organised bodies (as in _Aulacantha icosahedra_, and in some Astrosphaerida
with twelve regularly disposed radial spines). The shell is composed of
twenty triangular, equilateral and congruent plates, which are sometimes
separated by prominent crests; their surface is panelled by smaller
hexagonal or polygonal secondary plates. The thirty edges between the
plates are sometimes thickened. From the twelve corners of the regular
icosahedron (where every five triangular plates meet), twelve equal radial
spines arise, each of which is surrounded at the base by a corona of nine
to sixteen pores. Two species only of _Circogonia_ have been observed; the
one has smooth spines, forked at the distal end, {1698}the other bears
numerous curved bristles around each spine, and at the distal end a
verticil of five curved branches. The mouth of the shell (placed in the
centre of one of the triangular plates) is in both species armed with six
teeth. Both species are found in the Tropical Atlantic.


1. _Circogonia icosahedra_, n. sp. (Pl. 117, figs. 1, 1_a_).

Shell regularly icosahedral, with twenty equal, triangular, nearly plane
faces, which are separated by thirty prominent, crest-like edges, and
covered by a delicate network of small, subregular, hexagonal plates.
Twelve radial spines nearly conical, one and a half times as long as the
radius of the shell, with five prominent edges. The campanulate base of
each spine is covered with numerous long, curved bristles, surrounded by a
circle of twelve to sixteen ovate, irregular pores, and separated from the
slender distal part by a constriction. The distal apex of the spine is
surrounded by a verticil of five conical, curved branches (corresponding to
the five edges of the spines, and to the five faces, which meet in the
corners where the spine arises). Mouth hexagonal, with six conical,
spinulate teeth, convergent towards its centre (fig. 1_a_).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.75, length of the spines 0.5.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


2. _Circogonia dodecacantha_, n. sp. (Pl. 115, figs. 8, 9).

Shell subregularly icosahedral, with twenty equal, triangular, slightly
convex faces, which are not separated by prominent crests, but covered with
a network of irregular polygonal plates. Twelve radial spines, cylindrical,
smooth, about as long as the diameter of the shell, forked at the distal
end with two divergent, slightly curved branches (similar to _Circospathis
furcata_, Pl. 115, figs. 4-6). The conical base of each spine is surrounded
by a circle of nine to twelve irregular, ovate pores (fig. 9). Mouth
circular, with a corona of six conical, smooth teeth which arise
perpendicularly from the shell (in the upper part of fig. 8, at left).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.6, length of the spines 0.7.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.



Genus 714. _Circorrhegma_,[331] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Circoporida# with a regular dodecahedral shell, composed of
twelve congruent, pentagonal plates, with twenty corners, from which arise
twenty radial spines.

The genus _Circorrhegma_ is remarkable for the geometrical regularity of
its shell, which represents a pentagonal dodecahedron. The shell is
therefore composed of twelve equal and regular pentagonal plates, and these
are separated in the only known {1699}species by thirty prominent
crest-like edges. From the corners of the dodecahedron, at which every
three pentagons meet, arise twenty radial spines, opposite in pairs in ten
equidistant axes.


1. _Circorrhegma dodecahedra_, n. sp. (Pl. 117, figs. 2, 2_a_).

Shell dodecahedral, with twelve equal and regular, plane, pentagonal
plates, which are separated by thirty prominent crests, and bear a network
of numerous polygonal (usually also pentagonal), smaller plates. Twenty
radial spines about as long as the radius of the shell, three-sided
prismatic, covered with numerous bristles; each surrounded at the thickened
base by a circle of twelve to sixteen pores, and at the distal apex by a
corona of five curved, terminal branches. Mouth pentagonal, with five
conical, subvertical, spinulate teeth (fig. 2_a_).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.8, length of the spines 0.5.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe).



Genus 715. _Circostephanus_,[332] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 5.

_Definition._--#Circoporida# with a subregular, polyhedral or nearly
spherical shell, composed of thirty to sixty or more triangular plates,
with twenty-four to thirty-two or more corners, from which arise radial
spines, symmetrically disposed.

The genus _Circostephanus_ comprises those Circoporida in which the
porcellanous shell is an endospherical polyhedron, with numerous (thirty to
sixty or more) triangular faces, and has a variable number of radial spines
(twenty-four to forty or more), arising from its corners. The number of
faces and corners seems to be variable in this genus, but may perhaps be
typical in some species. _Circostephanus sexagenarius_ has the typical form
of a "Sexagenal-Polyhedron," with sixty equal triangular faces and
thirty-two corners, and may be derived from the "Pentagonal-Dodecahedron"
(_Circorrhegma_) by dividing its twelve pentagonal faces each into five
congruent triangles.


1. _Circostephanus coronarius_, n. sp. (Pl. 116, figs. 3, 3_a_, 3_b_).

Shell polyhedral, with thirty-two to forty triangular, concave faces of
nearly equal size, which are separated by high prominent crests. From the
elevated corners of the polyhedron arise twenty-four to thirty radial
spines, which are three-sided prismatic or nearly cylindrical, about as
long as the radius of the shell, and covered with long curved bristles. The
distal end of each spine is surrounded by a verticil of five stout, curved
branches, its pyramidal base by a corona of five (or {1700}sometimes six)
ovate, basal pores (fig. 3_b_). Mouth armed with a corona of eight short,
conical, vertical, spinulate teeth (fig. 3_a_).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.4 to 0.5, length of the spines 0.2
to 0.25.

_Habitat._--South-Eastern Pacific (off Valparaiso), Station 298, depth 2225
fathoms.


2. _Circostephanus sexagenarius_, n. sp.

Shell polyhedral, with sixty triangular, equilateral congruent faces which
are nearly plane, and separated by high prominent crests. They are disposed
in twelve pentagonal groups, each with five faces, so that they appear as
if derived from a regular pentagonal dodecahedron, the twelve regular faces
of which are each divided into five congruent triangles, meeting in its
centre. From the elevated corners of the polyhedron arise thirty-two radial
spines (twelve in the central points of the pentagons, twenty in the
meeting corners of every three pentagons). The radial spines are nearly as
long as the diameter of the shell, cylindrical, spinulate, and surrounded
at the distal end by a verticil of five stout, curved branches, and at the
pyramidal base by a corona of twelve to sixteen basal pores. Mouth armed
with a corona of twelve conical, vertical, spinulate teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.75, length of the spines 0.6.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


3. _Circostephanus polygonarius_, n. sp.

Shell polyhedral, with sixty to eighty subregular, triangular, concave
faces, which are separated by prominent crests. From the elevated corners
of the polyhedron arise thirty to forty radial spines, which are longer
than the diameter of the shell, densely covered with curved bristles and
three-sided prismatic, with three spirally convoluted edges. Their distal
end is surrounded by a verticil of eight or nine curved branches, and their
pyramidal base by a corona of eight or nine basal pores. Mouth armed with a
corona of ten conical, vertical, spinulate teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.8, length of the spines 0.9.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 288, depth 2600 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. HAECKELINIDA.

_Definition._--#Circoporida# with dimpled spherical shell, not composed of
polygonal plates. The shell is covered with small roundish dimples, never
polyhedral, and the radial spines are simple, not branched, and usually not
regularly arranged.



Genus 716. _Haeckeliana_, John Murray, 1879, _in schedulis_, Chall. Coll.

_Definition._--#Circoporida# with spherical shell of a peculiar dimpled,
porcellanous structure, and with a variable number of simple radial
main-spines which are usually not regularly arranged.

{1701}The genus _Haeckeliana_ comprises the spherical Circoporida, with
dimpled, porcellanous shell, which are widely distributed, but rather rare,
in depths between 2000 and 3000 fathoms. All the known species (six in
number) are very closely related, and though the extreme forms appear very
different in size and structure, they are so connected by a continuous
series of intermediate forms, that they may be regarded as varieties of a
single species, first observed by Dr. John Murray, and called by him
_Haeckeliana porcellana_. The number of radial spines may be from sixteen
to fifty-five, and is usually between thirty and forty. Each is surrounded
by a basal coronet of aspinal pores, usually five, more rarely four or six;
the number, however, is not constant in any one species. Each coronet is
armed with an outer ring of by-spines. The surface of the shell between the
coronets is dimpled. The mouth (Pl. 114, fig. 3) is about as large as a
corona, and also armed with a ring of by-spines. The structure of the thick
porcellanous shell and the radial spines is different from the other
Circoporida.


1. _Haeckeliana porcellana_, John Murray (Pl. 114, fig. 6).

  _Haeckeliana porcellana_, John Murray, 1879, _in schedulis_, Chall. Coll.

Shell with forty to forty-five coronets, the majority of which have five
pores (more rarely four or six). Coronets broader than their intervals, and
twice as broad as the length of the by-spines. Dimples subcircular, of the
same breadth as the pores. Main-spines about as long as the radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.37 to 0.42, of the coronets 0.06 to
0.07.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Stations 289 to 293, depth 2025 to 2550 fathoms.


2. _Haeckeliana maxima_, n. sp. (Pl. 114, fig. 5).

Shell with fifty to fifty-five coronets, the majority of which have six
pores (more rarely five or seven). Coronets broader than their intervals,
and eight to ten times as broad as the length of the by-spines. Dimples
irregularly polygonal, of about the same breadth as the pores. Radial
main-spines about as long as the diameter of the shell.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.5 to 0.52, of the coronets 0.08 to
0.09.

_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


3. _Haeckeliana lamarckiana_, n. sp. (Pl. 114, fig. 4).

Shell with thirty-five to forty coronets, the majority of which have five
pores (more rarely six or four). Coronets broader than their intervals;
each funnel-shaped pore on the inside with a circle of small conical
thorns. By-spines rudimentary or wanting. Dimples irregularly polygonal,
half as broad as the pores. Radial main-spines shorter than the radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.38 to 0.45, of the coronets 0.06 to
0.07.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Stations 318 to 333, depth 2000 to 2900
fathoms.


{1702}4. _Haeckeliana murrayana_, Haeckel.

  _Challengeria_ sp., John Murray, 1876, Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xxiv, pl.
  xxiv. fig. 6.

Shell with twenty to twenty-five coronets, the majority of which have five
pores (more rarely four or six). Coronets of about the same breadth as
their intervals, and twice as broad as the by-spines. Dimples subcircular,
of about the same breadth as the pores. Radial main-spines about as long as
the radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.35 to 0.4, of the coronets 0.06 to
0.07.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750
fathoms.


5. _Haeckeliana goetheana_, n. sp. (Pl. 114, fig. 3).

Shell with sixteen to twenty coronets, the majority of which have four
pores (more rarely five and very rarely six). Coronets smaller than their
intervals. By-spines very short or rudimentary. Dimples subcircular, half
as broad as the pores. Radial main-spines shorter than the radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.25 to 0.3, of the coronets 0.04 to
0.05.

_Habitat._--North Pacific (south of Japan), Station 231, depth 2250
fathoms.


6. _Haeckeliana darwiniana_, n. sp. (Pl. 114, figs. 1, 2).

Shell with twenty-six to thirty-two coronets, the majority of which have
five pores (rarely four or six). Coronets smaller than their intervals and
than the length of the by-spines. Dimples subcircular, half as broad as the
pores, Radial main-spines longer than the radius.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.30 to 0.42, of the coronets 0.07 to
0.08.

_Habitat._--North Pacific (east of Japan), Stations 241 to 245, depth 2300
to 2900 fathoms.



Family LXXXII. #TUSCARORIDA#, n. fam. (Pl. 100).

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with an ovate, spindle-shaped, or nearly
spherical shell exhibiting a peculiar solid porcellanous structure; with a
few radial pores around the base of the hollow tubules, which are
symmetrically arranged around the main axis and the mouth. Surface of the
shell smooth or spiny, not tabulate nor panelled. Central capsule
excentric, placed in the aboral half of the shell-cavity.

The #Tuscarorida#, and the preceding closely allied family, the
Circoporida, represent together a peculiar small group, which differs from
the other PHAEODARIA in the singular porcellanous structure of the
shell-wall, and may be called #Phaeocalpia#; their hollow radial spines are
distinguished by peculiar basal pores, forming a circle around their base.
The shell of the Tuscarorida is monaxonian, ovate, spindle-shaped {1703}or
nearly spherical, whilst in the Circoporida it is polyaxonian, spherical or
polyhedral; the hollow radial spines are arranged in the former around the
main axis, in the latter around the common central point. All #Phaeocalpia#
(the Tuscarorida as well as the Circoporida) are inhabitants of great
depths, usually between 2000 and 3000 fathoms.

Though the number of Tuscarorida at present known is small (only three
genera, with ten species), they represent a very distinct and remarkable
family of PHAEODARIA, as well by their considerable size, as by the
peculiar arrangement of the radial spines and the structure of the
shell-wall, which in some species is more solid and thicker than in any
other Radiolaria. The diameter of the shell is always more than 1 mm.,
usually between 1 and 2, and sometimes more than 3 mm.

The dry shell of the Tuscarorida is not hyaline and transparent as is usual
in the other Radiolaria, but perfectly opaque, milk-white or
yellowish-white. This opacity is caused by innumerable very fine pores,
which everywhere pierce the thick, apparently solid, fundamental substance
of the shell-wall. Besides those very small pores, it is also pierced by a
certain number of larger pores, which are scattered at wide distances
(Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. pl. A, fig. 15_b_). These larger pores or
pore-channels have a diameter of about 0.01 mm., and pierce the shell-wall
either in a perpendicular or in an oblique direction. Very numerous
straight, simple, and thin needles, usually 0.1 to 0.2 mm. in length,
similar to the thin tangential needles of the Aulacanthida, are everywhere
scattered tangentially in the cement-like fundamental substance, which
seems to be a peculiar carbonic silicate; their axis is parallel to the
shell-surface.

The general form of the shell is somewhat different in the three genera of
Tuscarorida; ovate or spherical in _Tuscarora_ and _Tuscarusa_, which bear
no caudal axial spine (Pl. 100, figs. 1-7), or sometimes three-sided
pyramidal (fig. 4); it is spindle-shaped in _Tuscaridium_, which bears on
the aboral pore an axial caudal spine (Pl. 100, fig. 8). In every case the
main axis of the shell, determining its monaxonian fundamental form, is
indicated by the mouth, which is placed in the oral pole of the main axis
and prolonged into a short tube or proboscis.

The hollow apophyses, arising from the shell of the Tuscarorida, are always
cylindrical, long and thin tubules, the narrow cavity of which communicates
directly with the large shell-cavity. In the axis of the tubules lies a
thin axial chord or funicle, composed of a few (usually three or four)
siliceous threads which arise from bridges between the basal pores of the
apophyses, and are twisted together like the strands of a rope. The axial
funicle is connected with the thin wall of the tubular apophyses by
innumerable very thin radial beams, perpendicular to the axis (Pl. 100,
fig. 3_a_, 5_b_). The surface of the apophyses is almost constantly covered
with numerous small bristles or spines, which are usually curved and
directed towards their distal ends.

_Tuscarora_ (Pl. 100, figs. 1-6) exhibits two different groups of
apophyses, which may be distinguished according to their different position
and direction as "circoral {1704}teeth" and "aboral feet"; the teeth
immediately surround the opening of the mouth, whilst the feet are remote
from it and usually placed in the aboral half of the body, more rarely in
the equator or in the oral half. The general form and structure are the
same in both groups of apophyses, but their position and direction is
different; the circoral teeth are directed forwards, often parallel (at the
base at least), while the aboral feet are either divergent and directed
backwards, or they diverge forwards in the basal part, then form a large
arch, and finally curve backwards.

The number of the aboral feet, and their position relative to the circoral
teeth, are different but probably constant in each single species, and
serve, in the first place, for the distinction of genera and species.
_Tuscarora_ (in restricted sense) (Pl. 100, figs. 1-6), has constantly
three feet (comparable to the three cortinar feet of the tripodal
NASSELLARIA); _Tuscarusa_ (Pl. 100, fig. 7) has four feet, opposite in
pairs and forming a regular cross; _Tuscaridium_, finally (Pl. 100, fig.
8), has only one foot, which is situated in the main axis, on its aboral
pole, and may therefore be called a caudal spine.

The number of the circoral teeth varies from two to four, and is usually
three. Originally these three teeth alternate regularly with the three
aboral feet, so that the latter may be regarded as perradial, the former as
interradial (Pl. 100, figs. 1-4). The proportion of the number of each
group of apophyses in the different species is synoptically shown in the
following table:--

  a = Depth in Fathoms.
  b = Challenger Station.
  c = Length of the Shell.
  d = Breadth of the Shell.
  e = Number of Feet.
  f = Number of Pedal Pores.
  g = Number of Teeth.
  h = Number of Dental Pores.
  +------------------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+---+---+---+---+
  |                              |   a  |  b  |  c  |  d  | e | f | g | h |
  +------------------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+---+---+---+---+
  | 1. _Tuscarora bisternaria_,  | 3000 | 264 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 8 |
  | 2.      "    _murrayi_,      | 2000 | 295 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
  | 3.      "    _wyvillei_,     | 2250 | 291 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
  | 4.      "    _tetrahedra_,   | 2450 | 348 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
  | 5.      "    _tubulosa_,     | 3000 | 249 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
  | 6.      "    _porcellana_,   | 2650 | 325 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
  | 7.      "    _belknapii_,    | 2025 | 293 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
  | 8. _Tuscarusa medusa_,       | 3125 | 253 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
  | 9. _Tuscaridium cygneum_,    | 3050 | 250 | 3.2 | 1.6 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
  |10.      "   _lithornithium_, | 3000 | 264 | 3.6 | 1.8 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 6 |
  +------------------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+---+---+---+---+

The base of the apophyses in all Tuscarorida is inflated, conical, and
pierced by a small number of large ovate pores, the typical "basal pores,"
which occur also in the closely allied Circoporida. The number of these
basal pores varies from two to eight, and is usually three or four; it
never becomes in this family so great as in the Circoporida, where each
circle of pores is often composed of sixteen to twenty-four or more basal
pores. The number seems to be rather constant in each single species, as
may be seen in the preceding Table. The pedal pores (on the base of the
aboral feet) are usually larger than the dental pores (on the base of the
circoral teeth). Their form is {1705}usually irregularly ovate or
triangular; their outer aperture is armed with spines or bristles, which
are commonly larger than in the other parts of the apophyses.

The mouth of the shell varies in form, according to the number and
arrangement of the teeth on its corners. It is therefore a narrow
transverse fissure, with two broad opposite lips and two corners, in the
bidental forms (Pl. 100, figs. 5, 7), triangular in the tridental species
(figs. 1-4), quadrangular or square in the quadridental species, _Tuscarora
belknapii_ (Narr. Chall. Exp., _loc. cit._, pl. A, fig. 15). The singular
genus _Tuscaridium_ (fig. 8) exhibits four teeth, which are nearly
horizontally divergent in two pairs, a dorsal and a ventral pair
(corresponding in position to the four feet of _Tuscarusa_, fig. 7); the
mouth is here prolonged into a cylindrical, spinulate proboscis, which is
curved towards the ventral face of the shell (fig. 8).

The _central capsule_ of the Tuscarorida is kidney-shaped or spheroidal,
scarcely half as large as the dark olive-green phaeodium, which surrounds
its anterior (oral) face. Usually the capsule and the phaeodium together
fill up the aboral half of the shell-cavity, and are separated from its
walls by the calymma. The latter is pierced by numerous branched and
reticulately anastomosing pseudopodia, which arise from the matrix
enveloping the capsule, and pass over into a thin layer of sarcode,
adjacent to the inner surface of the shell. The astropyle or the
main-opening of the central capsule exhibits the usual radiate operculum
and tubular proboscis of the PHAEODARIA (Pl. 115, fig. 3), and is directed
towards the mouth of the shell. The number of the parapylae or accessory
openings seems to be variable in this family, and to correspond to the
number of radial feet which arise from the shell. Therefore _Tuscaridium_
possesses only one parapyle, which is diametrically opposite to the mouth,
lies on the aboral pole of the capsule, and is directed towards the single
caudal tube. _Tuscarora_ seems to have three parapylae, corresponding to
the three radial feet, and _Tuscarusa_ probably has four parapylae,
directed towards its four radial feet; in the latter genus, however, the
capsule was not observed (the shell being empty); and in the other
Tuscarorida this important and difficult anatomical question must be solved
by further accurate examinations.

The nucleus is nearly half as large as the central capsule, ellipsoidal,
and contains numerous nucleoli. In one specimen of _Tuscarora belknapii_ I
observed two nuclei in the central capsule, and in another specimen of the
same species John Murray observed two central capsules (figured by him in
the Narr. Chall. Exp., vol i. pl. A, fig. 15).

_Synopsis of the Genera of Tuscarorida._

  Three equidistant aboral radial feet,       717. _Tuscarora_.
  Four equidistant aboral radial feet,        718. _Tuscarusa_.
  One single aboral foot or terminal spine,   719. _Tuscaridium_.



{1706}Genus 717. _Tuscarora_,[333] John Murray, 1876, _in schedulis_,
Chall. Coll.

_Definition._--#Tuscarorida# with three radial aboral feet, and a variable
number of circoral teeth.

The genus _Tuscarora_ comprises seven of the ten observed species of
Tuscarorida, all seven agreeing in the possession of three perradial feet,
which alternate originally (in four species), with three interradial teeth
surrounding the mouth. The latter is armed in two other species with two
teeth, and in one species with four teeth (compare above, p. 1704). The
three perradial feet have a similar position as in the tripodal
NASSELLARIA, so that they may be distinguished as an odd caudal foot and
two paired lateral feet.



Subgenus 1. _Tuscarantha_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with three perradial equidistant feet and three
interradial equidistant circoral teeth, alternating regularly with the
former.


1. _Tuscarora bisternaria_, John Murray (Pl. 100, figs. 1, 1_a_).

  _Tuscarora bisternaria_, John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_, Narr. Chall.
  Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, figs. 16, 16_a._

Shell subspherical, with three lateral perradial feet in the equatorial
zone, and three basal interradial teeth around the mouth, alternating
regularly with the former. The three lateral feet arise either in the
equator itself or a little above it, and are nearly horizontally expanded,
descending a little towards the aboral pole. They are straight,
cylindrical, twice to four times as long as the shell, geniculate at the
inflated base, and covered with small thorns. A circle of six to eight
basal pores in the base of each foot. The narrow mouth is triangular,
surrounded by the thorny, inflated, subspherical bases of the three long,
cylindrical, diverging, thorny teeth, which ascend obliquely and are longer
than the shell; each tooth exhibits in the upper part of the inflated base
a corona of eight to ten ovate holes.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 2.0, breadth 1.5.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 264, depth 3000 fathoms.


2. _Tuscarora murrayi_, n. sp. (Pl. 100, fig. 2). John Murray, 1876, L. N.
27, pl. 24, fig. 4.

Shell pear-shaped, with three circoral perradial feet in the upper third
and three basal interradial teeth around the mouth. The three lateral feet
are thin, cylindrical, arcuate, very bristly, arise immediately beyond the
narrow tubular peristome, and ascend obliquely nearly to the height of the
mouth; then they are curved downwards in a large arc, three to four times
as long as {1707}the shell. The tubular peristome is about half as long as
the shell, bottle-shaped, nearly three-sided prismatic, and bears three
very long spinulate teeth, which in the lower half are parallel, in the
upper slightly curved and diverging, at the base pear-shaped. Three ovate
basal pores in the inflated base of each foot and each tooth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 2.5, breadth 1.5.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.


3. _Tuscarora wyvillei_, n. sp. (Pl. 100, figs. 3, 3_a_-3_c_).

Shell subspherical, pellucid, thinner and more fragile than in the other
species of the genus, with three aboral perradial feet in the lower third,
and three interradial teeth around the wide mouth. The three feet are
straight, conical, widely divergent, shorter than the shell, and arise from
its lower third; on the inflated base of each four small ovate pores. The
three teeth, alternating with them, are straight, cylindrical, arise from
the margin of the mouth and diverge obliquely upwards. On the base of each
foot four opposite cordate pores of very unequal size.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 1.5, breadth 1.4.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 291, depth 2250 fathoms.


4. _Tuscarora tetrahedra_, John Murray (Pl. 100, figs. 4, 4_a_).

  _Tuscarora tetrahedra_, John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_, Narr. Chall.
  Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 19.

Shell tetrahedral or three-sided pyramidal, with three perradial basal
feet, and three alternate, interradial, circoral teeth. The three rounded
edges of the pyramid are prolonged directly over the aboral base into the
three short, divergent, conical, basal feet, which are smooth and scarcely
one-fourth as long as the shell. The base of each foot is pierced by four
small crossed pedal pores. The narrow mouth, on the apex of the pyramid, is
surrounded by three short and broad, triangular, spinulate teeth, each of
which bears three slender, triangular, dental pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 2.5, breadth 2.0.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Tuscaretta_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with three perradial equidistant feet, and with two
circoral teeth, which are opposite in the radius of the odd dorsal foot;
therefore a dorsal and a ventral tooth.


5. _Tuscarora tubulosa_, John Murray (Pl. 100, figs. 5, 5_a_, 5_b_).

  _Tuscarora tubulosa_, John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_, Narr. Chall.
  Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 17.

Shell subspherical, with three lateral perradial feet on the upper half of
the shell (above the equator), and two parallel vertical teeth on the
mouth. The three feet arise between the upper and {1708}the middle third of
the shell, diverge upwards, and are slightly arcuate, covered with numerous
curved spines. Their base is pierced by four pedal pores. The peristome is
a narrow sagittal fissure, placed in the radius of the odd or dorsal foot,
and bears two opposite teeth on its two corners. The teeth are cylindrical,
longer than the shell, covered with curved spines, and ascend in a parallel
and vertical manner; each is perforated at the base by three large dental
pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 1.4, breadth 1.2.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 244 to 250, depth 2050 to 3050 fathoms.


6. _Tuscarora porcellana_, John Murray (Pl. 100, figs. 6_a_, 6_b_).

  _Tuscarora porcellana_, John Murray, 1819, _in litteris_, Narr. Chall.
  Exp., pl. A, fig. 18.

Shell pear-shaped, with three lateral perradial feet in the lower half of
the shell, and two parallel vertical teeth on the mouth. The three lateral
feet arise between the middle and the lower third of the shell, are
straight, cylindrical, spinulate, about as long as the shell and diverge
downwards; their base is pierced by four ovate pedal pores. The two
parallel and vertical teeth are straight, shorter than half the shell, and
opposite in the sagittal plane, on the two corners of the narrow mouth, in
the radius of the dorsal odd foot. The base of each tooth exhibits four
cordate dental pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 1.5, breadth 1.3.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 325, depth 2650 fathoms.



Subgenus 3. _Tuscarilla_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Shell with three perradial equidistant feet, and with four
crossed equidistant teeth around the mouth.


7. _Tuscarora belknapii_, John Murray.

  _Tuscarora belknapii_, John Murray, 1879, _in litteris_,  Narr. Chall.
  Exp., vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, figs. 15, 15_a_-15_d._

Shell pear-shaped, with three lateral perradial feet in the upper third,
and four crossed teeth around the mouth. The three arcuate feet are thin,
cylindrical, covered with small curved thorns, and arise at the base of the
peristome, between the upper and middle third of the shell; they ascend
diverging to the height of the mouth, and are then curved downwards in a
large arc, twice to three times as long as the shell. The base of each foot
is dilated and pierced by three pedal pores. The four thin and long teeth
of the peristome are similar to the feet, ascend in a slightly diverging
manner, and are so placed that two opposite lie in the sagittal plane (or
in the radius of the dorsal odd foot), whilst the two others are opposite
in the frontal plane (perpendicular to the former). The base of each tooth
exhibits two large ovate dental pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 2.5, breadth 1.5.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.



{1709}Genus 718. _Tuscarusa_,[334] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Tuscarorida# with four radial aboral feet and a variable
number of circoral teeth.

The genus _Tuscarusa_ differs from the preceding closely allied _Tuscarora_
in the possession of four radial feet instead of three. The mouth of the
single observed species is a narrow sagittal fissure, and armed with two
opposite teeth (a dorsal and a ventral, as in the subgenus _Tuscaretta_).
The four lateral feet form a cross, and lie opposite in pairs, in two
diagonals of the square, which is bisected by the sagittal mouth.


1. _Tuscarusa medusa_, n. sp. (Pl. 100, figs. 7, 7_a_).

Shell ovate, with four crossed lateral feet in the upper third, and with
two opposite teeth around the mouth. The four feet are opposite in pairs in
two diameters of the shell, perpendicular one to another, and arise between
the upper and middle third of the shell; they are thin, cylindrical,
spinulate, arcuate, and ascend to the height of the mouth diverging
upwards; then they are curved downwards in a large arc. They lie in the
diagonals of the square, which is halved by the narrow and long fissure of
the mouth. This lies in the original sagittal plane, and from its two
corners arise the two opposite teeth (a dorsal and a ventral), diverging
upwards, cylindrical and slightly curved. The base of each foot is pierced
by four pedal pores, of each tooth by two dental pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 1.2, breadth 1.0.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.



Genus 719. _Tuscaridium_,[335] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Tuscarorida# without radial aboral feet, but with a
terminal axial caudal foot, and a variable number of circoral teeth.

The genus _Tuscaridium_, comprising two closely allied species, differs
from the two preceding genera of Tuscarorida in the absence of lateral
radial feet, which are represented by a single large caudal spine placed in
the main axis of the shell, at its aboral pole. The shell is therefore
spindle-shaped, and not ovate or subspherical, as in the two other genera.
It reaches in the two observed species a length of more than 3 mm.


1. _Tuscaridium cygneum_, Haeckel.

  _Tuscarora cygnea_, John Murray, 1879, in litteris, Narr. Chall. Exp.,
  vol. i. p. 226, pl. A, fig. 20.

Shell spindle-shaped, twice as long as broad (in the transverse section
circular), equally tapering towards both poles of the main axis. The aboral
pole bears a thin, cylindrical, straight, caudal {1710}spine, placed in the
prolongation of the main axis, and about half as long as the shell. Its
base is pierced by two large opposite pedal pores. The anterior or oral
pole bears a cylindrical peristome, similar to a bird's head, and curved
towards the ventral face; on both sides of its neck (at right and left) a
series of three or four irregular, ovate, buccal holes. The neck bears four
cylindrical, spinulate, radial tubes (two on each side), crossed nearly
horizontally, and placed in two diagonal planes perpendicular one to
another; these planes correspond to those in which the four feet of
_Tuscarusa medusa_ lie. The base of each tube is pierced by four dental
pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 3.2, breadth 1.6.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 250, depth 3050 fathoms.


2. _Tuscaridium lithornithium_, n. sp. (Pl. 100, figs. 8, 8_a_, 8_b_).

Shell spindle-shaped, twice as long as broad, very similar to the preceding
closely allied species. It differs from the latter in the following
characters:--The curved proboscis of the peristome is broader and more
spiny. The four radial tubes of the mouth and the terminal caudal spine are
very spiny (in the preceding species nearly smooth). The number of buccal
holes (six to eight on each side of the mouth) is twice as great as in the
former. Each circoral tube is pierced at the base by six or eight (in the
former by four pores), and the base of the caudal spine exhibits a cross of
four pores (in _Tuscaridium cygneum_ only two pores).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 3.6, breadth 1.8.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 264, depth 3000 fathoms.


----


Order IV. PHAEOCONCHIA, Haeckel, 1879.

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with a bivalved lattice-shell, composed of two
free opposite valves (a dorsal and a ventral), between which the central
capsule is enclosed.



Family LXXXIII. #CONCHARIDA#, Haeckel, 1879 (Pls. 123-125).

  _Concharida_, Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena, Dec.
      12, p. 6.

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with a bivalved lattice-shell, which is spherical
or lenticular, and composed of two equal or unequal boat-shaped valves, a
dorsal and a ventral. The valves bear neither an apical latticed cupola or
galea, nor hollow radial tubes. The central capsule is placed in the aboral
half of the shell-cavity, and so enclosed between both valves, that its
three openings lie in the open frontal fissure between them (the astropyle
on the oral pole of the main axis, the two parapylae on both sides of its
aboral pole, at right and left).

{1711}The family #Concharida# and the two following closely allied
families, the Coelodendrida and Coelographida, compose together the most
remarkable and interesting suborder of #Phaeoconchia# (or "PHAEODARIA
bivalva"), differing from all the other Radiolaria in the possession of a
bivalved lattice-shell, composed of two separate valves, like the shell of
a Brachiopod. The central capsule is so enclosed between the two
fenestrated valves that its three openings lie in the horizontal open
(frontal) fissure between them, the astropyle or main-opening on the oral
pole of the main axis; the two secondary openings or parapylae on the two
sides of its aboral pole, at right and left. The plane in which the three
openings lie is therefore the frontal plane, dividing the entire body into
a dorsal and a ventral half. The two valves, accordingly, must be
considered as dorsal and ventral valves (as in the Brachiopoda), and the
symmetrical halves of each valve as right and left. These halves may be
always easily distinguished, since the oral pole of each valve is
constantly different from the aboral pole. The voluminous phaeodium always
lies in the oral half, and the central capsule in the aboral half of the
shell-cavity, whilst the calymma encloses the whole shell.

The Concharida differ from the other two families of bivalved PHAEODARIA in
the absence of the apical galeas, and the branched hollow tubes arising
from them. Each of these two cupolas, which are at the opposite poles of
the sagittal axis (one cupola on the apex of each valve), is in the
Coelographida connected by a simple or double frenulum with a peculiar
rhinocanna, or an open nasal tube directed towards the mouth; whilst the
cupolas of the Coelodendrida possess neither a rhinocanna nor a frenulum.
The three families of #Phaeoconchia# may therefore represent a
phylogenetical series, the common root of which are the Concharida. From
these are developed the Coelodendrida by development of an apical cupola or
galea on each valve, and of hollow radial tubes arising from it; whilst the
Coelographida are developed from the latter by production of a rhinocanna
on the base of each cupola, and of one or two frenula connecting the former
with the latter.

All the Concharida described in the following pages (seven genera and
thirty species), are perfectly new to science, and not a single form of
this interesting family was known before the explorations of the
Challenger. Some species (mainly of the genera _Conchidium_ and
_Conchopsis_) are by no means rare, and are found in great numbers at some
stations of the tropical seas (in the Pacific as well as in the Atlantic).
All described species are closely allied, agree in the majority of
characters, and are easy to distinguish from all the other Radiolaria. Some
few forms of Concharida, however, form a direct passage to the
Coelodendrida.

Regarding the probable origin of the Concharida (and therefore also of all
other #Phaeoconchia# derived from the latter), two different hypotheses are
possible. They have either been derived directly from the skeletonless
_Phaeodina_, by development of a bivalved lattice-shell; or they may be
derived from PHAEODARIA with a simple {1712}spherical lattice-shell
(Castanellida), by the halving of this latter, or its splitting into two
hemispherical valves; the former hypothesis is more probable than the
latter.

The two valves of the lattice-shell (Pls. 123-126) must in the Concharida
(as in all other #Phaeoconchia#) be distinguished as dorsal and ventral,
and may therefore be compared with the two valves of the Brachiopoda, not
with those of the Lamellibranchia. This important morphological distinction
is expressed by the constant position of the central capsule within the
shell-cavity. The capsule always exhibits the character of the "TRIPYLEA"
and has three tubular openings, placed in the frontal or lateral plane of
the unicellular body. In the same plane lies the open frontal fissure
between the two valves, and the three openings are so disposed in it that
the large anterior main-opening (or the astropyle) is placed on the oral
pole of the main axis, whilst the two accessory small lateral openings or
parapylae are placed on both sides of the aboral pole, at the right and
left. Therefore in a dorsal or ventral view all three openings are visible
(Pl. 123, figs. 1, 8_a_); in the usual lateral view, however, from the
right or left side, only two openings are visible, the astropyle on the
anterior, and one parapyle (right or left) near the posterior pole of the
main axis (Pl. 123, figs. 8, 9; Pl. 124, figs. 6, 10). The posterior view
(from the aboral pole) shows the two parapylae, at right and left; in the
anterior view (from the oral pole) the astropyle may be visible, but
usually it is completely hidden in the dark voluminous phaeodium. This
latter envelops sometimes nearly the whole capsule as an opaque
conglomeration of green or brown phaeodella (Pl. 123, figs. 8, 9); but
usually the phaeodium fills up the anterior (oral) half of the
shell-cavity, whilst the capsule occupies the posterior (aboral) half (Pl.
124, figs. 6, 10).

The dorsal shell-valve is in almost all PHAEODARIA smaller or somewhat
different in shape from the ventral valve, and this difference is often
very striking (Pl. 124, figs. 3-16); but in a few species both valves are
so similar, that I could not discover any certain difference. This equality
of the two valves occurs mainly in those Concharida which pass over into
the Coelodendrida; in these latter as well as in the Coelographida, both
valves are usually equal in size and form. Whilst the main axis (or the
longitudinal axis of the body) in the two latter families of #Phaeoconchia#
seems to be normally vertical (in the living and freely floating body), in
the living Concharida it is probably horizontal, so that the larger and
heavier ventral valve lies below the smaller and lighter dorsal valve.

The geometrical fundamental form of the body is therefore in the Concharida
dipleural or bilaterally symmetrical, and we distinguish in it the same
three dimensive axes, as in all other dipleural forms. On the anterior or
oral pole of the main axis (or longitudinal axis) lies the mouth of the
shell, and behind it the phaeodium; on the opposite posterior or aboral
pole lies the hinge of the shell (comparable to the shell-hinge of the
Brachiopoda) and in front of it the central capsule. The sagittal (or
{1713}dorso-ventral) axis, determining the height of the shell, has on its
dorsal (or upper) pole the apex or highest point of the dorsal valve, on
its ventral (or lower) pole the apex or lowest point of the ventral valve.
The two poles of the frontal (lateral or transverse) axis are equal and are
determined by the two parapylae of the capsule, and the corresponding
points of the shell-fissure between both valves. Usually the main-axis is
the longest, the frontal axis the shortest, and between both the sagittal
axis.

In regard to the three dimensive planes which are determined by these three
axes, perpendicular to one another, they are rarely of nearly equal size
(as in some subspherical species), usually the sagittal plane (separating
the right and left halves of the body) is the largest; the cinctural or
equatorial plane (separating oral and aboral halves) is the smallest, and
the frontal or lateral plane (separating dorsal and ventral halves) is
intermediate in size. The relation of the three perimeters of these three
planes corresponds to that proportion; the sagittal perimeter (in which the
keel of the compressed valves lies) is the largest; the cinctural or
equatorial perimeter (separating the anterior phaeodium and the posterior
central capsule) is the smallest, and the frontal or lateral perimeter (in
which the fissure between the valves lies) is intermediate in size.

The general form of the single valves is very varied in the different
species, in the majority boat-shaped or hat-shaped, more or less laterally
compressed, in a few forms hemispherical. In _Conchopsis_ (Pl. 125) and
_Conchoceras_ (Pl. 124, figs. 15, 16) the lateral parts of the valves
(right and left) are vaulted, whilst their median parts are so strongly
compressed that they form a sharp sagittal keel, and then the shell in the
dorsal or ventral view appears spindle-shaped (Pl. 123, fig. 8_a_; Pl. 125,
fig. 8). Often the frontal margins of the valves are somewhat constricted
(Pl. 124, fig. 7).

The junction between the two valves of the shell is always loose, but not
so loose as in the two following families. In the Coelodendrida and
Coelographida the two valves are either perfectly free and separated by a
frontal zone of jelly, or in very loose contact on the frontal margins. In
the Concharida, however, the margins of both valves seem to be usually in
contact, and their connection is effected in a double way. In the subfamily
Conchasmida (comprising the genera _Concharium_ and _Conchasma_, Pl. 123,
figs. 1-6) the lateral margins of both valves are smooth, not dentated, and
fit one into another like the two parts of a box, or like the two valves of
a Diatom (_Navicula_). In the second subfamily, however, Conchopsida
(comprising the five other genera, Pls. 124, 125), the lateral margins of
the valves are dentate, usually provided with a series of numerous strong
conical teeth, and the teeth of both valves so catch into one another, that
their union is rather firm (like the margin of the shells of _Tridacna_,
_Pecten_, and other Lamellibranchiata). Besides, a more solid junction is
often effected on the posterior or aboral part of the margins, which we
shall call the hinge. Here often peculiar strong teeth catch one into
another, and in the majority of species {1714}two aboral spines are
developed, the caudal horns (a dorsal and a ventral); these are very large
in _Conchoceras_ (Pl. 124, figs. 15, 16). But a peculiar and most
interesting kind of junction is effected in some Concharida by a true
ligament between the valves (Pl. 123, figs. 8, 9; Pl. 125, fig. 2). This
ligament is always placed on the aboral hinge, is of dark brown colour, and
is not dissolved by mineral acids unless long applied. It may preserve the
connection of the posterior parts of both valves, when their anterior parts
are removed one from another, just as in the Brachiopoda. I observed this
interesting ligament mainly in the genus _Conchopsis_, but not in all
species, and it is not yet certain whether it is a constant organ in these
and some other Concharida.

In the majority of Concharida the lateral margins of the two valves project
slightly inwards into the cavity, and in some species of _Conchopsis_ these
inner borders are so broadened that they form a broad, horizontal,
fenestrated inner shelf, comparable to the deck of a boat or to the velum
of the Hydromedusae or Craspedotae (Pl. 125, fig. 9). In this case the
velum surrounds the ovate aperture through which the two lobes of the
central capsule (dorsal and ventral) enter into the cavity of both valves.

The mouth of the shell lies on the oral pole of the main axis, and is
therefore opposed to the aboral hinge. The two valves are here usually more
or less emarginate, so as to form a transverse mouth with an upper and a
lower lip (Pl. 124, figs. 6, 7, 11). The form of these two lips is often
very different and characteristic of particular species (Pl. 124, figs. 3,
15, 16). The mouth remains in many species constantly open, even when the
frontal fissure is closed (figs. 7, 16). Since the centre of the shell
mouth lies in the prolongation of the proboscis arising from the operculum
of the central capsule, probably the main stream of sarcode, issuing from
the latter, becomes protruded by the former.

Apophyses of the shell (besides the teeth of the margins) are completely
wanting in three genera, _Concharium_, _Conchellium_, and _Conchopsis_ (Pl.
123, figs. 1-4, 7; Pl. 125). The four other genera possess free apophyses
or spines, which we call horns. They are probably important as the
beginnings of those large hollow tubes which are characteristic of the two
following families, Coelodendrida and Coelographida. We distinguish two
different forms of horns, apical horns on the poles of the sagittal axis,
and caudal horns on the aboral pole of the main axis; the former probably
correspond to the sagittal tubes and the latter to the caudal tubes of the
two following families. Apical horns are found in a single genus only,
_Conchonia_ (Pl. 124, figs. 10-14). Here either on one pole or on poles of
the sagittal axis a horn is developed, usually curved backwards. Sometimes
the base of this conical horn is inflated and fenestrated, and may
represent the beginning of the formation of the galea or apical cupola of
the Coelodendrida.

The two caudal horns are opposite on the aboral hinge of the shell, one
arising from the posterior end of each valve. Usually they are short and
thick, pyramidal, the {1715}ventral horn larger than the dorsal (Pl. 124,
figs. 3, 6). Rarely the two caudal horns are fenestrated at the base and
reach a considerable size, as in _Conchoceras_ (Pl. 124, figs. 15, 16).

The walls of the bivalved shell usually exhibit in the Concharida a rather
solid shape and regular structure, with an elegant network of regularly
arranged pores. But in some species the walls of the shell become very thin
and fragile, and assume the same shape (with very irregular network), as in
the Coelodendrida and Coelographida. The pores are usually small and
numerous, circular, often hexagonally framed (Pl. 125, figs. 4-6). They
pierce the thick shell-wall either in a radial or in an oblique direction.
Sometimes each pore is armed with six radial teeth (Pl. 123, fig. 7_a_). At
other times each pore represents an oblique ampullaceous canal, dilated in
its middle part, with two narrow openings (Pl. 125, figs. 5_a_, _b_, _c_,
6). The pores are so arranged in the majority of species that they form
regular curved series, which are separated by prominent crests, and
converge towards the poles of the main axis. Usually the marginal pores
(along the frontal margin of the valves) are much smaller (compare Pls.
123-125).

The _central capsule_ of the Concharida, very well preserved in numerous
specimens of the Challenger collection, constantly possesses the same
situation and structure. It is always enclosed in the aboral or posterior
half of the shell-cavity, whilst the oral or anterior half is filled up by
the phaeodium. The free spaces between both and between the inner surface
of the shell are completely filled up by the jelly of the calymma, which
also covers the whole shell as a thin outer jelly-envelope. The form of the
central capsule is sometimes nearly spherical, usually somewhat compressed
in the direction of the main axis, and sometimes also in the direction of
the frontal axis (Pl. 123, figs. 1-9). In some species it becomes bilobed,
with an upper dorsal and a lower ventral lobe, and in some others it
becomes triangular (Pl. 125, fig. 7). Its two membranes (inner and outer)
are often separated by a broad colourless interval, containing a clear
fluid or jelly (Pl. 123, figs. 8, 9). The nucleus is usually about half as
large as the central capsule and ellipsoidal, its longer axis lying in the
sagittal diameter of the body. Several specimens (of different genera)
contained two separate nuclei, one placed in the dorsal, the other in the
ventral half of the capsule (Pl. 124, fig. 6). This duplication of the
nucleus is probably the preparation for the division of the capsule. The
division will be probably effected in the frontal plane, so that each half
of the bisected capsule gets one nucleus and one valve, and the other valve
becomes newly formed (in a way similar to that in the bivalved
Diatomaceae). The astropyle, or the main-opening of the capsule, is closed
by a radiate operculum, from which arises a tubular proboscis; this lies in
the main axis of the body, is directed towards the anterior mouth of the
shell, and surrounded by the phaeodium. The two shorter tubes of the paired
parapylae, or the accessory lateral openings, lie on the posterior or
caudal side of {1716}the capsule, at right and left, and are directed half
backwards, half outwards (towards the frontal fissure between the valves,
Pl. 123, figs. 1, 8_a_).

The phaeodium exhibits in all Concharida the same characteristic shape, and
represents a dark conglomeration of phaeodellae, filling up the anterior or
oral half of the shell-cavity. Usually it is bilobed, divided into a dorsal
and a ventral lobe or wing, which fills up the corresponding valve of the
shell (Pl. 123, figs. 8, 9). The phaeodium is commonly more voluminous than
the capsule, and surrounds its anterior half, more rarely it encloses
nearly the entire capsule (Pl. 124, figs. 6, 10). Its colour is usually
olive, sometimes more greenish, at other times more brownish, in some
species nearly black. The phaeodellae, or the roundish granules which
compose the phaeodium, exhibit the same shape as in all other PHAEODARIA
(compare above, p. 1535). Sometimes peculiar rather oblong nucleated cells
are scattered in great numbers between the phaeodellae, probably parasites
or symbiontes (Pl. 123, figs. 7-9, 9_a_).

_Synopsis of the Genera of Concharida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Conchasmida.
     Lateral edges of the two valves smooth, without teeth.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                              { Aboral hinge without
  Valves without sagittal     {  horns,                 720. _Concharium_.
   keel, nearly hemispherical {
   or slightly compressed.    { Aboral hinge with two
                              {  horns (one on each
                              {  valve),                721. _Conchasma_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Conchopsida.
      Lateral edges of the two valves dentate, with a series of prominent
      teeth on both sides. The teeth of both valves catch one into another.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
                              { Aboral hinge without
                              {  horns,                 722. _Conchellium_.
                              {
  Valves without sagittal     { Aboral hinge with two
   keel, nearly hemispherical {  horns. No apical horn, 723. _Conchidium_.
   or slightly compressed.    {
                              { Aboral hinge with two
                              {  horns. Apex also with
                              {  a horn,                724. _Conchonia_.

                              { Aboral hinge without
  Valves with a sharp         {  horns,                 725. _Conchopsis_.
   sagittal keel, strongly    {
   compressed on both sides,  { Aboral hinge with two
   boat-shaped.               {  horns (one on each
                              {  valve).                726. _Conchoceras_.



Subfamily 1. CONCHASMIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Concharida# with the lateral margins of the two valves
smooth, without interlocking teeth.



Genus 720. _Concharium_,[336] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.

_Definition._--#Concharida# with the lateral margins of the valves smooth,
without sagittal keel and without horns on the hinge.

{1717}The genus _Concharium_ is the simplest and the most primitive form of
all Concharida; it may be regarded as the common ancestral form of the
whole family. The entire shell is usually almost spherical, without horns
or teeth, and may be regarded as a _Castanella_ which is bisected or broken
into two equal hemispherical halves. The lateral margins of the two
hemispherical valves are smooth, without teeth, and catch one into the
other like the two valves of a Diatom, or the two halves of a bivalved box.
_Concharium_ agrees in this simple shape of the frontal margins with the
following genus _Conchasma_, and represents with it the small subfamily
Conchasmida.


1. _Concharium bivalvum_, n. sp. (Pl. 123, figs. 2, 2_a_).

Shell spherical, smooth. Diameter in all directions nearly the same.
Borders of the two hemispherical valves circular, smooth, about twice as
broad as the pores. In the half frontal perimeter of the shell (along the
right and the left border of each valve) twenty-two to twenty-four pores,
in the half sagittal perimeter (in the middle line of each valve) eighteen
to twenty-two pores, in the half equator (in the cinctural perimeter of
each valve) twenty to twenty-two pores. All pores circular, of the same
size, twice as broad as their bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (longitudinal diameter) 0.35, height
(sagittal diameter) 0.34, breadth (lateral diameter) 0.33.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, west of Madeira, Station 354, depth 1675
fathoms.


2. _Concharium nucula_, n. sp. (Pl. 123, fig. 3).

