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THE

DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE

OF THE

AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

VOL. XI.




THE

DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE

OF THE

AMERICAN REVOLUTION;

BEING

THE LETTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, SILAS DEANE, JOHN ADAMS, JOHN JAY,
ARTHUR LEE, WILLIAM LEE, RALPH IZARD, FRANCIS DANA, WILLIAM
CARMICHAEL, HENRY LAURENS, JOHN LAURENS, M. DE LAFAYETTE, M. DUMAS,
AND OTHERS, CONCERNING THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
DURING THE WHOLE REVOLUTION;

TOGETHER WITH

THE LETTERS IN REPLY FROM THE SECRET COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS, AND THE
SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

ALSO,

THE ENTIRE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FRENCH MINISTERS, GERARD AND LUZERNE,
WITH CONGRESS.


Published under the Direction of the President of the United States,
from the original Manuscripts in the Department of State, conformably
to a Resolution of Congress, of March 27th, 1818.


EDITED

BY JARED SPARKS.


VOL. XI.


BOSTON:

NATHAN HALE AND GRAY & BOWEN;

G. & C. & H. CARVILL, NEW YORK; P. THOMPSON, WASHINGTON.


1830.




Steam Power Press--W. L. Lewis' Print.

No. 6, Congress Street, Boston.




CONTENTS

OF THE

ELEVENTH VOLUME.


LUZERNE'S CORRESPONDENCE,

CONTINUED.


                                                                 Page.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 10th,
    1781,                                                            3

        Communicating the commission of M. Holker, as Consul
        General of France.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 18th,
    1781,                                                            4

        Desires the appointment of a committee, to whom he may
        communicate his despatches.

    Communications of the French Minister to Congress. In
    Congress, September 21st, 1781,                                  4

        Proposed mediation of the Imperial Courts.--The French
        Court requires the establishing of some preliminaries,
        as to the admission of an American Minister to the
        proposed Congress, and the character in which England
        will treat the United States.--The British Court
        requires the submission of its revolted subjects in
        America.--Necessity of vigorous operations in
        America.--Mr Dana's mission to St Petersburg.--The
        accession of Maryland to the confederacy should be
        followed by vigorous measures.--Mr Adams in
        Holland.--Aids to America.--No further pecuniary
        assistance can be furnished by the French Court.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 24th,
    1781,                                                           17

        Transmitting the memorial of a Spanish subject.

    Memorial of Don Francisco Rendon to the Minister of France,     17

        Requesting the release of certain prisoners taken at
        Pensacola by the Spanish forces, and afterwards captured
        by an American vessel.

    Congress to the Minister of France. Philadelphia, September
    25th, 1781,                                                     19

        Relative to the preceding memorial.

    From Congress to the King of France,                            20

        Returning thanks for aid.

    The King of France to Congress,                                 21

        Birth of the Dauphin.

    Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Philadelphia,
    October 24th, 1781,                                             21

        Announces his appointment to the Department of Foreign
        Affairs.

    To Robert R. Livingston, Secretary of Foreign Affairs.
    Philadelphia, October 25th, 1781,                               22

        Expressing his pleasure at Mr Livingston's appointment.

    Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, November 2d, 1781,                                     23

        Congress request permission to present to the Count de
        Grasse two pieces of ordnance taken at York.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, November 4th, 1781,         24

        Acknowledging the receipt of certain papers.

    To the Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Philadelphia, November
    4th, 1781,                                                      25

        Erection of a triumphal column at Yorktown.--The United
        States are named before the King in the resolutions.

    Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, November 6th, 1781,                                    26

        The order in which the United States and France were
        named, was accidental.

    Robert R. Livingston to the President of Congress. Office of
    Foreign Affairs, November 6th, 1781,                            28

        Proposes the giving France the precedence in any
        subsequent acts, where the two countries are named.

    Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, November 21st, 1781,                                   29

        Complains of the proceedings of the Court of Admiralty
        in the French islands.

    Heads of a verbal Communication made to the Secretary of
    Foreign Affairs by the Minister of France. In Congress,
    November 23d, 1781,                                             30

        Satisfaction of the King with the appointment of
        Ministers for negotiating a peace.--Refusal to accede to
        the mediation, unless the American Ministers were
        acknowledged.--Necessity of exertion in America to
        compel Britain to a peace.

    The Answer of his Most Christian Majesty to the Articles
    proposed by the two Mediating Courts,                           33

    The Answer of the Court of London to the Preliminary
    Articles proposed by the Mediating Courts,                      40

    The verbal Answer of the King of Great Britain to the verbal
    Observations made by the Count de Belgiojoso, Austrian
    Ambassador in London,                                           43

    Reply of the Mediators to the Belligerent Powers,               45

    Answer of the Court of France to the Reply of the Mediators,    48

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, November 23d, 1781,      51

    Congress to the King of France,                                 51

        Congratulations on the successes of the French arms in
        America.--Services of de Grasse, de Rochambeau, and de
        Lafayette.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, December 11th, 1781,     53

        Enclosing papers.

    To Count du Durat, Governor of Grenada. Philadelphia,
    December 11th, 1781,                                            54

        Relative to an English ship carried into Grenada by
        American sailors.

    Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, December 21st, 1781,                                   55

        Relative to captures.

    Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, January 19th, 1782,                                    55

        Enclosing suspicious letters of Mr Deane.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, January 20th, 1782,      56

        Complains of the process in Massachusetts in regard to
        effects libelled.

    Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, January 24th, 1782,                                    57

        Communicating certain resolutions.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, January 25th, 1782,      57

        Thanking him for the preceding.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, January 28th,
    1782,                                                           58

        Propriety of instructing Mr Franklin, in relation to the
        acts necessary to bind the United States in their
        engagements with France on account of the loan raised in
        Holland.

    The Secretary of Foreign Affairs to the President of
    Congress. Philadelphia, January 29th, 1782,                     59

        Communicating extracts from letters of Count de
        Vergennes to the French Minister, expressing the desire
        of France to procure the most advantageous terms for
        America.--Indisposition of Great Britain to a
        peace.--Neither Holland nor Russia are disposed to an
        alliance with the United States.--France cannot furnish
        additional supplies.

    Count de Vergennes to Robert R. Livingston. Versailles,
    January 31st, 1782,                                             62

        On his appointment to the Department of Foreign Affairs.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, February 1st, 1782,      62

    Instructions to Dr Franklin. In Congress, February 5th,
    1782,                                                           63

        Empowering him to enter into engagements on the part of
        the United States to discharge the loan raised in
        Holland.

    Resolves of Congress respecting the Communications made by
    the Minister of France. In Congress, February 8th, 1782,        64

        Urging the necessity of further supplies from
        France.--Empowering Dr Franklin to raise a loan of
        twelve millions of livres.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, February 18th, 1782,     66

        Requesting the revision of a sentence of condemnation
        against certain prizes.

    The Marquis de Bouille to M. de la Luzerne. Without date,       67

        Relative to the recapture of neutral ships trading to
        Dominica by American privateers.

    Memorial of the Council of Dominica,                            69

        Same subject.

    Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, February 20th, 1782,                                   71

        Case of the capture of the neutral ships trading to
        Dominica.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, March 8th, 1782,    73

        M. de Marbois will remain as _Charge d'Affaires_ during
        his absence.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, April 7th, 1782,         73

        Requesting the settlement of the accounts of Baron de
        Kalb and others.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, April 13th, 1782,           74

        Warlike appearances in Europe.--Want of preparation in
        America.--Requests information of the strength of the
        forces.

    Count de Rochambeau to M. de la Luzerne. Williamsburgh,
    April 16th, 1782,                                               77

        Plans and operations of the enemy.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, April 18th, 1782,           78

        Recommending Count Beniowsky.

    George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Newburgh, April 28th,
    1782,                                                           79

        Statement of his forces.--Enemy's force.

    Communication of the French Minister to the Secretary of
    Foreign Affairs. In Congress, May 1st, 1782,                    84

        Representing the necessity of vigorous exertion.--The
        English intend to push operations with vigor.

    Decree of the King's Council in France,                         85

        Relative to the exportation of merchandise taken from
        prizes.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, May 7th, 1782,           87

        Appointment of M. d'Annemours, as French Consul for the
        five Southern States.

    Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, May 8th, 1782,                                         87

        Accounts of Baron de Kalb and others.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, May 9th, 1782,           88

        Applications of bearers of loan certificates for the
        repayment of their capital, or the payment of the
        interest.

    Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, May 9th, 1782,                                         89

    Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, May 12th, 1782,                                        89

        The address of Congress is, Gentlemen of the Congress.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, May 17th, 1782,             90

        Reported actions in the West Indies.

    Congress to the King of France,                                 90

        Congratulations on the birth of the Dauphin.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, May 25th, 1782,          92

        Requests the execution of certain resolutions of
        Congress in relation to Baron de Holzendorff.

    Verbal Communication of the French Minister to the Secretary
    of Foreign Affairs. In Congress, May 28th, 1782,                93

        Attempts by the English to effect a partial peace with
        America and with France.--The French Court refuse to
        treat separately.--Vigorous preparations necessary to
        secure a peace.

    George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head Quarters, June
    5th, 1782,                                                      96

        Enclosing the congratulations of the army, and offering
        his own on the birth of the Dauphin.

    Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, June 7th, 1782,                                        97

        Accounts of Baron de Kalb, Baron de Holzendorff and
        others.

    Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, June 9th, 1782,                                        98

        Answer to the applications of holders of the loan office
        certificates.

    To George Washington, Commander in Chief, and other Officers
    of the American Army, on Hudson's River. Philadelphia, June
    10th, 1782,                                                     98

        Birth of the Dauphin.

    Congress to the King of France,                                 99

        Condolence on the death of the Princess Sophia of
        France.

    To Count de Rochambeau. Philadelphia, June 14th, 1782,         100

        Movements of the English forces.--Plan of counter
        operations.

    George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head Quarters,
    Newburgh, June 24th, 1782,                                     102

        Impracticability of the plan of operations
        abovementioned.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, July 3d, 1782,             103

        Plans of Count de Rochambeau.--Disposition of Holland to
        form an alliance with America.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, July 8th, 1782,            104

        Inviting him to attend the rejoicings on the birth of
        the Dauphin.

    Count de Vergennes to George Washington. Versailles, July
    29th, 1782,                                                    105

        Interceding in favor of Captain Asgill.

    Lady Asgill to Count de Vergennes. London, July 18th, 1782,    107

        Imploring his interference on behalf of her son.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, August 5th, 1782,          108

        Requesting him to communicate with M. de Vaudreuil.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, August 14th, 1782,         110

        Liberation of American prisoners in
        England.--Indisposition of England to peace.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 1st,
    1782,                                                          111

        Relative to the America, presented by Congress to the
        King of France.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, September 5th, 1782,    112

        Enclosing the preceding.

    Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, September 12th, 1782,                                 112

    The Marquis de Vaudreuil to M. de la Luzerne. Boston,
    September 20th, 1782,                                          113

        Expressing his gratification at the offer of the
        America.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 23d,
    1782,                                                          114

        Desires the appointment of a committee with whom he may
        communicate.

    George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head Quarters,
    September 24th, 1782,                                          114

        The British meditate an attack on the squadron of M. de
        Vaudreuil.--Has taken measures to counteract their
        schemes.

    Communication of the French Minister to a Committee of
    Congress. In Congress, September 24th, 1782,                   115

        The British Court indulge the idea of separating France
        and America.--Congress should take measures to destroy
        any hopes of such a result.--It is desirable that the
        negotiations should be conducted in Europe.--State of
        the negotiation.--The French cabinet refuse to treat
        except in conjunction with their allies.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, September 27th, 1782,   123

        Communicating a decree of the French Council, relative
        to the fraudulent importation of English goods into
        America.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, September 29th, 1782,      124

        State of the negotiations for peace.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, October 1st, 1782,         124

        Requesting him to facilitate the entrance of M. Barbe
        into New York.

    Report of a Committee of Congress on Communications made by
    the French Minister. In Congress, October 3d, 1782,            125

        Congress will listen to no propositions for a separate
        peace.--They rely on the support of France to their
        demands in regard to boundaries, the fisheries, and the
        navigation of the Mississippi.--Difficulties attending
        any restitution of, or compensation for confiscated
        property.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, October 16th,
    1782,                                                          127

        Desiring an interview with a committee of Congress.

    George Washington to the President of Congress. Head
    Quarters, October 25th, 1782,                                  128

        Receives the letters relative to Captain Asgill, and
        transmits them to Congress.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, October 25th, 1782,        128

        Repayment of sums expended for French service.

    George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head Quarters,
    October 25th, 1782,                                            129

        Case of Captain Asgill.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, October 28th,
    1782,                                                          130

        Complains that the English fleet is supplied with
        provisions by citizens of the United States.

    Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, October 30th, 1782,                                   131

        Case of the seizure of an American prize by the French
        authorities at St Domingo.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, November 4th, 1782,     133

        Desires the passing of laws corresponding to the
        thirteenth Article of the treaty of commerce.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, November 6th, 1782,        134

        The enemy are supplied with provisions by Americans.

    To Count de Dillon, Governor of St Christopher's.
    Philadelphia, November 8th, 1782,                              135

        Affair of the Laetitia.

    To Sir Guy Carleton. Philadelphia, November 9th, 1782,         135

        Enclosing resolutions of Congress relative to Captain
        Asgill.

    To Sir Guy Carleton. Philadelphia, November 9th, 1782,         137

        Requesting him to permit the exchange of M. de la
        Touche.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, November 12th, 1782,       137

        Apology for corresponding with General Carleton.

    George Washington to Captain Asgill. Head Quarters, November
    13th, 1782,                                                    138

        Enclosing the resolution of Congress relative to him.

    George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head Quarters,
    November 13th, 1782,                                           139

        Regrets that he is unable to prevent the supplying of
        the enemy with provisions.

    George Washington to Count de Vergennes. Head Quarters,
    Newburgh, State of New York, November 21st, 1782,              140

        Affair of Captain Asgill.

    Robert R. Livingston to M. de la Luzerne, Office of Foreign
    Affairs, November 26th, 1782,                                  141

        Mr Jefferson appointed Minister for negotiating a peace.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia November 29th, 1782,     142

        Expresses his satisfaction with Mr Jefferson's
        appointment.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, November 30th, 1782,       142

        Relative to the supplying the enemy with provision.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, December 11th, 1782,    143

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, December 18th, 1782,       144

        Enclosing a letter for his perusal.

    To the Marquis de Vaudreuil. Philadelphia, December 18th,
    1782,                                                          144

        The Danae aground in the Chesapeake.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, December 26th,
    1782,                                                          145

        Expressing his Majesty's gratification with the
        proceedings of Congress relative to the birth of the
        Dauphin.

    Substance of a verbal Communication from the French
    Minister. Office of Foreign Affairs, December 30th, 1782,      146

        State of the negotiations.--Lord Shelburne's policy
        deceitful.--Proposed mediation.

    To the President of Congress. December 31st, 1782,             150

        Satisfaction of the King with the conduct of Congress,
        in regard to the overtures of the English in America,
        and the unanimity with which the States determine not to
        treat separately.

    Resolves of Congress on the departure of the French Army. In
    Congress, January 1st, 1783,                                   152

        Recommending the army to his Majesty's favorable
        notice.--Declaring their high sense of the merits and
        services of the Count de Rochambeau.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, January 10th, 1783,     154

        The capitulations permitting exportations from the
        islands captured by the French to British ports will not
        be renewed.

    To Robert Morris. Philadelphia, March 15th, 1783,              155

        Loan of six millions procured by France for
        America.--Conditions of the loan.--It will be impossible
        to furnish further supplies.--Necessity of establishing
        a public revenue in the United States.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, March 15th, 1783,          158

        Conclusion of preliminaries of peace.--Necessity of
        continuing preparations with vigor to secure favorable
        terms definitively.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, March 18th, 1783,       161

    George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head Quarters, March
    19th, 1783,                                                    161

        Agrees that the articles of the treaty are so
        inconclusive as to render a hostile attitude still
        necessary.--Will endeavor to prevent the supplying of
        the enemy with provisions.

    Minutes of a verbal Communication from the Minister of
    France. Office of Foreign Affairs, March 22d, 1783,            162

        No essential difference exists between England and
        France, but the latter will act only in conjunction with
        her allies.--If military operations in America should
        cease, and the war be continued elsewhere, the United
        States may exclude the English from intercourse with
        them.

    George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head Quarters, March
    29th, 1783,                                                    166

        Congratulations on the peace.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, April 10th, 1783,          167

        The French troops in America will return immediately.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, April 29th, 1783,       167

        Requests him to inform Congress of the intended
        departure of the French forces.

    George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head Quarters, May
    13th, 1783,                                                    168

        Inviting him to be present at the rejoicings on account
        of peace.

    To Robert R. Livingston. Philadelphia, May 19th, 1783,         169

        Affair of Mr Durham.--Complaints against Commodore
        Gillon.

    Count de Vergennes to M. de Lafayette. Versailles, June
    29th, 1783,                                                    170

        Definition of a Free Port.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 17th,
    1783,                                                          170

        Communicating the following letter, and requesting
        information as to the measures taken in regard to the
        subject.

    Count de Vergennes to M. de la Luzerne. Versailles, March
    10th, 1783,                                                    171

        Circumstances under which the last loan was obtained
        from France.--Contract made on the occasion.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, November 2d,
    1783,                                                          175

        General peace.--Commercial arrangements.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, November 21st, 1783,       176

        His testimony in favor of the French
        officers.--Congratulations on the evacuation of New
        York.

    M. de Calonne to M. de Lafayette. Versailles, January 9th,
    1784,                                                          177

        L'Orient, Bayonne, Dunkirk, and Marseilles, will be
        declared free ports in favor of the Americans.--The
        commercial intercourse of the two countries will be
        favored by all possible facilities.

    To the President of Congress. Annapolis, January 29th, 1784,   178

        Requests to be informed what measures have been taken by
        Congress relative to the contract for loans made by
        France.

    To the President of Congress. Annapolis, January 30th, 1784,   179

        Appointment of French Consuls in America.

    To the President of Congress. Annapolis, February 18th,
    1784,                                                          180

        Accounts of M. de la Radiere.

    To the President of Congress. Annapolis, April 6th, 1784,      180

        Arrival of portraits of the King and Queen of France for
        Congress.

    To the President of Congress. Annapolis, April 9th, 1784,      181

        Requests to be informed what arrangements have been made
        relative to the loans procured from France.

    Count de Vergennes to M. de la Luzerne. Versailles, December
    24th, 1783,                                                    182

        Free ports in France.

    Congress to the King of France,                                183

        Reception of the portraits of his Majesty and his
        consort.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Finance, April 16th,
    1784,                                                          184

        Enclosing letters of Lafayette on the commercial
        relations of France and America.--Services of Lafayette
        in that matter.

    To the President of Congress. Annapolis, April 21st, 1784,     185

        Intends to return to France.--Pleasure afforded by his
        residence in the United States.--Leaves M. de Marbois
        _Charge d'Affaires_.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, April 28th,
    1784,                                                          186

        Claims of the heirs of Baron de Kalb.--Case of M. de
        Fleury.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May 6th, 1784,     189

        Nomination of a Vice Consul at Charleston.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May 13th, 1784,    190

        Expresses his regret on leaving America.--Case of M. de
        Fleury and of the heirs of Baron de Kalb.

    Congress to M. de la Luzerne. In Congress, May 17th, 1784,     191

        Regretting his departure.

    To John Jay, Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Paris, (date
    uncertain) 1787?                                               193

        Requesting him to present to Congress his letter of
        recall from his intended mission to America.


ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON'S CORRESPONDENCE.

    Organization of a Foreign Department. In Congress, January
    10th, 1781,                                                    201

    Appointment of a Secretary of Foreign Affairs. In Congress,
    August 10th, 1781,                                             203

        Election of Mr Livingston.

    To Major General Nathaniel Greene. Philadelphia, October
    20th, 1781,                                                    203

        Desires to open a correspondence with
        him.--Congratulations on his successes.

    To Governor George Clinton, of New York. Philadelphia,
    October 22d, 1781,                                             204

        Congratulations on the capture of Cornwallis.--Requests
        information.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, October 29th,
    1781,                                                          205

        Requests permission to examine the Secret Journals and
        papers of Congress.

    Circular to the Governors of the States. Philadelphia,
    November 12th, 1781,                                           205

        Requesting a return of the damage done by the British in
        the respective States.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, November 18th,
    1781,                                                          207

        Payment of the foreign Ministers.--Allowance for
        different agents.--Affair of Mr John Temple.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, November 25th,
    1781,                                                          209

        Enclosing certain papers.

    General Greene to Robert R. Livingston. Camp Round O, South
    Carolina, December 13th, 1781,                                 210

        State of affairs in the south.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, January 18th,
    1782,                                                          211

        Mr Deane's letters.

    To Governor Jonathan Trumbull of Connecticut. Philadelphia,
    January 22d, 1782,                                             212

        Enclosing copies of Mr Deane's letters, confirming the
        charges against him.--Desires an account of the damage
        done by the British in Connecticut.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, January 25th,
    1782,                                                          213

        Proposing certain changes in the organization of his
        department.

    To Major General Greene. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    Philadelphia, January 31st, 1782,                              217

        Military operations in Europe.--State of the
        negotiations.--Important influence of success in America
        on the same.

    Circular Letter to the Governors of the States.
    Philadelphia, February 18th, 1782,                             219

        Transmitting resolutions of Congress, relative to
        uniformity in the laws concerning foreigners, and to
        boundaries of the respective States.

    To Governor Rutlege of South Carolina. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, Philadelphia, February 19th, 1782,                    220

        Desires to open a correspondence with him.

    Circular Letter to the Governors of the States.
    Philadelphia, February 19th, 1782,                             221

        Results of the last campaign.--Present disposition and
        means of England, Holland, Spain, and France.--Necessity
        of exertion at home.--Urges the adoption of measures for
        raising regular supplies.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    February 21st, 1782,                                           227

        Recommends a rehearing of the cases of the Dutch ship
        Resolution, and of the Flemish brigantine Eeirsten,
        captured by American privateers, and condemned by the
        American Courts.

    Regulations for the Department of Foreign Affairs. In
    Congress, February 22d, 1782,                                  230

    To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    February 23d, 1782,                                            234

        Organization of his department.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    February 26th, 1782,                                           235

        Questions relative to the distribution of the prize
        money from the prizes made by the Bon Homme Richard.

    To Robert Smith, Commercial Agent at Havana. Philadelphia,
    February 26th, 1782,                                           237

        Desires information relative to the Island of Cuba.

    To Don Francisco Rendon. Philadelphia, March 6th, 1782,        238

        Answer to questions relative to the military force; the
        resources of the United States; the probable extent of
        their commerce with Spain; means of preventing an
        illicit commerce with the Spanish Colonies; Spain will
        be permitted to build and arm ships in the United
        States.

    To John Paul Jones. Philadelphia, April 17th, 1782,            241

        Enclosing the protest of the commander of a Dutch
        ship.--Requesting information as to the distribution of
        the prize money among the crew of his squadron.

    Thomas S. Lee to Robert R. Livingston. Annapolis, in
    Council, April 19th, 1782,                                     242

    Robert Morris to Robert R. Livingston. Office of Finance,
    April 27th, 1782,                                              243

        Desires to be furnished with an account of the salaries
        of the foreign Ministers.

    Circular Letter to the Governors of the States. Office of
    Foreign Affairs, Philadelphia, May 2d, 1782,                   243

        The British cabinet refuses to admit the interference of
        the mediating powers between England and her
        Colonies.--Attempts will be made to open negotiations
        with the separate States.--Necessity of adopting
        decisive and vigorous measures to counteract this
        policy.--Languidness on the part of the States.

    To Robert Morris. Philadelphia, May 8th, 1782,                 247

        Salaries of Ministers.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign Affairs, May
    8th, 1782,                                                     247

        Expenses of the foreign department.--Expenses of the
        Ministers abroad.--Enclosing resolutions regulating the
        allowance, &c. to the Ministers.

    Charles Thomson to Robert R. Livingston. May 9th, 1782,        252

        Places assigned to the Heads of Departments in Congress,
        on occasion of a public audience of the French Minister.

    To the Commander in Chief, and Major General Greene.
    Philadelphia, May 13th, 1782,                                  253

        Intelligence of the birth of the Dauphin.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May 13th, 1782,    253

        Proposing an expression of the inviolable attachment of
        the United States to the alliance with France.

    Office of Foreign Affairs, May 13th, 1782,                     254

        Resolution above referred to.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May 15th, 1782,    255

        Proposing a resolution, granting Mr Jay permission to
        leave Madrid for France or Holland, if he thinks proper.

    Office of Foreign Affairs, May 15th, 1782,                     255

        Resolution above mentioned.

    To Richard Harrison of Cadiz. Philadelphia, May 21st, 1782,    256

        Professions of kindness from the British commander
        treated with distrust in America.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May 21st, 1782,    257

        Enclosing drafts of letters to Mr Dana.

    George Washington to Robert R. Livingston. Head Quarters,
    May 22d, 1782,                                                 257

        Preparations to celebrate the birth of the Dauphin.

    Governor Trumbull to Robert R. Livingston. Hartford, May
    23d, 1782,                                                     258

        Enclosing copies of letters to Mr Deane.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    June 5th, 1782,                                                258

    To Robert Morris. Office of Foreign Affairs, June 6th, 1782,   259

        Requesting information relative to interest due on Loan
        Office certificates.

    To Robert Morris. Office of Foreign Affairs, June 6th, 1782,   259

    Robert Morris to Robert R. Livingston. Office of Finance,
    June 7th, 1782,                                                260

        Congress have applied to the States for a duty on
        imports, to pay the debt.

    To Governor Trumbull. Office of Foreign Affairs, June 12th,
    1782,                                                          260

        Mr Deane.

    Governor Greene to Robert R. Livingston. Newport, June 15th,
    1782,                                                          261

        Enclosing a letter of congratulation on the birth of the
        Dauphin.

    Robert Morris to Robert R. Livingston. Office of Finance,
    June 20th, 1782,                                               262

        Requesting him to make estimates of the expense of his
        department.

    Robert Morris to Robert R. Livingston. Office of Finance,
    June 20th, 1782,                                               262

        Persons having claims on the United States must account
        with vouchers.

    The Governor of North Carolina to Robert R. Livingston.
    North Carolina, June 24th, 1782,                               263

        Military preparations of the State.--The State records
        being dispersed, is unable to furnish an estimate of the
        damages done by the British.--Transmits a map, showing
        the boundaries of the State.

    To the Minister of France. Philadelphia, July 3d, 1782,        264

        Transmitting the letter of congratulation on the birth
        of the Dauphin, from the authorities of Rhode Island.

    To William Lee, at Brussels. Philadelphia, July 18th, 1782,    265

        Dr Franklin is directed to discharge his demands.

    Governor Martin to Robert R. Livingston. North Carolina,
    August 20th, 1782,                                             265

        Disposition of North Carolina towards the enemy.--No
        overtures will be listened to by that State.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, August 23d,
    1782,                                                          267

        Accounts of the Ministers.

    To William Moore, President of the Council of Pennsylvania.
    Office of Foreign Affairs, September 8th, 1782,                268

        Urging the passing of laws conformable to the treaty of
        commerce and amity with France.

    To Governor Weare, of New Hampshire. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, September 9th, 1782,                                  269

        Case of Mr Mc Clintock.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    September 9th, 1782,                                           270

        Requests leave of absence.

    To Governor Martin, of North Carolina. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, September 9th, 1782,                                  270

        Requests that further documents relative to the
        boundaries of North Carolina may be transmitted.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    September 11th, 1782,                                          271

        M. Dumas.--Mr Adams's accounts.--Mr Deane's accounts.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    September 12th, 1782,                                          273

        Enclosing papers.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 12th,
    1782,                                                          274

        Services of M. Dumas.--Objections to appointing him
        _Charge d'Affaires_.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    September 12th, 1782,                                          275

        Resignation of Mr Laurens.--His salary continued.--False
        account of his conduct in England.

    Circular to the Governors of the States. Office of Foreign
    Affairs, September 12th, 1782,                                 276

        Enclosing a resolution of Congress.--Complains that
        former resolutions have not been complied with.

    Circular to the Governors of the States. Office of Foreign
    Affairs. September 15th, 1782,                                 277

        Reception of Mr Adams by the States-General.

    General Greene to Robert R. Livingston. Head Quarters,
    October 2d, 1782,                                              278

        Celebration of the birth of the Dauphin.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, October 29th,
    1782,                                                          279

        Recommending Mr Harrison to the notice of Congress.

    To Thomas Jefferson. Philadelphia, November 13th, 1782,        280

        Transmitting his appointment as Minister Plenipotentiary
        for negotiating a peace.

    To Governor Matthews, of South Carolina. Philadelphia,
    November 20th, 1782,                                           280

        Requests information relative to debts contracted by Mr
        Gillon on behalf of South Carolina.

    To Thomas Barclay. Philadelphia, November 26th, 1782,          281

        Transmitting his appointment as Commissioner for
        adjusting the accounts of Congress in Europe.

    Thomas Jefferson to Robert R. Livingston. Chesterfield,
    November 26th, 1782,                                           281

        Accepting his appointment as Minister.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, December 2d,
    1782,                                                          282

        Offers his resignation.--Inadequacy of the allowance.

    To Richard Harrison. Philadelphia, December 5th, 1782,         284

        State of military affairs in America.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    December 9th, 1782,                                            285

        The Count de Rochambeau orders his troops to embark for
        the West Indies.--Forces remaining.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, December 16th,
    1782,                                                          286

        Extracts from a letter of Mr Jay relative to the Western
        boundary.

    General Greene to Robert R. Livingston. Head Quarters, South
    Carolina, December 19th, 1782,                                 287

        Evacuation of Charleston.

    To the Committee of Congress appointed to repair to Rhode
    Island. Philadelphia, December 20th, 1782,                     287

        Improbable that any further supplies will be furnished
        by France.--Nothing is to be expected from Spain.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, December 22d,
    1782,                                                          288

        Conclusion of the treaty of commerce with Holland.

    Governor Martin to Robert R. Livingston. North Carolina,
    December 23d, 1782,                                            289

        Is unable to transmit an account of the damages done by
        the British, without an Act of the Assembly.

    Circular to the Governors of the States. Philadelphia,
    December 23d, 1782,                                            290

        Enclosing a copy of Mr Oswald's commission to treat with
        the United States.

    To William Greene, Governor of Rhode Island. Philadelphia,
    January 4th, 1783,                                             291

        Foreign loans and grants since
        1779.--Spain.--Portugal.--Holland.--France.

    Thomas Jefferson to Robert R. Livingston. Baltimore,
    February 7th, 1783,                                            297

        Prevented from sailing by English cruisers.

    Thomas Jefferson to M. de la Luzerne. Baltimore, February
    7th, 1783,                                                     298

        Is unwilling to expose the French frigate offered to
        convey him, on his account.

    To General Greene. Philadelphia, February 14th, 1783,          299

        Importance of the evacuation of Charleston.--Prospect of
        peace on favorable terms.

    To Thomas Jefferson. Philadelphia, February 14th, 1783,        300

        Enclosing a resolution of Congress.

    To Thomas Jefferson. Philadelphia, February 18th, 1783,        301

        Congress will be unwilling to lose his services, if the
        negotiations are not concluded.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    February 18th, 1783,                                           302

        Enclosing letters from Mr Jefferson and Mr Lee.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, February 26th,
    1783,                                                          303

        Inexpediency of keeping Mr Dana at St Petersburg.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, February 26th, 1783,       304

        Great Britain appears disposed to peace.--State of the
        negotiations.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, March 12th, 1783,          305

        Signing of the Preliminary Articles.--Mr Oswald
        proposes that the British forces in America be permitted
        to embark for West Florida without molestation.

    To General Greene. Philadelphia, March 12th, 1783,             307

        Signing of the preliminaries.--Remaining obstacles in
        the way of a definitive treaty.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    March 13th, 1783,                                              309

        Probability of an expedition against West Florida.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    March 18th, 1783,                                              309

        Appearances of distrust of France in the signing of the
        preliminaries, and the insertion of the Separate
        Article.--Evils which may arise from these
        measures.--Proposes that Congress adopt resolutions,
        directing the communication of the article to the French
        Minister, and declaring the preliminaries are not to
        take effect until peace is signed between France and
        Great Britain.

    Circular to the Governors of the States. Philadelphia, March
    18th, 1783,                                                    315

        Forwarding a copy of the preliminary treaty.--The
        conclusion of the definitive treaty is yet
        uncertain.--Warlike preparations are continued by France
        and England.--Desires that an account of the damage done
        by the enemy may be transmitted to him.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    Philadelphia, March 21st, 1783,                                317

        Enclosing a letter from Mr Barclay.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, March 24th, 1783,          318

        Intelligence of a general peace.

    To Sir Guy Carleton. Philadelphia, March 24th, 1783,           319

        The French cruisers are recalled.--Expresses a wish that
        measures may be taken by the English commanders to
        discontinue hostilities.

    To Rear Admiral Digby. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    Philadelphia, March 24th, 1783,                                320

        Desiring that measures may be concerted for the
        cessation of hostilities.

  Sir Guy Carleton to Robert R. Livingston. New York, March
    26th, 1783,                                                    321

        Does not feel authorised to order a cessation of
        hostilities without official communication. Presumes
        that Congress will immediately release prisoners of war.

    Admiral Digby, to Robert R. Livingston. New York, March
    27th, 1783,                                                    322

        Cannot withdraw his cruisers until the reception of
        official accounts.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    March 28th, 1783,                                              323

        Moneys remaining in his hand.

    To Thomas Jefferson. Philadelphia, April 4th, 1783,            324

        His departure is rendered unnecessary by the peace.

    William Paca to Robert R. Livingston. In Council, Annapolis,
    April 4th, 1783,                                               324

        Measures taken to ascertain the damages done by the
        British.

  Sir Guy Carleton to Robert R. Livingston. New York, April
    6th, 1783,                                                     325

        Receives official information of the conclusion of
        peace.--Liberation of prisoners.--Restitution of
        confiscated estates.

    Admiral Digby to Robert R. Livingston. Lion, off New York,
    April 6th, 1783,                                               327

        Recall of British cruisers.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Foreign Affairs,
    April 10th, 1783,                                              327

        Communicating the preceding letters.--Doubts as to the
        time of the cessation of hostilities.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, April 10th,
    1783,                                                          328

        Encloses a draft of a Proclamation for the suspension of
        hostilities.

    To Gen. Greene. Philadelphia, April 12th, 1783,                329

        Communicating the Proclamation of the suspension of
        hostilities.

    To Sir Guy Carleton. Philadelphia, April 12th, 1783,           330

        Cessation of hostilities.

    To Rear Admiral Digby. Philadelphia, April 12th, 1783,         332

        Recall of American cruisers.--Captures made subsequent
        to the 3d of March on the American coast.

    To George Washington. Philadelphia, April 12th, 1783,          333

        Congratulations on the peace.--No time fixed for the
        evacuation of New York.

    Circular to the Governors of the States. Philadelphia, April
    12th, 1783,                                                    334

        Congratulations on the peace.

  Sir Guy Carleton to Robert R. Livingston. New York, April
    14th, 1783,                                                    335

        Requests the appointment of an agent of Congress to
        superintend the embarkations on the evacuation of New
        York.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, April 21st,
    1783,                                                          335

        Inexpediency of advancing the sums required by Mr Dana,
        in case of a treaty with Russia.

    George Washington to Robert R. Livingston. Head Quarters,
    April 22d, 1783,                                               336

        Liberation of prisoners.

    George Washington to Robert R. Livingston. Head Quarters,
    May 13th, 1783,                                                337

        Indecisive interview with Sir Guy Carleton.--Disinclined
        to give up Long Island.

    To the Chairman of a Committee of Congress. Philadelphia,
    May 19th, 1783,                                                338

        Desires to retire from his office.--His expenses have
        exceeded the salary.

    To Joseph Nourse. Philadelphia, May 26th, 1783,                340

        Account of the moneys received from Holland, France, and
        Spain.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, June 2d, 1783,     342

        Transmitting a letter from M. Dumas.


ROBERT MORRIS'S CORRESPONDENCE.

    Organization of the Finance Department. In Congress,
    February 7th, 1781,                                            347

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, March 13th,
    1781,                                                          348

        Objections to accepting the office of Superintendent of
        Finance.--Conditions on which he will enter the post.

    Proceedings in Congress,                                       352

        Resolutions empowering Mr Morris to appoint his own
        assistants.

    To a Committee of Congress. Date uncertain,                    353

        Powers necessary for conducting the affairs of his
        department.--Officers that must be subject to his
        control.

    Proceedings in Congress,                                       358

        Relative to the appointment and removal of officers by
        the Superintendent of Finance.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May 14th, 1781,    360

        Causes which will delay his entering on the duties of
        his office.--Requests that all past transactions may be
        adjusted, and that all debts remaining due may be
        funded.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May 17th, 1781,    364

        Enclosing a plan for a National Bank.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May 23d, 1781,     364

        Requests to be authorised to import specie at the risk
        of Congress.

    To Alexander Hamilton. Philadelphia, May 26th, 1781,           365

        Reasons for the small capital of the bank.

    To Major General Philip Schuyler. Philadelphia, May 29th,
    1781,                                                          367

        Requesting him to purchase flour.--Pledges himself in
        his public and private capacity to advance the money for
        the same.

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, June 4th, 1781,    370

        The money granted by France has not been placed to his
        order.

    To B. Franklin. Philadelphia, June 8th, 1781,                  370

        The grant of France having been committed to his
        disposition, he has made Le Couteulx & Co. his bankers.

    To Messrs Le Couteulx & Co., Bankers in Paris. Philadelphia,
    June 8th, 1781,                                                372

        Appointing them bankers for the United States.

    To M. de la Luzerne, Minister of France. Philadelphia, June
    8th, 1781,                                                     373

        Requesting him to order five hundred thousand livres to
        be deposited with Le Couteulx & Co.

    Circular respecting the National Bank. Philadelphia, June
    11th, 1781,                                                    374

    To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, June 21st, 1781,   376

        Desires to be intrusted with the disposition of bills
        deposited by Congress with the Pennsylvania bank.

    To B. Franklin. Philadelphia, July 13th, 1781,                 377

        Efforts to restore the credit of the United
        States.--Necessity of foreign aid.--Applications are
        directed to be made to Spain.--Desires a loan of fifteen
        millions from France to pay off the Loan Office
        Certificates.

    To B. Franklin. Philadelphia, July 14th, 1781,                 383

        Requests him to converse with the Paris bankers on the
        plan of the National Bank.--The bank will deal
        profitably in bills of exchange.--Intended increase of
        the capital.

    To the Governor of Havana. Philadelphia, July 17th, 1781,      384

        State of the finances.--Plan of the National
        Bank.--Solicits deposits from Spain.--Sends bills for
        this purpose.--Sends a frigate to receive the sum drawn
        for in specie.

    To Robert Smith. Philadelphia, July 17th, 1781,                390

        Directing him to use his efforts in favor of the
        bank.--Sends a cargo of flour to be returned in
        specie.--Bill of exchange on Messrs Le Couteulx & Co. to
        be presented to the Governor of Havana.

    To B. Franklin. Philadelphia, July 19th, 1781,                 395

        Supplies obtained by Colonel Laurens.--The proposed new
        loan may be retained in France.

    To B. Franklin. Philadelphia, July 21st, 1781,                 396

        Banking operations in regard to the Pennsylvania
        emission of bills of credit.--Has been unable to fulfil
        Dr Franklin's contract relative to supplies.

    Circular to the Governors of the States. Philadelphia, July
    25th, 1781,                                                    400

        The accounts of the United States with the States will
        be liquidated as soon as possible.--Desires to be
        informed of the revenue and financial operations of the
        State.

    B. Franklin to Robert Morris. Passy, July 26th, 1781,          405

        Expressing his satisfaction with Mr Morris's
        appointment.--Difficulties in the situation of a public
        officer.

    B. Franklin to Robert Morris. Passy, July 26th, 1781,          406

        Disposition of the moneys raised in France.

    To the Governors of several States. Philadelphia, July 27th,
    1781,                                                          408

        Importance of a compliance with the recommendation of
        Congress for laying an impost on imports.--Answer to the
        objection, that commerce will not bear the duty.--Error
        of the notion that the duty should be carried to the
        account of the State where levied.--The debt cannot be
        apportioned to the States.--Hopes of the enemy from
        disunion.

    To John Jay. Philadelphia, July 29th, 1781,                    414

        Enclosing the above letters to the Governor of Havana
        and Mr Smith.

    To the President of the Council of Pennsylvania.
    Philadelphia, July 30th, 1781,                                 415

        Financial operation's of Pennsylvania.--Accounts with
        the United States.--Mr Searle's mission to Holland.

    George Washington to Robert Morris. Head Quarters, Dobbs's
    Ferry, August 2d, 1781,                                        417

        Plan of striking a blow in Virginia.--Wishes information
        as to the probability of obtaining vessels and
        provisions in the Chesapeake.

    To M. de la Luzerne. Philadelphia, Aug. 2d, 1781,              419

        Fluctuations in the exchange between the United States
        and France.--Efforts to raise and settle the value of
        the bills.--The bills issued by the French have
        disturbed his operations.--Offers to negotiate their
        bills, or supply the French forces.

    To M. de la Luzerne. Philadelphia, Aug. 4th, 1781,             423

        Rate of exchange.--Sum necessary to supply the French
        army.

    To the Governor of Massachusetts. Office of Finance, August
    4th, 1781,                                                     424

        Desiring him to equip the America, and to fit the Deane
        and Alliance for sea.

    To the Governors of Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey.
    Philadelphia, August 4th, 1781,                                425

        Requesting them to comply with the demands of Mr
        Gouverneur Morris during his absence.

    To George Washington. Camp, Aug. 13th, 1781,                   426

        Impolicy of making large demands on the
        States.--Proposing reforms in the army.--Proposing
        queries on this subject.

    George Washington to Robert Morris. Head Quarters, Dobbs's
    Ferry, August 17th, 1781,                                      430

        Provisions required for the expedition to
        Virginia.--Necessary to give the troops one month's
        pay.--Requires five hundred guineas for secret services.

    To George Washington. Office of Finance, August 22d, 1781,     431

        Difficulty of raising specie.

    To the Governors of New Jersey and Delaware. Office of
    Finance, August 22d, 1781,                                     432

        Urging the furnishing of supplies.

    To the Governor of Virginia. Office of Finance, August 23d,
    1781,                                                          434

        Preparations necessary in Virginia.--Desires information
        as to the amount of supplies which can be furnished.

    To Messrs Le Couteulx & Co. Office of Finance, Philadelphia,
    August 26th, 1781,                                             435

        Bills drawn on them.--Funds deposited to meet the
        drafts.

    George Washington to Robert Morris. Chatham, August 27th,
    1781,                                                          436

        Preparations for the expedition into Virginia.--Desires
        pay for the troops.

    To Donaldson Yeates. Office of Finance, August 28th, 1781,     438

        Directing him to engage vessels for the transportation
        of the expedition into Virginia.

    To B. Franklin. Philadelphia, August 28th, 1781,               439

        Drafts on Le Couteulx & Co.--Resignation of M.
        Necker.--Arrival of Colonel Laurens.--Expedition to
        Virginia.

    To the President of Congress. August 28th, 1781,               442

        Urges the settlement of the accounts of the States.--A
        certain quota of the past expenses, except the public
        debt, should be established for each State.--Amount of
        the requisitions to March 1st, 1780.--Manner of
        apportioning the sums.--Accounts since March 18th,
        1780.--Reasons for excepting the public debt from this
        apportionment.--Suggests appropriations for the payment
        of the debt.--Manner of liquidating accounts of holders
        of certificates, for articles taken in the public
        service.

    To the Governor of Maryland. Office of Finance,
    Philadelphia, August 28th, 1781,                               459

        Urges supplies for the operations in Virginia.

    Circular to the Governors of the States. Office of Finance,
    September 4th, 1781,                                           462

        Desiring the adoption of measures facilitating the
        operations of the bank.

    To the Count de Rochambeau. Office of Finance, September
    6th, 1781,                                                     464

        Requesting the payment of money promised, to the bearer.

    To George Washington. Chester, Sept. 6th, 1781,                466

        Promising a month's pay to General Lincoln's troops.

    George Washington to Robert Morris. Head of the Elk,
    September 6th, 1781,                                           467

        Urging a supply of money for the troops.

    George Washington to Robert Morris. Head of the Elk,
    September 7th, 1781,                                           467

        The sum promised by Rochambeau insufficient.

    To George Washington. Office of Finance, September 10th,
    1781,                                                          468

        Difficulty of advancing an additional sum of money.

    B. Franklin to Robert Morris. Passy, September 12th, 1781,     469

        Obtains the sum necessary to meet the payments in
        Holland.--Cannot meet the new drafts.

    To M. de la Luzerne. Office of Finance, September 20th,
    1781,                                                          471

        Wishes to be allowed further time for repaying the sum
        advanced by the Count de Rochambeau.

    To the President of the Council of Pennsylvania. Office of
    Finance, September 20th, 1781,                                 472

        Unable to promise any assistance.

    To M. de la Luzerne. Office of Finance, September 25th,
    1781,                                                          473

        Amount of bills drawn on Messrs Le Couteulx & Co.--Rates
        of sale.--Necessities of the United States.

    To the Speaker of the Assembly of Pennsylvania. Office of
    Finance, September 28th, 1781,                                 478

        Accounts between Pennsylvania and the U. States.

    To the Count de Rochambeau. Office of Finance, October 1st,
    1781,                                                          484

        Reasons for not repaying the sum advanced by him.

    To Major General Greene. Office of Finance, October 3d,
    1781,                                                          484

        Inefficiency of the confederacy.--Funds in his hands.

    To the Commissary General of Purchases. Office of Finance,
    October 4th, 1781,                                             486

        Virginia, Delaware, and Maryland, must furnish supplies.

    To Messrs Le Couteulx & Co. Office of Finance, October 12th,
    1781,                                                          487

        Depositing money subject to his drafts.

    To the Loan Officers of the States. Office of Finance,
    October 13th, 1781,                                            488

        Requiring preparations for settling their accounts with
        the United States.

    To the Governor of Virginia. Philadelphia, October 16th,
    1781,                                                          489

        Inadequacy of paper emissions and specific
        supplies.--Necessity of a revenue in hard money.

    To the President of Congress. Office of Finance, October
    18th, 1781,                                                    490

        Impolicy of settling private demands on
        Congress.--Estimate of sums required for immediate
        service.

    Circular to the Governors of the several States. Office of
    Finance, October 19th, 1781,                                   494

        Too much reliance has been placed on foreign aid.--Aid
        furnished by France.--Annual expense of the
        war.--Necessity of a solid revenue.--Urges a compliance
        with the requisitions of Congress.

    To Major General Greene, Office of Finance, November 2d,
    1781,                                                          502

        Difficulty of procuring pecuniary supplies.




THE

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

C. A. DE LA LUZERNE;

MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY FROM FRANCE
TO THE UNITED STATES.




THE

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

C. A. DE LA LUZERNE.

CORRESPONDENCE CONTINUED.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                   Philadelphia, September 10th, 1781.

  Sir,

The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France, has the honor of
communicating to Congress the commission of M. Holker, as Consul
General of France, in the States of Pennsylvania, New York, New
Jersey, and Delaware. He requests Congress to pass an act, or four
different acts, in order to procure for this Consul the _exequatur_ in
each of the States, to which his functions are to extend.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                   Philadelphia, September 18th, 1781.

  Sir,

The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France, has the honor of
informing Congress, that he has received despatches from his Court,
containing important details relative to the communications, which
have taken place between the belligerent and mediating powers. He
wishes that Congress would be pleased to appoint a committee, to whom
he shall communicate them, and with whom he shall confer upon the
present state of affairs. He has also received orders from his Court,
relative to the advances made on account of the Thirteen States, and
concerning their finances; he will have the honor of communicating
them to Congress through a committee.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

          COMMUNICATIONS OF THE FRENCH MINISTER TO CONGRESS.

                                    In Congress, September 21st, 1781.

The committee, to whom was referred the Memorial of the Minister
Plenipotentiary of France, dated the 18th instant, requesting a
conference, report,

That they have this day held a conference with the said Minister
Plenipotentiary, and received the following communications contained
in sundry despatches from Count de Vergennes, Minister for Foreign
Affairs to his Most Christian Majesty, viz.

_From a letter of the 19th of April._--That Count de Vergennes had
transmitted to the Minister the details respecting the proposed
mediation of the Courts of Vienna and Petersburg. The Minister
observed, that this had already been communicated to Congress through
a committee. He repeated, for our recollection, that the acceptance on
the part of France of the proposed mediation depended entirely, at
that time, on the concurrence of the United States; and that with
respect to Spain, its conduct would be determined by the dissolution
of the negotiation with Mr Cumberland. That the Court of Spain had
informed the Court of London, on the first proposal of the mediation
of the Imperial Courts, that as a direct negotiation with the King of
Great Britain was opened through Mr Cumberland, a mediation was
unnecessary.

That affairs since that time had taken a different turn. Mr Cumberland
has been recalled; and the Catholic King, being now entirely at
liberty, has accepted the mediation of the two Imperial Courts. That
the King, our ally, had done the same; but that both Kings had
declared at the same time to the two mediators, that the mediation
could not possibly have any activity, without previously establishing
some fundamental preliminaries. Of this observation the two mediating
Courts had already felt the propriety. That France was then (viz. the
19th of April) expecting the effect, which this communication would
produce on the Court of London. That the first question proposed by
France, related to _the admission of an American Plenipotentiary_; and
that the object of the second was to know, _upon what footing the King
of England intended to treat with the United States_. The Court of
France, not knowing that the United States had agreed to accept the
mediation, again invite us to it.

The Minister here observed, that Congress would judge by the questions
proposed to the mediating powers, by the King his master, of the
principles, by which his Majesty was actuated with respect to the
United States. He assured us, that his Majesty is invariably resolved
to abide by those principles, and will enter into no negotiation
whatever before he shall receive a satisfactory solution of those two
questions. He added, that the French Ministry trusted, that this
conduct would more and more convince the United States, and would
cause them to imitate the example of the King, and to feel that their
honor and their interest call for their constant attachment, their
friendship, and unreserved confidence towards him.

The Count de Vergennes observes, that it is plain from these
circumstances, that the negotiation for peace will be full of
difficulties, and that it will probably be necessary, in pretensions
as well as proceedings, to be very cautious, and to act so as to
remove those difficulties, and everything, which might increase the
acrimony, to which the English Plenipotentiaries may be naturally
inclined.

_From another letter of the same date._--That when this letter was
written, the Court had received information of the sentiments of the
Court of London with respect to the United States. The Count de
Vergennes mentions, that in the act, by which the Court of London
accepts the mediation of Russia, and requests the mediation of the
Emperor, she declares, that she is ready to make peace, _as soon as
the league between France and her revolted subjects shall be
dissolved_. That this pretension had met from the Court of France the
contempt which it deserved. She on her part has declared, that if
this proposition contained the last determination of England, it would
be in vain to think of peace; and she has desired the English Ministry
to give a positive answer on the two questions above mentioned. That
this declaration had been exactly transmitted by the Court of Vienna
to that of London; and the result of the answer made by that Court to
the Imperial Majesty is, "_that in all points to be agitated in a
future Congress, England will behave with great equity and
condescension; but the dependence of her rebel subjects in America
must be pre-established, and that this matter must be left entirely to
the care of Great Britain._" That it is easily to be perceived, that
while things remain in this situation there can be no possibility of a
mediation or peace.

The Count de Vergennes remarks, that Congress will be finally
convinced, that it is only by arms and the most vigorous exertions,
that our independence can be extorted from the Court of London, and
not at all by negotiation or persuasion. That the Court of France will
transmit to the Court of Vienna the sentiments of the King on the
British answer. That if these sentiments should be forwarded to the
Court of London without any commentary, it is probable they would make
but a slight impression; but it may be hoped from the justice of his
Imperial Majesty, that they will be so supported by such reflections
as to make a greater impression on the British Court; although it is
not to be expected, that the Austrian Court will fully enter into the
views of his Most Christian Majesty, until the matter shall be more
perfectly explained. The Count, nevertheless, urges the necessity of
sending forward proper instructions and powers for the mediation.

_From a letter of the 11th of May._--That the affair of the mediation
has made no progress; and that it is very probable, that the mediators
will not be soon enabled to begin the negotiation. That the admission
of an American Plenipotentiary presents the greatest difficulties.
That the Count, however, will take every measure in his power to have
this admission decided in favor of the United States, before the
regular opening of the mediation. The Count urges the Chevalier de la
Luzerne to observe to Congress, that the best manner of removing these
obstacles would be a _decisive victory_, gained by the United States
in the present campaign.

_From a letter of the 27th of July._--Count de Vergennes observes on
an opinion, which prevailed in America, respecting the friendly
disposition of the powers of Europe towards the United States, that as
yet, not one Court had taken the least step, which manifests their
disposition towards the United States. That the Courts of Vienna and
Petersburg, having assumed the character of mediators, cannot be too
reserved. For by a different conduct they would become obnoxious to
one or other of the belligerent powers, and lose the important and
glorious part, with which they are intrusted. That it results from
these observations, that the United States ought to look upon
themselves as being still separated from all other powers; and that
they have but one professed friend, which is France; and that the
United States ought to rely principally upon their own resources.

The Count de Vergennes observes, that he has talked circumstantially
with Mr Adams on these subjects, who appeared to be satisfied with
what had been done in favor of his country. That he had communicated
to Mr Adams the preliminary overtures made by the two Imperial
Courts, as well as the intended answer of his Most Christian Majesty.
That the great or only difficulty concerns America. That France will
do all in her power to remove that obstacle, upon which depends the
activity of the mediation. That as soon as it shall be removed, or
proved to be insurmountable, proper instructions will be forwarded to
the Chevalier de la Luzerne, concerning the conduct, which the state
of affairs will require from Congress. That the Court of France had
received, with great satisfaction, information, that Congress were
disposed to trust their interest to the two mediating powers. The
Chevalier de la Luzerne is directed to inform Congress, that no use
shall be made of this disposition, in the present state of affairs;
and that it shall be communicated only when it can be done
consistently with the dignity of the United States.

_From a letter of the 19th of April._--That Mr Dana has communicated
to Count de Vergennes his appointment, and requested his advice
concerning the conduct, which circumstances demanded on his part. That
it gave the Count great pleasure to observe this proof of the
confidence, which Congress and their Ministers reposed in the
friendship and advice of his Court. That the Count informed Mr Dana,
that he would run the risk of exposing his person, and the dignity of
the United States, if he assumed any character whatsoever in Russia,
while the Empress had not acknowledged the independence of the United
States, and expected to act the part of a mediatrix, which demanded
the most perfect impartiality. That Mr Dana felt the propriety of the
observation; and proposed to the Count, that he should appear in
Russia in the character of a common traveller, keep his commission a
secret, and avoid with the greatest care to speak of business, unless
requested so to do by the Russian Ministry. That the Count fully
approved of this prudent scheme; and apprized Mr Dana of all the
difficulties he would meet with. He had him recommended to the Marquis
de Verac, Envoy Extraordinary at the Court of Petersburg; and the
Chevalier de la Luzerne is directed to assure Congress, that the
Marquis de Verac would do all in his power for Mr Dana's best
reception, and with pleasure assist him with his counsels, as often as
he should have recourse to them. That the Marquis de Verac had
communicated to the Russian Ministry the resolution of Congress,
concerning the principle of the declaration made by the Empress of
Russia to the belligerent powers. That this Envoy informs the Count de
Vergennes, that the contents of this resolution had afforded great
satisfaction to Count Panin, Minister of Foreign Affairs, who intended
to submit it without delay to the perusal of the Empress. That the
Marquis de Verac did not doubt, but that she would be pleased with the
readiness of Congress to adopt that principle; and that correspondent
resolutions will have been taken respecting the navigation of the
neutrals.

_From a letter of the 29th of June._--That the accession of the State
of Maryland to the general confederation, in the opinion of the Court
of France, presents very great advantages; among which is this, that
Congress having at last acquired that power, which the act of
confederation has assigned them, it is to be expected, that their
orders will be fully and exactly executed, and that they will take
advantage of the resources of their country, to give to American
patriotism new energy. The Minister is directed to inform Congress of
the satisfaction the King has received on that account, and to tell
them at the same time, that there is the most pressing necessity to
take more effectual measures than heretofore to drive the British out
of this continent. It is thought needless to enter into details about
the circumstances, which render this measure necessary. The King
entreats the United States, as his friends, not to lose a moment in
acting as vigorously as possible against the common enemy. That
Congress cannot be particularly acquainted with the different burdens,
which France has upon her hands. She wishes to be in a situation to
continue as effectual assistance to the United States as at this
moment; but future events may happen in a manner different from what
we may expect, though nothing can change her unalterable resolution to
support the independence of her ally. The Count de Vergennes observes,
that he shall not speak any more of the non arrival of the second
division, having reason to believe from orders given to Count de
Grasse, that the delay will be judged of greater utility to the United
States, than if the announced reinforcement had been sent in the time
expected. He adds, that the Chevalier de la Luzerne had been already
informed of the causes, which had prevented a compliance with the
expectation, which he had been authorised to give.

_From a letter of the 11th of May._--That the Count de Vergennes had
been informed by the Duc de la Vauguyon, Ambassador to the United
Provinces, of the intention of Mr Adams to display his character as a
Minister of the United States in Holland. That the Duke gave him no
assistance on that occasion, knowing the application would have no
favorable issue. The Chevalier de la Luzerne is directed to inform
confidentially a committee, or Congress themselves, of these
circumstances, in order, that they may transmit to their said Minister
Plenipotentiary such instructions as they may think proper. France is
too much interested in the fate of the United States not to give them
such counsels as would have for a principal object their advantage and
their dignity.

       *       *       *       *       *

At a second conference, on the 24th of September, the following
additional communications were made by the French Minister to the
committee.

_From a letter of the 19th of April, 1781._--That Count de Vergennes
remarks, that on the application of Chevalier de la Luzerne, and his
representation of the distresses of the United States, measures had
been taken for our aid when Colonel Laurens arrived. That it being
impossible for the King to comply with all Colonel Laurens's demands,
he took the resolution to offer his guarantee for ten millions of
livres tournois, to be borrowed in Holland, for account of the United
States. That the King was sensible of the wants and distresses of
Congress, and wished to relieve them; but that it ought to be
considered, that the French squadron and troops are in America for our
immediate assistance. That Count de Grasse's expedition to America
will occasion great expense; and that all those things collected
together, would go far beyond even the expectation of Congress. That
the most essential manner of showing the gratitude of the United
States would be, by making all the exertions in their power, to
co-operate in a glorious and effectual manner with the King's forces
for their own speedy deliverance.

The Count de Vergennes observes, that a part of the six millions of
livres would be employed in purchasing the different articles,
contained in a list delivered by Mr Laurens. That three millions would
be given by instalments to Dr Franklin, for the payment of bills of
exchange drawn by Congress. That a fourth million would be reserved
for unforeseen emergencies, and particularly to pay for the supplies
embarked in the ship Lafayette. That Count de Vergennes had been Dr
Franklin's security for a part of those supplies, amounting to four
hundred and seventeen thousand livres. That he is unacquainted with
the measures, which had been taken to effectuate the loan of ten
millions in Holland, that affair being in the province of M. Necker,
who probably would settle that matter with Mr Laurens, or with Mr
Adams, who at that time was still in Holland to fill up a loan of a
million florins, which he had opened several months before.

_From a letter of the 11th of May._--That Count de Vergennes informs
the Chevalier de la Luzerne, that orders had been given by the King to
have the loan of ten millions, on account of the United States,
negotiated; that the Duc de la Vauguyon had received orders to propose
it to the States of Holland, but met with insuperable difficulties,
not only because the United States had no credit in Holland, but also
because that Province was afraid of exposing itself; and that indeed
granting a loan to the United States would be the same thing as
countenancing their independence, which would be contrary to the
obligations entered into by the republic with the neutral powers; that
in order to remove this difficulty, the King had presented himself as
a principal borrower, and as being alone accountable for the sums,
which were to be furnished.

The Count adds, that he thinks these proceedings need no commentary;
and that a mere exposition of them will be sufficient to excite the
gratitude of the United States, and to engage them at last to make all
the exertions in their power. The Count flatters himself, that the
measures, which have been taken by his Court, will enable Congress to
put their finances in the best order. That the Chevalier de la Luzerne
had often written to him, that the most certain way to effectuate so
happy an event would be, to put Congress for a while out of their
distressing situation, and to enable them, by an external relief, to
take internal measures without precipitation, and with solidity. That
these considerations determined the King; and that from affection he
has done more for his ally than mere prudence would, perhaps, have
suggested to him. That the Council of the King have no doubt but this
resolution will be productive of the good effects, which the Chevalier
de la Luzerne had announced. The Count exhorts Congress to take hold
of the present circumstances for the common advantage. He thinks it
his duty freely and openly to declare, that the moment is come not to
spend the time in expectation, deliberation, and useless exhortations;
that though he would wish to avoid every disagreeable intimation,
friendship and common interest oblige France to speak without reserve,
and with perfect sincerity. That the King has done on this occasion
what he can do no more; that Congress, if well informed of the
situation of his Majesty's affairs, would be sensible that an exertion
like the present cannot be repeated; and that the Court would feel the
deepest concern, if it was under the disagreeable but indispensable
necessity of refusing the demands of an ally, whose cause is now
become its own.

_From a letter of the 14th of May._--That Count de Vergennes observes,
that Colonel Laurens had taken leave of the King, and that he ought to
be satisfied with the success of his mission, although he had not
obtained all that he demanded. That the Court of France hopes these
demands will not be renewed; for how disagreeable soever to refuse
allies whom the King sincerely loves, necessity would oblige him to
reject pecuniary demands of any kind whatsoever.

_From a letter of the 27th of July._--That the Chevalier de la Luzerne
observed, that in March last he informed Congress, that the Court no
longer pay the bills drawn upon France; upon which declaration he
believes Congress stopped all drafts on Dr Franklin. That he informed
the Court of that resolution of Congress. The Court in the meantime
had resolved to grant a subsidy of six millions, to be employed in
purchasing arms, ammunition, and clothing, to be sent from France to
the United States; and the remainder of the sum to be employed in
paying the drafts of Congress, or of any person they might appoint. Mr
Morris being appointed Superintendent, the Minister according to his
instructions authorised him to draw for half a million of livres, and
informed M. Necker of this measure; accordingly funds were prepared
for a regular payment. The Chevalier de la Luzerne had agreed with the
Superintendent, that he might draw in the whole for a million and a
half, including the half million above mentioned; of all which he had
informed Count de Vergennes. Colonel Laurens being in the meanwhile
arrived in France, it was found from his representation, that the mode
of drawing was prejudicial to Congress, and that if the specie was
imported, there would be no loss; and it was agreed, that he should
bring over two millions and a half, out of the six millions, in
specie. In consequence of this measure, Count de Vergennes acquaints
the Chevalier de la Luzerne, that he hopes the Superintendent will not
have drawn more than the before mentioned half million of livres. He
wishes it the more earnestly, as bills for a greater sum would
embarrass the finances of France in a great degree, the goods
delivered to Colonel Laurens exceeding already the sum remaining out
of the six millions, and the goods taken on board the Marquis de
Lafayette being not yet replaced.

For a fuller explanation, the Chevalier de la Luzerne communicated to
the Committee an account of the sums already furnished, and to be
furnished from this time to the end of the present year for the
service of the United States. That he had orders to take hold of this
opportunity to repeat to Congress, that the King for the next year
cannot continue any supplies to the United States, even of a much less
nature. That it is time for them to relieve his Majesty from the heavy
burdens in a war, which he had undertaken and carries on for their
sakes. That the Count de Vergennes expects that Congress will not have
drawn more bills of any kind after the 1st day of April last; that
firmly relying on this, he had engaged the King to procure the
necessary sums to answer the bills drawn before that period, and
desired Dr Franklin to accept no more, if he had no other means of
paying them; that this resolution could not be altered by any
circumstances whatever.

The Count de Vergennes proceeds to state, how far the abuse of the
King's benevolence had been carried, he supposes against the will and
instructions and without the knowledge of Congress. That the bills
drawn upon Mr Jay, Mr Adams, and Mr Laurens, had been sent back to Dr
Franklin, that is, in effect to the Court of France. That the Republic
of Holland had been unwilling to hear of any loan, even under the
guarantee of the King, when it was known that the money was intended
for the use of the United States; and that to remove this obstacle, as
he had before observed, the King was induced to present himself as the
principal borrower. The Court was still unacquainted with the effect
of that proposition.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                   Philadelphia, September 24th, 1781.

  Sir,

The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France, has the honor of
communicating to Congress a Memorial, which has been sent to him by
Don Francisco Rendon. He entreats Congress to take it into
consideration, and he has no doubt that the resolution, which that
body shall pass upon the subject, will be as advantageous to the
subjects of his Catholic Majesty as justice will allow.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

     MEMORIAL OF DON FRANCISCO RENDON TO THE MINISTER OF FRANCE.

                             Translation.

  May it please your Excellency,

Don Francisco Rendon, resident in this city, _Encargado de Negocios_
for the Court of Spain, with all due respect, informs your Excellency
that in consequence of the articles of capitulation granted to the
troops and inhabitants of his Britannic Majesty at the reduction of
Pensacola, by Don Bernardo de Galvez, commander in chief of the forces
of his Catholic Majesty, permission was granted by the Governor of the
place to Captain Jahleel Smith, with his vessel called the Sally, her
crew and passengers contained in the passport, to go to New York, six
of the passengers being prisoners on parole, to be exchanged for an
equal number of Spanish prisoners; that in his passage the said flag
was captured by an American vessel, called the Betsy, Captain Enos,
belonging to the State of Pennsylvania; that in consequence thereof,
the said J. Smith has presented to me a petition and an account, which
I herewith enclose, praying me to obtain for him an indemnification
and payment for the damages he has sustained, and that liberty may be
granted him by the supreme authority to pass freely to the place of
his destination, agreeable to the permission of the Generals of the
King, my master.

I therefore entreat, that your Excellency would be pleased to present
this Memorial, with the documents accompanying it, to the Honorable
Congress, and pray them to order payment to be made to the Captain of
the flag, for the delay and damages occasioned by this capture, and
grant the said prisoners of his Catholic Majesty mentioned in the
passport, free permission to go to New York, in order to discharge
their parole and obtain their exchange. I am induced by your
Excellency's goodness to hope for this favor, and am, &c.

                                                     FRANCISCO RENDON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                 CONGRESS TO THE MINISTER OF FRANCE.

                                   Philadelphia, September 25th, 1781.

  Sir,

The United States in Congress assembled, ever desirous to observe good
faith and maintain the rights of neutrality, and sincerely disposed to
cultivate the friendship of his Catholic Majesty, have referred the
Memorial presented by your Excellency, in favor of Jahleel Smith,
master of the schooner Sally; to a committee of Congress, who now have
it under consideration.

To form a right judgment of the transaction it is conceived necessary,
that an authentic copy of the capitulation granted by his Catholic
Majesty's General to the British officer lately commanding at
Pensacola, and referred to in the Memorial of Don Francisco Rendon,
residing in this city, _Encargado de Negocios_ for the Court of Spain,
should be communicated to the United States. In the meantime it
requires no deliberation to assure your Excellency, that the laws of
the land are competent for redressing every injury perpetrated by
vessels of war commissioned by the United States, or under their
authority, although the security for the good behaviour of the
officers and crews may not be adequate to the damages claimed.

                                           THOMAS M'KEAN, _President_.

       *       *       *       *       *

                 FROM CONGRESS TO THE KING OF FRANCE.

The United States in Congress assembled, to their Great, Faithful and
Beloved Friend and Ally, Louis the Sixteenth, King of France and
Navarre.

  Great, Faithful and Beloved Friend and Ally,

We feel an additional obligation to your Majesty, for your friendly
reception of our late special Minister Lieutenant Colonel John
Laurens. By him we received your Majesty's letter, containing new
assurances of what the United States have been long convinced, your
Majesty's affectionate patronage of American independence. His report,
while it proves that our attachment has not been misplaced, will
increase our gratitude. We have charged our Minister Plenipotentiary
at your Court to render to your Majesty more particular
acknowledgments for your zeal for the re-establishment of peace, upon
principles coinciding with the liberty and sovereignty of the United
States, and for the important succors lately administered to our
necessities. We shall also instruct him to inform your Majesty of the
arrangements, which have taken place for calling forth the resources
of the United States with decision and effect against the common
enemy.

We pray God, that he will keep your Majesty, our Great, Faithful and
Beloved Friend and Ally, in his holy protection.

Done at Philadelphia, the eighteenth of October, in the year of our
Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one, and in the sixth year
of our independence. By the United States in Congress assembled.

Your faithful friends and allies.

                                           THOMAS M'KEAN, _President_.

Attest, CHARLES THOMSON, _Secretary_.

       *       *       *       *       *

                   THE KING OF FRANCE TO CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

  Very Dear and Faithful Allies,

Satisfied of the interest you take in every event which affects us, we
are anxious to inform you of the precious mark, which Divine
Providence has just given us of his goodness, and of the protection he
has granted to our kingdom. We do not doubt that you will partake in
the joy we feel on the birth of our son, the Dauphin, of whom the
Queen, our most dear spouse, is just now happily delivered.

You will easily be convinced of the pleasure, with which we shall
receive every proof that you may give of your sensibility upon this
occasion. We cannot renew at a period more affecting to us, the
assurance of our affection and of our constant friendship for you.
Upon which we pray God, that he would have you, very Dear, Great
Friends and Allies, in his holy keeping.

Written at Versailles, the 22d of October, 1781.

Your Good Friend and Ally,

                                                                LOUIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

              ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                                     Philadelphia, October 24th, 1781.

  Sir,

I do myself the honor to transmit you a copy of the resolution, by
which Congress have been pleased to appoint me their Secretary of
Foreign Affairs. They have annexed to this department the agreeable
duty of receiving and making those communications, which the
reciprocal interest of the allied nations may render necessary.

I need not tell you, Sir, with what pleasure I enter upon that task,
when (by the direction of Congress) I enclose an account of the signal
success obtained by the united arms of America and France. The cement
it so happily affords to their connexion may justly be numbered among
the important advantages, that will result from it to both countries.

I have the honor to be, Sir, with the highest respect and esteem, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

        TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON, SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, October 25th, 1781.

  Sir,

I have received the letter, with which you honored me on the 24th
instant, and it is with the most sincere satisfaction, that I see in
it your determination to accept the office, to which Congress have
appointed you. It will give me great pleasure to address myself to
you, in sending to Congress those communications, which I shall have
it in my power to make; and I shall be no less flattered to receive
through you every communication, which that body shall think proper to
make to me. I can assure you, Sir, that the choice now made by
Congress will give great satisfaction in Europe, where your
patriotism, your past services, and your wisdom have long been known.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

              ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                         Office of Foreign Affairs, November 2d, 1781.

  Sir,

It is with peculiar pleasure that I obey the directions of Congress in
making communications, which show their sense of the exertions of
their ally, and of the merit of the officers he employs. The
confidence inspired by the first, and the esteem excited by the last,
form new bands of union between nations, whom reciprocal interests had
before connected. In this view I flatter myself the enclosed acts of
Congress will be agreeable to you, and that you will with pleasure
communicate to his Most Christian Majesty their desire, with his
permission, to present to the Count de Grasse two pieces of field
ordnance, taken from the enemy at York, with inscriptions calculated
to show that Congress were induced to present them from considerations
of the illustrious part, which he bore in effectuating the
surrender.[1]

I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect and esteem, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.


FOOTNOTES:

[1] _In Congress, October 28th, 1781._ "Resolved, That the thanks of
the United States in Congress assembled be presented to his Excellency
the Count de Rochambeau, for the cordiality, zeal, judgment, and
fortitude, with which he seconded and advanced the progress of the
allied army against the British garrison in York.

"That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled be
presented to his Excellency the Count de Grasse, for his display of
skill and bravery in attacking and defeating the British fleet off the
Bay of Chesapeake, and for his zeal and alacrity in rendering, with
the fleet under his command, the most effectual and distinguished aid
and support to the operations of the allied army in Virginia.

"That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled be
presented to the commanding and other officers of the corps of
artillery and engineers of the allied army, who sustained
extraordinary fatigue and danger in their animated and gallant
approaches to the lines of the enemy.

"Resolved, That the United States in Congress assembled will cause to
be erected at York, in Virginia, a marble column, adorned with emblems
of the alliance between the United States and his Most Christian
Majesty, and inscribed with a succinct narrative of the surrender of
Earl Cornwallis to his Excellency General Washington, Commander in
Chief of the combined forces of America and France, to his Excellency
the Count de Rochambeau, commanding the auxiliary troops of his Most
Christian Majesty in America, and his Excellency Count de Grasse,
commanding in chief the naval army of France in the Chesapeake.

"Resolved, That two pieces of the field ordnance, taken from the
British army under the capitulation of York, be presented by the
Commander in Chief of the American army to Count de Rochambeau, and
that there be engraved thereon a short memorandum, that Congress were
induced to present them from considerations of the illustrious part,
which he bore in effectuating the surrender.

"Resolved, That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs be directed to
request the Minister Plenipotentiary of his Most Christian Majesty to
inform his Majesty, that it is the wish of Congress, that the Count de
Grasse may be permitted to accept a testimony of their approbation,
similar to that to be presented to the Count de Rochambeau."

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, November 4th, 1781.

  Sir,

I have received the letter, which you did me the honor to write on the
29th ultimo, and the papers from Count de Grasse, which you had the
goodness to send to me, and for which I beg you will accept my
thanks.

We are encouraged to hope for your arrival here. I shall be extremely
happy to be able to testify to you in person the joy, which I have
received from your success. That joy is universal, and it can but
increase the attachment and esteem of all orders of citizens, and of
my own countrymen, to your Excellency.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                 TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, November 4th, 1781.

  Sir,

I have received the letter, with which you honored me on the 2d
instant, with the resolutions of Congress of the 28th of October,
which accompanied it. I have no doubt that they will be most agreeable
to his Majesty, and that he will learn with great pleasure, that the
remembrance of the success obtained by the allied arms is to be
preserved by a column, on which a relation of this event will be
inscribed, and mention made of the alliance.

I shall be glad, before any farther resolutions are taken on this
subject, to communicate to you some ideas relative to this monument.
It is so honorable to the two nations, and so well adapted to
perpetuate the remembrance of their union, that we ought to be
mutually desirous of giving it all the solidity and durability of
which the works of man are susceptible. Besides, Sir, I observe that
the United States are named before the King in these resolutions. This
is the second time within my knowledge, that this form has been
adopted. I remarked on it the first time; and was then positively
assured, that it was an error, which should be corrected on the
journals. I entreat you to be pleased to let me know distinctly what
usage Congress intends to adopt on this subject, in order that I may
make it known to my Court.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

              ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                        Office of Foreign Affairs, November 6th, 1781.

  Sir,

Having been honored with your letter of the 4th instant, I remark with
pleasure, that the mode in which Congress propose to perpetuate the
success obtained by the allied armies at York, is such as will in your
opinion be agreeable to his Most Christian Majesty. As Congress must
concur with you in wishing to render this monument of the alliance,
and of the military virtues of the combined forces as lasting, if
possible, as the advantages they may reasonably hope to reap from
both, they will, without doubt, pay all due deference to any ideas you
may think proper to suggest relative to the manner of carrying the
resolutions of the 28th of October into effect. I shall receive, Sir,
with pleasure, and submit to Congress any communications, that you
will do me the honor to make on this subject.

I am sorry to find, that you consider the order, in which the allied
nations or their Sovereigns are placed in the resolutions, as anywise
exceptionable. This mode of expression might perhaps be justified by
the absolute equality established between sovereign powers, and the
common practice of independent nations to recognise no superior in
acts to be executed by themselves, within their own limits. But, Sir,
I am so well satisfied that Congress wish to avoid discussions, which
must be treated with great delicacy by nations situated as ours are,
where every demand on the one part, not strictly authorised by the law
of nations, might derogate from the generous protection, which we make
it our boast to have received, and the denial of just rights on the
other subject us to the imputation of ingratitude, that I think you
may safely rely upon their practice, when some future occasion shall
present, to evince that the order in which the allied nations are
mentioned did not originate in any settled rule, and above all, that
no want of respect for his Most Christian Majesty dictated the
resolution to which you object. Be persuaded, Sir, that regardless as
the United States are of form and ceremony, in matters that relate to
themselves alone, they will think their endeavor to support France in
the high rank which her extent, wealth, and power have given her, a
small return for the wise and generous use she makes of these
advantages.

I have the honor to be, with sentiments of the greatest respect and
esteem, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

          ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                        Office of Foreign Affairs, November 6th, 1781.

  Sir,

I do myself the honor to submit to Congress a letter to the Minister
of France, which covered their resolutions of the 28th of October, his
answer thereto, and the draft of a letter in reply to his. As the last
implies a promise on the part of Congress, I did not think myself
authorised to send it without their approbation.

Congress will observe, that I endeavor to wave a question, which
perhaps it might have been imprudent to answer by a direct avowal of
the propriety of the resolution, or in the present circumstances to
yield in express terms. By seeming to slight matters of mere ceremony,
we may avoid troublesome discussions in future, and teach the old
world by the example of the new to get rid of a clog, which too often
fetters the most important transactions. I take the liberty to submit
to Congress the propriety of directing in the next vote, which they
shall have occasion to pass, in which France and America, or their
Sovereigns, are mentioned, the preference to be given to the first,
and so that we may seem to have established no rule on a subject of so
little moment as rank or precedence.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

              ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                       Office of Foreign Affairs, November 21st, 1781.

  Sir,

Finding by frequent applications from the French Islands, that their
Courts of Admiralty are not fully acquainted with the resolutions of
Congress, passed the 14th of October, 1777, which vest in the captors
the property of such of the enemy's vessels as are taken by their
mariners; and being called by the letter, a copy of which I do myself
the honor to enclose, to attend particularly to the case of Captain
Jones and his crew, I must beg, Sir, that you will do me the favor to
recommend it to the notice of the General and Commander in Chief of
the French Leeward Islands, for whose use I enclose a certified copy
of the above mentioned resolutions of Congress, presuming that the
Court of Admiralty will pay some respect to them in their decisions,
though they may not be strictly agreeable to the rules they have
adopted, since it would be highly disadvantageous to both nations to
have that considered as lawful prize in one port, which is not so in
another. But should the Court think they are not warranted in
condemning the vessel, she should at least be restored to Captain
Jones or his agent, that she might, by being brought to a port of the
United States, become lawful prize.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

   HEADS OF A VERBAL COMMUNICATION MADE TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN
                  AFFAIRS BY THE MINISTER OF FRANCE.

