



Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
generously made available by The Internet Archive.)









FINGER-RING LORE




  LONDON: PRINTED BY
  SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
  AND PARLIAMENT STREET




  FINGER-RING LORE

  _HISTORICAL, LEGENDARY, ANECDOTAL_


  BY WILLIAM JONES, F.S.A.


  _WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS_


  London
  CHATTO AND WINDUS, PICCADILLY
  1877




  TO MY WIFE:

  [Illustration: _A pledge of Happy Wedded Life_]

  =Bon Coeur: Sans Peur.=




PREFACE.


I had intended to confine my observations exclusively to the subject of
'ring superstitions,' but in going through a wide field of olden
literature I found so much of interest in connection with rings generally,
that I have ventured to give the present work a more varied, and, I trust,
a more attractive character.

The importance of this branch of archaeology cannot be too highly
appreciated, embracing incidents, historic and social, from the earliest
times, brought to our notice by invaluable specimens of glyptic art, many
of them of the purest taste, beauty, and excellency; elucidating obscure
points in the creeds and general usages of the past, types for artistic
imitation, besides supplying links to fix particular times and events.

In thus contributing to the extension of knowledge, the subject of
ring-lore has a close affinity to that of numismatics, but it possesses
the supreme advantage of appealing to our sympathies and affections. So
Herrick sings of the wedding-ring:

    And as this round
    Is nowhere found
  To flaw, or else to sever,
    So let our love
    As endless prove,
  And pure as gold for ever!

It must be admitted that in many cases of particular rings it is sometimes
difficult to arrive at concurrent conclusions respecting their date and
authenticity: much has to be left to conjecture, but the pursuit of
enquiry into the past is always pleasant and instructive, however
unsuccessful in its results. One of our most eminent antiquarians writes
to me thus: 'We must not take for granted that everything in print is
correct, for fresh information is from time to time obtained which shows
to be incorrect that which was previously written.'

My acknowledgments are due to friends at home and abroad, whose
collections of rings have been opened for my inspection with true masonic
cordiality.

I have also to thank the publishers of this work for the liberal manner in
which they have illustrated the text. Many of the engravings are from
drawings taken from the gem-room of the British, and from other museums,
and from rare and costly works on the Fine Arts, not easily accessible to
the general reader. Descriptions of rings without pictorial
representations would (as in the case of coins) materially lessen their
attraction, and would render the book what might be termed 'a garden
without flowers.'

In conclusion I will adopt the valedictory lines of an old author, who
writes in homely and deprecatory verse:

  FOR HERDE IT IS, A MAN TO ATTAYNE
  TO MAKE A THING PERFYTE, AT FIRST SIGHT,
  BUT WAN IT IS RED, AND WELL OVER SEYNE
  FAUTES MAY BE FOUNDE, THAT NEVER CAME TO LYGHT,
  THOUGH THE MAKER DO HIS DILIGENCE AND MIGHT.
  PRAYEING THEM TO TAKE IT, AS I HAVE ENTENDED,
  AND TO FORGYVE ME, YF THAT I HAVE OFFENDED.




CONTENTS.


  CHAPTER                                                             PAGE

     I. RINGS FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD                                   1

    II. RING SUPERSTITIONS                                              91

   III. SECULAR INVESTITURE BY THE RING                                177

    IV. RINGS IN CONNECTION WITH ECCLESIASTICAL USAGES                 198

     V. BETROTHAL AND WEDDING RINGS                                    275

    VI. TOKEN RINGS                                                    323

   VII. MEMORIAL AND MORTUARY RINGS                                    355

  VIII. POSY, INSCRIPTION, AND MOTTO RINGS                             390

    IX. CUSTOMS AND INCIDENTS IN CONNECTION WITH RINGS                 419

     X. REMARKABLE RINGS                                               457

        APPENDIX                                                       499




ILLUSTRATIONS.


                                                                      PAGE

  Egyptian gold signet-ring                                              2

  Egyptian bronze rings                                                  4

  Egyptian signet-rings                                                  6

  Egyptian porcelain ring                                                9

  Egyptian mummy, rings on the fingers of an                            10

  Egyptian gold ring from Ghizeh                                        11

  Etruscan ring with chimerae                                            15

  Roman-Egyptian ring                                                   15

  Modern Egyptian rings                                                 17

  Modern Egyptian ring with double keepers                              17

  Etruscan ring representing the car of Admetus                         19

  Etruscan rings with serpents and beetle                               19

  Etruscan ring with scarabaeus                                          20

  Etruscan ring with representation of two spirits in combat            20

  Etruscan ring with intaglio                                           21

  Greek and Roman rings                                                 22

  Late Roman rings                                                      23

  Ring found at Silchester                                              24

  Ring of a group pattern                                               24

  Ancient plain rings                                                   24

  Iron ring of a Roman knight                                           25

  Roman ring, crescent-shaped                                           26

  Roman ring of  paste                                          28

  Gallo-Roman ring representing a cow or bull                           29

  Roman thumb-ring                                                      29

  Roman ring, with a representation of Janus                            32

  Roman ring, with figures of Egyptian deities                          32

  Roman ring, with busts; from the Musee du Louvre                      33

  Roman ring, with head of Regulus                                      34

  Roman rings from Montfaucon                                   36, 37, 38

  Roman ring in the Florentine Cabinet                                  39

  Roman 'memorial' gift-rings                                           41

  Anglo-Roman                                                           41

  Anglo-Roman and Roman rings                                           42

  Roman rings found at Lyons                                            43

  Roman bronze ring of a curious shape                                  44

  Roman key-rings                                                       45

  Roman rings, with inscription and monogram                            47

  Roman 'legionary' ring                                                47

  Roman 'legionary' ring                                                48

  Roman amber and glass rings                                           48

  Byzantine ring, from Montfaucon                                       49

  Byzantine ring, found at Constantinople                               49

  Rings from Herculaneum and Pompeii                                    49

  Roman bronze ring                                                     50

  Roman 'trophy' ring                                                   50

  Roman ring, from the Museum at Mayence                                50

  Roman key-rings                                                       51

  Roman, late, from the Waterton Collection                             52

  Anglo-Saxon rings                                                     53

  Early British (?) ring found at Malton                                54

  Ring of King Ethelwulf                                                54

  Anglo-Saxon rings                                                     58

  Early Saxon rings found near Salisbury                                59

  South Saxon ring found in the Thames                                  60

  Ancient Irish rings found near Drogheda                               61

  Early Irish gold ring                                                 62

  The 'Alhstan' ring                                                    62

  Anglo-Saxon ring found near Bosington                                 63

  Rings found at Cuerdale, near Preston                                 64

  Rings in the Royal Irish Academy                                      65

  Spiral silver ring, found at Lago                                     66

  Ring found at Flodden Field                                           66

  Figured ring supposed to represent St. Louis                          67

  Rings found in Pagan graves                                           68

  Rings of the Frankish and Merovingian periods                     69, 70

  Gold 'Middle Age' ring, from the Louvre                               71

  Rings on the effigy of Lady Stafford                                  72

  Enamelled floral ring                                                 75

  'Merchant's Mark' rings                                           75, 87

  Ring of the sixteenth century                                         76

  Ring of Frederic the Great                                            76

  Venetian ring                                                         76

  Italian diamond-pointed ring                                          76

  Italian symbolical ring                                               77

  Venetian ring                                                         78

  East Indian ring, with drops of silver                                78

  Indian rings                                                          79

  Spanish ring                                                          79

  'Giardinetti' or guard rings                                          79

  French rings of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries                 80

  'Escutcheon' ring, French                                             81

  French rings                                                  81, 82, 83

  Moorish rings                                                         82

  Bavarian peasant's ring                                               84

  Thumb-rings                                                  89, 90, 139

  Divination-rings                                                101, 102

  Roman amulet-rings                                         104, 105, 107

  Astrological ring                                                    108

  Zodiacal ring                                                        110

  Amulet rings                                     126, 138, 141, 151, 152

  Charm-rings                                                     133, 153

  Talismanic rings                                           134, 135, 136

  Cabalistic rings                                                139, 147

  Mystical rings                                                       140

  Rings of the Magi                                                    143

  Rings with mottoes, worn as medicaments                              148

  Rings, Runic                                                         150

  Toadstone rings                                                 157, 158

  Cramp rings                                                     163, 165

  Serjeant's ring                                                      190

  Ring of the 'Beef Steak' Club                                        193

  The Fisherman's Ring                                                 199

  Ring of Thierry, Bishop of Verdun                                    204

  Ring of Pope Pius II.                                                206

  Papal rings                                                          208

  Episcopal rings                                       217, 226, 230, 231

  Episcopal thumb-ring                                                 219

  Ring of Archbishop Sewall                                            225

  Ring of Archbishop Greenfield                                        225

  Ring of Bishop Stanbery                                              226

  Decade ring with figure of St. Catherine (?)                         249

  Decade thumb-ring                                                    249

  Silver decade ring                                                   250

  Decade ring found near Croydon                                       250

  Decade signet-ring                                                   251

  Decade rings                                                    251, 252

  Decade ring of Delhi work                                            253

  Trinity ring                                                         254

  Religious rings                        254, 255, 256, 260, 261, 262, 263

  'Paradise' rings                                                     257

  Reliquary ring                                                       257

  Early Christian rings             258, 259, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273

  Ecclesiastical ring                                                  264

  Pilgrim ring                                                         264

  Roman key-rings                                                      294

  Hebrew marriage and betrothal rings                        299, 300, 302

  Byzantine ring                                                       304

  Betrothal ring                                                       307

  Half of broken betrothal ring                                        309

  Jointed betrothal ring                                               314

  Gemmel ring, found at Horselydown                                    316

  Ring with representation of Lucretia                                 318

  Wedding-ring of Sir Thomas Gresham                                   319

  Gemmel ring                                                          319

  'Claddugh' ring                                                      320

  Betrothal ring with sacred inscription                               321

  Devices on wedding rings                                             322

  The 'Devereux' ring                                                  338

  The 'Essex' ring                                                     342

  Old mourning ring                                                    360

  Memorial rings, Charles I.                                 366, 367, 370

  Royalist memorial ring                                               370

  Memorial and mortuary rings                                          373

  Squared-work diamond ring found in Ireland                           380

  Mortuary rings at Mayence                                       381, 382

  Gold rings from Etruscan sepulchres                                  383

  Ring found at Amiens                                                 383

  Ring found in the tomb of William Rufus, Winchester Cathedral        385

  Ring discovered in Winchester Cathedral                              385

  Ring of Childeric                                                    386

  Motto and device rings                                          390, 406

  Posy-ring                                                       391, 417

  Inscription rings                                     410, 411, 412, 417

  New Year's gift ring                                            421, 422

  Poison-rings                                                         433

  Dial-rings                                                      452, 453

  Signet-ring of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Darnley ring            460

  Supposed ring of Roger, King of Sicily                               465

  The Worsley seal-ring                                                467

  Ring of Saint Louis                                                  469

  Ring-devices of the Medici family                               472, 473

  Ring found at Kenilworth Castle                                      474

  Heraldic ring                                                        481

  Martin Luther's betrothal and marriage rings               481, 482, 483

  Shakspeare's ring (?)                                                484

  Initials of Sir Thomas Lucy, at Charlecote Hall                      486

  Ivory-turned rings                                                   488

  Squirt ring                                                          494




FINGER-RING LORE.




CHAPTER I.

RINGS FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD.


The use of signet-rings as symbols of great respect and authority is
mentioned in several parts of the Holy Scriptures, from which it would
seem that they were then common among persons of rank. They were sometimes
wholly of metal, but frequently the inscription was borne on a stone, set
in gold or silver. The impression from the signet-ring of a monarch gave
the force of a royal decree to any instrument to which it was attached.
Hence the delivery or transfer of it gave the power of using the royal
name, and created the highest office in the State. In Genesis (xli. 42) we
find that Joseph had conferred upon him the royal signet as an insignia of
authority.[1] Thus Ahasuerus transferred his authority to Haman (Esther
iii. 12). The ring was also used as a pledge for the performance of a
promise: Judah promised to send Tamar, his daughter-in-law, a kid from
his flock, and for fulfilment left with her (at her desire) his signet,
his bracelet, and his staff (Genesis xxxviii. 17, 18).

Darius sealed with his ring the mouth of the den of lions (Daniel vi. 17).
Queen Jezebel, to destroy Naboth, made use of the ring of Ahab, King of
the Israelites, her husband, to seal the counterfeit letters ordering the
death of that unfortunate man.

The Scriptures tell us that, when Judith arrayed herself to meet
Holofernes, among other rich decorations she wore bracelets, ear-rings,
and rings.

The earliest materials of which rings were made was of pure gold, and the
metal usually very thin. The Israelitish people wore not only rings on
their fingers, but also in their nostrils[2] and ears. Josephus, in the
third book of his 'Antiquities,' states that they had the use of them
after passing the Red Sea, because Moses, on his return from Sinai, found
that the men had made the golden calf from their wives' rings and other
ornaments.

Moses permitted the use of gold rings to the priests whom he had
established. The nomad people called Midianites, who were conquered by
Moses, and eventually overthrown by Gideon (Numbers xxxi.), possessed
large numbers of rings among their personal ornaments.

The Jews wore the signet-ring on the right hand, as appears from a passage
in Jeremiah (xxii. 24). The words of the Lord are uttered against
Zedekiah: 'though Coniah the son of Jehoiakim, King of Judah, were the
signet on my right hand, yet would I pluck thee thence.'

We are not to assume, however, that all ancient seals, being signets, were
rings intended to be worn on the hand. 'One of the largest Egyptian
signets I have seen,' remarks Sir J. G. Wilkinson, 'was in possession of a
French gentleman of Cairo, which contained twenty pounds' worth of gold.
It consisted of a massive ring, half an inch in its largest diameter,
bearing an oblong plinth, on which the devices were engraved, 1 inch long,
6/10ths in its greatest, and 4/10ths in its smallest, breadth. On one side
was the name of a king, the successor of Amunoph III., who lived about
fourteen hundred years before Christ; on the other a lion, with the legend
"Lord of Strength," referring to the monarch. On one side a scorpion, and
on the other a crocodile.'

This ring passed into the Waterton Dactyliotheca, and is now the property
of the South Kensington Museum.

[Illustration: Egyptian Bronze Rings.]

Rings of inferior metal, engraved with the king's name, may, probably,
have been worn by officials of the court. In the Londesborough collection
is a bronze ring, bearing on the oval face the name of Amunoph III., the
same monarch known to the Greeks as 'Memnon.' The other ring, also of
bronze, has engraved on the face a scarabaeus. Such rings were worn by the
Egyptian soldiers.

In the British Museum are some interesting specimens of Egyptian rings
with representations of the scarabaeus,[3] or beetle. These rings generally
bear the name of the wearer, the name of the monarch in whose reign he
lived, and also the emblems of certain deities; they were so set in the
gold ring as to allow the scarabaeus to revolve on its centre, it being
pierced for that purpose.

Colonel Barnet possesses an Egyptian signet-ring formed by a scarabaeus set
in gold. It was found on the little finger of a splendid gilded mummy at
Thebes. In all probability the wearer of the ring had been a royal scribe,
as by his side was found a writing-tablet of stone. On the breast was a
large scarabaeus of green porphyry, set in gold.

The Rev. Henry Mackenzie, of Yarmouth, possesses an Egyptian scarabaeus, a
signet-ring, set with an intaglio, on cornelian, found in the bed of a
deserted branch of the Euphrates, in the district of Hamadan in Persia.
The engraving is unfinished, the work is polished in the intaglio, and the
date has therefore been supposed not later than the time of the Greeks in
Persia, _circa_ 325 B.C.

[Illustration: Egyptian Signet-rings.]

The representations here given illustrate the large and massive Egyptian
signet-ring, and also a lighter kind of hooped signet, 'as generally worn
at a somewhat more recent period in Egypt. The gold loop passes through a
small figure of the sacred beetle, the flat under-side being engraved with
the device of a crab.'

In the British Museum, in the first Egyptian Room, is the signet-ring of
Queen Sebek-nefru (Sciemiophris). 'Sebek' was a popular component of
proper names after the twelfth dynasty, probably because this queen was
beloved by the people. On Assyrian sculptures are found armlets and
bracelets; rings do not appear to have been generally worn.

At a meeting of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, in June 1873, Dr. H.
F. Talbot, F.R.S., read an interesting paper on the legend of 'Ishtar
descending to Hades,' in which he translated from the tablets the
goddess's voluntary descent into the Assyrian _Inferno_. In the cuneiform
it is called 'the land of no return.' Ishtar passes successively through
the seven gates, compelled to surrender her jewels, viz. her crown,
ear-rings, head-jewels, frontlets, girdle, _finger-_ and toe-_rings_, and
necklace. A cup full of the Waters of Life is given to her, whereby she
returns to the upper world, receiving at each gate of Hades the jewels she
had been deprived of in her descent.

Mr. Greene, F.S.A., has an Egyptian gold ring, formerly in the possession
of the late Mr. Salt, belonging to the nineteenth dynasty, probably from
the Lower Country, below Memphis. It is engraved with a representation of
the goddess Nephthis, or Neith. Another gold ring of a later period, from
the Upper Country, dates, probably, from the time of Psammitichus, B.C.
671 to 617.

In the collection of Egyptian antiquities formed by the late R. Hay, Esq.,
of Limplum, N.B., were two Graeco-Egyptian gold rings, found, it is
conjectured, in the Aasa-seef, near Thebes. One of these is of the usual
signet form, but without an inscription; the other is of an Etruscan
pattern, and is composed of a spiral wire, whose extremities end in a
twisted loop, with knob-like intersections. Both these objects are of fine
workmanship, and are wrought in very pure gold. Sir J. G. Wilkinson, in
'Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians,' remarks: 'The rings were
mostly of gold, and this metal seems always to have been preferred to
silver for rings and other articles of jewellery. Silver rings are,
however, occasionally to be met with, and two in my possession, which were
accidentally found in a temple at Thebes, are engraved with hieroglyphics,
containing the name of the royal city. Bronze was seldom used for rings;
some have been discovered of brass and iron (of a Roman time), but ivory
and blue porcelain were the materials of which those worn by the lower
classes were usually made.'

The Rev. C. W. King observes: 'I have seen finger-rings of ivory of the
Egyptian period, their heads engraved with sphinxes and figures of eyes
cut in low relief as camei, and originally .'

The porcelain finger-rings of ancient Egypt are extremely beautiful, the
band of the ring being seldom above one eighth of an inch in thickness.
Some have a plate in which in bas-relief is the god Baal, full-faced,
playing on the tambourine, as the inventor of music; others have their
plates in the shape of the right symbolical eye, the emblem of the sun, of
a fish of the perch species, or of a scarabaeus. Some few represent
flowers. Those which have elliptical plates with hieroglyphical
inscriptions bear the names of Amen-Ra, and of other gods and monarchs, as
Amenophis III., Amenophis IV., and Amenmest of the eighteenth and
nineteenth dynasties. One of these rings has a little bugle on each side,
as if it had been strung on the beaded work of a mummy, instead of being
placed on the finger. Blue is the prevalent colour, but a few white and
yellow rings, and some even ornamented with red and purple colours, have
been discovered. It is scarcely credible that these rings, of a substance
finer and more fragile than glass, were worn during life, and it seems
hardly likely that they were worn by the poorer classes, for the use of
the king's name on sepulchral objects seems to have been restricted to
functionaries of state. Some larger rings of porcelain of about an inch in
diameter, seven-eighths of an inch broad, and one-sixteenth of an inch
thick, made in open work, represents the constantly-repeated
lotus-flowers, and the god Ra, or the sun, seated and floating through the
heavens in his boat.

At the Winchester meeting of the Archaeological Institute in 1845 a curious
swivel-ring of blue porcelain was exhibited, found at Abydus in Upper
Egypt; setting modern. It has a double impression: on the one side is the
king making an offering to the gods, with the emblems of life and purity;
on the other side the name of the monarch in the usual 'cartouche,' one
that is well known, being that of Thothmes III., whom Wilkinson supposes
to have been the Pharaoh of Exodus. It is worthy of remark that this
cartouche is 'supported' by asps, which are usually considered to be the
attributes of royalty.

[Illustration: Egyptian Porcelain Ring.]

The annexed engraving represents an Egyptian ring, _en pate ceramique_,
from M. Dieulafait's 'Diamants et Pierres Precieuses.'

The signet of Sennacherib in the British Museum is made of Amazon stone,
one of the hardest stones known to the lapidary, and bears an intaglio
'which,' observes the Rev. C. W. King, 'by its extreme minuteness, and
the precision of the drawing, displays the excellence to which the art had
already attained.'

On a mummy-case in the British Museum is a representation of a woman with
crossed hands, covered with rings; the left hand is most loaded. Upon the
thumb is a signet with hieroglyphics on the surface, three rings on the
forefinger, two on the second, one formed like a snail shell, the same
number on the next, and one on the little finger. The right hand carries
only a thumb ring, and two upon the third finger.

[Illustration: Rings on the fingers of a Mummy.]

Sir J. G. Wilkinson observes: 'The left was considered the hand peculiarly
privileged to bear these ornaments; and it is remarkable that its third
finger was decorated with a greater number than any other, and was
considered by them, as by us, _par excellence_, the ring-finger, though
there is no evidence of its having been so honoured at the marriage
ceremony.'

The same author mentions that rings were a favourite decoration among the
Egyptians; women wore sometimes two or three on the same finger. They
were frequently worn on the thumb. Some were simple, others had an
engraved stone, and frequently bore the name of the owner; others the
monarch in whose time he lived, and they were occasionally in the form of
a snail, a knot, a snake, or some fancy device. A cat--emblem of the
goddess Bast, or Pasht, the Egyptian Diana--was a favourite subject for
ladies' rings.

[Illustration: Egyptian Gold Ring, from Ghizeh.]

One of the oldest, if not the most ancient ring known, is supposed to be
that in the collection of Dr. Abbot, of Cairo, now preserved with his
other Egyptian antiquities at New York. It is thus described by
him:--'This remarkable piece of antiquity is in the highest state of
preservation, and was found at Ghizeh, in a tomb near the excavation of
Colonel Vyse, called Campbell's tomb. It is of fine gold, and weighs
nearly three sovereigns. The style of the hieroglyphics within the oval
make the name of that Pharaoh (Cheops, Shofo) of whom the pyramid was the
tomb. The details are minutely accurate and beautifully executed. The
heaven is engraved with stars; the fox or jackal has significant lines
within its contour; the hatchets have their handles bound with thongs, as
is usual in the sculptures; the volumes have the strings which bind them
hanging below the roll--differing in this respect from any example in
sculptured or painted hieroglyphics. The determinative for country is
studded with dots, representing the land of the mountains at the margin of
the valley of Egypt. The instrument, as in the larger hieroglyphics, has
the tongue and semi-lunar mark of the sculptured examples; as is the case
also with the heart-shaped vase. The name is surmounted with the globe and
feathers, decorated in the usual manner; and the ring of the cartouche is
engraved with marks representing a rope, never seen in the sculptures; and
the only instance of a royal name similarly encircled is a porcelain
example in this collection, inclosing the name of the father of Sesostris.
The O in the name is placed as in the examples sculptured in the tombs,
not in the axis of the cartouche; the chickens have their unfledged wings;
the cerastes its horns, now only to be seen with a magnifying glass.'

In a lecture to the deaf and dumb in St. Saviour's Hall, Oxford Street,
London (October 1875), on 'Eastern Manners and Customs,' amongst various
relics exhibited was the hand of a female mummy, on one finger of which
was a gold ring, with the signet of one of the Pharaohs.

A gold ring exhibited at the exhibition of antiquities at the Ironmongers'
Hall, in 1861, had hieroglyphics meaning 'protected by the living goddess
Mu.'

Among some interesting specimens of Egyptian rings exhibited at the South
Kensington Loan Exhibition of 1872 I may mention an antique ring of pale
gold, with a long oval bezel chased in intaglio, with representation of a
_sistrum_ (timbrel, used by the Egyptians in their religious ceremonies),
the property of Viscount Hawarden; an antique ring of pale gold (belonging
to Lady Ashburton), formed of a slender wire, the ends twisted round the
shoulders, upon which is strung a signet, in form of a cat, made of
greenish-blue glazed earthenware.

From the collection of R. H. Soden Smith, Esq. F.S.A., an ancient pale
gold ring, with revolving cylinders of lapis-lazuli, engraved with
hieroglyphics; the shoulders of the hoop wrapped round with wire ornament.

The Waterton Collection contains Egyptian rings of various descriptions:
one of silver, with revolving bezel of cornelian representing the
symbolical right eye. Several rings of glazed earthenware; one of gold,
very massive, with revolving scarab of glazed earthenware, partially
encased in gold. A gold ring, the hoop of close-corded work, revolving
bezel with blood-stone scarab, engraved with Hathor and child. The same
engraving is on a gold signet-ring, with vesica-shaped bezel, and upon a
white-metal ring, where the figures are surrounded by lotus-flowers.
Another gold signet-ring is engraved with the figure of Amen-ra; a
probably Egyptian white-metal ring, with narrow oblong bezel, engraved
with a frieze of figures, and winged Genii, divided by candelabra.

Several of the Egyptian rings in the Museum of the Louvre at Paris date
from the reign of King Moeris. One of the oldest rings extant is that of
Cheops, the founder of the Great Pyramid, which was found in a tomb there.
It is of gold, with hieroglyphics.

The Egyptian glass-workers produced small mosaics of the most minute and
delicate finish, and sufficiently small to be worn on rings.

Dr. Birch, in a very interesting paper communicated to the Society of
Antiquaries, at the meeting of November 17, 1870, observes, with regard to
the scarabaei and signet-rings of the ancient Egyptians, that the use of
these curious objects (the exhibition comprising upwards of five hundred
scarabs from the collection of Egyptian antiquities formed by the late R.
Hay, Esq., of Sinplum, N.B., to which I have alluded) dates back from a
remote period of Egyptian history. 'As it is well known, they were not
merely made in porcelain, but also in steatite, or stea-schist, and the
various semi-precious stones suitable for engraving, such as cornelian,
sard, and such-like.' In the time of the twelfth dynasty the cylindrical
ring, also found in use among the Assyrians and Babylonians, came into
vogue. The hard stones and gems were of later introduction, probably under
the influence of Greek art, for the ancient Egyptians themselves do not
appear to have possessed the method of cutting such hard substances. A
few, however, exist, which are clearly of great antiquity--as, for
example, a specimen in yellow jasper now in the British Museum.

The principal purpose to which these scarabs were applied was to form the
revolving bezel of a signet-ring, the substance in which the impression
was taken being a soft clay, with which a letter was sealed.

It is singular that some of these objects have been found in rings fixed
with the plane engraved side inwards, rendering them unfit for the
purposes of sealing. It is well known that the use of these scarabs was so
extensive as to have prevailed beyond Egypt, being adopted by the
Phoenicians and the Etruscans.

On this subject the Rev. C. W. King remarks that gold rings, even of the
Etruscan period, are very rare, the signets of that nation still retaining
the form of scarabaei. 'The most magnificent Etruscan ring known, belonging
once to the Prince de Canino, and now in the matchless collection of
antique gems in the British Museum, is formed of the fore-parts of two
lions, whose bodies compose the shank, whilst their heads and fore-paws
support the signet--a small sand scarab, engraved with a _lion regardant_,
and set in an elegant bezel of filagree-work. The two lions are beaten up
in full relief of thin gold plate, in a stiff archaic style, but very
carefully finished.'

The Waterton Collection contains a gold ring of Etruscan workmanship, of
singular beauty. It is described by Padre Geruchi, of the Sacred College,
as a betrothal or nuptial ring. It has figures of Hercules and Juno placed
back to back on the hoop, having their arms raised above their heads.
Hercules is covered with the skin of a lion, Juno with that of a goat.

[Illustration: Etruscan, with Chimerae.]

[Illustration: Roman-Egyptian.]

Fairholt, in 'Rambles of an Archaeologist,' describes an ancient Etruscan
ring in the British Museum, with chimerae on it opposing each other. The
style and treatment partake largely of ancient Eastern art. There is also
in the same collection a remarkable ring having the convolutions of a
serpent, the head of Serapis at one extremity and of Isis at the other; by
this arrangement one or other of them would always be correctly posited;
it has, also, the further advantage of being flexible, owing to the great
sweep of its curve. Silver rings are rarer than those of gold in the
tombs of Etruria, and iron and bronze examples are gilt.

All the Hindoo Mogul divinities of antiquity had rings; the statues of the
gods at Elephanta, supposed to be of the highest antiquity, had
finger-rings.

The Rev. C. W. King describes a ring in the Waterton collection, of
remarkable interest--apparently dating from the Lower Empire, for the head
is much thrown up, and has the sides pierced into a pattern, the
'_interrasile opus_, so much in fashion during those times. It is set with
two diamonds of (probably) a carat each: one a perfect octahedron of
considerable lustre, the other duller and irregularly crystallised.
Another such example might be sought for in vain throughout the largest
cabinets of Europe.'

After the conquest of Asia Alexander the Great used the signet-ring of
Darius to seal his edicts to the Persians; his own signet he used for
those addressed to the Greeks.

Xerxes, King of Persia, was a great gem-fancier, but his chief signet was
a portrait, either of himself, or of Cyrus, the founder of the monarchy.
He also wore a ring with the figure of Anaitis, the Babylonian Venus, upon
it. Thucydides says that the Persian kings honoured their subjects by
giving them rings with the likenesses of Darius and Cyrus.

       *       *       *       *       *

The late Mr. Fairholt purchased in Cairo a ring worn by an Egyptian lady
of the higher class. It is a simple hoop of twisted gold, to which hangs a
series of pendant ornaments, consisting of small beads of coral, and thin
plates of gold, cut to represent the leaves of a plant. As the hands move,
these ornaments play about the finger, and a very brilliant effect might
be produced if diamonds were used in the pendants.

The rings worn by the middle class of Egyptian men are usually of silver,
set with mineral stones, and are valued as the work of the silversmiths of
Mecca, that sacred city being supposed to exert a holy influence on all
the works it originates.

[Illustration: Modern Egyptian Rings.]

A curious ring with a double keeper is worn by Egyptian men. It is
composed entirely of common cast silver, set with mineral stone. The
lowermost keeper, of twisted wire, is first put on the finger, then
follows the ring. The second keeper is then brought down upon it: the two
being held by a brace which passes at the back of the ring, and gives
security to the whole.

[Illustration: Modern Egyptian Ring, with Double Keepers.]

Tavernier states in his 'Travels' that the Persians did not make gold
rings, their religion forbidding the wearing of any article of that metal
during prayers, it would have been too troublesome to take them off every
time they performed their devotions. The gems mounted in gold rings, sold
by Tavernier to the King, were reset in silver by native workmen.

The custom of wearing rings may have been introduced into Greece from
Asia, and into Italy from Greece. They served the twofold purpose,
ornamental and useful, being employed as a seal, which was called
_sphragis_, a name given to the gem or stone on which figures were
engraved. The Homeric poems make mention of ear-rings only, but in the
later Greek legends the ancient heroes are represented as wearing
finger-rings. Counterfeit stones in rings are mentioned in the time of
Solon. Transparent stones when extracted from the remains of the original
iron-rings of the ancients are sometimes found backed by a leaf of red
gold as a foil.[4] The use of  foils was merely to deceive and
impose upon the unwary, by giving to a very inferior jewel the finest
colour. Solon made a law prohibiting sellers of rings from keeping the
model of a ring they had sold.

The Lacedaemonians, according to the laws of Lycurgus, had only iron rings,
despising those of gold; either that the King devised thereby to retrench
luxury, or not to permit the use of them.

The Etruscans and the Sabines wore rings at the period of the foundation
of Rome, 753 B.C.

The Etruscans made rings of great value. They have been found of every
variety--with precious stones, of massive gold, very solid, with engraved
stones of remarkable beauty. Among Etruscan rings in the Musee Nap. III.
the table of one offers a representation, enlarged, of the story of
Admetus, the King of Pherae in Thessaly. He took part in the expedition of
the Argonauts, and sued for the hand of Alcestis, the daughter of Pelias,
who promised him to her on condition that he should come to her in a
chariot drawn by lions and boars. This feat Admetus performed by the
assistance of Apollo, who served him, according to some accounts, out of
attachment to him, or, according to others, because he was obliged to
serve a mortal for one year, for having slain the Cyclops.

[Illustration: Etruscan (Admetus).]

[Illustration: Representation of Admetus.]

[Illustration: Etrusca.]

Among rings taken out of the tombs there are some in the form of a knot or
of a serpent. They are frequently found with shields of gold, and of that
form which we call Gothic, that is elliptical and pointed, called by
foreigners _ogive_, with raised subjects chiselled on the gold, or with
onyxs of the same form, but polished and surrounded with gold. There are
some particular rings which appear more adapted to be used as seals than
rings, and they have on the shields, relievos of much more arched, and
almost Egyptian, form.[5]

[Illustration: Etruscan.]

[Illustration: Etruscan.]

Among the antique jewels at the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris are two
fine specimens of Etruscan rings. One is of gold, on which is a scarabaeus
in cornelian; the stomach of the scarabaeus is engraved hollow and
represents a naked man holding a vase. The other is a gold ring found in a
tomb at Etruria, of which the bezel, sculptured in relief, could not serve
as a seal. The subject is a divinity combating with two spirits, a
representation of the eastern idea of the struggles between the two
principles of good and evil, such as are found on numerous cylinders that
come from the borders of the Euphrates and the Tigris. This analogy
between the religious ideas of the Etruscans and those of the most ancient
monuments of the East is not astonishing when it is shown that the
Etruscans, the ancient inhabitants of Italy, were originally from Asia.
The following engraving represents an intaglio on a scarabaeus ring, of
fine workmanship, preserved in Vienna.

At a meeting of the Archaeological Institute (May 3, 1850) the Dowager
Duchess of Cleveland exhibited a curious Roman ring of pure gold (weight
182 grains), of which an illustration is given in the Journal of the
Institute (vol. vii. p. 190). 'It was found, with other remains, at Pierse
Bridge (AD TISAM), county of Durham, where the vestiges of a rectangular
encampment may be distinctly traced. The hoop, wrought by the hammer, is
joined by welding the extremities together; to this is attached an oval
facet, the metal engraved in intaglio, the impress being two human heads
_respectant_, probably male and female--the prototype of the numerous
"love seals" of a later period. The device on the ring is somewhat
effaced, but evidently represented two persons gazing at each other. This
is not the first Roman example of the kind found in England. The device
appears on a ring, apparently of that period, found on Stanmore Common in
1781. On the mediaeval seals alluded to, the heads are usually accompanied
by the motto "Love me, and I thee," to which, also, a counterpart is found
among relics of a more remote age. Galeotti, in his curious illustrations
of the "Gemmae Antiquae Litteratae," in the collection of Ficoroni, gives an
intaglio engraved with the words "Amo te, ama me."'

[Illustration: Etruscan.]

The following engravings represent: A ring in the Musee du Louvre, with a
lion sculptured by a Greek artist, in an oriental cornelian; the reverse
has an intaglio of a lion _couchant_. The second, from the Webb
Collection, is that of an ancient Greek ring, of solid gold, with the
representation of a comic mask in high relief. The other, a gold ring with
a bearded mask, Roman, in the Waterton Collection at the South Kensington
Museum--also in high relief--has the shoulders thickened with fillets,
engraved with stars.

[Illustration: Greek.]

[Illustration: Greek.]

[Illustration: Roman.]

A singular discovery of Roman relics was made in 1824 at Terling Place,
near Witham, Essex, by some workmen forming a new road; the earth being
soaked by heavy rains the cart-wheels sank up to their naves. The driver
of the cart saw some white spots upon the mud adhering to the wheels,
which proved to be coins. On further search a small vase was discovered in
which had been deposited with some coins, two gold rings, which are
interesting examples of late Roman work; and representations of these, by
Lord Rayleigh's permission, were given in the 'Journal of the
Archaeological Institute' (vol. iii. p. 163) and are here shown. One of the
rings is set with a colourless crackly crystal, or _pasta_, uncut and _en
cabochon_; the other with a paste formed of two layers, the upper being of
a dull smalt colour, the lower dark brown. The device is apparently an
ear of corn.

[Illustration: Late Roman.]

The Hertz Collection contained a well-formed octahedral diamond, about a
carat in weight, set open in a Roman ring of unquestionable authenticity.

At the Loan Exhibition of Ancient and Modern Jewellery at the South
Kensington Museum, in 1872, John Evans Esq., F.S.A., contributed a series
of seven rings, gold and silver, Roman, set with antique stones; one very
massive, of silver and gold, set with intaglio on nicolo onyx; one with an
angular hoop, and another with beaded ornaments.

'Though,' remarks Mr. Fairholt, 'a great variety of form and detail was
adopted by Greek and Roman goldsmiths for the rings they so largely
manufactured, the most general and lasting resembled a Roman ring,
probably of the time of Hadrian, which is said to have been found in the
Roman camp at Silchester, Berkshire. The gold of the ring is massive at
the face, making a strong setting for the cornelian, which is engraved
with the figure of a female bearing corn and fruit. By far the greater
majority of Roman rings exhumed at home and abroad are of this fashion,
which recommends itself by a dignified simplicity, telling by quantity and
quality of metal and stone its true value, without any obtrusive aid.'
Sometimes a single ring was constructed to appear like a group of two or
three upon the finger. Mr. Charles Edwards, of New York, in his 'History
and Poetry of Finger Rings,' has given an example of this kind of ring.
Upon the wide part of each are two letters, the whole forming 'ZHCAIC,'
_mayst thou live!_

[Illustration: Ring found at Silchester.]

[Illustration: Group Pattern.]

'The simplest and most useful form of rings, and that by consequence
adopted by people of all early nations, was the plain elastic hoop. Cheap
in construction and convenient in wear, it may be safely said to have been
generally patronised from the most ancient to the most modern times.' An
engraving by Mr. Fairholt represents 'the old form of a ring made in the
shape of a coiled serpent, equally ancient, equally far-spread in the old
world, and which has had a very large sale among ourselves as a decided
novelty. In fact, it has been the most successful design our ring-makers
have produced of late years.'

[Illustration: Ancient Plain Rings.]

The statues of Numa and Servius Tullius were represented with rings, while
those of the other Kings had none; which would induce the belief that the
use of rings was little known in the early days of Rome. Pliny[6] states
that the first date in Roman history in which he could trace any general
use of rings was in A.U.C. 449, in the time of Cneius Flavius, the son of
Annius. Less than a century before Christ, Mithridates, the famous King of
Pontus, possessed a museum of signet-rings; later, Scaurus, the stepson of
the Dictator, Sylla, had a collection of signet-rings, but inferior to
that of Mithridates, which, having become the spoil of Pompey, was
presented by him to the Capitol.

In Rome every freeman had the right to use the iron ring, which was worn
to the last period of the Republic, by such men as loved the simplicity of
the good old times. Among these was Marius, who, as Pliny tells us, wore
an iron ring in his triumph after the subjugation of Jugurtha. In the
early days of the Empire the _jus annuli_ seems to have elevated the
wearer to the equestrian order. Those who committed any crime forfeited
the distinction, and this shows us the estimation in which the ring, as an
emblem of honour, was regarded.

[Illustration: Iron Ring of a Roman Knight.]

We are told of Caesar that when addressing his soldiers after the passage
of the Rubicon he often held up the little finger of his left hand,
protesting that he would pledge even to his ring to satisfy the claims of
those who defended his cause. The soldiers of the furthest ranks, who
could see but not hear him, mistaking the gesture, imagined that he was
promising to each man the dignity of a Roman Knight.

Gold rings appear to have been first worn by ambassadors to a foreign
State, but only during a diplomatic mission; in private they wore their
iron ones.

In the course of time it became customary for all the senators, chief
magistrates, and the _equites_ to wear a gold seal-ring. This practice,
which was subsequently termed the _jus annuli aurei_, or the _jus
annulorum_, remained for several centuries at Rome their exclusive
privilege, while others continued to wear the iron ring. In Plutarch's
Life of Caius Marius he mentions that the slaves of Cornutus concealed
their master at home, and hanging up by the neck the body of some obscure
person, and putting a gold ring on his finger, they showed him to the
guards of Marius, and then wrapping up the body as if it were their
master's, they interred it.

Magistrates and governors of provinces seem to have possessed the
privilege of conferring upon inferior officers, or such persons as had
distinguished themselves, the right of wearing a gold ring. Verres thus
presented his secretary with a gold ring in the assembly at Syracuse.

[Illustration: Roman.]

Montfaucon mentions in his 'Antiquity Explained' (English Edition, 1722,
vol. iii. p. 146), a Greek seal-ring, which has the shape of a crescent.
An illustration is here given of a similarly-formed Roman ring, with the
letters Q. S. P. Q., Quintanus Senatus Populusque, from the 'Gemmae Antiquae
Litteratae.'

Some wore rings of gold, covered with a plate of iron. Trimalchion wore
two rings, one upon the little finger of his left hand, which was a large
gilt one, and the other of gold, set with stars of iron upon the middle of
the ring-finger. Some rings were hollow, and others solid. The _Flamines
Diales_ could only wear the former.

During the Empire the right of granting the privilege of a gold ring
belonged to the emperors, and some were not very scrupulous in conferring
this distinction.

Severus and Aurelian granted this privilege to all Roman soldiers;
Justinian allowed all citizens of the empire to wear such rings.

But there always seems to have been a difficulty in restricting the use of
the gold ring. Tiberius (A.D. 22) allowed its use to all whose fathers and
grandfathers had property of the value of 400,000 sestertia (3,230_l._).
The restriction, however, was of little avail, and the ambition for the
_annulus aureus_ became greater than it had ever been before.

Juvenal, in his eleventh 'Satire,' alludes to a spendthrift who, after
consuming his estate, has nothing but his ring:--

  At length, when nought remains a meal to bring,
  The last poor shift, off comes the Knightly ring,
  And sad Sir Pollio begs his daily fare,
  With undistinguished hands, and fingers bare.

Martial attacks a person under the name of Zoilus, who had been raised
from a state of servitude to Knighthood, and was determined to make the
ring, the badge of his new honour, sufficiently conspicuous:--

  Zoile, quid tota gemmam praecingere libra
    Te juvat, et miserum perdire sardonycha?
  Annulus iste tuus fuerat modo cruribus aptus;
    Non eadem digitis pondera conveniunt.

The keeping of the imperial ring (_cura annuli_) was confided to a state
keeper, as the Great Seal with us is placed in custody of the Lord
Chancellor.

With the increasing love of luxury and show, the Romans, as well as the
Greeks, covered their fingers with rings, and some wore different ones for
summer and winter, immoderate both in number and size.[7] The accompanying
illustrations represent a huge ring of  paste, all of one piece,
blue colour--one of the rings of inexpensive manufacture in popular use
among the lower classes. It is smaller on one side, to occupy less space
on the index or little finger.

[Illustration: Roman.]

The following illustrates a supposed Gallo-Roman ring of outrageous
proportions, similar to those complained of by Livy (xxxiii., see
Appendix), for their extravagant size. It is of bronze, and supposed to
represent a cow or bull seated, with a bell round the neck.

Heavy rings of gold of a sharp triangular outline were worn on the little
finger in the later time of the Empire. A thumb-ring of unusual magnitude
and of costly material is represented in Montfaucon. It bears the bust in
high relief of the Empress Plotina, the consort of Trajan: she is
represented with the imperial diadem. It is supposed to have decorated the
hand of some member of the imperial family. The Rev. C. W. King mentions a
ring in the Fould Collection (dispersed by auction in 1860), the weight of
which, although intended for the little finger, was three ounces. It was
set with a large Oriental onyx, not engraved.

[Illustration: Supposed Gallo-Roman.]

[Illustration: Roman Thumb-ring.]

Juvenal alludes to the 'season' rings:--

  Charged with light summer rings his fingers sweat,
  Unable to support a gem of weight.

The custom of wearing numerous rings must have been at a comparatively
early period: it is alluded to both by Plato and Aristophanes. According
to Martial, one Clarinus wore daily no less than sixty rings: 'Senos
Clarinus omnibus digitis gerit,' and, what is more remarkable, he loved to
sleep wearing them, 'nec nocte ponit annulos.' Quintilian notices the
custom of wearing numerous rings: 'The hand must not be overloaded with
rings, especially with such as do not pass over the middle joints of the
finger.' Demosthenes wore many rings and he was stigmatised as
unbecomingly vain for doing so in the troubled times of the State.

Seneca, describing the luxury and ostentation of the time, says: 'We adorn
our fingers with rings, and a jewel is displayed on every joint.'

As a proof of the universality of gold rings as ornaments in ancient
times, we are told that three bushels of them were gathered out of the
spoils after Hannibal's victory at Cannae. This was after the second Punic
war.

According to Mr. Waterton it is believed that gems were not mounted in
rings prior to the LXII. Olympiad.

Nero, we are informed, during his choral exhibitions in the circus, was
attended by children, each of whom wore a gold ring. Galba's guard, of the
_Equites_, had gold rings as a distinguishing badge.

Rock crystal appears to have been much in use among the Romans for making
solid finger-rings carved out of one single piece, the face engraved with
some intaglio serving for a signet.

'All those known to me,' remarks the Rev. C. W. King in 'Precious Stones,'
&c., 'have the shank moulded into a twisted cable; one example bore for
device the Christian monogram, which indicates the date of the fashion. It
would seem that these rings superseded and answered the same purpose as
the balls of crystal carried at an earlier period by ladies in their hands
for the sake of the delicious coolness during the summer heat.'

Stone rings were in common use, formed chiefly of chalcedony. 'It is most
probable,' remarks the Rev. C. W. King, 'that the first ideas of these
stone rings were borrowed by the Romans from the Persian conical and
hemispherical seals in the same material. Some of these latter have their
sides flattened, and ornamented with divers patterns, and thus assume the
form of a finger-ring, with an enormously massy shank and very small
opening, sufficient, however, to admit the little finger. And this theory
of their origin is corroborated by the circumstance that all these Lower
Roman examples belong to the times of the Empire, none being ever met with
of an early date.'

Silver rings were common: Pliny relates that Arellius Fuscus, when
expelled from the equestrian order, and thus deprived of the right of
wearing a gold ring, appeared in public with silver rings on his fingers.

Among the ancient jewels in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris is a fine
Roman ring, of which the bezel, a cornelian graved hollow, represents a
Janus with four faces.

[Illustration: Roman.]

Another Roman ring, also of gold, is attributed to the epoch of the
Emperor Hadrian. The three golden figures represented on it are those of
Egyptian deities, which have suffered under the hands of a Roman jeweller.
It is, however, possible to distinguish them as one of the most important
of the Egyptian Pantheon; that is to say, Horus, Isis, and Nephtys.
Isis-Hathor is shown with cow's ears; she has near her Horus-Harpocrates,
her son, who is crowned with the _schent_; the mother and child rise from
a lotus flower: on the left is Nephtys, crowned with a hieroglyphic
emblem, accidentally incomplete, but the signification of which is the
name even of this divinity, 'the lady of this house.'

[Illustration: Roman.]

Montfaucon, in his 'L'Antiquite Expliquee,' describes a ring with a gem
engraved representing Bellerophon, Pegasus, and the Chimaera. The hero,
riding on his famous horse, in the air, throws a dart at the monster
below, whose first head is that of a lion, the goat's head appears on her
back, and her tail terminates in a large head of a serpent. This ring was
found on the road to Tivoli, among some ashes of a dead body.

[Illustration: Representation of a ring ornamented with busts of
divinities. From the Musee du Louvre.]

Montfaucon gives the contents of a Roman lady's jewel box cut upon the
pedestal supporting a statue of Isis, and amongst other rich articles for
female decoration are, for her little finger, two rings with _diamonds_;
on the next finger a ring with many gems (_polypsephus_), emeralds, and
one pearl. On the _top joint_ of the same finger, a ring with an emerald.
The Roman ladies were prodigal in their display of rings: we read that
Faustina spent 40,000_l._ of our money, and Domitia 60,000_l._ for single
rings. Greek women wore chiefly ivory and amber rings, and these were less
costly and numerous than those used by men.

The Rev. C. W. King remarks of Roman rings that if of early date, and set
with good intagli, they are almost invariably hollow and light, and
consequently are easily crushed. Cicero relates of L. Piso, that 'while
praetor in Spain he was going through the military exercises, when the gold
ring which he wore was, by some accident, broken and crushed. Wishing to
have another ring made for himself, he ordered a goldsmith to be summoned
to the forum at Cordova, in front of his own judgment-seat, and weighed
out the gold to him in public. He ordered the man to set down his bench in
the forum, and make the ring for him in the presence of all, to prove that
he had not employed the gold of the public treasury, but had made use only
of his broken ring.'

The signs engraved on rings were very various, including portraits of
friends and ancestors, and subjects connected with mythology and religion.
In the reign of Claudius no ring was to bear the portrait of the emperor
without a special licence, but Vespasian, some time after, issued an
edict, permitting the imperial image to be engraven on rings and brooches.
Besides the figures of great personages, there were also representations
of popular events: thus, on Pompey's ring, like that of Sylla, were three
trophies, emblems of his three victories in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
After the murder of this great general, his seal-ring, as Plutarch tells
us, was brought to Caesar, who shed tears on receiving it. The Roman senate
refused to credit the news of the death of Pompey, until Caesar produced
before them his seal-ring.

[Illustration: Head of Regulus, between cornucopiae.]

On the ring of Julius Caesar was a representation of an armed Venus, as he
claimed to be a descendant of the goddess. This device was adopted by his
partisans; on that of Augustus, first a sphinx; afterwards the image of
Alexander the Great, and at last, his own portrait, which succeeding
emperors continued to use.[8]

Among the ancients the figures engraved on rings were not hereditary, and
each assumed that which pleased him. Numa had made a law prohibiting
representations of the gods, but custom abrogated the ordinance, and the
Romans had engraved in their rings not only figures of their own deities,
but those of other countries, especially of the Egyptians. The physician
Asclepiades had a ring with Urania represented upon it. Scipio the African
had a sphinx; Cornelius Scipio Africanus, younger son of the great
Africanus, wore the portrait of his father, but as his conduct was
unworthy of the character of his illustrious sire the people expressed
their disgust by depriving him of the ring. Sylla had a Jugurtha; the
Epicureans, a head of Epicurus; Commodus, an Amazon, the portrait of his
mistress Martia; Aristomenes, an Agathocles, King of Sicily; Callicrates,
a Ulysses; the Greeks, Helen; the Trojans, Pergamus; the inhabitants of
Heraclia, a Hercules; the Athenians, Solon; the Lacedaemonians, Lycurgus;
the Alexandrians, an Alexander; the Seleucians, Seleucus; Maecenas, a frog;
Pompey, a dog on the prow of a ship; the Kings of Sparta, an eagle holding
a serpent in its claws; Darius, the son of Hystaspes, a horse; the
infamous Sperus, the rape of Proserpine; the Locrians, Hesperus, or the
evening star; Polycrates, a lyre; Seleucus, an anchor.

The Rev. C. W. King, in 'Antique Gems,' informs us that 'the earliest
mention of a ring-stone in relief occurs in Seneca, who, in a curious
anecdote which he tells ("De Beneficiis," iii. 26) concerning the informer
Maro and a certain Paulus, speaks of the latter as having had on his
finger on that occasion a portrait of Tiberius in relief upon a projecting
gem, "Tiberii Caesaris imaginem ectypam atque eminente gemma." This
periphrasis would seem to prove that such a representation was not very
common at the time, or else a technical term would have been used to
express that particular kind of gem-engraving.'

Among the discoveries made during some excavations at Canterbury in 1868
was a Roman ring of exceedingly pure gold, the stone being a very fine and
highly-polished onyx, engraved with a Ganymede.

At a meeting of the Archaeological Institute at Norwich in 1847 a fine gold
Roman ring found at Caistor was exhibited, set with an intaglio on onyx,
the subject being the Genius of Victory. The following illustrations of
engraved Roman rings are taken from Montfaucon's 'L'Antiquite
Expliquee':--

[Illustration: Gold ring, with head of Trajan, radiated.]

[Illustration: Silver ring, with head of the Empress Crispina.]

[Illustration: Head of the Emperor Gordian III.]

[Illustration: Iron ring, with head of Socrates.]

[Illustration: Gold ring, with name, Vibianae.]

[Illustration: Iron ring, representing a shepherd and goat.]

[Illustration: Jupiter Serapis.]

[Illustration: Galba.]

[Illustration: Pan and Goat.]

[Illustration: Hygeia.]

[Illustration: Mercury.]

[Illustration: Bust, with inscription 'Lucilla Acv. Sta. Virgo,' formerly
in the collection of St. Genevieve; added to the splendid Cabinet of
Antiquities at Paris in 1796.]

The following engraving (from Gorlaeus) refers to the story of Masinissa
and Sophonisba, well known to classical readers. She was betrothed at a
very early age to the Numidian prince, but was afterwards married to
Syphax, B.C. 206. This warrior, in a battle with Masinissa, was conquered,
and Sophonisba became a prisoner to the Numidian prince, who, won by her
charms, married her. Scipio, fearing her influence, persisted in his
immediate surrender of the princess, and Masinissa, to spare her the
humility of captivity, sent her a bowl of poison, which she drank without
hesitation, and thus perished.

[Illustration: Ring with figures of Masinissa and Sophonisba.]

The portraits of Caligula and Drusilla, in an iron ring, made to turn from
one side to the other (Gorlaeus):--

[Illustration: Caligula and Drusilla.]

A representation of Victory, suspending a shield to a palm-tree
(Gorlaeus):--

[Illustration: Roman ring of 'Victory.']

With regard to the engraved representations on rings, Clemens
Alexandrinus gives some advice to the Christians of the second century:
'Let the engraving upon the stone be either a pigeon, or a fish, or a ship
running before the wind, or a musical lyre, which was the device used by
Polycrates; or a ship's anchor, which Seleucus had cut upon his signet;
and if it represents a man fishing, the wearer will be put in mind of the
Apostle, and of the little children drawn up out of the water. For we must
not engrave on them images of idols, which we are forbidden even to look
at; nor a sword, nor a bow, being the followers of peace, nor drinking
goblets, being sober men.' (See Chapter IV., 'Rings in connexion with
ecclesiastical usages,' _religious rings_.) The Rev. C. W. King remarks
that 'the practice of engraving licentious subjects on rings was very
prevalent in Ancient Rome. Ateius Capito, a famous lawyer of the Republic,
highly censured the practice of wearing figures of deities on rings, on
account of the profanation to which they were exposed.'

[Illustration: Roman.]

The same distinguished writer mentions an antique gold ring now in the
Florentine Cabinet, set with a cameo, which evidently shows that it
belonged to some Roman sporting gentleman, who, as the poet says, 'held
his wife a little higher than his horse,' for it is set with a cameo-head
of a lady, of tolerable work in garnet, and on the shoulders of the ring
are intaglio busts of his two favourite steeds; also a garnet with their
names cut in the gold on each side--_Amor_ and _Ospis_. On the outside of
the shank is the legend _Pomphonica_, 'success to thee, Pomphius,' very
neatly engraved on the gold.

In the possession of Captain Spratt is a remarkably fine specimen of early
Greek work, a large ring of thin gold, set with an intaglio on very fine
red sard, oval, of most unusual size, representing a figure of Abundantia
beside an altar; the edge of the setting slightly bended; the stone held
in its position by thin points of gold. This most important gem is in its
original gold setting, and was purchased in June 1845 at Milo, where it
had been found the previous year, within a short distance of the theatre,
near the position in which the Venus of Milo had been discovered about
thirty years previously.

Such was the value attached by the Romans to the setting of gems in rings,
that Nonius, a senator, is said to have been proscribed by Antony, for the
sake of a precious opal, valued at 20,000_l._ of our money, which he would
not relinquish.

The taste for engraved gems, 'grew,' observes the Rev. C. W. King, 'into
an ungovernable passion, and was pushed by its noble votaries to the last
degree of extravagance. Pliny seriously attributes to nothing else the
ultimate downfall of the Republic; for it was in a quarrel about a ring at
a certain auction that the feud originated between the famous demagogue
Drusus, and the chief senator Caepio, which led to the breaking out of the
Social War, and to all its fatal consequences.'

In the Braybrooke Collection is a gold Roman finger-ring, with two hands
clasping a turquoise in token of concord: this device, a favourite one in
mediaeval times, has thus an early origin. In the same collection is a
beautiful Romano-British gold ring, chased to imitate the scales of a
serpent, which it resembles in form: the eyelet-holes have been set with
some  gem, or paste, now lost.

Sometimes the decoration of a ring was not confined to a single gem.
Valerian speaks of the _annulus bigemmis_, and Gorlaeus gives specimens;
one, the larger gem of which has cut upon it the figure of Mars, holding a
spear and helmet, but wearing only the chlamys; the smaller gem is incised
with a dove and myrtle-branch. Engraved are two examples of the emblematic
devices and inscriptions adopted for classic rings when used as memorial
gifts. The first is inscribed,--'You have a love-pledge,' the
second,--'Proteros (to) Ugiae,' between conjoined hands.

[Illustration: Roman 'memorial' gift-rings.]

The annexed illustration represents a jewelled ring of gold, considered to
be of Roman work. It is formed with nine little bosses, set with uncut
gems, emeralds, garnets, and a sapphire: one only, supposed to be a blue
spinel, is cut in pyramidal fashion.

[Illustration: Anglo-Roman.]

A similar ring, of gold, found in Barton, Oxfordshire, may, probably, be
ascribed to the same period of the Roman rule in Britain. Weight 3 dwts.
16 grains. ('Archaeological Journal,' vol. vi. p. 290.)

[Illustration: Anglo-Roman.]

[Illustration: Roman.]

The Roman ring here given must have been inconvenient to the wearer from
its form, but may have been used as a signet. Rings were chiefly used by
the Romans for sealing letters and papers; also cellars, chests, casks,
&c.[9] They were affixed to certain signs, or symbols, used for tokens,
like what we call tallies, or tally-sticks, and given in contracts instead
of a bill, or bond, or for any sign. Rings were also given by those who
agreed to club for an entertainment, to the person commissioned to bespeak
it, from _symbola_, a reckoning; hence, _symbolam dare_, to pay his
reckoning. Rings were also given as votive offerings to the gods.

In 1841 a curious discovery was made at Lyons of the jewel-case of a
Roman lady containing a complete _trousseau_, including rings: one is of
gold, the hoop slightly ovular, and curving upward to a double leaf,
supporting three cup-shaped settings, one still retaining its stone, an
Arabian emerald. Another is also remarkable for its general form, and
still more so for its inscription, 'Veneri et Tvtele Votvm,' explained by
M. Comarmond as a dedication to Venus, and the local goddess Tutela, who
was believed to be the protector of the navigators of the Rhine; hence he
infers these jewels to have belonged to the wife of one of those rich
traders in the reign of Severus.

[Illustration: Roman rings, found at Lyons.]

Boeckh's Inscriptions (dating from the Peloponnesian War) enumerate in the
Treasury of the Parthenon, among other sacred jewels, the following rings:
an onyx set in a gold ring; ditto in a silver ring; a jasper set in a gold
ring; a jasper _seal_, enclosed in gold, seemingly a mounted scarabaeus; a
signet in a gold ring, dedicated by Dexilla (the two last were evidently
cut in the gold itself); two gem signets set in one gold ring; two signets
in silver rings, one plated with gold; seven signets of _coloured glass_
plated with gold (_i.e._ their settings); eight silver rings, and one gold
piece, fine (probably a Daric), a gold ring of 1-1/2 drs. offered by
Axiothea, wife of Socles; a gold ring with one gold piece, fine, _tied_ to
it, offered by Phryniscus, the Thessalian; a plain gold ring weighing 1/2
dr. offered by Pletho of AEgina (a widow's mite).

Fabia Fabiana, a Roman lady, offered in honour of her granddaughter Avita,
amongst other costly gifts, two rings on her little finger with diamonds,
on the next finger a ring with many gems, emeralds and one pearl; on the
top joint of the same ring, a ring with an emerald. 'The notice of the two
diamond-rings and the emerald-ring on the top joint of the ring-finger
are,' remarks the Rev. C. W. King, 'very curious. The pious old lady had
evidently offered the entire set of jewels belonging to her deceased
grandchild for the repose of her soul.'

[Illustration: Roman.]

The annexed engraving represents a remarkably fine Roman bronze ring of a
curious shape. The parts nearest the collet are flat and resemble a
triangle from which the summit has been cut. The peculiarity of the ring
is an intaglio, here represented, cut out of the material itself,
representing a youthful head. The two triangular portions which start from
the table of the ring are filled with ornaments, also engraved hollow.
Upon it is the word VIVAS, or _Mayest thou live_; probably a gift of
affection, or votive offering.