Shell pear-shaped, with costate surface. Oral face somewhat truncated,
broader than the aboral face. Its longitudinal diameter about one-fifth
longer than the two other diameters. Borders of the two valves ovate,
smooth, about as broad as the pores. In the half frontal perimeter of the
shell twenty-two to twenty-four pores, in the half sagittal perimeter
eighteen to twenty, in the half equator sixteen to eighteen. Pores
irregularly roundish, three to four times as broad as the bars. The pores
are so disposed in meridional rows that the crests between the rows
converge towards the two poles of the sagittal axis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2, height 0.18, breadth 0.16.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic (west of Tristan da Cunha), Station 332, depth
2200 fathoms.


3. _Concharium diatomeum_, n. sp. (Pl. 123, fig. 1).

Shell nearly spherical, slightly lenticular, somewhat compressed in
dorso-ventral direction; the sagittal diameter therefore somewhat shorter
than the two others. Borders of the two hemispherical valves nearly
circular, quite smooth, about as broad as the length of the largest pores.
In the half frontal perimeter of the shell forty-four to fifty pores; in
the half sagittal perimeter twenty to twenty-four; in the half equator
thirty to thirty-three. Pores different in form and size; the
{1718}marginal pores small, nearly circular; the dorsal and ventral pores
oblongish-hexagonal, twice as long as broad, about four to six times as
long as the bars, regularly arranged in transverse rows.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.22, height 0.21, breadth 0.2.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, near Sierra Leone, Station 348, depth 2450
fathoms.


4. _Concharium bacillarium_, n. sp. (Pl. 123, fig. 4).

Shell walnut-shaped, with panelled surface; oral and aboral face of the
same form. Its longitudinal diameter about one-fifth longer than the two
other diameters. Borders of the two cup-shaped valves elliptical, smooth,
with a prominent edge, about as broad as the larger pores. In the half
frontal perimeter of the shell fifty to fifty-five pores, in the half
sagittal perimeter thirty-six to forty, in the half equator also thirty to
forty. Pores hexagonally framed. The pores are tapering in size from the
sagittal plane towards the valve-margins, and so regularly arranged in
meridional rows that the crests between the latter converge towards both
poles of the longitudinal axis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2, height 0.15, breadth 0.15.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, off St. Helena, Station 340, depth 1500
fathoms.


5. _Concharium fragilissimum_, n. sp.

Shell subspherical, very thin-walled and fragile. Diameter in all
directions nearly the same. Oral and aboral face scarcely different.
Margins of the hemispherical valves extremely thin and hyaline. Pores
irregularly roundish, of very different sizes and unequal forms. The
fragile shell of this species differs in general shape from that of all
other Concharida, and is like that of the Coelodendrida (Pl. 121, fig. 3),
but exhibits neither an apical cupola or galea, nor radial tubes arising
from it. It may be perhaps a young specimen of _Coelodendrum_.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.22, of the pores 0.002 to 0.02.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Portofino (Haeckel), surface.



Genus 721. _Conchasma_,[337] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Concharida# with the lateral margins of the valves smooth,
without sagittal keel, but with two caudal horns on the hinge (a dorsal and
a ventral).

The genus _Conchasma_ is closely allied to the preceding _Concharium_, and
has the same hemispherical valves with smooth margins, without teeth; but
it differs from the latter in the development of two caudal horns or
posterior spines on the aboral hinge, one horn on the aboral end of each
valve. The three species of this genus were all found in great depths of
the Antarctic Ocean, in Diatom ooze, between 1260 and 1975 fathoms, at
Stations 152 to 157.


{1719}1. _Conchasma radiolites_, n. sp. (Pl. 123, fig. 5).

Shell nearly spherical, somewhat compressed on both sides; the dorsal valve
smaller, flatter and shorter than the ventral valve. In the half sagittal
perimeter of the shell twenty to twenty-two pores, in the half frontal
perimeter twelve to fourteen, in the half equator eighteen to twenty. All
pores nearly of the same size, circular, hexagonally framed, scarcely as
broad as the bars. The two horns of the hinge are four-sided pyramidal, of
different sizes; the ventral horn (of the larger valve) two to three times
as long as the dorsal horn (of the smaller valve); the latter twice as long
as a pore.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.16, height 0.15, breadth 0.14.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 154, depth 1800 fathoms.


2. _Conchasma sphaerulites_, n. sp. (Pl. 123, fig. 6).

Shell nearly spherical, somewhat compressed on both sides, the frontal
diameter therefore somewhat shorter than the two others. Both valves nearly
of the same size, hemispherical, their borders smooth, twice as broad as
the largest pores. In the half sagittal perimeter of the shell twenty-eight
to thirty pores, in the half frontal perimeter twenty to twenty-two, in the
half equator twenty-four to twenty-six. Size of the pores increasing from
the borders towards the top of the valves. One series of very small pores
along the frontal free margin of each valve. Pores roundish-polygonal,
three to four times as broad as the bars. The two horns of the hinge are of
equal size, four-sided pyramidal, and twice as long as the larger pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.18, height 0.18, breadth 0.16.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 152, depth 1260 fathoms.


3. _Conchasma hippurites_, n. sp.

Shell nearly spherical, scarcely compressed. The frontal diameter equal to
the two others. Both valves equal. In the half sagittal perimeter of the
shell thirty-two to thirty-four pores, in the half frontal perimeter
twenty-four to twenty-six, in the half equator twenty-six to twenty-eight.
All pores of nearly equal size, circular, polygonally framed, twice as
broad as the bars. The two horns of the hinge are large, three-sided
pyramidal, the ventral horn twice as long as the dorsal, and four to six
times as long as one pore.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.22, height 0.21, breadth 0.2.

_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. CONCHOPSIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Concharida# with the lateral margins of the two valves
dentate, the teeth of both catch one into another.



{1720}Genus 722. _Conchellium_,[338] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Concharida# with the lateral margins of the valves dentate,
without sagittal keel and without horns on the hinge.

The genus _Conchellium_ and the four following genera represent together
the subfamily Conchopsida, differing from the Conchasmida in the dentate
lateral margins of the two valves. These are armed with a series of strong,
conical teeth, and catch one into another just as the two valves of many
Lamellibranchiata and Brachiopoda do (Pl. 124, figs. 1-16). _Conchellium_
is the simplest form among the Conchopsida, since the valves are
hemispherical, and possess neither a sagittal keel nor projecting horns.


1. _Conchellium tridacna_, n. sp. (Pl. 123, figs. 7, 7_a_).

Shell nearly spherical, finely tuberculated, the sagittal diameter somewhat
longer than the two others. Borders of the two hemispherical valves smooth
in 0.2 of the oral, and 0.1 at the aboral part, dentated in the remaining
0.7 part; on one side of each valve fourteen to sixteen very strong and
long teeth, all nearly of the same size, about one-fourth as long as the
shell-radius. In the half frontal perimeter of the shell (on one border of
each valve) twenty-five to thirty pores, in the half sagittal perimeter
thirty-five to forty, in the equator twenty-five to thirty. Pores circular,
hexagonally framed, of equal size (except some smaller rows along the
fissure), twice as broad as the bars. On the conical inside of each
funnel-like pore six small spinules, between every three neighbouring pores
a triangular facette (fig. 7_a_).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.34 to 0.38, height 0.38 to 0.42,
breadth 0.32 to 0.36.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 250 to 253, depth 2740 to 3125 fathoms.


2. _Conchellium hippopus_, n. sp.

Shell nearly spherical, in the lateral perimeter (along the girdle-fissure)
somewhat constricted. Borders of the two hemispherical valves semicircular,
smooth in 0.3 of the oral, and 0.2 of the aboral part, dentated only in the
remaining 0.5 middle part; on one side of each valve seven to eight very
strong and long teeth, increasing in size towards the mouth, the longest
(foremost) teeth nearly one-third as long as the shell-radius. In the half
frontal perimeter of the shell (along one border of each valve) twenty-four
to twenty-eight pores, in the half sagittal perimeter thirty-two to
thirty-six, in the half equator twelve to fourteen. Pores circular, twice
to three times as broad as the bars, smaller along the fissure.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.06, height 0.065, breadth 0.055.

_Habitat._--Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750
fathoms.



{1721}Genus 723. _Conchidium_,[339] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.

_Definition._--#Concharida# with the lateral margins of the valves dentate,
without sagittal keel and apical horns, but with two caudal horns on the
hinge (a dorsal and a ventral).

The genus _Conchidium_ is the most common form of all Concharida, and some
of its species occur in great numbers in the tropical zone of the Pacific
and the Atlantic, on the surface as well as at various depths. It differs
from the preceding _Conchellium_, its ancestral form, in the development of
two caudal horns, or two strong pyramidal spines which arise from the
posterior end of the valves; the dorsal horn usually is smaller than the
ventral.


1. _Conchidium terebratula_, n. sp. (Pl. 124, figs. 1, 2).

Shell subspherical, smooth; both valves of nearly equal size and form,
hemispherical. The three dimensive axes of the body are almost equal.
Margins of the valves dentate in nearly the whole periphery; on each side
of one valve eleven or twelve strong conical teeth, all of the same size.
Aboral hinge with two short and stout four-sided pyramidal horns of equal
length. Mouth with two equal short lips. Pores of the shell subregular,
circular, three to four times as broad as the bars, in the dorsal valve
twice as large as in the ventral valve.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.24 to 0.28.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface, and at various
depths.


2. _Conchidium thecidium_, n. sp. (Pl. 124, fig. 6).

Shell subspherical, slightly compressed on both sides. Dorsal valve
somewhat smaller than the ventral, of similar form. Principal axis of the
shell somewhat longer than the sagittal, and this longer than the frontal
axis. Margins of the valves smooth in the oral quarter, strongly dentate in
the remainder; on each side of one valve eight or nine very large
triangular teeth, half as long as the height of the valve. Aboral hinge
with two unequal, stout, four-sided pyramidal horns; the dorsal horn half
as long at the ventral. Mouth with two unequal lips, the upper shorter than
the lower. Pores of the shell subregular, hexagonal, three to four times as
broad as the bars. The figured specimen, well preserved, contained in the
central capsule two nuclei, one in the dorsal, the other in the ventral
half.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.28 to 0.33, height 0.27 to 0.3,
breadth 0.22 to 0.24.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 292, depth 1600 fathoms.


{1722}3. _Conchidium rhynchonella_, n. sp. (Pl. 124, fig. 3).

Shell with three different dimensive axes in the proportion = 6 : 5 : 4.
Ventral valve semi-ovate, larger than the humpbacked dorsal valve. Margins
of the valves dentate almost in the whole periphery; on each side of one
valve twelve or thirteen strong conical teeth. Aboral hinge with two very
unequal horns, the dorsal much smaller than the pyramidal ventral. Under
lip of the mouth emarginate, much larger than the acute upper lip. Pores
subregular, circular, twice as broad as the bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.3, height 0.25, breadth 0.2.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 244 to 253, surface, and at various
depths.


4. _Conchidium dimerella_, n. sp.

Shell laterally compressed, very similar to the preceding, but differing in
the following characters:--Proportion of the three axes = 7 : 5 : 4.
Ventral valve hemispherical, larger than the humpbacked dorsal. Margins of
the valves dentate in the middle half only, whilst the anterior and
posterior quarters are smooth; on each side of one valve six or seven
strong conical teeth. Ventral horn of the aboral hinge very large,
pyramidal, one-third as long as the shell and three times as long as the
dorsal.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.35, height 0.25, breadth 0.2.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 236, surface.


5. _Conchidium leptaena_, n. sp. (Pl. 124, figs. 4, 5).

Shell laterally compressed, with three different dimensive axes of the
proportions = 4 : 3 : 2. Ventral valve larger than the dorsal, both
semi-ovate. Margins of the valves dentate along the lateral sides; on each
side of one valve nine or ten conical teeth, the middle of which are
smaller. Aboral hinge with two unequal short horns; the dorsal rudimentary.
Under lip of the mouth pointed, much larger than the truncate upper lip.
Pores circular, about twice as broad as the bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2, height 0.15, breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 and 272, surface, and at various
depths.


6. _Conchidium argiope_, n. sp. (Pl. 124, figs. 7-9).

Shell laterally compressed, with three different dimensive axes of the
proportion = 6 : 5 : 3. Both valves nearly equal. Margins of the shell
dentate along the lateral fissure, on each side of one valve thirteen or
fourteen thin conical teeth. Aboral hinge with two equal, short, pyramidal
horns. Mouth with two equal short lips. Pores subregular, circular, twice
as broad as the bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.2, height 0.17, breadth 0.1.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 341 to 349, surface, and at various
depths.


{1723}7. _Conchidium magasella_, n. sp.

Shell laterally compressed, with two equal valves, very similar to the
preceding species, but differing in the following characters:--Proportion
of the three axes = 6 : 4 : 3. Margins of the valves with smaller and more
numerous teeth; on each side of one valve sixteen to eighteen short conical
teeth. Pores smaller and more numerous, about as broad as the bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.24, height 0.16, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


8. _Conchidium productum_, n. sp.

Shell laterally compressed, prolonged, with two equal valves,
similar to the two preceding species, differing in the following
characters:--Proportion of the three axes = 3 : 2 : 1. Margins of the
valves smooth in the anterior and posterior quarter, dentate in the middle
lateral half; on each side of one valve ten to twelve strong conical teeth.
Horns of the aboral hinge prolonged, conical, half as long as the shell,
the ventral somewhat larger than the dorsal. Pores regular, circular, twice
as broad as the bars.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.25, height 0.15, breadth 0.08.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.



Genus 724. _Conchonia_,[340] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Concharida# with the lateral margins of the valves dentate,
without sagittal keel, but with an apical horn on the poles of the sagittal
axis, and with two caudal horns on the hinge (a dorsal and a ventral).

The genus _Conchonia_ is closely allied to the preceding _Conchidium_, its
ancestral form, but differs from this and from all other Concharida in the
development of horns on the poles of the sagittal axis. These are probably
of great morphological importance, since they represent the beginnings of
the hollow tubes arising from the poles of the sagittal axis in all
Coelodendrida and Coelographida. In one of the three observed species each
valve possessed an apical or sagittal horn, whilst in the two other species
one valve only was provided with a horn. Since I observed one specimen only
of each species, I cannot say whether this difference is important and of
constant generic value.


1. _Conchonia diodon_, n. sp. (Pl. 124, figs. 10-12).

Shell laterally compressed, with two very unequal valves. Dorsal valve
smaller, hat-shaped, on the apex with a fenestrated protuberance which is
similar to the galea of the Coelodendrida, and bears a short, conical,
backwardly-directed horn. Ventral valve larger, boat-shaped, without apical
{1724}horn. Aboral hinge with two pyramidal, horizontal, caudal horns of
different sizes, the dorsal smaller than the ventral. Lateral margin of
each valve on one side with twelve to fourteen strong conical teeth (fig.
12). Lips of the narrow mouth thickened (fig. 11).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.3, height 0.27, breadth 0.21.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms.


2. _Conchonia triodon_, n. sp. (Pl. 124, figs. 13, 14).

Shell laterally compressed, with two very unequal valves. Dorsal valve
(fig. 14) larger, hat-shaped, on the apex with a large pyramidal horn which
is half as long as the shell, curved and directed backwards. Ventral valve
(fig. 13) smaller, boat-shaped, without apical horn. Aboral hinge with two
pyramidal caudal horns of different sizes, the dorsal horn twice as long as
the ventral. Lateral margin of each valve on one side with twelve to
fifteen conical teeth. Perhaps the larger horned valve (fig. 14) may be the
ventral, and the opposite smaller hornless (seen from above in fig. 13) the
dorsal valve.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.21, height 0.17, breadth 0.12.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


3. _Conchonia tetrodon_, n. sp.

  _Conchura tetrodon_, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.

Shell subspherical, with two nearly equal hemispherical valves, which are
very thin-walled and similar in structure to those of the Coelodendrida,
with very irregular roundish pores of different shapes and sizes (compare
Pl. 121, fig. 3). Lateral margins of the valves with very numerous and
irregular, thin, bristle-shaped teeth, similar to those of some
Coelographida (compare Pl. 127, fig. 8). Aboral hinge with two equal,
conical, caudal horns, which are straight, parallel, and half as long as
the shell. Two similar straight conical horns are opposed on the poles of
the sagittal axis, and arise from the apex of the two valves. This
remarkable species may perhaps better represent a separate genus,
_Conchura_, forming a direct transition to the ancestral form of the
Coelodendrida, _Coelodoras_; it differs from the latter in the absence of a
galea or hollow conical cupola on the apex of each valve, and in the solid,
not hollow structure of the horns.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.24, length of the two sagittal horns
0.1, of the two caudal horns 0.12.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe), surface.



Genus 725. _Conchopsis_,[341] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.

_Definition._--#Concharida# with dentate lateral margins and a sharp
sagittal keel of the compressed valves, without horns on the hinge.

{1725}The genus _Conchopsis_ and the following _Conchoceras_ differ from
the other Concharida in the strong lateral compression of the shell, so
that each valve is provided in the sagittal plane with a sharp prominent
keel, comparable to the dorsal and the anal fin of fishes. These compressed
shells are in general twice to three times as large as the more roundish
and keelless shells of the five preceding genera. The sculpture of the
fenestrated valves is extremely elegant. _Conchopsis_ possesses at the
aboral hinge not the two prominent caudal horns, which mark the following
genus _Conchoceras_, but in some species a peculiar ligament connects the
aboral ends of both valves.


1. _Conchopsis orbicularis_, n. sp. (Pl. 125, fig. 3).

Shell subcircular, lenticular, strongly compressed on both sides, nearly as
high as long, its sagittal perimeter nearly circular; frontal and cinctural
perimeter spindle-shaped. Borders of the two boat-shaped valves smooth in
0.4 of the oral part, and in 0.1 of the aboral part of their length,
strongly dentated in the remaining 0.5 middle part; about twenty-five
slender, straight teeth on each side of one valve, size of the teeth
increasing from the aboral towards the oral pole. In the half lateral
perimeter of the shell (along the right and the left borders of each valve)
sixty to sixty-five pores, in the half sagittal perimeter (along the keel
of each valve) eighty to eighty-five pores, in the half equator sixty to
sixty-five pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.53, height 0.55, breadth about 0.2.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, west of Tristan da Cunha, Station 333, depth
2025 fathoms.


2. _Conchopsis compressa_, n. sp. (Pl. 125, figs. 7, 8).

Shell lenticular, strongly compressed on both sides; proportion of its
longitudinal diameter to the sagittal and lateral = 10 : 9 : 3, its
sagittal perimeter elliptical (fig. 7), cinctural and frontal perimeter
spindle-shaped (fig. 8). Borders of the two boat-shaped valves smooth in
0.3 of the oral, and 0.3 in the aboral part, dentated in the remaining 0.4
middle part; about forty to forty-four very slender teeth of equal size on
one lateral edge of each valve. In the half frontal perimeter of the shell
(along the border of the valve) sixty-four to sixty-eight pores, in the
half sagittal perimeter (along one valve-keel) seventy to eighty pores, in
the half equator forty-four to forty-eight pores. Ventral and dorsal pores
linear, three to four times as long as the circular, lateral pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.6 to 0.8, height 0.55 to 0.72, breadth
0.2 to 0.3.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, between 30d and 40d north latitude (between
Japan and San Francisco), in depths from 2000 to 3000 fathoms frequent,
Stations 241 to 252.


3. _Conchopsis carinata_, n. sp. (Pl. 123, fig. 8).

Shell subcircular, lenticular, in the central half slightly compressed,
nearly spherical, in the peripheral half strongly compressed, with a broad,
hyaline, smooth keel on the sagittal plane. Borders of the two valves
smooth in the 0.2 of the oral, and 0.1 of the aboral part, strongly
{1726}dentated in the remaining 0.7 middle part; about fifty slender teeth
of equal size on one lateral edge of each valve. In the half lateral
perimeter of the shell about forty-five to fifty pores, in the half
sagittal perimeter sixty-five to seventy, in the half equator thirty-two to
forty pores. The pores are arranged in parallel curved rows, which are
separated by high denticulate crests. Aboral hinge with a strong ligament.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.6 to 0.7, height 0.55 to 0.65, breadth
0.35 to 0.45.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic (east of Patagonia), Station 318, depth 2040
fathoms.


4. _Conchopsis lenticula_, n. sp. (Pl. 123, fig. 9).

Shell subcircular, lenticular, strongly compressed on both sides, with a
sharp and broad hyaline keel in the sagittal perimeter. Borders of the two
valves smooth in 0.3 of the oral, and 0.2 of the aboral part, strongly
dentated in the remaining 0.5 middle part; about thirty strong, conical
teeth on the lateral edge of each valve. In the half lateral perimeter of
the shell fifty to fifty-five pores, in the half sagittal seventy to
seventy-five, in the half frontal forty to forty-five pores. The large
central capsule of this species fills up the posterior half of the
shell-cavity, the dark green phaeodium the anterior half; the latter
contains numerous peculiar, longish, nucleated cells (fig. 9_a_), parasites
or symbiontes (?). Aboral hinge of the shell with a strong ligament.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.7, height 0.6, breadth 0.3.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750
fathoms.


5. _Conchopsis pilidium_, n. sp. (Pl. 125, fig. 9).

Shell ovate, lenticular, compressed on both sides, with a broad, wing-like
sagittal keel. Proportion of its longitudinal diameter to the sagittal and
lateral = 6 : 5 : 3. Sagittal perimeter elliptical. Borders of the two
hat-like valves smooth in 0.15 of the oral, and 0.2 of the aboral part,
strongly dentated in the remaining 0.65 middle part; about twenty-five to
thirty teeth of nearly equal size on one side of each valve. In the half
lateral perimeter of the shell (along one border of each valve) forty-five
to fifty pores, in the half sagittal perimeter (on the keel of one valve)
seventy to seventy-five pores, in the half equator thirty-six to forty
pores. Each pore is surrounded by a hexagonal frame. The opening of each
valve in this species is bordered and partly closed by a broad, horizontal
diaphragm or velum, like the deck of a boat; it is broadest on the oral
side.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.78 to 0.8, height 0.66 to 0.7, breadth
0.3 to 0.4.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, between Buenos Ayres and Tristan da Cunha,
Stations 324 to 334, at depths between 1715 and 2900 fathoms.


6. _Conchopsis aspidium_, n. sp. (Pl. 125, figs. 1, 2).

Shell scutiform, strongly compressed on both sides, in the centre only
lenticular, in the periphery wing-like, keeled. Proportion of the
longitudinal diameter to the sagittal and frontal = 6 : 5 : 2. Sagittal
circumference in the oral half semicircular, in the aboral half pentagonal,
two {1727}acute corners jutting out near the aboral hinge, one corner in
the keel of the dorsal, the outer in the keel of the ventral valve. Borders
of the two boat-shaped valves smooth in 0.3 of the oral part, and in 0.1 of
the aboral part, strongly dentated in the remaining 0.6 middle part; about
thirty-five teeth in one side of each valve, larger on both ends than in
the middle. In the half frontal perimeter of the shell sixty to sixty-five
pores, in the half sagittal perimeter eighty to eighty-five, in the half
equator of the shell forty to fifty pores.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.55 to 0.65, height 0.5 to 0.55,
breadth 0.2 to 0.22.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 243 and 244, depth 2800 to 2900
fathoms.


7. _Conchopsis navicula_, n. sp. (Pl. 125, figs. 4-6).

Shell pear-shaped, compressed on both sides, in the sagittal periphery
keeled. Proportion of the longitudinal diameter to the sagittal and lateral
= 4 : 3 : 2. Its sagittal perimeter nearly ovate. Borders of the two
boat-shaped valves smooth in 0.3 of the oral, and 0.15 of the aboral part,
strongly dentated in the remaining 0.55 middle part; teeth conical, of
nearly equal size. In the half frontal perimeter of the shell (along one
border of each valve) forty to forty-five pores, in the half sagittal
fifty-four to fifty-six pores, in the half equator thirty-two to thirty-six
pores. Each pore is surrounded by a hexagonal frame, and pierces the shell
in an oblique direction, dilated in the middle part (figs. 5, 6). Shell
very thick-walled, several longitudinal crests on both sides of the keel of
each valve. Hinge very strong, usually with a broad ligament between the
two unequal aboral lips of the hinge.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 0.8, height 0.6, breadth 0.4.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.



Genus 726. _Conchoceras_,[342] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.

_Definition._--#Concharida# with dentate lateral margins and a sharp
sagittal keel of the compressed valves, and with two caudal horns on the
hinge (a dorsal and a ventral).

The genus _Conchoceras_ has the same lenticular keeled and laterally
compressed shell as the preceding ancestral genus _Conchopsis_, but is
distinguished from it by the development of two large caudal horns on the
aboral hinge. It bears therefore the same relation to the latter as
_Conchidium_ does to _Conchellium_.


1. _Conchoceras caudatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 124, fig. 15).

Shell lenticular, slightly compressed; proportion of the longitudinal
diameter to the sagittal and lateral = 6 : 5 : 4; sagittal and cinctural
perimeter ovate, frontal perimeter elliptical. Free {1728}margins of the
two boat-shaped valves dentate nearly in the whole perimeter; in one
lateral border of each valve eleven or twelve very large conical teeth, the
largest of which are nearly half as high as the valve. On the aboral hinge
of the shell two divergent, very large horns, four-sided pyramidal, acute,
straight, at the base perforated by a few large pores. The dorsal horn (of
the smaller valve) is somewhat shorter than the ventral horn (of the larger
valve). The apical distance of both horns is somewhat greater than their
length, and about half the length of the shell. In the half frontal
perimeter (along one border of each valve) thirty-two to thirty-four pores,
in the half sagittal perimeter thirty-four to thirty-eight, in the half
equator thirty to thirty-three. The pores are smaller near the
girdle-fissure, irregularly quadrangular, and arranged in longitudinal
rows, which are separated by meridional crests, and converge towards both
poles of the main axis.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (without the horns) 0.24 to 0.26, height
0.20 to 0.22, breadth 0.16 to 0.18; length of the horns 0.1 to 0.13.

_Habitat._--Eastern part of the Tropical Atlantic, near the Equator,
Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.


2. _Conchoceras cornutum_, n. sp. (Pl. 124, fig. 16).

Shell lenticular, strongly compressed on both sides; proportion of the
longitudinal axis to the sagittal and lateral = 4 : 3 : 2. Sagittal
perimeter ovate, frontal perimeter elliptical, cinctural perimeter
spindle-shaped. Free margins of the two keeled valves in the oral third
smooth, in the remaining part strongly dentate; ten or eleven large teeth
on one lateral border of each valve, the largest about half as high as the
valve. On the aboral hinge of the shell two fenestrated apophyses which
bear two stout, strongly curved horns, like pincers; the dorsal horn (of
the smaller upper valve) is shorter and less curved than the ventral horn
(of the larger lower valve). The lips of the mouth (at left on fig. 16) are
also unequal, the upper lip emarginate. In the half frontal perimeter of
the valve twenty-two to twenty-four pores, in the half sagittal perimeter
twenty-eight to thirty, in the half equator twenty to twenty-two. The pores
are separated by high parallel crests and arranged in longitudinal rows,
which converge towards the aboral hinge.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell (without the horns) 0.36 to 0.4, height
0.27 to 0.3, breadth 0.2 to 0.22; length of the horns 0.16 to 0.22.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.



Family LXXXIV. #COELODENDRIDA#, Haeckel (Pl. 121).

  _Coelodendrida_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 360.

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with a bivalved lattice-shell, composed of two
hemispherical valves, a dorsal and a ventral. A conical cupola or a
pyramidal galea arises from the apical pole of both valves, therefore at
the opposite poles of the sagittal axis. Rhinocanna and frenula wanting.
Three or more hollow radial tubes arise from each valve and are
symmetrically disposed. Sometimes their branches form an outer
{1729}bivalved mantle. The central capsule is so enclosed between the two
inner valves, that its three openings lie in the open frontal fissure
between them.

The family #Coelodendrida# differs from the preceding Concharida (its
probable ancestral group) in the development of a conical galea or
pyramidal cupola on the apical pole of each valve, and of three or more
hollow radial tubes arising from each galea. They do not possess, however,
the peculiar sagittal nasal tube or rhinocanna, which is constantly
developed from the base of each cupola (and connected with its apex by a
frenulum) in the following family, the Coelographida. These latter differ
also from the former in the constant possession of prominent verticillate
styles.

The family Coelodendrida was founded in 1862 in my Monograph (p. 360) and
represented hitherto only by two species of the genus _Coelodendrum_, there
described (p. 361, Taf. xiii. figs. 1-3, and Taf. xxxii. fig. 1). This
first description, however, contained some errors, which were afterwards
(in 1879) corrected by Richard Hertwig; this author also gave the first
accurate description of the central capsule and its three openings. In the
rich collection of the Challenger, the Coelodendrida are represented by
four genera, but only seventeen species, some of which, however, are
cosmopolitan and very common, particularly _Coelodendrum_.

The two valves of the lattice-shell, dorsal and ventral, are either
hemispherical, or somewhat more flatly vaulted or cap-shaped. They are
never connected in the equatorial zone of the body, as I supposed in my
Monograph (1862, _loc. cit._); but they are separated by the
girdle-fissure, a free circular equatorial interval, in which lie the three
openings of the enclosed central capsule. Though the two valves, therefore,
have no direct connection, they are, however, always opposed so accurately,
that their equal free circular edges correspond exactly one to the other,
so that the apex of each valve lies in one pole of the sagittal axis. From
this apex there arises on each valve an irregular conical or three-sided
pyramidal cupola, the galea (Pl. 121, figs. 3, 4, 8). The Coelodendrida
differ in the possession of this galea from the Concharida, and agree with
the Coelographida; but they never exhibit the peculiar rhinocanna or nasal
tube, which arises from each galea in the latter family.

The siliceous lattice-plate of the two valves, and of the galea arising
from them, is very thin and fragile, and its irregular roundish pores are
extremely variable in size, number, and disposition. Sometimes the pores
are so small and so scarce, that the plate appears nearly solid. At other
times the siliceous plate seems to be really solid, and covered by a
network of thin crests, the small dimples between which give to it the
appearance of being fenestrated. Often the pores or the dimples are wanting
in the central part of each valve, while they are very numerous and dense
in the peripheral part. The same may be said of the lattice-plate of the
galea, which is sometimes nearly solid, at other times richly fenestrated.
The Coelodendrida agree in this structure with the following {1730}family,
the Coelographida, and differ from the preceding family, the Concharida, in
which the siliceous wall of the two valves is much thicker, and perforated
by regular circular or roundish pores.

The galea or conical cupola in the apex of the two valves ("der
kegelfoermige Aufsatz" of the German authors) has in all Coelodendrida a
triangular base and an irregularly conical or nearly three-sided pyramidal
form. Its cavity is about one-third or one-fourth as large in diameter as
the cavity of the hemispherical valve upon which it rests. The galea is
relatively smaller and more irregularly formed than in the Coelographida,
and differs essentially from that of the latter in the constant absence of
a rhinocanna; there are also wanting, therefore, the characteristic
frenula, which connect the nasal tube with the apex of the galea. The
cavity of the galea probably always communicates with that of the valves by
pores in the separating siliceous plate, and is besides pierced by
irregular pores in its outer wall, very variable in form, size, and number,
but it does not communicate with the cavity of the hollow radial tubes,
from which it is separated by a thin, solid, siliceous plate.

The hollow radial tubes which arise from the galea in the Coelodendrida do
not seem to possess that constant regularity in number, origin, and
disposition, which is found in the following family, and there serves for
distinction of genera. In my first description of the Coelodendrida (1862,
_loc. cit._, p. 362), I pointed out this irregularity, and mentioned that
the number of radial tubes arising from each galea varies from three to
eight; the total number therefore amounts to from six to sixteen, the same
minimum and maximum numbers which we shall encounter also in the radial
styles of the following family. But whilst it is easy to determine the
position and relation of these hollow tubes in the Coelographida, owing to
the constant sagittal position of their rhinocanna, this task is very
difficult in the Coelodendrida, where the rhinocanna is wanting. In the
most frequent cases there arise from each galea three or four tubes, more
rarely five or six, and very rarely seven or eight. The simplest and
probably the original case is the development of three tubes, two of which
are paired (divergent on the right and left), while the third is odd, lying
in the sagittal plane. Perhaps these three primary tubes may be compared to
the three cortinar feet of the NASSELLARIA, so that we may regard the two
paired anterior as pectoral, and the odd posterior as a caudal tube.
Usually the two paired or pectoral tubes arise from two corners of the
triangular base of the galea, whilst the third odd or caudal tube does not
arise from the third corner of the base, but more or less above it, and
often even from the highest point or the apex of the galea. In the majority
of species observed, this odd sagittal tube is forked even at its origin,
so that two divergent tubes (an anterior and a posterior) arise from the
apex of the galea (Pl. 121, figs. 3, 8). More rarely the two paired or
pectoral tubes are also forked at the base, so that three pairs of tubes
arise from each galea, and the total number of tubes amounts to twelve.
Very rarely {1731}four separate tubes or four pairs of tubes arise from
each galea, viz., two from the two anterior corners of the basal triangle,
one from the posterior corner, and one from the apex of the galea. It is
possible that this difference in the origin, furcation, and number of the
hollow radial tubes may be employed for the distinction of genera of
Coelodendrida, in the same manner as it is employed in the next following
family, the Coelographida. But I have not been able, in spite of numerous
and accurate examinations, to demonstrate in the former the same regularity
in number and arrangement of the tubes as in the latter. It seems that
these relations here are very variable, even in one and the same Species,
and not yet fixed.

It is, however, probable, on the other hand, that the primary tubes (all or
partly) are identical to the Coelodendrida and Coelographida. This is most
probably the case with the posterior odd or caudal tube, which seems to be
never wanting, and in both families is developed in the form of a
dichotomous brush (never in the form of a verticillate style). Possibly
also the two paired pectoral tubes are homologous in both families.

The hollow tubes are perfectly simple and unbranched only in one genus,
_Coelodoras_, which is probably the common ancestral form of both families,
and which may have been derived from _Concharium_ by development of a galea
and tubes on the sagittal apex of the valves. All the other Coelodendrida
have branched spines, and the ramification is constantly dichotomous, or
repeatedly forked. There never occur in this family those characteristic
"styles," or verticillate prolonged tubes, which we find in all
Coelographida. Usually the cylindrical tubes are slightly curved and forked
even near their base. The furcation is repeated a variable number of times
in the different species. In the largest species each tube becomes a brush
with more than one hundred terminal bristles.

We divide the Coelodendrida into two subfamilies, according to the
different development of the distal branches of the hollow tubes. In the
Coelodorida all the branches of the tubes remain free and are never
connected by anastomoses, so that the surface of the bivalved skeleton is
protected by the free radial distal branches of the tubes. In the larger
species of _Coelodendrum_ (_e.g._, _Coelodendrum furcatissimum_, Pl. 121,
fig. 1), the numerous branches of the dichotomous tubes form a dense
thicket, similar to that in the Coelotholida.

In the second subfamily, Coelodrymida, the distal branches of the tubes are
connected by numerous anastomoses, and compose either a simple
lattice-plate on the surface of the skeleton (_Coelodrymus_), or a thicker
envelope of spongy framework (_Coelodasea_). The lattice-mantle so produced
is always bivalved, and its two outer hemispherical valves (dorsal and
ventral) correspond exactly to the two inner valves, from which arise the
hollow tubes. The free margins of the two external mantle-valves come
externally into contact in the equatorial plane of the body, in which the
girdle-fissure lies internally between the two central shell-valves. The
free edges {1732}of the two external mantle-valves, opposed to one another
in the circle of the equator, seem usually to catch one into another in the
same way as the corresponding mantle-valves of the Coeloplegmida are
loosely connected (Pl. 128, figs. 1, 7). A true concrescence between the
two valves seems never to take place.

The two subfamilies of Coelodendrida therefore exactly correspond to the
two subfamilies of the following family, the Coelographida. The Coelodorida
and Coelotholida form in a similar way a thicket, by dichotomous
ramification of the hollow tubes, all the branches of which remain free.
The Coelodrymida and Coeloplegmida, on the other hand, form an outer
lattice-mantle by anastomosing branches. The latter two subfamilies, of
course, have been derived correspondingly from the two former, and the
common ancestral form of all four is probably _Coelodoras_, derived from
the Concharida.

Though the two corresponding subfamilies in both groups are very similar,
they are, however, separated by important hereditary characters. All
Coelodendrida (the Coelodorida without a mantle as well as the Coelodrymida
with a mantle) possess no rhinocanna and no frenula on the galea, and they
never develop prominent verticillate styles; the surface of their calymma
is probably always spherical or subspherical. All Coelographida, however
(the Coelotholida without a mantle as well as the Coeloplegmida with a
mantle), possess a rhinocanna and frenula on the galea, and always develop
prominent verticillate styles; the surface of their calymma is probably
always symmetrically polyhedral.

The superficial armature of the skeleton in the Coelodendrida is rather
simple, and by no means so manifold and differentiated as in the more
highly developed Coelographida. The thin terminal branches of the hollow
tubes are in the Coelodorida closed at the distal end, and armed with a
variable number of short teeth (Pl. 121, fig. 2), or with a spinulate
terminal knob, or a corona of recurved hooks (_ibid._, figs. 5-7). In the
Coelodrymida, however, where the distal ends of the branches by
anastomosing form the lattice-mantle, the spherical surface of this latter
is armed with numerous thin spathillae or radial bristles (often zig-zag or
spinulate), and each bristle usually bears at the distal end a small anchor
with two, three, or four recurved teeth; the outer convex edge of these
teeth is usually smooth, the inner concave edge denticulate. All these
ramules and branches of the tubes (also the thinnest terminal threads) are
hollow, and filled up by jelly.

The _central capsule_ of the Coelodendrida does not lie outside the two
central valves (as I supposed in my first description, in 1862, being
deceived by the dark enveloping phaeodium, Monogr. d. Radiol., Taf. xxxii.
fig. 1), but it is enclosed between the two valves, as in the preceding and
the following family. The first accurate description of it was given by
Richard Hertwig in 1879 (_loc. cit._, p. 95, Taf. x. fig. 3). Its constant
position between the two lattice-valves (dorsal and ventral) is such, that
its three openings lie in the frontal plane, in the open fissure between
the valves. The astropyle or the main-opening, with the radiate operculum
and the tubular proboscis arising from it, lies on the anterior (or oral)
{1733}pole of the main axis, whilst the two lateral accessory openings, or
parapylae, lie on both sides of the posterior (or aboral) pole, to the
right and left. The position of the capsule is therefore the same as in the
preceding Concharida (Pls. 123-125), and the following Coelographida (Pls.
126-128). The large nucleus, enclosed in the central capsule, is usually
half as broad, and contains numerous nucleoli.

The calymma, or the extracapsular jelly-veil, is in the Coelodendrida
usually spherical, very voluminous, and includes the entire skeleton, the
thicket of the Coelodorida as well as the lattice-mantle of the
Coelodrymida. Only the outermost terminal branches of the tubes in the
former, and the radial bristles and spathillae on the surface of the
latter, remain free and project beyond the surface of the calymma. The
phaeodium is usually very large, three to four times as broad as the
central capsule, and envelops it often completely. Usually it envelops only
the anterior half of it, and the proboscis (Pl. 121, figs. 1, 9). Often
numerous green, brown, or blackish phaeodellae are scattered through the
whole calymma, and sometimes accumulate in a superficial layer on its
surface. The galea of both valves is usually also filled up by the
phaeodium.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Coelodendrida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Coelodorida.
     Hollow tubes, arising from the galea of both valves, simple or
     dichotomously branched; the branches always free, not anastomosing.
     No outer lattice-mantle.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Tubes simple, not branched,                  727. _Coelodoras_.

  Tubes forked or dichotomously branched,      728. _Coelodendrum_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Coelodrymida.
      Hollow tubes, arising from the galea of both valves, dichotomously
      branched; the branches anastomose and form an outer bivalved
      lattice-mantle.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Lattice-mantle simple; its meshes lying
      in a spherical surface,                  729. _Coelodrymus_.

   Lattice-mantle spongy; its meshes lying
      in different planes,                     730. _Coelodasea_.



Subfamily I. COELODORIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Coelodendrida# without an external bivalved lattice-mantle,
with simple or branched hollow tubes, the terminal branches of which are
free, not anastomosing.



Genus 727. _Coelodoras_,[343] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Coelodendrida# without external lattice-mantle, with
simple, not branched, radial tubes, which arise separately from the galea.

{1734}The genus _Coelodoras_ is the simplest form of the Coelodendrida, and
may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this and of the following
family. It differs from all other members of these two families in the
simple shape of the hollow radial tubes which arise from the galea, and are
neither branched nor forked; the galea is very small, a flat triangular
cap. _Coelodoras_ may be derived immediately from _Concharium_ or
_Conchonia_ (p. 1723), by development of the galea and the radial tubes.


1. _Coelodoras hexagraphis_, n. sp.

Three straight, cylindrical, equidistant hollow tubes arise divergent from
the three corners of each galea, and are about as long as the diameter of
the valves, at the distal end armed with a spinulate knob. The odd sagittal
(or caudal tube) is directed backwards, the two paired (or pectoral) tubes,
forwards.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the valves 0.16, length of the tubes 0.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.


2. _Coelodoras octographis_, n. sp.

Four hollow cylindrical tubes, slightly curved, arise divergent from each
galea, and are about one and a half times as long as the diameter of the
valves, at the distal end knob-shaped, and armed with four crossed,
recurved teeth. Two anterior (or pectoral) tubes arise from the two frontal
corners of the galea basis, and diverge forwards to right and left. Two
posterior tubes (a sagittal and a caudal) arise from the posterior corner
of each galea, and diverge in the sagittal plane backwards.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the valves 0.2, length of the tubes 0.3.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.



Genus 728. _Coelodendrum_,[344] Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 801.

_Definition._--#Coelodendrida# without external lattice-mantle, with
branched radial tubes, the hollow branches of which are free and never
connected by anastomoses.

The genus _Coelodendrum_ is the first described form not only of the family
Coelodendrida, but of all #Phaeoconchia# or bivalved PHAEODARIA; it is also
the most common form of this group, and represented by ten different
species, some of which are cosmopolitan, very common, and widely
distributed. In my first description of _Coelodendrum_ I confounded it
erroneously with some forms of _Coelodasea_ and _Coelographis_, the
separated fragments of which I had found entangled between the branches of
the former. The first figures of _Coelodendrum_ are given in my Monograph,
in 1862, {1735}Taf. xiii. figs. 1-3 (not 4) and Taf. xxxii. fig. 1 (not 2
and 3). _Coelodendrum_ has been derived from _Coelodoras_ by furcation and
repeated dichotomous ramification of the hollow radial tubes which arise
from the galea.



Subgenus 1. _Coelodendridium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Ramification of the hollow tubes regularly dichotomous, each
branch being forked again; therefore the two terminal ramules of the last
branches equal.


1. _Coelodendrum ramosissimum_, Haeckel.

  _Coelodendrum ramosissimum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 363,
  Taf. xiii. figs. 1-3.

  _Coelodendrum ramosissimum_, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p.
  93, Taf. x. figs. 3, 12.

Terminal branches regularly forked, with two equal, smooth, nearly straight
or slightly curved fork-branches, diverging at right angles; their
end-knobs with four crossed (or sometimes five or six) short recurved
teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the spherical skeleton 1.2 to 1.8, of the two
central valves 0.2 to 0.25.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; many
Stations, surface and at various depths.


2. _Coelodendrum spinosissimum_, n. sp. (Pl. 121, fig. 7).

Terminal branches regularly forked, with two equal, smooth, straight,
fork-branches, diverging at right angles, their end-knobs echinoidal,
subspherical or club-shaped, with numerous short radial thorns.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the skeleton 2 to 2.2, of the two central valves
0.25 to 0.03.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 346 to 349, surface.


3. _Coelodendrum furcatissimum_, n. sp. (Pl. 121, fig. 1-4).

Terminal branches regularly forked, with two equal, smooth, straight, or
slightly curved fork-branches, diverging at acute angles; their end-knobs
very small, with three short, diverging, conical teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the skeleton 2 to 2.5, of the two central valves
0.3 to 0.4.

_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; many Stations,
surface, and at various depths.


4. _Coelodendrum bifurcum_, n. sp.

Terminal branches regularly forked, with two equal, smooth, more or less
curved fork-branches, diverging at acute angles; their end-knobs thin, with
two slender, parallel, bristle-shaped teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the skeleton 0.6 to 0.8, of the two central
valves 0.1 to 0.15.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 252 to 256, surface.


{1736}5. _Coelodendrum gracillimum_, Haeckel.

  _Coelodendrum gracillimum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 364,
  pl. xxxii. fig. 1.

Terminal branches regularly forked, with two equal, spinulate, curved
fork-branches, diverging at obtuse angles and covered with numerous small
thorns; their end-knobs cap-shaped, with a corona of six to eight small
recurved teeth. In one specimen of this species (in 1859) I found entangled
the fragments of _Coelographis gracillima_, figured in Taf. xxxii. figs. 2,
3, _loc. cit._ I supposed at that time, erroneously, that the latter
belonged to full-grown specimens of the former.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the skeleton 1 to 1.2, of the valves 0.15 to
0.2.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), surface.


6. _Coelodendrum lappaceum_, n. sp.

Terminal branches regularly forked, with two equal, spinulate, straight or
slightly curved fork-branches, diverging at acute angles and covered with
small recurved hooks; their end-knobs large, conical, with a prominent apex
and a basal corona of six to eight recurved teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the skeleton 1.5 to 1.8, of the valves 0.22.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Stations 285 to 295, depth 1500 to 2600 fathoms.



Subgenus 2. _Coelodendronium_, Haeckel.

_Definition._--Ramification of the hollow tubes more or less irregular,
mainly in the periphery; the terminal ramules of the last branches unequal.


7. _Coelodendrum cervicorne_, n. sp. (Pl. 121, fig. 8).

Terminal branches irregularly ramified, with unequal, smooth, curved
ramules, diverging at obtuse angles, their end-knobs echinoidal, small,
with short, diverging, conical thorns.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the skeleton 1 to 1.2, of the valves 0.2.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.


8. _Coelodendrum digitatum_, n. sp.

Terminal branches irregularly ramified, with unequal, spinulate, straight
ramules, diverging at acute angles; the two last fork-branches digitate,
each with five diverging finger-shaped ramules, lying in a meridian plane;
their end-knobs conical, pointed, with a corona of recurved hooks.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the skeleton 1.6, of the valves 0.24.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar (Rabbe), surface.


{1737}9. _Coelodendrum flabellatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 121, fig. 6).

Terminal branches flabellate, irregularly ramified, each of the last two
fork-branches being divided into four or five diverging straight branches
of different lengths; usually the last eight or ten ramules lie in a
meridional plane; their end-knobs cap-shaped, with a corona of recurved
teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the skeleton 2.0 to 2.5, of the valves 0.25 to
0.3.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 235 to 240, surface.


10. _Coelodendrum serratum_, n. sp. (Pl. 121, fig. 5).

Terminal branches flabellate, irregularly ramified like the preceding
species; it differs from this in the strong compression of the broad,
saw-shaped, terminal branches; the two opposite edges (placed in the
meridional plane of the flabellum) are finely serrated; their end-knobs
with a corona of diverging teeth.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the skeleton 3.0 to 3.2, of the valves 0.3 to
0.36.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
fathoms.



Subfamily 2. COELODRYMIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Coelodendrida# with an external bivalved lattice-mantle,
produced by the anastomosing branches of the hollow radial tubes.



Genus 729. _Coelodrymus_,[345] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.

_Definition._--#Coelodendrida# with an external bivalved lattice-mantle,
produced by the anastomosing terminal branches of the hollow tubes, which
are connected in a spherical face.

The genus _Coelodrymus_, and the following closely allied genus
_Coelodasea_, represent together the small subfamily Coelodrymida,
differing from the Coelodorida in the possession of an outer bivalved
lattice-mantle. They exhibit therefore the same relation to the latter,
that in the following family the Coeloplegmida bear to the Coelotholida.
The bivalved spherical mantle is composed of a simple lattice-plate in
_Coelodrymus_, of a spongy framework in _Coelodasea_; the anastomosing
branches of the hollow radial tubes become connected in the former in a
spherical face, in the latter in the form of a spongy framework.


{1738}1. _Coelodrymus ancoratus_, n. sp. (Pl. 121, figs. 9, 10).

Network of the mantle loose, with large, irregular, polygonal meshes; the
terminal branches of the forked trees, which communicate at the spherical
surface of the calymma, and compose the mantle, are smooth. Spherical
surface covered with very numerous and thin zigzag radial filaments, which
are about as long as the galea, and bear at the distal end an anchor with
two recurved teeth, denticulate at the concave proximal edge (fig. 10).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the spherical lattice-mantle 2 to 2.5, of the
valves 0.3 to 0.4.

_Habitat._--South-Eastern Pacific (off Juan Fernandez), Station 300, depth
1375 fathoms.


2. _Coelodrymus lappulatus_, n. sp.

Network of the mantle rather dense, with numerous and small irregular
polygonal meshes; the terminal branches of the forked trees, which compose
the mantle, are spinulate. Spherical surface densely studded with very
numerous spinulate, radial filaments, which are about half as long as the
galea, and bear at the distal end an anchor with four crossed recurved
teeth, denticulate at the concave proximal edge.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the spherical lattice-mantle 2.5 to 3, of the
valves 0.4 to 0.5.

_Habitat._--South-Western Pacific (east of New Zealand), Station 169, depth
700 fathoms.


3. _Coelodrymus echinatus_, n. sp.