                                      In Congress, November 23d, 1781.

The Secretary of Foreign Affairs laid before Congress the following
heads of a verbal communication made to him by the Minister of France.

The Minister of France informed the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, that
the Count de Vergennes, in a letter to him of the 7th of September,
1781, assured him that the King of France had received with great
pleasure, an account of Mr Adams, Mr Franklin, and Mr Jay's
appointment to the place of Ministers for the negotiation of peace;
and after expressing favorable sentiments of them and of Mr Jefferson,
from his general reputation, adds, that they have little reason to
hope for the assistance of Mr Laurens, since the enemy will probably
continue his captivity during the war. That the King accepted with
pleasure the proofs, which Congress have given him of their
confidence, when they intrusted to his care the interests of the
United States. That he would use his influence and credit for the
advantage of his allies, whenever a negotiation should render their
interests a subject of discussion. That if he did not obtain for every
State all they wished, they must attribute the sacrifice he might be
compelled to make of his inclinations, to the tyrannic rule of
necessity. That, however, he had no reason to believe, that the events
of the campaign would make an unfavorable change in the situation of
affairs; and that from the present view of them, he had no cause to
dread a disadvantageous peace.

The Count adds, that he presumes Mr Adams has communicated to
Congress his Majesty's refusal to accede to the terms of the mediation
of the Imperial Courts, until they should agree to acknowledge the
American Plenipotentiaries in the manner most conformable to the
dignity of the United States; and observes thereon, that if the King
was so attentive to a matter of form, though it might indeed in our
present situation be considered as important, he would not be less
tenacious of our more essential interests, which he will be zealous to
promote, as far as circumstances will allow. But that if
notwithstanding this, Congress, or even a considerable part of its
members, should regret the confidence they had placed in his Majesty,
or wish to free their Ministers from this restraint, his Majesty would
not disapprove the measure; provided they made their Ministers
answerable, as in justice they should be, in proportion to the powers,
with which they invested them. He expresses his satisfaction at the
extensive powers, with which the Ministers are invested as to the
matter of boundary, and the truce, which he says, the interests of
France as well as of us, require to be as long as possible.

With respect to the _statu quo_, he says, that though from the number
of their conquests it would be beneficial both to France and Spain,
yet it has not entered into their system so far as it regards America,
and that his Majesty accordingly refused to accede to the plan of
negotiation proposed by the mediating powers, which held up that idea.
He exhorts the Minister to recommend to Congress the most vigorous
exertions, and to assure them, that the expulsion of the enemy from
this continent depends in a great measure on the exertion of the
United States; that France would be able to afford us very little
assistance; and that Britain, so far from discovering any inclination
to peace upon reasonable terms, absolutely refused the plan of
negotiation proposed by the mediating powers; so that arms alone could
compel her to it. He mentions, that the King being apprehensive, that
the capture of the Marquis de Lafayette might reduce us to some
difficulties, had ordered her cargo to be replaced immediately; and
that in consequence of applications from the States of Virginia and
Maryland, he had ordered a number of arms and military stores to be
shipped to them, subject however to the order of Congress. That this
and the cargo designed to replace that of the Marquis de Lafayette,
were to be paid for out of the loan negotiated in Holland, which he
had occasion to think would be completed. He expresses a desire, that
the plan for the appointment of Consuls should be digested and
adopted, as the Court of France wished to make it the basis of some
commercial arrangements between France and the United States.


The Secretary for Foreign Affairs further informed Congress, that the
Minister of France had communicated to him the following extract of a
letter from the Count de Vergennes, which he had transmitted to the
Superintendent of Finance.

Extract of a letter from the Count de Vergennes, September 7th, 1781.

"We think that since the arrival of Colonel Laurens, you have stopped
the bills of Mr Morris on Messrs Le Couteulx. If the Superintendent
has not followed your advice, he will cause us some embarrassment, as
we have not destinated any fund for that article. We have
peremptorily declared to Dr Franklin, that we will not in future
discharge any bills, that had not been drawn with your consent. As to
you, Sir, we cannot but repeat our former instructions on this
subject; and we direct you to authorise no draft even for a small
sum."

       *       *       *       *       *

                                No. 1.

_The Answer of his Most Christian Majesty to the Articles proposed by
                    the two Mediating Courts._[2]

                             Translation.

The mediators are too well satisfied of the moderation of the King,
and his constant wish for the re-establishment of peace, not to be
previously assured, that his Majesty will receive with as much
gratitude as warmth the _Preliminary Articles_ they have communicated.
The King, the more fully to convince the two high mediators of his
frankness and of the purity of his intentions, as well as of the
unreserved confidence, that he places in the justice and impartiality
of their High Imperial Majesties, believes he ought to make some
confidential observations upon these Preliminary Articles. His Majesty
flatters himself, that this will be more acceptable to them as its
sole objects are to prevent discussions, which are equally
mischievous and complicated, and to facilitate the much wished for
success of their generous interposition.

    "ARTICLE I. _There shall be a negotiation at Vienna, by the united
    care of the two Imperial Courts, embracing all the objects for the
    re-establishment of peace, which the belligerent parties, who
    intrust them with the mediation, shall judge proper to be there
    proposed. A negotiation shall in the meantime be entered into
    between Great Britain and her Colonies for the re-establishment of
    peace in America, but without the intervention of either of the
    other belligerent parties, or even of the two Imperial Courts,
    unless their mediation shall be formally demanded and accorded,
    for this object._"

According to the verbal observations, the expressions in the first
part of this Article have been used merely to place the King of Spain
in a situation to propose the cession of Gibraltar, and this turn has
been judged necessary because the Court of London had previously
declared, that it ought to be made without reference to this cession,
while the Catholic King demands it as a preliminary; as this part of
the Article immediately affects the Court of Madrid, the King cannot
but refer himself to it for the answer that shall be made thereto. His
Majesty is content to observe, that having united himself in the same
cause with the King, his uncle, he neither can nor will separate his
interests from those of that Prince, and that he regards the
satisfaction he claims as a condition, without which he cannot
personally treat of those matters.

As to the second part of the Article, the two Imperial Courts cannot
flatter themselves with the hopes of bringing their mediation to a
happy issue, if they do not prevent the subterfuges, the subtelties
and false interpretations, which either of the belligerent powers may
avail themselves of to explain according to their views the
preliminary propositions, which will certainly happen if they do not
previously ascertain the sense of the expressions, which relate to
America.

The Court of London will elude as much and as long as she possibly
can, the direct or indirect acknowledgement of the independence of the
United States, and will avail herself of the terms, that are used in
speaking of them, to maintain, that she is not obliged to treat with
her ancient Colonies as with a free and independent nation. That she
is consequently not reduced to admit a Plenipotentiary on their part,
and that she is at liberty to view the American representative as a
deputy from a part of her subjects who demand a favor. From whence it
will follow, that when the mediation is in force, and they shall be
about to enter upon the negotiation, that they will dispute the
character, in which the American Plenipotentiary shall be received.
The King of England will consider him as his subject, while Congress
will demand, that he shall be received as the representative of a free
people, by means whereof the mediation will be stopped at the first
outset.

To prevent this inconvenience it should seem, that previous to any
other measure, the _character of the American agent_ ought to be
determined in the most precise and positive manner, and Congress
should be invited to confide its interests to the mediation. This
invitation is so much the more interesting, as the negotiation
relative to America should go hand in hand with that of the Courts of
Madrid and Versailles, and by consequence, the negotiations although
separate should commence at the same time.

But who will invite the Congress to treat with England? The King
cannot, since the First Article excludes him from the negotiation.
This task then can only be executed by the mediators themselves; all
that the King can do, and that he will do with zeal and fidelity, is
to invite the Americans to the peace, and to facilitate it by every
means that they believe compatible with their essential interests. But
that the King may take this step with safety, and the hopes of
success, and with the certainty of not rendering himself suspected by
the Americans, it is necessary that he should first know the
determination of the mediators upon the observations now made to them,
and that this determination should be such as to secure to the
American States their political existence.

The two high mediators and their Ministers are too enlightened not to
perceive, that without this preliminary measure the Congress will send
no person to Vienna, and that the King can make no attempts to engage
them thereto, without incurring the danger of involving himself, by
means whereof, and for the reasons already urged, the mediation will
be stopped at its first outset. These reflections appear to merit the
most serious attention of the two mediating Courts.

    "ARTICLE II. _This separate peace cannot, however, be signed,
    except conjointly, and at the same time with that of the powers
    whose interests shall be treated by the mediating Courts. Although
    neither peace, notwithstanding they are treated separately, shall
    be concluded without the other, yet care shall be taken to inform
    the mediators constantly of the progress of that, which regards
    Great Britain and the Colonies, to the end, that the mediation may
    be able to regulate the measures intrusted to it according to the
    state of the negotiation relating to the Colonies, and both of the
    pacifications, which shall have been separately concluded at the
    same time, shall be solemnly guarantied by the mediating Courts,
    and by every other neutral power, whose guarantee the belligerent
    powers may think proper to claim._"

When the United States shall have been duly called to the Congress at
Vienna, and shall have commenced their separate negotiation with
England, this Article will make no difficulty with his Majesty.

    "ARTICLE III. _To render the negotiations of peace independent of
    events of war, always uncertain, which may arrest, or at least
    <DW44> their progress, there shall be a general armistice between
    the two parties, during the term of one year, reckoning from ----
    of the month of ---- of the present year, or reckoning from the
    month of ---- of the year 1782. Should it happen, that a general
    peace should not be re-established during the first term, or
    whilst the duration of either of these terms continues, everything
    shall remain in the same state, in which it shall be found at the
    signing of these preliminaries._"

This Article includes two objects equally important; an armistice and
a _statu quo_. The mediators have already acknowledged, that without
this preliminary basis, they cannot enter upon a serious negotiation
for a peace; and, for still stronger reason, these preliminaries
should be established before a truce can be spoken of.

The two mediating Courts are themselves of this opinion, since they do
not propose the armistice, but in consequence of the acceptation of
the first and second Preliminary Articles. The King thinks, that
before they can agree to an armistice, it is necessary that the
belligerent parties should have established preliminaries; and it
cannot be denied, that the basis, which the high mediators have
proposed, may lead to a delay of those preliminaries, which should
serve as the pledge and security for the re-establishment of peace,
when, in fact, they really afford none.

But when these preliminaries shall be invariably established, it may
be of consequence to determine what duration should be given to the
suspension of arms. The plan of the mediators proposes one year; but
this term appears too short not to be illusory. In fact, it should be
observed, that the fire of war being kindled in the four quarters of
the world, one part of the year will have revolved before the orders
can be received by the respective commanders; so that tranquillity
will be established in Europe, while hostilities continue in America
and in the Indies. Besides, all the powers remaining armed, the
slightest circumstance may occasion a violation of the truce.

In fine, it is in vain to flatter ourselves with the hope of
concluding a definitive peace in the short space of one year; as,
exclusive of the variety of subjects, that must necessarily be
discussed, the two mediating Courts are at a great distance from each
other; nor is there less between the belligerent powers; and we should
deceive ourselves, if we supposed, that all the propositions, which
will be made on the one part, and on the other, will not give room for
much debate and altercation; or, that they will not, consequently,
consume much time.

To these considerations we ought to add, that an armistice for one
year would be very burdensome, because the powers at war will be
obliged to remain in arms, to their manifest loss, as it will be
impracticable to disarm, as well from the dispersion of the troops, as
from the enormous expense, if, (which is highly probable) it should
become necessary to renew hostilities. If, then, the mediators wish
sincerely to establish the peace they propose, they should prefer a
truce of many years to a simple armistice for one year. This expedient
is better adapted to consolidate their work, than a suspension of arms
for a short time. But a truce will have the same inconveniences, and
be equally dangerous with an armistice, if the belligerent powers
remain under arms. Thus it seems necessary to agree at the same time
reciprocally to disarm.

But supposing these two points settled, there remains another equally
important, that is the _statu quo_. Neither France nor Spain have any
reason to reject it, so far as they are individually concerned. This
is not the case with the Americans. To be satisfied of this, we need
only cast our eyes upon the _points_, that the British troops actually
occupy upon the continent of North America. The question, then, will
be to obtain the consent of the United States, and this consent can
only be demanded by the two Courts that offer their mediation, for the
reasons that have already been urged.

    "ARTICLE IV. _This plan of negotiation being adopted by all the
    parties, the belligerent powers shall request the mediators to
    open the conferences of the Congress, and shall without delay give
    their respective plenipotentiaries such full powers and
    instructions, as they shall judge necessary for the success of the
    negotiation._"

The King will conform himself, with as much pleasure as earnestness,
to this Article, as soon as the preliminary basis shall be irrevocably
established, agreeably to the observation above mentioned. And the
King will then authorise his plenipotentiaries to treat immediately of
the Preliminary Articles, which should lead to a cessation of
hostilities; and, as soon as these Articles shall have been agreed to,
to labor with zeal and assiduity for the early conclusion of a
definitive treaty. The high mediators may be assured, that his Majesty
will facilitate this double task by every means, which he shall deem
compatible with his dignity, with his interest, and with those of his
allies; and that as far as depends upon him, they will acquire the
glory of having established, upon a solid and unalterable basis, the
peace and tranquillity of every part of the world.


FOOTNOTES:

[2] Austria and Russia proposed to act as mediators for a general
peace about the beginning of the year 1781. Some particulars on this
subject will be found in _John Adams's Correspondence_, Vol VI. p.
98;--also in _Flassan's Diplomatic Francaise_, Vol. VII. p. 300.--The
papers here inserted are imperfect, but they are all that could be
found in the Department of State. They will serve to illustrate that
part of the preceding communication of M. de la Luzerne, which relates
to the proposed mediation.

       *       *       *       *       *

                                No. 2.

    _The Answer of the Court of London to the Preliminary Articles
                  proposed by the Mediating Courts._

I am authorised to return an answer to the paper, which, by order of
your Court, you delivered me, and of which I have given an account to
his Majesty.

The answers marked A and B,[3] which I have the honor to submit to
you, explain the unalterable sentiments of the King, upon points
essential to his dignity, and demonstrate the reasons, that obliged
his Majesty to decline the plan proposed, so far as it relates to his
rebellious subjects. The King knows the justice and the impartiality
of the mediating Courts, and he considers the plan with that spirit
of conciliation which they give birth to. But his Majesty cannot but
see it in a very different point of view, from that in which it
appeared to the august mediators when they supposed it admissible in
all points.

The King persuades himself, that after having considered it again,
they will not entertain the same judgment relative thereto as
heretofore; and that they will even cease to wish that it should be
admitted, since, from their intention, as well as from the principles,
which they have laid down with so much wisdom, and which the King
adopts altogether, it necessarily results, that everything
inconsistent with the dignity of his Majesty, the essential interests
of his nation, and the rights of his crown, is inadmissible. A just
and honorable peace with the belligerent powers, under the mediation
of the two Imperial Courts, is the first object of his Majesty's
wishes. The King knows, that the two august mediators will pursue the
great work, that they have undertaken, with the same sentiments, which
induced them to engage therein, the desire of being useful to the
belligerent powers; and his Majesty hopes, that their generous care
will be crowned with success, and that they will serve to reconcile
all the sovereigns at war, by a safe and honorable peace, which it
shall be the interest of all parties to accept, and which shall not
wound the dignity of either of them.

The sincere desire of peace, the gratitude due to the august
sovereigns, who have been willing to charge themselves with the
mediation of it, and the sentiments with which the King will always
receive whatever shall be proposed to him by them, would dispose his
Majesty to accept the proposed Articles, if that acceptation could be
reconciled to his dignity, the interests of the empire, and the rights
of his crown.

1st. On every occasion, in which there has been a question of
negotiation, since the commencement of the war with France, the King
has constantly declared, that he could never admit in any manner
whatsoever, nor under any form, that there should be any interference
between foreign powers and his rebellious subjects.

2dly. The resolution of his Majesty upon this important object is
founded upon what the King owes to his own dignity, upon the essential
interests of his people, and upon the incontestible right, which every
Sovereign has to determine at his pleasure, that which is clearly
within his jurisdiction. This resolution is as immutable, as the
foundation upon which it rests. From the application of this principle
to the different points of the first, second, and third articles,
results the melancholy, but indispensable necessity of declining all
that is proposed in these different articles relative to the
rebellious subjects of his Majesty.

The King invariably entertains the desire, which he has so often
manifested, of terminating the war in which he is engaged with the
belligerent powers, by a just and honorable peace, under the mediation
of the Imperial Courts, and for this purpose his Ministers shall be
furnished with instructions and full powers, necessary to treat of all
objects directly relative to the said powers. They shall be ordered to
pursue the negotiation conformably to the principles explained
therein, with all possible zeal, and to contribute on their part every
suitable means to conduct it to a happy end.


FOOTNOTES:

[3] These papers are missing.

       *       *       *       *       *

                                No. 3.

 _The verbal Answer of the King of Great Britain to the to the verbal
 Observations made by the Count de Belgiojoso, Austrian Ambassador in
                               London._

Since the King finds himself under the necessity of declining a plan
proposed by the two mediating Courts, he should think himself wanting
in that respect, which is due to them on so many accounts, if he did
not give some details of the reasons, which have rendered it
indispensable for him to take this step. His Majesty is persuaded,
that when the two august mediators shall have considered them with
that spirit of justice and impartiality, which characterises them,
they will become sensible of their weight.

The King would derogate from his rights of sovereignty, should he
consent in any manner to the admission of any person whatever,
delegated to the Congress by his rebel subjects; this admission being
absolutely incompatible with their quality of subjects. For the same
reason, conciliatory measures employed to put an end to a rebellion,
ought not to be intermixed, either in their commencement or in their
conclusion, with a negotiation between sovereign States.

In consequence of the same principle, his Majesty can never enter into
any engagements, nor adopt any plan, which may limit or suspend the
incontestible right, which every Sovereign has, to employ all the
means in his power to terminate a rebellion kindled in his dominions,
either by the progress of his arms, or by conciliatory means employed
in the country itself. If, instead of taking advantage of the present
disposition of a great part of his rebellious subjects to return to
their allegiance, he was to stop the effect and progress of that
disposition by stipulating a suspension of arms, he would <DW44> the
instant of that reconciliation, which he wishes so much to hasten, and
would furnish the leaders of the rebels with the means of fostering
and strengthening their rebellion, and oppressing the well-affected by
the weight of their usurped authority; he would put it in the power of
his enemies to prolong the troubles, if he made the return of peace in
America to depend on the success of a negotiation with a belligerent
power, a negotiation which it would always be in their power to render
fruitless.

The favorable intentions of the King towards his rebellious subjects,
and his desire to make them experience the effects of his clemency,
and restore to them the happiness, which they enjoyed before their
rebellion, are generally known, but whatever may be the arrangements,
which his Majesty will make to restore and ensure the quiet of his
Colonies, and link the happiness of his American subjects to that of
the metropolis, they will be in their nature as all things are, which
are merely national, arrangements of internal policy, and as such,
they cannot properly be the object of the mediation or guarantee of
any foreign power. When the King availed himself of the dispositions
of the two Imperial Courts and employed their mediation, his Majesty
gave it plainly to be understood, that he aimed at the restoration of
peace between the belligerent powers, to which alone it appeared to
him that a mediation could be applied. Persisting invariably in the
same sentiments, the King wishes that the mediation, at the same time
that it confines itself to this particular object, may comprehend it
in its full extent, and that the war between Great Britain and the
Republic of Holland may be included in it.

If the negotiation is opened, agreeably to these principles, and
directed solely to this salutary end, if the other belligerent powers
bring to it the same conciliatory spirit which his Majesty will show,
the generous care of the mediating powers will meet with a success the
most complete, and the most conformable to their views.

       *       *       *       *       *

                                No. 4.

         _Reply of the Mediators to the Belligerent Powers._

                             Translation.

The Courts of Versailles and Madrid having transmitted to the two
Imperial Courts their respective answers[4] to the Articles proposed
to serve as a basis to the negotiation, which had been communicated to
them, as the Court of London had done on the 15th of June last, the
two Imperial Courts think, that they must not delay to communicate
their reply reciprocally to the three respective Courts, as necessary
to their mutual direction, and they have directed in consequence their
Ambassadors and Ministers with the said Courts, to present copies of
them to their respective Ministers.

Their Imperial Majesties have seen with the greatest satisfaction, in
that which was transmitted to them by his Most Christian Majesty, the
assurance of the grateful sentiments and real pleasure, with which his
Majesty has received the said Articles, but they could not but be so
much the more affected by the exposition of the motives, which have
appeared to his Britannic Majesty sufficient to prevent his
acceptation of them. It appears convenient to them in the actual state
of things to refer to another time, and other circumstances the
observations, which they might produce, and which it would probably be
useless to expose in the present moment, but what cannot be so either
at present or in future, is that the belligerent powers may see in
their proper light the Articles, which have been proposed to them, and
may in consequence appreciate them properly.

The mediating powers could not allow themselves to make any
propositions, which might wound the dignity or delicacy of either of
the parties, or any of those, which might in the first instant have
obliged them implicitly or explicitly to decisions, which can only be
the result of a consent obtained by the way of negotiations. They must
consequently have confined themselves to seeking and finding out some
proper means to enable the belligerent powers to assemble their
respective Plenipotentiaries, at the place where the Congress shall
sit, to endeavor, under the mediation of the two Imperial Courts, to
settle amicably all the differences, which are the causes of the
present war, and when once they have met, and are provided with
instructions for all possible cases, to be continually at hand, to
seize one of those happy moments, which circumstances sometimes bring
on, and which are often lost forever, or at least for a great while,
when one has not been at hand to take advantage of them.

They have found at the same time no other inconveniency in this, but
that perhaps the progress of the negotiation might not be altogether
so rapid as it would undoubtedly be wished. The suspension of arms and
of the _statu quo_ by itself, independent of the remaining part of the
proposition, can either be adopted or rejected; and after having
weighed with the greatest impartiality the inconveniencies and
advantages, which may result from the acceptation of their
propositions, it has consequently appeared to them, that nothing could
better suit the respective interests of the belligerent powers, as
well as their general and particular circumstances. They still persist
in that opinion, and from the sincere interest, which they take in the
circumstances of all the belligerent parties, they cannot but wish,
that they might still admit between themselves, with such
modifications as they should think proper, the Articles, which have
been proposed to them, and which, as his Most Christian Majesty well
observes, are not Preliminary Articles, as in the nature of things
they could not be such, but which can no less be the means, not only
of bringing on at one moment or other the conclusion of a preliminary
treaty, but perhaps even that of peace, a speedy return of which is so
much to be wished for.

The two Imperial Courts have thought, that in return for the
confidence, with which his Most Christian Majesty has expressed
himself in his answer, they ought to show as much in exposing to him
the light, in which they have seen the step they have taken in
proposing the Articles, which they have caused to be communicated to
him, and which they still persist in holding out, that the belligerent
parties may still be able to adopt what has been proposed to them, or
if not, to communicate some other idea, which may be productive of the
same good effects, or of happier ones if possible. His Most Christian
Majesty may be persuaded beforehand, that in that case they will with
the greatest zeal make such use of it as they shall think most useful
and convenient. Nothing can certainly add to the sincerity, with which
they will take care to justify on every occasion the confidence, which
the high belligerent parties have shown in accepting their mediation.


FOOTNOTES:

[4] The answer of the Court of Madrid is missing.

       *       *       *       *       *

                                No. 5.

    _Answer of the Court of France to the Reply of the Mediators._

                             Translation.

The King has received, with equal sensibility and gratitude, the
answer of the two mediating Courts; his Majesty regards it as a new
proof of their friendship for him, of the just estimate which they
form of his confidence in their impartiality, and of the true interest
which they take in the prompt re-establishment of peace.

The King has not changed, and will not change, in his desire to second
views so salutary; and the two high mediating powers may be assured,
that so far as concerns his Majesty, it will not be owing to him, if
they are not soon in a situation to give full scope to their
beneficent zeal.

But the Court of London deprives the King of every expedient and every
hope, on this subject, by its invariable resolution to regard and
treat the Americans as its subjects. Such a resolution renders
abortive every exertion, that may be made for obtaining peace. It
utterly destroys the plan of the two mediating powers, since it
decides, in the most peremptory manner, the question which is the
subject of dispute, and the direct or indirect decision of which
should be the preliminary basis of the future pacification.

In this state of things the King thinks, that the conferences,
proposed by the two mediating Courts, would at present be without
effect, and that the meeting of the respective plenipotentiaries would
be but a vain pretence, which would not diminish nor abridge the
horrors of war, and which might compromise the dignity of their
Imperial Majesties.

The King is truly sorry to see, that things have taken a direction so
contrary to his wishes, and to the expectations of their Imperial
Majesties; and, if it were in his power to change it, he would do it
with an eagerness, which would show to them the purity of his
intentions; but his Majesty thinks it his duty to observe, that he has
allies with whom he has inviolable engagements, that he should betray
them by abandoning the American cause, and that he should betray this
cause, if he consented to negotiate a peace separate from and
independent of the United States. The high mediating powers have
perceived the impossibility of such a proceeding, since they have
themselves proposed to place the negotiation of the King, and that of
the United States, upon an equal footing.

But even admitting, that the King should lay the affairs of America
out of the question, that he should be content to act only for his own
personal interest, and that he should leave to the Americans the care
of coming to an accommodation with their mother country, what would
be the result of this mode of proceeding?

The result would be, that the peace would be deceptive; that it would
have a merely speculative existence. In fact, if, as appears from the
strongest evidence to be probable, the Americans should persist in
their refusal to return to their obedience to the British crown, the
war between Britain and her former colonies would still continue. The
King would then be obliged, as at present, to assist them; the King of
Spain, on his part, would be under the necessity of assisting his
Majesty; so that France and Spain, after the signature of their
private treaty, would be in the same situation as they now are.

These considerations seem to the King to be most forcible, and his
Majesty has too just an idea of the wisdom and penetration of the two
high mediating powers, not to be convinced, that they will regard them
in the same point of view, and that they will wholly approve the
cautious course which they oblige him to pursue.

The King is earnestly desirous to be able to change this course, and
it is in consequence of this desire, that he invites the high
mediating powers to employ all their influence at the Court of London
to induce that Court to show dispositions, which may convince us, that
it is at last resolved to unite, in good faith, in a prompt and
equitable peace.

The King thinks, that he ought to inform the high mediating powers,
that his Ambassador at Vienna is at present authorised to attend to
all overtures and all expedients, which tend to this object, whether
they come from the Court of London, or are proposed by their Imperial
Majesties; and he is also authorised to join in the negotiation, if
sufficient grounds are presented to him, for conducting it safely to a
happy conclusion, under the auspices of their Imperial Majesties.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, November 23d, 1781.

  Sir,

I have the honor of sending to you a letter, which I wrote to the
commanding officer of St Domingo, in consequence of that with which
you honored me yesterday.

Be pleased to send the two despatches to those interested, in order
that they may send them to their _Fonde de Procuration_ by safe
opportunities.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                   CONGRESS TO THE KING OF FRANCE.

The United States in Congress assembled to their Great, Faithful, and
Beloved Friend and Ally, Lewis the Sixteenth, King of France and
Navarre.

  Great, Faithful, and Beloved Friend and Ally,

At a period so glorious to the arms of France, both by sea and land,
and so favorable to the fortunes of America, it is with particular
satisfaction that we congratulate the Monarch, whose wise counsels and
generous support have so largely contributed to events, illustrious in
themselves, and promising consequences truly important.

We wish to convey to your Majesty our sense of the victory obtained by
the Count de Grasse over the enemy's fleet on our coast, and the
subsequent reduction of the British armament in Virginia; and we
repeat our grateful acknowledgments for the various aids so seasonably
extended to us. From the benevolence and magnanimity, which has
hitherto interested your Majesty in the welfare of these States, we
are convinced, that you will on this occasion feel an equal pleasure
with ourselves, whose immediate advantage is the result of such
fortunate exertions.

We mention with great pleasure the zeal and ability manifested by the
Count de Rochambeau, commanding your Majesty's forces in the allied
army. His conduct, and that of his officers under him, merit our
fullest approbation; and we are made further happy by the perfect
harmony and affection, which has subsisted between the troops of the
two nations.

The distress occasioned to the common enemy by combined operations
will, we trust, point out to both nations the utility of similar
measures in future; and whilst it induces your Majesty to supply that
naval force, which the situation of our country renders necessary,
will urge the United States to every effort which their particular
interests, added to their desire of seconding your Majesty's views,
can call forth to ensure the complete success of attacks upon the
enemy's strong holds.

It is with great pleasure, that the United States continue to number
some of your Majesty's subjects amongst their most able, spirited, and
faithful officers. It affords the world a striking proof of the
intimate connexion, which subsists between the allied nations, at the
same time serves to cement the union which it manifests.

Major General the Marquis de Lafayette has in this campaign so greatly
added to the reputation he had before acquired, that we are desirous
to obtain for him, on our behalf, even notice in addition to that
favorable reception, which his merits cannot fail to meet with from a
generous and enlightened Sovereign; and in that view, we have directed
our Minister Plenipotentiary to present the Marquis to your Majesty.

We pray God, Great, Faithful, and Beloved Friend and Ally, always to
keep your Majesty in his holy protection.

Done at Philadelphia, the twentyninth day of November, in the year of
our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eightyone, and in the sixth
year of our independence. By the United States in Congress assembled.
Your faithful Friends and Allies.

                                             JOHN HANSON, _President_.

CHARLES THOMSON, _Secretary_.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                    Philadelphia, December 11th, 1781.

  Sir,

I have received the letter, with which you yesterday honored me. I
have, consequently, the honor of sending you triplicate copies of a
letter, which I wrote to the Count du Durat, Governor of Grenada. Be
pleased to send it to the persons whom it concerns, and at the same
time to advise them to annex to it copies of their memorial in French.
I hope that it may prove satisfactory to them. I can do nothing else
in affairs of this kind, except to invite the Admiralties of our
Islands to take them into consideration.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

               TO COUNT DU DURAT, GOVERNOR OF GRENADA.

                             Translation.

                                    Philadelphia, December 11th, 1781.

  Sir,

I have the honor of sending you a copy of a memorial presented to the
State of New Hampshire, and sent by that State to Congress, relative
to a ship carried to Grenada by some American sailors, whom the
English had compelled to serve on board of her. I do not know what are
the rules or usages, to which the Admiralty of Grenada conform in such
cases, I merely inform you, Sir, that by the laws of Congress, when
insurgent sailors bring an English vessel into the ports of the United
States, it is adjudged as a prize to them. The Admiralty of St
Domingo, knowing these laws, have not hesitated, in a similar case, to
restore the prize to the Americans, who had conducted it into port,
after deducting the expenses of the proceeding.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

              ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                       Office of Foreign Affairs, December 21st, 1781.

  Sir,

I do myself the honor to enclose an extract of my letter to Dr
Franklin, on the subject of the late ordinance of Congress, relative
to captures. Though in it I suggest a mode, by which the identity of
goods captured and shipped may be authenticated, yet I have not
thought it prudent to give it the preference to any other, which Dr
Franklin, upon communicating with the Minister, may think more proper.
I have only to request, that you will by your representations second
his, and urge the Court of France to adopt the regulation above
suggested, or any other that will best guard against this illicit
commerce on the one hand, or the injury of innocent dealers on the
other.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

              ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                        Office of Foreign Affairs, January 19th, 1782.

  Sir,

I do myself the honor to enclose two letters from Mr Deane, which were
delivered with his own hand to a Mr Marshal, who has sworn to their
identity. These add so much weight to the suspicions already
entertained against him, that they may probably be of use to your
Court in justifying any measure, which they may deem it proper to
adopt, to prevent the ill effects of the principles he endeavors to
disseminate, and to invalidate the ill-founded assertions he makes.

I beg to be informed whether you think it probable that the Hermione
has sailed yet, and if not, whether you have any express going down to
her.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, January 20th, 1782.

  Sir,

I thank you for communicating to me Mr Deane's two letters. I shall
transmit them to my Court. I am not at present, sending any express to
the Chesapeake, but I shall probably send one as soon as I shall have
received the letters, which should have been brought by the Sybil. It
is still possible that the Hermione may be charged with them.

I proposed to have the honor, at the first opportunity, of conversing
with you upon a circumstance, which it is desirable that Congress
should alter. In the State of Massachusetts there is no Marshal of the
Court of Admiralty. The custom in that State is, to put into the hands
of the agent of the _libellant_ the effects _libelled_, and the
proceeds of their sale, if it has taken place. This practice has
already been attended with great inconveniences, as it respects French
merchants, and particularly as it respects a Spanish vessel, the
owners of which, it is thought, have lost from twentyfive to thirty
thousand pounds sterling, merely because the contested property had
not been put into the hands of a responsible public officer. You will
be better able, Sir, than I am, to judge by what means these
inconveniences may be remedied.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

              ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                        Office of Foreign Affairs, January 24th, 1782.

  Sir,

Reflecting that our not communicating the resolutions of the 22d to
you, when we send them to Dr Franklin, might appear to the Count de
Vergennes to betray a want of confidence in you, which I am persuaded
Congress do not entertain, I am led to consider my not having received
instructions to communicate them as a mere accidental omission, and
accordingly take upon me to enclose a copy of them. You will, I
presume, put them in cypher before they are sent off. To give you
leisure to do it, I have not sent them to your house, but have ordered
my servant to find you at the Assembly.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, January 25th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor of sending back the resolution of Congress of the 22d
instant, and of thanking you for this communication. The letters
which I have had to write to France, in answer to those which I
received by the Sibyl, being now finished, I shall have the honor of
communicating to you, before the end of the week, the news which I
have received.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, January 28th, 1782.

  Sir,

The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France to the United
States, has the honor of informing Congress that a great part of the
loan of ten millions of livres tournois, opened in Holland on account
of the United States, was taken up in October last, and that the
interest on it has been fixed at 4 per centum. It is now proper that
Congress should be pleased to send to Mr Franklin, the instructions
and the authority necessary for performing the acts required to bind
the United States, in their engagements with his Majesty on account of
this loan, as well as of the interest and expenses which it has
occasioned. The undersigned has informed the Superintendent of the
Finances, that after deducting the money advanced by his Majesty for
this loan, there would remain about four millions of livres, at the
disposal of the United States when the loan is entirely taken up.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

    THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                     Philadelphia, January 29th, 1782.

  Sir,

The Minister of France informed me, that he was desirous of making
some communications from letters received by the Sibyl. Ten o'clock
this day was appointed to receive them. He accordingly came, and read
to me passages of a letter of Count de Vergennes to him, dated October
17th, 1781, which contained in substance,

That France wished (as was evident, from her going into the war on our
account) to obtain every advantage for us. That powers at war must
often be governed by circumstances. That if events would enable her to
command them, we might depend on everything she could obtain. That her
political system depended not only on America, but on the other powers
at war. That if France should continue hostilities merely on account
of America, after reasonable terms were offered, it was impossible to
say what the event might be. That his Majesty was, however, at all
events, determined to adhere to the true principles of the alliance,
and would farther endeavor to obtain for us whatever we demanded, as
far as events would justify.

He observed, that people in America appeared to be greatly deceived
with respect to the disposition of the belligerent and mediating
powers, and to imagine that all were anxious for a peace; that this
was so far from being the case, that Great Britain had not yet
returned any answer to the overtures of the Imperial Courts, nor had
any reply been made by the latter to the answer given them by France,
from which delay it might be easily imagined peace was far distant.
That from the present situation of Spain, there was strong reason to
suppose she could not spare us any money, her own operations requiring
all she had. That he hoped France would not be called upon to make up
her deficiencies, as they were in no situation to make new grants.
Besides, that in order to rid us of our embarrassments, they had
already made efforts in our behalf, which they had reason to believe
exceeded our expectations, and that what they had done for America
this year, entitled them to an exemption from further demands.

In a letter of October 20th, 1781, from the Count de Vergennes to the
Minister of France, it is observed, that the United Provinces would
not embarrass themselves at present by an alliance with us; that in
this they will follow the example of Spain; that, however, it will be
prudent to keep an agent in Holland, and direct him to advise
constantly with Dr Franklin, that we may observe some consistency in
our politics. That he fears America founds hopes on the aid of Russia;
that nothing can be more groundless; that though he believes she is
not averse to the independence of America, yet we ought not to expect
that she will move a step in our favor; that she has no particular
interest in terminating the war; that as she means to assume the
character of a mediator, she must preserve that of justice and
impartiality; that nothing, therefore, can extort from her measures
that are favorable to us, but a conviction, that we cannot be brought
back to the dominion of Great Britain. That this should lead us to
think (a sentiment which he desires the Minister to inculcate) that
our success depends upon our exertions, and upon our relinquishing the
inactivity into which false hopes, excited by success, do sometimes
plunge us.

He repeated, that France could lend us no more money; that the ten
millions borrowed upon our account in Holland, were greatly sunk by
advances made in France; that no bills would be paid in France, which
the Minister did not authorise us to draw; that he hoped our officers
would have too much prudence to risk the credit of the United States
by drawing; that the negotiations are still inactive, and will remain
so, till events oblige one or other of the parties to sue for peace.
That the success of the expedition against Portsmouth (that being the
supposed post of Cornwallis) might possibly have some effect. That the
great object of England is America; that she will not cede it while
she can carry on the war; that she will certainly make great exertions
the ensuing campaign; that equal exertions are therefore necessary on
our part. That Spain and Holland view America as the great obstacle to
a peace, from which consequences may flow, which people of judgment
may easily foresee.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

             COUNT DE VERGENNES TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                       Versailles, January 31st, 1782.

I have received, Sir, the letter with which you honored me on the 20th
of October of last year. I heard of your appointment as Minister of
Foreign Affairs of the United States, with the greater pleasure, as I
already knew the extent of your knowledge and your zeal for the
interests and the glory of your country.

I am convinced, Sir, that it will be the dearest object of your cares
and labors to support the cause for which the United States are
contending, and to maintain the principles, which serve as the basis
of the union between them and his Majesty. Be assured, Sir, that I
shall omit nothing that lies in my power, effectually to second your
good intentions. My confidence in your zeal and patriotism is equal to
the sentiments of respect, with which I have the honor to be, Sir,

Your most obedient and humble servant,

                                                         DE VERGENNES.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, February 1st, 1782.

  Sir,

I have received the letter, with which you honored me on the 31st
ultimo, and the affidavit enclosed in it. I have the honor of sending
it back to you, and I also annex a letter for the commanding officer
of the Island of St Domingo. It will be necessary, that Mr William
Marshall should be charged to prosecute this affair himself.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    _Instructions to Dr Franklin._

                                      In Congress, February 5th, 1782.

On the Report of the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, to whom was
referred the note (dated January 28) from the Minister of France,

Resolved, That the following powers and instructions be given to the
Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States of America at the Court
of Versailles.

Whereas, the Minister of his Most Christian Majesty has informed the
United States in Congress assembled, that the loan of ten millions of
livres tournois, opened in Holland on account of these United States,
was in a great measure completed in October last, and requested in
consequence thereof, that full powers might be expedited to bind these
United States to discharge the principal and interest of the said
loan, agreeably to the terms thereof, with such expenses as might have
accrued in making such loan; you are, therefore, hereby authorised,
directed, and empowered, to enter into such engagements with his Most
Christian Majesty, with the States General of the United Provinces,
with any particular State or Province, or with any man or body of men
whatsoever, with whom you may find it necessary to enter into
engagements, for the purpose of binding these United States to
discharge the said loan, with interest, agreeably to the terms
thereof; and also for the repayment of such expenses as have arisen,
or may arise by reason of the said loan. And the said United States of
America do hereby pledge their faith to confirm what you shall execute
in pursuance of the above power.

                                             JOHN HANSON, _President_.

       *       *       *       *       *

    RESOLVES OF CONGRESS RESPECTING THE COMMUNICATIONS MADE BY THE
                         MINISTER OF FRANCE.

                                      In Congress, February 8th, 1782.

On the Report of the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, to whom was
referred the communication made to him by the Minister of France,
(November 23d) containing, among other things, an opinion of Count de
Vergennes, that his Catholic Majesty will not have it in his power to
advance any money to the United States; and expressing in strong terms
the Count's hopes, that the United States will not imagine that France
should make up the sums they expected from Spain, after the assistance
they have already derived from France;

Resolved, That Congress are fully sensible of the frequent, friendly
and generous interposition of his Most Christian Majesty in their
behalf, and are led from thence to hope a continuation of his
assistance, since nothing has been wanting on their part, so to apply
the aid he generously affords, as to distress the common enemy, and
lead to the great object of their alliance, a safe and honorable
peace.

Resolved, That Congress cannot, without injustice to themselves and
their ally, withhold from him a knowledge of their present
circumstances, or neglect to mention the ruinous consequences that may
attend a refusal of those aids, which as well the friendly
dispositions of his Most Christian Majesty, as the success that has
attended his interposition in their behalf, gave them reason to hope
would be continued till the States, which have lately been ravaged by
the enemy, had so far recovered their commerce and agriculture, as to
be able more effectually to contribute to the general expense; and
that his Majesty may be assured, that their applications for this
purpose shall not exceed what may be absolutely necessary for the
support of the common cause.

Resolved, That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, consulting with the
Superintendent of Finance, explain to the Minister of the United
States at the Court of Versailles, the extensive advantages, which
have resulted from moneys supplied by his Most Christian Majesty to
these United States, and the engagements, which have been entered into
with a view to render the next campaign decisive, the consequence of
failing in those engagements, and the little prospect there is of
fulfilling them without an additional loan or subsidy, for the year
1782, of at least twelve millions of livres tournois, in order that
the said minister may present a memorial on this subject to his Most
Christian Majesty, and at the same time lay before him the several
resolutions lately passed by the United States in Congress assembled,
which evidence their unalterable resolution to make every exertion,
for a vigorous campaign, which their present situation will allow.

Resolved, That the Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States of
America at the Court of Versailles be, and he is hereby instructed
and empowered to borrow, on account of these United States, the sum or
twelve millions of livres tournois, and to enter into engagements on
the part of the United States for the repayment of the same, together
with the interest, which is not to exceed the terms allowed or given
on national security in Europe.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                    Philadelphia, February 18th, 1782.

  Sir,

The Minister Plenipotentiary of France has the honor of communicating
to Mr Livingston a letter from the Marquis de Bouille, commanding
officer of the Windward Islands, and a memorial presented to that
General by the Council and Assembly of the Island of Dominica. One of
the two cases mentioned in them, that of the Dutch vessel, the
Resolution, has been decided by the Court of Appeals, and the sentence
of the Court of Admiralty of Philadelphia, has been amended in almost
every point. The case of the Eeirsten has been decided at Boston in
the first instance, and recently by the Supreme Court of Appeals. As
the annexed papers seem to contain means for the revision of the first
case, and proofs which were not known to the Judges when the decision
was made, the undersigned has the honor of communicating them to Mr
Livingston, and requests him to be pleased, after reading them, to
send them back to him.

The agent of the merchants at Dominica designs to solicit the said
revision, with a view to have all the cargo, without exception,
acquitted. The undersigned Minister flatters himself, that Congress
will be pleased to enable the said agent to avail himself of the new
proofs, which he says that he has obtained. The letter of the Marquis
de Bouille, and the request of the Council and Assembly of Dominica,
may hereafter serve to determine the true meaning of the capitulations
of the English Islands, taken by the forces of his Majesty; and it is
for this reason also, that the undersigned requests that they may be
laid before the Tribunal of Appeals. This letter and this request,
leave no room to doubt, that the Ostend ship Eeirsten sailed under the
faith of the capitulation, and that her owners ought to participate in
the advantages secured by it to the capitulators.

The undersigned Minister appeals to the justice of Congress, and of
the American tribunals, in favor of those inhabitants or capitulators
of the Island of Dominica, who are interested in the cargo of this
ship, as subjects of the King, his master, and in favor of those
people of Ostend who are interested, as subjects of his Imperial
Majesty, who is allied to the King, his master, both by blood and by
treaties.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

             THE MARQUIS DE BOUILLE TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                             Translation.

                                                         Without date.

  Sir,

I have the honor to transmit you a Memorial from the Council and
Assembly of the Island of Dominica, who lay claim to the Dutch ship
Resolution, Captain Waterburg, which has been retaken from an English
privateer from Carolina, by the American privateer Ariel, belonging
to Messrs Robert Morris, Samuel Inglis, and William Bingham, brought
into Philadelphia, and condemned there as a legal prize.

This neutral ship, employed in the exportation of the produce of
Dominica by virtue of the proclamation of his Britannic Majesty in
favor of neutral ships bound for the British Colonies, conquered by
France in the course of this war, would not have been condemned as a
legal prize, had it remained in the power of the British privateer,
and been brought into a port belonging to his Britannic Majesty. She
could not, then, be condemned by the Admiralty of Philadelphia, since
that Court could not consider her otherwise than as a neutral vessel,
sailing under the faith of his Britannic Majesty's proclamation, which
the commander of the English privateer was no doubt ignorant of, and
after which she could no longer be considered as a recapture.

This affair, Sir, deserves all your attention, and the particular
protection which I request you to grant it, that the owners of this
vessel may obtain, from the Council of Prizes of the United States the
justice due to them.

It is feared at Dominica, lest the Ostendian ship Eeirsten, Captain
Thomson, which sailed for the said Island, and was taken by an
American privateer and brought into Boston, may likewise have been
condemned; and should this have been the case, I also request your
interposition in favor of the owners of the said vessel.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              BOUILLE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                 MEMORIAL OF THE COUNCIL OF DOMINICA.

To his Excellency the Marquis de Bouille, Marshal of the King's Camp
and Armies, Lieutenant General and Governor General, in and over the
Islands of Martinico, Dominica, Grenada, and St Vincent, Tobago, &c.
&c.

The Memorial of the Council and Assembly, representing the capitulants
of this Island.

By virtue of the 17th Article of the capitulation signed by your
Excellency, the capitulants of this Island were authorised to ship the
produce of their estates, in neutral ships, to neutral ports in
Europe, and to receive from them the necessary supplies of provisions
and plantation stores.

Annexed to the oaths of the respective shippers of produce on neutral
vessels, his Excellency the Marquis du Chilleau, his Majesty's
Governor in this Island, granted to the master of each vessel his
certificate, that such shippers were capitulants, and the produce
laden in such vessel was the growth of their estates, and therein
recommended those vessels and their cargoes to the protection of all
his Majesty's subjects, those of his Most Catholic Majesty and to the
Americans in alliance with France. These certificates were always
respected till now, and in consequence such neutral vessels, although
detained and examined at different times, arrived at their destined
ports.

To the infinite surprise of your memorialists, they have received
advice from Philadelphia, that the Dutch ship, the Resolution, Captain
Waterburg, was retaken from an English privateer, belonging to
Carolina, by the Ariel, an American privateer, belonging to Messrs
Robert Morris, Samuel Inglis, and William Bingham of Philadelphia,
carried into that city, and was there condemned and sold with her
cargo, without respecting either the capitulation, or the certificate
and recommendation of his Excellency the Marquis du Chilleau. This
ship was loaded at Dominica and regularly cleared there for Amsterdam
within the time limited by his Britannic Majesty's Proclamation in
favor of Dutch vessels, loading in the conquered Island, the commander
of the Carolina privateer, unacquainted with the Proclamation, had
detained her as a Dutch ship. That this ship would certainly have been
released in Carolina cannot even be doubted, as she had before been
carried into the Island of Nevis on the same voyage, and released with
a compensation after her papers were examined.

Your memorialists have received further advice, that another American
privateer has taken and carried into Boston, the Ostend brig Eeirsten,
Captain Thomson, bound from that port to this Island, and laden with
provisions and plantation stores for the estates of your memorialists,
where we fear she will have the same fate.

If the Americans should persist and be authorised to take and
confiscate neutral vessels, loaded with the produce of capitulants'
estates under the authority of the French government, and those who in
return are loaded with the provisions essentially necessary to them,
what is the trade of this Island? This must put an effectual end to
it; what resources are then left to us?

The inhabitants of this Island are capitulants, and they dare flatter
themselves, that under their present government they have the merit of
having constantly manifested the most uniform propriety of conduct;
the Americans should not only have respected, but protected their
property. Bound to do so by their treaty of friendship with France,
by the capitulation, and by the certificate and recommendation of the
French Governor.

Your memorialists do therefore most earnestly entreat, that your
Excellency will be pleased to take this Memorial into consideration.

Council Chamber, in Roseau, the 23d day of November, 1781.[5]

                                 ABRAHAM SHAW, _President in Council_.

House of Assembly, Roseau, this 23d day of November, 1781.

                        J. MORSOU, _Speaker of the House of Assembly_.


FOOTNOTES:

[5] Extract from an authentic copy of the capitulation, granted by the
Marquis de Bouille to the Island of Dominica.

"ARTICLE 7th. That they (the inhabitants of Dominica) shall pay no
other duty to his Most Christian Majesty, than they have paid to his
Britannic Majesty, without any charge or imposts. The expenses
attending the administration of justice, the Minister's stipends and
other customary charges, shall be paid out of the revenue of his Most
Christian Majesty in the same manner as under the government of his
Britannic Majesty.

"Granted, and that the inhabitants of Dominica may freely export their
produce to all parts, on paying into the custom house the duties,
which the inhabitants of the French Islands pay in the Islands or in
Europe; but the expenses for administration of justice shall be paid
by the Colony.

"ARTICLE 17th. The merchants of the Island may receive vessels to
their address from all parts of the world, without their being
confiscated, and they may sell their merchandise, and carry on their
trade; and the port shall be entirely free, for them for that purpose,
paying the customary duties paid in the French Islands.

"Granted, until the peace, English vessels excepted."

       *       *       *       *       *

              ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                       Office of Foreign Affairs. February 20th, 1782.

  Sir,

I was yesterday honored with your note, covering the papers, which
relate to the ship Resolution's cargo, and the brigantine Eeirsten's.
With respect to the first, I believe there is little doubt, that that
part of the cargo, which is condemned would be acquitted upon a
rehearing, and proving, that it was the property of capitulants. The
case of the brigantine is much more intricate, and carries strong
marks with it of a fraudulent design to protect British property,
contrary to the spirit of the capitulation. One of the Judges who
condemned this vessel assures me, that there was strong proof, that
the cargo belonged to British owners, even after she parted from
Ostend, nor was there any evidence that the bottom was neutral. The
capitulation does not certainly tend to cover any other property of
the capitulants, but that which should be shipped from the Island, or
to the Island from a neutral port, otherwise its trade with Britain
would stand upon the same footing as it did before the capture.
However, I have not had such a view of facts, as will enable me to
give an opinion upon the subject, and if I had it would not fall
within my department to determine upon it.

The line in which justice will most speedily be done, will be for the
parties who conceive themselves aggrieved to petition Congress for a
rehearing. If, Sir, you shall approve it, I will lay before them your
note, with the papers annexed, and my opinion thereon. I doubt not,
that they will readily adopt such measures as are most consistent with
justice, and the respect they will feel for your recommendation.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                        Philadelphia, March 8th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor of informing your Excellency, that I am about to take
a journey to Virginia, and shall probably be absent some weeks. M. de
Marbois will remain here during this interval, as _Charge d'Affaires_
of his Majesty. Be pleased to honor him with your confidence, in case
that circumstances shall render it necessary for him to make any
communication to Congress.

If your Excellency has any commissions, with which to intrust me, for
Virginia, I entreat you to be assured of my punctuality in performing
them.

I am, Sir, respectfully, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                       Philadelphia, April 17th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have repeatedly applied to the Department of War, to have a
settlement made of the accounts of M. de la Radiere, an officer of
Engineers, and General Baron de Kalb, both of whom died in the service
of the United States.

I have been answered, in the absence of General Lincoln, that the
demands, which I made by order of my Court, for the benefit of their
heirs, were just, but as yet no money has been paid to me, and I
therefore entreat you to be pleased to procure it as soon as possible.
I have received several letters from the family of Baron de Kalb, and
I wish to be able to send them a satisfactory answer. General Lincoln
having returned, I hope that these two affairs will suffer no delay.

The Count de Barras also demanded, in the month of July of last year,
the payment of the sums due to the volunteers, who have served on
board the Ariel, Captain Paul Jones; and on leaving the Chesapeake he
has renewed his demands, in order that this money may be sent to
France, where it will be paid to those to whom it belongs. This debt
amounts to four thousand one hundred and ninetyseven livres tournois,
not including the sum of one thousand one hundred and fiftyone livres,
which has been paid to Joseph Caron, Francois Marais de Tulipe, Joseph
Powaruce, and Paterne Jean, who were on board the Hermione. Congress,
by a resolution, the date of which I cannot recollect, last year
ordered the whole of this sum to be paid. I entreat you, Sir, to be
pleased to persuade the Board of Admiralty to bring this affair to a
close, and to transmit this sum to his Majesty's Consul, that he may
send it to those to whom it is due.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                       Philadelphia, April 13th, 1782.

  Sir,

I embrace the first moment after my return from Virginia, to comply
with the request of the principal officers of our army, in tendering
you their sincere respects.

I have already forwarded to your Excellency a letter from Count de
Rochambeau; on my return here, I found letters from my Court, dated in
February last. They do not announce anything pacific, on the part of
our enemies. No progress is made in the mediation of the Courts of
Vienna and Petersburg, and the Court of London seems determined to
risk the event of another campaign, in which they will employ all the
strength they have left. The plan for the campaign was not yet finally
decided, it depending on some arrangements, which were yet to be made
with the Court of Madrid, and on some advices, which were expected
from the Antilles. It nevertheless seemed to be the intention to act
vigorously for the assistance of the United States, and though no
particular assurances could be given me on this head, yet from what
they write me, it is probable that New York or Charleston, or perhaps
both, will be the object of their efforts next campaign.

I think it, however, proper to inform you, that at the same time they
announce to me their general views, they observe, that it is an
unhappy circumstance, that the American army is so weak as it is; and
they seem to fear, that it will not be in a condition to second their
efforts, when it shall be necessary to strike, a decisive stroke, or
to undertake operations, in which such extensive means are required as
in a siege.

I beg your Excellency would enable me to give my Court the necessary
information on a matter so important as this is. I am not curious to
know any of the particular details relative to your army, which it may
be necessary to keep secret, but the military operations of France and
America are so intimately connected, that it is indispensable for us
to know what is the actual force and means which you have, in order to
calculate with any degree of probability what enterprises can be
undertaken. Our ignorance in this respect cannot but be very
prejudicial to our affairs, because, if from false information we
consider your army as weaker than it really is, it will prevent our
forming plans, which it would be possible to execute; and if, on the
contrary, we are led to believe it stronger than it really is, we run
the risk of forming plans impracticable in their execution. It is from
these considerations, that I beg of you to confide to me such
information on this head as you may think proper, both with respect to
the actual force you have at the different parts of the continent, and
what it will probably be in the course of the campaign. It is equally
interesting to know the force of the enemy, both in regulars and
militia. I beg you to rest assured of the discretion, with which I
shall make use of these communications.

I cannot refuse myself the pleasure of communicating to you the
sentiments, with which our Court and the nation at large are inspired,
from the reports of the French officers, respecting your Excellency,
on their return to Versailles. Their testimony could add nothing to
the universal opinion of the great services you have rendered your
country, but to the esteem and admiration of the French are now added
a sentiment of affection and attachment, which are the just return for
that attention which our military experienced from you, and the
progress they made in their profession by serving under your orders.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

               COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                                      Williamsburgh, April 16th, 1782.

I send you under a flying seal, my dear Chevalier, the letter I have
written to M. de Guerny, commanding the Emerald frigate. You will
observe, that I am yet in a state of ignorance, not having received my
ministerial despatches. It is of the greatest consequence, that this
letter should be forwarded by a safe route, through the hands of
General Washington, that it may be despatched as quick as possible.

Our last news from Edenton is of the 8th of April, by a captain of a
vessel, who left Georgetown the 25th of March. The enemy employ all
the wagons of Charleston in transporting their stores on board the
empty vessels, which came from New York.

I think General Washington would do well to have all the works
levelled, which we made at Rhode Island round Newport, and even the
fort on Butts' Hill, if he has not troops vigorous and firm to keep
possession of it.

The plans of the enemy seem to give their marine all the superiority
they can in these seas. I think they must have it much at heart to
re-occupy the port of Rhode Island. The port of New York being
precarious, the entry depending on the tides, they run the greatest
risks in their naval combats, in not having a port where they can take
refuge at all times.

I have not time to translate this into English; I beg you to transmit
it to our General, as well as that for M. de Guerny, that he may
forward it with the greatest despatch.

I submit, with reason, all my reflections on Rhode Island to him. I
have always in mind Lord North's speech, and the news which seemed to
follow, of the pretended evacuation of Charleston.

Count Ferson sets off to meet my despatches; he tells me that there is
a detachment of about one hundred men, which might be employed jointly
with the militia in levelling the works.

                                                           ROCHAMBEAU.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                       Philadelphia, April 18th, 1782.

  Sir,

On my return to this place, Count Beniowsky delivered to me a plan,
which he wished to have communicated to your Excellency before your
departure from Philadelphia, but as he was particularly recommended to
me by my Court, he deferred taking that step till my arrival. He will
not make any proposition to Congress without first consulting your
Excellency and obtaining your approbation, and it is with this view he
now goes to the army.

I need not recall to your Excellency's mind, the services and actions,
which have recommended Count Beniowsky. His fervor you are acquainted
with, and I am persuaded, that if you think he can be useful to the
United States, no one will more sincerely support him in carrying into
execution those views, which brought him to this continent.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                                           Newburgh, April 28th, 1782.

  Sir,

I receive with much gratitude the remembrance and compliments of the
principal officers of the French army in Virginia, and thank your
Excellency for the trouble of being the bearer of them to me, and the
letter from Count de Rochambeau.

With equal sensibility and pleasure, I received and do now acknowledge
my obligations to your Excellency for the communications from your
Court, which, though not decisive, are nevertheless important. The
late instance of their generous aid, hinted at by your Excellency and
particularised by Mr Morris, is one among a variety of important
considerations, which ought to bind America to France in bonds of
indelible friendship and gratitude, never I hope to be sundered.
Induced by that entire confidence, which I repose in your Excellency,
and a full conviction, that a nation, who combines her force with
ours, for purposes of all others most interesting to humanity, ought
not to be deficient in any information I can give to point objects to
means, that an accordance with them may be inseparable, I shall,
without hesitation, give you the state of our present force, and my
ideas of the increase of it by recruits, from the best view of it
which is before me.

It can scarcely be necessary to inform your Excellency, that our
military establishment for the present year consists of one regiment
of artillery, four legionary, and two partisan corps, and fifty
regiments of infantry, beside the corps of invalids; or that Congress
have called in pointed terms upon each State to complete its regiments
to the establishment, the aggregate of which, if complied with, would
amount to thirtyfour thousand three hundred and eight men, exclusive
of commissioned officers, sergeants, and music, Hazen's regiment, and
the corps of invalids. Of this force, one legionary corps, two
regiments of artillery, and twentytwo of infantry, besides Hazen's
regiment and the invalids, compose the northern army; but as Hazen's
regiment is fostered by no State, discouraged from recruiting by all,
and without funds if the case were otherwise, it must soon dwindle to
nothing, being now very weak.

The present totality of the rank and file, exclusive of sergeants, of
those regiments which compose the northern army, amounts to nine
thousand one hundred and fortysix. From this number the sick men, in
different branches of the staff department, and such as are employed
on other extra duties, which the peculiarity of our circumstances
compels me to furnish from the army, being deducted, will reduce the
efficient operating force of these corps to seven thousand five
hundred and fiftythree rank and file, and I should be uncandid if I
were not to acknowledge, that I do not expect it will be increased by
recruits in the course of the campaign, to more than ten thousand fit
for duty in the field. This, Sir, in my opinion will be the full
amount of the established regiments of the States east of
Pennsylvania. To ascertain the number of militia, who may be assembled
for occasional offensive operations, is more than I can do. The
general opinion is, that there will be no want of militia for my
enterprise we can have in view. Be this as it may, this one thing is
certain, that this class of men are not only slow in their movements,
but undertaking to judge also of the propriety of them in point of
amount, will wait till the necessity for it strikes them, which, in
most cases, is as injurious to the service as inability or want of
inclination; disappointment being the consequence of delay. This
observation I could not refrain from making, because in all combined
operations, especially those which may depend upon the season or a
limited period for their execution, it is of the utmost importance to
be known.

The enclosed return, which is a copy of the last state of the force
under the order of Major General Greene, which has come to my hands,
will give your Excellency every information in my power, respecting
the state and condition of that army; which was to be augmented by the
partisan corps of Colonel Armand, consisting of about two hundred
horse and foot. Independent of those, there are two small regiments at
Fort Pitt. One from the State of Pennsylvania, the other from
Virginia, which are included in the general establishment of the army;
but no particular return is here given of them.

What measures are adopted by the States of Georgia and North and South
Carolina, to recruit their battalions, I know not. Virginia marched
about four hundred men the latter end of February for the southern
army; and by an act of the legislature, passed at their last session,
resolved to raise more; but in what forwardness they are, or what is
to be expected from the act, I am equally uninformed. Maryland and
Pennsylvania depend upon voluntary enlistments, and are proceeding
very slowly in the business of recruiting.

This, Sir, is an accurate state of the force we have at present, and
my expectation of what it may be, independent of militia.

The enemy's force, from the best information I have been able to
obtain of it, may stand thus at New York;

                                                        Rank and File.

    Regulars, including their established corps of
      Provincials,                                               9,000
    Militia of the city, refugees, and independent
      companies,                                                 4,000
    Sailors and marines, according to the number of
      ships which may be in the harbor;--this being
      uncertain no number is given,
    Now in New York,                                            13,000
    Charleston, about                                            3,300
    Savannah, about                                                700
    In Canada, including British, German, and
      established Provincials,                                   3,000
    Penobscot, about                                               500
    Halifax and its dependencies, uncertain, but say,            3,500
                                                                ------
    In all,                                                     26,000

The above estimate, so far as it respects New York, Charleston, and
Savannah, is, I believe, to be depended upon. The force of Canada by
some accounts is more, by others less, than five thousand. The regular
British and German troops in that country cannot exceed four thousand;
but in addition to these, are the corps of Sir John Johnson and
others, which I am told have been considerably increased by the
disaffected of this, and other States, who have fled to Canada. But it
is to be observed, that this force, be it what it may, is employed in
the occupation of posts from Quebec to Michillimackinac, and on Lake
Champlain, through an extent of not less than seven or eight hundred
miles, and that all these posts are dependent upon the former for
provisions and supplies of every kind. I am less certain of the
enemy's force in Nova Scotia than elsewhere. The number here given is
not from recent intelligence, or strengthened according to
circumstances. Cumberland, Windsor, Annapolis, St John's River, &c,
are posts dependent upon Halifax, and included in the three thousand
and five hundred men here mentioned.

If this state of matters can be satisfactory to your Excellency, or
useful in the formation of any plans against the common enemy, I shall
be happy in having given it.

Permit me now, Sir, to express the high sense I have of the honor you
have done me, in communicating the favorable opinion entertained of my
conduct by the Court and nation of France, and to acknowledge my
obligations to those officers who have inspired these sentiments. To
stand well in the eyes of a nation, which I view as one of the first
in the world, and in the opinion of a Monarch, whom I consider as the
supporter of the rights of humanity, and to whom I am personally
indebted for the command he has been pleased to honor me with, is
highly flattering to my vanity, at the same time it has a first claim
to all my gratitude.

It is unnecessary I hope to add fresh assurances of the respect and
esteem, with which I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

   COMMUNICATION OF THE FRENCH MINISTER TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN
                               AFFAIRS.

                                           In Congress, May 1st, 1782.

The Secretary of Foreign Affairs having laid before Congress the
following minutes of a communication, made to him the 28th of April,
by the Minister of France, from letters of the Count de Vergennes,
dated the 24th of December and the 22d of January last, viz.

"After expressing his satisfaction in the success of our arms in
Virginia, he laments the weakness of our army, and the incapacity in
which it leaves us of pursuing so important a blow, before England can
recover from it, he says, though the plan of the ensuing campaign is
not yet determined on, he has reason to believe, that means will be
used to aid us in the exertions we shall make to expel the enemy from
this continent; and he wishes that this consideration, and the
obstinate adherence of the British to their plan of subduing this
country, evidenced by their answer to the mediators, may rouse the
United States to an early and animated exertion. He observes, that the
British are much embarrassed with respect to the measures they ought
to pursue; that they still continue to represent us as a weak and
divided people, in the hope, that this may have some effect upon the
powers of Europe, more particularly upon the mediators. He is of
opinion, that England will endeavor to make proposals to the several
States separately; and though he does not apprehend, that they will
succeed in their attempt to detach them from the alliance, yet he
presumes, while the issue is unknown, that they will avail themselves
of it to induce a belief, that they have a considerable interest in
this country, and that the people at large wish to be connected with
them. He hopes the wisdom of Congress will devise some means to
frustrate this design. He expresses in strong terms the resolution of
his Majesty to adhere to the principles of the alliance, and to form
no treaty of peace, which does not secure to the United States the
objects of it."

And this communication having been referred to a committee, and the
committee having reported thereon, it was

Resolved, That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs be, and he is hereby
directed to make a confidential communication to the several States of
the intelligence received by Congress on the 29th of April last
through his department, in order that the States may be more fully
impressed with the necessity of such united and determined exertions,
as, with the co-operation of our generous ally, will expel the enemy
from their remaining posts within the United States, and display to
the world the falsehood of the assertions of the British Court, that
the people of these States are neither united nor determined in
support of their national independence.

       *       *       *       *       *

               DECREE OF THE KING'S COUNCIL IN FRANCE.

                             Translation.

Decree of the King's Council of State, prescribing the formalities to
be observed on the exportation, from the ports of the kingdom, of
merchandise obtained from prizes.

Extract from the records, of the Council of State.

"The King having been informed, that the facility granted by the
Fourteenth Article of the decree of his Council of the 27th of
August, 1778, concerning merchandise obtained from prizes, has been
abused, so that merchandise of English origin is taken on board, when
under sail, or in foreign countries, and is imported under the
character of merchandise taken as prize, into nations in alliance with
his Majesty, he has thought proper to explain his intentions. Wishing
to remedy this evil, and having heard the report of M. Joly de Fleury,
one of the Common Council of State, and of the Royal Council of
Finance, _the King in Council_ has commanded and commands, that all
the merchandise named in the said Fourteenth Article of the regulation
of August 27th, 1778, and the adjudication of which is made only upon
condition of its re-exportation to a foreign country, cannot be
exported from the ports of his kingdom, unless it be accompanied with
the copy of the _proces-verbal_ of the sale made by the Admiralty, or
by the Intendant or the Director of the Marine, duly certified by the
register, or by the Controller of the Marine, and examined by the
Receiver and Controller of the _Bureau des Fermes_, which, conformably
to the Eighteenth Article of the same decree, must mention, that the
goods have actually been taken from the mart, and embarked on board of
the vessel designated. His Majesty forbids the clerks and overseers of
the _Adjudicataire de ses Fermes_, under penalty of being deprived of
their offices, and subjected to the severest punishment if it should
be done, to allow any of the merchandise in question to be exported,
without the previous formalities having been observed.

"Done, at the King's Council of State, his Majesty being there
present, held at Versailles, the 4th of May, 1782.

                                                   LA CROIX CASTRIES."

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                          Philadelphia, May 7th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor of sending you the commission, by which the Chevalier
d'Annemours has been appointed his Majesty's Consul in the five
southern States. Be pleased to have the kindness to lay it before
Congress, that they may pass an act for the recognition of his
character, and that the necessary letters may in consequence be
despatched to the different legislatures. I will myself see that they
are forwarded, if you will send them to me. The representatives of
Maryland and Virginia being now assembled, you will confer a
particular favor on me, by bringing this affair to a termination as
soon as possible.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

              ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                             Office of Foreign Affairs, May 8th, 1782.

  Sir,

I was yesterday honored with yours of that date. I have this day
presented the commission, with a draft of the necessary resolutions
thereon to Congress, and I doubt not that they will immediately pass,
when the letters and papers you request will be put into your hands.

I do myself the honor to enclose a letter from Mr Morris to me in
answer to one I had written him on the subject of the volunteers, who
served on board the Ariel. You will see by that a state of the
accounts, and that the balance is ready to be paid to their order. I
have requested the Paymaster General to make up the accounts of the
late Baron de Kalb, and M. de la Radiere, and shall endeavor as soon
as possible to enable you to give a satisfactory answer to their
representatives on that subject. You will be pleased to return me the
enclosed letter, after having made such use of it as you may think
proper.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                          Philadelphia, May 9th, 1782.

  Sir,

Several different bearers of certificates of the different loans
obtained by the United States, have applied to me to induce Congress
to pay them back their capitals, or to pay the interest stipulated.
Their claims are supported by recommendations from his Majesty's
Ministers. I entreat you to be pleased to enable me to inform them of
the measures taken on this subject. They have now suffered for a long
time on account of the suspension of the payments, and it is a long
time since I asked for the information, which has been successively
promised to me.

I am, Sir, respectfully, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

              ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                             Office of Foreign Affairs, May 9th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to enclose resolutions of Congress, settling the
ceremonial for the public audience on Monday.[6]

Mr Morris will deliver you the commission of the Chevalier
d'Annemours; when you shall have made the alterations and returned it,
I will immediately lay it before Congress.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.


FOOTNOTES:

[6] See the result of this audience in the _Secret Journal of
Congress_, Vol. III. p. 107.

       *       *       *       *       *

              ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                            Office of Foreign Affairs, May 12th, 1782.

  Sir,

The undersigned, Secretary to the United States of America for the
Department of Foreign Affairs, has the honor to notify to the Minister
Plenipotentiary of his Most Christian Majesty, that Congress have
determined, by a resolution of the 20th of July, 1778, that the style
of address to them should be in future "Gentlemen of the Congress."

The undersigned hopes, that the Minister Plenipotentiary of France
will be pleased to make use of this form, in the address which he
proposes to make to Congress tomorrow, as well as on every future
occasion.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                         Philadelphia, May 17th, 1782.

  Sir,

I write only to acknowledge the receipt of the letter your Excellency
did me the honor to write on the 28th ultimo. I feel myself extremely
obliged by the freedom, with which you have been pleased to furnish me
with the information I requested, and I beg you to be persuaded, that
I shall make use of it only to contribute to the success of our common
operations.

The reports of the action between the fleets in the West Indies are so
vague, that I can form no certain judgment thereon. I presume,
however, that the handbill published at New York, the 12th of this
month, is at least partly false. They write me from Martinique the
13th of April, that Count de Grasse has beaten the English.

I am, with the most respectful attachment, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                  CONGRESS TO THE KING OF FRANCE.[7]

The United States in Congress assembled, to their Great, Faithful
Friend and Ally, Louis the Sixteenth, King of France and Navarre.

  Great, Faithful, and Beloved Friend and Ally,

Among the many instances that Divine Providence has given us of his
favor, we number the blessings he has bestowed on your Majesty's
family and kingdom. Nothing was wanting to the happiness of the first,
but a son to wear the honors, which the father had earned; or, to the
prosperity of the latter, but the prospect of seeing the Crown
transmitted to an heir, who would find in the example of his parent, a
powerful incitement to promote the happiness of his people. This
example, we presume to hope, will also influence his future conduct
towards these United States. When, in the history of the present day,
he shall read your Majesty's generous interference in their behalf,
their firm and affectionate attachment, and the blessings with which
both were crowned, he will be studious to preserve to his kingdom and
these States, the reciprocal advantages of the alliance, which your
Majesty has formed, and to emulate his ancestor in adding to his
titles the glorious appellation of Protector of Mankind.

We receive with the most lively pleasure your Majesty's renewed
professions of friendship. You will easily believe, that the
attachment, which we have so often and so truly professed for your
Majesty, could suffer no diminution, when every day afforded us new
instances of your magnanimity, and of your affectionate interference
in our behalf.

We pray God, Great, Faithful, and Beloved Friend and Ally, always to
keep you in his holy protection.

Done at Philadelphia, the 20th day of May, in the year of our Lord one
thousand seven hundred and eightytwo, and in the sixth year of our
independence. By the United States in Congress assembled. Your
Majesty's Faithful Friends and Allies.

                                             JOHN HANSON, _President_.


FOOTNOTES:

[7] See the letter, to which this is an answer, dated October 22d,
1781.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                         Philadelphia, May 25th, 1782.

  Sir,

The Baron de Holzendorff, Major in the service of his Majesty, came to
America in 1776, to offer his services to the United States. He was
obliged by circumstances, which it would take too long to mention in
detail, to return to France in 1778. Congress, before his departure,
had adopted the annexed resolutions in relation to him; but the
departure of this officer took place before he could procure the
execution of them, which he now solicits, Dr Franklin having told him
that the settlement of this business belonged to Congress. The
undersigned Minister, requests Mr Livingston to be pleased to take
measures to forward to this officer a decision of Congress, or of the
Department of War.

The Chevalier de la Luzerne takes the liberty of renewing his
solicitations respecting the money to be paid to the heirs of Messrs
De Kalb and De la Radiere, and also respecting the reasons, which have
suspended the payment of the interest on different classes of
certificates.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

   VERBAL COMMUNICATION OF THE FRENCH MINISTER TO THE SECRETARY OF
                           FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

                                          In Congress, May 28th, 1782.

The Secretary of Foreign Affairs laid before Congress the following
verbal communication made to Mr Livingston.

The Minister of his Most Christian Majesty has the honor to inform Mr
Livingston of several particulars relative to the negotiation, that
the Court of London appeared disposed to open in Europe. The first
steps were taken under the former administration. This remark is
essential, because it is possible that the new Ministers may take
others more decisive; or it is equally possible, that they may
entirely change the system, and continue the war still longer.

Emissaries have been sent to Paris and to the Hague, to sound, on the
one hand, Mr John Adams, in the hope that his connexion with some
independent members might facilitate an accommodation; and, on the
other side, in the hope that very advantageous offers might seduce his
Majesty, and engage him to make a separate peace to abandon his
allies. The Chevalier de la Luzerne is not informed of the steps that
have been taken at Madrid, or by the States General.

The proposition made secretly to France tended to a partial peace. It
offered France the possession of their conquests in the West Indies,
the suppression of an English Commissary at Dunkirk, and advantages in
the East Indies. These offers were certainly satisfactory to his
Majesty; and he would have had no reason to reject them if he had had
no allies. But his engagements marked out another line of conduct. He
replied, that how sincerely soever he was disposed to peace, he would
commence no negotiations to this end without the participation of his
allies. The emissary easily comprehended, that this answer related as
well to the United States as to Spain; and pretended that the
condition was inadmissible; that England, in treating upon this
foundation, would acknowledge the independence of her colonies, which
made no part of her system. The Minister of his Majesty replied, that
their independence was considered by the King as an indispensable
point, and that it made the basis of his system.

The English Agent then demanded, if there were no means to avoid
treating with us of the affairs of America. The Count de Vergennes
replied, by referring him to the answer given to the first overtures
of pacification made by the mediators, and communicated to Mr
Livingston.

It should be observed, that whether England treats of the affairs of
the United States with the Court of Versailles, or whether she opens a
direct communication with the United States, she cannot avoid treating
with the American negotiators sent by Congress. In either case she
will be under the necessity of acknowledging that body.

The conduct of his Majesty on this occasion being strictly conformable
to justice and his engagements, his Minister confines himself to a
simple communication of it to Mr Livingston. He confides also to him,
that the Count de Vergennes, in declaring to the English Agent, that
his Majesty could not listen to any negotiations of peace if the Court
of London did not treat at the same time with his allies, added
verbally, that the King did not attend to his own satisfaction till
that of his allies was procured.

Besides this, the effects of these steps taken by the Court of London,
have been to engage France to pursue, with redoubled vigor, the
measures that have given birth to these appearances of peace, but
which would certainly not terminate in it, if England perceived that
her enemies relaxed their efforts in any manner. It is above all
things indispensable, that the United States should, in the course of
this campaign, be in a situation to co-operate in vigorous
enterprises, which may be formed. It appears that the design of the
Court of London, pointed out by the debates in Parliament, is to
reduce, by a defensive war, their operations upon this continent. The
Minister of his Most Christian Majesty has at present no information
relative to the plans of the approaching campaign. But whatever they
may be, it would be useful to be enabled to inform his Court, that the
United States will not adopt an inactivity, which would be equivalent
to the truce required. But that their design is to trouble the repose,
that the enemy wish to deliver themselves to, and that the operations,
whether combined or separately undertaken by the United States, will
be pushed with activity during the ensuing campaign.

As to the place of the negotiations, Congress knew in 1779, when they
named a Plenipotentiary, and in 1781, when they gave him three
Colleagues, that it could only be in Europe, and that this was the
most effectual means of preventing delays and jealousy, and of
maintaining the confidence and harmony, which has so happily subsisted
hitherto between the allies. It would be important, that the Minister
of his Majesty could inform his Court, that Congress persists in these
dispositions; and, that in case Commissaries offer to treat upon this
continent, they should be referred to the Ministers of the United
States, who are provided with instructions on this subject in Europe;
that the Court of London should address itself to them; and that it is
impossible that the seat of negotiation should be in America. When
these overtures were made to the Court of Versailles, the agent made
no mention of those that were to be made in America, or to the
American Ministers in Europe. It is obvious, that the design of this
conduct is to inspire reciprocal distrust; and the Chevalier de la
Luzerne conceives it can in no way more effectually be prevented, than
by a full communication of every circumstance, which shall relate to
the pacification and to the interests of the alliance, which shall
come to his knowledge.

       *       *       *       *       *

                GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                                        Head Quarters, June 5th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor of conveying to your Excellency the enclosed address
of the officers of the American army under my immediate command, on
the auspicious event of the birth of a Dauphin.

Happy in this opportunity of presenting to you this united testimony
of respect and veneration for your royal Master, I pray you to
believe, that I enjoy the highest satisfaction in having such an
occasion of manifesting to your Excellency the very particular
pleasure I feel in every event, which affects the happiness of his
Most Christian Majesty, especially in one which is so interesting and
important to his domestic felicity and that of his people.

I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

              ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                            Office of Foreign Affairs, June 7th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to enclose you an account of the moneys received by
Baron de Kalb and Lieutenant Colonel La Radiere, as extracted from the
Paymaster's books. By this it will appear, that both have received
more than the amount of their pay, even if the depreciation is
allowed. If their friends have furnished you with vouchers to account
for the expenditure of still further sums upon the public account, the
whole, when stated, will be liquidated at the treasury offices, and
the balance paid.