In many of the Roman keys that have been discovered the ring was actually
worn on the finger. The shank disappears, and the wards are at right
angles to the ring, or in the direction of the length of the finger.

[Illustration: Roman 'Key-rings.']

When a person, at the point of death, delivered his ring to anyone, it was
esteemed a mark of particular affection. The Romans not only took off the
rings from the fingers of the dead, but also from such as fell into a very
deep sleep or lethargy. Pliny observes: 'Gravatis somno aut morientibus
religione quadam annuli detrahuntur.' Some have conjectured that Spartian
alludes to this custom where, taking notice in the Life of the Emperor
Hadrian of the tokens of his approaching death, he says: 'Signa mortis haec
habuit: annulus in quo Imago ejus sculpta erat, sponte de digito lapsus
est.' The ring, with his own image on it, fell of itself from his finger.
Morestellus thinks they took the rings from the fingers for fear the
Pollinctores, or they who prepared the body for the funeral, should take
them for themselves, because when the dead body was laid on the pile they
put the rings on the fingers again, and burnt them with the corpse.

The custom of burning the dead lasted to the time of Theodosius the Great,
as Gothofredus states. Macrobius, who lived under Theodosius the Younger,
says the custom of burning the dead had quite ceased in his time.

The Romans commonly wore the rings on the _digitus annularis_, the fourth
finger, and upon the left hand, but this custom was not always observed.
Clemens Alexandrinus remarks that men ought to wear the ring at the bottom
of the little finger, that they might have their hand more at liberty. For
Pliny's account of this, and other ring customs, I refer the reader to the
Appendix at the end of this volume.

The clients of a Roman lawyer (remarks Fosbroke), usually presented him,
as a birthday present, with a ring, which was only used on that occasion.

Rings were given among the Romans on birthdays--generally the most solemn
festival among them, when they dressed and ornamented themselves, with as
much grandeur as they could afford, to receive their guests. Persius
alludes to the natal ring in his first Satire, in which a ring, richly set
with precious stones, figures as a part of the ceremonial.

The gladiators often wore heavy rings, a blow from which was sometimes
fatal. The ring of the first barbarian chief who entered and sacked Rome
was a curious cornelian inscribed 'Alaricus rex Gothorum.'

In the famous Castellani Collection of Antiques, now in the British
Museum, are some splendid specimens of Roman rings: one with an uncut
crystal of diamond, a stone of great rarity, and highly prized; also a
minute votive ring set with a cameo, which probably adorned the finger of
a statuette; a curious double ring for two fingers. The early Christian
rings are very remarkable; one has a crossed 'P' in gold, formerly filled
with stones or enamel; another has an anchor for device, and one a ship,
emblematic of the Church.

Amongst the Greek rings in this superb collection is the most splendid
intaglio, _on gold_, ever discovered; the bust of some Berenice or
Arsinoe side by side with that of Serapis; the ring itself, plain and very
massive, is, as the Rev. C. W. King observes, 'a truly royal signet.'

A ring in the Londesborough Collection bears the _Labarum_, the oldest
monogram of Christianity, derived from the vision in which Constantine
believed he saw the sacred emblem, and placed it on his standard with the
motto, 'In hoc signo vinces.' This ring came from the Roman sepulchre of
an early Christian.

An engraving of another ring in the same collection of massive silver is
inscribed SABBINA, most probably a love-gift.

[Illustration: Roman.]

The following represents a bronze 'legionary' ring, of oval form, with
flattened bezel, supposed to be Early Christian; obtained from Rome
('Arch. Journal,' vol. xxvi. p. 146):--

[Illustration: Roman 'Legionary' ring.]

Another, of the same description, is more elaborate:--

[Illustration: Roman 'Legionary' ring.]

[Illustration: Roman.]

The collections of our English antiquaries contain numerous specimens of
Roman rings. At Uriconium several have been found of very varied
materials. Rings formed of bone, amber,[10] and glass were provided for
the poorer people, as was the case in ancient Egypt.

[Illustration: Roman amber and glass rings.]

In the later period of the Roman empire a more ostentatious decoration of
rings, derived from Byzantium, became common. In Montfaucon we find
illustrations of this change from the classical simplicity of earlier
times.

A specimen of this character is given by Montfaucon:--

[Illustration: Byzantine.]

The annexed represents a gold ring, probably of the fifth or sixth
century, found at Constantinople ('Arch. Journal,' vol. xxvi. p. 146):--

[Illustration: Byzantine.]

In the Museum at Naples are two fine specimens of rings discovered at
Herculaneum and Pompeii, illustrations of which are here given from the
work of M. Louis Barre, 'Herculaneum et Pompeii' (Paris, 1839-40):--

[Illustration: Rings from Herculaneum and Pompeii.]

A bronze ring is curious from having similar ornaments to those of the
horse-furniture discovered some years ago at Stanwick, on the estates of
the Duke of Northumberland in Yorkshire, and which are analogous in the
character of their design to those found in Roman places of sepulture in
Rhenish Germany.

[Illustration: Roman.]

Representation of a 'trophy' ring in the Museum of the Hermitage, St.
Petersburg; the figure of a lion on the convex; on the reverse a trophy:--

[Illustration: Roman 'Trophy' ring.]

[Illustration: Roman ring (from the Museum at Mayence).]

In the Waterton Collection are some valuable and curious specimens of
Greek and Roman art in ring-manufacture. These are composed of gold,
silver, bronze, iron, lead, earthenware, amber, vitreous paste, jet, white
cornelian, lapis-lazuli, chrysoprase, &c. Amongst these will be seen some
interesting Roman rings for children; one engraved with a rude figure of
Victory, found at Rietri, in 1856, diam. 9/16 in. In the same collection
are bronze 'legionary' rings--perhaps the number of a 'centuria,' some
corps employed about Rome, where all the rings of this character connected
with the collection have been found.

Among the 'votive' rings in this collection, is one in the form of a shoe,
inscribed FELIX, of bronze.

There are also specimens of rings with the key on the hoop, to which I
have alluded in the chapter on 'Betrothal and Wedding Rings.' One has a
fluted pipe; another has a key with two wards; in another the key is
riveted on the hoop.

[Illustration: Roman Key-rings.]

The earthenware rings are of brown or red. The amber rings are of mottled
deep red, set with green paste. Those in vitreous paste are of pale blue,
transparent yellowish and transparent brown. A 'jet' ring belongs to the
late Roman period. A white cornelian ring has a smaller part of the hoop
cut down, so as to form an oval bezel, on which is engraved a standing
figure of AEsculapius. A gold ring, Roman, set with oval intaglio, on
cornelian, of a trophy consisting of a horse's head bridled, and two
Gallic shields crossed, with the name of Q. Cornel Lupi, is the seal of
Quintus Cornelius Lupus, commemorating a victory over the Gauls: the
setting is modern. Another gold ring, with oval bezel, set with an
intaglio on yellow sard, has a youthful bust, full-faced; on one side a
spear, on the other side, in Greek letters, 'Hermai.' A gold ring with
nicoli onyx is inscribed 'VIBAS LUXURI <DW25> BONE.'

Some of the 'Early Christian' rings in the same collection are very
interesting. These are of silver, bronze, and lead. One of silver has an
octagonal bezel engraved with the Agnus Dei; another, of bronze, has a
square bezel inscribed 'VIVAS IN DEO'; a bronze ring with oval bezel is
chased with a lamb, the shoulders and hoop chased so as to represent a
wreath of palms; another, of bronze, has a projecting octagonal bezel,
engraved with a dove and a star, the hoop formed so as to resemble a
wreath. A massive bronze ring has the bezel engraved with the figure of an
_orante_; on the hoop is also a _sigillum_ engraved with a cross. One
ring, of lead, has a flattened bezel rudely incised with a cross.

The following engraving represents the fore-finger, from a bronze statue,
of late Roman workmanship, on which a large ring is seen on the second
joint. A similar custom prevails in Germany.

[Illustration: Late Roman (from the Waterton Collection).]

The latest 'surprise' in regard to rings is that in connection with Dr.
Schliemann's discovery of antiquities upon the presumed site of Troy. The
Doctor, in June 1873, after indefatigable exertions in excavating, came
upon a _trouvaille_ consisting of ancient relics of great rarity, value,
and importance, including finger-rings, of which, as I have mentioned,
the Homeric writings make no mention. These were found among a marvellous
assemblage of bronze, silver, and gold objects, which lay together in a
heap within a small space. This seemed to indicate that they had
originally been packed in a chest which had perished in a conflagration
(most of the articles having been exposed to the action of fire), a bronze
key being found near them. The period to which these objects belong is the
subject of much controversy, but their origin must date from a very remote
period.

       *       *       *       *       *

Among our British, Saxon, and Mediaeval ancestors, rings were in common
use. Pliny ('Hist. Nat.' lib. xxxiii. c. 6) mentions, that the Britons
wore the ring on the middle finger. In the account of the gold, silver,
and jewellery belonging to Edward the First is mentioned 'a gold ring with
a sapphire, the workmanship of St. Dunstan.' Aldhelm, '_De Laud. Virg._',
describes a lady with bracelets, necklaces, and rings set with gems on her
fingers. Rings are frequently mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon annals. They
appear to have been worn then on the finger next to the little finger, and
on the right hand--for a Saxon bard calls that the golden finger--and we
find recorded that a right hand was once cut off on account of this
ornament.

[Illustration: Anglo-Saxon.]

[Illustration: Early British (?) ring, found at Malton.]

It was not uncommon for Saxon gold rings to have the name of the owner for
a legend. Some of the rings of the Anglo-Saxon period which have been
discovered would not discredit the workmanship of a modern artificer. One
of the most interesting relics of enamelled art which is exhibited in the
medal room of the British Museum is the gold ring of Ethelwulf, King of
Wessex (A.D. 837-857), the father of Alfred the Great. It was found in the
parish of Laverstock, Hampshire, in a cart-rut, where it had become much
crushed and defaced. Its weight is 11 dwts. 14 grains. This ring was
presented to the British Museum by Lord Radnor, in 1829. Ethelwulf became
later in life a monk at Winchester, where he had been educated, and he
died there. No reasonable ground can be alleged for doubting the
authenticity of this ring.[11]

[Illustration: Ring of Ethelwulf.]

M. de Laborde, in his 'Notice des Emaux, &c., du Louvre,' considers the
character of the design and ornament to be Saxon; and there is every
reason to suppose it was the work of a Saxon artist.

In connexion with this valuable relic is the gold ring of AEthelswith,
Queen of Mercia, the property of the Rev. W. Greenwell, F.S.A., by whom it
was exhibited at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries in January 1875.
On this occasion, A. W. Franks, Esq., Director of the Society, made the
following observations:--'This ring is one of the most remarkable relics
of antiquity that has appeared in our rooms for many years past.

'It was ploughed up in Yorkshire, between Aberford and Sherburn in the
West Riding, and it is said that the fortunate finder attached it to the
collar of his dog as an ornament. It is of gold, weighing 312 grains; the
outer surface is engraved, and partly filled up with niello. In the centre
of the bezel is the Agnus Dei, accompanied by the letters A.D. The second
letter has a stroke passing through it, so as to resemble the Saxon _th_.
If this stroke is not to be considered a simple contraction, it may be
intended for [Greek: arnos] or [Greek: arnion Theou]. In the half circle
on each side are conventional animals or monsters; the whole is surrounded
by a border of dots, much worn in places. The most remarkable part of the
ring, however, is the inscription within, which is in letters large in
proportion to the surface they occupy, and which read EATHELSVITH REGNA.
These letters, excepting the two last, are in double outline. The
engraver seems to have miscalculated the space necessary, and has left out
one letter towards the end and given the NA in single lines; or, perhaps,
the I and the N are combined in a monogram.

'The inscription is perfectly genuine, and we have, therefore, before us
the ring of Queen AEthelswith. The only person to whom, with any
probability, this inscription can be applied is AEthelswith, daughter of
Ethelwulf, and wife of Burgred or Burhred, King of Mercia. She was thus
sister to Alfred the Great. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, under
the year 853 (854), Burhred, King of the Mercians, prayed in that year
King Ethelwulf to aid him in reducing the North Welsh to obedience, which
he did; the Easter after which King Ethelwulf gave his daughter in
marriage to Burhred. She appears as witness to the charter of Burhred in
855 and 857, and 866 and 869 (Kemble's Codex, cclxxvii., cclxxviii.,
cclxxx., ccxci., ccxii., ccxcix.). In 868 we have a charter giving to her
faithful servant Cuthwulf land in Lacinge. About 872-4 she is witness to a
charter of AEthelred, Duke of Mercia. In 888 (889) we learn from the
"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" that she died:--"And Queen AEthelswith, who was
King Alfred's sister, died on the way to Rome, and her body lies at
Pavia."

'She was daughter of Ethelwulf by Osburh, daughter of Oslac, the King's
cup-bearer, and must have been many years older than her brother Alfred,
as he was only five years old at the time of her marriage.

'With regard to the inscription within the ring, it may be noticed that it
exhibits scarcely any traces of wear, while the edges of the ring show
marks of having been long worn. The engraving (which illustrates this
explanation in the "Proceedings of the Society") moreover, scarcely looks
like the work of a goldsmith. I would, therefore, suggest that the Queen
had probably offered this ring at some shrine, and the priests connected
with the shrine had engraved her name within the ring, to record the royal
giver. It could scarcely have been deposited in her tomb, as she is
recorded to have been buried at Pavia.'

In the rings of King Ethelwulf and his daughter, certain
symmetrically-placed portions of the design are not filled with niello.
These may (observes Mr. Franks) have been enriched with some 
mastic now perished. It has been habitual to describe the inlaying of
Ethelwulf's ring as blue enamel, which is certainly an error. Enamel was
very seldom employed by the Anglo-Saxon jeweller, and enamel and niello
could with difficulty be applied to the same object, on account of the
different heat at which these two substances melt.

An illustration of the remarkable ring of the Queen of Mercia is displayed
on the cover of this work.

Rings were given in Anglo-Saxon times to propitiate royal favours. Thus,
towards the end of the tenth century, Beorhtric, a wealthy noble in Kent,
left in his will a ring worth thirty mancuses of gold that the queen might
be his advocate that the will should stand. In the Braybrooke Collection
is a plain silver ring, inscribed on the top of the exterior of the hoop,
with the Anglo-Saxon word 'Dolghbot,' the meaning of which is,
compensation made for giving a man a wound, either by a stab or blow. This
ring is ornamented by a simple wavy line, and dots, as if to represent a
branch, and was found in Essex. From its size, probably a woman's
ring--perhaps for injury, or the death of her husband.

There are various nielloed rings of the Saxon period; notably a gold ring
with an inscription, and partly in runes, meaning 'Alhreds owns me, Eanred
engraved (or wrought) me,' now in the British Museum, which also has a
gold ring with two facets, found in the river Nene, near Peterborough,
engraved in the Archaeological Institute Proceedings for 1856.

[Illustration: Anglo-Saxon.]

Plain wire rings were used by the South Saxons; specimens have been
obtained in Anglo-Saxon grave-mounds in England, and others, identical in
form, in the old Saxon cemeteries in Germany. Mr. Fairholt says: 'In the
museum at Augsburg are several, which were found in cutting for the
railway near that city. One of the plain wire rings' (the first of our
illustrations) 'was exhumed from a tumulus on Chartham Downs, a few miles
from Canterbury, in 1773, by the Rev. Bryan Faussett, who says: "The bones
were those of a very young person. Upon the neck was a cross of silver, a
few  earthen beads, and two silver rings with sliding knots." The
second illustration--a wire ring, twisted so as to resemble a seal
ring--was discovered in a Saxon cemetery on Kingston Downs, Canterbury.'

[Illustration: Early Saxon rings, found near Salisbury.]

The simplest form of finger-ring worn by our ancestors, consisted of a
band of metal, merely twisted round to embrace the finger, and open at
either end. One of these rings found upon the finger-bone of an early
Saxon, in excavating at Harnham Hill, near Salisbury, was found on the
middle finger of the right hand of a person of advanced age. Sometimes
several rings were found on one hand. Among the bones of the fingers of
the left hand of an adult skeleton was found a silver ring of solid form,
another of spiral form, and a plain gold ring. Mr. Akerman, who
superintended these researches, says: 'Similar rings have been found at
Little Wilbraham, at Linton Heath, at Fairford, and other localities.
They are, for the most part, of a uniform construction, being so contrived
that they could be expanded or contracted, and adapted to the size of the
finger of the wearer.'

[Illustration: South Saxon ring, found in the Thames.]

In the Waterton Collection is a very curious South Saxon ring, described
as 'an elongated oval with a circular centre; within the circle is the
conventional figure of a dragon, surrounded by four convoluted ornaments,
reminding one of the prevailing enrichments so lavishly bestowed on old
Runic ornaments, at home and abroad. Four quaintly-formed heads of dragons
occupy the triangular spaces above and below this centre. The ground
between the ornaments has been cut down, probably for the insertion of
niello or enamel colour.' It was found in the Thames at Chelsea in 1856.

At a meeting of the Royal Archaeological Institute in June 1873 Mr. J. J.
Rogers exhibited some Anglo-Saxon bronze rings which were found in a cave,
in the parish of St. Keverne, Cornwall.

The Duke of Northumberland possesses a beautiful ring of pale-
gold (weight 157 grains), set with a ruby- gem, surrounded with
filagree work, the hoop beaded with small circles, punched, as on work of
the Saxon age. It was discovered, about 1812, by a boy who was ploughing,
near Watershaugh, Northumberland, and found the ring fixed on the point of
his ploughshare.

In the collection of R. H. Soden Smith, Esq., F.S.A., is a curious
Anglo-Saxon ring, found about ten feet below the surface of the ground, in
making Garrick Street, Covent Garden. It is of gold, the hoop nearly half
an inch wide, with a broad oval bezel, expanding to 1-3/16 inches; the
gold pale, alloyed with silver. The whole is overlaid with funiform wire
ornaments and granulated work; on the bezel are four curves of beaded
filagree radiating from the centre ornament, and having smaller bosses of
similar work between.[12]

Spiral elastic band rings of Anglo-Saxon work have been found in
considerable numbers in excavations. Douglas, in his 'Nenia Britannica,'
describes many specimens under this term, found by him in the graves of
Anglo-Saxon tribes.

[Illustration: Ancient Irish rings, found near Drogheda.]

In the earlier history of Ireland we find instances of a wonderful
development of artistic skill in goldsmith work. The Royal Irish Academy
possesses some beautiful specimens of rings. The Londesborough Collection
includes two remarkable rings which were found with other gold ornaments
near the remarkable tumulus, known as 'New Grange,' a few miles from
Drogheda. They were accidentally discovered in 1842 by a labouring man,
within a few yards to the entrance of the tumulus, at the depth of two
feet from the surface of the ground, and without any covering or
protection from the earth about them. Another labouring man, hearing of
this discovery, carefully searched the spot whence they were taken, and
found a denarius of Geta. The stone set in both rings is a cut agate.

Aildergoidhe, son of Muinheamhoin, monarch of Ireland, who reigned 3070
A.M., is traditionally said to have been the first prince who introduced
the wearing of gold rings into Ireland, which he bestowed on persons of
merit who excelled in knowledge of the arts and sciences.

[Illustration: Early Irish gold ring.]

The engraving (from the 'Archaeological Journal,' June 1848), represents a
gold ring twisted, or plaited, of early Irish work, in the fine collection
of antiquities of Edwin Hoare, Esq., of Cork.

[Illustration: The 'Alhstan' ring.]

The Alhstan ring, engraved and described in the 'Archaeologia' (vol. iv. p.
47), is in the Waterton Collection. Some observations on this very
remarkable ring are given by that learned antiquary, the Rev. Mr. Pegge.
It was found by a labourer on the surface of the ground at Llysfaen in
Caernarvonshire. It is of good workmanship, and weighs about an ounce. It
bears the inscription of Alhstan, which was a common Saxon name. Mr. Pegge
appropriates the ring to the Bishop of Sherborne of that name, because
the dragon of Wessex, apparent in the first lozenge, was not only the
device on the royal standard of Wessex, but the Bishop of Sherborne had
often conducted armies under it, having been much engaged in affairs of
war. The prelate died in 867, in the beginning of the reign of Ethelred I.

[Illustration: Anglo-Saxon ring, found near Bosington.]

In the Journal of the British Archaeological Association (vol. i.) is a cut
of an Anglo-Saxon gold-ring, discovered at Bosington, near Stockbridge; it
is of considerable thickness, ornamented with rich chain-work, and has in
its centre a male head, round which is inscribed 'NOMEN EHLLA FID IN
XPO,'--my name is Ella; my faith is in Christ. It is now in the Ashmolean
Museum at Oxford.

[Illustration]

[Illustration]

[Illustration]

In 1840 at Cuerdale, near Preston, some curious discoveries of coins and
treasure were made, considered to have been deposited about the year 910,
and the ornaments such as were worn about the time of Alfred, or somewhat
earlier. These included several rings, representations of which are given
in the 'Archaeological Journal' (vol. iv. p. 127). One is merely a piece of
metal hammered flat, thinner and narrower at the ends, and formed into a
circle; the ends lapping over, but without any fastening. It is entirely
without ornament. In some specimens the metal is hammered and bent into
the form of a ring, in the same manner as the flat one. Two rings are
formed exactly like some armlets, found at the same time; the punch has
had a triangular point, and triangles conjoined at their bases having been
struck side by side, parallel rows of sunk lozenges have been produced.
Another ring has been hammered into a small four-sided bar, then twisted,
and ultimately formed into a ring, the ends of which meet, but have not
been united. In another ring two wires have been hammered into a roundish
form, tapering towards the ends, which have been tied together. Each wire
has been ornamented by transverse blows of a blunt chisel, and has the
appearance of being also twisted; these two have been twined together to
form one ring.

In a communication from Mr. Worsaae, of Copenhagen, to the 'Archaeological
Journal,' he observes that the triangular pattern with three or four
points on the Cuerdale rings differs totally from the designs on Celtic,
Roman, or Saxon remains, and which never seems to occur on any objects
found in the interior or southern parts of Europe. 'To the instances which
Mr. Hawkins has already cited of similar patterns on silver objects found
in Denmark and in Finland, I can only add that I have seen precisely
similar objects with the same pattern in Ireland, Prussia, and Sweden, and
that in the interior of Russia, in _tumuli_ in the neighbourhood of
Moscow, the same patterns have been found on rings. In nearly every
instance these ornaments have been found along with oriental or Cufic
coins, as in the case at Cuerdale.' Mr. Worsaae is of opinion that they
are of eastern origin, and were brought to the north in the same way as
the oriental coins.

In the collection of antiquities of the Royal Irish Academy there are two
curious specimens of rings; one, like a ferule, fluted both externally and
internally, so as to resemble seven plain rings, attached to one another;
and their weight is 9 dwts.

[Illustration: Rings in the Royal Irish Academy.]

The other is a five-sided bar of gold, flat on the inside near the finger,
and angular externally; weight 1 oz. 12 dwts. 6 grs. This might be
denominated a torque ring.

The following illustration represents a spiral silver ring, found at
Largo, weighing 120 grs. It is shaped, apparently, by the hammer. The
edges are serrated. A spiral ring found with Saxon remains in Kent,
engraved by Douglas in his 'Nenia,' and another found in the Isle of
Wight, represented in the 'Winchester' volume of the Archaeological
Association, may be compared with the present example.

[Illustration: Spiral silver ring.]

Dr. Mantell has a massive gold ring, supposed to have been worn on the
finger, formed of two square bars rudely twisted together, and gradually
diminishing in size towards the extremities, where they are united
together. It was ploughed up at Bormer, in Sussex, and was presented to
Dr. Mantell by the Earl of Chichester. It is represented in Horsfield's
'History of Lewes,' plate iv. Similar rings of this description, but
differing in the fashion of the twist, have been noticed as found in
Britain. The resemblance between these ornaments and the gold 'ring-money'
of the interior of Africa is exceedingly curious.

[Illustration: Ring: Flodden Field.]

The annexed engraving (from the 'Archaeological Journal,' vol. iii. p. 269)
represents a gold ring, belonging to Sir Noel Paton, F.S.A., Scotland,
reported to have been found on the field of Flodden: weight 8 dwts. 17
grs. Other rings of a similar form have been discovered, and 'they appear
to offer some analogy with the torc of the Celtic age.'

The annexed illustration represents a remarkably fine ring engraved in
Chifflet's 'Anastasis Childerici' (1655), on the same page as that of the
Childeric ring (described in the chapter on 'Memorial and Mortuary
Rings'), for purposes of comparison, in carrying out his original theory,
that the supposed bees of Childeric were, by gradual transition, converted
into the figure known as the _fleur de lys_ of a later monarchy, as he
endeavours to illustrate by numerous diagrams, but he omits to say where
this ring marked 'sapphirus' was originally found. It is a mere
supposition that the figure represents St. Louis, but in Montfaucon's
'Monuments de la Monarchie Francaise' (Paris, 1729), in a long
disquisition on the origin, &c., of the _fleur de lys_, on referring to
plate xxiii. tom. ii. p. 158, where St. Louis 'instruit ses enfans,' his
shield is noticed as bearing for the _first time three fleurs de lys_.

[Illustration]

Sandford, in his 'Genealogical History' (pp. 270, 289), says that Henry
the Fifth, being Prince of Wales, 'did bear azure, 3 _flowers de lys or_,
for the Kingdom of France, reducing them from _semee_ to the number 3, as
did Charles VI., the present King.'

Among the old Northmen rings were generally worn by rich people and
persons of rank. Such rings are frequently found in barrows of pagan date,
and from their nature and quality it is easy to determine that they were
generally of very simple workmanship; the reason of which, undoubtedly,
was that they were used instead of money in commercial transactions, and
had, therefore, not unfrequently to be cut asunder. Still, rings of more
artistic workmanship are sometimes found in pagan graves.

[Illustration: Gold.]

[Illustration: Gold.]

[Illustration: Bronze.]

[Illustration: Gold, enamelled and inlaid.]

[Illustration: Gold.]

[Illustration: Gold.]

[Illustration: Gold.]

The preceding cuts are taken from examples in the Royal Museum,
Copenhagen, of the curious twisted spiral rings alluded to, found in the
graves of the old Northmen.

Charlemagne sealed all his acts with his ring. That of his son Louis le
Debonnaire had for inscription XPE. PROTEGE HELLDOVICUNI. IMPERATOREM.

From the reign of Hugh Capet each King had his particular seal-ring. St.
Louis had for device a ring interlaced with a garland of lilies and
daisies, in allusion to his name and that of his queen.

Two curious rings of early date are here represented: one a seal-ring of
the Frankish period, found near Allonnes (Sarthe) bearing the monogram
Lanoberga; the other, of gold, Merovingian, found in Vitry-le-Francais,
supposed to be a conjugal ring, with inscription.

[Illustration: Frankish period.]

[Illustration: Merovingian.]

The annexed illustration represents a gold ring, in the Bibliotheque
Nationale at Paris, with the initials S. R., and supposed by the Abbe
Cochet ('La Normandie Souterraine') to mean 'Sigebertus Rex,' but which
of the three Sigeberts, Kings of Austrasia (the name given, under the
Merovingians, to the eastern possessions of the Franks), cannot be
conjectured.

[Illustration: Merovingian.]

To a similar period may, perhaps, be ascribed the ring found near Blois,
represented in the following engraving:--

[Illustration: Merovingian.]

The annexed cuts represent a gold signet-ring, inscribed 'Heva,' and a
seal-ring, both of the Merovingian period.

[Illustration: Merovingian.]

A remarkable ring of the Merovingian period, now in the collection of R.
H. Soden Smith, Esq., F.S.A., was exhibited at the Archaeological Institute
in 1874. It is a massive gold ring, with oval bezel 1-1/4 inches long, by
1 inch in width, set with an antique polished chalcedony of two layers,
the edges bevelled. The setting is rather more than a quarter of an inch
deep, and is formed of a band of gold, supported by perpendicular ridges,
made by folding another thick band, or ribbon, of gold; a double row of
pellets of gold, and others on the shoulder of the hoop, add to the rich
effect of the whole. The hoop is a somewhat rude angular band, with a
zigzag punched ornament round it. This ring was found in the neighbourhood
of Bristol.

       *       *       *       *       *

It was in the Middle Ages, however, after a period of comparative
mediocrity, that the greatest degree of perfection in goldsmiths' work,
and especially in rings, began to display itself. In the reign of Edward
III. (1363), so great was the extravagance in dress and decoration that an
Act was passed to repress the evil. All persons under the rank of
Knighthood, or of less property than two hundred pounds in land and
tenements, were forbidden to wear rings, and other articles of jewellery.

[Illustration: Gold 'Middle Age' ring, from the Louvre.]

In the 'Vision of Pierce Ploughman,' written, it is supposed, about this
date, the poet speaks of a richly-adorned lady, whose fingers were all
embellished with rings of gold, set with diamonds, rubies, and sapphires.

In a parchment roll of Prayers to the Virgin in the Library of Jesus
College, Oxford, which formerly belonged to Margaret of Anjou, there is a
portrait of that queen who is represented wearing two rings on each finger
except the least, placed on the middle as well as the third joint of the
fingers--a fashion probably introduced by her, and shown in the curious
portrait of this queen on the tapestry at Coventry.

In later ages we find the same practice of ornamenting the fingers with
several rings. In the description of a Scottish woman of the middle of the
sixteenth century, attributed to Dunbar, we find:--

  On ilkune fyngar scho weirit ringis tuo
  Scho was als proud an ony papingo.

Queen Elizabeth had an immoderate love for jewellery; and the description
given of her dresses covered with gems of the greatest rarity and beauty
reads like a romance. For finger-rings she had a remarkable fondness. Paul
Hentzner, in his 'Journey into England,' 1598, relates that a Bohemian
baron having letters to present to her at the palace of Greenwich, the
queen, after pulling off her glove, 'gave him her right hand to kiss,
sparkling with rings and jewels--a mark of particular favour.'

[Illustration: Rings on the effigy of Lady Stafford.]

In Bromsgrove Church, Staffordshire, are the fine monumental effigies of
Sir Humphrey Stafford and his lady (1450)--remarkable alike for the rich
armour of the knight and the courtly costume of the lady. She wears a
profusion of rings; every finger, except the little finger of the right
hand, being furnished with one. They exhibit great variety of design. The
two hands are lifted in prayer.

'In the Duke of Newcastle's comedy,' observes Mr. Fairholt, 'the "Country
Captain" (1649), a lady of title is told that when she resides in the
country a great show of finger rings will not be necessary: "Show your
white hand, with but one diamond, when you carve, and be not ashamed to
wear your own ringe with the old posie." That many rings were worn by
persons of both sexes is clear from another passage in the same play,
where a <DW2> is described, 'who makes his fingers like jewellers' cards to
set rings upon.'

The same custom prevailed in France. Mercier, in his 'Tableau de France,'
mentions that at the close of the eighteenth century enormous rings were
worn. The hand of a woman presented a collection of rings, 'et si ces
bagues etaient des antiques, elles offriraient un echantillon d'un cabinet
des pierres gravees.' He adds that 'the nuptial ring is now unnoticed on
the fingers of women; wide and profane rings altogether conceal this
warrant of their faith.'

So important a business was the making of rings that it was separated from
the ordinary work of the goldsmith, and became a distinct trade.

In the sixteenth century, among the various articles carried by the pedlar
rings were reckoned. In Heywood's 'Four PP (A Newe and a very mery
Enterlude of a Palmer, a Pardoner, a Potycary, and a Pedler),' the
Potycary addresses the Pedler:--

  What the devyll hast thou there at thy backe?--

to which he replies:--

  What dost thou not knowe that every pedler
  In all kinde of trifles must be a medler?
  Gloves, pinnes, combes, glasses unspotty'd,
  Pomanders, hookes, and lases knottyed;
  Broches, _rynges_, and all maner of bedes.

The instances in which brooches and rings are mentioned together are
numerous. In Scott's edition of Sir Tristrem (pages 23, 28) we find:--

  Who gaf broche and beighe (ring)?
  Who but Douk Morgan?

  A loud thai sett that sleigh
    With all his winning yare
  With broche and riche beighe.

In the Chester Mystery Plays the shepherds do not know what to present to
the Babe of Bethlehem, and Secundus Pastor says:--

  Goe we nere anon, with such as we have broughte,
  Ringe, broche, ner precious stoune,
  Let us see yf we have oughte to proffer.

And the 'first boye' adds:--

  Nowe Lorde for to geve thee have I no thinge,
  Neither goulde, silver, broche, ner ringe.

In the old ballad of Redisdale and Wise William the lady is enticed with
rich presents:--

  Come down, come down, my lady fair,
    A sight of you i'll see,
  And bonny jewels, broaches, rings,
    I will give unto thee.

to which she replies:--

  If you have bonny broaches, rings,
    Oh, mine are bonny tee,
  Go from my yettes, now, Reedisdale,
    For me ye shall not see.

Of the later period of ring decoration there are some splendid specimens
in various collections. Mr. Fairholt, in his 'Facts about Finger-rings,'
has given illustrations and descriptions of two rings of this character in
the Londesborough Collection. One is decorated with floral ornament,
engraved and filled with green and red enamel colours. The effect on the
gold is extremely pleasing, having a certain quaint sumptuousness
peculiarly its own. The other specimen, a signet-ring, bears a 'merchants'
mark' (see notice of 'Merchants' marks' at the end of this chapter) upon
its face.

[Illustration: Enamelled floral ring.]

[Illustration: 'Merchant's' ring.]

In the same collection is a ring, doubtless a _gage d'amour_, the hoop of
which is richly decorated with quaint floriated ornaments, cut upon its
surface, and filled in with the black composition termed _niello_, once
extensively used by goldsmiths in enriching their works. This beautiful
ring is inscribed within the hoop, '=Mon Cor Plesor=,'--'my heart's
delight.'

There are two very beautiful examples of sixteenth century rings, one in
the Londesborough Collection, which has a ruby in a very tall setting,
enriched by enamel. The sides of the hoop are highly decorated with
flowers and scroll ornament, also richly enamelled. The other ring is in
the Waterton Collection, gold, enamelled, set with a large turquoise in
the centre, and surrounded by six raised garnets. This ring is said to
have subsequently belonged to Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, whose
cipher is upon it.

[Illustration: Ring: Sixteenth Century.]

[Illustration: Ring of Frederick the Great.]

Rings of Italian workmanship of a late period are remarkably beautiful.
Venice particularly excelled in this art. In the Londesborough Collection
is a fine specimen. The four claws of the other ring in open-work, support
the setting of a sharply-pointed pyramidal diamond, such as was then
coveted for writing on glass. The shank bears a fanciful resemblance to a
serpent swallowing a bird, of which only the claws connecting the face
remain on view.

[Illustration: Venetian.]

[Illustration: Italian diamond ring.]

'It was,' remarks Mr. Fairholt, 'with a similar ring Raleigh wrote the
words on a window-pane: "Fain would I rise, but that I fear to fall," to
which Queen Elizabeth added: "If thy heart fail thee, do not rise at
all"--an implied encouragement which led him on to fortune.'[13]

The annexed engraving represents a gold symbolical ring of the sixteenth
century, enamelled, of various colours.

[Illustration: Italian.]

Two rings are described by Mr. Fairholt of a peculiar construction. One,
of Venice work, is set with three stones in raised bezels; to their bases
are affixed, by a swivel, gold pendant ornaments, each set with a garnet.
As the hand moves, these pendants fall about the finger, the stones
glittering in the movement. This fashion was evidently borrowed from the
East, where people delight in pendant ornaments, and even affix them to
articles of utility.

The other ring, of silver, is of East Indian workmanship, discovered in
the ruins of one of the most ancient temples: to its centre are affixed
bunches of pear-shaped, hollow drops of silver, which jingle with a soft,
low note as the hand moves.[14]

[Illustration: Venetian.]

[Illustration: East Indian.]

The Indians prefer rings with large floriated faces spreading over three
fingers like a shield. When made for the wealthy, in massive gold, the
flower leaves are of cut jewels, but the humbler classes are content with
them in cast silver. Representations are here given of these rings.

[Illustration: Indian.]

In Southern Europe, where jewellery is deemed almost an essential of life
and the poorest will wear it in profusion, though only made of copper, the
rings are curious and elaborate. A Spanish ring, of the early part of the
last century, has a heart, winged and crowned, in its centre: the heart is
transfixed by an arrow, but surrounded by flowers. It may possibly be a
religious emblem. Another Spanish ring, of more modern manufacture, has a
very light and elegant design. The flowers are formed of rubies and
diamonds, and the effect is extremely pleasing. Such work may have
originated the 'giardinetti' rings, specimens of which are seen in the
South Kensington Museum. Two are there described as English work of the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They appear to have been used as
'guards,' or 'keepers,' to the wedding-ring, and are of pleasing floriated
design, and of very delicate execution.

[Illustration: Spanish.]

[Illustration: 'Giardinetti' rings.]

Annexed are representations of some remarkably fine rings (French) dating
from the close of the fourteenth century or the commencement of the
fifteenth.

[Illustration: French.]

A handsome ring, of silver gilt, representing St. George and the Dragon,
belongs to the end of the fifteenth century. There is a border of roses
and fleurs-de-lys around the saint.

[Illustration: French.]

[Illustration: French.]

The following examples of French art of the sixteenth century are in the
Museum of the Louvre:--

[Illustration: French.]

The annexed illustration represents an escutcheon ring (from Viollet le
Duc) of the Middle Ages, and is thus described by M. Chabouillet in his
'Catalogue General.' The Cabinet of Medals at Paris possesses a ring
dating from the commencement of the fifteenth century, if one may judge
from the form of the letters, and that of the helmet engraved on the seal.
The ring is of massive gold; the arms, engraved hollow on the seal,
represent a shield, charged with a dragon, carrying (perhaps) some prey in
his jaws. On the two sides of the intaglio are two names--MARIN, PIXIAN.
On the sides of the ring are two inscriptions in relief, one only of which
is legible, and this is taken from St. Luke--'Jesus autem transiens per
medium illorum ibat.'

[Illustration: 'Escutcheon' ring. French.]

The accompanying are from Chabouillet's 'Orfevrerie de la Renaissance,' in
the Fould Collection (dispersed by auction in 1860).

[Illustration: French.]

These engravings are from Labarte's 'Orfevrerie du XV. et XVI. Siecles':--

[Illustration: French.]

[Illustration: French.]

The following represent rings in the Musee Sauvageot, of the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries; one is elaborately wrought of chiselled iron, of
French manufacture--date, 16th century.

[Illustration: French.]

The annexed are two fine specimens of comparatively modern date; one
ending in volutes near the bezel, the other enamelled white, red, green,
and blue--a turquoise, with diamonds and rubies in settings.

[Illustration: French.]

Mr. Fairholt mentions two characteristic specimens of modern French
ring-work; one a signet ring, the face engraved with a coat of arms. At
the sides two _Cupidons_ repose amidst scroll-work partaking of the taste
of the _Renaissance_. The same peculiarity influences the design of the
second ring; here a central arch of five stones, in separate settings, are
held by the heads and outstretched wings of _Chimaeras_, whose breasts are
also jewelled. Both are excellent designs.

[Illustration: Modern French.]

[Illustration: Moorish.]

In the Londesborough Collection is a triplicate of Moorish rings, which
will enable us to understand their peculiarities. One has a large circular
face composed of a cluster of small bosses, set with five circular
turquoises and four rubies; the centre being a turquoise, with a ruby and
turquoise alternating round it. This ring is of silver. Another, of the
same material, is set with an octangular bloodstone, with a circular
turquoise on each side. There is, also, a silver signet ring, bearing the
name of its original owner, engraved on a cornelian.

[Illustration: Bavarian.]

In the South Kensington Museum is a massive and heavy brass ring, with
octagonal bezel armed with five projecting points, used as a weapon by
peasants in Upper Bavaria from about the year 1700 to the present time.

The Indians prefer rings with large floriated faces, spreading over three
fingers like a shield. When made for the wealthy in massive gold, the
flower leaves are of cut jewels, but the humbler classes, who equally love
display, are content with them in cast silver. Such a ring is in the
British Museum, where there are also two specimens of rings beside it such
as are worn by the humbler classes.

       *       *       *       *       *

A curious gold ring, bearing the impress a 'merchant's mark,' was
exhibited by Mr. Sully at a meeting of the Archaeological Institute of
November 1851. It was found at St. Anne's Well, near Nottingham, and the
date is about the time of Henry VI. From a representation in the 'Journal'
the impress appears to be composed of the orb of sovereignty, surmounted
by a cross, having two transverse bars, like a patriarchal cross. The
extremities of the lower limbs terminate with the Arabic numerals, 2--0,
the cipher being transversed by a diagonal stroke, as frequently written
in early times. On one side of the hoop is seen the Virgin and Child, on
the other the Crucifix; these were originally enamelled. Within is
inscribed--=Mon Cur avez=. Weight 7 dwts. 21 grs.

A brass signet-ring found in the Cathedral Close at Hereford, bears for
impress a kind of merchant's mark, a cross, with the lower extremity
barbed like an arrow, between the initials G. M.--now in the possession of
the Dean of Hereford.

In the Braybrooke Collection is a bronze signet-ring with a merchant's
mark within a cable border: the mark may be intended to represent a buoy,
which would accord well with the border, supposing it to be a trader's
cipher; the hoop is likewise twisted to imitate the strands of a rope.
This ring was found in the Thames.

In the same collection is a massive gold thumb-ring engraved as a signet,
with a merchant's mark within a rude shield. The shoulders of the hoop are
chased with Marguerite flowers, which were commonly adopted in the reign
of Henry VI., in honour of the queen-mother, and may indicate the date of
the ring. It was found at Littlebury, Essex, in 1848. In the same
collection is a large gold thumb-ring, with a round hoop and signet, on
which is engraved the letter E of Longobardic form, within
delicately-cusped tracery, surmounted by a coronet. The hoop is inscribed
externally with the words _in. on. is. al._ (in one is all): probably
intended for a charm, of which so many forms are found upon rings of the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

In the Londesborough Collection is the fine specimen (to which I have
alluded in a previous page) of a signet-ring bearing a 'merchant's mark.'

'The marks,' observes Mr. Fairholt, 'varied with every owner, and was as
peculiar to himself as the modern autograph; they were a combination of
initials, or letter-like devices, frequently surmounted by a cross, or a
conventional sign, believed to represent the sails of a ship. The marks
were placed upon the bales of merchandise, and were constantly used where
the coat armour, or badge of a nobleman or gentleman entitled to bear arms
would be placed. The authority vested in such merchants' rings is
curiously illustrated in one of the historical plays on the life and reign
of Queen Elizabeth, written by Thomas Heywood, and to which he gave the
quaint title: "If you know not me, you know nobody." Sir Thomas Gresham,
the great London merchant, is one of the principal characters, and in a
scene where he is absent from home, and in sudden need of cash, he
exclaims: "Here, John, take this seal-ring, bid Timothy send me presently
a hundred pound." John takes the ring to the trusty Timothy, saying:
"Here's his seal-ring; I hope a sufficient warrant." To which Timothy
replies: "Upon so good security, John, I'll fit me to deliver it." Another
merchant in the same play is made to obtain his wants by similar means:--

  ------receive thou my seal-ring:
  Bear it to my factor; bid him by that token
  Sort thee out forty pounds' worth of such wares
  As thou shalt think most beneficial.

The custom must have been common to be thus used in dramatic scenes of
real life. These plays were produced in 1606.'[15]

'Merchants' marks, which appear to have been imitated from the Flemings
during the reign of Edward the Third, and became very common during the
fifteenth and early part of the sixteenth century, both on seals and
signet-rings, offer a somewhat curious field for research, and are often
very useful in identifying the persons by whom domestic and parts of
ecclesiastical edifices on which they occur were built. They were more
generally used in the great seaports of England than in the south--a fact
which is readily accounted for by the frequent intercourse between those
ports and Flanders. It may be observed also that such marks belonged
chiefly to wool-factors, or merchants of the staple.'--_Archaeological
Journal_ for March 1848.

[Illustration: Merchants' rings.]

       *       *       *       *       *

In the collections of our English antiquaries are numerous specimens of
_thumb-rings_, and in the chapter on 'Ecclesiastical Usages in Connection
with Rings' I have mentioned several of particular interest, notably an
effigy with a signet-ring of remarkable size represented as worn over both
the thumbs. Dr. Bruce found some thumb-rings along the line of the Roman
wall.

The custom of wearing thumb-rings is alluded to by Chaucer, in the
'Squire's Tale,' where it is said of the rider of the brazen horse who
advanced into the hall, Cambuscan, that 'upon his thumb he had of gold a
ring.' Brome, in the 'Antipodes,' 1638, and also in the 'Northern Lass:'
'A good man in the city wears nothing rich about him but the gout, or a
thumb-ring.'

In the 'Archaeological Journal' (vol. iii. page 268) is a representation of
a curious thumb-ring, which supplies a good example of the signet
thumb-ring of the fifteenth century. It is of silver, alloyed, or plated
with baser metal and strongly gilt. The hoop is grooved spirally, and the
initial H is engraved upon it; weight 17 dwts. 18 grs. It was found in
1846, in dredging in the bed of the river Severn, at a place called
Saxon's or Saxton's Lode.

Signet rings of this kind were worn by rich citizens, or persons of
substance not entitled to bear arms. Falstaff bragged that in his earlier
years he had been so slender in figure that he could readily have crept
through an 'alderman's thumb-ring,' and a ring thus worn--probably, as
more conspicuous--appears to have been considered as appropriate to the
customary attire of a civic dignitary at a much later period. A character
in the Lord Mayor's show in 1664 is described as 'habited like a grave
citizen--gold girdle and gloves hung thereon, rings on his fingers, and a
seal-ring on his thumb.'

In Labartes 'Hand-book of the Fine Arts in the Middle Ages' is a
representation of a fine thumb-ring, of Hindoo workmanship, cut out of a
single piece of jade, decorated with gold filagree, and incrusted with
rubies.

A magical thumb-ring of gilt, bearing the figure of a toad, and of German
workmanship of the fourteenth century is in the Londesborough Collection,
and is described in the chapter on 'Ring Superstitions.' The annexed
representation is from a ring in the same collection.

[Illustration: Thumb-ring.]

The figure of a morse ivory thumb-ring of an Earl of Shrewsbury, belonging
to Dr. Iliff, is given in the 'Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries'
(December, 1859), in which it is fully described. On this is engraved
various coats of arms, surrounded by the Garter, and ensigned with an
earl's coronet. A list of the quarterings is also given.[16]

In the Braybrooke Collection is a massive latten thumb-ring, with a signet
engraved with I.H.S. and three tears below; the words, 'in Deo Salus' are
inside the hoop. They are from the Penitential Psalms, and in union with
the tears. Date from the thirteenth century.

In a portrait of Lady Anne Clifford, the celebrated Countess of Pembroke,
she wears a ring upon the thumb of her right hand.

To the practice of English ladies wearing, formerly, the wedding-ring on
the thumb I have alluded in the chapter on 'Betrothal and Wedding-rings.'

Dr. Thomas Chalmers wore the ring of his great-great-great-grandfather,
John Alexander, on his thumb.

'Oriental rings,' remarks the Rev. C. W. King, 'exactly like the ancient
in shape, and made of cornelian, chalcedony, and agate, with legends in
Arabic on the face, for the use of signets, are by no means uncommon in
collections. They are of large size, being designed to be worn on the
_thumb_ of the right hand, in order to be used in drawing the bow-string,
which the Orientals pull with the bent thumb, catching it against the
shank of the ring, and not with the two first fingers, as is the practice
of English archers.'

[Illustration: Brass Thumb-ring.]

A brass seal-ring large enough for a man's thumb was found in Hampshire
some years ago, and is noticed in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' vol. liv.




CHAPTER II.

RING SUPERSTITIONS.


A mysterious significance has been associated with rings from the earliest
periods, among various nations. They were supposed to protect from evil
fascinations of every kind, against the 'evil eye,' the influence of
demons, and dangers of every possible character; though it was not simply
in the rings themselves that the supposed virtues existed, but in the
materials of which they were composed, in some particular precious stone
that was set in them, as charms or talismans, in some device or
inscription on the stone, or some magical letters engraven on the
circumference of the ring.

The ring worn by the high-priest of the Jews was of inestimable value,
chiefly, according to a tradition, of its celestial virtues; and the ring
of Solomon, as Hebrew legends state, possessed powers which enabled him to
baffle the most subtle of his enemies.[17] Some curious particulars
respecting this ring will be found in Josephus (lib. viii. ch. 2), which,
however, are considered as interpolations. According to this he witnessed
the healing of demoniacs by one Eleazar, a Jew, in the presence of the
Emperor Vespasian, by the application of a medicated ring to the nostrils
of the patient. The Jew recited several verses connected with the name of
Solomon, and the devils came forth through the noses of the patients. 'It
was to this great prince the honour of this discovery is attributed, as
well as other magical operations, and without him it would be improbable
to obtain success.'[18] The signet-ring of Solomon had the mystic word
_schemhamphorasch_ engraved upon it, and procured for him the wonderful
_shamir_, which enabled him to build the temple. Every day at noon it
transported him into the firmament, where he heard the secrets of the
universe. This continued until he was persuaded by the devil to grant him
his liberty, and to take the ring from his finger; the demon then assumed
his shape as King of Israel, and reigned three years, while Solomon became
a wanderer in foreign lands.

According to an Arabian tradition, King Solomon, on going to the bath,
left his ring behind him, which was stolen by a Jewess, and thrown by her
into the sea. Deprived of his miraculous amulet, which prevented him from
exercising the judicial wisdom for which he was celebrated, Solomon
abstained for forty days from administering justice, when he at length
found the ring in the stomach of a fish that was served at his table. Many
curious fictions on this subject are related by Arabian writers in a book
called 'Salcuthat,' devoted to the subject of magical rings, and they
trace this particular ring of Solomon in a regular succession from Jared,
the father of Enoch, to the 'wisest of men.'[19]

Old legends state that Joseph and the Virgin Mary used at their espousals
a ring of onyx or amethyst. The discovery is dated from the year 996, when
the ring was given by a jeweller from Jerusalem to a lapidary of Clusium,
who indicated its origin. The miraculous powers of the ring having been
found out by accident, it was placed in a church, when its efficacy in
curing disorders of every kind was remarkable--trifling, however, in
comparison with its singular power of multiplying itself. Similar rings
were claimed as the genuine relic by many churches in Europe at the same
time, and received the same devout homage.

This superstition of the 'Virgin's Ring' still prevails in Catholic
countries. Thus, the correspondent of the 'Standard' newspaper, in an
article contributed to that journal on 'Art in Perugia' (Sept. 4, 1875),
writes:--'We went into the Duomo, or cathedral of Perugia. It is not among
the churches most worth visiting. Several other churches contain far more,
and more interesting works of art in various kinds. The "Nuptial Ring of
the Virgin Mary," which is the treasure on which the Chapter of Perugia
most prides itself, is not to be seen. A sacristan whom I innocently asked
to show it to me, looked at me and spoke to me as much as if I had
requested him to show me round the wondrous scene described by the Seer of
the Apocalypse. He told me, indeed, when his first astonishment at my
ignorant audacity had somewhat calmed down, that the ring could be seen if
I would "call again" on St. Joseph's day next, on which solemnity it is
every year exhibited from a high balcony in the church to the kneeling
crowds of the faithful from all the country-side. Meanwhile it was locked
away behind innumerable bars and doors, the many keys of which are in the
keeping of I do not know how many high ecclesiastical authorities.

'The ring itself, a plain gold circlet--large enough, apparently, for any
man's thumb, and about six times as thick as any ordinary marriage-ring (I
have seen an accurate engraving of it)--is, of course, in no wise worth
seeing. But the casket in which it is kept--a very remarkable specimen of
mediaeval goldsmiths' work--is, by all accounts, very much so. However, it
is not to be seen, not even on St. Joseph's day, to any good purpose.'

I may add that the celebrated painting of the Marriage of the Virgin, by
Perugino, was formerly in this chapel of the cathedral, called 'Del Santo
Anelo,' or the Holy Ring, but was removed, with many other spoils, after
the treaty of Tolentino, and is now in the Museum of Caen, in Normandy.

In the old Mystery of the 'Miraculous Espousal of Mary and Joseph,'
Issachar, the 'Busshopp,' says:--

            'Mary; wole ye have this man
             And hym to kepyn, as yo lyff?'
  _Maria._--'In the tenderest wyse, fadyr, as I kan,
             And with all my wyttys ffyll.'
  _Ep'us._--'Joseph; with this rynge now wedde thi wyff,
             And be her hand, now, thou her take.'
  _Joseph._--'Ser, with this rynge, I wedde her ryff,
              And take her' now her' for my make.'[20]

The planet Jupiter was considered by the Hebrews propitious for weddings,
and the newly-married gave rings on those occasions, on which the words
_Mazal Tob_ were inscribed, signifying that good fortune would happen
under that star.

A remarkable gold talismanic ring, supposed, on satisfactory grounds, by
Colonel Tod (author of 'Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han') to be of
Hindu workmanship, was found some years since on the Fort Hill, near
Montrose, on the site of an engagement in the reign of the unfortunate
Queen Mary. This ring had an astrological and mythological import. It
represented the symbol of the sun-god Bal-nat'h, around which is wreathed
a serpent _guardant_, with two bulls as supporters, or the powers of
creative nature in unison, typified in the miniature Lingam and Noni--in
short, a graven image of that primaeval worship which prevailed among the
nations of antiquity. This is 'the pillar and the calf worshipped on the
fifteenth of the month' (the sacred _Amavus_ of the Hindus) by the
Israelites, when they adopted the rites of the Syro-Phoenician adorers of
Bal, the sun. Colonel Tod considered that this curious relic belonged to
some superstitious devotee, who wore it as a talisman on his thumb.

According to Zoroaster, Ormuzd represented the Good Principle, and
Ahrimanes the Evil. The former is seen on ancient sculptures, holding, as
an emblem of power, a ring in one hand.

All the Hindu Mogul divinities are represented with rings. The statues of
the gods at Elephanta have, amongst other ornaments, finger-rings.

From Asia, legends connected with rings were introduced into Greece, and
numberless miraculous powers were ascribed to them. The classical
derivation of the ring was attributed to Prometheus, who, having incurred
the displeasure of Jupiter, was compelled to wear on his finger an iron
ring, to which was attached a fragment of the rock of the Caucasus.

  To adorn the finger-ring with inlaid stone
  Was first to men by wise Prometheus shown,
  Who from Caucasian rock a fragment tore,
  And, set in iron, on his finger wore.

The ring of Gyges, King of Lydia, rendered the wearer invisible when the
stone turned inwards[21] (so also the ring of Eluned, the Lunet of the old
English romance of Ywaine and Gawaine, and in several German stories). The
ring of Polycrates the tyrant, which was flung into the sea to propitiate
Nemesis, was found, like that of Solomon, inside a fish served at his
table. The story is thus related by Herodotus. Amasis, King of Egypt,
after Polycrates had obtained possession of the island of Samos, sent the
tyrant a friendly letter, expressing a fear of the continuance of his
singular prosperity, for he had never known such an instance of felicity
which did not come to calamity in the long run; advising, therefore,
Polycrates to throw away some favourite gem in such a way that he might
never see it again, as a kind of charm against misfortune. Polycrates
took the advice, and, sailing away from the shore in a boat, threw a
valuable signet-ring--an emerald set in gold--into the sea, in sight of
all on board. This done he returned home and gave vent to his sorrow. It
happened five or six days afterwards that a fisherman caught a fish so
large and beautiful that he thought it well deserved to be presented to
the King. So he took it with him to the gate of the palace, and said that
he wanted to see Polycrates. On being admitted the fisherman gave him the
fish with these words: 'Sir King, when I took this prize I thought I would
not carry it to market, though I am a poor man who lives by his trade. I
said to myself, it is worthy of Polycrates and his greatness, and so I
brought it here to give to you.' The speech pleased the King, who replied:
'Thou didst well, friend, and I am doubly indebted both for the gift and
the speech. Come now and sup with me.' So the fisherman went home,
esteeming it a high honour that he had been asked to sup with the King.
Meanwhile the servants, in cutting open the fish, found the signet of
their master in the stomach. No sooner did they see it than they seized
upon it, and, hastening to Polycrates with great joy, restored it to him,
and told him in what way it had been found. The King, who saw something
providential in the matter, forthwith wrote a letter to Amasis telling him
all that had happened. Amasis perceived that it does not belong to man to
save his fellow-man from the fate which is in store for him. Likewise, he
felt certain that Polycrates would end ill, as he prospered in everything,
even finding what he had thrown away. So he sent a herald to Samos, and
dissolved the contract of friendship. This he did that when the great and
heavy misfortune came he might escape the grief which he would have felt
if the sufferer had been his loved friend. Polycrates died in the third
year of the 64th Olympiad. This seal-ring was taken later to Rome, where
Pliny relates that he saw and handled it. The Emperor Augustus had it
inserted in a horn of gold, and placed it in the temple of Concord, in the
midst of other golden objects of great value. The seal is represented to
have been as large as a crown piece, in shape a little oblong. The subject
was a lyre, around which were three bees in the upper part; at the foot
was a dolphin on the right, and the head of a bull on the left--the lyre,
the emblem of poetry; the bees, industry; the bull, production; and the
dolphin, a friend to man.

Some years ago, it was reported that this remarkable seal-ring was found
by an inhabitant of Albano in a vineyard, but this story has never been
confirmed.

Apart from the superstitious inferences deduced from the singular recovery
of the ring, the fact itself may be probably accepted. The Rev. C. W.
King, in 'Precious Stones, Gems, and Precious Metals,' observes: 'There
can be little doubt that this tale of the "Fish and the Ring" is true.
Fish, especially the mackerel, greedily swallow any glittering object
dropped into the sea; and within my own recollection, one when opened was
found to contain a wedding-ring.'[22]

Legends of the fish and the ring are found in most countries: the ancient
Indian drama of Sacontala has an incident of this character. In the
armorial bearings of the see of Glasgow, and now of the city, the stem of
St. Kentigern's tree is crossed by a salmon bearing in its mouth a ring.
The legend attached to this is related in 'Jocelin's Life of St.
Kentigern.' In the days of this saint, a lady having lost her
wedding-ring, it stirred up her husband's jealousy, to allay which she
applied to Kentigern, imploring his help for the safety of her honour. Not
long after, as the holy man walked by the river, he desired a person who
was fishing to bring him the first fish he could catch, which was
accordingly done, and from its mouth was taken the lady's ring, which he
immediately sent to her, to remove her husband's suspicions. So runs the
legend; but a more truthful explanation of the arms of St. Mungo
attributes the ring to the episcopal office, and the fish to the scaly
treasures of the river at the foot of the metropolitan cathedral.[23]

An Italian legend ascribes as an omen of the downfall of the Venetian
republic that the ring cast into the Adriatic by the Doge, in token of his
marriage to the sea, was found in a fish that was served up at his table a
year after the custom had been observed.

A popular ballad of old, called the 'Cruel Knight, or the Fortunate
Farmer's Daughter,' represents a knight passing a cot, and hearing that
the woman within is in childbirth. His knowledge in the occult sciences
informs him that the child to be born is destined to become his wife. He
endeavours to evade the decrees of fate, and, to avoid so ignoble an
alliance, by various attempts to destroy the child, but which are
defeated. At length, when grown to woman's estate, he takes her to the
sea-side, intending to drown her but relents; at the same time, throwing a
ring into the sea, he commands her never to see his face again, on pain of
death, unless she can produce the ring. She afterwards becomes a cook in a
gentleman's family, and finds the ring in a cod-fish as she is dressing it
for dinner. The marriage takes place, of course.

The monument to Lady Berry in Stepney Church bears:--paly of six on a
bend, three mullets (Elton) impaling a fish, and in the dexter chief point
an annulet between two bends wavy. This coat of arms, which exactly
corresponds with that borne by Ventris, of Cambridgeshire, has given rise
to the tradition that Lady Berry was the heroine of the above story. The
ballad lays the scene of the events in Yorkshire, but incidents of the
ring and the fish are, as I observed, numerous.[24]

The various arts employed by the ancients in 'divination' were many. The
annexed illustrations, representing divination rings, are taken from
Liceti, 'Antiqua Schemata' (_Gemmarium Annularium_); the two figures on
one ring are trying eagerly to discover future events in a crystal globe.
Crystallomancy included every variety of divination by means of
transparent bodies. These, polished and enchanted, signified their meaning
by certain marks and figures.

The serpent held by the female figure refers to _ophiomancy_, the art
which the ancients pretended to, of making predictions by serpents.
According to the _ophites_, who emanated from the Gnostics, the serpent
was instructed in all knowledge, and was the father and author of all the
sciences.

[Illustration: Divination ring.]