Network of the mantle very dense, with very numerous and small irregular
roundish meshes; the terminal branches of the forked trees, which compose
the mantle, are spiny. Spherical surface studded with very numerous, thin,
radial bristles, which bear no anchor at the distal end.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the spherical lattice-mantle 1.8, of the valves
0.22.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.



Genus 730. _Coelodasea_,[346] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Coelodendrida# with an external spongy lattice-mantle,
produced by the anastomosing branches of the hollow tubes, which are
connected in different heights.

The genus _Coelodasea_ differs from the preceding _Coelodrymus_ in the
spongy structure of the outer bivalved mantle. The hollow branches of the
radial tubes of _Coelodendrum_, which anastomose in _Coelodrymus_ only on
the spherical surface of the calymma, and form a simple lattice-sphere,
become connected in _Coelodasea_ in different planes (laterally and
terminally), and therefore form an irregular spongy framework. The latter
exhibits therefore to the former a relation similar to that which
_Spongoplegma_ bears to _Carposphaera_ among the #Sphaeroidea#.


{1739}1. _Coelodasea ramosissima_, Haeckel.

  _Coelodendrum ramosissimum_ (_partim_), Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d.
  Radiol., p. 363, Taf. xiii. fig. 4.

Spongy framework of the spherical bivalved mantle very dense and thick,
produced by very numerous, irregular anastomoses of the lateral and
terminal branches, which arise from the hollow tubes. The last and thinnest
terminal branches are forked, as seen in the radial section of fig. 4
(_loc. cit._), their ends are closed and armed with some very small
denticles (not open, as figured in fig. 4). In my Monograph I had
confounded this species with _Coelodendrum ramosissimum_, which however,
may possibly be its ancestral form.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the spongy spherical mantle 2 to 2.5, of the
central valves 0.15.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina), surface.


2. _Coelodasea spongiosa_, n. sp.

Spongy framework of the bivalved mantle rather loose, not nearly so thick
and dense as in the preceding species. The last and thinnest terminal
branches are prolonged into denticulate, zigzagged, radial filaments, which
bear at their distal end an anchor with two recurved teeth (similar to
_Coelodrymus ancoratus_, Pl. 121, figs. 9, 10).

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the spongy spherical mantle 3 to 3.2, of the
central valves 0.24.

_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.



Family LXXXV. #COELOGRAPHIDA#, n. fam. (Pls. 122, 126-128).

_Definition._--PHAEODARIA with a bivalved lattice-shell, composed of two
hemispherical valves, a dorsal and a ventral. A conical cupola or a
helmet-shaped galea arises on the apical pole of each valve, therefore on
the opposite poles of the sagittal axis. The cavity of the galea
communicates with the sagittal rhinocanna, a peculiar nasal tube, which
rests upon the valve, and is connected with the galea by a simple or double
frenulum; its opening being directed towards the proboscis. Three or more
branched hollow radial tubes arise from each valve, and are symmetrically
disposed. Sometimes their branches form an outer bivalved mantle. The
central capsule is so enclosed between the two inner valves, that its three
openings lie in the open frontal fissure between them.

The family #Coelographida#, the last family of the PHAEODARIA, exhibits the
highest degree of morphological development, not only in this group, but
among all Radiolaria. They attain also the greatest size of all members of
the class, since the diameter of their body is sometimes more than 20 mm.,
and in a few species even more than 30 mm. The complexity of their
structure attains at the same time such a high degree, that they may be
regarded as the most complicated, and (in a morphological sense) as the
most highly developed of all Protozoa. Nevertheless their body always
remains a single cell, {1740}and is closely allied to the preceding
Coelodendrida; they differ from the latter mainly in the development of a
peculiar new organ, the "rhinocanna," or "nasal tube." This is a hollow
tube placed in the sagittal plane, arising from the base of each galea, and
is connected with its apex by a simple or double frenulum. Between the oral
openings of the two opposed rhinocannae (one dorsal and one ventral) lies
the proboscis of the central capsule.

The first observed species of Coelographida was _Coelographis gracillima_,
some parts of which (but not the entire skeleton) were figured in my
Monograph (1862, Taf. xxxii. figs. 2, 3). But I confounded these with
_Coelodendrum gracillimum_, in the branched hollow trees of which the
fragments of the former were entangled. I detected this error afterwards,
when I had the opportunity of the observing some complete specimens. The
first description of a complete skeleton was given in 1882 by O. Buetschli,
who examined a large specimen of _Coelothamnus davidoffii_, captured by
Davidoff in the Mediterranean (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxxvi. p. 486,
Taf. xxxi.). In the rich collection of the Challenger I was able to
distinguish not less than nine genera and twenty-six species of
Coelographida, but the majority of their large and most fragile skeletons
were more or less injured, or quite broken. It was, therefore, of the
highest importance for the minute study of this difficult group, that Dr.
John Murray, during his expedition to the Faeroee Channel (in 1882, in
H.M.S. "Triton"), discovered in the Gulf Stream the beautiful _Coeloplegma
murrayanum_, and brought up home hundreds of well-preserved specimens (Pl.
127). Only by the complete examination of this excellent material it was
possible to answer many difficult questions as to their morphology, and to
correct the errors in my description and in that of Buetschli.

We divide the family Coelographida into two rather different subfamilies,
which may afterwards be separated as two divergent families, the
Coelotholida (Pl. 122) and Coeloplegmida (Pls. 126-128). Both groups may be
easily distinguished at a glance, since the numerous branches, arising from
the hollow radial tubes, remain constantly free and independent in the
former, and represent a spiny thicket, whilst in the latter they constantly
become united, and by anastomosing form a peculiar "mantle," or outer
envelope of delicate network. But besides, there are other and more
important differences between the two groups.  The peculiar hollow tube,
arising from the base of the galea on each valve, which is filled with
phaeodella, and which we call the rhinocanna, develops in the Coelotholida
on its open mouth two paired lateral frenula (right and left), which
connect it (like two lateral bridges) with the base of two paired hollow
main tubes (the "frontal tubes"). In the Coelospathida, however, the mouth
of the rhinocanna develops a single odd frenulum only (in the sagittal
plane), and is connected by it with the base of an odd, single, hollow main
tube, directed forwards, the "nasal style."

The central bivalve lattice-shell, from which the galea and the tubes
arise, exhibits in {1741}the Coelographida essentially the same form and
structure as in the preceding Coelodendrida. The only (but important)
difference between them is indicated by the constant presence of the
peculiar rhinocanna in the former, whilst this is always absent in the
latter. The two valves of the shell, dorsal and ventral, are either
hemispherical or somewhat flatter, sometimes nearly cap-shaped, and formed
of an extremely delicate and irregularly fenestrated plate of silica, as in
the Coelodendrida. As in the latter, so also in the Coelographida both
valves are of similar form and usually of equal size, but sometimes the
dorsal is a little smaller than the ventral valve. The remarkable
difference which Buetschli describes in his _Coelothamnus davidoffii_, and
the inverse origin of the three tubes in both valves (_loc. cit._, Taf.
xxxi; figs. 2, 4), depends upon an error of observation, produced by the
artificial inversion of one valve, and the dislocation of their natural
arrangement. The valves are never in direct contact, but separated by the
equatorial fissure or girdle-cleft, in which the girdle zone of the
enclosed central capsule and its three openings lie freely (Pl. 127, figs.
4, 5; Pl. 128, fig. 2). The free margins of both valves, which are opposite
to one another, and bound the girdle-cleft, are always equidistant, so that
the cleft in the whole equatorial circumference is of equal breadth. The
margins are usually irregularly denticulate, sometimes armed with longer
bristles (Pl. 127, fig. 8), more rarely smooth (fig. 5). The delicate
lattice-work of the valves is always irregular and very variable, usually
with numerous small and unequal pores, sometimes rudimentary, so that the
valves appear partly solid and hyaline. The size of the valves is usually
between 0.2 and 0.5 (in diameter).

The galea (_g_) or the apical cupola, which arises from the vaulted apex of
each valve (or its sagittal pole) is more developed in the Coelographida
than in the preceding Coelodendrida, and differs from the latter in the
peculiar rhinocanna arising from its base, and in the single or double
frenulum, connecting the open mouth of the rhinocanna with the odd or
paired main tube arising from the galea. The two opposite galeae lie
therefore on the poles of the sagittal axis of the bivalve shell, and are
so symmetrically disposed in the sagittal plane, that the open mouths of
their rhinocannae are directed towards the oral pole of the main axis, and
nearly come in contact with the proboscis arising from the radiate
operculum of the central capsule (Pl. 127, figs. 4, 5).

The size and form of the galea are very variable, even in one and the same
species. The volume of its cavity is generally about as great as that of
the hemispherical valve from which it arises, sometimes larger, at other
times smaller. Its fundamental form is constantly dipleuric or bilateral,
since the radial hollow tubes arise symmetrically on both its sides, and
the rhinocanna proceeding from its base determines the sagittal plane.
Usually the galea has the form of a vaulted helmet, the convex crest of
which is inclined towards the mouth (Pl. 127, figs. 4, 5, 8, 9). Its
anterior or apical part is broad and truncated in the Coelotholida, more or
less conical in the Coelospathida; sometimes it assumes nearly the form of
a bilateral three-sided pyramid, at other times it is more
{1742}pear-shaped (Pls. 126-128). The thin siliceous wall of the galea has
the same irregular and delicate network as the valve from which it arises,
and sometimes the small irregular pores are also here reduced, so that the
wall becomes partly solid. In some cases the thin, solid, siliceous plate
of the galea and of the valve is covered by an irregular delicate network
of crests; the dimples between these crests may be easily confounded with
true pores.

The cavity of the galea is filled with phaeodella and does not communicate
with the cavity of the shell-valves, nor with the cavity of the radial
tubes filled by jelly; it is closed towards the latter and the former by a
thin solid plate of silex. Buetschli (1882, _loc. cit._, p. 488) describes
in _Coelothamnus_ a large circular opening (Taf. xxxi. figs. 2_a_, 4_a_),
and states that this is a direct communication between the cavities of the
valves and of their galeas which are called by him "der dreiseitige
kastenfoermige Aufsatz" ([epsilon]). This error was caused by the fact that
he observed the valves from the apical face only. The apparent opening of
communication does not exist, and is the optical section of the rhinocanna,
the shortened walls of which he describes as "trapezfoermige Kiesellamelle"
([gamma]); the two lateral edges of the latter ("die seitlichen Zipfel,"
[delta]) are the paired frenula, which connect the open mouth of the
rhinocanna with the base of the two frontal tubes.

The "rhinocanna or nasal tube" (Pl. 126, figs. 1, 4; Pl. 127, figs. 4-9_t_)
is a very remarkable organ which is common to all Coelographida (without
any exception), and distinguishes them markedly from all the other
Radiolaria, and particularly from the closely allied Coelodendrida in which
we find no trace of it. The rhinocanna is a cylindrical or three-sided
prismatic hollow tube, which lies in the sagittal plane, on the outer
surface of each valve, arises from the base of the galea, and is directed
towards the proboscis of the central capsule. The two opposite rhinocannae
open on each side of the latter (Pl. 127, figs. 4-9_m_), and usually this
"nasal mouth" or the anterior opening of the nose is somewhat dilated or
even funnel-shaped. The posterior opening of the nose passes directly over
into the base of the cavity of the galea.

Usually the rhinocanna is densely filled up by dark phaeodella, which enter
by this channel into the cavity of the galea (Pl. 127, figs. 4, 5, 9).
Sometimes the entire phaeodium is enclosed in the two galeae and their
rhinocannae (figs. 5, 9), whilst at other times a great part of the
phaeodium lies outside of their cavities, and surrounds the proboscis of
the mouth, or even the anterior half of the central capsule (fig. 4). The
length of the cylindrical rhinocanna is usually about equal to that of the
galea, whilst the diameter of the latter is from three to five times as
great as that of the former. The structure of the thin wall is the same in
both. The fine reticulation (fig. 8) is produced either by true, very small
and irregular pores, or by a fine network placed on the solid thin wall. We
may distinguish on each rhinocanna an outer or distal convex face, which is
opposite to the proximal concave face of the galea, and an inner concave or
proximal face, which rests immediately upon the convex outer face of the
shell-valve; a thin solid lamella of {1743}silica here completely separates
the cavities of the valve and of the rhinocanna resting upon it.

The "frenula or nasal suspensoria" (Pl. 127, figs. 4-9_b_) are thin
ligaments of silica, which connect the nasal mouth (_m_) with the base of
the main tubes arising from the galea; they are, therefore, also common to
all Coelographida, and an exclusive and marked attribute of this family.
They are, however, different in the two subfamilies of this group,
corresponding to the different origin of the odd or paired main tubes. In
the Coeloplegmida (Pls. 126-128) from the apex of each galea arises an odd
main style, the nasal style (_g_ 1), and its base is connected with the
nasal mouth by an odd frenulum (_b_). In the Coelotholida however (Pl. 122)
the large nasal odd style is always wanting, and there arise two paired
frontal tubes from the two corners of the truncate frontal face of the
galea; therefore two paired frenula are developed (a right and a left), and
these, converging towards the nasal mouth, connect its distal corner with
the base of the two frontal tubes.

The odd frenulum of each valve of the Coeloplegmida lies therefore in the
sagittal plane, whilst the two paired frenula of the Coelotholida lie on
both sides of it, to the right and left. The frenula seem to be supporting
columellae or pillars, which support the fragile skeleton, and mainly
effect a fixed prop for the fragile galea. In the Coelotholida the frenula
are often rather broad and irregularly fenestrated lamellae of silica (Pl.
122, fig. 2), whilst in the Coeloplegmida they are usually thin ligaments,
fenestrated only at the broadened ends, which are inserted inside on the
distal apex of the nasal mouth, and outside on the base of the nasal main
styles.

The large hollow tubes which arise from the galea of all Coelographida, are
very variable in number, size and shape, but are always richly branched and
symmetrically arranged in the dorsal and the ventral valve of the shell.
They exhibit an important difference in the two subfamilies of the group;
in the Coelotholida all the branches, and also the thin terminal ramules,
are free, without any junction; in the Coeloplegmida, however, they
communicate by frequent anastomoses, and the connected terminal ramules
form on the surface of the calymma an outer lattice-mantle of very delicate
network. Another marked difference between the two families is indicated by
the origin and site of those main tubes which are connected with the
rhinocanna by a frenulum. In the Coeloplegmida an odd, very large main tube
(the nasal style) arises from the anterior apex of each galea and bears on
its base an odd frenulum. This nasal style and its frenulum is altogether
wanting in the Coelotholida, where two paired main tubes (the frontal
tubes) arise from the lateral corners of the truncate anterior side of the
galea, and are connected with the mouth of the rhinocanna by two paired
convergent lateral frenula.

We distinguish in all Coelographida two different forms of hollow branched
tubes, which we will call "brushes" and "styles." The brushes are
dichotomously branched from the base, not verticillate; their distal
ramules remain separate in the Coelotholida {1744}and compose the spiny
surface, of the peculiar "fork-thicket" whilst in the Coelographida they
become connected by frequent anastomoses and form the outer
"lattice-mantle." The styles however are much longer projecting over the
surface of the thicket or the mantle, and are not dichotomously branched,
but verticillate, or armed with cruciate or alternately cruciate pairs of
branches; the larger branches of the styles may be again dichotomously
branched like the brushes; whilst the free prominent parts of the styles
are always verticillate or cruciate-pinnate. The brushes are identical with
the hollow tubes of the Coelodendrida, whilst the styles are peculiar forms
of apophyses, wanting in the latter.

The minimum number of hollow tubes which arise from each valve is three,
and these are probably homologous with the three primary tubes of the
Coelodendrida. Two of these are paired (right and left), whilst the third
is odd and lies in the sagittal plane; they have the same position as in
the tripodal NASSELLARIA, and may therefore bear the same names, the two
paired anterior or pectoral tubes being divergent forwards, the odd or
caudal tube being bisected backwards (so in the Coelotholida, Pl. 121). The
odd caudal tube (probably identical with the odd tube of the Coelodendrida)
is always a brush, dichotomously branched, and never prolonged into free
style. The two paired frontal or pectoral tubes, however are usually
prolonged into two long verticillate styles. The basal origin also of these
three primary tubes is different. The two pectoral or anterior paired tubes
always arise from the galea itself whilst the posterior odd or caudal tube
usually arises behind the galea from the valve (Pl. 127, figs. 4-8, _g_ 6).

Since these three primary tubes the odd caudal and the paired pectoral, are
probably homologous in all Coelographida and Coelodendrida, they have a
great morphological importance, similar to the three primary feet of the
NASSELLARIA. All other tubes arising from the valves must be regarded as
secondary apophyses, since they are not constant in all members of the two
families, but present only in some of them. All the Coelotholida observed
(a small number of species only) possess no secondary tubes, but only the
three primary; whilst all Coeloplegmida possess one or more secondary
tubes, and one of these is constant, viz., the odd nasal style, directed
towards the mouth, and arising as the foremost from the apex of the galea
(Pl. 127, figs. 4-8, _g_ 1).

The maximum number of tubes observed, which arise from each valve in the
Coeloplegmida, is eleven; five of these are odd and placed in the sagittal
plane of the body, viz.:--(A) the primary caudal tube (Pl. 127, figs. 4-8,
_g_ 6); (B) an odd procaudal tube, arising between the caudal and the
sagittal tube; (C) the sagittal tube, placed either in the sagittal axis of
the body or near it (often prolonged into a sagittal style, Pl. 128, fig.
1); (D) an odd postnasal tube, arising between the sagittal and the nasal
tube; (E) the odd nasal tube, constant in all Coeloplegmida, and connected
at its base by the odd frenulum with the rhinocanna (Pl. 127, figs. 4-8,
_g_ 1). All other tubes occurring in the Coeloplegmida are paired, and
symmetrically arranged on both sides of the sagittal {1745}plane, at right
and left; their maximum number is three pairs, viz.:--(F) the paired
pectoral tubes (as the foremost), directed forwards; (G) the paired frontal
or lateral tubes, placed either in the frontal axis of the valve, or in a
neighbouring axis, directed towards the right and left pole (Pl. 127, figs.
4-8, _g_ 4  and _g_ 5); (H) the paired tergal tubes, directed backwards
(constant in all Coeloplegmida). The origin of these tubes is rather
variable, since they arise in nearly allied species, sometimes
independently of one another, at other times united at the base. But a
closer comparison of them in the different species will demonstrate their
homology, caused by constant heredity.

The terminal ramules of the brushes, which form the subspherical
"fork-thicket" in the Coelotholida, the outer "lattice-mantle" in the
Coeloplegmida, are constantly armed at the distal ends either with
spathillae or with anchor-pencils, bunches of those most elegant spinulate
threads, which bear at the free end an anchor, or a whorl of two, three, or
four recurved teeth (Pl. 122, fig. 8; Pl. 127, fig. 10; Pl. 128, figs. 1,
6). The pencils are usually dichotomously branched, their threads zig-zag
or delicately serrate, often armed with very small recurved denticles, and
the anchor teeth (commonly three or four) are usually smooth on the convex
outer, serrate on the concave inner edge. The entire surface of the
subspherical thicket in the Coelotholida, and of the polyhedral
lattice-mantle in the Coeloplegmida, is armed with thousands of those most
elegant spathillae, or anchor-pencils.

The "fork-thicket" of the Coelotholida is identical with that of the
Coelodendrida, and is composed only of the innumerable dichotomous branches
of the hollow tubes. It envelops the two central valves and the enclosed
central capsule in the same way as in the Coelodendrida. But the
Coelotholida differ from these latter in constantly possessing a rhinocanna
and two frenulae. The entire form of this thicket, which in the few species
observed was never complete, but always more or less destroyed, is usually
probably subspherical or polyhedral, sometimes cordate or kidney-shaped.
Its surface is densely studded with thousands of spathillae. Its diameter
is about four to eight times as great as that of the enclosed bivalve
shell.

The "lattice-mantle" of the Coeloplegmida, which replaces in this subfamily
the fork-thicket of the Coelotholida, is always produced by the anastomoses
of the distal ramules of the brushes, and of those branches of the styles
which do not proceed over the surface of the mantle. Its network is always
very irregular, and composed of polygonal meshes of very different sizes.
Usually it is quite simple, and may be compared with the cortical shell of
the Disphaerida. More rarely it is more or less spongy. Its surface is
densely studded with thousands of spathillae or anchor-pencils. The entire
form of the lattice-mantle is always symmetrically polyhedral, since its
dorsal and ventral halves are symmetrically developed on both sides of the
equatorial plane, and therefore correspond perfectly to the enclosed
smaller halves of the central bivalve shell. The two valves of the
lattice-mantle (dorsal and ventral valves) are never really united and
grown together, {1746}but are in loose contact in the equatorial plane;
here the free edges of both valves catch into one another by means of free
ramules (Pl. 128, figs. 1, 7). This loose connection is similar to what
occurs in the Conchopsida (or in the Concharida with dentate edges), but
never so regular. The special form of the polyhedral lattice-mantle depends
on the number, arrangement, and development of the styles, which proceed
over its surface; it preserves the polyhedral form of the calymma, on the
surface of which it is deposed.

The characteristic styles of the Coelographida (which are never found in
the preceding Coelodendrida) are longer hollow tubes, symmetrically
disposed on both valves. They are prominent over the surface of the
fork-thicket in the Coelotholida, of the lattice-mantle in the
Coeloplegmida. They bear in these latter a peculiar terminal coronet on
their distal end, whilst in the former this end is armed with large pencils
of spathillae. The styles may be forked once or twice at their base, but in
their greatest part they are verticillate, and not dichotomously branched
like the brushes. The lateral branches of the styles are usually very
numerous and regularly cruciate in alternating opposite pairs. In the odd
nasal style, _e.g._, the first and third pairs of opposite lateral branches
usually lie in the frontal plane, the second and fourth in the sagittal
plane, perpendicular to the former, and so on. A similar regular
disposition of the lateral branches is found also in other styles, but not
in all. There are certain styles in which the lateral branches are not
opposite in pairs, but alternate or verticillate, and others in which they
represent unequal branches of forks, so that each single segment of the
branched style represents the stouter branch of a fork, and the
appertaining lateral branch the thinner branch of the fork. Further
accurate examinations are required to recognise the different laws of the
ramification of the styles in the different forms of Coelographida. The
lateral branches of the styles are usually again dichotomously branched
inside the lattice-mantle, and their distal ends pass over into its
network. But the verticillate or cruciate branches, which arise from the
free part of the styles outside the lattice-mantle, are always armed with
the same elegant pencils of spathillae which cover the surface of the
fork-thicket in the Coelotholida, the surface of the lattice-mantle in the
Coeloplegmida. These pencils also are often regularly opposite in pairs,
and the pairs alternate in two planes perpendicular one to another (Pl.
128, figs. 1, 4).

The terminal coronets are peculiar ornaments which protect the distal ends
of the styles in the Coeloplegmida, whilst in the Coelotholida these are
armed with the usual pencils of spathillae (Pl. 122, fig. 8). Each coronet
is usually produced by the double, triple, or quadruple furcation of the
free distal end of the style; therefore composed of four, eight, or sixteen
terminal branches, which, on account of their peculiar form and function,
we may call "fingers." More rarely the ramification of the coronets is more
or less irregular, and sometimes the number of the fingers exceeds twenty
or even thirty.

In the majority of species eight fingers are regularly disposed (Pl. 127,
figs. 1-3; Pl. 128, figs. 1-8). Often too sixteen occur, rarely four only.
Sometimes the fingers {1747}are placed nearly in one plane and form a hand.
The form of the fingers is very variable and most characteristic of the
individual species. Very often they have the shape of a human finger, and
are smooth, spinulate, or armed with recurved hooks. The distal end of each
finger often again bears a small coronet or a spathilla (Pl. 128, figs.
5-9), and sometimes it is arrow-shaped (Pl. 126, fig. 2_a_). All these
apophyses of the terminal coronets as well as the anchor-pencils of the
mantle and the finest branches of the tubes, are hollow and filled up by
jelly.

The different number and arrangement of the styles offers the best means
for the distinction of genera in the Coelographida. The minimum number is
six (_Coelographis_, Pl. 126, fig. 1), the maximum number sixteen
(_Coelothamnus_, Pl. 122, fig. 3, and _Coelagalma_, Pl. 126, fig. 4). Since
the arrangement of the styles in both valves is constantly symmetrical, the
fundamental form of the whole body is in all Coeloplegmida "amphithect," as
in the _Ctenophora_. The longitudinal or main axis of the body is vertical,
with two distinct poles; the proboscis of the central capsule and the two
rhinocannae are directed upwards, towards the oral pole; the caudal tube of
each valve is directed downwards, towards the aboral pole. The two other
axes of the body are unequal, horizontal, and perpendicular one to the
other; each has two equal poles. On the poles of the sagittal axis lie the
galeae of the dorsal and ventral valves; on the poles of the frontal axis
lie the two secondary openings or parapylae of the central capsule. The
frontal fissure or the large cleft between the dorsal and ventral valves of
the skeleton lies in the vertical frontal plane of the body, which is
perpendicular to the vertical sagittal plane; the equatorial plane,
however, is horizontal.

The _central capsule_ of the Coelographida exhibits the same shape and
position as in the preceding Coelodendrida. It is subspherical, slightly
depressed in the direction of the main axis, and lies enclosed between the
two central valves of the lattice-shell. Its three constant openings lie in
the frontal plane, and therefore in the frontal fissure between the two
valves. The astropyle, or the main-opening of the capsule, lies on the oral
pole of the main axis, and its radiate operculum (_d_) is directed upwards;
the curved proboscis arising from it (_o_) is prominent between the mouths
of the two opposed rhinocannae. The two lateral parapylae or accessory
openings lie on both sides of the aboral pole, on the right and left (Pl.
127, figs. 4-6). The large spheroidal or somewhat lenticular nucleus (_n_)
is usually about half as broad as the capsule, and contains numerous
nucleoli. The protoplasm around the nucleus contains many vacuoles, and in
the oral part of the capsule (between nucleus and operculum) often numerous
groups of crystals (Pl. 127, figs. 4-6_k_, 7). The double membrane of the
central capsule exhibits the same shape as in the other PHAEODARIA.

The calymma, or the extracapsular jelly-veil, is in the Coelographida very
voluminous, and includes the entire skeleton, the fork-thicket of the
Coelotholida, the lattice-mantle of the Coeloplegmida, and also the
prominent large styles. Only the distal ends of the {1748}latter (with the
terminal coronets), and the anchor pencils, covering the surface of the
thicket and the mantle, seem to project over the surface of the calymma.
The entire form of the latter is therefore a symmetrical polyhedron. The
phaeodium fills up a small part only of the calymma, and is usually
enclosed in the two galeae and their rhinocannae (Pl. 127, figs. 5, 9), but
often also a part of the phaeodium is scattered around the oral half of the
central capsule.

_Synopsis of the Genera of Coelographida._

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  I. Subfamily Coelotholida.
     Rhinocanna of each valve with two paired lateral frenula. The distal
     ends of the dichotomous brushes are not united by anastomoses, and
     form an outer bivalved fork-thicket.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Eight paired styles (four on each valve),            731. _Coelotholus_.

  Twelve paired styles (six on each valve),            732. _Coelothauma_.

  Sixteen paired styles (eight on each valve),         733. _Coelothamnus_.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  II. Subfamily Coeloplegmida.
      Rhinocanna of each valve with an odd sagittal frenulum. The distal
      ends of the dichotomous brushes are united by anastomoses, and form
      an outer bivalved lattice-mantle.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Mantle with six styles.   { One odd and two paired
                            {  styles on each valve,   734. _Coelographis_.

  Mantle with eight styles. { Two odd and two paired
                            {   styles on each valve,  735. _Coelospathis_.

  Mantle with ten styles.   { One odd and four paired
                            {   styles on each valve,  736. _Coelodecas_.

  Mantle with twelve        { Two odd and four paired
   styles.                  {   styles on each valve,  737. _Coelostylus_.

  Mantle with fourteen      { One odd and six paired
   styles.                  {  styles on each valve,   738. _Coeloplegma_.

  Mantle with sixteen       { Two odd and six paired
   styles.                  {  styles on each valve,   739. _Coelagalma_.



Subfamily 1. COELOTHOLIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Coelographida# with two paired lateral frenula on each
galea, and with free terminal branches on the hollow radial tubes, without
an external lattice-mantle. Eight to sixteen long styles are prominent over
the surface of the fork-thicket, which is composed of the caudal brush and
the dichotomous basal branches of the styles.



Genus 731. _Coelotholus_,[347] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Coelographida# with two paired lateral frenula on each
galea, without external lattice-mantle, armed with eight styles (two pairs
of styles on each valve).

{1749}The genus _Coelotholus_ and the two following genera form together
the subfamily Coelotholida, the hollow tubes of which do not communicate by
anastomosing branches, and therefore form no lattice-mantle, as in the
following subfamily Coeloplegmida. Another important difference between
these two subfamilies of Coelographida is found in the arrangement of the
main tubes and their connection with the rhinocanna. In all Coelotholida a
pair of divergent frontal styles arise from the truncate oral side of each
galea, and are connected with the mouth of the rhinocanna by two lateral
convergent paired frenula (right and left); whereas the characteristic odd
nasal style, which in all Coeloplegmida arises from the sagittal apex of
each galea and is connected with the mouth of the rhinocanna by an odd
sagittal frenulum, is always wanting. The total number of long verticillate
styles, which project over the outer surface of the fork-thicket, is eight
in _Coelotholus_, whilst it is twelve in _Coelothauma_, and sixteen in
_Coelothamnus_. The two latter may be derived from _Coelotholus_, as the
common ancestral genus of this subfamily.


1. _Coelotholus octonus_, n. sp. (Pl. 122, figs. 1, 2).

Eight styles of equal length, regularly zig zag, twice as long (in their
free part) as the diameter of the loose fork-thicket. Anchor-pencils
gradually tapering from the proximal towards the distal end. Each of the
four primary frontal tubes (to the right and left of each valve) is simply
forked, and the pectoral (anterior) branch of each tube is so diametrically
opposed to the tergal (posterior) tube of the other side, that they form
together a double cross.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole body 12, of the fork-thicket 2.5.

_Habitat._--South-Eastern Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.


2. _Coelotholus cruciatus_, n. sp.

Eight styles of equal length, straight, twice as long (in their free part)
as the diameter of the dense fork-thicket. Anchor-pencils of about equal
size throughout their whole length. Each of four primary frontal tubes is
divided into two equal, widely divergent branches; the anterior branches of
the right side are diametrically opposed to the posterior branches of the
left side, so that all eight together form a double cross.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole body 20, of the fork-thicket 4.0.

_Habitat._--South-Western Pacific (off Sydney), Station 164A, depth 1200
fathoms.


3. _Coelotholus ancoratus_, n. sp.

Eight styles of different lengths, slightly curved. Anchor-pencils
gradually tapering from the proximal to the distal end. Each of the four
primary frontal tubes is divided into two divergent {1750}branches of
different lengths; the anterior (or pectoral branch) twice as long (in the
free part) as the diameter of the fork-thicket, the posterior (or tergal
branch) three times as long.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole body 20, of the fork-thicket 3.2.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Sunda Strait), Rabbe, surface.



Genus 732. _Coelothauma_,[348] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.

_Definition._--#Coelographida# with two paired lateral frenula on each
galea, without external lattice-mantle, armed with twelve styles (three
pairs of styles on each valve).

The genus _Coelothauma_ differs from the preceding _Coelotholus_, its
ancestral form, in the possession of twelve long, prominent styles, six of
which are opposite in three pairs on each valve. In the single species
observed each of the four main tubes (opposite in pairs on the frontal
corners of the two galeae) is simply forked, as in _Coelotholus_; but
whilst in this latter all eight styles remain simple, in _Coelothauma_ the
anterior (or pectoral) branch only is simple, the posterior (or tergal)
branch is again forked.


1. _Coelothauma duodenum_., n. sp. (Pl. 122, figs. 3-5).

Twelve styles straight, of different lengths. Two short bilateral main
tubes arise opposite in pairs from the two frontal corners of each galea,
and are divided into an anterior and posterior branch. The anterior or
pectoral branch is simple, and twice as long as the diameter of the
fork-thicket. The posterior or tergal branch is again forked near the base,
and its two divergent branches are three times as long as the diameter of
the fork-thicket. All twelve styles are densely studded with anchor-pencils
of nearly equal size.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole body 21, of the fork thicket 3.5.

_Habitat._--South-Western Pacific (east of New Zealand), Station 169, depth
700 fathoms.



Genus 733. _Coelothamnus_,[349] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.

_Definition._--#Coelographida# with two paired lateral frenula on each
galea, without external lattice-mantle, armed with sixteen styles (four
pairs of styles on each valve).

The genus #Coelothamnus# differs from its ancestral form, _Coelotholus_, in
the duplication of the number of long verticillate styles, which are
prominent over the surface of the {1751}dense fork-thicket. Whilst in
_Coelotholus_ each frontal main tube (arising from the frontal corner of
the galea at right and left) is divided into an anterior or pectoral, and a
posterior or tergal style, in _Coelothamnus_ each of these two divergent
main styles is again forked, so that the total number of projecting and
radially diverging styles amounts to sixteen. One Mediterranean species of
this genus, _Coelothamnus  davidoffii_, has been already described by
Buetschli in 1882 (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 486, Taf.
xxxi.). Though its description on the whole is accurate, some important
errors, which may be here corrected, are to be met with. The two central
valves of the lattice-shell (dorsal and ventral) are symmetrically equal in
size and in form, as in all other Coelographida; the different forms and
the inverse arrangement of the two valves, described by Buetschli (pp. 488,
491), were effected by an artificial dislocation and inversion. The
peculiar opening [alpha], which, according to his opinion, was supposed to
bring about a direct communication between the cavities of the galea and
its valve, is in reality the optical section of the rhinocanna, the two
convergent frenula of which ([gamma]) he figured, but did not recognise.
_Coelothamnus_ attains the greatest size among all Radiolaria; the diameter
of the body in _Coelothamnus maximus_ amounts to 33 mm.


1. _Coelothamnus bivalvis_, n. sp. (Pl. 122, figs. 6-9).

Sixteen styles all of equal length, about three times as long (in their
free part) as the diameter of the dense fork-thicket. The size of the
anchor-pencils tapers from the proximal to the distal end. Each of the four
primary frontal tubes (which arise in opposite pairs from the frontal
corners of the two galeae) is twice forked, and so produces four styles.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole body 18, of the fork-thicket 2.4 to
3.0.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Canary Islands, Station 354, surface.


2. _Coelothamnus davidoffii_, Buetschli.

  _Coelothamnus davidoffii_, Buetschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,
  vol. xxxvi. p. 486, Taf. xxxi.

Sixteen styles all of equal length (?), about four times as long (in their
free part) as the diameter of the fork-thicket. The size of the
anchor-pencils is nearly equal throughout their entire length. (Compare the
careful description of this species by Buetschli.)

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole body 15, of the fork-thicket 1.8.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Villafranca, near Nice), Davidoff, surface.


3. _Coelothamnus sedecimalis_, n. sp.

Sixteen styles straight, of different sizes. The pectoral or anterior
branch of each frontal main tube is simple, and twice as long as the
diameter of the large fork-thicket. The tergal or posterior branch is
forked at the base, and its anterior branch is again forked in the middle
part, so that three {1752}long divergent styles arise from each tergal
tube. The hindermost of these is the longest, three times as long as the
diameter of the fork-thicket. All anchor-pencils have nearly equal size.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole body 22, of the fork-thicket 5.2.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 166 (west of New Zealand), depth 275
fathoms.


4. _Coelothamnus maximus_, n. sp.

Sixteen styles straight, of different sizes. The four frontal main tubes
are already forked at the base, so that from each frontal corner of the two
galeae two divergent tubes, an anterior or pectoral and a posterior or
tergal, arise. Each of these is again forked, and each branch prolonged
into a very long verticillate style. The hindermost style of each side is
the longest, twice as long as the foremost, and one and a half times as
long as the two intermediate styles. The size of the anchor-pencils
decreases in the distal third of the styles.

_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole body 32, of the fork-thicket 7.5.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.



Subfamily 2. COELOPLEGMIDA, Haeckel.

_Definition._--#Coelographida# with an odd sagittal frenulum on each galea,
and with an external bivalved lattice-mantle, produced by the anastomosing
branches of the hollow radial tubes. Six to sixteen long styles are
prominent over the surface of the mantle, and bear terminal coronets.



Genus 734. _Coelographis_,[350] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Coelographida# with an odd sagittal frenulum on each galea
and an outer lattice-mantle, armed with six styles (one odd and two paired
styles on each valve).

The genus _Coelographis_ is the simplest form of the Coeloplegmida, or of
those Coelographida in which the branches of the arborescent tubes are
united on the surface of the calymma, and form a delicate bivalved
lattice-mantle. In all these Coeloplegmida an odd nasal main style is
developed on the apex of the galea, and this is connected by an odd
sagittal frenulum with the mouth of the rhinocanna, _Coelographis_ differs
from the other Coelographida in the minimum number of coronal styles, viz.,
three on each valve, an odd anterior (nasal) and two paired posterior
(tergal).


1. _Coelographis regina_, n. sp. (Pl. 126, figs. 1_a_-1_c_).

Shell-mantle twice as long as broad, its frontal perimeter isosceles
triangular, with a triangular excision at the base, its sagittal perimeter
slenderly ovate. Nasal odd style twice as long as the {1753}paired tergal
styles, the former with ten to twelve, the latter with five to six
alternate-cruciate pairs of lateral branches. Terminal coronets (on the
free distal ends of the styles) palmate, with ten to twelve spinulate,
irregular, finger-shaped branches (fig. 1_d_).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 5.6, breadth 2.7.

_Habitat._--South-Eastern Pacific (off Juan Fernandez), Station 297, depth
1775 fathoms.


2. _Coelographis sagittella_, n. sp.

Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, its frontal perimeter
arrow-shaped, isosceles triangular, with a deep concave excision at the
base, its sagittal perimeter slenderly ovate. Nasal odd style one and a
half times as long as the paired tergal styles, the former with fourteen to
sixteen, the latter with eight to nine verticils of branches. Terminal
coronets three times forked, with eight subregular, broad and spinulate,
finger-shaped branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 6.4, breadth 4.2.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.


3. _Coelographis hexastyla_, n. sp.

Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, very similar to the
preceding species, its frontal perimeter isosceles triangular, with a flat
basal excision. Nasal odd style one and a third times as long as the paired
tergal styles, the former with fourteen to sixteen, the latter with ten to
twelve verticils of branches. Terminal coronets with four forks in the form
of a cross, and eight divergent spinulate fingers.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 4.2, breadth 3.1.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 259, depth 2225 fathoms.


4. _Coelographis gracillima_, Haeckel.

  _Coelodendrum gracillimum_ (_partim_) Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol.,
  Taf. xxxii. figs. 2, 3.

Shell-mantle one and a third times as long as broad, similar to the three
preceding species, its frontal perimeter isosceles triangular. Nasal odd
style one and a half times as long as the two paired tergal styles, the
former with eleven or twelve, the latter with seven or eight pairs of
branches. Terminal coronets irregularly dichotomously branched, with twelve
to sixteen spinulate fingers. The network of the mantle is also spinulate
(_loc. cit._, fig. 3). This species was formerly confounded by me with
_Coelodendrum gracillimum_ (_loc. cit._, fig. 1), since I found a fragment
only of the former entangled in the branch-work of the latter (1859, in
Messina). Afterwards (in 1877) I observed a complete specimen in Corfu.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 3.2, breadth 2.4.

_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina, Corfu), surface.


5. _Coelographis triangulum_, n. sp.

Shell-mantle about as long as broad, its frontal perimeter equilateral
triangular, without basal excision, with three equal straight sides. Nasal
odd style and the two paired pectoral styles nearly {1754}of equal length,
each with ten to twelve alternate-cruciate pairs of lateral branches.
Terminal coronets umbrella-shaped, composed of eight equal, simply forked
branches.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 3.6, breadth 3.4.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.



Genus 735. _Coelospathis_,[351] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Coelographida# with an odd sagittal frenulum on each galea
and an outer lattice-mantle, armed with eight styles (two odd and two
paired styles on each valve).

The genus _Coelospathis_ differs from the preceding _Coelographis_ in the
possession of four coronal styles on each valve. Two of these are odd and
lie in the sagittal plane, viz., the constant vertical nasal style
(directed towards the mouth), and the horizontal sagittal style, which is
placed in the equatorial plane, in the sagittal axis of the body. The two
other styles are paired and identical with the tergal styles of
_Coelographis_, directed backwards, and divergent to right and left.


1. _Coelospathis ancorata_, n. sp. (Pl. 128, figs. 1-7).

Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, its frontal perimeter
isosceles triangular; its zonal perimeter square, its sagittal perimeter
nearly rectangular, with a concave excision on the oral side (fig. 1). Odd
nasal styles of both valves divergent in the sagittal plane (each with
fourteen to sixteen pairs of branches), three times as long as the odd
sagittal styles (each with three or four pairs) and twice as long as the
paired tergal styles (each with four to six pairs of branches). Terminal
coronets (on the free distal end of the styles) three times forked, each
with eight slender, widely divergent fingers, which are curved, zig-zag,
and armed with alternating recurved hooks; at the end of each finger a
verticil of four to six small recurved teeth (fig. 5).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 2 to 3, breadth 1.2 to 2.1.

_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.


2. _Coelospathis octostyla_, n. sp. (Pl. 128, fig. 8).

Shell-mantle one and a third times as long as broad, very similar to the
preceding species; but differing from this in the following characters: the
odd nasal styles bear ten to twelve pairs of branches, and are twice as
long as the odd sagittal and the paired pectoral styles, which are nearly
equal in size (each with five or six pairs of branches). The eight fingers
of the terminal coronets are less divergent and curved than in the
preceding species, and each finger bears at its end a verticil of four to
six divergent, slender teeth, which are not recurved (fig. 8).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 2.2 to 2.6, breadth 1.7 to 1.9.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750
fathoms.


{1755}3. _Coelospathis octodactyla_, n. sp. (Pl. 128, fig. 9).

Shell-mantle about as long as broad, in the frontal perimeter nearly
isosceles triangular, very similar to the two preceding species; it differs
from them in the following characters: all eight styles have nearly equal
size, and each bears six to eight pairs of branches. The eight fingers of
the terminal coronets diverge nearly in one plane, and are not curved in a
zigzag manner, but armed with alternate, slender, recurved hooks, which are
larger than in the two preceding species, and geniculate at the base; the
distal end of each finger bears a verticil of eight to ten very small
divergent teeth, which are not recurved (fig. 9).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 2.4, breadth 2.2.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 252, surface.



Genus 736. _Coelodecas_,[352] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Coelographida# with an odd sagittal frenulum on each galea
and an outer lattice-mantle, armed with ten styles (one odd and four paired
styles on each valve).

The genus _Coelodecas_ is closely allied to _Coelographis_, but differs
from it in the development of a new pair of styles on each valve. These are
placed between the odd nasal and the paired tergal styles, are usually
directed laterally, parallel to the frontal axis of the body, and may
therefore be called frontal or lateral styles. The total number of coronal
styles is therefore ten.


1. _Coelodecas sagittaria_, n. sp. (Pl. 126, figs. 2_a_, 2_b_).

Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad; its frontal perimeter
pentagonal, with a deep median incision at the base; the two oral sides of
the pentagon twice as long as the two lateral sides, and one and a half
times as long as the base. Sagittal perimeter ovate; equatorial perimeter
subcircular. Nasal odd style of each valve with fourteen to sixteen pairs
of branches, one and a half times as long as the paired frontal styles
(each with eight to nine pairs), and twice as long as the paired tergal
styles (each with four to six pairs of branches). Terminal coronets (on the
free distal ends of the styles) richly branched, each with thirty to forty
thorny fingers, which bear a conical point with recurved teeth, like an
arrow.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 3.2, breadth 2.1.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.


2. _Coelodecas decastyla_, n. sp.

Shell-mantle one and a third times as long as broad; its frontal perimeter
pentagonal, with a slight incision on the base; the two oral sides of the
pentagon as long as the base, and one and a {1756}half times as long as the
two lateral sides. Nasal odd style of each valve with ten to twelve pairs
of branches, about twice as long as the four paired frontal and tergal
styles, each of which bears five or six pairs. Terminal coronets three
times forked, each with eight straight, spinulate, slightly divergent
fingers, shaped like a human finger.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 3.6, breadth 2.7.

_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.


3. _Coelodecas pentagona_, n. sp.

Shell-mantle about as long as broad; its frontal perimeter nearly regular
pentagonal, with five equal sides. Nasal odd style of each valve with six
to eight pairs of branches scarcely longer than the four paired frontal and
tergal styles, each of which is provided with four to six pairs. Terminal
coronets irregularly branched, each with twelve to sixteen slender curved
fingers, which bear at the distal end a spinulate knob.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 2.6, breadth 2.4.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.



Genus 737. _Coelostylus_,[353] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Coelographida# with an odd sagittal frenulum on each galea
and an outer lattice-mantle, armed with twelve styles (two odd and four
paired styles on each valve).

The genus _Coelostylus_ is characterised by the possession of twelve
coronal styles; it is closely allied to _Coelospathis_, and differs from
this in the development of a new pair of styles on each valve. These are
placed between the odd nasal and the odd sagittal style of each valve, they
are directed forwards, and may therefore be called "pectoral styles."


1. _Coelostylus bisenarius_, n. sp. (Pl. 126, fig. 3_a_, 3_b_).

Shell-mantle one and a third times as long as broad; its frontal perimeter
pentagonal, with a deep median incision at the base; the two oral sides of
the pentagon about as long as the basal odd side, and half as long as the
two lateral sides. Sagittal perimeter (fig. 3_a_) octagonal; the three
paired lateral sides of the bilateral octagon about equal, and somewhat
shorter than the basal and oral odd sides. Equatorial perimeter rounded
square. Nasal odd style of each valve with twelve alternate-cruciate pairs
of lateral branches, about twice as long as the two paired pectoral styles
(each with four pairs), and the odd sagittal style (with six pairs); the
two paired tergal styles bear eight pairs and are longer than the latter,
shorter than the nasal style. All styles are more or less curved,
divergent, and at the distal end four times forked, bearing a terminal
coronet with sixteen spinulate fingers (fig. 3_b_).

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 4.2, breadth 3.2.

_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.


{1757}2. _Coelostylus flabellatus_, n. sp.

Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, very similar to that of
the preceding species. It differs from this mainly in the peculiar form of
the twenty-four terminal coronets, which are flabellate and very similar to
the terminal branches of _Coelodendrum flabellatum_ (Pl. 121, figs. 5, 6).
I formerly supposed, therefore, that both forms belonged to one and the
same species. But though I had no complete specimens of the two species, I
was afterwards led to the opinion that one and the same peculiar form of
terminal branches is here produced by adaptation to similar conditions in
two very different genera. Each coronet is a flat flabellum, placed in a
meridian plane, and composed of eight pairs of spinulate branches as
figured, _loc. cit._, in figs. 5 and 6. The cap-shaped distal end of each
finger is armed with eight to twelve recurved teeth.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 3.8, breadth 2.6.

_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 252, surface.



Genus 738. _Coeloplegma_,[354] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Coelographida# with an odd frenulum on each galea and an
outer lattice-mantle, armed with fourteen styles (one odd and six paired
styles on each valve).

The genus _Coeloplegma_, distinguished by the possession of fourteen
coronal styles, is closely allied to _Coelodecas_, but differs from it in
the development of a new pair of styles on each valve. These are placed
between the odd nasal and the paired frontal styles, are directed forwards,
and may therefore be called pectoral styles, corresponding to those of
_Coelostylus_.


1. _Coeloplegma murrayanum_, n. sp. (Pl. 127, figs. 1-13.).

Shell-mantle about as long as broad, its frontal perimeter subcircular, or
slightly pentagonal, with five convex sides, its sagittal perimeter also
nearly circular. Odd nasal style with six to eight, the paired pectoral
styles with two or three, lateral styles with three to five, and tergal
styles with six to nine pairs of branches. The central capsule constantly
contains masses of crystals (figs. 4-7). Terminal coronets (on the free
distal ends of the styles) three times furcate, each with eight simple and
short fingers. This interesting species, discovered by Dr. John Murray in
August 1882, during the expedition of H.M.S. "Triton," in great numbers in
the Gulf Stream, off the Faeroee Channel, is very variable and connected by
numerous transitional forms with the following closely allied species.
(Compare the following note.)

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 1.6 to 2.2, breadth 1.5 to 2.1.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Gulf Stream, off the Faeroee Channel, in depths
between 40 and 200 fathoms, John Murray.


{1758}2. _Coeloplegma tritonis_, n. sp. (Pl. 127, figs. 2-13).

Shell-mantle one and a quarter times as long as broad, its frontal
perimeter heptagonal, with seven concave sides (fig. 2), its sagittal
perimeter ovate, its zonal perimeter nearly square (fig. 3). Odd nasal
style with twelve to fourteen, the paired pectoral styles with three to
four, lateral styles with six to eight, and tergal styles with eight to ten
pairs of branches. Coronets three times forked, each with eight terminal
branches, bearing a small spinulate knob. This remarkable species, in
external appearance very different from the preceding, is connected
immediately with it by numerous transitional varieties; both species
represent the opposite terminal poles of a long series of "Darwinian
metamorphic forms." If only the two specimens, figured in Pl. 127, figs. 1
and 2, were known, every one would distinguish them as two widely different
species. But the careful comparison of numerous intermediate forms
demonstrates that there is no "missing link" in this long and remarkable
chain. The careful comparative study of these very variable and most highly
developed Coelographida may be regarded as a strong argument for the theory
of descent, and explains the true "origin of species."