I have applied to Congress for direction on the subject of the Baron
de Holzendorff, though it would appear to me, that if he had received
the thousand dollars directed to be paid him, there can be nothing
further due to him, since the resolution itself implies, that there
would probably be a balance to be repaid in bills of exchange. You
must see, Sir, the extreme difficulty of settling these accounts,
unless the gentlemen, who have demands, will be at the trouble of
stating their accounts precisely, and produce vouchers for the money,
which has passed through their hands. This is never dispensed with in
the case of our own citizens. I shall, however, do myself the honor to
lay before you the determination of Congress in this case.

I have written to Mr Morris on the subject of the interest due on the
loan office certificates, and shall transmit to you his answer as soon
as I shall receive it.

I enclose for your perusal a very extraordinary letter from Mr Deane
to Governor Trumbull, together with his reply, which was unanimously
approved by the Legislature of Connecticut. You will please return
them after you have read, or, if you think proper, taken copies of
them.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

              ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                            Office of Foreign Affairs, June 9th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to enclose the copy of a letter from the
Superintendent of Finance in answer to one I wrote him on the subject
of the loan office certificates. I am sorry for the necessity which
dictated it, and look forward with some degree of impatience to the
period when ample justice shall be done to all the public creditors.
In the meanwhile foreigners will not feel themselves hurt when we make
no distinction between them and our own citizens.

I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

 TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, COMMANDER IN CHIEF, AND OTHER OFFICERS OF THE
                  AMERICAN ARMY, ON HUDSON'S RIVER.

                             Translation.

                                        Philadelphia, June 10th, 1782.

  Gentlemen,

I shall transmit to his Majesty the address you have been pleased to
send me on the birth of an heir to his crown.

It will afford him infinite satisfaction to find with what joy this
event has inspired you, and he will see with pleasure, that the same
army which has given so many proofs of courage and patriotism, and
which has in the most perfect harmony and concert with his own troops
fought the common enemy, now hastens to show, that nothing which
affects the French nation can be indifferent to them.

The young Prince, whose birth is the object of your congratulations,
will, from his infancy, hear recounted the glorious actions, by which
you have effected the independence and happiness of a vast continent;
and when there shall be cited to him examples of disinterestedness,
constancy, courage, and every other military virtue, there will be
repeated the names of illustrious chiefs.

He is born at a moment when victory has crowned both our nations. This
circumstance is a happy presage of his future glory, and promises,
that he will one day be the support of your independence as well as of
the alliance, which unites France with the Thirteen United States.

The veneration that your actions and virtues have inspired me with,
Gentlemen, augments the pleasure I have in conveying your sentiments
to the King, my master.

I beg you to be persuaded, that no one is with more sincere respect,
Gentlemen, your very humble and obedient servant.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                   CONGRESS TO THE KING OF FRANCE.

The United States in Congress assembled to their Great, Faithful, and
Beloved Friend and Ally, Louis the Sixteenth, King of France and
Navarre.

  Great, Faithful, and Beloved Friend and Ally,

We learn with extreme grief, an event which has disturbed your
Majesty's felicity, and unite with you in offering that tribute of
sorrow to the memory of your most dear and beloved aunt, the Princess
Sophia Philippina Elizabeth Justina of France, which is due, as well
to the eminent virtues she possessed, as to the relation in which she
stood to your Majesty. We trust that our sensibility on this occasion,
will be considered as a fresh proof of the interest we take in every
event, which may affect your Majesty, and that our sincere condolence,
when such afflictions as are the lot of humanity put it out of our
power to offer more effectual consolation, will evince our earnest
desire on every occasion to contribute to your Majesty's happiness.

We pray God, Dear, Great, Faithful Friend and Ally, always to preserve
and keep you under his holy protection.

Done at Philadelphia, the 13th day of June, in the year of our Lord
one thousand seven hundred and eightytwo, and in the sixth year of our
independence. By the United States in Congress assembled. Your
Majesty's Faithful Friends and Allies.

                                             JOHN HANSON, _President_.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU.

                             Translation.

                                        Philadelphia, June 14th, 1782.

  My Dear General,

I have just received your letter of the 8th of this month, and the
packets which accompanied it. I have not now time to reply to it, as
I profit by an express on the point of departure, and whom I cannot
detain.

The movements of the English troops at New York, indicate an intention
of sending off detachments from that garrison. It is even possible,
though not very probable, that they propose to evacuate that place,
either to reinforce the English Islands, or to act offensively against
the conquered Islands, which will not be in so good a state of defence
as our ancient possessions. This last supposition cannot take place,
unless they retain their superiority, and although I hope that this
will not be the case, it is, however, but prudent to be in readiness
against every event.

The most sure means of preventing the enemy from making any detachment
from New York, is to approach that place, and to give a jealousy to
General Carlton, of a combined attack. Congress regard the matter in
this light, and think that General Washington will make a movement
towards New York, in case such a measure is agreeable to his designs,
or to the intelligence he may have. I am ignorant what steps he will
take in this conjuncture. It is possible that he may think it proper
not to quit his present station, till he hears that you approach. In
all cases the enemy will be cautious of weakening themselves, if they
hear that you are on the march to form a junction.

I submit these ideas to you, my Dear General, and am persuaded that
you will take such measures as are most advantageous.

We have news, which I have no reason to believe that M. de la Motte
Piquet is not far distant from these coasts.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                             Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 24th, 1782.

  Sir,

I was in the moment of sending off a despatch to Count de Rochambeau,
of which I have the honor to enclose a copy, when your Excellency's
letter of the 14th instant arrived.

I have only to refer you to my letter of the 20th of April, for a
perfect statement of matters in this quarter; and as little alteration
has taken place since that period, your Excellency will readily
perceive the impracticability of the movement expected by Congress,
(and mentioned in your letter to Count de Rochambeau,) especially too,
when you consider how unprepared we are to encounter any expense, that
can possibly be avoided.

My ideas on this head, the removal of the French army in our present
state of uncertainty, the consequent call of the militia to occupy the
posts they would leave, and cover the stores, shipping, &c. which must
necessarily remain, were communicated fully to the Secretary of War,
when he was here, with a request that he would unfold them to your
Excellency, as I could not commit them to paper without a cypher.

The enemy, from the best intelligence I get from New York, has made no
detachment. Things remain there in _statu quo_. They seem to be
suspended and are waiting for orders from their Court, which I hear
they anxiously expect. As I am just stepping into a boat for Albany,
and dare not commit more to paper, I have only to give a fresh
testimony of the respect and esteem with which I have the honor to be,
&c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                          Philadelphia, July 3d, 1782.

  Sir,

I received a letter yesterday from Count de Rochambeau, dated on the
24th of last month, wherein he informs me, that he had come to a
determination to move on the 27th towards the head of the Bay, where
he will be at hand to take such measures as you may judge proper, as
soon as we receive news from Europe. He desires me to communicate this
to your Excellency, till he can write you himself. As he does not go
any distance from the Bay, and as he will always be ready to turn off
to the southward if necessary, I hope it will meet your approbation.

I wait his answer respecting the interview, which you have proposed to
him, and which I sincerely desire may take place here. It seems to me
impossible, that we should not have some news from France towards the
middle of this month.

From the last intelligence from Europe, up to the 1st of May, we learn
nothing important, except the general disposition of the Dutch to ally
themselves with the United States. But it is probable, that Mr Adams
will open the negotiation by demanding the acknowledgment and
guarantee of your independence, and this circumstance may prevent the
conclusion of a treaty of commerce, which seems to be the point that
has most influence with the States General. But as the inclination of
the people seems absolutely towards the alliance, I hope the
difficulties will be successively got over.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                         Philadelphia, July 8th, 1782.

  Sir,

You will receive by M. de Vauban a letter from Count de Rochambeau,
informing your Excellency that he will be here on the 13th or 14th of
this month. I hope for the honor of seeing you here by the 15th at
farthest, and I felicitate myself, that matters will concur to bring
you here precisely at the time, when I shall celebrate the birth of
the Dauphin. Your presence, and that of Mrs Washington, will render
the festival complete, and I hope the gentlemen, who compose your
family, will accompany you. I do not send any written invitations to
them, nor to the Generals and other officers of your army, but your
Excellency knows, that nothing would be more agreeable to me, than
their participation in celebrating an event, which is so interesting
to us, and which I know is so to all our allies. Everybody, whom your
Excellency may bring with you, will be welcome.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

               COUNT DE VERGENNES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                          Versailles, July 29th, 1782.

  Sir,

It is not in quality of a King, the friend and ally of the United
States, (though with the knowledge and consent of his Majesty,) that I
now have the honor to write to your Excellency. It is as a man of
sensibility, and a tender father, who feels all the force of paternal
love, that I take the liberty to address to your Excellency my earnest
solicitations in favor of a mother and family in tears. Her situation
seems the more worthy of notice, on our part, as it is to the humanity
of a nation, at war with her own, that she has recourse, for what she
ought to receive from the impartial justice of her own Generals.

I have the honor to enclose your Excellency a copy of a letter, which
Lady Asgill has just wrote me. I am not known to her, nor was I
acquainted that her son was the unhappy victim, destined by lot to
expiate the odious crime that a formal denial of justice obliges you
to revenge. Your Excellency will not read this letter without being
extremely affected; it had that effect upon the King and Queen, to
whom I communicated it. The goodness of their Majesties' hearts
induces them to desire, that the inquietudes of an unfortunate mother
may be calmed, and her tenderness reassured. I felt, Sir, that there
are cases where humanity itself exacts the most extreme rigor; perhaps
the one now in question may be of the number; but allowing reprisals
to be just, it is not less horrid to those who are the victims; and
the character of your Excellency it too well known, for me not to be
persuaded that you desire nothing more than to be able to avoid the
disagreeable necessity.

There is one consideration, Sir, which, though it is not decisive, may
have an influence on your resolution. Captain Asgill is doubtless your
prisoner, but he is among those whom the arms of the King contributed
to put into your hands at Yorktown. Although this circumstance does
not operate as a safeguard, it however justifies the interest I permit
myself to take in this affair. If it is in your power, Sir, to
consider and have regard to it, you will do what is agreeable to their
Majesties; the danger of young Asgill, the tears, the despair of his
mother, affect them sensibly; and they will see with pleasure the hope
of consolation shine out for those unfortunate people.

In seeking to deliver Mr Asgill from the fate which threatens him, I
am far from engaging you to seek another victim; the pardon, to be
perfectly satisfactory, must be entire. I do not imagine it can be
productive of any bad consequences. If the English General has not
been able to punish the horrible crime you complain of, in so
exemplary a manner as he should, there is reason to think he will take
the most efficacious measures to prevent the like in future.

I sincerely wish, Sir, that my intercession may meet success; the
sentiment which dictates it, and which you have not ceased to manifest
on every occasion, assures me, that you will not be indifferent to the
prayers and to the tears of a family, which has recourse to your
clemency through me. It is rendering homage to your virtue to implore
it.

I have the honor to be, with the most perfect consideration, Sir,
yours, &c.

                                                         DE VERGENNES.

       *       *       *       *       *

                  LADY ASGILL TO COUNT DE VERGENNES.

                     [Enclosed in the preceding.]

                                              London, July 18th, 1782.

  Sir,

If the politeness of the French Court will permit an application of a
stranger, there can be no doubt but one in which all the tender
feelings of an individual can be interested, will meet with a
favorable reception from a nobleman whose character does honor, not
only to his own country, but to human nature. The subject, Sir, on
which I presume to implore your assistance, is too heart-piercing for
me to dwell on; and common fame has, most probably, informed you of
it; it therefore renders the painful task unnecessary.

My son, (an only son) as dear as he is brave, amiable as he is
deserving to be so, only nineteen, a prisoner under the articles of
capitulation of Yorktown, is now confined in America, an object of
retaliation. Shall an innocent suffer for the guilty? Represent to
yourself, Sir, the situation of a family under these circumstances;
surrounded as I am by objects of distress, distracted with fear and
grief, no words can express my feeling, or paint the scene. My husband
given over by his physicians, a few hours before the news arrived, and
not in a state to be informed of the misfortune; my daughter seized
with a fever and delirium, raving about her brother, and without one
interval of reason, save to hear heart-alleviating circumstances.

Let your feelings, Sir, suggest and plead for my inexpressible misery.
A word from you, like a voice from Heaven, will save us from
distraction and wretchedness. I am well informed General Washington
reveres your character; say but to him you wish my son to be
released, and he will restore him to his distracted family, and render
him to happiness. My son's virtue and bravery will justify the deed.
His honor, Sir, carried him to America. He was born to affluence,
independence, and the happiest prospects. Let me again supplicate your
goodness; let me respectfully implore your high influence in behalf of
innocence; in the cause of justice, of humanity; that you would, Sir,
despatch a letter to General Washington, from France, and favor me
with a copy of it, to be sent from hence.

I am sensible of the liberty I have taken in making this request; but
I am sensible, whether you comply with it or not, you will pity the
distress that suggests it; your humanity will drop a tear on the
fault, and efface it. I will pray that Heaven may grant you may never
want the comfort it is in your power to bestow on

                                                               ASGILL.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                       Philadelphia, August 5th, 1782.

  Sir,

This letter will be handed you by M. de Cloisy, who will inform you
particularly of the motives of his journey to the northward.

I address myself with freedom to your Excellency, for a service, that
no one has it more in their power to render than yourself, and which
is of the greatest importance to the naval army commanded by M. de
Vaudreuil. It is not to be doubted, that a large naval force will
arrive at New York, either from the West Indies or from Europe. It is
essential that our naval commanders should have the most exact and
most frequent intelligence in this respect, respecting the number of
vessels, their names, their destination, the time of their arrival, of
their departure, the number of troops they embark, or artillery; in
fact, not a single movement can be known with too much precision. And
I must request, that you will take the necessary measures to give M.
de Vaudreuil regular information on all these points. It could be
wished, that you would station regular expresses to facilitate the
communication between you and him.

I ought to be well convinced of your goodness to take so much liberty,
but the object is of such importance to the common cause, that I have
no doubt of your excusing me.

If the communication between you and M. de Vaudreuil is regular and
sure, you might, I should think, correspond without cypher; if not I
must beg you to furnish M. de Vaudreuil with a cypher to make the
matter more secure, and if your Excellency will from time to time give
me the same information I shall be exceedingly obliged.

The procuring of the necessary intelligence must be attended with
extraordinary expense; I must beg that your Excellency will charge
some one to acquaint me of the sums necessary for the purpose, and to
whom I shall pay it. These expenses being wholly for the service of
our fleet, must be charged to the Department of the Marine, and I have
taken the necessary measures that they may be exactly paid.

By our last accounts from France the Duc de Lauzun, and many other
officers who had sailed, were obliged to put back, having met with a
storm. It is supposed they may have sailed again towards the last of
June.

I am, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                      Philadelphia, August 14th, 1782.

  Sir,

A cartel will probably have arrived at Boston with American sailors
from England. One is arrived here with two hundred and forty sailors,
whom England has set at liberty. One of the Captains, with whom I have
conversed, tells me that a fleet of two hundred sail was to leave
Portsmouth a few days after the cartels; they were to separate into
three divisions, one for Charleston, one for New York, and one for
Quebec; they are to be convoyed by frigates only; and they assure me
the last division is the most important, having soldiers on board, and
many articles necessary for the defence of Quebec, and for the
subsistence of the inhabitants.

From the different accounts I can collect, it seems to be the design
of England to make a general peace, but the demands on one side and
the other will render a conclusion extremely difficult, and in such a
case, that power will spare nothing to effectuate a peace with the
United States, and turn all her efforts against France. As to a
separate peace with the United States it will not take place. I am
certain that they will not make peace but in concert with France.

I am, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                    Philadelphia, September 1st, 1782.

  Sir,

The undersigned, Minister of France, has the honor of informing
Congress, that he will transmit to his Court the resolution, by which
Congress offers the ship of the line America, to replace the ship the
Magnifique, which ran ashore at Boston, and which there is little hope
of relieving. The Chevalier de la Luzerne cannot anticipate the
determination of his Majesty, with regard to this offer, but as the
desire of Congress to substitute immediately the America for the
Magnifique cannot be accomplished if the undersigned Minister waits
for the orders of his Court on this subject, he will, without delay,
inform the Marquis de Vaudreuil of the resolution adopted by Congress
on the 4th instant. This General will judge for himself, whether the
fleet of the King will be stationed on the coast long enough to allow
time for launching this vessel, arming her, and transporting on board
of her the crew, artillery, and rigging of the Magnifique. In that
case, the America will immediately join the fleet, in conformity with
the wishes of Congress.

But whether circumstances shall allow this vessel to join his
Majesty's fleet, or render it impracticable, the undersigned Minister
can assure Congress, that his Majesty will behold with great pleasure,
the eagerness with which the United States, his allies, have made this
offer, and that this new mark of their attachment and friendship will
be infinitely agreeable to him.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                      TO ROBERT. R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                    Philadelphia, September 5th, 1782.

  Sir,

A resolution of Congress of the 3d instant, has been communicated to
me, containing the offer which that Assembly has been pleased to make
of the ship America, to be joined to his Majesty's fleet. I have the
honor of sending you a note, in answer to this communication. Whatever
may be the result of this offer, I entreat you, Sir, to be persuaded,
that my Court will be very sensible of the kindness of it, and as an
individual, I am very desirous that this vessel should join the fleet
of the King.[8]

I am, with the most sincere respect, Sir, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.


FOOTNOTES:

[8] _In Congress, September 3d, 1782._ "Whereas the Magnifique, a
seventyfour gun ship belonging to the fleet of his Most Christian
Majesty, commanded by the Marquis de Vaudreuil, has been lately lost
by accident in the harbor of Boston, and Congress are desirous of
testifying on this occasion to his Majesty, the sense they entertain
of his generous exertions in behalf of the United States;

"Resolved, That the Agent of Marine be, and he is hereby instructed,
to present the America, a seventyfour gun ship, in the name of the
United States, to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, for the service of his
Most Christian Majesty."

       *       *       *       *       *

              ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                      Office of Foreign Affairs, September 12th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have been honored by your favor of the 4th instant.[9] I have taken
measures to obtain from the State of Pennsylvania the law you
mention, which may be necessary to give validity to the eleventh
Article of the treaty of amity and commerce.

The demand upon the State of Georgia shall be transmitted as soon as
possible, and I doubt not, that they will see that full justice is
done to the gentlemen in whose behalf you make the representation.

As it appears clearly from the state of facts transmitted by Count de
Durat, that the vessel taken by Mr Clintock and his associates is
lawful prize, agreeably to the marine laws of this country, I shall
renew my instances upon this subject, and direct Dr Franklin to apply
to your Court for redress; I must, therefore, again request your aid
in promoting this claim in that channel, in which you observe, that it
ought in future to be made.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.


FOOTNOTES:

[9] Missing.

       *       *       *       *       *

            THE MARQUIS DE VAUDREUIL TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                             Translation.

                                         Boston, September 20th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have received with the greatest satisfaction the letter, with which
your Excellency honored me on the 5th instant, with the copy of the
resolution of Congress relative to the present, made by Congress to
the King's navy, of the ship America. The eagerness of the United
States to replace the Magnifique, which was lost without hope of being
relieved, and the cordial manner in which they have offered the
America, induce me to accept this vessel with much gratitude. I shall
take care that she is promptly armed, and that she joins his Majesty's
squadron. M. de Macarty de Marteigne, who will command her, will go to
Portsmouth today for that purpose, and I have given orders to the
vessels in that port, to furnish him with all the assistance that he
may need.

I shall enjoy the honor, with which I feel much flattered, of
numbering among my ships, this mark of the friendship and regard of
our allies.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                            VAUDREUIL.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                    Philadelphia, September 23d, 1782.

  Sir,

The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France, has received
orders to communicate to Congress, many details relative to the
negotiation for peace. He is desirous, that a committee should be
appointed to receive these communications, and he will, at the same
time, have the honor of informing Congress of some circumstances,
which concern the common cause, and relate to the actual situation of
affairs in Europe.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                                  Head Quarters, September 24th, 1782.

  Sir,

Sundry accounts from New York having reached me, informing me that the
British were more than meditating an enterprise against the squadron
of the Marquis de Vaudreuil, which they have learned is at present in
two detachments in Boston and Portsmouth harbors, and that
preparations were making for that purpose, I have made the Marquis
acquainted with this intelligence, and the probability of such an
event.

At the same time that I gave this information to the French Admiral, I
have written a letter to Governor Hancock, requesting that
arrangements may be made with the militia of his State, in such manner
as to give immediate and effectual support, in aid and protection of
his Most Christian Majesty's ships, in case an attempt should be made
upon them.

The like information I shall give to the Governor of the State of New
Hampshire, and request similar assistance from him, in case of the
enemy approaching near Portsmouth.

With the highest regard and esteem, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

   COMMUNICATION OF THE FRENCH MINISTER TO A COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS.

                                    In Congress, September 24th, 1782.

The committee appointed to hold a conference with the Chevalier de la
Luzerne, Minister of France, in pursuance of his note to Congress of
the 23d, report;

That yesterday your committee held a conference with the Minister of
France, agreeably to the said appointment, the substance of which
consisted in the communication of advices lately received by the said
Minister of France, from his Excellency the Count de Vergennes, as
follows.

The Minister informed the committee he had received several despatches
from his Court, of which he thought it his duty to communicate an
extract to Congress.

The first was dated 9th April last. It expressed the opinion of the
Count de Vergennes, that the Court of St James had formed a design to
make a separate peace with one or more of the powers at war with it.
That France was perfectly easy with respect to the disposition of
Congress; and that the uniformity and steadfastness of their conduct
did not leave the least doubt with regard to the part they would take
in this circumstance. That the steps the King had taken on a similar
occasion, and the disappointment of several British emissaries, was
already known to Congress. That they had met with the same reception
at Madrid; and there was the greatest probability, that their
intrigues would not be more successful at the Hague. The Minister of
France observed, that the glory and honor of the present confederacy,
of which his Majesty was the centre, would be their having been
inaccessible to artifice; and this extraordinary instance would be
crowned with success, if the four powers persisted invariably in a
firm attachment to their union, and if, on the one hand, making the
greatest exertions to procure the completest satisfaction, they, on
the other hand, confined themselves within such bounds of moderation
as would give no umbrage to any one of the powers at war with Great
Britain.

That the King had, in different circumstances, taken the proper
measures to deprive the enemy of all hopes, which they might have
formed of introducing dissensions between his Majesty and his allies.
That it was to be wished, that the Court of London was fully convinced
of the impossibility of treating separately with America. That this
had always been the chimerical and favorite idea of England; and that
so long as it subsisted, there would perhaps be no possibility of
treating seriously about the conditions of a peace. That their
negotiations would only be an artifice to scatter divisions among the
allies, and <DW44> their exertions for continuing the war. That the
shortest way to put a stop to their intrigues, would be to let it be
known publicly in the most explicit manner, that the United States
neither can nor will make any peace without the concurrence of their
ally; and that if England has any overtures of peace to make to them,
the American Plenipotentiaries are sufficiently empowered to receive
them, and to negotiate a peace, if those overtures are admissible.

That this peremptory language would free Congress from all the
embarrassments, which the English Ministers could throw in the way;
that it would bring them to a sincere disposition to make peace; put
an end forever to their machinations with the mediating powers;
deprive them of the means of feeding the Parliament and people of
England with the hopes of a separate peace; and finally save the
Americans from all the difficulties, which would infallibly take place
if England were allowed to negotiate in America. It would convince
England, that the United States are not less attached to their
engagements with their ally than sensible of the respect due to the
Courts of Vienna and Petersburg, whose mediation Congress have
accepted.

The Minister added, that though the situation of the belligerent
powers, the distance of America, and the slowness and difficulty of
communication made it advantageous that the seat of negotiation should
be in Europe, and that the enemy should be informed of this
resolution, yet Congress had the fullest liberty to follow the system
which France had pointed out in her answer to the mediating powers, in
consequence of which the American Ministers might negotiate
immediately and directly, conformably to the instructions they had
received from Congress; but the negotiations of France and America
would be carried on in an equal progression, a continual and
reciprocal communication would be given, and the two treaties signed
at the same time, and one be ineffectual without the other.

The Count de Vergennes in the same despatch, gave information of the
Dutch having acknowledged the independence of America, of which
Congress are already informed.

The letters of May 2d and June 28th, urged the same point of referring
the British negotiators in America to the American Plenipotentiaries
in Europe, with this addition in the letter of May 2d, that it was now
evidently the object of Great Britain to lessen their exertions on
this continent as much as in their power, and to adopt a defensive
mode of carrying on the war; that being unable to support a double war
by land and by sea, she proposed to suspend the one in order to carry
on the other more effectually; and in case of success, to return
against the United States with redoubled efforts.

The Minister mentioned the attempts, that had been alternately made at
the Court of Versailles, and with the American Plenipotentiaries, for
a separate peace, and said, that Dr Franklin had communicated his and
Mr Adams's answers, to the British emissaries; that the King thought
them firm and consistent with the principles of the alliance, and
wished that Congress might be informed of the satisfaction they
afforded him. That to remove forever such expectations, it behooved
the wisdom of Congress to declare, that no peace but a general one
would be attended to; that when negotiations are entered into with
sincerity, the King would most readily employ his good offices in
support of the United States, in all points relating to their
prosperity; that Congress were themselves sensible of the distinction
between the conditions of justice and rigor, and those of convenience
and compliance, which depended on the good or bad situation of
affairs; that though the circumstances of the allies were very
promising, such events might happen as might make it advisable to
adopt the part of moderation.

But the best way to obtain every possible advantage, was to preserve a
perfect connexion, and to let them know, that the United States would
not only reject a separate peace, but that they would continue the war
against the common enemy by all manner of ways, until their allies
should also conclude a peace; that this declaration would convince the
British Ministers, that they would not get rid of the Americans by
merely acknowledging their independence; and that though they removed
their troops from the continent, they would be attacked wherever
found.

The despatch of the 28th of June dwelt chiefly on the negotiation; and
contained details, which the Count de Vergennes directed the Minister
to make to Congress, but which have in a great measure been already
transmitted to them by their Ministers in Europe. These details
related to the emissaries sent to Dr Franklin and Mr Adams, and their
satisfactory answers. Mr Oswald, in an interview with the Count de
Vergennes, hinted to him the desire of the Court of London, and the
necessity it was under to make peace; and received for answer, that
the King was equally disposed to make an honorable and solid peace. Mr
Oswald went to London to carry this information; returned soon, and
was immediately followed by Mr Grenville, the intimate friend of Mr
Fox.

Mr Oswald repeated to Dr Franklin the assurances of the disposition of
the Cabinet of St James; and Mr Grenville, in answer to his overtures
to the Count de Vergennes respecting the disposition of the King of
Great Britain, was informed by the express order of the King, _that
his Majesty was disposed to negotiate for peace, provided it was a
general one, and the allies and friends of his Majesty were
satisfied_. This answer was just given when the news of the action of
the 12th of April reached Europe. Nevertheless, the King of Great
Britain sent full powers to Mr Grenville to negotiate the peace with
his Majesty. In communicating them the English Agent declared, _that
the King of England, in order to facilitate peace, was disposed to
treat of the independence of the United States with his Majesty,
provided all other matters were put upon the footing of the treaty of
1763_.

To this the King answered, 1st. _That the powers of Mr Grenville were
insufficient, as they did not mention the allies of his Majesty._
2dly. _That his Majesty could not himself negotiate for the interests
of America, having no powers to this purpose; and that it became the
dignity of the King of England and of the United States to open a
direct negotiation on this subject._ 3dly. _That in order to conclude
a solid and lasting peace, it ought not to be founded upon the treaty
of Paris, but upon justice and the dignity of all the contracting
powers._

The British Ministry adopting these observations, sent new powers to
Mr Grenville, authorising him to treat with all the belligerent
powers. Mr Grenville presented to the Count de Vergennes a copy of
these powers, and declared, _that the King of England, being disposed
to acknowledge and declare directly the independence of America, it
would no longer be a conditional article of peace_. And as to France,
the English Plenipotentiary proposed _to take the treaty of Paris for
the basis, not of the peace itself, but of the negotiations which were
to be entered into_.

The Count de Vergennes, on the 21st of June, communicated to Mr
Grenville the answer of the King. In this communication his Majesty
declared his wishes for the restoration of peace, and his
satisfaction, that the King of Great Britain was disposed to treat
with all the belligerent powers, and that he intended to make a direct
acknowledgment and declaration of the independence of the United
States of America, and that this point would no longer be a
conditional Article of a general pacification. That the King consents
to adopt, according to the proposition of the King of England, the
treaty of Paris for a basis of the negotiation, not as a confirmation
of all its stipulations, but with exceptions and alterations
respecting the East Indies, Africa, the fisheries of Newfoundland, and
commercial regulations in Europe to mutual advantage. Restitution and
compensation to be treated of, when the negotiation shall be
established, with respect to which the King will be governed by the
principles of justice and moderation, which are the basis of his
policy. If these overtures are agreeable to the King of England, his
Majesty will explain himself precisely on the different points. His
Majesty expects, that his Britannic Majesty will make to all the
belligerent powers and states, without delay, such overtures as he may
think conducive to promote the negotiation as far as it respects their
interests. That no doubt may be left with respect to his Majesty's
sentiments, he declares anew, that he will neither treat nor terminate
any negotiation, unless the interests of his allies and friends shall
be conjointly discussed and determined, or separately, according to
the wishes of his Britannic Majesty and the allied and friendly powers
of his Most Christian Majesty.

Such was the state of affairs on the 28th of June, at which time there
appeared some obstructions to the negotiation, owing, as it was
believed, to the misunderstanding which prevailed among the British
Ministers. Tergiversations were discovered on the part of the British
negotiator. The bill authorising the King of England to treat with the
Colonies of America had not then passed. These uncertainties made it
essential to guard against British emissaries on the continent of
America; and to prevent with all care their admission; and to
recommend the same measure to the several Legislatures.

The Minister finished the conference by informing the committee of the
fortitude of the King on receiving the news of the action of the 12th
of April. He immediately gave orders for constructing twelve ships of
the line, the greater part of the first rate. The city of Paris and
several other cities and corporations had offered some others, and it
was expected, that the King would, in the course of the next campaign,
have twenty new ships to oppose the enemy. His Majesty was resolved
not to make the least alterations in his plans for the future
negotiation; and he exhorted his allies to the same resolution and the
same exertions.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                   Philadelphia, September 27th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor of sending to you a decree of his Majesty's Council
of State, made in consequence of the measures taken by Congress for
preventing the fraudulent importation of English merchandise into this
country. I desire that you would be pleased to communicate it to
Congress, in order that it may be published under the seal of
authority, and that American merchants and sailors may be informed,
that it is in their own power to procure in the ports of France, the
papers necessary for making it certain, that the English merchandise,
which they take on board, is obtained from prizes. This decree agrees
very well with the laws passed by several States, and particularly
with that passed by the Assembly of Pennsylvania during its last
session, to prevent commerce and all communication with the enemy. I
have also the honor of sending to you, Sir, the copy of a letter from
the Marquis de Vaudreuil, which I request you to be pleased to
transmit to Congress.[10]

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.


FOOTNOTES:

[10] See above p. 113.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                   Philadelphia, September 29th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have received the letter, which your Excellency did me the honor to
write to me on the 22d of this month, with the news which accompanied
it. I beg you to accept my sincere thanks.

I have the honor to transmit you the extract of an answer, made by
express order of the King, on the 21st of June, to Mr Grenville. I
pray you to be pleased to keep it a secret; all that I can add is,
that the negotiations were still in agitation the beginning of July,
but there had been in the conduct of the British Minister many
circumstances, which led to doubt his sincerity; I believe, that even
if there had been a sincere disposition to treat, the death of the
Marquis of Rockingham had occasioned a change.

I have just received your Excellency's letter of the 24th; I cannot
but thank you for the goodness, which you have had in transmitting me
the detail, which it contains. I doubt not but M. de Vaudreuil will
profit by the advice, and put himself in a posture of defence.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                       Philadelphia October 1st, 1782.

  Sir,

I send to New York M. Barbe, who has the honor to be known to your
Excellency. The principal objects of his journey, are some
arrangements relative to the French prisoners carried into New York,
and of some Spaniards, who have been carried there also. I have
charged him to see M. de la Touche, and to give him such consolation
as depends upon me. I would at the same time wish to repurchase in New
York some effects, which I had coming from France in the Eagle, and
which I cannot replace here. I could wish you, Sir, to give all the
assistance in your power to M. Barbe's gaining admission into New York
and returning.

I am, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

REPORT OF A COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS ON COMMUNICATIONS MADE BY THE FRENCH
                              MINISTER.

                                        In Congress, October 3d, 1782.

The committee, to whom were referred the notes of the communication
made by the Minister of France to a committee of Congress, on the 24th
of September, brought in a report, which was agreed to, as follows;

That the Minister Plenipotentiary of his Most Christian Majesty be
informed, that the communication made by the said Minister on the 24th
of September last, is considered by Congress as an additional proof of
his Majesty's magnanimity, and has confirmed those sentiments of
affection and confidence, which his wise, steady, and liberal conduct
in every stage of the war has so justly inspired.

That his Most Christian Majesty's declaration to the British Minister
at Paris, that he will neither treat nor terminate any negotiation
unless the interests of his friends and allies shall be considered and
determined, is entirely correspondent to the part, which these United
States are resolved to take in any negotiation for peace.

That Congress, with the utmost satisfaction embrace this opportunity
to renew their assurances, that in every event these United States
will inviolably adhere to their alliance with his Most Christian
Majesty, which they consider to be equally essential to their interest
and their glory.

That they will hearken to no propositions for peace, which shall not
be discussed in confidence and in concert with his Most Christian
Majesty, agreeably to the declaration made to his Minister
Plenipotentiary on the 31st day of May last.

That upon this principle, Congress did not hesitate a moment, to
reject the proposition made by the British General and Admiral, as
Commissioners of Peace, for admitting Mr Morgan, their Secretary, to
an interview at Philadelphia.

And that they are resolved to prosecute the war with vigor, until a
general peace shall be obtained, in which their allies shall be
comprehended.

That Congress place the utmost confidence in his Majesty's assurances,
that he will readily employ his good offices in support of the United
States in all points relative to their prosperity; and considering the
territorial claims of these States as heretofore made, their
participation of the fisheries, and of the free navigation of the
Mississippi, not only as their indubitable rights, but as essential to
their prosperity, they trust that his Majesty's efforts will be
successfully employed to obtain a sufficient provision and security
for those rights. Nor can they refrain from making known to his
Majesty, that any claim of restitution or compensation for property
confiscated in the several States, will meet with insuperable
obstacles, not only on account of the sovereignty of the individual
States, by which such confiscations have been made, but of the wanton
devastations, which the citizens of these States have experienced from
the enemy, and in many instances from the very persons in whose favor
such claims may be urged. That Congress trust, that the circumstances
of the allies at the negotiation for peace, will be so prosperous as
to render these expectations consistent with the spirit of moderation
recommended by his Majesty.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, October 16th, 1782.

  Sir,

The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France, requests Congress
to be pleased to appoint a committee, to which he proposes to
communicate some measures which are provisional, and which are to
remain secret till the moment of their execution.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

           GEORGE WASHINGTON TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                    Head Quarters, October 25th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to transmit to your Excellency the copy of two
letters[11] from the Count de Vergennes, which were sent out in the
packet from England, and have just come to my hands by a flag of truce
from New York. They contain a very pathetic and affectionate
interposition in favor of the life of Captain Asgill.

I lose no time in forwarding them by a special messenger to Congress,
without any observations, being persuaded that Congress will not fail
to give a very early decision respecting his further treatment.

The enclosed newspaper contains all the information I have been able
to obtain since the arrival of the packet.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.


FOOTNOTES:

[11] That is, the copy of a letter from Count de Vergennes, and one
from Lady Asgill to him. See these letters above, pp. 105, 107.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, October 25th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have received the letter your Excellency did me the honor to write
me on the 10th instant, with the amount of expenses incurred by the
expresses, which formed the communication with the Marquis de
Vaudreuil. The treasurer of our army will pay to your Quarter Master
General the five hundred and thirtyseven dollars he has been so kind
as to advance for that purpose. I beg also, that you will please to
send me the amount of expenses incurred in procuring the intelligence
from New York, and that you will accept my thanks for the trouble you
have had in these details.

I will be exceedingly obliged to your Excellency to inform me where
the seventyfifth regiment of grenadiers actually is.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                 GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LUZERNE.

                                    Head Quarters, October 25th, 1782.

  Sir,

The enclosed letter, which I have the honor to transmit to your
Excellency, was received this moment by a flag of truce from New York.
It was accompanied by one addressed to me from the Count de Vergennes,
on the same subject.[12]

The case of Captain Asgill having, before the receipt of these
letters, been submitted to Congress, I have immediately transmitted to
that body, copies of the Count's letters to me, and have permitted
myself to solicit from them, an early decision of his fate, which,
judging from my own feelings, I persuade myself cannot be an
unfavorable one.

I send your Excellency a transcript of intelligence, which I have this
day forwarded to the Marquis de Vaudreuil.

I am, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.


FOOTNOTES:

[12] See this letter above, p. 105.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, October 28th, 1782.

  Sir,

The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of his Most Christian
Majesty, has had too frequent opportunities of satisfying himself,
that Congress fully perceives how intimately the interests of the two
nations are connected, not to be convinced that they will learn with
pain, that very considerable quantities of provisions have been sent
by the Raritan to New York, and along the river opposite to Staten
Island. The undersigned Minister cannot enter into the details of this
proceeding, which he knows only by reports, though by reports upon
which he has the strongest reasons for believing that he can depend.
This trade is, moreover, carried on in the most open manner, and he is
convinced, that by inquiries, instituted with promptness and secrecy,
he shall be able to obtain proofs of it, and to procure the means of
putting a stop to it. Cattle of all kinds have served to furnish with
provisions the enemy's fleet, which has just sailed down to the Hook.
It is asserted, that the quantities sent from the Jerseys are immense,
but the Chevalier de la Luzerne thinks it unnecessary to attempt at
present, to determine them exactly, and contents himself with
observing, that the nineteen vessels thus supplied, will not, perhaps,
depart immediately, and that it will be necessary to shut up the
channels by which these provisions have reached them.

There are, besides, eight other ships of the line at New York, which
they intend to supply with provisions in the same way. Congress are
aware how important it is to prevent the enemy from obtaining from the
United States the means of putting to sea, and even of supplying the
garrison. The undersigned also knows what efforts have been made by
that body, on different occasions, to put a stop to those illegal
operations, and how desirous it is effectually to guard against them.
He also knows, that all the good citizens of the Jerseys grieve to see
the enemy obtaining from their own State, supplies, which are employed
against the allies of the United States, and he is convinced, that it
is only necessary to point out the evil, in order that all may
cordially unite in providing a remedy for it.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

              ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                        Office of Foreign Affairs, October 30th, 1782.

  Sir,

The Secretary of the United States for the Department of Foreign
Affairs has the honor to inform the Minister Plenipotentiary of his
Most Christian Majesty, that a petition has been presented in behalf
of the owners and officers of the brig Laetitia, commanded by Robert
Collins, and commissioned by the United States. That the said brig,
while at anchor in the road of Basseterre, on the 3d day of May last,
near the Island of St Christophers, captured by her boat a brig called
the Francis, belonging to the subjects of his British Majesty, bound
from the port of Liverpool in England to the Island of Tortola, and
having on board a valuable cargo.

That after the prize had been brought to anchor in the road of
Basseterre, by the officers and mariners of the said brig Laetitia, the
harbor master of the Island of St Christophers, aided by a guard, took
possession of her, under pretence, that she was included in the
capitulation, though the contrary appears from the affidavits annexed;
that the said prize was afterwards advertised and sold as a prize to
the subjects of his Most Christian Majesty, without any condemnation
in the Courts of Admiralty of the Island. As the sale of this prize
fully demonstrates, that she could never have been included in the
number of those vessels protected by the capitulation, it is not
doubted, that the justice of his Most Christian Majesty's Ministers
will induce them to direct, that the value of the prize be repaid to
the legal captors, when the Chevalier de la Luzerne shall have
submitted the above state of facts, and the annexed affidavits to
their inspection, together with such observations as his own candor
and equity will induce him to wake thereon.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, November 4th, 1782.

  Sir,

Congress, in the year 1780, recommended to the different States to
pass laws analogous to the Thirteenth Article in our treaty of
commerce. Some States have complied with this recommendation, others,
among which is Pennsylvania, have neglected to do it. I know, that
several Frenchmen, who have acquired funds in this State do not trust
to the protection of prosecutions _de l'echiquier general_ for want of
a law of this nature. I entreat you, Sir, to be pleased to procure the
passing of such a law, in case that you think, that the said Article
of the treaty is not sufficient to secure to them the quiet possession
of the funds, which they have acquired.

I have the honor of sending you, Sir, a letter from the Count de
Durat, Governor of Grenada, relative to an affair, concerning which I
wrote to him, by your recommendation. It seems to me, agreeably to his
answer, that those interested should for the future apply to Dr
Franklin, to procure satisfaction. You will perhaps think proper to
communicate to them the letter of M. de Durat.

You will also find annexed, Sir, some papers relative to an affair,
which concerns the United States, or the State of Georgia. Be pleased
to let me know what answer I can send to those inhabitants of the Cape
who are interested.

I am, Sir, with the greatest respect, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, November 6th, 1782.

  Sir,

I duly received the letter your Excellency honored me with on the 25th
ultimo, relative to Captain Asgill; it appears that Congress are
favorably disposed, respecting him, but they have not yet passed any
resolution on that head. When they do, I doubt not it will be
favorable.

I have seen with much pleasure a Proclamation of the Governor of the
State of New York, to prevent sending provisions to the enemy. The
accounts I have recently received on that subject from the States of
Jersey and Connecticut, give me more pain than I can express. They are
positive, and from people who had ocular demonstration; they prove,
that the enemy's fleet could not have quitted New York for some time,
if they had not received immense quantities of provisions, living and
dead. This commerce is carried on regularly and openly, as if it were
peace, or as if the cattle were for your army. Your Excellency knows
how important the despatch or detention in fitting out fleets is, and
I know the efforts you have made to put a stop to this destructive
commerce. I must however entreat you, Sir, to use your influence with
the Governors of Jersey and Connecticut, to adopt such measures as may
prove efficacious. I am sure there is not a single good citizen in
America, who is not hurt at seeing the enemy thus furnished from this
continent, and thereby enabled to distress us in the West Indies.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

           TO COUNT DE DILLON, GOVERNOR OF ST CHRISTOPHERS.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, November 8th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor of sending you a copy of the depositions of some
sailors of the brig Laetitia. I entreat you to be pleased to cause an
examination to be made into this affair, for which they have presented
a Memorial to Mr Livingston, Minister of the United States for Foreign
Affairs, who has sent it to me, in order that I might transmit it to
you. I have assured that Minister, that he may rely upon your justice
and care, that such restitution shall be made to the plaintiffs, as
after the investigation into the affair they shall seem justly
entitled to.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                         TO SIR GUY CARLETON.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, November 9th, 1782.

  Sir,

It is with much pleasure, that I now have the honor to enclose you the
resolution of Congress in favor of Captain Asgill.[13] I am well
persuaded, that your justice and humanity will induce you to prevent
in future the excesses, that gave rise to this disagreeable affair.

I shall send this resolution to France by different opportunities, and
hope it will be forwarded immediately to Lady Asgill, and put an end
to the anxiety she has suffered on account of her son. But as it is
possible that my letter may arrive later than yours, I beg you, Sir,
to transmit it also by the first opportunity, I shall solicit General
Washington to permit Captain Asgill to return to Europe on his parole,
that Lady Asgill may have her joy complete, and if possible be
recompensed for the alarm she has been so long in.

Receive the assurance, &c. &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.


FOOTNOTES:

[13] _In Congress, November 7th, 1782._ "On the report of a committee,
to whom were referred the letter of the 19th of August from the
Commander in Chief, the report of a committee thereon, and also
another of the 25th of October from the Commander in Chief, with the
copy of a letter to him from the Count de Vergennes, dated the 29th of
July last, interceding for Captain Asgill;

"_Resolved_, That the Commander in Chief be, and he is hereby directed
to set Captain Asgill at liberty."

_November 8th._ "Resolved, that the Commander in Chief be instructed
to call, in the most pointed terms, on the British commander at New
York, to fulfil his engagement contained in his letter of the 13th day
of August last, 'to make further inquisition into the murder of
Captain Huddy, and to pursue it with all the effect, which a due
regard to justice will admit.'

"Resolved, that to prevent any misconstruction, which may arise from
the resolution directing Captain Asgill to be set at liberty, it be
declared, and it is hereby declared, that the Commander in Chief, or
commander of a separate army, is, in virtue of the powers vested in
them respectively, fully authorised and empowered, whenever the enemy
shall commit any act of cruelty or violence, contrary to the laws or
usage of war, to demand adequate satisfaction for the same; and in
each case, if such satisfaction shall not be given in a reasonable or
limited time, or shall be refused or evaded under any pretence
whatever, to cause suitable retaliation forthwith to be made; and the
United States in Congress assembled will support them in such
measures."

       *       *       *       *       *

                         TO SIR GUY CARLETON.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, November 9th, 1782.

  Sir,

By a letter I have this moment received from New York, I am informed,
that M. de la Touche is yet prisoner on board the Lion, or on Long
Island. I should be extremely glad if he could be exchanged
immediately, promising to return the first officer of the same rank,
who shall fall into our hands; or if that favor cannot be obtained,
that he may be permitted to come to Philadelphia for some time. I am
well aware, that this matter is not properly in your department, but
the actual circumstance of the affair, and the letter of Commodore
Elphinston to Baron Viomenil, must give weight to your recommendation,
if you will please to employ it.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                    Philadelphia, November 12th, 1782.

  Sir,

I hope you will not find it amiss, that I have sent directly to
General Carleton the two letters, of which the enclosed are copies. M.
de la Touche wrote me, that he was yet detained at New York, and that
he would probably have time to receive my answer if it came directly,
which induced me to write him by way of Elizabethtown, rather than by
Dobbs's Ferry. If there is any impropriety in the step I have taken,
I hope your Excellency will excuse it in consideration of the object
in view. I dare even to ask your Excellency to enforce my request.

I also take the liberty to request your Excellency to permit Captain
Asgill to return to Europe. The situation of his mother has been so
unhappy for some time past, that he has a sort of claim on your
Excellency's goodness.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

               GEORGE WASHINGTON TO CAPTAIN ASGILL.[14]

                                   Head Quarters, November 13th, 1782.

  Sir,

It affords me singular pleasure to have it in my power to transmit you
the enclosed copy of an act of Congress of the 7th instant, by which
you are released from the disagreeable circumstances in which you have
so long been. Supposing you would wish to go into New York as soon as
possible, I also enclose a passport for that purpose.

Your letter of the 18th of October came regularly to my hand. I beg
you to believe, that my not answering it sooner did not proceed from
inattention to you, or a want of feeling for your situation; I daily
expected a determination of your case, and I thought it better to wait
that, than to feed you with hopes that might in the end prove
fruitless. You will attribute my detention of the enclosed letters,
which have been in my hands about a fortnight, to the same cause.

I cannot take leave of you, Sir, without assuring you, that in
whatever light my agency in this unpleasing affair may be received, I
never was influenced through the whole of it by sanguinary motives,
but by what I conceived a sense of my duty, which loudly called upon
me to take measures, however disagreeable, to prevent a repetition of
those enormities, which have been the subject of discussion, and that
this important end is likely to be answered, without the effusion of
the blood of an innocent person, is not a greater relief to you, than
it is to, Sir, your most obedient, and humble servant,

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.


FOOTNOTES:

[14] See other letters respecting Captain Asgill's case, above, pp.
105, 107, 128, 129, 133, 135.

       *       *       *       *       *

                GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                                   Head Quarters, November 13th, 1782.

  Sir,

I am honored with your Excellency's letter of the 6th instant, on a
subject not more distressing to you, Sir, than to myself. I have at
various periods of the war written to Congress and to the States,
endeavoring to convince them of the necessity of passing the most
vigorous laws, to prevent the inhabitants from furnishing the enemy
with provisions. I will write them again and will use every argument I
am master of for that purpose. In all other nations, I believe, the
persons guilty of that crime are punished with death, and unless the
States on this continent will pass similar laws, I see no means of
putting a stop to that destructive practice. Anything the military
could do in that matter, would be in vain. To post as many guards as
would be necessary, would be destructive to the army, as those guards
would be continually liable to be cut off by the enemy; and, indeed,
the whole army would not suffice to guard the extensive coasts where
this illicit commerce is carried on.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

               GEORGE WASHINGTON TO COUNT DE VERGENNES.

                         Head Quarters, Newburgh, State of New York, }
                                                November 21st, 1782. }

  Sir,

After I had the honor of receiving your Excellency's letter of the
29th of July, I lost not a moment in transmitting it to Congress, who
had then under deliberation the proceedings of the British Court
Martial upon Captain Lippincot for the murder of Captain Huddy, and
the other documents relative to that inhuman transaction. What would
otherwise have been the determination of that honorable body, I will
not undertake to say, but I think I may venture to assure your
Excellency, that your generous interposition had no small degree of
weight in procuring that decision in favor of Captain Asgill, which he
had no right to expect from the very unsatisfactory measures, which
had been taken by the British Commander in Chief to atone for a crime
of the blackest dye, not to be justified by the practices of war, and
unknown to this day amongst civilized nations. I flatter myself,
however, that our enemies have been brought to see this transaction in
its true light, and that we shall not experience a repetition of the
like enormity.

Captain Asgill has been released and is at perfect liberty to return
to the arms of an affectionate parent, whose pathetic address to your
Excellency could not fail of interesting every feeling heart in her
behalf.

I have no right to assume any particular merit from the lenient
manner, in which this disagreeable affair has terminated. But I beg
you to believe, Sir, that I most sincerely rejoice, not only because
your humane intentions are gratified, but because the event accords
with the wishes of his Most Christian Majesty and his royal and
amiable consort, who, by their benevolence and munificence, have
endeared themselves to every true American.

I have the honor to be, with profound respect, Sir, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

              ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                       Office of Foreign Affairs, November 26th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to inform you, that Congress were pleased, on the
12th instant, to pass the enclosed resolution, by which they renew
their appointment of Mr Jefferson, as Minister Plenipotentiary for
negotiating a peace.

Mr Jefferson's established character, his abilities and the honorable
offices he has sustained with reputation in this country, leave no
room to doubt that this appointment will be highly acceptable to your
Court, when you shall have placed them in that favorable point of
view, in which, I persuade myself, you take a pleasure in representing
them.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                    Philadelphia, November 29th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have received the letter, in which you inform me of the renewal of
Mr Jefferson's commission, and the resolution of Congress, which
accompanied it. I was sorry to see that Minister decline taking part
in the negotiation for peace, and I learn with great pleasure, that he
is making arrangements for joining the other Ministers to whom
Congress has intrusted it. The ability of Mr Jefferson, and the
important services, which he has rendered to the United States, are
very well known in Europe, and you may be assured, Sir, that all, who
are interested in the prosperity and welfare of this country, will
approve of the choice made by Congress.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                    Philadelphia, November 30th, 1782.

  Sir,

I received the letters your Excellency honored me with the 13th, 19th,
and 22d of this month, and have forwarded yours for the Count de
Vergennes. From the reports which I have received from the Jerseys, it
appears, that the care of the Legislature and the vigilance you have
excited in the Executive, have produced happy effects in stopping the
facility, with which supplies were sent to New York. I well know the
impossibility of preventing that commerce by means of military guards;
but in putting the zeal of the good citizens in activity, I am
persuaded some bounds may be put to a practice so destructive to the
interests of the United States as well as of her allies.

I am under great obligations to your Excellency for communicating to
me what has passed relative to the fleets of the enemy at New York. I
beg you to continue this communication, even after M. de Vaudreuil has
departed, for by transmitting these accounts to the Minister of
Marine, I enable him to judge better of the measures he has to take,
knowing the force and movements of the enemy on these coasts.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                    Philadelphia, December 11th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have received the letter, with which you honored me yesterday. I
have, in consequence, the honor of sending you triplicate copies of a
letter, which I wrote to the Count de Durat, Governor of Grenada. Be
pleased to send it to the persons whom it concerns, and to recommend
to them to annex to it French copies of their Memorial. I hope that
it may contribute to their satisfaction. I can only invite the
Admiralties of our Islands to take affairs of this kind into
consideration.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                    Philadelphia, December 18th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to enclose your Excellency a letter, which, after
having read and sealed, I am to request you to forward with all
possible despatch. I hope that the arrival of my despatches will
enable me to be more particular. It will be necessary to recommend to
the chain of expresses, to hold themselves in readiness to carry on
the despatches, which I shall have to send by another Courier.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                     TO THE MARQUIS DE VAUDREUIL.

                             Translation.

                                    Philadelphia, December 18th, 1782.

  Sir,

I this instant learn by an express arrived from the Capes, that the
Danae entered the day before yesterday, and in a thick fog had the
misfortune to get aground; probably she will be got off; she is within
the Capes. She left France the 8th of November; the express has not
brought a single letter, and I do not expect them till tomorrow or
the day after. If there are any for you, they shall be sent on with
the greatest despatch, and if there are none, you shall have an
express with the news. It is said, that there are many packets for the
army, and one hundred and eighty thousand livres.

The only Frenchmen of our acquaintance on board are General Duportail
and M. de Gouvion.

The whole of the force at Cadiz, as well land as naval, is destined
for the West Indies.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                    Philadelphia, December 26th, 1782.

  Sir,

The undersigned Minister Plenipotentiary of France has the honor of
informing Congress, that his Majesty has received, with the most
lively sensibility, the proofs of the measures taken by them on the
birth of the Dauphin.[15] The King has ordered the Chevalier de la
Luzerne to assure this Assembly, that they could not have manifested
their attachment to him, on an occasion more dear to him, and that
this circumstance will, if possible, add new force to his affection
for the United States, as well as to his wish to establish their
happiness upon a permanent foundation.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.


FOOTNOTES:

[15] See the proceedings of Congress here alluded to in the _Secret
Journal_, Vol. III. p. 106.

       *       *       *       *       *

    SUBSTANCE OF A VERBAL COMMUNICATION FROM THE FRENCH MINISTER.

                       Office of Foreign Affairs, December 30th, 1782.

The substance of a verbal communication made to the Secretary for
Foreign Affairs by the Minister of France, on the 30th and 31st of
December, 1782, offered to the consideration of Congress on the 1st of
January, 1783, by the said Secretary.

The Minister of France came this day agreeably to appointment, to the
Office of Foreign Affairs, and read to Mr Livingston a letter from the
Count de Vergennes to him, dated the 12th of August last, which
contained in substance; that the negotiations begun by Mr Grenville
and Mr Oswald were interrupted by the resignation of Mr Fox. That
previous to that, the King of England appeared disposed to acknowledge
the independency of America in express terms, without making it a
condition of the peace; that Mr Grenville encouraged them to hope,
that this object would be rendered complete by an act of Parliament;
that they looked in vain for this act till they were apprised of the
resignation of Mr Fox; that the difference which arose between him and
Lord Shelburne led them to suppose, that the design of the first was
to recognise the independency of America and treat for a general peace
upon fair and honorable terms; that Lord Shelburne's was, on the
contrary, to endeavor to excite distrusts, and particularly to
endeavor to mislead the Americans; that in pursuance of this system in
the month of June last, at the very time that they opened their
treaty in Europe, he proposed to offer the most advantageous terms to
America upon condition that the Americans laid down their arms and
left France to settle the dispute alone. This insidious conduct was
pursued during Mr Grenville's negotiation.

That Mr Fox's resignation suspended the negotiation, though the new
Administration declared, that this event should occasion no change of
measures; that the Court of France expected the effect of this
declaration, when a commission was expedited to Mr Oswald to treat
with the American Plenipotentiaries, and another to authorise Mr
Fitzherbert to resume the negotiation begun by Mr Grenville; that he
had presented his credentials the 4th instant; that Mr Oswald had yet
received only a copy of his, owing to the Chancellor's absence; that
Mr Fitzherbert had returned the answer of Great Britain to the counter
proposition given by France; that this contains full evidence of the
unsteadiness of Lord Shelburne's conduct, since, instead of making the
independence of America a separate object, it proposes it as a
condition, and as the price of peace, and adds, that every other
circumstance should be placed upon the basis of 1763.

He observes, that the Chevalier de la Luzerne will judge from this,
that they affected much surprise at the counter propositions, and that
they did not assent to them; neither on the other hand, have they yet
refused them, but confine themselves to demanding explanations. That
this was then the state of their negotiations; that Mr Oswald had
presented his commission, to which Mr Franklin and Mr Jay had yet
given no reply, suspending it till they knew his (the Count de
Vergennes's) sentiments; that as yet he had formed no opinion, waiting
the result of a conference, which he was to have the next day with
those Ministers; that the commission was in the usual form, but speaks
of the Americans as Colonies, without naming them rebels, or asserting
any claims upon them.

That he did not for his part believe, that Lord Shelburne would
negotiate a general peace sincerely, till he lost all hopes of sowing
dissensions and treating separately; that they were convinced, that
neither France nor Spain were to be deceived, and that he (the Count
de Vergennes,) entertained the same sentiments with respect to the
Americans, but that the British Ministry, deceiving themselves, may
continue to tempt them till a peace is signed; that the information
they (the Court of France,) had received from him (the Minister of
France,) had left them little doubt on that head; and that those
doubts will be entirely removed when the States shall have
respectively imitated the example of Maryland, Virginia, and New
Jersey.

That, however, good faith was not all that was required of an ally;
that they must feel themselves in a situation to impose terms on the
enemy; that unhappily the Americans had neglected this; that the
Minister of France could not press this too closely upon us.

He then proceeds to inform the Minister, that while the British had
set on foot a direct negotiation, the Imperial Court renewed their
instances with that of London to engage them to accept their
mediation; that this gave birth to an answer, in which his Britannic
Majesty, without taking notice of the negotiation begun at Paris,
declared, that he was ready to receive through them, every pacific
overture, and even to admit the Dutch and the Americans to the
negotiation. This answer was dated on the 29th of April, when Mr
Oswald was already in Paris. That they continued their negotiations,
and sent Mr Grenville powers, which were dated on the 21st of May;
that they did not conceal this from the Imperial Court, but pretended
that it was at the instance of France.

That this false accusation, and above all the fear of seeing the
mediation vanish, had engaged the Imperial Court to communicate to the
Court of Versailles and Madrid, the last Memorial of the Court of
London, and to exhort them to establish a negotiation under their
auspices; that it was easy to refute the unskilful accusation of the
British, which he (the Count de Vergennes,) thinks they (the Court of
France,) have done with success; that the answer is transmitted; that
they had determined, without rejecting the mediation, to pursue the
direct negotiation as long as it might be convenient to the Court of
London; that he had not seen the answer of the British, which could
not, however, be very satisfactory, since they have expedited the
commission to Mr Fitzherbert and Mr Oswald; that he (the Count do
Vergennes,) was ignorant of the part, that the Imperial Courts would
take upon their declinatory answer.

But that they had always been candid, clear, and open, and would have
no objection to confide their interests with the mediators upon the
established basis, whenever the Court of London shall decline the
direct negotiation she had begun; that the King did not doubt but that
Congress would think with him on this subject, and that he would not
hesitate, if circumstances should require it, to give such assurances
to the two Imperial Courts. In a postscript he adds, that he had seen
Mr Jay and Mr Franklin, and that they had together discussed both the
substance and form of the commission to Mr Oswald, and that in spite
of his (Mr Oswald's) instances, they had agreed to decline entering
into the matter with him, until he shall have produced the original of
his commission.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                                  December 31st, 1782.

  Sir,

The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France, has had the honor
of communicating to the Secretary of the Department of Foreign
Affairs, several facts and circumstances relative to the negotiation
for a general peace, which is now carried on at Paris, between the
belligerent powers. That Minister will communicate them to Congress;
but the undersigned Plenipotentiary, has received orders himself, to
express to that Assembly, the satisfaction of the King, his master, at
the conduct, which they have observed on occasion of the overtures,
made by the English Commissioners commanding at New York, at
different times, for establishing a particular negotiation with the
United States, or with any one of them.

The King has seen with pleasure the resolutions taken by his allies
under these circumstances, and their perfect harmony with those, which
he has taken himself.

He has observed with equal satisfaction the unanimity, which has
reigned in the different States of the Union, which have expressed
their sentiments in relation to the proposal for a separate peace;
their determination honorably to reject every proposal of this kind,
corresponds perfectly with the opinion formed by his Majesty, of their
fidelity in the observance of their engagements, and of the wisdom
which presides in their Councils.

The communications made to the Secretary of the Department of Foreign
Affairs, encourage the presumption, that conduct, as prudent and
advantageous as it is just and wise, will soon bring the allies to a
happy conclusion of the present war. The British Minister showed a
peaceable disposition; he had reasonable fears respecting the fate of
several naval operations, which, on the contrary, have had a result
much more favorable than the Court of London seemed to expect.
Possibly these unexpected successes may change his disposition for
peace, and on that supposition, the undersigned Minister thinks, that
it will be wise in the United States not to relax their efforts and
their preparations for the ensuing campaign. Congress may be assured,
that his Majesty will, on his part, hold himself in readiness to carry
it on with vigor, and that he will apply all his resources to that
object.[16]

                                                              LUZERNE.


FOOTNOTES:

[16] _In Congress, January 3d, 1783._ "On report of the Secretary of
Foreign Affairs, to whom was referred the foregoing note,

"Resolved, That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs inform the Minister
of France, that Congress learn with great pleasure, that the steps
taken by Congress and the respective States, their constituents, in
opposition to the attempts of the British Court to bring about a
partial negotiation, has been satisfactory to his Most Christian
Majesty. That his Majesty's conduct in the progress of the
negotiations commenced in Europe, as it has been communicated to
Congress, is sufficient to inspire a just abhorrence of every act
derogatory to the principles of the alliance, and serves to fortify
the resolutions, which his repeated acts of friendship, and a sense of
their own honor and dignity had dictated to the United States in
Congress assembled, and the States they represent."

       *       *       *       *       *

      RESOLVES OF CONGRESS ON THE DEPARTURE OF THE FRENCH ARMY.

                                       In Congress, January 1st, 1783.

On Report of the Secretary of Foreign Affairs,

The Minister Plenipotentiary of his Most Christian Majesty having
communicated to Congress, through the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, on
the 7th instant, the resolution taken to embark the army under the
command of the Count de Rochambeau, and on the 29th their having
actually embarked and sailed, together with his Majesty's intention to
direct them to return, whenever an object should offer in which they
might effectually co-operate with the troops of the United States;

Resolved, That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs inform the Minister of
France, that though Congress cannot see without regret, the departure
of an army to whose bravery and good conduct they are so greatly
indebted for the reduction of the enemy's force in this country, yet,
that they have too much confidence in the attention of his Majesty to
the interests of the alliance, not to be persuaded, that the order for
their departure was dictated by a conviction, that they could
elsewhere be more usefully employed against the common enemy. That
they wish him to make known to his Majesty the grateful sense they
entertain of his attention to their immediate interest, manifested in
the important aid thus long afforded them, and in his generous
determination to direct his troops to return to this country, whenever
circumstances will admit of an advantageous co-operation with the arms
of the United States. That they desire through him to recommend in a
particular manner the Count de Rochambeau, and the army under his
command, to the favor of his Majesty, having the highest reason to be
satisfied with their bravery and good conduct, and with that strict
discipline, to which they are indebted for the perfect harmony, which
has so happily subsisted between them and the soldiers and citizens of
the United States.

Resolved, That the President make the acknowledgements of Congress, in
a particular manner, to his Excellency the Count de Rochambeau, and
signify to him the high sense they entertain of the distinguished
talents displayed by him, with so much advantage to these States, in
the most important conjunctures, as well as of the strict and
exemplary discipline, which has been uniformly conspicuous in the
troops under his command, and which has deservedly acquired the
admiration and esteem of the citizens of these States, by whom his
signal services, and the delicate attention at all times paid to
their private rights, will ever be held in affectionate remembrance.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                     Philadelphia, January 10th, 1783.

  Sir,

The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France, has made a
seasonable report to his Court, of the inconveniences, which might
result from the advantageous capitulations granted to the Islands of
St Christopher, Nevis, and Montserrat, conquered by the forces of his
Majesty. The term of six months, which had been granted to the
capitulators for receiving the vessels, which they expected from
England, and for sending them back under a neutral flag, even to the
ports of Great Britain, expired some time ago, and thus no
inconvenience can result from this stipulation. Some of the said
capitulations gave power to the Governors to authorise by particular
permissions, even after the expiration of the six months, exportations
from these conquered Islands to the ports of the enemy.

The undersigned has the honor of informing the Secretary of Foreign
Affairs, that, in consequence of orders given to the Governor-General
of these Islands, these permissions will not be given; and, therefore,
nothing will prevent the entire execution of the resolutions of
Congress in relation to the importation of English merchandise into
this country. Congress may be assured, that his Majesty will concur in
all measures of this kind, which shall have for their object the
prevention of commerce with Great Britain.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                          TO ROBERT MORRIS.

                             Translation.

                                       Philadelphia, March 15th, 1783.

  Sir,

I have the satisfaction of informing you, that his Majesty has
procured for the United States, a loan of six millions, to be employed
in the Department of War, during the course of the present year. In
announcing to you, Sir, this new mark of the friendship of the King
for the United States, I must enter into some details, which relate to
your operations, and which will make you acquainted with the motives,
which have induced his Majesty to make this new effort in favor of his
allies.

In the course of the last year, Sir, I gave an account to his
Majesty's Minister, of the order, which seemed to me to be introduced
into the department intrusted to you, of the re-establishment of the
public credit, and of the economy, which attended your operations. I
added, that I considered the establishment of a public revenue, for
the payment of interest, and the progressive redemption of the
capitals, as extremely probable, and as the delay and the difficulty
of communication would not allow me to wait till this operation was
completed by the different Legislatures, before I should explain what
were the wants of the United States, I took it upon myself to write to
the Count de Vergennes, that the disposition of the people to fulfil
the engagements made, and to be made by Congress, appeared to me
sufficiently favorable to induce his Majesty to lend a new sum of
money to the United States, for this year, if the state of his
finances should allow it. These assurances determined the loan of six
millions; but the event has proved, that I had deceived myself in the
hopes, which I had thought myself authorised to give to my Court, and
so far from the financial affairs being improved since the month of
February, the time at which my letters on this subject were written,
they have, on the contrary, taken a retrograde direction, and I see no
certainty of the payment of the sums previously lent, and of that
which has just been lent.

Thus, Sir, my hasty assurances have determined his Majesty to advance
this money, and, at the moment in which I am informed of it, I am
under the disagreeable necessity of acquainting his Minister, that the
hopes, which I had given have vanished, and that my assurances were
without foundation.

I shall say nothing to you of the embarrassing situation, in which I
am personally placed by these circumstances. But I shall take the
liberty of observing to you, that in the present juncture, the best
remedy is to take, as soon as possible, the measures which have not
been taken within the time which I had announced.

The Count de Vergennes, Sir, informs me, that the six millions are
lent to the United States, in the same manner, and on the same
conditions, as the sum which was lent last year; that is to say, that
they will be paid from month to month, at the rate of five hundred
thousand livres a month; but as it appeared, according to what you did
me the honor of writing to me previously, that you had anticipated a
part of this loan, I must entreat you to observe, that the first
months of this year will serve for paying the money thus anticipated,
and thus, that it is, accordingly, proper so to arrange the drawing of
your bills, as that they may only be presented from month to month,
and at the times when the money for paying them shall have been
obtained.

I have had the honor to inform you, Sir, that this money was loaned to
the United States in order to enable them to continue the war; the
wisdom of Congress will determine, according to circumstances, the
manner of effecting this important object, and by united efforts, of
compelling the enemy to conclude a firm and lasting peace.

It remains for me to inform you, Sir, that the King has not been able
to make this last effort, without great difficulties. I have had the
honor of communicating to you those, which prevent the success of
loans of any considerable magnitude; they are so great, that I am
ordered to announce to you, in the most positive manner, that it will
be impossible for the King, under any supposition whatever, to procure
new advances of money for Congress, for the next year. With regard to
the resources, which you may seek in other places besides France, the
letters, which I have had the honor of reading to you, do not allow
any success to be looked for, until the United States shall have
established a permanent public revenue; and the delay and repugnance,
with which they proceed in doing this, being known in Europe, the
inclination for lending money to Congress, which may have existed, has
disappeared; the lenders make other investments; the speculations,
which might have been directed towards the United States, go farther
and farther from them, and it will certainly be difficult to bring
them back.

I refrain from repeating here the other parts of the despatches of the
Count de Vergennes, which I have had the honor of communicating to
you, because the truths contained in them are well known to you, Sir,
and because they all may be reduced to this. _Without the speedy
establishment of a substantial public revenue, and without the
vigorous execution of the engagements entered into by Congress, the
hope of obtaining loans in Europe must be given up._

I am also ordered, Sir, to represent to Congress, that my Court relied
upon final and satisfactory measures being taken to secure the payment
of the interest, and of the debt contracted by the United Slates
toward his Majesty. But I content myself with mentioning this
circumstance to you, and before directly announcing it to Congress, I
shall wait till their present embarrassments are diminished.

You will judge, Sir, by these details, how impossible it is to draw
bills upon your Plenipotentiaries, beyond that part of the six
millions' loan of this year, which is unappropriated. It is clearly
shown, that these bills will not be paid by us, and it is with a full
confidence in your regularity in this respect, that I shall inform the
Count de Vergennes, that he may be assured, that no demand will be
made for any sums whatever, beyond that sum, which has just been
determined upon.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                       Philadelphia, March 15th, 1783.

  Sir,

Your Excellency will doubtless receive directly, a state of affairs in
Europe. I thought, however, that it would be interesting to inform you
of some particulars, which I am ordered not to make public, but which
will also be communicated to Congress. The British Minister has
hastened to conclude an eventual treaty of peace with the United
States, and to grant them in the utmost extent every advantage they
could desire. The malevolence with which that power has carried on the
war in America, did not forebode this extreme facility in them, and it
has been an agreeable surprise to the belligerent powers, and you will
easily judge, Sir, that our satisfaction has been complete, and in
seeing the great obstacle to peace put, as it were, on one side.

We think we may hope, that the epochs of a general peace is not far
distant. However, the English, though disposed to come to a conclusion
with the Courts of Versailles and Madrid, seem much more difficult in
the negotiation carrying on with the States-General. But the King, who
through the whole of this war, has refused to conclude a peace without
obtaining for his allies a just and reasonable satisfaction, persists
in these sentiments, and he doubts not that the United States will on
their part fulfil their engagements by continuing the war till a
definitive treaty is concluded, and thereby entirely disconcert the
projects of the English, who flatter themselves, that by means of the
eventual treaty, which they have concluded, they will be able to
establish on the Continent a suspension of hostilities equal to a
truce, written and signed.

It is possible, that the firmness and resolution of his Majesty will
determine England to make those restitutions, to which she shows so
much repugnance; but it is also possible, that the war will continue
another year, and to put the United States in a situation to continue
the war with vigor, his Majesty has lent them six millions of livres;
six hundred thousand livres are arrived in the Washington, but I have
learnt with much pain that Mr Morris has, through want of means, been
forced to anticipate the pecuniary succors he hoped to receive, so
that the six millions is not so considerable a help as was to have
been desired.

It remains to examine in what manner we can disturb and shut up the
enemy during the next campaign. I shall not take the liberty to sound
your Excellency on these points, but I beg you to permit me to say,
that it will be serving the common cause essentially to stop those
excessive exportations of subsistence to New York, and in case of an
evacuation of that place, to prevent them as much as possible from
procuring subsistence from hence to carry on the campaign in the West
Indies.

The Duc de Lauzun will confer with you on these points on his return
from the eastward, and I beg you, Sir, to consider with him how to
make the legion early useful; it may be very usefully employed in the
service above mentioned, and the Duke will be happy to act in any
manner your Excellency may wish.

In all cases, it cannot but be of service to hold ourselves in a
hostile position. If the negotiations produce the happy effects we
wish, I will lose no time in informing you, and knowing your humane
disposition, I think I never shall announce to you a more agreeable
event than a general peace, honorable and safe to the allies. You are
convinced how sincerely the King wishes it, and the sacrifices he has
made to obtain it will prove this.

If the treaty has been communicated to you, Sir, you will have seen
that the King of England has reserved to himself the liberty to
conclude, or not to conclude, the treaty of peace with America, so
that the act signed the 30th of November by the respective
Commissioners, is merely conditional and eventual.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                       Philadelphia, March 18th, 1783.

  Sir,

I have the honor of sending you a copy of a letter, which I have
written to Mr Robert Morris. I shall soon have the honor of
communicating to you some news, which I have just received from France
by the packet boat Washington.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                                      Head Quarters, March 19th, 1783.

  Sir,

I am exceedingly obliged to your Excellency for your communication of
the 15th. The Articles of the treaty between America and Great
Britain, as they stand in connexion with a general pacification, are
so very inconclusive, that I am fully in sentiment with your
Excellency, that we should hold ourselves in a hostile position,
prepared for either alternative, peace or war.

I shall confer with the Duc de la Lauzun on the objects you are
pleased to mention; and as I have ever viewed the practice of the
States in supplying the enemy in New York with the means of
subsistence, as a very pernicious one in its tendency, both to
ourselves and to our allies, you may depend upon me to exert every
measure in my power to prevent it.

I am at all times happy in receiving any intelligence from your
Excellency, and should it be in your power to announce a general
peace, you cannot make a more pleasing communication to me.

Persuaded of the pure and benevolent intentions, which animate the
breast of his Most Christian Majesty, I am assured, if that happy
event should not result from the present negotiations, that the
failure will not rest on his part.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

    MINUTES OF A VERBAL COMMUNICATION FROM THE MINISTER OF FRANCE.

                           Office of Foreign Affairs, March 22d, 1783.

The Minister of France, waiting upon Mr Livingston at 12 o'clock
agreeable to appointment, communicated to him a letter from the Count
de Vergennes, dated the 19th of November.

This was wholly confined to matters of finance, and contained in
substance nothing more than Congress have already seen in the letter,
written by the Minister of France to Mr Morris. He then read to Mr
Livingston a letter of the 22d of November, which related to the
satisfaction the King, his master, had received in the testimony the
United States had given of their friendship, in presenting to him the
ship America. The substance of this letter has been inserted in the
note sent to Congress the 28th instant.

The Minister also read to Mr Livingston, a letter of the 19th of
December, from the Count de Vergennes, in which he informs him, that
their treaty was not so forward as that of the Americans. Though if
his Majesty had wished it, he could have signed before the American
Plenipotentiaries, as no essential difference existed between France
and Great Britain. But that the King's delicacy induced him to wish,
that all his allies should be first satisfied, and he had accordingly
resolved to continue the war, whatever advantages might be offered
him, if Great Britain should bear hard upon any of them. That it still
remained to reconcile the interest of Spain, and those of Holland.
That he had reason to believe with relation to the first, that they
would soon be fully settled. That the foundation was already laid, and
that nothing now remained but to settle forms. That he was of opinion,
that it was for the interest of the United States to facilitate a
connexion with this power, which will be their neighbor.

That it would become the wisdom of Congress to discover moderation
with respect to them. That he is persuaded England will see with
pleasure, divisions introduced between the United States and the Court
of Madrid, and that it is probable, that they will even endeavor to
animate them one against the other. That British emissaries have been
employed to inspire Spain with apprehensions as to the ambitious views
of America. But they will now avail themselves of this intimacy with
the American Ministers, to render them suspicious of Spain, and even
to excite their resentments against her. Congress will defeat this
design by removing the difficulties, which now oppose themselves to a
union with his Catholic Majesty. That the King wishes so much to see
his allies enjoy a solid and durable peace, that in exciting the
Americans on one side to discover a more conciliatory spirit, he will
spare nothing on the other to remove the difficulties, which may be
raised by the Court of Spain. That he apprehends delays and
embarrassments from Holland. That the British Administration appear
very unfavorable to them.

The Minister of France then read to Mr Livingston another letter from
the Count de Vergennes, of the 20th of December, 1782, which contained
in substance; that peace was not yet concluded; that it was anxiously
desired by the King. That his Majesty's obligations to his allies had
not yet permitted him to pronounce with certainty as to the
termination of the war. That expecting peace, prudence required, that
the allies should act as if the war was to continue. That Congress
will judge of the manner in which they can most effectually contribute
to distress the common enemy. That in the present state of things it
would not be prudent to invite the Americans to form any direct
enterprise against the common enemy. That the Provisional Articles
would, when executed, at the general peace, put New York into the
hands of the Americans, and that Congress could judge better than they
could what part it would be expedient for them to take in the then
state of things. That proposing nothing they leave everything to their
discretion. That the Minister should however inform them, that he
could not yet determine whether they were at the eve of the war or if
another campaign must be opened. That in the latter case there were
two essential objects, on which the Minister of France should impart
to Congress the opinion of his Court, and the desires of his Majesty.

That though if their towns were evacuated the Americans could not
take an active part, yet they can compel the enemy to wish for peace,
by excluding them from all connexion with them and prohibiting under
very severe penalties, the consumption or importation of British
manufactures. That a considerable party among the British wish to form
commercial connexion with the United States. That when they shall be
convinced, that they can reap no benefit therefrom, but by a solid
definitive peace, conformable to the treaty already agreed upon, they
will become more tractable, and conclude the definitive treaty, which
will give force and vigor to the provisional articles, and set the
seal to the independence of America. That it would also be proper to
state to Congress the necessity of providing means to prevent the
sending provisions into New York, by which the British armaments are
amply supplied with fresh provisions of every kind.

That the King persuades himself, that the Legislatures of the
respective States will concur in measures for this salutary purpose,
when they shall be informed of the injury occasioned to their ally by
the want of the necessary precautions on this subject. That these
precautions will not be unnecessary if the enemy are about to abandon
New York, without which the enemy will carry with them the means of
supplying the places to which they transport their troops.

That he persuades himself, that Congress will perceive, that they are
indebted to the harmony, that has subsisted between the King and them
for the present happy state of their affairs. But that nothing being
yet concluded, the present moment is precisely that in which it is of
most importance to preserve the same system.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                                      Head Quarters, March 29th, 1783.

  Sir,

The news of a general peace, which your Excellency has been so good as
to announce to me, has filled my mind with inexpressible satisfaction;
and permit me to add, that the joy I feel on this great event is
doubly enhanced, by the very obliging manner in which you have been
pleased to express your congratulations to me and the army on this
happy occasion.