The hieroglyphic ring represents a sphinx, the monster described by the
poets as having a human face with the body of a bird or quadruped, the
paws of a lion, the tail of a dragon, &c. It was said to propose riddles
to those it met with, and destroyed those who could not answer them. Upon
this they consulted the oracle, to know what should be done. It answered
that they could not be delivered until they could solve this riddle: 'What
creature is that which has four feet in the morning, two at noon, and
three towards night.' Oedipus answered that it was a man, who, in his
infancy, crawled on all fours, until he was sufficiently strong to walk;
then went on two legs, until old age obliged him to use a staff to help
and support him. On this the monster is said to have dashed out its brains
against a rock.

[Illustration: Divination ring.]

The star over the head of the sphinx in the engraving represents the
divination by stars practised by the Cabalists. The stars vertical over a
city or nation were so united by lines as to form resemblances of the
Hebrew letters, and thus words which were deemed prophetic. Burder remarks
that the rise of a new star, or the appearance of a comet, was thought to
portend the birth of a great person; also that the gods sent stars to
point out the way to their favourites, as Virgil shows, and as Suetonius
and Pliny actually relate in the case of Julius Caesar.

The cup or vase represented in the engraving near the sphinx refers to the
divination by the cup, one of the most ancient methods of discovering
future events by crystalline reflection. The divining cup of Joseph shows
that its use was familiar in Egypt at that remote period.[25]

Charmed rings found easy believers among the Greeks and the Romans, and
were special articles of traffic. Such objects, made of wood, bone, or
some other cheap materials, were manufactured in large numbers at Athens,
and could be purchased, gifted with any charm required, for the small
consideration of a single drachma.

In the 'Plutus' of Aristophanes, to a threat on the part of the sycophant,
the just man replies 'that he is proof against evil influences, having a
charmed ring.' Carion, the servant, observes 'that the ring would not
prevail against the bite of a sycophant.' The ring was probably a
medicated one, to preserve from demons and serpents.

The following engraving from Gorlaeus represents a human head with an
elephant's trunk, &c., holding a trident, an amulet against the perils of
the sea:--

[Illustration: Amulet ring: Roman.]

The council of ravens, prophetic birds (and attributes of Apollo), or
crows, which were used as symbols of conjugal fidelity:--

[Illustration: Amulet ring: Roman.]

A silver ring on a sardonyx, engraved with the figure of a sow, as a
propitiatory sacrifice:--

[Illustration: Amulet ring: Roman.]

In Lucian's 'Philopseudes,' in a dialogue called the Ship or Wish, a man
is introduced who desires that Mercury should bestow a ring on him to
confer perpetual health and preservation from danger.

Benvenuto Cellini, in his 'Memoirs,' mentions the discovery in Rome of
certain vases, 'which appeared to be antique urns filled with ashes;
amongst these were iron rings inlaid with gold, in each of which was set a
diminutive shell. Learned antiquarians, upon investigating the nature of
these rings, declared their opinion that they were worn as charms by those
who desired to behave with steadiness and resolution either in prosperous
or adverse fortune. I likewise took things of this nature in hand at the
request of some gentlemen who were my particular friends, and wrought some
of these little rings, but I made them of steel, well-tempered, and then
cut and inlaid with gold, so that they were very beautiful to behold;
sometimes for a single ring of this sort I was paid above forty crowns.'

In Rome there were altars to the Samothracian deities, who were supposed
to preside over talismans. The people of that island were extensive
manufacturers of iron rings, to which they attached supernatural
qualities.

On ancient Mexican rings and seals set with precious stones are
constellation representations, as, for example, Pisces. Those people
awaited their Messiah, or Crusher of the Serpent, during the conjunction
of Jupiter and Saturn, in the same zodiacal sign of Pisces, the protecting
sign of Syria and Palestine.

Pliny informs us that the ancients set additional value on articles made
of jet, such as rings, buttons, &c., from a notion that it possessed the
virtue of driving away serpents--a belief which existed also in the days
of the Venerable Bede, who, describing the various mineral productions of
Britain, says: 'It has much excellent jet, which is black and sparkling,
glittering at the fire, and, when heated, drives away serpents.' Some
examples of jet rings have been found at Uriconium.

A portrait of Alexander the Great, set in a gold or silver ring, and
carried about on the finger, was supposed by the Greeks to ensure
prosperity to the wearer; as a reverse, one of the omens announcing the
fall of Nero was the presentation to him of a ring engraved with the Rape
of Proserpine, being a symbol of death.[26]

Spartian includes among the omens of Hadrian's coming death the falling
off from his finger of his ring, 'which bore a likeness to himself,' as he
was taking the auspices on a New Year's day, and so obtaining a
foreshadowing of the events of the coming year.

A portrait of Hadrian, engraved with Mercury in a magic ring (Gorlaeus):--

[Illustration: Amulet ring: bust of Hadrian.]

Heliodorus describes a precious stone as set in the King of Ethiopia's
ring, one of the royal jewels, the shank being formed of electrum and the
bezel flaming with an Ethiopian amethyst, engraved with a youthful
shepherd and his flock--an antidote to the wearer against intoxication.

Philostratus relates how Chariclea escaped unharmed from the funeral pyre
on which she was condemned to be burnt by the jealous Arsace, from having
secreted about her the espousal-ring of King Hydaspes, 'which was set with
the stone called Pandarbes, engraved with certain sacred letters' and
antagonistic to fire.

In the British Museum is a remarkable collection of ornaments of the Roman
period connected with the worship of the Deae Matres, discovered in the
county of Durham, or in some adjoining district in the beginning of this
century. Among these are several rings which have been elaborately
described by Mr. Edward Hawkins in the 'Archaeological Journal' for March
1851 (vol. viii.), with illustrations.

In the Waterton Collection are some specimens of Gnostic Roman rings, of
the third century: one, of silver, is set with an intaglio on bloodstone
of an Abraxas figure, with head of a jackal. The others have Gnostic
emblems and inscriptions.

Astrological rings in connexion with mythological representations were
worn by the ancients.

The accompanying engraving from Gorlaeus represents the sun and stars.
According to the Gnostic theories, the properties of the sun on the
destinies of men were numerous and important. The mystical virtues of the
most precious stones were under the solar influence.

[Illustration: Astrological ring.]

Planetary rings were formed of the gems assigned to the several planets,
each set in its appropriate metal: thus, the Sun, diamond or sapphire in a
ring of gold; the Moon, crystal in silver; Mercury, magnet, in
quicksilver; Venus, amethyst in copper; Mars, emerald in iron; Jupiter,
cornelian in tin; Saturn, turquoise in lead.

From the remotest antiquity every planet in the heavens was believed to
possess a virtue peculiar to itself. Each presided over some kingdom,
nation, or city; then, extending its influence to individuals, it decided
their personal appearance, temperament, disposition, character, health,
and fortune, and even influenced the several members and parts of the
body. After this, it ruled plants, herbs, animals, stones, and all the
various productions of nature. Southey, in the 'Doctor' (vol. iii. p.
112), commenting on the exhibition of the Zodiacal signs in the 'Margarita
Philosophica,' a work of the sixteenth century, observes: 'There <DW25>
stands naked, but not ashamed, upon the two Pisces, one foot upon each;
the fish being neither in air nor water, nor upon earth, but
self-suspended, as it appears, in the void. _Aries_ has alighted with two
feet on <DW25>'s head, and has sent a shaft through the forehead into his
brain. _Taurus_ has quietly seated himself across his neck. The _Gemini_
are riding astride a little below his right shoulder. The whole trunk is
laid open, as if part of the old accursed punishment for high treason had
been performed on him. The _Lion_ occupies the thorax as his proper
domain, and the _Crab_ is in possession of his domain. _Sagittarius_,
volant in the void, has just let fly an arrow which is on its way to his
right arm. _Capricornus_ breathes out a visible influence that penetrates
both knees. _Aquarius_ inflicts similar punctures upon both legs. _Virgo_
fishes, as it were, at his intestines, _Libra_ at the part affected by
schoolmasters in their anger, and _Scorpio_ takes the wickedest aim of
all.'

The old astrological definition of the Zodiac seems to be this--that it
was the division of the great circle of the heavens into twelve parts.
These twelve parts are divided into those called _northern_ and
_commanding_ (the first six), and those called southern and _obeying_ (the
remaining six). The other constellations of the two hemispheres are not
unconsidered in astrology, but those of the zodiac are more important,
because they form the pathway of the sun, the moon, and the planets, and
are supposed to receive from these bodies, as they roll through their
spaces, extraordinary energy.[27]

The following illustration from Liceti, 'Antiqua Schemata Gemmarum
Annularium,' represents Jupiter, Mercury, Pallas, and Neptune surrounded
by the signs of the Zodiac:--

[Illustration: Zodiacal ring.]

Among the various modes of enquiring by magical means as to who should
succeed to the Roman emperorship during the reigns of Valentinian and
Valens, we are told that the letters of the alphabet were artificially
disposed in a circle, and a magic ring, being suspended over the centre,
was believed to point to the initial letters of the name of him who should
be the future emperor. Theodorus, a man of most eminent qualifications and
high popularity, was put to death by the jealousy of Valens on the vague
evidence that this kind of trial had indicated the first letters of his
name. Gibbon remarks on this point that the name of Theodosius, who
actually succeeded, begins with the same letters which were indicated in
this magic trial.

This ring mystery, the _Dactylomancia_ (from two Greek words signifying
_ring_ and _divination_), was a favourite operation of the ancients. It
was preceded by certain ceremonies, and the ring was subjected to a form
of conjuration. The person who held it was arrayed in linen, a circlet of
hair was left by an artistic barber on his head, and in his hand he held
a branch of vervain. An invocation to the gods preceded the ceremony.

The 'suspended ring,' another mode of divination practised at a later
period, is thus described by Peucer among various modes of hydromancy: 'A
bowl was filled with water, and a ring suspended from the finger was
librated in the water, and so, according as the question was propounded, a
declaration, or confirmation of its truth, or otherwise, was obtained. If
what was proposed was true, the ring, of its own accord, without any
impulse, struck the sides of the goblet a certain number of times. They
say that Numa Pompilius used to practise this method, and that he evoked
the gods, and consulted them in water this way.'

The ring suspended over a monarch was supposed to indicate certain persons
among those sitting round the table, and if a hair was used, taken from
one of the company, it would swing towards that individual only. An
ancient method of divining by the ring is similar in principle to the
modern table-rapping. The edge of a round table was marked with the
characters of the alphabet, and the ring stopped over certain letters,
which, being joined together, composed the answer.

In another method of practising Dactylomancy, rings were put on the
finger-nails when the sun entered Leo, and the moon Gemini, or the sun and
Mercury were in Gemini and the moon in Cancer; or the sun in Sagittarius,
the moon in Scorpio, and Mercury in Leo. These rings were made of gold,
silver, copper, iron, or lead, and magical characters were attached to
them, but how they operated we are not informed.

Another mode of water divination with the ring was to throw three pebbles
into standing water, and draw observations from the circles which they
formed.

Divination by sounds emitted by striking two rings was practised by
Execetus, tyrant of the Phocians.

In the enchanted rings of the Greeks the position of the celestial bodies
was most important. Pliny states that all the Orientals preferred the
emerald jasper, and considered it an infallible panacea for every ill. Its
power was strengthened when combined with silver instead of gold. Galen
recommends a ring with jasper set in it, and engraved with the figure of a
man wearing a bunch of herbs round his neck.[28] Many of the Gnostic or
Basilidian gems, evidently used for magical purposes, were of jasper.
Apollonius of Tyana, in Cappadocia, who flourished in the first age of the
Christian era, and who fixed his residence in the temple of AEsculapius,
considered the use of charmed rings so essential to quackery that he wore
a different ring on each day of the week, marked with the planet of the
day. He had received a present of the seven rings from Iarchas, the Indian
philosopher.[29]

It was a belief among the Poles that each month of the year was under the
influence of a precious stone. Thus January was represented by the garnet,
emblem of constancy and fidelity; February, the amethyst, sincerity;
March, bloodstone, courage and presence of mind; April, diamond,
innocence; May, emerald, success in love; June, agate, health and long
life; July, cornelian, contented mind; August, sardonyx, conjugal
felicity: September, chrysote, antidote against madness; October, opal,
hope; November, topaz, fidelity; December, turquoise, prosperity. These
several stones were set in rings and other trinkets, as presents, &c.

In the early and middle ages it was not only generally believed that rings
could be charmed by the power of a magician, but that the engraved stones
on ancient rings which were found on old sites possessed supernatural
properties, the benefits of which would be imparted to the wearer.

The great potentate Charlemagne, we are told by old French writers, was,
in his youth, desperately in love with a young and beautiful woman, and
gave himself up to pleasure in her society, neglecting the affairs of
State. She died, and Charles was inconsolable at her loss. The Archbishop
of Cologne endeavoured to withdraw him from her dead body, and at length,
approaching the corpse, took from its mouth a ring in which was set a
precious stone of remarkable beauty. It was the talisman which had charmed
the monarch, whose passionate grief became now immediately subdued. The
body was buried, and the Archbishop, fearing lest Charles might experience
a similar magical effect in another seducer, threw it into a lake near
Aix-la-Chapelle. The virtue of this marvellous ring was not, however, lost
by this incident, for the legend relates that the monarch became so
enamoured of the lake that his chief delight was in walking by its margin,
and he became so much attached to the spot that he had a palace erected
there, and made it the seat of his empire.

In the Persian Tales a king strikes off the hand of a sorceress (who had
assumed the appearance of his queen), which had a ring upon it, when she
immediately appears as a frightful hag.

The charmed ring of Aladdin plays a wonderful part in the 'Arabian Nights'
Entertainments.'

One of the earliest ring superstitions in our own country, is that
connected with the life of Edward the Confessor. In the mortuary chapel of
this saintly monarch in Westminster Abbey are fourteen subjects in
_relievi_, represented on the frieze of the screen on the western side, of
incidents in the King's life, in which the legend of the 'Pilgrim'
(derived from a chronicle written by AElred--a monk, and, later, abbot of
Rievaulx, who died in 1166--but taken almost entirely from the life of St.
Edward, by Osbert or Osbern, of Clare, prior of Westminster). is curiously
displayed. The whole length of this sculpture is thirty-eight feet six
inches by three feet in height. The relief is very bold, the irregular
concave ground being much hollowed out behind. The compartment relating
to the ring represents St. John, in the garb of a pilgrim, asking alms of
the King. The figures are much injured. The monarch occupies the centre of
the compartment, and a pilgrim or beggar is before him on the spectator's
right hand. Behind the King is a figure holding a pastoral staff--probably
an ecclesiastic--and in front of whom, between the King and himself,--is
an object not easily defined, but which appears like a basket. This design
is interesting, from the back-ground being entirely filled in by a large
and handsome church. This refers to the subject mentioned by AElred, of the
King being engaged in the construction of a church in honour of St. John,
when the pilgrim appeared and asked alms.

According to the legend, King Edward was on his way to Westminster, when
he was met by a beggar, who implored him in the name of St. John--the
apostle peculiarly venerated by the monarch--to grant him assistance. The
charitable King had exhausted his ready-money in alms-giving, but drew
from his finger a ring, 'large, beautiful, and royal,' which he gave to
the beggar, who thereupon disappeared. Shortly afterwards, two English
pilgrims in the Holy Land found themselves benighted, and in great
distress, when suddenly the path before them was lighted up, and an old
man, white and hoary, preceded by two tapers, accosted them. Upon telling
him to what country they belonged, the old man, 'joyously like to a
clerk,' guided them to a hostelry, and announced that he was John the
Evangelist, the special patron of King Edward, and gave them a ring to
carry back to the monarch, with the warning that in six months' time the
King would be with him in Paradise. The pilgrims returned and found the
King at his palace, called from this incident 'Havering atte Bower.' He
recognised the ring, and prepared for his end accordingly. On the death
of the Confessor, according to custom, he was attired in his royal robes,
the crown on his head, a crucifix and gold chain round his neck, and the
'Pilgrim's Ring' on his finger. The body was laid before the high altar at
Westminster Abbey (A.D. 1066). On the translation of the remains of Henry
the Second, the ring of St. John is said to have been withdrawn, and
deposited as a relic among the crown jewels.[30] During the reign of Henry
III. some repairs were made at the tower, and orders were given for
drawing in the chapel of St. John two figures of St. Edward holding out a
ring and delivering it to St. John the Evangelist.

As a proof, also, how this beautiful legend was engrafted on the popular
mind in after ages, we find it stated in the account of the coronation of
Edward II. (1307), that the King offered, first a pound of gold, made like
a king holding a ring in his hand, and afterwards a mark, or eight ounces
of gold, formed into the likeness of a pilgrim putting forth his hand to
receive the ring, a conceit suggested by the legend of the Confessor. So
great was the sanctity in which this monarch (who was influenced by
childish and superstitious fancies) was held, that Richard II., whenever
he left the kingdom, confided the ring which he usually wore to the
custodian of St. Edward's shrine.

'It appears,' observes Mr. Edmund Waterton ('Archaeological Journal,' No.
82, 1864), 'that St. Edward's ring was deposited with his corpse in his
tomb. His translation took place on the third of the ides of October
(October 13), A.D. 1163, ninety-seven years after the burial. This
ceremony was performed at midnight, and on opening his coffin the body was
found to be incorrupt. On this occasion the Abbot Lawrence took from the
body of the sainted king his robes and the ring of St. John; of the robes
the abbot made three copes, as appears from the following entry in the
catalogue of the relics of the saint. The abbot also gave the ring to the
abbey: "Dompnus Laurentius quondam abbas hujus loci ... sed et annulo
ejusdem (Sancti Edwardi) quem Sancto Johanni quondam tradidit, quem et
ipse de paradiso remisit, elapsis annis duobus et dimidio, postea in nocte
translationis de digito regis tulit, et pro miraculo in loco isto
custodiri jussit." The same manuscript ("De Fundacione ecclesie Westm." by
Ric. Sporley, a monk of the abbey, A.D. 1450), contains the indulgences to
be gained by those who visited the holy relics:--"Ad annulum Sancti
Edwardi vj. ann. iijc. xi. dies." No further mention has been found of St.
Edward's ring.'[31]

Another legendary story, in connection with saintly interposition, is
related in the annals of Venice. Moreover, it forms the subject of a
painting, attributed (though with some doubt) to Giorgione, 'St. Mark
staying, miraculously, the tempest,' in the Accademia Picture Gallery at
Venice.

'In the year 1341, an inundation of many days' continuance had raised the
water three cubits higher than it had ever before been seen at Venice; and
during a stormy night, while the flood appeared to be still increasing, a
poor fisherman sought what refuge he could find by mooring his crazy bark
close to the _Riva di San Marco_. The storm was yet raging, when a person
approached and offered him a good fare if he would but ferry him over to
_San Giorgio Maggiore_. 'Who,' said the fisherman, 'can reach San Giorgio
on such a night as this? Heaven forbid that I should try!' But as the
stranger earnestly persisted in his request, and promised to guard him
from all harm, he at last consented. The passenger landed, and having
desired the boatman to wait a little, returned with a companion, and
ordered him to row to _San Nicolo di Lido_. The astonished fisherman again
refused, till he was prevailed upon by a further assurance of safety and
excellent pay. At _San Nicolo_ they picked up a third person, and then
instructed the boatman to proceed to the Two Castles at Lido. Though the
waves ran fearfully high, the old man had by this time become accustomed
to them, and moreover, there was something about his mysterious crew which
either silenced his fears, or diverted them from the tempest to his
companions. Scarcely had they gained the Strait, than they saw a galley,
rather flying than sailing along the Adriatic, manned (if we may so say)
with devils, who seemed hurrying with fierce and threatening gestures, to
sink Venice in the deep. The sea, which had been furiously agitated, in a
moment became unruffled, and the strangers, crossing themselves, conjured
the fiends to depart. At the word the demoniacal galley vanished, and the
three passengers were quietly landed at the spots where each,
respectively, had been taken up.

The boatman, it seems, was not quite easy about his fare, and before
parting, he implied, pretty clearly, that the sight of the miracle would,
after all, be bad pay. 'You are right, my friend,' said the first
passenger; 'go to the Doge and the Procuratori, and assure them that, but
for us three, Venice would have been drowned. I am St. Mark; my two
comrades are St George and St. Nicholas. Desire the magistrate to pay you;
and add that all the trouble has arisen from a schoolmaster at San Felice,
who first bargained with the devil for his soul, and then hanged himself
in despair.'

The fisherman, who seemed to have, all his wits about him, answered that
he might tell that story, but he much doubted whether he should be
believed; upon which St. Mark pulled from his finger a gold ring, worth
about five ducats, saying:--'Show them this ring, and bid them look for it
in my Treasury, whence it will be found missing.' On the morrow the
fisherman did as he was told. The ring was discovered to be absent from
its usual custody, and the fortunate boatman not only received his fare,
but an annual pension to boot. Moreover, a solemn procession and
thanksgiving were appointed in gratitude to the three holy corpses which
had rescued from such calamity the land affording them burial.'

Pope Hildebrand, one of the prime movers of the Norman invasion of
England, excommunicated Harold and his supporters, and despatched a sacred
banner, as well as a diamond ring enclosing one of the Apostle Peter's
hairs, to Normandy.

The mediaeval romances abound in allusions to the wonderful virtues of
rings. These were cherished conceits among the old writers. In the
fabulous history of Ogier le Danois the fairy Morgana gives that hero a
ring, which, although at that time he was one hundred years old, gives him
the appearance of a man of thirty. After a lapse of two hundred years
Ogier appears at the court of France, where the secret of his
transformation is found out by the old Countess of Senlis, who, while
making love to him, draws the talisman from his finger, and places it on
her own. She instantly blossoms into youth, while Ogier as suddenly sinks
into decrepitude. The Countess, however, is forced to give back the ring,
and former appearances are restored, but as she had discovered the virtues
of the ring, she employs thirty champions to regain it, all of whom are
successfully defeated by Ogier.

In the 'Vision of Pierce Plowman' (about 1350) the poet speaks of a woman
whose fingers were all embellished with rings of gold, set with diamonds,
rubies, and sapphires, and _also Oriental stones or amulets to prevent any
poisonous infection_.

In the romance of 'Sir Perceval of Galles' the knight obtains
surreptitious possession of a ring endowed with mysterious qualities:--

  Suche a vertue es in the stane
  In alle thys werlde wote I nane,
      Siche stone in a rynge;
  A mane that had it in were,
  One his body for to bere,
  There scholde no dyntys hym dere,
      Ne to the dethe brynge.

So in 'Sir Eglamour of Artois':--

  Seyde Organata that swete thynge
  Y schalle geve the a gode golde rynge
      With a fulle ryche stone,
  Whedur that ye be on water or on londe,
  And that rynge be upon yowre honde,
      Ther schall nothyng yow slon.

The ring, a gift to Canace, daughter of King Cambuscan, in the 'Squire's
Tale' of Chaucer, taught the language of birds, and also imparted to the
wearer a knowledge of plants, which formed an important part of the
Arabian philosophy:--

  The vertue of this ring, if ye wol here,
  Is this, that if hire list it for to were,
  Upon hire thomb, or in hire purse it bere,
  There is no fowle that fleeth under haven,
  That she ne shal wel onderstond his steven (language)
  And know his mening openlie and plaine,
  And answere him in his langage againe,[32]
  And every gras that groweth upon rote,
  She shal eke know and whom it wol do bote,
  All be his woundes never so depe and wide.

In the romance of Ywain and Gawaine (supposed to have been written in the
reign of Henry VI.), when the knight is in perilous confinement, a lady
looks out of a wicket which opened in the walls of the gateway, and
releases him. She gives him a ring:--

  I sal leue the her mi ring,
  Bot yelde it me at myne askyng,
  When thou ert broght of al thi payn,
  Yelde it than to me ogayne:
  Als the bark kills the tre,
  Right so sal my ring do the;
  When thou in hand hast the stane,
  Der (harm) sal thai do the nane;
  For the stane es of swilk might,
  Of the sal men have na syght--

thus possessing the power ascribed to the ring of Gyges. In a story of the
'Gseta Romanorum' a father, on his death-bed, gives a ring to his son, the
virtue of which was that whoever wore it would obtain the love of all men.

In chapter x. of the same work the Emperor Vespasian marries a wife in a
distant country, who refuses to return home with him, and yet declares
that she will kill herself if he leaves her. In this dilemma the emperor
orders two rings to be made having wonderful efficacious properties; one
represents on a precious stone the figure of Oblivion, and the other bears
the image of Memory. The former he gives to the empress, the latter he
keeps himself. Chapter cxx. contains the story of the legacy of King
Darius to his three sons. The eldest receives his inheritance, the second
all that had been acquired by conquest, and the third a ring, a necklace,
and a rich mantle, all of which possess magical properties. He who wore
the ring gained the love and favour of all; the collar obtained all that
the heart could desire, and whoever laid down on the mantle would be
instantly transported to any part of the world he might desire to visit.

In the romance of 'Melusine,' the heroine, when about to leave the house
of her husband, gives him two rings, and says: 'My sweet love, you see
here two rings which have both the same virtue, and know well for truth,
so long as you possess them, or one of them, you shall never be overcome
in pleading, nor in battle, if your cause be rightful, and neither you nor
others who may possess them shall ever die by any weapons.'

The ring given by the Princess Rigmel to Horn possessed similar
properties, as also the ring in the 'Little Rose-garden,' given by the
Lady Similt to her brother Dietlieb.

In Orlando's 'Inamorata' the palace and gardens of Dragontina vanish at
Angelica's ring of virtue, which also enables her to become invisible.

  Now that she this upon her hand surveys,
  She is so full of pleasure and surprise,
  She doubts it is a dream, and, in amaze,
  Hardly believes her very hand and eyes.
  Then softly to her mouth the hoop conveys,
  And, quicker than the flash which cleaves the skies,
  From bold Rogero's sight her beauty shrouds,
  As disappears the sun concealed in clouds.

Lydgate, in his 'Troy book' (1513), relates how Medea gives to Iason, when
he is going to combat the brazen bulls, and to lull to sleep the dragon
that guarded the golden fleece, a ring, in which was a gem charmed against
poison, and would render the wearer invisible. 'It was a sort of precious
stone,' says Lydgate, 'which Virgil celebrates, and which Venus sent her
son AEneas that he might enter Carthage.'

In the metrical romance of 'Richard Coeur-de-Lion,' King Modard gives
him:--

  Two riche rings of gold:
  The stones wherein be full bold.
  Hence to the land of Ind,
  Better than they shalt thou not find.
  For whoso hath that one stone,
  Water ne shall him drench none.
  That other stone whoso that bear
  Fire ne shall him never dere (hurt).

In 'Floire and Blanceflor' the latter, drawing from her finger a ring
containing a small talisman, says to her lover: 'Floire, accept this as a
pledge of our mutual love; look on it every day; if thou seest its
brilliancy tarnished, it is a sign that my life or my liberty is in
danger.'

In another part of the story, when going in search of Blanceflor, who has
been carried away, Floire receives a ring from his mother: 'Have now, lief
son, this ring: whilst thou preservest it neither fire shall burn, nor
water drown, nor weapon injure thee, and all thy wants shall be instantly
supplied.'

In the 'Archaeologia' (vol. xix. p. 411) is a notice of a gold ring found
in the ruins of the palace at Eltham, in Kent, bearing on the side edges
of the interior the following inscription:--

  Qui me portera ecploitera
  Et a grant Joye revendra.

  Who wears me shall perform exploits,
  And with great Joy shall return:

implying that the ring was an amulet, and may, possibly, have been
presented to some distinguished personage when setting out for the Holy
Land in the time of the Crusades. The ring is set with an oriental ruby
and five diamonds, placed at equal distances round the exterior.

[Illustration: Amulet ring.]

The inscription is in small Gothic characters, but remarkably well-formed
and legible. The shape of the ruby is an irregular oval, while the
diamonds are all of a triangular form and in their natural crystallised
state.

An emerald ring was thought to ensure purity of thought and conduct. In
'Caltha Poetarium, or the Humble Bee,' by T. Cutwode (1599), Diana is
represented adorning the heroine of the piece:--

  And, with an emerald, hangs she on a ring
  That keeps just reckoning of our chastity:

      *       *       *       *       *

  And, therefore, ladies, it behoves you well
  To walk full warily when stones will tell.

In the ballad of 'Northumberland betrayed by Douglas,' Mary, a Douglas
that dabbled in sorcery, shows the chamberlain of Earl Percy, James
Swynard, the foes of the former in the field, through the 'weme' (hollow)
of her ring:--

  I never was on English ground,
    Ne never sawe it with mine eye,
  But as my book it sheweth me,
    And through my ring I may descrye.

The treachery of Earl Douglas is thus foreshadowed, and the chamberlain
returns sorrowfully to his master with the news of what he had seen. Earl
Percy, however, is determined to keep his hunting appointment with
Douglas:--

  Now nay, now nay, good James Swynard,
    I may not believe that witch ladye;
  The Douglasses were ever true,
    And they can ne'er prove false to me.

The 'witch-ladye' who effects such powerful influences with her magic ring
is, nevertheless, rewarded for her warnings:--

  He writhe a gold ring from his finger
    And gave itt to that gay ladye;
  Sayes 'it was all that I cold save
    In Harley woods where I cold bee' (where I was).

A ring story in which the Venus of antiquity assumes the manners of one of
the Fays, or Fatae of romance, is quoted by Sir Walter Scott in his notes
to the 'Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border.' It is related by Fordun in his
'Scotichronicon,' by Matthew of Westminster, and Roger of Wendover. In the
year 1058 a young man of noble birth had been married at Rome, and during
the period of the nuptial feast, having gone with his companions to play
at ball, he put his marriage-ring on the finger of a broken statue of
Venus in the area to remain while he was engaged in the recreation.
Desisting from the exercise he found the finger on which he had placed the
ring, contracted firmly against the palm, and attempted in vain either to
break it, or to disengage his ring. He concealed the circumstance from his
companions, and returned at night with a servant, when he found the finger
extended and his ring gone. He dissembled the loss and returned to his
wife; but whenever he attempted to embrace her he found himself prevented
by something dark and dense, which was tangible, though not visible,
interposing between them, and he heard a voice saying: 'Embrace me, for I
am Venus whom you this day wedded, and I will not restore your ring.' As
this was constantly repeated, he consulted his relations, who had recourse
to Palumbus, a priest skilled in necromancy. He directed the young man to
go at a certain hour of the night to a spot among the ancient ruins of
Rome, where four roads met, and wait silently until he saw a company pass
by; and then, without uttering a word, to deliver a letter which he gave
him to a majestic being who rode in a chariot after the rest of the
company. The young man did so, and saw a company of all ages, sexes, and
ranks, on horse and on foot, some joyful and others sad, pass along; among
whom he distinguished a woman in a meretricious dress, who, from the
tenuity of her garments, seemed almost naked. She rode on a mule; her long
hair, which flowed over her shoulders, was bound with a golden fillet, and
in her hand was a gold rod with which she directed the mule. In the close
of the procession a tall majestic figure appeared in a chariot adorned
with emeralds and pearls, who fiercely asked the young man what he did
there. He presented the letter in silence, which the demon dared not
refuse. As soon as he had read, lifting up his hands to heaven, he
exclaimed: 'Almighty God, how long wilt thou endure the iniquities of the
sorcerer Palumbus?' and immediately despatched some of his attendants,
who, with much difficulty, extorted the ring from Venus, and restored it
to its owner, whose infernal bands were thus dissolved.[33]

Another mediaeval story is founded on the same myth, but purified and
Christianised. A knight is playing at ball and incommoded by his ring. He
therefore removes it, and places it for safety on the finger of a statue
of the Blessed Virgin. On seeking it again he finds the hand of the finger
clasped, and is unable to recover his ring; whereupon the knight renounces
the world, and, as the betrothed of the Virgin, enters a monastery.

Gifts of rings to the Virgin were common in the Middle Ages. Monstrelet
relates that at the execution of the Constable of France, Louis de
Luxembourg, in the reign of Louis XI., he took a gold ring set with a
diamond from his finger, and, giving it to the Penitentiary, desired he
would offer it to the image of the Virgin Mary, and place it on her
finger, which he promised to perform.

Mr. J. Baring Gould, in his 'Curious Myths of the Middle Ages,' relates a
legend by Caesarius of Heisterboch of a similar character to that of Venus
and the ring. A certain clerk, Philip, a great necromancer, took some
Swabian and Bavarian youths to a lonely spot in a field, where, at their
desire, he proceeded to perform incantations. First, he drew a circle
round them with his sword, and warned them on no consideration to leave
the ring.

Then, retiring from them a little space, he began his incantations, and
suddenly there appeared around the youths a multitude of armed men
brandishing weapons, and daring them to fight. The demons, failing to
draw them by this means from their enchanted circle, vanished, and there
was seen a company of beautiful damsels, dancing about the ring, and by
their attitudes alluring the youths towards them. One of them, exceeding
in beauty and grace the others, singled out a youth, and, dancing before
him, extended to him a ring of gold, casting languishing glances towards
him, and, by all the means in her power, endeavouring to attract his
attention and kindle his passion. The young man, unable to resist any
longer, put forth his finger beyond the circle to take the ring, and the
apparition at once drew him towards her, and vanished with him. However,
after much trouble, the necromancer was able to recover him from the evil
spirit.

'The incident of the ring,' remarks Mr. Gould, 'in connexion with the
ancient goddess, is certainly taken from the old religion of the Teutonic
and Scandinavian peoples. Freyja was represented in her temples holding a
ring in her hand; so was Thorgerda Hoerdabruda. The Faereyinga Saga relates
an event in the life of the Faroese hero Sigmund Brestesson, which is to
the point. "They (Earl Hakon and Sigmund) went to the temple, and the earl
fell on the ground before her statue, and there he lay long. The statue
was richly dressed, and had a heavy gold ring on the arm. And the earl
stood up and touched the ring, and tried to remove it, but could not; and
it seemed to Sigmund as though she frowned. Then the earl said: 'She is
not pleased with thee, Sigmund, and I do not know whether I shall be able
to reconcile you; but that shall be the token of her favour, if she gives
us the ring which she has in her hand.' Then the earl took much silver,
and laid it on her footstool before her, and again he flung himself before
her, and Sigmund noticed that he wept profusely. And when he stood up he
took the ring, and she let go of it. Then the earl gave it to Sigmund and
said: 'I give thee this ring to thy weal; never part with it;' and Sigmund
promised he would not."

'This ring occasions the death of the Faroese chief. In after years King
Olaf, who converts him to Christianity, knowing that this gold ring is a
relic of paganism, asks Sigmund to give it to him: the chief refuses, and
the king angrily pronounces a warning that it will be the cause of his
death. And his word falls true, for Sigmund is murdered in his sleep for
the sake of the ring.'

There was no limit to the credulity of believers in the mystic in the
middle and even in later ages. Sir Walter Scott, in his 'Demonology and
Witchcraft,' remarks that the early dabblers in astrology and chemistry,
although denying the use of all necromancy--that is, unlawful or black
magic--pretended always to a correspondence with the various spirits of
the elements, on the principle of the Rosicrucian philosophy. They
affirmed that they could bind to their service, and imprison in a ring, a
mirror, or a stone, some fairy sylph or salamander, and compel it to
appear when called, and render answers to such questions as the viewer
should propose.'[34]

In the reign of Henry VIII. (1533) Jones, the famous, or rather infamous,
'Oxford Conjurer,' told his dupe, Sir William Neville, that amongst other
marvels he could make rings of gold which would ensure the favour of great
men to those who wore them. He said 'that my lord cardinal (Wolsey) had
such,' and he promised one to Sir William and his brother.[35]

It is not a little curious that Henry VIII. himself, the despoiler of
monasteries, and, to a certain extent, the uprooter of many superstitious
practices, placed such faith in the traditional virtues of a jewel that
had for ages decked the shrine of Thomas a Becket at Canterbury that he
caused it to be placed in a ring, which he constantly wore afterwards, in
the manner of those times, on his enormous thumb. The last time that this
jewel appears in history is among the 'diamonds' of the golden collar of
his daughter Queen Mary, who, although a bigoted Roman Catholic, did not
scruple to wear the spoils of a shrine. This jewel was called the 'royal
of France' having been presented to the shrine of the murdered Archbishop
by King Louis VII. in 1179.[36]

[Illustration: Charm-rings.]

Religious charms were of exhaustless variety. In the Braybrooke Collection
is a bone charm-ring, surmounted by a circular signet, on which is
engraved the crucifix, with our Saviour upon it, and the two Maries
standing on either side of the stem: round the edge of the signet is the
inscription 'In hoc signo vinces,' headed with a small cross.

In the 'Journal of the Archaeological Institute' (vol. iii. p. 358) is an
account of a curious magical ring, found on the coast of Glamorganshire,
near to the 'Worm's Head,' the western extremity of the county, where
numerous objects have been found at various times on the shifting of the
sand, such as fire-arms, an astrolabe, and silver dollars. This ring is of
gold, much bent and defaced, and inscribed with mystic words both inside
and outside the hoop.

[Illustration: Talismanic ring.]

'The talismanic character of these mysterious words seems to be
sufficiently proved by comparison with the physical charms given in an
English medical MS., preserved at Stockholm, and published by the Society
of Antiquaries. Amongst various cabalistic prescriptions is found one "for
peynys in theth.... Boro berto briore + vulnera quinque dei sint medecina
mei + Tahebal + ghether (or guthman) + + + Onthman," &c. The last word
should probably be read Guthman, and it is succeeded by five crosses,
probably in allusion to the five wounds of the Saviour.' It is supposed
that this ring and the other remains alluded to indicate the spot where a
Spanish or Portuguese vessel was wrecked about two hundred years ago.

The following engraving, from the 'Archaeological Journal' (vol. iii. p.
267), represents another cabalistic ring, found in Worcestershire, and the
property of Mr. Jabez Allies. It is of base metal, plated with gold, and
is, apparently, of the fourteenth century.

[Illustration: Talismanic ring.]

In the 'Archaeological Journal' (vol. v. p. 159) is an engraving and
description of a curious talismanic ring, with an inscription showing
stronger evidence of oriental origin than any heretofore noticed, the
Greek letters _theta_ and _gamma_ occurring twice in the legend. The
discovery of this relic, which is of gold, weighing 56 grains, was
singular. It was found in digging up the roots of an old oak-tree which
had been blown down by a violent wind in 1846, on a farm called the
'Rookery,' in the parish of Calne, Wiltshire, belonging to Mr. Thomas
Poynder, who thinks that the spot where the ring was found was in the
track of the fugitive Royalists, after the battle at Rounday Hill, near
Devizes, on their retreat towards Oxford, where the King's head-quarters
were stated to be at that time. This curious ring is divided into eight
compartments, with a row of three little rounded points, or studs, between
each. The hoop is bent irregularly, so that the inner circle presents
seven straight sides, but the angles thus formed do not correspond
precisely with the external divisions.

[Illustration: Talismanic ring.]

[Illustration: Talismanic ring.]

A talismanic ring of gold found in Coventry Park in 1802, represents in
the centre device Christ rising from the sepulchre, and in the background
are shown the hammer, sponge, and other emblems of the Passion. On the
left is figured the wound at the side, with an inscription 'the well of
ewerlastingh lyffe.' In the next compartment, two smaller wounds, with
'the well of confort,' 'the well of gracy,' and afterwards two other
wounds inscribed 'the well of pitty,' 'the well of merci.'

From some small remains it is evident that the figure of our Saviour, with
all the inscriptions, had been filled with _black_ enamel, whilst the
wounds and drops of blood issuing from them were appropriately
distinguished by _red_. On the inside of the ring is the following
inscription: 'Wulnera quinq' dei sunt medecina mei, pia crux et passio xpi
sunt medecina michi, Jaspar, Melchior, Baltasar, ananyzapta
tetragrammaton.'

In the 'Archaeologia' (vol. xviii.) it is stated that Sir Edward Shaw,
goldsmith and alderman of London, by his will (_circa_ 1487), directed to
be made sixteen rings of 'fyne gold, to be graven with the well of pitie,
the well of mercie, and the well of everlasting life.'

It is, perhaps, impossible now to explain the import of the legends which
occur on certain mediaeval rings, and devices which are probably, in many
cases, anagrammatic, and the original orthography of the legend corrupted
and changed in others; but they, no doubt, had a talismanic meaning. A
gold ring found in Rockingham Forest in 1841 has inscribed on the outer
side, _guttv_: _gutta_: _madros_: _adros_; and in the inner side, _vdros_:
_udros_: _thebal_. A thin gold ring discovered in a garden at Newark in
1741 was inscribed with the words _Agla_: _Thalcvt_: _Calcvt_: _Cattama_.

The mystic word, or anagram, _Agla_ is engraved on the inner side of a
silver ring (of the fourteenth century) found in 1846 on the site of the
cemetery of St. Owen's, which stood on the west site of Gloucester, a
little without the south gate, and was destroyed during the siege of 1643.
On the outside of the ring is engraved + AVE MARIA, and within appear the
letters AGLA, with the symbol of the cross between each letter. The weight
of the ring is 20 grs. The term Agla designated in the East a wand of
dignity or office, and may possibly have been used in connection with
magical or alchemical operations.

There is a notice of a curious magical ring against leprosy in the
'Archaeologia' (vol. xxi. p. 25, 120). In the Londesborough Collection is a
'religious,' or 'superstitious' ring of silver, the workmanship of which
dates it at the end of the fifteenth century, and which is supposed to
have been worn as a charm against St. Vitus's dance. To a circular plate
are attached three large bosses, and, between each, two smaller bosses,
all the nine of which are hollow, and were filled, apparently, by some
resinous substance. On the three larger bosses are engraved the letters S.
M. V. (Sancta Maria Virgo) in relief.

In the same collection is a gold ring of the same century, the face
engraved with St. Christopher bearing the infant Saviour, worn as a charm
against sudden death, more particularly by drowning.

It is very delicately engraved. The circle is formed by ten lozenges, each
of which bears a letter of the inscription, 'de boen cuer.'

[Illustration: Amulet rings.]

Sir John Woodford is in possession of a gold ring found on the field of
Azincourt, which bears the inscription BURO. BERTO. BERIORA. These mystic
words occur likewise in the charm against tooth-ache given in the
Stockholm MS. ('Archaeological Journal,' vol. iv. p. 78).

A thumb-ring was discovered a few years since in the coffin of an
ecclesiastic, in Chichester Cathedral, set with an Abraxas gem,[37] an
agate; the deceased churchman, it may be well believed, had worn it
guiltless of all knowledge of Alexandrine pantheism. The ring was of gold,
and was found on the right-hand thumb-bone of a skeleton, the supposed
remains of Seffrid, Bishop of Chichester, A.D. 1125.

[Illustration: Cabalistic ring.]

A very large ring, bearing great resemblance to the episcopal ring, was
occasionally worn as a thumb-ring by the laity. In the Londesborough
Collection is a fine specimen. It is somewhat roughly formed of mixed
metal, and has upon the circular face a conventional representation of a
monkey looking at himself in a hand-mirror. This is surrounded by a
cable-moulding, and on each side is set two large stones. The outer edge
of this ring is also decorated with a heavy cable-moulding; inside, next
the figure, is the cross and sacred monogram, placed on each side of the
mystic word _anamzapta_, showing it to be a charm-ring.

Another mystical ring in the same collection is inscribed, on an oval
boss, hETh; the workmanship, probably English, of about the fifteenth
century. This ring was bought at Ely. _Heth_ was the sacred name of
Jehovah. Dr. Dee and similar Gnostics composed several mystical
arrangements founded on these four letters.

[Illustration: Mystical ring.]

The Londesborough Collection has also a massive thumb-ring, having the
tooth of some animal as its principal gem, supposed to have mystic power
over its possessor. It is set all around with precious stones to ensure
its potency.

[Illustration: Mystical ring.]

The last leaf of the 'Theophilus' MS. of the fourteenth century has:
'Against the falling sickness, write these characters upon a ring;
outside, + ou. thebal gut guthani; inside, + eri gerari.'

A ring that had belonged to Remigius, being dipped in holy water,
furnished, it is said, a good drink for fever and other diseases.

The sacred names of 'Jesus,' 'Maria,' and 'Joseph' were formerly inscribed
on rings, and worn as preservatives against the plague. Rings simply made
of gold were supposed to cure St. Antony's fire, but if inscribed with
magical words their effect was irresistible.

A representation is annexed of an amulet ring found near Oxford, about
1805, bearing an inscription SCA. BAR., Sancta Barbara. The legend of St.
Barbara calls her a patroness against storms and lightning.

[Illustration: Amulet ring.]

The following engraving represents an amulet wedding-ring, conjectured to
be the figure of St. Catherine with her wheel, being an emblem of good
fortune; the other being probably, St. Margaret (with the church), an
emblem of her faith, wisdom, constancy, and fortitude: time of Richard II.

[Illustration: Amulet ring.]

Rings in which pieces of what was asserted to be the 'true cross' were
placed are sometimes met with in old writings. St. Gregory states that his
sister wore one of this kind. That this belief was not always credited is
seen in the case of an exchange of rings between a bishop and an abbot in
the annals of St. Alban's Abbey. This occurred in the reign of Richard
II., when the Bishop of Lincoln (Beaufort) gave his to John, fifth abbot
of St. Alban's, for one containing a piece of the true cross, and was
therefore earnestly prized and begged for by the bishop. Whether the
prelate had his misgivings as to the alleged sanctity of the splinter, or
considered the garniture of the ring too plain, he very soon after
informed the abbot that his own ring was the most valuable of the two, and
the difference in value must be paid to him in money. In his zeal for his
material interests the bishop overlooked the assurances of friendship
which the exchange conveyed, and the abbot was obliged to give him five
pounds.

Relics of martyrs and saints were frequently inserted in rings: in the
Londesborough Collection is a silver reliquary, probably intended for the
thumb. It has a heart engraved on a lozenge, the reliquary being enclosed
beneath. It was found in the ruins of the abbey of St. Bertin, at St.
Omer.

In the possession of Lady Fitz Hardinge is a remarkable reliquary ring, of
admirable workmanship, probably of the tenth century, perhaps Anglo-Saxon,
but possibly of Irish (Celtic) origin. It is of gold with very large
expanded bezel, cruciform or quatrefoil, 1-7/8 in. wide. In the centre is
a raised boss, intended, possibly, to contain a relic, as the ring is, no
doubt, ecclesiastical; from this radiates four monsters' heads, similar to
those on early Irish work, marked with thin lines of niello, the eyes
formed of dots of dark glass pastes, the whole edged with fine corded
ornament.

In the collection of Mr. R. H. Soden Smith is a reliquary gold ring,
having suspended on the bezel side a small gold relic-case, chased with
two crosses, and edged with beaded work of the twelfth century.

Mr. Fairholt describes a curious Venetian ring, the bezel formed like a
box to contain relics. The face of the ring has a representation of St.
Mark seated, holding his gospel and giving a benediction. The spaces
between this figure and the oval border are perforated, so that the
interior of the box is visible, and the relic enshrined might be seen.

Liceti, a Genoese physician of the seventeenth century, who wrote a book
on rings, ascribed the want of virtue in medicated rings to their small
size, observing that the larger the ring or the gem contained in it, the
greater was the effect. He endeavoured to prove that the Philistines, when
they were punished for touching the ark of Israel, wore rings on their
fingers with the image of the disease engraved on them by way of
expiation.

[Illustration: Rings of the Magi.]

The names of the Three Kings of Cologne constituted a popular charm
against diseases and evil influences in the Middle Ages. The late Crofton
Croker, in his description of the rings in the Londesborough Collection,
mentions one dating from the fourteenth, or early in the fifteenth
century, engraved outside with these names: Gasper: Melchior: Baltazar:
in. God. is. a. r.--the latter words, probably, implying 'in God is a
remedy.' The three Kings were supposed to be the Wise Men (according to
the legend, three Kings of Arabia) who made offerings to our Saviour.
Their bodies travelled first to Constantinople, thence to Milan, and,
lastly, to Cologne, by various removals.[38] These three potent names
have continued as a charm even to a late period; for, in January 1748-9,
one William Jackson, a Roman Catholic, and a proscribed smuggler, being
sentenced to death at Chichester, had a purse taken from his person,
containing the following scrap:--

  Sancti tres Reges,
  Gaspar, Melchior, Baltasar,
  Orate pro nobis nunc et in hora
                  Mortis nostrae.

The paper on which this invocation was written had touched the heads of
the Three Kings at Cologne.

In 'Reynard the Fox,' the hero of that satirical work, describing the
treasure he pretends to have discovered for the sole benefit of his royal
master and mistress, says: 'Oon of them was a rynge of fyne gold, and
within the rynge next the fyngre were wreton lettres enameld wyth sable
and asure, and there were three Hebrew names therein, y coude not myself
rede ne spelle them, for I onderstand not that language, but mayster
Abryon of Tryers, he is a wise man, he onderstandeth wel al maner of
langages, and the virtue of al maner of herbes. And yet he byleveth not in
God, he is a Jewe, the wysest in conynge, and specyally he knoweth the
virtue of stones. I shewed him thys ryng, he sayd that they were the thre
names that Seth brought out of Paradys, when he brought to his fader Adam
the oyle of mercy. And whomsoever bereth on hym thyse thre names, he shal
never be hurte by throndre ne by lyghtning, ne no wytchcraft shal have no
power over hym, ne be tempted to doo synne; and also he shall never take
harme by colde though he laye thre wynters long nyghtes in the felde
though it snowed, stormed, or froze never soo sore, so grete myghte have
these wordes.'

The stone set in the ring and its wonderful properties are then
enumerated, and the conclusion is: 'I thought in myself that I was not
able ne worthy to bere it, and therefore I sent it to my dere lord, the
Kyng, for I knew hym for the moost noble that now lyveth, and also all our
welfare and worship lyeth on hym, and for he shold be kepte fro al drede,
nede, and ungeluck.'

While the names of saints were employed for the prevention or relief of
bodily ailments, those of 'devils' were made the agency for criminal
objects; thus we read in Monstrelet's 'Chronicles,' that in the plea of
justification made by the Duke of Burgundy for the assassination of Louis,
Duke of Orleans, in 1407, he accused the latter of having conspired
against the King of France by means of sorcery. Among other things a ring
was made use of 'in the name of devils.' A monk undertook this 'who
performed many superstitious acts near a bush, with invocations to the
devil.' Two evil spirits appeared to him in the shape of two men, one of
whom took the ring, which had been placed on the ground, and vanished.
After half an hour he returned, and gave the ring to the monk, 'which to
the sight was the colour of red, nearly scarlet,' and said to him: 'Thou
wilt put it into the mouth of a dead man in the manner thou knowest,' and
then vanished. The monk obeyed these instructions 'thinking to burn the
lord our King.'

Mr. Fairholt describes a mechanical ring, of mystic signification, as one
of the most curious rings in the Londesborough Collection. The outside of
the hoop is perfectly plain, and is set with a ruby and amethyst. Upon
pressing these stones a spring opens, and discovers the surface covered
with magical signs and names of spirits; among them Asmodiel, Nachiel, and
Zamiel occur, a similar series occupying the interior of the hoop. Such a
ring might be worn without suspicion of its true import, looking
simplicity itself, but fraught with unholy meaning. It was, probably,
constructed for some German mystic philosopher, at a time when students
like Faust devoted themselves and their fortune to occult sciences,
believing in the philosopher's stone, the elixir of life, and the power
given to man to control the unseen world of spirits.

[Illustration: Cabalistic ring.]

Among the charges brought against Joan of Arc were that she had charmed
rings to secure victory over her enemies.

The ancient physicians and empirics employed numerous charms for the cure
of diseases, and the practice was common among the medical professors of
the middle and lower Roman empire. Marcellus, a physician who lived in the
reign of Marcus Aurelius, directs the patient who is afflicted with a pain
in the side to wear a ring of pure gold, inscribed with some Greek
letters, on a Thursday, at the decrease of the moon. It was to be worn on
the right hand if the pain was on the left side, and _vice versa_.
Trallian, another physician, living in the fourth century, cured the colic
and all bilious complaints by means of an octangular ring of iron, on
which eight words were to be engraved, commanding the bile to take
possession of a lark! A magic diagram was to be added. He tells us that he
had great experience in this remedy, and had considered it extremely
foolish to omit recording so valuable a treasure, but he particularly
enjoined keeping it a secret from the profane vulgar, according to an
admonition of Hippocrates, that sacred things are for sacred persons only.
He recommends also a cure for the stone by wearing a copper ring with the
figure of a lion, a crescent, and a star, to be placed on the fourth
finger; and for the colic in general a ring with Hercules strangling the
Nemaean lion.

Michaelis, a physician of Leipsic, had a ring made of a sea-horse's tooth,
which he applied to all diseases indiscriminately,[39] but jasper was the
favourite substance employed when a particular disorder was in question.

[Illustration: Rings with Mottoes, worn as Medicaments.]

Galen mentions a green jasper amulet belonging to the Egyptian King
Nechepsus, who lived 630 years before the Christian era. It was cut in the
form of a dragon surrounded with rays, and worn to strengthen the organs
of digestion.

The numerous magical properties of the jasper made it a favourite among
the Gnostic or Basilidian gems.

At a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries in March 1875 Mr. Robert
Ferguson, M.P., &c., exhibited among other rings, one of yellow metal,
with Anglo-Saxon runes;[40] diameter 1-1/10 inch. It bears an inscription
similar to the Cumberland specimen now in the British Museum. The ring is
said to have belonged to a Major Macdonald, in 1745, and was obtained by
Mr. Ferguson from his descendant. Mr. Ferguson has since presented this
ring to the British Museum.

A somewhat similar ring, the property of the Earl of Aberdeen, is
described in the 'Archaeological Journal' (vol. xxi. p. 256) bearing the
Runic inscription, 'whether in fever or leprosy, the patient be happy and
confident in the hope of recovery.'

[Illustration: Runic.]

The accompanying illustration represents a Dano-Saxon ring worn as a charm
against the plague, and bearing an inscription thus rendered:--

  Raise us from dust we pray to thee;
  From pestilence O set us free,
  Although the grave unwilling be.

[Illustration: Dano-Saxon Runic ring.]

At the proceedings of the Royal Society of Antiquaries at Copenhagen, in
1838, a gold ring with a Runic inscription, found in Fionia, was
exhibited. The words _roed eg lagd alaga_ may be rendered 'I guide the
chain of destiny,' and show that its Scandinavian possessor considered it
an amulet.

Rings of lead, mixed with quicksilver, were used against headaches and
other complaints.

In the 'Recueil des Historiens de France' we read that Passavant, Bishop
of Mans, possessed a ring which had belonged to Gulpherius de Lastour,
during the Crusades, which was very precious, and cured a great number of
sick persons.

A gold ring of the fourteenth century, in the Londesborough Collection,
has an inscription which, freely translated, is 'May you be preserved from
the evil eye!'

In the Shrewsbury Museum is a small iron ring, with an intaglio
representing a fawn springing out of a nautilus-shell. It was discovered
at Wroxeter. This and similar devices the Rev. C. W. King ascribes as
probable charms against the 'evil eye.'

This superstition still prevails extensively in the East, and is also
entertained in many parts of Europe. That it was well known to Romans we
have the authority of Virgil: 'Nescio quis teneros oculus mihi fascinat
agnos' (_Ecl._ iii.).

The following engraving (from the Collection Chabouillet) represents a
Greek amulet ring, adopted by the Etruscans and Romans, and which offers,
by the stone and setting, the figure of an eye. These rings were movable,
and turned on the axis.

[Illustration: Amulet against the 'evil eye.']

The great preservative against this was the wearing of a ring, with the
figure of a cockatrice, supposed to proceed from a cock's egg under
various planetary and talismanic influences. The Londesborough thumb-ring
has two cockatrices cut in high relief upon an agate.

[Illustration: Amulets against the 'evil eye.']

The deadly power of the cockatrice is alluded to by Shakspeare in 'Twelfth
Night' and in 'Romeo and Juliet'--

                          Say thou but _I_,
  And that base vowel _I_ shall poison more
  Than the death-darting eye of cockatrice.

So Dryden says:--

  Mischiefs are like the cockatrice's eye;
  If they see first, they kill; if seen, they die--

alluding to the counter-action, that if the creature was seen by a person
first, without being perceived by it, the cockatrice died from the effect
of the human eye. The figure of the bird merely gave security against the
evil eye; it had no other effect, and for this purpose various engraved
stones were used. Thus a ring in the Londesborough Collection has in its
centre a Gnostic gem with cabalistic figures, believed able to avert the
dreadful glance.

In the same collection is a massive thumb-ring, having the tooth of some
animal as its principal gem, supposed to have mystic power over the
fortunes of its possessor. It is set all round with precious stones of
talismanic virtues.

A dove, with a branch of olive in its mouth, engraved in pyrites, and
mounted in a silver ring, ensured the wearer the utmost hospitality
wherever he went, possessing the power of fascination. A fair head, well
combed, with a handsome face, engraved on a gem, secured joy, reverence,
and honour.

Rings made of the bones of an ostrich were assumed to be of rare virtue.

[Illustration: Charm-ring.]

Annexed is a representation of a silver charm-ring in the South Kensington
Museum; the hoop is spirally fluted, widening towards the bezel, which is
set with a tooth; the shoulder of the ring is pierced in floriated German
work of the eighteenth century.

In the Waterton Collection are several rings of hoof--probably that of an
ass--enclosed in gold, and considered a remedy for epilepsy. From Cardan
(de Venenis) we learn, among other means for a physician to find out
whether a patient is 'fascinated,' that of a ring made of the hoof of an
ass, put on his finger, growing too large for him after a few days'
wearing. It seems that among the Indians and Norwegians the hoof of the
elk is regarded as a sovereign cure for the same malady. The person
afflicted applies it to his heart, holding it in his left hand, and
rubbing his ear with it.

Brand, in his 'Popular Antiquities,' states that in Berkshire a ring made
from a piece of silver collected at the Communion is supposed to be a cure
for convulsions and fits of every kind. If collected on Easter Sunday its
efficacy is greatly increased. Silver is not considered necessary in
Devonshire, where a ring is preferred made out of three nails or screws
that have been used to fasten a coffin, and that have been dug out of the
churchyard. It is curious to notice that, according to Pliny, the ancients
believed that a nail drawn out of a sepulchre and placed on the threshold
of a bed-chamber door would drive away phantoms in the night.

In Lucian's 'Philopseudes' one of the interlocutors states 'that since an
Arabian had presented him with a ring made of iron taken from the gallows,
together with a written charm, he had ceased to be afraid of the
demoniacs, who had been healed by a Syrian in Palestine.'

In the 'Gentleman's Magazine' for 1794 we are told that a silver ring will
cure fits when it is made from five sixpences collected from as many
bachelors, to be conveyed by the hands of a bachelor to a smith that is a
bachelor. None of the persons who gave the sixpences were to know for what
purpose, or to whom they gave them. The 'London Medical and Physical
Journal' for 1815 notices a charm _successfully_ employed in the cure of
epilepsy, after the failure of various medical means. It consisted of a
silver ring contributed by twelve young women, and was to be constantly
worn on one of the fingers of the patient.

In 'Notes and Queries' (vol. i. 2nd series, p. 331) we find a
Gloucestershire ring prescription for epilepsy, which shows the
persistence of credulity even in the present enlightened period. 'The
curate of Hasfield, going into the house of a parishioner whose daughter
was afflicted with epileptic fits, was accosted by the mother of the
damsel in a most joyous tone: "Oh! sir, Emma has got her ring." The good
curate, fearing that the poor girl might have stooped to folly, and that
this was an intimation that her swain intended to make an honest woman of
her, sought an explanation, which was afforded in the following
prescription:--"Why, you see, sir, our Emma has been long troubled with
the fits, and she went to the church door, and asked a penny from every
unmarried man that went in, till she got twenty-four. She then took them
to a silversmith in Gloucester, who promised to get them changed for
'Sacrament' money (which he said he could easily do, as he knew one of the
cathedral clergy). And with that money, sir, he made her a silver ring,
and Emma is wearing it, and has not had a fit since."'

In Somersetshire it is a popular belief that the ring-finger, stroked
along any sore or wound, will soon heal it. All the other fingers would
poison the finger instead of healing it. It is still an article of belief
in some persons that there is virtue enough in a gold ring to remove a
stye from the eye, if it be rubbed with it.

Although silver appears to be the happy medium chiefly in these wonderful
cures, yet we are told that Paracelsus had a ring made of a variety of
metallic substances, which he called electrum, and which not only cured
epilepsy, but almost every other complaint.