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 1.8 to 2.5, breadth 1.5 to 2.1.

_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Gulf Stream, off the Faeroee Channel, in depths
between 40 and 200 fathoms, John Murray.


3. _Coeloplegma tetradecastylum_, n. sp.

Shell-mantle one and a third times as long as broad, its frontal perimeter
heptagonal, with seven concave sides. Similar to the preceding species,
differs from it mainly in the prolonged nasal style, which bears sixteen to
eighteen pairs of branches, and is about three times as long as each of the
six paired styles, each of which bears five to six pairs of branches.
Coronets three times forked, each with eight terminal branches, armed with
scattered spines, and bearing a knob with three recurved hooks.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 3.2, breadth 2.4.

_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 335 to 342, surface.


4. _Coeloplegma atlanticum_, n. sp.

Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, its frontal perimeter
ovate. Similar to _Coeloplegma murrayanum_ (Pl. 127, fig. 1), differs from
it in the different length of the styles; the nasal odd style (with
eighteen to twenty pairs of branches) is about twice as long as the lateral
styles (with ten to twelve pairs), and three times as long as the pectoral
and tergal styles (with six to eight pairs). Coronets four times forked,
each with sixteen terminal branches, armed with recurved spines, and
bearing a cross of four curved hooks.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 2.5, breadth 1.7.

_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.



{1759}Genus 739. _Coelagalma_,[355] n. gen.

_Definition._--#Coelographida# with an odd sagittal frenulum on each galea
and an outer lattice-mantle, armed with sixteen styles (two odd and six
paired styles on each valve).

The genus _Coelagalma_ represents the highest degree of development among
the Coelographida, and exhibits the maximum number of coronal styles in
this family, viz., sixteen (eight on each valve). Two of these are odd (as
in _Coelospathis_ and _Coelostylus_), viz., the longitudinal anterior nasal
style, and the horizontal sagittal style. The six others are paired (as in
_Coeloplegma_), viz., two anterior or pectoral, two lateral or frontal, and
two posterior or tergal styles. Since _Coelagalma_ in this highest
developed armature exceeds all the other Coeloplegmida, and exhibits at the
same time the utmost complexity in structural detail, it may be regarded as
one of the most perfect forms not among the PHAEODARIA only, but among all
Radiolaria.


1. _Coelagalma mirabile_, n. sp. (Pl. 126, figs. 4, 4_a_).

Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, its frontal perimeter
(fig. 4_a_) heptagonal, with seven concave sides, its sagittal perimeter
octagonal, its equatorial perimeter hexagonal (fig. 4_b_), the corners of
the polygons are marked by the sixteen prominent styles. Nasal odd style
longer; and sagittal odd style shorter, than the six paired styles of each
valve; the two pectoral styles are directed forwards, the two lateral
styles are nearly opposed in the horizontal frontal diameter, while the two
shorter tergal styles are directed backwards. The terminal coronets (at the
distal ends of the sixteen styles) are four times forked, with sixteen
equal spinulate fingers, each finger at the distal end with eight recurved
teeth. The entire surface of the bivalved latticed mantle is densely
studded with hundreds of most elegant anchor-pencils, so that the external
appearance of this beautiful species becomes one of the most wonderful
among Radiolaria.

_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 5.4, breadth 3.6.

_Habitat._--Central area of the Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.




{1760}NOTE ON THE DIMENSIONS AND MEASUREMENTS OF THE DESCRIBED SPECIES OF
RADIOLARIA.


All the dimensions of the species of Radiolaria described in the present
work are given in millimetres. In the majority of the species the
dimensions of only a single observed specimen have been measured by the
micrometer, and usually only the most important proportions have been
recorded. But since the outlines of nearly all the species figured (with
very few exceptions) have been drawn by the camera lucida, and therefore
usually are almost perfectly exact, and since the excellent artist, Mr.
Adolph Giltsch, has executed the lithographic plates with the greatest
accuracy, having examined the objects themselves under the microscope, it
is very easy to determine the dimensions of all the separate parts by
comparative measurement. In very many of the species described (perhaps
nine hundred or a thousand) several specimens of each species (usually
three or four) have been measured comparatively, and the dimensions
recorded are taken as averages. A very important contribution to the
general conception of the proportions, and especially to the important
question of the constancy of the dimensions, has been given by my honoured
friend Dr. Reinhold Teuscher of Jena. This excellent observer, to whom I am
indebted for much and important co-operation in my Radiolarian work, has
instituted at my request a long series of measurements, with the view of
comparing the dimensions (of the entire skeleton as well as of its
individual parts) in numerous (usually twenty or thirty) specimens of one
and the same species. About three hundred species of very different groups
(mainly #Sphaeroidea#, #Discoidea#, #Spyroidea#, and #Cyrtoidea#) have been
measured in this manner, and the general survey of the results obtained
(about eight thousand measurements were recorded) has enabled me to form a
good opinion of the constancy and variability of the dimensions in the
individual species. The general result is, that they are not absolutely
constant in any given case, but that each species (of which many specimens
have been carefully compared) exhibits a certain degree of variability in
all its proportions. The general meaning of "species," therefore, is in the
unicellular Radiolaria the same as in all other organisms, and its
development follows the same laws as are so accurately explained by Charles
Darwin in his Origin of Species.




ADDENDA.


  I. _List of Twenty-two Deep-Sea Radiolarians from the Banda Sea._

P. Harting (L. N. 18) published in 1863 the description of 14 SPUMELLARIA
and 8 NASSELLARIA, taken in depths between 900 and 4000 fathoms, in the
Banda Sea. The figures of them are, however, for the most part not complete
enough. The names are the following:--


                      I. SPUMELLARIA.

   1. _Haliomma nitidum_, figs. 13, 14 = _Heliodiscus_?
   2. _Haliomma gracile_, fig. 15 = _Acanthosphaera_?
   3. _Haliomma lens_, fig. 16 = _Stylodiscus_?
   4. _Haliomma pyriforme_, fig. 17 = _Cenellipsis_?
   5. _Haliomma scutum_, fig. 18 = _Botryocella_?
   6. _Haliomma polyacanthum_, fig. 40 = _Druppocarpus_?
   7. _Haliomma inerme_, fig. 41 = _Thecosphaera_?
   8. _Haliomma oblongum_, fig. 42 = _Druppula_?
   9. _Haliomma amphiaspis_, fig. 43 = _Monozonium_?
  10. _Tetrapyle polyacantha_, fig. 44 = _Larcarium_?
  11. _Flustrella cyclica_, fig. 19 = _Porodiscus_.
  12. _Flustrella micromma_, fig. 47 = _Porodiscus_.
  13. _Rhopalastrum bandaicum_, fig. 45 = _Dictyastrum_.
  14. _Lithocyclia reticulata_, fig. 20 = _Spongodiscus_?

                      II. NASSELLARIA.

  15. _Lithocircus annulus_, fig. 50 = _Lithocircus_.
  16. _Acanthodesmia arcuata_, fig. 25 = _Zygostephanus_.
  17. _Acanthodesmia inermis_, fig. 26 = _Dictyospyris_?
  18. _Cladospyris moluccana_, fig. 48 = _Cyphonium_?
  19. _Podocyrtis brevipes_, fig. 24 = _Podocyrtis_.
  20. _Podocyrtis micracantha_, fig. 49 = _Podocampe_?
  21. _Lithocampe corbula_, fig. 21 = _Lithomitra_.
  22. _Lithocampe sinuosa_, fig. 22 = _Lithocampe_?


  II. _List of Fossil Radiolaria (probably Jurassic) found in the "Diaspri
  della Toscana," and described in 1880 by Dante Pantanelli_ (L. N. 36).
  (_Compare_ s 243, _Note_ B, p. clxviii).

The figures are too small and too incomplete for certain determination.

            I. SPUMELLARIA.

   1. _Ethmosphaera minuta_.
   2. _Ethmosphaera vulgaris_.
   3. _Ethmosphaera siphonophora_.
   4. _Heliosphaera echinoidites_.
   5. _Rhaphidococcus lusianensis_.
   6. _Heliodiscus simplex_.
   7. _Histiastrum lusianense_.
   8. _Trematodiscus soritoides_.
   9. _Euchitonia muellerites_.
  10. _Euchitonia amoena_.
  11. _Euchitonia clathrata_.
  12. _Euchitonia crevolensis_.
  13. _Euchitonia grandis_.
  14. _Euchitonia dubia_.

            II. NASSELLARIA.

  15. _Lithocircus haeckelii_.
  16. _Lithocircus truncatus_.
  17. _Lithocircus rhombus_.
  18. _Cornutella pseudoprofunda_.
  19. _Cornutella pseudoclathrata_.
  20. _Lithopera ovata_.
  21. _Lithopera elongata_.
  22. _Polystichia ehrenbergii_.
  23. _Polystichia haeckelii_.
  24. _Polystichia muelleri_.
  25. _Urocyrtis emmae_.
  26. _Urocyrtis amaliae_.
  27. _Urocyrtis stephanii_.
  28. _Adelocyrtis cometa_.
  29. _Adelocyrtis pala_.
  30. _Adelocyrtis spinosa_.




ERRATA.


  Page 23, line 3 from top, _add_ "Compare also _Myxobrachia cienkowski_,
  Wagner, 1872, L. N. 23."

  Page 40, bottom line, _add_ "The two following species are incompletely
  known:--_Sphaerozoum orientale_, Dana, 1863, _Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist._,
  vol. xii. p. 54. _Sphaerozoum sanderi_, Doenitz, 1871, L. N. 60, p. 71."

  Page 65, line 15 from top, _add_ "_Cenosphaera radiata_, Zittel, 1876 (L.
  N. 29, p. 84, Taf. ii. figs. 7, 8), a fossil Cretaceous species, is
  closely allied to _Cenosphaera compacta_."

  Page 84, line 17 from top, _add_ "_Caryosphaera polysphaerica_,
  Buetschli, 1882 (L. N. 41, Taf. xxiii. fig. 12) is probably a
  _Cromyosphaera_ (fossil in Barbados)."

  Page 95, line 11 from top, _add_ "_Dermatosphaera_, Ehrenberg, is a
  _Collosphaera_ with small pores (compare L. N. 16, p. 533)."

  Page 97, line 8 from foot, _for_ "xxiv." _read_ "xxxiv."

  Page 122, line 14 from foot, _for_ "_Spongolonche_" _read_
  "_Spongolonchis_."

  Page 149, lines 1, 4, 6 and 12 from top, _for_ "_Spongolonche_" _read_
  "_Spongolonchis_."

  Page 149, line 2 from foot, _for_ "_Spongolonche_" _read_
  "_Spongolonchis_ ([Greek: spongos], [Greek: lonchis])."

  Page 172, line 4 from foot, _add_ Synonym "? _Haliphormis hexacantha_,
  Ehrenberg, 1872, L. N. 24, Taf. x. fig. 6."

  Page 216, line 11 from foot, _add_ "Taf. xiii."

  Page 308, line 4 from top, _add_ "Compare _Haliomma oblongum_, Harting,
  1863, L. N. 18, p. 15, pl. 2, fig. 42."

  Page 326, line 14 from foot, _for_ "1872" _read_ "1875."

  Page 461, line 12 from foot, _delete_ "H."

  Page 463, line 10 from top, _add_ "Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe."

  Page 492, bottom line, _add_ "_Porodiscus haeckelii_ = _Trematodiscus
  haeckelii_, Buetschli, 1882, L. N. 41, Taf. xxiv. figs. 5_a_, 5_b_."

  Page 509, bottom line, _add_ "_Stylodictya haeckelii_, Zittel, 1876, L.
  N. 29, p. 85, Taf. ii. fig. 9, is a fossil Cretaceous species, related to
  _Stylodictya multispina_."

  Page 534, line 11 from foot, _add_ "Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe).
  Also in the Central Pacific, Station 267."

  Page 584, line 12 from top, _for_ "1872" _read_ "1875."

  Page 586, line 7 from foot, _add_ "_Spongotrochus ehrenbergii_,
  Buetschli, 1882, L. N. 41, Taf. xxvi. figs. 1_a_, 1_b_."

  Page 633, bottom line, _add_ "_Monozonium hartingii_ = _Haliomma
  amphiaspis_, Harting, 1863 (L. N. 18, p. 15, pl. 2, fig. 43)."

  Page 763, line 8 from top, _add_ "Pl. 132, fig. 11."

  Page 784, line 16 from top, _for_ "vi." _read_ "xvi."

  Page 802, line 14 from bottom, _after_ "11_a_" _insert_ "11_c_."

  Page 839, line 13 from top, _for_ "95" _read_ "135."

  Page 841, line 8 from foot, _after_ "figs." _insert_ "2."

  Page 842, line 13 from top, _add_ "_Haliomma ligurinum_, J. Mueller (=
  _Haliommatidium ligurinum_, Haeckel, L. N. 16, p. 423) seems to be
  closely allied to the preceding."

  Page 889, line 6 from top, _add_ "_Cricoidea_, Buetschli, 1882 (L. N. 40,
  p. 537) = NASSELLARIA."

  Page 951, line 9 from foot, _add_ "Fossil in Barbados."

  Page 952, line 2 from foot, _add_ "Fossil in Barbados."

  Page 966, line 10 from top, _add_ "Fossil in Barbados."

  Page 981, line 19 from top, _add_ "Fossil in Barbados."

  Page 1037, line 8 from top, _add_ "Pl. 85, fig. 2."

  Page 1081, line 12 from foot, _add_ "Pl. 95, fig. 15."

  Page 1158, line 10 from foot, _for_ "516. _Cyrtophormis_" _read_ "516.
  _Cystophormis_."

  Page 1165, lines 8, 11 and 15 from foot, _for "Cyrtophormis" read
  "Cystophormis_."

  Page 1165, bottom line, _read_ "_Cystophormis_ = bladder-basket; [Greek:
  kyste], [Greek: phormis]."

  Page 1166, lines 1, 7 and 13 from top, _for_ "_Cyrtophormis_" _read_
  "_Cystophormis_."

  Page 1250, line 7 from top, _for_ "_Dictyoprora_" _read_ "_Dictyoprona_."

  Page 1251, line 11 from top, _add_ "Pl. 62, fig. 3."

  Page 1356, line 9 from foot, _add_ "Pl. 68, fig. 14."

  Page 1384, line 2 from foot, _for_ "_Calocycloma_" _read_
  "_Calocyclura_."

  Page 1411, first line, _add_ "Pl. 68, fig. 15."

  Page 1560, line 2 from top, _add_ "_Dictyocha trigona_, Zittel, 1876 (L.
  N. 29, p. 83, Taf. ii. fig. 6), is an interesting Cretaceous species,
  perhaps a variety of _Dictyocha triommata_."

  Page 1615, line 6 from top, _insert_ "n. sp." _after_ "_scenophora_."

  Page 1653, line 7 from top, _add_ "John Murray, 1876, L. N. 27, pl. 24,
  fig. 2."

  Page 1706, line 7 from foot, _add_ "John Murray, 1876, L. N. 27, pl. 24,
  fig. 4."

  Page 1752, line 4 from bottom, _for_ "figs. 1_a_-1_d_" _read_ "figs.
  1_a_-1_c_."

  Page 1757, line 14 from bottom, _for_ "fig. 1" _read_ "figs. 1-13."

  Page 1759, line 14 from bottom _for_ "figs. 4_a_, 4_b_" read "figs. 4,
  4_a_."




INDEX.

  Synonyms are printed in _Italics_; names of Families, Orders, &c., in
      CAPITALS.

  ACANTHARIA, 716.
  Acanthochiasma, 739.
      fusiforme, 739.
      krohnii, 739.
      rubescens, 739.
      spirale, 739.
  ACANTHOCHIASMIDA, 738.
  Acanthocorallium, 1262.
  Acanthocoronium, 1263.
  Acanthocorys, 1261.
      buetschlii, 1262.
      dodecaster, 1264.
      enneapodia, 1263.
      furcata, 1264.
      hexapodia, 1262.
      macroceras, 1264.
      macropodia, 1262.
      polypodia, 1264.
      pristipodia, 1262.
      triloba, 1263.
      umbellifera, 1263.
  Acanthocorythium, 1264.
  Acanthocyrtis, 1494.
  Acanthocystis, 1461.
  Acanthodesmia, 975.
      _arcuata_, 1761.
      ceratospyris, 976.
      corona, 976.
      _dumetum_, 930.
      _hertwigii_, 983.
      _inermis_, 1761.
      muelleri, 976.
      _polybrocha_, 930.
      _prismatium_, 1010.
      vinculata, 975.
  ACANTHODESMIDA, 973.
  Acantholithium, 753.
  Acantholonche, 790.
      amphipolaris, 790.
      peripolaris, 791.
  ACANTHOLONCHIDA, 781.
  ACANTHOMETRA, 725.
  _Acanthometra_, 742.
      _alata_, 761.
      _anomale_, 789.
      _arachnoides_, 910.
      _belonoides_, 783.
      _brevispina_, 745.
      _bulbosa_, 743.
      _cataphracta_, 810.
      _claparedei_, 751.
      _complanata_, 786.
      _compressa_, 747.
      _costata_, 812.
      _cruciata_, 754.
      _cuspidata_, 752.
      _dichotoma_, 747.
      _dolichoscia_, 743.
      _echinoides_, 751.
      _elastica_, 742.
      _elongata_, 785.
      _forceps_, 770.
      _fragilis_, 750.
      _furcata_, 747.
      _fusca_, 743.
      _hastata_, 770.
      _hemicompressa_, 748.
      _heteracantha_, 784.
      _lanceolata_, 746.
      _messanensis_, 786.
      _mucronata_, 756.
      _muelleri_, 750.
      _multispina_, 752.
      _ovata_, 785.
      _pallida_, 770.
      _pectinata_, 757.
      _pellucida_, 744.
      _purpurascens_, 769.
      _quadridentata_, 758.
      _quadrifolia_, 752.
      _serrata_, 757.
      _sicula_, 744.
      _spinulosa_, 759.
      _tenuis_, 784.
      _tetracopa_, 749.
      _tetraptera_, 787.
      _wageneri_, 744.
  ACANTHOMETREA, 716.
  Acanthometrella, 742.
  ACANTHOMETRIDA, 725.
  Acanthometron, 742.
      bifidum, 745.
      bulbiferum, 745.
      bulbosum, 743.
      catervatum, 745.
      conicum, 743.
      cylindricum, 743.
      dolichoscion, 743.
      elasticum, 742.
      fuscum, 743.
      pellucidum, 744.
      siculum, 744.
      wageneri, 744.
  Acanthonarium, 749.
  Acanthonia, 751.
      claparedei, 751.
      concava, 750.
      convexa, 750.
      cuspidata, 752.
      denticulata, 750.
      diplopyramis, 752.
      echinoides, 751.
      fragilis, 750.
      muelleri, 750.
      multispina, 752.
      prismatica, 749.
      quadrangula, 751.
      quadrifolia, 752.
      serrulata, 753.
      stellata, 753.
      tetracopa, 749.
  ACANTHONIDA, 740.
  Acanthonidium, 751.
  ACANTHOPHRACTA, 791.
  ACANTHOPHRACTIDA, 791.
  Acanthosphaera, 209.
      acanthica, 215.
      acufera, 211.
      angulata, 216.
      antarctica, 214.
      arctica, 214.
      brevispina, 215.
      capillaris, 214.
      castanea, 211.
      clavata, 212.
      compacta, 213.
      conifera, 216.
      _coronata_, 219.
      dentata, 211.
      echinoides, 214.
      _elliptica_, 350.
      enneacantha, 213.
      florida, 213.
      flosculenta, 211.
      fortispina, 212.
      gibbosa, 216.
      haliphormis, 215.
      insignis, 212.
      longispina, 215.
      macropora, 210.
      marginata, 212.
      maxima, 216.
      micropora, 210.
      mucronata, 212.
      octahedralis, 213.
      _pectinata_, 218.
      reticulata, 217.
      _setosa_, 174.
      simplex, 216.
      tenuis, 210.
      tenuissima, 210.
      _zonaster_, 281.
  ACANTHOSTAURIDA, 768.
  Acanthostaurus, 769.
      aequatorialis, 769.
      bipennis, 769.
      conacanthus, 769.
      cruciatus, 771.
      forceps, 770.
      hastatus, 770.
      pallidus, 770.
      purpurascens, 769.
  Acontasparium, 829.
  Acontaspidium, 829.
  Acontaspis, 829.
      capillata, 830.
      furcata, 829.
      hastata, 829.
      lanceolata, 829.
  Acostaurus, 769.
  Acrobotrys, 1114.
      acuminata, 1115.
      aquaria, 1114.
      auriculata, 1115.
      disolenia, 1114.
      monosolenia, 1114.
      pentasolenia, 1115.
      tetrasolenia, 1115.
      trisolenia, 1115.
  Acrocalpis, 1168.
      _virginica_, 1169.
  Acrocorona, 1176.
  Acrocoronis, 977.
  Acrocubus, 992.
      amphistylus, 993.
      amphithectus, 994.
      arcuatus, 993.
      brachiatus, 993.
      cortina, 994.
      lasanum, 994.
      octopylus, 993.
      tesseralis, 993.
      tetrapodius, 994.
  Acromelissa, 1203.
  Acropyramis, 1159.
  Acrosphaera, 99.
      collina, 101.
      echinoides, 100.
      erinacea, 100.
      inflata, 101.
      setosa, 100.
      spinosa, 100.
  ACROSPHAERIDA, 94.
  ACROSPYRIDA, 1085.
  Acrospyris, 1085.
      clathrocanium, 1085.
      dictyophimus, 1085.
      fragilis, 1086.
      macrocephala, 1085.
      pyramidalis, 1086.
  Actidiscus, 15.
      _discoides_, 15.
      _lenticularis_, 15.
      _phacoides_, 15.
  Actilarcus, 16.
      _larcoides_, 16.
  Actinastrum, 733.
      legitimum, 733.
      pentazonium, 733.
  Actinelarium, 730.
  ACTINELIDA, 728.
  Actinelidium, 730.
  Actinelius, 730.
      pallidus, 731.
      polyacanthus, 731.
      primordialis, 730.
      protogenes, 730.
      purpureus, 730.
  Actinelonium, 731.
  Actinomma, 251.
      _aculeatum_, 258.
      anthomma, 252.
      arcadophorum, 255.
      _asteracanthion_, 196.
      capillaceum, 255.
      castanomma, 253.
      crenatum, 314.
      _daturaeforme_, 164.
      denticulatum, 254.
      dodecomma, 256.
      drymodes, 198.
      entactinia, 253.
      facetum, 252.
      _fenestratum_, 315.
      giganteum, 256.
      _hexactis_, 192.
      hexagonium, 252.
      hirsutum, 251.
      _inerme_, 80.
      japonicum, 253.
      _medusa_, 80.
      pachycapsa, 256.
      pachyderma, 254.
      schwageri, 256.
      _sphaerechinus_, 258.
      spinigerum, 254.
      _tetracanthum_, 164.
      trinacrium, 254.
      _triplex_, 314.
  ACTINOMMATIDA, 251.
  Actinommida, 251.
  Actinopyramis, 1256.
  Actiprunum, 14.
      _ellipsoides_, 14.
      _prunoideum_, 14.
  ACTIPYLEA, 716.
  Actissa, 12.
      discoides, 15.
      ellipsoides, 14.
      larcoides, 16.
      lenticularis, 15.
      phacoides, 13.
      primordialis, 13.
      princeps, 13.
      prototypus, 13.
      prunoides, 14.
      radiata, 14.
  ADELACANTHA, 717.
  Adelocyrtis, 1762.
      cometa, 1762.
      pala, 1762.
      spinosa, 1762.
  Aegospyris, 1053.
      aegoceras, 1054.
      aequispina, 1053.
      caprina, 1054.
      longibarba, 1054.
      octospina, 1053.
  Alacorys, 1370.
      aculeata, 1373.
      bismarckii, 1372.
      carcinus, 1375.
      dodecantha, 1375.
      enneacantha, 1374.
      friderici, 1372.
      gigas, 1374.
      guilelmi, 1372.
      hexacantha, 1373.
      hexapleura, 1373.
      lutheri, 1370.
      octacantha, 1374.
      ornata, 1375.
      pentacantha, 1371.
      polyacantha, 1375.
      tetracantha, 1371.
  Amphiactura, 470.
      _diploconus_, 470.
      amphibrachia, 470.
  Amphibelithium, 790.
  Amphibelone, 788.
      aciculata, 788.
      anomala, 789.
      clavaria, 790.
      cultellata, 789.
      pyramidata, 789.
  Amphibelonium, 788.
  Amphibrachium, 516.
      amphilonche, 517.
      armatum, 518.
      capitatum, 518.
      clavula, 518.
      dilatatum, 517.
      indicum, 518.
      lanceolatum, 517.
      murrayanum, 523.
      sponguroides, 517.
  _Amphicentria_, 614.
      _salpa_, 614.
  Amphicraspedum, 523.
      maclaganium, 523.
      murrayanum, 523.
      wyvilleanum, 523.
  Amphicyclia, 463.
      amphistylia, 464.
      chronometra, 463.
      pachydiscus, 464.
  AMPHILITHIDA, 781.
  Amphilithium, 787.
  Amphiloncharium, 783.
  Amphilonche, 783.
      acufera, 788.
      _anomala_, 789.
      belonoides, 783.
      complanata, 786.
      concreta, 787.
      conica, 785.
      denticulata, 784.
      diodon, 783.
      elongata, 785.
      heteracantha, 384.
      hydrotomica, 786.
      lanceolata, 783.
      lancetta, 786.
      messanensis, 786.
      ovata, 785.
      tenuis, 784.
      tetraptera, 787.
      violina, 787.
  AMPHILONCHIDA, 781.
  Amphilonchidium, 785.
  Amphiplecta, 1223.
      acrostoma, 1223.
      amphistoma, 1223.
      callistoma, 1224.
  Amphipyle, 641.
      aceros, 641.
      amphiceros, 691.
      amphiptera, 642.
      callizona, 644.
      cladoceros, 643.
      decaceros, 643.
      hexaceros, 642.
      octoceros, 643.
      platyptera, 641.
      stauroceros, 642.
      stenoptera, 641.
      tetraceros, 642.
  Amphipylonium, 656.
      octoceras, 657.
      semilunare, 656.
      spinosissimum, 657.
      tetraceros, 657.
  Amphirrhopalum, 521.
      amphidicranum, 521.
      bigeminum, 522.
      echinatum, 522.
      ximorphum, 521.
      ypsilon, 532.
  Amphisphaera, 142.
      apollo, 143.
      cronos, 144.
      jupiter, 143.
      mars, 144.
      mercurius, 143.
      neptunus, 142.
      pluto, 144.
      uranus, 143.
  Amphispyridium, 1096.
  Amphispyris, 1095.
      costata, 1097.
      quadrigemina, 1096.
      reticulata, 1096.
      sternalis, 1096.
      subquadrata, 1097.
      thorax, 1096.
      toxarium, 1097.
  Amphispyrium, 1095.
  AMPHISTYLIDA, 142.
  Amphistylus, 145.
      clio, 145.
      _giganteus_, 329.
      glyptodon, 145.
      hippocampus, 145.
      _neptunus_, 328.
  AMPHITHOLIDA, 663.
  Amphitholonium, 668.
      acanthonium, 669.
      octostylonium, 669.
      tricolonium, 669.
  Amphitholus, 666.
      acanthometra, 667.
      armatus, 668.
      artidium, 666.
      artiscus, 666.
      dodecanthus, 667.
      octacanthus, 667.
      panicium, 668.
      polyacanthus, 668.
  Amphymenium, 519.
      amphistylium, 520.
      fusiforme, 521.
      monstrosum, 520.
      naviculare, 519.
      pupula, 519.
      zygartus, 520.
  ANDROSPYRIDA, 1090.
  Androspyris, 1092.
      anthropiscus, 1093.
      aptenodytes, 1093.
      homunculus, 1092.
      pithecus, 1093.
  Anthocorys, 1456.
      _campanula_, 1456.
  Anthocyrtarium, 1272.
  Anthocyrtella, 1269.
  ANTHOCYRTIDA, 1241.
  Anthocyrtidium, 1278.
      cineraria, 1278.
      ligularia, 1278.
      matricaria, 1279.
  Anthocyrtis, 1269.
      butomus, 1270.
      _collaris_, 1273.
      _cothurnata_, 1353.
      _ehrenbergii_, 1277.
      enneaphylla, 1271.
      _ficus_, 1277.
      _flosculus_, 1277.
      furcata, 1269.
      grossularia, 1271.
      hispida, 1275.
      lauranthus, 1271
      _leptostyla_, 1275.
      mespilus, 1269.
      ophirensis, 1270.
      ovata, 1272.
      _serrulata_, 1268.
      _sethoconus_, 1296.
      _setosa_, 1276.
      subglobosa, 1271.
      ventricosa, 1270.
      _zanguebarica_, 1277.
  Anthocyrtissa, 1270.
  Anthocyrtium, 1272.
      adonis, 1273.
      anemone, 1274.
      anthemis, 1273.
      campanula, 1274.
      centaurea, 1273.
      chrysanthemum, 1272.
      collare, 1273.
      doronicum, 1276.
      ehrenbergii, 1277.
      ficus, 1277.
      flosculus, 1277.
      hispidum, 1275.
      leptostylum, 1275.
      pyrum, 1276.
      reticulatum, 1274.
      setosum, 1276.
      turris, 1275.
      zanguebaricum, 1277.
  Anthocyrtoma, 1268.
      alterna, 1268.
      serrulata, 1268.
  Anthocyrtonium, 1274.
  Anthocyrtura, 1271.
  Anthocyrturium, 1276.
  _Anthomma_, 76.
      _nodusum_, 76.
  Anthospyris, 1064.
      aculeata, 1065.
      arachnoides, 1065.
      diaboliscus, 1065.
      doronicum, 1065.
      mammillata, 1064.
      spathulata, 1065.
      tragopogon, 1066.
  Apocubus, 992.
  Arachnocalpis, 1172.
      ellipsoides, 1172.
      sphaeroides, 1173.
  Arachnocorallium, 1265.
  Arachnocoronium, 1266.
  Arachnocorys, 1265.
      arachnodiscus, 1267.
      araneosa, 1266.
      circumtexta, 1266.
      discoides, 1265.
      enneaptera, 1266.
      hexaptera, 1265.
      polyptera, 1267.
      trifida, 1267.
      _umbellifera_, 1263.
  Arachnocorythium, 1267.
  Arachnopegma, 267.
      increscens, 267.
      longispinum, 267.
      verticillatum, 267.
  Arachnopila, 266.
      hexagonella, 266.
      polygonella, 266
  Arachnopilium, 1327.
      _clathrocanium_, 1327.
  Arachnosphaera, 268.
      dolichacantha, 269.
      increscens, 269.
      myriacantha, 268.
      oligacantha, 268.
      tenuissima, 269.
      velaris, 269.
  ARACHNOSPHAERIDA, 265.
  Archibursa, 1157.
      tripodiscus, 1157.
  Archicapsa, 1191.
      nonaforis, 1192.
      quadriforis, 1192.
      triforis, 1191.
  ARCHICAPSIDA, 1189.
  Archicircus, 940.
      duodenus, 942.
      ellipsis, 941.
      hertwigii, 942.
      hexacanthus, 942.
      monopylus, 941.
      monostephus, 941.
      ovalis, 941.
      primordialis, 942.
      princeps, 940.
      quadratus, 941.
      rhombus, 942.
      sexangularis, 943.
      triglyphus, 943.
  ARCHICORIDA, 1180.
  Archicorys, 1184.
      ampulla, 1184.
      galea, 1184.
      globosa, 1185.
      microstoma, 1185.
      ovata, 1185.
  ARCHIDISCIDA, 485.
  Archidiscus, 486.
      dioniscus, 486.
      dithalamus, 486.
      hexathalamus, 489.
      hexoniscus, 488.
      octoniscus, 489.
      pentoniscus, 488.
      polythalamus, 489.
      pylonsicus, 488.
      stauroniscus, 487.
      tetrathalamus, 487.
      tetroniscus, 487.
      trioniscus, 487.
      trithalamus, 487.
  Archipera, 1155.
      bicornis, 1156.
      cortiniscus, 1155.
      multicornis, 1156.
      pentacantha, 1155.
      quadricornis, 1156.
      tricornis, 1156.
  ARCHIPERIDA, 1146.
  Archiperidium, 1154.
  Archiphaena, 1177.
      corona, 1178.
      gorgospyris, 1178.
      stephanoma, 1178.
  ARCHIPHAENIDA, 1173.
  ARCHIPHORMIDA, 1159.
  Archiphormis, 1167.
      campanulata, 1165.
      cancellata, 1167.
      urceolata, 1168.
  ARCHIPILIDA, 1135.
  Archipilium, 1139.
      cyrtopterum, 1140.
      orthopterum, 1139.
      sigmopterum, 1139.
  Archiscenium, 1150.
      callimitra, 1151.
      clathrocorys, 1150.
      cyclopterum, 1151.
      quadrispinum, 1150.
      _tricolpium_, 1147.
      tripterygium, 1151.
  Archistephus, 941.
  Artidium, 356.
  ARTINIDA, 354.
  Artiscium, 355.
  Artiscus, 355.
      elegans, 356.
      facetus, 355.
      hystrix, 356.
      nodosus, 356.
      panarius, 356.
      paniculus, 355.
      paniscus, 355.
  Artocapsa, 1519.
      armata, 1520.
      elegans, 1520.
      fusiformis, 1519.
      infraculeata, 1519.
      octocamera, 1520.
      quadricamera, 1520.
      spinosa, 1519.
  ARTOCAPSIDA, 1467.
  ARTOCORIDA, 1467.
  Artocyrtis, 1490.
  Artopera, 1452.
      fusiformis, 1452.
      loxia, 1452.
      motacilla, 1452.
      _thoracoptera_, 1450.
  ARTOPERIDA, 1435.
  Artophaena, 1463.
      aerostatica, 1463.
      hexalatractus, 1464.
      hexapodiscus, 1464.
      senaria, 1464.
  ARTOPHAENIDA, 1453.
  ARTOPHORMIDA, 1453.
  Artophormis, 1458.
      barbadensis, 1459.
      costata, 1459.
      horrida, 1458.
  ARTOPILIDA, 1435.
  Artopilium, 1439.
      anomalum, 1442.
      cornutella, 1441.
      cyrtopterum, 1440.
      elegans, 1440.
      longicorne, 1440.
      stichopterygium, 1442.
      trifenestra, 1441.
      trigonopterum, 1441.
  Artostrobium, 1482.
  Artostrobulus, 1481.
  Artostrobus, 1481.
      annulatus, 1481.
      articulatus, 1482.
      auritus, 1482.
      biseriatus, 1482.
      elegans, 1482.
  _Aspidomma_, 847.
      _hystrix_, 854.
      _mucronatum_, 756.
  Astractinium, 476.
  Astractura, 476.
      aristotelis, 476.
      clavigera, 476.
      democriti, 477.
      hippocratis, 477.
      ordinata, 476.
  ASTRACTURIDA, 469.
  Astracturium, 476.
  Astrocapsa, 799.
      coronata, 799.
      quadrifida, 799.
      stellata, 799.
      tritonis, 799.
  ASTROCAPSIDA, 797.
  Astrocyclia, 466.
      arachnia, 467.
      heterocycla, 468.
      rotula, 467.
      solaster, 466.
      stella, 467.
  ASTROCYRTIDA, 1129.
  ASTROLITHIDA, 726.
  Astrolithium, 745.
      _bifidum_, 745.
      _bulbiferum_, 745.
      _cruciatum_, 771.
      _dicopum_, 748.
  Astroloncharium, 756.
  Astrolonche, 756.
      bicruciata, 756.
      mucronata, 756.
      pectinata, 757.
      pinnata, 757.
      serrata, 757.
  ASTROLONCHIDA, 740.
  Astrolonchidium, 757.
  ASTROLOPHIDA, 728.
  Astrolophus, 732.
      solaris, 732.
      stellaris, 732.
  _Astromma_, 475.
      _aristotelis_, 476.
      _entomocora_, 367.
      _pentactis_, 479.
      _pythagorae_, 471.
  Astrophacus, 453.
      apollinis, 455.
      asteriscus, 453.
      cingillum, 454.
      phacodiscus, 454.
      saturnus, 454.
      solaris, 453.
      trochiscus, 453.
  Astrosestrum, 442.
      acanthastrum, 443.
      acraspedum, 443.
      _caudatum_, 431.
      echinastrum, 443.
      ephyra, 442.
      floscula, 444.
      nauphanta, 442.
      octacanthum, 442.
      pelagia, 444.
  Astrosphaera, 250.
      hexagonalis, 250.
      splendens, 250.
      sideraea, 251.
      stellata, 251.
  ASTROSPHAERIDA, 206.
  Astrostaurus, 436.
      _magnificus_, 436.
  Astrostylus, 431.
  Atactodiscus, 497.
      _irregularis_, 498.
  Aulacantha, 1575.
      cannulata, 1576.
      clavata, 1576.
      laevissima, 1576.
      scolymantha, 1575.
      spinosa, 1575.
      tubulosa, 1575.
  AULACANTHIDA, 1569.
  AULACTINIDA, 1573.
  Aulactinium, 1574.
      actinastrum, 1574.
      actinelium, 1574.
      actinosphaerium, 1574.
  Aularia, 1621.
      ternaria, 1621.
      trigonaria, 1621.
      tubularia, 1621.
  AULARIDA, 1620.
  Aulastrum, 1635.
      dendroceros, 1635.
      dichoceros, 1635.
      monoceros, 1635.
      pentaceros, 1636.
      polyceros, 1636.
      tetraceros, 1636.
      triceros, 1635.
      trichoceros, 1636.
  Aulatractus, 1632.
      diploconus, 1632.
      ellipsoides, 1633.
      fusiformis, 1632.
      fusulus, 1632.
  Auloceraea, 1583.
  Auloceratium, 1585.
  Auloceros, 1583.
      arborescens, 1585.
      capreolus, 1584.
      cervinus, 1584.
      dicranaster, 1585.
      elegans, 1584.
      furcosus, 1583.
      spathillaster, 1585.
      trigeminus, 1584.
  Aulodendron, 1588.
      antarcticum, 1589.
      atlanticum, 1589.
      australe, 1589.
      indicum, 1590.
      pacificum, 1589.
  Aulodictyum, 1637.
      hydrodictyum, 1637.
  Aulographantha, 1577.
  Aulographella, 1579.
  AULOGRAPHIDA, 1574.
  Aulographidium, 1580.
  Aulographis, 1577.
      asteriscus, 1581.
      ancorata, 1578.
      bovicornis, 1577.
      candelabrum, 1582.
      cruciata, 1578.
      dentata, 1582.
      flammabunda, 1579.
      flosculus, 1580.
      furcula, 1580.
      gemmascens, 1580.
      hexancistra, 1581.
      martagon, 1579.
      pandora, 1577.
      penicillata, 1578.
      pistillum, 1579.
      polyancistra, 1581.
      pulvinata, 1582.
      serrulata, 1582.
      stellata, 1578.
      taumorpha, 1577.
      tetrancistra, 1581.
      triaena, 1579.
      triangulum, 1580.
      triglochin, 1578.
      tripentas, 1582.
      verticillata, 1582.
  Aulographonium, 1581.
  Aulonia, 1633.
      hexagonia, 1634.
      metagonia, 1634.
      pentagonia, 1634.
      polygonia, 1634.
      tetragonia, 1633.
  AULONIDA, 1633.
  Aulophacus, 1631.
      amphidiscus, 1631.
      lenticularis, 1631.
  Auloplegma, 1630.
      perplexum, 1630.
      spongiosum, 1631.
  Auloscena, 1628.
      arboretum, 1629.
      flammabunda, 1629.
      gigantea, 1629.
      mirabilis, 1628.
      penicillus, 1629.
      pyramidalis, 1628.
      serrata, 1630.
      spectabilis, 1628.
      tentorium, 1628.
      verticillus, 1629.
  Aulospathessa, 1586.
  Aulospathilla, 1587.
  Aulospathis, 1586.
      bifurca, 1586.
      diodon, 1587.
      furcata, 1588.
      hexodon, 1588.
      polymorpha, 1587.
      quadrifurca, 1587.
      tetrodon, 1588.
      trifurca, 1586.
      triodon, 1587.
      variabilis, 1588.
  Aulosphaera, 1622.
      bifurca, 1626.
      bisternaria, 1624.
      coronata, 1626.
      cruciata, 1624.
      dendrophora, 1625.
      diodon, 1623.
      elegantissima, 1624.
      flexuosa, 1622.
      _gracilis_, 1609.
      multifurca, 1626.
      polyodon, 1623.
      _pourtalesii_, 1624.
      quadrifurca, 1626.
      sceptrophora, 1625.
      spathillata, 1624.
      spathophora, 1625.
      spinosa, 1627.
      tetrodon, 1623.
      trifurca, 1626.
      trigonopa, 1622.
      triodon, 1623.
      undulata, 1627.
      verticillata, 1624.
  AULOSPHAERIDA, 1615.
  Axellipsis, 293.
      lobata, 293.
      perforata, 293.
  Axocorys, 1420.
      macroceros, 1420.
  Axodiscus, 490.
      hexagonus, 490.
      octogonus, 491.
      spinosus, 491.
      staurophorus, 490.
      stylophorus, 490.
      trigonus, 490.
      triradiatus, 490.
  Axoprunum, 298.
      stauraxonium, 298.

  Bathropyramis, 1159.
      acephala, 1159.
      interrupta, 1160.
      medusa, 1160.
      quadrata, 1159.
      ramosa, 1161.
      spinosa, 1160.
      trapezoides, 1160.
  BELOIDEA, 28.
  BELONASPIDA, 859.
  Belonaspis, 863.
      conifera, 864.
      datura, 863.
      furcata, 863.
      lanceolata, 864.
      multiforis, 864.
      pandanus, 863.
  Belonostaurus, 771.
      bicuspis, 772.
      quadratus, 771.
  Belonozoum, 39.
      atlanticum, 40.
      bacillosum, 39.
      italicum, 40.
      spinulosum, 40.
  BOTRIDA, 1103.
  BOTRYIDA, 1103.
  Botryocampe, 1122.
      camerata, 1124.
      galea, 1123.
      hexathalamia, 1125.
      inflata, 1123.
      rotalia, 1123.
      theocapsa, 1123.
  BOTRYOCAMPIDA, 1120.
  Botryocella, 1116.
      borealis, 1116.
      multicellaris, 1112.
      nucula, 1116.
      quadricellaris, 1117.
      quadrigemina, 1117.
      tricellaris, 1116.
  BOTRYOCELLIDA, 1112.
  BOTRYOCYRTIDA, 1120.
  Botryocyrtis, 1120.
      cerebellum, 1121.
      quinaria, 1121.
      serpentis, 1120.
      theocampe, 1121.
  BOTRYODEA, 1108.
  Botryopera, 1108.
      cyrtoloba, 1108.
      multiloba, 1109.
      quadriloba, 1109.
      triloba, 1108.
  Botryopyle, 1112.
      cephalodes, 1113.
      cribrosa, 1113.
      dictyocephalus, 1113.
      inclusa, 1113.
      sethocorys, 1112.
  BOTRYOPYLIDA, 1112.
  Botryostrobus, 1475.
  Brachiospyris, 1037.
      diacantha, 1038.
      ocellata, 1038.
  Buccinosphaera, 99.
      invaginata, 99.
      tubaria, 99.