The part your Excellency has acted in the cause of America, and the
great and benevolent share you have taken in the establishment of her
independence, are deeply impressed on my mind, and will not be effaced
from my remembrance, or that of the citizens of America, but with the
latest effects of time. You will accept, Sir, my warmest
acknowledgements and congratulations, with assurances that I shall
always participate, with the highest pleasure, in every event which
may contribute to your happiness and satisfaction.

The articles of a general treaty do not appear so favorable to France,
in point of territorial acquisitions, as they do to the other powers;
but the magnanimous and disinterested scale of action, which that
great nation has exhibited to the world during this war, and at the
conclusion of peace, will insure to the King and nation that
reputation, which will be of more consequence to them, than every
other consideration.

Mrs Washington begs your Excellency to accept her sincerest thanks for
the joy you have communicated to her, and to receive a return of her
congratulations on this most happy of all events.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                       Philadelphia, April 10th, 1783.

  Sir,

I have to inform your Excellency, that I have just received
instructions from the Minister, that in consequence of the peace, the
French troops actually here, are to be sent to France without delay.
If you see no cause to defer it, I shall accordingly take immediate
measures for their departure. I impatiently wait the arrival of the
Duc de Lauzun to give the necessary orders, as no definitive
arrangements can be made in his absence.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                       Philadelphia, April 29th, 1783.

  Sir,

I wrote sometime ago to General Washington to know whether he thought
proper, that the legion of Lauzun, and the other detachments of the
army of Rochambeau, should leave this continent, in order to return to
France. According to his answer, dated the 23d inst. he entirely
approves this measure; consequently I beg you will have the kindness
to inform Congress that the departure will take place immediately.

Permit me to embrace this opportunity of assuring you, in concert with
the Duc de Lauzun, that the officers and soldiers of this army will
always recollect with pleasure the three years which they passed in
this continent, the union which has existed between the two nations,
and the hospitality with which they have been treated by the
inhabitants.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                GEORGE WASHINGTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                                        Head Quarters, May 13th, 1783.

  Sir,

We are making some preparations in the army for a display of our joy
on the happy event of a general peace. The exhibition will be delayed
till the arrival of the definitive treaty. If your Excellency can make
it convenient to honor us with your company on the occasion, it will
be a great addition to our happiness.

I take the liberty to put under cover to your Excellency, several
letters, which I wish to convey to some gentlemen of your army, late
in America. If the Duc de Lauzun should have sailed before their
arrival, I shall be much obliged by your care of their conveyance by
some other good opportunity.

With great regard and respect,

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                             Translation.

                                         Philadelphia, May 19th, 1783.

  Sir,

I have received the letter, with which you honored me on the 4th of
this month, and the Memorial of Mr Durham, which accompanied it. I
cannot form any opinion upon such a statement, and I shall be unable
to know whether the complaints are just, before I learn the motives of
the conduct, which he professes to have observed on his part. I have
the honor of sending you a letter for the Marquis de Bouille, in
relation to this affair, and I entreat you to have the kindness to
send it to that individual, who will take care to send it to the
commander.

You have been informed, Sir, of the affair of Mr Gillon, or rather of
the many affairs, which have been the subject of controversy between
him and the subjects of the King. You will find a statement of it in a
Memorial which I annex, requesting you to be pleased to return it when
read; I have addressed it to the State of South Carolina; I request
you to be pleased to read the resolutions taken in consequence of it
by the Assembly of that State, and the annexed copies of which you may
keep. I have also the honor of sending you, Sir, some new demands
against that officer, which I have lately received. I shall make no
reflection respecting the resolutions of Carolina; but I entreat you
to be pleased to point out the most proper course for obtaining
justice, and to inform me whether it would seem to you proper, that I
should lay this matter before Congress.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                COUNT DE VERGENNES TO M. DE LAFAYETTE.

                             Translation.

                                          Versailles, June 29th, 1783.

  Sir,

I have received the letter, which you did me the honor to write on the
17th of this month. You desire to know what is meant by _free port_.

By this term, Sir, we mean a place to which all merchandises, as well
foreign as domestic, may be imported, and from which they may be
freely exported. You will judge, Sir, by this definition, that all the
merchandises of the north, without exception, may be imported into
L'Orient, and exported from it by the Americans. In a word, L'Orient
will be reputed foreign with regard to France, as far as it respects
commerce. The prohibitions and duties upon foreign merchandises will
take effect only in case any person desires to introduce into the
interior parts of the realm the merchandises subjected to the one or
the other.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                         DE VERGENNES.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                   Philadelphia, September 17th, 1783.

  Sir,

The undersigned Minister Plenipotentiary has the honor of
communicating to Congress an extract from a letter of the Count de
Vergennes, and a copy of a contract between the King and the Thirteen
United States. He requests Congress to be pleased to send the
ratification of it to their Minister at his Majesty's Court, in order
that he may settle this business with the Count de Vergennes.

The undersigned received the papers, of which a copy is annexed,
nearly four months ago. He had received orders, at the same time, to
inform his Court of the measures, which the United States might have
taken, for the accomplishment of the different articles of the
contract of the 16th of July, of last year. The undersigned has
deferred till this time, the communications in question, in the hope
that circumstances might become more favorable. As the peace has made
these stipulations, which were only eventual, executory, he can
refrain no longer from requesting Congress to acquaint him with the
arrangements which may have been made by the United States, or those
which they propose to make, for the execution of the contract of the
16th of July, of last year, as well as with those to be made for the
execution of the contract, of which a copy is annexed.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

               COUNT DE VERGENNES TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

     (Annexed to the note, sent on the 17th of September, 1783.)

                             Translation.

                                         Versailles, March 10th, 1783.

  Sir,

Dr Franklin, in the month of February last, communicated to me
different decrees of the Congress of the United States of North
America, passed on the 14th and 23d of September, and several letters
from Messrs Morris and Livingston, which not only authorised that
Minister, but even expressly ordered him to negotiate in Europe a loan
of four millions of dollars, amounting to about twenty millions of
livres tournois, for the service of the United States during the
present year, and under their warranty. It was at the same time
enjoined on Dr Franklin, earnestly to solicit the continuance of the
favors of the King, in the crisis in which Congress was then placed.

In the enumeration of the motives, which the Superintendent of the
finances alleged, in order to obtain a new loan of money from his
Majesty, he did not deny, that the Minister of France might assign
good reasons for declining to comply with this request, but he added,
that, as it was the last of this kind, which Congress would have
occasion to make, he hoped that it would not be rejected.

Dr Franklin, on his part, in obedience to the orders of Congress,
implored, in favor of the United States, the assistance of the King,
and added to the reasons previously given, that, without this
assistance the continental army could no longer be kept together, nor
disbanded without danger.

After having conferred on this subject with M. Joly de Fleury, I made
a report upon it to the King. I informed his Majesty of the
embarrassments of Congress, and of their inability to provide for
their necessities by means of taxes, which the imperfections or the
weakness of a rising Administration did not permit them to levy. The
King had already, by great sacrifices, fulfilled in their behalf, the
duties of a most tender father, during the continuance of their moral
infancy. Since the nation reached the period of maturity, consecrated
by its emancipation and political independence, it seemed that it
ought to be sufficient for itself, and not to require new efforts of
the generosity of its ally; but without being prevented by these
considerations, the King, faithful to his attachment to the United
States, was pleased, under these circumstances, to give a new proof of
it, and notwithstanding the difficulties, which his Majesty
experienced in his own finances, he determined, according to my report
of the 20th of December last, to grant to Congress a new loan of _six
millions of livres tournois_, for the service of the United States,
during the course of the present year. He also authorised the
advancing of a sum of money previously granted, which Dr Franklin
earnestly solicited. I informed that Minister of it, who, in his
answer of January 25th, gratefully accepted these new favors in the
name of the United States. I informed him, moreover, that they could
not be increased, and that his Majesty would in no case be a guarantee
for other loans, which he might procure in Holland or elsewhere.

I have thought proper to enter into these details with you, Sir, in
order that you may be able to communicate them to Congress, and that
that body may be informed by you of the last financial arrangements,
which his Majesty has been pleased to decide upon, in favor of the
United States. I have since concerted with Dr Franklin, those
measures, which were necessary for fixing the conditions and the terms
of payment of the loan of six millions of livres, of which I have been
speaking. They were stipulated in a contract made on the 25th of
February last, which we signed by virtue of our respective full
powers, as we had done with regard to preceding advances, by a
contract previously made on the 16th of July, of last year, of which I
informed you at the time, and of which we are now expecting the
ratification on the part of Congress. Although I do not doubt that Dr
Franklin has transmitted this new act to Congress, I have still
thought it proper to send the annexed copy of it to you.

By the first article, you will see, Sir, that the King lends Congress
the sum of _six millions of livres_, payable at the rate of five
hundred thousand livres in each of the twelve months of the current
year, on condition of the repayment of the capital with interest at
five per cent per annum.

The second article recapitulates and verifies the preceding aids
furnished by his Majesty, and divides them into three distinct
classes. The first consisting of the sums loaned, amounting to
eighteen millions of livres. The second, of a fund of ten millions,
arising from a loan obtained in Holland for the service of the United
States, and guaranteed by his Majesty. The third, of subsidies,
gratuitously furnished, amounting to nine millions of livres, the gift
of which to the United States is confirmed by his Majesty.

The third Article fixes the repayment to the royal treasury, of the
new loan of six millions, with the interest thereon, at six periods,
fixed at the times most convenient for the financial operations of
Congress.

By the fourth Article, it has been agreed, that the interest on the
last loan of six millions, shall not commence till the 1st of January,
1784. The King being pleased to give and remit to Congress the partial
interest on the capital for the present year.

The fifth and sixth Articles contain stipulations of usage and form.

All attesting the sentiments of affection entertained by the King for
the United States, and his tender anxiety to contribute to their
prosperity.

I desire you, Sir, to assure Congress, that these sentiments are
deeply engraven on the heart of the King, that his Council feel them
no less deeply; and that his Majesty will never cease to take the most
lively interest in the welfare of the United States, his allies.

You will be pleased to inform me of the reception of this letter, and
of the annexed paper.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                         DE VERGENNES.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                      Philadelphia, November 2d, 1783.

  Sir,

I have received the letter, which your Excellency did me the honor to
write to me on the 27th ultimo, and the resolutions of Congress, which
were annexed to it, and which express the sentiments of Congress with
relation to the dispositions of his Majesty, and the other belligerent
powers, not to sign the definitive treaty, except in concert with the
United States. It appeared by the last news received, that this
conduct has produced the desired effect, and that it has in fine, been
followed by a general peace.

The United States may be assured, that his Majesty will adopt with
pleasure all commercial arrangements, which may be advantageous to
them, and which will not be prejudicial to his subjects. I also know,
that it is his Majesty's intention, that the United States should
enjoy, in the ports of his kingdom, not only all the advantages, which
they enjoyed before their independence, but even some favors, which
have not heretofore been granted to them.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                             Translation.

                                    Philadelphia, November 21st, 1783.

  Sir,

I have received the letter your Excellency did me the honor to write
me by Messrs Villefranche and Rochefontaine, the testimony you have
been pleased to give in favor of these two officers will have the
greatest weight with those persons who can contribute to their
advancement, and it gives me the greatest pleasure to receive these
testimonies, from Congress and from your Excellency, of the
satisfaction the French officers have given in the service of the
United States.

I beg your Excellency to receive my sincere congratulations upon the
evacuation of New York; this grand event completes your glory. I hope
to be at New York the 28th of this month, to be witness of the
rejoicings you have ordered, and to renew to you the assurances of
attachment, with which I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                  M. DE CALONNE TO M. DE LAFAYETTE.

                             Translation.

                                        Versailles, January 9th, 1784.

  Sir,

I have communicated to the King the observations contained in the
memoir, which you transmitted to me relative to the commerce of
America, and those, which you made at our last conference.

I am authorised to announce to you, that it is the intention of his
Majesty, to grant to the United States the ports of L'Orient and
Bayonne as free ports; and besides these, that of Dunkirk and that of
Marseilles, the first of which enjoys absolute freedom, and the other
is restrained in the exercise of that freedom only with regard to
tobacco, which is there subjected to a duty. The Americans may from
this moment send their vessels to those four ports, where they will
not meet with any kind of difficulty.

You may, if necessary, explain what is meant by _free ports_,
agreeably to the signification thereof given by M. de Vergennes, in
his letter of the 29th of June last.[17] The Americans will find,
above all at Dunkirk, all the facilities they can desire for the sale
of their leaf tobacco, their rice, their timber, and other
merchandise, as well as for the purchase of what they want; such as
linens, woollens, brandy, &c. It is proposed to establish stores and
magazines there, which shall be well supplied, on terms very
advantageous for their commerce.

I have given orders to the Farmers-General to treat in preference, and
at a reasonable price, for the purchase of the tobaccoes of North
America. And, moreover, the United States will be as much favored in
France, in matters of commerce, as any other nation. The complaints,
which they may make to you, or which Dr Franklin and the other
American Ministers, whom I should be very glad to see, may transmit to
me on their behalf, shall be examined with great attention; and
government will not suffer them to experience any kind of vexations.
Every possible precaution will also be taken to prevent the sending
out bad merchandise, which if it has hitherto taken place, can only be
attributed to the avarice of some merchants of the lowest order.

I am going immediately to examine what relates to the customs and
duties, which hurt commerce. This is an important subject, and
requires great attention. In fine, Sir, you may rely, that I shall be
always disposed, as well as the Marshal de Castries, and the Count de
Vergennes, to receive and listen with attention to the demands and
further representations, which you shall think proper to make in favor
of the commerce of America.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                           DE CALONNE.

_P. S._ The ports of Bayonne and L'Orient will be made similar to that
of Dunkirk with regard to entire freedom.


FOOTNOTES:

[17] See above, p. 170.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                        Annapolis, January 29th, 1784.

  Sir,

I have the last year presented to Congress several notes, respecting
which no answer has been given me. I have reason to believe, however,
that it has taken resolutions on many of these notes. Not to
importune Congress by reiterations, I pray you to be pleased to inform
me of what has passed on this subject, and especially with regard to
the ratification of the contract entered into between the King and the
United States, for the various loans, which his Majesty has made them,
and concerning the measures taken for the payment of the interest on
the sums lent to the United States by his Majesty, or for which he has
become responsible.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                        Annapolis, January 30th, 1784.

  Sir,

The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France, has the honor to
inform Congress, that his Majesty desiring to favor the progress of
commerce between his kingdom and the United States, has appointed four
Consuls and five Vice Consuls, to reside in those cities of this
continent, where he has judged that the presence of these officers
would be useful to his commercial and sea-faring subjects. He has also
appointed a Consul-General, whose duty shall be more particularly to
attend to the general objects of commerce. M. de Marbois has been
appointed to fill this office. His Majesty hopes, that this choice
will be the more agreeable to Congress, as he has resided many years
in America, and especially as he has the honor of being known to that
body. The new distribution, which has just been made of Consulates and
Vice Consulates requiring a particular attention, the undersigned
desires Congress to be pleased to appoint a committee, empowered to
treat with M. de Marbois on every subject relative to the recognition
of the character of these new officers.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                       Annapolis, February 18th, 1784.

  Sir,

The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France, has the honor to
inform Congress, that the family of the Sieur de la Radiere, who died
about four years ago, in the service of the United States, is desirous
of receiving the benefits, which Congress grants to the other heirs of
the officers, who have served in the armies of the United States. The
Sieur de la Radiere was attached to the corps of engineers. The
undersigned begs Congress to enable him to give an answer to the
family of this officer, as well as to those who may be in the same
situation.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                           Annapolis, April 6th, 1784.

  Sir,

The undersigned, Minister of France, has the honor to inform Congress,
that the portraits of the King and Queen have arrived at Philadelphia,
and that he has orders to present them to that body.

The undersigned Minister has had the honor to transmit to his
Excellency, the President, his Majesty's letter, in answer to that of
the 14th of June, 1779, in which Congress have expressed their desire
to have the portraits of their Majesties. This letter expresses to
Congress the pleasure, with which the King gives the United States
this testimony of his affection and friendship for them. The
undersigned has made the necessary arrangements for the safe keeping
of these two portraits, until Congress can receive them.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                           Annapolis, April 9th, 1784.

  Sir,

I have the honor to communicate to your Excellency an extract from a
letter, which I received from Count de Vergennes, dated the 24th of
December last.

I received orders at the same time to inform his Majesty's Minister of
the measures, which have been taken by the United States, relative to
the payment of portions of the principal, and of the interest of the
sums, which have been loaned them by the King. I make mention, Sir, of
portions of the capital, because, by the terms of the contract of the
16th of July, 1784, the reimbursement of the first loan of eight
millions is to begin three years after the peace, and it is expedient
to take seasonable measures with regard to this subject.

I am also to inform my Court of the arrangements, which have been made
for the payment of interest on the loan of five millions of florins,
made in Holland, the 5th of November, 1781, and for which his Majesty
became guarantee. I know the efforts of Congress to effect the
discharge of the public debt, and their wish to fulfil their
engagements; and I consider it superfluous to recall to your
Excellency all the motives, which combine to induce the United States
to fulfil faithfully those, which they have contracted with the King.
I confine myself to desiring you to enable me to dissipate the
uneasiness, which may have been excited at my Court, by the delay in
proceeding to raise funds to effect the payment of this debt.

I am with respect, Sir, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

               COUNT DE VERGENNES TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                             Translation.

                                      Versailles, December 24th, 1783.

  Sir,

His Majesty has decided irrevocably, that the port of L'Orient shall
be free, and American sailors may actually consider it so. The edict
of the King has not yet been published, however, because his Majesty's
intention being to give this arrangement as wide an extent as
possible, the regulations should be drawn up after a careful
deliberation, and conceived in such terms, that the advantages allowed
to the merchants of the United States, may not be essentially
prejudicial to our own commerce, and the revenues of the State.

The merchants of the United States enjoy equally the liberty of
frequenting the ports of Marseilles and Dunkirk, and they partake,
like other nations, in the immunities and privileges of these two
places.

                                                         DE VERGENNES.

       *       *       *       *       *

                   CONGRESS TO THE KING OF FRANCE.

The United States in Congress assembled to their Great, Faithful, and
Beloved Friend and Ally, Louis the Sixteenth, King of France and
Navarre.

  Great, Faithful, and Beloved Friend and Ally,

Your Majesty's letter of the 13th of August last, has been received by
the United States in Congress assembled, with a degree of satisfaction
and pleasure, which those only can conceive, who, to the highest
sentiments of respect, unite feelings of the most affectionate
friendship.

The portraits of your Majesty and of your royal consort having arrived
at Philadelphia, have been carefully preserved by your faithful
Minister, the Chevalier de la Luzerne, whose attention on this, as on
all other occasions, merits the acknowledgements of Congress.

These lively representations of our august and most beloved friends
will be placed in our council chamber; and can never fail of exciting
in the mind of every American, an admiration of the distinguished
virtues and accomplishments of the royal originals.

We beseech the Supreme Ruler of the universe constantly to keep your
Majesty and your royal consort in his holy protection, and to render
the blessings of your administration as extensive as the objects of
your Majesty's benevolent principles.

Done at Annapolis, in the State of Maryland, this 16th day of April,
1784, by the United States in Congress assembled.

Your faithful Friends and Allies,

                                          THOMAS MIFFLIN, _President_.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                  Office of Finance, April 16th, 1784.

  Sir,

I do myself the honor to enclose to Congress the duplicate of a letter
from the Marquis de Lafayette, dated the 26th of December, together
with the copy of his letter of the 18th of June last, to the Count de
Vergennes; the Count's answer of the 29th of the same month; a letter
to him from M. de Calonne of the 18th, and another of the 25th of
December, all which were enclosed in that duplicate to me, as were
also the observations on the commerce between France and the United
States, which I have also the honor of transmitting. With respect to
this paper, I must pray leave to refer Congress to the caution
contained in the letter to me, and pray their compliance with his
intention. The masterly manner in which the Marquis has treated a
subject, certainly foreign to his former habits and views, merits
great applause, and will I doubt not, procure that approbation from
Congress, which will be to him a grateful reward for his zealous and
dexterous exertions to promote the interests of America.[18]

I pray leave also to submit to Congress the enclosed extract from
another letter of the Marquis de Lafayette, of the 10th of January,
together with the copy of M. de la Calonne's letter therein mentioned.
This last, which shows the labors of that young nobleman to have been
crowned with the wished for success, will I doubt not be pleasing to
Congress, as it is certainly very interesting to the commerce of the
United States.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.


FOOTNOTES:

[18] This paper on commerce, as well as the letters above referred to,
are missing.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                          Annapolis, April 21st, 1784.

  Sir,

In the course of last summer I requested leave of his Majesty to
return to France. By letters from my friends, I am informed that it is
granted; but the loss of the packet, which conveyed the Minister's
letter, lays me under the necessity of writing again on that subject.
I should have waited his answer before I took leave of Congress, had I
not reason to believe, that it will not reach me till their recess.

I cannot however depart, without entreating your Excellency to
communicate to them my warm acknowledgements for the manner, in which
they have treated with me during my mission, which has lasted near
five years. I have had the satisfaction of agreeing with Congress on
all the subjects, which I have had the honor of negotiating with them;
and I owe my success to the good fortune I had of being the
Representative of a just and generous Monarch, to a wise and virtuous
Republic. I shall ever retain a grateful remembrance of this, and
shall always consider the time I have spent on this continent, as the
most honorable period of my life. My satisfaction would be complete,
were it not accompanied with regret, at parting from a Senate composed
of members, on whose friendship I flatter myself I have a just claim,
by an intimate acquaintance of several years. Your Excellency permits
me to rank you among those who honor me with their friendship; and I
am persuaded, that the expression of my attachment and respect for
Congress will lose nothing of its force, if you will be pleased to
convey it.

The letters, by which I have received advice of my having obtained
leave to return, inform me also, that M. de Marbois will be his
Majesty's _Charge d'Affaires_ with the United States. His zeal, and
his attachment for the cause, which unites France and America, are
well known to Congress, and I have not the least doubt, but his
Majesty's choice will be agreeable to that assembly.

I am, Sir, with great respect, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                       Philadelphia, April 28th, 1784.

  Sir,

You will see by the subjoined letter of Mr Pierce, the situation of
the Baron de Kalb with regard to the United States, at the time when
he was killed at Camden. The continental money which he had received
must have been employed in subsisting the body of troops under his
command; or, if any part of these funds remained in his hands, it must
have been plundered and taken by the enemy, with all the baggage of
this General.

I think, then, that Congress will be pleased to take these
circumstances into consideration, and excuse the heirs of the Baron de
Kalb from producing vouchers, which circumstances do not allow them to
procure. I pray your Excellency to be pleased, also to induce Congress
to determine whether the resolutions of the 15th of May, 1778, and the
24th of August, 1780, extend to the widow and orphans of the Baron de
Kalb.

A difficulty has also arisen with regard to M. de Fleury, Lieutenant
Colonel, and it can be removed only by a resolution, which I request
your Excellency to solicit from the goodness of Congress in favor of
this officer. He did not quit the American army without leave granted,
and Congress, in consideration of his services and good conduct, has
been pleased to consider him as always being attached to the American
army. It seems, then, right to ask, that he should enjoy the same
advantages as the other officers, and the rather, that he was attached
to the French army, which served on this continent. General Lincoln,
in 1782, did not place him on the list of officers retained in the
service; but this omission ought not to be prejudicial to the prior
resolutions of Congress. He was, at this very time, detached to the
Roanoke, with the troops of the French division, that he might support
General Greene, in case the latter were attacked. Thus, ignorant of
what was passing in Congress, as well as in the War Department, it was
impossible for him to make any representations on this subject. He was
born without fortune, and if he did not, like the other officers,
enjoy his pay to the 3d of November, 1783, his affairs would be found
rather involved than meliorated by his residence in this continent.
The payments, which Mr Morris has been authorised to make, have been
claimed for the years 1782 and 1783; and M. de Fleury would be found
excluded, unless the justice of Congress should allow him the same
treatment, which the other officers receive, and the advantages of the
commutation. The third resolution of Congress of December 31st, 1781,
seems to protect the rights of M. de Fleury, and authorise the demand,
which I pray you to present to Congress in his favor.

The different articles subjoined will enable Congress to judge of the
justice of the demands, concerning which I beg you, Sir, to inform me
of the intentions of that body.[19]

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.


FOOTNOTES:

[19] The following is the statement of Baron de Kalb's account. Mr
Pierce's letter is missing.

                                 Office of Accounts, April 19th, 1784.

  Sir,

I have examined sundry papers relative to the claim of the Baroness de
Kalb, for the pay of her husband, (the late Baron de Kalb, deceased)
as a Major General in the service of the United States of America, and
find,

    That from the 31st of July, 1777, the date of his
    appointment, to the 19th of August, 1780, the day
    of his death, being thirtysix months and twenty
    days, his pay, at $166-2/3 per month, amounts to      $6,111 10-90

    That per certificate of John Pierce, Paymaster
    General, it appears he received sundry sums, in
    money of the old emissions, on account of his pay,
    which are extended to his debit in specie, by the
    Massachusetts scale, as follows, viz.

    1778, February,    830 dollars, at   464 per cent       $178 79-90
     "    May,         664   "      "    580  "    "         114 43-90
     "    October,     664   "      "    690  "    "          96 21-90
    1779, January,     664   "      "    834  "    "          79 55-90
     "    May,         664   "      "   1414  "    "          46 86-90
     "    September,   664   "      "   1695  "    "          39 15-90
    1780, November,    664   "      "   2387  "    "          27 73-90

    That said certificate also includes a charge for
    $2000 old emissions, advanced him in August, 1777,
    which at 238 per cent are equal to                       840 30-90

    That he is also chargeable with the following
    sums, viz.

    Received from Silas Deane, in France, on the 22d
    of November, 1776, as appears per receipt annexed
    to his agreement with said Deane, 6000 livres, at
    5 livres and 5 sols per dollar, are equal to           1,142 79-90

    Six thousand livres paid him in bills of exchange,
    agreeable to a resolve of Congress of September
    14, 1777, at 5 livres 8 sols per dollar, equal to      1,171 10-90

    That on this account, there appears a balance of
    two thousand four hundred and thirtythree dollars
    and 61-90 due to the estate of the Baron de Kalb       2,433 61-90
                                                          ------------
                                                          $6,111 10-90

Exclusive of the sums carried to the Baron's debit in the foregoing
state, he is charged in the Paymaster General's books with the
following, in old emissions, viz.

November 17th, 1777. Fifty dollars paid for transporting his baggage.
If he was in actual service at the time, and in such a situation as
rendered extra means necessary for this purpose, I am of opinion that
he ought not to be charged with this sum.

May, 1780. Two hundred and twentysix thousand dollars, said to be for
the purpose of defraying the expenses of the Maryland line, on their
march to the southward, or for defraying the deficiencies of clothing
due to the Maryland line. To oppose to this charge there is nothing
yet produced. I therefore submit to consideration, the propriety of
admitting to the credit of his estate the balance, which appeals due
on account of his pay, as per the foregoing adjustment.

                                  WILLIAM RAMSEY, _Clerk of Accounts_.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                          Philadelphia, May 6th, 1784.

  Sir,

The King having as yet made no appointment to the Consulate of
Charleston, the intention of his Majesty was, that M. de la Forest,
Vice-Consul at Savannah, should in the interim perform its duties. I
have, consequently, transmitted to him, as well as to M. de Marbois,
letters of recommendation, which we thought sufficient to induce the
Governor and Council of South Carolina to recognise him in this
provisional capacity. Our hopes with regard to this subject were
built upon the second article of the draft of a contract for the
establishment of Consuls; and we thought that its provisional
execution, presenting no inconveniences, would meet with no
difficulty, although we are yet ignorant whether this contract has
been signed.

As the interests of commerce render the actual establishment of a
Vice-Consul at Charleston of very urgent necessity, I pray your
Excellency to propose to Congress, to pass a resolution for the
provisional execution of this second article of the draft of the
contract. This measure is so much the more necessary, as it is the
only means of preventing the suspension of the Consular duties, which
has often occurred in case of the absence or death of Consuls or
Vice-Consuls, and a year might sometimes pass before the arrival of
new appointments or commissions, and before resolutions should be
passed by Congress. Such an interruption of the office of Consul would
be attended with inconveniences, which Congress will easily perceive.
Moreover, Sir, we ask nothing on this occasion, but what is customary
in the other Consulates, and it is a power which will be readily
allowed to Mr Barclay.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Translation.

                                         Philadelphia, May 13th, 1784.

  Sir,

I have received the letter, which your Excellency did me the honor to
write to me on the 6th of the present month, and the acts of Congress
accompanying it.

I pray you, Sir, to be pleased to inform Congress, that I have
received a letter from the Count de Vergennes, which grants me the
absence, which I had asked. This minister informs me at the same time,
that his Majesty has appointed M. de Marbois, his _Charge d'Affaires_
to the United States. I repeat to your Excellency the request that you
will be pleased to express for me to Congress, the regret with which I
leave this continent, and the sentiments of respect, which I shall
cherish through life towards that body.

Permit me to recall to your mind, Sir, the business of M. de Fleury,
and of the widow of the Baron de Kalb. I pray you, also, to be pleased
to enable me to make known here the intentions of Congress relative to
M. de la Radiere, and to the money which was due to him at the time of
his death, as well as with regard to the communication, if it takes
place.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    CONGRESS TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                                          In Congress, May 17th, 1784.

  Sir,

The United States in Congress assembled, are informed by the letter,
which you were pleased to address to them, the 21st of April, that
having the last year requested of his Majesty leave to return to
France, you learn it has been granted, but that the official letter of
the Minister being lost, you expect a duplicate, which will probably
arrive in the recess of Congress.

It is with great concern, Sir, that Congress receive this information,
as it respects a Minister for whom they entertain the most perfect
esteem.

From the time of your arrival in America, to the signing of the
provisional treaty, the conduct of the war has been attended with
numerous difficulties and perils, to surmount which the joint efforts
of the United States and of their great and good ally have been
necessary.

Congress consider it as a fortunate circumstance, that during that
period the affairs of his Most Christian Majesty in this quarter have
been under the direction of an able and faithful Minister, whose
anxiety to promote the views and essential interests of his sovereign,
has been ever attended with a laudable endeavor to reconcile them to
those of his allies. Without such a disposition it is evident there
could not have existed a concert of those measures, which by the
smiles of Providence, have hastened the conclusion of the late
distressing war.

The abilities of the gentleman, who as you are informed, is to be
charged with the affairs of your department, and his thorough
knowledge of the principles, on which the alliance was founded, will
we doubt not, conspire to produce on his part, such measures as will
best promote the mutual interest of the two nations.

We now, Sir, bid you an affectionate adieu, with the fullest
assurance, that you will be happy in the smiles and approbation of
your royal sovereign; and we sincerely wish, that you may be equally
so in an interview with your friends, and in your future engagements.

                                          THOMAS MIFFLIN, _President_.

       *       *       *       *       *

              TO JOHN JAY, SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

                             Translation.

                                         Paris, (date uncertain) 1787?

  Sir,

I dare not flatter myself, that your Excellency has any recollection
of a man, who had the benefit of your acquaintance but a few days, and
even at a time when he could not express himself in your language.

I arrived in America, Sir, when, after having rendered the most
important services to the confederacy, and sustained with the greatest
distinction, the office of President of Congress, that body had
intrusted you with the important care of conducting their affairs in
Spain, and in the principal Courts of Europe.

I have resided in America five years, as Minister Plenipotentiary of
the King to Congress, and though indeed I cannot but be well satisfied
with the kindness and the confidence, which that illustrious body have
ever shown me, I have always regretted, that you were not during that
period one of its members. You departed from Europe when I returned to
it. At that time I flattered myself, that I should again see you in
America, and resume my duties there. But his Majesty has thought fit
to give me another destination. Will you have the goodness to present
to Congress my letters of recall, and to express to that body for me
the high sentiments of respect and veneration, with which I have long
regarded them. Allow me also to request your Excellency to accept the
assurances of the attachment and consideration, with which I have the
honor to be, &c.

                                                              LUZERNE.




THE

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON;

SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.




For more than five years from the commencement of the Revolution, the
foreign concerns of Congress were transacted through a committee,
which was first appointed on the 29th of November, 1775, and called
the _Committee of Secret Correspondence_. It was their duty to
correspond with all the American Agents, Commissioners, and Ministers
abroad, to report to Congress on these matters from time to time, and
receive such instructions from that body as occasion required. It is
to be understood, however, that in this respect they acted only a
subordinate part, for it was customary for the Ministers abroad to
direct their letters to the President of Congress. After having been
read in that Assembly, they were put into the hands of the Committee,
whose business it was to answer them. On account of the absence of the
members, the committee itself was frequently very thin, and sometimes
for weeks together not more than one member was present at the seat of
Government. Hence responsibility rested nowhere, and it is no wonder
that delays, neglect, and ill management were the consequences.

Various causes retarded the adoption of a better system, but chiefly
the warmth of party and internal jealousies, which prevailed within
the walls of Congress for a long time, and too often defeated measures
of essential importance, when there was a probability that they would
throw a new weight of power into a scale of doubtful preponderance. To
this state of circumstances it is in a great degree to be attributed,
that no plan for a regular Department of Foreign Affairs was resolved
upon till the 10th of January, 1781, and that no person was appointed
to fill the office thus created till seven months later. On the 10th
of August, ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON was chosen _Secretary of Foreign
Affairs_, but he did not enter upon the duties of the Department till
the 20th of October.

From this date a salutary change found its way into the management of
Foreign Affairs. To abilities and other qualifications well suited to
the station, Mr Livingston added energy, diligence, and promptitude,
as his numerous letters on a great variety of topics abundantly
testify. We hear no more complaints from the Ministers abroad, that
their letters are forgotten and unanswered, or that they receive no
intelligence nor instructions from home.

The details of the Department were so modified, after he accepted the
appointment, as to embrace Domestic Affairs to a certain extent. He
was to correspond with the President of Congress, the Governors of the
States, the Commander in Chief, and generally with all persons on
topics in any manner connected with the primary objects of his office.
His letters to the American Ministers at Foreign Courts, and to the
French Ministers in this country, have already been printed in the
correspondence of those persons respectively. This order was thought
preferable, as the continuity of the subjects embraced in the
different branches of correspondence would thus be more distinctly
preserved. The letters, which follow, are chiefly to the President of
Congress, and to other officers and persons, who were in the United
States at the time they were written.

Mr Livingston continued a little short of two years in the Department
of Foreign Affairs. He resigned in June, 1783.




THE

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                ORGANIZATION OF A FOREIGN DEPARTMENT.

                                      In Congress, January 10th, 1781.

Congress took into consideration the report of the committee appointed
to consider and report a plan for the Department of Foreign Affairs,
wherein they state,

That the extent and the rising power of these United States, entitle
them to a place among the great potentates of Europe, while our
political and commercial interests point out the propriety of
cultivating with them a friendly correspondence and connexion;

That to render such an intercourse advantageous, the necessity of a
competent knowledge of the interests, views, relations, and systems of
those potentates, is obvious;

That a knowledge, in its nature so comprehensive, is only to be
acquired by a constant attention to the state of Europe, and an
unremitted application to the means of acquiring well grounded
information;

That Congress are moreover called upon to maintain with our Ministers
at foreign Courts a regular correspondence, and to keep them fully
informed of every circumstance and event, which regards the public
honor, interest and safety;

That to answer those essential purposes, the committee are of opinion,
that a fixed and permanent office for the Department of Foreign
Affairs ought forthwith to be established, as a remedy against the
fluctuations, the delay and indecision to which the present mode of
managing our foreign affairs must be exposed; whereupon,

_Resolved_, That an office be forthwith established for the Department
of Foreign Affairs, to be kept always in the place where Congress
shall reside;

That there shall be a Secretary for the despatch of business of the
said office, to be styled "Secretary of Foreign Affairs;"

That it shall be the duty of the said Secretary to keep and preserve
all the books and papers belonging to the Department of Foreign
Affairs; to receive and report the applications of all foreigners; to
correspond with the Ministers of the United States at foreign Courts,
and with the Ministers of foreign powers and other persons, for the
purpose of obtaining the most extensive and useful information
relative to foreign affairs, to be laid before Congress when required;
also to transmit such communications, as Congress shall direct, to the
Ministers of the United States and others at foreign Courts, and in
foreign countries; the said Secretary shall have liberty to attend
Congress, that he may be better informed of the affairs of the United
States, and have an opportunity of explaining his reports respecting
his Department; he shall also be authorised to employ one, or, if
necessary, more clerks to assist him in the business of his office;
and the Secretary, as well as such clerks, shall, before the President
of Congress, take an oath of fidelity to the United States, and an
oath for the faithful execution of their respective trusts.

       *       *       *       *       *

            APPOINTMENT OF A SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

                                       In Congress, August 10th, 1781.

Congress proceeded to the election of a Secretary of Foreign Affairs;
and, the ballots being counted, Robert R. Livingston was elected,
having been previously nominated by Mr Floyd.

       *       *       *       *       *

                  TO MAJOR GENERAL NATHANIEL GREENE.

                                 Philadelphia, October 20th, 1781.[20]

  Dear Sir,

Congress having done me the honor to appoint me their Secretary of
Foreign Affairs, and made it my duty to collect and transmit such
intelligence as may be useful to our Ministers, I take the liberty to
open a correspondence with you. From the past, I have reason to hope,
that your future operations will furnish the most agreeable and useful
information at foreign Courts; for nothing is more incontrovertibly
true, than that splendid victories and a wise Administration at home,
are the best negotiators abroad.

Give me leave, Sir, to congratulate you upon your success. We have
reason to hope, that it will be attended with the most important
consequences, more especially, if as we may expect, the Commander in
Chief should be enabled to make a considerable addition to the brave
corps you command.

The enemy have sailed from New York with twentysix ships of the line,
including three of fifty guns, having on board their ships of war five
thousand land forces, in order to attempt the relief of Cornwallis.
For that, happily, they are too late; but as sympathising friends
afford consolation to the distressed, he may possibly derive some
comfort from their sharing, at least in part, his fate.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.


FOOTNOTES:

[20] Although Mr Livingston was appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs
on the 10th of August, he did not enter on the duties of the office
till this day. See his letter to John Adams, in Mr Adams's
_Correspondence_, Vol. VI. p. 178.

       *       *       *       *       *

               TO GOVERNOR GEORGE CLINTON OF NEW YORK.

                                      Philadelphia, October 22d, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

Give me leave to congratulate your Excellency, and through you the
Legislature of our State, on the success of our arms at the southward.
Cornwallis surrendered his army on the 17th of October. Count de
Grasse was employed on the 18th in taking his marines on board, which
I hope, by the blessing of Heaven, will be the prelude to a second
victory.

My removal being far from having in any manner lessened my attachment
to New York, I shall be anxious to hear that the present attempt of
the enemy upon our frontiers, has only added to their disgrace, and
enabled my countrymen to increase the reputation they have so justly
acquired. Your Excellency will do me the honor to give me the earliest
intelligence of the movements of the enemy.

I am, Sir, with the greatest respect and esteem, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                     Philadelphia, October 29th, 1781.

  Sir,

The business of the department in which Congress have been pleased to
place me, rendering it necessary to have recourse to the Secret
Journals, and other books and papers in the possession of their
Secretary, I take the liberty to request them by their order, to
enable Mr Thomson to admit me to examine, and copy from such books of
a secret nature in his possession, as may in anywise relate to the
department of Foreign Affairs.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

               CIRCULAR TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.

                                    Philadelphia, November 12th, 1781.

  Sir,

Congress some time since, called upon the different States to make
returns of the damage done by the enemy within each of them, by the
wanton destruction of property, and no measures, that I can learn,
have as yet been taken to ascertain such damage, though as your
Excellency will easily conceive, it may become an important object of
inquiry, whenever a treaty shall be set on foot for a general
pacification, or be made to answer valuable purposes during the war,
by showing our enemies in their true light to the nations of Europe.

In this view, I think it my duty to endeavor to collect them, and you
will, Sir, I am persuaded, take the necessary measures to send as soon
as possible, returns from the State over which you preside. I could
wish to have the damages, (particularly that to real property,)
ascertained by the affidavits of people of known characters, and
duplicate copies of such affidavits transmitted to my officers, under
the great seal of your State, and, if possible, accompanied with a
short recital of each transaction, so that it may at once appear,
whether the injuries were such as the laws of war justified, or
whether they originated only in the malice and cruelty of the enemy.

Your Excellency will oblige me, and serve the public, by transmitting
to me accounts of every occurrence, in which the United States are
materially interested, which may arise within your government, or
which you may derive from your correspondents abroad.

I have the honor to be, with great respect and esteem, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                    Philadelphia, November 18th, 1781.

  Sir,

The subject mentioned in the letters of Mr Adams, and their
enclosures, requiring their express direction, I humbly submit to the
consideration of Congress.

In Dr Franklin's letter of the 6th of August to Mr Adams, he informs
him, "that he cannot depend on receiving any more money in France
applicable to the support of the Ministers of Congress, and that what
aids are thereafter granted, will probably be transmitted by the
government directly to America." Congress need no arguments to
convince them of the disgrace and danger of permitting their most
confidential servants to be necessitous in a foreign country.

I will with their approbation, concert with the Superintendent of
Finance, the means of supplying our Ministers, Agents, and
Secretaries. But to facilitate these means, and convince the powers to
whom we are indebted for money, that we know the value of their aids,
I would humbly submit to Congress the propriety of practising the
strictest economy, as far as it may be consistent with their honor,
and the justice due to those they employ. That Congress may determine
the more readily whether their establishment will admit of any
reduction, or devise the most effectual means of defraying the expense
of it, I take the liberty to lay before them the annual amount of the
salaries of their servants now abroad.

If I am well informed, it is usual to distinguish the allowances to
Ministers by the expenses of the country in which they live, and the
character they are obliged to support. Such a rule would be
productive of great saving to us, whose policy it is to have agents
without any acknowledged public characters, at Courts which refuse to
receive our Ministers. How far so important a station as that of
Secretary to an Embassy might be supplied by private secretaries with
moderate salaries, at least till the existence of the Embassy was
acknowledged, must be submitted to the wisdom of Congress. Certain it
is, that foreigners who may not be acquainted with the dignified
characters of those we employ abroad as secretaries, will be surprised
to find their emoluments equal, if not exceeding those allowed by the
richest potentates in Europe, and that too, when the great object of
the mission is to represent our wants, and solicit supplies for civil
and military establishments at home.

Perhaps, too, from the ground on which the successful issue of this
campaign has placed us, Congress may see it improper to solicit
Courts, who are so little disposed to serve us as those of Petersburg
and Lisbon, or to expend additional sums of money on agencies to
Russia or Portugal.

Another part of the despatches referred to me, are those that relate
to John Temple, to which Congress alone are competent to give
directions. The reports currently circulated in England relative to
his first mission, his coming by way of New York, his return to
England, his abode there, his present visit to America, render him an
object of attention, not only to the people of this country, but to
those of Europe, and give weight to those suspicions of attachment to
England, which, as it is her policy to keep up, it should be ours on
every occasion to discourage. Congress will judge how far it is proper
to suggest any measures to the State of Massachusetts. I take the
liberty to submit to them, whether at least it would not be expedient
to adopt such resolutions as would leave the Executive of that State
uninfluenced in their conduct towards him, by his being the bearer of
public despatches. Congress will observe, that I have no personal
acquaintance with Mr Temple, nor any knowledge of facts, which would
lead me to suspect his principles, other than the matters, which are
above stated and publicly known.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                    Philadelphia, November 25th, 1781.

  Sir,

I enclose to Congress the heads of the communication, which I had the
honor to make to them on the 23d, as far as I could obtain permission
from the Minister of France to reduce them to writing. There is but
one omission, the reason of which was assigned at the time I made the
verbal communication. I also enclose an extract of a letter from the
Count de Vergennes to the Minister of France, as translated and
communicated to me by him, which I have thought it necessary to submit
to the perusal of the Superintendent of Finance.

I am at a loss to judge whether Congress intended in their reference
of General Duportail's letter, that I should report to them, or write
to Dr Franklin on the subject myself; supposing the latter to have
been the case, I have accordingly written; but lest I may have been
mistaken, I submit my letter to their inspection, and if it is not
conformable to their intentions, I beg to be honored with their
further direction.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

               GENERAL GREENE TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                       Camp Round O, South Carolina, }
                                                December 13th, 1781. }

  Dear Sir,

Your favor of the 22d of October came to hand a day or two since.

I shall be happy to communicate anything from this quarter, that may
be useful to you, or to our affairs abroad, and I have the pleasure to
inform you, that we have complete possession of all the Southern
States, Charleston and Savannah excepted.

Civil government is established in Georgia, and the Assembly of South
Carolina will set the 1st of next month, at Camden. We are making
preparations for the siege of Charleston, and are not altogether
without hopes of obliging the enemy to abandon the place, even if our
good ally should not be able to co-operate with us. The tyrant of
Syracuse was never more odious than the British army in this country.
Even the slaves rejoice, and feel a kind of freedom from oppression,
in the return of their masters.

I beg leave to congratulate you upon our late glorious success in
Virginia, and upon your own appointment of Minister of Foreign
Affairs.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                     NATHANIEL GREENE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                     Philadelphia, January 18th, 1782.

  Sir,

I do myself the honor to submit to the inspection of the United
States, in Congress, an affidavit made by Mr Marshall on the subject
of Mr Deane's letters, and have directed copies of the letters and
affidavit to be made out for the Minister of his Most Christian
Majesty, and the Superintendent of Finance. Measures have long since
been taken to put our Ministers upon their guard against Mr Deane. I
shall add to them, as opportunities offer, the new proofs which these
letters furnish of his defection. Copies will also be sent to the
Governor of Connecticut, unless the Representatives of that State, in
Congress, who propose to make them the ground of judicial proceedings,
should prefer taking copies to be examined and compared with the
original, by a person who could prove such examination, or to
authenticate them in any other way, which will ensure their being
received as evidence conformably to the practice of their Courts.

I had proposed to mention them in my correspondence with the first
Magistrates of the respective States, as affording proofs of the
distant prospect of peace, and the necessity of relying only upon our
own exertions to procure it, but am deterred from this measure, by the
weight which it might possibly give to Mr Deane's ill founded
assertions.

I shall endeavor to conform to the views of the United States, in any
further direction with which they may please to honor me.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

            TO GOVERNOR JONATHAN TRUMBULL OF CONNECTICUT.

                                      Philadelphia, January 22d, 1782.

  Sir,

I do myself the honor to enclose certified copies of two letters from
Silas Deane, which serve in some measure to authenticate those that
have been published in his name, and strongly mark such a change in
his sentiments and principles as is worthy of the attention of the
State of which he is a citizen. The originals are lodged in this
office, to which your Excellency may at any time apply, if such copies
should be required, as would amount to legal evidence; I have also
enclosed a copy of an affidavit of Mr Marshall to prove the identity
of the letters, and his having received them from Silas Deane.

I some time since did myself the honor to write to you, relative to
the damage done by the enemy in your State, to that letter I have not
been as yet favored with an answer. Your Excellency will easily see
the propriety of keeping up a correspondence with this office, since
there are so many inferior objects, which escape the general attention
of Congress, which it may be extremely useful to detail in our
negotiations. Such, for instance, as an authentic account of the
cruelties committed by the British at New Haven. Nor is it of less
moment to be minutely informed by every State of the resources for
carrying on the war, the means used to call out those resources, the
temper and disposition of the people with respect to them. With a view
of obtaining these from you at your leisure, I have taken the liberty
to open this correspondence with your Excellency. I persuade myself
you will not put the trouble it may give you in competition with the
slightest advantage, that our country may obtain from it. I shall in
return give you from time to time, such European news as we may
receive here, which I conceive will contribute either to your
amusement or the advantage of your State.

And as I have nothing positive at present, let me inform you, what I
would wish every State to know, that we have not as yet any
intelligence, that leads to a speedy peace, so that we have every
reason to expect another campaign, and a campaign too, that will call
for our greatest exertions.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                     Philadelphia, January 25th, 1782.

  Sir,

In the first organization of a new Department, some things are
frequently omitted, which experience will show ought to be inserted,
and many inserted which might be omitted; it becomes the duty of
those, who are placed at the head of such Departments, to mention the
difficulties that may arise from these causes, and leave it to the
wisdom of Congress to alter them, or to judge whether they can be
changed without introducing greater inconveniences. Upon this
principle, Sir, I am induced to offer the following observations.

The Secretary of Foreign Affairs is to correspond with the Ministers
of the United States at foreign Courts, and with the Ministers of
foreign powers. This correspondence must necessarily detail such
sentiments as the sovereign wishes to have known, and lead to such
inquiries as they choose to make. An intimate knowledge of their
sentiments is, therefore, absolutely necessary to a discharge of this
duty; and we accordingly find, that the Minister of Foreign Affairs
is, in monarchical governments, considered as the most confidential
servant of the Crown. In Republics, it is much more difficult to
execute this task, as the sentiments of the sovereign sometimes change
with the members, which compose the sovereignty. It is more frequently
unknown, because no occasion offers, on which to call it forth. It is
never perfectly expressed but by some public act. Waiting for this
time, the advantages of embracing a favorable opportunity are
frequency lost. There are numberless minutiae, upon which no act is
formed, and about which, notwithstanding their sentiments should be
known to their Ministers, there are even occasions, in which their
Secretary should speak a sentiment, which it would be improper for
them to declare by a public act.

Congress, sensible of the inconveniency, that the officer intrusted
with the management of their foreign affairs must labor under in the
execution of his duty, without a more perfect knowledge of their
sentiments, than can be obtained from their public acts, have been
pleased to admit him to attend Congress, that (as the ordinance
expresses it,) he may be better informed of the affairs of the United
States, and have an opportunity of explaining his reports respecting
his Department; but here it stops short, and does not say in what
manner he is to gain the sentiments of Congress, when he does himself
the honor to attend upon them. It is true they may in part be
collected from an attention to the debates, but it often so happens,
that the debate does not take the turn that he would wish, in order to
satisfy a doubt, and he goes away, after hearing a subject largely
discussed, ignorant of the only point upon which he wishes to be
informed, when perhaps by a single question, his doubt might be
removed, or by a word of information, which he has the best means of
acquiring, a debate might be shortened.

It is true the power of explaining his reports given by the ordinance,
seems to imply a permission to offer his sentiments when they are
under consideration, but as I do not wish to assume a liberty which is
not expressly given, I must beg the sentiments of Congress on this
subject. The ordinance is also deficient, in not affording a power to
the Secretary of Foreign Affairs to take order upon the application
either of foreigners, or subjects, relative to matters not of
sufficient moment to engage the attention of Congress; as for
instance, applications for aid in procuring the release of an
American, taken under particular circumstances in English ships, and
confined in the French West Indies or elsewhere; claims upon prizes
carried into the French Islands, &c., which cases occur every day, and
are attended with long memorials, which would take up much of the time
and attention of Congress.

As I have hitherto taken the liberty to transact business of this kind
with the Minister of his Most Christian Majesty, and the Governors or
Generals of the French Islands, I wish to be justified in so doing by
the orders of Congress. As a check upon myself, I keep a book, though
it is attended with much labor, in which all such applications, and
the steps taken in consequence thereof, are inserted at length.

The organization of this office will, too, I presume, render some
alteration necessary in matters of form and ceremony as heretofore
settled by Congress in conformity to the practice of other nations,
and to enable us to avail ourselves of the advantages they sometimes
afford in creating useful delays, and concealing for political reasons
the views of the sovereign.

Congress having vested me with the power of appointing clerks, I have
appointed two gentlemen, in whose integrity and abilities I can
confide. These are barely sufficient to do the running business of the
office, which is much greater than I imagined it would be, five
copies, besides the draft being necessary for every foreign letter or
paper transmitted. To copy all the letters, which have hitherto been
received, with the Secret Journals and other extracts from the books
and files of Congress, though absolutely necessary, both for order and
security, will be impossible, without further aid for at least one
year. Congress have not, indeed, limited the number I may employ, nor
have they fixed their salaries, upon both of which I could wish for
their direction. An interpreter is so necessary, both for this
Department and the Admiralty, that I cannot but recommend to Congress
the appointment of one, from whom, if a man in whom I could confide, I
might receive assistance as a Secretary when hurried with business.

It may possibly be expected, Sir, that I should close this long letter
by a report on the matters it contains, but as it is a delicate
subject to point out a mode for extending my own powers, I only beg
leave to recommend the enclosed resolve.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO MAJOR GENERAL GREENE.

                            Office of Foreign Affairs, Philadelphia, }
                                                 January 31st, 1782. }

  Dear Sir,

I was this day favored with yours of the 13th ultimo. I need not tell
you, that the intelligence it conveyed, and the spirit in which it was
written, afforded me the most sensible pleasure. The idea it holds
forth of an attempt upon Charleston, and the prospect of success in
it, is one that we dare not indulge here, more especially as troops
have sailed from New York, and as we presume to Charleston, but you
have taught us rather to measure your success by your genius than by
your means.

I wish it were in my power to tell you, that our accounts from Europe
were proportionate to our expectations. The combined fleets, as you
know, have returned and separated, without having effected anything.
The British are again masters of the ocean. Gibraltar is a rock, on
which all the exertions of Spain seem to split, and the siege of fort
St Philip seems to be carried on in the most energetic manner. We have
no prospect of forming an alliance, either with Spain or Holland, who
both appear to sigh for peace. Our loan on the guarantee of France
with the last, is nearly completed. But what is not a little
unsatisfactory, it is also nearly expended by advances, which France
has made us on the credit of it. From Spain we are likely to get
nothing.

The negotiations for a peace are entirely, at a stand; the mediating
powers have no interest in wishing it, and the belligerent nations are
neither of them sufficiently weakened to request their interposition.
The Count de Vergennes assures us, that Britain will still make the
most vigorous exertions. I mention these circumstances not only for
your information, but that you may make the proper use of them in
animating the exertions of the Southern States. It is the misfortune
of America to presume too much upon each dawning of success, and to
believe that peace must tread upon the heels of every little
advantage, instead of being taught by her own struggles and
difficulties, that every nation has resources, that surpass the
expectations of its enemies.

Would to God that you could be enabled, by the animated efforts of the
Southern States, to expel the enemy from them without the aid of our
allies. This would re-establish our character for activity in Europe,
where I am sorry to say, it has for some time past been upon the
decline, and I do sincerely believe, that co-operating with the
brilliant successes of the last fall, it would incline the enemy to
peace, without which I have no expectations of it. But I fear this is
rather to be wished for than expected.

Domestic news we have none, but what Colonel Ternant will give, or you
may collect from the enclosed papers.

If anything turns up worth your notice, you shall hear from me. I
flatter myself that you will think with me, that our distance is too
great to wait for the ceremony of answer and reply, and favor me with
a line as occasion offers.

I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

           CIRCULAR LETTER TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.

                                    Philadelphia, February 18th, 1782.

  Sir,

I do myself the honor to transmit to your Excellency several
resolutions of Congress, which having a reference to the Department of
Foreign Affairs, are in course to go through this office. The
necessity of carrying them into effect is too obvious to need
observations.

While we hold an intercourse with civilised nations, we must conform
to laws, which humanity has established, and which custom has
consecrated among them. On this the rights, which the United States or
their citizens may claim in foreign countries must be founded.

One of the resolutions passed Congress in consequence of a convention
about to be concluded between his Most Christian Majesty and the
United States of America, which affords an additional reason for
paying it the earliest attention. Your Excellency and the Legislature
will see the propriety of rendering the laws on these subjects as
simple, and the execution of them as expeditious, as possible, since
foreigners, who are the great object of them, are easily disgusted at
complex systems, which they find a difficulty in understanding, and
the honor and peace of a nation are frequently as much wounded by a
delay as by a denial of justice.

Another resolution relates to your boundaries, and is designed as one
means of ascertaining the territorial rights of the United States
collectively, which can only be accurately known by each State's
exhibiting its claims, and the evidence on which they found them. Your
Excellency will therefore be pleased to direct, authentic copies from
your records of all grants, charters, maps, treaties with the natives,
and other evidences, to be transmitted to this office, as soon as you
can conveniently collect them. I could wish, that the copies might be
proved, by having the great seal of your State annexed.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                TO GOVERNOR RUTLEGE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

                            Office of Foreign Affairs, Philadelphia, }
                                                February 19th, 1782. }

  Dear Sir,

I wish to avail myself of the opportunity Colonel Ternant affords me,
to convey the agreeable intelligence contained in the enclosed letter
from Mr Harrison, our agent at Cadiz. Many other objects present
themselves, on which I would write could I do it without detaining
Colonel Ternant, who only waits for this.

I propose to have the honor of writing more at large by the next safe
conveyance. In the meanwhile, I should consider it as a favor, which
might be rendered useful to the public, as well as agreeable to me, if
your Excellency would open a correspondence with this office, in which
an exact state of affairs in the government, over which you preside
ought to be detailed, which could not fail to have some influence in
the direction of our foreign affairs.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

           CIRCULAR LETTER TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.

                                    Philadelphia, February 19th, 1782.

  Sir,

Where a Government is composed of independent States, united not by
the power of a sovereign but by their common interest, the Executive
Departments form a centre of communication between each State and
their Chief Council, and are so far links of the chain, which should
bind them together, as they render to each similar views of great
national objects, and introduce uniformity in their measures for the
establishment of general interests. A mistaken idea of our own
importance to other nations, of their attachment to us, and of the
weakness of our common enemy, having lulled us into a very imprudent
security, I beg leave to state to your Excellency the information last
received from Europe. Our success in this important war, under the
favor of Heaven, must be built upon the weakness of our enemy, the
strength and perseverance of her foes in Europe, and our own
exertions.

It is an undeniable fact, that Britain has not, in the course of the
last campaign, gained any advantage of her enemies, but, on the
contrary, has seen their fleets ride triumphant in the seas, she
proudly called her own, and an army, in which she placed her fondest
hopes, made captive. But, on the other hand, we are compelled to
admit, that she has met with no such reverse of fortune as materially
to debilitate her, or weaken her resources for another campaign. Her
trade has, for the most part, returned in safety. Her fleets have
blocked up those of the Dutch, and, upon the separation of the
combined fleets, recovered the superiority in the European seas. The
army taken in America is only so far decidedly ruinous to her affairs
here, as we know how to avail ourselves of the advantage it affords.

That her pride is not humbled, that she did not wish for peace prior
to this advantage, is obvious, 1st. From her refusing to make a
separate treaty with the Dutch, who, under the mediation of the
Empress of Russia, seemed anxiously to wish it; 2dly. From her neglect
to notice the last proposals of the mediating powers, which yet remain
unanswered; so that if any alteration is made in their sentiments oh
this subject, they must originate in their ill success in America, for
in every other quarter their defensive war seems to have been
supported with advantage. How far this will operate admits of a doubt,
which prudence directs us not to rely upon. Money, the great support
of modern wars, has been raised with more facility in England, than in
any country in the world; and we find the minority last year censuring
Lord North for giving the advantage of lending to his friends. Their
losses may indeed render subscriptions more expensive to the public;
but there is no well grounded room to suppose they will not fill up;
and still less reason to believe, if the means for carrying on the war
are attainable, that the vindictive spirit of the King and his
ministry, and the overweening pride of the nation, will soon yield to
make a peace, which involves their disgrace and humiliation. But as
strength or weakness are mere comparative terms, we can form no
judgment of the measures of Britain but by attending to the force and
disposition of her enemies.

The United Provinces were evidently dragged into the war, and have
prosecuted it as if they momentarily expected a peace. The Colonies in
the West Indies have been taken, without being in a state to make the
smallest resistance, and the active interposition of France alone
saved those in the East from sharing the same fate. Our last letters
from Holland place the distress of their commerce in a strong point of
view. They are unhappily rent by parties, which clog the wheels of
government; though it is said the party opposed to England are the
most numerous and growing in strength, so that at some future day we
may reasonably hope they will assume the entire ascendency; yet we can
build very little on this, till the close of another year. This much
is certain, they are not yet allied to us, nor have they given us
reason to believe, that they intend to be so. They wish for peace, and
will take no measures that can obstruct it. They have lent us no
money, nor are they likely to do it; from whence we may presume,
either that they doubt our success, or do not much interest themselves
in it.

Our expectations from Spain are scarcely more flattering. Some little
aids of money have been received after long solicitation, hardly so
much as paid the expense of soliciting. We have reason to suppose that
no more will be granted. They are still cold with regard to our
alliance; nothing but brilliant success can bring it to a conclusion.
Nor have we the smallest reason to expect any pecuniary aid from her,
even if she should confederate with us in time to be of use for the
next campaign. She has at this moment very many and very expensive
operations on hand; and, till she has allied herself to us, we have no
certainty that she will choose to continue the war for the attainment
of our independence, if Britain should be sufficiently humbled to
sacrifice to her the objects which led her into the war.

To France, then, we turn, as the only enemy of Great Britain, who is
at the same time our ally, who will persevere in the war for the
attainment of our independence. She has already done so much for us,
in order to afford us the means of doing something for ourselves, that
she may reasonably hope to find the effects of her benevolence. Her
fleets have protected our coasts, her armies have fought our battles;
she has made various efforts to restore our finances, by paying the
interest of our loans, by obtaining credit in Europe on our account
for clothing, arms, and necessaries; by advancing money, and by
opening and guaranteeing a loan for us, to a considerable amount in
Holland, when, by the abolition of paper, our finances were totally
deranged. These sums are nearly expended, and another campaign is
about to be opened. France assures, that it is not in her power to
make us any further grants of money, her ministers repeat this to us
in every letter, in a tone that persuades us of their determination on
that point.

What then is to be done? Are we to relinquish the hopes, which the
present debility of the enemy affords us of expelling them by one
decided effort, and compensating all our losses by the enjoyment of an
active commerce? Are we to return to the wretched, oppressive system
we have quitted? Are we to carry on a weak defensive war with an
unpaid army, whose precarious subsistence must depend upon what can be
torn by violence from the industrious husbandman? Shall we vainly, and
I think disgracefully, supplicate all the powers of Europe for those
means, which we have in our own hands, if we dare call them forth, and
which, after all, must be called forth if we continue the war, (and
upon that subject there can be no doubt, till the end for which we
took up arms is attained.) The only question is, whether each State
shall fairly and regularly contribute its quota, or whether that which
happens to be the seat of war shall (as has too often been the case)
bear the whole burden, and suffer more from the necessities of our own
troops, than the ravages of the enemy. Whether we shall drive the
enemy from their posts with a strong body of regular troops, or
whether we shall permit them to extend their devastations, while, with
our battalions and fluctuating corps of militia, we protract a weak
defensive war, till our allies are discouraged, and some unfavorable
change takes place in the system of Europe.

Your Excellency, I am persuaded, will pardon the freedom with which I
write. You see the necessity which dictates my letter, and were it in
my power to communicate all that our friends in Europe think of our
inactivity, I am persuaded you would urge your State to exertion in
much stronger terms than I dare venture to use.

When Congress call upon a State for supplies, they are usually
answered by pleas of disability, urged, too, by the State with good
faith, and a firm persuasion that they speak their real situation, a
recurrence to facts, that have passed under their own observation,
will convince them that they are deceived.

From the time that the depreciation of the Continental bills of credit
began, till they were no longer current, the States that received them
paid a tax equal to all the expenditures of the army, and a very
considerable one beyond it; for if we suppose ten millions of dollars,
in specie, a year, to be necessary for their support, then the
expense, till the close of the campaign of 1779, must have amounted to
upwards of fifty millions, exclusive of the supplies from Europe; and
yet, in March, 1780, the whole national debt contracted in America did
not, in fact, amount to five millions; so that forty five millions
were paid by the United States in those five years of the war, when
they had the least commerce and agriculture, and when they were most
distressed by the enemy; and this tax, too, was the most unjust and
partial that can be conceived, unless we except that, by which we have
since raised much more from the people, without giving so much to the
public; I mean the laws for impressing, &c., which placed the greatest
burden of the war upon the shoulders of a particular order of men in
particular States only.

Now surely, if by partial and unjust measures, for which necessity
alone can plead, we have been able to draw from every State, a tax
more than equal to the present demand, no State can say, that it
cannot afford its proportion of a more equitable tax. Those who have
hitherto borne the weight of the war, must warmly espouse a measure,
which is so greatly calculated for their relief. Those who have
hitherto been eased from the burden, must be more able to take it up
at this time, when they have the most promising expectation of
relinquishing it soon.

It is certain, that if we put ourselves in a state to take advantage
of circumstances early in the ensuing spring, we have the best
grounded reason to hope, that a few months will remove the war from
our doors. Whereas if we delay to enable Congress to say to their
allies, "we are ready for an effectual co-operation with any force you
may send," they will turn their attention to other objects, and leave
us to lament in vain the opportunities we have lost. Every motive
then, national honor, national interest, public economy, private ease,
and that love of freedom, which pervades every Legislature on the
Continent, call loudly not only for a compliance with the
requisitions of Congress, but for so early a compliance as to render
it effectual.

It is true we are at present in such a situation as to have no
apprehensions for the final establishment of our independence; but
surely it is a matter of some moment to us, whether we shall obtain
it, or at least be freed from the ravages of the enemy and the burden
of the war in the course of six months at the expense of eight
millions of dollars, or whether we shall wait for it till a general
and perhaps a distant peace, and be subject in the meanwhile to
infinitely more expense, and all the distress that attends a country
which is the seat of war.

But, Sir, it is time to dismiss a subject, which wants no arguments to
illustrate it. I am confident that you will use every means to
convince the State over which you preside, of the danger which will
result from relying more upon the weakness of the enemy than their own
strength, more upon the aid of their allies than their own exertions,
more upon unjust, partial, hazardous, and expensive expedients, than
upon an equal and regular support of the measures, which Congress,
upon the most mature deliberation have recommended to their attention.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                       Office of Foreign Affairs, February 21st, 1782.

  Sir,

I do myself the honor to lay before Congress the enclosed note from
the Minister of France, a letter from the Marquis de Bouille with
translations of both, and the proceedings of the Council of Assembly
of Dominique; all of which relate to the case of the ship Resolution's
cargo, part of which was adjudged lawful prize by the sentence of the
Court of Appeals; and the case of the brigantine Eeirsten and her
cargo, which was also adjudged lawful prize by the said Court.[21]

The case of the ship Resolution, as far as I have been able to learn,
was simply this, she was a Dutch vessel, freighted on account of
capitulants at Dominique, and bound for Holland, agreeably to the
seventh Article of the capitulation. She was taken by a British ship,
retaken by one of our privateers, and condemned by the Court of
Admiralty of this State, whose decree was reversed and the ship and
cargo acquitted, except a small part of the latter, on the principle
of its not being the property of capitulants, and because, as was
alleged, it was not protected by the ordinances of Congress, approving
the principles of the armed neutrality, Great Britain and Holland
being at open war; from whence it was inferred by the Court, that the
Dutch vessel could not be considered as sufficiently neutral to
protect the property of an enemy. The papers referred to in the
memorial of the Minister of France serve to show, that the whole cargo
belonged to capitulants.

The other vessel, the Eeirsten, was purchased in London by a company
of Imperial subjects residing at Ostend, freighted in England with
British property for the use of the capitulants at Dominique. The
vessel sailed from London, and on her way to Dominique touched at the
port of Ostend, for the purpose of converting her English papers into
German. In the passage from Ostend to Dominique, this brigantine was
taken by an American privateer, carried into Boston and acquitted,
with her cargo; but the Judges of Appeals have condemned as lawful
prize, both vessel and cargo. They consider the cargo as unprotected
by the capitulation of Dominique. They consider the vessel as carrying
on a trade advantageous to the enemy, in contravention to the
seventeenth Article of the capitulation; that she forfeited the right
of neutrality by not showing an exact _impartiality_ to the
belligerent powers; and because she had false and colorable papers on
board, with a view to give the cargo the appearance of neutral
property. They allow, that a vessel under their circumstances is to be
considered as an enemy's, and that by the law of nations, they should
be subject to seizure and confiscation. They consider the cargo as
unprotected by the laws of Congress, because (as they affirm) this
vessel cannot be thought to be strictly _neutral_, that Congress meant
to pay a regard to _right_ of neutrality, that the _right of
neutrality_ only extends _protection_ to the effects and goods of an
enemy in neutral bottoms, not engaged in the violation of this right.
I have sent the seventh and seventeenth Articles of the capitulation
for the information of Congress.

From this statement Congress will judge of the expediency of directing
a rehearing in both cases. In the first, it seems to be dictated by a
regard for justice upon the new proofs. And in the second, the
reasoning, which determined the Court, does not appear to be so
conclusive as to render it improper in so intricate a case, more
particularly as our situation with respect to the Emperor is
peculiarly delicate; from which consideration, as well as from the
respect which is due to the representation of the Minister of his Most
Christian Majesty, I am humbly of opinion that a rehearing ought to be
granted, and that in the meanwhile the officers of the Court should be
directed to retain in their hands the proceeds of the vessel and
cargo.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.


FOOTNOTES:

[21] See an account of these ships in _M. de la Luzerne's
Correspondence_, above, pp. 66-72.

       *       *       *       *       *

          REGULATIONS FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

                                      In Congress, February 22d, 1782.

On the report of a committee, consisting of Mr Ellery, Mr Randolph,
and Mr Eveleigh, to whom was referred a letter of the 25th of January,
from the Secretary of Foreign Affairs respecting his department,

Resolved, that the Department of Foreign Affairs be under the
direction of such officer as the United States, in Congress assembled,
have already for that purpose appointed, or shall hereafter appoint,
who shall be styled, "Secretary to the United States of America for
the Department of Foreign Affairs," shall reside where Congress, or
the Committee of the States, shall sit, and hold his office during the
pleasure of Congress.

That the books, records, and other papers of the United States that
relate to this department, be committed to his custody, to which, and
all other papers of his office, any member of Congress shall have
access; provided that no copy shall be taken of matters of a secret
nature without the special leave of Congress.

That the correspondence and communications with the Ministers,
Consuls, and Agents of the United States in foreign countries, and
with the Ministers and other officers of foreign powers with Congress,
be carried on through the office of foreign affairs by the said
Secretary, who is also empowered to correspond with all other persons
from whom he may expect to receive useful information relative to his
department; provided always, that letters to Ministers of the United
States, or Ministers of foreign powers, which have a direct reference
to treaties or conventions proposed to be entered into, or
instructions relative thereto, or other great national subjects, shall
be submitted to the inspection, and receive the approbation of
Congress before they shall be transmitted.

That the Secretary for the Department of Foreign Affairs correspond
with the Governors or Presidents of all, or any of the United States,
affording them such information from his department as may be useful
to their States or to the United States, stating complaints that may
have been urged against the government of any of the said States, or
the subjects thereof, by the subjects of foreign powers, so that
justice may be done agreeably to the laws of such state, or the charge
proved to be groundless, and the honor of the government vindicated.

He shall receive the applications of all foreigners relative to his
department, which are designed to be submitted to Congress, and advise
the mode in which the memorials and evidence shall be stated, in
order to afford Congress the most comprehensive view of the subject;
and if he conceives it necessary, accompany such Memorial with his
report thereon.

He may concert measures with the Ministers or officers of foreign
powers, amicably to procure the redress of private injuries, which any
citizen of the United States may have received from a foreign power,
or the subjects thereof, making minutes of all his transactions
relative thereto, which have passed on such occasions.

He shall report on all cases expressly referred to him for that
purpose by Congress, and on all others touching his department, in
which he may conceive it necessary. And that he may acquire that
intimate knowledge of the sentiments of Congress, which is necessary
for his direction, he may at all times attend upon Congress; and shall
particularly attend when summoned or ordered by the President.

He may give information to Congress respecting his department, explain
and answer objections to his reports when under consideration, if
required by a member, and no objection be made by Congress.

He shall answer to such inquiries respecting his department as may be
put from the chair by order of Congress, and to questions stated in
writing about matters of fact, which lie within his knowledge, when
put by the President at the request of a member, and not disapproved
of by Congress. The answers to such questions may, at the option of
the Secretary, be delivered by him in writing.

He shall have free access to the papers and records of the United
States in the custody of their Secretary, or in the offices of
finance and war and elsewhere. He may be furnished with copies, or
take extracts therefrom, when he shall find it necessary.

He shall use means to obtain from the Ministers and agents of the
United States in foreign countries, an abstract of their present
state, their commerce, finances, naval and military strength, and the
characters of Sovereigns and Ministers, and every other political
information, which may be useful to the United States. All letters to
sovereign powers, letters of credence, plans of treaties, conventions,
manifestoes, instructions, passports, safe conducts, and other acts of
Congress relative to the Department of Foreign Affairs, when the
substance thereof shall have been previously agreed to in Congress,
shall be reduced to form in the office of Foreign Affairs, and
submitted to the opinion of Congress; and when passed, signed, and
attested, sent to the office of Foreign Affairs, to be countersigned
and forwarded. If an original paper is of such a nature as cannot be
safely transmitted without cyphers, a copy in cyphers, signed by the
Secretary for the Department of Foreign Affairs, shall be considered
as authentic, and the Ministers of the United States at foreign Courts
may govern themselves thereby in the like manner as if the originals
had been transmitted. And for the better execution of the duties
hereby assigned him, he is authorised to appoint a Secretary, and one,
or if necessary more clerks, to assist him in the business of his
office.

Resolved, That the salaries annexed to this department shall be as
follows;

To the Secretary of the United States for the Department of Foreign
Affairs, the sum of four thousand dollars per annum, exclusive of
office expenses, to commence from the first day of October last.

To the Secretary, one thousand dollars per annum.

To the clerks, each five hundred dollars per annum.

Resolved, That the Secretary for the Department of Foreign Affairs,
and each of the persons employed under him, shall take an oath before
a Judge of the State where Congress shall sit, for the faithful
discharge of their respective trusts, and an oath of fidelity to the
United States, before they enter upon office.

Resolved, That the act of the 10th of January, 1781, respecting the
Department of Foreign Affairs, be and hereby is repealed.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                        Office of Foreign Affairs, February 23d, 1782.

  Sir,

The resolution passed by Congress on the 22d of February, for the more
perfect organization of the Department of Foreign Affairs, having no
reference to the time past in fixing the salaries of the secretaries
or clerks, I am left without a rule for that purpose, but presume as I
have had two gentlemen employed for some time, without any distinction
of rank, that no objection will lie to my giving them orders for the
time that they have served at the rate of seven hundred and fifty
dollars a year each.

I am sorry to be the means of taking up a moment of the time of
Congress, but find myself embarrassed by their present arrangement,
which fixes one secretary, and reduces the other gentleman in the
office to the rank of a common clerk. If no material objection should
lie against the measure, I would propose, as the business of the
office naturally divides itself into two branches, foreign and
domestic, that instead of a secretary there should be two under
secretaries, whose rank and pay shall be settled according to their
merit and abilities by the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, provided that
the pay of both taken together shall not exceed the sum of fifteen
hundred dollars; this will not only be an incitement to diligence and
attention, but possibly enable me to procure two persons, in whose
integrity and abilities I can confide, instead of a common clerk,
without increasing the expense of the department.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                       Office of Foreign Affairs, February 26th, 1782.

  Sir,

I am somewhat at a loss to determine upon what principle the petition
of John Jordan and others, was referred to me, but presume, that it
was with a view to obtain from me such information relative to the
distribution of the prize money arising from the prizes taken by the
Bon Homme Richard, as the papers in this office can afford.

There were no papers relative to this transaction in this office; but
among those of the Board of Admiralty, I find a letter from Dr
Franklin to Francis Lewis, dated the 17th of March last, covering some
inquiries on this subject, and a copy of a _Concordat_ entered into by
John Paul Jones, commanding the Bon Homme Richard; Pierre Landais,
captain of the Alliance; Dennis Nicolas Cottineau, captain of the
Pallas; Joseph Varage, captain of the Cerf; and Philip Nicolas Ricot,
captain of the Vengeance; by which, among other things, they agree to
divide their prizes, agreeably to the American regulations, as they
sailed under American colors and commissions; and constituted M.
Chaumont their agent to receive and distribute the prize money in
behalf of the crew of each ship, and to be answerable for it in his
own private name.

From Dr Franklin's letter, it appears that the whole of the prizes
belonged to the captors; that the King offered to purchase the ships
of war they had taken, according to an established rate; that the
seamen objected to it, and chose they should be sold at vendue; that
this occasioned a delay in the sale; that he does not know the amount
of the value of the prizes, nor whether they were distributed, which
he considers as a private transaction between the officers and crews
of the ships and M. Chaumont.

From this state of facts, Congress will judge if anything more can be
done relative to the claim of three of the petitioners to their share
of the value of the prizes, (the fourth being out of the question)
than to assist them in the mode of authenticating the evidence of
their being entitled thereto, and to forward it with powers of
attorney to the Consul of the United States in France. This I will
readily do for them, and write to Mr Barclay on the subject, without
any express direction from Congress, when the petitioners shall call
at this office.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

             TO ROBERT SMITH, COMMERCIAL AGENT AT HAVANA.

                                    Philadelphia, February 26th, 1782.

  Sir,

Your letter to the Superintendent of Finance was received, and
referred by Congress to this office, when upon mature deliberation it
was determined for various political reasons, not to recommend the
issuing of any commissions for letters of marque, or reprisals from
any of the Spanish Islands. Congress having considered these reasons,
came into this view, and passed the resolution, which I enclose in
pursuance of their orders.

It is expected, that the several Consuls and agents of Congress,
wherever settled, will keep up a regular and constant correspondence
with me, in order that the United States, in Congress, may have the
fullest information of every transaction in which they may be
materially concerned. This task I dare say you will readily impose
upon yourself, when you reflect on the advantages that may result from
it. The points on which I shall chiefly trouble you for information,
are the naval and military strength of the Island at the time you
write, not merely as to the number of ships and men, but their actual
state of preparation for defensive or offensive operations, their
stations, their prospects and designs, as far as you can learn them.
At your leisure, I wish to have an account of the population, militia,
commerce, husbandry, and revenue of the Island, the sentiments of the
people with respect to this war, and everything else you may deem
curious or interesting.

If a paper is printed at the Havana, you will be pleased to send it to
me by every opportunity. I need not suggest to you the necessity of
preparing your letters, so that they may be sunk in case of danger,
when they contain anything which may be of use to the enemy.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                     TO DON FRANCISCO RENDON.[22]

                                        Philadelphia, March 6th, 1782.

  Sir,

I will with pleasure give you such information on the subjects you
write upon, as I can with propriety mention to a gentleman of whose
attachment I entertain no doubt, but who has, nevertheless, given me
no reason to think, that his inquiries have any farther object than
his personal satisfaction.