At the meeting of the 'Society of Antiquaries' (June 12, 1873) a very
interesting collection of so-called Tau (T) rings were exhibited by
Octavius Morgan, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A. These, bearing the mystical emblem
of the T (tau), are by no means of frequent occurrence, and it is not
likely that so many were ever brought together before. The tau was early
esteemed a sacred symbol, and was considered to be the mark placed on the
forehead, as mentioned in the Bible. 'I have,' remarks Mr. Morgan, 'in my
collection a champleve enamel of the thirteenth century, where the "man in
the linen garment," as mentioned in Ezekiel ix., is represented marking
the T on the forehead of the faithful children of Israel. A mystical
virtue was attached to this T, and, in company with the word
ANANIZAPTA--which, being faithfully translated from the Chaldee, according
to the Rev. C. W. King, means, "Have mercy on us, O Judge"--was thought a
most powerful prophylactic against epilepsy.'

A description of these curious rings will be found in the 'Proceedings of
the Society' (vol. vi. No. 1, pp. 51, 53).

A toadstone ring (the fossil palatal tooth of a species of Ray) was
supposed to protect new-born children and their mothers from the power of
the fairies; and this continued a late-day superstition, for Joanna
Baillie, in a letter to Sir Walter Scott, mentions one having been
repeatedly borrowed from her mother for that purpose. It was believed also
to be a specific in cases of diseased kidney, when immersed in water which
was drunk by the patient.

In the inventory of the Duke de Berry is mentioned 'une crapaudine assize
en un annel d'or;' also, in the inventory of the Duke of Burgundy, we find
'deux crapaudines, l'une en ung anneau d'or, l'autre en ung anneau
d'argent.' These were highly esteemed for their magical properties, as I
have remarked, and were probably also worn to prevent the administration
of poison, being supposed to indicate its presence by perspiring and
changing colour. Fenton, who wrote in 1569, says, 'Being used in rings
they give forewarning of venom.' In Ben Jonson's 'Fox' (ii. 5) it is thus
alluded to:--

  Were you enamoured on his copper rings,
  His saffron jewel, with the toadstone in't?

Lupton, in his 'Thousand Notable Things,' says that the stone (which,
according to Fenton, was most commonly found in the head of a he-toad) was
not easily attained, for the toad 'envieth so much that man should have
that stone. To know whether the stone called _crapaudina_ be the right or
perfect stone or not, hold the stone before a toad so that he may see it,
and, if it be a right and true stone, the toad will leap towards it, and
make as though he would snatch it from you.'

[Illustration: Silver toadstone ring (fifteenth century).]

An ingenious method of obtaining the stone is given by the same writer:
'Put a great or overgrown toad (first bruised in divers places) into an
earthen pot; put the same into an ant's hillock, and cover the same with
earth, which toad at length the ants will eat, so that the bones of the
toad and stone will be left in the pot.' A mediaeval author, however,
states that the stone should be obtained while the toad is living, and
this may be done by simply placing upon him a piece of scarlet cloth,
'wherewithal they are much delighted, so that, while they stretch out
themselves as it were in sport upon that cloth, they cast out the stone of
their head, but instantly they sup it up again, unless it be taken from
them through some secret hole in the same cloth.'

The scarlet, however did not always perform this miracle, for Boethius
relates how he watched a whole night an old toad he had laid on a red
cloth to see him cast forth the stone, but the toad was stubborn, and left
him nothing to 'gratify the great pangs of his whole night's
restlessness.'

The Londesborough Collection contains two remarkable specimens of rings
connected with toad superstition, thus described by Mr. Fairholt: 'The
first is of mixed metal, gilt, having upon it the figure of a toad
swallowing a serpent. There is a mediaeval story of a necromancer
introducing himself to another professor of magic by showing him a
serpent-ring, upon which the latter, who did not desire anyone to
interfere with his practice, produced his toadstone ring, observing that
the toad might swallow the serpent, thereby intimating his power to
overcome him. The second ring is curious, not only as containing the true
toad-stone, but the stone is embossed with the figure of a toad, according
to the description of Albertus Magnus, who describes the most valuable
variety of this coveted gem as having the figure of the reptile engraved
on it.'

[Illustration: Toadstone rings.]

Praetorius mentions that a member of the German house of Alveschleben
received a ring from a 'Nixe' to which the future fortunes of his line
were to be attached.

The turquoise ring of Shylock, which he would not have given for a
'wilderness of monkeys' ('Merchant of Venice,' scene i.), was probably
more esteemed for its secret virtues than from any commercial value, the
turquoise, turkise, or turkey-stone having, from remote periods, been
supposed to possess talismanic properties. Fenton, in his 'Secret Wonders
of Nature' (1569), thus describes the stone: 'The turkeys doth move when
there is any peril prepared to him that weareth it.'

Dr. Donne alludes to

  A compassionate turquoise, that doth tell,
  By looking pale, the wearer is not well.

Among the virtues of the turquoise is one which would spare us the shame
of a divorce-court, as it was believed to take away all enmity, and to
reconcile man and wife. Holinshed, speaking of the death of King John,
says: 'And when the king suspected them (the pears) to be poisoned indeed,
by reason of such precious stones as he had about him cast forth a certain
_sweat_, as it were bewraeing the poison, &c.' The turquoise was a
supposed monitor of poison from this circumstance.

'With the Germans the turquoise is still the gem appropriated to the ring,
the "gage d'amour," presented by the lover on the acceptance of his suit,
the permanence of its colour being believed to depend upon the constancy
of his affection. Inasmuch as this stone is almost as liable to change,
and as capriciously as the heart itself, the omen it gives is verified
with sufficient frequency to maintain its reputation for infallibility'
(The Rev. C. W. King, on 'Precious Stones,' &c.).

Camillus Leonardus, in the 'Mirror of Stones,' describes the _carbuncle_
as 'brandishing its fiery rays on every side, and in the dark appearing
like a fiery coal. It is esteemed the first among burning gems.'

The ancients supposed this stone to give out a native light without
reflection, and they ranked it fifth in order, after diamonds, emeralds,
opals, and pearls. The virtue of the carbuncle was to drive away poisonous
air, repress luxury, and preserve the health of the body. The wonderful
light emitted from the stone is one of the most prolific resources of
romance among old writers.

Shakspeare alludes to the superstition in 'Titus Andronicus' (Act ii. sc.
4).

  _Martius._ Lord Bassianus lies embrued here
             All on a heap, like to a slaughtered lamb,
             In this detested, dark, blood-drinking pit.
  _Quintus._ If it be dark, how dost thou know 'tis he?
  _Martius._ Upon his bloody finger he doth wear
             A precious ring that lightens all the hole,
             Which, like a taper in some monument,
             Doth shine upon the dead man's earthy cheeks,
             And shows the rugged entrails of the pit.

Ben Jonson and Drayton also refer to the same superstition.

The change of colours[41] in stones, portent of evil, was a deep-set
superstition in most parts of the world. In the Scotch ballad of 'Hynd
Horn' we find:--

  And she gave to me a gay gold ring
    With a hey lillelu and a how lo lau,
  With three shining diamonds set therein,
    And the birk and the brume blooms bonnie.

      *       *       *       *       *

  What if these diamonds lose their hue,
    With a hey lillelu and a how lo lau,
  Just when my love begins for to rew,
    And the birk and the brume blooms bonnie.

  For when your ring turns pale and wan
    With a hey lillelu and a how lo lau,
  Then I'm in love with another man,
    And the birk and the brume blooms bonnie.

      *       *       *       *       *

  Seven long years he has been on the sea,
    With a hey lillelu and a how lo lau,
  And Hynd Horn has looked how his ring may be,
    And the birk and the brume blooms bonnie.

  But when he looked this ring upon,
    With a hey lillelu and a how lo lau,
  The shining diamonds were pale and wan,
    And the birk and the brume blooms bonnie.

  Oh! the ring it was both black and blue,
    With a hey lillelu and a how lo lau,
  And she's either dead or she's married,
    And the birk and the brume blooms bonnie.

A curious passage occurs in a letter addressed by Lord Chancellor Hatton
to Sir Thomas Smith, preserved among the Harleian MSS., relating to an
epidemic then prevailing: 'I am likewise bold to commend my humble duty to
our dear mistress (Queen Elizabeth) by this letter and ring, which hath
the virtue to expel infectious airs, and is (as it letteth me) to be worn
between the sweet duggs, the chaste nest of pure constancy (!). I trust,
sir, when the virtue is known it shall not be refused for the value.'

'Medijcinable' rings for the cure of the falling sickness and the cramp
are mentioned in the Household Books of Henry IV. and Edward IV.; the
metal they were composed of was what formed the King's offering to the
Cross on Good Friday, that day being appointed for the blessing of the
rings.

The following entry occurs in the account of the seventh and eighth years
of Henry IV. (1406). 'In oblacionibus domini regis factis adorando crucem
in capella infra manerium suum de Eltham, die parasceves, in precio trium
nobilium auri, et v. solidorum sterlyng, xxv. s.'

'In denariis solutis pro eisdem oblacionibus reassumptis, pro annulis
medicinalibus inde faciendis, xxv. s.'

A ring considered to possess some healing or talismanic virtues was also
termed, in mediaeval Latin, _vertuosus_. Thus Thomas de Hoton, rector of
Kyrkebymisperton, 1351, bequeathed to his chaplain 'j. zonam de serico, j.
bonam bursam, j. firmaculum, et j. anulum vertuosum. Item, domino Thome de
Bouthum, j. par de bedes de corall, j. annulum vertuosum.'

Andrew Boorde, who lived in the reign of Henry VIII., alluding to the
cramp-rings, says, in his 'Introduction to Knowledge,' the 'Kynges of
England doth halow every yere crampe rynges, ye whych rynges worn on one's
finger doth helpe them whych have the crampe.' And, again, in his
'Breviary of Health' (1557), he writes: 'The kynge's majesty hath a great
helpe in this matter in halowynge crampe rings, and so given without money
or petition, ye which rynges worne on one's finger doth helpe them,' &c.
This ceremonial was practised by previous sovereigns. Hospinian gives an
account of the proceedings, and states that they took place on Good
Friday, and originated from the famous 'pilgrim' ring of King Edward the
Confessor. According to tradition the sapphire in the British crown came
from this ring, the possession of which gave English sovereigns the power
of procuring an efficacious blessing to the cramp-rings. Gardiner, in
1529, received a number of cramp-rings to distribute among the English
embassage to the Pope, 'the royal fingers pouring such virtue into the
metal that no disorder could resist it.'[42]

[Illustration: Silver Cramp-ring.]

The superstitious belief in the efficacy of cramp-rings was by no means,
as we have seen, confined to the ignorant and uneducated classes; even
Lord Berners, ambassador to the Emperor Charles V., writing to 'my Lord
Chancellor's Grace' from Saragossa (June 30, 1518), says, 'If your Grace
remember me with some crampe-ryngs, ye shall doe a thing muche looked for,
and I trust to bestowe theym well, with Goddes grace, who evermore
preserve and increase your most reverent estate.'

The late Cardinal Wiseman ('Notes and Queries,' vol. vii., 1st series, p.
89) had in his possession a manuscript containing both the ceremony for
the blessing of the cramp-rings, and that for the touching for the King's
evil. At the commencement of the manuscript are emblazoned the arms of
Philip and Mary. The first ceremony is headed 'Certain Prayers to be used
by the Quene's Heignes in the Consecration of the Crampe-rynges.'
Accompanying it is an illumination, representing the queen kneeling, with
a dish containing the rings to be blessed on each side of her. The second
Ceremony is entitled 'The ceremonye for ye Heling of them that be diseased
with the Kynge's Evill.' This manuscript was exhibited at a meeting of the
Archaeological Institute, June 6, 1851.

In Burnet (vol. ii. p. 266 of 'Records') there is the whole Latin formula
of the consecration of the cramp-rings. It commences with the psalm 'Deus
misereatur nostri.' Then follows a prayer invoking the aid of the Holy
Spirit: the rings then lying in one basin or more, a prayer was said over
them, from which we learn that the rings were made of metal, and were to
expel all living venom of serpents. The rings were then blessed with an
invocation to the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and signed frequently
with the cross. In the last benediction the prayer is made 'that the rings
may restore contracted nerves.' A psalm of benediction follows, and a
prayer against the frauds of devils. 'The Queen's Highness then rubbeth
the rings between her hands, saying the prayer implying that as her hands
rub the rings, the virtue of the holy oil wherewith she was anointed might
be infused into their metal, and, by the grace of God, might be
efficacious.' The remainder of the curious ceremony concluded with holy
water being poured into the basin with further prayers. This ceremonial
was practised by previous sovereigns, and discontinued by Edward VI. Queen
Mary intended to revive it, and, in all probability, did so, from the
manuscript to which I have alluded as having belonged to the late Cardinal
Wiseman.[43]

The annexed cut represents a cramp-ring of lead, simply cast in a mould,
and sold cheap for the use of the commonalty. It belongs to the fourteenth
century.

[Illustration: Lead Cramp-ring.]

A curious remnant or corruption of the use of cramp-rings at the present
time is noticed by Mr. Rokewode, who says that in Suffolk the use of
cramp-rings as a preventive against fits is not entirely abandoned:
'Instances occur where young men of a parish each subscribe a crooked
sixpence to be moulded into a ring for a young woman afflicted with that
malady.'

The use of galvanic rings for the cure of rheumatism belongs to our own
time, and is by no means extinct; however, we have no right to class this
practice among our superstitions. After all, faith works wonders!

Particular rings were worn on certain days from superstitious motives;
thus in the inventory of Charles V., in 1379, a ring with a cameo
representing a Christian subject is thus described:--'annel des vendredis,
lequel est neelle et y est la croix double noire de chacun coste, ou il y
a ung crucifix d'un camayeux, Saint Jean et Notre-Dame, et deux angeloz
sur les bras de la croix, et le porte le roy continuellement les
vendredis.'

Evil portents with regard to rings prevailed in the reign of Elizabeth.
The queen's coronation-ring, which she had worn constantly since her
inauguration, having grown into her finger, necessitated the ring being
filed off, and this was regarded as an unfavourable augury by many, who,
doubtless, attributed any untoward event that occurred at this period to
an omen. Few were more credulous in such matters than the strong-minded
(in most respects) queen herself, who was a firm believer in the still
popular superstition of 'good luck.'

Long after this period, however, there were not wanting believers in the
supernatural efficacy of charmed rings; there was even a charge against
the Puritans of having contributed to foster the popular delusion. In the
'Scourge,' a series of weekly papers which appeared between 1717 and 1718,
alluding to May 29, the writer says of the Roundheads: 'Yet these priests
of Baal had so poisoned the minds of the populace with such delusive
enchantments that from rings, bodkins, and thimbles, like the Israelitish
calf of gold, would start up a troop of horse to reinforce the saints.'

Even to a comparatively late period the belief in the Gnostic amulets was
current in our own country. Immediately after the battle of Culloden the
baggage of Prince Charles Edward fell into the hands of the Duke of
Cumberland's army, and many private and curious articles came into the
possession of General Belford--amongst others a stone set in silver
attached to a ring, which probably the superstitious Prince may have
obtained on the Continent as a charm, and carried it as a protection in
the hazardous enterprise in which he was engaged. It was a ruby
blood-stone, having on one face the figure of Mars, with the inscription
beside it, I A _w_. On the other face was a female naked figure, probably
Isis, with the inscription, A T I T A.

The ancient superstition of securing the favour of the great by wearing
certain precious stones appears in the East by the aid of a talismanic
ring--simply, however, of silver, without the assistance of a jewel. In
Herbelot's 'Customs of the Mussulmans of India' a formula is given for the
making of these rings: 'Should anyone desire to make princes and grandees
subject and obedient to his will he must have a silver ring made, with a
small square tablet fixed on it, upon which is to be engraved the number
that the letters composing the _ism_ represent, which in this case is
2.613. This number by itself, or added to that of its two demons, 286 and
112, and its genius, 1,811--amounting in all to 4,822--must be formed into
a magic square of the _solacee_ or _robace_ kind, and engraved. When the
ring is thus finished, he is, for a week, to place it before him, and
daily, in the morning and in the evening, to repeat the _ism_ five
thousand times, and blow on it. When the whole is concluded he is to wear
the ring on the little finger of the right hand.'

The losing of a ring given as a pledge of affection was considered in
former times, as it is not unfrequently now, to be an omen of mishap. The
widow of Viscount Dundee, the famous Claverhouse, was met and wooed at
Colzium House, in Stirlingshire, by William Livingstone (afterwards
Viscount Kilsyth). As a pledge of his love he presented her with a ring,
which she lost, next day, in the garden; and this giving rise to sad
presentiments, a large reward was offered for its finding and restoration.
Strange it may seem, but Lady Kilsyth was killed in Holland with her
infant, by the fall of a house, and their bodies were brought to Scotland
and interred at Kilsyth. In 1796 the tenant of the garden in which the
ring was lost discovered it, when digging for potatoes, in a clod of
earth. At first he regarded it as a bauble, but the moment the inscription
became apparent the tradition came fresh to his recollection, and he found
it was the identical ring of Lady Kilsyth. It was of gold and about the
value of ten shillings; nearly the breadth of a straw, and without any
stone. The external surface is ornamented with a wreath of myrtle, and on
the internal surface is the legend: 'Zovrs onlly & euver.' This ring came
into the possession of the Edmonstone family.

In Sir John Bramstone's autobiography (1631) it is related that his
stepmother dropped her wedding-ring off her finger into the sea, near the
shore, when she pulled off her glove. She would not go home without the
ring, 'it being the most unfortunate that could befall anyone to lose the
wedding ring.' Happily for her comfort, the ring was found.

Rings _bursting_ on the fingers, as an ill-omen, is thus alluded to in the
Scotch ballad of 'Lammilsin':

    *       *       *

  The Lord sat in England
    A drinking the wine.

  I wish a may be weel
    Wi' my lady at hame;
  For the rings of my fingers
    They're now burst in twain.

In the 'State Trials' (vol. xiv., Case of Mary Norkott and John Okeman) is
a curious instance of superstition connected with the marriage-ring. It
was a case of murder, and the victim, at the touch of the person accused
of the crime, 'thrust out the ring or marriage-finger three times, and
pulled it in again, and the finger dropped blood upon the grass.' Sir
Nicholas Hyde said to the witness: 'Who saw this beside you?' The answer
was: 'I cannot swear what others saw; but, my Lord, I do believe the whole
company saw it, and if it had been thought a doubt, proof would have been
made of it, and many would have attested with me.'

The breaking of a ring was of ominous import. Atkinson, in his 'Memoirs of
the Queen of Prussia,' says: 'The betrothal of the young couple (Frederic
and Sophia Charlotte, first King and Queen of Prussia) speedily followed.
I believe it was during the festivities attendant upon this occasion that
a ring worn by Frederic, in memory of his deceased wife, with the device
of clasped hands, and the motto "_a jamais_," suddenly broke, which was
looked upon as an omen that this union, likewise, was to be of short
duration.'

The breaking of a wedding-ring is still regarded in some parts of England
as an import that its wearer will soon be a widow. A correspondent of
'Notes and Queries' found this superstition current in Essex a few years
ago. A man had been murdered in that county, and his widow said: 'I
thought I should soon lose him, for I broke my wedding-ring the other day,
and my sister lost her husband after breaking her ring. It is a sure
sign'!

It was an olden superstition that the bending of the leaves to the right
or to the left of the orpine plants, or _Mid-summer men_, as they were
called (_Telephium_), would never fail to tell whether a lover was true or
false. In an old poem, the 'Cottage Girl,' we find:--

  Oft on the shrub she casts her eye,
  That spoke her true love's secret sigh;
  Or else, alas, too plainly told
  Her true love's faithless heart was cold.

In 1801 a small gold ring was exhibited at the Society of Antiquaries
(found in a ploughed field near Cawood, in Yorkshire) which had for a
device two orpine plants joined by a true-love knot, with a motto above:
'_ma fiance velt_,' my sweetheart wills, or is desirous. The stalks of the
plants were bent to each other, in token that the parties represented by
them were to come together in marriage. The motto under the ring was:
'_Joye l'amour feu_.' From the form of the letters it appeared to have
been a ring of the fifteenth century.

The ring conferring divination powers on the wedding-cake is thus alluded
to in the 'St. James's Chronicle' (1799):--

  Enlivening source of Hymeneal mirth,
  All hail the blest receipt that gave thee birth!
  Though Flora culls the fairest of her bowers,
  And strews the path of Hymen with her flowers,
  Nor half the raptures give her scatter'd sweets,
  The _Cake_ far kinder gratulation meets.
  The bridesmaid's eyes with sparkling glances beam,
  She views the cake, and greets the promised dream;
  For, when endowed with necromantic spell,
  She knows what wondrous things the cake will tell.
  When from the altar comes the pensive bride,
  With downcast looks, her partner at her side,
  Soon from the ground these thoughtful looks arise
  To meet the cake that gayer thoughts supplies.
  With her own hands she charms each destined slice,
  _And through the ring repeats the trebled thrice_.
  The hallow'd ring, infusing magic power,
  Bids Hymen's visions wait the midnight hour;
  The mystic treasure placed beneath her head
  Will tell the fair if haply she will wed.
  These mysteries portentous lie conceal'd
  Till Morpheus calls and bids them stand reveal'd;
  The future husband that night's dream will bring,
  Whether a parson, soldier, beggar, king,
  As partner of her life the fair must take,
  Irrevocable doom of Bridal-cake.

Rowe, in his 'Happy Village' (1796), says 'the wedding-cake now through
the ring was led.'

The connection between the bride-cake and wedding-ring is strongly marked
in the following custom, still retained in Yorkshire, where the former is
cut into little square pieces, thrown over the bridegroom and bride's
head, and then put through the ring.

In the North slices of the bride-cake are put through the wedding-ring,
and they are afterwards laid under the pillows at night to cause young
persons to dream of their lovers. Douce's manuscript notes say: 'This is
not peculiar to the north of England, but seems to prevail generally; the
pieces of cake must be drawn nine times through the wedding-ring.'

In Brand's 'Popular Antiquities' we read: 'Many married women are so
rigid, not to say superstitious, in their notions concerning their
wedding-rings, that neither when they wash their hands, nor at any other
time, will they take the ring off the finger; extending, it should seem,
the expression of "till death do us part" even to this golden circlet, the
token and pledge of matrimony.' There is an old proverb on the subject of
wedding-rings, which has, no doubt, been many a time quoted for the
purpose of encouraging and hastening the consent of a diffident or
timorous mistress:--

  As your wedding-ring wears,
  Your cares will wear away.

A charm-divination on October 6, St. Faith's day, is still in use in the
north of England. A cake of flour, spring water, salt, and sugar, is made
by three girls, each having an equal hand in the composition. It is then
baked in a Dutch oven, silence being strictly preserved, and turned thrice
by each person. When it is well baked it must be divided into three equal
parts, and each girl must cut her share into nine pieces, drawing every
piece through a wedding-ring which has been borrowed from a woman who has
been married seven years. Each girl must eat her pieces of cake while she
is undressing, and repeat the following verses:--

  O good St. Faith, be kind to-night,
  And bring to me my heart's delight;
  Let me my future husband view,
  And be my visions chaste and true.

All three must then get into one bed, with the ring suspended by a string
to the head of the couch. They will then dream of their future husbands.

A very singular divination practised at the period of the harvest-moon is
thus described in an old chap-book: 'When you go to bed place under your
pillow a Prayer-book open at the part of the Matrimonial Service, "With
this ring I thee wed;" place on it a key, a _ring_, a flower, and a sprig
of willow, a small heart-cake, a crust of bread, and the following cards:
the ten of clubs, nine of hearts, ace of spades, and the ace of diamonds.
Wrap all these in a thin handkerchief of gauze or muslin, and on getting
into bed cross your hands and say:--

  Luna, every woman's friend,
  To me thy goodness condescend;
  Let me this night in visions see
  Emblems of my destiny.

If you dream of storms, trouble will betide you; if the storm ends in a
fine calm, so will your fate; if of a _ring_, or the ace of diamonds,
marriage; bread, an industrious life; cake, a prosperous life; flowers,
joy; willow, treachery in love; spades, death; diamonds, money; clubs, a
foreign land; hearts, base children; keys, that you will rise to great
trust and power, and never know want; birds, that you will have many
children; and geese, that you will marry more than once.'

There is an old superstition on the colours of stones in 'keepsake'
rings:--

  Oh, green is forsaken
  And yellow's forsworn,
  But blue is the prettiest colour that's worn.

A correspondent of 'Notes and Queries' observes that in the district about
Burnley it is common to put the wedding-ring into the posset, and, after
serving it out, the unmarried person whose cup contains the ring will be
the first of the company to be married.

In Ireland it is a popular belief that finding the ring in a piece of
Michaelmas pie would ensure the maiden possessor an early marriage.

The following notice of an advertisement is extracted from an Oxford paper
of 1860, and republished in 'Notes and Queries' (3rd series, vol. x. p.
19): 'IMPORTANT NOTICE!--The largest cake ever made in Oxford, weighing
upward of 1,000 pounds, and containing 30 gold wedding and other rings, in
value from 7_s._ 6_d._ to Two Guineas each! To be seen for sale at No. 1
Queen Street, Oxford, from Thursday, December 27th, until Saturday,
January 5th, 1861, when it will be cut out at the low price of 1_s._ 2_d._
per pound (this quality frequently sold for wedding-cake). Persons at a
distance desirous of purchasing may rely upon prompt attention being given
to their favours.

'N.B.--J. Boffin will feel obliged if persons obtaining the gold rings
will favour him with their names.'

A wide-spread superstition or fancy prevails with regard to the use of a
gold ring at weddings. Mr. Wood, in his 'Wedding Day in all Ages and
Countries,' observes 'that the Irish peasantry have a general impression
that a marriage without the use of a gold ring is not legal. At a town in
the south-east of Ireland, a person kept a few gold wedding-rings for
hire, and when parties who were too poor to purchase a ring of the
necessary precious metal were about to be married, they obtained the loan
of one, and paid a small fee for the same, the ring being returned to the
owner immediately after the ceremony. In some places it is common for the
same ring to be used for many marriages, which ring remains in the custody
of the priest.'

Mr. Jeaffreson says: 'I have known labourers of the eastern counties of
England express their faith in the mystic efficacy of the golden arrabo in
language that in the seventeenth century would have stirred Puritan
auditors to denounce the Satanic bauble and its worshippers with godly
fervour.'

Pegge, in his 'Curialia,' alludes to the superstition that a wedding-ring
of gold rubbed on a stye upon the eyelid was a sovereign remedy, but it
required to be rubbed _nine_ times.

Mr. W. R. S. Ralston, in his 'Songs of the Russians,' mentions some
curious superstitions in connexion with rings in that country.

A custom exists in Russia of catching rain that falls during a
thunderstorm in a basin, at the bottom of which rain has been placed. In
the Riazan Government, water that has been dropped through a wedding-ring
is supposed to have certain merits as a lotion; and at a Little-Russian
marriage the bride is bound to give the bridegroom to drink from a cup of
wine in which a ring has been put. From the mention of a ring made in the
'Dodola Songs,' and in others referring to storm and rain, it is supposed
that a golden ring, in mythical language, is to be taken as a
representation of the lightning's heavenly gold.

In the olden time the celestial divinities were supposed to be protectors
and favourers of marriage, and the first nuptial crown was attributed to
that heavenly framer of all manner of implements who forged the first
plough for man. And so, in some of the songs, a prayer is offered up to a
mysterious smith, beseeching him to construct a golden nuptial crown, and
out of the fragments of it to make a wedding-ring, and a pin with which to
fasten the bridal veil.

  There comes a Smith from the Forge, _Glory!_
  The Smith carries three hammers, _Glory!_
  Smith, Smith, forge me a crown, _Glory!_
  Forge me a crown both golden and new, _Glory!_
  Forge from the remnants a golden ring, _Glory!_
  And from the chips a pin, _Glory!_
  In that crown will I be wedded, _Glory!_
  With that ring will I be betrothed, _Glory!_
  With that pin will I fasten the nuptial kerchief, _Glory!_

When a lover leaves his mistress for a time, he gives her a golden ring
(_persten'_, a signet-ring, or one set with gems--from _perst_, a finger)
and receives from her a gold ring in exchange (_Kol' tse_, a plain circlet
like our own wedding-ring, from _Kolo_, a circle).

  It is not a falcon flying across the sky,
  It is not a falcon scattering blue feathers,
  But a brave youth galloping along the road,
  Forth from his bright eyes pouring bitter tears.
      He has parted from his own,
      The Lower River track, through which,
      In all her beauty, Mother Volga flows.
      He has parted from the maiden fair,
      And with her as a token left
          A costly diamond ring;
      And from her has he taken in exchange
          A plighting ring of gold.
  And while exchanging gifts thus has he spoken:
      'Forget me not, my dear one,
       Forget me not, my loved companion.
       Often, often gaze upon my ring;
       Often, often will I kiss thy circlet,
       Pressing it to my beating heart,
           Remembering thee, my own.
       _If ever I think of another love,
       The golden circlet will unclasp;
       Shouldst thou to another suitor yield,
       From the ring the diamond will fall._'




CHAPTER III.

SECULAR INVESTITURE BY THE RING.


The investiture of our English sovereigns _per annulum_, or by the ring,
is an important part of our present coronation ceremonial. On this august
occasion the master of the Jewel-House delivers the ring (which is of
plain gold, with a large table ruby, on which the cross of St. George is
engraved), to the Archbishop of Canterbury, who places it on the fourth
finger of the sovereign's right hand, saying: 'Receive this ring, the
ensign of kingly dignity and of defence of the catholic faith, that as you
are this day consecrated head of the kingdom and people, so, rich in
faith, and abounding in good works, you may reign with Him who is King of
kings, to whom be glory and honour for ever and ever, Amen.'

Of the intrinsic value ascribed to the coronation ring we have an instance
recorded in the life of James II. He was detained by the fishermen of
Sheerness in his first attempt to escape from England in 1688; the
particulars are related in his 'Memoirs:' 'The King kept the diamond
bodkin which he had of the queen's, and the _coronation ring_, which, for
more security, he put into his drawers. The captain, it appeared, was well
acquainted with the dispositions of his crew one of whom cried out "It is
Father Petre--I know him by his lantern jaws;" a second called him an old
"hatchet-faced Jesuit;" and a third, "a cunning old rogue, he would
warrant him!"; for, some time after he was gone, and, probably by his
order, several seamen entered the King's cabin, saying they must search
him and the gentlemen, believing that they had not given up all their
money. The King and his companions told them that they were at liberty to
do so, thinking that their readiness would induce them not to persist; but
they were mistaken; the sailors began their search with a roughness and
rudeness which proved they were accustomed to the employment. At last one
of them, feeling about the King's knee, got hold of the diamond bodkin,
and cried out, with the usual oath, he had found a prize; but the King
boldly declared he was mistaken. He had, indeed, scissors, a tooth-pick
case, and little keys in his pocket, and what was felt was undoubtedly one
of these articles. The man still seemed incredulous, and rudely thrust his
hand into the King's pocket; but in his haste he lost hold of the diamond
bodkin, and, finding the things the King mentioned, remained satisfied it
was so; by this means the bodkin and ring were preserved.'

The ring is said to have been a favourite one of the unfortunate Mary,
Queen of Scots, and was sent by her, at her death, to James I., through
whom it came into the possession of Charles I., and on his execution was
transmitted by Bishop Juxon to his son. It afterwards came into the hands
of George IV., with other relics belonging to Cardinal York.

This ring is mentioned in the 'Inventory of the Goods and Chattels
belonging to King James the Second,' taken July 22, 1703: 'one ruby ring,
having a cross engraved on it, with which the late king was crowned,' and
is valued at 1,500_l._ In Leland's 'Collectanea,' in describing the
ceremonies made use of at the coronation of the mother of Henry VIII., it
states that the archbishop 'next _blest_ her ring, and sprinkled on it
holy water.'

In the coronation of the kings of France the ring was first blessed by the
officiating archbishop, who, seated with the mitre on his head, placed it
on the fourth finger of the right hand of the monarch, using a nearly
similar form of benediction to that practised at the coronations of our
own sovereigns.[44]

In the curious account of the coronation of Louis XIII. of France,
preserved in a chronicle of his reign, it mentions: 'The royal ring being
blessed by the Cardinal de Joyeuse (who officiated for the Archbishop of
Rheims), a symbol of love, whereby the King was wedded to his realm, he
placed it on the fourth finger of His Majesty's right hand, for a mark of
the sovereign power.'

Kirchmann states that at the coronation of Ferdinand III. at Ratisbon, in
1616, a few years before he wrote, the Archbishop and Elector of Maintz,
having received from the altar a very precious ring, placed it on the
finger of the Emperor, with these words: 'Accipe regiae dignitatis annulum,
et per hoc Catholicae fidei cognosce signaculum, et ud hodie ordinaris
caput et princeps regni et populi, ita perseverabilis auctor et stabilitor
Christianitatis et Christianae fidei fias, ut feliciter in opere cum Rege
regum glorioris per eum, cui est honor et gloria, per infinita secula
seculorum.--Amen.'

The typical meaning of the royal investiture by the ring is the union of
the sovereign with his people, whom he is supposed to espouse at this
solemnity, and in this sense some older writers have called it 'the
wedding ring of England.'

The ring worn by the queen-consorts of Great Britain at their coronation
was of gold with a large table ruby set therein, and small rubies set
round about the ring, of which those next the setting were the largest,
the rest diminishing in proportion. Queen Mary Beatrice, consort of James
the II., wore a ring of this description to her dying day, and nothing
during her misfortune could ever induce her to part with it.[45]

That the ring was considered an indication of sovereign will from the
earliest times, we have proofs, as I have mentioned, in the Holy
Scriptures. So Alexander the Great, on his death-bed, on being asked to
whom he would leave the kingdom, answered, to the most worthy, and gave
his ring, when speechless, to Perdiccas. The Emperor Tiberius, on the
point of death, took his ring from his finger, and held it a short time,
as though intending to give it to some one, as his successor; he however,
put it on again, and became insensible. Recovering at length, he found
that his ring had been taken from him, and demanded it, upon which his
attendants smothered him with the cushions.

The Emperor Valerian gave a ring with two precious stones to his successor
Claudius. The knights of ancient Rome were permitted to wear, as the
insignia of their rank, golden rings and collars. They were presented at
the public expense with a horse and gold ring. Offa, king of the East
Angles, is recorded to have appointed Edmund, the son of a kinsman, his
successor, by sending him the ring which he received at his own
coronation. The 'pilgrim-ring' of Edward the Confessor, to which I have
alluded in the chapter on 'Ring Superstitions,' was in after times
preserved with great care at his shrine in Westminster Abbey, and was used
at the investiture of subsequent sovereigns.

The investiture of Prince Edmund, second son of King Henry III., as King
of Sicily, which took place in 1255, was performed at London by the Bishop
of Bononia, in the presence of the King, and a numerous assembly, by the
symbol of a ring, which the Pope had sent for that purpose. Henry is said
to have wept for joy, and sent the Pontiff immediately afterwards fifty
thousand marks, but this event led to the association of the barons
against the King and other great changes.

In 1469, Charles of France having renounced the possession of the duchy of
Normandy, for which he received in exchange Guyenne, his ducal ring was
sent by Louis XI. to the exchequer at Rouen, where it was broken in two
pieces at a solemn assembly held for that purpose in the castle of
Bouvreuil, in the presence of the Constable of France, Louis de
Luxembourg.

A papal investiture, by a ring, of a sovereign of England is recorded by
John of Salisbury, contemporary with Pope Adrian VIII., and who states
that the Pontiff ceded and gave to Henry II. the island of Ireland, in
hereditary succession, claiming, as his right to do so, the grant of
Constantine by which all islands belonged to the See of Rome. The Pope
sent a large gold ring, set with a fine emerald, as a mark of investiture,
and which, together with the bull, were deposited in the archives at
Winchester. Richard II. resigned the crown to Henry IV. by transferring to
him his ring.

In subsequent ages, and within a few centuries of our time, we find the
royal power displayed significantly in the ring, which, in the instance I
mention, was truly a messenger of grace. Two Scotch burgesses in the
stormy days of Queen Mary had been condemned to death, but were reprieved
at the foot of the gallows by her Majesty. The messenger was sent in great
haste by the Earl of Bothwell, 'and presented the Queen's ring to the
provost's inspection for the safety of their lives.' This was considered a
sufficient indication of the royal clemency, and 'the revival' (observes
Knox, in his 'History of the Reformation in Scotland') 'of an ancient
custom practised by Scottish monarchs before the date of the earliest
sign-manual on record, when everything in Church and State were
represented in types and symbols.'

Another interesting incident in connection with Mary, Queen of Scots, is
the ring with which she invested Darnley with the Dukedom of Albany. An
engraving and description of this ring will be found in the chapter on
'Remarkable Rings.' The infant James, son of Mary, Queen of Scots, was, a
few days after his baptism, invested with the ring and other insignia, as
Prince of Scotland, Duke of Rothsay, Earl of Carrick and Cunningham, and
Baron of Renfrew. The royal child sat in his mother's lap while a gold
ring was placed on his tiny finger.

Among the insignia connected with the investiture of the Princes of Wales
is a ring. The earliest charter of creation known by Selden is that of
Edward III. to his son and heir-apparent, Edward, Duke of Cornwall, some
years after he was made Duke. This charter contains the particulars of the
ceremony of investiture with the coronal, the ring of gold, and the rod of
silver. In the letters patent issued by George I. (Sept. 22, 1714),
declaring his son George Augustus, Duke of Brunswick Lunenburgh, 'Prince
of Wales and Earl of Chester,' the investiture is thus described:
'Likewise, we invest him, the said Prince, with the aforesaid principality
and county, which he may continue to govern and protect; and we confirm
him in the same by these ensigns of honour--the girding of a sword, the
delivering of a cap and placing it on his head, _with a ring on his
finger_, and a golden staff in his hand, _according to custom_, to be
possessed by him and his heirs, Kings of Great Britain.'[46]

The practice now is that the Prince of Wales is invested with the Earldom
of Chester by special patent, while he enjoys by a sort of hereditary
prescription certain other titular distinctions. In the patent of creation
of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (dated Dec. 8th, 1841), the Queen, in
the patent, states: 'We do ennoble (our most dear son) and invest with the
said principality and earldom, by girting him with a sword, by putting a
coronet on his head, and a gold ring on his finger, and also by delivering
a gold rod into his hand,' &c.

According to French writers it was formerly a custom in that country to
give a marquis, on his elevation to that dignity, a ring set with the
ruby; a count received a diamond ring.

The royal signet-ring in Anglo-Saxon times served as an authority in
law-suits about land. In the Cottonian MSS. (Aug. 2, p. 15), one charter
states that 'Wynfleth, to prove a gift of land by Alfrith, led witnesses
to the King, who sent a writ to Leofwin, and desired that men should be
summoned to the shire-gemot to try the case, and as an authority sent his
signet-ring to this gemot by an abbot and greeted all the witan.'

The charters given by our early kings received the royal confirmation by
the ring: thus Richard Coeur-de-Lion, in a charter relating to the
exchange of Andeli, in Normandy, belonging to the clergy of Rouen, for
other properties, much to the advantage of the ecclesiastics, passed his
ring, in sign of investiture, in the silk threads suspended to the
parchment. This ring was still attached to the charter in 1666, as appears
in the 'Histoires des Archevesques de Rouen' (p. 424), but has since
disappeared. M. Achille Deville, in his 'Histoire du Chateau-Gaillard,'
observes: 'Il n'est pas de fois que j'aye touche la charte de ce monarque
celebre (et je l'ai eue souvent entre les mains), que la perte de ce
precieux anneau ne m'ait cause de cuisants regrets'--a regret which all
lovers of historic relics will fully share.

'The ninth, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries,' says Willemin, 'offer
rings attached to diplomas, but it is questionable whether they served to
hold the place of the seal, or were simply marks of investiture; we know
that anciently the purchaser and recipient of a gift were put into
possession by a ring.' Dugdale states that 'Osbert de Camera, some time in
the twelfth century, being visited with great sickness, granted unto the
canons of St. Paul in pure alms for the health of his soul certain lands
and houses lying near Haggelane, in the parish of St. Benedict, giving
possession of them _with his gold ring_, wherein was set a ruby,
appointing that the said gold ring, together with his seal, should for
ever be fixed to the charter whereby he so disposed them.' From the same
source we are told that 'William de Belmers gave certain lands to St.
Paul's Cathedral, and at the same time directed that his gold ring, set
with a ruby, should, together with the seal, be affixed to the charter for
ever.'

At a meeting of the Archaeological Institute, in March 1850, Mr. W. Foulkes
exhibited a gold signet-ring, preserved by the family of J. Jones, Esq.,
of Llanerchrwgog Hall, impressions of which are appended to deeds
concerning that property from the middle of the thirteenth century. The
impress is a monogram, meaning I and M (Iesus and Maria?), placed under a
crown. It has been supposed to be the ring of Madoc, one of the last
princes of Powis, and to have descended as a heir-loom, with lands granted
by them to the ancestors of Mr. Jones.

A ruby ring is described as the 'Charter of Poynings,' in the will of Sir
Michael de Poynings, in 1386. Poynings, in the neighbourhood of Brighton,
was the seat of this ancient family from a period soon after the Conquest
till the year 1446, when the barony, owing to the marriage of the heiress,
merged into the earldom of Northumberland, and became extinct in 1679.
Michael de Poynings, a banneret under Edward III. at the battle of Crecy,
amongst other grants, left to his heir the ruby ring 'which is the
charter of my heritage of Poynings.' This ruby ring of inheritance, the
charter of the 'Sires of Ponynges,' came into possession of his son
Thomas, and then to his second son Richard. According to tradition the
famous Isabella de Fortibus, Countess of Devon, in the reign of Henry
III., settled the boundaries of certain disputed parishes by flinging her
ring into a marsh, hence called 'Ring in the Mire.'

So late as the sixteenth century the conveyance of property by means of a
ring may be remarked in the following passage or item in the will of Anne
Barrett, of Bury, dated 1504, 'My maryeng ryng wt. all thynggs thereon.'
It is worthy of note that among the numerous kinds of evidence allowed in
courts of law to establish a pedigree, engravings on rings are admitted
upon the presumption that a person would not wear a ring with an error
upon it.[47]

John O'Molony, Bishop of Limerick in 1687, who, after the siege of that
city, followed James II. to Paris, where he assisted in the foundation of
a University for the education of Irish priests, left a gold ring at his
death, which was to be sent to, and to denote, the head branch of the
family. This conferred the privilege to have any of the name of Molony
brought up as priests at the University, free of expense.

The custom of serjeants presenting rings on taking the coif, has formed
the subject of some interesting notices in that valuable work 'Notes and
Queries.' Mr. Serjeant Wynne in his observations touching the antiquity
and dignity of serjeants-at-law (1765) remarks: 'The first introduction of
rings themselves on this occasion of making serjeants is as doubtful as
that of mottoes. They are taken notice of by Fortescue in the time of
Henry VI., and in the several regulations for general calls, in Henry
VIII. and Queen Elizabeth's time. Whatever is the antiquity of these
rings, that of mottoes seems to fall short of them at least a century.
That in the 19th and 20th Elizabeth (1576-77) may perhaps be the first,
because till that time they are no more mentioned. When Dugdale speaks of
the posies that were usual, he must be understood to speak of the usages
of his own time.' The motto which Serjeant Wynne notices as of the
earliest occurrence in 19th and 20th Elizabeth was 'Lex regis
praesidium.'[48]

In the 'Diary of a Resident in London' (Henry Machyn, Camden Society) we
find that on October 17, 1552, 'was made vii serjants of the coyffe, who
gayf to (the judges) and the old serjants, and men of the law, rynges of
gold, every serjant gayf lyke rynges.'

In the inventory of the effects of Henry Howard, K.G., Earl of Northampton
(1614), (Archaeologia, vol. ii., part ii., page 350) we find 'v serjeantis
ringes waighinge one ounce, three quarters, four graines.' These were
presentations to him in his official capacity of Lord Privy Seal.

Serjeant Wynne brings his list of the serjeants called down to the year
1765, and gives, in most cases, the mottoes, which were not confined, it
seems, to individuals, but adopted by the whole call. He remarks that in
late years they have been strictly classical in their phrase, and often
elegant in their application--whether in expressing the just idea of regal
liberty--in a wish for the preservation of the family, or in a happy
allusion to some public event, and, at the same time, a kind of prophetic
declaration of its success. In the same work will be found an account of
the expense and weight of the rings--that these matters were important
appears from an extract in 1 Modern Reports, case 30: 'Seventeen serjeants
being made the 14th day of November (1669?), a daye or two after, Serjeant
Powis, the junior of them all, coming to the King's Bench Bar, Lord Chief
Justice Kelynge told him 'that he had something to say to him,' viz., that
the rings which he and the rest of the serjeants had given weighed but
eighteen shillings apiece; whereas Fortescue, in his book "De Laudibus
Legum Angliae," says "the rings given to the Chief Justices and to the
Chief Baron ought to weigh twenty shillings apiece," and that he spoke not
this expecting a recompense, but that it might not be drawn into a
precedent, and that the young gentlemen there might take notice of it.'

With regard to the cost of the serjeants' rings, and the parties to whom
they are presented, Mr. Mackenzie Walcott, M.A., writes in 'Notes and
Queries' that on June 8, 1705, fifteen serjeants-at-law took the customary
oaths at the Chancery Bar, and delivered to the Lord Keeper a ring for the
Queen, and another to H.R.H. Prince George of Denmark, each ring being
worth 6_l._ 13_s._ 4_d._ The Lord Keeper, and the Lord Treasurer, Lord
Steward, Lord Privy Seal, Lord High Chamberlain, Master of the Household,
Lord Chamberlain, and the two Chief Justices, each received a ring of the
value of 18_s._; the Lord Chief Baron, the Master of the Rolls, the
Justices of either Bench, and two Chief Secretaries, each, one worth
16_s._; the Chief Steward and Comptroller, each a ring valued at 1_l._;
the Marshal, Warden of the Fleet, every Serjeant-at-law, the
Attorney-General and Solicitor-General, each a ring worth 12_s._; the
three Barons of Exchequer, one each of 10_s._; the two Clerks of the
Crown, the three Prothonotaries, the Clerks of the Warrants, the
Prothonotary of Queen's Bench, and the Chirographer, each a ring worth
5_s._; each Filazer and Exigenter, the Clerk of the Council, and the
Custom Brevium, each a ring that cost 2_s._ 6_d._ The motto on the rings
was 'Moribus, armis, legibus.'

On the admission of fourteen serjeants in 1737, 1,409 rings were given
away, at a cost of 773_l._, and besides this number, others were made for
each serjeant's own account, to be given to friends at the bar, which came
to more than all the rest of the expense.

There are some quaint old customs still adhering to the making of a
serjeant. He is presented to the Lord Chancellor by some brother barrister
(styled his 'colt'), and he kneels while the Chancellor attaches to the
top of his wig the little, round, black patch that now does duty for the
'coif,' which is the special badge of the Serjeant. The new Serjeant
presents a massive gold ring to the Chancellor, another to his 'colt,' one
to the Sovereign, and each of the Masters of the Court of Common Pleas.
These rings used also to be given to all the Judges, but of late years the
Judges have refused to receive them, thus diminishing a somewhat heavy
tax.

It would be curious to know whether this custom is derived from the
Romans. Juvenal alludes to the practice of lawyers exhibiting their rings
when pleading:--

                      Ideo conducta Paulus agebat
  Sardonyche et que ideo plurisquam Cossus agebat
  Quam Basilus. Rara in tenui facundia panno.

The reader will find a list of mottoes, and much information on the
subject of serjeants' rings, in 'Notes and Queries' (1st Series, vol. v.
pp. 110, 139, 181, 563; 2nd Series, vol. i. p. 249). The most recent
instance (January 1872) of the presentation of a serjeant's ring is that
of Mr. J. R. Quain, who chose for his motto 'Dare, facere, praestare.'

At the Loan Exhibition of Ancient and Modern Jewellery at the South
Kensington Museum, in 1872, a serjeant's gold ring, inscribed [Maltese
Cross] LEX X REGIS X PRAESIDIUM, was shown--the property of Mr. John
Evans--as the earliest known, the date being 1576-77. The small size of
the ring would assume that it was merely complimentary.

Some barristers that Lord Brougham did not think much of, wishing to be
made serjeants, he suggested that the most appropriate motto that could be
found for their rings would be the old legal word 'scilicet.'

[Illustration: Serjeants' ring.]

This illustration represents a serjeant's ring, supposed to be of the
seventeenth century--a plain band of gold, engraved with 'Imperio regit
unus aequo' (Horace, lib. iii., Ode iv.).

In the collection of Mr. J. W. Singer is a very fine serjeant's ring,
which that gentleman attributes as of very early manufacture. It is a rare
type of rings of this description, which have not been much noticed. The
inscription reads: 'Legis executo regis pservatio.'

In France, Italy, and Germany, a forensic order of knighthood was
frequently conferred on the successful practitioner at the bar. Bartoli,
the oracle of the law in the fourteenth century, asserted that at the end
of the tenth year of successful professional exertion, the _avocat_
belonging to the denomination of _l'Ordre des Avocats_ became _ipso facto_
a knight.

When the distinction was applied for, the King commissioned some ancient
Knight of the Forensic Order to admit the postulant into it. The _avocat_
knelt before the Knight-commissary and said: 'I pray you, my lord and
protector, to dress me with the sword, belt, golden spurs, golden collar,
_golden ring_, and all the other ornaments of a true knight. I will not
use the advantages of knighthood for profane purposes; I will use them
only for the purposes of religion, for the Church, and the holy Christian
faith, in the _warfare of the science_ to which I am devoted.' The
postulant then rose; and being fully equipped, and girded with the sword,
he became, for all purposes, a member of the order of knighthood.

In the Memoirs of the Marechal de Vieilleville, who died in 1571, such
knights are mentioned as very common.

In 1795 the Order of _Avocats_ was suppressed, after 427 years of a
brilliant existence.

Doctors, as indicative of their position, wore formerly a ring on the
third finger of the right hand.

A ring formed part of the investiture of three poets-laureate by the
Chancellor of the University of Strasburg in 1621, who at their
installation pronounced these words: 'I create you, being placed in a
chair of state, crowned with laurel and ivy, and wearing _a ring of gold_,
and the same do pronounce and constitute poets-laureate in the name of
the Holy Trinity, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. Amen.'

Gower, in his 'Confessio Amantis,' mentions a statue of Apollo, adorned
with a ring:--

  Forth ryghte he straighte his finger oute,
  Upon the which he had a ringe,
  To seen it was a ryche thynge,
  A fyne carbuncle for the nones,
  Most precious of all stones.

In the early Saxon times, we read that Gumlaughr, the scald, presented to
King Ethelred a heroic poem which he had composed on the royal virtues,
and received in return 'a purple tunic lined with the richest furs,' also
'a gold ring of the weight of seven ounces.'

In ancient Wales the Judge of the King's palace had as ensign of his
office a gold ring from the Queen. It was his duty at his own cost to
reward the successful competitor in the musical contests of the bards with
a silver chair as 'Pen Cerdd' (chief of song), and who in return presented
him with a gold ring, a drinking-horn, and a cushion. The royal minstrel
received on his appointment a harp from the King, and a ring from the
queen.

'Merchant Marks' (to which I have alluded in the first chapter of this
work) originated from the guild or mayor's rings, which were used as
personal signets, by such as were not entitled to bear arms. They were
worn on the thumb for constant use in sealing. A fine ring of this kind is
engraved in the 'Journal of the Archaeological Institute.' It was found in
the bed of the Severn, near Upton, and is, probably, a work of the
fifteenth century; it is of silver and has been strongly gilt. The hoop is
spirally grooved, and upon the circular face is a large H surrounded by
branches.

In the custody of the Mayor of Winchester is a signet-ring with the arms
of the city and initials E. W., probably Edward White, Mayor in 1613 and
1621.

In late times we have the ring adopted as a club badge by the famous
Beef-Steak Club, of convivial notoriety. The members wore a blue coat,
with red cape and cuffs, buttons with the initials B. S., and behind the
President's chair was placed the Society's halbert, which, with the
gridiron, was found among the rubbish after the Covent Garden fire in
1808.

[Illustration: Ring of Beef-Steak Club.]

Ashmole, in his 'History of the Most Noble Order of the Garter,' mentions
that gold rings have been cast into the figures of garters, 'the ground on
the outside enamelled with a deep blue, through which the golden letters
of the motto appearing, set them off with an admirable beauty. And it
seems such rings were in vogue, since the preface to the black book of the
Order makes mention of wearing the garter on the leg and shoulder, and
sometimes subjoins the thumb, _interdum pollice gestare_, by which we may
naturally conclude that gold rings were formed into the fashion of
garters, and bestowed by some new-installed knights upon their relations
and friends to wear in memorial of so great an honour conferred upon
them.'

In the collection of the Rev. W. B. Hawkins is a gold official ring of the
Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem (Malta), with bezel
oval, glazed, with skeleton, hour-glass, and scythe, in enamel on a black
ground; on the shoulders of the ring is a death's head with cross-bones.

At the meeting of the Archaeological Institute at Norwich in July 1847, a
ring formed like a strap or garter, buckled, was exhibited, bearing the
inscription 'Mater Dei memento mei,' found at Necton, date about 1450.
Rings of this fashion were in use from the close of the fourteenth
century, shortly after the institution of the Order of the Garter. Other
specimens are to be seen in the British Museum, and in the collection of
the Archaeological Institute.

A cap and a _ring_ are conferred with the degree of Doctor of Civil Laws
in Belgium.

In the 'Biographia Britannica' (Article 'Crichton') we read of the
bestowal of a ring on a college disputant. This was in the case of the
'Admirable Crichton,' who, when he was only twenty years of age, entered
the academic lists with anyone who would compete with him in Hebrew,
Syriac, Arabic, Greek, Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, English, Dutch,
Flemish, and Sclavonian, besides every kind of courtly accomplishment.
This he maintained in the College of Navarre, and the president, after
many compliments on his vast acquirements, gave him a diamond ring and a
purse of money.

At the ceremonies observed on the inauguration of a king-at-arms the crown
and ring were generally bestowed by the hand of the monarch himself, as in
the case of Sir David Lindsay, Lord Lion, King-at-arms:

  Whom royal James himself had crowned,
  And on his temples placed the round
      Of Scotland's ancient diadem;
  And wet his brow with hallow'd wine,
  And on his finger given to shine
      The emblematic gem.

Among the insignia of the Knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem is
a ring bearing the Cross.

In the 'Dublin Penny Journal' we read of the signet-ring of the famous
Turlough Lynnoch, which was found at Charlemont, in the county of Armagh.
It bears the bloody hand of the O'Neils, and initials T. O. The signet
part of the ring is circular, and the whole of it is silver. James the
First made this bloody hand the distinguishing badge of a new order of
baronets, and they were created to aid, by service or money for forces, in
subduing the O'Neils.

In 1780 a large gold ring, supposed to have belonged to one of the knights
hospitallers of Winckbourne, some of whom are believed to have been buried
at Southwell, was found by the sexton of Southwell church while digging a
grave. It is six-eighths of an inch in diameter, and three-eighths of an
inch in breadth. The following motto is deeply cut on the inside: '+ MIEV
+ MORI + QVE + CHANGE + MA + FOI +' (better to die than change my faith).

I have already mentioned how, from the earliest times, the ring was
considered to denote peculiar distinction, and was the emblem of nobility;
and so, amidst many divergences, it still continued to a later period to
be considered as a badge of honourable birth. Thus Rabelais alludes to the
rings that Gargantua wore because his father desired him 'to renew that
ancient mark of nobility.' On the forefinger of his left hand he had a
gold ring set with a large carbuncle, and on the middle finger one of
mixed metal, then usually made by alchemists. On the middle finger of the
right hand he had 'a ring made spire-wise, wherein was set a perfect balew
ruby, a pointed diamond, and a Physon emerald of inestimable value.'

The French expression _une bague au doigt_ means a sinecure--pay without
the work.

In former times the victor in a wrestling match received a ram and a ring.
In the Coke's 'Tale of Gamelyn,' ascribed to Chaucer, we read:--

  There happed to be there beside
    Tryed a wrestling;
  And therefore there was y setten,
    A ram and als a ring.

And in the 'Litil Geste of Robin Hood':--

  By a bridge was a wrestling,
    And there tayred was he;
  And there was all the best yemen
    Of all the west countrey.
  A full fayre game there was set up,
    A white bull up yspight,
  A great courser with saddle and brydle,
    With gold burnished full bryght;
  A payre of gloves, a red golde ringe,
    A pipe of wine, good fay;
  What man bereth him best, I wis,
    The prize shall bear away.

So Sir Walter Scott, in the 'Lady of the Lake':--

  Prize of the wrestling-match, the King
  To Douglas gave a golden ring.

In the 'Gulistan,' or rose-garden of Sadi, is a pretty story in connection
with a prize-ring for shooting. A certain King of Persia had a very
precious stone in a ring. One day he went out with some of his favourite
courtiers, to amuse himself, to the mosque near Shiraz, called Musalla;
and commanded that they should suspend the ring over the dome of Azad,
saying that the ring should be the property of him who could send an arrow
through it. It so befell that four hundred archers, who plied their bows
in his service, shot at the ring, and all missed. A stripling at play was
shooting arrows at random from a monastery, when the morning breeze
carried his shaft through the circle of the ring. The prize was bestowed
upon him, and he was loaded with gifts beyond calculation. The boy, after
this, burned his bow and arrows. They asked him why he did so; he
replied: 'That my first glory may remain unchanged.'

At the tournaments held in the reign of Henry VII. (1494) a proclamation
was put forth 'that hoo soo ever justith best in the justys roiall schall
have a ryng of gold, with a ruby of the value of a m{l} scuttes or under;
and hoo soo ever torneyeth the best, and fairyst accumplishit his strokkis
schall have a ryng of gold, with a diamant of like value.'

On November 9 (1494) John Peche received from the Ladie Margerete 'the
kyngis oldeste doughter, a ryng of gold with a ruby.'

On the 11th, the Earl of Suffolk, Thomas Brandon, received as a reward for
his prowess in the lists 'a ryng of gold with a rubee.'

On the third tournament (November 13) Sir Edward A. Borough, as victor,
received 'a ryng of gold with a dyamant.'

The Earl of Essex, for his valour in this tournament, received 'a ryng of
gold with an emerauld.'




CHAPTER IV.

RINGS IN CONNECTION WITH ECCLESIASTICAL USAGES.


The ring has, for many ages, formed a part of ecclesiastical insignia. It
appears to have had a twofold purpose and signification, the one as a mark
of dignity and authority, the other symbolic of the mystical union between
the priesthood and the Church.

To commence with the head of the Romish hierarchy: that distinguished
authority on antiquarian topics, Mr. Octavius Morgan, M.A., F.R.S.,
F.S.A., &c., has contributed to the 'Archaeologia' (vol. xl. p. 392) a very
interesting account of 'Episcopal and other Rings of Investiture;' and,
since the publication of that paper, has kindly informed me that Mr.
Waterton states, from his own knowledge, that the 'Fisherman's Ring' is
the Pope's ring of investiture, and is placed on his finger immediately
after his election, before it is engraved. But if, as it sometimes
happens, the Pope-elect is not a bishop, he is consecrated prior to his
coronation as Supreme Pontiff, and receives the ring with the usual
formula, except that the consecrating cardinal kisses his hand after
investing him with the ring. 'There is a ring which the Pontiff wears on
state occasions--the stone of which is an exquisitely fine cameo, cut in
bloodstone, of the head of Our Saviour--which is known to be more than
three hundred years old, and is, probably, a fine cinque-cento gem. This
descends from one Pope to another.

'What is called the _Annulus Piscatoris_, or the "Fisherman's Ring," is
the Pope's lesser seal, or signet, used for documents of minor
consequence, and the impression is usually made on red wax or stamped on
the paper; the Bulla being what may be termed the great seal, employed for
giving validity to instruments of greater importance, and the impression
of it is always on lead. The origin of the Fisherman's Ring is obscure,
but it derives its name from a representation of St. Peter in a
fisherman's boat of ancient form, which is engraved on it, and not from
any tradition that it ever belonged to St. Peter, as, from its English
name, is not uncommonly supposed. The Germans call it _Der Fischer-ring_,
which is "the Fisherman Ring," whereas we, probably in our translation of
_Annulus Piscatoris_, have termed it the "Fisherman's Ring," seeming to
imply thereby that it had once belonged to "the Fisherman." The figure of
St. Peter forms the centre.'

[Illustration: The Fisherman's Ring.]

After the reign of Pope Calixtus the Third, the Ring of the Fisherman was
no longer used as the private seal of the Popes, but was always attached
to briefs.