  Callimitra, 1216.
      agnesae, 1217.
      annae, 1217.
      carolotae, 1217.
      elisabethae, 1218.
      emmae, 1218.
  Calocyclas, 1381.
      amicae, 1382.
      aspasia, 1385.
      _barbadensis_, 1459.
      _carcinus_, 1375.
      casta, 1384.
      erinaceus, 1383.
      gigas, 1384.
      hyalogaster, 1383.
      minervae, 1382.
      monumentum, 1385.
      parthenia, 1385.
      pudica, 1384.
      sacerdotis, 1382.
      turris, 1383.
      veneris, 1381.
      vestalis, 1382.
      virginis, 1381.
  Calocycletta, 1381.
  Calocyclissa, 1383.
  Calocycloma, 1384.
  CALODICTYA, 481.
  Calpocapsa, 1190.
  Calpophaena, 1175.
      enneaphylla, 1176.
      ennearrhabda, 1176.
      hexacorethra, 1177.
      hexarrhabda, 1176.
      petalospyris, 1177.
      tetracorethra, 1177.
      tetrarrhabda, 1176.
  Caminosphaera, 111.
      dendrophora, 112.
      dichotoma, 112.
      elongata, 111.
      furcata, 111.
  Cannartidium, 373.
      amphicanna, 374.
      amphiconicum, 373.
      _amphiconus_, 372.
      amphisiphon, 374.
      bicinctum, 374.
      mammiferum, 375.
      mastophorum, 375.
      _tubarium_, 339.
  Cannartiscus, 372.
      amphiconiscus, 372.
      amphicylindrus, 373.
  Cannartus, 358.
      biscottus, 359.
      bitubulus, 359.
      violina, 358.
  CANNOBELIDA, 1551.
  Cannobelos, 1551.
      calymmata, 1551.
      cavispicula, 1551.
      thalassoplancta, 1551.
  CANNOBOTRYIDA, 1107.
  Cannobotrys, 1109.
      cortina, 1110.
      dicanna, 1110.
      monocanna, 1110.
      pentacanna, 1111.
      sagittalis, 1110.
      tetracanna, 1111.
      tricanna, 1110.
  Cannocapsa, 801.
      osculata, 801.
      stethoscopium, 801.
      tubulosa, 801.
  Cannopilus, 1567.
      calyptra, 1568.
      cyrtoides, 1569.
      diplostaurus, 1568.
      hemisphaericus, 1569.
      superstructus, 1568.
  CANNOPYLEA, 1521.
  CANNORRHAPHIDA, 1546.
  Cannorrhaphis, 1552.
      cavispicula, 1551.
      lampoxanthium, 1552.
      lappacea, 1552.
      spathillata, 1552.
      spinulosa, 1552.
  Cannosphaera, 1640.
      antarctica, 1640.
      atlantica, 1640.
      pacifica, 1641.
  CANNOSPHAERIDA, 1637.
  Cantharospyris, 1050.
      ateuchus, 1051.
      carabus, 1051.
      platybursa, 1051.
      radicata, 1051.
  CAPSOPHRACTA, 793.
  Carpocanarium, 1279.
  Carpocanidium, 1280.
  Carpocanistrum, 1170.
      acephalum, 1171.
      evacuatum, 1172.
      flosculum, 1171.
      giganteum, 1171.
      novenum, 1171.
      pyriforme, 1172.
  Carpocanium, 1279.
      _arachnodiscus_, 1164.
      calycodes, 1279.
      _campanula_, 1144.
      _cornutum_, 1398.
      coronatum, 1284.
      cylindricum, 1281.
      dactylus, 1284.
      diadema, 1281.
      enneaphyllum, 1281.
      gemmula, 1282.
      hexagonale, 1282.
      irregulare, 1284.
      laeve, 1280.
      lanceolatum, 1280.
      _macropterum_, 1283.
      microdon, 1282.
      palmipes, 1283.
      peristomium, 1283.
      petalospyris, 1283.
      polypterum, 1283.
      setosum, 1280.
      solitarium, 1281.
      trepanium, 1282.
      verecundum, 1284.
      virgineum, 1285.
  Carpocanobium, 1282.
  Carposphaera, 71.
      apiculata, 73.
      areca, 74.
      belladonna, 74.
      borassus, 75.
      capillacea, 72.
      cerasus, 73.
      corypha, 75.
      cubaxonia, 72.
      entactinia, 74.
      infundibulum, 72.
      maxima, 76.
      melissa, 73.
      melitomma, 73.
      micrococcus, 75.
      modesta, 74.
      nobilis, 75.
      nodosa, 76.
      prunulum, 74.
  CARPOSPHAERIDA, 71.
  Caryomma, 265.
      irregulare, 266.
      regulare, 265.
  CARYOMMIDA, 265.
  Caryosphaera, 86.
      hexalepas, 86.
      pentalepas, 86.
      polysphaerica, 1763.
  CARYOSPHAERIDA, 85.
  CARYOSTYLIDA, 148.
  Caryostylus, 148.
      _ceparius_, 336.
      _cepicius_, 336.
      hexalepas, 148.
  Castanarium, 1681.
      darwini, 1681.
      hookeri, 1682.
      huxleyi, 1682.
      lubbocki, 1682.
      lyelli, 1682.
  Castanella, 1683.
      balfouri, 1683.
      campbelli, 1683.
      channeri, 1684.
      horstoni, 1684.
      sloggetti, 1683.
      thomsoni, 1683.
      wyvillei, 1683.
  CASTANELLIDA, 1677.
  Castanidium, 1684.
      aldrichii, 1685.
      bethelli, 1685.
      bromleyi, 1685.
      buchanani, 1685.
      moseleyi, 1686.
      murrayi, 1685.
      wildi, 1684.
      willemoesi, 1684.
  Castanissa, 1686.
      challengeri, 1686.
      crosbiei, 1687.
      hoylei, 1687.
      macleani, 1687.
      pearceyi, 1686.
      richardsi, 1687.
  Castanopsis, 1688.
      fergusoni, 1688.
      maclearei, 1688.
      naresi, 1688.
  Castanura, 1689.
      carpenteri, 1689.
      havergalli, 1689.
      swirei, 1689.
      tizardi, 1689.
  CATINULIDA, 1553.
  Catinulus, 1553.
      catillum, 1553.
      lopadium, 1553.
      quadrifidus, 1553.
  Cecryphalium, 1398.
      lamprodiscus, 1398.
      sestrodiscus, 1399.
  Cenellipsis, 291.
      circopora, 291.
      ehrenbergii, 291.
      faceta, 291.
      heteropora, 292.
      infundibulum, 292.
      maxima, 292.
      micropora, 291.
      oblonga, 293.
      ovulum, 292.
      primitiva, 291.
  Cenellipsium, 290.
  Cenellipsula, 292.
  Cenocapsa, 802.
      nirvana, 802.
  CENOCAPSIDA, 802.
  CENODISCIDA, 409.
  Cenodiscus, 411.
      lenticula, 412.
      phacoides, 411.
      rotula, 412.
  CENOLARCIDA, 606.
  Cenolarcus, 606.
      dimensivus, 607.
      lentellipticus, 607.
      minimus, 607.
      primordialis, 607.
      triaxonius, 607.
  Cenosphaera, 62.
      _acanthica_, 215.
      anthophora, 63.
      antiqua, 67.
      aspera, 68.
      bombus, 63.
      compacta, 65.
      coronata, 67.
      crassa, 65.
      cristata, 66.
      elysia, 64.
      eridani, 64.
      favosa, 62.
      gigantea, 67.
      hexagonalis, 62.
      hirsuta, 68.
      inermis, 62.
      lethe, 64.
      marginata, 67.
      maxima, 65.
      _megapora_, 155.
      melecta, 63.
      mellifica, 62.
      _micropora_, 155.
      nirwana, 65.
      papillata, 66.
      perforata, 66.
      plutonis, 64.
      polygonalis, 66.
      porophaena, 63.
      primordialis, 61.
      proserpinae, 64.
      radiata, 1763.
      reticulata, 66.
      rosetta, 63.
      setosa, 64.
      solida, 65.
      tenerrima, 66.
      vesparia, 62.
  Centrocubus, 278.
      cladostylus, 278.
      octostylus, 278.
      polystylus, 278.
  Centrospira, 495.
      _perispongidium_, 495.
  Cephalopyramis, 1253.
      _enneactis_, 1254.
  Cephalospyris, 1034.
      cancellata, 1035.
      ovata, 1035.
      triangulata, 1035.
  Cerasosphaera, 73.
  _Ceratocyrtis_, 1281.
      _ampliata_, 1291.
      _cucullaris_, 1290.
      _mitra_, 1291.
  Ceratospyris, 1065.
      _acuminata_, 1080.
      allmersii, 1067.
      _articulata_, 1048.
      _ateuchus_, 1051.
      _borealis_, 1075.
      calorrhiza, 1069.
      carnerii, 1069.
      _clavata_, 1028.
      _diacantha_, 1038.
      _didiceros_, 1030.
      _dirrhiza_, 1039.
      echinus, 1068.
      _fibula_, 1082.
      _furcata_, 1031.
      _heptaceros_, 1038.
      krausei, 1068.
      _longibarba_, 1054.
      muelleri, 1068.
      mulderi, 1067.
      _ocellata_, 1038.
      pentagona, 1067.
      polygona, 1066.
      preyeri, 1068.
      radicata, 1051.
      ramosa, 1069.
      _setigera_, 1047.
      strasburgeri, 1068.
      _stylophora_, 1038.
      _triceros_, 1033.
      _triomma_, 1047.
      _turrita_, 1050.
  Ceriasparium, 819.
  CERIASPIDA, 813.
  Ceriaspidium, 820.
  Ceriaspis, 820.
      cicatricosa, 821.
      favosa, 821.
      icosahedra, 821.
      inermis, 821.
      lacunosa, 820.
      scrobiculata, 820.
  Ceriosphaera, 66.
      _perforata_, 66.
  Challengeranium, 1653.
  Challengerantha, 1648.
  Challengerebium, 1655.
  Challengeretta, 1649.
  Challengeria, 1694.
      aldrichii, 1653.
      _balfouri_, 1655.
      bidens, 1650.
      bromleyi, 1652.
      campbelli, 1650.
      cyrtodon, 1649.
      elephas, 1651.
      harstoni, 1650.
      havergalli, 1651.
      macleari, 1651.
      murrayi, 1653.
      naresii, 1648.
      pyramidalis, 1649.
      quadridens, 1652.
      sigmodon, 1649.
      sloggettii, 1649.
      _swirei_, 1654.
      thomsoni, 1650.
      tizardi, 1656.
      tridens, 1651.
      trifida, 1652.
      trigona, 1652.
      tritonis, 1649.
      wildi, 1653.
      xiphodon, 1648.
  CHALLENGERIDA, 1642.
  Challengeridium, 1656.
  Challengerilla, 1651.
  Challengeroma, 1652.
  Challengeron, 1654.
      balfouri, 1655.
      bathybium, 1658.
      bethelli, 1658.
      bisternum, 1657.
      buchanani, 1657.
      carpenterii, 1659.
      channeri, 1658.
      ciliatum, 1659.
      cochlear, 1654.
      crosbiei, 1657.
      diodon, 1654.
      fergusoni, 1656.
      golfense, 1655.
      heptacanthum, 1657.
      johannis, 1659.
      monodon, 1654.
      moseleyi, 1658.
      pearceyi, 1654.
      richardsii, 1655.
      swirei, 1654.
      tizardi, 1656.
      triangulum, 1656.
      triodon, 1655.
      willemoesii, 1659.
      wyvillei, 1660.
  Challengerosium, 1658.
  CHIASTOLIDA, 736.
  CHIASTOLIDINA, 738.
  Chiastolus, 738.
      amphicopium, 738.
  _Chilomma_, 454.
      _saturnus_, 454.
  Chitonastrum, 537.
      bathybium, 537.
      dicranoides, 538.
      jugatum, 537.
      lyra, 538.
      _regulare_, 539.
      triglochin, 537.
  Choenicosphaera, 102.
      flammabunda, 103.
      flosculenta, 103.
      murrayana, 102.
      nassiterna, 103.
  Cinclopyramis, 1161.
      cribellum, 1161.
      infundibulum, 1161.
      lithosestrum, 1162.
  Circogonia, 1698.
      dodecacantha, 1698.
      icosahedra, 1698.
  CIRCOGONIDA, 694.
  Circoniscus, 489.
  CIRCOPORIDA, 1689.
  Circoporus, 1694.
      characeus, 1695.
      hexastylus, 1695.
      octahedrus, 1695.
      sexfurcus, 1694.
      sexfuscinus, 1695.
  Circorrhegma, 1699.
      dodecahedra, 1699.
  Circospathis, 1696.
      furcata, 1696.
      novena, 1696.
      tetradeca, 1697.
      tetrodonta, 1697.
  Circosphaera, 63.
  CIRCOSPYRIDA, 1072.
  Circospyris, 1072.
      gigas, 1072.
      nucula, 1072.
      tridentata, 1072.
  Circostephanus, 1699.
      coronarius, 1699.
      polygonarius, 1700.
      sexagenarius, 1700.
  Circotympanum, 1012.
      decagonium, 1013.
      hexagonium, 1012.
      octogonium, 1013.
  Cladarachnium, 1165.
      _virgultum_, 1296.
      ramosum, 1165.
  CLADOCOCCIDA, 51.
  Cladococcus, 223.
      abietinus, 226.
      _acufer_, 211.
      antarcticus, 225.
      arborescens, 224.
      bifurcus, 226.
      _cervicornis_, 228.
      _dentatus_, 211.
      dendrites, 227.
      japonicus, 225.
      penicillus, 224.
      pinetum, 226.
      quadricuspis, 225.
      scoparius, 225.
      _simplex_, 216.
      spinifer, 224.
      stalactites, 227.
      tricladus, 227.
      viminalis, 226.
  Cladocorona, 1177.
  CLADOPHRACTA, 803.
  Cladopyramis, 1160.
  Cladoscenium, 1148.
      ancoratum, 1149.
      fulcratum, 1148.
      gladiatum, 1149.
      pectinatum, 1150.
      pinnatum, 1149.
      verticillatum, 1149.
  Cladospyris, 1069.
      _bibrachiata_, 1039.
      _moluccana_, 1761.
      _ramosa_, 1069.
      _tribrachiata_, 1029.
  _Clathrobursa_, 1045.
      _dictyopus_, 1045.
  Clathrocanidium, 1210.
  Clathrocanium, 1210.
      coarctatum, 1211.
      diadema, 1212.
      _ehrenbergii_, 1262.
      reginae, 1212.
      sphaerocephalum, 1211.
      squarrosum, 1211.
      triomma, 1211.
  Clathrocorona, 1212.
      _diadema_, 1212.
      _reginae_, 1212.
  Clathrocorys, 1219.
      giltschii, 1220.
      murrayi, 1219.
      teuscheri, 1220.
  Clathrocircus, 961.
      decaporus, 962.
      dictyospyris, 963.
      hexaporus, 962.
      multiforis, 963.
      octoporus, 962.
      stapedius, 962.
  Clathrocyclas, 1385.
      alcmenae, 1388.
      basilea, 1386.
      cassiopeiae, 1390.
      collaris, 1387.
      coscinodiscus, 1389.
      danaes, 1388.
      domina, 1387.
      europae, 1388.
      fimbriata, 1386.
      jonis, 1389.
      latonae, 1389.
      principessa, 1386.
      puella, 1387.
      semeles, 1388.
  Clathrocyclia, 1386.
  Clathrolychnus, 1240.
      araneosus, 1240.
      periplectus, 1241.
  Clathromitra, 1218.
      pentacantha, 1219.
      pterophormis, 1219.
  Clathropilium, 1326.
  Clathropyrgus, 1441.
      _trifenestra_, 1441.
  Clathrosphaera, 118.
      arachnoides, 119.
      circumtexta, 118.
      lamellosa, 119.
  CLATHROSPHAERIDA, 118.
  Clathrospyris, 1052.
      camelopardalis, 1052.
      fusiformis, 1053.
      pyramidalis, 1052.
  Clistophaena, 1286.
      armata, 1288.
      enneolena, 1288.
      hexolena, 1287.
      polyolena, 1288.
      pyramidalis, 1287.
      ruestiana, 1287.
  Coccocyclia, 468.
      heliantha, 468.
      liriantha, 468.
  COCCODISCIDA, 455.
  Coccodiscus, 461.
      darwinii, 461.
      goethei, 461.
      lamarckii, 461.
  COCCOLARCIDA, 610.
  Coccolarcus, 610.
      lentellipsis, 610.
      platellipsis, 610.
  Coccostaurus, 466.
      _magniducis_, 466.
  Coelacantha, 1641.
      anchorata, 1641.
      mammillata, 1641.
  Coelagalma, 1759.
      mirabile, 1759.
  Coelodasea, 1739.
      ramosissima, 1739.
      spongiosa, 1739.
  Coelodecas, 1755.
      decastyla, 1755.
      pentagona, 1756.
      sagittaria, 1755.
  COELODENDRIDA, 1728.
  Coelodendrum, 1735.
      bifurcum, 1735.
      cervicorne, 1736.
      digitatum, 1736.
      flabellatum, 1737.
      furcatissimum, 1735.
      gracillimum, 1736.
      lappaceum, 1736.
      ramosissimum, 1735.
      serratum, 1737.
      spinosissimum, 1735.
  Coelodoras, 1734.
      hexagraphis, 1734.
      octographis, 1734.
  COELODORIDA, 1733.
  COELODRYMIDA, 1737.
  Coelodrymus, 1738.
      ancoratus, 1738.
      echinatus, 1738.
      lappulatus, 1738.
  COELOGRAPHIDA, 1739.
  Coelographis, 1752.
      gracillima, 1753.
      hexastyla, 1753.
      regina, 1752.
      sagittella, 1753.
      triangulum, 1753.
  Coeloplegma, 1757.
      atlanticum, 1758.
      murrayanum, 1757.
      tetradecastylum, 1758.
      tritonis, 1758.
  COELOPLEGMIDA, 1752.
  Coelospathis, 1754.
      ancorata, 1754.
      octodactyla, 1755.
      octostyla, 1754.
  Coelostylus, 1756.
      bisenarius, 1756.
      flabellatus, 1757.
  Coelothamnus, 1751.
      bivalvis, 1751.
      davidoffi, 1751.
      maximus, 1752.
      sedecimalis, 1751.
  Coelothauma, 1750.
      duodenum, 1750.
  COELOTHOLIDA, 1749.
  Coelotholus, 1749.
      ancoratus, 1749.
      cruciatus, 1749.
      octonus, 1749.
  COLEASPIDA, 861.
  Coleaspis, 867.
      amphilonche, 867.
      coronata, 866.
      hydrotomica, 867.
      obscura, 866.
      occulta, 867.
      vaginata, 866.
  COLLIDA, 9.
  COLLODARIA, 9.
  Collodastrum, 27.
      amoeboides, 28.
      pelagicum, 28.
      stellatum, 28.
  Collodinium, 24.
      _inerme_, 25.
      _nostochinum_, 25.
      _volvocinum_ 25.
  Collodiscus, 27.
      _coeruleus_, 27.
      _discoideus_, 27.
  COLLOIDEA, 10.
  Collophidium, 26.
      _contortum_, 26.
      _serpentinum_, 26.
      _vermiforme_, 27.
  Colloprunum, 25.
      _ovatum_, 25.
      _ellipsoides_, 26.
  Collosphaera, 95.
      globularis, 95.
      huxleyi, 96.
      irregularis, 97.
      _ligurina_, 97.
      polyhedra, 97.
      polygona, 96.
      primordialis, 95.
      pyriformis, 96.
      regularis, 95.
      _spinosa_, 100.
      tuberosa, 97.
      _tubulosa_, 105.
  COLLOSPHAERIDA, 92.
  COLLOZOIDA, 23.
  Collozoum, 24.
      amoeboides, 28.
      contortum, 26.
      coeruleum, 27.
      discoideum, 27.
      ellipsoides, 26.
      inerme, 25.
      nostochinum, 25.
      ovatum, 25.
      pelagicum, 28.
      serpentinum, 26.
      stellatum, 28.
      vermiforme, 27.
      volvocinum, 25.
  Conarachnium, 1290.
      _rayanum_, 1291.
      _cervus_, 1292.
      _lophophaena_, 1292.
      _trochus_, 1290.
  CONCHARIDA, 1710.
  Concharium, 1716.
      bacillarium, 1718.
      bivalvum, 1717.
      diatomeum, 1717.
      fragilissimum, 1718.
      nucula, 1717.
  Conchasma, 1718.
      hibburites, 1719.
      radiolites, 1719.
      sphaerulites, 1719.
  CONCHASMIDA, 1716.
  Conchellium, 1720.
      hippopus, 1720.
      tridacna, 1720.
  Conchidium, 1721.
      argiope, 1722.
      dimerella, 1722.
      leptaena, 1722.
      magasella, 1723.
      productum, 1723.
      rhynchonella, 1722.
      terebratula, 1721.
      thecidium, 1721.
  Conchoceras, 1727.
      caudatum, 1727.
      cornutum, 1728.
  Conchonia, 1723.
      diodon, 1723.
      tetrodon, 1724.
      triodon, 1724.
  CONCHOPSIDA, 1719.
  Conchopsis, 1724.
      aspidium, 1726.
      carinata, 1725.
      compressa, 1725.
      lenticula, 1726.
      navicula, 1727.
      orbicularis, 1725.
      pilidium, 1726.
  _Conchura_, 1724.
      _tetrodon_, 1724.
  Conosphaera, 221.
      orthoconus, 221.
      plagioconus, 222.
      platyconus, 221.
  Conostrobus, 1469.
  Cornustrobus, 1470.
  Cornutanna, 1183.
      cyrtoconus, 1184.
      loxoconus, 1184.
      orthoconus, 1183.
  Cornutella, 1180.
      _ampliata_, 1291.
      annulata, 1182.
      _bimarginata_, 1295.
      _cassis_, 1301.
      circularis, 1181.
      clathrata, 1182.
      _cullaris_, 1290.
      curvata, 1183.
      distenta, 1181.
      granulata, 1182.
      hexagona, 1180.
      _longiseta_, 1294.
      mitra, 1181.
      _obtusa_, 1308.
      _orthoceras_, 1294.
      _profunda_, 1284.
      _pseudoprofunda_, 1762.
      _pseudoclathrata_, 1762.
      _quadratella_, 1254.
      _scalaris_, 1203.
      sethoconus, 1180.
      _spiniceps_, 1303.
      spiralis, 1183.
      stiligera, 1181.
      stylophaena, 1182.
      _trichostyla_, 1294.
      _trochus_, 1293.
      _tumens_, 1182.
      _verrucosa_, 1293.
  Cornutellium, 1180.
  Cornutissa, 1181.
  Cornutosa, 1183.
      _clathrata_, 1183.
  Corocalyptra, 1322.
      agnesae, 1323.
      elisabethae, 1323.
      emmae, 1323.
      ludovicae, 1324.
      margarethae, 1323.
  COROCYRTIDA, 1129.
  CORONIDA, 967.
  Coronidium, 973.
      acacia, 975.
      cervicorne, 974.
      diadema, 974.
      dyostephanus, 974.
  Coronophaena, 1178.
  Coronosphaera, 117.
      diadema, 117.
      calycina, 117.
      convolvulus, 117.
  Cortina, 950.
      cervina, 952.
      conifera, 951.
      dendroides, 951.
      furcata, 951.
      tripus, 950.
      typus, 951.
  Cortinetta, 1667.
      cortiniscus, 1667.
      tripodiscus, 1667.
  CORTINIDA, 950.
  CORTINISCIDA, 963.
  Cortiniscus, 963.
      dipylaris, 964.
      tetrapylaris, 964.
      tripodiscus, 963.
      tripylaris, 964.
      typicus, 964.
  Corythospyris, 1057.
  Coscinasparium, 826.
  Coscinaspidium, 828.
  Coscinaspis, 826.
      ceriopora, 826.
      coscinopora, 826.
      isopora, 828.
      orthopora, 827.
      parmipora, 827.
      peripora, 825.
      polypora, 827.
      rhacopora, 827.
      stigmopora, 826.
  Coscinomma, 222.
      amphisiphon, 222.
      ectosiphon, 222.
      endosiphon, 223.
      macrosiphon, 223.
  COSCINOMMIDA, 209.
  _Craniaspis_, 827.
      _parmipora_, 827.
  Craspedilium, 1247.
      _eupilium_, 1247.
  Craspedomma, 77.
  CRICOIDEA, 889.
  Cromyatractus, 335.
      ceparius, 336.
      cepicius, 336.
      tetracelyphus, 335.
      tetralepus, 335.
      tetraphractus, 335.
  Cromyechinus, 263.
      dodecacanthus, 264.
      icosacanthus, 263.
      polyacanthus, 264.
  Cromyocarpus, 318.
      quadrifarius, 318.
  Cromyodruppa, 317.
      cepa, 317.
      mango, 318.
  Cromyodrymus, 264.
      abietinus, 265.
      quadricuspis, 264.
  Cromyomma, 261.
      circumtextum, 262.
      macroporum, 262.
      mucronatum, 263.
      perplexum, 261.
      perspicuum, 262.
      quadruplex, 262.
      villosum, 261.
      zonaster, 261.
  CROMYOMMIDA, 260.
  Cromyosphaera, 85.
      antarctica, 85.
      bigemina, 85.
      cepa, 85.
      _perspicua_, 262.
      quadruplex, 84.
      rosetta, 84.
      scorodonium, 85.
  CROMYOSPHAERIDA, 84.
  Cromyostaurus, 167.
      verticillatus, 167.
  CROMYOSTYLIDA, 146.
  Cromyostylus, 147.
      gladius, 147.
  Crucidiscus, 415.
      cruciatus, 416.
      cuspidatus, 416.
      echinatus, 416.
      endostaurus, 416.
  Cryptocapsa, 1312.
      bacca, 1313.
      pila, 1313.
  Cryptocephalus, 1252.
      favosus, 1252.
  _Cryptoprora_, 1252.
      _microstoma_, 1252.
      _ornata_, 1375.
      _plutonis_, 1252.
      _polyptera_, 1283.
  Cubaxonium, 204.
      octahedrum, 204.
      spongiosum, 204.
  Cubosphaera, 203.
      concentrica, 203.
      cubaxonia, 203.
  CUBOSPHAERIDA, 169.
  CUBOTHOLIDA, 677.
  Cubotholonium, 682.
      ellipsoides, 682.
      sphaeroides, 682.
  Cubotholus, 680.
      octoceras, 681.
      quadraticus, 680.
      regularis, 680.
      rhombicus, 681.
  Cycladophora, 1376.
      campanula, 1379.
      _davisiana_, 1437.
      _discoides_, 1397.
      dodecapleura, 1378.
      enneapleura, 1378.
      _erinaceus_, 1383.
      favosa, 1380.
      fenestrata, 1390.
      goetheana, 1375.
      _gigas_, 1384.
      hexapleura, 1377.
      lanterna, 1377.
      nonagona, 1378.
      pantheon, 1379.
      pyramidalis, 1377.
      spatiosa, 1379.
      spinosa, 1378.
      stiligera, 1380.
      _tabulata_, 1293.
      tetrapleura, 1376.
  Cyclampterium, 1371.
  Cyclamptidium, 1380.
  CYCLODISCARIA, 409.
  Cypassis, 366.
      entomocora, 367.
      eucolpos, 367.
      halicora, 368.
      palliata, 366.
      puella, 367.
  Cyphanta, 360.
      arachnoides, 361.
      circopora, 361.
      colpodes, 361.
      hispida, 362.
      hystrix, 362.
      laevis, 361.
  CYPHINIDA, 359.
  Cyphinidium, 371.
      _amphilophus_, 370.
      amphistylium, 371.
      apicatum, 371.
      coronatum, 372.
  Cyphinoma, 369.
  Cyphinura, 370.
  Cyphinus, 369.
      amphacanthus, 369.
      amphilophus, 370.
      dixiphus, 370.
      penicillatus, 370.
  Cyphocolpus, 368.
      didymus, 368.
      virginis, 369.
  Cyphonium, 363.
      diattus, 364.
      ceratospyris, 366.
      coscinoides, 363.
      cribellum, 365.
      ethmarium, 363.
      facettarium, 365.
      hexagonium, 364.
      mammarium, 364.
      profundum, 365.
      trinacrium, 364.
      virgineum, 363.
  CYRTELLARIA, 1015.
  CYRTIDA, 1126.
  Cyrtidosphaera, 65.
      _echinoides_, 214.
      _reticulata_, 66.
  CYRTOCALPIDA, 1178.
  Cyrtocalpis, 1185.
      amphora, 1186.
      _cassis_, 1301.
      compacta, 1187.
      gromia, 1188.
      lithomitra, 1187.
      obliqua, 1187.
      ovulum, 1187.
      reticulum, 1186.
      sethopora, 1187.
      urceolus, 1186.
      urna, 1186.
  Cyrtocapsa, 1512.
      chrysalidium, 1515.
      colatractus, 1414.
      compacta, 1512.
      cornuta, 1513.
      costata, 1514.
      diploconus, 1513.
      fusulus, 1514.
      incrassata, 1514.
      inflata, 1513.
      pyrum, 1513.
      tetrapera, 1512.
  Cyrtocapsella, 1512.
  Cyrtocapsoma, 1514.
  Cyrtocorys, 1457.
  CYRTOIDEA, 1126.
  Cyrtolagena, 1451.
      _laguncula_, 1451.
  Cyrtopera, 1450.
      gasteroptera, 1451.
      lagenella, 1451.
      laguncula, 1451.
      ornithoptera, 1450.
      thoracoptera, 1450.
  Cyrtophormis, 1459.
      aculeata, 1461.
      acutata, 1461.
      armata, 1460.
      cingulata, 1460.
      cornuta, 1462.
      corona, 1462.
      cylindrica, 1461.
      fimbriata, 1462.
      ovata, 1460.
      turricula, 1463.
      turrita, 1462.
  Cyrtophormiscus, 1460.
  Cyrtophormium, 1460.
  Cyrtostrobus, 1471.
  Cystidium, 897.
      inerme, 897.
      lecythium, 897.
      princeps, 897.
  Cystophormis, 1165.
      aerostatica, 1166.
      pila, 1165.
      spiralis, 1166.
      tabulata, 1166.
  CYTOPHORA, 1.

  Dendrocircus, 948.
      arborescens, 949.
      barbadensis, 950.
      dodecancistra, 949.
      dodecarrhiza, 949.
      elegans, 949.
      quadrangulus, 948.
      stalactites, 950.
  Dendrospyris, 1038.
      arborescens, 1040.
      bibrachiata, 1039.
      dirrhiza, 1039.
      furcata, 1039.
      polyrrhiza, 1039.
      ramosa, 1040.
      stylophora, 1038.
  Dermatosphaera, 1763.
  Desmartus, 398.
      larvalis, 398.
      tubulatus, 399.
  Desmocampe, 397.
      aphrodite, 397.
      atractus, 398.
      catenula, 397.
      taenioides, 397.
  DESMOCAMPIDA, 392.
  Desmospyris, 1089.
      anthocyrtoides, 1090.
      carpocanium, 1090.
      cyrtocolpos, 1090.
      mammillata, 1089.
  Dicolocapsa, 1312.
      megacephala, 1312.
      microcephala, 1312
      platycephala, 1312.
  Dicranastrum, 550.
      antilope, 551.
      bifurcatum, 552.
      cornutum, 551.
      dichotomum, 550.
      furcatum, 550.
      tricuspis, 551.
      trifarium, 552.
      wyvillei, 551.
  Dictyastrella, 524.
  Dictyastromma, 525.
  Dictyastrum, 524.
      aculeatum, 526.
      angulatum, 524.
      bandaicum, 525.
      hexagonum, 525.
      _lyra_, 538.
      _taumorphum_, 537.
      triactis, 526.
      trirrhopalum, 525.
      trispinosum, 525.
      _velatum_, 545.
  Dictyaspis, 865.
      compacta, 865.
      favosa, 865.
      solidissima, 865.
  _Dictyatractus_, 1361.
      _fenestratus_, 1361.
  Dictyocephalus, 1305.
      amphora, 1305.
      ampulla, 1308.
      australis, 1306.
      capito, 1309.
      cavea, 1309.
      crassiceps, 1306.
      excellens, 1306.
      _galeatus_, 1208.
      globiceps, 1308.
      hispidus, 1309.
      _larvatus_, 1292.
      mediterraneus, 1307.
      obtusus, 1308.
      ocellatus, 1306.
      papillosus, 1307.
      reticulum, 1307.
      tabulatus, 1307.
      urceolus, 1305.
  Dictyoceras, 1324.
      bombus, 1325.
      formica, 1325.
      insectum, 1324.
      melitta, 1325.
      virchowii, 1325.
  Dictyocha, 1557.
      _abnormis_, 1561.
      _abyssorum_, 1559.
      _aculeata_, 1565.
      _anacantha_, 1565.
      _asteroides_, 1564.
      _binoculus_, 1565.
      _bipartita_, 1563.
      _bisternaria_, 1565.
      _corona_, 1566.
      _crux_, 1563.
      _cyrtoides_, 1569.
      _diadema_, 1567.
      _diommata_, 1565.
      _elegans_, 1564.
      _elliptica_, 1556.
      epiodon, 1561.
      _erebi_, 1565.
      fibula, 1561.
      _haliomma_, 1565.
      _hemisphaerica_, 1569.
      _heptacanthus_, 1568.
      _hexathyra_, 1565.
      medusa, 1560.
      _mesophthalma_, 1563.
      messanensis, 1561.
      navicula, 1559.
      _octonaria_, 1566.
      _ornamentum_, 1565.
      _pentasterias_, 1564.
      _polyactis_, 1566.
      pons, 1559.
      _ponticulus_, 1559.
      quadrata, 1559.
      _quinaria_, 1564.
      rhombus, 1562.
      _septenaria_, 1566..
      _sirius_, 1566.
      _speculum_, 1565.
      stapedia, 1561.
      _stauracanthus_, 1566.
      staurodon, 1560.
      _stella_, 1565.
      _superstructa_, 1568.
      _tenella_, 1561.
      _triacantha_, 1559.
      _triactis_, 1559.
      _triangula_, 1555.
      _trifenestrata_, 1559.
      trigona, 1764.
      triommata, 1559.
      tripyla, 1560.
      _ubera_, 1565.
  DICTYOCHIDA, 1554.
  Dictyocodon, 1334.
      annasethe, 1334.
      carolotae, 1335.
      palladius, 1335.
      prometheus, 1336.
  Dictyocoryne, 592.
      agrigentina, 593.
      charybdaea, 593.
      echinata, 594.
      euchitonia, 592.
      pentagona, 593.
      profunda, 592.
      tetradiscus, 592.
      tetras, 597.
      trigona, 593.
  Dictyocryphalus, 1308.
  Dictyomitra, 1476.
      articulata, 1476.
      conica, 1477.
      costata, 1478.
      demersissima, 1478.
      ehrenbergii, 1422.
      eurythorax, 1477.
      lineata, 1484.
      macilenta, 1476.
      microcephala, 1477.
      multicostata, 1478.
      polypora, 1477.
      punctata, 1486.
      ventricosa, 1503.
  Dictyomitrella, 1476.
  Dictyomitrissa, 1477.
  Dictyomitroma, 1478.
  Dictyophimium, 1195.
  Dictyophimus, 1195.
      arabicus, 1198.
      bicornis, 1200.
      brandtii, 1198.
      buetschlii, 1201.
      challengeri, 1196.
      cienkowskii, 1200.
      cortina, 1197.
      craticula, 1196.
      gracilipes, 1197.
      hamosus, 1199.
      hertwigii, 1201.
      lasanum, 1197.
      longipes, 1197.
      lucerna, 1199.
      platycephalus, 1198.
      plectaniscus, 1196.
      pocillum, 1200.
      pyramis, 1196.
      sphaerocephalus, 1195.
      tridentatus, 1199.
      tripus, 1195.
      triserratus, 1200.
  Dictyoplegma, 90.
      _spongiosum_, 90.
  Dictyopodium, 1352.
      _bicorne_, 1332.
      _challengeri_, 1231.
      cothurnatum, 1353.
      _eucolpum_, 1332.
      eurylophus, 1352.
      oxylophus, 1353.
      scaphopodium, 1353.
      thyrsolophus, 1354.
      _trilobum_, 1333.
  Dictyoprona, 1250.
  Dictyoprora, 1305.
  _Dictyosoma_, 90.
      _spongiosum_, 90.
      _trigonizon_, 1612.
  Dictyospyrantha, 1073.
  Dictyospyrella, 1074.
  Dictyospyris, 1073.
      anthophora, 1076.
      biloba, 1074.
      _clathrata_, 1049.
      _clathrus_, 1049.
      distoma, 1073.
      enneastoma, 1077.
      fenestra, 1075.
      gigas, 1075.
      hexastoma, 1077.
      mammillaris, 1076.
      messanensis, 1076.
      polystoma, 1077.
      quadriloba, 1076.
      _reticulata_, 1096.
      _sphaera_, 1400.
      spinulosa, 1075.
      stalactites, 1073.
      tetrastoma, 1075.
      _tridentata_, 1072.
      triloba, 1074.
      triomma, 1074.
      tristoma, 1074.
  Dictyospyrissa, 1075.
  Dictyospyromma, 1076.
  DICYRTIDA, 1192.
  Didymocyrtis, 364.
      _ceratospyris_, 366.
      _entomocora_, 367.
      _hexagonia_, 364.
      _faceta_, 365.
  Didymospyris, 367.
      _colpodes_, 367.
      _entomocora_, 367.
  Dioniscus, 486.
  Diplactinium, 470.
  Diplactura, 469.
      diplobrachia, 469.
      diploconus, 470.
  Diplacterium, 469.
  DIPLOCONIDA, 881.
  Diploconium, 886.
  Diploconulus, 885.
  Diploconus, 885.
      amalla, 885.
      cotyliscus, 886.
      cyathiscus, 885.
      cylindrus, 885.
      fasces, 886.
      hexaphyllus, 886.
      saturnus, 886.
  Diplocolpium, 887.
  Diplocolpulus, 880.
  Diplocolpus, 887.
      costatus, 887.
      cristatus, 887.
      dentatus, 888.
      serratus, 888.
      sulcatus, 888.
  Diplocyclas, 1392.
      bicincta, 1393.
      bicorona, 1392.
      bizonalis, 1373.
  DIPLOPHRACTA, 847.
  Diplosphaera, 246.
      denticulata, 247.
      dictyota, 247.
      gracilis, 247.
      hexagonalis, 246.
      ornata, 246.
      polygonalis, 247.
      reticulata, 248.
      _spinosa_, 245.
      _stellata_, 251.
      triglochin, 248.
  DIPLOSPHAERIDA, 230.
  DIPLOZONARIA, 640.
  Dipocoronis, 980.
  Dipocubus, 993.
  Diporasparium, 816.
  DIPORASPIDA, 808.
  Diporaspidium, 817.
  Diporaspis, 816.
      circopora, 816.
      nephropora, 816.
      zygopora, 817.
  DIPOSPYRIDA, 1035.
  Dipospyris, 1036.
      bipes, 1036.
      chelifer, 1037.
      cubus, 1036.
      forcipata, 1037.
      irregularis, 1037.
      mystax, 1036.
      sigmopodium, 1037.
  DISCIDA, 402.
  DISCOIDEA, 402.
  DISCOPYLIDA, 571.
  Discospira, 495.
      _accrescens_, 499.
      _bilix_, 496.
      _deformis_, 498.
      _duplex_, 497.
      _helicoides_, 496.
      _operculina_, 496.
      _spiralis_, 496.
  DISCOSPIRIDA, 481.
  Discopyle, 573.
      elliptica, 573.
      osculata, 573.
  Discozonium, 571.
      cyclonium, 571.
      hexagonium, 572.
      trigonium, 572.
  Disolenia, 113.
  Distephanolithis, 970.
  Distephanus, 1562.
      aculeatus, 1565.
      asteroides, 1564.
      corona, 1566.
      crux, 1563.
      diadema, 1567.
      mesophthalmus, 1563.
      octogonius, 1567.
      octonarius, 1566.
      ornamentum, 1565.
      pentasterias, 1564.
      _rotundus_, 1565.
      sirius, 1566.
      speculum, 1565.
      stauracanthus, 1564.
  Distriactis, 436.
      alternatus, 437.
      amphithectus, 437.
      corallanthus, 437.
      lirianthus, 436.
      palmanthus, 437.
  Dizonium, 635.
      amphacanthum, 636.
      circulare, 635.
      ellipticum, 635.
      octacanthum, 636.
      pleuracanthum, 636.
      stauracanthum, 636.
      transversum, 635.
  Dodecaspis, 834.
      tricinata, 834.
      trizonia, 835.
  Doracantha, 756.
      dorataspis, 756.
  Doratasparium, 813.
  DORATASPIDA, 802.
  Dorataspidium, 814.
  Dorataspis, 813.
      _bipennis_, 809.
      _cataphracta_, 810.
      _costata_, 812.
      _diodon_, 837.
      fusigera, 813.
      gladiata, 815.
      loricata, 814.
      macracantha, 814.
      macropora, 814.
      micropora, 815.
      _parmipora_, 827.
      _polyancistra_, 840.
      polypora, 815.
      typica, 815.
      _solidissima_, 865.
  Dorcadospyris, 1040.
      antilope, 1041.
      decussata, 1041.
      dentata, 1040.
      dinoceras, 1041.
      lunulata, 1041.
  Dorypelta, 857.
      dodecaspis, 858.
      furcata, 857.
      gladiata, 857.
      lithoptera, 858.
      ramosa, 857.
      stauroptera, 857.
      tessaraspis, 858.
      tetrodon, 857.
  Dorypeltarium, 856.
  Dorypeltidium, 857.
  Dorypeltonium, 858.
  Druppatractus, 324.
      accipenser, 325.
      belone, 325.
      coronatus, 326.
      diodon, 327.
      hippocampus, 324.
      ichthydium, 324.
      laevis, 327.
      pisciculus, 328.
      ostracion, 326.
      testudo, 325.
      xiphias, 327.
  Druppocarpus, 311.
      ananassa, 311.
      borassus, 312.
      castanea, 311.
      chamaerops, 312.
      corypha, 312.
  Druppula, 308.
      areca, 309.
      caryota, 309.
      cocos, 308.
      drupa, 308.
      elliptica, 310.
      nucula, 310.
      oliva, 310.
      ovata, 309.
      pandanus, 308.
      phoenix, 308.
      prunum, 310.
  DRUPPULIDA, 306.
  Drymosphaera, 248.
      cladophora, 249.
      dendrophora, 249.
      furcata, 249.
      hexagonalis, 248.
      polygonalis, 249.
  Drymospira, 694.
  DYOPRUNIDA, 288.
  DYOSPHAERIDA, 52.
  DYOSTEPHIDA, 932.
  Dyscollosphaera, 96.
  DYSTYMPANIDA, 1006.
  Dystympanium, 1006.
      dictyocha, 1007.
      distephanus, 1007.
      medusa, 1007.

  Echinactura, 480.
      asteriscus, 480.
      culcita, 480.
      goniaster, 480.
  Echinaspis, 833.
      diadema, 833.
      dichotoma, 832.
      echinoides, 833.
  Echinocalpis, 1170.
  Echinocapsa, 1190.
  ECHINOCYSTIDA, 1.
  Echinomma, 257.
      aculeatum, 258.
      cidaris, 257.
      diadema, 258.
      echinidium, 257.
      sphaerechinus, 258.
      toxopneustes, 259.
      trinacrium, 258.
  _Echinosphaera_, 638.
      _datura_, 638.
  ECTOLITHIA, lxxii.
  Elaphococcus, 227.
      cervicornis, 228.
      dichotomus, 229.
      drymodes, 229.
      elaphoceras, 228.
      furcatus, 228.
      umbellatus, 229.
      umbellifer, 228.
  Elaphospyris, 1056.
      alcicornis, 1057.
      capricornis, 1056.
      cervicornis, 1057.
      damaecornis, 1057.
      heptaceros, 1056.
  Elatomma, 242.
      irregulare, 243.
      juniperinum, 243.
      penicillus, 243.
      pinetum, 242.
      scoparium, 242.
  ELLIPSIDA, 299.
  Ellipsidium, 294.
      artocarpus, 294.
      datura, 294.
      echinidium, 295.
      opuntia, 295.
      pandanidium, 294.
  Ellipsostylus, 299.
      aquila, 300.
      avicularis, 299.
      ciconia, 300.
      columba, 300.
      gallinula, 301.
      hirundo, 301.
      megadictya, 301.
      ornithoides, 299.
      psittacus, 300.
  Ellipsoxiphus, 296.
      atractus, 298.
      bipolaris, 287.
      claviger, 297.
      elegans, 296.
      flosculus, 296.
      fragilis, 296.
      parvoforaminus, 297.
      suessi, 297.
  Ennealacorys, 1374.
  Enneaphormis, 1246.
      _rotula_, 1246.
  _Enneaplegma_, 929.
      _enneacantha_, 929.
  Enneapleuris, 1257.
  Entocannula, 1660.
      circularis, 1661.
      hirsuta, 1661.
      infundibulum, 1661.
      subglobosa, 1661.
  ENTOLITHIA, lxxii.
  Ethmosphaera, 69.
      conosiphonia, 69.
      leptosiphonia, 70.
      macrosiphonia, 70.
      minuta, 1762.
      pachysiphonia, 70.
      polysiphonia, 70.
      siphonophora, 69.
      siphonophorites, 1762.
      stenosiphonia, 70.
      vulgaris, 1762.
  ETHMOSPHAERIDA, 61.
  Eucecryphalium, 1221.
  Eucecryphalus, 1220.
      campanella, 1223.
      corocalyptra, 1221.
      cuvieri, 1222.
      gegenbauri, 1222.
      halicalyptra, 1221.
      _huxleyi_, 1215.
      _laevis_, 1213.
      muelleri, 1222.
      _schultzei_, 1216.
  Euchitonia, 532.
      acuta, 536.
      amoena, 1762.
      beckmannii, 534.
      carcinus, 535.
      clathrata, 1762.
      crevolensis, 1762.
      cruciata, 533.
      dubia, 1762.
      echinata, 536.
      elegans, 535.
      _euclidis_, 531.
      furcata, 532.
      _gegenbauri_, 439.
      grandis, 1762.
      _leydigii_, 530.
      _koellikeri_, 530.
      _krohnii_, 539.
      lanceolata, 434.
      muelleri, 533.
      muellerites, 1762.
      stoehrii, 534.
      triangulum, 533.
      virchowii, 535.
      ypsiloides, 536.
      zittelii, 534.
  EUCHITONIDA, 516.
  Eucollosphaera, 95.
  EUCORONIDA, 976.
  Eucoronis, 976.
      angulata, 978.
      arborescens, 978.
      cervicornis, 978.
      challengeri, 978.
      laevigata, 977.
      nephrospyris, 977.
      perspicillum, 977.
  EUCYRTIDINA, 1127.
  Eucyrtidium, 1487.
      _acanthocephalum_, 1421.
      _acephalum_, 1484.
      _acuminatum_, 1488.
      _acutatum_, 1461.
      _aegaeum_, 1400.
      _alauda_, 1418.
      _amplum_, 1402.
      _ampulla_, 1251.
      _annulatum_, 1481.
      _anomalum_, 1492.
      anthophorum, 1497.
      _antilope_, 1404.
      _apiculatum_, 1404.
      _aquilonare_, 1504.
      _arctum_, 1414.
      _argus_, 1472.
      _armadillo_, 1302.
      armatum, 1495.
      _articulatum_, 1476.
      _asperum_, 1408.
      _attenuatum_, 1417.
      _auritum_, 1482.
      _australe_, 1487.
      _barbadense_, 1406.
      _biauritum_, 1411.
      _bicorne_, 1421.
      buetschlii, 1492.
      _campanulatum_, 1400.
      _cancrinum_, 1299.
      _carinatum_, 1316.
      _cassis_, 1424.
      _cervus_, 1292.
      chrysalidium, 1490.
      cienkowskii, 1493.
      _compactum_, 1512.
      conostoma, 1495.
      _cornutella_, 1473.
      _coronatum_, 1411.
      _cranoides_, 1322.
      _crassiceps_, 1306.
      _creticum_, 1415.
      _cryptocephalum_, 1426.
      _cryptoprora_, 1423.
      _cuspidatum_, 1473.
      _cylindricum_, 1406.
      _davisianum_, 1437.
      _demersissimum_, 1478.
      _diaphanum_, 1505.
      doliolum, 1489.
      ehrenbergii, 1495.
      _elegans_, 1406.
      elongatum, 1493.
      _embolum_, 1369.
      eruca, 1493.
      _euporum_, 1502.
      _excellens_, 1306.
      _fastosum_, 1369.
      _ficus_, 1403.
      _fistuligerum_, 1498.
      fusiforme, 1489.
      galatheae, 1492.
      galea, 1492.
      _gemmatum_, 1425.
      _gracile_, 1295.
      hertwigii, 1491.
      _heteroporum_, 1506.
      hexagonatum, 1489.
      _hillaby_, 1402.
      _hispidum_, 1506.
      _hyperboreum_, 1486.
      _imbricatum_, 1483.
      _incrassatum_, 1514.
      _increscens_, 1506.
      _infraculeatum_, 1519.
      lagena, 1491.
      _lagenoides_, 1498.
      _lineatum_, 1484.
      _macilentum_, 1476.
      _megaloporum_, 1425.
      _microcephalum_, 1477.
      _microporum_, 1474.
      _microtheca_, 1407.
      _mongolfieri_, 1251.
      montiparum, 1493.
      _multiseriatum_, 1505.
      _nassa_, 1293.
      _nereidum_, 1502.
      _nucula_, 1423.
      _obstipum_, 1484.
      _ocellatum_, 1306.
      ovatum, 1495.
      _pachyderma_, 1483.
      _papillosum_, 1307.
      _pauperum_, 1482.
      _picus_, 1472.
      _pirum_, 1423.
      _platycephalum_, 1502.
      _pleuracanthum_, 1300.
      profundissimum, 1480.
      _punctatum_, 1486.
      _pupa_, 1412.
      _pusillum_, 1406.
      _quadrarticulatum_, 1504.
      _raphanus_, 1498.
      _reticulum_, 1307.
      scalarium, 1484.
      _scolopax_, 1416.
      _seriolatum_, 1486.
      _sipho_, 1497.
      _sphaerophilum_, 1418.
      spinosum, 1490.
      _stephanophorum_, 1410.
      stoehrii, 1494.
      _subacutum_, 1300.
      teuscheri, 1491.
      _tornatum_, 1473.
      _trachelium_, 1405.
      tricinctum, 1464.
      _trochus_, 1280.
      tropezianum, 1488.
      _tumidulum_, 1506.
      _turgidulum_, 1415.
      _versipellis_, 1425.
      _zancleum_, 1399.
      _zanguebaricum_, 1400.
  Eucyrtis, 1488.
  Eucyrtomphalus, 1221.
  Euphysetta, 1670.
      amphicodon, 1670.
      hybocodon, 1670.
      staurocodon, 1670.
  EUPHYSETTIDA, 1666.
  Euscenarium, 1146.
  Euscenidium, 1147.
  Euscenium, 1146.
      archicyrtis, 1146.
      furcatum, 1147.
      hemisphaericum, 1147.
      plectaniscus, 1146.
      quadratum, 1148.
      ramosum, 1148.
      tricolpium, 1147.
      tripospyris, 1147.
  Eusyringium, 1496.
      cannostoma, 1499.
      conosiphon, 1496.
      fistuligerum, 1498.
      lagenoides, 1498.
      leptosiphon, 1497.
      macrosiphon, 1487.
      pachysiphon, 1496.
      rhaphanus, 1498.
      sipho, 1497.
      siphonostoma, 1499.
  EUTYMPANIDA, 1007.
  Eutympanium, 1013.
      coronarium, 1014.
      dodecarium, 1014.
      militare, 1014.
      musicantum, 1013.
      octonarium, 1014.

  _Flustrella_, 492.
      _bilobata_, 527.
      _concentrica_, 492.
      _cyclia_, 494.
      _haliomma_, 692.
      _macropora_, 493.
      _micromma_, 1761.
      _spiralis_, 496.

  Gamospyris, 1042.
      annulus, 1042.
      circulus, 1042.
  Gazelletta, 1670.
      bifurca, 1672.
      cyrtonema, 1671.
      dendronema, 1674.
      furcata, 1672.
      hexanema, 1671.
      macronema, 1671.
      melusina, 1674.
      orthonema, 1671.
      pectinata, 1672.
      penicillata, 1672.
      pinnata, 1672.
      robusta, 1673.
      schleinitzii, 1673.
      studeri, 1673.
      trispathilla, 1673.
  GAZELLETTIDA, 1666.
  Giraffospyris, 1056.
      _heptaceros_, 1076.
  Gorgonetta, 1675.
      bisenaria, 1675.
      carmarina, 1675.
      geryonia, 1675.
      mirabilis, 1674.
  Gorgospyris, 1069.
      ehrenbergii, 1070.
      eurycolpos, 1071.
      lamellosa, 1071.
      liriope, 1071.
      medusa, 1070.
      medusetta, 1070.
      polypus, 1070.
      schizopodia, 1071.
      thamnopodia, 1071.
  Gorgospyrium, 1070.