1. In answer to the first question, I can only inform you, that
Congress have voted thirtysix thousand infantry, which, with the
cavalry and artillery, will amount to about forty thousand men. It is
not probable, however, that the whole of this number will be raised; I
think it would be prudent to make a deduction of about one fourth. But
you have been too long in this country to form any judgment of the
strength of our army from the regular establishment, since it has
been, and always will be increased (more particularly in the Northern
States) by large bodies of militia, when their apprehensions, or the
hope of splendid advantages shall call them forth. Of this, the events
of the year 1777, among others, afford the most striking evidence.

2. It is not expected, that in the present situation of the country,
the whole sum of eight millions of dollars can be raised in time. What
the deficiency will be, must depend on the motions and strength of our
enemy early the next spring; the success of our commerce; the
remittances that shall be made to this country by our allies, which,
being expended here, may, by frequent taxes, be brought into the
public treasury, and repeatedly applied to public use.

3. The resources of the next campaign lay in taxation, in the
strictest economy, and in the assistance which we may reasonably hope
to receive from the enemies of Great Britain, while we are making
every exertion in the common cause. We flatter ourselves, that those
powers who wish for peace, and who see America as the great object in
Britain, in carrying on the war, will not suffer it to be lengthened
out beyond the present year, when, by a moderate supply to us, they
can terminate it in the course of one campaign. We form some
expectations from the wisdom and generosity of Spain; and as we know
she has the means, so we cannot suppose she can want the inclination
to promote her own interests, and insure the esteem and gratitude of a
rising nation, whose commerce and alliance cannot but be important
from the situation of her Colonies.

4. This question is answered above, only it may be proper to observe,
that if, in this reasonable expectation, America should be
disappointed, she will still find resources in herself, not indeed to
expel the enemy, but to preclude them from extending their conquests,
and to compel them to offer her such terms as are necessary for her
security, though perhaps short of her wishes.

5. The commercial connexion between the United States and Spain, will
naturally be very extensive, if it meets with the least
encouragement. The Spanish Islands will be supplied with provisions
from them, at such easy rates as must give them great advantages in
the cultivation of sugars, for which America will afford a
considerable market; fish, lumber, and iron will also be exported to
them if it should be permitted; and salt, as well as sugar, brought
back in return, if the duties should be lowered, or a drawback allowed
on the exportation. Our trade with Spain will consist chiefly in naval
stores, masts, iron, furs, fish, and tobacco; in return for which we
shall take the produce and manufactures of Spain of almost every kind.

6. It is impossible for the United States to use means to prevent an
illicit commerce with the Spanish Colonies, without interfering in
their internal regulations. All they can do, is, to consider the
regulations made for that purpose as binding upon their subjects, and
not to demand satisfaction if they suffer by the penalties, which the
laws attempted to be infringed, may impose. To this they will not
object, while the punishment is reasonable, and not confined to crimes
committed within the jurisdiction of the power imposing it. If it is
extended further, such further extension must depend upon treaties
between the United States and Spain, and will be the subject of
discussion whenever such treaty shall be set on foot.

7. Spain will be allowed, without the least difficulty, either to
purchase vessels built in America, or to appoint agents of her own for
building vessels of any kind, as well as for arming them, if she
thinks proper, from the iron founderies, which are lately erected
here, and which will continue to increase in proportion to the
encouragement which shall be given them.

The last question must be referred to a general treaty, and is of such
a nature as not to be properly answered here.[23]

I am, with great regard and esteem,

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.


FOOTNOTES:

[22] A Spanish gentleman residing in Philadelphia, and apparently
intrusted with some kind of agency by the Spanish government.

[23] The question here referred to is as follows; "In case that Spain
succeeds in conquering East Florida, what will be the pretensions of
Congress in regard to the Southern boundaries of Georgia?"

       *       *       *       *       *

                         TO JOHN PAUL JONES.

                                       Philadelphia, April 17th, 1782.

  Sir,

I enclose an extract from a protest made by Captain A. de Neef,
commanding the brigantine Berkenbosch, which has been transmitted to
Congress, and by them to me, in order that I might inquire into the
facts therein alleged. I must beg the favor of you to state them to me
as far as they come within your knowledge, that measures may be taken
to vindicate your reputation, and that of the American flag, if, as I
presume, the charges are ill founded, or to repair any injury, which
you may undesignedly have occasioned him.

Complaints have been made to Congress by officers and men, who
formerly belonged to the crew of the Bon Homme Richard, and the
Alliance frigate, of their not having yet been able to obtain the
share of prize money due to them; in consequence of which Congress
have directed me to draw a memorial to the Court of France, praying
its interposition, in obtaining justice for them. As this whole
business, as far as I can collect from the _Concordat_ entered into
by you and the gentlemen commanding the other vessels under your
command, appears to have been a private transaction, I am at a loss
upon what to ground an application to the Court, more particularly as
neither of the parties have as yet called upon this office with proof
of their having applied to M. Chaumont, or been denied justice by him.
You will oblige me by giving me all the light in your power upon this
subject, if possible, by the next post.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                THOMAS S. LEE TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                              Annapolis, in Council, April 19th, 1782.

  Sir,

We have been duly honored with your several letters of the 12th of
November, 1781, and the 18th and 19th of February, 1782, which shall
be laid before our Assembly, at their meeting the 25th of the present
month, when, we doubt not, their very important contents will meet
with the consideration they so well deserve.

Whenever we are possessed of anything, in which the United States are
materially interested, we shall with great pleasure communicate it.

The document you require, in consequence of the resolution of
Congress, enclosed in the letter of the 18th of February, shall be
properly authenticated, and transmitted as soon as the whole can be
collected.

We have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        THOMAS S. LEE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                ROBERT MORRIS TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                  Office of Finance, April 27th, 1782.

  Sir,

His Excellency, the Minister of France, having informed on the part of
his Court, that no extraordinary sums will be paid to the Ministers of
the United States in Europe, I must request that you will furnish me
with an account of their several salaries, payable to the foreign
Ministers and their Secretaries, and I will make out bills in your
favor on the banker of the United States in Paris for the last
quarter, commencing with the present year. I must at the same time
pray, you will require of those gentlemen, the state of their several
accounts with the public for salaries, that the whole may be adjusted,
and all future expenses of that sort be classed under the proper head
of the Department of Foreign Affairs.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

           CIRCULAR LETTER TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.

                Office of Foreign Affairs, Philadelphia, May 2d, 1782.

  Sir,

The enclosed resolution of Congress will explain the cause of this
letter. The information it refers to, is an assurance that Britain had
absolutely declined any interference of the mediating powers between
them and what they call their rebel subjects. They persist on every
occasion in representing us as a divided people, who anxiously wish
to return to our connexion with England. In this they have two objects
equally important to them. 1st. They encourage England to continue a
war, which they expect to see terminated by our own weariness and
languor; and 2dly. They put such a face upon their affairs as will
entitle them on a negotiation to make demands at our expense, which
they would not presume to think of, if the mediators were acquainted
with our firm resolution never to return to our obedience to their
Government. Besides which, they cast a degree of odium upon the
conduct of France, representing it as the support of a discontented
faction, rather than as the generous ally of an oppressed nation.

There is reason to apprehend, that in order the better to secure the
advantages of this deceitful policy to themselves, they will make
proffers to each of the United States. If any of them should listen to
them, (which cannot, however, be presumed,) they will urge this, as a
proof of their assertions, even if they should decline receiving their
proposals and refer them to Congress, as from the nature of our Union
they undoubtedly must; still as the result of the experiment cannot be
known for some time in Europe, they will avail themselves of it in
part, if negotiations should open.

This artifice of the enemy may be counteracted in two ways, both of
which deserve the serious attention of your Legislature. The first and
most important is, by making such exertions to procure a respectable
army early in the season, that the mediators casting their eyes upon
the muster rolls, may there read a full refutation of all that
British artifice can suggest. I need not observe, that this measure
must go hand in hand with taxation, since an army without the means of
supporting it, would only increase our evils. The second is to
anticipate the attempt of Great Britain by such resolutions as the
information contained in this letter suggests, resolutions which
strongly mark a spirited determination in the Legislature of each
State to listen to no negotiations, except through the intervention of
Congress, which manifest their attachment to the independence of their
country, and inviolable regard to the faith they have pledged to each
other, and to their allies. These may either prevent the attempt I
apprehend, or arrive in time to counteract this effect, which the
false expectations built thereon might otherwise have in Europe.

I mention this to your Excellency without any express direction from
Congress. It is more than probable, that your judgment, and the zeal
and wisdom of the Legislature, may improve these loose hints to the
general advantage of the United States. I have the pleasure of
assuring your Excellency and the Legislature, that the fairest
prospects are now before us of terminating the war by a single
exertion, though I am not at liberty to say, that the plan of the
ensuing campaign is absolutely determined on, yet I have great reason
to believe, that we shall receive such powerful military aid, as, with
becoming exertions on our part, will free every State in the Union
from the grasp of the enemy.

Here, Sir, I might pause, and suffer my imagination to dwell upon the
animating prospect before us; but reasoning from the past to the
future, I dare not indulge the pleasing idea. We have at no period
been in a situation to second fully the endeavors of our ally to serve
us; we either neglected to assemble our army in time, or to provide
the means for supporting or moving them; a feather would have turned
the balance last year, notwithstanding the powerful aid we received
from abroad. Providence blinded our adversaries; to their temerity we
owe our success.

But, Sir, let me ask, whether any State did then, or has even now,
done all in its power to enable our Generals to prosecute this
victory? Or rather let me turn to what is more within our line, by
observing, that the inferiority of our army in point of numbers to
that of our ally while they acted at Yorktown, has been considered in
Europe as a proof of the assertions of Britain, and has been urged as
an argument of our weakness, our weariness of the war, or our internal
divisions. A moment's reflection will show the advantages, that this
affords our antagonist in a negotiation. How much it weakens the
claims we make, and how many important benefits may be lost forever by
our appearing in Europe to receive our independence rather as a gift,
than to have established it by our exertions!

But, Sir, it is still in our power to repair these errors. Let us
avail ourselves of this favorable moment for expelling the enemy, and
recovering our diminished credit among the nations of the earth.

I make no apology for the liberty I take. Your Excellency, I am
persuaded, is too sensible of the truth of these observations, to
think they could be delivered with less earnestness by one, who feels
their importance, and I am confident that you will bring them before
the Legislature of your State in such manner as will best serve to
ensure them their attention.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                          TO ROBERT MORRIS.

                                          Philadelphia, May 8th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

I enclose the list of salaries you requested. The charges of those who
act as secretaries to Dr Franklin and Mr Adams are not yet settled. I
shall lay the list before Congress and make them some propositions on
the subject. It will be necessary to afford a small sum to each of the
Ministers to enable them to defray contingent expenses, which are
continually happening, particularly to Dr Franklin, who is at the
centre of all our communications. I will converse with you on this
subject, and endeavor to form an estimate of what this ought to be.

I am, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                             Office of Foreign Affairs, May 8th, 1782.

  Sir,

The enclosed account of the annual expense of the Department of
Foreign Affairs, exclusive of contingent expenses, was made out at
the request of the Superintendent of Finance, that measures might be
taken to discharge the salaries of the gentlemen in Europe, who
express great uneasiness on the subject; but as it is incomplete till
the allowance to the private secretaries of Dr Franklin and Mr Adams
are ascertained, I have thought it proper to lay the whole before
Congress, for their direction thereon.

Congress were pleased to order by their resolution of the 2d of
January last, that the Secretary of Foreign Affairs should lay before
them an estimate of the expenses, which will probably be incurred by
the foreign Ministers of the United States respectively, and their
secretaries. I find myself under great embarrassments in preparing a
report agreeably to their order, from not being able to enter fully
into their views. I should presume, that the expense of foreign
Ministers ought to be regulated by their salaries, though I feel that
the desire of supporting the dignity of an office, to which the salary
is incompetent, often urges men to quit the line, how much soever they
may be embarrassed thereby. Justice and policy suggest, that the
salaries of officers, who are engaged in so delicate and difficult a
department as that of Foreign Affairs, should have such appointments
as to free them from embarrassments with respect to their private
affairs. I believe Congress had this in view when they settled those
of their foreign Ministers, none of whom complain of their being
inadequate, unless it be Mr Jay, who has given us some reason to think
his salary, in his opinion, is barely sufficient for his support, and
that his manner of living is not equal to what he conceives the
dignity of the United States requires. With respect to the salaries of
the secretaries to the Embassies, it is in my opinion, (founded upon
the practice of other nations) at least the double of what it ought to
be.

If, as I presume, Congress intended by their resolution, that I should
lay before them an account of the manner in which our foreign
Ministers live at present, that they might themselves be enabled to
judge of the proportion it bore to their appointments, I can only say,
that the result of inquiries on this head must necessarily be
extremely uncertain. I submit them as far as they have come to my
knowledge.

Dr Franklin has a part of M. Chaumont's house at Passy; he keeps a
chariot and pair, and three or four servants, and gives a dinner
occasionally to the Americans and others; his whole expense is, as far
as I can learn, very much within his income.

Mr Adams lives in lodgings, keeps a chariot and pair, and two men
servants; he has hitherto retained a private secretary in the absence
of Mr Dana, who will, if is to be presumed, be paid by Congress. I
have lately heard that Mr Adams was about to take a house.

Mr Dana's salary, even if he should assume a public character, in a
country where the relative value of money is so high, that, if I am
well informed, an elegant house may be had for fifteen guineas a year,
is very ample.

Of Mr Jay's manner of living, I have been able to obtain no account,
but should conclude from the price of the necessaries of life, in the
part of Spain in which he lives, from the port the Court and the
people about it maintain, and above all, from its sitting in different
parts of the kingdom, that to live in the same style with Dr Franklin
or Mr Adams, his expenses must amount to nearly double of theirs.

But as every conjecture of this kind must be very uncertain, all I can
do is to lay before Congress the relative expense, as far as I can
learn it, between the different places at which our Ministers reside,
taking Philadelphia for the common standard.

Paris, if wine, clothing, and the wages of servants are included, is
about twenty per cent cheaper than Philadelphia; Amsterdam ten, and at
Madrid the expenses of a family are somewhat higher than at this
place. But the unsettled state of those who follow the Court, their
travelling equipage and charges must greatly enhance this expense.

Congress will make their own deductions from these facts, after
allowing for their inaccuracy. I would, however, take the liberty to
submit the enclosed resolutions to Congress; the first is founded upon
the propriety of supplying Dr Franklin with a secretary, which his age
and the dignity of his employment render necessary. As Mr Jay is not
yet acknowledged, Mr Carmichael's services in Spain may be dispensed
with.

The second, third, fifth, and sixth, are designed to make a reform in
the article of expense.

The fourth to prevent the claim which any gentlemen, who may be
appointed to any of the Northern Courts, may have to the salary
settled by Congress on the 5th of October, and to adapt the character
to the allowance.

The sixth to enable Congress, without injuring the dignity of their
Ministers, to proportion the allowance to the expense of the Court
they reside at, as well us to the port which they would wish them to
maintain.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                             Office of Foreign Affairs, May 9th, 1782.

The Secretary of Foreign Affairs humbly submits the following
resolutions to the consideration of Congress.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

Resolved, That Mr Carmichael be appointed Secretary to the Embassy
from the United States to the Court of Versailles, with a salary of
four thousand dollars per annum.

Resolved, That Mr Jay be empowered to appoint a private secretary,
with a salary of one thousand dollars per annum.

Resolved, That Mr Laurens, when he enters upon his mission to the
United Provinces of the Low Countries, be empowered to appoint a
Secretary with a salary of one thousand dollars per annum.

Resolved, That the Commissioners for negotiating a peace, in case Mr
Dana shall not return, appoint a Secretary to the Commission, with a
salary of one thousand dollars per annum.

Resolved, That the commission of Minister Plenipotentiary from the
United States of America to the Court of Petersburg be revoked, and
that a commission issue to Francis Dana, constituting him Resident at
the said Court.

Resolved, That when he shall have been received in that character, he
be empowered to appoint a private secretary, with a salary of eight
hundred dollars per annum, who shall remain in office till Congress
think it proper to make another appointment.

Resolved, That the appointment of no Secretary to any of the Northern
Courts in future, shall exceed a thousand dollars per annum, and that
the appointments of a Secretary to the Embassy in France, Spain and
Holland, shall in future be twelve hundred dollars, excepting such
Secretaries have been heretofore appointed.

Resolved, That the salary of a Minister Plenipotentiary from the
United States, from the 1st day of January next, shall not exceed five
thousand dollars, or that of a Resident three thousand, but that an
allowance be made for household expenses, at and after the following
manner;

To the Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Versailles,

To the Minister in Spain,

To the Resident in the United Provinces, (a Minister being
unnecessary,)

To the Resident at the Court of Petersburg, and each of the other
Northern Courts.

       *       *       *       *       *

               CHARLES THOMSON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                                        May 9th, 1782.

  Sir,

The United States in Congress assembled, having appointed Monday, the
13th instant, at twelve o'clock, for giving a public audience to the
Minister of France, and having resolved, that a place be assigned to
the principals in the three Executive Departments under Congress,

I have the honor to inform you, that the place assigned to those
gentlemen, is within the bar to the right, and next to the members of
Congress on the left of the chair.

The United States in Congress assembled have further resolved, That
the assistants and principal secretaries in each of the departments,
be admitted without the bar of the house. The Messenger of Congress
has orders to furnish you with tickets for such of the gentlemen in
your department, as come within the above description.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                         CHARLES THOMSON, _Secretary_.

       *       *       *       *       *

         TO THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF, AND MAJOR GENERAL GREENE.

                                         Philadelphia, May 13th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to inform you, that the Minister Plenipotentiary of
France this day announced to the United States in Congress assembled,
at a public audience, the birth of a Dauphin, and that Congress
received this annunciation of an event, in which the happiness of
their ally was so deeply engaged, with the most lively marks of
satisfaction. It is their wish, that your Excellency, and the troops
under your command should partake in this pleasure. I have their
orders to inform you of this event, to the end, that you may cause the
same to be published in the army, until such demonstrations of joy as
you shall direct.[24]

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.


FOOTNOTES:

[24] The same intelligence was communicated in the same formal way to
the Governors of the States.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                         Philadelphia, May 13th, 1782.

  Sir,

The late change in the measures and in the administration of Great
Britain, and the arts that are daily practised to infuse a belief in
Europe, that the most perfect harmony does not subsist between the
United States and their ally, induce me to wish that Congress would
embrace the opportunity, which this day's audience affords, to declare
their attachment to the alliance in such terms, as will serve fully to
defeat every expectation of sowing the seeds of division between the
United States and France.

For which purpose I humbly submit the following addition to the answer
proposed to be given to the address of the Ministry Plenipotentiary of
France.

I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect,

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                            Office of Foreign Affairs, May 13th, 1782.

The following addition to the answer to the address proposed to be
made by the Minister of France, is humbly submitted to the approbation
of Congress, by the Secretary of Foreign Affairs.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

"A union, the mutual advantages of which become daily more
conspicuous, and which has derived new lustre and additional force
from every effort of the common enemy to dissolve it; Congress do not
enlarge upon the subject, but satisfy themselves with the
representations, which your own observations will enable, and your
regard to the interests of both countries will induce you to make of
the affectionate attachment, which every rank of people within these
United States manifest to your Sovereign, and of their inviolable
fidelity to the principles of the alliance."

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                         Philadelphia, May 15th, 1782.

  Sir,

In order to have the sense of Congress upon Mr Jay's request,
contained in his letter of the 6th of February last, I do myself the
honor to submit the enclosed resolve; for though I do not see any
advantage, which would at present result from his leaving Madrid, yet
as cases may arise, which would render it proper, it may safely be
left to his discretion.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                            Office of Foreign Affairs, May 15th, 1782.

The following resolution is humbly submitted to the consideration of
the United States in Congress, by the Secretary of Foreign Affairs.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

It having been represented to the United States in Congress, that
certain circumstances might render it expedient to permit Mr Jay to
leave the Court of Madrid, and repair either to the United Provinces
or to Versailles,

Resolved, that such permission be granted him, provided he shall
conceive, that such absence will be attended with important advantages
to the United States, and that it does not exceed three months.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO RICHARD HARRISON OF CADIZ.

                                         Philadelphia, May 21st, 1782.

  Sir,

You have probably heard of Colonel Livingston's misfortune, which
deprived me of the pleasure of bearing from you by him. Our ports have
been so closely blocked up for some time past, that it is with great
difficulty we can get any vessels in or out. He shared the common
fate, and was carried into New York, from whence he is come out with
Mr Vaughan upon parole. He destroyed all his letters, and his parole
closing this month, we have been able to learn nothing of importance
from him.

The new system, which England seems to be about to adopt, with respect
to America, has not yet discovered itself here, except in general
professions, which the present Commander in Chief, Sir Guy Carleton,
is continually making of his kindness and the affection, that still
subsists in England towards the people of this country. This has
produced not the least effect here; all ranks of people consider it
rather a proof of their imbecility, than of their good will, and the
Legislatures of the several States will I imagine enter into
resolutions, similar to those passed by Maryland, which you will find
in the enclosed papers. I direct them to you; after you have read
them, I wish you to enclose and send them to Mr Jay as soon as
possible, I commit to your particular care the several packets, that
go with this; trusting that you will send them in such way as to
escape inspection. They contain very important papers, as well those
that go to Mr Adams as to Mr Jay.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                         Philadelphia, May 21st, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to enclose for the inspection of Congress, the draft
of a letter to Mr Dana, together with a quadruplicate copy of one
written the 2d of March, that Congress by seeing both may judge
whether any further directions are necessary. I must take the liberty,
Sir, to request you to turn their attention to this subject, and to
the draft, which I had the honor to lay before them, of a letter to
the King, as soon as possible. Unless Congress decide upon them today,
I shall lose a favorable opportunity of transmitting them to Europe.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

              GEORGE WASHINGTON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                         Head Quarters, May 22d, 1782.

  Sir,

I have been honored with your favor of the 13th, communicating to me
the formal annunciation to Congress, by the Minister of France, of the
birth of a Dauphin.

Measures are ordered to convey to the army the news of this happy
event, which will be celebrated with such demonstrations of joy as the
occasion requires, and our circumstances will admit.

This information will be transmitted to General Greene, that the army
under his command may participate in the general joy.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

              GOVERNOR TRUMBULL TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                              Hartford, May 23d, 1782.

  Sir,

I do myself the honor to enclose you copies of a letter, which I
received some time since from Mr Deane; as he appears to be somewhat
knowing in the counsels of Great Britain, I thought it not improper to
return him an answer; you will find copies of what I have written
likewise enclosed, and it is my duty to acquaint you, that upon being
laid before the General Assembly of the State, this answer was
approved by both houses _nemine contradicente_.

You will be pleased to lay both papers before Congress and the
Minister of France, and you will judge of the propriety of sending a
copy likewise to Dr Franklin, or our other Ministers in Europe.

I beg leave also to recommend to your care for conveyance, the letter
covered for Mr Deane, and am, Sir, with the sincerest sentiments of
esteem, &c.

                                                    JONATHAN TRUMBULL.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                            Office of Foreign Affairs, June 5th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to submit to Congress, the enclosed letter from Mr
Lee with his accounts. As Congress were pleased to give no directions
relative to the brigantine Berkenbosch, I presume it was their
intention, that I should transmit to Dr Franklin a state of the
information I had collected on that subject, which I have accordingly
done. If Congress have any further commands, I wish to be honored with
them as soon as convenient.

I am, Sir, with the highest respect, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                          TO ROBERT MORRIS.

                            Office of Foreign Affairs, June 6th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to enclose the translation of a letter from the
Minister of France to me, on the subject of an interest due on Loan
Office certificates, as this relates peculiarly to your department,
you will do me the honor to enable me to return some answer to this
application, which has been several times reiterated.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                          TO ROBERT MORRIS.

                            Office of Foreign Affairs, June 6th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to enclose the translation of a correspondence
between the Count de Vergennes and Dr Franklin, on the subject of
complaints contained in the Memorial accompanying the letter from the
Count, a translation of which is also enclosed. You will be pleased to
cause an inquiry to be made into the facts, and to favor me with such
information, as will enable me either to show, that the complaint is
ill founded, or that it will be treated with the attention it merits.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                ROBERT MORRIS TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                    Office of Finance, June 7th, 1782.

  Sir,

I received this morning the letter you did me the honor to write on
the 6th. Congress have asked from the several States a five per cent
duty on goods imported, and on prizes and prize goods, as a fund for
paying the principal and interest of their debts, this fund when
granted will not be sufficient, and it is not yet granted by all. I
expect, however, the requisition will speedily be complied with. I
shall not cease urging it, and also such further revenues as may be
sufficient for the purpose. When they shall have been obtained, they
will be duly applied in liquidation of the public debts; but until
that period arrives, neither the principal nor the interest of such
debts can be paid.

I have the honor to be, with very great respect,

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GOVERNOR TRUMBULL.

                           Office of Foreign Affairs, June 12th, 1782.

  Sir,

I was honored with your letter of the 23d of May, with both the
enclosures, which I laid before Congress, and furnished copies to the
Minister of France. The spirit in which your answer to Mr Deane's
letter is written, is such as must bring him to some sense of the
disgraceful and contemptible part he is acting, and awake in him that
remorse, which is the severest punishment of guilt. I shall avail
myself of the permission you give me to transmit it to Dr Franklin,
since I see that important advantages may result from declaring to
Europe your sense, and that of so reputable a body as the Legislature
of Connecticut, upon the important points it discusses.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

               GOVERNOR GREENE TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                             Newport, June 15th, 1782.

  Sir,

I had the honor of receiving your address of the 14th of May past,
informing me, that the Minister Plenipotentiary of his Most Christian
Majesty, had announced to the United States in Congress assembled, at
a public audience, the birth of a Dauphin of France, which I laid
before the General Assembly, who were pleased to request me to
transmit the enclosed letter of congratulation upon that happy event
to his Excellency the Minister of France, which I request may be
delivered to him in the name of the Governor, Council, and
Representatives of the State of Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations, in General Assembly convened.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                            W. GREENE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                ROBERT MORRIS TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                   Office of Finance, June 20th, 1782.

  Sir,

I do myself the honor to request that you will be pleased to make out
accurate estimates for your Department during the year 1783, that I
may form those general estimates for the service, which it is my duty
to lay before the United States in Congress.

I am, with perfect esteem and respect, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                ROBERT MORRIS TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                   Office of Finance, June 20th, 1782.

  Sir,

The copy of a Memorial from the Minister of France, of the 25th of
last month, which you handed me, has been laid before the Controller
of the treasury, who has examined the resolutions of Congress, and
reported to me. I am now, therefore, to observe, that if the gentlemen
mentioned in that Memorial, or their representatives, have any claims
against the United States, they must form accounts thereof, and state
them in the usual manner to the Controller of the treasury, with the
vouchers, who will cause them to be examined, according to the rules
and regulations in that behalf established, and any balances which may
appear due will be by him certified to me, at which time, and not
before, I can decide on the subject.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

       THE GOVERNOR OF NORTH CAROLINA TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                      North Carolina, June 24th, 1782.

  Sir,

Your letters of the 18th and 19th of February, covered the resolutions
of Congress, dated November 28th, January 25th, and February 11th, I
was favored with in May last, which I did myself the honor to lay
before the General Assembly.

The important observations you are pleased to make relative to our
affairs, our friends, allies, and enemies, have their just weight,
which the Legislature are very sensible of. To be prepared, therefore,
for whatever measures the enemy may take, they have passed a law to
draft every twentieth man in the State, to serve in our Continental
battalions eighteen months; as enlistments during the war cannot be
obtained in this State, so as to answer any general purpose. I flatter
myself, we shall have a respectable body of men soon in the field,
under Major General Greene. In August they are to rendezvous. One
hundred wagons, for the Continental service, the State is also to
furnish, in lieu of one hundred men.

I have given directions for the damages, which the inhabitants of this
State have received from the British, to be ascertained as nearly as
may be, agreeably to your request.

The records of our Secretary's office being scattered in different
parts, to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy, during
their incursions and marches through the State, I have been prevented
from procuring you copies of the papers you mention; but I have sent
by Mr Blount, the bearer, and one of our Delegates, a map, or short
sketch of the outlines of the State; extending to the westward as far
as Mississippi, the boundary formed by the treaty of Paris in 1763,
which we consider ourselves not absolutely bound by, having a previous
right by the charter of Charles the Second, which I shall shortly
transmit to you. By this our territory extends from sea to sea, that
is from the Atlantic to the Western ocean.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                     ALEXANDER MARTIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

                      TO THE MINISTER OF FRANCE.

                                          Philadelphia, July 3d, 1782.

  Sir,

The undersigned, Secretary of the United States for the Department of
Foreign Affairs, has the honor to deliver the enclosed letter of
congratulation, on the birth of the Dauphin, in the name and behalf of
the Governor, Council and Representatives of the State of Rhode Island
and Providence Plantations, in General Assembly convened, agreeably to
the request of his Excellency, Governor Greene. The undersigned will
do himself the honor to transmit to them any reply, which the Minister
of France shall think it proper to make thereto.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                     TO WILLIAM LEE, AT BRUSSELS.

                                         Philadelphia July 18th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to enclose a resolution of Congress, directing Dr
Franklin to discharge the balance of your account against the United
States. I have written to him upon the subject, and doubt not that the
money will be paid immediately upon your application.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

               GOVERNOR MARTIN TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                    North Carolina, August 20th, 1782.

  Sir,

Only a few days ago I was favored with your letter, of the 2d of May,
1782, covering a resolution of Congress of the 1st, on a report of a
committee to whom was referred a communication of the Secretary of
Foreign Affairs.

However insidious the designs of the Court of Britain may be in
representing us as a divided people to the several mediating European
powers, the several great exertions making by the Continental Union,
to prosecute the war with vigor against her, I make no doubt, will
shortly undeceive them, and expose our enemy to the just contempt and
ridicule he will draw upon himself by such false and illusive
insinuations.

Whilst the enemy held the important post of Wilmington, the above
suggestion might be too true respecting its environs, and the
disaffected settlements of this State, but since they have abandoned
the same, our late revolted citizens, conscious of their delusion,
return with cheerfulness to their allegiance and duty in support of
the common cause, and I flatter myself we shall soon be a reunited
people, and join our efforts with more efficacy to those of our sister
States, in terminating the war with honor to our arms.

Sensible of the great attention paid to the several States by the
Congress in this resolution, and the pertinent observations you have
made thereon, with a zeal becoming its importance, in putting our
Legislature on their guard against any separate overtures that may be
made to them by Britain, without the intervention of Congress, I shall
with pleasure do myself the honor to lay the same before them at their
earliest meeting, which will be on the 1st of November next, at
Hillsborough. In the meanwhile, Sir, I can venture to pledge the faith
of the State, that the General Assembly will listen to no negotiation,
however flattering, and apparently advantageous, but what is made
through the great Council of the Continent.

Yours of the 14th of May, announcing the birth of the Dauphin of
France, I have had the honor to receive, which joyful event as it
concerns the happiness of our great and illustrious ally, and future
welfare of his kingdom, I have communicated to the good citizens of
this State.

Enclosed you have a copy of the acts of our last General Assembly,
agreeably to your request, which by the delay of the printer could not
reach you sooner. I hope my letter, accompanied with a map, has safely
come to hand.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                     ALEXANDER MARTIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                       Philadelphia, August 23d, 1782.

  Sir,

By a late arrangement of the Superintendent of Finance, he has
directed that the salaries of the Ministers and their Secretaries be
paid here, and only one account opened with the office of Foreign
Affairs; in consequence of which I have, at his request, stated their
accounts quarterly, and laid out the proceeds in the purchase of
bills, which I have remitted to Dr Franklin, with direction to answer
their several drafts to the amount of the money so remitted. But as
these bills are endorsed by me, I by that means render myself
responsible for their payment in my private character; and as I am not
authorised by Congress, or by the gentlemen in whose behalf the money
is remitted, to act as their agent, I am liable to answer to them for
the money received here, if they should disapprove of its having been
laid out in the purchase of bills. I also render myself accountable to
them severally, if the money remitted to Dr Franklin should, by
neglect or other cause, be applied to some other use than that for
which it was remitted.

I have endeavored to obviate these inconveniences by writing to the
Ministers and their Secretaries, informing them of this arrangement,
and requesting them to appoint agents, who shall manage their business
here. In the meanwhile, I must request, for my justification, some
resolutions of Congress, authorising me to act as their agent till
they shall make such appointments. I have thought it reasonable to
charge them the usual commission upon the purchase of bills, and shall
continue to do so, till they appoint other agents.

I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

     TO WILLIAM MOORE, PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL OF PENNSYLVANIA.

                       Office of Foreign Affairs, September 8th, 1782.

  Sir,

The State of Pennsylvania not having as yet passed laws conformably to
the eleventh Article of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between his
Most Christian Majesty and these United States, agreeably to the
requisition of Congress to the several States, passed the 14th day of
January, 1780, a copy of which is enclosed, I find myself called upon
by the Minister Plenipotentiary of his Most Christian Majesty, in
behalf of such of the subjects of France, as in confidence thereof
have purchased real property in this State, to solicit for them the
security they are entitled to by this article.

I have the honor, therefore, to request your Excellency to take
measures for calling the attention of the Legislature to this
stipulation in the Treaty, when at their earliest leisure from such
business as they conceive requires more immediate despatch. I beg also
to be informed, whether any, and what steps, have been taken to carry
into effect the several resolutions of the United States in Congress
assembled, contained in the letters I did myself the honor to write to
your Excellency, of the following dates, 18th and 19th of February,
and 2d of May, 1782.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                 TO GOVERNOR WEARE, OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.

                       Office of Foreign Affairs, September 9th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to enclose copies of letters, which have been
received from the Governor of the Island of Granada, in consequence of
letters written, on my application, by the Minister of France, and the
state of Mr Mc Clintock's case, transmitted by me.

From this answer, I think the justice of Mr Mc Clintock's claim is put
out of doubt; but, at the same time, redress will be rendered more
difficult, by our being now obliged to seek it in another channel. I
shall, however, direct a memorial to be presented on the subject to
the Court of France, and send over authentic copies of the documents
in my possession. It would greatly facilitate this business, if Mr Mc
Clintock had an agent in France, who would prosecute his claim, and to
whom I would afford all the facilities in my power. I mention this
matter to your Excellency, because the Legislature of New Hampshire,
having interested themselves therein, I presumed that it would be
agreeable to them to know that it was not neglected.

I beg you to assure them, Sir, that I shall receive with pleasure any
further instruction with which they may please to honor me, relative
to this or any other subject, in which I may promote the views of the
State, or the interest of its members.

Not having been honored with answers to my several letters to your
Excellency of the following dates, 18th and 19th of February and 2d of
May, 1782, I beg leave to ask, whether they have been received, and
what measures have been taken in consequence of them.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                       Office of Foreign Affairs, September 9th, 1782.

  Sir,

The situation of my affairs rendering my personal attention necessary,
I take the liberty to request your Excellency to communicate to
Congress my design, (if it meets their approbation,) to visit the
State of New York for a few weeks. I shall take measures to have the
earliest communication made to Congress of such intelligence as may be
received in my absence, and for the general direction of the business
of the department. Your Excellency will do me the honor to obtain the
sense of Congress upon this subject, and to believe me, with the
highest respect, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                TO GOVERNOR MARTIN, OF NORTH CAROLINA.

                       Office of Foreign Affairs, September 9th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Excellency's
letter of the 24th of June, by Mr Blount, together with the map you
were pleased to transmit. I shall expect at your leisure, the other
documents you mention as explanatory of your boundaries. Copies of the
most westerly grants, that have been made by the Crown within your
State, would tend greatly to elucidate your claim, as would also
copies of acts of the Legislature laying out the back country into
counties or parishes, if any such exist.

I receive, with great pleasure, the account you give of the exertion
of your State in filling their line, though I think we have some
reason to hope, that you will not be able to find employment for them
near home.

I could wish to have had it in my power to give your Excellency some
account of our foreign negotiations, but by an extraordinary neglect,
or, which is more probable, by some accident, we have had no official
information either from our own Ministers, or through the Minister of
France, for a very long time past. As to public news, it is not worth
while to trouble you with it, as this letter will probably lay some
days before the gentleman, who has promised to charge himself with it,
calls. I shall therefore direct, as the best means of giving the news
of the day, that the latest papers of this place be sent with it, when
he is just about to set out.

I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                      Office of Foreign Affairs, September 11th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to lay before Congress a number of letters received
last night by Captain Smedley, from Mr Adams, Mr Dana, and Mr Barclay.
I have arranged and numbered them, and translated those of Mr Dumas.
The compliment of the merchants of the town of Schiedam being very
long, it is not yet translated, when it is, it will be laid before
Congress. Mr Dana has by some accident neglected to put up the first
sheet of his letter, so that the subject is broken in upon, and we are
ignorant of its date.

I take the liberty to recommend that some attention be paid to Mr
Adams's request with respect to Mr Dumas, who has certainly been a
very assiduous servant of the United States; I could wish at least to
be enabled to inform him of the sense of Congress thereon. Perhaps it
would be expedient to commit it to the committee appointed to consider
the salaries of foreign Ministers, &c. Mr Adams has as yet received no
answer to the letter on the subject of his purchase at the Hague.
Should Congress approve the form, which Mr Adams proposes for the
ratification of his agreement, I presume Mr Thomson will have their
orders for endorsing it, and the agreement will be immediately
returned to this office, so that Congress may avail themselves of the
means, that now offer for transmitting it.

I also lay before Congress a large packet, containing Mr Deane's
accounts, which I shall deliver to the Office of Finance, unless
Congress would choose to have it disposed of in some other way. I must
beg, Sir, that the letters be returned to this office, as soon as
Congress have examined them as I wish to avail myself of the present
opportunity to answer them.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                      Office of Foreign Affairs, September 12th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to lay before Congress two letters from Messrs de
Neufville and Son, under cover of which last I received the enclosed
letter, which contains what I suppose to be the first sheet of Mr
Dana's letter, probably sent immediately after he had discovered his
mistake. I send the other parts with it. I also enclose for the
perusal of Congress an act of the British Parliament for the exchange
of American prisoners, which, when returned to the office I shall have
published.

I find in a Leyden paper some account of Mr Grenville's negotiation,
and the alterations proposed by the committee of the States General to
the treaty submitted to their consideration by Mr Adams. These may be
objects of curiosity, and as such I enclose them. They will be printed
on Saturday if the papers are returned in time.

A Dutch paper of the 13th of July, mentions that the Baron Viomenil,
the Marquis de Lavall, and other officers, left Paris the beginning of
July, in order to sail in the ---- frigate; that the Marquis de
Lafayette was not to accompany them, as it was proposed; that he was
waiting the issue of the negotiation in Paris.

The Count D'Artois has obtained leave of the King of Spain to serve as
a volunteer at the siege of Gibraltar. This may perhaps be concluded
as an indication of their hope of success in the attempt to reduce it.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                   Philadelphia, September 12th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to enclose two reports upon Mr Adams's letters. I
would propose in addition to the first to direct the substance of Mr
Adams's letter of the 23d of April, containing his note, and the
appointment of a committee, to be printed as articles of intelligence,
not under the express direction of Congress, since the business is not
concluded.

With respect to the second report, I am led to make it by Mr Adams's
recommendation, and by my sense of the zeal and diligence, which M.
Dumas has so long testified in the cause of America, when it was very
far from being a popular one in Holland. Though I must confess I feel
some reluctance in seeing any but an American in the line, which ought
to serve as a school for future Ministers. But this case has peculiar
circumstances by which it must be determined. The commission of
_Charge d'Affaires_ I should conceive too important and too
confidential to be placed in any hands, but those of a citizen of the
United States. There are other reasons, which will suggest themselves
to Congress, against this measure, which it is unnecessary to mention.
The salary I have left blank, as that subject is under the
consideration of a committee. The second resolution is to take away
the necessity of making it greater than our circumstances will allow.

The merits of the other gentlemen mentioned by Mr Adams, together with
his recommendation, might justly perhaps induce Congress to show them
some marks of their attention, if the situation of their finances
would permit, but as neither of those gentlemen are in the service of
Congress, it is to be presumed that they will not choose to take any
public notice of that part of his letter, till they are in
circumstances to satisfy the just claims of those who have demands
upon them.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                      Office of Foreign Affairs, September 12th, 1782.

  Sir,

Having carefully examined Mr Laurens's letter,[25] I believe Congress
will think with me, that the subjects of it are such as I can in no
other way report on, than by recommending it to be submitted to a
special committee.

The two great points are his resignation and exchange. The first of
these Congress only are competent to decide upon; and the last, not
relating in any way to my Department, is intimately connected with a
subject already under the consideration of a committee. With respect
to his support, I believe that there can be no doubt that Mr Laurens's
salary is to be paid, till Congress determine to accept his
resignation. I have considered it as a part of the expenses of this
Department, and accordingly remitted the amount of two quarters'
salary to Dr Franklin, commencing in January last, previous to which,
that business was under the direction of Dr Franklin. I shall continue
to include his salary in my drafts on Mr Morris, till I receive
directions from Congress to discontinue it. Congress having empowered
Mr Laurens to appoint a secretary, there can be no doubt about the
propriety of discharging his salary.

The enemy having published an account of Mr Laurens's petition for
relief, &c. which appears by his letter to have been without
foundation, I beg leave to submit to Congress the propriety of
printing his own account of this transaction, since it evidences in
contradiction to their reports, that he always acted with the dignity
and firmness, which became his station and character.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.


FOOTNOTES:

[25] See this letter in _Henry Lauren's Correspondence_, Vol. II. p.
463.

       *       *       *       *       *

               CIRCULAR TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.

                      Office of Foreign Affairs, September 12th, 1782.

  Sir,

Agreeably to the direction of Congress, contained in the enclosed
resolution, I am to solicit your Excellency's attention to the object
of it, and to pray that means may be used by the State over which you
preside, to furnish the returns they require, sending quadruplicate
copies of them, under the seal of the State, to this office. I am
sorry to have reason to complain of the little attention that the
recommendations of Congress, and my letter of the 12th day of
November, 1781, relative to a similar object, has met with from your
State, since the want of those returns will, without doubt, be
severely felt by our Ministers, whenever they shall commence the
negotiations for a general peace.

I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

               CIRCULAR TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.

                      Office of Foreign Affairs, September 15th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to inform you, by the direction of Congress, that I
have lately received official advices from Mr Adams, of the
resolutions of their High Mightinesses the States General, to receive
and acknowledge the said Mr Adams in quality of Minister
Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, and to request your
Excellency to cause this interesting event to be made public. I have
the honor to enclose copies of the resolutions of their High
Mightinesses on this subject, and to inform you that the States
General did, on the 23d day of April, appoint a Grand Committee to
confer with Mr Adams, to whom, having been introduced in the usual
forms by two noblemen, he laid before them the plan of a Treaty of
Amity and Commerce, which was immediately printed, and sent to the
different members of the sovereignty.

I cannot conclude without congratulating your Excellency upon an
event, which widens the basis of our independence, and leads to an
immediate connexion with a powerful nation, whose alliance a variety
of circumstances in their origin and government render extremely
desirable.

I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

               GENERAL GREENE TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                      Head Quarters, October 2d, 1782.

  Sir,

Your letter of the 13th of May did not come to hand until some time in
August, before the receipt of which his Excellency, General
Washington, had communicated the agreeable information of the birth of
a Dauphin, and directed that some public declaration of our feelings
should be had upon the occasion. Accordingly, on the 4th of July, we
fired a _feu de joie_, and gave every testimony in our power of the
pleasure and happiness we felt upon an event so interesting to our
good ally, and so intimately connected with the welfare of America;
and I beg you will communicate to the Minister in Philadelphia, how
sincerely the officers of this army participate in the general joy,
which this public blessing diffuses through France and America.

It is with infinite satisfaction that I inform you, that the enemy is
making every preparation for the evacuation of Charleston, the last
and only place they hold in any of the Southern United States.

I hope a general peace will follow, and that America may long enjoy,
without interruption, the blessings she has been so long contending
for.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                     NATHANIEL GREENE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                     Philadelphia, October 29th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to enclose, for the inspection of Congress, a letter
from Mr Harrison. So much of it as relates to the state of his
accounts, has been sent to the Office of Finance. As this subject has
before been strongly insisted upon by Mr Jay, I doubt not that Mr
Morris will pay every attention to it, which the means in his hands
will permit.

Mr Harrison is so well spoken of by Mr Jay, and has manifested, on
many occasions, watchful attention to the welfare of the United
States, and discovered such disinterestedness in every transaction
which related to them, that I cannot but hope that Congress will think
him worthy of some public notice. Should they be of opinion, that it
would be improper to appoint him consul at a time when he could not be
received in his public character, and when an attempt to display it
might draw upon the United States new indignities, yet it would give
me pleasure to be enabled to assure him from Congress, that they
entertain a just sense of his services, that they wish him to continue
to act under the authority he has received from Mr Jay, till the
politics of Spain shall render it proper to vest him with more ample
powers. This earnest of the favor of Congress would stimulate him to
merit further marks of their confidence.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                         TO THOMAS JEFFERSON.

                                    Philadelphia, November 13th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to transmit a resolution of Congress, appointing you
one of their Ministers Plenipotentiary for negotiating peace. I
rejoice in this fresh proof of their confidence in your virtue and
abilities. The sacrifices you have heretofore made to the interests of
your country, induce me to hope that you will suffer no personal
consideration to prevent their being employed in its service upon this
important occasion.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

               TO GOVERNOR MATTHEWS, OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

                                    Philadelphia, November 20th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to transmit the copy of a letter from Count de
Vergennes to Dr Franklin, accompanied with a memorial from Messrs Le
Marque and Fabre, on the subject of debts contracted by Mr Gillon, as
is said, in behalf of the State of South Carolina. I wish, Sir, you
would enable me to afford such an answer to it as will exculpate the
State from any censure which Mr Gillon may have deservedly incurred.
If he was vested with such powers as enabled him to bind the State,
they will doubtless have the justice to direct that his engagements be
made good, notwithstanding any loss they may incur thereby. If he had
no such powers, they will embrace the earliest opportunity of
disavowing them.

I shall trouble your Excellency to apprize me of the steps, that may
be taken in consequence of this information, that I may embrace the
earliest opportunity, by placing this matter in its true light, to do
that justice to the integrity and good faith of the State, which they
will undoubtedly merit.

I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                          TO THOMAS BARCLAY.

                                    Philadelphia, November 26th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the pleasure of transmitting a resolution of Congress, by which
you are appointed a Commissioner for adjusting their accounts in
Europe. I flatter myself, that this fresh mark of their confidence in
you will be highly acceptable, and that you will take the earliest
opportunity to enter upon the task assigned you, since not only the
interest, but the honor of the United States, has greatly suffered by
the delay, which this necessary business has heretofore experienced.

I am, Dear Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

              THOMAS JEFFERSON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                    Chesterfield, November 26th, 1782.

  Sir,

I received yesterday the letter, with which you have been pleased to
honor me, enclosing the resolution of Congress of the 12th instant,
renewing my appointment as one of their Ministers Plenipotentiary for
negotiating a peace, and beg leave through you to return my sincere
thanks to that august body, for the confidence they are pleased to
repose in me, and to tender the same to yourself for the obliging
manner in which you have notified it.

I will employ in this arduous charge, with diligence and integrity,
the best of my poor talents, which I am conscious are far short of
what it requires. This I hope will ensure to me from Congress a kind
construction of all my transactions; and it gives me no small
pleasure, that my communications will pass through the hands of a
gentleman, with whom I have acted in the earlier stages of this
contest, and whose discernment and candor I had the good fortune then
to approve and esteem.

Your letter finds me at a distance from home, attending on my family
under inoculation. This will add to the delay which the arrangement of
my particular affairs would necessarily occasion. I shall lose no
moment, however, in preparing for my departure, and shall hope to pay
my respects to Congress and to yourself some time between the 20th and
the last of December.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                     THOMAS JEFFERSON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                      Philadelphia, December 2d, 1782.

  Sir,

Having lately been informed, that the business of the Court of
Chancery in the State of New York has increased so much as to demand
more of my attention than is consistent with the duties of the place,
which I have the honor to hold under the United States, I must pray
your Excellency to lay before Congress my request to be permitted to
resign the latter, and to assure them at the same time, of the
grateful sense which I shall always retain, not only of the honor done
me by the appointment, but of those distinguished marks of confidence,
which they have repeatedly shown me in the execution of my trust.

That the business of this office may sustain no injury by my
resignation, I shall, if Congress approve, continue to perform its
duties till they shall be pleased to appoint a gentleman to succeed
me, or direct some other mode for carrying it on, in confidence that
they will make their arrangements as early as is consistent with the
deliberation they may conceive them to require.

I take the liberty to recommend to the protection of Congress, and the
gentleman who is to succeed me, Mr Morris and M. Duponceau, my
secretaries, having the greatest reason to confide in their fidelity
and attention to the business intrusted to their care. The Reverend Mr
Tetard, who is likewise employed in the office, has some claim to
their attention; he rendered essential services to our army in Canada,
suffered many personal inconveniences there, and finds himself
reduced, at an advanced age, to absolute ruin by the enemy and our own
army, both having contributed to lay waste his farm, destroy his
buildings, and pillage his property. For these facts, I take the
liberty to refer Congress to his Memorial.

As Congress in making a new appointment will probably wish to adapt
the salary to the necessary expense of the department, of which they
have heretofore had no opportunity to be fully informed, it is a duty
I owe to them, as well as to my successor, to assure them that my
expenses, exclusive of purchase and wear, carriages, horses, and
household furniture, have exceeded my allowance from Congress, upwards
of three thousand dollars. As I have now no personal interest in
mentioning this circumstance, Congress will, I am persuaded, attribute
the liberty I have taken, to my desire of seeing a department, in
which I have had the honor to preside, supported with dignity.

Be pleased, Sir, to receive my thanks for your personal attention, and
believe me to be, with the most respectful attachment and esteem, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                         TO RICHARD HARRISON.

                                     Philadelphia, December 5th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

I have this moment learned that a vessel will sail for Cadiz in an
hour's time. I beg to recommend to your particular care the letter for
Mr Carmichael, which the captain will deliver to you. It contains a
cypher, and must not therefore pass through the post office.

Congress, as yet, have done nothing in your affair, though it has been
particularly recommended to them, and now lies before them. One
obstruction is the difficulty of appointing Consuls, till some treaty
or convention between us and Spain shall authorise it.

The season of the year admits of no military operations here; and the
packet of newspapers sent herewith, will give you the current news.
You will find by them, that we are still in suspense with respect to
the fate of Charleston, though it is generally believed, that it
cannot be long ere the evacuation will be completed. The French fleet
are still at Boston, though prepared to sail. Nothing astonishes us
more, than the effrontery of the British publications, which affirm
boldly, that great tumults have been excited in the Eastern States, on
account of their reluctance to the war, when there is not the
slightest foundation in fact for such an assertion. This I suppose, is
calculated to give a momentary popularity to Lord Shelburne.

I am, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                        Office of Foreign Affairs, December 9th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to inform Congress, that the Minister Plenipotentiary
of France communicated to me the contents of a letter, received on
Saturday from Count de Rochambeau, by which he was apprized, that the
Count, in pursuance of his instructions, had ordered the troops under
his command to embark, and that they were to proceed with the fleet to
the Islands.

The legion, and a detachment of about six hundred men, together with
the convalescents are to remain on the continent. The whole may amount
to about sixteen hundred men. The Minister further informed me, that
in consequence of his representations on the subject, he had received
assurances, that such a force should be detached from the West Indies,
as would be adequate to the protection of the trade upon this coast
during the winter.

The enclosed extract of a letter from Boston, contains an account of
the success of the British in relieving Gibraltar. Though it is not
official it is to be feared it is too well founded.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                    Philadelphia, December 16th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have the honor to enclose for the inspection of Congress a short
letter from Mr Jay, which contains important information, and explains
some passages in Dr Franklin's letters. Unless the commission given to
Mr Fitzherbert on the 24th of July is revoked, it will be difficult to
account for Mr Oswald's being appointed to treat with the Thirteen
United States, unless we suppose, either that his powers are more
limited, or that the British Administration design to treat under the
mediation of some neutral Prince, upon the plan proposed by the
Imperial Courts, so as that the negotiations with America may be
distinct from those with the other belligerent powers.

Just as I was closing this, a private letter from Mr Jay was delivered
of the 4th of September, which contains the following remarkable
passage. "I am preparing a map to show you the line, which Count
d'Aranda proposes for our western boundary. It will not be finished in
time for this conveyance. I am persuaded it is best for us to take
time. My further reasons shall be explained at large in a future
letter, which I shall begin as soon as my health will permit." He
adds, "that Spain has issued more bills, and that the depreciation has
increased." I delay reporting on the passage in Dr Franklin's letter,
relative to the demands of Spain, as there is no immediate opportunity
of writing to Europe, and as I am in hourly expectation of receiving
something more particular on this subject.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

               GENERAL GREENE TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                      Head Quarters, South Carolina, }
                                                December 19th, 1782. }

  Dear Sir,

The Southern States, so long oppressed by the weight of a destructive
war, are now happily relieved by the evacuation of Charleston, and the
total departure of the British troops from this country. This event,
so very important to all America, took place on the 14th instant.

The fleet, with the troops on board, fell down into Rebellion Road,
and on the 17th crossed the bar and went out to sea. The British
regiments are said to be destined for the West Indies, and the German
troops for New York. They took with them a great deal of property, and
between five and six thousand <DW64>s, the greater part of which they
had once promised to deliver up.

Governor Matthews, with all the officers of government are now in
town; and civil police fully established and supported.

I am, &c.

                                                     NATHANIEL GREENE.

       *       *       *       *       *

  TO THE COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS APPOINTED TO REPAIR TO RHODE ISLAND.

                                    Philadelphia, December 20th, 1782.

  Gentlemen,

I can only reply to your inquiries with respect to the probability of
extending our loans in France, by informing you, that the general
tenor of our public despatches discourages the idea, as will appear by
the extracts of letters herewith sent you. To them I have added such
official communications as I have received from time to time from the
Minister of France.

I might add to these the result of several private conversations with
him upon that subject, having frequently introduced it, to know how
far we might in case of extreme necessity lean on France. He has
always expressed on these occasions a strong sense of our wants, and a
wish to relieve them, accompanied with an apprehension, that the heavy
expense incurred by France, in creating and supporting a large marine,
would render it highly imprudent to expect, that she should add
anything to the liberal supplies already afforded us, and the
maintenance of an army in America on our account. Of late, too, the
unproductiveness of our taxes, and the uneasiness of the public
creditors in the United States, has not escaped his observation. His
reflections on this subject are so obvious, that I need not repeat
them. I am seriously alarmed for their effect on the loans we have
already opened. A private letter from Mr Jay informs me, that the
paper struck by Spain has greatly depreciated, so that had we needed
any further assurances on that head, we must now be fully convinced,
that we have nothing to expect from that quarter.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                     Philadelphia, December 22d, 1782.

  Sir,

I have just received my despatches, which consist of duplicates from
Dr Franklin and the enclosed, which have not yet been submitted to
Congress, together with a copy of Mr Oswald's commission.

Mr Jay has also written, but his letter is not yet decyphered. A
private letter from the Marquis de Lafayette to me, (the whole of
which is not yet decyphered) contains much the same account of our
negotiations, with that given by Dr Franklin, and the following
passage from a letter of Mr Adams to him of the 29th of September;

"We have at length the consent of the Cities, States, and Provinces,
and have adjusted and agreed upon every article, word, syllable,
letter, and point, in the treaty of commerce, and clerks are employed
in making out fair copies for signature, which will be done this
week."

By a paper of the 22d of October, I find the treaty was signed by
seven deputies, one for each Province, and by Mr Adams on the 4th of
October.

The Marquis also mentions, that several accounts, but none official,
say, that Madras has been taken by the French troops, that landed at
Port Novo, in conjunction with those of Hyder Ally. He adds, that
though this account is believed, yet it is not confirmed.

I have the honor to be, with great respect, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

               GOVERNOR MARTIN TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                   North Carolina, December 23d, 1782.

  Sir,

I am favored with your two letters of the 12th and 15th of September
last, and your circular, in which you announce the acknowledgment of
the independence of the United States by the States of Holland; an
event that will greatly add to the national importance of America,
not only in the councils of Europe, but through the world.

The resolution of Congress respecting damages, which the inhabitants
of this State have received from the British enemy, I cannot carry
into effect until I have an Act of Assembly for this purpose, to point
out the particular mode in obtaining the same; the account of which,
as soon as it can be procured from the different parts of the State,
shall be transmitted to you, without loss of time.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                     ALEXANDER MARTIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

               CIRCULAR TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.

                                     Philadelphia, December 23d, 1782.

  Sir,

The steps that may lead to so important an event as peace upon safe
and honorable terms, are too interesting to be withheld from you; I
have the honor, therefore, to enclose a copy of Mr Oswald's commission
to treat with the Thirteen United States of America, which will
certainly smooth the way to it, though the variety of interests to be
adjusted at a general Congress (and, perhaps, too, the success of the
British arms at Gibraltar) may place it further off than our wishes
would otherwise lead us to imagine.

Your Excellency will see the propriety of not suffering copies of this
commission to be taken for the press, and of accompanying the
communication you may think proper to make of it, with such
recommendations to exertion and vigilance, as prudence and the
critical state of our affairs may require, since on a review of the
conduct of the enemy, it will not appear extravagant to suppose, that
this may be another of those artifices so often practised to deceive
and put us off our guard. Though we have no official accounts, yet we
have every reason to believe, that the treaty of commerce with the
United Provinces was signed on the 7th of October.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

             TO WILLIAM GREENE, GOVERNOR OF RHODE ISLAND.

                                      Philadelphia, January 4th, 1783.

  Sir,

Agreeably to the order of Congress, I have the honor to lay before
your Excellency the enclosed copy of a motion made by Mr Howel, and
the resolutions of Congress thereon, together with the state of the
applications for foreign loans, and the results thereof.

Without troubling your Excellency with those inconsiderable and secret
aids, which we received at the beginning of the controversy, I shall
take the applications and the grants, that were made in the year one
thousand seven hundred and seventynine, and since. To begin with


_Spain._

The 9th of September, 1779, Congress proposed to obtain a subsidy from
Spain during the continuance of the war, which they offered to
purchase by a very important cession. Spain having hitherto declined
an alliance with the United States, no such subsidiary treaty took
place.

In the same month Mr Jay was instructed to borrow five millions of
dollars. After long and continued solicitations, he obtained one
hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and was compelled to protest bills
of exchange drawn upon him by Congress, on the presumption, that Spain
would certainly enable him to redeem them. This protest, which was
made on the 16th of March last, was as follows;

"Mr Jay says, that when he accepted the bills hereunto annexed, he had
good reason to expect to be supplied with funds necessary to pay them;
that he has been disappointed in the expectation he was encouraged to
entertain on this subject, and that his endeavors to obtain money,
both here and elsewhere, have been unsuccessful, although the bills
which remain to be paid by him, together with his other engagements,
do not exceed twentyfive thousand pounds sterling, but these
disappointments being unexpected, he cannot for want of time have
recourse to Congress, and therefore finds himself reduced to the
mortifying necessity of permitting them to be protested." These bills
were redeemed after the protest, by money borrowed in France. I have
reason to believe, that no money has since been obtained on account of
the United States in Spain; so that the application for five millions
of dollars has only been answered by the grant of one hundred and
fifty thousand dollars.


_Portugal._

On the 11th of January, 1782, Mr Jay was directed, in conjunction with
the Superintendent of Finance, to undertake a loan in Spain or
Portugal, without limiting the amount of such loan. And Mr Jay was
directed to send Mr Carmichael to aid their endeavors. This power was
restricted by a subsequent resolution, directing Mr Jay not to send Mr
Carmichael, unless he had some prospect of succeeding. Not having
sent him, it is to be presumed he had no prospect of succeeding.


_Holland._

On the 26th of October, 1779, Mr Laurens, having been appointed a
commissioner for that purpose, was directed to borrow a sum not
exceeding ten millions of dollars. Mr Laurens having been captured,
his place was supplied by Mr Adams, who had similar powers and
instructions. He made several attempts to open a loan, but with so
little success, that he never has transmitted an account of the
amount, but has since informed me, that he had applied it in part of
payment for a house purchased at the Hague. His salary has hitherto
been paid by money drawn from France. A loan, however, has been opened
with success in Holland on our account by his Most Christian Majesty,
and under his special guarantee for ten millions of livres. Mr Adams
informs Congress by a letter dated the 5th of July last, that he also
has opened a loan in Holland on account of the United States for five
millions of florins, but adds, that he does not expect to obtain that
sum for a long time, that if he gets a million and a half by
Christmas, it will be more than he expects.

In a letter of the 18th of August, the last I have received from Mr
Adams, he says, that "when he receives the ratification of his treaty
for a loan, there will be thirteen or fourteen hundred thousand
guilders to be paid to the orders of Congress." This is confirmed by a
letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, of which he sends me an extract.

As that ratification must have been received long since, we may set
the loans actually made in Holland on our credit, at

    Three millions of livres,                  3,000,000
    Those made under the guarantee and on
    the credit of France, at                  10,000,000
                                              ----------
    Ten millions of livres,                   13,000,000

Our further prospects of borrowing are too uncertain to be stated. As
this is a private loan it is reasonable to suppose, that the clamors
of the public creditors here, when heard in Holland, will have some
effect upon our credit there.


_France._

In France various applications were made, and several grants obtained
previous to the year 1779, though they are not clearly stated, from
the irregular manner in which the books of the Secret Committee, and
the Committee of Foreign Affairs were formerly kept. It appears, that
the whole sum obtained from France previous to the year 1780,
exclusive of one million obtained on a contract for tobacco with the
Farmers-General amounted to nine millions of livres. In November,
1780, Congress applied to the Court of France for an aid of twenty
five millions of livres in money, exclusive of a considerable supply
of arms, ammunition, and military stores, which they declared would
fall short of their wants for the ensuing year without the greatest
internal exertion.

They sent Mr Laurens as a Minister on this special occasion, and in
this year and the year 1781, Congress received fourteen millions of
livres, including the goods and military stores, without counting the
loan opened for the United States in Holland, of which mention is made
before.

But as this sum fell very far short of our wants, Dr Franklin was
instructed on the 8th of February, 1782, to borrow twelve millions of
livres. In answer to which, that Minister, writing to me on the 25th
of June, after acknowledging the receipt of my letters, one of which
was written on the subject of the above instruction, says, "the second
(the second letter) enforces some resolutions of Congress sent me with
it respecting a loan of twelve millions of livres to be demanded of
France for the current year. I had already received the promise of six
millions, together with the clearest and most positive assurances,
that it was all the King could spare us, that we must not expect more,
that if drafts and demands came upon me beyond that sum, it behooved
me to take care how I accepted them, or where I should find funds for
the payment, since I could, certainly not be further assisted out of
the royal treasury. Under this declaration, with what face could I ask
for another six millions? It would be saying, 'you are not to be
believed, you can spare more, you are able to lend me twice the sum,
if you were but willing.' If you read my letter to Mr Morris of this
date, I think you will be convinced how improper any language capable
of such a construction would be to such a friend."

On the 14th of September Congress were pleased to direct that four
millions of dollars be borrowed in Europe, exclusive of the loan
negotiating in Holland. A copy of which resolution is directed to be
communicated to his Most Christian Majesty, with directions to Dr
Franklin to assure his Majesty of the high sense the United States in
Congress entertain of his friendship and generous exertions, their
reliance on a continuance of them, and the necessity of applying on
the present occasion to him. And on the 23d of September Congress
resolved further, in answer to the above letter from Dr Franklin, and
one of a similar nature to the Superintendent of Finance of the same
date, that, notwithstanding the information contained in those
letters, it is the direction of Congress, that he use his utmost
endeavors to effect the loan, which, by the resolve of the 14th
instant is to be negotiated.

I should observe that in the above statement of the grants made to the
United States, I have not distinguished between loans and gifts, but
included both in the gross sums above mentioned, though about eight
millions of that granted by France has been given, without any
expectation of being repaid.

It is unnecessary to draw those inferences from the above facts, which
they naturally suggest. They cannot escape your Excellency's
observation. I can only wish, that the low state of our credit abroad
may excite us to such internal exertions as must be its best support.
Those only can borrow with dignity, who give unequivocal proofs of the
design to repay their debts with honor.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

              THOMAS JEFFERSON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                        Baltimore, February 7th, 1783.

  Sir,

I arrived here on the 30th of last month, and had a short interview
the same evening with the Chevalier de Ville Brune, commander of the
Romulus. There appeared at that time little apprehension, but that we
might sail within a few days, but we were not very particular in our
conference, as we expected so soon to see each other again; the
severity of the cold, however, which commenced that night, obliged the
Chevalier de Ville Brune to fall twelve miles below this place, and
excluded all correspondence with him till yesterday, when I found
means to get through the ice on board his ship. He then communicated
to me, by direction of his Excellency the Minister of France,
intelligence as to the number and force of the cruisers now actually
watching the Capes of the Chesapeake.

I must acknowledge, that these appear such as to render a capture
certain were we to hazard it. The Minister was pleased at the same
time to submit the Guadeloupe to my wishes, if I chose to adventure. I
take the liberty of troubling you with a copy of my letter to him on
that subject.

I should certainly be disposed to run very considerable risks myself
to effect my passage, but I should think it an unfortunate
introduction to an ally, who has already done so much for us, were I
to add to his losses and disbursements, that of a valuable ship and
crew. I wish that the present delay offered some, period less distant
than the lassitude of an avaricious enemy to watch for prey. Perhaps
you may be able to put me on some more expeditious mode of passage
than the one under which I am acquiescing at present. I shall be much
pleased to adopt any such, which may come recommended from you,
without regard to personal risk or trouble. In the meantime, any
intelligence which you can be able to collect, and will be pleased to
give me as to the state of our coast, will be of utility in
determining whether and when we shall depart hence.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                     THOMAS JEFFERSON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                THOMAS JEFFERSON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                                        Baltimore, February 7th, 1783.

  Sir,

The Chevalier de Ville Brune was so kind as to communicate to me your
Excellency's letter to him of January, together with the intelligence
therein referred to. I feel myself bound to return you my thanks for
your orders to the Guadeloupe frigate to receive me. If I should think
a passage should be hazarded under present circumstances, according to
this information, (which is the most worthy of credit of any we have
received here,) it would seem, that our capture would be unavoidable
were we to go out now. This then is a risk, to which I cannot think of
exposing his Majesty's vessel and subjects, however I might be
disposed to encounter personal hazards, from my anxiety to execute
with all the promptitude in my power a service, which has been
assigned to me. I shall, therefore, wait with patience the arrival of
the moment, when the Chevalier de Ville Brune shall be of opinion,
that the one or the other of the vessels may venture out without any
greater risk, than he shall think proportioned to her proper object,
independently of mine.

It has been suggested to me this evening, that perhaps their safe
departure might be greatly forwarded by their falling down to York or
Hampton, there to be ready at a moment's warning, to avail themselves
of those favorable circumstances, which the present season sometimes
offers, but of this yourself will be the proper judge.

I cannot close my letter without expressing to you my obligations to
the Chevalier de Ville Brune for the particular attention he has shown
to my accommodation on board his ship. The apartments he has had
constructed for me are ample and commodious, and his politeness and
merit as an officer are an agreeable presage of everything, which
shall depend on him.

I have the honor to be, with the highest sentiments of esteem, &c.

                                                     THOMAS JEFFERSON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                          TO GENERAL GREENE.

                                    Philadelphia, February 14th, 1783.

  Dear Sir,

Receive my congratulations on the important event, you have announced
in your favor by Major Burnet. The influence that the evacuation of
Charleston will have on our affairs if the war continues is obvious.
The southern States, by this means relieved from their burdens, will
be capable of contributing largely to the general cause, and I doubt
not when they have breathed a little, that they will be as willing as
they are able. I feel, Sir, a personal interest in this great event
from the distinguished honor it reflects upon you. In every other
department our expectations have gone beyond our means of satisfying
them. You have afforded the first instance of the contrary, and by
creating the means have exceeded our most sanguine expectations.

We have the highest reason to conclude, that the preliminaries of a
peace are signed before this. I have reason to hope that the terms of
peace will comprize most of the great objects we have in view, and in
some points almost exceed our expectations. The present policy of
Britain is to make sacrifices to the Manes of the affection, which
once subsisted between her and us. I have just put the last hand to
our treaty of amity and commerce with the United Provinces by signing
the ratification, which Congress have directed. I congratulate you
upon this event, which adds not a little to our political importance.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                         TO THOMAS JEFFERSON.

                                    Philadelphia, February 14th, 1783.

  Sir,

I have delayed answering your favor of the 7th instant, till I could
obtain the sense of Congress on the matter it contains. I conceive it
hardly possible, while the British cruisers retain their present
station, for you to elude their vigilance, in either of the ships
offered to your choice. This, concurring with the late advices, from
England, has induced Congress to pass the enclosed resolution. We have
reason to conjecture that peace is already concluded, whether it is or
not, a few days must determine.

I transmit you the speech of His Britannic Majesty, which, with what
you already know of the state of our negotiations, will enable you to
form your opinion on the same ground that we do.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                         TO THOMAS JEFFERSON.

                                    Philadelphia, February 18th, 1783.

  Sir,

I was honored yesterday with your favor of the 14th, which I shall lay
before Congress this morning. As you have by this time received their
resolution, which I had the honor to send you by the last post, and
again enclose, you will be relieved in some measure from your
embarrassments, though not entirely from your suspense with respect to
their final determination. But that cannot be long doubtful, since the
negotiations have certainly arrived at such a crisis, as either to
terminate soon in a peace, or a total rupture. In the latter case, you
will necessarily be obliged to proceed on your voyage, as Congress
seem anxious to avail themselves of your abilities and information in
the negotiations; unless they are fully assured that a speedy peace
will preclude them from that advantage.

I enclose a paper, which contains all that we have yet received on
this interesting subject. It may, perhaps, be difficult to account for
our Ministers having signed before those of France. But if this letter
is genuine, it serves, when compared with their instructions, to prove
that the terms are acceptable to us, and not disagreeable to France.

I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                       Office of Foreign Affairs, February 18th, 1783.

  Sir,

I have the honor to lay before Congress, the enclosed letter from Mr
Jefferson, upon which I presume they will not think it necessary at
present to take any other resolution than that already transmitted to
him. I also enclose an extract from a letter of Mr William Lee to me,
dated the 31st of March last, which merits attention, though, in the
present state of our affairs, Congress may not think it advisable to
pass any resolutions thereon, till they are more perfectly acquainted
with the actual state of our affairs in Europe, and what alterations
may be occasioned by a peace.

I have letters from Messrs De Neufville of the 27th of September and
24th of October; but as they contain little more than a pressing
request to have their accounts settled, and the balance paid, I shall
not trouble Congress with them, but deliver copies to the
Superintendent of Finance.

I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                    Philadelphia, February 26th, 1783.

  Sir,

I have the honor to lay before Congress a letter received yesterday
from Mr Dana. I must confess, I am at a loss to discover any reason
for detaining that gentleman longer at a Court, where it is, as he
justly observes, improbable that he can be publicly acknowledged till
Britain has no longer any objections to such acknowledgment. After
which a treaty can be concluded, if necessary, here or at the Hague; a
commission for that purpose being sent to Mr Adams, with as much ease
as at Petersburg. Congress will then judge whether it will be proper
to have a Minister at the Court of St Petersburg, or whether a
Resident, with consular powers, will not answer all their purposes,
and save expense.

The desire which Mr Dana expresses to return, takes from me the
delicacy I before felt in stating this matter so fully to Congress. I
also enclose, in obedience to the commands of Congress, a list of the
names, titles, salaries, and places of residence, of the officers of
the United States, employed in the Department of Foreign Affairs.

I take the liberty to remind Congress that a variety of matters, which
have been submitted by me, remain yet not acted upon; and that the
business of the office is very much obstructed as well by this delay,
as by the detention of the letters and papers which refer to them. As
this has probably been occasioned by a change in the Committees, I
humbly submit to Congress the propriety of directing them to be filled
up.

I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                                    Philadelphia, February 26th, 1783.

  Dear Sir,

In compliance with the directions of Congress, contained in the
enclosed resolution, I have the honor to inform your Excellency, that
our last despatches, dated in October, announce a disposition in the
belligerent powers to terminate the war by a general peace. The Court
of London, whose sincerity was most suspected, because it was to make
the greatest sacrifices, appears to have smoothed the way by the
commission to Mr Oswald (which your Excellency has seen,) empowering
him to treat with the Thirteen United States of America; M. de
Rayneval (brother to M. Gerard) having been sent from France to sound
the intentions of the British Ministry, returned perfectly satisfied
of their sincerity.

A little before our despatches were closed, our Ministers had
delivered their propositions to the Court of London. They consisted of
three general heads, which comprised our right to the fisheries, the
extent of our territories, and commercial objects. Though these
propositions contained all we could ask under each of these heads, yet
Mr Oswald gave our Ministers reason to conclude, that they would be
granted; which I am inclined to believe they have been, in their
fullest extent, from the lead which our Ministers have taken in
signing Provisional Articles. France, Spain, and Holland, had made
their proposals; so that the King of Great Britain was perfectly
apprized of their demands before he met his Parliament; there is
little room, therefore, to doubt, when these facts are compared with
the speech of His Britannic Majesty, that unless some unforeseen
event should arise, a general peace will be concluded before the
opening of the next campaign.

I was honored with your letter of the 18th, and have delivered the one
enclosed to Mr Jefferson, who is detained by order of Congress, till
they receive more certain advices as to the issue of the negotiation.
I should also acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 8th of
January, which I found here on my return from the country. I think,
with you, that the British administration will choose to take the
advice of Parliament on the terms of peace, before they agree to them.
Yet they have gone every length with respect to us. In this, however,
they are perfectly safe, as the opposition have all along dictated
that measure, so that on this quarter they are secured from their
attack. More circumspection will be necessary in adjusting the
articles with the other belligerent powers. To this cause, we may
probably attribute the delays that this business still seems to
struggle with.

Be pleased to accept my compliments, and those of my family, who join
me in returning our best respects to Mrs Washington.

I have the honor to be, Dear Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                                       Philadelphia, March 12th, 1783.

  Dear Sir,

The Washington packet arrived this morning. I have not yet had leisure
to read all my letters, but as an express is ready to go early
tomorrow, I rather choose to rely upon your goodness to excuse a
letter written in extreme haste, than to hold myself inexcusable, by
not informing you of what we yet know of the state of our
negotiations. None of my letters is of a later date than the 25th of
December. All difficulties had then been removed with respect to us,
and the preliminaries were signed; they consist of nine articles.

The _first_ acknowledges our Independence.

The _second_ describes our boundaries, which are as extensive as we
could wish.

The _third_ ascertains our rights as to the fishery, and puts them
upon the same footing that they were before the war.

The _fourth_ provides that all British debts shall be paid.

The _fifth_ and _sixth_ are enclosed for your perusal, as they are
likely to be the least satisfactory here.

The _seventh_ stipulates that hostilities shall immediately cease, and
that the British troops be withdrawn without carrying off any
property, or dismantling fortifications; that records and archives
shall be restored.

The _eighth_ stipulates that the navigation of the Mississippi shall
be open to us and Great Britain.

The _ninth_, that all conquests made in America after the ratification
shall be restored.

These preliminaries are only provisional upon the determination of a
peace with France, whose negotiations have not made such progress as
ours. I believe they find themselves very much embarrassed by the
demands of their other allies.

The Count de Vergennes, in a letter of the 25th of December, says, "I
cannot foresee the issue, for difficulties arise from the disposition
we have shown to remove them. It would be well, Sir, to prepare
Congress for every event. I do not despair; I rather hope; but all is
yet uncertain."

But, Sir, whatever the event of the negotiations may be, I persuade
myself the enemy will leave these States. Mr Oswald has made some
propositions to our Ministers upon this subject, proposing that they
might be permitted to embark without molestation, and endeavor to
recover West Florida from the Spaniards. This last communication,
(which you will consider as confidential,) I thought might be
important to your Excellency. By attending to their conduct, you will
be able to judge if they mean to pursue this system, or if it was only
thrown out to deceive.

I enclose also for your perusal, extracts from the addresses, not
having time to have them copied at large. They are mere echoes to the
speech. Supplies were voted, without one dissenting voice.

I must pray your Excellency to send on the enclosed packets; any
expense it occasions will be paid by the Governor.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                          TO GENERAL GREENE.

                                       Philadelphia, March 12th, 1783.

  Dear Sir,

The arrival of the Washington packet affords me an opportunity of
sending you the preliminary articles, agreed upon between our
Ministers and those of Great Britain. In every point but one they are
unexceptionable; in that one I believe our Ministers have labored to
obtain all that circumstances would admit, and by the reference of the
tories to their respective States, they have made a very slender
provision for the restitution they stipulate.

What it imports you more to know is, that though our principal
difficulties are removed, yet many remain to <DW44> the peace. Our
allies do not appear to have made much progress in their negotiations,
and Count de Vergennes, in a letter of the 25th of December, speaks
with great uncertainty of the issue of his negotiations; yet not so as
to destroy our hopes of a happy conclusion; at all events, I believe
that the war will be removed from us, and directed to other objects in
the spring.

The British commissioners have made some propositions to ours about a
convention for permitting the army to depart in peace; but as nothing
was concluded, some doubts may still remain on this head; though you
will find in Lord North's speech, in the enclosed paper, a passage
that seems to take the evacuation for granted. As, however, I have
reason to suppose, that they do not mean to rest contented with the
loss of West Florida, and are apparently collecting a force for its
reduction at Augustine, I should think it prudent to maintain so
respectable a force in Georgia and South Carolina, as would discourage
any attempts upon them in case the negotiations should prove abortive.

A treaty is now on foot between Sweden and us. The commission to his
Swedish Majesty's Minister, contains an ample and an honorable
recognition of our independence.

The committee charged with the arrangements for the establishment of a
Minister from the United Provinces at this place, have reported to the
States of Holland on his salary and appointments, so that the
Diplomatic Corps here will shortly be increased.

The general news of this place, as well as what relates particularly
to the arrangements made and now making for the army, you will learn
from Major Burnet, who does me the favor to be the bearer of this. It
will not be necessary, therefore, to lengthen this further than to
declare the sincere esteem and respect, with which I have the honor to
be, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                          Office of Foreign Affairs, March 13th, 1783.