On the death of Innocent the Tenth the name was cut out of the ring or
erased. At the decease of Pius the Sixth the usual ceremonies were not
observed, and the ring was not broken, as was the practice at the
elevation of each pontiff. Aimon, in his 'Tableau de la Cour de Rome,'
says that after the Pope's death 'le Cardinal Camerlingue vient en habit
violet, accompagne des clercs de la chambre en habits noirs, reconnoitre
le corps du Pape. Il l'appelle trois fois par son nom de bapteme, et comme
il ne lui donne ni reponse, ni signe de vie, il fait dresser un acte sur
sa mort par les Protonotaires Apostoliques. Il prend du Maitre de la
Chambre Apostolique, _l'anneau_ du Pecheur, qui est le sceau du Pape,
_d'or_ massif, et du prix de cent ecus. Il le fait mettre en pieces et
donne ces pieces aux Maitres des Ceremonies a qui elles appartiennent. Le
Dataire et les Secretaires qui ont les autres sceaux du Pape defunt, sont
obliges de les porter au Cardinal Camerlingue, qui les fait rompre en
presence de l'Auditeur de la Chambre du Tresorier, et des Clercs
Apostoliques, et il n'est permis a aucun autre des Cardinaux d'assister a
cette fonction.'

When it was decided by the French in 1798 that the Pope was to be removed
to France, on February 18 in that year the Republican Haller, son of the
celebrated Swiss physician of that name, chose the moment when the Pontiff
was at dinner in the Vatican to announce to him the resolution of the
French Republic. He entered the apartment rudely, and, advancing to the
Pope, announced the object of his visit, and demanded the instant
surrender of the Papal treasures.

'We have already given up all we possessed,' replied the Pope calmly.

'Not _all_,' returned Haller, 'you still wear two very rich rings; let me
have them.'

The Pope drew one from his finger: 'I can give you,' he said, 'this one,
for it is indeed my own; take it: but the other is the Ring of the
Fisherman, and must descend to my successor.'

'It will pass first to me, holy father,' exclaimed Haller, 'and if you do
not surrender it quietly it will be taken from you by force.'

To escape further insult the Fisherman's Ring was given up, but as it was
found to be intrinsically of no value it was soon afterwards restored to
the Pontiff.

The ring of Pius the Ninth is of plain gold, weighing one and a half
ounces, and it was made from the gold which composed the Ring of the
Fisherman of Pope Gregory the Sixteenth.[49]

The Fisherman's Ring is always in the custody of the Grand Papal
Chamberlain. It is taken to the Conclave, or Council of the Cardinals,
with the space left blank for the name; and as soon as a successful
scrutiny of votes for a new Pope has taken place, the newly-elected
Pontiff is declared, and conducted to the throne of St. Peter, where,
before the cardinals have rendered homage to their chief, the Grand
Chamberlain approaches, and, placing the Papal ring on the finger of the
new Pope, asks him what name he will take. On the reply of the Pontiff,
the ring is given to the first Master of the Ceremonies to have the name
engraved on it that has been assumed. The announcement of the pontifical
election is then made to the people from the balcony of the Papal palace.

Kissing the Pope's ring as an act of reverent homage is a custom which has
descended to our own times. One of the important ceremonies at the opening
of the great Oecumenical Council at Rome (December 8, 1869) was that
every single primate, patriarch, bishop, and mitred abbot, who were
present on this solemn occasion at St. Peter's, and who were to take part
in the Council, paused before Pius the Ninth, and, in an attitude of
profound reverence, kissed his ring. As high dignitaries they were
exempted from kissing the Pope's toe, a condescension reserved for the
laity and lower clergy.

In Bishop Bale's 'Image of Both Churches' occurs a curious passage on the
subject of episcopal rings: 'Neyther regarde they to knele any more doune,
and to kisse their pontifical ryngs, which are of the same metall' (_i.e._
fine gold).

It would seem that the Popes were formerly buried in their pontifical
habits and ornaments. In the 'Journal' of Burcard, Master of the
Ceremonies in the Pope's chapel from Sixtus the Fourth to Julius the
Second, he mentions as having, by virtue of his office, thus clothed the
body of Sixtus the Fourth, and amongst other things a sapphire ring of the
value of three hundred ducats was placed on his finger, and so little
trust was placed in the honesty of those who came to see the body that
guards were placed to prevent the ring and other ornaments from being
stolen.[50]

In 1482 Cardinal d'Estouteville, Archbishop of Rouen, was buried with
great magnificence at Rome, where he died. The body of the prelate was
arrayed in the richest robes of cloth of gold, and his fingers were
covered with rings of the greatest rarity and beauty. The brilliancy of
the jewels (observes Dom Pommeraye in his 'Lives of the Archbishops of
Rouen') excited the cupidity of the canons of St. Mary Major at Rome,
where he was interred, insomuch that they threw themselves on the body,
and struggled with each other to get at the rings. The monks of St.
Augustine, who also attended on this occasion, pretended to be highly
scandalized at this profanation--'peut-etre,' however, 'pour avoir part au
butin'--and attempted on their part to seize the rings. In this unclerical
skirmish the body of the archbishop was entirely stripped of its gorgeous
trappings, and left naked, a piteous spectacle.

Matthew Paris informs us that archbishops, bishops, and abbots, with other
principals of the clergy, were buried in their pontificalibus; thus 'they
prepared the body of Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, for the burial,
closing him in his robes, with his face uncovered, and a mitre put on his
head, with gloves upon his hands, _a ring on his finger_, and all the
other ornaments belonging to his office.'

In describing the finger-ring found in the grave of the Venerable Bede,
the writer of a brief account of Durham Cathedral adds: 'No priest during
the reign of Catholicity was buried or enshrined without his ring.' The
practice may have prevailed generally, as many instances of rings
recovered from the graves of ecclesiastics show, but it was more
particularly the usage of prelates. Martene ('De Antiquis Ecclesiae
Ritibus') remarks: 'Episcopus debet habere annulum, quia sponsus est.
Caeteri sacerdotes non, quia sponsi non sunt, sed amici sponsi, vel
vicarii.'

The bones of St. Dunstan were discovered in the time of William, fortieth
abbot of Glastonbury: a ring was on the finger-bone of this saint.

William, the twenty-second abbot of St. Alban's Abbey, who died in 1235,
was buried in pontifical habits 'with a ring on his finger.'

Richard de Gerbery, forty-fifth Bishop of Amiens, in the thirteenth
century, died in 1210, and was buried in the cathedral, in pontificalibus,
with mitre, ring, and ivory cross.

When the body of St. John of Beverley (died 721) was translated into a new
shrine, about the year 1037, a ring, among other articles, was found in
his coffin. We have a much earlier instance cited by Aringhi, that the
ring of St Caius (283-296) was found in his tomb: 'intra sepulchrum tria
Diocletiani Imperatoris numismata, sub quo coronatus fuerat, et
Sanctissimi Pontificis annulus adinventatus est.'

A gold ring was found in the tomb of St. Birinus, Bishop of Dorchester,
who died in 640.

Mr. E. Waterton mentions a remarkable ring, set with fine opal, preserved
at Mayence Cathedral, where it was found with an enamelled crosier in the
tomb, as was supposed, of Archbishop Sigfroi III. (1249).

[Illustration: Ring of Thierry, Bishop of Verdun.]

In the Londesborough Collection is the ring of Thierry, Bishop of Verdun
(who died in 1165), found in his tomb in 1829. It is of gold, with a
sapphire, an irregular oval with five capsular marks on the face; the
shank, two winged dragons, between the heads of which is the inscription
AVE MARIA GRATIA. This ring was procured in exchange from the collection
of M. Failly, Inspector of Customs, at Lyons in 1848.

Mr. Octavius Morgan remarks: 'It is difficult to reconcile the practice of
returning the ring to the Emperor' (to which I have in this chapter
alluded) 'with that of interring the bishop with his ring on his finger;
but it is probable that, when in the twelfth century the Emperor ceded to
the Popes the right of investiture by the ring the sending back the ring
was dispensed with; and, being the property of the Church, and not of the
Emperor, the bishop was allowed to be interred with his ring as an emblem
of his dignity.'

The Rev. C. W. King remarks that the custom of burying ecclesiastics with
all their official insignia appears to have lasted far down into the
Middle Ages; for, amongst the amusing adventures of Andreuccio da Perugia,
related by Boccaccio, he, when reduced to despair, joins some thieves in
plundering the tomb of the Archbishop of Naples, interred the previous day
in all his precious vestments, and with a ring on his finger valued at
five hundred scudi. Two parties of plunderers, headed by a priest of the
cathedral, visit the tomb in succession, and almost at the same time; to
which circumstance Andreuccio owes his escape from a horrible death, and
returns home in possession of the ring, which more than makes up for all
his losses.

The Rev. C. W. King considers it probable that this common practice of
plundering the tombs, gave origin to the huge rings of gilt metal, which
bear the titles, or coats of arms, of some pope or bishop.

On the subject of pontifical rings of an ordinary character, I may observe
that they are found in several collections, usually of brass or copper
gilt.

Benvenuto Cellini, in his 'Memoirs,' mentions a magnificent diamond as
having been presented to Pope Paul the Third by the Emperor Charles the
Fifth on his entry into Rome (1536), for which he was desired to make a
ring, and succeeded in giving the diamond a tint which surpassed anything
yet done.

[Illustration: Ring of Pope Pius II.]

In the collection of Thomas Windus, Esq., F.S.A., is a ring bearing the
arms of Pope Pius II. of the family of Piccolomini, the Papal tiara, and
inscription, 'Papa Pio.' The ring is of brass, thickly gilt; the stone
topaz: on the sides are the four beasts of the 'Revelation.'

In the Braybrooke Collection is the ring of Pope Boniface, from whose tomb
it was taken during the popular insurrection at Rome, 1849. It is large
and of gilt bronze, set with a large amethyst, cut into facets. It is of
the usual type of Papal rings, and massive; on one side of the broad shank
is engraved the triple crown, with bands for tying it, extending until
they are met by the cords attached to the keys, which appear on the other
side. The sides of the box-setting are square for an inch below the stone,
and on them are the emblems of the four Evangelists in high relief: all
these are winged.

In the Waterton Collection at the South Kensington Museum are some
remarkably fine specimens of bronze-gilt Papal rings of the fifteenth
century, very massive and in excellent condition. Most of these have the
symbols of the four Evangelists, the triple crown, and crossed keys.

At a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries in November, 1858, Octavius
Morgan, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., exhibited a Papal ring of great interest,
massive, and of copper-gilt, set with blue glass. At the angles were the
symbols of the four Evangelists in relief; on the hoop was inscribed
PAVLVS PP SECNDVS (Paulus Papa Secundus). At the sides were two shields;
one of them bearing three fleurs-de-lys, and ensigned with an open crown,
probably the arms of France; the other charged with a lion debruised by a
bend, being the arms of the family of Barbo of Venice, to which Paul II.
belonged. In the upper part of this shield was a small Papal tiara, which
might have been placed there for want of room above, or might have been
adopted by the Pope's relation, Marco Barbo, made by him a cardinal in
1464, and who died 1490.

Mr. Morgan had received this interesting addition to his collection from
Venice.

[Illustration: Papal Rings (Gorlaeus).]

In the Londesborough Collection is a fine specimen of a Papal ring. The
crossed keys surmount a coat of arms on one side of the ring; the keys
alone appear on the opposite side; foliated ornament fills the space
above the circlet on either side. This ring is set with a large crystal.

[Illustration: Papal Ring.]

At the suppression of the monasteries there were found in Worcester
Cathedral 'four pontifical rings of gold, with precious stones' At the
same period, amongst the plate and jewels in Winchester Cathedral was a
'pontyfycall ryng of silvare and gilt, with counterfeitt stones.' At St.
Augustine's Church at Canterbury were three pontifical rings with precious
stones, and one of silver gilt; at St. Swithin's Church at Winchester,
four pontifical rings with precious stones.

The earliest document with a certain date in which mention is made of a
bishop's ring is that usually cited in the 28th canon of the Council of
Toledo, held in 633. The ring was of gold and jewelled, but at this
Council it was ordained that the ring of a prelate reinstated in his
diocese, after an unjust deposition, should be delivered to him, which was
merely confirming a ceremony already ancient in the confirmation of
bishops, which may be traced to the fourth century.

In the consecration of bishops in the Anglo-Saxon Church, the hands and
head were anointed with oil, the crosier delivered into his hands, and the
ring placed on his finger; each ceremony being accompanied with a prayer.
'There is, however,' remarks Mr. Octavius Morgan ('Archaeologia,' vol.
xxxvi. part ii. p. 373), 'another authority, at least contemporary with
the Toledo Council, if not of earlier date. St. Isidor, Bishop of Seville,
who died A.D. 636, in his work 'De Ecclesiasticis Officines' (lib. ii.
cap. 5), when writing on the episcopal dignity, informs us that the staff
and ring were given to the bishop on his consecration, and mentions the
twofold purpose and signification of the ring, but does not tell us from
what source these insignia were derived.'[51]

That the episcopal ring, from the earliest times, was considered a symbol
of sacerdotal authority, we have many instances. In the 'Continuation of
the History of Simeon of Durham' we are told that Bishop Ralph (1099)
having been inveigled into a boat and his life in danger, he drew the ring
which he wore from off his finger, and his notary took his seal, and they
cast them into the river, being apprehensive that, as these were well
known everywhere throughout England, the enemy would prepare deceitful
writs by their means.

The same bishop, a month before his decease in 1128, directed that he
should be carried into the church, opposite the altar, there to make
confession of his sins. Placing a ring upon the altar he thereby restored
to the church everything of which he had deprived it, and this restitution
he confirmed by charter and seal, which are still preserved in the
treasury of the Dean and Chapter of Durham. To the charter was also
attached the episcopal gold ring (which is no longer there). The charter
states that 'he has surrendered to the Lord St. Cuthbert and his monks
whatsoever he had taken from them after he came to the bishopric,' &c.,
'restoring them by (placing) a ring upon the altar,' &c.

Thomas a Becket, when at Rome in 1166, during his quarrel with Henry II.,
solemnly resigned, in the presence of the Papal Court, his episcopal ring
into the hands of Pope Alexander, whom he exhorted to name a fitting
successor.

In the History of the Archbishops of Canterbury, by Gervase, we read that
in 1179, Godfrey, Bishop-elect of St. Asaph's, resigned his bishopric by
surrendering his ring.

An ancient custom in the Archbishopric of Rouen was that the body of the
deceased prelate, before being interred in the cathedral, was carried to
the church of St. Ouen (at Rouen), where it remained exposed a whole day.
The dean of the cathedral, in committing the body to the charge of the
Abbot of St. Ouen, said 'Ecce,' to which the latter replied 'Est hic.'
Then the dean gave the Archbishop's ring to the abbot, at the same time
placing his hand in the coffin of the defunct, and saying: 'You gave it to
him living; behold he is dead,' alluding to the custom of the Archbishops
of Rouen being consecrated in the church of St. Ouen.

Mr. Waterton remarks 'that in 511, the Council of Orleans makes mention of
the rescript of Clodovicus, wherein he promises to leave certain captives
at the disposition of the Gallican bishops, "si vestras epistolas de
_annulo vestro_ signatas sic ad nos dirigatis."' The same eminent
antiquarian states that 'prior to the eleventh century, many, if not all,
of the episcopal rings were signets; for before that time large official
seals were not in general use. Each bishop seems to have chosen the
subject to be engraved on his ring, at pleasure. St. Augustine, in one of
his letters, mentions that he sealed it with his ring, "qui exprimit
faciem hominis attendentis in latus." In writing to Apollinaris, Bishop of
Valence, Clodovicus begs him to send the seal, or signet (_signatorum_),
which he had promised, made in such a way "ut annulo ferreo et admodum
tenui, velut concurrentibus in se delphinulis concludendo, sigili duplicis
forma geminis cardinalis inseratur." And, referring to the subject to be
engraved on the bezel, he adds, "si quaeras quid insculpendum sigillo,
signo monogrammatis mei per gyram scripti nominis legatur indicio."'

In the early days of Christianity bishops sealed with their rings the
profession of faith which the neophytes made in writing. They also sealed
their pastoral letters. Ebregislaus, Bishop of Meaux, in 660, wore on his
ring an intaglio, representing St. Paul, the first hermit, on his knees
before the crucifix, and above his head, a crow, by which he was
miraculously fed.

In conformity with a decree of St. Sergius I. (687-701), the bishops of
France and Spain used to seal up the baptismal fonts with their rings from
the beginning of Lent to Holy Saturday.

From ancient documents it would appear that bishops sometimes called their
rings 'annuli ecclesiae.' David, Bishop of Benevento, in the time of
Charlemagne, issued a mandate, ending as follows: 'annulo sanctae nostrae
ecclesiae firmavivus roborandum.' In 862, Rathbodus, Bishop of Treves,
writes thus: 'Hanc epistolam Graecis litteris, hinc, inde, munire
decrevimus, et annulo ecclesiae nostrae bullare censuimus.' In 985 Pope John
XVI. sealed with his ring the confirmation of the decree made by the
Council of Mayence, in favour of the monks of Corvey, in Saxony.

These quotations are sufficient to prove that until the 11th century the
bishops used their rings as signets; but we must not infer that every
episcopal ring was a signet. It is probable that each bishop had a large
jewelled ring to use when pontificating.

Of the importance attached to the possession of the episcopal ring we are
told that Gundulf, the good Bishop of Rochester, in his last days
distributed all his goods to the poor, even to his shoes, and bequeathed
his rich vestments to the cathedral. There was only one ornament with
which he could not part, that was the episcopal ring, and he confided this
to the care of his attendants, intending, probably, that it should be
delivered to his successor. Ralph, who had lately been elected Abbot of
Battle, had formerly been Prior of Rochester, and had been deservedly
popular. The monks were anxious that he should be the successor of
Gundulf, and were prepared to elect him, if they could obtain the consent
of the archbishop. If to the Abbot of Battle Gundulf bequeathed or
resigned the episcopal ring, it might be produced as an indication of
Gundulf's wish that Ralph, of Battle Abbey, should succeed him. A
suggestion to this effect was made to the old bishop, who said curtly: 'He
is a monk, what has he to do with an episcopal ring?' He was, probably,
offended at the ambition of the ex-prior of Rochester, who ought to have
been contented with his newly-acquired dignity at Battle Abbey. Soon
after this, another Ralph made his appearance at the priory, Ralph of
Seez, who afterwards became Archbishop of Canterbury. Having been ejected
from his monastery by violence, he came to England, and was received
everywhere with hearty regard, on account of his virtues and
accomplishments. Hearing of Gundulf's illness, he hastened to Rochester,
to console his old friend on the bed of sickness. Ralph was obliged to
leave Rochester after a short visit, but on quitting his friend he was
recalled, and Gundulf, demanding of his attendant the episcopal ring,
placed it as a parting gift in the hand of Ralph of Seez, who suggested it
might be better disposed of to one of Gundulf's episcopal friends, since
it did not pertain to an abbot to wear a ring. He reminded the bishop
that, though not living a monk, still a monk he was. 'Take it,
nevertheless,' said the bishop, 'you may want it some day.'

The possession of this ring reconciled the monks to the appointment of
Ralph of Seez as successor of Gundulf to the bishopric of Rochester, as
they regarded the donation in the light of a prophecy.

'Before,' says Mr. Waterton, 'receiving the pastoral staff and mitre, the
bishop-elect is invested by the consecrating bishop with the pontifical
ring. The formula seems to have varied at different times, the most
ancient one, contained in the Sacramental of St. Gregory, 590, is this:
"Accipe annulum discretionis et honoris, fidei signum, et quae signanda
sunt signes, et quae aperienda sunt prodas, quae liganda sunt liges, quae
solvenda sunt solvas, atque credentibus per fidem baptismatis, lapsis
autem sed poenitentibus per mysterium reconciliationis januas regni
coelestis aperias; cunctis vero de thesauro dominico ad aeternam salutem
hominibus, consolatus gratia Domini nostri Jesu Christi."

'Another form, of a later date, has the above, with the following
addition:--"Memor sponsionis et desponsationis ecclesiasticae et
dilectionis Domini Dei tui, in die qua assecutus es hunc honorem, cave ne
obliviscaris illius."

'The ancient Ordo Romanus contains a formula couched in more elegant
words: "Accipe annulum pontificalis honoris, ut sis fidei integritate ante
omnia munitus, misericordiae operibus insistens, infirmis compatiens,
benevolentibus congaudens, aliena damna propria deputans, de alienis
gaudiis tanquam de propriis exultans."

'The formula,' continues Mr. E. Waterton, 'seems to have varied at
different times; that contained in the pontifical of Ecgberht, Archbishop
of York, is as follows: "Accipe annulum pontificalis honoris ut sis fidei
integritate munitus." The Anglo-Saxon pontifical at Rouen, and that of St.
Dunstan at Paris, both give the following: "Accipe ergo annulum
discretionis et honoris, fidei signum, et quae signanda sunt signes, et quae
aperienda sunt prodas."'

In the eleventh and twelfth centuries the ring, as a part of
ecclesiastical investiture, was a fruitful subject of discord between the
Emperors and the Popes, until 1123, the Emperor Henry the Fifth, alarmed
by the threats of the Pontiff, ceded the right to Calixtus II., from which
time the rings were sent to the bishops-elect from the Pope--a practice
continued in the Roman Catholic hierarchy to the present time. In
preceding ages, however, monarchs were not so yielding. In the romance of
'King Athelstan,' the sovereign says to an offending archbishop:--

  Lay down thy cross and thy staff,
  The myter and the ryng that I to thee gaff,
                  Out of my land thou flee.

Cardinals on their creation receive a ring in which is usually a
sapphire. Wolsey was raised to this dignity in 1515, the Pope having
forwarded with the hat (an unusual thing to be sent out of Rome) a ring of
more than ordinary value.

Cardinals wear their rings at all times, but on Good Friday they lay them
aside, as a sign of the mourning in which the Church is placed for her
Spouse. At the recent installation of cardinals (September 1875) the
venerable Pontiff presented each dignitary with a gold ring set with a
sapphire.

In 1191 the fashion of the episcopal ring was definitively settled by
Innocent III., who ordained that it should be of gold, solid, and set with
a precious stone, on which nothing was to be cut; previous to this,
bishops' rings were not restricted to any special material or design. 'In
the thirteenth century,' remarks Mr. E. Waterton, 'many of the episcopal
rings were of very rude fashion, frequently in almost literal conformity
with the rescript of Innocent III., without regard to shape or elegance.
The stone was set just as it was found, merely having the surface
polished, and the shape of the bezel was adapted to the gem. There are
proofs that cameos were worn in episcopal rings. In the list of rings and
precious stones collected by Henry III. for the shrine of St. Edward, in
Westminster Abbey, there is enumerated: "j _chamah_ in uno annulo
pontificali." We know that during the Middle Ages the glyptic art had
declined very much, and that from their fancied assimilation antique gems
were occasionally used for devout subjects. Thus the monks of Durham
converted an antique intaglio of Jupiter Tonans into the 'caput Sancti
Oswaldi.'

During the latter part of the thirteenth century the large episcopal rings
were enriched by the addition of previous stones, which were set around
the principal one. Thus, in the 'Wardrobe Book' there is the following
entry: 'Annulus auri cum quatuor rubettis magnis qui fuit Fratris J. de
Peccham, nuper Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi. He died in 1292.'

Episcopal rings were usually set with sapphires, probably from a popular
belief that this precious stone had the power of cooling love; owing,
perhaps, to the coldness of its touch, due to its density. The Rev. C. W.
King, however, gives as a reason for the choice of the sapphire that,
besides its supposed sympathy with the heavens, mentioned by Solinus, and
its connexion with the god of day, Apollo, the violet colour agrees with
the vestments appropriated to the priestly office.

An episcopal ring, with gold and a sapphire, said to have belonged to St.
Loup, is in the treasury of the Cathedral of Sens, and is, probably, of
the Carlovingian period.

[Illustration: Episcopal ring.]

'Mention occurs,' remarks Mr. E. Waterton, 'of episcopal rings being set
with the balass-ruby, the emerald, the topaz, the turquoise, the
chalcedony, and, as accessories, pearls and garnets. Sometimes these gems
were of great value.' The Rev. C. W. King thinks it probable that when
mediaeval rings occur, set with a ruby instead of a sapphire, they belong
to bishops who were at the same time cardinals. At the disgraceful seizure
of Archbishop Cranmer's effects, in 1553, we find mentioned, among the
articles of considerable value taken from his house at Battersea: 'six or
seven rings of fine gold, with stones in them, whereof were three fine
blue sapphires of the best; an emerald, very fine; a good turquoise and a
diamond.'

At the degradation of a bishop in former times, the reasons were given in
a solemn assembly, and judgment pronounced, the mitre was removed from his
head, and the pontifical ring drawn off his finger, as having outraged the
Church.

With regard to the finger on which the episcopal ring is worn, a
correspondent of 'Notes and Queries' (vol. v., first series, p. 114),
remarks that 'all who wear rings, _ex officio_, wear them on the third
finger of the right hand. Cardinals, bishops, abbots, doctors, &c., do
this for the reason that it is the first vacant finger. The thumb and the
first two fingers have always been reserved as symbols of the Three
Persons of the Holy Trinity. When a bishop gives his blessing he blesses
with the thumb and two first fingers. Our brasses, with sepulchral slabs,
bear witness to this fact.'

A French writer observes that formerly the episcopal ring was worn on the
fore-finger, but as, for the celebration of the holy mysteries, bishops
were obliged to place it on the _fourth_ finger, the custom prevailed of
carrying it thus.

Mr. E. Waterton gives his explanation thus, and there could be no better
authority: 'It appears that bishops formerly wore their rings on the index
of their right hand, being the middle one of the three fingers which they
extend when they are giving their blessing, but when celebrating mass they
passed the ring on to the annular. They wore it on the index as the
fore-finger was indicative of silence, that they ought to communicate the
divine mysteries only to the worthy. Gregory IV., in 827, ordered that the
episcopal ring should not be worn on the left, but on the right hand, as
it was more distinguished (_nobile_) and was the hand with which the
blessing was imparted.'[52]

[Illustration: Episcopal Thumb-ring.]

The episcopal ring is now always worn on the annular finger of the right
hand, and bishops never wear more than one. In the pictures of the early
Italian masters, however, and on sepulchral effigies, bishops are
represented with many rings, some of which are not unfrequently on the
second joint of the fingers. A thumb-ring is often seen; one is
represented (p. 219) belonging to a late Dean of St. Patrick's, the sketch
of which was made by the late Mr. Fairholt, when it was in the possession
of Mr. Huxtable, F.S.A., in 1847. It is of bronze, thickly gilt, and set
with a crystal. In Raffaelle's portrait of Julius II. the Pope is
represented as wearing six rings. Certain it is, as late as the year 1516,
the Popes occasionally wore two or more rings.

As the large pontifical ring was of a size sufficient to enable the bishop
to pass it over the silk glove which he wears when pontificating, a
smaller, or guard ring, was used to keep it on the finger.

In the Waterton Collection is a very pale gold episcopal ring, with oblong
hexagonal bezel, set with a pale cabochon sapphire, and the hoop divided
into square compartments chased with rosettes, and finished on the
shoulders with monsters' heads. French, of the early part of the fifteenth
century.

In the Anglo-Saxon annals, an archbishop bequeaths a ring in his will, and
a king sends a golden ring, enriched with a precious stone, as a present
to a bishop. So great was the extravagance among the clergy for these
ornaments that Elfric, in his 'canons,' found it necessary to exhort the
ecclesiastics 'not to be proud with their rings.' In the mediaeval romances
we are told that at the marriage of Sir Degrevant, there came

  Erchebyschopbz with ryng
          Mo than fiftene.

In the effigy of Bishop Oldham (died 1519), in Exeter Cathedral, the
uplifted hands of the recumbent figure, which are pressed together, are
adorned with no less than seven large rings on the fingers, three being on
the right, and four on the left hand. In addition to these, a single
signet-ring of extraordinary size is represented as worn over both the
thumbs.

But the number of these rings is exceeded by far in the case of the arm of
St. Blaize, exhibited in the Cathedral of Brunswick, on the fingers of
which are no less than _fourteen_ rings. This relic was brought from
Palestine by Henry the Lion in the eleventh century, and is encased in
silver.

In a miniature in the 'Heures d'Anne de Bretagne' (1500), representing St.
Nicholas and the miracle of the three children, the bishop is represented
with one hand extended in the act of blessing, with a large ring over two
fingers. A ring is on one of the fingers of the other hand. In paintings
of the early bishops of the Church they are figured with gloves having the
ruby on the back of the hand, and the official ring on the fore-finger of
the right hand sometimes, but not always, introduced.

Dart, in his 'History of Canterbury,' gives an inventory of the _Ornamenta
Ecclesiastica_ taken in 1315. One of the _annuli pontificales_ was of
elaborate character, and is thus described: 'Annulus quadratus magnus cum
smaragdine oblongo, et quatuor pramis, et quatuor garnettis.' The others
had sapphires surrounded by smaller gems. One of these rings was set 'cum
sapphiro nigro in quatuor cramponibus ex omne parte discoperto.'

In the 'Archaeological Journal' (vol. ii., 1854) is an interesting account
by the late Mr. Albert Way, of the ecclesiastical mortuary or
corse-present: 'Whether this was originally a composition for offerings
omitted, or in the nature of a payment for sepulture, frequently
consisted, amongst other things of a ring. Thus in the archdeaconry of
Chester, on the death of every priest, his best signet, or ring, with
various other objects belonging to the bishop as being the archdeacon.'

The King, in like manner, on the death of every archbishop and bishop, was
entitled to a gold ring with other things. On the death of some abbots the
King claimed the like. These rights existed in the reign of Edward I. and
probably earlier. In the province of Canterbury the second-best ring of
the bishop accompanied the seals, which, there is reason to think, were
given up to their metropolitans. In 1310, on the death of Robert Orford,
Bishop of Ely, his pontifical ring not having been delivered up in due
course, a mandate was issued by Archbishop Winchelsey, directed to Richard
de Oteringham, then administering the spiritualities of the vacant see, to
obtain possession of the ring, which appeared to have been kept back by
two of the monks of Ely. The mandate recites all the circumstances which
had occurred, describing the ring as 'annulum qui pontificalis vulgariter
appellatur, qui de jure et consuetudine nostre ecclesie Cantuariensis ad
nos dignoscitur pertinere.' It was alleged by the monks of Ely that the
deceased prelate had made a gift of this ring in his lifetime to the Prior
and Convent, but that, having no other pontifical ring, he had retained it
for his own use until his death. The Prior and Convent then had possession
of the ring, which they forthwith caused to be affixed to the shrine of
St. Ealburga. The two monks incurred the penalty of excommunication; the
Archbishop forthwith cited the Prior and Convent to appear before him, and
there can be little doubt that the ring was ultimately delivered up. The
details of this curious transaction are related in Archbishop
Winchelsey's Register, and may be seen in Wilkins's 'Concilia,' vol. ii.
p. 403.

In regard to two of the sees in Wales, St. Asaph and Bangor, the claim
extended to the palfry with bridle and saddle, the _capa pluvialis_, or
riding-cloak, and the hat used by the deceased prelate. The seals and best
ring were likewise demanded, as in the case of the other bishops of the
Principality, and of the province of Canterbury in general. On the decease
of Anian, Bishop of Bangor, in 1327, the metropolitan see being at that
time vacant, the Prior of Christ Church claimed the ring, seals, and other
effects, which had not been rendered up to him in due course. The
following entry appears on this occasion: 'De annulo et sigilis Episcopi
Bangorensis restituendis.--Magister Kenewricus Canonicus Assavensis,
officialis noster sede Bangorensi vacante, habet literam de annulo secundo
meliori et omnibus sigillis bone memorie domini Aniani Episcopi
Bangorensis, ac etiam de aliis bonis nobis et ecclesie nostre Cantuarien
de jure et consuetudine antiqua et approbata debitis post mortem
cujuslibet Episcopi Bangorensis, que de Magistro Madoco Archidiacono
Angles' executore testimenti dicti domini Aniani recepit, nobis absque
more majoris dispendio apud Cantuariam transmittendis necnon de omnibus
aliis bonis que ad manus suas sede Bangorensi vacante vel plena
devenerunt; et ad certificandum nos infra xx dies post recepcionem
presentium quod super premissis duxerit faciendis. Dated at Canterbury,
July 15, 1328.'

These instructions from the Prior to his official seem to have produced no
effect. A letter is found subsequently in the same register (K. 12, f.
158, v{o}), addressed from Mayfield by Simon Mepham, Archbishop of
Canterbury, to Henry Gower, Bishop of St. David's, stating the demand of
the Prior had not been satisfied, and requiring him to obtain restitution
of the seals and ring which had belonged to the deceased prelate. The
matter appears accordingly to have been adjusted without delay, since a
formal acquittance is found in the same volume, dated at Canterbury,
February 3, 1328.

A similar occurrence is recorded in the register on the decease of David
Martyn, Bishop of St. David's, March 9, 1328. His executors had delivered
the seals and ring to Master Edmund de Mepham, who had departed this life;
and a letter is found from Henry de Eastry, Prior of Christ Church, to
Robert Leveye, Edmund's executor, requesting him to render up these
objects to which the Prior was entitled.

The Wardrobe Books and other records would doubtless show that the rights
of the Crown were constantly enforced on the decease of archbishops and
bishops with no less jealous vigilance than those of the Church of
Canterbury. In the Wardrobe Book of 28th Edward I., for instance, amongst
various articles mention is made of the gold ring of William de Hothum,
Archbishop of Dublin, who died in 1298, set with a sapphire, as also of
many silver _ciphi_ and gold rings set with various gems, delivered to the
King on the decease of several other prelates at that period. In the same
record are to be found the gold rings of the abbots of Glastonbury, St.
Alban's, and Abingdon, lately deceased, in custody of the King's wardrobe.

It is deserving of remark that at an earlier period no claim, as regarded
the pontifical ring, appears to have been acknowledged by the Bishops of
Rochester.

Mr. Edmund Waterton, in the 'Archaeological Journal' (vol. xx. pp. 235 _et
seq._), gives a list of a few of the authentic episcopal rings now in
existence in England.

The ring of Seffrid, Bishop of Winchester, who died in 1151. This is most
curious, for it is set with a gnostic gem, representing the figure with
the head of a cock. It is a strange subject for the ring of a bishop.

A massive gold ring set with a sapphire, found in a tomb on the thumb of
the skeleton of a bishop, supposed to be Hilary, Bishop of Chichester, who
died in 1169, together with a silver chalice, and paten, and a pastoral
staff.

A gold ring with an octagonal sapphire, set _a griffes_, and with four
small emeralds in the corners. This was found in a stone coffin on which
was inscribed EPISCOPUS, and which also contained some remains of
vestments, and a pastoral staff.

These three rings belong to the Dean and Chapter of Chichester.

Gold ring set with a ruby, and found in York Minster in the tomb of
Archbishop Sewall, who died 1258.

A gold ring, also set with a ruby, found in the tomb of Archbishop
Greenfield, who died 1315.

[Illustration: Ring of Archbishop Sewall.]

[Illustration: Ring of Archbishop Greenfield.]

A gold ring, the stone of which has fallen out and which bears on the
inside the _chancon_ 'xhonnorxetxjoyex,' found in the tomb of Archbishop
Bowett, who died in 1423.

The three last rings are preserved in York Minster.

A large gold ring set with an irregular oval sapphire secured by four
grips in the form of fleurs-de-lys. The stone is pierced longitudinally.
This was found in Winchester Cathedral, and may be assigned to the
thirteenth century.

[Illustration: Episcopal ring (thirteenth century).]

The ring of William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, died 1404. A massive
plain gold ring, set with a sapphire. By his will he bequeathed to his
successor in the Bishopric of Winchester, his best book, _De Officio
Pontificali_, his best missal, and his larger gold pontifical ring, set
with a sapphire, and surrounded with four balass-rubies.

A gold ring found in the tomb of Bishop Gardiner, in Winchester Cathedral
(died 1555). It is set with an oval _plasma_ intaglio of the head of
Minerva; on the shoulders of the hoop are two square facetted ornaments,
each set with five small rubies _en cabochon_.

These rings belong to the Dean and Chapter of Winchester Cathedral.

[Illustration: Ring of Bishop Stanbery.]

A massive gold ring set with a sapphire. The shoulders are ornamented with
flowers, and inside is the _chancon_ 'en : bon : an.' Found in the tomb
of John Stanbery, Bishop of Hereford, 1452.

A gold ring set with an uncut ruby, and which has on either shoulder a Tau
cross, filled in with green enamel, and a bell appended. Within is the
inscription enamelled 'Ave Maria.' Found in the tomb of Richard Mayhew, or
Mayo, Bishop of Hereford, 1504.

These rings were found in Hereford Cathedral. They are figured in the
'Archaeologia' (vol. xxxi. p. 249).

A massive gold ring set with a sapphire, _en cabochon_. This was found on
one of the fingers of St. Cuthbert, when his coffin was opened by the
visitors in 1537. It came into the possession of Thomas Watson, the
Catholic Dean appointed on the dismissal of Robert Horne, the Protestant
Dean, in 1553. Dean Watson gave the ring to Sir Thomas Hare, who gave it
to Antony Brown, created Viscount Montague, by Queen Mary, in 1554. He
gave it to Dr. Richard Smith, Bishop of Calcedon, _in partibus_, and Vicar
Apostolic of the Northern District, whom he had for a long time sheltered
from the persecution. Bishop Smith gave the ring to the monastery of the
English Canonesses of St. Augustine at Paris; and it is now preserved at
St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw, near Durham. The ring is evidently not one
worn by the sainted bishop during his lifetime. It does not appear to have
been of an earlier date than the fourteenth century; and a gold ring, set
with a sapphire, and almost its counterpart, which was found at Flodden,
is now in the British Museum. Probably the ring had belonged to one of the
bishops of Durham, and had been offered to the shrine of St. Cuthbert, and
placed on a finger of the corpse on some occasion when the shrine was
opened. The authentication of the ring simply states the fact that it was
found on the hand of St. Cuthbert in 1537.

The ring of Arnulphus, consecrated Bishop of Metz in 614, is stated to be
preserved in the treasury of the cathedral of that city. It is believed to
be of an earlier date than the fourth century, and it is set with an
opaque milk-white cornelian, engraved with the sacred symbol of the fish.

In addition to these examples are two other French episcopal rings. One is
that of Gerard, Bishop of Limoges, who died in 1022. Didron thus describes
it: 'Cet anneau est en or massif; il pese 14 gram. 193 m.; aucune
pierrerie ne le decore. La tete de l'anneau, ou chaton, est formee de
quatre fleurs trilobees opposees par la base sur lesquelles courent de
legers filets d'email bleu.'

In August 1763 the remains of Thomas de Bitton, Bishop of Exeter from 1293
to 1307 were discovered in the cathedral of that city. The skeleton was
nearly entire, and among the dust in the coffin a gold ring was found and
a large sapphire set in it. This ring and a chalice recovered at the same
time are preserved within a case in the chapter-house of the cathedral.

The following extracts from the Wardrobe Book of 28th Edward I. (A.D.
1299-1360), relating to episcopal rings, are of interest:--

'Jocalia remanencia in fine anni 27.

'Annulus auri cum sapphiro qui fuit fratris Willelmi quondam Dublin'
archiepiscopi defuncti.

'Jocalia remanencia in fine anni 27 de jocalibus Regi datis, et post
decessum praelatorum Regis restitutis anno 25.

'Annulus auri cum sapphiro crescenti qui fuit N. quondam Sarum episcopi
defuncti.

'Annulus, auri cum rubetto perforato qui fuit Roberti Coventr' et
Lichfield' episcopi defuncti.

'Jocalia remanencia in fine anni 27 de jocalibus Regi datis et post
decessum praelatorum Regis restitutis. Annulus auri cum sapphiro qui fuit
J. Ebor' archiepiscopi defuncti anno 24.

'Jocalia remanencia in fine anni, 27 de jocalibus receptis de venerabili
Patre Will' Bathon' et Wellen' episcopo.

'Tres annuli auri cum rubettis.

'Unus annulus auri cum amerauda.

'Unus annulus auri cum topacio (chrysolite).

'Unus annulus auri cum pereditis (topaz).'

The _Jocalia Sancti Thomae_, which is given by Dart in his history of
Canterbury Cathedral, are as follows:--

'Annulus pontificalis magnus cum rubino rotundo in medio:

'_Item._ Annulus magnus cum sapphiro nigro qui vocatur lup.

'_Item._ Annulus cum parvo sapphiro nigro qui vocatur lup.

'_Item._ Annulus cum sapphiro quadrato aquoso.

'_Item._ Annulus cum lapide oblongo qui vocatur turkoyse.

'_Item._ Annulus unus cum viridi cornelino sculpto rotundo.

'_Item._ Annulus parvus cum smaragdine triangulato.

'_Item._ Annulus unus cum chalcedonio oblongo.'

The term _lup_ may signify _en cabochon_, uncut.

In 1867 Mr. Binns exhibited a gold episcopal ring, at a meeting of the
Society of Antiquaries, which he obtained at the shop of a jeweller at
Worcester, and supposed to be the ring of Walter de Cantilupe, who
presided over the see of Worcester from 1236 to 1266. In the
'Archaeologia' (vol. xx. p. 556) is figured an amethyst ring, which was
discovered at Evesham Abbey, on the finger of the skeleton of Henry of
Worcester, abbot of that house, 1256-1263.

In the possession of the Dean and Chapter of Wells is a fine massive
episcopal ring of gold, the date supposed to be the commencement of the
twelfth century. It has a solid projecting bezel, set with an
irregularly-shaped ruby, polished on the surface and pierced
longitudinally--an oriental stone which has been used as a pendant.

At the Loan Exhibition of Ancient and Modern Jewellery at the South
Kensington Museum, in 1872, Mr. R. H. Soden Smith contributed, amongst his
fine collection of 140 finger-rings, a series of seven gold episcopal
rings of the pointed or stirrup-shaped type; these are mostly set with
sapphires, rudely shaped and polished. Date from the 13th and 14th
centuries.

This engraving represents a gold episcopal ring, in the Londesborough
Collection, with sapphire. French work of the thirteenth century.

[Illustration: French Episcopal ring.]

In the Royal Irish Academy is a large episcopal ring, but, of
comparatively modern date. It is the largest ring in the collection, and
had originally held a very fine amethyst, which was removed by Dean
Dawson, when the ring was in his possession, and a piece of glass inserted
in its stead.

[Illustration: Episcopal ring.]

In the Waterton Collection is one of the finest of mediaeval gold episcopal
rings, obtained at Milan. It has been reset with an amethyst, the
original stone, stated to have been a valuable sapphire, having been
removed. No date is assigned to it.

[Illustration: Episcopal ring.]

Abbots were invested with the ring. Lawrence, seventeenth Abbot of
Westminster, is said to have been the first of that dignity who obtained
from the Pope (Alexander III.) the privilege of using the mitre, ring, and
gloves. He died in 1167, and was represented on his monument with a mitre,
ring, and staff. In 1048, Wulgate, twelfth Abbot of Croyland, received the
crosier and _ring_ from the _king_. The consecration of an abbot was
similar, in most respects, to the episcopal ceremony. The abbot received
from the bishop, or whoever was appointed to officiate, the insignia of
his ecclesiastical dignity.

The privilege of the mitre, pontifical ring, &c., was conceded to the
abbots of St. Denis, in France, about the year 1177 by Alexander III.

Jocelyn of Brakelond, in his 'Chronicles of St. Edmundsbury' (twelfth
century), informs us that Sampson was inaugurated abbot of that monastery
in 1182, by the Bishop of Winchester, who placed the mitre on his head,
and the ring on his finger, saying: 'This is the dignity of the abbots of
St. Edmund; my experience early taught me this.'

       *       *       *       *       *

In the reception of novices into the Roman Catholic sisterhood, one of the
ceremonies performed was the presentation of a ring blessed by the bishop,
usually of gold with a sapphire. After the benediction of the veil, the
ring, and the crown, the novices receive the first as a mark of renouncing
the world; the ring, by which they are married to the Son of God, and the
crown, as a type of that prepared for them in heaven. The origin of this
custom of espousals to Christ dates from a very remote period. 'We meet,'
remarks Lingard, in his 'History and Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon
Church,' 'for more than a thousand years after the first preaching of
Christianity, with females who, to speak the language of our ancestors,
had wedded themselves to God.'

On one of four rings of St. Eloy (6th century), preserved before the
Revolution of 1793 in the treasury of the church at Noyon, in France, was
inscribed:--

  Annulus Eligii fuit aureus iste beati,
  Quo Christo sanctam desponsavit Godebertam.

(This gold ring of the ever-blessed St. Eloy was that with which he
married St. Godiberte to Christ.)

John Alcock, Bishop of Ely (1486), gives 'an exhortacyon made to relygyous
systers in the tyme of theyr consecracyon by him: "I aske the banes betwyx
the hyghe and moost myghty Prynce, Kyng of all kynges, Sone of Almyghty
God, and the Virgyn Mary, in humanyte Cryste Jesu of Nazareth, of the one
partye, and A. B. of the thother partye, that yf ony or woman can shewe
any lawfull impedymente other by any precontracte made on corrupcyon of
body or soule of the sayd A. B. that she ought not to be maryed this daye
unto the sayd mighty Prynce Jesu, that they wolde accordynge unto the lawe
shewe it."'

There is no doubt that these 'espousals to Christ' were in connection with
the spiritual marriage of the bishop with the Church implied by the
sanctity of the episcopal ring. 'The mystical signification,' observes Mr.
E. Waterton, 'attached to this ring has been set forth by various
ecclesiastical writers. "Datur et annulus episcopo," observes St. Isidore,
of Seville, in the 16th century, "propter signum pontificalis honoris, vel
signaculum secretorum." In 1191 Innocent III. wrote that "annulus episcopi
perfectionem donorum Spiritus Sancti in Christo significat." Durandus, who
lived in the 13th century, enlarges upon the subject in his "Rationale."
"The ring," he says, "is the badge of fidelity with which Christ betrothed
the Church, his holy Bride, so that she can say: 'My Lord betrothed me
with his ring.' Her guardians are the bishops, who wear the ring for a
mark and a testimony of it; of whom the Bride speaks in the Canticles:
'The watchmen who kept the city found me.' The father gave a ring to the
prodigal son, according to the text, 'put a ring on his finger.' A
bishop's ring, therefore, signifies _integritatum fidei_; that is to say,
he should love as himself the Church of God committed to him as his
Bride, and that he should keep it sober and chaste for the heavenly
Bridegroom, according to the words, 'I have espoused you to one Husband,
that I my present you as a chaste virgin to Christ,' and that he should
remember he is not the lord, but the shepherd."'

It was the custom in former ages for the high dignitaries of the Church,
at the time of their elevation to episcopal rank, to celebrate such event
with pompous ceremonies. We find recorded, among others, the marriage of
prelates, especially in Italy. In 1519, Antonio Pucci was elected Bishop
of Pistoja, and made his solemn entree with a brilliant cortege. On
reaching a nunnery called San Pier Maggiore, 'he descended from his
horse,' says Michel-Ange Salvi, 'and entered the church, which was richly
decorated. After praying, he went towards the wall which separated the
church from the convent, where an opening had been made, and, in an
apartment there, wedded the abbess, placing on her finger a sumptuous
ring. After this he went to the cathedral, and with various ceremonies was
inducted into his bishopric.'

At Florence, when an archbishop was elected, he proceeded to a convent
dedicated to St. Peter, and was married to the abbess. A platform was
erected, surmounted by a rich baldequin, near the high altar; a golden
ring was brought to the prelate, which he placed on the finger of the
abbess, whose hand was sustained by the oldest priest of the parish. The
archbishop slept one night at the convent, and the next day was enthroned,
with great ceremony, in the cathedral.

The same usages were practised at the installation of the archbishops of
Milan, the Bishops of Bergamo, Modena, &c.

Aimon, in his 'Tableau de la Cour de Rome,' describing the ceremonies
attending the consecration of cardinals, says: 'Le Pape leur fait alors
une exhortation, et leur assigne des titres; leur met au doigt annulaire
de la main droite, un anneau d'or, dans lequel est enchasse un saphir, qui
coute a chaque Eminence cinq cents ducats. Cet anneau est donne au nouveau
Cardinal pour lui apprendre _qu'il a l'Eglise pour epouse_, et qu'il ne le
doit jamais abandonner.'

During the ceremony of consecrating the Bishop of Limoges at Notre Dame in
Paris (1628), in presence of the Queen and the Duke of Orleans, the former
sent the Bishop a rich diamond ring, which she took from her finger, in
token of the spiritual marriage which he was contracting with the Church.

M. Thiers, in his 'Traite des Superstitions,' gives a curious instance of
these espousals to Christ: a Carmelite, in his assumed quality of
'Secretary of Jesus,' had persuaded some of his devotees to sign contracts
of marriage with the Saviour. A translation of one of these I now give:
'I, Jesus, son of the living God, the husband of my faithful, take my
daughter, Madelaine Gasselin, for my wife; and promise her fidelity, and
not to abandon her, and to give her, for advantage and possession, my
grace in this life, promising her my glory in the other, and a portion of
the inheritance of my Father. In faith of which I have signed the
irrevocable contract by the hand of my secretary. Done in the presence of
the Father Eternal, of my love, of my very worthy mother Mary, of my
father St. Joseph, and of all my celestial court, in the year of grace
1650, day of my father St. Joseph.

  'JESUS, the husband of faithful souls.

'Mary, mother of God. Joseph, husband of Mary. The guardian angel
Madelaine, the dear lover of Jesus.

'This contract has been ratified by the Holy Trinity, the day of the
glorious St. Joseph, in the same year.

'Brother Arnoux, of St. John the Baptist, Carmelite. Dechausse, unworthy
secretary of Jesus.'

'I, Madelaine Gasselin, unworthy servant of Jesus, take my amiable Jesus
for my husband, and promise him fidelity, and that I never have any other
but Him, and I give Him, as a proof of my truth, my heart, and all that I
shall ever be, through life unto death doing all that is required of me,
and to serve Him with all my heart throughout eternity. In faith of which
I have signed with my own hand the irrevocable contract, in the presence
of the ever-adorable Trinity, of the holy Virgin, Mary, mother of God, my
glorious father St. Joseph, my guardian angel, and all the celestial
court, the year of grace 1650, day of my glorious father St. Joseph.

  'JESUS, lover of hearts.

'Mary, mother of God. Joseph, husband of Mary. The guardian angel
Madelaine, the dearly-beloved of Jesus.

'This contract has been ratified by the ever-adorable Trinity the same day
of the glorious St. Joseph, in the same year.

  'Brother Arnoux, of St. John the Baptist.'

A curious legend of a ring of espousals received from our Saviour by a
pious maiden, is recorded by Nider, in his treatise 'In Formicario,' and
is referred to by Kirchmann ('De Annulis'). He writes in praise of
celibacy, and describes a certain maiden who, rejecting all earthly loves,
is filled with sincere affection for Christ only. After praying for some
token of Divine acceptance: 'orti locello quo nunc oculis corporeis visum
dirigo. Et ecce in eodem momento et locello vidit tres or duos circiter
violarum amenos flosculos.... Violas manu collegit propria et conservavit
solliciter, ut exinde amor et spes artius ad suum sponsum grate
succrescerent.'

After enforcing the miraculous character of the event by reminding his
readers that it was not the season of flowers, but somewhere about the
feast of St. Martin, he continues:--'In sequenti anno iterum in orto suo
laboraret quodam die, et ibidem in locum certum intuitum dirigeret,
optando ex imo cordis desiderio quatenus ibi reperiret in signum
Christifere desponsationis annulum aliquem, si divinae voluntatis id esset:
et en altera vice non sprevit Deus preces humilis virginis sed reperit
materialem quemdam annulum quem vidi postmodum. Erat autem coloris albi,
de minera qua nescio, argento mundo videbatur similior. Et in clausura ubi
jungebatur in circulum due manus artificiose insculpte extiterunt.... Hunc
annulum virgo gratissime servavit in posterum, et altissimo suo sponso
deinceps ut antea in labore manuum suarum vivere studuit.' _Vide_ J.
Nider, _In Formicario_, Cologne, 1473 (?) ['Notes and Queries'].

This mystical union by the ring was exemplified in a singular manner in
the instance of Edmund Rich, who was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury
in 1234. When a young man he made a vow of celibacy, and, that he might be
able to keep it, he wedded himself to the mother of our Lord. He had two
rings made with 'Ave Maria' engraved on each. One he placed on the finger
of an image of the Virgin, which stood in a church at Oxford, and the
other he wore on his own finger, considering himself espoused in this
manner to the Virgin. He cherished the remembrance of this transaction to
his death, and at his funeral the ring was observed on his finger.[53]

In the legends of the saints there are frequent allusions to the espousals
with Christ, in which the ring is prominently mentioned; thus of St.
Catherine of Alexandria, it is said that, as she slept upon her bed, 'the
blessed Virgin appeared to her again, accompanied by her divine Son, and
with them a noble company of saints and angels. And Mary again presented
Catherine to the Lord of Glory, saying, "Lo, she hath been baptized, and I
myself have been her godmother!" Then the Lord smiled upon her, and held
out his hand, and plighted his troth to her, putting a ring upon her
finger. When Catherine awoke, remembering her dream, she looked, _and saw
the ring upon her finger_; and, henceforth regarding herself as the
betrothed of Christ, she despised the world, and all the pomp of earthly
sovereignty, thinking only of the day which should reunite her with her
celestial and espoused Lord.'

In a painting by Ghirlandago, St. Catherine is represented with a ring
conspicuous on her finger, in allusion to her mystical espousals.

Mrs. Jameson, in her 'Sacred and Legendary Art,' mentions an engraving of
the marriage of St. Catherine by one of the earliest artists of the
genuine German school, the anonymous engraver known only as 'Le Graveur de
1466,' 'the scene is Paradise; and the Virgin-Mother, seated on a flowery
throne, is in the act of twining a wreath, for which St. Dorothea presents
the roses; in front of the Virgin kneels St. Catherine, and beside her
stands the Infant Christ (here a child about five or six years old), and
presents the ring,' &c.

In Titian's 'Marriage of St. Catherine,' 'the Infant Christ is seated on a
kind of pedestal, and sustained by the arms of the Virgin. St. Catherine
kneels before him, and St. Anna, the mother of the Virgin, gives St.
Catherine away, presenting her hand to receive the ring; St. Joseph is
standing on the other side; two angels behind the saint, look on with an
expression of celestial sympathy.'

St. Agnes, in the old legend, when tempted to marry the son of Sempronius,
the prefect of Rome, by rich presents, rejects them with scorn, 'being
already betrothed to a lover who is greater and fairer than any earthly
suitor.'

In Hone's 'Everyday Book' (vol. i. p. 141) there is a curious story
connected with St. Agnes, 'who,' says Butler, 'has always been looked upon
as a special patroness of purity, with the immaculate mother of God.' It
seems that a priest who officiated in a church dedicated to that saint was
very desirous of being married. He prayed the Pope's licence, who gave it
him, together with an emerald ring, and commanded him to pay his addresses
to the image of St. Agnes in his own church. The priest did so, and the
image put forth her finger and he put the ring thereon; whereupon the
image drew her finger again, and kept the ring fast, and the priest was
contented to remain a bachelor, 'and yet, as it is sayd, the rynge is on
the fynger of the ymage.'

Mrs. Jameson remarks, on a painting representing in one compartment of the
picture the Espousal of St. Francis of Assisi with the Lady Poverty, that
she is attended by Hope and Charity as bridesmaids, being thus substituted
for Faith. St. Francis places the ring upon her finger, while our Saviour,
standing between them, at once gives away the bride and bestows the
nuptial benediction.

St. Herman of Cologne, in the thirteenth century, is said to have had an
ecstatic dream, in which the Virgin descended from heaven, and, putting a
ring on his finger, declared him her espoused. Hence he received from the
brotherhood with which he was connected the name of Joseph. He died in
1236.

In Hone's 'Everyday Book' it is remarked that the meeting of St. Anne and
St. Joachim at the Golden Gate was a popular theme. The nuns of St. Anne,
at Rome, showed a rude silver ring as the wedding one of the two saints.

In the Braybrooke Collection is a thick, gold, nun's ring, with a conical
surface to the band of the hoop, and an inscription of the fourteenth
century, in Longobardic characters, 'x O (for _avec_) cest (for _cet_)
_anel seu_ (for _je suis_) _espose de Jheusu Crist_.' In the Waterton
Collection at the South Kensington Museum is also a nun's ring of the same
date, inscribed 'God with Maria.'

In former times complaints were made in the 'Constitutions' of nuns
wearing several rings. In the 'Ancren Riwle, or Regulae Inclusarum' (Camden
Society) nuns are forbidden to have brooch or _ring_, or studded girdle:--

  Ring ne broche nabbe ye; ne gurdel i-membred.

'Espousals to God' were not confined to the religious portion of the
community.

Eleanora, third daughter of John, King of England, on the death of her
husband, the Earl of Pembroke, in 1231, in the first transports of her
grief, made in public a solemn vow, in presence of Edmund, Archbishop of
Canterbury, that she would never again become a wife, but remain a true
spouse of Christ, and received the ring in confirmation, which vows she,
however, subsequently broke, to the indignation of a strong party of the
laity and clergy of England, by her marriage with Simon de Montfort, Earl
of Leicester. At the head of the clergy was one William de Avendon, a
Dominican friar, who quoted a tractate on vows, by one 'Master Peter,'
from which it appears that a sacred plight-ring was considered almost as
impassable a barrier as the veil itself, against the marriage of the
wearer.

Mary, sixth daughter of Edward I., took the veil at Amesbury, thirteen
young ladies being selected as her companions. The spousal rings placed on
their fingers were of gold, adorned with a sapphire, and were provided at
the expense of the King.

In a very interesting paper by Mr. Harrod, F.S.A., in the 'Archaeologia'
(vol. xl. part 2) we have particulars of the custom, which prevailed in
the Middle Ages, of widows taking a vow of chastity, and receiving a
particular robe and ring. Sir Harris Nicolas printed in the 'Testamenta
Vetusta' an abstract of the will of Lady Alice West, of Hinton Marcel,
widow of Sir Thomas West, dated in 1395, and proved in the Prerogative
Court of Canterbury. There is a bequest to her son Thomas, amongst other
things of 'a ring with which I was yspoused to God.'

Sir Harris rightly says that this could not have been her marriage-ring,
and it was certain she had not entered a convent. This is still more
clearly made out by a reference to the transcript of the will in the
registers of the Prerogative Court.

Gough, in his 'Sepulchral Monuments,' quotes a story, from Matthew Paris,
of one Cecily Sandford, a lady of condition, who, on her deathbed, having
passed through the usual forms with her confessor, and he ordering her
attendants to take off a gold ring he observed on her finger, although
just expiring, recovered herself enough to tell them she would never part
with it, as she intended carrying it to heaven with her into the presence
of her celestial spouse, in testimony of her constant observance of her
vow, and to receive the promised reward. She had, it appears, made a vow
of perpetual widowhood, and with her _wedding_-ring assumed the russet
habit, the usual sign of such a resolution.

'In the "Colchester Chronicle," portions of which are printed in
Cromwell's "History of Colchester," one entry appears to confirm the
conjecture that the whole was composed in the fourteenth or fifteenth
century, "Anno Dni ccciij. Helena mortuo Constancio perpetuam vovit
viduitatem."

'By the testament of Katharine Rippelingham, dated February 8, 1473, who
calls herself "advowes," she desires to be buried in the church of
Baynardes Castell of London, where she was a parishioner; and by her will,
in which she gives herself the title of "widow advowes," she shows herself
in the full exercise of her rights of property, devising estates, carrying
out awards, and adjusting family differences, and in an undated codicil
she bequeaths to her daughter's daughter, Alice Saint John, "_her gold
ring_ with a diamante sette therein, _wherewith she was 'sacred.'_"'

'Sir Gilbert Denys, Knight of Syston, 1422: "If Margaret my wife will
after my death vow a vow of chastity, I give her all my moveable goods,
she paying my debts and providing for my children; and, if she will not
vow a vow of chastity, I desire that my goods may be distributed, or
divided into three equal parts, &c."

'John Brakenbury, in 1487, leaves his mother certain real estate, "with
that condicion that she never mary, _the which she promised afore the
parson and the parish of Thymmylbe_, and if she kepe not that promise, I
will she be content with that which was my fader's will, which she had
every peny."

'William Herbert, knight, Lord Pembroke, in his will dated July 27, 1469,
thus appeals to his wife: "And, wife, that you remember your promise to
take the order of widowhood, so ye may be the better maistres of your
owen, to perform my will, and to help my children, as I love and trust
you."

'William Edlington, esquire, of Castle Carlton, on June 11, 1466, states
in his will: "I make Christian, my wife, my executor on this condicion,
that she take the _mantle and the ring_ soon after my decease; and, if
case be that she will not take the mantle and the ring, I will that
William, my son (and other persons therein named) be my executors, and she
to have a third part of all my goods moveable."