  Haeckeliana, 1702.
      darwiniana, 1702.
      goetheana, 1702.
      maxima, 1701.
      lamarckiana, 1701.
      murrayana, 1702.
      porcellana, 1701.
  HAECKELINIDA, 1700.
  Hagiastrum, 542.
      bramae, 543.
      buddhae, 542.
      christi, 543.
      _cornutum_, 551.
      mohammedis, 543.
      mosis, 543.
      _rhopalophorum_, 541.
  Halicapsa, 1189.
      hystrix, 1191.
      lithapium, 1190.
      papillata, 1190.
      prunoides, 1190.
      pyriformis, 1191.
      triglochin, 1190.
  Halicalyptra, 1168.
      ampulla, 1169.
      campanula, 1169.
      _cancellata_, 1167.
      castanella, 1170.
      _cornuta_, 1398.
      _fimbriata_, 1387.
      _galea_, 1136.
      novena, 1169.
      _orci_, 1397.
      petalospyris, 1169.
      _setosa_, 1280.
      spinosa, 1170.
      virginica, 1169.
  HALICALYPTRINA, 1127.
  Haliomma, 230.
      _amphiaspis_, 1761.
      _amphidiscus_, 447.
      _amphisiphon_, 374.
      antarcticum, 238.
      _apertum_, 159.
      _apiculatum_, 73.
      arachnium, 230.
      _asperum_, 344.
      _asteracanthion_, 196.
      beroes, 238.
      boreale, 237.
      capense, 235.
      capillaceum, 236.
      castanea, 232.
      _cenosphaera_, 291.
      circumtextum, 233.
      clavatum, 239.
      compactum, 239.
      _contiguum_, 439.
      _crenatum_, 314.
      datura, 232.
      denticulatum, 235.
      _didymocyrtis_, 366.
      _didymum_, 367.
      _dixyphos_, 135.
      duodecinum, 233.
      _echinaster_, 240.
      _echinoides_, 842.
      _ellipticum_, 310.
      enneaxiphos, 234.
      _entactinia_, 74.
      erinaceum, 236.
      favosum, 231.
      _gracile_, 1761.
      grande, 235.
      _helianthus_, 446.
      _hexacanthum_, 184.
      hexagonium, 230.
      _hexagonum_, 138.
      hispidum, 136.
      horridum, 232.
      _humboldtii_, 449.
      _hystrix_, 854.
      _inerme_, 80.
      _infundibuliforme_, 72.
      _lagena_, 527.
      _lens_, 1761.
      ligurinum, 1764.
      lirianthus, 232.
      longispinum, 235.
      macrodoras, 238.
      _medusa_, 80.
      megaporum, 233.
      melitomma, 231.
      _modestum_, 74.
      _nitidum_, 1761.
      _oblongum_, 1761.
      _octacanthum_, 442.
      _oculatum_, 234.
      _ovatum_, 309.
      patagonicum, 239.
      permagnum, 239.
      _perspicuum_, 162.
      _phacodiscus_, 447.
      _polyacanthum_, 350.
      _pyriforme_, 1191.
      _quadruplex_, 262.
      _radians_, 423.
      _radiatum_, 423.
      _radicatum_, 1051.
      regulare, 231.
      rhodococcus, 237.
      _scutum_, 1761.
      _sexaculeatum_, 186.
      _sol_, 446.
      spinulosum, 237.
      _tabulatum_, 871.
      tenellum, 236.
      tenuispinum, 234.
      _tetracanthum_, 164.
      _triactis_, 432.
      _trinacrium_, 254.
      _triplex_, 314.
      _umbonatum_, 449.
      _virginicum_, 1169.
      wyvillei, 238.
  Haliommantha, 230.
  HALIOMMATIDA, 230.
  _Haliommatidium_, 842.
      _echinoides_, 842.
      _fenestratum_, 869.
      _ligurinum_, 1764.
      _muelleri_, 871.
      _tetragonopum_, 845.
  HALIOMMATINA, 51.
  Haliommetta, 233.
  HALIOMMIDA, 230.
  Haliommilla, 236.
  Haliommura, 237.
  Haliphormis, 1166.
      costata, 1167.
      lagena, 1167.
  HAPLOPHRACTA, 847.
  HAPLOZONARIA, 632.
  Heliocladus, 451.
      _dendrophorus_, 451.
      _furcatus_, 451.
  Heliodendrum, 452.
  HELIODISCIDA, 444.
  Heliodiscus, 444.
      amphidiscus, 447.
      apollinis, 450.
      asteriscus, 445.
      cingillum, 448.
      echiniscus, 448.
      glyphodon, 446.
      _grottense_, 451.
      helianthus, 446.
      humboldti, 449.
      marginatus, 449.
      _medusinus_, 438.
      pertusus, 448.
      phacodiscus, 447.
      polymorphus, 447.
      siculus, 446.
      simplex, 1762.
      sol, 446.
      solaster, 447.
      sulcatus, 449.
      trigonodon, 445.
      trochiscus, 445.
      umbonatus, 449.
      zoroaster, 450.
  Heliodrymus, 450.
      dendrocyclus, 451.
      furcatus, 451.
      grottensis, 451.
      setosus, 452.
      ramosus, 452.
      viminalis, 452.
  HELIOSESTRIDA, 427.
  Heliosestrum, 438.
      aegineta, 440.
      contiguum, 439.
      craspedotum, 441.
      _glyphodon_, 446.
      irregulare, 440.
      liriope, 439.
      medusinum, 438.
      octagonium, 441.
      octangulum, 441.
      octastrum, 438.
      octonum, 440.
      quadrigeminum, 439.
      solarium, 439.
  Heliosoma, 240.
      duodecilla, 241.
      echinaster, 240.
      elegans, 240.
      hastatum, 241.
      indicum, 241.
      radians, 240.
  Heliosphaera, 217.
      actinota, 218.
      castenella, 219.
      coronata, 219.
      cristata, 219.
      echinoides, 218.
      echinoidites, 1762.
      elector, 220.
      elegans, 218.
      floribunda, 219.
      heteracantha, 220.
      hexagonaria, 217.
      hyperionis, 220.
      _inermis_, 62.
      _insignis_, 212.
      pectinata, 218.
      polygonaria, 220.
      solaris, 221.
      _tenuissima_, 210.
  HELIOSPHAERIDA, 209.
  Heliostaurus, 434.
      _cruciatus_, 434.
  Heliostylus, 429.
      _dentatus_, 429.
      _serratus_, 429.
  _Heptaplegma_, 929.
      _heptacantha_, 929.
  HEXACARYIDA, 202.
  Hexacaryum, 203.
      arborescens, 203.
  Hexacolparium, 880.
  Hexacolpidium, 880.
  Hexacolpus, 880.
      conifer, 880.
      dodecodus, 881.
      infundibulum, 881.
      nivalis, 880.
      trypanon, 881.
  Hexaconarium, 876.
  Hexaconidium, 877.
  Hexacontarium, 200.
      dentatum, 200.
      clavatum, 200.
  HEXACONTIDA, 191.
  Hexacontium, 192.
      antarcticum, 197.
      asteracanthion, 196.
      axophaenum, 196.
      axotrias, 192.
      circumtextum, 193.
      clavigerum, 195.
      drymodes, 198.
      favosum, 194.
      floridum, 195.
      furcatum, 198.
      gladiatum, 198.
      hexaconicum, 196.
      hexactis, 192.
      hexagonale, 194.
      laevigatum, 193.
      octahedrum, 193.
      papillosum, 197.
      periplectum, 199.
      phaenaxonium, 192.
      polygonale, 197.
      prionacanthum, 195.
      sceptrum, 194.
      setosum, 198.
      triplosphaerium, 193.
  Hexaconus, 876.
      ciliatus, 876.
      coronatus, 877.
      echinatus, 878.
      serratus, 877.
      vaginatus, 877.
      velatus, 877.
  Hexacorethra, 1048.
      _magica_, 1048.
  Hexacoronis, 981.
  _Hexacromidium_, 202.
      _arachnoides_, 202.
  HEXACROMYIDA, 201.
  Hexacromyum, 201.
      arachnoides, 202.
      _cubaxonium_, 303.
      elegans, 201.
      octahedrum, 202.
      quadrigatum, 201.
  _Hexactura_, 560.
      _orchidacea_, 560.
  Hexadendron, 199.
      bipinnatum, 200.
      quadricuspis, 199.
  Hexadoras, 205.
      axophaena, 205.
      lychnosphaera, 205.
      octahedrum, 205.
  HEXADORIDA, 205.
  Hexadoridium, 206.
      streptacanthum, 206.
  Hexalacorys, 1372.
  Hexalasparium, 874.
  HEXALASPIDA, 872.
  Hexalaspidium, 875.
  Hexalaspis, 874.
      heliodiscus, 875.
      hexaglypha, 876.
      hexalastrum, 875.
      _nivalis_, 880.
      sexalata, 875.
      stellata, 875.
  Hexalastrum, 559.
      crinanthum, 559.
      _geryonidum_, 560.
      orchidaceum, 560.
      palmanthum, 559.
  Hexalatractus, 1393.
      fusiformis, 1394.
      sexalatus, 1394.
  Hexaloncharium, 190.
      hystricinum, 191.
      octahedrum, 190.
      philosophicum, 190.
  Hexalonche, 179.
      amphisiphon, 182.
      anaximandri, 182.
      anaximenis, 183.
      aristarchi, 185.
      aspera, 184.
      brevicornis, 181.
      castanella, 184.
      conicornis, 181.
      cristata, 183.
      curvicornis, 181.
      ekphantaea, 185.
      favosa, 180.
      geometrica, 184.
      grandis, 182.
      heracliti, 187.
      hexacantha, 184.
      hystricina, 187.
      octahedra, 181.
      octocolpa, 183.
      phaenaxonia, 180.
      philosophica, 186.
      pythagoraea, 185.
      rosetta, 180.
      seleuci, 186.
      serrata, 183.
      setosa, 187.
      sexaculeata, 186.
      xenophanis, 187.
  HEXALONCHIDA, 179.
  Hexalonchidium, 191.
      axonometrum, 191.
  Hexancistra, 188.
      ancorata, 188.
      mirabilis, 189.
      quadricuspis, 189.
      tricuspis, 188.
      triserrata, 188.
  _Hexapitys_, 189.
      _mirabilis_, 189.
  Hexaplagia, 915.
      antarctica, 915.
      arctica, 915.
      australis, 916.
      collaris, 916.
  HEXAPLAGIDA, 915.
  Hexaplecta, 927.
      triaxonia, 927.
      tricladonia, 927.
  HEXAPLECTIDA, 927.
  Hexapleuris, 1257.
  HEXAPYLIDA, 567.
  Hexapyle, 568.
      circularis, 569.
      dodecantha, 569.
      hexacantha, 569.
      polyacantha, 570.
      sexangula, 568.
      triacantha, 569.
      triangula, 568.
  HEXASPYRIDA, 1046.
  Hexaspyridium, 1047.
  Hexaspyris, 1046.
      alterna, 1047.
      articulata, 1048.
      buetschlii, 1047.
      hexacorethra, 1048.
      ophirensis, 1048.
      setigera, 1047.
      spinosa, 1048.
  Hexastylarium, 177.
      elongatum, 178.
      heteraxonium, 177.
      quadratum, 178.
  HEXASTYLIDA, 171.
  Hexastylidium, 178.
      rhomboides, 178.
      spirale, 179.
  Hexastylus, 171.
      biantis, 172.
      brevispinus, 175.
      chilonis, 174.
      cleobuli, 174.
      cochleatus, 174.
      conifer, 176.
      contortus, 177.
      dimensivus, 175.
      dictyotus, 176.
      favosus, 172.
      hirsutus, 176.
      longispinus, 175.
      longissimus, 172.
      marginatus, 176.
      maximus, 173.
      minimus, 172.
      periandri, 173.
      phaenaxonius, 171.
      pittaci, 173.
      sapientum, 171.
      setosus, 174.
      solonis, 173.
      spiralis, 177.
      thaletis, 172.
      triaxonius, 175.
  Hexinastrum, 560.
      geryonidum, 560.
  Hexonasparium, 878.
  Hexonaspidium, 879.
  Hexonaspis, 879.
      hastata, 879.
      heliosestrum, 878.
      hexagona, 879.
      hexapleura, 879.
  Hexoniscus, 488.
  Histiastrum, 544.
      boseanum, 546.
      _brunonis_, 548.
      circulare, 546.
      coronatum, 546.
      _democriti_, 548.
      excisum, 544.
      _fasciatum_, 535.
      gladiatum, 545.
      _lurianense_, 1762.
      pentadiscus, 546.
      quadrigatum, 544.
      quaternarium, 545.
      _straussii_, 547.
      _ternarium_, 531.
      _trinacrium_, 530.
      velatum, 545.
      _ypsiloides_, 536.
  Holosiphonia, 104.
  HOLOTRYPASTA, 5.
  Hylaspis, 846.
      barbata, 847.
      coronata, 847.
      serrulata, 846.
  Hymenactura, 473.
      archimedis, 473.
      copernici, 475.
      hexagona, 474.
      ptolomaei, 475.
      pythagorae, 474.
      trigona, 474.
  Hymenactinium, 475.
  Hymenacturium, 474.
  Hymenastrella, 530.
  Hymenastromma, 531.
  Hymeniastrum, 530.
      archimedis, 531.
      euclidis, 531.
      guembelii, 530.
      koellikeri, 530.
      leydigii, 530.
      pythagorae, 531.
      ternarium, 531.
      trigonarium, 532.
  Hystrichasparium, 822.
  Hystrichaspidium, 823.
  Hystrichaspis, 822.
      armata, 824.
      cristata, 823.
      divaricata, 824.
      dorsata, 823.
      foveolata, 824.
      fruticata, 825.
      furcata, 822.
      pectinata, 822.
      serrata, 825.
      sulcata, 824.

  ICOSACANTHA, 717.
  Icosasparium, 843.
  Icosaspidium, 845.
  Icosaspis, 844.
      cruciata, 844.
      elegans, 844.
      icosahedra, 845.
      icosastaura, 846.
      multiforis, 845.
      ornata, 844.
      spectabilis, 845.
      tabulata, 843.
      tetragonopa, 845.

  Lampoxanthium, 36.
      _brevispiculum_, 36.
      octoceras, 37.
      pandora, 38.
      punctatum, 37.
      tetractinium, 37.
  Lamprocyclas, 1390.
      aegles, 1391.
      bajaderae, 1392.
      deflorata, 1391.
      maritalis, 1390.
      nuptialis, 1390.
      reginae, 1391.
      saltatricis, 1391.
  Lamprocyclia, 1390.
  Lamprocycloma, 1392.
  Lamprodiscus, 1212.
      coscinodiscus, 1213.
      laevis, 1214.
      monoceros, 1213.
      tricostatus, 1213.
  Lampromitra, 1214.
      arborescens, 1216.
      coronata, 1214.
      dendrocorona, 1216.
      furcata, 1215.
      huxleyi, 1215.
      pyramidalis, 1215.
      quadricuspis, 1214.
      schultzei, 1216.
  LAMPROSPYRIDA, 1092.
  Lamprospyris, 1093.
      darwinii, 1094.
      hookeri, 1094.
      huxleyi, 1094.
      lyelli, 1094.
      spenceri, 1095.
  Lamprotripus, 1199.
      _horridus_, 1201.
      _spinosus_, 1201.
      _squarrosus_, 1200.
  Lampterium, 1376.
  Lamptidium, 1377.
  Lamptonium, 1378.
  LARCARIDA, 605.
  Larcarium, 608.
      amphistylum, 608.
      axostylum, 609.
      chaetostylum, 609.
      hexastylum, 608.
      octostylum, 609.
      polystylum, 609.
      staurostylum, 608.
  Larcidium, 611.
      axacanthum, 611.
      dissacanthum, 611.
      dodecanthum, 612.
      hexacanthum, 611.
      octacanthum, 612.
      polyacanthum, 612.
  LARCOIDEA, 599.
  Larcospira, 696.
      lentelliptica, 696.
      oliva, 697.
      quadrangula, 696.
      sexangula, 696.
  Larcospirema, 696.
  LARCOSPIRIDA, 695.
  Larcospironium, 697.
  LARNACALPIDA, 619.
  Larnacalpis, 620.
      lentellipsis, 620.
      macrococcus, 621.
      phacodiscus, 620.
      subsphaerica, 621.
      triaxonia, 621.
  Larnacantha, 621.
      bicruciata, 623.
      cladacantha, 623.
      decacantha, 624.
      dissacantha, 622.
      dodecantha, 624.
      drymacantha, 624.
      hexacantha, 622.
      octacantha, 623.
      prismatica, 623.
      quadricornis, 622.
      stauracantha, 622.
  LARNACIDA, 614.
  Larnacidium, 618.
      hexabelonium, 619.
      polybelonium, 619.
      staurobelonium, 619.
  Larnacilla, 617.
      medullaris, 618.
      prometor, 618.
      subglobosa, 618.
      typus, 617.
  LARNACILLIDA, 617.
  Larnacoma, 625.
      hexagonium, 625.
      lentellipticum, 625.
      quadruplex, 625.
  Larnacospongus, 626.
      larnacillifer, 626.
      tetrapylifer, 626.
  Larnacostupa, 627.
      dendrophora, 627.
      octacantha, 627.
      spinosa, 627.
  Leptarachnium, 1248.
      _aurelia_, 1248.
  Leptosphaera, 244.
      ciliata, 245.
      hexagonalis, 244.
      polygonalis, 245.
      reticulum, 246.
      serrata, 245.
      spinosa, 245.
      stellata, 245.
  Liosphaera, 76.
      hexagonia, 76.
      peridromium, 77.
      polypora, 78.
      porulosa, 77.
      rhodococcus, 77.
  LIOSPHAERIDA, 59.
  Liriospyris, 1049.
      amphithecta, 1050.
      clathrata, 1049.
      heteropoda, 1050.
      hexapoda, 1049.
      turrita, 1050.
  Lithapium, 303.
      halicapsa, 303.
      monocyrtis, 304.
      pyriforme, 303.
  Litharachnium, 1163.
      arachnodiscus, 1164.
      araneosum, 1163.
      discoides, 1164.
      epeira, 1164.
      pilidium, 1164.
      _quadratella_, 1254.
      tentorium, 1163.
  Lithatractus, 319.
      carduelis, 321.
      cirsium, 321.
      conifer, 322.
      conostylus, 323.
      convallaria, 320.
      echiniscus, 321.
      fragilis, 319.
      gamoporus, 323.
      hexagonalis, 319.
      jugatus, 323.
      leptostylus, 320.
      lobatus, 322.
      pachystylus, 320.
      rosetta, 322.
  LITHELIDA, 688.
  Lithelius, 693.
      alveolina, 694.
      arborescens, 695.
      capreolus, 694.
      primordialis, 694.
      solaris, 695.
      spiralis, 693.
  LITHOBOTRYIDA, 1111.
  Lithobotrys, 1117.
      _adspersa_, 1116.
      _biceps_, 1113.
      _borealis_, 1116.
      _cribrosa_, 1113.
      _denticulata_, 1013.
      _galea_, 1123.
      geminata, 1118.
      _inflata_, 1123.
      lithocorythium, 1118.
      mascula, 1119.
      nasuta, 1118.
      _nucula_, 1116.
      orchidea, 1119.
      ornata, 1118.
      _quadriloba_, 1109.
      sphaerothorax, 1119.
      _stiligera_, 1088.
      _triloba_, 1108.
  Lithocampe, 1501.
      _acuminata_, 1488.
      _ampullacea_, 1402.
      _anomala_, 1442.
      aquilonaris, 1504.
      _arcta_, 1414.
      _auricula_, 1482.
      _aurita_, 1482.
      _australis_, 1487.
      clava, 1507.
      _compressa_, 1516.
      _corbula_, 1761.
      diaphana, 1505.
      diploconus, 1505.
      _eminens_, 1487.
      eupora, 1502.
      _fimbriata_, 1462.
      _fusiformis_, 1503.
      _galea_, 1492.
      _heteropora_, 1506.
      _hexacola_, 1507.
      _heptacola_, 1506.
      _hirundo_, 1356.
      hispida, 1506.
      _hyperborea_, 1486.
      _increscens_, 1506.
      _lagena_, 1491.
      _lineata_, 1484.
      meta, 1507.
      multiseriata, 1505.
      nereidum, 1502.
      octocola, 1505.
      ovata, 1504.
      platycephala, 1502.
      polycola, 1508.
      _punctata_, 1486.
      quadrarticulata, 1504.
      radicula, 1503.
      _seriolata_, 1486.
      _sinuosa_, 1761.
      _solitaria_, 1281.
      _subligata_, 1518.
      _tropeziana_, 1488.
      tumidula, 1506.
      urceolata, 1507.
      ventricosa, 1503.
  LITHOCAMPIDA, 1467.
  Lithocampium, 1504.
      _eurythorax_, 1474.
  Lithocampula, 1502.
  _Lithocarpium_, 1172.
      _pyriforme_, 1172.
  Lithochytridium, 1363.
  LITHOCHYTRINA, 1127.
  Lithochytris, 1362.
      _barbadensis_, 1239.
      cortina, 1362.
      galeata, 1363.
      lanterna, 1364.
      lucerna, 1364.
      pileata, 1363.
      pteropus, 1364.
      pyramidalis, 1364.
      pyriformis, 1362.
      _triangula_, 1240.
      tripodium, 1363.
      vespertilio, 1365.
  Lithochytrodes, 1362.
  LITHOCIRCIDA, 940.
  Lithocircus, 943.
      annularis, 943.
      _annulus_, 1761.
      crambessa, 944.
      decimalis, 944.
      furcatus, 945.
      haeckelii, 1762.
      hexablastus, 944.
      magnificus, 945.
      _mesocena_, 132.
      _productus_, 948.
      quadricornis, 944.
      rhombus, 1762.
      tarandus, 944.
      _triangularis_, 1555.
      truncatus, 1762.
      _vinculatus_, 975.
  Lithocoronis, 978.
      _challengeri_, 978.
  _Lithocorythium_, 1117.
      _cephalodes_, 978.
      _galea_, 1123.
      _oxylophus_, 1118.
      _platylophus_, 1118.
  Lithocubus, 1011.
      astragalus, 1012.
      geometricus, 1011.
      octacanthus, 1011.
      vinculatus, 1012.
  Lithocyclia, 459.
      cingulata, 459.
      heteropora, 460.
      lenticula, 459.
      monococcus, 460.
      ocellus, 460.
      _reticulata_, 1761.
      _stella_, 467.
  LITHOCYCLIDA, 459.
  LITHOCYCLIDINA, 455.
  Lithogromia, 1647.
      diatomacea, 1647.
      lenticula, 1647.
      silicea, 1647.
  LITHOGROMIDA, 1647.
  Litholopharium, 735.
  LITHOLOPHIDA, 733.
  Litholophidium, 735.
  Litholophonium, 736.
  Litholophus, 734.
      decapristis, 735.
      decastylus, 735.
      decimalis, 735.
      fasciculus, 736.
      ligurinus, 736.
      penicillus, 736.
      pyramidalis, 735.
      rhipidium, 736.
  Lithomelissa, 1203.
      amphora, 1205.
      bicornis, 1206.
      buetschlii, 1207.
      _capito_, 1257.
      corythium, 1207.
      decacantha, 1208.
      ehrenbergii, 1204.
      _falcifera_, 1207.
      haeckelii, 1207.
      _hertwigii_, 1207.
      macroceros, 1204.
      macroptera, 1204.
      mediterranea, 1206.
      _microptera_, 1236.
      microstoma, 1205.
      mitra, 1204.
      pycnoptera, 1205.
      _spongiosa_, 1210.
      thoracites, 1206.
      _ventricosa_, 1236.
  Lithomespilus, 301.
      _alauda_, 128.
      flammabundus, 303.
      flammeus, 302.
      phloginus, 302.
      phlogoides, 302.
      _picus_, 129.
      _trogon_, 129.
  Lithomitra, 1483.
      acephala, 1484.
      australis, 1487.
      chrysalis, 1485.
      costata, 1485.
      cylindrica, 1485.
      eminens, 1487.
      eruca, 1485.
      hyperborea, 1486.
      infundibulum, 1487.
      lineata, 1484.
      nodosaria, 1484.
      pachyderma, 1482.
      punctata, 1486.
      seriolata, 1486.
  Lithomitrella, 1483.
  Lithomitrissa, 1485.
  Lithopera, 1233.
      _amblystauros_, 1311.
      ananassa, 1234.
      bacca, 1233.
      bursella, 1234.
      _denticulata_, 1073.
      elongata, 1762.
      globosa, 1234.
      gutta, 1234.
      _lagena_, 1233.
      _nidus_, 1311.
      _oceania_, 1232.
      ovata, 1762.
      _oxystauros_, 1311.
      _pyrum_, 1232.
      _setosa_, 1276.
  Lithophyllium, 753.
      condylatum, 754.
      cruciatum, 754.
      foliosum, 754.
      gladiatum, 754.
  Lithoptera, 778.
      darwinii, 781.
      dodecaptera, 780.
      fenestrata, 781.
      icosaptera, 781.
      lamarckii, 779.
      muelleri, 779.
      quadrata, 780.
      tetragona, 780.
      tetraptera, 779.
  Lithopteranna, 779.
  Lithopterella, 780.
  LITHOPTERIDA, 776.
  Lithopteroma, 780.
  Lithornithium, 1354.
      ciconia, 1354.
      _dictyoceras_, 1325.
      falco, 1355.
      foveolatum, 1355.
      fringilla, 1355.
      hirundo, 1356.
      _loxia_, 1452.
      _luscinia_, 1358.
      trochilus, 1355.
  Lithospira, 693.
  Lithostrobus, 1468.
      acuminatus, 1472.
      argus, 1472.
      botryocyrtis, 1475.
      caloceras, 1471.
      conulus, 1472.
      cornutus, 1474.
      cornutella, 1473.
      cuspidatus, 1473.
      cyrtoceras, 1470.
      distichus, 1469.
      hexagonalis, 1475.
      hexastichus, 1470.
      leptoceras, 1471.
      lithobotrys, 1475.
      macroceras, 1471.
      microporus, 1474.
      monostichus, 1469.
      pentastichus, 1470.
      picus, 1472.
      quadratus, 1474.
      seriatus, 1474.
      tetrastichus, 1470.
      tornatus, 1473.
      tristichus, 1469.
  Lithotympanum, 1006.
      spinosum, 1006.
      tuberosum, 1006.
  Lonchostaurus, 772.
      bifidus, 773.
      bifurcus, 773.
      crystallinus, 773.
      lanceolatus, 773.
      rhombicus, 773.
      rhomboides, 772.
  Lophoconus, 1403.
      antilope, 1404.
      apiculatus, 1404.
      cervus, 1405.
      cornutella, 1404.
      hexagonalis, 1404.
      rhinoceros, 1405.
  Lophocorys, 1420.
      acanthocephala, 1421.
      astrocephala, 1421.
      bicornis, 1421.
      brevicornis, 1422.
      quadricornis, 1422.
  Lophocyrtis, 1410.
      biaurita, 1411.
      coronata, 1411.
      holothuria, 1410.
      stephanophora, 1410.
      synapta, 1411.
  Lophophaena, 1303.
      _amphora_, 1302.
      _apiculata_, 1303.
      _capito_, 1204.
      circumtexta, 1304.
      _cornuta_, 1398.
      echinocephala, 1304.
      galea, 1303.
      galeata, 1204.
      _larvata_, 1282.
      liothorax, 1304.
      _lynx_, 1303.
      _obtusa_, 1308.
      radians, 1303.
  Lophophaenoma, 1304.
  Lophophaenula, 1303.
  LOPHOSPYRIDA, 1078.
  Lophospyris, 1066.
      acuminata, 1080.
      comosa, 1071.
      dipodiacus, 1080.
  Lychnasparium, 839.
  LYCHNASPIDA, 835.
  Lychnaspidium, 842.
      _haliommidium_, 842.
  Lychnaspis, 829.
      capillaris, 839.
      cataplasta, 843.
      echinoides, 842.
      giltschii, 839.
      haliommidium, 842.
      longissima, 841.
      maxima, 839.
      minima, 841.
      polyancistra, 840.
      rabbeana, 842.
      rottenburgii, 841.
      serrata, 840.
      undulata, 841.
      wagenschieberi, 840.
  Lychnocanella, 1224.
  Lychnocanissa, 1225.
  Lychnocanium, 1224.
      _arabicum_, 1198.
      _campanella_, 1331.
      carinatum, 1226.
      clavigerum, 1230.
      continuum, 1225.
      crassipes, 1230.
      cypselus, 1229.
      _depressum_, 1331.
      falciferum, 1207.
      favosum, 1225.
      fenestratum, 1228.
      fortipes, 1227.
      _hamosum_, 1199.
      hirundo, 1227.
      lanterna, 1224.
      _lucerna_, 1199.
      nodosum, 1225.
      ovatum, 1229.
      _praetextum_, 1330.
      pudicum, 1230.
      pyriforme, 1225.
      sigmopodium, 1228.
      _tetrapodium_, 1228.
      tribulus, 1226.
      trichopus, 1228.
      _tridentatum_, 1199.
      tripodium, 1229.
      tuberosum, 1227.
      _turgidum_, 1319.
      ventricosum, 1226.
  Lychnocanoma, 1229.
  Lychnodictyum, 1230.
      challengeri, 1231.
      sethopodium, 1231.
      scaphopodium, 1231.
      wyvillei, 1231.
  Lychnosphaera, 276.
      regina, 277.
      _rhizoplegma_, 276.

  Mazosphaera, 108.
      apicata, 109.
      hippotis, 108.
      _inflata_, 101.
      laevis, 109.
      lagotis, 108.
  Medusetta, 1667.
      codonium, 1668.
      craspedota, 1669.
      minima, 1668.
      quadrigata, 1668.
      spiralis, 1669.
      tetranema, 1669.
      tiara, 1668.
  MEDUSETTIDA, 1663.
  Melitomma, 76.
      formosum, 231.
      _melittosphaera_, 73.
  Melittosphaera, 72.
  Merosiphonia, 106.
  MEROTRYPASTA, 5.
  Mesocena, 1554.
      annulus, 1555.
      _binonaria_, 1557.
      bisoctona, 1557.
      circulus, 1555.
      _crenulata_, 1555.
      diodon, 1555.
      elliptica, 1556.
      _heptagona_, 1557.
      hexagona, 1556.
      _nonaria_, 1557.
      octogona, 1557.
      _octoradiata_, 1557.
      pentagona, 1556.
      quadrangula, 1556.
      _quaternaria_, 1556.
      _senaria_, 1556.
      _septenaria_, 1556.
      stellata, 1557.
      triangula, 1555.
  Microcubus, 997.
      amphispyris, 999.
      cornutus, 999.
      dodecastoma, 998.
      pentacircus, 998.
      quadrupes, 998.
      zonarius, 998.
  Micromelissa, 1205.
      apis, 1235.
      bombus, 1235.
      microptera, 1236.
      ventricosa, 1236.
      vespa, 1235.
  Mitrocalpis, 1188.
      palliata, 1188.
  MONOCYRTIDA, 1133.
  MONODICTYA, 1126.
  MONOPRUNIDA, 288.
  MONOPYLARIA, 889.
  MONOPYLEA, 889.
  MONOSPHAERIDA, 52.
  MONOSTEPHIDA, 937.
  Monostephus, 940.
  Monozonium, 633.
      alatum, 633.
      amphistylum, 634.
      hartingii, 1763.
      pleurostylum, 634.
      primordiale, 633.
      staurostylum, 634.
  Myelastrella, 553.
  Myelastromma, 553.
  Myelastrum, 553.
      anomalum, 556.
      ciliatum, 555.
      decaceros, 554.
      dodecaceros, 554.
      farfalla, 554.
      giganteum, 555.
      heteropterum, 553.
      lobatum, 555.
      medullare, 553.
      octocorne, 553.
      papilio, 554.
      rotula, 555.
      spinale, 553.
  _Myxobrachia_, 22.
      _cienkowskii_, 1763.
      _pluteus_, 22.
      _rhopalum_, 22.

  Nassella, 898.
      nassiterna, 898.
      thalassicolla, 898.
  NASSELLARIA, 889.
  NASSELLIDA, 896.
  NASSOIDEA, 895.
  Nephrodictyum, 1101.
  NEPHROSPYRIDA, 1099.
  Nephrospyris, 1100.
      cordata, 1102.
      nephridium, 1101.
      paradictyum, 1102.
      paradoxa, 1102.
      phaseolus, 1101.
      renilla, 1101.

  Octalacorys, 1373.
  Octodendron, 279.
      araucaria, 280.
      arboretum, 281.
      contortum, 281.
      cubocentron, 279.
      pinetum, 280.
      spathillatum, 280.
      spirale, 279.
      verticillatum, 281.
  Octopelta, 855.
      cultella, 855.
      furcella, 856.
      scutella, 856.
  Octophormis, 1245.
  Octopyle, 650.
      amphistyle, 651.
      decastyle, 654.
      euryzona, 652.
      hexastyle, 653.
      obtecta, 653.
      octostyle, 653.
      ovulina, 650.
      quadrata, 650.
      sexangulata, 653.
      staurostyle, 651.
      stenozona, 652.
      subglobosa, 651.
      tetraptera, 652.
      tetrastyle, 652.
      transversaria, 651.
  Octotympanum, 999.
      arborescens, 1000.
      cervicorne, 1000.
      octonarium, 1000.
      octospinum, 1000.
  Odontosphaera, 102.
      cyrtodon, 102.
      monodon, 102.
  OMMACAMPIDA, 392.
  Ommatartus, 396.
      amphicanna, 396.
      amphisiphon, 396.
      amphiobolus, 396.
  Ommathymenium, 520.
  OMMATIDA, 51.
  Ommatocampe, 393.
      amphilonche, 395.
      annulata, 393.
      chaetopodum, 395.
      erucaeformis, 394.
      increscens, 393.
      nereis, 394.
      polyarthra, 393.
      _profundissima_, 380.
      _setosa_, 381.
  Ommatocyrtis, 366.
  OMMATODISCIDA, 500.
  Ommatodiscus, 500.
      circularis, 501.
      decipiens, 500.
      fragilis, 502.
      haeckelii, 501.
      laevigatus, 502.
      stoehrii, 501.
  _Ommatogramma_, 519.
      _navicularis_, 519.
  _Ommatospyris_, 363.
      _apicata_, 371.
      _coscinoides_, 363.
      _entomocora_, 367.
      _ethmaria_, 363.
      _loeevis_, 361.
      _penicillata_, 370.
      _profunda_, 365.
      _virginea_, 363.
  Orodendrum, 1598.
  Orodictyum, 1601.
  Orona, 1594.
      crassissima, 1594.
      maxima, 1594.
      robusta, 1594.
  ORONIDA, 1593.
  Oronium, 1594.
  Orophasparium, 818.
  Orophaspidium, 818.
  Orophaspis, 817.
      astrolonche, 818.
      diporaspis, 819.
      furcata, 818.
      gladiata, 818.
      ramosa, 818.
      tessaraspis, 819.
  Oroplegma, 1600.
      diplosphaera, 1600.
      giganteum, 1601.
      spinulosum, 1600.
      spongiosum, 1601.
      velatum, 1600.
  Oroplegmium, 1600.
  Oroscena, 1597.
      baerii, 1598.
      cuvieri, 1598.
      darwinii, 1599.
      duncanii, 1599.
      gegenbauri, 1597.
      huxleyi, 1599.
      muelleri, 1598.
      wolffii, 1598.
  OROSCENIDA, 1593.
  Oroscenium, 1597.
  Orosphaera, 1594.
      arborescens, 1597.
      clavigera, 1596.
      confluens, 1596.
      foveolata, 1595.
      furcata, 1596.
      fusigera, 1595.
      hastigera, 1595.
      horrida, 1596.
      ramigera, 1596.
      spinigera, 1595.
      serpentina, 1595.
  OROSPHAERIDA, 1590.
  Orothamnus, 1596.
      _arborescens_, 1597.
  Otosphaera, 116.
      auriculata, 116.
      polymorpha, 116.

  PANACANTHA, 715.
  Panarium, 388.
      annularium, 389.
      artophorum, 389.
      facettarium, 388.
      pipettarium, 389.
      tubularium, 390.
  Panartella, 377.
  PANARTIDA, 375.
  Panartissa, 379.
  Panartoma, 381.
  Panartura, 381.
  Panartus, 376.
      amphiconus, 379.
      diploconus, 379.
      fusiformis, 379.
      pluteus, 382.
      profundissimus, 380.
      quadriceps, 380.
      quadrigeminus, 381.
      quadrijugus, 380.
      setosus, 381.
      spinosus, 381.
      tetracolus, 377.
      tetrameres, 378.
      tetraphalangus, 378.
      tetraplus, 377.
      tetrathalamus, 378.
  Panicium, 385.
      amphacanthum, 385.
      amphistylus, 385.
      coronatum, 386.
      scoparium, 385.
  PANSOLENIA, 1521.
  Pantopelta, 855.
      icosaspis, 855.
  PARADICTYIDA, 1099.
  Paradictyum, 1102.
      paradoxum, 1102.
  Parastephanus, 1008.
      asymmetricus, 1008.
      circularis, 1008.
      dispar, 1009.
      quadrispinus, 1008.
  PARASTEPHIDA, 987.
  PARATYMPANIDA, 1004.
  Paratympanum, 1005.
      decastylum, 1005.
      hexastylum, 1005.
      octostylum, 1005.
  Patagospyris, 1087.
      anthocyrtis, 1088.
      confluens, 1088.
      lanceolata, 1088.
      stiligera, 1088.
  PELTOPHRACTA, 803.
  Pentactura, 479.
      astropecten, 479.
      pentactis, 479.
  Pentalacorys, 1371.
  Pentalastrum, 556.
      asteracanthion, 556.
      astropecten, 556.
      cometa, 557.
      ophidiaster, 557.
  Pentaphormis, 1244.
  _Pentaplegma_, 930.
      _decacantha_, 930.
  Pentasolenia, 113.
  PENTASPYRIDA, 1052.
  Pentaspyris, 1054.
      isacantha, 1055.
      pentacantha, 1054.
  Pentinastrum, 557.
      asteriscus, 557.
      goniaster, 558.
  Pentoniscus, 488.
  Pentophiastrum, 558.
      caudatum, 559.
      dicranastrum, 558.
      forcipatum, 559.
  Periarachnium, 1297.
      periplectum, 1297.
  Perichlamydium, 499.
      accrescens, 499.
      _aequale_, 515.
      _asteriscus_, 514.
      _limbatum_, 514.
      praetextum, 499.
      saturnus, 499.
      spirale, 499.
      _spongiosum_, 516.
      _venustum_, 515.
  Peridarium, 1153.
  Peridium, 1153.
      alatum, 1155.
      cervinum, 1155.
      curvipes, 1154.
      lasanum, 1154.
      palmipes, 1154.
      papillatum, 1154.
      spinipes, 1154.
  Peripanarium, 390.
      cenoconicum, 390.
      cenocylindricum, 391.
  Peripanartus, 382.
      amphiconus, 383.
      _amphicorona_, 387.
      atractus, 384.
      cylindrus, 384.
      laevigatus, 383.
      palliatus, 382.
  Peripanicium, 386.
      amphicorona, 387.
      amphixiphus, 386.
      coronarium, 387.
  Periphaena, 426.
      cincta, 426.
      decora, 426.
      statoblastus, 426.
  Periplecta, 926.
      cortina, 926.
      monocyrtis, 927.
      pteroscenium, 926.
  PERIPYLARIA, 6.
  PERIPYLEA, 6.
  Peripyramis, 1162.
      cirumtexta, 1162.
      spongiosa, 1162.
  Perispira, 494.
      _perforata_, 495.
      _radiata_, 495.
  _Perispongidium_, 498.
      _irregulare_, 498.
  PERISPYRIDA, 1095.
  Perispyris, 1098.
      bicincta, 1099.
      lentellipsis, 1099.
      spongiosa, 1099.
  Perizona, 427.
      scutella, 427.
      pterygota, 427.
  Peromelissa, 1236.
      calva, 1237.
      capito, 1237.
      phalacra, 1236.
      psilocrana, 1237.
  Petalospyrantha, 1060.
  Petalospyrella, 1060.
  Petalospyris, 1059.
      anthemis, 1062.
      anthocyrtoides, 1090.
      _arachnoides_, 1065.
      argiscus, 1062.
      bellidiastrum, 1063.
      _carinata_, 1074.
      _clathrus_, 1049.
      _confluens_, 1088.
      corona, 1061.
      _diaboliscus_, 1065.
      dictyocubus, 1063.
      dinoceras, 1063.
      eupetala, 1061.
      _flabellum_, 1174.
      floscula, 1060.
      foveolata, 1060.
      furcata, 1064.
      lobata, 1064.
      novena, 1062.
      _ocellata_, 1174.
      octopus, 1061.
      _ophirensis_, 1048.
      papillata, 1063.
      _pentas_, 1070.
      platyacantha, 1060.
      _radicata_, 1051.
      _seminulum_, 1046.
      _spinosa_, 1048.
      tessaromma, 1062.
      triomma, 1060.
  Petalospyrissa, 1061.
  Petalospyromma, 1062.
  PHACODISCARIA, 409.
  PHACODISCIDA, 419.
  Phacodiscus, 424.
      clypeus, 425.
      echiniscus, 425.
      grandis, 425.
      lentiformis, 425.
      rotula, 424.
  Phacostaurium, 435.
  Phacostaurus, 435.
      magnificus, 436.
      oceanidum, 435.
      _pyramidalis_, 465.
      quadrigatus, 436.
  Phacostylium, 430.
  Phacostylus, 430.
      amphipyramis, 431.
      amphistylus, 430.
      amphixiphos, 430.
      caudatus, 431.
      maximus, 431.
  PHAENOCALPIDA, 1157.
  Phaenocalpis, 1173.
      carinata, 1174.
      flabellum, 1174.
      ocellata, 1174.
      petalospyris, 1173.
  Phaenoscenium, 1174.
      cladopodium, 1175.
      hexapodium, 1175.
      polypodium, 1175.
  Phaeocolla, 1544.
      primordialis, 1544.
  PHAEOCONCHIA, 1710.
  PHAEOCOSCINA, 1537.
  PHAEOCYSTINA, 1542.
  PHAEODARIA, 1521.
  Phaeodina, 1545.
      cannopylea, 1546.
      tripylea, 1545.
  PHAEODINIDA, 1543.
  PHAEOGROMIA, 1642.
  PHAEOSPHAERIA, 1590.
  Pharyngella, 1662.
      gastraea, 1662.
      gastrula, 1662.
      invaginata, 1662.
      monoceros, 1662.
  PHARYNGELLIDA, 1660.
  Pharyngosphaera, 98.
      stomodaea, 98.
  Phatnacantha, 765.
      icosaspis, 765.
      tessaraspis, 765.
  Phatnasparium, 868.
  PHATNASPIDA, 861.
  Phatnaspidium, 871.
  Phatnaspis, 870.
      coscinoides, 870.
      cristata, 869.
      ensiformis, 869.
      fenestrata, 869.
      haliommidium, 871.
      lacunaria, 869.
      loculata, 869.
      muelleri, 871.
      orthopora, 870,
      polypora, 870.
      quadratura, 871.
      tabulata, 871.
  Phatnasplenium, 870.
  Phlebarachnium, 1295.
      _facetum_, 1296.
      _setosum_, 1296.
      _venosum_, 1297.
  Phoenicosphaera, 75.
  Phormobotrys, 1124.
      cannothalamia, 1125.
      hexathalamia, 1125.
      pentathalamia, 1124.
      polythalamia, 1125.
      trithalamia, 1124.
  Phormocampe, 1456.
      campanula, 1456.
      conus, 1458.
      eucalyptra, 1457.
      lamprocyclas, 1457.
      metalis, 1457.
      mitra, 1458.
  PHORMOCAMPIDA, 1453.
  PHORMOCYRTIDA, 1365.
  Phormocyrtis, 1368.
      carinata, 1368.
      costata, 1369.
      embolum, 1369.
      fastosa, 1369.
      longicornis, 1370.
      quadrata, 1369.
  Phormosphaera, 61.
  PHORMOSPYRIDA, 1084.
  Phormospyris, 1076.
      tricostata, 1087.
      tridentata, 1087.
      trifoliata, 1087.
  PHORTICIDA, 708.
  Phorticium, 709.
      abnorme, 710.
      deforme, 710.
      pylonium, 709.
      spironium, 709.
  Phortolarcus, 710.
  Phortopyle, 709.
  Phractacantha, 755.
      bifurca, 755.
      bipennis, 755.
  PHRACTACANTHIDA, 753.
  Phractasparium, 808.
  PHRACTASPIDA, 808.
  Phractaspidium, 810.
  Phractaspis, 809.
      bipennis, 809.
      cataphracta, 810.
      complanata, 809.
      condylophora, 809.
      constricta, 810.
      prototypus, 809.
  Phractasplenium, 809.
      bipenne, 809.
  Phractopelta, 852.
      aspidomma, 854.
      dorataspis, 852.
      diporaspis, 852.
      dyadopora, 852.
      haliomma, 854.
      hexadopora, 853.
      hystrix, 854.
      octadopora, 853.
      tessaraspis, 853.
      tessaromma, 854.
      tetradopora, 853.
  PHRACTOPELTIDA, 847.
  Phrenocodon, 1433.
      clathrostomium, 1434.
      diaphragma, 1434.
  Phyllostaurus, 744.
  Physematium, 34.
      atlanticum, 35.
      muelleri, 35.
  PILOCYRTIDA, 1129.
  Pipetta, 337.
      conus, 338.
      fusus, 337.
      salpinx, 338.
      tuba, 337.
  Pipettaria, 339.
      fusaria, 339.
      tubaria, 339.
  Pipettella, 304.
      elongata, 305.
      fusiformis, 304.
      prismatica, 305.
      tubulosa, 305.
  Pityomma, 259.
      drymodes, 260.
      piniferum, 260.
      scoparium, 259.
  Plagiacantha, 909.
      abietina, 910.
      arachnoides, 910.
      dodecantha, 910.
      elatine, 911.
      furcata, 910.
      verticillata, 910.
  PLAGIACANTHIDA, 898.
  Plagiocarpa, 914.
      procortina, 914.
      procyrtella, 914.
  PLAGONIDA, 906.
  Plagonidium, 913.
      bigeminum, 913.
      quadrigeminum, 914.
  Plagoniscus, 912.
      cortinaris, 913.
      euscenium, 912.
      nassellaris, 913.
      tripodiscus, 912.
  Plagonium, 916.
      arborescens, 917.
      distriactis, 917.
      lampoxanthium, 907.
      sphaerozoum, 916.
      trigeminum, 917.
  _Platybursa_, 1051.
      _compressa_, 1051.
  _Platycryphalus_, 1298.
      _sethodiscus_, 1298.
  PLECTANIDA, 919.
  Plectaniscus, 924.
      archiscenium, 925.
      cladoscenium, 925.
      clathrocorys, 925.
      cortiniscus, 925.
      tripodiscus, 925.
  Plectanium, 928.
      ovodimare, 928.
      sphaerozoum, 928.
      trigeminum, 928.
  PLECTELLARIA, 895.
  PLECTIDA, 898.
  Plectocoronis, 979.
      anacantha, 979.
      pentacantha, 979.
      triacantha, 979.
  PLECTOIDEA, 898.
  Plectophora, 922.
      arachnoides, 922.
      novena, 923.
      pyramidalis, 923.
      triomma, 922.
  Plectopyramis, 1256.
      dodecomma, 1258.
      fenestrata, 1259.
      furcata, 1259.
      heteromma, 1259.
      hexapleura, 1257.
      lagena, 1260.
      magnifica, 1257.
      polygonomma, 1258.
      polypleura, 1260.
      quadratomma, 1258.
      serrata, 1259.
      _spongiosa_, 1261.
      trapezomma, 1258.
  Plegmosphaera, 87.
      coelopila, 88.
      entodictyon, 88.
      exodictyon, 89.
      leptodictyon, 89.
      leptoplegma, 89.
      maxima, 88.
      pachypila, 88.
      pachyplegma, 89.
      _polybrocha_, 930.
  PLEGMOSPHAERIDA, 86.
  Pleurasparium, 811.
  Pleuraspidium, 812.
  Pleuraspis, 811.
      amphithecta, 811.
      costata, 812.
      horrida, 811.
      pyramidalis, 812.
      ramosa, 812.
  Pleuropodium, 1336.
      charybdeum, 1336.
      cortina, 1336.
  Podocampe, 1445.
      conica, 1446.
      cornuta, 1446.
      trictenota, 1446.
      tripodiscus, 1446.
  PODOCAMPIDA, 1435.
  Podocoronis, 980.
      cortiniscus, 981.
      dipodiscus, 980.
      hexapodiscus, 982.
      petalospyris, 982.
      polypodiscus, 982.
      tetrapodiscus, 981.
      toxarium, 980.
      tripodiscus, 981.
  Podocyrtarium, 1337.
  Podocyrtecium, 1339.
  PODOCYRTIDA, 1314.
  Podocyrtidium, 1344.
  Podocyrtis, 1337.
      _aculeata_, 1373.
      _aegles_, 1391.
      _aerostatica_, 1252.
      _amphiacantha_, 1344.
      ampla, 1348.
      argulus, 1344.
      argus, 1346.
      attenuata, 1338.
      _bicornis_, 1349.
      brevipes, 1340.
      bromia, 1349.
      _campanella_, 1331.
      centriscus, 1341.
      _charybdea_, 1336.
      collaris, 1340.
      conica, 1338.
      conulus, 1339.
      corythaeola, 1339.
      costata, 1345.
      _cothurnata_, 1353.
      cristata, 1342.
      _dipus_, 1349.
      divergens, 1340.
      _domina_, 1387.
      ehrenbergii, 1344.
      euceros, 1342.
      eulophos, 1346.
      favosa, 1346.
      floribunda, 1347.
      flosculata, 1341.
      fusiformis, 1346.
      hexagonalis, 1343.
      lithoconus, 1348.
      lyaea, 1348.
      magnifica, 1341.
      _micracantha_, 1761.
      mitra, 1345.
      mitrella, 1345.
      nana, 1348.
      ovata, 1343.
      papalis, 1344.
      _parvipes_, 1371.
      pedicellaria, 1347.
      _pentacantha_, 1371.
      princeps, 1342.
      prismatica, 1340.
      _puella_, 1387.
      _radicata_, 1351.
      _rhizodon_, 1351.
      scaphopodia, 1347.
      schomburgkii, 1343.
      sinuosa, 1347.
      sphaerogaster, 1349.
      _spinosa_, 1169.
      surena, 1339.
      tetracantha, 1371.
      thyrsoceras, 1338.
      triacantha, 1350.
      tridactyla, 1339.
      tripodiscus, 1338.
      tripus, 1349.
      urceolata, 1343.
      ventricosa, 1347.
  Podocyrtonium, 1347.
  Polyalacorys, 1374.
  POLYCYRTIDA, 1103.
  POLYCYSTINA, 1.
  Polyplagia, 917,
      duodenaria, 918.
      novenaria, 918.
      octonaria, 918.
      septenaria, 918.
      viminaria, 919.
  POLYPLAGIDA, 917.
  Polyplecta, 929.
      decacantha, 930.
      dumetum, 930.
      enneacantha, 929.
      heptacantha, 928.
      polybrocha, 930.
  POLYPLECTIDA, 929.
  Polypleuris, 1260.
  Polypetta, 1676.
      alveolata, 1676.
      mammillata, 1677.
      polynema, 1676.
      tabulata, 1677.
  POLYPRUNIDA, 288.
  Polysolenia, 113.
      _setosa_, 100.
  POLYSPHAERIDA, 52.
  POLYSPYRIDA, 1059.
  Polystichia, 1762.
      ehrenbergii, 1762.
      haeckelii, 1762.
      muelleri, 1762.
  Porcupinia, 1663.
      aculeata, 1663.
      cordiformis, 1663.
  Porocapsa, 800.
      coronodon, 801.
      murrayana, 800.
      octodon, 800.
      tetrodon, 800.
  POROCAPSIDA, 799.
  PORODISCIDA, 481.
  Porodiscus, 491.
      bispiralis, 497.
      bilix, 496.
      centrospira, 495.
      concentricus, 492.
      deformis, 498.
      duplex, 497.
      ellipticus, 494.
      flustrella, 493.
      helicoides, 496.
      heterocyclus, 494.
      irregularis, 498.
      macroporus, 493.
      microporus, 493.
      operculina, 496.
      orbiculatus, 492.
      perispira, 495.
      quadrigatus, 494.
      radiatus, 495.
      semispiralis, 497.
      sorites, 493.
      spiralis, 496.
  _Porospathis_, 1677.
      _mammillata_, 1677.
      _tubulata_, 1677.
  Porosphaera, 67.
  Prismatium, 1009.
      tripleurum, 1010.
      tripodium, 1009.
  Pristacantha, 765.
      dodecodon, 766.
      octodon, 765.
      polyodon, 766.
  Pristodiscus, 418.
  Procyttarium, 13.
      _primordiale_, 13.
  PROTYMPANIDA, 991.
  Protympanium, 991.
      amphipodium, 992.
      primordiale, 991.
      trissocircus, 992.
  Prunocarpus, 316.
      artocarpium, 316.
      datura, 316.
      melocactus, 317.
      sparganium, 316.
  PRUNOIDEA, 284.
  PRUNOPHRACTA, 859.
  Prunosphaera, 74.
  Prunulum, 313.
      amygdalum, 313.
      cerasum, 313.
      coccymelium, 313.
      crenatum, 314.
      fenestratum, 315.
      frugulum, 313.
      persicum, 314.
      pyrenium, 315.
      triplex, 314.
  Pseudocubus, 1010.
      hexapylus, 1011.
      obeliscus, 1010.
      octostylus, 1010.
  Psilomelissa, 1208.
      calvata, 1209.
      galeata, 1208.
      hertwigii, 1209.
      phalacra, 1208.
      sphaerocephala, 1209.
  Pteractis, 535.
      _elegans_, 535.
  Pterocanarium, 1329.
  Pterocanidium, 1332.
  Pterocanium, 1328.
      _barbadense_, 1318.
      _bibrachiatum_, 1327.
      bicorne, 1332.
      _bombus_, 1443.
      campanella, 1331.
      _charybdeum_, 1336.
      contiguum, 1330.
      _davisianum_, 1437.
      depressum, 1331.
      eucolpum, 1332.
      _falciferum_, 1317.
      gravidum, 1329.
      orcinum, 1329.
      praetextum, 1330.
      proserpinae, 1329.
      pyramis, 1330.
      _sabae_, 1317.
      _sphinx_, 1443.
      tricolpum, 1331.
      trilobum, 1333.
      virgineum, 1330.
  Pterocodon, 1333.
      _apis_, 1318.
      campana, 1333.
      _campanella_, 1223.
      _davisianus_, 1437.
      favosus, 1334.
      ornatus, 1333.
  Pterocorys, 1316.
      apis, 1318.
      aquila, 1317.
      barbadensis, 1318.
      campanula, 1316.
      carinata, 1316.
      columba, 1317.
      falcifera, 1317.
      hirundo, 1318.
      macroptera, 1321.
      melitta, 1319.
      pipetta, 1320.
      prismatica, 1320.
      rhinoceros, 1320.
      sabae, 1317.
      tricornis, 1320.
      tubulosa, 1319.
      turgida, 1319.
      zittelii, 1321.
  Pterocorythium, 1320.
  _Pterocyrtidium_, 1316.
      _barbadense_, 1318.
      _zittelii_, 1321.
  Pteropilium, 1326.
      bombus, 1443.
      clathrocanium, 1327.
      eques, 1327.
      hoplites, 1327.
      pyramis, 1443.
      sphinx, 1443.
      stratiotes, 1326.
  Pteroscenium, 1151.
      arcadophorum, 1152.
      arcuatum, 1152.
      macropodium, 1153.
      pinnatum, 1152.
      spinulosum, 1152.
      tripocolpum, 1153.
  _Pterosyringium_, 1319.
      _tubulosum_, 1319.
  PYLOBOTRYIDA, 1119.
  Pylobotrys, 1121.
      cerebralis, 1122.
      fontinalis, 1122.
      putealis, 1121.
  PYLODISCIDA, 561.
  Pylodiscus, 570.
      cardiopylus, 571.
      nephropylus, 571.
      sexangularis, 570.
      triangularis, 570.
  Pylolena, 568.
      inermis, 568.
      armata, 568.
  PYLONIDA, 628.
  Pylonium, 654.
      circozonium, 654.
      hexazonium, 655.
      nephropylium, 655.
      octacanthum, 655.
      quadricorne, 655.
      stenozonium, 656.
  Pylospira, 697.
      tetrapyle, 698.
      octopyle, 698.
      cymbium, 698.
  Pylospirema, 697.
  PYLOSPYRIDA, 1078.
  Pylospyris, 1083.
      canariensis, 1084.
      denticulata, 1083.
      trinacria, 1083.
  Pylospironium, 698.
  Pylozonium, 659.
      novemcinctum, 659.
      octacanthum, 660.