  Sir,

I have the honor to lay before Congress the enclosed letter from Mr
Jefferson, who is waiting at this place their determination. As Major
Burnet is now in town, and will be the bearer of despatches to General
Greene, I take the liberty to request the earliest attention of
Congress to those parts of the despatches submitted to them, that
induce a belief that the enemy will turn their arms against West
Florida, which the force they now have at Augustine renders probable.
Congress may, perhaps, think it advisable to order that the force in
the Southern States should be so respectable as to discourage a second
attempt upon them in case the failure of the negotiation should
occasion any change in the British Cabinet.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                          Office of Foreign Affairs, March 18th, 1783.

  Sir,

The important matter contained in the despatches lately received,
renders me unwilling to reply to them without being well satisfied of
the sentiments of Congress. But, as the subjects on which I wish to be
informed, are of too delicate a nature to be rendered formal acts, I
shall submit to them the drafts of my reply to the joint letter of our
Ministers, now at Paris. Previous to this, it will be necessary that
Congress come to some express determination upon points which arise
out of the treaty, and which, if they see in the same light that I do,
they will consider as the most embarrassing, as well as the most
important that can claim their attention.

Congress have hitherto, in all their acts, both of a public and
private nature, manifested the utmost confidence in the Court of
France. In answer to every communication, they have reiterated their
resolutions on that subject, and so lately as the 4th of October last,
resolved unanimously, "That they will not enter into the discussion of
any overtures of pacification but in _confidence_ and in _concert_
with his Most Christian Majesty;" and directed that a copy of the
above resolution should not only be furnished to the Minister of
France, but be sent to all the Ministers of the United States in
Europe, and published to the world. Yet, Sir, it has unfortunately so
happened, that the Ministers of these States have imagined they had
sufficient grounds to suspect the sincerity of the Court of France,
and have not only thought it prudent to agree upon and sign
preliminaries with Great Britain, without communicating them, till
after the signature, to the Ministers of his Most Christian Majesty,
but have permitted a separate article to be inserted in their treaty,
which they still conceal from the Court of France.

This reduces Congress to the disagreeable necessity, either of making
themselves parties to this concealment, and thereby to contradict all
their former professions of confidence in their ally, made not only to
that ally, but to their own citizens, and to every Court at which they
had a Minister, or of revealing it at the expense of the confidence
they would wish to maintain between their Ministers and the Court of
France, and that, too, when those Ministers have obtained such terms
from the Court of London, as does great honor to them, and at least
equals our highest expectations.

I feel the more pain on this subject, because, from the manner in
which this treaty is drawn, as well as from the article itself, I am
inclined to believe that England had no other view in its insertion,
but to be enabled to produce it as a mark of the confidence we reposed
in them, and to detach us from our ally, if the nation could be
brought to continue the war.

The preamble, drawn by our Ministers, contained professions of
attachment to the alliance, and declared that the treaty should not be
obligatory till His Britannic Majesty shall have agreed to accept the
terms of a peace between France and Britain, proposed or accepted by
his Most Christian Majesty, and shall be ready to conclude _with him_
such treaty. The preamble, agreed to, and, as there is reason to
conclude, framed in England, is so expressed as to render it very
doubtful whether our treaty does not take place the moment France and
England have agreed on the terms of their treaty, though France should
refuse to sign till her allies were satisfied. This construction is
strongly supported in the House of Commons by the administration.

The separate article is in itself an object of no moment; the
territory it cedes is of little importance, and if, as our Ministers
assert, it made a part of West Florida previous to the war, it will,
on the peace, be annexed to the nation that shall retain that Colony;
but it is extremely well calculated to sow the seeds of distrust and
jealousy between the United Stales and their allies. It demonstrates a
marked preference for the English over the present possessors, and
seems to invite Britain to reconquer it. Though this may promote our
particular interest, it never can consist with our honor to prefer an
open enemy to a nation engaged in the same cause with us, and closely
connected to our ally. This article would, in my opinion, if avowed by
the United States, fully justify Spain in making a separate peace
without the least regard to our interest.

But this, Sir, is an inconsiderable evil, compared with those which
may result from its having been concealed from the Court of
Versailles. Mr Laurens informs Congress (and that too from letters of
a late date from London,) "that the people of England still retain the
idea of _our late Colonies_ and of _reconciliation_; _that Government
gives every possible encouragement to this humor_; that it has been
their incessant endeavor to detach us from our ally, and that it is
given out in London, that, _by signing the late preliminaries, they
have out-manoeuvred the Court of France_; that every engine had been
set at work; that every degree of craft, under the mask of returning
affection, will be practised for creating jealousies between the
States and their good and great ally." Mr Adams's letters of November,
speak the same language. If, Sir, we suppose these gentlemen to have
been well informed, how much reason have we to apprehend that this
secret article will prove in the hands of Britain a most dangerous
engine. They may reveal to the Court of France the jealousies our
Ministers entertain, the confidence they repose in them, with such
falsehoods and additions as will best serve their purposes, and, by
producing this secret article, gain credit for all they advance. This
line they certainly pursued with respect to France, revealing all that
they learnt from the Count de Vergennes, relative to his opinion of
the first commission; nor is there room to doubt, that Marbois' letter
was received through the same channel. And there is no reason to
believe, if (as our Ministers suppose) the Court of France had put
themselves more in their power, that they would neglect such promising
means of increasing the suspicions our Plenipotentiaries already
entertained.

Add to this, that this article may be used in Parliament, and with the
British nation at large, as a most powerful argument for continuing
the war, adducing, from the resentment it discovers to Spain, and the
distrusts it manifests of France, that the quadruple knot is untied.

But suppose, what may possibly be the case, that the British
administration are sincere, how is the honor and good faith of the
United States to be justified to their allies, and to the world, if by
any of those causes which daily operate, this secret, which is now
known to sixty or seventy people, should be discovered? To tell the
world that we suspected France, will not suffice, unless we can show
probable grounds for such suspicion. Our Ministers inform us, that
when they communicated the articles of the treaty to Count de
Vergennes, "he appeared _surprised_, but not _displeased_ at their
being so favorable to us." Mr Laurens declares expressly, "That he
sees no cause for entertaining more particular jealousy, than ought to
be kept up against every negotiating Court in the world, and not half
so much as should at this moment be upon the watch against every
motion arising from our new half friends."

I confess, Sir, though my sentiments are of little moment that I am
fully of this opinion, and that I tremble lest we should at this hour
be on the edge of a precipice, the more dangerous, as we have fixed
our eyes on the flattering prospect which lies beyond it. I am
persuaded that, the old maxim, "Honesty is the best policy," applies
with as much force to States as to individuals. In that persuasion, I
venture humbly to recommend, that such measures be adopted as to
manifest, that repeated professions of fidelity to their engagements,
and confidence in their ally, may not appear to have been made by
Congress to mask deceit. The caution, which negotiations require, and
the light in which objects have appeared to our Ministers, may justify
them, and perhaps entitle them to credit for attempting to serve us at
every personal hazard.

But, Sir, it certainly cannot consist with the honor of these States,
upon such slight grounds, to contradict their own resolutions, and
forfeit the confidence of an ally, to whom it has been so much
indebted, and whose aid it is at this moment supplicating for the
means of carrying on another campaign.

Under these impressions, I humbly submit these resolutions, namely;

"That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs be directed to communicate the
Separate Article in the Provisional Preliminary Treaty with Great
Britain, to the Minister of his Most Christian Majesty, in such manner
as will best tend to remove any unfavorable impression it may make on
the Court of France, of the sincerity of these States or their
Ministers.

"That the Ministers for negotiating be informed of this communication,
and of the reasons which influenced Congress to make it. That they be
instructed to agree, that in whatever hands West Florida may remain at
the conclusion of the war, the United States will be satisfied that
the line of Northern boundary be as described in the said separate,
articles.

"That it is the sense of the United States in Congress, that the
articles agreed upon between the Ministers of these States, and those
of his Britannic Majesty, are not to take place until a peace shall
have been actually signed between their Most Christian and British
Majesties."

Congress will easily believe, that I offer these sentiments with the
utmost diffidence; that I see many and powerful arguments that
militate against them; that I feel extreme pain in advising a measure,
which may hurt the feelings of Ministers, to whom we are indebted for
their continued zeal and assiduity, all of whom I respect, and with
one of whom I have had the closest and most intimate friendship from
our earliest youth. But, Sir, it is a duty that my office requires;
and I am happy in reflecting that this duty is discharged, when I have
proposed what I think right, and that the better judgment of Congress
is to determine.[26]

I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.


FOOTNOTES:

[26] See further remarks by Mr Livingston on this subject in _John
Jay's Correspondence_, Vol. VIII. p. 215; also _Correspondence of the
Commissioners for Peace_, Vol. X. p. 129.

       *       *       *       *       *

               CIRCULAR TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.

                                       Philadelphia, March 18th, 1783.

  Sir,

Congress a few days since directed me to transmit to your Excellency a
copy of the provisional treaty for a peace between the United States
and Great Britain. I should have done it at an earlier day without any
particular direction, had not an order passed in Congress for
furnishing the Delegates of each State with a copy, that it might be
transmitted through them. In conformity to the second direction I have
the honor to enclose a copy, though I have no doubt that I have been
already anticipated by that forwarded by the Delegates of your State.
Yet, Sir, this letter may not be entirely useless when it assures you
that the conclusion of the treaty is still very uncertain. My public
letters are of such a nature as not to free me from apprehensions that
Britain still seeks rather to divide her enemies than to be reconciled
to them. Though this suspicion may not perhaps be well founded, yet
such conduct is so conformable to the general tenor of British
Councils, that it is at least the part of prudence to be upon our
guard against it. But whatsoever their intentions may be, the peace
must still depend upon so many contingencies that no preparation for
another campaign should be omitted on our part. None is neglected by
our antagonists. They have voted one hundred and ten thousand seamen
for the ensuing year. France continues her preparations, and will not
close the war till she can obtain honorable terms for her allies.
Little progress was made in their negotiations when my letters were
written. Count de Vergennes has thought it prudent to advise Congress
of this circumstance, that they might be prepared for every event. I
communicate it to your Excellency with similar views. I doubt not you
will avail yourself of this information to urge the State in which
you preside, to take such measures that they may not be found
unprovided in case our hopes of peace should be frustrated.

It would give me pleasure to learn the measures that have been
adopted, in consequence of the requisitions made in my letters to your
Excellency or your predecessors in office at different periods
relative to my Department, and more particularly to receive the
account so frequently called for of the damage done by the enemy in
your State.[27] I have reason to think had it been furnished in time,
it might have been of singular use to our Ministers, and perhaps have
tended to obtain some relief for the sufferers. It may not yet come
too late to be useful. Let me pray your Excellency to take measures
for furnishing three authentic copies by the earliest opportunity.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.


FOOTNOTES:

[27] Proper alterations were made to this paragraph in the letter to
the Governor of Connecticut, as he had already sent the accounts
herein mentioned.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                            Office of Foreign Affairs, Philadelphia, }
                                                   March 21st, 1783. }

  Sir,

I enclose for the inspection of Congress a letter received by the
Washington from Mr Barclay. I take this opportunity to remind
Congress, that I had the honor of laying before them, on the 23d day
of December, a letter from the same gentleman, which contained
objections to the convention for the appointment of Consuls, proposed
to be entered into between France and the United States, reasons for
sending him a new commission, constituting him Consul General in
France, with Count de Vergennes' objection to the one he now holds;
also a request of blank commissions for privateers and letters of
marque. This letter was committed to a special committee. I have not
yet been informed, whether they have reported; nor have I been honored
with the commands of Congress relative to these objects.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                                       Philadelphia, March 24th, 1783.

  Dear Sir,

You will by this express receive the agreeable intelligence of _a
general peace_, upon which I most sincerely congratulate you and the
army. Harmony, a regard for justice and fidelity to our engagements,
are all that now remains to render us a happy people. The vessel that
brought these despatches was sent out by the Count d'Estaing to recall
the French cruisers. As the Minister tells me he will forward the
orders and passports to your Excellency, I will not detain the
messenger till I have mine copied. This should in my opinion be
immediately sent either by Congress or your Excellency to Sir Guy
Carleton.

A private letter to me mentions, that the Bahama Islands are also
ceded to the British. Holland seems to have come worst off, and France
by getting little for herself has laid in a store of reputation,
which will be worth more than much territory. I must request your
Excellency to send on the enclosed letters by express to the Governor.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

_P. S._ I have thought proper to send Mr Lewis Morris to New York, to
inform General Carleton of the happy re-union of the powers at war,
and also of a resolution of Congress of this day, directing their
Agent of Marine to take proper measures to stop all further
hostilities by sea.

       *       *       *       *       *

  TO SIR GUY CARLETON, COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S
                       FORCES IN NORTH AMERICA.

                            Office of Foreign Affairs, Philadelphia, }
                                                   March 24th, 1783. }

  Sir,

I have the honor to inform your Excellency, that a vessel arrived here
last night from Cadiz, despatched by order of Count d'Estaing to
recall the cruisers of his Most Christian Majesty, and to prevent the
further effusion of blood at sea. A copy of the order is enclosed,
having been certified by the Chevalier de la Luzerne to be a true
copy. Though this may not be considered by your Excellency as
official, yet your humanity will induce you to think it sufficiently
authentic to justify your taking immediate measures to stop the
further effusion of blood, on which principle Congress have been
pleased to pass the enclosed resolution.

The vessel which brought these orders did not sail with express design
to come to the port of Philadelphia, and has, therefore, brought no
official letters, so that I have it not in my power to afford you any
further information as to the terms of a general peace, than what are
contained in the enclosed extract transmitted to me by the Marquis de
Lafayette; with this further addition, that the Bahama Islands are
restored to Great Britain.

Mr Morris, one of my Secretaries, will have the honor to deliver this
to your Excellency, and may be intrusted with any despatches which you
may choose to deliver him, that may contain further information than
we have yet received on an event so interesting to us and to humanity
as the return of peace.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO REAR ADMIRAL DIGBY.

                            Office of Foreign Affairs, Philadelphia, }
                                                   March 24th, 1783. }

  Sir,

I have the honor to enclose for your perusal the copy of a letter,
which I have just written to his Excellency General Carleton. If the
subject of it should relate more to you than to his Department, I am
satisfied that you will find equal pleasure in adopting such measures
as humanity dictates, and mutually concur with the United States in
the best means of extending, as early as possible, the blessings of
peace to the subjects or citizens of the nations at war.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

              SIR GUY CARLETON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                           New York, March 26th, 1783.

  Sir,

I have received your letter of the 24th instant, enclosing a
resolution of Congress of the same date, taken in consequence of the
arrival of the cutter, Triomphe, commanded by Lieutenant du Quesne,
with, orders of the 10th of February last, given at Cadiz by Vice
Admiral d'Estaing, for him to put to sea and cruize on such stations
as he shall judge most likely to meet with ships of his nation, and
inform them of the happy reconciliation of the belligerent powers, and
to order all their ships of war to cease hostilities against those of
Great Britain; the Preliminary Articles of a general peace being
signed the 20th of January. You thereupon are pleased to express your
expectation that I would think this information thus conveyed,
"sufficiently authentic to justify my taking immediate measures to
stop the further effusion of blood."

For my own part, I have hitherto abstained from all hostilities, and
this conduct I meant to continue so far as our own security would
permit; but how great soever my desire is to put an entire stop to the
calamities of war, and whatever respect this information may deserve,
yet I do not find myself thereby justified in recommending measures
that might give facility to the fleets and armies menacing any part of
the King's possessions, to carry their hostilities into execution.

To adopt a measure of this importance, it is necessary I should
receive orders from home, which I may reasonably expect every hour, as
a cruiser sent out on other purposes is already arrived at
Philadelphia; and I assure you, Sir, I only wait the official
certainty of this great event, to assume the language, and the spirit
too, of the most perfect conciliation and peace.

I perceive, Sir, by the resolution enclosed in your letter, that
Congress have thought fit to consider this information as authentic,
and, thereupon, have taken one considerable step towards carrying the
terms of peace into immediate execution.

Another, not less important, I presume, has been taken, or is taking.
With the cessation of hostilities, I perceive, is connected in the
seventh Article of the provisional treaty an engagement, that "all
prisoners on both sides shall be set at liberty;" of this event,
therefore, I hope likewise speedily to receive the very necessary and
welcome notice, as I shall find the highest satisfaction in seeing
released on all sides, men upon whom the evils and calamities of war
have more peculiarly fallen.

I am, Sir, &c.

                                                         GUY CARLETON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                ADMIRAL DIGBY TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                           New York, March 27th, 1783.

  Sir,

I have received your letter, enclosing me the resolve of Congress,
with a copy of a letter to his Excellency, Sir Guy Carleton, but, as I
have as yet received no official accounts from England, I must wait
till you, on your side, relieve our prisoners, before I give that
general relief to you, I so much wish. There can be no reason for
detaining our prisoners one moment, as Congress must suppose the peace
signed. I shall take every precaution in my power consistent with my
duty, to stop any further mischief upon the seas, but should
recommend the preventing any vessels sailing, as I have not yet
received sufficient authority to enable me to withdraw my cruisers.

I am, Sir, &c.

                                                         ROBERT DIGBY.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                          Office of Foreign Affairs, March 28th, 1783.

  Sir,

There remains in my hands the sum of thirtyeight thousand three
hundred and thirtytwo livres, equal on exchange at par to about seven
thousand three hundred and ten dollars, arising from the excess on the
payment of the salaries of the Ministers of the United States in
Europe, occasioned by the course of exchange during the last year,
which Congress have been pleased to direct that I should pass to the
account of the United States. In this I have not calculated six
hundred and eightyeight livres excess upon M. Dumas's account, being
too inconsiderable to make a deduction worth attention.

Desirous of settling all my accounts on the 1st of April, previous to
my leaving the department, I pray Congress to pass some order relative
to the disposition of the money, so that I may discharge myself of it.
As Congress may be led to suppose, from a passage in Mr Laurens's
letter, that I have charged a commission on this transaction, I take
the liberty to inform them, that though this is an extra service
attended with some trouble and risk, I once had it in view, if our
Ministers compelled me to be their agent, to charge a commission while
the exchange was in their favor, yet not having then done it, I cannot
think it would be reasonable to deduct a commission from the reduced
sum that is now paid them.

I have honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                         TO THOMAS JEFFERSON.

                                        Philadelphia, April 4th, 1783.

  Sir,

I have the honor to inform you, by the direction of Congress, in
answer to your letter of the 13th of March, "that they consider the
object of your appointment as so far advanced, as to render it
unnecessary for you to pursue your voyage; and that Congress are well
satisfied with the readiness you have shown in undertaking a service,
which from the present situation of affairs, they apprehend can be
dispensed with."

I have caused your account to be settled to the 1st of April, and hope
to be able to send you the warrant for the amount tomorrow. If you
please, I will apply for such further sum as you may think proper to
charge for the time that may be necessary to carry you home, as I
think that within the spirit of the resolution of Congress.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                WILLIAM PACA TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                               In Council, Annapolis, April 4th, 1783.

  Sir,

We have been honored with your favor of the 18th ultimo.

The requisitions made in your former letters have been regularly laid
before the Legislature of this State, (Maryland) and we are very sorry
to find that the early attention which their importance merited has
not been paid to them.

The Assembly at their last session, passed an act directing persons to
be appointed in each county to ascertain upon oath the damages done by
the enemy within their respective counties, and to report the same to
this Board. As soon as we are furnished with their returns, you may
rest assured, Sir, that no time shall be lost in transmitting to you,
properly authenticated, the information you have been solicitous to
obtain.

With great regard and respect, &c.

                                                         WILLIAM PACA.

       *       *       *       *       *

              SIR GUY CARLETON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                            New York, April 6th, 1783.

  Sir,

A packet from England arrived at this port last night, by which I have
despatches from Mr Townshend, one of his Majesty's principal
Secretaries of State, communicating official intelligence, that
Preliminary Articles of Peace with France and Spain were signed at
Paris, on the 20th of January last, and that the ratifications have
been since exchanged at the same place.

The King, Sir, has been pleased, in consequence of these events, to
order a Proclamation to be published, declaring a cessation of
arms,[28] as well by sea as land, and his Majesty's pleasure
signified, that I should cause the same to be published in all places
under my command, in order, that His Majesty's subjects may pay
immediate and due obedience thereto, and such Proclamation I shall
accordingly cause to be made on Tuesday next, the 8th instant.

In consequence thereof, and in conformity to the Articles of peace,
all our prisoners of war are to be set at liberty and restored, with
all convenient despatch; entertaining no doubt, but that similar
measures will be taken on the part of the United States of America. In
like manner no doubt can be entertained, but that Congress, in
conformity to the fifth Article of the provisional treaty, will lose
no time in earnestly recommending to the Legislatures of the
respective States, to provide for the restitution of confiscated
estates, and to reconsider and revise all laws of confiscation, that
they may be rendered perfectly consistent, not only with justice and
equity, but with that spirit of conciliation, which on the return of
the blessings of peace should universally prevail.

And I am further to inform you, Sir, that an instrument of accession
to the suspension of hostilities, by the States General of the United
Provinces, having been received in England, a cessation of arms with
those States has been thereupon included in the Proclamation.

Upon this great occasion, Sir, I am to offer my strongest assurances,
that during the short period of my command here, I shall be ready and
earnest to cultivate that spirit of perfect good will, which between
the United States of America, and the King of Great Britain, and the
subjects and the citizens of both countries, will I trust always
remain.

I am, with much consideration, Sir, &c.

                                                         GUY CARLETON.


FOOTNOTES:

[28] See this Proclamation in the _Correspondence of the Commissioners
for Peace_, Vol. X. p. 124.

       *       *       *       *       *

                ADMIRAL DIGBY TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                  Lion, off New York, April 6th, 1783.

  Sir,

I have this moment received the enclosed Proclamation from his
Majesty's Secretary of State, and shall immediately despatch one of
the sloops of war to withdraw all my cruisers upon the coast, and
shall also release all the prisoners as quickly as I can dispose of
them in the most convenient way to themselves.

I am, Sir, &c.

                                                         ROBERT DIGBY.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                          Office of Foreign Affairs, April 10th, 1783.

  Sir,

I have the honor of laying before Congress two letters, received
yesterday by express from New York, the one from General Carleton and
the other from Rear Admiral Digby. Both covered copies of his
Britannic Majesty's Proclamation for a cessation of hostilities. I
presume Congress will consider this advice as sufficiently authentic
to justify the discharge of their prisoners, who are now a useless
expense, though not so much so as to render it proper to proceed to
the measures directed by the fifth Article of the provisional treaty,
till that treaty is officially communicated and ratifications
exchanged.

I am at a loss to determine when hostilities are of right to cease
between the United States and Great Britain. If, as the Proclamation
asserts, the times therein mentioned were agreed between the Ministers
of the several powers at war, to take effect upon their respective
ratifications, then hostilities have not yet ceased between us and
Great Britain, except so far as the King of Great Britain has thought
proper to shorten the term by his special act. If no such ratification
was necessary on our part, then hostilities ceased immediately after
ratifications were exchanged between France and England. If the same
term has been fixed for the cessation of hostilities between Great
Britain and the United States, as that agreed upon between France and
Great Britain, then it becomes a question, what is meant by "_as far
as the Western Islands_?" If it refers to the latitude, then all
prizes made after the 3d of March, on the greater part of our coast,
must be restored. As much property may depend upon the decision of
these questions, I presume Congress will do no act, which shall lead
to a determination of it, till we receive further advices from our own
Ministers.

I shall be pardoned when I take the liberty to request, that the
enclosed letters may not find their way into the papers, unless
Congress shall determine, that this publication may answer some useful
purposes.

I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                       Philadelphia, April 10th, 1783.

  Sir,

I do myself the honor to enclose the draft of a Proclamation for the
suspension of hostilities between the United States and Great Britain,
and the resolution for the discharge of prisoners, together with one
for referring a part of Mr Adams's letters, which is all that it is
necessary to report upon the letters referred to me.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                          TO GENERAL GREENE.

                                       Philadelphia, April 12th, 1783.

  Dear Sir,

I am now to congratulate you on the return of peace, and a cessation
from your labor. I some time since sent you the Provisional Treaty
between Great Britain and the United States. On Wednesday last, Sir
Guy Carleton sent me the enclosed Proclamation of his Britannic
Majesty, and informed me, that he had directed a similar Proclamation
to issue at New York, and proposed to discharge all our prisoners. I
had a letter from Admiral Digby to the same effect; the next day I
received advices of the agreement of the cessation of hostilities,
from our Ministers. Congress, in consequence of these advices,
yesterday issued the enclosed Proclamation.

I reported to them on the propriety of releasing their prisoners. The
report is to be considered today, and I doubt not that it will be
agreed to. The British Parliament appear to be extremely dissatisfied
at the terms of peace; a majority, headed by Lord North, has been
obtained against the Administration, so that I think Lord Shelburne
has little prospect of continuing in the Administration; but this is
of no consequence to us, unless we are bound to like an Administration
that has served us against their will. As doubts may arise with
respect to the restitution of prizes taken after the epoch fixed by
the Proclamation, it may not be improper for me to mention to you,
that we conceive, that hostilities ceased in those parts of the
Atlantic Ocean, which lay in the same _latitude_ with the Canaries, on
the 3d of March.

I am, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                         TO SIR GUY CARLETON.

                                       Philadelphia, April 12th, 1783.

  Sir,

I received your letter of the 6th instant, informing me of the arrival
of a Packet, by which you have official intelligence, that the
Preliminary Articles of Peace with France and Spain were signed at
Paris on the 20th of January last; that the ratifications have been
since exchanged, and that his Britannic Majesty has ordered a
cessation of arms to be proclaimed, as well by sea as by land; and
that you propose, agreeably to his orders, to issue a similar
Proclamation, and to set at liberty your prisoners of war.

This interesting intelligence was communicated to the United States in
Congress, who, though they had yet received no official accounts,
would immediately have made it the basis of pacific measures, without
entertaining doubts of its authenticity, or yielding to suspicions
which would tend to prolong the calamities of war; but while these
measures were under consideration, they received from their Ministers
official advices of the agreement between them and the Court of Great
Britain relative to a cessation of hostilities, on which they have
founded the enclosed Proclamation.[29] They have likewise under
consideration measures for the discharge of their prisoners; these
measures will be carried into effect as soon as possible after they
are determined on.

It cannot be doubted, Sir, as you justly observe, that Congress will
embrace the earliest opportunity to perform the stipulations contained
in the fifth, as well as every other of the Provisional Articles,
immediately after the same shall have been ratified. In the meanwhile,
it must be obvious to your Excellency that a recommendation to restore
to the loyalists the estates they have forfeited, will come with less
weight before Legislatures composed of men, whose property is still
withheld from them by the continuance of his Britannic Majesty's
fleets and armies in this country, than it will do when peace and the
full enjoyment of their rights shall have worn down those asperities,
which have grown out of eight years' war. This reflection will, I
doubt not, induce you to give every facility in your power to the
execution of the seventh Article of the Provisional Treaty, and to fix
as early a day for the evacuation of New York, and its dependencies,
as may consist with your orders.

I give the fullest credit, Sir, to your assurances, that you are ready
to cultivate the spirit of harmony and good will between the subjects
and citizens of his Britannic Majesty and these States, since I find
them warranted by the humanity which has uniformly distinguished your
command in America. But, Sir, time only, with liberality in those that
govern in both countries, can entirely efface the remembrance of what
has passed, and produce that perfect good will, which I sincerely
concur with you in wishing to cultivate.

I am, Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.


FOOTNOTES:

[29] See this Proclamation in the _Correspondence of the Commissioners
for Peace_, Vol. X. p. 133.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO REAR ADMIRAL DIGBY.

                                       Philadelphia, April 12th, 1783.

  Sir,

I received your letter, enclosing a Proclamation for the suspension of
hostilities, and informing me of your design to recall your cruisers
and release your prisoners. In return, Sir, I have the pleasure to
enclose a Proclamation by the United States of America for a
suspension of hostilities. Congress have the measures necessary for
the return of their prisoners under consideration; I shall acquaint
you with those they adopt.

The resolution transmitted in my last, has already informed you, that
the humanity of Congress induced them, on the first intimation of the
cessation of hostilities, to recall their cruisers. It is to be hoped,
Sir, that no difficulties will arise on either side as to the
restitution of such vessels as may have been taken after the epoch
mentioned in the Proclamations of his Britannic Majesty and the United
States. For though this may be of no great moment when considered in a
national light, yet it becomes important, from the number of captures
made on this coast within the latitude of the Canaries, since the 3d
of March last, as well as from the presages, which the first steps may
furnish, of the respect that will in future be paid to the
stipulations in the treaty.

The gentleman, who delivered me your letter, will inform you, that it
came open to my hands from a mistake in the direction. I am so fully
persuaded, Sir, that I do not deceive myself, when I impute this
rather to mistake, than to the principle followed, in some instances,
in an early period of the late war, that I should not have noticed it
now but to prevent, in future, the inconveniences, with which it has
been in this instance attended.

I am, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                                       Philadelphia, April 12th, 1783.

  Dear Sir,

I congratulate your Excellency most sincerely upon the cessation of
hostilities, which you will learn from the enclosed Proclamation. You
will doubtless have heard directly from General Carleton on the
subject, so that it will not be necessary to trouble you with the
substance of his letter to me.

Congress will this day, upon my report, take into consideration the
propriety of discharging the prisoners, and the manner in which it is
to be done. Sir Guy Carleton presses hard in his letter for the
execution of the fifth of the Preliminary Articles. I have replied,
that it cannot be executed till the treaty is ratified; and in the
mean time endeavored to convince him, that the recommendation of
Congress will be received with much more respect, when the persons,
who compose our Legislatures, have returned to their respective homes,
and the asperities occasioned by the war shall be a little worn down
by the enjoyment of peace. It is a very capital omission in our
treaty, that no time has been fixed for the evacuation of New York.

It were to be wished, that General Carleton's intentions on this head
could be sounded by your Excellency.

I have the honor to be, Dear Sir, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

               CIRCULAR TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.

                                       Philadelphia, April 12th, 1783.

  Sir,

Permit me to offer you my congratulations on the important event
announced by the United States, in Congress, in the enclosed
Proclamation for the cessation of hostilities; an event, which is not
only pleasing, as it relieves us from the accumulated distresses of
war in the bowels of our country, but as it affords the fairest and
most flattering prospects of its future greatness and prosperity. I
need not, I am persuaded, Sir, use any arguments to urge your
Excellency and the State over which you preside, to the most
scrupulous attention to the execution of every stipulation in our
treaty, which may depend on you or them. A national character is now
to be acquired. I venture to hope, that it will be worthy of the
struggles by which we became a nation.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

              SIR GUY CARLETON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                           New York, April 14th, 1783.

  Sir,

As I observe in the seventh article of the Provisional Treaty it is
agreed, after stipulating that "all prisoners on both sides shall be
set at liberty," that "his Britannic Majesty shall with all convenient
speed, and without causing any destruction, or carrying away any
<DW64>s, or other property of the American inhabitants, withdraw all
his armies, garrisons, and fleets from the United States, and from
every port, place, and harbor within the same, &c.;" and as
embarkations of persons and property are on the point of being made, I
am to request that Congress would be pleased to empower any person or
persons, on behalf of the United States, to be present at New York,
and to assist such persons as shall be appointed by me to inspect and
superintend all embarkations, which the evacuation of this place may
require; and they will be pleased to represent to me every infraction
of the letter or spirit of the treaty, that redress may be immediately
ordered.

I am, Sir, &c.

                                                         GUY CARLETON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                       Philadelphia, April 21st, 1783.

  Sir,

I have the honor to enclose a letter, just received from Mr Dana. I am
much surprised to find that such considerable sums as he mentions are
necessary on the signature of a treaty with Russia, since I cannot
learn that money is demanded of right on similar occasions by any
civilized nation in Europe; though it is usual among them to present
gratifications to the Ministers on both sides, which being for the
most part of equal value, the account is balanced. As I do not
conceive, that we are under the least necessity of buying a treaty
with Russia, I think it would be well for Mr Dana, (if he should not
have been misinformed) to declare to the Court of St Petersburg, that
the Ministers of the United States are restrained from receiving
presents, that to make them in such circumstance, would be either to
arrogate a superiority to which they were not entitled, or to
acknowledge that they were so far the inferior of those with whom they
treated, as to be compelled to purchase a connexion, which should be
founded in equality and mutual advantage. That he therefore found
himself compelled in the one case, by respect for the Empress, in the
other by a regard to the United States, rather to break off the
treaty, than to take a step which might be supposed to derogate from
either. After all, I apprehend, that Mr Dana has not received his
information on this subject through the best channel, and that he must
have mistaken a particular case for a general custom.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

              GEORGE WASHINGTON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                       Head Quarters, April 22d, 1783.

  Sir,

I have been honored with your two favors, dated the 12th and 15th
instant.

In consequence of the resolutions of Congress on the 15th instant, and
the express declarations of the Secretary at War, respecting the
sense and expectations of Congress, arrangements have been agreed upon
between him and me, for an immediate liberation of all land prisoners;
and I have yesterday given this information to Sir Guy Carleton. The
particulars of the arrangement, with the opinion given the British
Commander in Chief, you will obtain through the Minister at War.

In order to obtain the sense of Sir Guy Carleton upon the matters,
contained in the resolution of the 15th, I have proposed a personal
interview with him at an early day. The result of this meeting, if
acceded to, will probably lead us to a decision upon some questions,
which are more doubtful, and that with greater decision and despatch,
than could otherwise be procured.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

              GEORGE WASHINGTON TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

                                        Head Quarters, May 13th, 1783.

  Sir,

Your favor of the 3d came to hand by the last post. Before this time
you will have seen the report I made to Congress of the interview with
Sir Guy Carleton. I am very sorry its result proved so indecisive.
That this arises from the cause you mention I am not fully persuaded.
I believe a want of information from his Court, which had been for
some time without any administration, has been a great embarrassment
to him.

The civil jurisdiction of West Chester County Sir Guy Carleton
appeared very willing, in his conversation, to relinquish to the
State; but what reply he will make to the Governor, when he comes to
reduce it to writing, I know not. Long Island he seemed to think could
not be so easily delivered up. It would be attended with many
inconveniences, and he mentioned particularly the facility it would
give to desertions, and the necessity of holding it for the
accommodation of those people, who must eventually be obliged to leave
the country. Staten Island was also necessary for his convenience.

I have had no reply from Sir Guy since his return to New York, nor, I
presume, has Governor Clinton heard anything from him.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

             TO THE CHAIRMAN OF A COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS.

                                         Philadelphia, May 19th, 1783.

  Sir,

The inquiries that the committee were pleased to do me the honor to
make this morning, relative to my continuing to exercise the office of
Secretary of Foreign Affairs, were extremely embarrassing to me,
because, on the one hand, I find it impossible to continue in the
office on the present establishment, without material injury to my
private affairs, and, on the other, to propose the terms on which I
would stay would be to overrate my own importance, and to suppose that
others could not be had upon such conditions as Congress have been
pleased to consider as sufficient. Having given my whole time, and a
considerable part of my property to the public during the war, I see,
with pleasure, that the affairs of the United States are not now in
such a situation as to render the contributions of an individual
necessary. It is my wish to endeavor to repair the injuries my estate
has sustained by the ravages of the enemy, and my own neglect, by the
offices I have held.

From my former letter, Congress will be able to judge how far my
expenses in the office exceed the salary. But as it by no means
follows, that another by greater economy and humbler, but, perhaps,
more just ideas of the importance of this office, could not live at
less expense, I do not think that mine should be any reason to induce
Congress to make other changes, than such as they shall of themselves
deem necessary. And in this view, I requested the committee, that
called upon me last winter, to keep the matter of emoluments entirely
out of sight in their report, as I then considered my stay only as a
temporary inconvenience.

At present, Sir, I must choose between the office I have been honored
with from Congress and an important State office. If I continue in the
first, I must suppose it the business of years, and lose sight of all
other objects in my own State, where I have something to hope from my
connexions and the favor of my countrymen, and where I possess an
estate, the value of which depends in a great measure upon my
attention to it. Under these circumstances, I flatter myself that the
committee will not think me blamable, when I assure them, that though
I am willing to give my time and services to the public if they should
be deemed necessary, yet I cannot in justice to myself or my family,
add to this gift that of such a portion of my property as I find
absolutely necessary to support the office I hold.

Permit me, Gentlemen, to add, that having no wishes upon this
subject, I am sincerely desirous that personal considerations may not
enter into the arrangements that Congress make thereon. I feel myself
extremely honored by the attention they have shown me in directing you
to confer with me on this subject; and I reflect with great pleasure
on the reasons I have had to be satisfied with their conduct towards
me since I have been honored with the office.

I am, Gentlemen, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                          TO JOSEPH NOURSE.

                                         Philadelphia, May 26th, 1783.

  Sir,

In compliance with your request, I have collected from the papers in
my office the following account of the moneys received by loans, or
otherwise, from Holland, France, and Spain.

The first loan that was opened in Holland on our account with success,
was opened by His Most Christian Majesty, and under his special
guarantee, for ten millions of livres. Since that, another loan was
contracted by Mr Adams with private banking houses, to the amount of
five millions of florins.

These houses, in a letter directed to me of the 16th of August last,
write that they had at that time in cash by them, one million four
hundred and eightyfour thousand florins, of which the interest ran as
follows;

1,314,000 florins, from the 1st of June,

170,000 florins, from the 1st of July.

They add, that they had already paid to the order of Mr Adams, in
favor of sundry individuals, the sum of two thousand nine hundred and
two florins, and that that Minister had hinted to them, that it would
be necessary to pay some drafts of Mr Laurens's when arrived, and a
few other unavoidable expenses, which would amount to about two
hundred thousand florins. By a letter of the 18th of November last,
they have acknowledged the receipt of the contract duly ratified, so
that the money they had on hand has been since that time at the
disposal of Congress.

The moneys received from France before the year 1780, cannot be very
accurately stated, for the want of order in the books kept by the
Committee of Foreign Affairs. By the best estimate I have been able to
make, the amount of such moneys appears to be about nine millions of
livres, exclusive of one million received from the Farmers-General on
a particular contract. To this, must be added the grants obtained by
Colonel Laurens, which, _including_ military stores, amount to
fourteen millions of livres. So that the whole of the money received
from France, amounts to about four and twenty millions tournois. I
should observe, that I have not here made any distinction between
loans and gifts, though about eight millions of the above sum have
been granted by France without any expectation of being repaid.

From Spain we have only received one hundred and fifty thousand
dollars, which were granted to Mr Jay in the beginning of the year
1780.

I have not mentioned the engagement, which France has lately entered
into to supply the United States with six millions of livres, as you
may find everything that relates to it in the appendix to the address
of Congress to the States.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                          Philadelphia, June 2d, 1783.

  Sir,

I have the honor to submit to Congress a letter from M. Dumas, with
several papers relative to a negotiation, which appears to have been
commenced by the States of Holland with our Ministers. As this subject
may be very important in its consequences, it is to be presumed, that
they would wish to have the direction of Congress. I would therefore
take the liberty to suggest, that these papers be committed to a
special committee.

As my stay in town will not admit of my executing the commission,
which M. Van Berckel requires, I must pray Congress also to give some
direction therein.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.




THE

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

ROBERT MORRIS,

SUPERINTENDENT OF FINANCE.




During the first years of the Revolution the financial concerns of
Congress were managed by a Committee, under the general supervision of
that body. Disorder and confusion were the gradual results of such a
system. It was at length resolved to put this Department into the
hands of a responsible individual, and ROBERT MORRIS was unanimously
chosen _Superintendent of Finance_, on the 20th of February, 1781.
Various reasons prevented his engaging in the duties of the office
till the May following.

The high expectations of Congress, and of the country, were fully
answered by the ability and success with which Mr Morris administered
the affairs of this new Department. Funds were provided, and public
credit restored. He remained in office till November 1st, 1784.

Nothing can afford a stronger proof of his zeal, assiduity, and
unwearied labor, than the correspondence which he has left respecting
the transactions of his office. The letters here published are a
selection only from the large mass, which has been preserved. They
pertain chiefly to the foreign relations of the United States, either
as effected by European loans, or by the agency of the internal
resources of the country. In fact, all the financial operations of
Congress were more or less connected with their Foreign Affairs since
loans from abroad were necessary, and these could be produced only on
the strength of public credit and the means of sustaining it at
home.




THE

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

               ORGANIZATION OF THE FINANCE DEPARTMENT.

                                      In Congress, February 7th, 1781.

Congress resumed the consideration of the plan for the arrangement of
the civil executive departments of the United States; and thereupon,

Resolved, That there be a Superintendent of Finance, a Secretary at
War, and a Secretary of Marine;

That it shall be the duty of the Superintendent of Finance, to examine
into the state of the public debts, the public expenditures, and the
public revenue; to digest and report plans for improving and
regulating the finances, and for establishing order and economy in the
expenditure of the public money; to direct the execution of all plans,
which shall be adopted by Congress respecting revenue and expenditure;
to superintend and control the settlement of all public accounts; to
direct and control all persons employed in procuring supplies for the
public service, and in the expenditure of public money; to obtain
accounts of all the issues of the specific supplies furnished by the
several States; to compel the payment of all moneys due to the United
States, and in his official character, or in such manner as the laws
of the respective States shall direct, to prosecute in behalf of the
United States, for all delinquencies respecting the public revenue and
expenditures; to report to Congress the officers who shall be
necessary for assisting him in the various branches of his Department.


_In Congress, February 20th._ Congress proceeded to the election of a
Superintendent of Finance; and the ballots being taken, Robert Morris
was unanimously elected.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                       Philadelphia, March 13th, 1781.

  Sir,

I had the honor to receive your Excellency's letter of the 21st of
last month, enclosing the Act of Congress of the 20th, whereby I am
appointed, by a unanimous election of that honorable body, to the
important office of SUPERINTENDENT OF FINANCE. Perfectly sensible of
the honor done me by this strong mark of confidence from the sovereign
authority of the United States, I feel myself bound to make the
acknowledgments due, by pursuing a conduct formed to answer the
expectations of Congress, and promote the public welfare. Were my
abilities equal to my desire of serving America, I should have given
an immediate determination after this appointment was made; but
conscious of my own deficiencies, time for consideration was
absolutely necessary. Little, however of that time, which has elapsed
have I been able to devote to this object, as the business before the
Legislature of Pennsylvania wherein I have the honor of a seat, has
demanded and continues to demand my constant attendance.

So far as the station of Superintendent of Finance, or indeed any
other public station or office, applies to myself I should without the
least hesitation have declined an acceptance; for after upwards of
twenty years assiduous application to business as a merchant, I find
myself at that period when my mind, body, and inclination combine to
seek for relaxation and ease. Providence had so far smiled on my
endeavors as to enable me to prepare for the indulgence of these
feelings, in such a manner as would be least injurious to the interest
of my family. If, therefore, I accept this appointment, a sacrifice of
that case, of much social and domestic enjoyment, and of every
material interest, must be the inevitable consequence; and as my
ambition was entirely gratified by my present situation and character
in life, no motive of that kind can stimulate me to the acceptance.

Putting myself out of the question, the sole motive is the public
good; and this motive I confess comes home to my feelings. The contest
we are engaged in appeared to me, in the first instance, just and
necessary; therefore, I took an active part in it. As it became
_dangerous_, I thought it the more _glorious_, and was stimulated to
the greatest exertions in my power, when the affairs of America were
at the worst. Sensible of the want of arrangement in our monied
affairs, the same considerations impel me to this undertaking, which I
would embark in without hesitation, could I believe myself equal
thereto; but fearing this may not be the case, it becomes
indispensably necessary to make such stipulations, as may give ease to
my feelings, aid my exertions, and tend to procure ample support to my
conduct in office, so long as it is founded in and guided by a regard
to the public prosperity.

In the first place then, I am to inform Congress, that the preparatory
steps I had taken to procure to myself relaxation from business, with
least injury to the interests of my family, were by engaging in
certain commercial establishments with persons, in whom I had perfect
confidence as to their integrity, honor, and abilities. These
establishments I am bound in honor and by contracts to support to the
extent agreed on. If, therefore, it be in the idea of Congress, that
the office of Superintendent of Finance is incompatible with
commercial concerns and connexions, the point is settled; for I cannot
on any consideration consent to violate engagements or depart from
those principles of honor, which it is my pride to be governed by. If,
on the contrary, Congress have elected me to this office under the
expectation, that my mercantile connexions and engagements were to
continue, an express declaration of their sentiments should appear on
the minutes, that no doubt may arise or reflections be cast on this
score hereafter.

I also think it indispensably necessary, that the appointment of all
persons who are to act in my office, under the same roof, or in
immediate connexion with, should be made by myself; Congress first
agreeing, that such secretaries, clerks, or officers, so to be
appointed are necessary, and fixing the salaries for each. I conceive,
that it will be impossible to execute the duties of this office with
effect, unless the absolute power of dismissing from office or
employment all persons whatever, that are concerned in the official
expenditure of public moneys, be committed to the Superintendent of
Finance. For unless this power can be exercised without control, I
have little hopes of efficacy in the business of reformation, which is
probably the most essential part of the duty.

These being the only positive stipulations that occur to me at this
time, the determination of Congress thereon will enable me to
determine whether to accept or decline the appointment. I must,
however, observe that the act of Congress of the 7th of February,
describing the duties of the Superintendent of Finance, requires the
execution of many things, for which adequate powers are not provided,
and it cannot be expected, that your officer can in such case be
responsible. These however may be the subjects of future discussions.

With sentiments of the highest respect, for you and Congress, I have
the honor to subscribe myself, your Excellency's most obedient and
most humble servant.

                                                    ROBERT MORRIS.[30]


FOOTNOTES:

[30] During the whole period in which Mr Morris held the office of
Superintendent of Finance, he kept a _Diary_, in which he entered
daily the principal transactions of his department. The following is
an extract from the Diary.

"On the 21st of February I received a letter from the President of
Congress, enclosing the resolves of the 20th, whereby I was
unanimously elected the Superintendent of Finance of the United
States. This appointment was unsought, unsolicited, and dangerous to
accept, as it was evidently contrary to my private interest, and if
accepted must deprive me of those enjoyments, social and domestic,
which my time of life required, and to which my circumstances entitled
me; and a vigorous execution of the duties must inevitably expose me
to the resentment of disappointed and designing men, and to the
calumny and detraction of the envious and malicious. I was therefore
determined not to engage in so arduous an undertaking. But the
solicitations of my friends, acquaintance, and fellow citizens, a full
conviction of the necessity, that some person should commence the work
of reformation in our public affairs, by an attempt to introduce
system and economy, and the persuasion, that a refusal on my part,
would probably deter others from attempting this work, so absolutely
necessary to the safety of our country; these considerations, after
much reflection and consultation with friends, induced me to write a
letter to the President of Congress, dated the 13th of March, 1781."

       *       *       *       *       *

                       PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS.

_March 20th._ A letter of the 13th instant from Robert Morris was
taken into consideration, and it was

_Resolved_, that the United States in Congress assembled do not
require him to dissolve the commercial connexions referred to in the
said letter.

_March 21st._ The consideration of the letter of the 13th instant,
from Robert Morris being resumed, a motion was made, and it was

_Resolved_, that the Superintendent of Finance be, and he is hereby
empowered to appoint and remove at his pleasure, his assistants in his
peculiar office or chamber of business in immediate connexion with
him; it being first determined by the United States in Congress
assembled, that such assistants so to be appointed are necessary, and
what the salary of each shall be.

_Ordered_, that the remainder of Mr Morris's letter be referred to a
committee of three. The members appointed were Messrs Houston, Burke,
and Wolcott.

       *       *       *       *       *

  TO THOMAS BURKE, WILLIAM HOUSTON, AND OLIVER WOLCOTT, COMMITTEE OF
                              CONGRESS.

                                                       Date Uncertain.

  Gentlemen,

When I had the honor of a visit from you on the subject of my
interview with Congress, it was agreed that I should make out and
deliver you a list of the several officers concerned in the
expenditure of public money, over whom I judged it necessary for the
Superintendent of Finance to have the uncontrolled power of
dismission. But on reflection I found it was not in my power to render
such a list, because I do not know the several degrees of officers now
in employment, and even if I did, such a list would not answer the
end, because others may hereafter be created, who should also be
subjected to the power of the Financier, and it would be very
troublesome for Congress on every such appointment to pass a
resolution for the purpose. There will also be appointments made
occasionally by the Commander in Chief, the Heads of Department, and
by other officers, in which the expenditure of public moneys will be
involved, and of course such appointments must also be subject to the
same authority. For these reasons, it seems proper that the power of
the Minister of Finance, with respect to the control and dismission
from office of all persons concerned in the expenditure of public
property, should be defined in one Act of Congress, vesting him with
that authority.

To me it appears absolutely necessary, that this power should be
vested in the Financier to enable him to remedy and prevent public
abuses; and the _extent_ should be measured by the _necessity_ and the
_use_. As to myself, I am far from desiring power for the sake of
power. Indeed I think it is generally more dangerous to the possessor
than to the objects of it. Consequently I cannot have a wish to extend
it beyond the necessity and utility mentioned.

The whole business of finance may be described in two short but
comprehensive sentences, if I have proper notions on the subject. _It
is to raise the public revenues, by such modes as may be most easy and
most equal to the people; and to expend them in the most frugal, fair,
and honest manner._ In our case the first part must ever be the
business of Congress, and the Legislatures of the respective States;
because the powers of taxation cannot be delegated. The second I take
to be the most essential part of the duty of the Superintendent of
Finance. He must ever have it in view to reduce the expenditures as
nearly as possible to what in justice and in reason they ought to be;
and to do this, he must be vested with power to dismiss from
employment those officers he shall find unnecessary, unequal to their
stations, inattentive to their duty, or dishonest in the exercise of
it.

In a monarchy this power need not be officially vested in a Minister,
because he can have constant intercourse with the Sovereign, and by
that means he is in the daily exercise of it. Where the sovereignty is
vested in a public body of men, such an intercourse is impracticable;
and I am persuaded that a Minister who would venture to execute the
duties of his office with vigor, without possessing uncontrolled the
power of dismission, would in a few months put it out of his power to
proceed in his business, and Congress would have full employment to
hear and determine between him and suspended officers. On the
contrary, if a dismissed officer can have no appeal but to the laws of
the land, Congress will not be troubled, business may be conducted
with decision, and the very knowledge that such a power exists, will
have a tendency to prevent the frequent exercise of it, after the
first reforms are effected.

I have been told, that some gentlemen considered the expressions in my
letter to Congress on this subject so general as that they might be
construed to comprehend the Commander in Chief, Heads of Department,
&c. But this cannot be. The Commander in Chief is not concerned
himself, but employs others in the expenditure of public money, to
whom he grants warrants or drafts on the military chest; and the
persons so employed ought to be accountable, and subject to
dismission. I suppose officers of the army may frequently be so
employed, and in that case it cannot be supposed, that the power of
the Financier extends to the military commission, for it certainly
must be confined to the money matters. There is one exception with
respect to what I have said of the Commander in Chief, and that is the
expenditures for secret service, and in this respect I think he should
be responsible to the Sovereign only.

The Quarter Master General, having a military as well as a civil duty,
he cannot be under the control of the Financier, for the first,
although he certainly ought to be the last, which has great connexion
with heavy expense, and perhaps it would be best, that he should
execute all the business of expenditures by one or more deputies,
which would exonerate him from that power, which they must be
subjected to. The Commissary General, and every person employed under
him, are the immediate objects of this power. The Paymaster General,
may be considered as a channel of conveyance, through which money
passes from the treasury to the army, and as he is subjected to the
law military, the Minister of Finance needs no other authority over
him and his officers, than the power of putting under arrest and
suspending for mal-conduct in office.

All persons employed as Commissaries of military stores, of clothing,
or any other denomination, wherein the expenditure of public money or
property is connected, ought to be subjected to this authority. The
expenses in the medical department are said to have exceeded those of
the like kind in any other country. It is, therefore, evident that the
Purveyors, Commissaries, &c. in this department should be subject to
the same immediate control as others; and although the Financier
cannot judge of the medical skill of the Director General and his
officers, yet if any waste or misapplication of public property in
their department should come to his knowledge, he should have
authority to bring offenders to a Court Martial.

There is no possibility of introducing public economy without the
frequent adjustment of accounts; and the more various these may be,
the greater is the necessity of constant attention to liquidate them
speedily and well. The Financier ought, therefore, to have the power
of removing any of the officers, whose business it is to examine and
settle the public accounts, that so he may be enabled to obtain a
proper and early settlement, and prevent the dangerous effects of
inattention or corruption on one hand, or of delay, insolence, and
tyranny to individuals concerned in such accounts, on the other. And
on account of this power the Financier should have no accounts with
the public himself, but wherever expenditures are necessary in his
department, he should employ proper persons therein, subject to the
same powers and modes of accounting with every other person employed
in expending public property; or if of necessity he shall at any time
have accounts with the public, Congress can appoint a committee, or
special board, to examine and settle his accounts.

From what I have already said, I think it is evident, that the power I
have stipulated for is absolutely necessary; and although it is not
possible to enumerate every object of that power, yet the general
lines within which they may be comprehended can be drawn from the
observations I have made, although I have said our foreign
departments, as these may be brought into consideration hereafter when
it shall appear necessary.

Whoever contemplates the extent of the United States, and the vast
amount of their present expenses, while at the same time all our
operations languish, must certainly be convinced that some immediate
remedy ought to be applied. The office of Superintendent of Finance I
suppose is meant as one means of restoring economy and vigor; and
nothing will keep up in the minds of the public servants such a
constant sense of their duty, as a knowledge of the power to remove
them in the hands of a person of vigilant and decisive character.
Whether I shall have sufficient courage and perseverance to act up to
that character, and whether my small abilities, supported by
application and attention, will enable me to render essential service
in the execution of this office, is become an object of great
consideration, that fills my mind with much apprehension, and induces
me to wish I had declined this arduous undertaking in the first
instance.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS.

_April 21st._ On a report of the committee, to whom was referred Mr
Morris's letter of the 13th of March,

_Resolved_, That the Superintendent of Finance be, and he is hereby
authorised, to remove from office or employment, for incapacity,
negligence, dishonesty or other misbehavior, such persons, not
immediately appointed by the United States in Congress assembled, as
are or may be officially intrusted with, and immediately employed in
the expenditure of the public supplies, stores, and other property; in
stating, examining and passing the public accounts, or in the receipt
of the continental revenues of the United States, and such of the said
persons as are or may be in his judgment unnecessary, reporting to
such authority, board, minister, or office, to whom it may belong to
supply the vacancy, the respective names of the persons so removed.

That he be authorised to suspend from office or employment, for
similar causes, persons officially employed and intrusted as
aforesaid, immediately appointed by the United States in Congress
assembled, reporting forthwith their names and the reason of
suspension.

Provided, that in all cases where any of the persons aforesaid, are or
may be amenable to the law martial, the Superintendent be, and he is
hereby authorised and directed, if he shall deem it most expedient for
the public service, to put them in arrest by order in writing, and to
apply to the officer whose duty it may be, to order a court martial;
and such officer is hereby directed to order proceedings on the arrest
accordingly.

That in every case of suspension, all pay and emoluments cease from
the date thereof, unless the persons suspended be, upon trial,
acquitted and restored; and the Superintendent shall have power to
supply the place when it may be necessary, by a temporary appointment,
to continue until the person suspended be restored or dismissed.

That the aforesaid powers shall not be construed to interfere with the
rank, commission, or military duty of any officer in the line of the
army, or those who may be duly intrusted with money for secret
services by Congress, or the Commander in Chief of the army, or
commanding officer of a separate department.

That the powers aforesaid be exercised during the pleasure of
Congress, but not to extend beyond the duration of the war.

_April 27th._ On a further report of the committee on Mr Morris's
letter of the 13th ultimo,

_Resolved_, that in order that the Superintendent of Finance may be at
liberty to devote his time and attention to the more immediate duties
of his office, he be, and hereby is authorised, to appoint by letter
of attorney, or otherwise, such person or persons, as he may think
proper, to prosecute or defend for him, in his official capacity, or
in behalf of the United States, in all places where the same may be
necessary.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                         Philadelphia, May 14th, 1781.

  Sir,

The honor conferred by Congress in appointing me Superintendent of
Finance, their several resolutions of the 20th of March, and the 21st
and 27th of April, which your Excellency has been pleased to transmit,
and a serious conviction of that duty, which every citizen owes to his
country, especially in times of public calamity, will no longer permit
me to hesitate about the acceptance of that office, although I must
again repeat, that I have the fullest sense of my own inability. I
shall, however, strive to find such assistance as will enable me, in
some measure, to answer the reasonable expectations of Congress, to
whom I can promise for myself nothing more than honest industry.

You will readily perceive, that much time must be consumed in
procuring proper officers; fixing on men for assistants, whose
abilities and integrity may be depended on; in laying plans for
obtaining money with the greatest ease to the people, and expending it
with the greatest advantage to the public; forming arrangements
necessary to carry these plans into execution; and obtaining
information as to the present state of things, in order that abuses
may be, if possible, speedily and effectually remedied.

Besides this, it will be necessary that I should confer with the
Commander in Chief, on the various expenditures of the war, and the
means of retrenching such as are unnecessary. Let me add, that the
accounts of my private business must be adjusted, so as that all my
affairs may be put into the hands of other persons, and subjected to
their management. My necessary commercial connexions, notwithstanding
the decided sense of Congress, expressed in their resolution of the
20th of March, might, if the business were transacted by myself, give
rise to illiberal reflections, equally painful to me and injurious to
the public. This reason alone would deserve great attention; but,
further, I expect that my whole time, study, and attention will be
necessarily devoted to the various business of my department.

Having thus stated some of the causes, which will prevent me from
immediately entering on the arduous task assigned me, I pray leave to
call the attention of Congress to the advanced season, and then I am
persuaded their own good sense will render it unnecessary for me to
observe, that very little can be expected from my exertions during the
present campaign; they will, therefore, easily perceive the propriety
of the request I am to make, that the business may go on according to
the present arrangements, or such other as Congress may devise, until
I can take it up, which I promise to do as speedily as possible. By
this means, I may be enabled so to dispose of the several members of
my department, as to form them into a regular system; whereas, by
throwing the whole immediately upon me, I shall be inevitably involved
in a labyrinth of confusion, from which no human efforts can ever
afterwards extricate me.

Another consideration of great magnitude, to which I must also pray
the attention of Congress, is the present public debts. I am sure no
gentleman can hope that these should be immediately paid out of an
empty treasury. If I am to receive and consider the applications on
that subject, if I am to be made responsible, that alone will, I fear,
be full employment for the life of one man, and some other must be
chosen to attend to the present and provide for the future. But this
not all; if from that, or any other cause, I am forced to commit a
breach of faith, or even to incur the appearance of it, from that
moment my utility ceases. In accepting the office bestowed on me, I
sacrifice much of my interest, my ease, my domestic enjoyments, and
internal tranquillity. If I know my own heart, I make these sacrifices
with a disinterested view to the service of my country. I am ready to
go still further; and the United States may command everything I have,
except my integrity, and the loss of that would effectually disable me
from serving them more. What I have to pray, then, is, that the
adjustment of all past transactions, and of all that relates to the
present system, may be completed by the means already adopted, that
whatever remains unpaid may become a funded debt, and that it may in
that form be committed to me, to provide for the yearly interest and
for the _eventual_ discharge of the principal. This task I will
cheerfully undertake; and if, in the progress of things, I am enabled
to go further, with equal cheerfulness it shall be done; but I must
again repeat my serious conviction, that the least breach of faith
must ruin us forever.

It is not from vanity that I mention the expectations, which the
public seem to have formed from my appointment. On the contrary, I am
persuaded, they are raised on a weak foundation, and I must lament
them, because I foresee they must be disappointed. I must, therefore,
entreat that no flattering prospect of immediate relief may be raised.

Congress will know that the public credit cannot be restored without
method, economy, and punctual performance of contracts. Time is
necessary to each; and therefore the removal of those evils we labor
under can be expected from time only. To hold out a different idea
would deceive the people, and consequently injure the public service.

I am sure it is unnecessary to add, before I close this letter, that I
confidently expect my measures will meet with the fullest support from
Congress, so long as they are honestly directed to the general
welfare. In this conviction, and with every sentiment of respectful
attention, I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                    ROBERT MORRIS.[31]


FOOTNOTES:

[31] _May 14th._ Wrote a letter to the President, promising to accept
the office. At this time, however, various reasons occurred to prevent
an immediate acceptance of the Commission; but particularly it was
necessary to retain my seat in the Assembly of Pennsylvania, in order
to lay a foundation for such measures as might tend to their support
of me in pursuing the public good, not doubting but their example
would have proper influence on the Legislatures of the other States,
especially in their determination upon general points, such as their
repealing those tender and penal laws, which in their operation had
destroyed all public and private confidence and credit; in passing
effective tax bills, that might yield substantial aid to the United
States for calling in the paper money, that had lost its credit; and
is adopting plans of reviving and establishing the credit of such as
had been injured in some degree, but which, being necessary in
circulation, and originally issued on funds sufficient for its
redemption, ought not to be given up to ruin, if possible to prevent
it. _Diary._

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                         Philadelphia, May 17th, 1781.

  Sir,

I beg leave to submit the enclosed plan for establishing a National
Bank in these United States, and the Observations on it, to the
perusal and consideration of Congress.

Anticipation of taxes and funds is all that ought to be expected from
any system of paper credit. This seems as likely to rise into a fabric
equal to the weight, as any I have yet seen or thought of; and I
submit whether it may not be necessary and proper, that Congress
should make immediate application to the several States, to invest
them with the powers of incorporating a bank, and for prohibiting all
other banks, or bankers, in these States, at least during the war.[32]

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.


FOOTNOTES:

[32] See the _Plan of the National Bank_ here mentioned, and also the
_Observations_ on it, in _John Jay's Correspondence_, Vol. VII. p.
444.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                          Philadelphia, May 23d, 1781.

  Sir,

As I have heard in times past, that the treasury has frequently been
in want of hard money, to comply with engagements made with the
approbation of Congress, and sometimes obliged to obtain it on terms
inconsistent with the dignity of government, and not very consonant
to the public interest, I would wish to guard against the like
inconveniences by importing from foreign countries a supply at least
sufficient to pay rents of the houses and offices necessarily employed
for the Continental service; also to answer, as far as may be, the
calls for secret service. And even if I could devise the means of
obtaining it, I should suppose it would be agreeable to bring such
sums as may answer other valuable purposes; but as it cannot be
imported but at the risk of being captured by the enemy, and the
danger of the elements, you will perceive the necessity of my being
authorised by Congress to enter on and execute this business at the
risk, and for account of the Continent, on the best terms in my power.

The sum may be limited if thought needful; although I should suppose
it is not possible in our circumstances to obtain too much; yet the
sum to be risked in any one bottom may very properly not exceed a
certain amount in a line of battle ship or frigate, and a smaller in
any one merchant vessel. Should Congress think proper to authorise
these measures, as I hope they will, the private journals will be most
proper to insert the proceedings in; as a want of secrecy may endanger
the money.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO ALEXANDER HAMILTON.

                                         Philadelphia, May 26th, 1781.

  Sir,

It is some time since I received your performance, dated the 30th of
April last. I have read it with that attention, which it justly
deserves, and finding many parts of it to coincide with my own
opinions on the subject, it naturally strengthened that confidence,
which every man ought to possess to a certain degree in his own
judgment.

You will very soon see the plan of a bank published, and subscriptions
opened for its establishment, having already met with the approbation
of Congress. It only remains for individuals to do their part, and a
foundation will be laid for the anticipation of taxes and funds, by a
paper credit that cannot depreciate. The capital proposed fell far
short of your idea; and, indeed, far short of what it ought to be; but
I am confident if this is once accomplished, the capital may
afterwards be increased to almost any amount. To propose a large sum
in the outset, and fail in the attempt to raise it, would be fatal. To
begin with what is clearly within our power to accomplish, and on that
beginning to establish the credit, that will inevitably command the
future increase of capital, seems the most certain road to success.

I have thought much about interweaving a security with the capital of
this bank, but am apprehensive it would convey to the public mind an
idea of paper being circulated on that credit, and that the bank in
consequence must fail in its payments, in case of any considerable run
on it; and we must expect, that its ruin will be attempted by external
and internal foes. I have, therefore, left that point to the future
deliberations of the Directors of this bank, to whom in due time, I
shall communicate your address.

I esteem myself much your debtor for this piece, not merely on account
of the personal respect you have been pleased to express, but chiefly
on account of your good intentions; and for these, and the pains you
have taken, I not only think, but on all proper occasions shall say,
the public are also indebted to you.

My office is new, and I am young in the execution of it.
Communications from men of genius and abilities, will always be
acceptable, and yours will ever command the attention of, Sir, your
obedient humble servant,

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                  TO MAJOR GENERAL PHILIP SCHUYLER.

                                         Philadelphia, May 29th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

You will probably have heard that Congress have done me the honor to
bestow their confidence, by appointing me to the important station of
Superintendent of Finance of North America; a station that makes me
tremble when I think of it, and which nothing could tempt me to
accept, but a gleam of hope, that my exertions may possibly retrieve
this poor distressed country from the ruin with which it is now
threatened, merely for want of system and economy in spending, and
vigor in raising the public moneys. Pressed by all my friends,
acquaintances, and fellow citizens, and still more pressed by _the
necessity_, the _absolute necessity_, of a change in our monied
system, to work salvation, I have yielded, and taken a load on my
shoulders, which it is impossible to get clear of without the faithful
support and assistance of those good citizens, who not only wish, but
will promote the service of their country. In this light I now make
application to you, Sir, whose abilities I know, and whose zeal I have
every reason to believe. The object, however, before me, is not of
such magnitude as to require any great exertion of either at present,
although it is of sufficient importance to induce the invocation.

General Washington is distressed for want of an immediate supply of
flour, and as I am not even yet fairly entered on the execution of my
office, and when I do, have to meet an empty treasury, and a totally
exhausted credit, it must be some time before funds can be created or
money be commanded for any purpose whatsoever; and as I do not know
any gentleman of such resources as General Schuyler, he seems the most
likely of all men to give assistance under the present circumstances.
I must, therefore, request that you will take the most speedy and
effectual measures to deliver to the order of his Excellency, General
Washington, one thousand barrels of flour, which I am sure you will
purchase and cause to be transported on the most reasonable terms that
are practicable. No time must be lost, but the flour must be sent down
in the parcels as fast as procured. The Pennsylvania Bank had all the
flour they supplied to the army, secured with outside lining hoops on
each head of every barrel, and the weight and tare marked on each
cask. If you were to cause this to be done, and add to the mark your
name, it would save a waste of flour, oblige the Issuing Commissary to
take notice of an account for the weights as well as barrels, and
teach the army to think that they are indebted to your exertions for a
seasonable supply.

I have the means of raising hard money to pay for this flour, and the
charges on it; but the longer time I am allowed to do it, the more I
can consult the public interest. I take it for granted, that you can,
upon your own credit and engagements, either borrow the money for a
few months, necessary to accomplish this business; or that you can
make the purchases on such credit, without giving higher prices; and
for your reimbursement, you may either take me as a public or a
private man, for I pledge myself to repay you with hard money wholly,
if required, or part hard and part paper, if you so transact the
business. In short, I promise, and you may rely that no consideration
whatever, shall induce me to make a promise, that I do not see my
capability to perform, that I will enable you to fulfil your
engagements for this supply of flour, if you find it convenient, you
may draw on me for hard money or paper, payable in such sums, and at
such times, as you can conceive may not be inconvenient, judging by
what I have said on this subject. Should good bills on France be
wanted, at about ---- hard money your currency, for five livres
tournois, I will furnish them, drawn or endorsed by myself, for the
whole, or any part of this purchase.

I hope we shall hereafter supply our army by contracts, and your
information and observations on this subject would be very obliging.
Perhaps if you are not fully employed otherwise, you might start some
worthy man under your patronage, that might render essential service
to the public, with proper advantage to himself and connexions in this
line.

I am, Dear Sir, yours, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

_P. S._ Remember, that I put absolute dependence on you for this one
thousand barrels of flour, and it must be sent to the army directly.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                         Philadelphia, June 4th, 1781.

  Sir,

Having been informed by several members of Congress, as also by his
Excellency, the Chevalier de la Luzerne, that it was determined to put
the management of the moneys lately granted by his Most Christian
Majesty under my direction, in order that they might be punctually
applied to the purposes for which the grant was made, viz. a vigorous
prosecution of the present campaign; I had, in conjunction with the
Minister of France, formed some arrangements for drawing part of this
money into immediate use; but, on applying to the Secretary of
Congress, I do not find that any act has been passed giving me
authority over the moneys so granted; consequently, all proceedings
must stop until the previous steps are taken by Congress.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                           TO B. FRANKLIN.

                                         Philadelphia, June 8th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

In a private letter, which I did myself the honor to write you on the
6th instant, I announced the appointment I have received from the
honorable Congress, to the office of Superintendent of the Finances of
the United States of North America; and I now beg leave to address you
in my official character.

Congress have thought proper to commit to me the disposition and
management of the money granted to the United States by his Most
Christian Majesty, in aid of our operations for the present campaign,
in order that the same may be solely applied to that use; and for this
reason, I have found it necessary to keep the whole sum of this grant
separate and distinct from any other, so that its application may at
any time be clearly seen. Instead, therefore, of drawing upon your
Excellency, who have many other bills running upon you, I have judged
it expedient to name Messrs Le Couteulx & Co., bankers in Paris, to
receive the money from his Majesty's Ministers, so that they may be
able to honor my bills with acceptance whenever they appear, and
punctually to acquit them as they fall due. I have written to Messrs
Le Couteulx, that you would join and support them in any application
that may become needful to his Majesty or his Ministers, which I hope
you will readily do.

And, on the other hand, your attention to the interest of this country
will lead you to inform yourself whether the house of Le Couteulx and
Company, are as perfectly safe and rich as they ought to be, to
entitle them to this trust. They are represented to me as one of the
safest and most prudent banking houses in Europe; and his Excellency,
the Minister of France at this place, now writes to have five hundred
thousand livres tournois deposited with them, on account of the United
States, subject to my drafts or orders. Should their credit not
entitle them to this trust, you will please to interfere, and consult
with M. Necker what banker to employ in such case, directing those you
do employ, to accept and pay my drafts. However, I imagine these
gentlemen will be found sufficiently safe.

Should it be more agreeable to M. Necker that any other banker be made
use of, give me the name and write me the propriety of such
alteration, and I shall acquiesce in such change immediately on the
receipt of your letter, for I have no partiality in public business.
All I wish is to act with security, and to the best advantage.

If you think it proper to inquire into the terms on which the bankers
will receive and pay this money, and settle their commissions on the
most reasonable footing, I shall be happy in your doing so. I do not,
however, wish to give you any trouble that is not proper and
necessary; being, with the highest respect, your Excellency's most
obedient, humble servant,

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

            TO MESSRS LE COUTEULX & CO., BANKERS IN PARIS.

                                         Philadelphia, June 8th, 1781.

  Gentlemen,

In a private letter, I have already informed you of my appointment, by
the honorable Congress, to the office of Superintendent of the
Finances of the United States of North America; and in that character
I now address you.

His Most Christian Majesty, having been graciously pleased to grant an
aid of money for the purpose of invigorating our operations during the
present campaign, I find it convenient to make use of your house as
bankers to receive from his Majesty's Ministers such sums as they may
have occasion to deposit, in order that you may accept and pay my
drafts on you as fast as they shall appear. His Excellency, the
Minister Plenipotentiary of France at this place, now writes to his
Court, at my request, desiring that five hundred thousand livres
tournois may be placed in your hands thirty days after the receipt of
his letter, the said sum to be subject to my drafts or orders, and I
shall proceed to draw upon you as fast as purchasers offer for the
bills; therefore, I beg you will be prepared to honor my bills, drawn
as Superintendent of Finance, whenever they offer; for I would not, on
any account, that there should be the least demur; and I am confident,
that his Most Christian Majesty's Minister of Finance will enable you
punctually to make payment as they fall due. I shall communicate this
matter to his Excellency, Benjamin Franklin, Minister Plenipotentiary
from these States to the Court of Versailles, who will join you in any
application that may become necessary in this business; which,
however, I expect will be conducted much to your satisfaction. And as
it may become important, I hope your attention to it can be relied on,
and that you will render the charges as moderate as possible.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

               TO M. DE LA LUZERNE, MINISTER OF FRANCE.

                                         Philadelphia, June 8th, 1781.

  Sir,

The honorable Congress having thought proper to invest me with the
power, disposition, and management of the moneys granted by his Most
Christian Majesty to the United States, for the purpose of assisting
them to carry on the present campaign with vigor, I have, with your
concurrence, taken some arrangements for drawing it into the uses for
which the grant has been made; and in conformity with your promise, I
pray you to write immediately to his Majesty's Ministers, that they
cause the sum of five hundred thousand livres tournois to be
deposited with Messrs Le Couteulx & Co., bankers in Paris, for account
of the United States of North America, and subject to my drafts or
orders as Superintendent of Finance of the said United States.

This deposit I hope may, without inconvenience, be made in thirty days
after the receipt of your letter; and I shall proceed to draw on
Messrs Le Couteulx & Co. in full confidence thereof, until my bills on
them shall amount to the said sum of five hundred thousand livres
tournois, when I will give you timely notice, that another deposit may
be made for the like purpose, and by this means I hope we shall
occasion as little trouble to his Majesty's Minister of Finance as the
nature of this transaction will admit of.

With great respect and esteem, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                CIRCULAR RESPECTING THE NATIONAL BANK.

                                        Philadelphia, June 11th, 1781.

  Sir,

No doubt you have seen in the public papers, the plan for establishing
a National Bank, the necessity of which everybody sees, that allows
himself the least time for reflection on the present state of public
credit. All the public bodies in America have, more or less, lost the
confidence of the world as to money matters, by trying projects and
applying expedients to stop a course of depreciation, which original
errors had fixed too deeply to admit of any radical cure.

It is vain to think of carrying on war any longer by means of such a
depreciating medium, and at the same time an efficient circulation of
paper that cannot depreciate, is absolutely necessary to anticipate
the revenues of America. A National Bank is not only the most certain,
but will prove the most useful and economical mode of doing so. It is,
therefore, of the utmost importance that this first essay, confined as
it is in point of capital, should be brought into action with the
greatest expedition. I am sensible that plans of public utility,
however promising and pleasing they may be on their first appearance,
soon grow languid, unless it be the particular business of some man,
or set of men, to urge them forward; this may be said to be my duty in
the present instance. But as I cannot be everywhere, I must apply for
support to gentlemen of your character and zeal for the service of
their country, requesting in the most earnest manner, that you will
urge your friends and fellow citizens to became proprietors of this
bank stock.

Every subscriber will find his own interest benefited in proportion to
the capital he deposits, and I dare say few will find the other parts
of their fortunes to yield them so large or so certain an income as
the stock they may have in the bank; and at the same time they will
have the satisfaction to be considered forever as the promoters of an
institution that has been found beneficial to other countries, and
inevitably must be so in the highest degree to this; an institution,
that most probably will continue as long as the United States, and
that will become as useful to commerce and agriculture in the days of
peace, as it must be to government during the war.

The capital proposed is but small, when the extent and riches of the
United States are considered; but when put in motion, the benefits
flowing from it will be so perceptible, that all difficulty about
increasing the capital or securing its credit, will vanish, and we
shall only have to appeal to the interest of mankind, which, in most
cases, will do more than their patriotism; but there have been, and
will continue to be, many instances, where interest is sacrificed to
patriotism; and in that belief, I ask you to devote some of your time
to this infant plan, which, as it gathers strength, may in the end
prove the means of saving the liberties, lives, and property of the
virtuous part of America. My good opinion of you is an excuse for
giving you this interruption.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                        Philadelphia, June 21st, 1781.

  Sir,

I find that the new payment of the moneys due to the subscribers to
the Pennsylvania Bank materially injures and impedes the subscription
to the National Bank. At the same time, I am informed, that Congress
are unwilling to dispose of the bills lodged as a security, lest the
Minister of the United States at Madrid should be incommoded by it. I
have the honor to observe to your Excellency, that if these bills
shall be submitted to my disposal, I think I can pay the debts, above
mentioned, and cause the greater part of the money to be subscribed to
the National Bank, thereby rescuing, in some measure, the public
credit and forwarding the service, while, at the same time, I shall
put the bills in such a train of negotiation, that at least a very
considerable time must elapse before they can be presented, and
probably they may not be presented at all.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                    ROBERT MORRIS.[33]


FOOTNOTES:

[33] _July 4th._ I met the Directors of the Pennsylvania Bank, and a
number of the subscribers to that bank called, at my desire; and I
proposed that they should transfer their subscriptions from the
Pennsylvania to the National Bank, and deliver up to me the bills of
exchange deposited by Congress with the Directors as security; and I
undertook to place the amount of what remained due to them from
Congress, in the hands of Messrs Clymer & Nixon, in payment of such
transferred subscriptions to the National Bank; which all that were
present agreed to. _Diary._

       *       *       *       *       *

                           TO B. FRANKLIN.

                                        Philadelphia, July 13th, 1781.

  Sir,

The unanimous appointment to the Superintendency of our Finances, with
which Congress have honored me, and my conviction of the necessity
that some _one_ person should endeavor to introduce method and economy
into the administration of affairs, have induced me, though with
reluctance, to accept that office. Mr Jay will receive by this
conveyance, and forward to you, copies of those resolutions and
letters which may be necessary to explain my appointment and powers.

I wish I could as readily effect, as I most ardently desire, the
accomplishment of all proper arrangements. Thoroughly convinced that
no country is truly independent, until, with her own credit and
resources, she is able to defend herself and correct her enemies, it
shall be my constant endeavor to establish our credit and draw out our
resources in such manner, that we may be little burdensome, and
essentially useful to our friends.

I am sure I need not mention to _you_ the importance of collecting a
revenue with ease, and expending it with economy. As little need I
detail the time, the authority, the ability, the favorable
circumstances, that must combine for these purposes. But I think that
I may assert, that the situation of a country just emerging from
dependence and struggling for existence, is peculiarly unfavorable;
and I may add, that this country, by relying too much on paper, is in
a condition of peculiar disorder and debility. To rescue and restore
her, is an object equal to my warmest wishes, though probably beyond
the stretch of my abilities.

Success will greatly depend on the pecuniary aid we may obtain from
abroad; because money is necessary to introduce economy, while, at the
same time, economy is necessary to obtain money; besides that a
greater plenty of solid circulating medium is required to support
those operations, which must give stability to our credit,
fruitfulness to our revenue, and activity to our operations. Among
those things, which, after the experience and example of other ages
and nations, I have been induced to adopt, is that of a national bank,
the plan of which I enclose. I mean to render this a principal pillar
of American credit, so as to obtain the money of individuals for the
benefit of the Union, and thereby bind those individuals more strongly
to the general cause by the ties of private interest. To the efficacy
of this plan, as well as to the establishment of a Mint, which would
also be of use, a considerable sum of money is necessary, and, indeed,
it is indispensably so for many other purposes.