'Lady Joan Danvers in 1453, gives the ring of her profession of widowhood
to the image of the crucifix, near the north door of St. Paul's.

'Lady Margaret Davy, widow, in 1489, leaves her profession-ring to "Our
Lady of Walsingham."'

Gough prints the Act of Court from the Ely Registers, on the taking the
vow by Isabella, Countess of Suffolk, in 1382. This took place at the
priory of Campsey, in the presence of the Earl of Warwick, the Lords
Willoughby, Scales, and others. The vow was as follows: 'Jeo Isabella,
jadys la femme William de Ufford, Count de Suffolk, vowe a Dieu, &c., en
presence de tres reverentz piers en Dieu evesques de Ely et de Norwiz, qe
jeo doi estre chaste d'ors en avant ma vie durante.' And the Bishop of
Ely, with authority of the Bishop of Norwich (in whose diocese Campsey
was) received and admitted the same, 'et mantellum sive clamidem ac
annulum dicte voventis solempniter benedixit et imposuit super eam.'

Catherine, sixth daughter of Henry the Fourth, married to William
Courtenay, Earl of Devon, on the death of her husband, took the vow of
perpetual widowhood in 1511.

Dugdale, in his 'History of Warwickshire' and in his 'Baronage,' prints a
licence from John, Bishop of Lichfield, to one N. N. to administer the vow
of chastity to Margery, wife of Richard Middlemore, who died 15th of Henry
the Seventh, which contains this passage: 'In signum hujusmodi continentiae
et castitatis promisso perpetuo servando eandem Margeriam velandam seu
peplandam habitumque viduitatis hujusmodi viduis, ut praefertur, ad
castitatis professionem dari et uti consuetum cum unico annulo
assignandum.'

       *       *       *       *       *

Legacies and gifts of rings for religious purposes were frequent in former
times; thus, amongst other rich gifts to the Cathedral of Canterbury,
Archbishop Hubert, in 1205, presented four gold rings adorned with
precious stones. Henry the Third, while on a visit to St. Alban's Abbey,
made some costly presents, including bracelets and rings, and five years
afterwards gave similar gifts at another visit to the same abbey.

The same monarch, among other gifts to Salisbury Cathedral, 'offered one
gold ring with a precious stone called a ruby.' After hearing mass he told
the dean that he would have the stone and the gold applied to adorn a
sumptuous gold 'text' (a Bible for the use of the altar) enriched with
precious stones given by Hubert de Burgh.

Dugdale mentions in a list of jewels formerly in the treasury of York
Cathedral 'a small mitre, set with stones, for the bishop of the boys, or,
as he was anciently called, the barne bishop; also a pastoral staff and
_ring_ for the same.'

The Bishop of Ardfert, in Ireland, gave to St. Alban's 'three noble rings;
one set with an oriental sapphire, the second with a sapphire that
possessed some _medicinal_ quality, and was formed like a shield, and the
other with a sapphire of less size.'

Henry de Blois presented to the same abbey a large ring set with jewels;
the middle one was a sapphire of a faint colour, and in the circuit four
pearls and four garnets.

John of St. Alban's, a knight, left as a legacy to the monks of the abbey
'a number of rings containing many precious stones.'

At the death of Walter, Abbot of Peterborough, among his effects,
containing many rich articles, were no less than thirty gold rings, the
offerings of the faithful.

Thomas Chillenden, fortieth Abbot of Canterbury, gave several pontifical
rings to the abbey.

Thomas de la Chesnaye (died 1517) left, for the shrine of the Virgin at
Rouen Cathedral, a ring garnished with a costly precious stone. Eustace
Grossier, canon of the same cathedral, bequeathed, in 1534, his
signet-ring to the shrine of St. Romain. Two years afterwards Jean de
Lieur, another canon, left four rings to the shrine of the Virgin, 'ou il
y a en une, une petite esmaraude; en laultre une petite turquoise, en
laultre ung petit saphir, et en laultre ung petit rubi.' In 1544 Etienne
Burnel leaves to Our Lady a gold ring with a ruby enchased, and a pendant
pearl; and to the shrine of St. Romain a gold ring with a diamond.

Charles the Third (? Naples) took from his finger a ring of great value to
adorn the golden canopy, enriched with precious stones, for the Host, in
the church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem.

Lady Morgan, in her 'Italy,' mentions the miraculous statue of the Virgin
and Child at Loretto: 'The Bambino holds up his hand as if to sport a
superb diamond ring on his finger, presented to him by Cardinal Antonelli:
it is a single diamond and weighs thirty grains.'

In the 'Annals of Ireland' we read that in 1421 Richard O'Hedian,
Archbishop of Cashel, was accused, among other crimes, of taking a ring
away from the image of St. Patrick (which the Earl of Desmond had offered)
and giving it to his mistress.

Louis VII., of France, laid the first stone of the porch and two towers of
the abbey church of St. Denis, in 1140. When the officiating minister
pronounced the words 'lapides pretiosi omnes muri tui et turres,
Jerusalem, gemmis aedificabunter,' the King took a costly ring from his
finger, and threw it into the foundations. Several of the other persons
present followed the example.

Saint Honore, eighth Bishop of Amiens, in the sixteenth century, left his
pastoral ring to the treasury of the cathedral, but it was sold by one of
his successors, Bishop Gervain. It was afterwards repurchased and replaced
in the treasury by Bishop Godefroy.

We read in the account of the spoliation of the shrine of St. Thomas a
Becket, at Canterbury (temp. Henry VIII.), of a stone 'with an Angell of
gold poynting thereunto, offered there by a King of France' (which King
Henry put) 'into a ring, and wore it on his thumb.' The shrine blazed with
gold and jewels; the wooden sides were plated with gold, and damasked with
gold wire: cramped together on this gold ground were innumerable jewels,
pearls, sapphires, balasses, diamonds, rubies, and emeralds, and also 'in
the midst of the gold, rings, or cameos of sculptured agates, cornelians,
and onyx stones.'

The stone that the rapacious Henry took was said to be as large as a hen's
egg, or a thumb-nail, and was commonly called the 'Regale of France'
offered to the shrine by Louis VII. of France, when on a pilgrimage
there.[54]

At the meeting of the Archaeological Institute at Norwich in 1847 Sir
Thomas Beevor exhibited a silver ring, with a zigzag tooling and the word
'[Maltese cross]Dancas[Maltese cross]' signifying a token of thanks, or
acknowledgment of services received, or, possibly, an _ex voto_, in
accordance with the common usage of suspending such ornaments near the
shrines of saints, as appears in the inventories of St. Cuthbert's shrine,
&c.

Adam Sodbury, fifty-third Abbot of Glastonbury, gave to the abbey, among
other precious gifts, 'a gold ring with a stone called Peritot, which was
on the finger of St. Thomas the Martyr, when he fell by the swords of
wicked men.'

       *       *       *       *       *

Among what may be called 'religious' rings, I would notice those which are
termed 'decade,' 'reliquary,' 'pilgrims,' &c., some of which are highly
interesting, and serve to show how, in past ages, the zeal of our
forefathers was animated by these rings, or, as some would call them,
these _aids_ to superstition. In olden wills they are frequently mentioned
as heir-looms of great value.

What are termed DECADE-rings, having ten projections at intervals all
round the hoop, were common in former times, and were used as beads for
repeating _Aves_. In the Braybrooke Collection a ring is mentioned with
eleven knobs, the last being larger than the others, indicating ten _Aves_
and one _Paternoster_. Each of the knobs is separated by three small
beaded dots across the hoop from its neighbour, probably symbolic of the
Trinity. At a meeting of the Archaeological Institute at Norwich, in 1847,
a curious ring was exhibited dating from the reign of Henry VI., found at
St. Faith's, near Norwich. It is engrailed, presenting ten cusps, and may
be placed in the class of decade-rings. On the facet is engraved the
figure of St. Mary Magdalen (or St. Barbara?), and on the outer circle 'de
bon cver' ('de bon coeur').

Another ring of the same date is of a more delicate workmanship, and bears
on the facet, St. Christopher, the hoop engrailed like the last, and has
the legend 'en. bo. n. ane' ('en bon an').

At the same exhibition of antiquities among the rings of latten or
base-metal was shown one engraved with the figure of a female saint,
probably St. Catherine; the hoop formed with eleven bosses, date about
1450. A similar brass ring bearing the same figure, found near British and
Roman weapons in the bed of the Thames, at Kingston, engraved in Jesse's
'Gleanings in Natural History,' is here represented. This ring has eleven
bosses, and, although found in the immediate vicinity of vestiges of an
earlier date, may be regarded as of mediaeval date, having been
accidentally thrown together in the alluvial deposit.

[Illustration: Latten ring, with figure of St. Catherine (?).]

[Illustration: Thumb-ring.]

Two decade-rings of the fifteenth century were also exhibited at the
Norwich meeting, bearing the monogram I.H.S. one found in Norwich Castle,
and the other at Heigham.

A gold ring with ten knobs, was found in 1846, at Denbigh, in pulling down
an old house. Its weight is a quarter of an ounce. A similar ring of base
metal, discovered in a tomb in York Minster, is preserved in the treasury
of that church; and another example, in silver, of precisely similar form,
was found in Whitby Abbey, Yorkshire.

Mr. Edward Hoare, of Cork, writing to the editor of the 'Archaeological
Journal,' observes that, as far as he has been able to obtain information
about decade-rings, they were worn by some classes of religious during the
hours of repose, so that on awaking during the night they might repeat a
certain number of prayers, marking them by the beads or knobs of the
rings. If worn on any finger except the thumb, at other periods of time
than those of repose, it must have been as a sort of penance, and perhaps
these rings were sometimes so used. The addition of a twelfth boss marked
the repetition of a creed.

[Illustration: Silver Decade-ring. (In the possession of E. Hoare, Esq.)]

The following illustration is from the 'Gentleman's Magazine' (1792), of a
ring found near Croydon, concerning which a correspondent of that work
wrote that he remembered a similar ring in the possession of a man
advanced in years, who had passed his youth at sea. 'The ring,' he said,
'was a _dicket_ (a corruption of "Decade"), to be placed, successively, on
each of the fingers, and turned with the thumb; the cross and larger boss
for the _Paternoster_; the ten smaller ones for _Ave Maria_, and that he
used to say his prayers with it on board ship without being noticed by the
sailors, in the hurry and confusion of a man of war.'

[Illustration: Decade-ring, found near Croydon.]

In the rich collection of E. Hoare, Esq., is a curious decade signet-ring,
of which the following is a representation from the 'Archaeological
Journal' (vol. ii. p. 198). It was discovered near Cork in 1844, and is
thus described: 'The hoop is composed of nine knobs or bosses, which may
have served instead of beads in numbering prayers, whilst the central
portion which forms the signet supplied the place of the _gaude_.' Some
persons (as Mr. Hoare remarked) have considered this ring as very ancient;
Mr. Lindsay supposed it to have been of earlier date than the ninth
century, regarding the device as representing an arm, issuing from the
clouds, holding a cross with a crown, or an ecclesiastical cap, beneath
it. Sir William Betham expressed the following opinion respecting this
relic: 'There can be little doubt but your ring is a decade ring, as there
are ten knobs or balls about it. The globe surmounted by a cross is a
Christian emblem of sovereignty; the ring and cross, of a bishop; the cap
looks like a crown, and, only that the ring is too old, it might be
considered the ciulid or barred crown of a sovereign prince. It certainly
is of considerable antiquity, and Mr. Lindsay is not far out in his
estimation.'

[Illustration: Decade signet-ring.]

[Illustration: Decade-ring.]

In the Londesborough Collection is a 'religious' ring, apparently a work
of the fourteenth century. It has a heart in the centre, from which
springs a double flower. On the upper edge of the ring are five
protuberances in each side: they were used to mark a certain number of
prayers said by the wearer, who turned his ring as he said them, and so
completed the series in the darkness of the night.

[Illustration: Decade rings.]

It has been stated by French antiquaries that metal rings formed with ten
bosses, and one of as early date as the reign of St. Louis, have been
found in France. It was at that period that the use of the _chapelet_ in
honour of the Blessed Virgin is supposed to have been devised by Peter the
Hermit.

A decade silver ring found at Exton, in Rutlandshire, in the possession of
Mrs. Baker, of Stamford, has also a central projection engraved with a
cross.

In Mr. Hoare's collection is a silver decade-ring found in 1848 in Surrey.
The hoop has ten projections resembling the cogs of a wheel, and on the
circular facet is the monogram I.H.S. surmounted by a cross, with a heart
pierced by three nails.

In the Londesborough Collection is a ring of Delhi workmanship which has
been referred to as a decade. The face is convex, circular, and of
turquoise, engraved and inlaid with Oriental characters in gold,
surrounded by ten cup-shaped bosses of rubies. The sides of the bosses are
enamelled green, and the backs red and white like leaflets. The back of
the face is richly enamelled with flowers having red blossoms and green
leaves, among which, upon the shank, are intermingled some pale-blue
blossoms, and within the centre, where the shank is attached to the back
of the face, are small golden stars upon an enamelled ground, and on each
side leaves of green enamel. The inscription reads 'Jan (John) Kaptani.'

[Illustration: Ring of Delhi work.]

Mr. Edmund Waterton, at a meeting of the Archaeological Institute
(December, 1862), gave the following notice of some rings of a peculiar
class, of which he sent several specimens for inspection: 'On a former
occasion I exhibited, at one of the meetings, some of the so-called--and
wrongly--rosary-rings, one of which had seven, the other eleven, and the
third, thirteen knobs or bosses. I stated my opinion that we ought to
consider these examples as belonging to a form of ring prevalent about the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and described in wills and inventories
as rings with "knoppes or bulionys." I had never met with a proper rosary,
or, more properly, decade, ring of a date anterior to the sixteenth
century. But a remarkable specimen has lately been added to my collection
which I send for exhibition. It is of ivory; there are ten knobs or bosses
for the _Aves_, and an eleventh of larger size and different form, for the
_Pater_. There are holes around the hoop, probably merely for ornament. I
am inclined to ascribe it to the fourteenth century, and think it not
unlikely it is of Irish origin. I am induced to form this opinion from the
peculiar fashion of the eleventh boss, which presents a type found in
rings discovered only in Ireland. This ring was found many years ago in an
old tomb in Merston churchyard, in Holderness. I also send another
decade-ring, of silver, and of a later date and type. This ring was
formerly in the possession of the Reverend Mother Anne More, Lady Abbess
of the English Augustinian Nuns at Bruges, and sister of Father More, of
the Society of Jesus, the last male descendant of Sir Thomas More. He gave
the More relics to Stonyhurst College.'

[Illustration: Trinity ring.]

Among other examples of 'religious' rings, I may mention a beautiful one
of gold, of fifteenth-century work, found at Orford Castle in Suffolk, and
the property of the Rev. S. Blois Turner. On the facet is engraved a
representation of the Trinity, the Supreme Being supporting a crucifix; on
the flanges are St. Anne instructing the Virgin Mary, and the _Mater
Dolorosa_. These designs were probably enamelled.

A representation is here given of a gold triple ring, brought from Rome,
and, possibly, emblematic of the Trinity. It is an Early Christian ring,
dating, probably, from the end of the third or beginning of the fourth
century.

[Illustration: Religious rings.]

At the meeting of the Archaeological Institute in March 1850 an exquisite
gold 'religious' ring of the fifteenth century was exhibited, found
within the precincts of Lewes Priory. It is delicately chased with the
following subjects: on the facet, the Virgin and child; on one side, the
Emperor Domitian; on the other, St. Pancras; on the flanges are
represented the Holy Trinity, and St. John with the Holy Lamb. The work
was originally enriched with transparent enamel.

[Illustration: Religious ring.]

In the Londesborough Collection is a gold 'religious' ring, enamelled with
a diamond in the centre, and six rubies, arranged like a sacred cross,
around it. The scrolls are enriched with white, blue, and green enamel.

At Barnard Castle, in 1811, a gold ring was found of eight globules, in
weight equal to three guineas and a half. On the second is S; on the
fourth, US; on the sixth, JH; on the eighth, S, the abbreviation of
Sanctus Jesus; on the first, is the Saviour on the cross in the arms of
God; on the third, the Saviour triumphing over death; on the fifth, the
Saviour scourged; on the seventh, Judas, the traitor.

The accompanying illustration represents a 'religious' ring, found in the
eighteenth century near Loughborough, and described in the 'Gentleman's
Magazine' for 1802. The figures are those of the Virgin Mary, Child, and
St. Michael.

[Illustration: Religious ring.]

A ring of a curious form is described in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' for
1811, as having been found in the parish of Stonham-Aspal, Suffolk. The
gold seemed pure, but the workmanship was rude, and the gem which it
enclosed was supposed to be a virgin sapphire.

[Illustration: Religious ring.]

The following represents a large and curious ring found about 1750 at the
hermitage on the River Itchen, at Southampton, which is noticed in Sir
Henry Englefield's 'Walk Round Southampton,' and is mentioned in the
'Gentleman's Magazine' for 1802. The bezel is little broader than the
hoop.

[Illustration: Religious ring.]

In the collection of Mr. Octavius Morgan, F.R.S., F.S.A., is a Jewish ring
enamelled with figures in relief, representing the Creation, the
Temptation, and the Fall of Adam and Eve; date, sixteenth century.

[Illustration: 'Paradise' rings.]

In the cathedral library at Chichester is an ancient gem having the
Gnostic equivalent of the blessed name Jehovah. This was used by Seffrid,
Bishop of Chichester (died 1159), as his episcopal signet.

[Illustration: Reliquary ring.]

In the Gerente Collection is a reliquary ring of silver-gilt elaborately
ornamented.

The Bessborough Collection has a ring with a frog or toad cut in a
magnificent almandine, of Roman work--a favourite device in the later
Imperial times, the animal typifying a new birth by its total changes of
form and habits, and hence adopted into the list of Christian symbols.

The Rev. C. W. King notices in his 'Antique Gems,' among some 'highly
curious and undoubted Christian subjects engraved on gems, one of the most
interesting--a red jasper set in an elegant antique gold ring, the shank
formed of a corded pattern, in wire, of a novel and beautiful design. The
stone bears, in neatly-formed letters: [Greek: IESOUS-THEOU-UIOS-TERE],
"Jesus, Son of God, keep us." Another, of equal interest and of the
earliest period of our religion, a fish cut on a fine emerald (quarter of
an inch square), is set in an exquisitely-moulded six-sided ring, with
fluted and knotted shank, imitating a bent reed, very similar to a bronze
one figured in Caylus.'

The first of the annexed illustrations represents an early Christian ring
with the symbol of an anchor.

[Illustration: Early Christian rings.]

The other engraving is from Gorlaeus, of an early Christian ring with the
sacred emblems, found in the Catacombs at Rome.

The following illustration represents a key-ring, with sacred monogram.

[Illustration: Early Christian.]

In the Waterton 'Dactyliotheca' is an early Christian ring having 'the
Holy Church represented by a pillar, on which are figured twelve dots,
which denote the twelve apostles. Three steps, thrice repeated, lead to
the pillar, symbolising the _lavacrum regenerationis_, which was formerly
received by three immersions, and three interrogations, and three replies
given by those who were being baptised.'

In the treasuries of various continental churches are 'religious' rings,
to which a high value is attached. In the church of St. Ursula, at
Cologne, is one called the ring of that saint, and is, certainly, of very
early date.

Mr. J. W. Singer informs me that he has seen in the treasury of the
cathedral of Liege, a large shrine, far above the size of life, in
silver-gilt, the bust of St. Lambert, the patron of the cathedral. One
hand has a crosier, and the other holds a book. On the right hand are six
rings, and on the left are three, of the seventeenth and eighteenth
century style; the shrine being late fifteenth or early sixteenth century.
The rings are on very different parts of the fingers, some being on the
first joint.

These rings may have been votive offerings; one is a ruby ring having a
stone weighing ten carats.

In a catalogue (kindly lent to me by Mr. Singer), 'Des Bijoux de la Tres
Sainte Vierge del Pilar de Saragosse' of offerings by the pious to the
sacred treasury for many centuries, and which were sold in 1870 to defray
the expenses of repairs and embellishments to the Holy Chapel, numerous
costly rings are included among other precious objects.

With a few instances of 'religious' rings, including pilgrims' rings, &c.,
now in the possession of several eminent collectors, and exhibited at
various meetings of the Archaeological Society, I must conclude the present
chapter.

In the curious catalogue of Dr. Bargrave's Museum (Camden Society) is
mentioned 'a small gold Salerno ring, written on the outside--not like a
posey, in the inside, but on the out--_Bene scripsisti de Me, Thoma_. The
story of it is, that Thomas Aquinas, being at Salerno, and in earnest in a
church before a certain image there of the Blessed Virgin Mary, his
devotion carried him so far as to ask her whether she liked all that he
had writ of her, as being free from original sin, the Queen of Heaven,
&c., and entreated her to give him some token of her acceptance of his
endeavours in the writing of so much in her behalf; upon which the image
opened its lipps and said, _Bene scripsisti de Me, Thoma_.

[Illustration: Religious seal-ring.]

'Salerno layeth a little beyond Naples on the Mediterranean Sea; and the
goldsmiths of that place, for their profit, make thousands of these rings,
and then have them touch that image which spake. And no merchant or
stranger that cometh thither but buyeth of these rings for presents and
tokens.'

A seal-ring, considered to belong to the fifteenth century, was discovered
at Cuddesden in 1814, by some workmen, in front of the gate of the
episcopal palace. It is of brass; the impress is an oblong octagon; the
device is the word _pax_, with a crown above, and a heart and
palm-branches below.

In the collection of the Hon. Richard Neville is a ring of silver-gilt
(time, Henry VII.), with bevelled facets, engraved with figures of saints,
found at the Borough Field, Chesterford; also a latten ring found in the
Thames (1846), the impress being the Virgin and Child; and the ring of
latten--=ihc=--discovered in repairing Weston Church, Suffolk; within is
inscribed, =in deo salus=.

A gold ring in the possession of Mrs. Baker, of Stamford, stated to have
been found in the tomb of an ecclesiastic, in a stone coffin, near
Winchester, bears a representation of St. Christopher.

A ring found at Loughborough, in 1802, represents the Virgin and St.
Michael, with motto.

[Illustration: Religious ring.]

A silver ring found at Carlisle, in 1788, bears an inscription below,
which has been suggested for 'Mary, Jesus.' The bezel of this ring is a
rude representation of joined hands, surmounted by a crown, and a portion
of the hoop is decorated with lozenge-shaped spaces, filled with a row of
quatrefoils. A correspondent to the 'Gentleman's Magazine' for 1788, in
allusion to this ring, mentions that the hands joined together exactly
resemble one found at Shaf Abbey, with the motto 'iheu.' Or, he suggests,
'it may be a wedding-ring, and to be read, _Marith_ (marrieth) _us_.'

A similar ring, with the hands joined, and inscribed _Jesus Nazarenus_, is
represented in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' (vol. liv. p. 734, and vol. lv.
p. 333).

[Illustration: Inscription on a supposed religious ring, found at
Carlisle.]

The annexed engraving represents a ring found, about 1790, in Stretly
Park, near Nottingham. The figure is that of St. Edith, and the ring
probably belonged to the abbess of some religious house in the
neighbourhood.

[Illustration: Religious ring.]

The following illustration represents a ring discovered, in 1812, while
harrowing near Froxfield, Hants; weight 4 dwt. 7 grs. It is supposed to
have been worn by a warrior in the Crusades. The bezel part exhibits on
the dexter side a knight with a shield, charged with a cross, thrusting a
lance down the throat of a dragon--probably meant for St. George. The
figure on the corresponding side varies in having a cross on the right
side of his mantle, and appears to be in a boat, or wading through water;
and it may be conjectured to be intended for St. Christopher.

[Illustration: Religious ring.]

Representation of a ring with a crowned I over a pillar, supposed to be
the initial of our Saviour's name as King of the Jews:

[Illustration: Religious ring.]

Mr. Davis, of Hempton, Oxfordshire, possesses a brass ring found there, in
the form of a strap and buckle, or of a garter, so contrived as to admit
of being contracted or enlarged, to suit the wearer's finger; the end of
the strap being formed with little knobs, upon which the buckle catches,
and keeps the ring adjusted to the proper size. The hoop is inscribed in
relief, MATER DEI MEMENTO.

In the Waterton Collection is an ecclesiastical ring, silver-gilt, with
circular bezel set with a cabochon crystal, the shoulders ornamented with
cherubs' heads in full relief, supported by brackets; on the reverse of
the bezel is engraved the figure of Christ on the Cross; sixteenth
century; diameter two and a half inches.

[Illustration: Ecclesiastical ring.]

A singular silver ring, of which a representation is given in the
'Archaeological Journal' (vol. iii. p. 78) was exhibited at a meeting of
the Institute in 1846 by Mr. Talbot. The interlaced plated work resembles
some ornaments of the Saxon period, but is remarkable for having the
impress of two feet, which may, probably, be regarded as one of the
emblems of the Passion, or as a memorial of the pilgrimage to the Mount of
Olives, where the print of the feet of the Saviour which miraculously
marked the scene of His Ascension, was visited by the pilgrims with the
greatest veneration.

[Illustration: Pilgrim ring.]

In the collection of Mr. Octavius Morgan, F.R.S., F.S.A., is a gold ring,
probably one of those obtained at Jerusalem, as tokens of pilgrimage to
the Holy City. On the head, which is circular, is engraved the Jerusalem
Cross, and around the hoop the first words of Numbers vi. 24: 'The Lord
bless thee and keep thee,' in Hebrew characters.

At a meeting of the Archaeological Institute (Feb. 1855), Mr. Gough Nichols
exhibited impressions from two signet-rings, also bearing as a device the
'Jerusalem Cross,' or cross potent between four crosslets, the insignia of
the Kingdom of Jerusalem, worn likewise on the mantles of the Knights of
the Holy Sepulchre. This device is regarded as emblematic of the five
wounds of our Lord. On one of these rings, of gold, purchased at Brighton,
the cross appears between two olive-branches, with the word 'Jerusalem' in
Hebrew characters beneath; on the other the branches alone are introduced.
The ring last mentioned, which is of silver, is in the possession of Mr.
Thompson, of Leicester. These are supposed to be memorial rings brought as
tokens of pilgrimage to the Holy City.

A gold ring of most beautiful workmanship was exhibited at the Lincoln
meeting of the Archaeological Institute, by the Rev. S. Blois Turner,
bearing the device of the bear and _baton ragule_, with the motto
inscribed above, 'Soulement une' (only one). Around the hoop are the
words, 'be goddis fayre foot'. This very singular legend has been supposed
to have reference to the miraculous impress of the Saviour's feet on the
Mount of Olives, which was regarded by pilgrims with extreme reverence,
and, like the five wounds, was probably used as a symbol of talismanic
virtue. This ring, formerly in the possession of George IV., now belongs
to General Johnson. Weight 230 grains.

In the Braybrooke Collection is a brass ring strongly gilt, with a long,
oval, flat signet, engraved with Hebrew characters, 'Pray for the peace
of Jerusalem,' from Psalm cxxii., supposed to be one of the rings given to
tourists to the holy city, as a certificate of their visit, and called in
the East 'hadji' or pilgrims' rings.

In the same collection is a slight silver ring, with narrow and flat band
to hoop, surmounted by a circular signet; on the hoop is this inscription,
in relief, between lines raised along each edge, headed and ended by small
flowers, 'M S D MONSERRATA.' On the signet, also in relief, appears a
double-handled stone-mason's saw (_serra_), the Latin for which furnished
the key to this monkish riddle; it reads thus, 'Mater Sancta de
Monserrata,' or Holy Mother of Monserrat, in Spain, where there was a
chapel dedicated to the Virgin, and this is, probably, the ring of a
pilgrim to that shrine.

At the meeting of the Archaeological Institute at Norwich in 1847 some
curious examples of religious rings (of silver) were exhibited, connected,
most probably, with charms and superstitions. A ring dating about the
period of Henry VI. is engraved with the figure of a female saint, and the
symbols of the five wounds. Another, of the same age, found at Fransham,
has the hoop swaged or twisted; on the angular facets had been engraved
figures of saints. The engraving on another ring was '+Maria+Anna+Ih'us.'

Amongst the rich collection of rings lent by Mr. R. H. Soden Smith to the
Loan Exhibition of Ancient and Modern Jewellery at the South Kensington
Museum in 1872, were six rings, gold and silver, of the iconographic type,
having for the most part figures of saints engraved on the bezel, one
inscribed within, in Gothic letters, 'yspartir+canc+dec+' (_partir sans
desir_).

In the 'Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall' (Sept. 1875) is a
note on an ancient signet-ring found at Penryn by Mr. W. H. Tregelles:
'This ring was found a few years since in a field near Budock church, by a
watchmaker of the neighbourhood, of whom I bought it for Mr. Octavius
Morgan, F.S.A., late M.P. for Monmouthshire. It has been the subject of
much interesting discussion, the result of which, with a description of
the ring, and three impressions in hard wax, I have deposited in the
Museum of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, at Truro.

'It is an oriental ring of silver, set with an oblong sard, engraved; it
appears at one time to have been gilt, and the loop and back of the bezel
were ornamented with a small pattern in niello, now almost obliterated by
long wear.

'In the middle of the device is a cartouche, or escutcheon, terminating at
the top in a Greek cross potent. In the lower part of the escutcheon is
engraved a paschal lamb, and in the upper part are some oriental
characters, which have not been deciphered with certainty. On either side
of the escutcheon is some ornamental scroll-work, having in the middle the
Jerusalem cross potent.

'It was submitted to Mr. Albert Way and Mr. C. W. King; and the latter
gentleman, who took much pains to make out the inscription, considered
that the characters were Servian, and that they represent the name of some
ecclesiastic of the Greek Church to whom it once belonged.

'It was evidently an ecclesiastical ring, and M. Castellane stated that he
has seen several Armenian priests at Rome wearing similar rings. It may,
perhaps, date from the early part of the last century.

'The most probable conjecture as to the reason of such an object being
found in Cornwall is that it may have been brought over by some traveller,
and, having been lost by him or the person to whom he gave it, was
mislaid among rubbish, and carted out with manure.'

       *       *       *       *       *

In the first chapter of this work I have alluded to rings of the early
Christians, a subject of great interest, to which I again refer in these
notices of 'religious' rings, with additional illustrations from the
'Archaeological Journal.'

The following cut represents a portion of a ring of dark-green jasper,
from Rome, dating, probably, from the second or third century. On the oval
bezel a symbol is engraved in intaglio, viz. a boat, on which is a cock,
carrying a branch of palm.

[Illustration]

A bronze ring, probably Christian, of the third or fourth century, of an
oval octagonal form, set with red jasper, engraved in intaglio with the
subject of a shepherd. From Rome.

[Illustration]

The ring here represented is of bronze, engraved with a ship, the emblem
of the Church, between the letters _chi_ and _rho_. This ring was obtained
at Rome.

[Illustration]

The accompanying illustrations are of small gold rings, in workmanship
and form dating from the third or fourth century.

[Illustration]

Annexed (probable date about 440) is a signet-ring, the subject incised
upon the gold apparently a matrimonial or love-ring.

[Illustration]

To the same period may be ascribed a bronze ring, of coarse workmanship,
taken from the Roman catacombs. A circular hoop is surmounted by a flat
circular bezel, on which is engraved an ear of corn between two fishes,
emblem of the bread of life, and those who live in faith of it.

[Illustration]

Another bronze ring is engraved with the sacred symbol, the united _chi_
and _rho_ between the _alpha_ and _omega_ above, and two sheep below.
Probable date, the middle of the fourth century. Found at Rome.

[Illustration]

To the same class of rings belongs the last of the above engravings. It is
of bronze, having a simple convex hoop; the device, a draped male figure
with nimbus, and standing before a cross appearing to spring from a bunch
of grapes. It was brought from Athens, and is probably Byzantine, of the
sixth or seventh century.

The following engraving represents a ring of duplex form, of solid gold,
weighing 5-1/2 dwts. It has engraved

     D
  FILINAN
     A

and

   Vivas
  in Deo*.

The ring probably dates from the latter part of the third, or beginning of
the fourth, century. It was discovered in the neighbourhood of Masignano,
a small township of Fermo.

[Illustration]

Early Christian rings of silver are unusual; that now represented is of
duplex form. On one oval is engraved the name FAVSTVS, and on the other is
a palm-branch. The date is, probably, of the latter half of the fourth
century.

[Illustration]

A bronze ring, intended for a signet. On the bezel is a monogram deeply
cut in reverse, which has been rendered by Rossi, _Deus dona vivas in
Deo_. From Rome, and of the fourth century.

[Illustration]

A bronze ring with circular hoop, the bezel engraved with the sacred
monogram. This ring is said to have been found in the neighbourhood of the
house of Pudens.

[Illustration]

A bronze ring of coarse workmanship and angular form. The device, two
doves and a fish.

[Illustration]

The shoulders of the following bronze ring are engraved as palm branches.
The bezel is raised by four steps or tables, and engraved with a monogram.
From Rome.

[Illustration]

A bronze ring with high, projecting bezel. On the square face the subject
of Abraham's sacrifice is deeply engraved. The execution may be
attributed, perhaps, to the latter end of the third century, but, more
probably, to the fourth. Brought from Viterbo.

[Illustration]

Bronze ring, formed as a circle of half-round metal, engraved with a
double-fluked anchor, crossed by one of a single fluke, and surrounded by
a pearl border. From the catacombs at Rome.

[Illustration]

Bronze ring, with plain rounded hoop. Device, a draped female standing
between two birds. On either side is the Christian monogram. Found, it is
believed, in the catacombs of St. Calixtus; date, fourth century of our
era.

[Illustration]

An iron ring of octagonal form, the bezel engraved with two human figures
and the sacred monogram. A human figure is represented on each face of the
octagon. This is a remarkable ring of its class.

[Illustration]

Bronze ring, with bezel shaped as the sole of a shoe, and incised with the
legend IN DEO, in the collection of C. D. E. Fortnum, Esq., F.S.A.:

[Illustration]

In Montfaucon's 'L'Antiquite Expliquee' are several illustrations of Roman
rings with the bezels representing a human foot. One seems to have been a
Christian seal, the inscription on which, DEDONAO, is there, perhaps, put
for DEI DONA. Montfaucon mentions one in his own cabinet, inscribed,
between two crosses, DEI DONA.

A bronze stamp, formed as the sole of a shoe, is preserved in the
Christian Museum of the Vatican. Inscription reversed, SPES IN DEO.

[Illustration]

A child's ring of gold. A simple hoop, flattened out on the bezel, which
is engraved with the palm-branch. This ring was found in a child's tomb in
the neighbourhood of Rome.

[Illustration]

Bronze ring, the bezel engraved with the sacred monogram, round which is
placed the inscription, COSME VIVAS. This was discovered in one of the
catacombs on the Via Appia.

[Illustration]

A small iron ring, on which is engraved the lion of St. Mark, dating,
probably, from the sixth century. Found in a Coptic grave near the temple
of 'Medinet Aboo,' at Thebes.

[Illustration]

Mr. Hodder M. Westropp, in his 'Handbook of Archaeology,' remarks that
Christian inscriptions 'are all funeral, and are, for the most part, found
in the Catacombs, or subterranean cemeteries of the early Christians in
Rome. They are characterised by symbols and formulae, peculiar to the
Christian creed; the idea of another life--a life beyond the
grave--usually prevails in them. The symbols found in connection with the
funeral inscriptions are of three kinds; the larger proportion of these
refer to the profession of Christianity, its doctrines and its graces. A
second class, of a partly secular description, only indicate the trades of
the deceased, and the remainder represent proper names; thus a lion must
be named as a proper name, _Leo_; _Onager_, an ass; a dragon,
_Dracontius_. Of the first kind the most usually met with is the monogram
of Christ. The other symbols generally in use are the ship, the emblem of
the church; the fish, the emblem of Christ; the palm, the symbol of
martyrdom; the anchor, representing hope in immortality; the dove, peace;
the stag, reminding the faithful of the pious aspiration of the Psalmist;
the horse was the emblem of strength in the faith; the hunted hare, of
persecution; the peacock and the phoenix stood for signs of the
resurrection; Christ, as the good pastor, and the [Greek: A-O] of the
Apocalypse, was also introduced in the epitaphs. Even personages of the
pagan mythology were introduced, which the Christians employed in a
concealed sense, as Orpheus, enchanting the wild beasts with the music of
his lyre was the secret symbol of Christ, as the civilizer of men, leading
all nations to the faith. Ulysses, fastened to the mast of his ship, was
supposed to present some faint resemblance to the Crucifixion.'




CHAPTER V.

BETROTHAL AND WEDDING RINGS.


It would be difficult to find a subject more interesting in all its
associations than a wedding-ring. From the most remote times it has had a
mystical signification, appealing to our most cherished feelings, hopes
and wishes. The circular form of the ring was accepted in days by-gone, as
a symbol of eternity, thus indicative of the stability of affection. We
find some of our noted divines echoing the sentiments of old enthusiasts
on the figurative virtues of a ring. Thus Dean Comber and Wheatley express
themselves: 'The matter of which this ring is made is gold, signifying how
noble and durable our affection is; the form is round, to imply that our
respect (or regards) shall never have an end; the place of it is on the
fourth finger of the left hand, where the ancients thought there was a
vein that came directly from the heart, and where it may be always in
view; and, being a finger least used, where it may be least subject to be
worn out; but the main end is to be a visible and lasting token of the
covenant which must never be forgotten.'

Jeremy Taylor, in his sermon on a 'Wedding-ring for the Finger,' conveys,
in quaint and forcible language, the duties and responsibilities of
married life.[55]

In an old Latin work, ascribing the invention of the ring to Tubal Cain,
we find: 'The form of the ring being circular, that is, round, and without
end, importeth thus much, that mutual love and hearty affection should
roundly flow from one to the other, as in a circle, and that continually
and for ever.'

Herrick has versified this conceit:--

      Julia, I bring
      To thee this ring,
  Made for thy finger fit;
      To show by this
      That our love is,
  Or should be, like to it.

      Close though it be,
      The joint is free;
  So, when love's yoke is on,
      It must not gall,
      Nor fret at all
  With hard oppression.

      But it must play
      Still either way,
  And be, too, such a yoke
      As not, too wide,
      To overslide,
  Or be so straight to choke.

      So we who bear
      This beam, must rear
  Ourselves to such a height
      As that the stay
      Of either may
  Create the burthen light.

      _And as this round
      Is nowhere found
  To flaw, or else to sever,
      So let our love
      As endless prove_,
  And pure as gold for ever.

The same idea is conveyed in some lines by Woodward (1730) 'to Phoebe,
presenting her with a ring:'--

  Accept, fair maid, _this earnest of my love_,
  _Be this the type_, let this my passion prove;
  Thus may our joy in endless circles run,
  Fresh as the light, and restless as the sun;
  Thus may our lives _be one perpetual round_,
  Nor care nor sorrow ever shall be found.

In modern poetry we have many sweet and tender allusions to the
wedding-ring. Thus Byron writes:--

  In that one act may every grace
  And every blessing have their place,
  And give to future hours of bliss
  The charm of life derived from this:
  And when e'en love no more supplies,
  When weary nature sinks to rest,
  May brighter, steadier light arise
  And make the parting moment blest!

In a collection of poems printed in Dublin (1801) we find some touching
lines to 'S. D., with a ring:'--

  Emblem of happiness, not bought nor sold,
  Accept this modest ring of virgin gold.
  Love in the small but perfect circle trace,
  And duty in its soft yet strict embrace.
  Plain, precious, pure, as best becomes the wife;
  Yet firm to bear the frequent rubs of life.
  Connubial love disdains a fragile toy,
  Which rust can tarnish, or a touch destroy,
  Nor much admires what courts the gen'ral gaze,
  The dazzling diamond's meretricious blaze,
  That hides with glare the anguish of a heart,
  By nature hard, tho' polish'd bright by art.
  More to thy taste the ornament that shows
  Domestic bliss, and, without glaring, glows;
  Whose gentle pressure serves to keep the mind
  To all correct, to one discreetly kind;
  Of simple elegance th' unconscious charm,
  The only amulet to keep from harm,
  To guard at once and consecrate the shrine;
  Take this dear pledge--it makes and keeps thee mine.

The most painful ordeal for 'Patient' Grisild (in Chaucer's 'Clerk's
Tale') is the surrender of what she most valued to her imperious lord, the
Marquis, the wedding-ring with which she had espoused him. This, in her
sore affliction, she returns to him:--

  Here again your clothing I restore,
  And eke your wedding-ring for evermore.

The celebrated Sanscrit drama, which Kalidasa wrote upon the beautiful
Sakuntala, turns upon Dushyanta's recognition of his wife by means of a
ring which he had given to her.

The tender and affectionate faith derived from the wedding-ring is
illustrated in the legend of Guy, Earl of Warwick. The doughty knight,
when in a moment of temptation he is about to marry the beautiful Loret,
daughter of the Emperor Ernis, is recalled to his duty at the sight of the
wedding-ring, and remembers his fair Felice, who is far distant, pining at
his absence:--

  The wedding-ring was forth brought;
  Guy, then, on fair Felice thought,
  He had her nigh forgotten clean.
  'Alas,' he said, 'Felice, the sheen!'
  And thought in his heart anon--
  ''Gainst thee now have I misdone!'
  Guy said, 'penance I crave,
  None other maid my love shall have.'

We see also the tenderness that a wedding-ring can inspire in the instance
of Louis IX. of France, who in his youth was married to Marguerite of
Provence, the victim of a cruel jealousy on the part of Blanche of
Castile, the King's mother. The young Prince, who loved his wife dearly,
constantly wore a ring ornamented with a garland of lilies and daisies, in
allusion to his spouse and himself. A magnificent sapphire bore the image
of a crucifix, and the inscription 'hors cet annel pourrions nous trouver
amour.'

In the German ballad of 'The Noble Moringer,' translated by Sir Walter
Scott, the hero, after some years' absence on a pilgrimage, returns
disguised as a palmer to his castle, on the eve of his wife's nuptials
with another knight. The lady

  ------Bade her gallant cup-bearer a golden beaker take,
  And bear it to the palmer poor to quaff it for her sake.

  It was the noble Moringer, that dropp'd amid the wine
  A bridal-ring of burning gold, so costly and so fine.
  Now listen, gentles, to my song, it tells you but the sooth,
  'Twas with that very ring of gold he pledged his bridal troth.

  Then to the cup-bearer he said, 'Do me one kindly deed,
  And, should my better days return, full rich shall be thy meed.
  Bear back the golden cup again to yonder bride so gay,
  And crave her of her courtesy to pledge the palmer grey.'

  The cup-bearer was courtly bred, nor was the boon denied,
  The golden cup he took again, and bore it to the bride.
  'Lady,' he said, 'your reverend guest sends this and bids me pray
  That, in thy noble courtesy, thou pledge the palmer grey.'

  The ring hath caught the lady's eye, she views it close and near,
  Then might you hear her shriek aloud, 'The Moringer is here!'
  Then might you see her start from seat, while tears in torrents fell,
  But whether 'twas for joy or woe, the ladies best can tell.

The veneration for a wedding-ring is shown in the instance of the great
lexicographer, Dr. Samuel Johnson. He writes, under date March 28, 1753:
'I kept this day as the anniversary of my Letty's death, with prayers and
tears in the morning. In the evening I prayed for her conditionally, if
it was lawful.' Her wedding-ring was preserved by him, as long as he
lived, with an affectionate care, in a little round wooden box, and in the
inside of which was a slip of paper inscribed: 'Eheu! Eliz. Johnson, nupta
Jul. 9, 1736; mortua, eheu! Mart. 17, 1752.'

According to the 'London Press,' Mr. John Lomax, bookseller, of Lichfield,
who died lately at the age of eighty-nine, possessed, among many other
Johnsonian relics, this wedding-ring of Mrs. Johnson.

The poet Moore, in his 'Diary,' mentions the gift of his mother, of her
wedding-ring. He writes: 'Have been preparing my dear mother for my
leaving her, now that I see her so much better. She is quite reconciled to
my going, and said this morning: "Now, my dear Tom, don't let yourself be
again alarmed about me in this manner, nor hurried away from your house
and business." She then said she must, before I left her this morning,
give me her wedding-ring as her last gift; and accordingly, sending for
the little trinket-box in which she kept it, she herself put the ring on
my finger.'

The value, even to death, attached to wedding-rings has been frequently
shown. In a testamentary document made at Edinburgh Castle by Mary, Queen
of Scots, before the birth of her son James, and when under the impression
that she would die in childbed, among numerous bequests, she enumerates
her rings, of which she had a large number. Among them was a diamond ring,
enamelled red, recorded by the Queen herself as that with which 'she was
espoused.' On the other side is written 'For the King who gave it me.'
This is presumed to be the ring with which Darnley wedded Mary in the
privacy of Rizzio's chamber at Stirling, for at the public solemnity of
their nuptials in the Chapel Royal of Holyrood three rings of surpassing
richness were used.

The ring with which James, Duke of York (afterwards King James the
Second), married Mary of Modena, had a small ruby set in gold. The Queen
showed it to the nuns of Chaillot, with whom she resided chiefly in the
days of her sorrowful widowhood, exile, and poverty. Although obliged to
part with most of her jewels, she would never give up this ring, which she
valued above everything. Even William of Orange, remarkable for his stern
and taciturn disposition, felt sensibly the tender feelings which a
marriage-ring can nourish after the death of a beloved object. On his
decease a ribbon was found tied to his left arm, with a gold ring appended
to it, containing some hair of the Queen. The Londesborough Collection
contained a royal ring, which is supposed to have been the same given by
the Prince of Orange to the Princess Mary. It is of gold, the strap and
buckle set with diamonds, and is enamelled black. Engraved in letters in
relief is the motto of the Order of the Garter. The following words are
engraved within: 'I'll win and wear thee if I can.' 'This posy' (as the
late Crofton Croker observed) 'has a double construction; whether
addressed to the princess before marriage or after is doubtful, with
reference to William's design to contest the crown of England with her
father.'

Baron Rosen was sent a captive to Siberia, in consequence of political
tumults which occurred on the accession of the Emperor Nicholas to the
throne of Russia. On his arrival he was searched, and some family trinkets
taken from him. He was then required to give up a gold ring which he wore
on his finger. He replied: 'It is my wedding-ring, and you can only have
it by taking the finger also.' Fortunately the ring was spared.

However, like everything, humanly speaking, the wedding-ring has had its
vicissitudes, and, from being the emblem of all that is pure and holy in
life, has been desecrated to the vilest and most impious of usages.
Nothing can be more humiliating to good faith and rectitude than to read
the accounts of what took place not many years ago concerning the 'Fleet
Marriages.' In Burns' 'Registers' of these mock celebrations we read sad
cases of this abominable system, which prevailed in the last century, of
clandestine marriages. A case is there mentioned of a young lady who had
been inveigled into the trap of a marrying parson (?), and, finding
herself unable to escape without money or a pledge, told her persecutors,
who wanted to force a marriage upon her, that she liked the gentleman who
desired to marry her so well that she would meet him on the next night.
She gave them a ring as a pledge, which she said was her mother's ring,
who enjoined her that if she should marry it was to be her wedding-ring.
By this contrivance 'she got rid of the black doctor and his tawny crew.'

Great was the disgust of the respectable portion of the community for
these disgraceful alliances. It is recorded in the 'Daily Post' for 1742,
of a gentleman possessed of a considerable fortune, that he bequeathed it
in the hands of trustees for his wife, with the proviso that if she
married an Irishman they were to pay her ten guineas for a 'Fleet'
marriage, a dinner, and ring; the remainder, about eight thousand pounds,
to devolve on his nephew. On a trial for bigamy in 1731, Samuel Pickering
deposed: 'The prisoner was married at my house in the "Fleet." I gave her
away, and saw the ring put upon her hand, and broke the biscuit over her
head.'

On the suppression of the Fleet marriages in the middle of the last
century commenced the scandalous Gretna Green marriages--the name derived
from that of a farmstead in the vicinity of the village of Springfield, in
the parish of Graitney, Dumfriesshire. The official who performed these
irregular marriages was of different vocations--sometimes a blacksmith. In
the report of a late Court of Probate case at Westminster, an
agriculturist, Thomas Blythe, admitted that he did a small stroke of
business in the 'joining' line as well; and in reply to counsel's question
'how the marriage ceremony was performed' he replied: 'I first asked them
if they were single persons. They said they were. I then asked the man,
"Do you take this woman for your wife?" He said, "Yes." I then asked the
woman, "Do you take this man for your lawful husband?" She said, "Yes." I
then said, "Put on the ring," and added, "the thing is done, the marriage
is complete."'

A ring sent as a love-pledge, or token, was in frequent use in former
times. Philip de Comines relates in his 'Memoirs' that, a marriage between
the Princess of Burgundy and the Duke of Austria (1477) being determined
upon, a letter was written by the young lady at her father's command
signifying her consent to the alliance, and a diamond ring of considerable
value was sent as a pledge or token of it. At the time arranged for the
ceremony the Princess was at Ghent, and, in the presence of ambassadors
sent on that occasion, she was asked whether she designed to make good her
promise. The Princess at once replied 'that she had written the letter and
sent the ring in obedience to her father's command, and freely owned the
contents of it.'

The engagement by a ring is also historically exemplified in late times by
the notorious intimacy of George the Fourth, when Prince Regent, with Mrs.
Fitzherbert. In order to overcome her scruples to a private marriage (the
Royal Marriage Act having been a bar), the Prince caused himself one day
to be bled, and put on an appearance of having attempted his own life, and
sent some friends to bring her to him. She was then induced to allow him
to engage her with a ring in the presence of witnesses, but she afterwards
broke the engagement, went abroad, and for a long time resisted all the
efforts made to induce her to return. It is singular that one of the chief
instruments in bringing about the union of this ill-assorted pair was the
notorious Philippe Egalite, Duke of Orleans.

In old times rings made of rushes were used for immoral purposes, not only
in England, but in France. Douce refers Shakspeare's 'Tib's rush for Tom's
forefinger' to this custom ('All's Well that Ends Well,' act ii. sc. 2).
In D'Avenant's 'Rivals' we find:--

  I'll crown thee with a garland of straw, then,
  And I'll marry thee with a rush ring.

The 'crack'd' ring (alluded to in Beaumont and Fletcher's 'Captain')
applied metaphorically to female frailty:--

  Come to be married to my lady's woman,
  After she's crack'd in the ring.

The abuse of the rush ring led to the practice being strictly prohibited
by the constitutions of Richard Poore, Bishop of Salisbury, in 1217; but
it had a long continuance. Quarles, in 'Shepheard's Oracles' (1646),
writes:--

  And while they sport and dance, the love-sick swains
  Compose rush rings and myrtleberry chains.

In Greene's 'Menaphon' we find:--''Twas a good world when such simplicitie
was used, saye the olde women of our time, when a ring of a rush would tye
as much love together as a gimmon of gold.'

The practice of the rush ring in France prevailed for a considerable
period.

Another equivocal pretence for engagement was the ring of St. Martin,[56]
so named from the extensive franchises and immunities granted to the
inhabitants of the precincts of the Collegiate Church of St.
Martin's-le-Grand. In a rare tract, entitled 'The Compter's Commonwealth'
(1617), is an allusion to these rings, which shows their import: 'This
kindnesse is but like alchimie, or _Saint Martin's rings_, that are faire
to the eye and have a rich outside, but if a man should break them asunder
and looke into them, they are nothing but brasse and copper.'

In 'Whimsies, or a New Cast of Character' (1631), mention is made of St.
Martin's rings and counterfeit bracelets as 'commodities of infinite
consequence. They will passe for current at a May-pole, and purchase a
favour from their May-Marian.'

So also in 'Plaine Percevall, the Peace-maker of England': 'I doubt
whether all be gold that glistereth, sith St. Martin's rings be but copper
within, though they be gilt without, sayes the goldsmith.'

The materials of which wedding-rings have been made are numerous; besides
the various metals, we have an instance of a leather ring made on the spur
of the moment out of a piece of kid cut from the bride's glove. As a
substitute for the usual ring, the church key has been put into
requisition. Horace Walpole, in a letter to Mr. (afterwards Sir Robert)
Mann, dated July 27, 1752, alludes to the use of a curtain-ring for this
purpose: 'The event which has made most noise since my last is the
extensive wedding of the youngest of the two Gunnings,' and he then
describes an assembly at Lord Chesterfield's, when the Duke of Hamilton
made love to Miss Gunning, and two nights after sent for a parson to
perform the marriage ceremony. The Doctor refused to act without a licence
and a ring. 'The Duke swore he would send for the Archbishop; at last they
were married with a ring of the bed-curtain, at half-an-hour past twelve
at night, at May Fair Chapel.'

In 'Notes and Queries' (2nd series, vol. x.) we find an editorial note on
this subject. A parish clerk recollected an instance of a party that came
to the church, and requested to be married with the church key. It was
what is called a 'parish wedding,' and the parochial authorities, though
willing to pay the church fees, because 'they were glad to get rid of the
girl,' had not felt disposed to furnish the wedding-ring. The clerk
stated, however, that, feeling some hesitation as to the substitution of
the church key in his _own_ church, he stepped into the great house hard
by, and there borrowed an old _curtain-ring_, with which the marriage was
solemnised.

Sir John Suckling, in his ballad on a 'Wedding,' has this conceit on a
ring:--

  Her fingers were so small, the ring
  Would not stay on which they did bring,
      It was too wide a peck:
  And to say truth, for out it must,
  It look'd like the great collar, just
      About our young colt's neck.

Perhaps one of the smallest wedding-rings on record is that which is
mentioned in the _fiancailles_ of the Princess Mary, daughter of Henry
VIII., to the Dauphin of France, son of King Francis I. The _fiance_ was
represented on that occasion by Admiral Bonnivet, the French Ambassador.
The dauphin was born February 28, 1518, and the event of his birth was
made a matter of State policy, for a more intimate alliance with France.
On October 5, in the same year, the bridal ceremonies took place at
Greenwich with great pomp. King Henry took his station in front of the
throne; on one side stood Marie of France, and Queen Katherine; in front
of her mother was the Princess Marie, just _two_ years old, dressed in
cloth of gold, with a cap of black velvet on her head, blazing with
jewels. On the other side stood the two legates, Wolsey and Campeggio.
After a speech by Dr. Tunstal, the Princess was taken in arms; the consent
of the King and Queen was demanded, and Wolsey approached with a
diminutive ring of gold, fitted to the young lady's finger, in which was a
valuable diamond. Admiral Bonnivet, as proxy for the baby bridegroom,
passed it over the second joint. The bride was blessed, and mass performed
by Wolsey, the King and the whole Court attending it.

The blessing of the wedding-ring is of ancient origin. The form prescribed
for the 'halowing' is given in 'The Doctrine of the Masse Booke from
Wottonberge, by Nicholas Dorcaster,' 1554: 'Thou Maker and Conserver of
mankinde, Gever of Spiritual Grace, and Grauntor of Eternal Salvation,
Lord, _send thy + blessing upon this ring_, that she which shall weare it
maye be armed wyth the virtue of heavenly defence, and that it may profit
her to eternal salvation, thorowe Christ,' etc. A prayer followed this: '+
halow Thou, Lord, this ring which we blesse in Thy holye Name, that what
woman soever shall weare it, may stand fast in Thy peace, and continue in
Thy wyll, and live, and grow, and wax old in Thy love, and be multiplied
into the length of daies, thorow our Lord,' etc.

Rings were formerly placed on the missal book, with money at marriages;
thus in the 'Wardrobe Book,' roll 18, of Edward the First, there is an
entry of 'money given to place upon the missal book, along with the ring
with which she was married, 40_s._'

A similar entry occurs on the marriage of Margaret, fourth daughter of the
same monarch, when the King gave sixty shillings to be placed on the
missal with the spousal ring.

The 'heathenish origin,' as it was termed, of the wedding-ring, led during
the Commonwealth to the abolition of its use during weddings, and is thus
referred to in Butler's 'Hudibras:'--

  Others were for abolishing
  That tool of matrimony, a ring,
  With which the unsanctified bridegroom
  Is marry'd only to a thumb[57]
  (As wise as ringing of a pig,
  That's used to break up ground and dig),
  The bride to nothing but her will
  That nulls the after-marriage still.

This 'heathenish' origin may have been derived from the supposition that
the ring was regarded as a kind of phylactery, or charm, and to have been
introduced in imitation of the ring worn by bishops.

'Though the Puritans,' remarks Mr. Jeaffreson, in his 'Brides and
Bridals,' 'prohibited and preached against the ring, to the injury of
goldsmiths, and the wrath of ring-wearing matrons, they did not succeed in
abolishing the tool, or even in putting it so much out of fashion as some
people imagined. Even Stephen Marshall, the Presbyterian minister of
Finchingfield, Essex, when his party was most prosperous, married one of
his lightly-trained daughters with the Book of Common Prayer and a ring;
and gave this for a reason, that the statute establishing the Liturgy was
not repealed, and he was loth to have his daughter turned back upon him
for want of a legal marriage.'

The Rev. George Bull, subsequently Bishop of St. David's, also in these
Presbyterian times, who married a Miss Gregory, in defiance of tyrannical
enactments used a wedding-ring with the motto: 'Bene parere, parere,
parare det mihi Deus.' (See chapter on 'Posy, Motto, and Inscription
Rings.')

The Puritan scruples against the wedding-ring were much criticised at the
time:--

  Because the wedding-ring's a fashion old,
  And signifies, by the purity of gold,
  The purity required i' the married pair,
  And by the rotundity the union fair,
  Which ought to be between them endless, for
  No other reason, we that use abhor.
                    _A Long-winded Lay-lecture_ (published 1674).

  They will not hear of wedding-rings
    For to be us'd in their marriage;
  But say they're superstitious things,
    And do religion much disparage:
  They are but vain, and things profane;
    Wherefore, now, no wit bespeaks them,
  So to be tyed unto the bride,
    But do it as the spirit moves them.
                    _A Curtain-lecture_ ('Loyal Songs,' vol. i No. 15).

The objections of the Dissenters to the ring in marriage were answered by
Dr. Comber, ('Office of Matrimony,' &c., folio edition, part 4,) by Dr.
Nicholls upon the Office of Matrimony, and Wheatley in his 'Rational
Illustration.'

In the ancient ritual of marriage the ring was placed by the husband on
the top of the thumb of the left hand, with the words, 'In the name of the
Father;' he then removed it to the forefinger, saying, 'and of the Son,'
then to the middle finger, adding, 'and of the Holy Ghost;' finally he
left it on the fourth finger, with the closing word 'Amen.'

The English 'Book of Common Prayer' orders that the ring should be placed
on the fourth finger of the woman's left hand. The spousal manuals of York
and Salisbury assign this practical reason for the selection of this
finger: 'quia in illo digito est quaedam vena procedens usque ad cor.'[58]
Other reasons than its connection with the heart are assigned by
Macrobius. The author of the 'Vulgar Errors' had entirely overthrown the
anatomical fiction.

On the subject of ring-fingers, a 'Polyglot Dictionary' by John Minshew
(1625) says: 'Vetus versiculus singulis digitis Annulum tribuens, Miles,
Mercator, Stultus, Maritus, Amator. Pollici adscribitur Militi, seu
Doctori; Mercatorum, a pollice secundum; Stultorum, tertium; Nuptorum vel
Studiosorum, quartinum; Amatorum, ultimum.'

Amongst the Hebrews, the finger of God denoted his power, and it was the
forefingers of the gods of Greece and Italy which wore the ring, the
emblem of divine supremacy.

Why the ring is worn on the left hand is said to signify the subjection of
the wife to the husband; the right hand signifies power, independence,
authority, the left dependence or subjection.[59] Columbiere remarks:
'Some of the ancients made the ring to denote servitude, alleging that
the bridegroom was to give it to his bride, to denote to her that she is
to be subject to him, which Pythagoras seemed to confirm when he suggested
wearing a straight ring, that is, not to submit to over-rigid servitude.'

It is very observable that none of the Hereford, York, and Salisbury
missals mention the hand, whether right or left, on which the ring is to
be put.

In the 'British Apollo' (vol. i. page 127, edit. MDCCXXVI.) a question is
asked: 'Why is it that the person to be married is enjoined to put a ring
upon the fourth finger of his spouse's left hand?' The answer is: 'There
is nothing more in this than that the custom was handed down to the
present age, from the practice of our ancestors, who found the left hand
more convenient for such ornaments than the right, in that 'tis ever less
employed; for the same reason they chose the fourth finger, which is not
only less used than either of the rest, but is more capable of preserving
a ring from bruises, having this one quality peculiar to itself, that it
cannot be extended but in company with some other finger, whereas the rest
may be singly stretched to their full length and straightened. Some of the
ancients' opinions in the matter, viz. that the ring was so worn because
to that finger, and to that only, comes an artery from the heart; but, the
politer knowledge of our modern anatomists having clearly demonstrated the
absurdity of that notion, we are rather inclined the continuance of the
custom owing to the reason above mentioned.'