  Quadriloncharium, 776.
  QUADRILONCHIDA, 766.
  Quadrilonchidium, 777.
  Quadrilonche, 776.
      mesostaura, 777.
      platystaura, 777.
      telostaura, 777.
      tetrastaura, 776.

  Rhaphidocapsa, 211.
  Rhaphidococcus, 210.
      _acufer_, 211.
      _lurianensis_, 1762.
      _simplex_, 216.
  Rhaphidodrymus, 214.
  Rhaphidosphaera, 214.
      _reticulata_, 217.
  Rhaphidozoum, 46.
      acuferum, 46.
      arachnoides, 47.
      ascensionis, 48.
      asperum, 47.
      australe, 48.
      capense, 48.
      neapolitanum, 47.
      pacificum, 46.
      pandora, 49.
      patagonicum, 48.
      pelagicum, 46.
      polymorphum, 49.
  Rhizoplegma, 275.
      lychnosphaera, 275.
      polyacanthum, 275.
      radicatum, 276.
      spirale, 275.
      trigonacanthum, 276.
  Rhizosphaera, 283.
      leptomita, 284.
      serrata, 284.
      trigonacantha, 283.
  Rhodosphaera, 83.
      hexagonia, 83.
      melitomma, 83.
      palliata, 83.
      pentaphylla, 83.
  RHODOSPYRIDA, 1087.
  Rhodospyris, 1088.
      triceros, 1089.
      tricornis, 1089.
  Rhopalastrella, 526.
  Rhopalastromma, 528.
  Rhopalastrum, 526.
      arcticum, 529.
      _bandaicum_, 525.
      clavatum, 528.
      hexaceros, 529.
      _hexagonum_, 525.
      irregulare, 528.
      lagenosum, 527.
      malleus, 527.
      martellum, 528.
      pistillum, 527.
      triceros, 529.
      _trispinosum_, 525.
      truncatum, 526.
      ypsilinum, 528.
  Rhopalatractus, 1360.
      fenestratus, 1361.
      foveolatus, 1361.
      fusiformis, 1361.
      pentacanthus, 1361.
  Rhopalocanium, 1359.
      cortinium, 1359.
      delphicum, 1360.
      lasanum, 1359.
      ornatum, 1359.
      _prismaticum_, 1357.
      pythia, 1360.
  Rhopalodictyum, 589.
      abyssorum, 589.
      bifidum, 590.
      curvatum, 591.
      elongatum, 591.
      subacutum, 590.
      truncatum, 589.
      zittelii, 590.

  Sagena, 1605.
      crucifera, 1606.
      pertusa, 1606.
      ternaria, 1606.
      triangula, 1606.
  SAGENIDA, 1605.
  Sagenoscena, 1610.
      coronata, 1611.
      cruciata, 1611.
      ornata, 1610.
      penicillata, 1611.
      spathillata, 1611.
      stellata, 1610.
  SAGMARIDA, 1612.
  Sagmarium, 1612.
      plegmosphaerium, 1612.
      spongodictyum, 1612.
      trigonizon, 1612.
  Sagmidium, 1613.
      crucicorne, 1613.
      multicorne, 1614.
      quadricorne, 1614.
      tricorne, 1613.
      unicorne, 1613.
  Sagoplegma, 1614.
      pyramidophora, 1614.
      scenophora, 1615.
  Sagoscena, 1608.
      castra, 1608.
      cruciarium, 1609.
      debilis, 1609.
      fragilis, 1610.
      gracilis, 1609.
      pellorium, 1609.
      praetorium, 1609.
      tentorium, 1608.
  Sagosphaera, 1607.
      coronilla, 1608.
      furcilla, 1607.
      penicilla, 1607.
      trigonilla, 1607.
      verticilla, 1607.
  SAGOSPHAERIDA, 1601.
  Saturnalis, 131.
      annularis, 132.
      circoideus, 132.
      circularis, 131.
      cyclus, 132.
      rotula, 133.
      trochoides, 132.
  Saturnalium, 132.
  Saturninus, 146.
      triplex, 146.
  Saturnulus, 141.
      annulus, 141.
      circulus, 141.
      ellipticus, 141.
      planetes, 142.
  _Schizomma_, 645.
      _quadrilobum_, 645.
  SEMANTIDA, 953.
  Semantidium, 960.
      haeckelii, 961.
      hexastoma, 960.
      sexangulum, 960.
      signatorium, 961.
  Semantis, 956.
      biforis, 956.
      dipyla, 957.
      distephanus, 957.
      distoma, 957.
      sigillum, 957.
      spinescens, 958.
  SEMANTISCIDA, 956.
  Semantiscus, 966.
      hexapodius, 966,
      hexapylus, 967.
      hexaspyris, 966.
  Semantrum, 958.
      buetschlii, 959.
      muelleri, 959.
      quadrifore, 958.
      signarium, 960.
      sphragisma, 959.
      tetrapylum, 959.
      tetrastoma, 959.
  Sepalospyris, 1081.
      platyphylla, 1081.
      polyphylla, 1081.
  Sethamphora, 1249.
      aerostatica, 1252.
      ampulla, 1251.
      costata, 1251.
      dodecapleura, 1250.
      enneapleura, 1250.
      favosa, 1252.
      hexapleura, 1250.
      microstoma, 1252.
      mongolfieri, 1251.
      serrata, 1251.
  Sethocapsa, 1310.
      ampulla, 1311.
      bulla, 1311.
      lagena, 1310.
      macroceros, 1310.
      nidus, 1311.
      pyriformis, 1310.
      staurocephala, 1311.
  SETHOCAPSIDA, 1309.
  Sethocephalus, 1298.
      eucecryphalus, 1298.
      platycryphalus, 1298.
  Sethochytris, 1239.
      barbadensis, 1239.
      pyramis, 1240.
      triangula, 1240.
      triconiscus, 1239.
  Sethoconus, 1290.
      ampliatus, 1291.
      anthocyrtis, 1296.
      bimarginatus, 1295.
      cervus, 1292.
      clathratus, 1295.
      cucullaris, 1290.
      facetus, 1296.
      gracilis, 1295.
      hexagonalis, 1293.
      larvatus, 1282.
      longisetus, 1294.
      lophophaena, 1292.
      mitra, 1291.
      nassa, 1293.
      orthoceras, 1294.
      pileus, 1291.
      profundus, 1294.
      rayianus, 1291.
      setosus, 1296.
      tabulatus, 1293.
      trichostylus, 1294.
      trochus, 1290.
      venosus, 1297.
      verrucosus, 1293.
      virgultus, 1296.
  SETHOCORIDA, 1289.
  Sethocorys, 1301.
      achillis, 1301.
      ajacis, 1302.
      amphora, 1302.
      armadillo, 1302.
      odysseus, 1302.
      patrocli, 1301.
  SETHOCYRTIDA, 1288.
  Sethocyrtis, 1298.
      agamemnonis, 1300.
      cancrina, 1292.
      cassis, 1301.
      diomedis, 1292.
      menelai, 1299.
      oxycephalis, 1299.
      pleuracantha, 1300.
      subacuta, 1300.
  SETHODISCIDA, 422.
  Sethodiscus, 422.
      cristatus, 424.
      echinatus, 424.
      lenticula, 423.
      macrococcus, 423.
      macroporus, 422.
      micrococcus, 423.
      microporus, 422.
      phacoides, 422.
      radians, 423.
  Sethomelissa, 1207.
      hymenoptera, 1238.
  Sethopera, 1232.
      lagena, 1233.
      oceania, 1232.
      pyrum, 1232.
      tricostata, 1232.
  SETHOPERIDA, 1232.
  Sethophaena, 1285.
      enneaptera, 1286.
      hexaptera, 1286.
      polyptera, 1286.
      tetraptera, 1285.
  SETHOPHAENIDA, 1285.
  SETHOPHORMIDA, 1143.
  Sethophormis, 1243.
      arachnium, 1247.
      asteriscus, 1244.
      astrodiscus, 1244.
      aurelia, 1248.
      cruciata, 1243.
      dodecaster, 1248.
      enneactis, 1247.
      enneastrum, 1246.
      eupilium, 1247.
      floscula, 1249.
      hexagonalis, 1245.
      hexalactis, 1245.
      leptopilium, 1249.
      leptoscenium, 1249.
      medusa, 1244.
      octalactis, 1245.
      pentalactis, 1244.
      rotula, 1246.
      triloba, 1246.
      umbrella, 1248.
  SETHOPILIDA, 1195.
  Sethopilium, 1202.
      cyrtopus, 1202.
      macropus, 1203.
      orthopus, 1202.
  Sethopyramis, 1253.
      bicornis, 1256.
      cyclomma, 1255.
      dodecalactis, 1256.
      enneactis, 1254.
      _eupilium_, 1247.
      hexagonalis, 1255.
      hexalactis, 1253.
      maxima, 1256.
      quadrata, 1254.
      quadratella, 1254.
      scalaris, 1253.
      spinosa, 1255.
      trapezoides, 1254.
  Sethornithium, 1356.
      dictyopterum, 1356.
  Sethosphaera, 71.
      entosiphonia, 71.
      entosolenia, 71.
      _rhodococcus_, 237.
  Sethostaurium, 438.
  Sethostaurus, 433.
      conostaurus, 433.
      coronatus, 434.
      cruciatus, 434.
      gigas, 435.
      orthostaurus, 433.
      recurvatus, 434.
      rhombostaurus, 434.
  Sethostylium, 428.
  Sethostylus, 429.
      dentatus, 429.
      dicylindrus, 428.
      distyliscus, 428.
      _endostylus_, 413.
      hastatus, 429.
      serratus, 429.
      spicatus, 430.
  Siphocampe, 1490.
      annulosa, 1500.
      caminosa, 1500.
      erucosa, 1500.
      quadrantalis, 1501.
      spiralis, 1501.
      tubulosa, 1500.
  Siphocampium, 1501.
  Siphocampula, 1499.
  _Siphonaspis_, 823.
      _cristata_, 823.
  Siphonosphaera, 104.
      chonophora, 107.
      conifera, 106.
      cyathina, 105.
      fragilis, 106.
      infundibulum, 105.
      macrosiphonia, 107.
      marginata, 104.
      pansiphonia, 104.
      patinaria, 105.
      pipetta, 108.
      polysiphonia, 106.
      serpula, 107.
      socialis, 106.
      tubulosa, 105.
  Solenosphaera, 112.
      amalthea, 115.
      ascensionis, 115.
      cornucopiae, 115.
      megalactis, 114.
      pandora, 113.
      serpentina, 114.
      variabilis, 113.
      venosa, 114.
  Soreuma, 713.
      acervulina, 714.
      acinosum, 713.
      irregulare, 713.
      setosum, 714.
      spinosum, 714.
      subglobosum, 713.
  SOREUMIDA, 712.
  Sorolarcus, 715.
      larnacillifer, 715.
      tetrapylifer, 715.
      terminalis, 715.
  SPHAERELLARIA, 49.
  SPHAERIDEA, 50.
  Sphaerocapsa, 798.
      cruciata, 798.
      dentata, 798.
      quadrata, 798.
      pavimentata, 798.
  SPHAEROCAPSIDA, 795.
  SPHAEROIDEA, 50.
  SPHAEROPHRACTA, 795.
  Sphaerospyris, 1099.
      globosa, 1100.
      quadriforis, 1100.
      sphaera, 1100.
  SPHAEROSTYLIDA, 133.
  Sphaerostylus, 138.
      clio, 139.
      cottus, 140.
      diadema, 139,
      flexuosus, 138.
      hippocampus, 139.
      liostylus, 138.
      ophidium, 140.
      trigla, 140.
  SPHAEROZOIDA, 38.
  Sphaerozoum, 40.
      _acuferum_, 46.
      alveolatum, 43.
      araucaria, 44.
      arborescens, 44.
      armatum, 43.
      _atlanticum_, 40.
      _bicellulare_, 25.
      _bifurcum_, 33.
      circumtextum, 45.
      furcatum, 42.
      furculosum, 42.
      _fuscum_, 43.
      geminatum, 45.
      hamatum, 41.
      hexactinium, 41.
      _inerme_, 25.
      _italicum_, 40.
      medusinum, 41.
      _neapolitanum_, 47.
      octoceras, 44.
      _orientale_, 1763.
      ovodimare, 42.
      _pelagicum_, 28.
      punctatum, 43.
      _punctatum_, 42.
      quadrigeminum, 44.
      _sanderi_, 1763.
      _spinulosum_, 40.
      stellatum, 45.
      triactinium, 41.
      trigeminum, 43.
      variabile, 45.
      verticillatum, 44.
  Spiremarium, 692.
  Spirema, 692.
      diplospira, 693.
      flustrella, 692.
      lentellipsis, 692.
      melonia, 692.
      subglobosum, 693.
  SPIREMIDA, 691.
  Spiremidium, 693.
  Spirocampe, 1511.
      allospira, 1511.
      callispira, 1511.
      polyspira, 1511.
  Spirocyrtidium, 1509.
  Spirocyrtis, 1508.
      cornutella, 1509.
      diplospira, 1510.
      hemispira, 1510.
      holospira, 1509.
      merospira, 1510.
      scalaris, 1509.
  Spirocyrtoma, 1509.
  Spironetta, 701.
  Spironilla, 702.
  Spironium, 701.
      arbustum, 702.
      diagonale, 702.
      octonium, 701.
      spinosum, 702.
  Spongaster, 596.
      cruciatus, 597.
      orthogonus, 598.
      pentacyclus, 598.
      quadratus, 597.
      scyllaeus, 598.
      tetras, 597.
  Spongasteriscus, 594.
      armatus, 595.
      clavatus, 595.
      furcatus, 595.
      mucronatus, 595.
      myelastrum, 596.
      ovatus, 594.
      quadricornis, 596.
      tetraceros, 596.
  Spongatractus, 350.
      fusiformis, 351.
      pachystylus, 350.
      streptacanthus, 351.
  Spongechinus, 272.
      cavus, 273.
      _multiaculeatus_, 271.
      serrulatus, 273.
      setosus, 273.
  SPONGELLIPSIDA, 341.
  Spongellipsis, 341.
      aplysina, 342.
      aspera, 342.
      laevis, 342.
      setosa, 342.
      spinosa, 342.
  Spongiomma, 270.
      asteroides, 272.
      clavatum, 271.
      denticulatum, 270.
      helioides, 271.
      multiaculeum, 271.
      radiatum, 270.
      spathillatum, 270.
  SPONGIOMMIDA, 270.
  SPONGOBRACHIDA, 587.
  Spongobrachium, 587.
      ellipticum, 588.
      lanceolatum, 588.
  Spongocore, 346.
      chrysalis, 346.
      cincta, 346.
      diplocylindrica, 346.
      puella, 347.
      pupula, 347.
      velata, 347.
  _Spongocyclia_, 577.
      _charybdoea_, 593.
      _cycloides_, 578.
      _elliptica_, 588.
      _orthogona_, 598.
      _scyllaea_, 598.
      _triangularis_, 578.
  SPONGOCYCLIDA, 573.
  Spongocyrtis, 1188.
      arachnoides, 1189.
      montis ovis, 1189.
  Spongodictyon, 90.
      arcadophoron, 91.
      cavernosum, 91.
      spongiosum, 90.
      trigonizon, 91.
  SPONGODISCIDA, 573.
  Spongodisculus, 576.
  Spongodiscus, 576.
      _aculeatus_, 583.
      biconcavus, 577.
      _charybdoeus_, 593.
      cycloides, 578.
      _ellipticus_, 588.
      favus, 577.
      florealis, 578.
      mediterraneus, 576.
      _orthogonus_, 598.
      _quadricornis_, 596.
      radiatus, 576.
      resurgens, 577.
      _scyllaeus_, 598.
      spiralis, 578.
      spongocyclia, 578.
  Spongodruppa, 349.
      elliptica, 350.
      frangula, 349.
      lentisca, 349.
      pistacia, 349.
      polyacantha, 350.
      terebintha, 349.
  SPONGODRUPPIDA, 348.
  Spongodrymus, 272.
      abietinus, 272.
      elaphococcus, 272.
  SPONGOLARCIDA, 613.
  Spongolarcus, 613.
      amphicentria, 614.
      dimensivus, 613.
      lentellipsis, 613.
      triaxonius, 613.
  Spongolena, 587.
      cypselura, 588.
      rhopalura, 587.
      spongura, 587.
  Spongoliva, 352.
      amygdalina, 352.
      cerasina, 352.
      daturina, 353.
      opuntina, 352.
      persicina, 352.
      prunulina, 352.
  Spongolonche, 579.
      amphistyla, 580.
      conostyla, 580.
  Spongolonchis, 149.
      compacta, 149.
      laxa, 149.
  Spongomelissa, 1209.
      spongiosa, 1210.
  SPONGOPHACIDA, 575.
  Spongophacus, 579.
      periphaena, 579.
  Spongophortis, 711.
      larnacilla, 711.
      radiosa, 711.
      spongiosa, 711.
  Spongopila, 274.
      dichotoma, 274.
      verticillata, 275.
  Spongoplegma, 89.
      antarcticum, 90.
  Spongoprunum, 347.
      amphicylindrus, 348.
      amphilonche, 347.
      atractuas, 348.
  Spongopyramis, 1260.
      spongiosa, 1261.
      spongoplecta, 1261.
  Spongosphaera, 282.
      helioides, 283.
      _pachystyla_, 350.
      polyacantha, 282.
      quadricuspis, 283.
      _rhabdostyla_, 584.
      streptacantha, 282.
  SPONGOSPHAERIDA, 52.
  Spongospira, 578.
      _florealis_, 578.
      _spiralis_, 578.
  Spongostaurus, 582.
      cruciatus, 582.
      hastatus, 582.
      quadratus, 582.
      serratus, 582.
  SPONGOSTYLIDA, 148.
  Spongostylidium, 150.
      streptacanthum, 150.
  Spongostylus, 149.
      gladiatus, 150.
      hastatus, 149.
      _prunococcus_, 354.
      serratus, 150.
  Spongothamnus, 274.
      furcatus, 274.
      scoparius, 274.
  Spongotripus, 580.
      irregularis, 581.
      neumayri, 581.
      regularis, 580.
      strepsiceros, 581.
      ypsilon, 581.
  SPONGOTROCHIDA, 579.
  Spongotrochiscus, 585.
  Spongotrochus, 585.
      _arachnius_, 583.
      brevispinus, 586.
      _craticulatus_, 583.
      ehrenbergii, 1763.
      _heteracanthus_, 584.
      longispinus, 586.
      multispinus, 586.
      parma, 587.
      scutella, 586.
  SPONGURIDA, 339.
  Spongurus, 343.
      asper, 344.
      cylindricus, 344.
      phalanga, 343.
      radians, 345.
      _salpa_, 614.
      spongechinus, 345.
      stuparius, 343.
      stypticus, 343.
      tricolus, 344.
  Spongoxiphus, 353.
      prunococcus, 354.
      sphaerococcus, 353.
  SPUMELLARIA, 6.
  Spyrida, 1015.
  SPYRIDINA, 1015.
  _Spyridobotrys_, 1083.
      _trinacria_, 1083.
  SPYROIDEA, 1015.
  Stauracantha, 761.
      bifurca, 764.
      diplostaura, 762.
      johannis, 763.
      murrayana, 763.
      orthostaura, 762.
      pinnulata, 763.
      quadrifurca, 764.
      scalaris, 763.
      stauraspis, 764.
      tetrastaura, 762.
  STAURACANTHIDA, 758.
  Stauracanthidium, 764.
  Stauracanthonium, 762.
  STAURACONTIDA, 163.
  Stauracontium, 163.
      antarcticum, 165.
      cruciferum, 164.
      daturaeforme, 164.
      papillosum, 165.
      setosum, 165.
      sparganium, 165.
      tetracanthum, 164.
      tetracontium, 164.
  Stauractinium, 478.
  Stauractura, 477.
      medusina, 478.
      quadrata, 478.
      tetragona, 478.
  Stauracturium, 477.
  Stauralastrum, 540.
      antiquum, 541.
      clavigerum, 541.
      cruciforme, 540.
      dilatatum, 541.
      horridum, 542.
      lanceolatum, 540.
      ordo, 540.
      rhopalophorum, 541.
      staurolonche, 542.
  Staurancistra, 162.
      quadricuspis, 162.
  Staurasparium, 831.
  STAURASPIDA, 830.
  Stauraspidium, 831.
  Stauraspis, 831.
      cruciata, 831.
      furcata, 832.
      stauracantha, 832.
      xiphacantha, 831.
  Staurectodiscus, 416.
  Staurentodiscus, 416.
  STAUROCARYIDA, 167.
  Staurocaryum, 167.
      arborescens, 167.
  STAUROCROMYIDA, 166.
  Staurocromyum, 166.
      quadrispinum, 166.
      quadruplex, 166.
  Staurocyclia, 465.
      cruciata, 465.
      magniducis, 466.
      phacostaurus, 465.
      serrata, 465.
  Staurodictya, 506.
      ciliata, 506.
      cruciata, 507.
      elegans, 507.
      grandis, 508.
      medusa, 506.
      ocellata, 508.
      quadrispina, 507.
      splendens, 508.
  Staurodoras, 168.
      liassica, 168.
      mojsisovicsi, 168.
      spongosphaera, 168.
      wandae, 169.
  STAURODORIDA, 168.
  Staurolithium, 771.
      _cruciatum_, 771.
  Staurolonche, 159.
      aperta, 159.
      brunonis, 159.
      epicurii, 161.
      feuerbachii, 160.
      gassendii, 161.
      hexagona, 158.
      holbachii, 160.
      lucretii, 161.
      moleschottii, 160.
      pertusa, 159.
      spinozae, 159.
      straussii, 160.
  STAUROLONCHIDA, 158.
  Staurolonchidium, 162.
      artioscelides, 162.
      perspicuum, 162.
  Stauropelta, 859.
      cruciata, 859.
      stauropora, 859.
  Staurosphaera, 153.
      andreae, 154.
      apostolorum, 155.
      bartholomaei, 156.
      christiana, 153.
      crassa, 155.
      cruciata, 153.
      jacobi, 154.
      johannis, 153.
      judae, 155.
      matthaei, 156.
      pauli, 153.
      petri, 153.
      phillippi, 154.
      simonis, 154.
      thaddaei, 156.
      thomae, 155.
  STAUROSPHAERIDA, 151.
  Staurospira, 507.
  STAUROSTYLIDA, 152.
  Staurostylus, 156.
      germanicus, 157.
      graecus, 156.
      latinus, 157.
  STAUROTHOLIDA, 670.
  Staurotholonium, 675.
      alternatum, 675.
      bicruciatum, 675.
      biquadratum, 675.
      lenticulare, 676.
      octodoratium, 676.
      octodoronium, 676.
  Staurotholus, 673.
      cruciatus, 673.
      decastylus, 674.
      dodecastylus, 674.
      octostylus, 674.
      polystylus, 674.
      quadratus, 673.
      tetrastylus, 673.
  Stauroxiphos, 163.
      gladius, 163.
  Stegaspis, 819.
  Stephanastrum, 549.
      capitatum, 549.
      quadratum, 549.
      rhombus, 549.
  STEPHANIDA, 937.
  Stephaniscus, 965.
      medusinus, 965.
      quadrifurcus, 965.
      quadrigatus, 965.
      tetrapodius, 965.
  Stephanium, 952.
      quadrupes, 952.
      tetrapus, 952.
  Stephanolithia, 953.
      _muelleri_, 959.
      _spinescens_, 958.
  Stephanophaena, 1178.
  Stephanospyris, 1042.
      cordata, 1042.
      excellens, 1043.
      verticillata, 1043.
  STEPHIDA, 931.
  STEPHOIDEA, 931.
  Stichocampe, 1443.
      convergens, 1444.
      divergens, 1444.
  Stichocapsa, 1515.
      compacta, 1517.
      compressa, 1516.
      cylindrica, 1518.
      hexacola, 1517.
      monstrosa, 1517.
      paniscus, 1518.
      pentacola, 1517.
      pyriformis, 1516.
      quadrigata, 1515.
      radicula, 1518.
      subglobosa, 1516.
      subligata, 1518.
      tetracola, 1515.
      tricincta, 1516.
  STICHOCAPSIDA, 1511.
  STICHOCORIDA, 1468.
  Stichocorys, 1479.
      baerii, 1479.
      huschkei, 1480.
      muelleri, 1480.
      okenii, 1480.
      panderi, 1479.
      rathkei, 1480.
      wolffii, 1479.
  STICHOCYRTIDA, 1434.
  Stichocyrtis, 1489.
  Sticholagena, 1449.
  Stichopera, 1447.
      clavata, 1449.
      lagena, 1448.
      ovata, 1448.
      pectinata, 1449.
      serrata, 1448.
      verticillata, 1449.
  STICHOPERIDA, 1447.
  Stichoperina, 1448.
  Stichophaena, 1465.
      darwiniana, 1465.
      goetheana, 1466.
      nonaria, 1466.
      novena, 1466.
      ritteriana, 1465.
  STICHOPHAENIDA, 1463.
  Stichophaenidium, 1465.
  Stichophaenoma, 1466.
  STICHOPHORMIDA, 1454.
  Stichophormis, 1454.
      cornutella, 1455.
      lucerna, 1455.
      novena, 1455.
      pyramidalis, 1454.
      radiata, 1456.
  Stichophormiscus, 1455.
  Stichophormium, 1454.
  STICHOPILIDA, 1436.
  Stichopilidium, 1438.
  Stichopilium, 1436.
      bicorne, 1437.
      campanulatum, 1438.
      cortina, 1437.
      costatum, 1437.
      davisianum, 1437.
      macropterum, 1438.
      pectinatum, 1439.
      thoracopterum, 1439.
      triserratum, 1438.
  Stichopodium, 1447.
      dictyopodium, 1447.
  Stichopterium, 1444.
      dictyopodium, 1445.
      pterocanium, 1445.
      virgineum, 1445.
  _Stichopterygium_, 1442.
      _tanypterum_, 1442.
      _anomalum_, 1442.
  Stigmosphaera, 68.
      actinocentra, 68.
  Stomatodiscus, 502.
      amphistomus, 502.
      osculatus, 503.
  Streblacantha, 706.
      calcarina, 706.
      hastigerina, 707.
      siderolina, 706.
  STREBLACANTHIDA, 704.
  Streblonia, 704.
      bulimina, 705.
      globigerina, 704.
      planorbulina, 705.
      polymorphina, 705.
      pulvinulina, 706.
      rosalina, 705.
      _siderolina_, 706.
      uvigerina, 704.
  STREBLONIDA, 702.
  Streblopyle, 707.
      helicina, 707.
      spirulina, 707.
  STREBLOPYLIDA, 704.
  Stylactis, 532.
      _triangulum_, 533.
      _zittelii_, 534.
  Stylartus, 357.
      bipolaris, 357.
      bicuspis, 357.
      palatus, 358.
      penicillus, 358.
  Stylatractus, 328.
      carduus, 330.
      compactus, 329.
      disetanius, 331.
      fusiformis, 329.
      giganteus, 329.
      neptunus, 328.
      papillosus, 331.
      sethoporus, 330.
      variabilis, 330.
  Stylectodiscus, 413.
  Stylentodiscus, 413.
  Stylochlamydium, 514.
      aequale, 515.
      asteriscus, 514.
      limbatum, 514.
      perispirale, 515.
      spongiosum, 516.
      venustum, 515.
  Stylocoronis, 982.
  Stylocromyum, 147.
      amphiconus, 147.
      amphipyramis, 147.
      _tetraphractum_, 335.
  Stylocyclia, 462.
      amphacantha, 463.
      _arachnia_, 510.
      dimidiata, 462.
      excavata, 463.
      prionacantha, 462.
  STYLOCYCLIDA, 461.
  Stylodictya, 509.
      arachnia, 510.
      _bispiralis_, 497.
      centrospira, 512.
      clavata, 513.
      dujardinii, 513.
      echinastrum, 513.
      _forbesii_, 510.
      gracilis, 509.
      haeckelii, 510.
      hastata, 510.
      heliospira, 512.
      hertwigii, 513.
      multispina, 510.
      _ocellata_, 508.
      octogonia, 511.
      perispira, 511.
      _quadrispina_, 507.
      setigera, 512.
      solmaris, 511.
      _splendens_, 508.
      stellata, 510.
  STYLODICTYIDA, 503.
  Stylodiscus, 413.
      amphistylus, 413.
      endostylus, 413.
  Stylosphaera, 133.
      calliope, 134.
      _carduus_, 330.
      clio, 134.
      _coronata_, 326.
      dixyphos, 135.
      erato, 137.
      euterpe, 135.
      _flexuosa_, 138.
      _hippocampus_, 324.
      hispida, 136.
      _holosphaera_, 150.
      jugata, 137.
      _laevis_, 327.
      liostylus, 136.
      _megadictya_, 301.
      melpomene, 135.
      musa, 133.
      nana, 136.
      _ophidium_, 140.
      polyhymnia, 134.
      _radiosa_, 334.
      setosa, 135.
      _spinulosa_, 332.
      _sulcata_, 333.
      terpsichore, 137.
      _testudo_, 325.
      thalia, 137.
      urania, 134.
  STYLOSPHAERIDA, 121.
  Stylospira, 512.
      _arachnia_, 513.
      _dujardinii_, 513.
      _heliospira_, 512.
  Stylospongia, 584.
      _huxleyi_, 585.
  Stylospongidium, 586.
      _geddesii_, 585.
  Stylostaurus, 157.
      caudatus, 157.
      gladiatus, 158.
  Stylotrochiscus, 583.
  Stylotrochus, 583.
      arachnius, 583.
      craticulatus, 583.
      geddesii, 585.
      helianthus, 584.
      heteracanthus, 584.
      huxleyi, 585.
      rhabdostylus, 584.
  Stypolarcus, 614.
      spongiosus, 614.
  Styposphaera, 86.
      spongiacea, 87.
      spumacea, 87.
      stupacea, 87.

  Taurospyris, 1058.
      bovina, 1058.
      cervina, 1058.
  Tessarasparium, 835.
  TESSARASPIDA, 830.
  Tessaraspidium, 838.
      _quadratum_, 838.
  Tessaraspis, 835.
      arachnoides, 836.
      circularis, 837.
      concreta, 838.
      diodon, 837.
      _elegans_, 844.
      _icosastaura_, 846.
      hexagonalis, 836.
      irregularis, 838.
      micropora, 827.
      pentagonalis, 836.
      quadrata, 838.
      quadriforis, 837.
      rotunda, 838.
      tetragonalis, 836.
      trigonalis, 836.
  Tessarastrum, 547.
      brunonis, 548.
      democriti, 548.
      spinozae, 546.
      straussii, 547.
  Tessarospyris, 1045.
      clathrobursa, 1045.
      nuciformis, 1046.
      seminulum, 1046.
  _Tetracorethra_, 1044.
      _mirabilis_, 1044.
  Tetracoronis, 981.
  Tetracranastrum, 552.
  Tetracubus, 994.
  TETRACYRTIDA, 1434.
  Tetrahedrina, 1238.
      pyramidalis, 1238.
      pyriformis, 1238.
      quadricornis, 1239.
  Tetralacorys, 1370.
  Tetraphormis, 1243.
  Tetraplagia, 911.
      abietina, 912.
      geometrica, 911.
      phaenaxonia, 911.
  TETRAPLAGIDA, 941.
  Tetraplecta, 923.
      pinigera, 924.
      quadricornis, 924.
      tetrahedra, 923.
  TETRAPLECTIDA, 923.
  Tetrapyle, 645.
      cardiopyle, 646.
      circopyle, 645.
      circularis, 645.
      cladacantha, 648.
      cruciata, 647.
      dodecaceros, 649.
      fusiformis, 646.
      nephropyle, 645.
      octacantha, 648.
      pleuracantha, 646.
      pluteus, 649.
      _polyacantha_, 1761.
      quadricornis, 647.
      quadrigata, 648.
      quadriloba, 645.
      staurophora, 647.
      tetracantha, 647.
      transversa, 646.
      turrita, 649.
  Tetrapylonium, 657.
      armatum, 659.
      octacanthum, 658.
      pantellipticum, 658.
      quadrangulare, 658.
      reniforme, 658.
  Tetrarrhabda, 1044.
  Tetrasolenia, 113.
      _quadrata_, 113.
      _venosa_, 114.
  TETRASPHAERIDA, 52.
  TETRASPYRIDA, 1043.
  Tetraspyris, 1043.
      calcarata, 1045.
      cubica, 1044.
      scoparia, 1045.
      stephanium, 1044.
      tetracorethra, 1044.
  Tetroniscus, 487.
  _Thamnospyris_, 1070.
      _thamnopodia_, 1071.
  Thalassicolla, 18.
      _acufera_, 46.
      australis, 20.
      _cavispicula_, 1551.
      maculata, 21.
      melacapsa, 21.
      nucleata, 20.
      _papillosa_, 22.
      _pelagica_, 23.
      pellucida, 19.
      _punctata_, 25.
      _sanguinolenta_, 22.
      spumida, 19.
      zanclea, 19.
  Thalassicollarium, 18.
  THALASSICOLLIDA, 10.
  Thalassicollidium, 20.
  Thalassolampe, 16.
      margarodes, 16.
      maxima, 17.
      _primordialis_, 13.
  Thalassophysa, 21.
      papillosa, 22.
      pelagica, 23.
      sanguinolenta, 22.
  Thalassopila, 17.
      cladococcus, 17.
  Thalassoplancta, 36.
      brevispicula, 36.
      _cavispicula_, 1551.
      longispicula, 36.
  Thalassosphaera, 31.
      belonium, 31.
      _bifurca_, 33.
      rhaphidium, 31.
  THALASSOSPHAERIDA, 29.
  Thalassoxanthium, 32.
      bifurcum, 33.
      cervicorne, 33.
      furcatum, 33.
      hexactinium, 32.
      medusinum, 32.
      octoceras, 34.
      ovodimare, 34.
      punctatum, 34.
      triactinium, 32.
      triradiatum, 32.
  Thecosphaera, 78.
      aequorea, 80.
      capillacea, 81.
      diplococcus, 81.
      dodecactis, 82.
      entactinia, 81.
      favosa, 79.
      floribunda, 79.
      icosactis, 82.
      inermis, 80.
      maxima, 82.
      medusa, 80.
      micropora, 81.
      phaenaxonia, 79.
      triplodictyon, 79.
  THECOSPHAERIDA, 78.
  Theocalyptra, 1397.
      cornuta, 1398.
      discoides, 1398.
      orci, 1397.
      veneris, 1397.
  Theocampana, 1422.
  Theocampe, 1422.
      cassis, 1424.
      collaris, 1425.
      costata, 1426.
      cryptocephala, 1426.
      cryptoprora, 1423.
      ehrenbergii, 1422.
      gemmata, 1425.
      megalopora, 1425.
      nucula, 1423.
      ovulum, 1424.
      pirum, 1423.
      sphaerothorax, 1424.
      stenostoma, 1423.
      versipellis, 1425.
  Theocentra, 1424.
  Theocapsa, 1426.
      aldrovandi, 1428.
      aristotelis, 1427.
      baerii, 1430.
      cuvieri, 1430.
      darwinii, 1431.
      democriti, 1427.
      forskalii, 1429.
      galeni, 1427.
      gessneri, 1428.
      lamarckii, 1430.
      linnaei, 1429.
      malpighii, 1428.
      muelleri, 1431.
      pallasii, 1429.
      plinii, 1427.
      rathkei, 1430.
      sarsii, 1431.
      schwannii, 1431.
      wolffii, 1429.
      wottonis, 1428.
  Theocapsetta, 1426.
  THEOCAPSIDA, 1426.
  Theocapsilla, 1427.
  Theocapsomma, 1428.
  Theocapsura, 1430.
  Theoconus, 1399.
      aegeus, 1400.
      amplus, 1402.
      ampullaceus, 1402.
      ariadnes, 1402.
      campanulatus, 1400.
      dionysius, 1402.
      ficus, 1403.
      jovis, 1401.
      junonis, 1401.
      laterna, 1403.
      longicornis, 1401.
      orthoconus, 1400.
      zancleus, 1399.
      zanguebaricus, 1400.
  Theocorax, 1399.
  Theocorbis, 1401.
  THEOCORIDA, 1396.
  Theocoronium, 1415.
  Theocorusca, 1407.
  Theocorys, 1414.
      alauda, 1418.
      ampullacea, 1402.
      apollinis, 1418.
      attenuata, 1417.
      bachabunda, 1417.
      cretica, 1415.
      dianae, 1416.
      _ficus_, 1403.
      hyalothorax, 1417.
      _longicornis_, 1370.
      martis, 1419.
      mercurii, 1419.
      minervae, 1419.
      obliqua, 1417.
      ovata, 1416.
      plutonis, 1416.
      scolopax, 1416.
      sphaerophila, 1418.
      tuberculata, 1419.
      turgidula, 1415.
      veneris, 1415.
  Theocorypha, 1405.
  Theocorythium, 1416.
  THEOCYRTIDA, 1395.
  Theocyrtis, 1405.
      aspera, 1408.
      barbadensis, 1406.
      cylindrica, 1406.
      elegans, 1406.
      macroceros, 1407.
      microtheca, 1407.
      oenophila, 1408.
      paupera, 1407.
      proserpinae, 1408.
      ptychodes, 1408.
      trachelius, 1405.
  Theodiscoma, 414.
  Theodiscura, 415.
  Theodiscus, 413.
      christianus, 414.
      divinus, 414.
      nirwana, 415.
      trinitatis, 414.
      vanitatis, 415.
  Theopera, 1357.
      chytropus, 1358.
      cortina, 1358.
      fusiformis, 1357.
      luscinia, 1358.
      prismatica, 1357.
      pyramis, 1357.
  THEOPERIDA, 1354.
  Theophaena, 1394.
      corona, 1394.
      nonaria, 1395.
  THEOPHAENIDA, 1393.
  THEOPHORMIDA, 1366.
  Theophormis, 1366.
      callipilium, 1367.
      cruciata, 1367.
      medusa, 1367.
      senaria, 1368.
  THEOPILIDA, 1315.
  Theosyringium, 1409.
      pipetta, 1409.
      siphonium, 1409.
      tibia, 1409.
      tubulus, 1411.
  Theopilium, 1321.
      cranoides, 1322.
      tricostatum, 1322.
      triradiatum, 1322.
  Theopodium, 1328.
      pyramidale, 1328.
      tricostatum, 1328.
  THEROSPYRIDA, 1055.
  Therospyris, 1058.
      canis, 1058.
      felis, 1059.
      leo, 1059.
  Tholartus, 663.
      isocolus, 664.
      paniscus, 664.
      sagitta, 665.
      tricolus, 664.
      tripanis, 665.
  Tholocubus, 677.
      tessellatus, 677.
      tesseralis, 678.
      tesserarius, 677.
  Tholodes, 665.
      cupula, 665.
  Tholoma, 671.
      metallasson, 672.
      quadrigeminum, 672.
  THOLONIDA, 660.
  Tholonium, 678.
      bicubicum, 678.
      ellipticum, 679.
      hexonium, 679.
      sphaericum, 679.
      sphaeronium, 679.
  Tholospira, 699.
      cervicornis, 700.
      dendrophora, 700.
      hystrix, 700.
      nautiloides, 699.
      spinosa, 696.
  Tholospirema, 699.
  Tholospironium, 700.
  THOLOSPYRIDA, 1077.
  Tholospyridium, 1079.
  Tholospyris, 1078.
      cupola, 1080.
      fenestrata, 1079.
      galeata, 1079.
      ramosa, 1079.
      tripodiscus, 1079.
  Tholospyrium, 1078.
  Tholostaurus, 670.
      cruciformis, 670.
      dodecabeles, 671.
      octobelonis, 671.
      polybelonis, 671.
      quadrigatus, 670.
      tetrabelonis, 671.
  _Tholothauma_, 682.
      _ellipsoides_, 682.
  Thoracaspis, 862.
      bipennis, 862.
      circopora, 862.
      ellipsoides, 862.
      nephropora, 862.
  Thyrsocyrtis, 1350.
      _anthophora_, 1491.
      arborescens, 1350.
      _bachabunda_, 1417.
      _bromia_, 1349.
      _dionysia_, 1402.
      furcata, 1351.
      _jacchia_, 1402.
      _lyaea_, 1348.
      _oenophila_, 1408.
      _radicata_, 1351.
      _reticulata_, 1274.
      rhizodon, 1350.
      rhizopodium, 1351.
      rhizopus, 1351.
      trifida, 1352.
  TIAROSPYRIDA, 1078.
  Tiarospyris, 1082.
      amphora, 1083.
      galea, 1082.
      mitra, 1082.
      pervia, 1082.
  Toxarium, 995.
      bifurcum, 997.
      circospyris, 995.
      constrictum, 996.
      cordatum, 996.
      costatum, 997.
      furcatum, 997.
      pedatum, 997.
      subcirculare, 996.
      thorax, 996.
  Toxellium, 995.
  Toxidium, 996.
  Toxonium, 997.
  TREMATODISCIDA, 491.
  Trematodiscus, 492.
      _concentricus_, 492.
      _ellipticus_, 494.
      _flustrella_, 493.
      _haeckelii_, 1763.
      _helicoides_, 496.
      _heterocyclus_, 494.
      _macroporus_, 493.
      _microporus_, 493.
      _orbiculatus_, 492.
      _sorites_, 493.
      _soritoides_, 1762.
  Triacartus, 1436.
  _Triactinosphaera_, 590.
      _zittelii_, 590.
  Triactiscus, 432.
      tricuspis, 432.
      tripodiscus, 432.
      tripyramis, 432.
  Tribonosphaera, 98.
      centripetalis, 98.
  Triceraspyris, 1029.
      arborescens, 1032.
      corallorrhiza, 1031.
      cortiniscus, 1030.
      damaecornis, 1032.
      didiceros, 1030.
      furcata, 1031.
      gazella, 1031.
      giraffa, 1031.
      longicornis, 1032.
      maniculata, 1031.
      tripodiscus, 1030.
  _Trichogromia_, 1661.
      _hirsuta_, 1661.
  Tricircarium, 985.
  Tricirconium, 986.
  Tricolocampe, 1411.
      amphizona, 1413.
      arcta, 1414.
      cingulata, 1414.
      cylindrica, 1412.
      doliolum, 1414.
      panthera, 1413.
      polyzona, 1412.
      pupa, 1412.
      stenozona, 1413.
      urnula, 1413.
  Tricolocampium, 1412.
  Tricolocamptra, 1413.
  Tricolocapsa, 1431.
      brownii, 1433.
      decandollei, 1433.
      dioscoridis, 1432.
      linnaei, 1432.
      schleidenii, 1433.
      theophrasti, 1432.
  Tricolocapsium, 1433.
  Tricolocapsula, 1432.
  Tricolospyris, 1097.
      baconiana, 1098.
      kantiana, 1098.
      leibnitziana, 1098.
      newtoniana, 1098.
  _Tricranastrum_, 541.
      _wyvillei_, 551.
  Trictenartus, 1440.
  Tricyclarium, 987.
  Tricyclidium, 984.
      dictyospyris, 984.
      semantrum, 985.
  Tricyclonium, 987.
  TRICYRTIDA, 1313.
  Tridictyopus, 1145.
      conulus, 1145.
      elegans, 1145.
      vatillum, 1145.
  Trigonactinium, 472.
  Trigonactura, 471.
      lanceolata, 472.
      pythagorae, 471.
      rhopalastrella, 471.
      triacantha, 472.
      trigonobrachia, 472.
      trigonodiscus, 472.
      trixiphos, 473.
  Trigonacturium, 471.
  Trigonastrum, 539.
      gegenbauri, 539.
      krohnii, 539.
      regulare, 539.
  Trigonocyclia, 464.
      triangularis, 464.
  Triodiscus, 566.
      lenticula, 566.
      trigonus, 567.
      spinosus, 567.
  Triolena, 564.
      hexabelone, 564.
      primordialis, 564.
      tribelone, 564.
      trigonalis, 564.
      trispinosa, 564.
  Trioniscus, 486.
  Triopyle, 564.
      circulus, 565.
      cordigera, 565.
      hexagona, 565.
      renigera, 565.
      spinigera, 566.
      trigona, 565.
  TRIOPYLIDA, 563.
  TRIOSPHAERIDA, 52.
  Triospyridium, 1032.
  Triospyris, 1030.
  Triospyrium, 1030.
  TRIOSTEPHIDA, 967.
  Triostephus, 983.
  Tripilidium, 1140.
      cladopodium, 1142.
      clavatum, 1141.
      cortina, 1140,
      costatum, 1141.
      dichopodium, 1142.
      elongatum, 1142.
      hemisphaericum, 1140.
      lychnocanium, 1141.
      ovatum, 1141.
  Triplagia, 908.
      horizontalis, 909.
      primordialis, 909.
      triradialis, 909.
  TRIPLAGIDA, 908.
  Triplecta, 921.
      triactis, 922.
      triangulum, 921.
  TRIPLECTIDA, 921.
  TRIPLOZONARIA, 656.
  TRIPOCALPIDA, 1133.
  Tripocalpis, 1135.
      cortinaris, 1137.
      galea, 1136.
      plectaniscus, 1136.
      tricostata, 1136.
      triserrata, 1136.
  Tripocoronis, 981.
  Tripocubus, 994.
  TRIPOCYRTIDA, 1192.
  Tripocyrtis, 1201.
      _challengeri_, 1231.
      plagoniscus, 1201.
      plectaniscus, 1202.
      tripodiscus, 1202.
  Tripodictya, 505.
      triacantha, 505.
      tribelonia, 505.
      trigonaria, 505.
  Tripodiscinus, 1143.
  Tripodisculus, 1144.
  Tripodocorys, 1142.
  Tripodonium, 1137.
      campanulatum, 1137.
      ovatum, 1137.
  Tripodiscium, 1143.
      campanula, 1144.
      clavatum, 1143.
      furcatum, 1144.
      ovatum, 1143.
      ramosum, 1144.
      sphaerocephalum, 1144.
      tristylospyris, 1143.
  Tripospyrantha, 1025.
  Tripospyrella, 1026.
  TRIPOSPYRIDA, 1025.
  Tripospyris, 1025.
      capitata, 1025.
      clavata, 1028.
      conifera, 1027.
      cortina, 1025.
      cortiniscus, 1026.
      diomma, 1026.
      eucolpos, 1029.
      _euscenium_, 1147.
      furcata, 1021.
      hexomma, 1028.
      semantidium, 1029.
      semantis, 1026.
      semantrum, 1027.
      tessaromma, 1028.
      tribrachiata, 1029.
      triomma, 1026.
      triplecta, 1027.
  Tripospyrissa, 1027.
  Tripospyromma, 1028.
  Tripterocalpis, 1137.
      conoptera, 1138.
      ogmoptera, 1138.
      phylloptera, 1138.
  TRIPYLEA, 1521.
  _Trisolenia_, 113.
      _megalactis_, 114.
      _zanguebarica_, 97.
  Trissocircus, 985.
      binellipsis, 985.
      globus, 986.
      lentellipsis, 985.
      octahedrus, 986.
      octostoma, 986.
  TRISSOCYCLIDA, 982.
  Trissocyclus, 986.
      sphaeridium, 987.
      stauroporus, 987.
      triaxonius, 987.
  Trissopilium, 1138.
      lithomelissa, 1139.
      tetraplecta, 1139.
  Tristephaniscus, 984,
  Tristephanium, 982.
      dimensivum, 983.
      hertwigii, 983.
      octopyle, 983.
      quadricorne, 984.
  Tristylocorys, 1140.
  Tristylospyris, 1032.
      clavipes, 1033.
      furcata, 1034.
      palmipes, 1033.
      ramosa, 1034.
      scaphipes, 1033.
      triceros, 1033.
      tripodiscium, 1034.
  Tristylospyrula, 1033.
  Tristylospyrium, 1034.
  Trizonium, 637.
      amphibelonium, 638.
      constrictum, 637.
      decabelonium, 639.
      dodecabelos, 640.
      hexabelonium, 639.
      hexagonium, 638.
      octobelonium, 639.
      octogonium, 638.
      pleurobelonium, 638.
      staurobelonium, 639.
      tricinctum, 637.
  TROCHODISCIDA, 412.
  Trochodisculus, 417.
  Trochodiscus, 417.
      cenophacus, 417.
      cingillum, 419.
      echiniscus, 418.
      medusinus, 417.
      odontotrochus, 418.
      solaris, 418.
      stellaris, 418.
  Trypanosphaera, 109.
      coronata, 110.
      dentata, 110.
      terebrata, 110.
      transformata, 111.
      trepanata, 110.
  TYMPANIDA, 987.
  Tympanidium, 1003.
      barbadense, 1004.
      binoctonum, 1004.
      foliosum, 1003.
      spinosum, 1003.
      staurocircum, 1004.
  Tympaniscus, 1001.
      bipes, 1001.
      corona, 1001.
      dipodiscus, 1001.
      _dizonius_, 973.
      dodecaster, 1002.
      fibula, 1002.
      quadrupes, 1002.
      tripodiscus, 1002.
  Tympanura, 1003.
  Tympanomma, 1004.
  Tuscarantha, 1706.
  Tuscaretta, 1707.
  Tuscaridium, 1709.
      cygneum, 1709.
      lithornithium, 1710.
  Tuscarilla, 1708.
  Tuscarora, 1706.
      belknapii, 1708.
      bisternaria, 1706.
      _cygnea_, 1709.
      murrayi, 1706.
      porcellana, 1708.
      tetrahedra, 1707.
      tubulosa, 1707.
      wyvillei, 1707.
  TUSCARORIDA, 1702.
  Tuscarusa, 1707.
      medusa, 1709.