Be not alarmed, Sir, from what I have said, with the apprehension
that I am about to direct solicitations to the Court of Versailles;
which, after the repeated favors they have conferred, must be
peculiarly disagreeable. On the contrary, as I am convinced that the
moneys of France will all be usefully employed in the vigorous
prosecution of the war, by her own fleets and armies, I lament every
sum which is diverted from them. Our necessities have indeed called
for her aid, and perhaps they may continue to do so. Those calls have
hitherto been favorably attended to, and the pressure of our
necessities has been generously alleviated; nor do I at all doubt that
future exigencies will excite the same dispositions in our favor, and
that those dispositions will be followed with correspondent effects.
But I again repeat my wish, at once to render America independent of,
and useful to her friends.

With these views, I have directed Mr Jay to ask a considerable sum
from the Court of Madrid, to be advanced us at the Havana, and brought
thence by us, if it cannot conveniently be landed here from Spanish
men-of-war.[34] I say _a considerable sum_, because, as I have
declared to him, I do not wish to labor under the weight of obligation
without deriving from it any real benefit; and because I consider the
advance of small sums rather as a temporary palliation than a radical
remedy. Our disorders are such, that the former can be of no use, and
it would be better to desist in a desultory defence, than to put on
the delusive appearances of a vigor we do not feel; for this lulls the
people into a dangerous security, and softens those hopes of the
enemy, which give duration and extent to the war. It is the disorder
of our finances, which have prevented us from a powerful co-operation
with our allies, and which have enabled the enemy to linger on our
coasts with the dregs of a force once formidable; and it is from this
cause that they have been permitted to extend the theatre, and
multiply the victims of their ambition.

America alone will not derive benefit from the advances which Spain
may make to her. All the associates in the war will feel the
_consequential_ advantages. The expense of the American war now hangs
a heavy weight about the neck of Britain, and enfeebles her on that
element, which she called her own. An increase of that expense, or the
loss of her posts here, must necessarily follow from additional
efforts on our part, and either of these must be a consequential
benefit to those who are opposed to her. France will derive a small
_immediate_ benefit from it, as she will thereby get more money here
for her bills of exchange, than she can at present procure. But it is
not so much from any advantage, which may be expected to that kingdom,
or from any motives of _interest_, as from the generosity and
magnanimity of the Prince, that we hope for support. I will not doubt
a moment, that at your instance, his Majesty will make pressing
representations in support of Mr Jay's application, and I hope that
the authority of so great a Sovereign, and the arguments of his able
Ministry, will shed auspicious influence on our negotiations at
Madrid.

From the best returns I have been able to collect, and which are in
some measure imperfect, from the confusions and disasters of the
Southern States, I find that there are about seven millions two
hundred thousand dollars due on certificates, which bear an interest
of six per cent, payable in France, at the rate of five livres for
every dollar. Many causes have conspired to depreciate the
certificates, notwithstanding the interest is so well secured, and has
been punctually paid. This depreciation is so great, that they are
daily offered for sale at a very considerable discount, which is
attended with two pernicious consequences; one, that a considerable
expense is unnecessarily incurred, and the other, that the public
credit is unnecessarily impaired. If I had the means, therefore, I
would remove this evil by purchasing in the certificates; and to
procure the means, I am to pray that you would state this matter fully
to the Ministers of his Most Christian Majesty. The interest being
guarantied by the Court of France, they now pay for this purpose, two
millions one hundred and sixty thousand livres annually; a sum, which
in less than ten years, would pay a debt of fifteen millions of livres
at five per cent interest. With fifteen millions of livres, however,
prudently managed, the whole of these certificates might be paid. I am
sure it is unnecessary to dwell on the advantages, which would result
from making such a loan for this purpose, and, I trust, that if this
matter is stated to M. Necker, that enlightened Minister will
co-operate in the plan, to the utmost of his ability. I again repeat,
that I do not wish to lay any burdens on France; but this proposal is
calculated to relieve us both; and, in any case, the expense to France
will be the same. Should it be adopted, I must request the earliest
notice, that my operations may commence; and, in any case, I hope that
secrecy will be observed, for the most evident reasons.

I am sorry to inform you, that we have as yet no satisfactory news of
the ship Lafayette; but, on the contrary, her long delay occasions the
most alarming apprehensions. If, as but too probable, that ship is
lost, you will more easily conceive than I can describe what will be
the situation of our troops next winter.

I could wish, as soon as possible, to have a state of all the public
accounts transmitted, to the end that moneys due to the United States
may be paid, and measures taken to provide for such sums as they stand
indebted in to others. Your Excellency will, I dare say, send them as
soon as may be convenient; and I hope the public affairs will
hereafter be conducted in such a manner as to give you much less of
that unnecessary trouble, which you have hitherto experienced, and
which could not but have harassed you exceedingly, and, perhaps, taken
up time, which would otherwise have been devoted to more important
objects.

I shall, probably, have frequent occasion to address you, and shall
always be happy to hear from you; but the mischiefs, which arise from
having letters intercepted, are great and alarming. I have, therefore,
enclosed you a cypher, and in the duplicate of my letters, I shall
enclose another. If both arrive, you will use one, and, in case of
your absence, leave the other with such person as may supply your
place. Let me know, however, which cypher you use.

The bearer of this letter, Major Franks, formerly an Aid-de-camp to
General Arnold, and honorably acquitted of all connexion with him,
after a full and impartial inquiry, will be able to give you our
public news more particularly than I could relate them. He sails hence
for Cadiz, and on his arrival will proceed to Madrid, where having
delivered my letters to Mr Jay, he will take his orders for you. He
will then wait your orders, and I hope, will soon after meet a safe
opportunity of coming to America.

With the most perfect esteem and regard, I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.


FOOTNOTES:

[34] See a letter from Mr Morris, in _John Jay's Correspondence_, Vol.
VII. p. 421.

       *       *       *       *       *

                           TO B. FRANKLIN.

                                        Philadelphia, July 14th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

If Major Franks had departed yesterday, as was expected, he would have
left the enclosed cypher behind. It was supposed to have been with the
plans of the intended bank, but was left out by accident. I wish you
would, when leisure and opportunity will permit, converse with some of
the eminent bankers in Paris on this plan, and ask whether a
correspondence and connexion with the directors will be agreeable, and
whether they would establish a credit for this bank, and to what
amount, to be replaced again by remittances in other bills within such
time as they may limit. Or, if they decline giving such credit, then
the terms on which they will receive remittances and pay drafts of the
bank.

An American bank must deal largely in bills of exchange. It will
thereby rule the price of bills so as to keep it pretty steady, by
passing most of the bills drawn on the continent through their
channel, so as to leave a certain moderate profit. And the use of a
credit in Europe will be, to have paid for their honor such bills as
may be protested on account of the drawers; by which means the bank
will secure the damages of twenty per cent, and pay only interest for
advance and commission for negotiating. Occasion may also offer, when
the bank, by drawing on Europe, shall get a high price for bills, and
in a few months replace them much cheaper.

I do not wish to give you trouble on this occasion; but, if
opportunities offer, you can mention the subject, and if any of the
bankers will write me proposals, I will lay them before the directors.
You will tell them, that although the very moderate sum of four
hundred thousand dollars is proposed as the first capital, I intend to
increase it gradually to ten times that sum. The only difficulty is to
get it into action now that people have but little money and less
confidence. I should be glad to see your name in the list of
subscribers to an institution, that I believe will be permanent.

I ever am, Dear Sir, yours, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                      TO THE GOVERNOR OF HAVANA.

                                        Philadelphia, July 17th, 1781.

  Sir,

The favorable attention shown to me by your Excellency in my private
character, has excited those sentiments of esteem and respect, which
now impel me to ask your assistance for my country.

The United States of North America, are at the present moment,
possessed of more strength in men, arms, and ammunition, than when
they first ventured to wage war with Great Britain. The means of
subsistence are abundantly equal to our own wants, and will
essentially contribute to the relief of our friends. A variety of
causes, too numerous to be detailed, in the compass of a letter, have
combined to destroy the credit of that paper money, which has enabled
us hitherto to support the war. It has therefore become necessary to
provide the means for paying the expenses to be incurred hereafter.
Our people are not yet inured to taxation, neither has the revenue,
which this country is capable of affording, been drawn fairly or fully
into use. The derangement of our credit and finances, consequent upon
the loss of faith in our paper, rendered it necessary for Congress to
create a Superintendent of the Finances of the United States, in
order, that he might regulate and settle the present debts, point out
new funds, with the best means of collecting them, and superintend the
public expenditures, so as to prevent as much as possible all excess
or abuse. This arduous task is assigned to me, by a unanimous choice
of that honorable body; and nothing could have induced me to undertake
it, but my perfect conviction, that it is necessary that some person
should undertake the work of reformation and economy. I have engaged
in this business with the sole view of saving my country, and
therefore think myself entitled to seek support from all who are
really friends to her independency, and particularly from those
nations, which have become parties in the war.

I have commenced my administration with a proposal to establish a
National Bank; the plan of which I take the liberty to enclose. The
subscriptions to it are going on, and I expect the very moderate sum
therein proposed will soon be completed. When that is done, the
directors will be chosen, incorporated, and proceed on their business.
As the bank notes are intended to be made use of by government in
anticipation of the revenues of this country, you will easily
perceive, that the sum proposed is far short of the object, which it
is intended to accomplish. My present pursuit, therefore, is to obtain
such additional sums as will, when deposited in the bank, not only
facilitate the anticipations above mentioned, but induce further
subscriptions among our own countrymen. For when they see and feel the
use of an institution, which they are yet unacquainted with, they will
cheerfully and liberally support it.

It is to your Excellency that I apply for foreign aid. The vicinity of
your situation, the frequent intercourse between your port and this,
and your ability to comply with what I shall request, all point out
the propriety of that application. Your friendly disposition towards
these United States, and above all your strong attachment to the
interests of your own country, will dispose you to yield me every
assistance in your power. The United States have already received very
considerable aid from the Court of Madrid. Much more, however is
expected,[35] and in time to come these services will be repaid with
honor, as they now are acknowledged with gratitude.

Our distresses induced Congress to order certain bills of exchange to
be drawn on their Ministers at the Courts of Versailles and Madrid.
The former have been all negotiated and paid off by the assistance of
that Court. Many of the latter have also been negotiated, and those
that have appeared for payment have been discharged. There is every
reason to believe, that this would still happen; but we learn that the
advance of money in Europe is rendered inconvenient during the war,
by the impediments, which it occasions to the usual course of
remittances from his Majesty's American territories. We have desisted,
therefore, from the further sale of those bills, especially as we have
reason to expect, that in consequence of measures adopted here, Mr Jay
will obtain from your country a much larger sum than we had before
asked for; and that the greater part, if not the whole of it, will be
paid to us at your port. However this may be, my present view is to
obtain from Havana, as expeditiously as possible, four hundred
thousand Mexican dollars, in order to deposit them in the bank, and
thereby doubling the capital, give its operations such force as will
draw the attention of our own citizens, and induce them to afford it
such assistance as will reduce our necessities, and place us in a
situation to be less troublesome to our allies and friends in the
common cause.

His Excellency the Chevalier de la Luzerne, Minister of France at this
place, in consequence of orders from his Court, has authorised me to
draw bills of exchange on Paris to a very considerable amount; and
being sensible of the propriety of my proceedings, he will give you
assurances, that they shall be punctually paid. I transmit a bill for
five hundred thousand livres to Robert Smith, now appointed agent for
these United States at your port, in order that he may negotiate it,
and ship the money back to my address. Should it in any manner promote
the interest of your Court he will certainly give your Excellency a
preference in the purchase; and I am confident, that if this should
not be convenient to you, you will countenance and promote his
negotiations with private persons. I have also transmitted to Mr Smith
certain bills, drawn some time past by order of Congress, on his
Excellency John Jay, to the amount of one hundred and twenty thousand,
three hundred and eightyone dollars. I am to request, and have strong
hopes, that when Mr Smith shall have deposited these bills with you,
your Excellency will advance that sum, so that he may immediately ship
it to my address.

We are convinced that these bills, if sent forward, would have been
paid by your Court; but as such a negotiation would bring no money
into the treasury, I propose that you keep them in your possession
until the pleasure of the Court shall be known. I will write very
fully to Mr Jay on this subject, and obtain the earliest information.
But lest the Court should not choose that these bills be finally
accepted by you in discharge of the moneys advanced on them, I have
empowered Mr Smith for your perfect security to enter into conditional
stipulations to repay your Excellency that money by a delivery of
flour to the amount, at such price as you and he may agree for; the
payment to commence as soon after the pleasure of the Court shall be
known as circumstances will admit.

I hope, Sir, you will find it agreeable to your inclinations, and
perfectly consistent with the duties of your station to gratify my
desires. They are very moderate considering the necessities of this
country, and your ability to minister to its relief. Besides, your
Excellency's good sense will readily perceive, that money granted to
invigorate the operations of America will weaken and distress the
common enemy much more than the same sums expended in Europe, because
the enemy must prosecute the war here at more than four times the
expense at which it must be carried on there.

Assuring myself of assistance from your Excellency I have ordered one
of the continental frigates to proceed with these despatches for
Havana. She will take with her some flour, which I have ordered
returns for in dollars.

There are two most cogent reasons why this frigate should be
despatched instantly from your port with the money. The first is,
because we are much in want of it; and the second is, to prevent our
enemies from the possibility of receiving any advice of her. We have
so contrived things here, that everybody believes she is going to join
the French fleet at Rhode Island, and to carry the flour for their
use.

On the whole, I most earnestly entreat your Excellency, that if it be
at all convenient and consistent with your duty, you will advance the
whole of the four hundred thousand dollars in question to Mr Smith, so
that the frigate may immediately return.

I am sensible that there are certain duties payable to his Majesty on
the exportation of money from your port; but as this which I apply
for, is to be expended in carrying on the war against his Majesty's
enemies, I hope it may be dispensed with; if not, our Minister at
Madrid will be directed to make application to the Court on that
subject, so that the duty being charged to us in the first instance,
may, if not remitted, be added to the general sum. The same
observations will apply to the flour on board this frigate, which is
also public property.

I hope it is not necessary to add anything more to induce a full
compliance with my requests. But his Excellency the Chevalier de la
Luzerne, Minister of France, and Don Francisco Rendon, your own Agent
here, will also write you on the subject of this application.

I have the honor to remain, with sentiments of the highest esteem and
respect, &c.[36]

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.


FOOTNOTES:

[35] This anticipation was never realized, as the whole amount of the
Spanish loan to the United States during the war, was no more than one
hundred and fifty thousand dollars.

[36] For several letters from Mr Morris to Mr Jay, on the subject
of loans in Spain, and the National Bank, see _John Jay's
Correspondence_, Vol. VII. pp. 421-449.

       *       *       *       *       *

        TO ROBERT SMITH, AGENT FOR THE UNITED STATES IN CUBA.

                                        Philadelphia, July 17th, 1781.

  Sir,

Upon a proper representation of your character, situation, and
attachments to your country and its cause, the Congress of the United
States of America have thought proper to appoint you their Agent at
the port, of Havana and Island of Cuba. I take much pleasure in
transmitting your commission, which you will find enclosed herein;
because my knowledge of you leads me to expert every exertion, which
your situation and the circumstances attending it will admit of, in
favor of your country.

You will not find any salary annexed to your appointment for this
plain reason, that we cannot afford any. It is our present business to
reduce salaries heretofore given, and not to create new ones. This
appointment, however, may be attended with pecuniary advantages,
because a public character may, and no doubt will, point you out to
American merchants as the proper person to intrust with their
commercial affairs. Continental prizes and other objects may
occasionally turn up, which will leave a reasonable commission behind;
and you will have the pleasure of serving Congress when necessary, and
the citizens and commerce of your country, as often as opportunities
for so doing may occur.

I shall now put your talents to the proof. You will find enclosed a
letter I have written for his Excellency Governor Navarro (or should
he be gone, for his successor) which will unfold to you very fully my
intentions. You will find enclosed in it for him, as in this letter
for you, the plan of a National Bank, which I have proposed to
establish for many valuable purposes. You will observe that the sum
proposed as a capital is far short of what it ought to be; but I was
afraid of attempting too much at first, and must now endeavor to
increase it by other means. If any of your acquaintances in the Havana
have a mind to speculate in the American funds, I think they cannot
place their money on a more secure or profitable establishment. This
Bank will, I believe, exist for ages to come; and I am persuaded the
annual dividends will not be less than from eight to ten per cent.
They may also have the honor and pleasure of seeing their names
enrolled among the first promoters of this useful institution, on
which the salvation of our country in some measure depends. Should any
of them incline to subscribe, they must send hither money at their own
risk; consigning it to whomsoever they please, with power to act for
them. I hope you will promote this business, and in order that you may
be able to show the profits arising from it, I am to observe, that
when once, by punctual payment, the notes of the bank have obtained
full credit, the sum in specie, which will be deposited, will be such,
that the bank will have the interest of a stock two or three times
larger than that which it really possesses. Should M. Miralles, or any
of the family be so inclined, I will put any part of their money into
the bank, which they may think proper.

By captain James Nicholson, commanding the frigate Trumbull, I send a
bill of lading and invoice of five hundred barrels of flour, which is
all fresh and good, and a considerable part of it superfine. This
flour I have caused to be shipped to your address, on account and risk
of the United States of North America. Be pleased to receive it as
quickly as may be from the ship, make the most advantageous sale of
it, which you can, and remit the net proceeds in Mexican dollars,
consigned to my order, for account and at the risk of the United
States. I expect you will not charge more than five per cent for
transacting the business, that is, two and a half per cent on the
sales, and the same on the returns.

I have also enclosed a bill of exchange, drawn by myself on Messrs Le
Couteulx & Co. bankers in Paris, to the amount of five hundred
thousand livres tournois; this bill is at sixty days' sight, and you
may depend it will be punctually paid, for I have the authority of the
Court of Versailles to draw it, and every assurance I could wish. You
will observe, by my letter to the Governor, that he is to have the
refusal of this bill; you will therefore offer it to him in the first
instance. When I consider the risk, which must attend sending money
from Havana to Cadiz, and the remittances, as well private as public,
which are to be made from one place to the other, I cannot but
persuade myself, that unless the government and the people are alike
blind to their interests, good bills must sell at a very considerable
advance. Should the Governor decline taking the bill on Paris, as it
is not probable that any one private person would purchase it, you may
either remit it to the House of Le Couteulx & Co. in Paris, or to the
House of Messrs. J. L. & L. Le Couteulx & Co. at Cadiz, as may be most
convenient for your operations. You will then draw on the House to
whom you remit the bill, and sell your bills to the same amount.
Should you remit to the House in Cadiz, let me know it, that I may
write and apprize them of it; but this I shall do provisionally,
beforehand, so that they may be prepared for you.

I have also, as you will perceive, written to his Excellency on the
subject of certain other bills of exchange, drawn on Mr Jay. You will
endeavor to get the money for these, if possible; and in case it is
required, you will enter the stipulations there mentioned, as to the
shipment of flour. In this last case, get the flour fixed at as high a
rate as possible, and let me have due notice, so that I may punctually
cause to be fulfilled, whatever contracts you shall, on the part of
the public, have entered into.

Should his Excellency be inclined to make those advances of money,
which I have so earnestly pressed upon him, you will be able the
sooner to despatch the frigate, which I hope will be done without
delay. But as there is a risk in placing large sums on board of any
one vessel, I am to observe, that if there should be any fast sailing
vessels about to leave the Havana at the same time, and if in
consideration of convoy, they will take the public money freight free,
you will then prudently distribute it among them, and direct Captain
Nicholson to give them signals, and to take them under his convoy. But
I must caution you, that on no consideration is any private property
to be covered as belonging to the public, either to save the duties or
for any other purpose. You will, therefore, use all proper vigilance
to prevent everything of this sort, should it be attempted. If there
are not such vessels as Captain Nicholson and you shall approve of
ready to sail, then ship the whole money in the frigate; for the risk
of being waylaid by the enemy in consequence of any unnecessary delay,
is greater than that of being otherwise intercepted.

It is unnecessary for me to mention to you, that we want money
exceedingly. This very measure must convince you of it. Exert yourself
therefore to get it, and you will merit much at the hands of your
country. Should you not succeed in getting the whole sum I have asked
for, get as much as you possibly can; and if the Governor should
decline advancing any money on the bills drawn by order of Congress on
Mr Jay, perhaps the Intendant may accept your contract for flour, and
take these bills in security, or you may possibly borrow on their
credit from individuals, to be repaid when I shall send you shipments
of flour, which I will cause to be done so soon as I shall hear from
you to this effect.

I have forbidden Captain Nicholson to cruise, but should fortune
enable him to bring a good prize into Havana, the Continent has one
half, and you must send that half to me in dollars. Whatever supplies
the frigate is absolutely in need of, you must let her have; but I
entreat, that the expenses may be as moderate as possible, and the
best way to secure this is to despatch her quickly, for the moment
they get clear of the salt water air, and feel, their land tacks on
board, every soul of them will try to get his hands into your pockets;
but take care.

I have desired Captain Nicholson to consult with and obey you whilst
in Havana, and to push off whenever you say the word. I shall send you
flour by private vessels, for the sake of getting money back, and
write you further, as occasion may require.

I am, Dear Sir, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                           TO B. FRANKLIN.

                                        Philadelphia, July 19th, 1781.

  Sir,

The foregoing are duplicates of my letters of the several dates there
mentioned, by Major Franks, who has sailed for Cadiz. I now enclose to
you duplicate copies of the letters and resolutions, referred to in
mine of the thirteenth.

I do not write to Colonel Laurens, because I know not whether he is
still in France, and because I am confident you will make to him all
necessary communications. I pray you, if he is still with you, to
present my compliments to him, and inform him of the reasons of my
silence. Colonel Laurens's letter of the 9th of April last, from
Versailles, has been received, and I am induced to hope, that the ten
millions of livres mentioned in it, to be borrowed in Holland, will
be, as he says he shall request, advanced from the treasury of France.

He mentions also a promise of the Marquis de Castries to make
immediate arrangements for the safe transportation, of the pecuniary
and other succors destined hither. It would be well that the money, or
as much of it as possible, were in heavy half Johannes. Whether this
letter may arrive in time I know not, but if it should, you will, I
hope, be able to effect my views.

If the fifteen millions of livres I mentioned in my letter of the
13th, can be obtained, it will be best that they should be retained in
France, provided the ten millions be sent to America; for in that
case, the exchange may, I believe, be put upon such a footing as to
answer every valuable purpose. Of consequence the risk will be saved
to America, and France will not suffer by the exportation of so much
coin. To this it may be added, that a loan will probably be more
easily obtained, if the days of payment of the money by the
subscribers to it be somewhat distant, which will answer very well for
bills of exchange, though not quite so well for the exportation of
money.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                           TO B. FRANKLIN.

                                        Philadelphia, July 21st, 1781.

  Sir,

I have now to inform you, that the State of Pennsylvania had emitted
five hundred thousand pounds in bills of credit, funded in such
manner, that there could be no reasonable doubt of their redemption.
But the public confidence had been so impaired, that these bills, soon
after they came out, rapidly depreciated, notwithstanding the solidity
of the funds by which they had been secured. The executive authority
of Government, therefore, declined issuing more of them than were then
in circulation (being one hundred and thirty thousand pounds), and
called together the Legislature. The Assembly, at their late meeting,
took measures for the collection of a very considerable tax,
sufficient to absorb all the paper then in circulation, and which was
receivable in taxes, as also a considerable balance in specie. It is
therefore evident, that if the tax has time to operate before any more
of the paper be issued, it must necessarily rise in value.

The Assembly did me the honor to commit this sum of five hundred
thousand pounds to my care, for the purpose of paying to Congress a
balance due on the resolutions of that honorable body, of the 18th of
March, 1780, and of procuring the specific supplies which had been
called for, the greater part of which had been unpaid. In this
situation, it has been my study to effect both these objects, without
making any new issues of the paper money. I cannot easily describe to
you the good consequences which would follow from the appreciation of
it. You will partly conceive them, when I inform you, that it is now
at five for one, and that my expectation of specific supplies, or
rather of furnishing rations to the amount of them, is very much
founded upon the rise of its value.

Finding, however, that the balance of money due to the United States
has been already drawn for by them, and that the holders of those
drafts are very clamorous for payment, I must put money into the hands
of the proper officer immediately. To accomplish this, I have fallen
upon an expedient, which, while it answers that purpose, will be
productive of another very considerable advantage. To explain which, I
must previously inform you, that I have lately refused to draw bills
on Messrs Le Couteulx & Co. for any other than specie; so that the
paper will no longer answer the purpose of procuring a remittance to
Europe. I shall, at the same time, borrow such of it as I can discover
to have been hoarded, and by paying it to the holders of the drafts
drawn by Congress, throw it again into circulation. I shall then draw
bills on you for four hundred thousand livres, payable at six months'
sight or more, for which I expect to get four hundred thousand paper
dollars; a sum sufficient to satisfy the demand. I shall draw on
Messrs Le Couteulx & Co. in your favor, to this amount, payable at
sixty days' sight, which will probably leave four months for my
operations; but at any rate, it will leave three months, which will be
amply sufficient; and, therefore, in three months after I shall have
drawn on you, I shall remit you my drafts on Messrs Le Couteulx & Co.
If in that period this money can be appreciated, it will be a gain to
the United States of the difference, which you will clearly see to be
very considerable. By this means, also, I shall so economise the funds
placed in my hands, that I can make them productive of the supplies
from this State.

In mentioning these supplies, it occurs to me, also, to make mention
of what has passed, relative to the contract you entered into for a
part of them, to the amount of four hundred thousand dollars. Colonel
Mennonville spoke to me on this subject, from the Count de
Rochambeare, shortly after my appointment. Upon considering the very
slender situation of our revenue, or rather the total want of it, and
that the several States had omitted furnishing the specific supplies
demanded of them, I told Colonel Mennonville, and told him truly, that
I had but little prospect of complying with your promise. It is not
easy to convey to your mind an idea of the pain I suffered from being
obliged to make this declaration. I felt for you, for Congress, for
America. There is no man in the world more deeply impressed than
myself with the importance of fulfilling every compact made by a
proper authority. All my reasonings, my feelings, and my experience,
have concurred in producing a thorough conviction, that it is
essential according to the principles of justice, from a regard to our
national honor, and for the sake of our general interests. I shall,
therefore, notwithstanding what has passed between Colonel Mennonville
and myself, assiduously endeavor to perform your promise, and I am
happy to add, that I am not without hopes of success.

With respect to the bills I intend to draw on you, I must apologize
for the trouble they will give you, which I hope will be but little.
It will be only necessary to accept them, and direct the holders what
banker to apply to for payment. That banker will be enabled to make
payment, by the bill I shall draw on Messrs Le Couteulx, & Co. in your
favor. Perhaps it may be most convenient to send the bill holders to
them, but this you will be the best judge of. It is unnecessary to
state any reasons to you for accepting these bills, as I cannot
suppose you will have the least hesitation on that subject. I take
this opportunity, however, of pledging myself to you, that you shall
suffer no inconvenience from honoring them with your acceptance, as I
shall most certainly remit in time the bills sufficient to discharge
all I draw on you. My reason for drawing them on you at all arises
from this circumstance, that I am desirous of keeping the transaction
entirely distinct, and that many inconveniences would follow from
drawing bills on Messrs Le Couteulx, & Co. at six months' sight for
paper, while I draw others at sixty days' sight for specie, especially
after my refusal to draw on them except for specie, which refusal was,
as you will perceive, a necessary part of my plan. Add to this, also,
that the arrangements I had made with the Minister of his Most
Christian Majesty would not permit it. When this transaction shall be
finished, that is, when my remittances to you and my drafts on you are
all paid, be pleased to send me copies of the bankers' accounts.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

               CIRCULAR TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.

                                        Philadelphia, July 25th, 1781.

  Sir,

I had the honor to write to you on the ---- instant, enclosing a
certified copy of the account of your State, as it stands in the
treasury books of the United States. I now pray leave to recall your
attention to it.

It gives me great pain to learn, that there is a pernicious idea
prevalent among some of the States that their accounts are not to be
adjusted with the continent. Such an idea cannot fail to spread
listless languor over all our operations. To suppose this expensive
war can be carried on without joint and strenuous efforts, is beneath
the wisdom of those who are called to the high offices of legislation.
Those who inculcate maxims, which tend to relax these efforts, most
certainly injure the common cause, whatever may be the motives which
inspire their conduct. If once an opinion is admitted, that those
States who do the least and charge most will derive the greatest
benefit, and endure the smallest evils; your Excellency must perceive
that shameless inactivity must take the place of that noble emulation,
which ought to pervade and animate the whole Union. It is my
particular duty, while I remind my fellow citizens of the tasks, which
it is incumbent on them to perform, to remove, if I can, every
impediment which lies in the way, or which may have been raised by
disaffection, self interest, or mistake. I take, therefore, this early
opportunity to assure you, that all the accounts of the several States
with the United States, shall be speedily liquidated if I can possibly
effect it, and my efforts for that purpose shall be unceasing. I make
this assurance in the most solemn manner, and I entreat that the
consequences of a contrary assertion may be most seriously weighed and
considered, before it is made or believed.

These accounts naturally divide themselves into two considerable
branches, viz. those which are subsequent to the resolutions of
Congress of the 18th of March, 1780.[37] The former must be adjusted
as soon as proper officers can be found and appointed for the purpose,
and proper principles established so as that they may be liquidated in
an equitable manner. I say, Sir, in an equitable manner, for I am
determined that justice shall be the rule of my conduct, as far as the
measure of abilities, which the Almighty has been pleased to bestow,
shall enable me to distinguish between right and wrong. I shall never
permit a doubt, that the States will do what is right; neither will I
ever believe that any one of them can expect to derive advantage from
doing what is wrong. It is by being just to individuals, to each
other, to the Union, to all; by generous grants of solid revenue, and
by adopting energetic methods to collect that revenue; and not by
complainings, vauntings, or recriminations, that these States must
expect to establish their independence and rise into power,
consequence and grandeur. I speak to your Excellency with freedom,
because it is my duty so to speak, and because I am convinced that the
language of plain sincerity is the only proper language to the first
magistrate of a free community.

The accounts I have mentioned as subsequent to the resolutions of the
18th of March, 1780, admit of an immediate settlement. The several
States have all the necessary materials. One side of this account
consists of demands made by resolutions of Congress, long since
forwarded; the other must consist of the compliances with those
demands. This latter part I am not in a capacity to state, and for
that reason I am to request the earliest information, which the nature
of things will permit, of the moneys, supplies, transportation, &c.
which have been paid, advanced, or furnished, by your State, in order
that I may know what remains due. The sooner full information can be
obtained, the sooner shall we know what to rely on, and how to do
equal justice to those who have contributed, and those who have not,
to those who have contributed at one period, and those who have
contributed at another.

I enclose an account of the specific supplies demanded of your State,
as extracted from the journals of Congress, but without any mention of
what has been done in consequence of those resolutions. Because as I
have already observed, your Excellency will be able to discover the
balance much better than I can.

I am further to entreat, Sir, that I may be favored with copies of the
several acts passed in your State since the 18th of March, 1780, for
the collection of taxes and the furnishing supplies, or other aids to
the United States; the manner in which such acts have been executed,
the times which may have been necessary for them to operate, and the
consequences of their operation. I must also pray to be informed of so
much of the internal police of your State as relates to the laying,
assessing, levying, and collecting taxes. I beg leave to assure your
Excellency, that I am not prompted either by an idle curiosity, or by
any wish to discover what prudence would dictate to conceal. It is
necessary that I should be informed of these things, and I take the
plain, open, candid method of acquiring information. To palliate or
conceal any evils or disorders in our situation, can answer no good
purpose; they must be known before they can be cured. We must also
know what resources can be brought forth, that we may proportion our
efforts to our means, and our demands to both. It is necessary, that
we should be in condition to prosecute the war with ease, before we
can expect to lay down our arms with security, before we can treat of
peace honorably, and before we can conclude it with advantage. I feel
myself fettered at every movement, and embarrassed in every operation
from my ignorance of our actual state, and of what is reasonably to be
asked or expected. Yet when I consider our real wealth and numbers,
and when I compare them with those of other countries, I feel a
thorough conviction, that we may do much more than we have yet done,
and with more ease to ourselves than we have yet felt, provided we
adopt the proper modes of revenue and expenditure.

Your Excellency's good sense will anticipate my observations on the
necessity of being informed what moneys are in your treasury, and what
sums you expect to have there, as also the times, by which they must
probably be brought in. In addition to this, I must pray you to
communicate the several appropriations.

A misfortune peculiar to America, requires that I entreat your
Excellency to undertake one more task, which perhaps is far from being
the least difficult. It is, Sir, that you will write me very fully as
to the amount of the several paper currencies now circulating in your
State, the probable increase or decrease of each, and the respective
rates of depreciation.

Having now stated the several communications, which are most
indispensable, let me entreat of your Excellency's goodness, that they
may be made as speedily as possible, to the end, that I may be early
prepared with those propositions, which from a view of all
circumstances, may be most likely to extricate us from our present
difficulties. I am also to entreat, that you will inform me when your
Legislature is to meet. My reason for making this request is, that any
proposals to be made to them, may arrive in season for their attentive
deliberation.

I know that I give you much trouble, but I also know, that it will be
pleasing to you, because the time and the labor will be expended in
the service of your country. If, Sir, my feeble but honest efforts,
should open to us the prospect of American glory; if we should be
enabled to look forward to a period, when, supported by solid revenue
and resources, this war should have no other duration or extent than
the wisdom of Congress might allow, and when its object should be the
honor and not the independence of our country; if with these fair
views the States should be roused, excited, animated, in the pursuit,
and unitedly determining to be in that happy situation, find
themselves placed there by the very determination; if, Sir, these
things should happen, and what is more, if they should happen soon;
the reflection that your industry has principally contributed to
effect them, would be the rich reward of your toils, and give to your
best feelings their amplest gratification.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.


FOOTNOTES:

[37] It stands thus in the manuscript, but there seems to be an
omission of what is meant by the _first branch_ of the accounts.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    B. FRANKLIN TO ROBERT MORRIS.

                                                 Passy, July 26, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

I have just received your very friendly letter of the 6th of June
past, announcing your appointment to the superintendence of our
finances. This gave me great pleasure, as from your intelligence,
integrity and abilities, there is reason to hope every advantage, that
the public can possibly receive from such an office. You are wise in
estimating beforehand, as the principal advantage you can expect, the
consciousness of having done service to your country; for the business
you have undertaken is of so complex a nature, and must engross so
much of your time and attention, as necessarily to injure your
private interests; and the public is often niggardly even of its
thanks, while you are sure of being censured by malevolent critics and
bug-writers, who will abuse you while you are serving them, and wound
your character in nameless pamphlets; thereby resembling those little
dirty insects, that attack us only in the dark, disturb our repose,
molesting and wounding us, while our sweat and blood are contributing
to their subsistence. Every assistance that my situation here, as long
as it continues, may enable me to afford you, shall certainly be
given; for, besides my affection for the glorious cause we are both
engaged in, I value myself upon your friendship, and shall be happy if
mine can be made of any use to you.

With great and sincere esteem, I am ever, Dear Sir, &c.

                                                          B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    B. FRANKLIN TO ROBERT MORRIS.

                                               Passy, July 26th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

I have received the letter you honored me with, of the 8th of June
past, acquainting me, that as Superintendent of Finance, you have
named Messrs Couteulx, & Co. at Paris to receive from his Majesty's
Ministers the money granted to Congress, that they may be enabled to
honor your bills whenever they appear; and you intimate a desire to be
informed of the responsibility of that house.

With regard to the six millions given by the King in aid of our
operation's for the present campaign, before the arrival of Mr
Laurens, 2,500,000 of it went in the same ship with him in cash;
stores equivalent to 2,200,000 more of it were ordered by him, and are
shipped; 1,500,000 were sent to Holland, to go in the ship commanded
by Commodore Gillon. Add to this, that Captain Jackson, by his orders,
purchased clothing and stores in Holland, to the value of about
L50,000 sterling, for which he has drawn bills on me, which bills I
accepted, and also agreed to pay those drawn on Messrs Laurens, Jay,
and Adams; expecting aid from a projected loan of 10,000,000 of livres
for our use in Holland. But this loan meeting with unforeseen
difficulties, and its success uncertain, I have found myself obliged
to stop the money in Holland, in order to be able to save the honor of
the Congress drafts, and to comply with my engagements. By these means
you have really at present no funds here to draw upon. I hope,
however, that Messrs Couteulx, & Co. will be enabled to honor your
drafts; but I trust in your prudence that you will draw no more till
you have advice of funds provided. And as the laying out so much money
in Holland instead of France is disapproved here, and the payment
will, therefore, not be provided for, I must earnestly request your
aid in remitting that sum to me before December next, when my
acceptances will become due, otherwise I shall be ruined with the
American credit in Europe.

With regard to the wealth and credit of the House of Le Couteulx, &
Co. I have never heard it in question. But as Mr Ferdinand Grand,
banker at Paris, and his broker, Sir George Grand, banker in Holland,
have been our zealous and firm friends ever since our arrival in
France, have aided us greatly by their personal interest and
solicitations, and have often been six or seven hundred thousand
livres in advance for us, and are houses of unquestionable solidity, I
cannot but be concerned at any step for taking our business out of
their hands, and wish your future bills may be drawn on Ferdinand
Grand, for I think it concerns our public reputation, to preserve the
character of gratitude, as well as that of honesty and justice. The
commission hitherto charged to us by Mr Grand for receiving and paying
our money is a half per cent, which, considering the trouble given by
the vast number of small drafts for interest of the loans, appears to
me a moderate consideration.

With great and sincere esteem, I have the honor to be, Dear Sir, &c.

                                                          B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

 TO THE GOVERNORS OF MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, NEW YORK, DELAWARE,
                    MARYLAND, AND NORTH CAROLINA.

                                        Philadelphia, July 27th, 1781.

  Sir,

I find upon examination, that the recommendation of Congress of the 3d
of February last, for laying an impost of five per cent on goods
imported, and a like impost of five per cent on prizes and prize
goods, has not been complied with by your State.

The object which Congress had in view when they issued this
recommendation was of the utmost importance, and every day gives it an
additional weight and magnitude. Whether these States are able to
support the annual expenses of the war by their annual revenue, and
whether it would be prudent and wise to draw forth such revenue, are
questions which may hereafter be agitated, considered, and answered.
For the present it is sufficient to observe, that no methods have
hitherto been adopted to produce a revenue by any means adequate to
the current expenses. The public debt, therefore, is large and
increasing. The faith of the United States is pledged to the public
creditors. At every new loan it must be pledged anew, and an appeal is
now made to the States individually, to support the public faith so
solemnly pledged. If they do, it is possible that public credit may be
restored, if not our enemies will draw from thence strong arguments in
favor of what they have so often asserted, that we are unworthy of
confidence, that our union is a rope of sand, that the people are
weary of Congress, and that the respective States are determined to
reject its authority. I fear that a mere verbal contradiction of these
assertions will have but little effect. No words will induce men to
risk their property upon the security of a nominal union. Your
Excellency will be able at once to determine whether that union is
more than nominal, in which any part shall refuse to be bound for the
debts of the whole, or to contribute to the general defence. I must be
permitted, however, to observe, that in matters of public credit long
delay is equivalent to direct refusal.

Despotic governments are in war superior to others by the union of
efforts, the secrecy of operations, and the rapidity with which every
wheel may be moved by one sovereign will. This superiority, however,
is amply compensated to free governments by the ardent attachment of
their citizens, and the general confidence, which enables them to make
exertions beyond their force, and expend in one year the revenues of
many. A single view of our enemy, in the unequal contest she now
carries on, will demonstrate these advantages more clearly than any
arguments. The credit of Great Britain is not only her chief, but it
is almost her only support. Inferior in everything else to the
associates combined against her, she still makes head everywhere, and
balances the opposition through the four quarters of the globe. While
we feel the force of these last struggling of her ambition, we must
admire the source from whence they flow. Admiring, we should endeavor
to imitate, and in order to succeed, we need only to make the attempt.
There was a time when public confidence was higher in America than in
any other country. Hence the existence of that paper, which bore us
through the conflict of five years' hostility. In the moment when no
others dared oppose Great Britain in her career towards universal
empire, we met her ambition with our fortitude, encountered her
tyranny with our virtue, and opposed her credit with our own. We may
perceive what our credit would have done, had it been supported by
revenue, from what it has already effected without that support. And
we have no reason to doubt but that it may be restored, when we
reflect on the fate which paper currencies have formerly sustained.
The appeal, as I have already had the honor to observe, is made by
Congress to the several States. Some of them have answered by passing
the laws required, others are silent. Whence this silence proceeds, I
confess myself at a loss to determine. Some reasons, indeed, I have
heard assigned by individuals in conversation, but I cannot conceive
that they should have weighed with the Legislatures. Indeed I can
hardly conceive how any reasons can have weighed against a matter of
such importance as the keeping public faith inviolate.

I have heard it said, that commerce will not bear a five per cent
duty. Those who make such assertions must be very little acquainted
with the subject. The articles of commerce are either such as people
want, or such as they do not want. If they be such as people want,
they must be purchased at the price for which they can be had; and the
duty being on all, gives to no seller any advantage over another. If,
on the contrary, the article be such as people do not want, they must
either increase their industry so as to afford the use of it with the
duty, or else they must dispense with that use. In the former case,
the commerce is just where it was, and in the latter case the people
consume less of foreign superfluities, which certainty is a public
benefit.[38]

I have also heard it said, that the duty should be carried to the
account of the State where it is levied. What can be the object of
those, who contend for this point, I know not. If there are doubts as
to the justice of Congress, that body should not have been intrusted
with the power of apportioning quotas on the several States. If, on
the contrary, those who make this proposition, expect that the
commercial States, by carrying the five per cent duty to their private
account, can derive from their neighbors, the idea is as fallacious as
it is unjust. The equity of Congress would lead them to relax so much
in the quotas as would render the contribution of the States
proportionate, or if that could not be done, the suffering State would
be induced to carry on its commerce. Thus the end would be defeated,
as indeed it ought; for surely the advantage derived by the mercantile
States, as a mercantile profit, is sufficient without exacting a
revenue in addition to it. Articles imported into the country are
consumed in the country. If each pays a duty, that duty will be paid
by all. The tax will fall equally on all, and therefore ought, in
justice, to be carried to the general account.

I have also heard it suggested, that the public debts ought to be
divided among the several States, and each be called to provide for
its proportion. This measure would be sufficient to destroy the credit
of any country. The creditors trust the Union, and there can be no
right to alter the pledge which they have accepted for any other, even
for a better one, without their free consent. But this is not all;
there is in it a principle of disunion implied, which must be ruinous.
Even at this late period, the States might singly be subjugated. Their
strength is derived from their union. Everything, therefore, which
injures that union, must impair the strength which is dependent upon
it.

I shall not encroach longer upon your Excellency's patience by
adducing farther arguments. Everything for and against the
proposition, has doubtless been considered by the United States in
Congress assembled, with that attention which is due to the
importance of those objects on which they deliberate. I think,
however, it may fairly be concluded, that those who wish to
re-establish the credit and confirm the union of these States, will
comply with this requisition. As I do not doubt that this is the
sentiment of that State over which you preside, I shall believe that
the Legislature at their next session, will pass the proper laws, and
I shall at present only entreat that it may be done as speedily as
possible.

I take the liberty, however, on this occasion, to make an observation,
which applies indeed to many others. Those who have the public weal
very seriously at heart, cannot but lament that the acts passed by
many States on the requisitions of Congress, have been fettered with
restrictions, as to their operation and effect, very inconsistent with
that confidence which is due to the integrity of the United States in
Congress assembled. Nothing can be more pernicious than the jealousy
which dictates clauses restraining the operation of laws, until
similar laws shall have been passed by the other States, or confining
the revenue or supplies to partial or particular objects, not within
the design of Congress, or short of their intentions; or any other
clauses, which show a distrust of the States in the sovereign
representative of America, or in each other. Such jealousies must
prove highly detrimental, if not ruinous. And surely there can be no
ground to entertain them, for the Congress is composed of
Representatives freely chosen, and is of consequence under the control
of those by whom they were appointed. Nothing, therefore, ought to
prevent the free and generous communication of all necessary powers to
Congress; and I am confident that such a communication will more
effectually dishearten the enemy, encourage our friends, and promote
the general and unanimous efforts of the whole community, than any
other circumstance which could possibly happen. It is a truth, that
the enemy does not even pretend to hope anything except from sowing
discord among us, and it is but too true, that while the whigs of
America are daily more firm and united in the cause of independence,
there has been too little attention paid to give to that union of
sentiment a proper political form and consistency. I am not, however,
the less confident that in this, as in everything else, the enemy
will, to their cost, discover that their hopes have been extremely
fallacious.

With every sentiment of respect, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.


FOOTNOTES:

[38] For a very interesting letter from the President of Congress to
the Governor of Rhode Island, on the matter of duties to be levied by
the States, reported by a Committee, of which Hamilton was Chairman,
see the _Public Journals of Congress_, under the date of April 29th,
1783.

       *       *       *       *       *

                   TO JOHN JAY, MINISTER IN SPAIN.

                                        Philadelphia, July 29th, 1781.

  Sir,

I enclose you copies of my letters, of the 17th, to the Governor of
Havana, and Robert Smith. These letters will require no explanation to
you. In addition, however, I am to inform you, that my letter to the
Governor was shown to Don Francisco Rendon, whose full approbation of
it is contained, in the enclosed copy of his note to me.

I am to request your early attention to this matter, and that you will
support and justify the measures I have taken, and which may be taken
in consequence of them by others.

With every sentiment of respect, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

           TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL OF PENNSYLVANIA.

                                        Philadelphia, July 30th, 1781.

  Sir,

I am favored with your Excellency's letter, of the 27th instant, for
which I beg leave to make my acknowledgements.

I must again repeat my regret, that the means devised by the
Legislature are unequal to the exigencies of the State. A majority of
the Assembly seemed much disposed, at their late meeting, to adopt
such measures as were calculated to promote the public service; and
therefore it is to be lamented that they were not called, after
passing the resolutions mentioned in your letter, to appropriate to
the disposition of Council, such funds as might have been adequate to
the demands they are liable to, if those which remained for that
purpose were deemed insufficient. I still hope, however, that the
collection of specie in taxes may enable the Council to effect more
than present appearances promise; but it is evident, that the money
allotted to my disposal is intended for the procuring specific
supplies, and paying the balance of the four tenths of the new
Continental emission, and that I cannot apply any part of it to other
purposes, without crediting the State in account with the United
States for such part, at a value equal to gold and silver. I must
observe, that the resolutions taken by the Assembly, were consequent
upon a report made to them, and communicated to me by order of the
House, after it had been made. This report also was by a committee
appointed on a message from your Excellency in Council to the
Assembly, and it is therefore to be presumed, that it originated in
that message. Be that as it may, this at least is certain, that the
resolutions of the Assembly were proposed by them, and accepted by me.

With respect to the balances due from the State, I am to observe, that
I have a perfect conviction of and reliance on the justice of
Congress, who will I am persuaded, make every equitable and proper
allowance; and your Excellency will perceive by the circular letters I
have had the honor to transmit, my determination to have the accounts
of every State with the United States settled on just principles, with
all possible expedition.

I am obliged by your communication as to Mr Searle's mission,[39] and
assure you, that I lament his disappointments, and still more so, that
his negotiations have met with any opposition, which to me was quite
unexpected. I freely confess, that I did not expect he would be
successful; nevertheless, he had my good wishes, and had it been in my
power, he should have experienced my readiness to assist every public
measure. I wish his efforts in Holland may be productive, but I have
very little expectation of it, being convinced that war with England
will create such demand for money, and procure for the lenders such
security as will prevent them from listening to American proposals. It
was from a belief that your Excellency and the Council would give your
support to measures which have the public good for their object, that
I sought your confidence, asked your advice, and relied on your
assistance. Entertaining still the same opinion, I shall freely and
candidly give my sentiments and opinions on every proposition, which
the Council may think proper to refer to me.

The arguments against drawing paper money from the treasury, and
throwing it into circulation, had forcibly impressed my mind; and
nothing but necessity will compel me to have recourse to it, being
very desirous to pay every possible attention to your Excellency's
request.

The determination to proceed with vigor and energy in the collection
of taxes, coincides with my judgment, and of course meets with my
earnest wishes for success. And your promise to strengthen my hands,
and enable me to proceed with cheerfulness, in the great work I have
undertaken, excites my warmest gratitude. The delays which attend the
collection of taxes, are indeed great and alarming. To remedy them
will be highly beneficial, and perhaps the modes suggested in your
letter may be effectual. Every proposition of this sort will command
my serious attention; and if it shall appear to me productive of the
public good, your Excellency may rely that it shall meet with all the
support in my power.

I am, respectfully, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.


FOOTNOTES:

[39] Mission to Holland, for the purpose of borrowing money for the
State of Pennsylvania.

       *       *       *       *       *

                 GEORGE WASHINGTON TO ROBERT MORRIS.

                                       Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, }
                                                    August 2d, 1781. }

  Dear Sir,

The expectation of the pleasure of seeing you, has prevented me
hitherto from making a communication of a most important and
interesting nature. But circumstances will not admit of further delay,
and I must trust it to paper. It seems reduced almost to a certainty,
that the enemy will reinforce New York with part of their troops from
Virginia. In that case, the attempt against the former must be laid
aside, as it will not be in our power to draw together a force
sufficient to justify the undertaking. The detachment, which the enemy
will probably leave in Virginia, seems the next object which ought to
engage our attention, and which will be a very practicable one, should
we obtain a naval superiority, of which I am not without hopes, and be
able to carry a body of men suddenly round by water. The principal
difficulty which occurs, is in obtaining transports at the moment they
may be wanted; for if they are taken up beforehand, the use for which
they are designed cannot be concealed, and the enemy will make
arrangements to defeat the plan.

What I would therefore wish you to inform yourself of, without making
a direct inquiry, is what number of tons of shipping could be obtained
in Philadelphia at any time between this and the 20th of this month,
and whether there could also be obtained at the same time, a few deep
waisted sloops and schooners, proper to carry horses. The number of
double decked vessels which may be wanted, of two hundred tons and
upwards, will not exceed thirty. I shall be glad of your answer as
soon as possible, because, if it is favorable, I can direct certain
preparations to be made in Philadelphia, and at other convenient
places, without incurring any suspicions. There certainly can be no
danger of not obtaining flour in Philadelphia, and as you seem to have
doubts of procuring salt meat there, I shall direct all that which is
to the eastward, to be collected at points from whence it may be
shipped at the shortest notice.

You will also oblige me by giving me your opinion of the number of
vessels which might be obtained at Baltimore, or other places in the
Chesapeake, in the time before mentioned, or thereabouts.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                         TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                                        Philadelphia, August 2d, 1781.

  Sir,

Agreeably to the intimations I made to your Excellency some days ago,
it was my intention to have gone to camp yesterday. But an act of
Congress of the ---- of July, rendered it necessary for me to hold a
conference with a Committee of Congress and the Board of War. This was
done; and it was determined, that a member of the Board of War should
go with me to camp.

This circumstance has postponed my journey for a few days. But this is
not all; the daily demands on me for money are considerable, and
beyond the utmost extent of any funds I can command. The demands for
past dues in compensation for past services, and the like, are
rejected; but those for the prosecution of the campaign must be
attended to. If, in my absence, and from that cause there be any
stoppage, or considerable delay, the consequences will be equally
injurious to my reputation, and to the public service.

I have before mentioned to you, that my dependence for immediate
supplies of money, is on the produce of bills of exchange. I am sorry
now to observe, that this dependence fails, and from a cause equally
prejudicial to France and to the United States, considered in their
collective capacity, though, perhaps, advantageous to individuals.
Your Excellency will remember, that when I was called to the
administration, the bills of your army had been selling for two
thirds, and even so low as for one half of their value in Europe. What
might have been the causes of this, it is not my business to inquire.
The fact is incontestable. Your Excellency observed it, and endeavored
to remedy the evil, by holding your own bills at five sixths. But the
merchants, who had benefited by the former low rate, could not be
brought at once to make so considerable an advance. They expected that
the same causes, which had reduced bills to one half, must again bring
them down; and, therefore, were disposed to wait the event.

I take the liberty here to observe, that the fluctuation of exchange
will naturally strengthen that expectation, and nothing but steady,
firm perseverance on the part of the administration, can, or indeed
ought, to produce a ready sale on good terms. Bills of exchange are
remitted to France in payment for European commodities. If the cost of
this remittance is fixed, commerce may so far be established on true
commercial principles; otherwise, it is a mere game of hazard.
Sensible of this, the merchant will rather wait, with his money in his
chest, the event of public necessity, than invest that money in bills,
which may shortly after be bought on better terms by his more cautious
neighbor. Hence it follows, that the public will really command less
money than they otherwise might. Nor is that all. While the public can
command the money of the merchants as fast as it comes into their
hands, the servants of the public can spend that money to advantage,
and the very expenditure will increase the circulation, so as to bring
it again sooner into the hands of the merchant.

Your good sense, Sir, your experience, and the unremitted attention,
which I have perceived you pay to every object which can relate to the
service of your Sovereign, will render it necessary for me to
prosecute any further these observations.

It was from a knowledge of this subject, which many years' constant
attention to this business had imparted, that I saw the necessity of
raising the value of bills by degrees, and, at the same time, of
opposing the most inflexible firmness to every attempt at lowering
their price. The bills I drew on Messrs Le Couteulx & Co., at sixty
days' sight, were selling readily at four fifths, until the bills for
your army were offered at thirty days' sight, and at a lower rate,
This, Sir, has checked my sales; and this induces me to mention to you
another matter, which will, I foresee, become of great importance.

The concurrence of many venders of bills cannot be more pernicious
than the concurrence of many purchasers of supplies. The merchant
cannot reason more effectually on public necessities, which he may
conjecture, than the husbandman on such wants as he has ocular
demonstration of. Melancholy experience has shown, that the contest
between our purchasers has been extremely pernicious. What may have
been the manner of conducting the business by the agents of the King,
I do not positively know; but if I were to credit many tales which I
have heard about it, I should believe there had been errors at least.
But I know too well the weakness and impropriety of listening to
slanderous reports; and I am very confident, that all possible care
will be taken of the interests of his Majesty.

But, Sir, if the supplies for the French army and navy are kept in a
distinct channel, I do not believe it will be possible to obtain them
so cheap as they might otherwise be had. The ration consisting of one
pound of bread, one pound of beef, or three quarters of a pound of
pork, one gill of country made rum; and to every hundred rations one
quart of salt, two quarts of vinegar; also to every seven hundred
rations eight pounds of soap, and three pounds of candles, is now
furnished to the United States in this city, at nine pence, with a
half penny allowed over for issuing. It may perhaps cost more to
furnish rations to the army, perhaps as high as ten pence or eleven
pence, Pennsylvania currency.

You I suppose, Sir, can command the necessary accounts to determine
what the King now pays for the subsistence of his troops; but as the
French and American rations differ, I take the liberty for your
further information to mention, that the parts of the ration are
estimated as follows; for one pound of bread, two ninetieths of a
dollar; for one pound of beef, or three quarters of a pound of pork,
four and a quarter ninetieths; for one gill of rum, two ninetieths;
for soap, candles, vinegar, and salt, one and a quarter ninetieths for
each ration. You will also observe, Sir, that when exchange is at four
fifths, one livre tournois is equal to fourteen pence and two fifths
of a penny, Pennsylvania money.

I go into these details to enable your Excellency exactly to determine
what is most for the interest of France, for I conceive it my duty to
give you a confidential state of our affairs, whenever it can promote
his Majesty's service, which I beg leave to assure you, I have every
possible desire to assist; being convinced, that I can by no other
means more fully comply with the wishes of the United States in
Congress assembled.

I beg leave further to observe, that I have no personal wish to
negotiate your bills, or to supply your fleets and armies. You must be
very sensible that I have already before me a field of business
sufficiently large. To extend it, will give me labor and pain, I can
derive no advantage from it, nor will anything induce me to engage in
it, except it be the prospect of rendering effectual service to the
common cause. I make this declaration, not because I conceive it
necessary to you, or from an ostentatious display of those motives,
which actuate my conduct, but there may be persons to whom I am not so
well known as I have the honor of being to your Excellency, and who
from ignorance or interest might give to the present intentions the
foulest interpretation.

I have been led much further, Sir, than the occasion strictly
required, but perhaps my observations may demand your attention; they
certainly appeared to me of importance, or I would not have given you
the trouble of so long a letter.

I pray you to believe me, with respect, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                         TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                                       Philadelphia, August 4th, 1781.

  Sir,

I was honored with your letter of the 3d yesterday evening; I am happy
that the sentiments expressed in mine of the 2d, meet with your
Excellency's approbation, and shall readily confide in your direction,
to make such use of it as you think proper.

The two questions you ask do not admit of a precise answer. The rate
of exchange ought by no means to be under four fifths; indeed I could
wish that it were higher, and am not without hopes of raising it; but
that must depend on circumstances, which I cannot command. The sum,
which can be furnished to the French army monthly by the sale of
bills, admits still less than the other of being precisely
ascertained. Let me add, Sir, that the sum, which your army may want,
must greatly depend upon the measures, which may be taken to supply
them. Government ought to know its expenses precisely, if that were
possible. Upon this principle, it will be of use, that your
stipulations should be to pay a certain sum in France for every
ration; consequently you will want no money here for that purpose.

I wish it were in my power to reply more pointedly, for I am well
convinced of the importance of information on that subject. Whenever I
am in a condition to know more, I shall readily communicate to you the
extent of my inquiries. But while it is my determination to speak to
you with that confidence, which your ingenuous conduct has merited, I
am equally determined neither to compromise myself nor mislead you, by
relying on unfounded conjecture.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                  TO THE GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSETTS.

                                  Office of Finance, August 4th, 1781.

  Sir,

On the 23d of June last, the United States in Congress assembled,
directed me to take measures for the speedy launching and equipping
the ship America, and directed the Board of Admiralty to assign to me
the share of the United States, in the prizes taken by Captain Barry,
to enable me to carry their orders into effect.

By a letter from the Navy Board in the eastern district, dated the
18th of July at Boston, it appears, that the greater part of this
money is already expended, and that more is wanting to fit the Deane
and Alliance for sea. Congress have referred this letter to me, and in
consequence, as I am convinced that expense will constantly accrue
while those vessels continue in port, I request of your Excellency to
furnish to the Navy Board, such moneys as may be necessary to fit them
out, with all possible expedition. I must further entreat to be
favored with an account of the sums furnished, that they may be
carried to the credit of your State on the late requisitions of
Congress, and the Navy Board to be debited with them in the treasury
books.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

       TO THE GOVERNORS OF DELAWARE, MARYLAND, AND NEW JERSEY.

                                       Philadelphia, August 4th, 1781.

  Sir,

Being obliged to go to camp on public business, I shall set off this
day. During my absence, it is highly probable that the service may
require various applications to your Excellency. Should this be the
case, they will be made to you by Mr Gouverneur Morris, who is my
official assistant. I am, therefore, to pray the same attention to
his letters as if they were written by me.

With great respect, &c.

                                                    ROBERT MORRIS.[40]


FOOTNOTES:

[40] _August 4th._ Having omitted in my minutes to make mention of the
assistance I have received from Gouverneur Morris, I think it proper
to declare, that he has most cheerfully afforded me every advice and
assistance, which his genius and abilities enabled him to afford, from
my first appointment to this time; and that I found him so capable and
useful as to induce me to solicit his assistance in an official
character, which having readily consented to, I made a verbal
engagement with him, since confirmed by my letter of appointment,
dated on the 6th of July last, being the date of the Acts of Congress,
which fixes a salary for my assistant, and he is of course entitled to
that salary from date. _Diary._

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                                              Camp, August 13th, 1781.

  Sir,

The orders of Congress, which we have the honor to communicate,
directing us to confer with your Excellency on the subject of the
proposed numbers and arrangements of the army for the next campaign,
not having pointed out the reasons for inducing the measure, we have
the honor to lay before you our ideas on the subject, so far as we are
acquainted with the matter, from a long conference at which we were
present in Philadelphia, held by a committee of Congress, the
Superintendent of Finance, and the Board of War, pursuant to a
resolution of Congress, with a copy of which your Excellency has been
furnished.

After the full conversation with which we were honored on the 12th
instant, it is unnecessary to enter at large into those reasons, or to
urge the pressing necessity of economising our affairs so as to make
our revenues in a great degree meet our expenses. Your Excellency must
be equally sensible with us of the necessity, and we are perfectly
convinced that you are disposed to assist in every measure tending to
promote so desirable an object. You are also sensible of the impolicy
of calling on the States for men or money, in numbers or quantities so
extensive as to excite among even the zealous and considerate, ideas
of the impracticability of carrying on the war on such terms. Demands
of this nature, instead of animating to exertions, are only productive
of hopeless languor. Your mortifying experience of the inadequate
compliance of the States heretofore, with your former requisitions,
will explain the motives inducing to the expediency of moderating
those demands, so as to render them productive, and in case of failure
to leave the delinquent State without excuse. Your Excellency has no
doubt considered that the class of men who are willing to become
soldiers is much diminished by the war, and therefore the difficulties
of raising an army equal to former establishments has increased, and
will continue to increase, and embarrass the States in their measures
for filling up their quotas, should the mode of recruiting the army be
continued in the present line. You will also have considered, that the
enemy proportionably debilitated by war, is incapable of opposing to
us the force we originally had to encounter; and, therefore, the
necessity of such extensive levies as we formerly raised, seems to be
in some measure superseded.

In what degree the forces of these States should be decreased, we do
not pretend to determine, leaving this to your Excellency's better
judgment. But from past experience it appears, that the States are
incapable of bringing into the field an army equal to that called for
by the last arrangement; or, if all the demands of Congress on the
States become merely pecuniary it does not seem probable that they can
or will furnish money for raising, equipping, and supporting such an
army.

We wish we were capable, from any information we are possessed of, to
assist your Excellency in the investigation of the subject with
respect to the probable designs or force of the enemy the next
campaign. This must in its nature depend upon contingencies at present
even beyond conjecture. At this time, therefore, in our apprehension,
the only solid grounds of procedure is to consider what force these
States are capable of producing.

Having thus, in general, mentioned the ideas which have arisen on the
subject, we beg to leave the matter to your consideration, and take
the liberty of proposing the following queries, after further stating
that it has been thought that it would be expedient, in case of a
reform, to lessen the number of regiments so as to make fewer
commissioned officers and privates in the regiments. It has been
supposed that a considerable saving would arise from this measure, by
not having so many officers in full pay, with their horses, servants,
baggage, and other consequent expenses in the field. Or if they remain
in quarters from want of commands, they are in a situation
disagreeable to their own feelings, and uselessly expensive to the
public. We presume that gentlemen qualified for staff officers, and
that artificers and other persons employed by the staff department,
should not come into the calculation, as the officers at the head of
those departments should be enabled to carry on their business without
taking men from the line, a practice introduced from necessity, very
prejudicial to discipline, and productive of pernicious consequences
by lessening the effective force of the army.

Quere 1. Is a reduction of the number of the officers and men, as
fixed by the last arrangement, expedient or proper?

2. How can the reduction be brought about, consistently with the good
of the service? and what arrangement should be made in consequence of
this resolution?

The answer to the above queries will no doubt include the number of
men necessary for the next campaign, and the organization of them so
as to designate the numbers of regiments, and the numbers in those
regiments, both of commissioned and non-commissioned officers and
privates, as well regimentally as by companies. The expediency of
having fewer regiments of artillery and horse, and of consolidating
the independent corps, will also, we presume, come into your
Excellency's consideration.

3. What periods of enlistment, under present circumstances, are most
proper to be adopted?

4. What regulation can be made to modify the practice of taking
servants from the line by officers? and, on this head we beg leave to
submit to your opinion a copy of a motion made in Congress on this
subject.

5. What is to be done with officers by brevet, or those who have no
particular commands? Can they not be placed in the regiments, or
retire on half pay?

6. Would it be practicable, consistent with justice, and the good of
the service, to call into actual service officers who have retired on
half pay, by the former arrangement, to fill vacancies happening in
the lines to which they respectively belong?

We have the honor to be, with much regard, &c.

                                                       ROBERT MORRIS,
                                                       RICHARD PETERS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                 GEORGE WASHINGTON TO ROBERT MORRIS.

                                       Head Quarters, Dobbs's Ferry, }
                                                  August 17th, 1781. }

  Dear Sir,

I have in confidence imparted to you the alteration of our late plan,
and made you acquainted with our intended operations. Besides the
provision necessary at the head of the Elk to carry the troops down
the bay, a very considerable quantity will be wanted in Virginia. I
should suppose three hundred barrels of flour, as many of salt meat,
and eight or ten hogsheads of rum, would be sufficient, at the Elk.
For what will be consumed in Virginia, I imagine the order must be
general, as we can neither ascertain the number of men which will be
drawn together, or the time they will be employed.

I have written to the Count de Grasse, and have requested him to send
up his light vessels of every kind to the Elk; but I would,
nevertheless, wish to have all that may be at Baltimore, and the upper
parts of the bay, secured. I shall therefore be obliged to you, to
take measures at the proper time for that purpose. When that time will
be, and when you shall give orders for the deposit at the Elk, I will
hereafter inform you.

I shall direct the Quarter Master in due season to take up all the
small craft in the Delaware, for the purpose of transporting the
troops from Trenton to Christiana. Should he have occasion for advice
or assistance from you on this occasion, I most request you to give
him both.

I am confident it will be necessary to give the American troops,
destined for Southern services, one month's pay in specie. This will
amount to about ---- dollars. If it will be possible for you to
procure this sum, you will infinitely oblige me, and will much benefit
the service. I shall also stand in need of a sum of specie for secret
services; I suppose about five hundred guineas.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                                  Office of Finance, August 22d, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

I arrived in town the day before yesterday. Having taken the earliest
opportunities to acquire information, I am sorry to inform you, that I
find money matters in as bad a situation as possible. The exchange, by
the concourse of venders, has run down to five shillings, and bills
are offered at that rate in such great numbers, as to command all the
money which is to be disposed of; so that reducing the price of bills
still lower, would not command money, or answer any other good
purpose.

The paper of this State, (Pennsylvania) is indeed appreciating; but to
issue it, in the present moment, would destroy in embryo all my hopes
from that quarter, cut off the only resource which I have the chance
of commanding, and shake a confidence which has been reposed in me,
and which the public interest calls upon me to cherish. I am sorry to
observe, in consequence, that you must expect to meet with
disappointments; but I assure you, that I will make every possible
exertion to place you in the most eligible situation which my means
will admit of.

I am, Sir, your most obedient, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

             TO THE GOVERNORS OF NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE.

                                  Office of Finance, August 22d, 1781.

  Sir,

I have, in a former letter, forwarded to your Excellency, an account
of the specific supplies, which Congress had demanded from your State.
It now becomes my duty again to press for a compliance with those
demands. The exigencies of the service require immediate attention. We
are on the eve of the most active operations; and should they be in
anywise retarded by the want of necessary supplies, the most unhappy
consequences may follow. Those who may be justly chargeable with
neglect, will have to answer for it to their country, their allies, to
the present generation, and to posterity. I hope, entreat, expect, the
utmost possible efforts on the part of your State; and confide in your
Excellency's prudence and vigor to render those efforts effectual.

I beg to know, most speedily, Sir, what supplies are collected, and
at what places; as also the times and places at which the remainder is
to be expected. I cannot express to you my solicitude on this
occasion. My declaration to Congress, when I entered upon my office,
will prevent the blame of ill accidents from lighting upon me, even if
I were less attentive than I am; but it is impossible not to feel most
deeply on occasions where the greatest objects may be impaired or
destroyed, by indolence or neglect. I must, therefore, again reiterate
my requests; and while I assure you, that nothing but the urgency of
our affairs would render me thus importunate, I must also assure you,
that while those affairs continue so urgent, I must continue to
importune.

With all possible respect, &c.

                                                    ROBERT MORRIS.[41]


FOOTNOTES:

[41] _August 21st._ During my stay it camp, I had constant
applications for money from almost everybody, as all had claims on the
public. I took with me only one hundred and fifty guineas; and,
finding so many demands, I thought it best to satisfy none, therefore
brought the money back. I had conferences with the Quarter Master
General, Paymaster General, Clothier General, Commissary General of
Issues, Director General of the Hospitals, and with many other
persons; but as these chiefly ran on the wants of themselves and
others employed in their departments, I could only recommend the
strictest economy in their expenditures, that I might thereby be the
better warranted in making reasonable requisitions from the several
States; always promising what I mean most punctually to perform, that
is, to use my utmost endeavors to establish such revenues, as will
enable the regular payment of their salaries and other just demands;
but always concluded with assuring them, that this ultimately depended
on the several Legislatures, which could only be induced to grant such
revenues from a conviction, that their grants would be faithfully and
frugally used. I made the same observations to the general officers
and others, who spoke to me on money matters. _Diary._

       *       *       *       *       *

                     TO THE GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA.

                                  Office of Finance, August 23d, 1781.

  Sir,

I am just returned from the head quarters of the Commander in Chief,
where I have been for some days, in order to confer with him on the
various military operations and arrangements, as far as they are
connected with the duties of my department. Of consequence the defence
of that valuable part of Virginia now invaded, became much a subject
of consideration, and I am happy to inform you, that every measure
will be pursued for its safety, which is consistent with the general
objects of the war.

The force in Virginia ought to be very considerable, for reasons,
which it is unnecessary to mention to you, who are so well acquainted
with the country. But it is necessary to observe that the supplies to
this force must be proportionably great. I have already done myself
the honor to transmit to your Excellency an account of specific
supplies, which have been required by Congress. Virginia stands
debited for the whole, and it is not in my power, perhaps not in
yours, to state as yet the credit side of that account. Let, however,
the amount of the articles already furnished, be what it may, this at
least is certain, that I have the command of no money from the several
States, which will serve to maintain a force in Virginia. Much,
therefore, must depend on the provisions and forage, which that State
can call forth.

It is necessary for me to inform the General what reliance can be made
on your resources, and it is also necessary, that this information
should be just. Your Excellency must perceive, that his arrangements
will greatly depend upon my communication; and therefore you will
need no incitement to transmit to me as soon as possible the answers
to my inquiries.

Let me then entreat, Sir, to know what quantity of flour, beef, and
pork, both fresh and salted, and what quantity of hay and Indian corn,
or other forage, can be delivered by the State of Virginia, at what
places, and by what times. I shall also be happy to be informed, where
the tobacco required of your State is deposited, that I may take
proper measures for the disposal of it.

With all possible respect, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                     TO MESSRS LE COUTEULX & CO.

                                    Office of Finance, Philadelphia, }
                                                  August 26th, 1781. }

  Gentlemen,

My former letters advised you of the sundry bills I had drawn on you
to the 2d day of this month, being numbered from one to one hundred
and thirtyone inclusive, and amounting to five hundred and twentyone
thousand, six hundred and thirtyfour livres, sixteen sous, and eight
dernier tournois, as you will perceive by a copy of a list of said
bills, herein enclosed. To which you will find added the list of
sundry bills drawn on the 10th instant, numbered one hundred and
thirtytwo to one hundred and fiftyeight inclusive, all at sixty days'
sight, in favor of Mr Haym Solomans, amounting to two hundred and one
thousand, three hundred and twentythree livres, eight sous tournois.

On the 8th of this month I had occasion to visit his Excellency
General Washington at camp, and at my departure I left these bills
signed. They were sold during my absence, and I pray that they may be
duly honored. You will be enabled to pay these punctually, as his
Excellency the Minister Plenipotentiary of France has engaged, that
five hundred thousand livres tournois, should be placed with you for
that purpose; of course you will have received one million of livres,
subject to my drafts, and I shall continue to pass them on you as
occasion may require.

On the 17th of July last, I drew one hill on you at sixty days, in
favor of Robert Smith, or order, for five hundred thousand livres, but
that bill is either sunk, or has fallen into the enemy's hands,
therefore should it ever appear it must be refused as a fraud.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                 GEORGE WASHINGTON TO ROBERT MORRIS.

                                           Chatham, August 27th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

Accounts brought by several vessels to Philadelphia, and to the
eastward, leave little doubt but that the Count de Grasse must have
already arrived in the Chesapeake, or that he must be very soon there.
The Count de Rochambeau and myself have therefore determined, that no
time ought to be lost in making preparations for our transportation
from Trenton to Christiana, and from the head of the Elk down the
Chesapeake. I have written by this opportunity to Colonel Miles, and
have directed him immediately to engage all the proper kind of craft
for the navigation of the Delaware, which can be found in
Philadelphia, or in the creeks above and below it; and as your advice
may be useful to him, more especially as far as respects procuring the
vessels at a distance from Philadelphia, I have desired him to wait
upon you for that purpose.

I shall also be obliged to you for using your influence with the
gentlemen of Baltimore to permit any vessels, which may be in that
port to come up to the Elk to assist us in transportation. I have
little doubt, from the cheerfulness with which they furnished the
Marquis de Lafayette last winter, that they will comply with your
requisition on the present occasion. But lest there should be a
necessity for the interference of the Executive of the State, I have
written to Governor Lee, upon that and other matters. I enclose the
letter under flying seal for your information, and you will be good
enough to forward it by a chain of expresses, which is established.
Any vessels, which may be procured in the Chesapeake, should
rendezvous as soon as possible in Elk river.

You will be pleased to make the deposit of flour, rum, and salt meat,
at the head of the Elk, which I requested in a former letter.

I am very fearful, that about fifteen hundred barrels of salt
provisions, and thirty hogsheads of rum, which I directed to be sent
from Connecticut and Rhode Island, under convoy of the Count de
Barras, would not have been ready when the fleet sailed from Newport.
Should that have been the case, the disappointment will be great. I
would wish you to see whether a like quantity of those articles can be
procured in Philadelphia, or in Maryland, if we should find that they
have not gone round from the eastward.

I must entreat you if possible to procure one month's pay in specie
for the detachment, which I have under my command. Part of the troops
have not been paid anything for a long time past, and have upon
several occasions shown marks of great discontent. The service they
are going upon, is disagreeable to the northern regiments, but I make
no doubt, that a _douceur_ of a little hard money would put them in
proper temper. If the whole sum cannot be obtained, a part of it will
be better than none, as it may be distributed in proportion to the
respective wants and claims of the men.

The American detachment will assemble in this neighborhood today. The
French army tomorrow.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                         TO DONALDSON YEATES.

                                 Office of Finance, August 28th, 1781.

  Sir,

The express which carries this letter will bring you one from Colonel
Miles, on the same subject. It is necessary, that vessels be procured
as speedily us possible, to transport a body of from six to seven
thousand men from the head of the Elk to Virginia, with their
necessary apparatus. You will, therefore, collect them at the head of
the Elk, on the 5th of September, and us soon after as may be, engage
them by the day on the cheapest terms you can, to be paid in hard
money, and obtain as long a credit as possible. There will be little
or no risk of the vessels, and therefore you may insure them to the
owners, if that will tend to obtain them either sooner or cheaper. The
express has letters to William Smith and Matthew Ridley, of
Baltimore, on this subject, and they will give you their advice and
assistance, as will some other gentlemen, to whom I have written,
should either be necessary. He has also letters to the Governor of
Maryland, who will I am confident give every aid, which the Executive
authority of the State can afford. You will therefore either apply to
the Governor or not, as circumstances shall require.

Any engagements you enter into on this account, shall be fulfilled;
but I must again request, that you will be as economical as the nature
of the business will permit. I expect and rely on the exertion of your
utmost industry and attention and am, Sir, very respectfully, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                           TO B. FRANKLIN.

                                      Philadelphia, August 28th, 1781.

  Sir,

Herewith I send you triplicates of my letters of the 13th and 14th of
July last, and duplicates of my letters of the 19th and 21st of July
last. I have not yet executed the plan mentioned in mine of the 21st
of July, of drawing bills on you, for reasons, which it is not
necessary to enumerate at present.

Since my letter to you of the 8th of June last, I have found it
necessary to apply to the Minister of his Most Christian Majesty in
this place, to direct another sum of five hundred thousand livres to
be deposited with Messrs Le Couteulx &. Co., and I am now drawing
bills for that sum, wherefore I must pray your Excellency to take
measures, that they be put in cash to answer my drafts. Although I
have no doubt that this will be done on the Chevalier de la Luzerne's
application, yet as his letters may miscarry, or other unavoidable
misfortune happen, I take this additional precaution, because it is of
the utmost importance to the United States, that these bills be duly
honored.

The last advices from Europe inform us of M. Necker's resignation and
removal, which occasions much speculation, as to the causes which
produced this event. I should be glad to hear from you upon that
subject.

We learn from Boston the arrival of the frigate Magicienne, with a
large store ship laden with clothing, &c. for the United States;
another store ship put back to Corunna, as is said, having been
dismasted in a gale of wind. If this be so, it is a loss which will be
more easily supplied than that of the Lafayette, which ship we are
informed was taken and carried into England.

Colonel Laurens's embarkation on board a frigate for this place, with
money, is also announced, and I hope she will speedily arrive. The
Boston account of the 16th of August, mentions the arrival of the
Magicienne in fifty days. If Colonel Laurens had then sailed, he must
now have been out sixtytwo days, which is a very long period for a
single frigate to be engaged in that voyage. If that frigate arrives
safe, with five hundred thousand dollars, which is, as I am informed,
on board of her, it will relieve me from many very great difficulties,
which I have now to struggle with, and give a much better appearance
to our affairs, as it will enable us to operate with far more vigor
and activity.

It is now a very long time since we have had any tidings of Mr Adams.
We have indeed been informed, though not from himself, that he had
opened a loan for a million of florins; but we are much in the dark
as to the success of it, as well as many other particulars relative to
his situation, which would be very interesting.


_September 7th, 1781._ Since writing the above letter, Colonel Laurens
has come to this city from Boston, at which place he arrived in the
Resolve, with the two store ships under her convoy, after a passage
uncommonly tedious. It is certainly unnecessary to mention how great
pleasure we have received from this occurrence.