These explanations, given in the curious and entertaining miscellany, from
which I have quoted, are from the writings of Macrobius, to which I have
alluded. These appear to settle the contention as to the proper finger for
the wedding-ring.

'Rings in modern times,' remarks Madame de Barrera, 'have been made in
some countries Love's telegraph. If a gentleman wants a wife, he wears a
ring on the first finger of the left hand; if he be engaged, he wears it
on the second finger; if married, on the third; and on the fourth if he
never intends to be married. When a lady is not engaged she wears a hoop
or diamond on her first finger; if engaged, on her second; if married, on
the third; and on the fourth, if she intends to die a maid. As no rules
are given for widows, it is presumed that the ornamenting of the right
hand, and the little finger of the left, is exclusively their
prerogative.'

'This English fashion is, perhaps, too open a proclamation of intentions
to suit such as do not choose to own themselves as mortgaged property.'

The Greek Church directs that the ring be put on the right hand, and such
may have been the practice in England, since Rastell, in his
counter-challenge to Bishop Jewell, notes it as a novelty of the
Reformation 'that the man should put the wedding-ring on the fourth finger
in the left hand of the woman, and not in the right hand as hath been many
hundreds of years continued.'

With the bridal ring, formerly, were delivered the keys of the house. This
is of ancient origin, as I have noticed in mentioning the rings of the
Romans. We read in Photius that Theosebius says to his wife: 'I formerly
gave to thee the ring of union; now of temperance to aid thee in the
seemly custody of my house.' He advisedly speaks of that custody, for the
lady of the house in Plautus says:--

  Obsignate cellas, referte annulum ad me,
  Ego huc transes.

Some Roman keys attached to rings, so as to be worn on the fingers, and
which are well known to antiquaries, were recently found at Water Newton,
in digging for gravel, close to the road from Stamford to Peterborough.
These were of brass and bronze, and of the size used by the Roman ladies,
who were accustomed to carry their casket-keys in this manner.

[Illustration: Roman Key-rings.]

Mr. Waterton suggests that the key-rings found on Roman sites may have
been worn by slaves or by the confidential _servi_ who had care of the
wardrobes, cabinets, &c., of their masters.

Among the old Northmen, the keys of the store-room were occasionally
deputed to the wife on the wedding-day, and were carried at her side as a
sign of housewifely dignity.

In the Saxon formula of matrimony, the father of the bride said: 'I give
thee my daughter to be thy honour and thy wife, to keep thy keys, and to
share with thee in thy bed and goods, in the name of the Father, Son, and
Holy Ghost.'

Leybard, the famous saint of Tours, in the sixth century, being persuaded
in his youth to marry, gave his betrothed a ring, a kiss, and a pair of
shoes--the latter being a sign of his great subjection to her and to bind
his feet, the ring binding his hands.

A MS. in the Harleian library, quoted by Strutt, states that 'by the civil
law, whatsoever is given _ex sponsalitia largitate_, betwixt them that are
promised in marriage, hath a condition (for the most part silent) that it
may be had again if marriage ensue not, but if the man should have had a
kiss for his money, he should lose one half of that which he gave. Yet
with the woman it is otherwise, for, kissing or not kissing, whatsoever
she gave, she may ask and have it again.' However, this extends only to
gloves, _rings_, bracelets, and such like small wares.

Plain gold wedding-rings which are at present used as a visible pledge of
matrimony, seem to have descended to us in the mere course of traditionary
practice from the times of the Saxons, without any impulse from written
authority or rubric. At the marriage of Queen Mary with Philip of Spain in
1554 the wedding-ring was laid in the Bible to be hallowed. Some
discussion had previously taken place in the Council about this ring,
which the Queen decided by declaring that she would not have it adorned
with gems, 'for she chose to be wedded with a plain hoop of gold, like
other maidens.'[60]

Plain gold rings appear to have been given away at weddings in great
numbers at this period; thus Anthony Wood writes that 'Killey (in 1589) at
Trebona was equally profuse beyond the limits of a sober philosopher, and
did give away in gold-wire rings (twisted), at the marriage of one of his
maid-servants to the value of four thousand pounds.'

The Prince Regent, on the celebration of his unhappy marriage with
Caroline of Brunswick, presented a number of rings to the members of his
family and friends. These gifts, with other accounts, being in the list
for settlement by Parliament later, gave rise to the undignified Jeffreys
scandal.

At the marriage of Queen Victoria, rings were distributed having the royal
likeness in profile in gold; the legend being 'Victoria Regina.' The whole
was less than a quarter of an inch in diameter, but with the aid of a
powerful magnifying-glass the features were disclosed, beautifully
delineated. The Queen was so pleased with this microscopic work of art
that she ordered six dozen impressions to be struck and set by the court
jewellers, Rundle and Bridges, in gold rings for distribution among
distinguished personages.[61]

At the marriage of the Princess Royal of England, in 1858, to the heir of
the now German Empire, the wedding-rings used were of Silesian gold,
manufactured at Breslau. The maker of these, who has a large gold-refining
establishment in that town, had the two rings mounted on a skin of
parchment, on which was engrossed a short history of his gold-works at
Richenstein, from which we learn that in former days Silesia was a
California on a small scale, gold not only being obtained by mining, but
by washing the sands of certain rivers. In the form of a heading to an
historical document, the two gold wedding-rings were presented to the
Prince.

To give an idea of the immense number of plain gold wedding-rings required
in the present day, it is stated that no less than thirty thousand have
passed through the Birmingham Assay Office in one year.

       *       *       *       *       *

As pledges of betrothal, or wedding gifts, rings are of very ancient
origin. They were worn by the Jews prior to Christian times, and
constitute, even at present, an important feature in their marriage
ceremonials. Wheatley says: 'The reason why a ring was pitched upon for
the pledge, rather than anything else, was because anciently the ring was
a seal, by which all orders were signed, and things of value secured, and
therefore the delivery of it was a sign that the person to whom it was
given was admitted into the highest friendship and trust. For which reason
it was adopted as a ceremony in marriage to denote that the wife, in
consideration of being espoused to the man, was admitted as a sharer in
her husband's counsels, and a joint partner in his honour and estate, and
therefore we find that not only the _ring_, but the _keys_, were, in
former times delivered to her at the marriage.'

A passage in Ruth (chap. iv. verse 7) gives some reason to suppose that
the ring was used by the Jews, as a covenant, in making agreements,
grants, &c., whence the wedding engagement by a ring may have been
derived. Leo Modena, in his 'History of the Rites, Customs, and Manner of
Life of the Present Jews throughout the World' (translated by Edm.
Chilmead, 8vo.; London, 1650), alluding to the Jewish manner of marrying,
states that 'before the bride's dowry is produced and read, the bridegroom
putteth a ring upon her finger, in the presence of two witnesses, which
commonly used to be the Rabbines, saying, withal, unto her: "Behold thou
art my espoused wife, according to the custom of Moses and of Israel."'

Selden says that rings were first given in lieu of dowry-money,[62] and
that the wedding-ring came into general use by the Jews _after_ they saw
it was everywhere prevalent. These Jewish rings were, in past ages,
generally of large size and elaborate workmanship. Some curious examples
are mentioned in the Londesborough Collection Catalogue. One ring,
formerly belonging to the late Crofton Croker, is of German or Flemish
work of the seventeenth century. It is of brass, with three points, or
bosses, and belongs to a class of ring called Mazul-touv (pronounced
_Mussul-taub_), or, freely translated, 'Joy be with you,' or 'Good luck to
you.' In the same collection is a Jewish 'tower' betrothal ring, enamelled
blue, of the sixteenth century. Another betrothal ring belongs to the same
class and date, called 'temple,' or 'tower,' from the figure of the sacred
temple placed on their summit. In one of the Londesborough specimens it
takes the form of a sexagonal building with a domed roof of an Eastern
character; in another it is square, with a deeply-pitched roof, having
movable vanes at the angles, and is probably the work of some German
goldsmith. On the former of these rings the inscription is in enamelled
letters, 'Joy be with you;' and the same words are in more
richly-designed letters on the curve of the latter ring.

[Illustration: Hebrew Marriage Rings.]

A ring of gold, enamelled and decorated with five blue enamelled rosettes
and five filigree bosses. The roof only of the temple surmounts the ring;
it is decorated with light-green enamel, it opens on a hinge, and exhibits
beneath the letters [Hebrew]. From the Londesborough Collection.

[Illustration: Hebrew Betrothal Ring.]

A remarkably fine example of these rings is in the Braybrooke Collection.
It has five filigree bosses equidistant along the broad exterior, which is
also ornamented with filagree scroll-work, filled with blue and white
enamel; the summit of the hoop is surmounted by a pyramid-shaped tower
opening upon a hinge, but without any inscription, which is often covered
by it. In this case the word or words are engraved on the inside of the
ring, and are probably _Mazul-touv_ or _Mussul-taub_ ('Joy be with you').
The tower is to represent the ark of the covenant; the bosses or points
are sometimes supposed to represent the number of witnesses at the
ceremony required by law of the Jews. The points or bosses consist of
rosettes with six leaves, each of blue, and six leaves of white, enamel.
The pyramidical ark has the sides filled with blue enamel only; on the two
narrow sides there is a small perforation to represent the window, in
allusion to the dove.

A large silver-gilt Hebrew wedding-ring, in the same collection, is of a
remarkable form. The hoop is three-quarters of an inch wide, with raised
edges, and plain surface between the five elevations on its upper portion.
The centre one of these is a hexagonal tower, with pent-house roof sloping
on each side to the course of the hoop; the gables and sides of these are
pierced with fourteen holes for windows, and the roof is scored to imitate
tiles; on each side of this is a smaller bell-shaped tower, equidistant
from it, with four circular holes in them; and on each side of these last
is a still smaller tower of the same shape, and at an equal distance, but
without any windows. There is not the usual inscription on any part of
this ring.

[Illustration: Jewish.]

[Illustration: Jewish.]

The annexed illustrations, from rings in the Bailewski Collection,
represent a gold Jewish ring of the thirteenth century, and one of the
fourteenth century.

In the collection of the late Lady Fellows was a fine Jewish betrothal
ring of gold decorated with filigree and enamel. Instead of any setting,
the head is formed with a steep ridge, like the roof a house, opening on
hinges; within is a cavity, closed by a lid, and probably intended to
contain a charm or pastille. On the inner side of the hoop are engraved
two Hebrew words signifying good fortune.

In a communication from Mr. Singer (whose unique collection of
wedding-rings with inscriptions I have noticed in the chapter on 'Posy,
Inscription, and Motto Rings') he informs me that he has a fine Hebrew
ring of sixteenth-century work--'a _real_ old one, as most of those now
about are forgeries. This has the Hebrew word "mussul taub" in a short
Hebrew character, meaning "We wish you good luck," engraved on the
inside.'

According to Jewish law in modern times, it is necessary that the ring
should be of a certain value. It is therefore examined and certified by
the officiating Rabbi and the chief officers of the synagogue, when it is
received by the bridegroom. When absolute property it must not be obtained
by credit or by gift. When this is properly certified the ring is returned
to him, and he places it on the bride's finger, calling attention to the
fact that she is by these means, consecrated to him. So completely binding
is this action that, should the marriage be no further consecrated, no
other could be contracted by either party, without a legal divorce.

The Rev. C. W. King, in 'Antique Gems,' remarks that huge gold rings
adorned with filigree-work and surmounted by a small temple, with Hebrew
inscriptions on the interior of the shank, puzzle the beholders as to
their use, being much too large for the finger. They were made for the
use of the synagogue, and are placed on the finger of the couple at a
certain part of the marriage rites.

Mr. Singer, in describing the Hebrew wedding-ring in his collection, adds:
'The Hebrews married on the first finger, as to the ring. This is done
now, but even the Jews change a little, and after the ceremony the Jewish
ladies take off their ring, and place it on the third finger, the same as
we do, for now they wear the ordinary ring.'

The following illustrations represent the marriage-rings of the German
Jews, the workmanship of the sixteenth century, and very fine specimens of
art. Both are of gold; the larger one is richly ornamented in filigree
with enamels of light and dark green. It is crowned by a house; the roof,
which is covered with enamelled tiles, opens by means of a key, and the
space within serves for perfumes or some souvenir. Four small crowns of
gold are suspended from the ring.

[Illustration: Jewish Wedding-rings (from the Fould Collection).]

The other, smaller in size, is also richly decorated, but is crowned with
only the roof of a house, enamelled white and red. The enamels which
decorate the other parts of the ring are white.

The wedding-rings of the Romans were generally of iron, called
'Pronubum,'[63] symbolical of the lasting character of the engagement, and
probably springing out of another Roman custom, the giving of a ring as
earnest, upon the conclusion of a bargain.

It was the custom to betroth before marriage, as it is at this day. They
that acted between the two parties were called 'Proxenetae,' 'Auspices,'
and 'Pronubi,' which last name was very much in use. When the
marriage-maker was a woman she was called 'Pronuba'; and it was a
condition that such a one was to have had but one husband. They arranged
about the portion, and other marriage articles, which conditions were
afterwards written on tablets, and sealed with the ring called _annulus
signatorius_.

The ring was used in marriage among Christians as early as 860. Pronubal
or pledge rings passed between the contracting parties among the Romans.
When the marriage settlement had been properly sealed, rings, bearing the
names of the newly-married couple, were handed round to the guests.

There were others, also, of pure gold and a plain circle (_linea
infinita_) to symbolise conjugal fidelity, and to act as a reminder that
the love of married people should be infinite. Kirchmann asserts that in
Rome the custom was to place in the hand of the newly-made bride a ring of
pure gold, at the same moment in which a ring of iron was sent to the
house of her parents, a remembrance of modesty and domestic frugality.

In the possession of A. W. Franks, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., is a gold
ring, remarkable for the amount of the ornamentation with which it is
covered. This fine Byzantine _bicephalic_ ring was, doubtless, used as a
signet, and was, possibly, a matrimonial or betrothal gift. It has been
suggested that the heads resemble those of the Emperor Leo I. and Verina
(A.D. 457-74), but it is doubtful whether they are imperial portraits. It
is presumed that this ring was found in Egypt, where it had been preserved
in the Demetrio Collection ('Arch. Journal,' vol. xxix. page 305).

[Illustration: Byzantine.]

A loadstone sometimes was set instead of a jewel, indicative of love's
attractions.

Later, however, Tertullian and Isidore, Bishop of Seville, mention the
'annulus nuptialis sponsalitius,' as being of gold. Sometimes there were
inscriptions on the rings, such as 'May you live long!' 'I bring you good
fortune!' Frequently a stone was inserted upon which was engraved an
intaglio, such as a hand pulling the lobe of an ear, and the words
'Remember me' above it.

Among the old Northmen, the exchanging of rings between the betrothed did
not form, so far as can be ascertained from the ancient sagas and laws,
any essential part in the wedding ceremonial, neither in pagan, nor in
Christian times. Mention is, however, made of an exchange of rings, but
this was only done as a kind of memorial gift, and no importance was
attached to it. The custom of the betrothal ring was first introduced into
Norway at a much later period, in imitation of that in vogue in southern
countries.

In the 'Sword,' Tyrfing, in the 'Hervarer-Saga,' the Princess Ingburgo,
who is betrothed to Hialmar, says to the latter, as he is leaving for
battle: 'I swear by Varra,' presenting to him her ring in pledge, 'that to
whomever Uller gives victory, I am the bride but of one.'

Viga Glum's 'Saga' we read of the Scandinavian use of a ring. In the midst
of a wedding-party Glum calls upon Thorarin, his accuser, to hear his
oath, and, taking in his hand a silver ring which had been dipped in
sacrificial blood, he cites two witnesses to testify to his oath on the
ring. 'In Iceland' (remarks Mr. Wood, in his 'Wedding-days in all
Countries') 'a large ring was used for the ratification of all
engagements; it was variously formed of bone, jet, stone, gold, and
silver. Sometimes it was so large as to allow the palm of the hand to be
passed through it. So in the solemnisation of a betrothing contract the
bridegroom passed four fingers and his palm through one of these rings,
and in this manner he received the hand of his bride. Sometimes these
rings for confirming mutual contracts were placed upon the altar and there
used. We may, perhaps, trace this custom in the old form of marriage in
the Orkneys, where the contracting parties join their hands through a
perforation, or ring, in a stone pillar.'

Among the Anglo-Saxons, at the betrothal of a young couple, after the
taking of hands, an exchange of presents was made. Amongst those given by
the bridegroom was a ring, which, after being blessed by the priest with a
prayer, was placed on the maiden's right hand, and was to be worn so until
the time of marriage. On this event, if espousals had previously taken
place (for they were not necessary), the ring was removed by the
bridegroom to the bride's left hand, and was placed on the first finger,
having been blessed by the priest with a prayer.

Betrothal rings sometimes bore the name and title of the Saviour in full;
one in the Londesborough Collection represents two hands clasped in front,
so that it was, most probably, a gift, or betrothal ring. It is of silver,
somewhat rudely fashioned. The inscription is in uncial characters, and,
shorn of its somewhat awkward abbreviation, reads: 'Jesus Nazareneus Rex.'

Mr. H. T. Wake, of Cockermouth, gives the following account of a curious
betrothal ring in 'Notes and Queries' (Series v. vol. ii. p. 528): 'In a
small shrubbery, adjoining a house at Mosser, near Cockermouth, has
recently been found a massive finger-ring, of fine gold. When discovered,
it was lying on the surface, but is supposed to have been removed, along
with some mould, from a garden at the back of the house, a short time
previously. It is plain inside, without any hall-mark, but the exterior is
polygonal in shape, having the following inscription engraved in large
capitals on thirteen facets, viz.:--

  x | 10 | sv | 1 : s | ig | n | e : | de | am | is | t | e : | a

'The posy seems to be: "Josui signe de amis te," and to mean "Joshua's
token of love to thee," the A following being the initial of the young
woman to whom it was presented. I take it to be a betrothal ring of the
eleventh or twelfth century; and from the admixture of the Roman and
Gothic E in the inscription, which peculiarly appears also in the great
seal of William the Conqueror, in the word "EVNDE," as well also from its
being in French, it is probably as old as the Norman period. I bought it
of the farmer's wife who found it.'

A betrothal ring, in the collection of the Rev. James Beck, has two hearts
surmounted by a crown--denoting the sovereignty of love over the
heart--set with marcasites.

A silver ring of a similar import, found at Carlisle, is here represented,
and from the clasped hands, crowned, was evidently a betrothal ring.

[Illustration: Betrothal ring.]

In the Middle Ages, solemn betrothal by means of the ring often preceded
matrimony.

Henry, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, married Matilda, eldest daughter of
Henry the Second, King of England, in 1168. A picture of this event was
painted at the time, and afterwards hung up in the church of St. Blosius,
at Brunswick, which is engraved by Scheidius in his 'Origines Guelficae,'
Matilda is represented as holding the plight-ring, a golden hoop, adorned
in the centre with a magnificent brilliant, but she seems much at a loss
to know what to do with it.

In 1235 an embassy was sent to make a formal petition for the hand of
Isabella, second daughter of King John of England, from the Emperor
Frederick of Germany. She was presented with a plight-ring, and as the
chief of the embassy, Peter de Vinea, placed it on her finger, he formally
declared her the empress of the whole Roman empire. Isabella, on her part,
sent a ring to the Emperor in token of her acceptance of his troth.

In the 'Dutch Courtezan,' an old play, a pair of lovers are introduced
plighting their troth. Beatrice says to Freeville: 'I give you faith, and
prethee, since, poore soule, I am so easie to believe thee, make it much
more pitty to deceive me. Weare this sleight favour in my remembrance.'
(Throweth down a ring to him.)

  _Freeville._ 'Which when I part from,
                Hope, the best of life, ever part from me!
                Graceful mistresse, our nuptiall day holds.'
  _Beatrice._  'With happy constancye a wished day.'

In the 'Merchant of Venice' Bassanio and Gratiano give the rings received
from Portia and Nerissa to the young doctor and his clerk, after the
discomfiture of Shylock, although Portia had said:--

  This house, these servants, and this same myself,
  Are yours, my lord; I give them with this ring:
  Which, when you part from, lose, or give away,
  Let it presage the ruin of your love,
  And be my vantage to exclaim on you.

Bassanio answers:--

                                        When this ring
  Parts from this finger, then parts life from hence;
  O, then be bold to say, Bassanio's dead.

Solemn betrothal was sometimes adopted by lovers, who were about to
separate for long periods. Thus Chaucer, in 'Troilus and Cressida,'
describes the heroine as giving her lover a ring, and receiving one from
him in return:--

  Soon after this they spake of sundry things,
  As fell to purpose of this aventure,
  And, playing, interchangeden their rings,
  Of which I cannot tellen no scripture.

[Illustration: Half of broken betrothal ring.]

Shakspeare has more than one allusion to this custom, which is absolutely
enacted in the 'Two Gentlemen of Verona,' when Julia gives Proteus a ring,
saying: 'Keep you this remembrance for thy Julia's sake,' and he replies:
'Why, then we'll make exchange:--here, take you this.' A ritual of
Bordeaux (1596) gives a form of betrothal by public ceremony, when rings
were interchanged. Kleist, in his 'Kate of Heilbron,' makes Frederick
say:--

                  To tally close,
  As joints of rings dissever'd,

alluding to the custom sometimes practised by lovers, among the common
people, plighting a faith, when a ring is broken in two, one half of which
was kept by each party, that if from time to time, or at the day of
marriage, the two pieces agree with each other, proof may be thus afforded
that they have not been transferred, and consequently that both bride and
bridegroom remain still of the same mind; otherwise, the engagement is
annulled.

  A ring of pure gold she from her finger took,
  And just in the middle the same then she broke;
  Quoth she: 'As a token of love you this take,
  And this, as a pledge, I will keep for your sake.'
                                        ('Exeter Garland.')

De Laet, writing in 1647, states that he remembers when it was the custom
(and an ancient one) for the gentleman to present the lady on their
betrothal with two rings, the one set with a diamond, the other with a
ruby table-cut. This gift went by the French name 'Mariage.'

Among the Germans at the present day the interchange of rings is practised
at the publication of the banns among the Lutherans; the minister joins
the hands of the couple, and rings are interchanged.

'The Italians,' observes Mr. Wood, 'in the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries used betrothing rings, which were generally made of silver,
inlaid with niello. The bezel was either oval or circular, and the
shoulders of the hoop were shaped so as to form sleeves, from each of
which issued a right hand. The hands were clasped together in the Fede.
Some of these rings were of a large size, and were worn by men. The
diamond was long esteemed by the mediaeval Italians as the favourite stone
for setting in espousal rings, and it was called "pietra della
reconciliazione," from its supposed power to maintain concord between man
and wife.'

It was also usual, at the periods mentioned, for the Italian ladies to
give their lovers rings which contained their portraits. Lovers wore these
rings on holidays, as was the practice in England, as we find in
'England's Helicon' (1600):--

  My songs they be of Cinthia's prayse,
  I weare her rings on holly-dayes.

When a noble Venetian married in the seventeenth century, a day was
appointed for giving the bride a ring, and the ceremony was performed in
her house, in the presence of relations and friends. The ring-giving was
followed by the usual sacrament in church.

In modern Greece, two rings, one of gold and the other of silver, are
interchanged at the betrothal, which takes place as follows:--The priest,
remaining in the sacrarium, delivers to the persons to be betrothed, and
who are standing without the sacred doors, lighted candles into the hands
of each, and then returns with them into the body of the church. Here,
after prayers have been said, two rings are brought out, of gold and
silver respectively, which had previously been placed upon the altar to be
dedicated and consecrated, and the priest gives the gold ring to the man,
and the silver ring to the woman, repeating three times this form of
words: 'The servant of God, M., espouses the handmaid of God, N., in the
name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, now and ever,
and to endless ages, Amen.'

After a threefold repetition of the same words to the woman, the rings are
put on the right-hand finger, and are taken off, and interchanged by the
bridegroom's man, both in order that the woman may not take too deeply to
heart her inferiority, which the less costly material of the ring seems to
hint at, as also to confirm the mutual right and possession of property,
either present or future.

The ring ceremony in Russian marriages differs materially from that of
English usage. In the first place, there are two rings, and these are
changed three times. The man places the ring first on the woman's finger,
then the priest changes the man's ring, and places it on her finger, and
then again the priest and the man join and place the ring where it is to
remain for life.

Have these _three_ changes anything in connection with a peculiarity in
Russian legends of the ever-predominating number 'three'? Thus fathers are
said usually to have three sons, the heroes and knights-errant ride
through three times nine empires; the bravest are always thirty-three
years old; they achieve their deeds only on the third attempt. Or, are the
three changes emblematic of the Trinity?

At the Russian marriages of the Imperial family the rings are exchanged by
a third person. At the wedding of the Duke of Edinburgh and the Grand
Duchess Marie Alexandrovna, daughter of the Emperor of Russia (January 23,
1874), the master of the ceremonies carried the marriage rings on plates
of gold, and placed them on the altar. The confessor of the Emperor and
Empress then received the rings from the Archipretres of the court, and,
whilst a prayer was being said, placed them upon the fingers of the bride
and bridegroom, when the Metropolitan began the office.

In Spain the gift of a ring is looked upon as a promise of marriage, and
is considered sufficient proof to enable a maiden to claim her husband.

Among the Armenians (observes Madame de Barrera) children are betrothed
from their earliest youth, sometimes when only three years old, sometimes
as soon as born. When the mothers on both sides have agreed to marry their
son and daughter, they propose the union to their husbands, who always
sanction the choice of the wives. The mother of the boy then goes to the
friends of the girl, with two old women and a priest, and presents to the
infant maiden a ring from the future bridegroom. The boy is then brought,
and the priest reads a portion of the Scripture, and blesses the parties.
The parents of the girl make the priest a present, in accordance with
their means; refreshments are partaken of by the company, and this
constitutes the ceremonies of the betrothals. Should the betrothals take
place during the infancy of the contracting parties, and even should
twenty years elapse before the boy can claim his bride, he must every
year, from the day he gives the ring, send his mistress at Easter a new
dress, &c.

The olden matrimonial Gemmel, or Gemmow, ring was a kind of double ring,
curiously made. There were links within each other, and though generally
double, they were, by a further refinement, made triple, or even more
complicated; thus Herrick writes:--

  Thou sent'st to me a true love-knot, but I
  Return a ring of jimmals, to imply
  Thy love had one knot, mine a triple tye.

Ray, among his north-country words, explains 'jimmers' as 'jointed
hinges,' and adds, 'in other parts called wing-hinges.'

At a meeting of the Archaeological Institute, in November 1851, the Rev. W.
C. Bingham exhibited a silver gemmel-ring of singular fashion, date
fourteenth century, found in Dorsetshire, the hoop formed in two portions,
so that a moiety of the letters composing the legend, [Maltese cross] AVE
MARI, appears on each, and it only becomes legible when they are brought
together side by side. Each demi-hoop is surmounted by a projecting neck
and a small globular knob, so that the ring appears to have a bifid head.
The two portions of this ring are not intertwined, and as no adjustment
now appears by which they might be kept together in proper juxtaposition,
it is possible that in this instance it was intended that each of the
affianced parties should retain a moiety of the gemmel.

There is an allusion to the 'joint' ring in Dryden's play of 'Don
Sebastian':--

                      A curious artist wrought 'em,
  With joynts so close as not to be perceived;
  Yet are they both each other's counterpart.
  (Her part had Juan inscribed, and his, had Zayda--
  You know those names were theirs:) and in the midst
  A heart divided in two halves was placed.
  Now if the rivets of those rings, inclos'd,
  Fit not each other, I have forged this lye,
  But if they join, you must for ever part.

A ring in the Londesborough Collection illustrates this passage. It parts
into three hoops, secured on a pivot; the toothed edge of the central hoop
forming an ornamental centre to the hoop of the ring, and having two
hearts in the middle; a hand is affixed to the side of the upper and lower
hoop; the fingers slightly raised, so that when the hoops are brought
together they link in each other, and close over the hearts, securing all
firmly.

[Illustration: Jointed betrothal ring.]

The late Mr. Crofton Croker, in his privately-printed catalogue of Lady
Londesborough's Collection, gives the following account of the use to
which the ring has been put: 'There can be little doubt, from the
specimens that have come under observation, that it had been used as a
betrothing ring by an officer of the King's German Legion with some Irish
lady, and that the notched ring was retained by some confidential female
friend, who was present as a witness at the betrothal ceremony--usually
one of the most solemn and private character--and at which, over the Holy
Bible, placed before the witness, both the man and the woman broke away
the upper and lower rings from the centre one, which was held by the
intermediate person. It would appear that the parties were subsequently
married, when it was usual, as a proof that their pledge had been
fulfilled, to return to the witness or witnesses to the contract the two
rings which the betrothed had respectively worn until married; and thus
the three rings, which had been separated, became reunited, as in the
present instance.'

A gemmel-ring, of which a representation is given (page 316), was dug up
in 1800, at Horselydown, Surrey, found among some Roman and English
remains and skeletons of human bodies, about nine feet below the surface.
The ring is constructed in twin or double hoops, one side being flat, the
other convex. On the lower hand is represented a heart. On the flat side
of the hoops are engraved in Roman capitals, 'Use de Vertu.' This ring is
probably not later than Queen Elizabeth's reign.

A plain gemmel wedding-ring, with an inscription inside each hoop, which
the Prince Regent, afterwards George IV., had given to Mrs. Fitzherbert,
was exhibited, with the lady's miniature, at the Loan Collection of
precious objects at the South Kensington Museum in 1872.

[Illustration: Gemmel-ring, found at Horselydown.]

This practice of dividing the betrothal rings has its origin from ancient
times, and reminds us of the practice among the Franks of breaking the
_sou d'or_ in two pieces, in sign of a sacred engagement. Thus we read of
Childeric, King of France, when in exile, wishing to know when he might
return to his country, dividing the _sou d'or_, keeping one part, and
giving the other to a trusty friend, who tells him: 'When I send to you
this half, and you find that it unites with the other, you will understand
that you can return.' The propitious moment having arrived, Childeric
received the token, and, returning, was re-established in his
dominions.[64]

From other passages in 'Don Sebastian,' it appears that one of the two
rings was worn by Sebastian's father, the other by Almeyda's mother, as
pledges of love. Sebastian takes off his ring, which had been placed on
his finger by his dying father; Almeyda does the same with hers, which had
been given to her by her mother at parting, and Alvarez unscrews both the
rings and fits one half to the other.

In Sir Henry Ellis's 'Original Letters Illustrative of English History'
(series ii. vol. ii. page 290) we have a curious anecdote in connection
with linked rings. Lady Catherine Grey (a sister of Lady Jane Grey)
married the Earl of Hertford, much to the displeasure of Queen Elizabeth,
who sent the bridegroom to the Tower, and subjected the countess to great
hardships. They were both exposed to an ordeal of examination to prove the
validity of the marriage, and amongst other evidence Lady Catherine
exhibited a ring which she declared had been used at the marriage
ceremony.

It was of gold, and consisted of five links, on four of which were
engraved as many verses of the Earl's composition, expressing the
assurance of his lasting faith and love, and the ring could, apparently,
have been prepared for no other purpose than that of serving as their
marriage-ring.

The judgment of the commissioners appointed to examine into the marriage
was to dissolve it, and it was so pronounced in the Bishop of London's
palace in 1562. Lady Hertford sank under this cruel conduct of the Queen,
and on her dying bed called to her attendants to bring her the box in
which her wedding-ring was. She first took from it a ring with a pointed
diamond in it, and said to Sir Owen Hopton (at whose house, Cockfield
Hall, Suffolk, she had been staying): 'Here, Sir Owen, deliver this unto
my lord; it is the ring that I received of him, and gave myself unto him,
and gave him my faith.'

'What say you, madam,' answered Sir Owen, 'was this your wedding-ring?'

'No, Sir Owen, this is the ring of my assurance unto my lord, and there is
my wedding-ring,' taking another ring of gold out of the box. This
consisted of five links, having engraved in it the verses of the Earl's
composition, which she had exhibited to the commissioners of inquiry. (See
chapter on 'Posy, Inscription, and Motto Rings.')

'Deliver this,' she said, 'unto my lord, and pray him, as I have been a
faithful and true wife, that he would be a loving and natural father unto
my children, to whom I give the same blessing that God gave unto Abraham,
Isaac, and Jacob.' (See chapter on 'Remarkable Rings.')

[Illustration: Ring with representation of Lucretia.]

A gemmel-ring of the fifteenth century, in the Londesborough Collection,
bears an engraved head of Lucretia, the same kind as that mentioned by
Shakspeare ('Twelfth Night,' act ii. sc. v.) where Malvolio, breaking open
the letter, purporting to be in the handwriting of his mistress, says:--

    By your leave, wax. Soft! and the impressure her Lucrece, with which
    she uses to seal.

Lucretia is seen grasping her dagger. The clasped hands, adopted on the
gemmel-rings, became a frequent emblem on the solid wedding-ring.

[Illustration: Wedding-ring of Sir Thomas Gresham.]

The betrothal or wedding ring of Sir Thomas Gresham (1544) engraved in
Burgon's life of that eminent merchant prince, opens horizontally, thus
forming a double ring of gold, linked together in the form of a gemmel; in
one half is set a white stone, in the other a red; in the interior of each
half is a cavity, in one of which is a small figure of a child in gold,
enamelled; 'QVOD DEVS CONIVNSIT' is engraved on one half, and '<DW25> NON
SEPARET' on the other.

This interesting relic was formerly in the possession of the Thruston
family, at Weston Hall, Suffolk, and was exhibited at the Society of
Antiquaries (April 1862) by Granville Leveson Gower, Esq.

A gemmel-ring of the sixteenth century, found in the Thames, is in the
Londesborough Collection. Originally gilt, it is of silver: two hands are
clasped; on the opposite side two quatrefoils spring from a heart
engraved: 'Help God!' or 'God help!'

[Illustration: Gemmel-ring.]

A remarkably fine gemmel-ring (Londesborough) is here engraved. It is set
with sapphire and amethyst, the elaborate and beautiful design enriched by
 enamels. The lower figure in the representation of this ring
shows it parted, displaying the inscription on the flat side of each
section, which is also enriched by engraving and _niello_.

The clasped hands (originating from the ancient Romans), adopted on the
gemmel-rings, we are told in Chambers's 'Book of Days,' are still the
fashion, and in constant use in that curious local community of fishermen
inhabiting the Claddugh at Galway on the western coast. They number with
their families between five and six thousand, and are particularly
exclusive in their tastes and habits; rarely intermarrying with others
than their own people. The wedding-ring is an heirloom in the family; it
is regularly transferred from the mother to the daughter who is first
married, and so passes to her descendants. Many of these gemmel-rings,
still worn there, are very old.

[Illustration: 'Claddugh' ring.]

Mr. Mackenzie E. C. Walcot, F.S.A., etc., in 'Notes and Queries,' writes:
'A ring of gold, about the time of the thirteenth century, was found at
Burbage, near Marlborough, and, apparently, from the clasped hands on the
lower side, a gemmel or betrothal ring, has a sapphire uncut, held by four
bent cramps, and on the circle the following letters in two lines, divided
by punctuation in the form of x. The letters, of course, are of the
period:--

  AV NI MA IA
    x  x  x
  IE AU AL HN

I have alluded to sacred inscriptions on some betrothal rings. The
following engraving refers to one in the Londesborough Collection,
described in page 306.

[Illustration: Betrothal ring with sacred inscription.]

In the Braybrooke Collection is a splendid gold gemmel ring, with
enamelled and jewelled twin or double hoops, which play one within
another, like the links of a chain. Each hoop has one of its sides convex,
the other flat, and each is set with a stone, one a fine ruby, the other
an aquamarine, or beryl, so that, upon bringing together the flat surfaces
of the hoops the latter immediately unite in one ring, and as they close,
the stones slide into contact, forming a head to the whole. The inside
flat surfaces are inscribed with the words 'Quod Deus conjunxit, <DW25> non
separet,' part on one hoop, part on the other, so as to be legible when
these are opened, but entirely concealed when they are reunited in one
ring. This seems to be an exception to the general rule, with respect to
rings of the same denomination, since the hoops cannot be dissevered
according to the usual custom at betrothals. Nares, in his 'Glossary,'
observes that the name 'gimmal' was preserved to rings made triple, or
even more complimentary. This splendid specimen is of Italian workmanship,
dating about the end of the fifteenth or the beginning of the sixteenth
century.

At a meeting of the Archaeological Institute in March 1863 the Rev. John
Beck exhibited some curious specimens of linked or 'puzzle-rings.' One of
gold consists of seven slender rings linked together, which, when properly
adjusted, combine in a knot. Another, of silver, consists of four slight
rings, set with a blue stone, and ornamented with flowers of
forget-me-not. A third, also of silver, has nine rings, which, when
intertwined, unite so as to present a _fede_ as the head of the ring.

The French term for the hooped rings is _foi_, _alliance_, which last word
in the 'Dictionnaire de Trevoux' is defined to be a ring 'que l'accorde
donne a son accordee, ou il y a un fil d'or et un fil d'argent.'

[Illustration: Devices on Wedding-rings.]




CHAPTER VI.

TOKEN RINGS.


Rings as 'tokens' date from very early times. We are told that Clovis,
King of the Franks, in the latter part of the fifth century, wishing to
marry Clotilde, niece of Gondebauld, King of Burgundy, deputed Aurelianus,
in whom he had perfect confidence, to ascertain whether the maiden had any
predilection for him. The messenger travelled in very humble guise, and
arrived at the castle in Burgundy where Clotilde resided. The princess,
however, knew beforehand his mission, and was prepared to receive him. She
concealed this knowledge, however, and treated him as an ordinary
mendicant, receiving him hospitably, and, according to the custom of those
times, even washing his feet. While this operation was being performed,
Aurelianus said: 'Princess, if you will permit me, I will tell you of
strange things.'

'Speak,' replied Clotilde.

'Clovis, King of the Franks, has sent me to announce his wish to marry
you. Is it your desire that I should ask permission from your father?'

'What proof can you give me of the truth of your mission?'

'The ring of my Sovereign, which he entrusted me with for this object.'

'But,' said Clotilde, 'I am a Christian, and I cannot marry a pagan. If,
however, it is the will of God that I should become the wife of Clovis, I
am content.'

Thus saying, she received the ring, and gave Aurelianus her own ring in
return, and after some difficulties with Gondebauld were overcome,
Aurelianus married Clotilde in the name of King Clovis, by the gift of
'one sou and one denier,' as the price of her liberty, according to the
custom of that period.

If the old historians are to be credited, this is the earliest instance of
a marriage by proxy.

Edward the First, in 1297, presented Margaret, his fourth daughter, with a
golden pyx, in which he deposited a ring, the token of his unfailing love.
He placed it in her hands with a solemn benediction, when she bade him
farewell, preparatory to rejoining her husband at Brussels.

Hardyng, in his 'Chronicles,' relates a pretty story of Oswald, King of
Northumberland (seventh century), and Kineburg, his consort. A hermit, of
extraordinary sanctity, desirous of ascertaining whether any person
surpassed himself in purity of life, was, in answer to his meditation,
told by revelation 'that King Oswald was more holy, though he had wedded a
wife.' The pious hermit accordingly repaired to the king, with holy zeal,
to be informed concerning his course of life. On which Oswald, in the true
spirit of that love and confidence which reposed on the purity and virtue
of his beloved wife, referred the hermit to her, _bidding him carry to her
his ring_, with his command that she should entertain him (the hermit) as
though he were her own royal spouse. The Queen, who had the greatest
veneration for her husband, failed not to obey his instructions, but,
while she shared with the holy man the regal repast, showed him that it
consisted only of bread and water, no other food being permitted to him;
thus exhibiting an example of that self-denial by which purity of life is
alone attainable. When night came, the hermit was more surprised than ever
when the queen ordered him to be put into a cold-water bath, according to
the custom of the King whom he wished to imitate. Gladly, and yet right
early in the morning, did the venerable man take leave of the queen; and,
having restored to King Oswald his ring, frankly acknowledged that his
whole entire life was not so holy as one of the King's days and nights. I
must observe, however, that, with this rigid observance of sobriety and
virtue, King Oswald is the first prince of our Saxon rulers who is
recorded to have been served in silver dishes. We can easily understand a
hermit's repugnance to bathing of any kind.

Some other instances of rings as tokens are related by mediaeval
historians. We are told by Matthew Paris that Pope Innocent, desiring to
gain King John over to favour his plans, and knowing that he was covetous,
and a diligent seeker after costly jewels, sent him four gold rings
adorned with precious stones, in token that the rotundity of the rings
signified eternity; 'therefore your royal discretion may be led by the
form of them to pray for a passage from earthly to heavenly, from temporal
to eternal things. The number of four, which is a square number, denotes
the firmness of mind which is neither depressed in adversity nor elated in
prosperity; which will then be fulfilled, when it is based on the four
principal virtues, namely--justice, fortitude, prudence, and virtue....
Moreover, the greenness of the emerald denotes faith; the clearness of the
sapphire, hope; the redness of the pomegranate denotes charity, and the
purity of the topaz, good works.... In the emerald, therefore, you have
what to believe; in the sapphire, what to hope for; in the pomegranate,
what to love; and in the topaz, what to practise; that you ascend from one
virtue to another, until you see the Lord in Zion.'

Henry the Fourth, Emperor of Germany, was cruelly treated by his son, who
conspired against him, and forced him to abdicate the throne. The degraded
emperor is said to have been reduced by famine to such extremities that he
ate the leather of his boots for hunger. He sent his ring and sword as his
last token of forgiveness to his rebel son, with the simple and touching
message: 'If thou hadst left me more, I would have sent more to thee.'

Thomas Chester, a writer for the minstrels in the reign of Henry the
Sixth, and who is stated to have translated the 'Erle of Tolouse,' a
metrical romance, relates that an Earl of this house, disguised in
pilgrim's weeds, asked alms of the empress, consort of Diocletian, Emperor
of Germany, to whom his secret is known, and who gives him forty florins
and a ring. He receives the latter present with the greatest satisfaction,
and, although obliged to return home, comforts himself with this
reflection:--

  Well is me I have thy grace
  Of the to hav thys thyng,
  If ever I hav grace of the
  That any love between us be
  This may be a tokenyng.

The empress, on the false accusation of two knights, is thrown into
prison. The Earl of Toulouse, disguised as a monk, obtains permission to
act as her confessor; the empress, not knowing him in his present
disguise, confesses that she once gave a ring to the 'Erle.' On this he
challenges the two knights, and, of course, overcomes them in combat. On
the death of the emperor he marries the empress.

This story reminds us of the lines in 'Marmion,' by Sir Walter Scott:--

      The fair Queen of France
  Sent him a turquoise ring and glove,
  And charged him as her knight and love
      For her to break a lance:

a fatal gift, as Flodden Field proved.[65]

In the 'Lays' of Marie, the Princess Guilliadun, having fallen in love
with Sir Eliduc, sends him as tokens a ring and a rich girdle.

In the 'Lyfe of Ipomydon,' the manuscript of which is in the Harleian
Collection at the British Museum, the queen gives her son a ring-token:--

            It befell upon a day,
  The queen to her son gan say,
  In privitie and in counsail,
  'Thou hast a brother withouten fail,
  Privily gotten me upon,
  Ere I was wedded to any mon.
  But hastily he was done fro me,
  I ne wot if he alive be,
  And he me sent, this ender (last) year,
  A rich ring of gold full clear;
  An ever he any brother had,
  That I should give it him, he bade;
  That where he come, among high or low,
  By that ring he should him know.
  Than take this ring, my son, of me:
  In what country that he be,
  Who that knoweth this ilke ring,
  He is thy brother without lesing.'

Ipomydon accepts the ring, and promises to spare no pains in searching for
its original proprietor, who, after various adventures, is found in the
person of Sir Campanys, with whom he has an encounter, during which the
latter discovers his mother's ring on the finger of Ipomydon.

In the romance of 'Sir Isumbras,' when he and his wife and child are taken
prisoners by the 'Soudan,' the lady, before her separation from her
husband and child--

  ------callyd hir lorde to hir agayne,
  A rynge was thaire takynnynge.

The mother of Sir Perceval of Galles gives him a ring-token:--

  His moder gaffe hym a ryng,
  And bad he solde agayne it bryng;
  'Sonne, this salle be oure takynnynge,
            For here I salle the byde.'

The knight sets forth on his travels, and soon changes the ring for
another:--

  Thofe he were of no pryde
  Forthirmore ganne he glyde
  Tille a chambir ther besyde,
      Moo sellys to see;
  Riche clothes faude he sprede
  A lady slepuned on a bedde
  He said, 'forsothe a tokyne to wedde
      Salle thou lefe with mee;'
  Ther he kyste that swete thynge,
  Of hir fynger he tuke a rynge,
  His aweune moder takynnynge
      He lefte with that fre.

In the very pretty poem of 'Lay le Fraine,' by Marie, the lady of a
knight, 'a proud dame and malicious,' having twins, consigns the charge of
one of them to a confidential servant, to be taken away and left to the
mercy of anyone who might find it. At the same time, that the child might
be known to have been born of noble parents, she took a rich mantle lined
with fur--

  And lapped the little maiden therein,
  And took a ring of gold fine,
  And on her right arm it knit
  With a lace of silk in plit.

The child is placed in a hollow ash-tree, near a nunnery, by the maid, and
on being discovered by the porter is taken to the abbess, by whom she is
reared and becomes an accomplished and beautiful maiden. A rich knight
falls in love with her and persuades her to live with him in his castle,
to which she repairs, and

  With her took she no thing
  But her pel, and her ring.

The lord, however, is induced to marry her sister, taking Le Fraine with
him to the wedding, who places on her bed in her room the magnificent
'pel,' or mantle, by which and the ring she is discovered by her mother.

In the romance of the 'Seven Wise Masters' (Cotton MSS.) is a story, 'The
Two Dreams,' in which a ring displays a prominent feature.

In the ballad of the 'Lass of Lochroyan' ('Minstrelsy of the Scottish
Border') Lord Gregory says:--

  'Gin thou be Annie of Lochroyan
    (As I trow thou binna she),
  Now tell me some of the love-token
    That passed between thee and me.

  'O dinna ye mind, Lord Gregory,
    As we sat at the wine,
  We changed the rings from our fingers,
    And I can show thee thine?

  'O yours was gude and gude enough,
    But aye the best was mine;
  For yours was of the gude red gowd,
    But mine o' the diamond fine.'

In the ballad of 'Cospatrick' (the designation of the Earl of Dunbar in
the days of Wallace and Bruce) we have:--

  'He gae to me a gay gowd ring,
   And bade me keep it abune a' thing.'

  'And what did you wi' the gay gowd ring
   I bade you keep abune a' thing?'

  'I gae them to a ladye gay
   I met in greenwood on a day.'

In the ballad of 'Prince Robert,'

  Prince Robert has wedded a gay ladye
    He has wedded her with a ring,
  Prince Robert has wedded a gay ladye,
    But he darna bring her hame.

The Prince is poisoned, and his lady-love arrives just after the funeral,
and is told:--

  'Ye'se get nane o' his gowd, ye'se get nane o' his gear,
     Ye'se get nothing frae me.
   Ye'se no get an inch o' his good braid land,
     Though your heart suld burst in three.'

  'I want nane o' his gowd, I want nane o' his gear,
     I want nae land frae thee:
   But I'll hae the rings that's on his finger,
     For them he did promise to me.'

  'Ye'se no get the rings that's on his finger,
     Ye'se no get them frae me;
   Ye'se no get the rings that's on his finger,
     An your heart suld burst in three.'

In the ballad of 'Broomfield Hill' a witch-woman says to 'a lady bright:'

  Take ye the rings off your fingers,
    Put them on his right hand,
  To let him know when he doth wake,
    His love was at his command.

The Child of Elle receives from the page of his lady-love, the 'fayre
Emmeline,' some tokens of her affection to him in her 'woe-begone'
state:--

  And here she sends thee a ring of golde,
    The last boone thou mayst have,
  And biddes thee weare it for her sake,
    When she is layde in grave.

The famous Guy, Earl of Warwick, after marvellous adventures abroad,
returns to his own country, and becomes a hermit at Guy's Cliff, near
Warwick Castle. Falling sick, he sends a ring-token to the fair Felice. He
came to his rocky dwelling,

  Like pilgrim poore, and was not knowne;
    And there I lived a hermit's life,
  A mile and more out of the towne,
    And dayle came to beg my bread
  Of Pheliss, att my castle-gate,
    Not known unto my loved wiffe,
  Who dayle mourned for her mate:
    Till, at the last, I fell sore sicke,
  Yea, sicke soe sore that I must dye;
    I sent to her a ringe of golde,
  By which she knew me presentlye.

In the romance of 'Floire and Blanceflor,' the young hero, on his way to
Babylon, arrives at a bridge, the keeper of which has a brother in the
city, to whose hospitality he wishes to recommend Floire, and for that
purpose he gives him his ring. 'Take this ring to him,' he says, 'and tell
him from me to receive you in his best manner.' The message was attended
with complete success.

King John is said to have made use of a ring to aid his criminal designs
upon the beautiful wife of the brave Eustace de Vesci, one of the
twenty-five barons appointed to enforce the observance of Magna Charta.
The tyrant, hearing that Eustace de Vesci had a very beautiful wife, but
far distant from court, and studying how to accomplish his licentious
designs towards her, sitting at table with her husband and seeing a ring
on his finger, he laid hold of it and told him that he had such another
stone, which he resolved to set in gold in that very form. And having thus
got the ring, he presently sent it to her in her husband's name; by that
token conjuring her, if ever she expected to see him alive, to come
speedily to him. She, therefore, upon sight of the ring, gave credit to
the messenger and came with all expedition. But it so happened that her
husband, casually riding out, met her on the road, and, marvelling much to
see her there, asked what the matter was; and when he understood how they
were both deluded he resolved to find a wanton, and put her in apparel to
personate his lady.

The King afterwards boasting to the injured husband himself, Eustace had
the pleasure to undeceive him.

When Richard III. brings his rapid wooing to a conclusion he gives the
Lady Anne a ring, saying:--

  Look, how this ring encompasseth thy finger,
  Even so thy breast encloseth my poor heart;
  Wear both of them, for both of them are thine.

Passionate words, but too noble for a man both faithless and cruel.

Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII., married to James IV. of Scotland,
when requiring money, sent to her royal husband, not only letters, but a
token, as is seen in the Treasurer's accounts: 'June 30 (1504): Given to
the Queen to give away, when she sent Master Livesay, Englishman, with a
ring in token--18_s._' So we have later: 'Luke of the wardrobe carried
letters, with a ring, to Stirling to the Queen's grace.'

In 1515, while under the tyranny of the Duke of Albany at Edinburgh,
Margaret endeavoured to escape to Blackater, a fortress within a few miles
of Berwick. She sent a faithful clerk, Robin Carr, to Lord Dacre, who had
proposed her flight, and a ring was to be Carr's credential to King Henry
the Eighth, whom he was to see afterwards. The King, however, did not
recognise the token, though it was one that his sister had worn in her
girlish days.

In 'Cymbeline' (act i. sc. ii.) Imogen gives Posthumus a ring when they
part, and he gives her a bracelet in exchange:--

                        '------Look here, love;
    This diamond was my mother's; take it, heart;
    But keep it till you woo another wife,
    When Imogen is dead.'
  _Posthumus._--'How! how! another?
    You gentle gods give me but this I have,
    And sear up my embracements from a next
    With bonds of death! Remain thou here,
                          (_Putting on the ring_)
    While sense can keep it on.'

Yet he afterwards gives it up to Iachimo--upon a false representation,
however--to test his wife's honour:--

                        ------Here, take this too;
  It is a basilisk unto my eye,
  Kills me to look on't.

A diamond ring was sent by Henry the Eighth in 1542 to Sir Arthur
Plantagenet (Lord Lisle, natural son of Edward the Fourth) in token of
forgiveness, and accompanying an order for his release from the Tower, but
the unfortunate prisoner, in his excess of joy, died.

In Shakspeare's 'Henry the Eighth' (Act v. sc. i.) a ring is delivered by
the King to Cranmer, in token of royal confidence and esteem:--

                                Be of good cheer,
  They shall no more prevail than we give way to.
  Keep comfort to you; and this morning see
  You do appear before them; if they shall chance,
  In charging you with matters, to commit you,
  The best persuasions to the contrary
  Fail not to use, and with what vehemency
  The occasion shall instruct you: if entreaties
  Will render you no remedy, _this ring_
  _Deliver them_, and your appeal to us
  There make before them.

The sequel of this incident is related in Foxe's 'Acts and Monuments of
the Christian Martyrs,' printed in 1563:--'Anon the Archbishop was called
into the council-chamber, to whom was alleged as before is rehearsed. The
Archbishop answered in like sort as the King had advised him; and in the
end, when he perceived that no manner of persuasion or entreaty could
serve, he delivered them the King's ring, revoking his cause into the
King's hands. The whole council being thereat somewhat amazed, the Earl of
Bedford, with a loud voice, confirming his words with a solemn oath, said:
"When you first began the matter, my Lords, I told you what would become
of it. Do you think the King would suffer this man's finger to ache? Much
more, I warrant you, will he defend his life against brabling varlets. You
do but cumber yourselves to hear tales and fables against him." And,
incontinently, upon the receipt of the _King's token_, they all rose, and
carried to the King his ring, surrendering that matter, as the order and
use was, into his own hands.'

By the same capricious monarch a turquoise ring was sent to Cardinal
Wolsey, in his last troubles at Esher, by Sir John Russel, as a 'token'
from His Majesty, with the assurance that 'he loved him as well as ever he
did, and was sorry for his trouble.' On hearing subsequently from Dr.
Buttes of the serious illness of his discarded favourite, he sent a
valuable ring to him, and Mistress Anne Boleyn, then at the King's side,
at her royal lover's request, took a gold tablet from her girdle, and gave
it with a speech expressing sympathy and commendation--false gifts and
hollow words!

In after years, when a deputation was sent by the council of King Edward
the Sixth to reduce the recusant Princess Mary to conformity with the
Protestant religion, she, on her knees, delivered _a ring as a token_ to
the King, saying 'she would die his true subject and sister, and obey him
in all things, except in matters of religion.'

When, as Queen, Mary lay on her deathbed, King Philip, her husband, who
did not revisit England after his return to Spain, sent a message and a
_ring-token_ to his consort, a ruby set in gold, which she bequeathed to
him among other jewels.

One of the most interesting episodes of ring-tokens is that which Queen
Elizabeth is said to have given to the Earl of Essex 'in token of esteem,'
with the intimation that if ever he forfeited her favour, and it should be
sent back to her, the sight of it would ensure his forgiveness. The chief
authorities for the story appear to be the 'Relation of M. Aubrey de
Maurier,' printed in 1688, and the account given at the same period by
Lady Elizabeth Spelman. The particulars of this occurrence are related in
the memoirs of Robert Carey. When Essex lay under sentence of death, he
determined to try the virtue of the Queen's ring by sending it to her and
claiming the benefit of her promise. Knowing, however, that he was
surrounded by the creatures of those who were bent on taking his life, he
was fearful of trusting to any of his attendants. At length, looking out
of his window, he saw, early one morning, a boy whose countenance pleased
him, and he induced him by a bribe to carry the ring, which he threw down
from above, to the Lady Scroop, his cousin, who had taken so friendly an
interest in his fate. The boy, by mistake, took the ring to the Countess
of Nottingham, the cruel sister of the fair and gentle Scroop, and, as
both these ladies belonged to the royal bed-chamber, the mistake might
easily occur. The Countess carried the ring to the Lord Admiral, who was a
deadly foe of Essex, and told him the message, but he bade her suppress
both. The Queen, unconscious of the incident, waited in the painful
suspense of an angry lover for the expected token to arrive, but, not
receiving it, she concluded that he was too proud to make the last appeal
to her tenderness, and, after having once revoked the warrant, she ordered
the execution to take place.

The romantic story of the Queen visiting the Countess of Nottingham, who
had kept back the ring; of her shaking her on her death-bed, and crying
out bitterly 'that God might forgive, but she could not,' is somewhat
credited as documents come to light. In Birch's 'Memoirs of the Peers of
England during the Reign of James the First,' this story is given, as
having been repeatedly told by Lady Elizabeth Spelman, great-granddaughter
of Sir Robert Carey. The Queen is said to have been so hurt by this
revelation of Lady Nottingham that she never went to bed, nor took any
sustenance from that period. 'In confirmation of the time of the
Countess's death,' says Birch, 'it appears from the parish register of
Chelsea that she died at Arundel House, London, February 25, and was
buried the 28th, 1603. Her funeral was kept at Chelsea, March 21st
following, and Queen Elizabeth died three days afterwards.'

The celebrated ring on which the life of the Earl of Essex is thus said to
have depended has been claimed by various persons. In 'Old England' (vol.
ii. p. 74) a story is told that when, in 1564, Mary, Queen of Scots,
married Darnley, she sent to her fair cousin of England a diamond-ring in
the form of a heart, in token of the event and her own affection. The ring
was accompanied by some Latin verses by Buchanan, thus translated:--

  This gem behold, the emblem of my heart,
  From which my cousin's image ne'er shall part;
  Clear in its lustre, spotless does it shine,
  'Tis clear and spotless as this heart of mine.
  What though the stone a greater hardness wears,
  Superior firmness still the figure bears.

'According' (observes the editor of 'Old England') 'to information which
has been communicated to us, with an implicit faith on the part of our
informants, that was the ring presented by Elizabeth to Essex, as being
the most precious it was in her power to give him.'

Another account says that Mr. Thomas Penning, of the Exchequer, had, in
1781, a purse and ring by bequest from Mr. Sotheby, whose sister he
married, and who was related to the late Mrs. Cooke, by long succession
and inheritance from Sir Anthony Cooke, of Giddy Hall, Essex, preceptor of
Edward the Sixth, and to whose family, according to tradition, these
precious objects were given by Queen Elizabeth. The ring was of gold, with
the Queen's bust in bas-relief on a garnet, dressed as in her sixpenny and
threepenny pieces of 1574, with the same features round it in the garter
with the motto, and fastened with a buckle composed of two diamonds, and
the strap turned by another. Over the bust was the crown, composed of
twelve diamonds, and on each side the collet three diamonds. On the inner
surface, immediately under the bust, was the union rose.

[Illustration: The 'Devereux' Ring.]

Perhaps the strongest claim to the possession of the real ring of Essex is
that which was exhibited at the Society of Antiquaries, March 1858, by the
Rev. Lord John Thynne. It is of gold, slightly made, and ornamented on the
inside with blue enamel. On the face is set a cameo cut in sardonyx,
representing Queen Elizabeth in a high ruff. The workmanship is good, and
shows considerable skill in the adaptation of the layers of the stone to
the details of the dress. It seems to have been originally made for a very
small finger, and to have been subsequently enlarged. The ring is said to
have been the property of Lady Frances Devereux, daughter of the Earl of
Essex, and afterwards Duchess of Somerset, and to have passed from mother
to daughter until it came to Louisa, daughter of John, Earl of Granville,
who married Thomas Thynne, second Viscount Weymouth, great-grandfather of
the present owner. It has been stated by Captain Devereux that no mention
of the ring in question is made in the elaborate will of the Duchess of
Somerset. She may, however, have given it to her daughter in her lifetime.
The ring appears to have been made for a female finger, and as it is not
very likely that the Queen would have worn her own portrait in a ring, it
is more probable that this ring was intended for one of the ladies of her
court, and it may have been enlarged for some subsequent owner. It is
undoubtedly a remarkable work of art of the period of Elizabeth.

It may be noticed that the Hon. Captain Devereux, in his 'Lives and
Letters of the Devereux, Earls of Essex,' seems to believe in the story of
the ring, but the evidence he adduces is not sufficient to justify his
faith.

Another ring, which is in the possession of C. W. Warner, Esq. (and is,
together with that noticed, engraved in the 'Lives and Letters of the
Devereux, Earls of Essex'), sets forth a rival claim to be the identical
ring given to Essex, of which, however, it shows no internal evidence,
being a slight ring, without any device, and has an enamelled hoop, set
with a pear-shaped diamond.