  Urocyrtis, 1762.
      amaliae, 1762.
      emmae, 1762.
      stephanii, 1762.

  Xanthiosphaera, 119.
      capillacea, 119.
      erinacea, 120.
      lappacea, 120.
  Xiphacantha, 758.
      alata, 761.
      ancorata, 760.
      ciliata, 761
      _cruciata_, 754.
      crucifera, 759.
      emarginata, 759.
      falcata, 759.
      _foliosa_, 754.
      macroptera, 760.
      _murrayana_, 763.
      _pectinata_, 757.
      platyptera, 761.
      quadridentata, 758.
      _serrata_, 757.
      spinulosa, 759.
      stauroptera, 760.
      trigonoptera, 760.
  Xiphacanthidium, 760.
  Xiphacanthonium, 758.
  Xiphatractus, 332.
      armadillo, 332.
      chlamydophorus, 333.
      dasypus, 333.
      euphractus, 332.
      glyptodon, 334.
      radiosus, 334.
      spinulosus, 332.
      sulcatus, 333.
  Xiphodictya, 503.
      amphibelonia, 503.
      amphirrhopalia, 504.
      staurospira, 504.
      heliospira, 504.
  Xiphoptera, 777.
      dodecactena, 778.
      icosactena, 778.
      tessaractena, 778.
  Xiphosphaera, 123.
      astraea, 126.
      _bipolaris_, 297.
      ceres, 126.
      clavigera, 126.
      euphrosyne, 124.
      flora, 125.
      gaea, 123.
      gigantea, 125.
      hebe, 127.
      luna, 123.
      juno, 125.
      maxima, 124.
      pallas, 124.
      planeta, 123.
      venus, 123.
      vesta, 126.
  Xiphospira, 504.
  XIPHOSTYLIDA, 122.
  Xiphostylus, 127.
      alauda, 128.
      alca, 130.
      alcedo, 127.
      anhinga, 128.
      ardea, 131.
      cuculus, 129.
      edolius, 130.
      emberiza, 131.
      falco, 130.
      gallus, 128.
      motacilla, 127.
      phasianus, 127.
      picus, 129.
      trochilus, 129.
      trogon, 129.

  ZONARIDA, 682.
  Zonarium, 684.
      octangulum, 685.
      quadrigatum, 685.
      quadrispinum, 685.
      tetratholium, 685.
  Zonaspis, 833.
      aequatorialis, 834.
      cingulata, 834.
      fragilis, 833.
  Zonidium, 687.
      octostylium, 688.
      octotholium, 688.
  Zoniscus, 686.
      hexathalamius, 686.
      hexatholius, 687.
      octacanthus, 667.
      rectangulus, 686.
      tetracanthus, 687.
  ZONODISCIDA, 411.
  Zonodiscus, 412.
      saturnalis, 412.
  Zygacantha, 746.
      complanata, 748.
      compressa, 747.
      costata, 746.
      dichotoma, 747.
      dicopa, 748.
      foliacea, 748.
      furcata, 747.
      lanceolata, 746.
      semicompressa, 748.
  Zygacantharium, 746.
  ZYGACANTHIDA, 742.
  Zygacanthidium, 747.
  Zygacanthonium, 748.
  ZYGARTIDA, 397.
  Zygartus, 401.
      chrysalis, 401.
      doliolum, 401.
      _larvalis_, 398.
      _virginis_, 369.
  Zygocampe, 399.
      chrysalidium, 400.
      corasium, 400.
      pupula, 399.
  ZYGOCAMPIDA, 392.
  Zygocircus, 945.
      acacia, 947.
      buetschlii, 948.
      dodecanthus, 947.
      hexagonus, 947.
      pentagonus, 946.
      polygonus, 947.
      productus, 958.
      rhombicus, 946.
      sagittalis, 946.
      tetragonus, 946.
      trigonus, 946.
      triquetrus, 347.
  ZYGOCYRTIDA, 1015.
  ZYGOSPYRIDA, 1021.
  Zygospyris, 1055.
      equus, 1056.
      quadrupes, 1055.
  Zygostaurus, 774.
      amphithectus, 774.
      arcuatus, 774.
      caudatus, 775.
      cornutus, 775.
      frontalis, 775.
      longicornis, 774.
      sagittalis, 775.
  ZYGOSTEPHANIDA, 970.
  Zygostephaniscus, 972.
  Zygostephanium, 972.
      constrictum, 973.
      dizonium, 973.
      paradictyum, 973.
  Zygostephanus, 970.
      bicornis, 972.
      dissocircus, 971.
      muelleri, 971.
      ramosus, 971.
      reniformis, 972
      serratus, 971.
      violina, 972.



Notes.

  [1] _Cystidium_ = Small vesicle; [Greek: kystidion].

  [2] _Nassella_ = Small wicker cage for fishing.

  [3] _Triplagia_ = Triangular or three-radial; [Greek: triplagios].

  [4] _Plagiacantha_ = Having spines on the sides; [Greek: plagios],
      [Greek: akantha].

  [5] _Tetraplagia_ = Four-sided; [Greek: tetraplagios].

  [6] _Plagoniscus_ = Side-windlass; [Greek: plagos], [Greek: oniskos].

  [7] _Plagonidium_ = Small side-article; [Greek: plagonidion].

  [8] _Plagiocarpa_ = Having its fruit (the central capsule) on the side;
      [Greek: plagiokarpos].

  [9] _Hexaplagia_ = Six-sided; [Greek: hexaplagios].

 [10] _Plagonium_ = Side-article; [Greek: plagos], [Greek: onion].

 [11] _Polyplagia_ = Manifold; [Greek: polyplagios].

 [12] _Triplecta_ = Hunting net with three beams; [Greek: tris], [Greek:
      plekte].

 [13] _Plectophora_ = Bearing a hunting net; [Greek: plekte], [Greek:
      phoros].

 [14] _Tetraplecta_ = Hunting net with four beams; [Greek: tetra], [Greek:
      plekte].

 [15] _Plectaniscus_ = Shell of wickerwork; [Greek: plektaniskos].

 [16] _Periplecta_ = Surrounded by a hunting net; [Greek: peri], [Greek:
      plekte].

 [17] _Hexaplecta_ = Hunting net with six beams; [Greek: hexa], [Greek:
      plekte].

 [18] _Plectanium_ = Small wickerwork or network; [Greek: plektane].

 [19] _Polyplecta_ = Much entwined; [Greek: polyplektos].

 [20] _Archicircus_ = Primordial ring; [Greek: archi], [Greek: kirkos].

 [21] _Lithocircus_ = Ring of silex; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: kirkos].

 [22] _Zygocircus_ = Yoked or symmetrical ring; [Greek: zygon], [Greek:
      kirkos].

 [23] _Dendrocircus_ = Ring bearing trees; [Greek: dendron], [Greek:
      kirkos].

 [24] _Cortina_ = Tripod.

 [25] _Stephanium_ = Small crown or garland; [Greek: stephanion].

 [26] _Semantis_ = Signet-ring; [Greek: semantis].

 [27] _Semantrum_ = Signet-ring; [Greek: semantron].

 [28] _Semantidium_ = Small signet-ring; [Greek: semantidion].

 [29] _Clathrocircus_ = Lattice-ring; [Greek: klethron], [Greek: kirkos].

 [30] _Cortiniscus_ = Small cortina or tripod.

 [31] _Stephaniscus_ = Small coronet or garland; [Greek: stephaniskos].

 [32] _Semantiscus_ = Small signet-ring; [Greek: semantiskos].

 [33] _Zygostephanus_ = Yoked ring; [Greek: zygon], [Greek: stephanos].

 [34] _Zygostephanium_ = Small yoked ring; [Greek: zygon], [Greek:
      stephanion].

 [35] _Coronidium_ = Small crown; [Greek: koronidion].

 [36] _Acanthodesmia_ = Thorn-band; [Greek: akantha], [Greek: desmion].

 [37] _Eucoronis_ = Good crown; [Greek: eu], [Greek: koronis].

 [38] _Plectocoronis_ = Crown with framework; [Greek: plektos], [Greek:
      koronis].

 [39] _Podocoronis_ = Crown with feet; [Greek: pous], [Greek: koronis].

 [40] _Tristephanium_ = Small crown with three rings; [Greek: tris],
      [Greek: stephanion].

 [41] _Tricyclidium_ = Composed of three small crossed circles; [Greek:
      tris], [Greek: kyklidion].

 [42] _Trissocircus_ = Composed of three crossed circles; [Greek: trissos],
      [Greek: kirkos].

 [43] _Trissocyclus_ = Composed of three crossed rings; [Greek: trissos],
      [Greek: kyklos].

 [44] _Protympanium_ = Primordial drum; [Greek: protympanion].

 [45] _Acrocubus_ = Perfect cube; [Greek: akros], [Greek: kybos].

 [46] _Toxarium_ = Small bow; [Greek: toxarion].

 [47] _Microcubus_ = Small cube; [Greek: mikros], [Greek: kybos].

 [48] _Octotympanum_ = Drum with eight gates; [Greek: okto], [Greek:
      tympanon].

 [49] _Tympaniscus_ = Little drum; [Greek: tympaniskos].

 [50] _Tympanidium_ = Small drum; [Greek: tympanidion].

 [51] _Paratympanum_ = Side-drum; [Greek: para], [Greek: tympanon].

 [52] _Lithotympanum_ = Drum of silex; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: tympanon].

 [53] _Dystympanium_ = Hideous drum; [Greek: dys], [Greek: tympanion].

 [54] _Prismatium_ = A small prism; [Greek: prismation].

 [55] _Pseudocubus_ = False cube; [Greek: pseudos], [Greek: kybos].

 [56] _Lithocubus_ = Cube of silex; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: kybos].

 [57] _Circotympanum_ = Drum with rings; [Greek: kirkos], [Greek:
      tympanon].

 [58] _Eutympanium_ = Nice small drum; [Greek: eu], [Greek: tympanion].

 [59] _Tripospyris_ = Basket with a tripod; [Greek: tripos], [Greek:
      spyris].

 [60] _Triceraspyris_ = Basket with three horns; [Greek: trikeras], [Greek:
      spyris]

 [61] _Tristylospyris_ = Basket with three styles; [Greek: tristylos],
      [Greek: spyris].

 [62] _Cephalospyris_ = Head-like basket; [Greek: kephale], [Greek:
      spyris].

 [63] _Dipospyris_ = Basket with two feet; [Greek: dipous], [Greek:
      spyris].

 [64] _Brachiospyris_ = Basket with two arms; [Greek: brachion], [Greek:
      spyris].

 [65] _Dendrospyris_ = Basket with arborescent feet; [Greek: dendron],
      [Greek: spyris].

 [66] _Dorcadospyris_ = Basket with two horns, similar to an antelope;
      [Greek: dorkas], [Greek: spyris].

 [67] _Gamospyris_ = Basket with two feet grown together; [Greek: gamos],
      [Greek: spyris].

 [68] _Stephanospyris_ = Basket with a garland; [Greek: stephanos], [Greek:
      spyris].

 [69] _Tetraspyris_ = Basket with four feet; [Greek: tetra], [Greek:
      spyris].

 [70] _Tessarospyris_ = Basket with four feet; [Greek: tessara], [Greek:
      spyris].

 [71] _Hexaspyris_ = Basket with six feet; [Greek: hexa], [Greek: spyris].

 [72] _Liriospyris_ = Lily-basket; [Greek: leirion], [Greek: spyris].

 [73] _Cantharospyris_ = Basket with six feet, like a beetle; [Greek:
      kantharos], [Greek: spyris].

 [74] _Clathrospyris_ = Latticed basket; [Greek: klethron], [Greek:
      spyris].

 [75] _Aegospyris_ = Goat-basket; [Greek: aigospyris].

 [76] _Pentaspyris_ = Basket with five feet; [Greek: penta], [Greek:
      spyris].

 [77] _Zygospyris_ = Bilocular basket, with paired halves; [Greek: zyga],
      [Greek: spyris].

 [78] _Elaphospyris_ = Deer-basket; [Greek: elaphos], [Greek: spyris].

 [79] _Taurospyris_ = Bull-basket; [Greek: tauros], [Greek: spyris].

 [80] _Therospyris_ = Basket with four feet, like a beast; [Greek: ther],
      [Greek: spyris].

 [81] _Petalospyris_ = Leaf-basket; [Greek: petalos], [Greek: spyris].

 [82] _Anthospyris_ = Flower-basket; [Greek: anthos], [Greek: spyris].

 [83] _Ceratospyris_ = Horned basket; [Greek: keras], [Greek: spyris].

 [84] _Gorgospyris_ = Medusiform basket; [Greek: gorgo], [Greek: spyris].

 [85] _Circospyris_ = Basket with a ring; [Greek: kirkos], [Greek: spyris].

 [86] _Dictyospyris_ = Net-basket; [Greek: diktyon], [Greek: spyris].

 [87] _Tholospyris_ = Basket with a cupola; [Greek: tholos], [Greek:
      spyris].

 [88] _Lophospyris_ = Basket with a crest; [Greek: lophos], [Greek:
      spyris].

 [89] _Sepalospyris_ = Basket with leaves; [Greek: sepalon], [Greek:
      spyris].

 [90] _Tiarospyris_ = Basket with a cap; [Greek: tiara], [Greek: spyris].

 [91] _Pylospyris_ = Basket with gates; [Greek: pyle], [Greek: spyris].

 [92] _Acrospyris_ = Basket with an apical spine; [Greek: akra], [Greek:
      spyris].

 [93] _Phormospyris_ = Wicker-basket; [Greek: phormos], [Greek: spyris].

 [94] _Patagospyris_ = Basket with a patagium; [Greek: patageion], [Greek:
      spyris].

 [95] _Rhodospyris_ = Rose-basket; [Greek: rhodon], [Greek: spyris].

 [96] _Desmospyris_ = Basket with a band or string; [Greek: desmos],
      [Greek: spyris].

 [97] _Androspyris_ = Man-like wicker basket; [Greek: aner], [Greek:
      spyris].

 [98] _Lamprospyris_ = Splendid wicker-basket; [Greek: lampros], [Greek:
      spyris].

 [99] _Amphispyris_ = Basket with a cap on both sides; [Greek: amphi],
      [Greek: spyris].

[100] _Tricolospyris_ = Wicker-basket with three joints; [Greek: trikolos],
      [Greek: spyris].

[101] _Perispyris_ = Wicker-basket surrounded by an envelope; [Greek:
      peri], [Greek: spyris].

[102] _Sphaerospyris_ = Spherical wicker-basket; [Greek: sphaira], [Greek:
      spyris].

[103] _Nephrospyris_ = Kidney-shaped basket; [Greek: nephros], [Greek:
      spyris].

[104] _Botryopera_ = Basket with grapes; [Greek: botrys], [Greek: pera].

[105] _Cannobotrys_ = Grape with tubes; [Greek: kanna], [Greek: botrys].

[106] _Acrobotrys_ = Perfect grape; [Greek: akros], [Greek: botrys].

[107] _Botryocella_ = Grape-pinnace; [Greek: botrys], [Greek: kella].

[108] _Lithobotrys_ = Stone grape; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: botrys].

[109] _Botryocyrtis_ = Basket with grapes; [Greek: botrys], [Greek:
      kyrtis].

[110] _Pylobotrys_ = Grape with an aperture; [Greek: pyle], [Greek:
      botrys].

[111] _Botryocampe_ = Caterpillar with a grape; [Greek: botrys], [Greek:
      kampe]

[112] _Phormobotrys_ = Grape basket; [Greek: phormos], [Greek: botrys].

[113] _Tripocalpis_ = Urn with three feet; [Greek: tripous], [Greek:
      kalpis].

[114] _Tripodonium_ = Shell with three feet.

[115] _Tripterocalpis_ = Urn with three wings; [Greek: tripteros], [Greek:
      kalpis].

[116] _Trissopilium_ = Small hat with three wings; [Greek: trissos],
      [Greek: pilion].

[117] _Archipilium_ = Primordial hat; [Greek: archipilion].

[118] _Tripilidium_ = Small hat with three feet; [Greek: tria], [Greek:
      pilidion].

[119] _Tripodiscium_ = Shell with three small feet; [Greek: tria], [Greek:
      podiskion].

[120] _Tridictyopus_ = Shell with three lattice-feet; [Greek: tria],
      [Greek: diktyon], [Greek: pous].

[121] _Euscenium_ = Nice small tent; [Greek: eu], [Greek: skenion].

[122] _Cladoscenium_ = Small tent with branched axis; [Greek: klados],
      [Greek: skenion].

[123] _Archiscenium_ = Primordial tent; [Greek: archi], [Greek: skenion].

[124] _Pteroscenium_ = Small tent with wings; [Greek: pteron], [Greek:
      skenion].

[125] _Peridium_ = Small pouch; [Greek: peridion].

[126] _Archipera_ = Primordial pouch; [Greek: archi], [Greek: pera].

[127] _Archibursa_ = Primordial bottle; [Greek: archi], [Greek: byrsa].

[128] _Bathropyramis_ = Pyramid with ladders; [Greek: bathron], [Greek:
      pyramis].

[129] _Cinclopyramis_ = Lattice-pyramid; [Greek: kinklis], [Greek:
      pyramis].

[130] _Peripyramis_ = Pyramid with an envelope; [Greek: peri], [Greek:
      pyramis].

[131] _Litharachnium_ = Spider-web of silex; [Greek: lithos], [Greek:
      arachnion].

[132] _Cladarachnium_ = Spider-web with branched threads; [Greek: klados],
      [Greek: arachnion].

[133] _Cystophormis_ = bladder-basket; [Greek: kyste], [Greek: phormis].

[134] _Haliphormis_ = Sea-basket; [Greek: hals], [Greek: phormis].

[135] _Archiphormis_ = Primordial-basket; [Greek: archi], [Greek: phormis].

[136] _Halicalyptra_ = Sea-veil; [Greek: hals], [Greek: kalyptra].

[137] _Carpocanistrum_ = Small fruit-basket; [Greek: karpos], [Greek:
      kanistron].

[138] _Arachnocalpis_ = Urn enveloped by spider's web; [Greek: arachne],
      [Greek: kalpis].

[139] _Phaenocalpis_ = Urceolate shell; [Greek: phaina], [Greek: kalpis].

[140] _Phaenoscenium_ = Tent-shaped shell; [Greek: phaina], [Greek:
      skenion].

[141] _Calpophaena_ = Urceolate shell; [Greek: kalpis], [Greek: phaina].

[142] _Archiphaena_ = Primordial shell; [Greek: archi], [Greek: phaina].

[143] _Cornutella_ = Small horn; diminutive of cornu.

[144] _Cornutanna_ = Horn-shaped; _Cornuta_.

[145] _Archicorys_ = Principal helm; [Greek: archikorys].

[146] _Cyrtocalpis_ = Basket-urn or wicker-pitcher; [Greek: kyrtos],
      [Greek: kalpis].

[147] _Mitrocalpis_ = Turban basket; [Greek: mitra], [Greek: kalpis].

[148] _Spongocyrtis_ = Spongy basket; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: kyrtis].

[149] _Halicapsa_ = Sea-capsule; [Greek: hals], [Greek: kapsa].

[150] _Archicapsa_ = Primordial capsule; [Greek: archikapsa].

[151] _Dictyophimus_ = Net goblet; [Greek: diktyon], [Greek: phimos].

[152] _Tripocyrtis_ = Basket with a tripod; [Greek: tripos], [Greek:
      kyrtis].

[153] _Sethopilium_ = Small fenestrated hat; [Greek: setho], [Greek:
      pilion].

[154] _Lithomelissa_ = Stone bee; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: melissa].

[155] _Psilomelissa_ = Smooth bee; [Greek: psilos], [Greek: melissa].

[156] _Spongomelissa_ = Spongy bee; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: melissa].

[157] _Clathrocanium_ = Basket of network; [Greek: klethra], [Greek:
      kaneon].

[158] _Lamprodiscus_ = Splendid disk; [Greek: lampros], [Greek: diskos].

[159] _Lampromitra_ = Splendid turban; [Greek: lampros], [Greek: mitra].

[160] _Callimitra_ = Beautiful turban; [Greek: kallis], [Greek: mitra].

[161] _Clathromitra_ = Lattice-turban; [Greek: klethra], [Greek: mitra].

[162] _Clathrocorys_ = Lattice-helmet; [Greek: klethra], [Greek: korys].

[163] _Eucecryphalus_ = Nice net-cap, [Greek: eu], [Greek: kekryphalos].

[164] _Amphiplecta_ = Shell at both poles open, with framework around;
      [Greek: amphiplekta].

[165] _Lychnocanium_ = Lantern-basket: [Greek: lychnos], [Greek: kaneon].

[166] _Lychnodictyum_ = Lantern with network; [Greek: lychnos], [Greek:
      diktyon].

[167] _Sethopera_ = Sieve-pouch; [Greek: setho], [Greek: pera].

[168] _Lithopera_ = Stone-pouch; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: pera].

[169] _Micromelissa_ = Small bee; [Greek: mikros], [Greek: melissa].

[170] _Peromelissa_ = Pouch-bee; [Greek: pera], [Greek: melissa].

[171] _Sethomelissa_ = Sieve-bee; [Greek: setho], [Greek: melissa].

[172] _Tetrahedrina_ = Small tetrahedron; [Greek: tetraedron].

[173] _Sethochytris_ = Sieve-pot; [Greek: setho], [Greek: chytris].

[174] _Clathrolychnus_ = Fenestrated lantern; [Greek: klethra], [Greek:
      lychnos].

[175] _Sethophormis_ = Sieve-basket; [Greek: setho], [Greek: phormis].

[176] _Sethamphora_ = Sieve-pitcher; [Greek: setho], [Greek: amphoreus].

[177] _Sethopyramis_ = Sieve-pyramid; [Greek: setho], [Greek: pyramis].

[178] _Plectopyramis_ = Woven pyramid; [Greek: plektos], [Greek: pyramis].

[179] _Spongopyramis_ = Spongy pyramid; [Greek: spongos], [Greek: pyramis].

[180] _Acanthocorys_ = Spiny Helmet; [Greek: akantha], [Greek: korys].

[181] _Arachnocorys_ = helmet with a cobweb; [Greek: arachne], [Greek:
      korys].

[182] _Anthocyrtoma_ = Flower-arch; [Greek: anthos], [Greek: kyrtoma].

[183] _Anthocyrtis_ = Flower-basket; [Greek: anthos], [Greek: kyrtis].

[184] _Anthocyrtium_ = Flower-basket; [Greek: anthos], [Greek: kyrtion].

[185] _Anthocyrtidium_ = Small flower-basket; [Greek: anthos], [Greek:
      kyrtidion].

[186] _Carpocanium_ = Fruit-basket; [Greek: karpos], [Greek: kaneon].

[187] _Sethophaena_ = Sieve-shell; [Greek: setho], [Greek: phaina].

[188] _Clistophaena_ = Closed shell; [Greek: kleistos], [Greek: phaina].

[189] _Sethoconus_ = Sieve-cone; [Greek: setho], [Greek: konos].

[190] _Periarachnium_ = Shell enveloped by cobweb; [Greek: peri], [Greek:
      arachnion].

[191] _Sethocephalus_ = Sieve-head; [Greek: setho], [Greek: kephale].

[192] _Sethocyrtis_ = Sieve-basket; [Greek: setho], [Greek: kyrtis].

[193] _Sethocorys_ = Sieve-helmet; [Greek: setho], [Greek: korys].

[194] _Lophophaena_ = Shell with a top-knot; [Greek: lophos], [Greek:
      phaino].

[195] _Dictyocephalus_ = Latticed head; [Greek: diktyon], [Greek: kephale].

[196] _Sethocapsa_ = Sieve-capsule; [Greek: setho], [Greek: kapsa].

[197] _Dicolocapsa_ = Two-jointed capsule; [Greek: dikolos], [Greek:
      kapsa].

[198] _Cryptocapsa_ = Hidden capsule; [Greek: kryptos], [Greek: kapsa].

[199] _Pterocorys_ = Helmet with wings; [Greek: pteron], [Greek: korys].

[200] _Theopilium_ = Divine hat; [Greek: theos], [Greek: pilion].

[201] _Corocalyptra_ = Coif or hood of a girl; [Greek: kore], [Greek:
      kalyptra].

[202] _Dictyoceras_ = Reticulated horn; [Greek: diktyon], [Greek: kera].

[203] _Pteropilium_ = Small hat with wings; [Greek: pteron], [Greek:
      pilion].

[204] _Theopodium_ = Divine foot; [Greek: theos], [Greek: podion].

[205] _Pterocanium_ = Basket with wings; [Greek: pteron], [Greek: kaneon].

[206] _Pterocodon_ = Bell with wings; [Greek: pteron], [Greek: kodon].

[207] _Dictyocodon_ = Net-bell; [Greek: diktyon], [Greek: kodon].

[208] _Pleuropodium_ = Shell with ribs and feet; [Greek: pleura], [Greek:
      podion].

[209] _Podocyrtis_ = Basket with feet; [Greek: pous], [Greek: kyrtis].

[210] _Thyrsocyrtis_ = Basket with a thyrsus or apical rod; [Greek:
      thyrsos], [Greek: kyrtis].

[211] _Dictyopodium_ = Shell with latticed feet; [Greek: diktyon], [Greek:
      podion].

[212] _Lithornithium_ = Siliceous bird; [Greek: lithos], [Greek:
      ornithion].

[213] _Sethornithium_ = Latticed bird; [Greek: setho], [Greek: ornithion].

[214] _Theopera_ = Divine pouch; [Greek: theos], [Greek: pera].

[215] _Rhopalocanium_ = Basket with clubs; [Greek: rhopalon], [Greek:
      kaneon].

[216] _Rhopalatractus_ = Spindle with clubs; [Greek: rhopalon], [Greek:
      atraktos].

[217] _Lithochytris_ = Pot of silex; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: chytris].

[218] _Theophormis_ = Divine basket; [Greek: theos], [Greek: phormis].

[219] _Phormocyrtis_ = Plaited basket; [Greek: phormos], [Greek: kyrtis].

[220] _Alacorys_ = Wing-helmet.

[221] _Cycladophora_ = Bearing a female robe; [Greek: kyklas], [Greek:
      phoros].

[222] _Calocyclas_ = Beautiful female robe; [Greek: kalos], [Greek:
      kyklas].

[223] _Clathrocyclas_ = Fenestrated female robe; [Greek: klethra], [Greek:
      kyklas].

[224] _Lamprocyclas_ = Splendid female robe; [Greek: lampros], [Greek:
      kyklas].

[225] _Diplocyclas_ = Female robe with a double girdle; [Greek: diploos],
      [Greek: kyklas].

[226] _Hexalatractus_ = Spindle with six wings; [Greek: hexala], [Greek:
      atraktos].

[227] _Theophaena_ = Divine shell; [Greek: theos], [Greek: phaina].

[228] _Theocalyptra_ = Divine veil; [Greek: theos], [Greek: kalyptra].

[229] _Cecryphalium_ = Net-cap; [Greek: kekryphalion].

[230] _Theoconus_ = Divine cone; [Greek: theos], [Greek: konos].

[231] _Lophoconus_ = Cone with a crest; [Greek: lophos], [Greek: konos].

[232] _Theocyrtis_ = Divine basket; [Greek: theos], [Greek: kyrtis].

[233] _Theosyringium_ = Divine tube; [Greek: theos], [Greek: syringion].

[234] _Lophocyrtis_ = Basket with a crest; [Greek: lophos], [Greek:
      kyrtis].

[235] _Tricolocampe_ = Caterpillar with three joints; [Greek: tris],
      [Greek: kolon], [Greek: kampe].

[236] _Theocorys_ = Divine helmet; [Greek: theos], [Greek: korys].

[237] _Axocorys_ = Helmet with an internal axis; [Greek: axis], [Greek:
      korys].

[238] _Lophocorys_ = Helmet with a top crest; [Greek: lophos], [Greek:
      korys].

[239] _Theocampe_ = Divine caterpillar; [Greek: theos], [Greek: kampe].

[240] _Theocapsa_ = Divine capsule; [Greek: theos], [Greek: kapsa].

[241] _Tricolocapsa_ = Three-jointed capsule; [Greek: trikolon], [Greek:
      kapsa].

[242] _Phrenocodon_ = Bell with diaphragm; [Greek: phren], [Greek: kodon].

[243] _Stichopilium_ = Hat with a row of joints; [Greek: stichos], [Greek:
      pilion].

[244] _Artopilium_ = Loaf-hat; [Greek: artos], [Greek: pilion].

[245] _Pteropilium_ = Winged hat; [Greek: pteron], [Greek: pilion].

[246] _Stichocampe_ = Caterpillar with a row of joints; [Greek: stichos],
      [Greek: kampe].

[247] _Stichopterium_ = Row-wing; [Greek: stichos], [Greek: pterion].

[248] _Podocampe_ = Caterpillar with feet; [Greek: pous], [Greek: kampe].

[249] _Stichopodium_ = Row-foot; [Greek: stichos], [Greek: podion].

[250] _Stichopera_ = Row-pouch; [Greek: stichos], [Greek: pera].

[251] _Cyrtopera_ = Basket-pouch; [Greek: kyrtos], [Greek: pera].

[252] _Artopera_ = Bread-pouch; [Greek: artos], [Greek: pera].

[253] _Stichophormis_ = Row-basket; [Greek: stichos], [Greek: phormis].

[254] _Phormocampe_ = Latticed caterpillar; [Greek: phormos], [Greek:
      kampe].

[255] _Artophormis_ = Bread-basket; [Greek: artos], [Greek: phormis].

[256] _Cyrtophormis_ = Plaited-basket; [Greek: kyrtos], [Greek: phormis].

[257] _Artophaena_ = Bread-shell; [Greek: artos], [Greek: phaina].

[258] _Stichophaena_ = Row-shell; [Greek: stichos], [Greek: phaina].

[259] _Lithostrobus_ = Cone of silex; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: strobos].

[260] _Dictyomitra_ = Net-cap; [Greek: diktyon], [Greek: mitra].

[261] _Stichocorys_ = Row-helmet; [Greek: stichos], [Greek: korys].

[262] _Artostrobus_ = Bread-cone; [Greek: artos], [Greek: strobos].

[263] _Lithomitra_ = Stone-cap; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: mitra].

[264] _Eucyrtidium_ = Nice small basket; [Greek: eu], [Greek: kyrtidion].

[265] _Eusyringium_ = Nice small tube; [Greek: eu], [Greek: syringion].

[266] _Siphocampe_ = Caterpillar with a tube; [Greek: siphon], [Greek:
      kampe].

[267] _Lithocampe_ = Stone-caterpillar; [Greek: lithos], [Greek: kampe].

[268] _Spirocyrtis_ = Spiral basket; [Greek: speira], [Greek: kyrtis].

[269] _Spirocampe_ = Spiral caterpillar; [Greek: speira], [Greek: kampe].

[270] _Cyrtocapsa_ = Basket-capsule; [Greek: kyrtos], [Greek: kapsa].

[271] _Stichocapsa_ = Jointed capsule; [Greek: stichos], [Greek: kapsa].

[272] _Artocapsa_ = Bread-shaped capsule; [Greek: artos], [Greek: kapsa].

[273] Ueber die Phaeodarien, eine neue Gruppe kieselschaliger mariner
      Rhizopoden, _Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena_, December 12,
      1879, pp. 3, 4.

[274] _Phaeocolla_ = Brown jelly; [Greek: phaios], [Greek: kolla].

[275] _Phaeodina_ = Provided with brown pigment; [Greek: phaiodion].

[276] _Cannobelos_ = Bearing hollow tubular arrows; [Greek: kanna], [Greek:
      belos].

[277] _Cannorrhaphis_ = Bearing hollow tubular needles; [Greek: kanna],
      [Greek: rhaphis].

[278] _Catinulus_ = Small cup or dish.

[279] _Mesocena_ = Hollow in the centre, annular; [Greek: meson], [Greek:
      kenos].

[280] _Dictyocha_ = Net-possessing; [Greek: diktyon], [Greek: echo].

[281] _Distephanus_ = Double corona; [Greek: distephanos].

[282] _Cannopilus_ = Hat with tubes; [Greek: kanna], [Greek: pilos].

[283] _Aulactinium_ = With radial tubes; [Greek: aulos], [Greek: achtis].

[284] _Aulacantha_ = Tubular spine; [Greek: aulos], [Greek: akantha].

[285] _Aulographis_ = Tubular style; [Greek: aulos], [Greek: graphis].

[286] _Auloceros_ = Tubular horn; [Greek: aulos], [Greek: keros].

[287] _Aulospathis_ = Tube with whirls; [Greek: aulos], [Greek: spathis].

[288] _Aulodendron_ = Tubular tree; [Greek: aulos], [Greek: dendron].

[289] _Orona_ = Hilly or tuberculate shell; [Greek: oros], [Greek: one].

[290] _Orosphaera_ = Sphere with hilly elevation; [Greek: oros], [Greek:
      sphaira].

[291] _Oroscena_ = Shell with tent-shaped elevations; [Greek: oros],
      [Greek: skene].

[292] In the plate the number is omitted by mistake. The figure is above in
      the middle.

[293] _Oroplegma_ = Hilly shell of framework; [Greek: oros], [Greek:
      plegma].

[294] _Sagena_ = Drag-net; [Greek: sagene].

[295] _Sagosphaera_ = Spherical armour; [Greek: sage], [Greek: sphaira].

[296] _Sagoscena_ = Armour with tents; [Greek: sage], [Greek: skene].

[297] _Sagenoscena_ = Net with tents; [Greek: sagene], [Greek: skene].

[298] _Sagmarium_ = Covering of a shield, armour; [Greek: sagmarion].

[299] _Sagmidium_ = Small armour, military clock; [Greek: sagmidion].

[300] _Sagoplegma_ = Armour of framework; [Greek: sage], [Greek: plegma].

[301] _Aularia_ = Tubular shell; [Greek: aularia].

[302] _Aulosphaera_ = Tubular sphere; [Greek: aulos], [Greek: sphaira].

[303] _Auloscena_ = Tubular tent; [Greek: aulos], [Greek: skene].

[304] _Auloplegma_ = Tubular framework; [Greek: aulos], [Greek: plegma].

[305] _Aulophacus_ = Tubular lens; [Greek: aulos], [Greek: phakos].

[306] _Aulatractus_ = Spindle composed of tubes; [Greek: aulos], [Greek:
      atraktos].

[307] _Aulonia_ = Tubular object; [Greek: aulos], [Greek: onion].

[308] _Aulastrum_ = Tubular star; [Greek: aulos], [Greek: astron].

[309] _Aulodictyum_ = Tubular net; [Greek: aulos], [Greek: diktyon].

[310] _Cannosphaera_ = Sphere with tubules; [Greek: kanna], [Greek:
      sphaira].

[311] _Coelacantha_ = Hollow spine; [Greek: koilos], [Greek: akantha].

[312] _Lithogromia_ = Siliceous _Gromia_.

[313] _Entocannula_ Shell with an internal tube.

[314] _Pharyngella_ = Shell with an internal pharynx.

[315] _Porcupinia_, in memory of H.M.S. "Porcupine" by which the first
      British deep-sea explorations were carried out during the years 1869
      and 1870.

[316] _Cortinetta_ = Diminutive of _Cortina_.

[317] _Medusetta_ = Small Medusa.

[318] _Euphysetta_ = Diminutive of _Euphysa_ (a Medusa).

[319] _Gazelletta_ = Named in memory of the German ship "Gazelle," which
      was engaged in deep-sea soundings during the years 1874 to 1876,
      under the command of Captain Schleinitz (Naturalist, Professor
      Studer).

[320] _Gorgonetta_ = Diminutive of _Gorgo_, Medusa.

[321] _Polypetta_ = Diminutive of _Polypus_.

[322] _Castanarium_ = Shell similar to a chestnut, _Castanea_.

[323] _Castanella_ = Diminutive of _Castanea_.

[324] _Castanidium_ = Small chestnut; [Greek: kastanidion].

[325] _Castanissa_ = Diminutive of _Castanea_.

[326] _Castanopsis_ = Shell similar to a chestnut; [Greek: kastanon],
      [Greek: opsis].

[327] _Castanura_ = Chestnut with tails; [Greek: kastanon], [Greek: oura].

[328] _Circoporus_ = Shell with circles of pores; [Greek: kirkos], [Greek:
      poros].

[329] _Circospathis_ = Shell with verticils around the spines; [Greek:
      kirkos], [Greek: spathis].

[330] _Circogonia_ = Polyhedron with circles of pores; [Greek: kirkos],
      [Greek: gonia].

[331] _Circorrhegma_ = Shell with circles of fissures; [Greek: kirkos],
      [Greek: rhegma].

[332] _Circostephanus_ = Shell with circular coronets; [Greek: kirkos],
      [Greek: stephanos].

[333] _Tuscarora_, named from the American ship "Tuscarora," commanded by
      Captain Belknap, which made a splendid series of deep-sea soundings
      in the Pacific Ocean in 1875.

[334] _Tuscarusa_, derivation from _Tuscarora_.

[335] _Tuscaridium_, derivation from _Tuscarora_.

[336] _Concharium_ = Small mussel; [Greek: koncharion].

[337] _Conchasma_ = Bivalved shell-fish; [Greek: konchasma].

[338] _Conchellium_ = Small bivalved mussel; [Greek: konchellion].

[339] _Conchidium_ = Similar to a bivalved mollusc; [Greek: konchidion].

[340] _Conchonia_ = Bivalved shell like a mussel; [Greek: konche], [Greek:
      onia].

[341] _Conchopsis_ = Similar to a bivalved shell-fish or mussel; [Greek:
      konche], [Greek: opsis].

[342] _Conchoceras_ = Mussel with horns; [Greek: konche], [Greek: keras].

[343] _Coelodoras_ = Hollow spear; [Greek: koilos], [Greek: doras].

[344] _Coelodendrum_ = Hollow tree; [Greek: koilos], [Greek: dendron].

[345] _Coelodrymus_ = Forest of hollow trees, [Greek: koilos], [Greek:
      drymos].

[346] _Coelodasea_ = Hollow thicket, [Greek: koilos], [Greek: dasea].

[347] _Coelotholus_ = Hollow cupola; [Greek: koilos], [Greek: tholos].

[348] _Coelothauma_ = Hollow wonder; [Greek: koilos], [Greek: thauma]

[349] _Coelothamnus_ = Hollow thicket; [Greek: koilos], [Greek: thamnos]

[350] _Coelographis_ = Hollow style; [Greek: koilos], [Greek: graphis].

[351] _Coelospathis_ = Hollow whorl; [Greek: koilos], [Greek: spathis].

[352] _Coelodecas_ = Shell with ten hollow styles; [Greek: koilos], [Greek:
      dekas].

[353] _Coelostylus_ = Hollow style; [Greek: koilos], [Greek: stylos].

[354] _Coeloplegma_ = Hollow framework; [Greek: koilos], [Greek: plegma].

[355] _Coelagalma_ = Hollow ornament: [Greek: koilos], [Greek: agalma].




       *       *       *       *       *




Corrections made to printed text

Page 920: (The different genera of) 'Plectanida' corrected from
'Plectonida'.

Page 951, Cortina dendroides, feet: '0.15 to 0.2' corrected from '01.5 to
0.2'.

Page 964, Cortiniscus tetrapylaris, height: '0.08 to 0.12' corrected from
'0.08 to 0.012'.

Page 1029, Tripospyris furcata: (Facial and occipital) 'plates' corrected
from 'faces' (as adjoining species).

Page 1056, Elaphospyris heptaceros, horns: '0.08' corrected from '0.008'
("as long as the shell").

Page 1069, Ceratospyris ramosa, author: 'Ceratospyris' corrected from
'Ceratopyris'.

Page 1138, Tripterocalpis, definition: 'Tripocalpis' corrected from
'Tripodocalpis'.

Page 1181, Cornutella stiligera, dimensions: '0.03 to 0.04 broad' corrected
from '0.03 to 0.04 long' (as adjoining species).

Page 1220, Clathrocorys murrayi, thorax length: '0.04' corrected from
'0.0.04'.

Page 1237, Peromelissa calva, thorax length: '0.07' corrected from '0.7'
("little larger than the cephalis").

Page 1260, Plectopyramis polypleura, thorax: '0.24 broad' corrected from
'0.24 long' (as adjoining species).

Page 1338, Podocyrtis conica, breadth a: '0.03' corrected from '00.3'.

Page 1343, Podocyrtis hexagonalis, breadth b: '0.11' corrected from
'0.011'.

Page 1352, Dictyopodium eurylophus, author: 'Dictyopodium' corrected from
'Dictopodium'.

Page 1355, Lithornithium trochilus, length (b): '0.05' corrected from
'0.5'.

Page 1378, Cycladophora enneapleura: 'Cycladophora gigas' corrected from
'Clycladophora gigas'.

Page 1385, Calocyclas monumentum, length (c): '0.06' corrected from '0.6'.

Page 1387, Clathrocyclas domina: 'peristome' corrected from 'persistome'.

Page 1397, Theocalyptra veneris: 'Eucecryphalus' corrected from
'Eucephryphalus'.

Page 1415, Theocorys turgidula, length (b): '0.05' corrected from '0.005'.

Page 1415, Theocorys cretica, length (a): '0.02' corrected from '0.2'.

Page 1417, Eucyrtidium attenuatum, dimensions: 'breadth' inserted.

Page 1444, Stichocampe convergens, length of each joint: '0.035' corrected
from '0.35'.

Page 1547, first paragraph: 'Thalassoplancta' corrected from
'Thallassoplancta'.

Page 1555, Mesocena diodon: 'Ehrenberg, 1854' corrected from 'Ebrenberg,
1854'.

Page 1572, The distal ends of the radial tubes: 'Auloceros' corrected from
'Auloceras'.

Ib., The central capsule: 'Aulosphaerida' corrected from 'Aulasphaerida'.

Page 1573, second paragraph: 'Thalassicolla nucleata' corrected from
'Thallassicolla nucleata'.

Page 1574, first paragraph: 'Aulographida' corrected from 'Aulagraphida'.

Page 1591, The lattice-shell: 'Cenosphaera' corrected from 'Cenosphera'.

Page 1593, Orosphaerida, central capsule: (rarely less than) '0.12'
corrected from '1.2'.

Page 1595, Orosphaera foveolata, length of spines: '0.5' corrected from
'0.05' ("half as long as the radius of the shell").

Page 1607, Sagosphaera penicilla, reference to 'Sagenoscena penicillata'
corrected from 'Sagenoscena pencillata'.

Page 1658, Challengeron moseleyi, larger spines: '0.06' corrected from
'0.6' ("about as long as the radius").

Page 1663, Porcupinia aculeata: 'Pharynx' corrected from 'Pharnyx'.

Page 1744, The maximum number of tubes: first occurence of 'Coeloplegmida'
corrected from 'Coloeplegmida'.

Index: 'Acrocoronis' corrected from 'Acrocoronia'.

Index, Alacorys: 'guilelmi' corrected from 'gulielmi'.

Index, Amphicraspedum: 'maclaganium' corrected from 'maclagganium' (per
text).

Index, Archidiscus: 'dithalamus' corrected from 'dithalamius', and
'trithalamus' from 'trithalamius' (per text).

Index: 'Aulographantha' corrected from 'Aulographanta'.

Index, Aulosphaera diodon: '1623' corrected from '1523'.

Index, Calocyclas amicae: '1382' corrected from '1282'.

Index, Calocyclas: 'aspasia' corrected from 'aspasiae'.

Index: 'Conarachnium' corrected from 'Conarachinum'.

Index, Cyphinus: 'dixiphus' corrected from 'dixiphos' (per text).

Index, Hexacolpus: 'dodecodus' corrected from 'dodecotus', per text as
signifying 12 teeth (odos).

Index, Lithobotrys galea: '1123' corrected from '1128'.

Index, Panartus profundissimus: '380' corrected from '880'.

Index: 'Phacodiscida' corrected from 'Phacodisida'.

Index, Pityomma: '259' corrected from '299'.

Index, Pylonium nephropylium: '655' corrected from '955'.

Index: 'Sethopera' corrected from 'Sethoptera'

Index, Spongellipsis: '341' corrected from '34'.

Index, Spongocore: 'diplocylindrica' corrected from 'diplocylindrus' (per
text).

Index, Aulosphaera diodon: '578' corrected from '378'.

Index, Spongostylus: '149' corrected from '749'.

Index: 'Staurocyclia' corrected from 'Staurocylia'.

Index, Stichoperida: '1447' corrected from '1147'.

Index, Theocampe: 'gemmata' corrected from 'geminata'.

Index, Tuscarora: 'cygnea' corrected from 'cygneum'.

Footnote 188: '[Greek: kleistos]' corrected from '[Greek: setho]' (carried
down from previous footnote).

Footnote 308: 'Aulastrum' corrected from 'Aulastrus'.



***