Another equally pleasing, is the arrival of the Count de Grasse in the
Chesapeake Bay, on the 30th of August, with twentyeight sail of the
line, viz. one of one hundred and ten guns, three of eightyfour guns,
nineteen of seventyfour guns, four of sixtyfour guns, and one of fifty
guns. The Count de Barras sailed from Rhode Island on the 24th, so
that probably he has before this made a junction with the Count de
Grasse, although he had not on the 31st of August. A detachment of
about seven thousand men is on the way to Virginia, of which about two
thousand and five hundred were at the head of the Elk. As many more
must have arrived there this evening, and the remainder tomorrow.
There are landed from the fleet, three thousand men, and we are told
these will receive an addition of one thousand and five hundred
marines, besides the army under the command of the Marquis de
Lafayette, which was before in Virginia, and consists of about five
thousand, including the militia. Lord Cornwallis was entrenched at
York, in Virginia, with five thousand men. General Washington takes
the command of the southern army in person. The fleet under the Count
de Grasse took on its way a packet from Charleston to Great Britain,
on board of which was Lord Rawdon. From this combination of
circumstances, you will perceive, that we have reason to flatter
ourselves with the expectation of pleasing occurrences.

With the greatest respect, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                 Office of Finance, August 28th, 1781.

  Sir,

My circular letter to the Governors, of the 25th of July, a copy
whereof was sent to Congress on the 6th of August, contains a solemn
assurance, that all the accounts of the several States with the United
States should be speedily liquidated, if I could possibly effect it,
and that my efforts for that purpose should be unceasing. If after
this declaration, I could possibly have forgotten it, the reference
made to me, on the 23d instant, of two letters from the State of
Massachusetts and a report on them of the 14th instant, would have
called for an immediate attention.

I have thought much on this subject and feel very anxious about it.
The settlement of those accounts is of the utmost importance, for,
until it be completed, the States will persuade themselves into an
opinion that their exertions are unequal. Each will believe in the
superiority of its own efforts. Each claim the merit of having done
more than others; and each continue desirous of relaxing to an
equality of the supposed deficiencies of its neighbors. Hence it
follows, that every day they become more and more negligent, a
dangerous supineness pervades the continent, and recommendations of
Congress, capable in the year 1775 of rousing all America to action,
now lie neglected.

The settlement of former accounts being considered as a thing
forgotten, men, naturally reasoning from them to those which are now
present, conclude, that they also will drop into forgetfulness, and
consider everything not furnished as so much saved. The Legislatures
will not call forth the resources of their respective constituents.
The public operations languish. The necessity of purchasing on credit
enhances expense. The want of that credit compels to the use of force.
That force offends. The country is daily more plunged in debt, and its
revenues more deeply anticipated. A situation so dangerous calls for
more accurate principles of administration, and these cannot too
speedily be adopted. The settlement of accounts is the first step, but
it is necessary not only that this settlement be speedy but that it be
final; for, if it be not final, the disputes on that subject will have
the same baleful influence with those now subsisting. Disunion among
the States must follow in the event. Disgust must take place in the
moment. The same opprobrious indolence will continue, and in the
meantime it is to little purpose, that our country abounds in men and
subsistence, if they cannot be called forth for her defence.

All the requisitions of Congress upon the several States contain a
provision for future liquidation, when the quotas shall have been
ascertained according to the article of confederation. The evil
consequences which have followed from this are very evident, and the
great advantages which would have resulted from rendering every
appointment final and conclusive are equally evident. But those, who,
on such ground, build a censure against Congress, ought to consider,
that they could not act otherwise, before the confederation was
completed.

The changes which have already happened in the affairs of the several
States at the different periods of the war are so great, that any
apportionment formerly made, however equitable then, would be
inequitable now. To determine the quota, therefore, from the present
situation, or from any particular moment of the past, must be equally
improper. But the quotas must be determined at some period or other.
If we suppose it already done, we shall clearly see how many
inconveniences would have been avoided, and how many advantages
gained. True it is, that let this final adjustment of the quota take
place when it will, difficulties will arise by reason of those changes
in the circumstances of the several States, which have been already
mentioned. But those difficulties will be daily increased, and become
at length insurmountable. If a final determination of past quotas were
made now, it must be arbitrary in some degree; but if we carry our
ideas forward to the end of several years, it must be still more
arbitrary. To attempt a settlement of accounts subject to after
revision, and after determination, is still worse; for it is liable to
every objection, which lies against leaving them unsettled, to every
difficulty, which could attend the final settlement, and has the
additional evil, that by placing the several precise balances
immediately before the eyes of Congress, they could take no step,
which would not be charged with partiality. I will dwell no longer on
this subject, for I trust the United States in Congress will agree
with me in one leading position, that after taking a general view of
the past, from the commencement of the war to the present moment, a
certain rate or quota should be established for each State of the
whole expense now incurred, excepting the public debt of the United
States. I will presently assign the reasons for this exception; but
that general position which I have advanced is the corner stone;
without it nothing can be done, at least such is my conviction. Hence
we have the irresistible conclusions,

1st. That while a demand of Congress is the mere request of a loan,
instead of a complete appointment of ---- it will not be attended to.

2dly. That while from the unsettled state of public accounts, the
individual States are led to suppose that there is a balance in their
favor, by superior exertions for which they neither have, nor are like
to have any credit, they will relax their efforts.

3dly. That the final settlement of these accounts cannot take place
until the quotas be finally adjusted.

4thly. That a settlement of accounts, which is not final will [blank
in the manuscript.]

I feel, therefore, a demonstration, that the past circumstances and
situations of the several States should be candidly reviewed, that the
apportionment of all the past expenses should be made now, and that it
should be final. Thus, if the whole expense be stated at one hundred,
each State would be declared chargeable with a certain number of parts
of that hundred, and thus a standard will be established by which to
determine the proportion, let the amount be what it may. I know it is
not possible to do strict justice, but it is certain that less
injustice will be done in this mode than any other, and that without
adopting it nothing effectual can be done.

After the proportion is fixed the principles on which to admit the
various charges will next come into consideration. I know it will be
difficult to draw such a line as will apply to all cases, or which
will be absolutely just even in those to which it does apply. Yet
neither of these objections ought to prevent Congress from laying down
these general rules, which shall on the whole appear to be most
equitable. The various requisitions have been made payable at certain
days. The value, therefore, of the demand ought to be estimated at the
day of payment fixed by each, and the proper mode of doing this would
be by the table of depreciation, formed the 29th day of July, 1780, in
pursuance of the Act of Congress of the 28th day of June preceding. It
is possible that this table is not perfect; but we must remember, that
it has been fixed by the authority of the United States, and acted
upon. It ought, therefore, to be adhered to; for there is always less
of inconvenience and danger in pursuing an established rule, than in
the frequent change of rules; because the former is at the worst only
a partial, but the latter is a general evil. Assuming then this table
as a standard, the account of the requisitions previous to the 18th of
March, 1780, will stand thus; by the resolutions of the 22d of
November, 1777, there is payable as follows.

                                             dollars.   ninetieths.
    January 1st, 1778, 1,250,000 dollars,
      equal to                                857,222   20

    April 1st, 1778, 1,250,000 dollars,
      equal to                                621,423   55

    July 1st, 1778, 1,250,000                 412,864   52 4

    October 1st, 1778, 1,250,000              268,472    2

    By the resolutions of January 2d,
      1779, and May 21st, 1779, there
      is payable by January 1st, 1780,
      60,000,000 dollars, equal to          2,042,500

    By the resolution of October 6th,
      1779, payable by February 1st,
      1780, 15,000,000, equal to              451,041   60

    March 1st, 1780, 15,000,000, equal to     401,450   30
                                           ----------   ----
                                            5,054,982   39 4

Thus the whole demand made on the States, from the beginning of the
war to the 1st of March, 1780, is but little more than five millions
of dollars. And yet this demand, moderate as it is, has not been
complied with.

By the various resolutions of Congress on the subject of requisitions
it is provided, that interest at six per cent shall be charged on the
sums due, and allowed on the sums paid. The sums paid do, in no
instances, amount to the value of the demand, but each State has an
account against the Union for advances, by supplies furnished of
various kinds, and by payments made to militia. As no taxes were laid
by the States, the sums they expended were procured partly from the
continental treasury and partly by the emission of State currency,
which tended to depreciate the continental paper, and impede its
circulation. A consideration of the mischiefs arising from this
circumstance will much diminish the merit, which is assumed from those
advances. If the State paper had not been issued, the same services
might have been performed by an equal sum of continental money, and
the general torrent of depreciation would then have swept away those
expenditures, which now exist as State charges. From hence it might in
strictness be inferred, that the continent should not be charged for
the amount of State paper advanced, and that amount be estimated at
its value when redeemed by the State, especially as Congress have not
only urged the States not to emit money, but even to call in what they
had already emitted. But this inference would perhaps be rather too
strong. No such idea has been formerly advanced by Congress, and
therefore the States, not having had due notice, might conceive the
determination at this late period to be inequitable.

On the whole, therefore, it may be proper to estimate the sums paid by
them according to the rule already noticed, especially as the method
of redeeming the old continental money formerly adopted, will, if
pursued, work some degree of equality. For it will create a demand for
the old money in those States, which, by the amount of their own
emissions, have expelled it from themselves and forced it upon their
neighbors. There must, however, be a distinction made in the advances
of the several States; much of them has been for the pay and support
of the militia, and much of that for the private defence of particular
States, and of that again a part has frequently been unnecessary. To
go, at this late period, into a close investigation of the subject, is
impracticable, and perhaps dangerous. Neither would it answer any
valuable purpose. Some general rule, therefore, must be adopted, and
propriety seems to require, that credit should be given only for those
expenditures on militia, which were previously authorised and required
by express resolutions of Congress. With respect to all other
articles, there is also to be noted a distinction between those which
were furnished by the several States previously to the 22d of
November, 1777, when the first demand of money was made, and those
made subsequently to that period. I would propose that the former, as
also the militia expenses not expressly authorised as above mentioned,
should be taken together into one account, and the specie value of the
whole estimated. That the amount of both, throughout America, should
be apportioned by the same standard with the other expenses. And that
the several actual expenditures of each State should be settled and
liquidated with its proportional part of the whole, and the several
balances carried to their respective debits and credits in the general
accounts. These balances should bear interest at six per cent to the
18th of March, 1780. Thus, suppose the whole of those expenses should
amount to one million of dollars, and that the State A be held to pay
nine, and the State B ten parts out of every hundred; the State A
would be accountable for ninety thousand dollars, and the State B for
one hundred thousand dollars. And if it should appear, that the former
had paid one hundred thousand, and the latter only ninety thousand,
the former would be credited, and the latter debited ten thousand
dollars, with six per cent interest.

I would propose, that the advances made by the several States,
subsequent to the 22d of November, and prior to the 18th of March,
1780, excepting those to militia not authorised, should be estimated
as aforesaid, and carried to account regularly upon the advances of
money made to each from the Continental treasury, and the
apportionment of the several demands made by Congress, in like manner
with the moneys paid to their order. And that interest, at six per
cent, should be charged or credited upon the several balances, until
the 18th of March, 1780.

I would further propose, that on this day these balances, and those
before mentioned, should be liquidated together, and the final
capitals be considered as principal sums, bearing interest at six per
cent. Thus, supposing the State A, in one account, to be credited ten
thousand dollars, amounting, with interest, to eleven thousand, and
debited in the other account five thousand, amounting, with interest,
to six; in that case, the final balance, on the 18th of March, would
be a credit of five thousand dollars.

On the 18th of March, we come to a new and more enlightened era of
public accounts. The appointment formerly mentioned as preliminary to
a settlement, will determine the quota due by each State for the two
hundred millions of old Continental money, valued at forty for one.
These resolutions of the 18th of March, 1780, not having been fully
complied with, there appears to be a propriety in the following plan.

1st. To charge the several States with their proportions of it at that
rate.

2dly. To fix some future day for the full compliance with the
resolution.

3dly. To receive old paper at the rate of forty for one, in discharge
of those proportions, until that day; and,

4thly. To charge the balances then unpaid in specie, with a debit and
credit of interest at six per cent in the manner before mentioned.

I am sensible, that many persons now condemn the resolutions of the
18th of March, and among these are found some of those who warmly
advocated it previously to that period. It is not my business to enter
into arguments on the subject. Be those resolutions wise or unwise,
they are acts of the sovereign authority, which have been obeyed by
some, if not by all, and therefore those who have obeyed ought not to
suffer by their obedience. They are acts for the redemption of bills
issued by that sovereign, and they have formed the standard of public
opinion with respect to those bills. If, therefore, for argument's
sake, it were admitted, that the measure was impolitic and unjust,
yet, now that it has taken place, there would certainly be both
injustice and bad policy in altering it. The respective States have
either obeyed it in the whole, or in part, or have totally neglected
it. The first have a right to insist upon a compliance with it. The
second must have so far accommodated themselves to it, as that
interior mischiefs would arise from changing the system. And the last,
whatever may be their claim to superior wisdom, will at least
acknowledge, that the precedent of disobedience once established, our
Union must soon be at an end, and the authority of Congress reduced to
a metaphysical idea. Besides, the claim of such States must ultimately
rest on the foundation of their own neglect; and as this will always
be in their own power, it will be sufficient to rear any argument for
any purpose.

By the resolutions of the 18th of March, 1780, ten millions of dollars
of new paper were to have been issued, whereof four millions were to
be at the order of Congress. By the resolutions of the 26th of August,
1780, three millions more were demanded. By the resolutions of the 4th
of November, 1780, besides the specific supplies, an additional demand
was made of one million, six hundred and fortytwo thousand, nine
hundred and eightyseven and two thirds dollars in money; and by the
resolutions of the 16th of March, 1781, six millions more are
required. These sums amount in the whole to fourteen millions, six
hundred and fortytwo thousand, nine hundred and eightyseven dollars
and two thirds. A very small part of this sum has yet been paid; but
admitting that there may have been circulated by the United States two
millions, six hundred and fortytwo thousand, nine hundred and
eightyseven dollars and two thirds, twelve millions would still remain
due. If from this we deduct the whole of the new emissions, it would
leave a balance of two millions. I propose, therefore, the following
plan.

1st. That no more of these new emissions be used on any pretence.

2dly. That as fast as the old Continental money is brought in, the
several States be credited for the new emissions to have been issued
as specie, agreeably to the several resolutions of Congress upon that
subject; and,

3dly. That on all those requisitions last mentioned, the money of the
new emissions of any particular State be received as specie.

It is true that these propositions are liable to exception, but they
have the great advantage of being consistent with former resolutions
of Congress, which should always be attended to as much as possible.
I am sure that Congress must be convinced of this, for they are not to
learn, that authority is weakened by the frequent change of measures
and pursuits; that such changes injure the reputation of supreme power
in public opinion, and that opinion is the source and support of the
sovereign authority. It is further to be observed, that the motives
for complying with the resolutions of the 18th of March, will, if the
above plan is adopted, become very strong; for in that case, every
forty dollars of old Continental, paid by a State, will produce to the
credit side of its account three dollars in specie; because in the
first place, the whole proportion of old Continental being changed at
forty for one, and receivable until a certain day at the same rate,
that payment will so far operate a discharge of one dollar; and in the
second place, it will entitle the State to two dollars of the new
emission, which not being issued, will also be carried to its credit
upon its several requisitions.

It will be in the wisdom of the United States, in Congress assembled,
to determine whether after the expiration of the day to be fixed for
the above purpose, they will permit the possessors of the old
Continental money to bring it in loan at the rate of forty for one. It
is true, that this might operate against those States, who have not
complied with the resolutions of the 18th of March, 1780, and who have
not now the old Continental to comply with it; but it is entirely
consistent with the former resolutions of Congress, and the States are
themselves blamable for the neglect. Besides, those who now hold the
Continental do it either from choice, because of their confidence in
Congress, or from necessity, because it has been poured in upon them
from those places where it was of inferior value, and this
inferiority was owing to the neglect of those States in not passing
the laws which Congress recommended. There is, therefore, a degree of
justice and firmness in that measure, which will create confidence in
the future acts of the United States.

Whatever principles may be established for settling these accounts,
and however just they may be, many doubts will arise in the
application of them. It must always be remembered, that the States are
independent; and that while they are pressed to a compliance with
their duty, they must have full evidence, that Congress act fairly. It
might therefore be proper, that for the settlement of their accounts,
Commissioners should be chosen as follows; one by the State, one by
the United States, one by the other two, and the decision of the
majority to be final.

Hitherto I have taken no notice of the specific supplies called for
from the several States. Many of these have been furnished, and many
remain to be provided. I would exclude them entirely from the other
public accounts; but as the apportionment so often mentioned, will
give a rule to go by, I shall continue to press for the supplies; or
where they are not wanted, make such composition with the States in
lieu of those which remain to be furnished, as the public service
shall render most eligible.

I have observed, that the public debts ought to be excepted from the
apportionment of past expenses. The reason is clear. Those debts, or
at least a great part of them, may subsist until the relative wealth
of the States has entirely changed. Those who are now most rich, may
become poor, and those who are poor, may become rich. This is not all;
these debts are hitherto unfunded. The creditors have indeed the
general promise of government, and some of them have certificates as
evidences of that promise; but until measures are taken to provide
solid funds for the final payment, the public credit must languish. To
an enlightened mind, it is needless to debate on the advantages
resulting from national credit. Congress will doubtless pursue the
steps necessary for its perfect establishment. And this cannot be
otherwise accomplished, than by raising taxes in hard money from
sources which must be productive and increasing. Those taxes must be
so bound to the public creditors for the debts due to them, that the
produce cannot be diverted. These taxes ought to be raised from the
same articles, at the same rates, and in the same manner throughout
the whole confederation; and consequently, a present apportionment of
the public debts will be as unnecessary as it would be unjust.

I think it my duty, while I am upon this subject, to mention my
opinion, that in addition to the five per cent called for on articles
imported, and on prizes and prize goods, it would be proper to
appropriate to the payment of the public debts, a land tax, a poll
tax, and an excise on spirituous liquors. I readily grant that neither
of these taxes would be strictly equal between the States, nor indeed
can any other tax be so, but I am convinced, that all of them taken
together, would be as nearly equal as the fluctuating nature of human
affairs will permit. I am, however, to observe in addition, that the
land tax should be laid at a certain rate per acre, because the
superior certainty of such a tax will give it the preference of
others, although it cannot perhaps be so great as might have been
expected. Whatever inequalities may remain, must be adjusted among
individuals, by the several States in raising their quotas, and
although those quotas will be most considerable during the war, yet
it must be remembered, that after the conclusion of it, such sums will
be necessary for the establishing a marine and other national
purposes, as will still enable the States to continue their interior
regulations for equalizing the general taxes.

Among the public debts, there are a considerable number of
certificates given by public officers to the citizens of the several
States for articles occasionally taken for the public use. With
respect to these certificates, it is unnecessary to mention, that they
have anticipated the revenue, and brought us to the brink of
destruction. But it is time to pay a particular attention to them.
Many ways may be fallen upon for their liquidation, all of which are
perhaps justly exceptionable.

1st. They may be consolidated with the rest of the public debt, and be
made payable at a future period; but this could only be by forcing a
loan from the people, many of whom are unable to make it, and of
consequence it would be a hard measure, if not an unjust one. Perhaps
it could not be executed, for laws repugnant to the general feelings
of mankind are only a dead letter. 2dly. Another mode is by receiving
them in taxes, but this is very dangerous for several reasons, among
which, the two following are cogent. The public revenue will not bear
such a heavy deduction at those certificates would create, and the
collectors of taxes would be liable to be defrauded themselves, or the
remedy for that would give them opportunities of defrauding the
public, which considering the natural bent and disposition of many
men, ought to be carefully provided against. A third mode would be, by
turning over the holders of these certificates to their respective
States, and giving credit for them on account of the specific
supplies. This may in some degree become necessary in cases where the
negligence of the States on the one hand, and the necessities of the
army on the other, have compelled to seize by force what ought to have
been collected by law. But in many cases it cannot be done, and it
would be improper in many others where it is practicable.

Among the bad consequences, which attend the present mode of supplying
our armies, or rather leaving them to supply themselves, it is one of
no small magnitude, that the officers who are compelled to the
melancholy duty of plundering their fellow citizens, endeavor by the
sum of their certificates, to compensate for the manner of taking as
well as for the value of the thing taken. Nor is that all; where there
is a disposition for fraud, an ample opportunity is afforded to commit
it. Whatever may be the cause, I am informed, that these certificates
are for sums vastly beyond the value of the services and articles
obtained for them. The respective States would naturally be led to
give to these certificates their specified value, and it cannot be
expected that they will scrutinise them so rigidly as they ought, if
they are to be accepted in discharge of demands existing against the
particular State. To all these modes there are also some further
objections. Among which it is my duty to state the following. The
accounts of the several staff officers still remain unsettled. The
certificates given by them, if they are to be paid by the public,
ought to be carried both to the debit and credit of their cash
accounts, and the articles obtained carried to their debit in the
account of expenditures. Of consequence the amount of these last
debits must depend much upon the amount of the certificates, and
therefore either the certificates given should be known, and the
accounts settled with those charges, or the account should be
settled, and no other certificates allowed but such as are charged in
it.

A further mode of liquidating these certificates would be, by
purchasing them from the holders; but it is needless to state any
other objections to it than the want of money, which is felt through
all our operations. There still remains this method.

1st. That at present those certificates should neither be receivable
in taxes nor transferable.

2dly. That they should be taken up and examined in the course of
settling the public accounts.

3dly. That they should be brought to the amount in specie, which the
article procured, or service performed, was reasonably worth.

4thly. That where the sum due to any person on certificates is small,
a bill for the amount should be given, payable at the distance of a
year.

5thly. That where the sum is large it should be divided into five
different parts, and bills given payable in one, two, three, four, and
five years, calculating on each part an interest of six per cent, and
adding it to the amount. As if for instance, the sum were one hundred
pounds, then the bills would be for twentyone pounds four shillings,
twentytwo pounds eight shillings, twentythree pounds twelve shillings,
twentyfour pounds sixteen shillings, and twentyfive pounds.

6thly. That these bills should be drawn payable to the bearer, and in
such form as not to be counterfeited without great difficulty.

7thly. That they should be receivable in continental taxes, within any
of the States, as cash, at the times when they are respectively due,
or if not so received, payable by the continental treasurer, or any
receiver of the continental taxes, on demand, after collecting the
taxes, in which they were respectively receivable.

In this way a credit would be obtained not only without injury, but
probably with advantage to the individual. The anticipation of the
public revenue would not be very great, and, as a list of these notes
would be kept, the amount of every year's anticipation would be
accurately known. Exceptions may probably be found even to this mode,
but unfortunately for us, we have only an alternative of difficulties.
All which human prudence can do in such cases is to choose the least.

I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                     TO THE GOVERNOR OF MARYLAND.

                                    Office of Finance, Philadelphia, }
                                                  August 28th, 1781. }

  Sir,

Whilst I was at Head Quarters, near Dobbs's Ferry, the determination
was taken by his Excellency the Commander in Chief, to send a very
considerable force against the enemy's troops under Earl Cornwallis in
Virginia; and immediately on my return hither, I did myself the honor
to address your Excellency, respecting the specific supplies due from
the State of Maryland to the United States, upon the requisitions of
Congress, of the 25th of February and 4th of November, 1780, well
knowing the whole balance due on these calls of Congress would, now
become absolutely necessary to the intended operations.

I am very sensible that your government have upon all occasions
executed demands of Congress with a decision and vigor, which does
them honor, and on that account I should decline saying anything
calculated to stimulate their present exertions, did I not know, that
everything depends thereon. Virginia, North and South Carolina, have
long subsisted large armies, and that expense of provisions must come
to their credit. The New England States, New York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania, have supported, and must continue to support, the main
army. Pennsylvania will also contribute towards the support of the
southern army, and her supplies will be directed both ways, as
circumstances may require. Delaware and Maryland must chiefly be
depended on. Virginia and North Carolina will, I hope, continue to do
all they can. But your Excellency must be perfectly sensible, that I
have not any funds wherewith to purchase supplies; no State in the
Union has hitherto supplied me with money, except Pennsylvania. But as
the money of that State is (in consequence of plans adopted for that
purpose) very rapidly rising in value, it would be improper to call it
into circulation at present, when it is at the rate of only two for
one, though it has been as low as seven, because the public interest
would thereby be injured, and indeed I might be charged with defeating
the measures I myself had taken, in the very moment when they bid
fairest for success.

The security of your State, the safety of individuals and their
property are so immediately connected with the present operations,
that I persuade myself your Excellency will receive every aid and
support in your exertions, that you can wish, both from public bodies
and individuals. My dependence therefore, on receiving the supplies
from your State seems well founded.

I have the honor to transmit your Excellency herewith a letter from
the Commander in Chief on the same subject, which will add weight to
my entreaties. I have written to Donaldson Yeates, Quarter Master of
the States of Maryland and Delaware, to procure immediately as many
craft or vessels suitable for transporting the troops from the head of
the Elk to Virginia, as will carry about seven thousand men, with the
necessary provisions and apparatus. I have written to Mr Ridley,
William Smith, and some others in Baltimore, to assist in procuring
these vessels, and should any application to your Excellency be
necessary on this subject, I persuade myself, that the authority of
the government or weight of its influence will be brought in aid of
the Quarter Master's endeavors to procure the shipping. I have also
written to Mr Calhoun to know what part of the specific supplies he
has ready, and what prospects for the remainder. He must bestir
himself, as indeed must every person on whom the procuring of these
articles depends.

While the demands for the campaign are constantly transmitted to me,
and so much depends upon the measures I am constantly taking to
economise the public funds and facilitate our military operations,
your Excellency will perceive that full, early, and accurate
intelligence upon the various objects of my Department is of the
utmost importance. I must, therefore, reiterate my requests for it. To
act from necessity and on the spur of occasion is not only the source
of waste and extravagance, but frequently defeats plans otherwise the
best concerted, while on the other hand, that timely forecast and
early provision, which complete knowledge of circumstances can alone
permit of, will save much public money, and go very far to insure
victory to our arms.

I am, with great respect, &c.

                                                    ROBERT MORRIS.[42]


FOOTNOTES:

[42] _August 30th._ Went out to meet his Excellency General
Washington, who arrived in this city about one o'clock, amidst the
universal acclamations of the citizens, who displayed every mark of
joy on the occasion. His Excellency alighted at the City Tavern,
received the compliments of many gentlemen, who went out to escort
him, and of others who came there to pay him their respects, and then
adjourned to my house with his suit, Count de Rochambeau, the
Chevalier Chastellux, General Knox, General Moultrie, and others, to
dinner. The owners of several ships in the harbor ordered them out
into the stream, and fired salutes, whilst we drank, The United
States, His Most Christian Majesty, His Catholic Majesty, The United
Provinces, The Allied Armies, Count de Grasse's speedy arrival, &c.
&c. _Diary._

       *       *       *       *       *

               CIRCULAR TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.

                               Office of Finance, September 4th, 1781.

  Sir,

I do myself the honor to enclose the plan of a National Bank, which I
laid before the United States in Congress assembled on the 17th day of
May last, and which was adopted by them on the 26th. I have now the
pleasure to inform your Excellency, that an election for Directors
will be held in this city on the 1st day of November next.

It is important that the execution of this plan be facilitated as much
as possible, and particularly that of it which relates to the
currency of the bank notes. The inhabitants of the United States
already suffer from the want of a circulating medium. Of consequence
the taxes must soon press heavily on the people. My feelings conspire
with my duty in prompting me to alleviate those burdens. Therefore I
pray the speedy attention of your Legislature to that resolution, by
which the notes are to be receivable in payment of all taxes, duties,
or debts due, or that may become due or payable to the United States.

I do not doubt either the credit or currency of bank notes, but I wish
to render them equally useful to America in the individual as well as
collective capacity, and to supply the necessities of the husbandman
as well as the merchant. I shall not at present mention the other
articles to be attended to; nor will I adduce any arguments in favor
of my present proposition, as it is evidently calculated for the ease
and benefit of the people you preside over. I hope, however, that your
Legislature will not only pass the proper laws to make bank notes
receivable in the manner mentioned in the resolution, but that it will
be done soon.

With all possible respect, &c.

                                                    ROBERT MORRIS.[43]


FOOTNOTES:

[43] _September 5th._ The Commander in Chief having repeatedly urged,
both by letter and in conversation, the necessity of advancing a
month's pay to the detachment of troops marching to the southward,
under the command of Major General Lincoln, and my funds and resources
being at this time totally inadequate to make that advance, and at the
same time answer the various demands that are indispensable, I made
application to the Count de Rochambeau for a loan of twenty thousand
hard dollars, for such time as his military chest could, without
inconvenience, spare that sum, promising repayment at the time he
should name.

I was desired to meet the Count at the Chevalier de la Luzerne's
house, which I did on Wednesday the 5th instant, where I met the said
Minister, Count de Rochambeau, and General Chastellux. They informed
me of their strong desire to comply with my request, but that their
treasury was at present not well filled, considering the daily drains
upon it, and that although they had money arrived at Boston, it would
require six or eight weeks to get it from thence, that although they
expected money by the fleet of Count de Grasse, yet it was not then
arrived, and of course that supply was less certain than the other;
that the Intendant and the Treasurer were set out for the head of the
Elk, and their consent was necessary however, they concluded this
subject with requesting that I should ride down to Chester, where we
should overtake those gentlemen, and if it were possible on
consideration of all circumstances they would supply the money
required.

General Washington was extremely desirous, that the troops should
receive their month's pay, as great symptoms of discontent had
appeared on their passing through this city without it. This affair
being considered of great importance, I desired Mr Gouverneur Morris,
my assistant, to accompany me, on account of his speaking fluently the
French language. We set out at three o'clock for Chester, and on the
road met an express from General Washington, who left us in the
morning to join his troops at the head of the Elk, with the agreeable
news of the safe arrival of Count de Grasse and his fleet in the
Chesapeake. This news I received with infinite satisfaction on every
account, and among the rest one reason was the facility it would give
the French treasury in complying with my views, and this I found was
actually the case, as Count de Rochambeau very readily agreed at
Chester to supply at the head of the Elk twenty thousand hard dollars,
to such person as I should appoint to receive them. I engaged to
replace the same sum in their treasury by the 1st day of October next.

On Thursday forenoon I returned to this city about twelve o'clock
having been impeded in my journey by meeting the last division of the
French army, their artillery, and baggage on the road. On my return I
immediately despatched Mr Philip Audibert, Deputy Paymaster General,
to the head of the Elk, with orders to receive the money, pay the
troops, &c. agreeably to instructions given him in writing. In the
conferences with Count de Rochambeau and General Chastellux, they
asked whether, if upon any occasion their treasury should stand in
need of temporary aids, I thought they could procure loans in this
city. I answered, that money is very scarce, that the people who have
property generally keep it employed, and that no certain dependence
can be placed on any given sums, but that I knew the people to be very
generally disposed to assist our generous allies, and should such
occasions offer, I was certain they would exert themselves; and as to
my own part they might on every occasion command my utmost services,
assistance, and exertions, both as a public officer, and as an
individual. I mentioned to them again the affair of exchange, showing
that they had reduced the price below what it had been raised to by my
measures, and requested that in future when they expected to raise
money by bills, they should in good time previously lodge them with
the Minister, and that on his giving me timely notice, I would cause
the most advantageous sale to be made of them, and deliver him the
money without any other charge or deduction, than the expense of the
brokerage.

I observed, that this mode of proceeding was now became essentially
necessary, as there is no general market for bills of exchange to the
southward, but that Philadelphia, in that respect, is as Boston to the
eastern States. They answered, that they expected to procure their
supplies with money, without occasion to draw bills, but if it
happened otherwise they would pursue my advice. In regard to the
articles of provisions, forage, wood, transportation, &c. necessary
for their army, and which, when at camp, I had offered to procure for
them on the same terms as for the continental army, by contract, I
proposed to postpone that matter, as it might be best to continue
their present method of supplies during the active scenes they are
likely to be engaged in, as their Agents have given satisfaction, and
are acquainted in the country where they are going, and that I could
advertise for proposals to supply them the ensuing winter, and lay
before them such offers or proposals as I should receive. This
appeared very satisfactory, and here that subject rests for the
present. _Diary._

       *       *       *       *       *

                     TO THE COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU.

                               Office of Finance, September 6th, 1781.

  Sir,

In consequence of the conversation I had the honor to hold with your
Excellency yesterday, and your promise to supply the United States
with the sum of twenty thousand dollars, for an immediate purpose, to
be replaced on the 1st day of October next, I have directed Mr Philip
Audibert, the bearer of this letter, to wait upon you. I shall be
much obliged to your Excellency if you will be pleased to direct, that
the above sum be paid to Mr Audibert, and that duplicate receipts be
taken of him, one of which I pray may be transmitted to me. I will
take care that the money be replaced at the time agreed upon. With
every wish for the most brilliant success to the allied arms, and for
your own personal glory, I am, very respectfully, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                                         Chester, September 6th, 1781.

  Dear General,

Permit me most sincerely to congratulate you on the arrival of the
French fleet, and to express my warmest wishes for the success of your
future operations.

As soon as I arrive at Philadelphia, I shall give directions for the
Deputy Paymaster to repair to the head of the Elk, and make the
payment of a month's pay in specie to the detachment under the command
of General Lincoln. I wish the States had enabled me to do more, but
it is to be lamented, that the supineness of the several Legislatures
still leaves the servants of the public to struggle with unmerited
distresses.

It shall, however, be a part of my business to rouse them into
exertion, and I hope soon to see the army better paid than heretofore,
and I confide, that your Excellency will, with every other public
officer, exert your influence to aid me in this necessary task.

With the greatest respect, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                 GEORGE WASHINGTON TO ROBERT MORRIS.

                                 Head of the Elk, September 6th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

Every day discovers to me the increasing necessity of some money for
the troops. I hope by this time you are provided to give a month's
pay. I find it of the last importance to hasten forward myself to join
the Marquis de Lafayette as soon as possible. I may leave this in a
few hours; I cannot do it, however, without entreating you in the
warmest terms to send on a month's pay at least, with all the
expedition possible. I wish it to come on the wings of speed.

I am, Dear Sir, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                 GEORGE WASHINGTON TO ROBERT MORRIS.

                                 Head of the Elk, September 7th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

I have received your two favors of yesterday. I find myself so pressed
by circumstances, that it will be impossible for me to stay at this
place till the payment of the money committed to Mr Audibert can be
effected. I must leave the head of the Elk this afternoon or early
tomorrow morning. I shall however leave instructions with General
Lincoln to do all that is necessary on the occasion.

The sum of twenty thousand dollars will fall much short of the sum
necessary.

The five hundred guineas on my own account I have received.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                    GEORGE WASHINGTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

                        TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.

                              Office of Finance, September 10th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

The sole intent of this is to acknowledge the receipt of your two
letters of the 7th instant; that which related to the month's pay you
would see was answered by the steps previously taken, but I am a good
deal disappointed and put to inconvenience by the money at the Elk
falling short of the object, which obliges me to send money thither
that was absolutely necessary to fulfil my engagements here. I must
struggle through these difficulties, but the doing so requires that
attention and time, which ought to be bestowed upon greater objects.

The letter respecting the criminal was too late, the poor fellow was
gone. I am sorry for it, and remain your Excellency's most obedient,
&c.

                                                    ROBERT MORRIS.[44]


FOOTNOTES:

[44] _September 18th._ Several members of Congress and others called
on me last evening, desirous to know the reasons for my writing to Mr
Jay a letter of the 15th of August last, which being intercepted,
Rivington has published, and graced with his remarks, wherein I direct
Mr Jay to protest certain bills of exchange drawn by authority of
Congress. The explanation is easily given, as the ship on board which
I had remitted these bills was taken. The moment I knew her fate, I
judged it proper to stop payment of the bills, lest the enemy, with
their usual cunning, might attempt to procure the money; but I am now
of opinion, that the Captain sunk them when captured. _Diary._

       *       *       *       *       *

                    B. FRANKLIN TO ROBERT MORRIS.

                                          Passy, September 12th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

I have received your letters of July 13th, 14th, 19th, and 21st, all
at once, by way of L'Orient. The originals of those you mention to
have sent by Major Franks are not yet come to hand, nor have I heard
of his arrival in Spain.

Your letters of June 6th and 8th were remarkably lucky in getting to
hand. I think I have received seven of the copies you had the
precaution to send of them. I enclose copies of my answers.

I have now the pleasure to acquaint you, that I have obtained a
promise of the sum I wanted to pay the bills I had accepted for the
purchases made in Holland; so that your supplying me with remittances
for that purpose, which I requested, is now unnecessary, and I shall
finish the year with honor. But it is as much as I can do, with the
aid of the sum I stopped in Holland; the drafts on Mr Jay and on Mr
Adams much exceeding what I had been made to expect.

I had been informed, that the Congress had promised to draw no more
bills on Europe, after the month of March last, till they should know
they had funds here; but I learn from Mr Adams, that some bills have
been lately presented to him, drawn June 22d, on Mr Laurens, who is
in the tower, which makes the proceeding seem extraordinary. Mr Adams
cannot pay these bills, and I cannot engage for them; for I see by the
minutes of Congress you have sent me, that though they have stopped
issuing bills drawn on the Ministers at Madrid, and the Hague, until
they shall be assured that funds are provided for paying them, they
have left open to be sold those drawn on their Minister at Versailles,
funds or no funds; which, in the situation you will see I am in by the
letters of the Count de Vergennes, terrifies me; for I have promised
not to accept any drafts made on me by order of Congress, if such
should be after the time above mentioned, unless I have funds in my
hands, or in view, to pay them. After its being declared to me, that
such bills could not be provided for, and my promise not to engage for
them, it will be impossible to ask for the money, if I should accept
them; and I believe those bills of Mr Ross must go back protested.

The projected loan in Holland has of late some appearances of success.
I am indeed told it is agreed to by the States; but I do not yet think
it so certain as to venture, or advise the venturing, to act in
expectation of it. The instant it is assured, I will send you advice
of it by every opportunity, and will, from time to time, send parts of
it in cash by such ships of war as can conveniently take it.

I cannot write to you fully by this opportunity. I will not, however,
delay acquainting you, that having the fullest confidence in your
assurances of enabling me to pay them, I shall cheerfully accept your
bills for four hundred thousand livres.

Captain Gillon has sailed from Holland, without taking under his
convoy the two vessels that were freighted to carry the goods
purchased by Captain Jackson, in Holland. There has been terrible
management there; and from the confusion in the ship, before and when
she sailed, it is a question if she ever arrives in America.

They are hard at work here, in providing the supplies to replace those
lost in the Marquis de Lafayette.

With best wishes of success to you in your new employment, and
assurances of every aid I can afford you, I am, Dear Sir, &c.

                                                          B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

                         TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                              Office of Finance, September 20th, 1781.

  Sir,

His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau having generously made me a
very considerable advance of money, I was thereby enabled to give the
detachment of our army under General Lincoln, one month's pay, which
was earnestly pressed upon me by the Commander in Chief. I promised M.
de Rochambeau, that I would replace the sum borrowed, on the first of
next month, wherever the army should then be.

The movement which lately took place to the southward, has been
attended with a variety of expenses, which have been very heavy, and
have absorbed all the money I could command, notwithstanding which
many demands still remain unsatisfied, so that I cannot obtain the
sums necessary for the service from any ordinary means.

As it is probable that the moneys which the Count de Grasse has
brought, will prevent any immediate want by the fleets or armies of
his Most Christian Majesty in the States of Maryland and Virginia, I
am induced to believe, that no inconvenience would arise from
delaying the payment, until the money in Boston shall be brought
forward, which will be speedily, as a very active person has gone for
it, who will lose no time in the business committed to him.

Should your Excellency be of this opinion, I shall be glad if you will
signify it to me, and if that be in your power, that you will extend
the time when payment is to be made. But if you think the money must
be forwarded to Virginia immediately, you may depend that I will
instantly endeavor to procure it, and although that cannot be done but
with great difficulty and much loss, yet nothing shall deter me from
complying with my engagements.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

           TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL OF PENNSYLVANIA.

                              Office of Finance, September 20th, 1781.

  Sir,

I am honored with your Excellency's letter of this date, and most
sincerely wish my situation was such as to justify a promise of aid,
equal to the present necessities; I mean the necessities that will be
created by the call of the militia at this time, but unluckily the
late movements of the army have so entirely drained me of money, that
I have been obliged to pledge my personal credit very deeply in a
variety of instances, besides borrowing money from my friends, and
advancing, to promote the public service, every shilling of my own. In
this situation I was preparing an application to the honorable Council
and Assembly for relief from my advances, from the State of
Pennsylvania, and this will be the more necessary, as this alarm
whilst it lasts will cut off all possibility of recruiting the
treasury. Those who possess hard money will keep it, and those who
have demands will become more eager for payment, therefore, all I can
promise is the use of my credit, and an exertion of any influence I
may have in favor of such measures as may be deemed necessary. At the
same time I do not recede from my first opinion, that the enemy do not
meditate any attack on this city.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                    ROBERT MORRIS.[45]


FOOTNOTES:

[45] _September 21st._ At one o'clock I waited on the President of the
State of Pennsylvania, at his house in Market Street, and met there Mr
Peters and Mr Cornell, of the Board of War, General St Clair, General
Irvine, and General Irwin, of the militia. This conference lasted a
considerable time, and in its consequences took up the rest of the
day. I gave it as my opinion, that Sir Henry Clinton did not intend
for this city, nevertheless, as the inhabitants are alarmed and
uneasy, I agreed to the propriety of being prepared, although I
lamented the expense such preparations would put us to. I advised the
placing a garrison at Mud Island, and putting that place in a posture
of defence, and mentioned the plan proposed to me by Mr Paine, of
collecting immediately one quarter's rent from all the houses in
Philadelphia, in order to have an immediate supply of money to defray
the expenses, &c. _Diary._

       *       *       *       *       *

                         TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

                              Office of Finance, September 25th, 1781.

  Sir,

I received last night your Excellency's billet requesting to be
informed of the amount of the bills drawn by me; as Superintendent of
the Finances, on Messrs Le Couteulx & Co. of Paris, under the sanction
of your engagements.

This communication I intended making to your Excellency in consequence
of the conversation that passed between us a few days since; but it
was only yesterday that I completed the delivery of such bills as had
been sold previous to that conversation, which amounted to fiftyseven
thousand seven hundred and eighty livres; and now on summing up the
whole I find, that I have drawn one hundred and eightyone sets of
bills, all at sixty days' sight, in favor of various persons to whom
they have been sold, amounting to nine hundred and one thousand and
eighteen livres, four sous, and eight deniers tournois; of these bills
three hundred and seventysix thousand one hundred and twentytwo
livres, ten sous, have been sold at five shillings and six pence for
five livres, and five hundred and twenty four thousand eight hundred
and ninetyfive livres, fourteen sous, eight deniers, at six shillings
for five livres; by which it appears the discount does not exceed
sixteen and five eighths per cent on the value in Europe; and were
this money to be imported I suppose the freight and insurance might
amount to nearly the value of that discount; if so, this mode of
bringing it into use is not a bad one. Besides I must again observe,
that by a union of management in the sale of bills drawn for the
service of his Most Christian Majesty's fleets and armies, and those
drawn for account of the United States, still better prices might be
obtained, nay, I should not despair of trying to raise the price of
exchange to par, by means of partial importations of money, and
passing bills before the expenditure thereof, so that necessity might
not have any influence in fixing the price.

What your Excellency has said to me respecting the advances made this
year by his Majesty to the United States, has left on my mind those
impressions you intended to make. You may depend, Sir; that it is my
wish, and shall be a part of my study, to render these States as
little troublesome to his Majesty as possible, and I shall probably
have many opportunities to convince you, that it is a fixed point with
me, that the United States, to become truly independent, must trust
more to their own exertions, and lean but lightly on their allies.
But, Sir, you must remember the situation, in which I found their
affairs; you are not ignorant, that although I have cut off entirely
many sources of expense, and curtailed others, yet that I have not
been able to obtain either supplies of money or permanent revenue from
the States, which however I attribute chiefly to the recess of the
several Legislatures during the greatest part of the time that I have
been in office, for I hope and expect that they will severally attend
to the calls upon them, when they shall come to know their real
situation.

But in the meanwhile, what am I to do if the means of supplying
indispensable wants are cut off? The important operations now carrying
on by General Washington depend so materially on the performance of my
engagements, that the most fatal consequences may ensue from any
breach of them. Your Excellency well remembers, that you thought
yourself justifiable, in giving me assurances, that Messrs Le Couteulx
& Co. should be supplied with one million five hundred thousand livres
tournois, to answer my drafts to that extent; the produce whereof to
be employed in the service of the present campaign. You will also
recollect, that previous to my journey in August to camp, I judged it
necessary to know, whether that sum was the whole on which I could
place dependence, because, as the General's operations would in a
great measure depend on the aids I could afford him, it was absolutely
incumbent on me to be informed of their extent in every channel,
through which I expected them to flow.

Your Excellency, convinced of the propriety of my observations, and of
the actual necessities of our situation, ventured the assurance of
another million of livres. Therefore, whilst I was at camp, during the
consultations on the measures, I gave his Excellency reason to
believe, that the amount of two millions five hundred thousand livres
of bills on France, in conjunction with the resources provided by
Congress, should be brought to the support of his operations. Counting
upon this as certain, General Washington has taken his measures
accordingly.

It has been my study to make the bills as productive as circumstances
would permit, and to apply the money to the purposes for which it was
granted, under the most scrupulous and assiduous attention to the
principles of economy, and I may hazard the opinion, that no money has
been more frugally or usefully expended by the United States during
the war, without the least danger of being put in the wrong.

You are sensible that the money which arrived with Colonel Laurens,
although landed on the Continent, cannot be brought into use until its
arrival here; and although I have sent for it, yet it is but now on
the road, and the General cannot stop his operations, nor can I refuse
or defer compliance with my engagements until its arrival. The ruinous
consequences that would follow, must appear too strong and clear to a
gentleman of your reflection and information, to need any other
demonstration than the bare mention of the facts. Consequently your
Excellency will be well convinced of the absolute necessity of
permitting me to draw to the extent agreed upon, and I hope his
Majesty's Ministers will be too strongly impressed with apprehensions
of the fatal consequences that would follow any neglect of my bills,
to suffer the least inattention to them; and as the sum in total will
not be of such magnitude as to occasion great inconvenience, I hope
his Majesty will find cause to applaud your zeal and attention upon
the occasion.

A committee of Congress have laid before me the communications your
Excellency has lately made to Congress, which will claim my utmost
attention, and your Excellency will do me the justice to believe that
my most strenuous endeavors shall be to promote what is so strongly
urged by his Majesty's Ministers, the most spirited exertions of these
States to drive the enemy from our country. And that my affection for,
and gratitude to France, are unalterably fixed, as is also my respect
and esteem for your Excellency's person and character. Being, Sir,
your most obedient, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

_P. S._ Upon a more exact calculation of the sale of bills, a few of
which were sold a little higher than the rest, I find that nine
hundred one thousand and eighteen livres, four sous, eight deniers,
produced fiftytwo thousand two hundred and eleven pounds, ten
shillings and ninepence, Pennsylvania currency; which is equal to one
hundred twentyfive thousand three hundred and seven French crowns, and
seven tenths of a crown, at eight shillings four-pence, Pennsylvania
currency, for a crown; and the same number of livres reduced into
crowns at six livres each crown, is one hundred fifty thousand one
hundred sixty-nine and four sixths crowns. Consequently the discount
is little more than sixteen and a half per cent.

       *       *       *       *       *

           TO THE SPEAKER OF THE ASSEMBLY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

                              Office of Finance, September 28th, 1781.

  Sir,

As the Honorable House of Assembly are now sitting, and have before
them the several letters which I had the honor to write during their
recess to his Excellency the President in Council, I shall now
endeavor to state, in a short manner, the situation of accounts
depending between Pennsylvania and the United States, and propose such
measures, as, I think, will lead to a speedy and satisfactory
settlement of them.

In the treasury books of the United States, there is an account
current open for transactions commencing with the revolution, and
continuing to the 18th of March, 1780, wherein the State of
Pennsylvania stands charged with advances, made at different periods
during that time, to the amount of four millions four hundred and
fortyfour thousand and seven hundred dollars, and has credit to the
amount of one hundred and thirtysix thousand and ninetyeight dollars.
Most of these advances were made whilst money was valuable; but I
expect that the expenditures of the State on behalf of the United
States kept pace with the advances made, and that, probably, when this
account comes to be settled, there may be no great balance either way;
but in this respect, I do not pretend to speak with certainty.
However, I must here observe, that every State in the Union has an
account of the same sort depending; wherefore, I propose that
Congress should fix such general principles as will tend to do justice
on the settlement of the whole, and appoint immediately Auditors to go
through the whole; so that when the balance of each shall be justly
ascertained, it may be paid or received, according as the same shall
happen to be due, to or from the United States, and this will put
every State on an equal footing so far.

You will find by the resolution of Congress of the 22d of November,
1777, Pennsylvania is called on to pay, in four quarterly payments,
commencing on the 1st day of January, 1778, the sum of six hundred and
twenty thousand dollars. By the resolutions of the 3d and 5th of
January, 1779, Pennsylvania is called on to pay, during that year, the
sum of one million nine hundred thousand dollars. By the resolution of
the 21st of May, 1779, Pennsylvania was called on to pay, by the 1st
of January, 1780, the sum of five millions seven hundred thousand
dollars. By the resolutions of the 6th and 7th of October, 1779, a
monthly tax of fifteen millions is called for, of which the proportion
of Pennsylvania is two millions three hundred thousand dollars, making
for the two months payable the 1st of February and the 1st of March
four millions and six hundred thousand dollars. Thus the whole of
these requisitions appears to have amounted to twelve millions eight
hundred and twenty thousand dollars, of which there appears to have
been paid on different drafts to the amount of six millions four
hundred and fifty four thousand one hundred and fourteen dollars and
two thirds, leaving a balance still due of six millions three hundred
and sixtyfive thousand eight hundred and eightyfive dollars and one
third, of the old emissions.

By the resolution of the 10th of March, 1780, the fifteen millions of
monthly taxes is continued so as to include thirteen months, making
for the proportion of Pennsylvania twenty nine millions nine hundred
thousand dollars; of which sum ten millions six hundred thousand
dollars have been paid into the Loan Office; of consequence, there
remains due nineteen millions three hundred thousand dollars.

By the resolutions last mentioned, new money was to be issued, at the
rate of one for every twenty of the old; of which new money Congress
had reserved four tenths to their disposal, and the Treasury Board
have already issued warrants to the amount thereof. The State paper
being of equal value with the new emission, and the former not bearing
interest, I have thought it most for the benefit of this State and of
the United States, to draw from the treasurer a sum of the new State
paper equal to the balance of those four tenths, and have accordingly
done so.

By the resolution of the 26th of August, 1780, the States are called
on to pay into the treasury by the last day of December then next
ensuing, three millions of dollars, of which the quota of Pennsylvania
is four hundred and sixty thousand dollars.

By the resolution of the 4th of November, 1780, Pennsylvania is called
upon to pay two hundred and seventythree thousand eight hundred and
thirtytwo dollars and two thirds, in quarterly payments, commencing
the 1st day of May last; and by the resolution of the 16th of March,
1781, Pennsylvania is called upon to pay one million and fiftynine
thousand eight hundred and sixtythree dollars, in quarterly payments,
commencing the 1st day of June last. All these are payable in the new
emission, or specie. Thus the whole of the requisitions will, on the
1st day of March next, amount to one million seven hundred and
ninetythree thousand six hundred and ninetyfive dollars and two
thirds. Of this sum there appears to have been paid seventeen thousand
seven hundred and forty dollars; wherefore, there will still remain a
balance of one million seven hundred and seventyfive thousand nine
hundred and fiftyfive dollars and two thirds.

By a note from David Rittenhouse, I find that he has in his hands one
hundred and thirtyeight thousand nine hundred dollars of the new
emission, and fourteen millions one hundred and fortyfive thousand six
hundred dollars of the old, in which latter sum, nevertheless, is
included some State money received at seventyfive for one, the amount
of which cannot be determined until it is sorted and counted;
wherefore, the old emission may be estimated at about fourteen
millions.

On this state of things, I take the liberty of proposing to the
honorable House, that all the old money be immediately paid in, and
the new taken out, which will be about seven hundred thousand dollars,
and that, with what is now in the Treasurer's hands, will make eight
hundred and thirtyeight thousand nine hundred dollars. I further
propose, that this be paid to me, as Superintendent of Finance, on
account of the above balance of one million seven hundred and
seventyfive thousand nine hundred and fiftyfive dollars and two
thirds, which will then be reduced to nine hundred and thirtyseven
thousand and fiftyfive dollars and two thirds. I further propose, that
the remaining sums of old continental, due from the State, be
collected and paid as soon as possible, which, besides discharging
that demand, will also enable the State to receive the further sum of
two hundred and sixty thousand dollars of the new emission, and that,
being paid in as before, will still further reduce the balance against
the State to six hundred and seventytwo thousand and fiftyfive dollars
and two thirds. There are at present in circulation of the new
emission three hundred and ninetyone thousand one hundred dollars,
which ought certainly to be brought in as soon as possible, and
applied to the same purposes already specified; by which means the
eventual balance payable in specie, would be two hundred and eighty
thousand nine hundred and fiftyfive dollars and two thirds; to which
must be added, thirteen thousand three hundred and thirtyfour dollars,
required by Congress on the 8th day of January last to be paid in
specie; being together one hundred and ten thousand three hundred and
fiftyeight pounds, twelve shillings and sixpence. To explain all which
more fully, I enclose the accounts, number one, two, and three, to
which I pray leave to have reference.

The specific supplies will still remain to be provided for, in order
that all the demands of Congress may be fully answered; but I hope
that the specie tax now collecting will go a great way towards the
accomplishment of this necessary object, and at any rate, as the
state of paper, notwithstanding every effort, has not yet appreciated
to par, I would propose that no more of it be issued from the
treasury, except as equal to gold and silver, and then the collection
of the present, taxes will at least prevent any depreciation, and in
the meantime, the fund on which it was emitted, become more
productive. The next Assembly will be able to take such additional
measures as may be necessary, further to raise the value of it. This
can only be done by holding it up from circulation, on the one hand,
and on the other, by raising taxes, in which the public receive it as
equivalent to the precious metals.

It is my determination, as Superintendent, to deposit all the money of
the new emission, which shall be received from the several States, in
the Continental Treasury, and not to issue one shilling of it, unless
compelled by absolute necessity; which, I hope, will not be the case,
if the States take measures to pay in the eventual balances.

Whether the House will find it consistent with the situation of their
constituents to lay an additional tax this session, is for them to
determine; but it is my duty to mention it, which I do from a
conviction that it is necessary. They will perceive, that very great
arrearages are due, and they must be sensible, that taxation alone can
support the public credit, or enable government to carry on the war.

With the greatest respect, I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                     TO THE COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU.

                                 Office of Finance, October 1st, 1781.

  Sir,

This being the day agreed upon for repayment of the moneys your
Excellency was so kind as to advance me, I do myself the honor of
assigning to you the reasons why it is not done. I had determined to
make every effort and every sacrifice for the sake of complying with
my engagements. But his Excellency, the Minister of France, perceiving
that it would be very inconvenient to me, and being convinced that you
were not in immediate want of it, was so kind as to assure me, that he
would write to you on the subject, and that, in the meantime, I might
delay the payment until the arrival of money from the eastward. I
shall then take care to have your advance replaced.

Being convinced, Sir, that M. de la Luzerne has already made the
proper representations to you upon the subject, I should not have
troubled you with reading this letter, but that I feel a pleasure in
seizing every opportunity to express my wishes for your success and
glory, as well as to assure you, that I am, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO MAJOR GENERAL GREENE.

                                  Office of Finance, October 3d, 1781.

  Sir,

I have received your letter, dated the 18th of August last, at the
high hills of Santee, and am now to thank you for it. Your
observations on public affairs are, I fear, too just, but I hope that
when our situation is thoroughly perceived by the people, they will
adopt those effectual remedies, which every friend to his country
ought to wish. That more power ought to be given to Congress is
evident now to many, and will, probably, become soon very apparent to
all. The disobedience of many States, and the partial obedience of
others, discontents every one of them, and that will, in itself, be a
reason for enabling the sovereign representative to exact a compliance
with its requisitions; but, as you justly observe, all these things
are in the womb of time, which can alone disclose the events we plague
ourselves with guessing at.

From the latter part of your letter, I perceive that you greatly
misunderstood me. When I requested you to draw on me, I meant to
extend those drafts so far as might be necessary for secret service
money, and the like small, but indispensable occasions. I well knew
that you could not, by bills of exchange, supply the wants of your
army, and, if I had thought it practicable, I should have been more
explicit, for I could not then have paid the bills you would have
drawn.

To give you an idea of my situation as to money, I think I need only
inform you, that since I have been in office, I have only received the
sum of seven thousand five hundred pounds, Pennsylvania money, from
the Treasury of this State, and that was in part payment of advances
made for them. This is all I have received from the funds of America.
It is true, that Colonel Laurens has lately arrived, and brought with
him a sum of money from France. And it is also true, that I have made
use of a very limited credit given me on France, by drawing bills of
exchange; but both of these resources, taken together, are vastly
short of what is necessary, though they have contributed to the
present operations.

I have lost no occasion of showing to the several States their
situation, but hitherto without success; and, unless some unforeseen
event turns up very speedily, it is impossible to say what may be the
consequences. However, it is our business to hope all things, and that
Providence, who has hitherto carried us through our difficulties,
will, I trust, continue his bountiful protection.

Your circumstances have long been arduous, but you have hitherto risen
so superior to them, that we should be almost as much surprised now,
if you should be unsuccessful, as we formerly were at your successes.
I wish I could contribute to render you more easy. As far as my
abilities extend, I shall do it most cheerfully; but they
unfortunately are very limited. Accept, I pray you, my good wishes,
which are almost all I have to give, and believe me to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

               TO THE COMMISSARY GENERAL OF PURCHASES.

                                 Office of Finance, October 4th, 1781.

  Sir,

I have received your letters, dated at Alexandria the 19th, and
Williamsburgh the 23d of September last.

I am very glad that you push hard upon the States for supplies. It is,
I find, necessary that you and I should understand each other on the
subject. The General will, I dare say, take care to have as few
unnecessary mouths as possible; but, after all, a certain quantity of
provisions is indispensably necessary. Now this quantity must be
furnished by the States of Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. If you
rely on my exertions, you will, probably, be disappointed. Should the
operations against Cornwallis fail for want of supplies, the States
must thank their own negligence. If they will not exert themselves on
the present occasion, they never will. As to all that can be said
about the failure of the one or of another kind of money, it is left
to themselves. Let them tax in money which will not fail. It is their
business to provide supplies and money too. If they neglect or omit
this necessary duty, I again repeat, they must answer for the
consequences.

I shall be glad at all times to hear from you very particularly, with
all such information as you shall think necessary. But do not lean too
hard upon me. Do not expect too much help from me. You will be
deceived and disappointed if you do. Urge the States. Urge Delaware in
particular. When I do furnish anything, it must be money. Let some of
your people, therefore, apply when you intend applications. I cannot
run about the city to purchase articles. That is the duty of an
assistant Commissary; and my time is too much, and, I hope, too well
employed, to permit it.

I am, Sir, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                     TO MESSRS LE COUTEULX & CO.

                                Office of Finance, October 12th, 1781.

  Gentlemen,

In consequence of a new arrangement taken with his Excellency, the
Chevalier de la Luzerne, Minister Plenipotentiary of France, a further
sum of money will be deposited with you, subject to my drafts on
behalf of the United States of America, so that I shall continue
those drafts, as occasion may require, until, in the whole, they
amount to one million two hundred thousand livres tournois, where I
shall stop, unless circumstances should happen to induce an extension
of this operation, of which I will advise you; and whenever it is
completed, I shall require an account current from you for the whole.
I have not yet had the pleasure of receiving from you any letters
directed to me in my official capacity, but I doubt not your punctual
care and attention to discharge all my drafts as they fall due.

I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                 TO THE LOAN OFFICERS OF THE STATES.

                                Office of Finance, October 13th, 1781.

  Sir,

As the organization of the Treasury Department will soon be completed,
it becomes my duty to inform you of that circumstance, and to request
that you will prepare for a full settlement of your accounts. I must
also request, that you will be pleased to make out and transmit to me
an accurate list of all the certificates issued, with their dates,
sums, and the persons to whom they were given. It will be necessary
that an account of the public debt be prepared for the public
inspection. This cannot be done until the proper materials be obtained
from the several offices; wherefore, I make no doubt that you will
exert yourself to comply with my request. As I am informed that the
late Treasury Board gave orders for sending back the blank
certificates, I suppose they are now on the way hither; but, if that
should not be the case, I must require an immediate performance of the
directions given by the Board, and I must insist that no more
certificates be issued on any pretence whatever.

With great respect, I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                     TO THE GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA.

                                     Philadelphia, October 16th, 1781.

  Sir,

I would willingly write you an official letter by this post, on the
subject of supplies for the year 1782; but I must decline it, until I
can obtain the proper estimates, which are now preparing. In the
meantime, as I learn that your Legislature are now sitting, I write
you this private letter on that subject.

My former public letters will fully have stated my ideas as to the
present demands on the existing requisitions of Congress. I hope and
expect, that those requisitions will be immediately complied with. It
is my decided opinion, founded on the best observations I have been
able to make, and the most accurate and extensive information I could
possibly obtain, that paper emissions will no longer answer the
purpose of carrying on this war, and experience must by this time have
convinced every dispassionate observer, that specific supplies are at
once burdensome to the people, and almost useless to the government.

It is unnecessary to draw the conclusion, which I am sure will strike
your mind, that a revenue in hard money must be obtained; but I will
observe to you, that the present moment is very favorable to that
object in your State. While the war is in your country, the expenses
of it will be so diffused as to possess its inhabitants of specie, and
should it be happily removed to a distance, your commerce will bring
in resources equal to your necessities.

I take the liberty to request that you will communicate these
sentiments to my worthy friend Colonel Harrison, and I pray you to
believe me very sincerely your friend, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

                                Office of Finance, October 18th, 1781.

  Sir,

The honorable committee, on the letter of the Board of War of the 11th
instant, have favored me with a perusal of it. I think it my duty, on
this occasion, to express my approbation of that attention the Board
of War have paid the public service. That letter has opened a subject,
which had pressed itself strongly on my mind, and which I had
determined to mention to Congress, but was restrained by the hope,
that a review of their own proceedings, and a sense of our
difficulties would soon have rendered it unnecessary.

This matter being now before them, it would be unpardonable in me not
to enforce those sentiments, which I myself am most deeply affected
with. I am convinced, that a slight view of the situation, in which
their finances now are, will give a strong impression of the necessity
there is to guard against pecuniary solicitations from every quarter.
If the revenue were equal to the demands upon it, nothing can be more
simple and clear, than that all those demands should be speedily and
punctually paid. Unfortunately this is far from being the case. I
believe much further than many are aware of. When I say, that I cannot
command more than one twentieth of the sum necessary for the current
service of the year, I am within the strictest bounds of truth. It is
with equal truth that I assure you, that I have not since my
appointment received one shilling from any State in the Union,
Pennsylvania excepted. And from Pennsylvania I have received paper
money to the amount of the four tenths due to the United States, the
appropriation whereof Congress must be thoroughly acquainted with, and
seven thousand five hundred pounds in specie, which is applied to the
payment of contracts within the State, and still leaves a balance
against them for articles of their specific supplies which I have
furnished.

The moneys drawn for by permission of the Minister Plenipotentiary of
his Most Christian Majesty have been already applied to the public
service, and the engagements I have entered into amount to a very
considerable sum.

I enclose a few out of many articles, which immediately suggest
themselves to me. Had I sought for the smaller instances they would
have been numerous, and of course weighty. Instead of this, I have
omitted many considerable articles, such for instance, as expense of
stores for the hospitals, much of which is now due, and more to be
immediately provided for. You will perceive, that I have not even
mentioned the expense of transporting military stores, such as shot,
shells, &c. to the camp before York, which the Board of War assure me
will be very great, and indeed it must be so. Neither have I mentioned
the expense of transporting money, clothing, medicines, arms, &c. from
Boston to this place, and hence to the southward. Besides all this, I
am told it will be necessary to procure ten thousand suits of clothes
for the ensuing winter. If this be so, that article alone will amount
to at least two hundred thousand dollars.

I might go much further, but I shall only observe, that exclusive of
all these things the enclosed estimate amounts to above two hundred
thousand dollars. Yet attention must be paid to the wants of three
large armies. Congress know the extent of my means.

In this situation of things, it is proper to ask on every occasion,
before private grants of money are made, whether the public service
will not suffer by it. But this is not all, I am bound to observe,
that the expectations of our troops now in the field may be much
disappointed, and that they will conceive it unjust to dispose of any
moneys, which might be spared, unless as an equal division among them.
To press this point any further, would imply a want of that
confidence, which I really have in the wisdom and discernment of
Congress. They will see, that while the indispensable calls for money
to forward general operations continue to be so loud as to draw from
me all my private funds, it cannot be expected, that I shall pay
warrants in favor of individuals. I am sure they will feel for me,
when I mention the pain I suffer from being compelled to refuse money
on their resolutions. A regard for their honor is the second motive of
my conduct. I hope it is unnecessary to say, that a regard for the
public interest is the first. I am far from wishing to insinuate a
line of conduct to Congress; but I must place before their eyes those
facts, which it is for their honor and their interest to be informed
of. They will draw the proper conclusions.

With the most perfect respect, I am, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.


                              ESTIMATE.

                                                              Dollars.

    Due to the French Treasury for so much borrowed of
    them at Chester, delivered at the head of the Elk,          26,000

    Due to the French army, a quantity of flour
    exchanged in the State of New York, to be replaced
    at the southward, which will require                        10,000

    Due for transports hired in the Delaware and
    Chesapeake,                                                 15,000

    For flour now purchasing to supply General Heath's
    army,                                                       10,000

    Horses purchased last summer for the Quarter Master
    General, and shortly to be paid for,                         4,000

    To recruit and mount Colonel Armand's Legion,               50,000

    Saddles and accoutrements for General Greene's army,        14,000

    Flour lately purchased in Virginia for General
    Washington's army, and now due,                              5,000

    Articles necessary for General Greene's army and the
    transportation of articles to him, and money for
    essential services,                                          5,000

    Clothing purchased on a credit for Fort Pitt and
    Wyoming,                                                     5,000

    Estimate from the Navy Board at Boston,                     40,000

    Rum now sending on to General Washington's army,             5,000

    My own money already advanced for the public service,       12,000
                                                              --------
                                                              $201,000

       *       *       *       *       *

           CIRCULAR TO THE GOVERNORS OF THE SEVERAL STATES.

                                Office of Finance, October 19th, 1781.

  Sir,

I am now to address you on a subject of very great importance. I have
to detail some facts, which will demand the most serious attention
from every Legislature, and from every public officer in the United
States. It is my determination to administer the affairs intrusted to
my care according to plans, which are founded in sincerity and truth.
Convinced of the folly of our enemy, in supposing that any
considerable body of men in the United States are opposed to the
Revolution, I am persuaded that, in order to remove the greater part
of our difficulties, the first proper step is to state them fully to
the people through their representatives. It shall, therefore, be a
part of my study to prepare every transaction for the public eye, so
that the meanest individual may be in due time informed of those
affairs, in which, as a free citizen, he is interested. The various
reports, which have been circulated, the publications in the several
gazettes, and even letters from some who ought to have known better,
all these things have conspired to infuse an opinion, that every power
in Europe is favorable to us; that great sums of money are already
advanced to us, and that still greater may be obtained. Whatever may
be the fate of my administration, I will never be subjected to the
reproach of falsehood or insincerity. I, therefore, take the earliest
moment, in which I am permitted, to make those communications, which
will give an insight into our real situation.

With respect to the situation and politics of Europe, it is neither my
business to detail them, nor am I in a capacity to do it with
certainty. But this, at least, is certain, that the disposition of the
European powers, however friendly, has been too much relied upon. As a
proof I need only observe, that not a single State has acknowledged
our independence except France, although our alliance with that
respectable monarchy has now subsisted nearly four years. Yet that
monarchy is certainly the first in the world. It is in the closest
connexion with Spain. Spain has long been engaged in the war, and
still longer solicited to form a union upon the basis of the treaty
with France. The armed neutrality, which gave such splendid hopes to
many, has not yet produced the benefits expected. I will not proceed
on the ground of conjecture, nor is it necessary for me to dwell
longer on our political state with respect to foreign powers. But as
there is little reason to expect, so I hope there is no American, who
would wish an alliance with any empire on earth, until they shall be
so sensible of our importance, as to treat on principles of equality.

The public opinion, as to the conduct of other Princes and States, has
greatly injured us by relaxing our exertions. But the opinion as to
pecuniary aid has been still more pernicious. People have flattered
themselves with a visionary idea, that nothing more was necessary,
than for Congress to send a Minister abroad, and that immediately he
would obtain as much money as he chose to ask for. That, when he
opened a loan, hundreds would run to see who should have the honor of
subscribing to it, and the like. But surely a moment's reflection
should have convinced every reasonable man, that, without the clear
prospect of repayment, people will not part with their property. Have
the efforts in this country been so successful as to ground any hopes
from abroad? Or, is it to be supposed, that foreigners will interest
themselves more in our prosperity or safety, than our citizens? Or,
can it be believed, that credit will be given abroad before solid
funds are provided at home? Or, could it be imagined, that the
disorders necessarily incident to a great revolution, would be
considered as a better source of trust and confidence, than the
regularity and consistency of ancient establishments?

The Congress, conformably to the public wish, have appointed
Ministers, requested grants, and opened loans. In Holland they have
got nothing, and in Spain but very little. Loans were expected from
individuals in Holland, but nothing of that sort has been, or probably
will be, obtained. Loans were not expected in Spain, unless from the
King, and from him they have been solicited with but little success.

The distressed situation of public affairs forced the Congress to draw
bills of exchange on their Ministers. Some were drawn on France, some
on Spain, and some on Holland. The first were honored and paid, the
others were accepted, but recourse was finally had to the Court of
France for the payment of those also. They were drawn at long sight.
The sales were slow. They were remitted from time to time, and every
opportunity afforded the Ministers of the United States to obtain the
moneys for discharging them, but in vain. Of consequence, these bills
have been regularly referred to the Court of France for payment; and
this has done us injury, by anticipating the aid, which France has
been disposed to afford us, and at the same time has justly alarmed
and greatly embarrassed the French Ministry.

These things it appears necessary that you should know, and your
Legislature will undoubtedly draw the proper inferences. They will see
how much has been suffered by delaying to call forth the resources of
our own country, and relying on the empty bubbles of hope, instead of
the solid foundations of revenue. They will, I trust, clearly see,
that all their hopes and expectations are narrowed down to what France
may give or lend. But here, as in other cases, delusion takes place of
reality. We flatter ourselves with ideal prospects, and are only
convinced of our folly, by the fatal crisis of national distress. In
order that you may clearly understand the succor afforded by France, I
enclose an account extracted from a statement lately, furnished to
Congress by the Minister Plenipotentiary of his Most Christian
Majesty.

You will observe that his Majesty granted to the United States a
subsidy for the current year of six millions of livres; and on a
representation of our distresses, he was pleased to become security
for a loan to be opened on our account in Holland. And when it
appeared, that there was but little probability of obtaining any money
there in season, he further agreed that the sum to be borrowed should
be advanced for us, in the first instance, from the royal treasury.
Thus the gift and the loan together amount to sixteen millions of
livres, which would, if in this country, be equal only to two millions
nine hundred and sixtytwo thousand nine hundred and sixtytwo dollars,
although at the rate of estimating dollars in France, it is there
equal to three millions and fortyseven thousand six hundred and
nineteen dollars. But at the highest rate of exchange, which has
hitherto taken place, this sum if drawn for, would have amounted to no
more than two millions five hundred and sixty thousand dollars. I have
been thus particular with respect to the amount of this sum, because
the difference of currencies very often tends to deceive those to whom
their real value is not a familiar subject of attention.

The enclosed account is in livres, and the two first articles contain
the total of the grant and loan, amounting to sixteen millions of
livres. The remainder contains the deductions to be made; the two
first articles whereof, amounting to two millions three hundred
thousand livres is for the payment of the bills drawn on France,
Spain, and Holland, which I have already mentioned, the produce of the
sales whereof had been applied to the public service long before my
appointment. The next article, being two millions of livres, is
appropriated to the payment of the interest bills; wherefore, no part
of it can be applied to other purposes. The fourth article, I need say
nothing of here, as it has long been in the mouths of everybody. The
fifth and sixth articles are for those stores, which were laden on
board of four transports by order of Colonel Laurens, three of which
have safely arrived, and the other put back in distress. The seventh
article, is in consequence of the loss of that valuable ship, the
Marquis de Lafayette, which contained a great number of public stores,
the replacing of which is necessary for the army and its operations,
and which will amount to that sum.

The last article contains the amount of moneys deposited to answer my
drafts, which have been made from time to time, and the produce
appropriated to the service of the current year. On the whole, there
remains a balance of three millions and sixteen thousand four hundred
and ninetynine livres. This, with the sum brought by Colonel Laurens,
may be considered as of the value of about one million of dollars,
which is the utmost; for it would exceed that only by twentyone
thousand five hundred and seventyfour dollars, if it were now in this
country.

Thus then you see the extent of that pecuniary succor, which has
filled the minds of all with such teeming expectation, is narrowed
down to one million of dollars. But by the best accounts and estimates
I have been able to procure, this war has hitherto cost about twenty
millions annually. I do indeed expect that the future expenditures
will be greatly curtailed; but it must be remembered that the most
rigid economy has its bounds, and that it cannot exist without the
punctual performance of those engagements, on which the first steps
towards it must depend. As soon as the proper estimates for the next
year can be made out, the demands founded upon them will be stated,
and I shall shortly advertise for contracts, as the most effectual
mode of husbanding our resources. I feel it to be my duty, however, to
observe, that a note this day sent to Congress, of some of my
principal engagements for money, amounts to upwards of two hundred
thousand dollars. Yet the calls for it from every quarter are
incessant.

I would gladly quit the subject of foreign supplies and expectations
here, but it is necessary that the States should know all, and I
should not answer the views of Congress, if I did not add, that the
Court of France place the aid now afforded us among the number of
those extraordinary efforts, which cannot be repeated. The
declaration, that no more pecuniary assistance can be afforded to us,
is as plain as language will admit of; and although the applications
may, and probably will, be made by our Ministers to the Court of
Versailles, yet surely no prudent man would form any reliance on such
applications, in the face of such a pointed and express assurance to
the contrary; and especially, when, to every request a short answer
can be made, by asking what we have done for ourselves. Sir, I must
speak to you most plainly. While we do nothing for ourselves, we
cannot expect the assistance of others.

This is a very painful subject to dwell upon, but a consideration of
great magnitude remains behind, and sooner or later it must come
forward. Prudence, therefore, bids us examine it now, and provide for
it in season. The neglect in funding the public debt, has introduced a
practice of issuing Loan Office certificates, for the interest due on
other Loan Office certificates. This I have absolutely forbidden, nor
will I ever consent to it. Such accumulation of debt, while it
distresses the public, and destroys its credit, by no means relieves
the unfortunate individual, who is a public creditor; for if revenue
is not provided, increasing the certificates would only lessen their
value. This would be such a fraud as would stamp our national
character with indelible marks of infamy, and render us the reproach
and contempt of all mankind. It is high time to relieve ourselves
from the ignominy we have already sustained, and to rescue and restore
the national credit. This can only be done by solid revenue.
Disdaining, therefore, those little timid artifices, which, while they
postpone the moment of difficulty, only increase the danger and
confirm the ruin, I prefer the open declaration to all, of what is to
be expected, and whence it is to be drawn. To the public creditors,
therefore, I say, that until the States provide revenues for
liquidating the principal and interest of the public debt, they cannot
be paid; and to the States, I say, that they are bound by every
principle held sacred among men to make that provision.

I have gone through the task, which I proposed to myself in writing to
your Excellency this letter, which I pray you to communicate to the
Legislature of your State. I hope the Congress will soon be able to
transmit their requisitions, and I shall endeavor that those be as
moderate as possible. But I must pray that every man, whether in
public or private life, will seriously consider the importance of
complying with these requisitions. It is not by the brilliant
successes of war, the splendor of conquest, or the shouts of victory,
that a wise ministry are to be affected. The superiority of national
resources is the sure ground on which to hope for success, and that
superior resource steadily and perseveringly applied, must eventually
attain its objects. It is for these reasons, that the enemy have hoped
everything from the derangement of our finances; and on the other
hand, as I am well informed, it is from the establishment of a
national bank, and the forming of contracts to supply our armies, that
they have the greatest apprehensions. By the bounty of the Almighty,
we are placed in a situation where our future fate depends upon our
present conduct. We may be happy or miserable, as we please. If we do
our duty now, the war will soon be brought to a close; if not, it may
last for many years, and what will then be its termination, it is not
in human wisdom to foresee. Thoroughly convinced that the enemy must
ask for peace, when we are in a condition vigorously to prosecute the
war, and that we shall be in that condition, whenever our affairs are
reduced to order, and our credit restored, and that for these
purposes, nothing more is necessary than a proper system of taxation;
I cannot avoid expressing my sentiments on the subject in all the
warmth with which they flow from my heart. I hope and pray that the
facts, which I have stated, may meet that calm attention, which is due
to their importance, and that such measures may be taken as shall
redound to the honor and interest of our country.

With all possible respect, I have the honor to be, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                       TO MAJOR GENERAL GREENE.

                                 Office of Finance, November 2d, 1781.

  Sir,

Your favor of the 17th of September last has been delivered to me by
your Aid, Captain Pierce. Your recommendations and his own character,
give him a double title to every mark of attention.

I hope it is unnecessary to make assurances of my disposition to
render your situation both easy and respectable. I am sure it is
unnecessary to remark, how inadequate the provisions have been, which
the States have hitherto made. At least, it is unnecessary to you.
Much less need I display the detail of expenditures, which have been
requisite for the accomplishment of that happy event, which has taken
place in Virginia.

I have neither forgotten nor neglected your department. I have done
the utmost to provide clothing, arms, accoutrements, medicines,
hospital stores, &c.; and I flatter myself that you will, through the
different departments, receive both benefit and relief from my
exertions. I have detained Captain Pierce a day, in order to make up
with infinite difficulty, one thousand pounds Pennsylvania currency in
gold, which he is the bearer of, and which will, I hope, be agreeable
and useful. You have done so much with so little, that my wishes to
increase your activity have every possible stimulus. I hope soon to
hear that you have gathered fresh laurels; and that you may wear them
as long and as happily as they have been speedily and worthily
acquired, is the earnest wish of yours, &c.

                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.

       *       *       *       *       *

                     END OF THE ELEVENTH VOLUME.




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End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diplomatic Correspondence of the
American Revolution, Vol. XI, by Various

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