In 'Manningham's Diary,' 1602-1603 (Camden Society), is the following
entry: 'Dr. Parry told me the Countess Kildare assured him that the
Queene caused the ring wherewith shee was wedded to the crowne to be cutt
from hir finger, some six weekes before her death, but wore a ring which
the Earl of Essex gave her unto the day of hir death.'[66]

The interchange of rings as royal tokens between Queen Elizabeth and Mary,
Queen of Scots, was frequent; whether genuine in the feelings that
prompted their transmission (at least, as regards the former) may be
questioned. On the baptism of the son of the Scottish Queen (afterwards
James the Sixth) we are informed that the Duke of Bedford, besides a gold
font, the present of Queen Elizabeth, sent 'ane ring with ane stane to be
delivered to the said woman who should occupy the place of the Queen's
Grace of England at the said baptism.' Mary is mentioned by the English
ambassador to the Scottish court as wearing, on the celebration of Twelfth
Day in 1562, no jewels or gold, but a ring sent to her by Elizabeth. It
may have been that which, a prisoner at Lochleven Castle, she wished to
obtain from the royal jewels which had been kept back from her by the Earl
of Moray.[67] It had been sent to her as a token of friendship, and the
promise that if it were returned to the donor in any period of misfortune
she would do her best to assist her.

Miss Strickland informs us that Mary, in a letter to Elizabeth, though
unable, as she mentions, to send back the ring, reminds Elizabeth of her
promise. This interesting letter is still preserved at Hatfield House. 'It
will please you to remember,' she writes, 'you have told me several times
that on receiving the ring you gave me you would assist me in my time of
trouble. You know that Moray has seized all that I have, and those who had
the keeping of some of these things have been ordered not to deliver any
of them to me. Robert Melville, at any rate, to whom I have secretly sent
for this ring, as my most precious jewel, says "he dare not let me have
it." Therefore I implore you, on receiving this letter, to have compassion
on your good sister and cousin, and believe that you have not a more
affectionate relative in the world,' etc. etc., 'dated from my prison this
1st of May' (1568).

On the escape of Mary from her 'prison,' Sir Robert Melville, anticipating
a counter-revolution from the general feeling in favour of the Queen, was
one of the first who came to her at Hamilton Castle to renew his homage,
bringing with him as a peace-offering the precious ring so often demanded
in vain.

'On leaving Scotland,' says Miss Strickland, 'after her fatal resolution
of throwing herself on the protection of Queen Elizabeth, Mary sent the
ring as an _avant-courier_, with a letter. This romantic toy, which she
regarded in the same light as one of the fairy talismans in eastern love,
was actually the lure which tempted her in this desperate crisis of her
fortunes to enter England, under the fond idea that its donor could not
refuse to keep her promise. She concludes an affecting letter to Queen
Elizabeth (dated from Dundrennan) thus: "To remind you of the reasons I
have to depend on England, _I send back to the Queen the token of her
promised friendship and assistance_."'

This memorable ring is described by Aubrey, to have been a delicate piece
of mechanism, consisting of several joints, which, when united, formed the
quaint device of two right hands supporting a heart between them. This
heart was composed of two separate diamonds, held together by a central
spring, which, when opened, would allow either of the hearts to be
detached.

'Queen Elizabeth,' says Aubrey, 'kept one moietie, and sent the other as a
"token" of her constant friendship to Mary, Queen of Scots, but she cut
off her head for all that.'

[Illustration: Essex ring (?).]

The circumstance of the ring is further verified beyond dispute by Mary
herself, in a subsequent letter to Elizabeth, in which she bitterly
reproaches her with her perfidious conduct. 'After I escaped from
Lochleven,' she says, 'and was nearly taken in battle by my rebellious
subjects, I sent you by a trusty messenger the diamond you had given me as
a token of affection and demanded your assistance. I believed that the
jewel I received as a pledge of your friendship would remind you that when
you gave it me I was not only flattered with great promise of assistance
from you, but you bound yourself on your royal word to advance over the
border to my succour, and to come in person to meet me, and that if I
made the journey into your realm that I might confide in your honour.'
Elizabeth, as is well known, took no notice either of the pledge or
allusions to her former professions.

The illustration on the preceding page represents the ring mentioned (p.
339) as the property of the Warner family. Sir Thomas Warner, to whom it
was presented by James the First, placed it on his shield of arms, with
the motto, 'I hold from the King.'

During the Duke of Norfolk's imprisonment in the Tower he sent two diamond
rings, as _love-tokens_ to Mary, Queen of Scots, while she was at
Coventry.

In the metrical chronicle of the 'Life of Sir Nicholas Throgmorton' we
find that when Elizabeth heard rumours of the death of her sister, Queen
Mary, to be really sure, she sent Sir Nicholas Throgmorton to the palace
to request one of the ladies of the bed-chamber, who was in her
confidence, 'if the queen were really dead, to send her as a _token_ the
black enamelled ring which Her Majesty wore night and day':--

  She said (since nought exceedeth woman's fears,
    Who still do dread some baits of subtlety):
  'Sir Nicholas, know a ring my sister wears
    Enamell'd black--a pledge of loyalty--
  The which the King of Spain in spousals gave.
  If aught fall out amiss, 'tis that I crave.

  'But hark! ope not your lips to anyone
    In hope us to obtain of courtesy,
  Unless you know my sister first be gone,
    For grudging minds will still coyne (coin) treachery.
  So shall thyself be safe, and us be sure.
  Who takes no hurt shall need no care of cure.'

Elizabeth's meaning seems to have been that the ring should not be sought
for until Mary's death.

A ring 'token' was also the announcement of Queen Elizabeth's death. Lady
Scroope, it seems, gave the first intelligence of the event by dropping
from the window of the palace a sapphire ring to her brother, Sir Robert
Carey, who was lurking beneath the chamber of death at Richmond. He
departed with this ring at his utmost speed to announce the tidings to the
Scottish monarch.

The sapphire in this ring is in the possession of the Countess of Cork,
and was exhibited at the Loan Exhibition of Jewellery at South Kensington
in 1872. A statement in the catalogue records the incident related. The
ring is mentioned in Robertson's 'History of Scotland' and Banks' 'Peerage
Books.' It was afterwards given to John, Earl of Orrery, by the Duchess of
Buckingham, natural daughter of James the Second.

I may here remark that Camden relates a romantic incident, that while
Queen Elizabeth was celebrating the anniversary of her coronation, Henry
of Anjou, one of her royal suitors, in a fit of gallantry, took from her
finger a ring in token of betrothal, and put it on his own in presence of
the Court; but as this story is entirely refuted by history I forbear the
details.

An incident in connection with ring-tokens is related in the life of that
distinguished knight and courtier, Sir John Perrot, which has additional
interest from having formed the subject of a poem by the late Mrs. Maclean
('L. E. L.'). The ballad, which appeared some years ago in one of the
'annuals,' is so charming and characteristic that I have ventured to
reproduce it:--

  The evening tide is on the turn; so calm the waters flow,
  There seems to be one heav'n above, another heav'n below;
  The blue skies broken by white clouds, the river by white foam,
  The stars reflect themselves, and seem to have another home.

  A shade upon the elements; 'tis of a gallant bark,
  Her stately sides fling on the waves an outline dim and dark;
  The difference this by things of earth, and things of heav'n made,
  The things of heav'n are trac'd in light, and those of earth in shade.

  Wrapt in his cloak a noble knight stept to and fro that deck,
  Revolving all those gentler thoughts the busier day-hours check;
  A thousand sad, sweet influences in truth and beauty lie
  Within the quiet atmosphere of a lone starry sky.

  A shower of glittering sparkles fell from off the dashing oar,
  As a little boat shot rapidly from an old oak on shore;
  His eye and pulse grew quick, the knight's, his heart kept no true time
  In his unsteady breathing, with the light oar's measur'd chime.

  'Thou hast loiter'd--so, in sooth, should I--thy errand be thy plea,
  And now, what of my lady bright, what guerdon sent she me?
  Or sat she lonely in her bower, or lovely in the hall?
  How look'd she when she took my gift? sir page, now tell me all.'

  'I found her with a pallid cheek, and with a drooping head;
  I left her, and the summer rose wears not a gladder red.
  And she murmur'd something like the tones a lute has in its chords;
  So very sweet the whisper was, I have forgot the words.'

  'A health to thee, my lady love, a health in Spanish wine,
  To-night I'll pledge no other health, I'll name no name but thine.'
  The young page hid his laugh, then dropp'd in rev'rence on his knee:
  'In sooth, good master, that I think to-night may scarcely be.

  'While kneeling at your lady's feet another dame passed by,
  The lion in her haughty step, the eagle in her eye:
  "And doth the good knight barter gems? God's truth, we'll do the same,"
  A pleasant meaning lit the smile that to her proud eyes came.

  'She took the fairest of the gems upon her glittering hand,
  With her own fingers fasten'd it upon a silken band,
  And held it to the lamp, then said: "Like this stone's spotless flame
  So tell your master that I hold his high and knightly fame."'

  Low on his bended knee the knight received that precious stone,
  And bold and proud the spirit now that in his dark eyes shone:
  'Up from your sleep, my mariners, for ere the break of day,
  And even now the stars are pale, I must be miles away.'

  The spray fell from the oars in showers, as in some fairy hall
  They say in melting diamonds the charmed fountains fall;
  And though, as set the weary stars, the darker grew the night,
  Yet far behind the vessel left a track of silver light.

  They saw again that self-same shore which they that morn had pass'd,
  On which they look'd as those who know such look may be the last--
  Then out he spoke, the helmsman old: 'I marvel we should go,
  Just like a lady's messenger, on the same path to and fro.'

  'And 'tis to see a lady's face this homeward task we ply.
  I wot the proudest of us all were proud to catch her eye.
  A royal gift our queen hath sent, and it were sore disgrace
  If that I first put on her gem, and not before her face!'

  On the terrace by the river-side there stood a gallant band,
  The very flower of knight and dame were there of English land;
  The morning wind toss'd ostrich plume, and stirr'd the silken train,
  The morning light from gold and gem was mirror'd back again.

  There walk'd the Queen Elizabeth; you knew her from the rest
  More by the royal step and eye than by the royal vest;
  There flashed, though now the step was staid, the falcon eye was still,
  The fiery blood of Lancaster, the haughty Tudor's will.

  A lady by the balustrade, a little way apart,
  Lean'd languidly, indulging in the solitude of heart
  Which is Love's empire tenanted by visions of his own--
  Such solitude is soon disturb'd, such visions soon are flown.

  Love's pleasant time is with her now, for she hath hope and faith,
  Which think not what the lover doth, but what the lover saith.
  Upon her hand there is a ring, within her heart a vow;
  No voice is whispering at her side--what doth she blush for now?

  A noble galley valiantly comes on before the wind;
  Her sails are dyed by the red sky she's leaving fast behind.
  None other mark'd the ship that swept so eagerly along;
  The lady knew the flag, and when hath lover's eye been wrong?

  The lonely lady watch'd; meantime went on the converse gay.
  It was as if the spirits caught the freshness of the day.
  'Good omen such a morn as this,' her Grace of England said,
  'What progress down our noble Thames hath Sir John Perrot made?'

  Then spoke Sir Walter Raleigh, with a soft and silvery smile,
  And an earnest gaze that seem'd to catch the Queen's least look the
        while,
  'Methinks that ev'ry wind in heav'n will crowd his sails to fill,
  For goeth he not forth to do his gracious Sovereign's will?'

  With that the bark came bounding up, then staid her in her flight;
  And right beneath the terrace she moor'd her in their sight.
  'Now, by my troth,' exclaimed the Queen, 'it is our captain's bark.
  What brings the loiterer back again?'--her eye and brow grew dark.

  'Fair Queen,' replied a voice below, 'I pay a vow of mine,
  And never yet was voyage delayed by worship at a shrine.'
  He took the jewel in his hand, and bent him on his knee,
  Then flung the scarf around his neck, where all the gem might see.

  His white plumes swept the very deck, yet once he glanc'd above;
  The courtesy was for the Queen, the glance was for his love.
  'Now fare-thee-well,' then said the Queen, 'for thou art a true knight.'
  But even as she spoke the ship was flitting from the sight.

  Woe to the Spaniards and their gold amid the Indian seas,
  When rolled the thunder of that deck upon the southern breeze,
  For bravely Sir John Perrot bore our flag across the main,
  And England's bells for victory rang when he came home again.

In the will of Thomas Sackville, Duke of Dorset (Lord High Treasurer in
the times of Elizabeth and James I.), given in Collins's 'Baronage,' is a
mention of a token ring. It is described as 'of gold and enamelled black,
and set round with diamonds to the number of twenty; whereof, five, being
placed in the upper part of the said ring, do represent the fashion of a
cross.' It is further mentioned as to be a heirloom. 'And to the intent
that they may knowe howe just and great cause bothe they and I have to
hould the sayed Rynge, with twentie Diamonds, in so highe esteeme, yt is
most requisite that I doe here set downe the whole course and
circumstance, howe and from whome the same rynge did come to my
possession, which was thus: In the Begynning of the monethe of June, one
thousand sixe hundred and seaven, this rynge thus set with twenty
Diamonds, as is aforesayed, was sent unto me from my most gracious
soveraigne, King James, by that honourable personage, the Lord Haye, one
of the gentlemen of His Highnes Bedchamber, the Courte then beying at
Whitehall in London, and I at that tyme remayning at Horsley House in
Surrey, twentie myles from London, where I laye in suche extremetye of
sickness as yt was a common and a constant reporte all over London that I
was dead, and the same confidentlie affirmed even unto the Kinge's Highnes
himselfe; upon which occasion it pleased his most excellent majestie, in
token of his gracious goodness and great favour towards me, to send the
saied Lord Hay with the saied Ringe, and this Royal message unto me,
namelie, that his Highness wished a speedie and a perfect recoverye of my
healthe, with all happie and good successe unto me, and that I might live
as long as the diamondes of that Rynge (which therewithall he delivered
unto me) did endure, and in token thereof, required me to weare yt and
keepe yt for his sake.'

Among other token rings, under affecting circumstances, I may also mention
those given on the eve of his execution (1651) by James Stanley, Earl of
Derby, Governor of the Isle of Man--'a man,' observes Lodge, 'of great
honour and clear courage.' A minute narrative of the circumstances of his
final hours was penned with touching simplicity by a Mr. Bagaley, one of
his gentlemen, who was allowed to attend him to the last, and the
manuscript has been carefully preserved in the family. A transcript of the
most part of it may be found in Collins's 'Peerage.' He wrote letters to
his wife, daughter, and sons, and sent a servant to purchase all the rings
he could get. These were wrapped in separate papers, and Bagaley, under
the Earl's instructions, directed them to his children and servants, and
the unfortunate nobleman said: 'As to them I can say nothing; silence and
your own looks will best tell your message.'

Rings, as 'tokens,' or pledges, for the repayment of loans were made for
Queen Henrietta Maria, the consort of Charles the First, while she was in
Holland, endeavouring to raise money and troops for her unfortunate
husband. To such as gave her pecuniary assistance she was accustomed to
show her gratitude by the gift of a ring, or some other trinket from her
own cabinet; but when the increasing exigencies of the King's affairs
compelled her to sell or pawn in Holland the whole of her plate and most
of her jewels for his use, she adopted an ingenious device by which she
was enabled, at a small expense, to continue her gifts to her friends, and
in a form that rendered them more precious to the recipient parties,
because they had immediate reference to herself. She had a great many
rings, lockets, and bracelet clasps made with her cipher, the letters 'H.
M. R.,' Henrietta Maria Regina, in very delicate filagree of gold,
entwined in a monogram, laid on a ground of crimson velvet, covered with
thick crystal, cut like a table-diamond and set in gold. These were called
the King's pledges, or 'tokens,' and presented by her to any person who
had lent her money, or had rendered her any particular service, with an
understanding that if presented to Her Majesty at any future time, when
fortune smiled on the royal cause, it would command, either repayment of
the money advanced, or some favour from the Queen as an equivalent.

'Many of these interesting testimonials are still in existence' (observes
Miss Strickland), 'and, in families where the tradition has been
forgotten, have been regarded as amulets which were to secure good
fortune to the wearer.' One of these royal pledges, Miss Strickland
informs us, has been preserved as an heirloom in her family, and there is
a ring with the same device, in possession of Philip Darrell, Esq., of
Cales Hill, Kent, which was presented to his immediate ancestor by that
queen.

It was in the reign of Charles the First that a fearful incident occurred
in Scotland (1630) at the Castle of Frendraught--a fire breaking out at
midnight in a sudden manner, 'yea, in ane clap,' says Spalding, involving
the whole of the inmates in destruction, excepting three persons. Viscount
Melgum, son of the Marquis of Huntly, only twenty-four years of age, who
was a guest of the Laird of Frendraught at the time, perished, leaving a
widow and child. A popular ballad of the day speaks of his being called on
to leap from the window:--

  'How can I leap, how can I win,
     How can I leap to thee?
   My head's fast in the wire-window,
     My feet burning from me.'
   He's ta'en the rings from aff his hands,
     And thrown them o'er the wall;
   Saying, 'Give them to my lady fair,
     Where she sits in the hall.'

A pledge or token ring of remarkable interest was exhibited by Mr. J. W.
Singer at the Loan Exhibition of Ancient and Modern Jewellery, South
Kensington Museum, in 1872. This ring (of silver, set with a yellow topaz,
diamonds, and a small ruby of English manufacture) has been preserved in
the Penderell family, as that given by King Charles II. as a token of
gratitude for the fidelity which saved him in the oak-tree at Boscobel,
after the battle of Worcester. At the King's Restoration the five
brothers Penderell attended at Whitehall, 'when his Majesty was pleased
to own their faithful service, and graciously dismissed them with a
princely reward' ('Boscobel Tracts').

This ring now belongs to Mrs. Whiteby, of Beckington, Somerset, fifth in
descent from Penderell. A yearly pension of one hundred pounds for _ever_
was conferred upon the family, a portion of which (forty pounds) is now
only received by a male relative.

A ring-token, of sinister omen, is mentioned of the same monarch. This ill
bestowal of a ring from royalty is exemplified in the case of that hideous
judicial monster Jeffreys. With thorough want of judgment, Charles II., in
a fit of imprudency, habitual to him, gave the infamous judge a ring from
his own finger. This was popularly termed _Jeffreys's blood-stone_, as he
obtained it soon after the execution of Sir Thomas Armstrong. Roger North
says: 'The King was persuaded to present him with a ring, publicly taken
from his own finger, in token of his Majesty's acceptance of his most
eminent services; and this, by way of precursor, being blazoned in the
Gazette, his Lordship went down into the country as from the King,
_legatus a latere_.' And a mission of blood and brutality it was!

A ring-token or present is mentioned in the 'True Remembrances' of Richard
Boyle, the great Earl of Cork, who says: 'When first I arrived in Ireland,
June 23, 1588, all my wealth then was twenty-seven pounds three shillings
in money, and two _tokens_ which my mother had given me, viz. a diamond
ring, which I have ever since and still do wear, and a bracelet of gold
worth about ten pounds.'

Many other instances of ring-tokens might be mentioned, but the limits to
which this work is confined prevent me from enlarging on the subject. I
will merely allude as a memorable instance in modern times, to the
ring-token presented to George III. on his birthday in 1764 by his Queen.
It was a ring splendidly ornamented with brilliants, and contained an
enamel in which were the portraits, exquisitely represented, of their
children.

I will conclude these notices of token rings with a very stirring ballad
by Mr. Planche, entitled 'The Three Rings':--

  'Good morrow, lovely lady! Is thy noble lord with thee?'
  'Sir knight, since to the wars he went, full moons have wasted three;
  Three weary moons have wax'd and waned since he sail'd o'er the main,
  And little wist I when these eyes shall see my lord again.'

  'Forget him, lovely lady, as by him thou art forgot.'
  'Thou dost him wrong, sir knight; by him forgotten I am not:
  I hold within my arms a pledge for his true love to me,
  This new-born babe--his child and mine--which he hath yet to see.'

  'Oh, let me be thy servant, lady--I will love thee dear--'
  'Sir knight, I am a wedded wife, such words I may not hear--'
  'None else can hear them, lady. What witnesses are nigh?'
  'This heart, which is Hernando's, and God who sits on high.'

  'Sweet lady, yet a boon, upon my bended knee, I crave--'
  'Sir knight, if one which I can grant with honour, ask and have.'
  'Oh, give me these three golden rings that on thy fingers shine.'
  'Sir knight, with life alone I part with these three rings of mine!'

  'Oh, lend them but a day--an hour--to wear them for thy sake--'
  'It may not be, such act my lord would proof of falsehood make.'
  'Enough, enough, unkind one! Then I may nought obtain?'
  'When thou would'st aught that I may grant, sir knight, demand again.'

  The knight hath mounted his steed and away--his love is changed to hate.
  At the nearest town he lighted down before a goldsmith's gate:
  He hath bought three rings of plain red gold, like those by Clara worn,
  'O bitterly thy slight of me, proud lady, shalt thou mourn!'

  He hath mounted again his coal-black barb before the break of day.
  And who is he, the warrior bold, who meets him on the way?
  It is the brave Hernando, who, the Soldan's city won,
  Now pants to hold within his arms his wife and new-born son.

  'What news? what news? thou noble knight; good friend, thy tidings tell--
  How fare my wife and infant child--say, are they safe and well?'
  'Thy wife is well, and eke the boy'--'Thy speech is brief and cold;
  Clara is true?'--'For answer, look on these three rings of gold.'

  One instant, and his vizor's clos'd, his lance is in the rest--
  'Defend thee now, thou felon knight! Foul shame be on thy crest!'
  One charge--one shock. The traitor's corse is from the saddle cast,
  Through plate, and chain, and gambeson, Hernando's spear hath pass'd.

  He buries in his courser's flank his bloody spears again;
  Away! away! he scales the hill--he thunders o'er the plain!
  'Up, Clara, up!' her mother cries; 'Hernando comes! I see
  The well-known blazon on his shield. 'Tis he, my child, 'tis he!'

  'Oh, mother! rides he fast as one who to his true-love hies?
  Canst see his face, dear mother? Looks joy from out his eyes?'
  'His helmet, child, is open, and he rideth fast enow,
  But his cheek is pale, and bent, as if in anger, seems his brow.'

  The tramp of armed feet is heard upon the turret stair;
  Forth springs to meet her lord's embrace that lady fond and fair.
  By the silken locks, in which his hands have oft been fondly twined,
  He hath seized and dragged her from her bower with jealous fury blind.

  He hath bound her at his horse's heels--nor shriek nor prayer he heeds;
  O'er rugged rock, through bush and briar, the goaded courser speeds;
  Her flesh is rent by every thorn, her blood stains every stone,--
  Now, Jesu sweet, have mercy! for her cruel lord hath none!

  And lo! the sharp edge of a flint hath shorn the cord in twain;
  Down leaps the vengeful lord to make his victim fast again.
  'What have I done.? Before I die, my crime, Hernando, say?'
  'The golden rings I charged thee keep, thou false one, where are they?'

  'Oh where, but on the hand which, with my heart, I gave to thee!
  Draw off my glove--I cannot--for my strength is failing me!'
  'Oh curses on my frantic rage!--my wrong'd--my murder'd wife--
  Come forth, my sword! Then, Clara, shall life atone for life!'

  She staggered up, love gave her strength, the sword afar she hurl'd,
  'Thou know'st my innocence! Oh, live to prove it to the world!
  Weep not for Clara--loved by thee, contented she expires!
  Live for our child--the boy whose fame shall emulate his sire's!'

  'Our child!--the child my fury hath made motherless to-day!
  And when he for his mother asks--O God--what shall I say?'
  'Say that her name was Clara--that _thy_ love was her pride--
  That, blessing him and thee, she smiled, as in thy arms she died!'

Mr. Planche has borrowed the subject of his admirable poem from a legend
still popular in Normandy. It is that of Marianson, the wife of a French
noble. An evil spirit instigates a false knight to borrow the three golden
token-rings of the lady during the absence of her lord. He takes them to a
jeweller, who is ordered to prepare three others exactly similar, and then
returns the lady her own rings. On his way he meets the husband, whose
wife he declares has been unfaithful, and in proof of his assertion he
shows the three surreptitious rings. The result of this is the fearful
death of Marianson, being tied to the tail of a wild horse, and torn to
pieces, and the after-discovery of the three rings in her drawer by the
jealous husband.

A somewhat similar legend is related of the Lady of Toggenburg, who lived
in a castle near the Lake of Zurich. Her 'token' ring was stolen by a
crow, who dropped it in the park, where it was found by a young squire,
who placed it on his finger. The Count of Toggenburg, passing at the time,
saw the ring, and, inflamed by jealous fury, without asking any questions,
rushed into the castle, and hurled his wife from the battlements into the
lake. The young squire was torn to pieces by wild horses.




CHAPTER VII.

MEMORIAL AND MORTUARY RINGS.


Bequests of rings are frequently mentioned in wills of the middle and
later ages. In the reign of Henry the Third, two rings were bequeathed to
that monarch by a bishop of Chichester, one adorned with an emerald, the
other with a ruby. These jewels were taken out and employed to decorate an
image of the Virgin at Westminster, and were placed on her forehead.

In the will of Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford and Essex (1319), among
various bequests is 'un anel d'or avec un ruby qe ma femme me devisa, qe
ad tout pleni de coups, et est en un petit forcer en une graunte husche au
bout de la basse gardrobe' (the gold ring with a ruby which his wife
devised to him, and which is all covered with bruises, and is in a little
casket in a great box at the end of the lower wardrobe). This is probably
the same ring mentioned in an inventory of effects as an 'anel d'or ove j
Rubie.'

Thomas de Hoton, rector of Kyrkebymisperton (1351), bequeathed to his
chaplain, amongst other objects, 'j annulum vertuosum.' Another is to
'Domine Thome de Bouthum.' These were supposed to possess some healing, or
talismanic properties, such rings being termed, in mediaeval Latin,
_vertuosus_.

In the 'Bury Wills and Inventories' (Camden Society) are various bequests
of rings. Some of these entries are very curious. John Baret (1463) leaves
to 'Elizabet Drury, my wyf, a ryng of gold with an ymage of the Trinitie.'
To Dame Margarete Spurdaunce 'a doubyl ryng departyed of gold, with a ruby
and a turkeys, with a scripture wrety with jnne, for a rememberaunce of
oold love vertuously set at all times to the pleseer of God.' To his
nephew, Thomas Drury, 'my best ryng of gold next my signet, therein is
wretyn _Grace me governe_, with letteris of I and B, accordyng to my name
innamelid.' To his niece Katerine, 'for a tookne of rememberaunce, a gold
ryng, wretyn with jnne the gold ryng, _In noi e Ih'u signo me signo tab_.'
To William Clopton, 'the jemews and the rynges of sylvir, therin wretyn
_Grace me governe_, for a tookne he vowchesaf in tyme comyng to shewe his
good maistershepe to my wil.' To 'Thomais Brews, esquiyer, my crampe ryng,
with blak innamel and a part sylvir and gilt.'

Anne of Cleves, who survived Henry VIII., left by her will several
mourning-rings of various values for distribution among her friends and
dependents.

In the 'Wills from Doctors' Commons, 1495 to 1695' (Camden Society),
Cecily, Duchess of York (1495), gives to John Metcalfe and Alice his wife
'all the ringes that I have, except such as hang by my bedes and Agnus,
and also except my signet.'

Anne Barett (1504) bequeaths to Our Lady of Walsingham 'my maryeng ryng,
with all thyngys hangyng theron.'

Agnes Hals (1554) leaves to her son 'a rynge with the Passion of gold,'
and to her niece 'my ringe with the wepinge eie;' to another son 'my rynge
with the dead manes head.'

Jasper Despotin, M.D. (1648), wills and appoints 'ten rings of gold to be
made of the value of twenty shillings a peece sterling, with a death's
head vpon some of them, within one moneth after my depture, and to be
disposed of amongst my friends as my executrices shall thinke meet.' To
Mr. Gibbon, 'fortie shillings sterling to buy him a ring for a memoriall
of me.'

Lady Anne Drury (1621) bequeaths 'tenne pounds a peece to all my brothers
to buy them ringes, and twentie pounds to be bestowed in ringes of tenne
shillinges amongest my freinds whom they shall thinke fitte.'

Edmund Lee (1535) mentions in his will 'my ij wrethed rynge of gold, whych
I ware on my thombe;' also 'my gold ryng wt a turkes, and a crampe ryng of
gold wt all.'

Dame Maude Parr (1529), amongst other bequests of rings, mentions one
'with a table diamontt sett with blacke aniell, meate for my little
finger.'

Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester (1557), bequeaths, 'to my Lord
Legate's Grace (Cardinal Pole) a ring with a dyamounte, not so bigge as he
is wourthie to have, but such as his poore orator is able to geve.'

Speaker Lenthall (1682) appoints his executor 'to give my friends Sir John
Lenthall, his lady and children, and other my cozens and nephews, 50 gold
rings with this motto, "Oritur non Moritur."' In a codicil he adds: 'I
also desire that my son will weare his mother's wedding-ring about his
arme in remembrance of her.'

William Prynne (1699) bequeaths 'to my deare brother, Mr. Thomas Prynne,
my best gold ring with my father's armes.' To Katheryne Clerke, 'my best
serjeant's ring.' To her husband, 'one of my gold rings. Item. I give to
every one of their sonnes and daughters who shal be living at the tyme of
my decease one gold ring, and one hundred pounds a peece.'

In the will of Sir Richard Gresham (died 1548), father of the founder of
the Exchange, he bequeathed a ring to the Protector, Duke of Somerset, and
another to the profligate Duchess of Somerset, each of the value of five
pounds, and he also left rings to all his friends.

John Meres, an 'Esquire Beadle' of Corpus Christi College, left, in 1558,
to the Vice-Chancellor of the College a ring weighing a royal (valued at
ten shillings): to Dr. Hutcher, a ring worth fifteen shillings, and a gold
ring set with a cornelian to each of the 'supervisors.' Meres had a patent
for being gauger in 1550.

Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, gave by will (1575) a gold ring
with a round sapphire to Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of York, who succeeded
him in the see of Canterbury.

In Collins's 'Baronage' is the curious will of Thomas Sackville, Earl of
Dorset (Lord High Treasurer in the times of Elizabeth and James I.), in
which several rings are mentioned (see chapter on 'Token-Rings'). Amongst
others 'a ring of gold enamelled black, wherein is set a great table
diamonde, beying perfect and pure, and of much worth.' This ring, with
other jewels, was given to him by the King of Spain. During the minority
of his descendants, these were to be consigned, as heirlooms, 'in a strong
chest of iron, under two several keys,' to the custody of the Warden, and
a senior fellow of New College, Oxford.

Sir Philip Sidney (1586) desires that 'three gold rings, set with large
diamonds, might be fashioned exactly alike, for his aunt, the Countess of
Sussex; another aunt's husband, the Earl of Huntingdon; and his
brother-in-law, the Earl of Pembroke.'

Thomas Wentworth, one of the chiefs of that great house, who died in 1587,
bequeathed to his son and heir, William, besides other valuables, his gold
ring, 'whereon is engraved his crest, badge, and cognizance.'

Among the Rokeby family papers, in the will of Sir Ralph Rokeby (1600), is
the bequest of several rings, 'gratuities to kynsfolkes.'

Thomas Sutton, founder of the Charter House, bequeaths (in 1611) ten
pounds to Mr. Thomas Brown, 'to make him a ring.'

Our great national dramatist, Shakspeare, in his will (dated 1616)
mentions certain moneys for the purchase of rings by several of his
friends. Five are mentioned: two are his townsmen, Hamlet (_Hamnet_)
Sadler, and William Reynolds, who have each twenty-six shillings and
eightpence left them 'to buy them ringes,' the other three being the
actors ('my fellows,' as he affectionately terms them), John Hemynge,
Richard Burbage, and Henry Cundell, each of whom has a similar sum.

In the testament of Richard Burgess, vicar of Witney (1632), he gives to
his eldest son, John, the ring which he usually wore on his left hand, and
also 'twenty shillings to each of the two overseers of his last will, to
purchase rings.'

Sir Henry Wotton, in 1637, leaves to each of the Fellows at Eton College
'a plain gold ring, enamelled black, all save the verge, with this motto
within, "Amor unit omnia."'

In a will, dated 1648, occurs this clause: 'I do will and appoint ten
rings of gold to be made, of the value of twenty shillings a piece,
sterling, with a death's-head upon some of them.'

The stock of rings described in the Duke of Newcastle's play, 'The
Varietie' (1649), as the treasure of an old country lady, is suggestive of
past legacies or memorials as well as the tastes of the yeomanry at that
period: 'A toadstone, two Turkies (turquoises), six thumb-rings, three
alderman's seals, five gemmals, and foure death's-head,' The enumeration
concludes with the uncomplimentary observation, 'these are alehouse
ornaments' (Fairholt).

There are numerous varieties of mourning rings left by bequest in former
times. The accompanying illustration represents one that would appeal to
the feelings of the survivors in the simple and affecting inscription
which it bears: 'When this you see, remember me.' The ring is of silver,
jet, and gold.

[Illustration: Old Mourning ring.]

Miss Agnes Strickland, in her 'Lives of the Four Princesses of the Royal
House of Stuart,' mentions a circumstance in the life of the Princess
Henrietta Anne (1670), that, 'as Bossuet was kneeling by her bedside, she
suddenly turned to one of her ladies and spoke to her in English, which
the Bishop did not understand, to tell her that when she should have
entered into her rest, she was to give Bossuet the emerald ring which had
been ordered to be made for him as a memorial of her.'

Izaak Walton added a codicil to his will (1683) for the distribution of
memorial rings to several of his relations and friends, with the motto, 'A
friend's farewell. I. W., obiit;' the value of the rings to be thirteen
shillings and fourpence each. In the will itself he gives to his
son-in-law, Dr. Hawkins, 'whom I love as my own son;' to his daughter, his
wife, and his son Izaak, a ring to each of them, with the motto, 'Love my
memory. I. W., obiit.' To the Lord Bishop of Winchester a ring, with the
motto, 'A mite for a million. I. W., obiit.'

In a codicil of the last testament of Nell Gwyn (1687) she requests that
Lady Fairborne may have fifty pounds given to her to buy a ring.

Dr. John Spencer, Master of Corpus Christi College, in his will (1693)
left twenty shillings to each of the Fellows of his college for a funeral
ring.

Queen Elizabeth, eldest daughter to James the First, wore to the day of
her death a mourning ring, in which was a lock of her brother's hair,
brought over to Bohemia by a faithful servant, with the device of a crown
over a skull and cross-bones, and the letters 'C. R.' After her death, in
1662, it was much prized by her descendants, and was long a heirloom among
them.

On the eve of the death of Henrietta Anne, the daughter of Charles the
First, she sent most tender messages to her brothers King Charles the
Second, and James, Duke of York; and, drawing from her finger a ring, she
expressed a wish that it might be sent to the former, as a memorial of her
dying love.

A remarkable interest is attached to the bequest of a ring by Sir Charles
Cotterell, master of the ceremonies, who died in 1700. The particulars are
given in the 'Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries' (January 30,
1862). 'I bequeath to my constantly obliging Friend, S{r} Stephen Fox, a
ring w{th} a figure cut in an onyx, which was given by King Charles y{e}
first, from his Finger to S{r} Philip Warwick, at y{e} Treaty in the Isle
of Wight, to seal letters he there writt for him, and wh{ch} S{r} Philip
left to me for a Legacy, and w{ch} I cannot leave to anybody that has been
a greater Honourer of that Excellent Prince's Memory, nor a Worthier
Friend to us both, and who for these reasons I know will value it.' To
this has been added, by Sir Stephen Fox, 'which I leave to my son Stephen
and his Heirs, enjoining him to keep it in remembrance of the excellent
King that gave it off his Finger to S{r} Philip Warwick, who died in
August 1684, and his son Philip at New Market a month after, and excellent
S{r} Charles Cotterell died in the year 1700, and after this was left to
my good son Charles, who died in September 1713. Ste(phen) Fox.'

At the commencement of the first of these memoranda, and (observes Mr.
Franks, by whom these particulars were given to the Society) at the
conclusion of the last are much-mutilated impressions from a very small
antique gem, which, there can be no doubt, is the onyx set in the ring in
question. The figure is of fine workmanship, and represents a
partially-draped young man standing in profile to the right. It is,
possibly, a representation of Mercury, and resembles somewhat in attitude
the bronze statue found at Huis, in the south of France, and known as the
Payne Knight Mercury.

Mr. Franks corrects an error of Sir Stephen Fox as to the date of the
death of Sir Philip Warwick, which took place January 15, 1682-3.

The subsequent history of this remarkable ring is contained in a short
note written on the envelope enclosing the above memoranda, by the Earl of
Ilchester, son of Sir Stephen Fox. 'Memorandum: I am much concerned for
the loss of the ring which was given by King Charles I. to Sir Philip
Warwick, as mentioned in the enclosed paper. This ring was stolen when my
house in Burlington Street was broken open by rogues in January 1722.'

'With these papers' (remarks Mr. Franks) 'is preserved a long letter
giving an account of the burglary, which took place during the absence of
the family, and was of a very cool and daring character. It is sadly to be
feared that the gold setting of the ring has found its way to the
melting-pot; the onyx, however, may have been preserved, and may,
probably, be hereafter identified by the mutilated impressions in the Earl
of Ilchester's possession.'

In the Appendix to Pepys's 'Diary' is a list of all the persons to whom
rings and mourning were presented upon the occasion of his death (May 26,
1703) and funeral, by which it appears that forty-six rings of the value
of twenty shillings, sixty-two at fifteen shillings, and twenty at ten
shillings were distributed among friends on that occasion.

In a codicil to the will of Bishop Burnet (died 1715) a long list of
legacies occurs to his children; some of these were afterwards erased, and
amongst them the bequest of 'my pointed diamond' to Gilbert, his second
son. The ring was given to the late Sir John Sewell of Doctors' Commons,
by a descendant from Bishop Burnet. This ring is in the possession of Mr.
C. Desborough, Bedford. In the collection of the Duke of Richmond is a
memorial ring, gold, set with diamond, hoop enamelled in white, and
inscribed 'E. S. Dux Buckingensis,' divided by a ducal coronet on a black
ground. English work of the middle of the seventeenth century. Made in
memory of Edmund Sheffield, second Duke of Buckingham, who died a minor in
1735.

That great man, George Washington, in his will, thus bequeaths 'to my
sisters-in-law Hannah Washington and Mildred Washington, to my friends
Eleanor Stuart, Hannah Washington, of Fairfield, and Elizabeth Washington,
of Hayfield, I give each a mourning-ring of the value of one hundred
dollars. These bequests are not made for the intrinsic value of them, but
as mementos of my esteem and regard.'

In a few loving words addressed by a Lady Palmerston, when dying, to her
husband, after mentioning the wealth at her disposal, which she gave to
him, she mentions two chocolate-cups formed of mourning-rings, which were
used daily by Lady Palmerston in memory of departed friends; these she
wished her husband to look upon as a remembrance of death, and also of the
fondest and most faithful friend he ever had.

A very long list might be added of bequests of rings by distinguished
persons, but I must be content to notice how the practice has been
continued at intervals to the present time. A notable item occurs in the
will of Charlotte Augusta Matilda, eldest daughter of George III., and
Queen of Wurtemberg, in which she bequeaths to the Princess Augusta, among
other costly objects, a ring containing a watch, set with brilliants.

Rings were formerly given to attendants at funerals; an extract from the
books of the Ironmongers' Company, dated 1719, states: 'The master
acquainted the court that one John Turney, an undertaker for funerals, had
lately buried one Mrs. Mason for the Hall, but had refused the master,
wardens, and clerk each a ring, &c., according to his agreement, the
persons invited being served with gloves, hat-bands, and rings. Ordered:
the said undertaker be compelled to perform his agreement as the master
and wardens shall direct.' The practice of offering rings at funerals is
introduced as an incident in 'Sir Amadace.'

In former days widows wore their ring on the thumb as an emblem of
widowhood, and the following 'trick' in connection with it is mentioned
in the 'Spectator:'--'It is common enough for a stale virgin to set up a
shop in a place where the large thumb-ring, supposed to be given her by
her husband, quickly recommends her to some wealthy neighbour, who takes a
liking to the jolly widow that would have overlooked the veritable
spinster.'

Among the most touching episodes in connection with memorial rings is that
exhibited in the closing hours of the unfortunate Mary, Queen of Scots, at
Fotheringay Castle, just previous to her execution. She distributed the
jewels that remained to her among her faithful attendants as tokens of her
affection and regard. Among other sad memorials, she desired that a
sapphire ring, which she took from her finger, might be conveyed as a mark
of grateful acknowledgment to her brave kinsman Lord Claude Hamilton.
Concerning this ring, Bishop Burnet says, 'it is carefully preserved as
one of the most precious heirlooms of that illustrious family.' Miss
Strickland informs us that it is now in the possession of Lord Claude's
accomplished representative, the present Duke of Hamilton, 'by whom it was
courteously shown to me at Hamilton Palace in 1857. It is a large square
sapphire of peculiar beauty, rose-cut in several diamond-points, and set
in gold enamelled blue in the curious cinque-cento work of that period.'

In the 'Times' (January 2, 1857) is an account of another memorial ring of
the last sad hours of Queen Mary at Fotheringay. The letter is signed 'A
Constant Reader.' 'There is a lady residing at Broadstairs who is in
possession of the identical ring which was worn by Mary, previous to her
execution, and given by her to one of her maids of honour as a token of
remembrance, and who was afterwards so reduced as to be compelled to sell
it for the value of the gold. The engraving is on amber, the usual
material for such purposes at that period, and, as you may see from the
enclosed impression, is much worn by time. It is supposed that the seal in
the late Earl of Buchan's collection was copied from it. This valuable
antique was purchased many years ago by a member of the present
possessor's family, at the sale of the celebrated antiquary John M'Gowan,
of Edinburgh, who considered it a most valuable gem.'

A ring memorial was sent by the Countess of Hertford (the great
granddaughter of Henry VII., and one of the victims of Queen Elizabeth's
jealousy) on her dying bed by the hands of Sir Owen Hopton, of Cockfield
Hall, Suffolk: 'This shall be the last token unto my lord that ever I
shall send him. It is the picture of myself.' The ring bore a death's head
with an inscription around it: 'while I live--yours.'

[Illustration: Memorial rings, Charles I.]

The Londesborough Collection contains two memorial rings of King Charles
I., one of gold, with a table-faced diamond, and two smaller diamonds on
each side. On the shank is engraved an elongated skeleton, with
cross-bones above the skull, and a spade and pickaxe at the feet upon
black enamel. Within is engraved 'C. R., January 30, 1649, Martyr.'

The other ring is also of gold, with a square table-faced diamond on an
oval face, which opens and reveals beneath a portrait of Charles in
enamel. The face of the ring, the back and side portions of the shank are
engraved with scroll-work, filled in with black enamel.

[Illustration: Memorial ring, Charles I.]

In the fifteenth day's sale (May 11, 1842) at Strawberry Hill (lot 59), 'a
truly interesting relic,' as the ring was termed, is recorded to have been
bought by Mr. Harvey, of Regent Street, for fifteen guineas. In Horace
Walpole's catalogue it is described as one of the _only seven_
mourning-rings given at the burial of Charles I. It has the King's head in
miniature behind a death's-head between the letters 'C. R.' The motto is
'Prepared be to follow me.' A present to Horace Walpole from Lady Murray
Elliott.

'A long and minute account of a ring,' remarks the late Crofton Croker,
'with a miniature of Charles I., appeared in the "Gentleman's Magazine"
for July 1823. It was then in the possession of the late Captain I. Toup
Nicholas, R.N., and he inherited it from the Giffard family. This ring had
four diamonds on the top, on lifting up which, a head of King Charles,
enamelled on a turquoise, presented itself. The size of the painting does
not exceed the fourth part of an inch; the execution is particularly fine,
and the likeness excessively faithful. The small part of his Majesty's
dress which is visible, appears similar to that in which he is usually
represented; and a piece of the ribbon to which the "George" is suspended
is discernible; on closing the lid the portrait becomes perfectly hid.
Although miniatures of Charles I. are not uncommon, this is particularly
valuable from the portrait being concealed, and also from its being
supposed to be the smallest of him.'

At page 152 of Hulbert's 'History of Salop' is an account of a ring in the
possession of the Misses Pigott, of Upton Magna, said to be one of the
four presented by Charles I., prior to his execution. It bears a small but
beautiful miniature of the royal martyr. Inside the ring and reverse of
the portrait is inscribed over a death's-head 'January 30, 1649,' inside
of the ring is engraved 'Martyr Populi.'

A similar ring to this is in the possession of Mrs. Henderson (formerly
Miss Adolphus), of London; and is said to have come to her in the female
line, through her mother's family. Charles presented it to Sir Lionel
Walden on the morning in which he lost his life. It bears a miniature
likeness of the King, set in small brilliants. Inside the ring are the
words 'Sic transit gloria mundi.' A ring bearing the same inscription and
a miniature of King Charles is in the collection of John Evans, Esq.,
F.R.S., Vice-President of the Antiquarian Society.

In the family of Rogers, of Lota, a ring is still preserved as a heirloom
which was presented to an ancestor by King Charles I. during his
misfortunes. In the will of Robert Rogers, which was registered in the
Record-office, Dublin, occurs the following paragraph: 'And I also
bequeath to Noblett Rogers the miniature portrait-ring of the martyr
Charles I., given by that monarch to my ancestor, previous to his
execution, and I particularly desire that it may be preserved in the name
and family.' The miniature, which is beautifully painted in enamel, and
said to be by Vandyck, has been re-set in a very tasteful and appropriate
style: the original settings and inscriptions exactly correspond with
those on the ring in the possession of the Misses Pigott, as previously
mentioned. The correspondent of 'Notes and Queries,' from whom I have
derived this information, adds: 'I have lately seen a ring with a portrait
of Charles on ivory in a coarse and very inferior style, and in a plain
gold setting. It is in the possession of a gentleman, in whose family it
has remained for several generations.'

Another memorial ring of Charles I. is described in the 'Gentleman's
Magazine' (September 1823) as having belonged to a lady named Heanaud, who
died at Chelsea in 1809. 'The ring itself was of pure gold, and without
jewellery or ornament of any kind. On the top of it was an oval of white
enamel, not more than half an inch in longitudinal diameter, and
apparently about an eighth of an inch in thickness. The surface was
slightly convexed, and divided into four compartments, in each of which
was painted one of the four cardinal virtues, which, although so minute as
to be scarcely perceptible to the clearest sight, by the application of a
glass appeared perfectly distinct, each figure being well proportioned,
and having its appropriate attitude. By touching a secret spring the case
opened and exposed to view a very beautifully-painted miniature of the
unfortunate Charles, with the pointed beard, mustachios, etc., as he is
usually portrayed, and, from its resemblance to the portraits generally
seen of the monarch, having every appearance of being a strong likeness.
Within the lid of this little box (for box, in fact, it was) were
enamelled, on a dark ground, a skull and cross-bones.'

Mr. Howe, master-gunner at the castle of Carisbrooke, had a little son,
who was a great favourite of the unfortunate Charles. One day, seeing him
with a sword at his side, the King asked him what he intended doing with
it. 'To defend your Majesty from your Majesty's enemies,' was the reply,
which so pleased the King that he gave the child the signet-ring he was
wearing. It has descended to Mr. Wallace, of Southsea, a kinsman of Mr.
Cooke, of Newport, who belonged to the Howe family.

[Illustration: Royalist memorial ring.]

In Lockhart's 'Life of Scott' it is stated that Sir Henry Halford gave Sir
Walter Scott a lock of the hair of Charles I., when the royal martyr's
remains were discovered at Windsor, April 1813. Sir John Malcolm gave him
some Indian coins to supply virgin gold for the setting of this relic,
and, for some years, Sir Walter constantly wore this ring, which had the
word 'Remember' embossed upon it.

[Illustration: Memorial ring of Charles I.]

Miss Gerard is in possession of a memorial gold ring which is stated to
have been given to Bishop Juxon by Charles I., on the scaffold, since
which period it has been preserved as an heirloom in the family of the
present owner. The ring appears to resemble those of the period of Henry
VIII. It is described and engraved in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' for
October 1797. The bezel is hexagonal, with death's-head in white enamel on
black ground, surrounded by the legend 'BEHOLD . THE . ENDE;' round the
edge is the motto 'RATHER . DEATH . THEN . FALS . FAITH.' At the back the
initials 'M' and 'L' tied with a mourning ribbon.

This interesting 'memorial' was exhibited at the Loan Exhibition of
Ancient and Modern Jewellery at the South Kensington Museum in 1872.

In the Braybrooke Collection is one of the Royalist mourning-rings, of
gold, with slight hoop beautifully inlaid with black enamel, the top
surmounted by an oval box three quarters of an inch long, the sides of
which are ornamented with perpendicular ovals of black and white enamel
alternately. The inside or under part of the box is inlaid with fifteen
longer ovals in a similar manner, round a black centre, in imitation of a
sun-flower. The box contains a large and beautifully-painted portrait of
Charles I. on blue enamel ground, over a surface as large as half an
acorn. The base of this is bound by a narrow band of plain gold. Lord
Braybrooke described this ring as one of the most beautiful he had seen,
and, besides the superiority of the workmanship, the likeness is well
preserved.

In the same collection is a Royalist gold mourning-ring with black enamel
inlaid upon the shoulders of the hoop and also upon the circular box on
the top, which contains a sort of love-knot, or possibly intended for the
royal cipher, below a cut crystal setting.

After the execution of Dr. John Hewett, chaplain to Charles I., and the
object of Cromwell's vindictive cruelty, a mourning-ring inscribed
'Herodes necuit Johannem,' was worn by the Royalists.

The mourning-ring for King Charles II. bore the inscription 'Chs. Rex.
Remem.--obiit--ber.: 6th Feb. 1685.'

In the Waterton Collection at the South Kensington Museum is a memorial
gold ring, with oval bezel set with crystal, beneath which is a crown with
the initials 'C. R. K. B.' in gold, over hair (Charles II. and Catharine
of Braganza). English. Date about 1685. Diameter, nine-tenths of an inch.

Devices illustrative of death have frequently formed the subjects of
mourning-rings. Among some antiquities found in Sussex, and exhibited at
the Society of Antiquaries in March 1866, was the fragment of a
mourning-ring set with a coffin-shaped crystal, on which was delicately
engraved a skeleton.

In the Braybrooke Collection is a gold ring of about the end of the
sixteenth or beginning of the seventeenth century, with a hexagonal
tablet, which is inlaid with a white stone engraved with a death's-head;
round it on the gold are engraved the words 'Dye to Live.'[68]

In the same collection is a 'memento mori' ring, of bronze, with a tablet
on the hoop, half an inch square, and edges serrated; a death's-head is
engraved upon it with the above inscription. Rings with the same device
and words are alluded to by Beaumont and Fletcher in the 'Chances:'

  I'll keep it as they keep death's-heads in rings,
  To cry 'memento' to me.

Rings engraved with skulls and skeletons were not, however, necessarily
mourning-rings, but were worn also by persons who affected gravity. Luther
wore a gold ring with a small death's-head in enamel, which is now
preserved in Dresden (see 'Remarkable Rings'). Biron, in 'Love's Labour's
Lost,' refers to 'a death's face in a ring.'

Mr. Fairholt describes a ring on which two figures of skeletons surround
the finger and support a small sarcophagus. The ring is of gold,
enamelled, the skeletons being made still more hideous by a covering of
white enamel. The lid of the sarcophagus is also enamelled, with a Maltese
cross in red on a black ground studded with gilt hearts. This lid is made
to slide off and display a very minute skeleton lying within
(Londesborough Collection).

In the 'Recueil des Ouvrages d'Orfevrerie,' by Gilles l'Egare, published
in the early part of the reign of Louis XIV., is an unusually good design
for a mourning-ring with skull decorations.

In the Londesborough Collection is a fine specimen of a mourning-ring of
the early part of the last century.

[Illustration: Memorial and mortuary rings.]

In digging a grave in or near Ripon some years ago a sexton discovered an
ancient signet-ring, on which was engraved a dormouse coiled up in sleep,
with an inscription around it, in black-letter characters, 'Wake me no
man.' A similar ring is said to have been turned up in a churchyard near
Scarborough.

At a meeting of the Royal Archaeological Institute in April 1875, Mr.
Fortnum, F.S.A., exhibited a mourning-ring of Queen Anne, the bezel of
which is formed as a coffin, containing a mat of the Queen's hair, over
which are the crowned initials A. R., and a death's-head and cross-bones
beneath a piece of crystal. The hoop is enamelled black, with the
inscription 'ANNA . REGINA . PIA . FELIX,' in letters of gold; inside is
engraved, 'Nat. 5 Feb. 1664. Inaug. 8 March 1702. Obt. 1 August 1714.'

In the Braybrooke Collection is a small and delicate lady's gold
mourning-ring, in memory of Queen Mary, wife of William III. The hoop,
which is very slight, is inlaid upon the shoulders with black enamel and
surmounted by a square box for setting, ornamented with perpendicular
lines of the same down the sides. The box contains a tress of the deceased
Queen's hair, plaited, with 'M. R.' and a crown in small gold ciphers laid
over it. A crystal, cut into facets, encloses them. The under side of the
box has a death's-head and cross-bones inlaid in black enamel.

In the same collection is a gold mourning-ring, inscribed, in letters of
gold on black enamel, 'Gulielmus III. Rex., 1702.' After the 'Rex.' is a
death's-head of gold. It is a slight gold hoop with a silver frame on the
summit, set round with six small pearls, and made to imitate a buckle with
a gold tongue across it, so that the band of it, visible below, resembles
the garter.

In the collection of the late Lady Fellows was an ivory patch-box, with
figure-subject carved in relief, formerly belonging to the unfortunate
Queen Marie Antoinette, and containing a small gold ring, given by her to
one of her attendants.

Pope bequeathed sums of five pounds to friends, who were to lay them out
in rings; and Gray, the poet, in his will, gives an amount of stock to
Richard Stonehewer, adding: 'And I beg his acceptance of one of my
diamond rings.' The same bequest is given to Dr. Thomas Warton of a
diamond ring and five hundred pounds. To his cousins he leaves his
watches, rings, etc.

A touching instance of 'memorial' rings occurs in late times. The Princess
Amelia, before her death, in 1810, had the sad satisfaction of placing on
the finger of her royal father, George III., a ring made by her own
directions for the express purpose, containing a small lock of her hair
enclosed under a crystal tablet, set round with a few sparks of diamonds.
This memorial of affection, given almost on her death-bed, hastened the
attack of the mental disorder from which the King had suffered so much
about twenty years before. The circumstances attending this gift were very
affecting; she held the ring in her hand at the time of her father's
accustomed visit, and, while placing it on his finger, said, 'Take this in
remembrance of me.'

This affecting incident was commemorated by Dr. Wolcot in some elegant
lines, very different to his usual compositions:--

  With all the virtues blest, and every grace
  To charm the world and dignify the race,
  Life's taper losing fast its feeble fire,
  The fair Amelia thus bespoke her sire:
      'Faint on the bed of sickness lying,
      My spirit from its mansion flying.
  Not long the light these languid eyes will see,
      My friend, my father, and my king,
  Receive the token and remember me!'

Lord Eldon wore a mourning-ring in memory of his wife, and desired in his
will that it might be buried with him.

A very interesting memorial ring in connection with the death of Nelson is
mentioned in a communication to 'Notes and Queries' (vol. vii. 1st
series, p. 305). Mr. Nicholls, of Pelsall, Staffordshire, writes: 'I am in
possession of a ring which in place of a stone has a metal basso-relievo
representation of Nelson (half-bust). The inscription inside the ring is
as follows: "A gift to T. Moon from G. L. Stoppleberg, 1815." The late Mr.
Thomas Moon was an eminent merchant of Leeds, and the writer has always
understood that the ring referred to, is one of three or half a dozen
which were made subsequently to Nelson's death. The metal (blackish in
appearance) forming the basso-relievo, set in them, being in reality
portions of the ball which gave the late lamented and immortal admiral his
fatal wound at Trafalgar.'

Another memorial ring of the greatest of our naval commanders is described
in 'Notes and Queries' (4th series, vol. x. p. 292) as belonging to a lady
whose husband's father's aunt married Earl Nelson (a clergyman), and whose
husband inherited the ring. 'It is of gold; on the bezel, a broad oblong
with rounded corners, is a black enamelled field, surrounded by a white
border. In  enamel on the field appear two coronets, one that of a
viscount, with the velvet cap, but showing, however, only seven pearls,
the letter "N," in Old English character, appearing underneath. The second
coronet is a British ducal one, without the cap, and has under it the
letter "B" in old English. Beneath the above runs in Roman capitals the
word "Trafalgar." Round the broad hoop of the ring is incised, in Roman
capitals, "Palmam qui meruit ferat," the hero's motto, and inside the
bezel, in English cursive characters, "Lost to his country 21 Oct 1805.
Aged 47."'

Of course, the coronets and letters 'N' and 'B' refer to the titles Nelson
and Bronte, but the heraldic insignia were evidently not executed by an
adept. The case in which this ring is lodged appears to be the original
one, and has on a printed oval label 'Sa' (the rest wanting, probably
'ms'), 'Jew' (rest, of course, 'eller'), 'Silversmith, and Cutleer, 35,
Strand.'

On the subject of Nelson memorial rings, the Rev. Dr. Gatty, in 'Notes and
Queries' (4th series, vol. x. p. 356), says: 'I do not think these rings
can be very uncommon, and I have no doubt that Sir Thomas Hardy and other
officers serving under Lord Nelson received one. My wife, who is a
daughter of the Rev. A. J. Scott, D.D., Nelson's chaplain and foreign
secretary on the "Victory," has one in her possession, which was sent to
her father, and to whom Lord Nelson left a legacy of 200_l._ Our friend
Mrs. Mirehouse, a daughter of the late Bishop Fisher of Salisbury, has
also a similar ring. We have always thought they were given, after the old
fashion of "mourning" rings. The pattern is certainly handsome and
tasteful.'

Mr. H. S. Williams, F.R.H.S., writing to the editor of 'Notes and Queries'
(4th series, vol. x. p. 441), remarks that rings (with the Viscount's
coronet with 'N' beneath it for the title Viscount Nelson, the ducal
coronet, that of Sicily, for the Bronte estate and dukedom) of this
description were made in 1806 by Lord Nelson's private friend Salter,
jeweller in the Strand, and by the order of Dr. William Nelson, who was
then Earl Nelson. There were fully a hundred of these rings originally
made, as every admiral and post captain, then living, who was present at
the Battle of Trafalgar had one, as well as every member of the Nelson,
Bolton, and Matcham families.

The custom of decorating the dead with their jewellery (including rings)
has been traced in a remarkable manner to the earliest periods of the
world's history. In Genesis xli. 56, 57, we read: 'The famine was over all
the face of the earth, and Joseph opened all the storehouses, and sold
unto all the Egyptians; and the famine waxed sore in the land of Egypt.
And _all countries_ came into Egypt for to buy corn, because that the
famine was so sore in all lands.'

But Joseph could not empty the storehouses of Egypt to satisfy the
cravings of all lands, nor sell away the bread of Egypt at any price when
money became less precious than bread.

Such was the state of things when an Arabian princess in Yemen wrote, or
when in her name were written, to be inscribed on her sepulchre, some
impressive lines. Ebn Hesham relates that a flood of rain had laid bare a
sepulchre in Yemen, in which lay a woman having on her neck seven collars
of pearls, and on her hands and feet bracelets and armlets, and
ankle-rings, seven on each, _and on every finger a ring in which was set a
jewel of great price_, and at her head a coffer filled with treasure, and
a tablet with an inscription thus translated by Mr. Forster:--

  In thy name, O God, the God of Himyar,
  I, Tajah, the daughter of Dzu Shefar, sent my servant to Joseph,
  And he delaying to return to me, I sent my handmaid,
  With a measure of silver, to bring me back a measure of flour:
  And not being able to procure it, I sent her with a measure of gold:
  And not being able to procure it, I commanded them to the ground:
  And finding no profit in them, I am shut up here.
  Whosoever may hear of it, let him commiserate me;
  And should any woman adorn herself with an ornament
  From my ornaments, may she die with no other than my death.

Inexorable with the Arabian princess, severe with his own brethren, proof
against the blandishments of Potiphar's wife, yet susceptible of every
pure and generous affection, this saviour of Egypt was ever consistent
with himself.[69]

This Biblical monument confirms in a remarkable manner the truth of the
Old Testament history.

In opening ancient sepulchral barrows plain or jewelled rings have in many
instances been found, which, perhaps, a widowed wife or widower took from
their fingers, and flung, in the intensity of their grief, into the graves
of those they mourned. A modern instance of this is given in the 'Times'
of October 28, 1865, when, at the funeral of Lord Palmerston in
Westminster Abbey, the chief mourner, the Rev. Mr. Sullivan, as 'a
precious offering to the dead,' threw into the grave several diamond and
gold rings. Small rings are frequently met with on the breasts of mummies.
At the excavations at Veii and Praeneste, by Padre Raffaele Garucchi, a
great quantity of tiny rings of yellow and blue enamel were found, of a
similar character to those mentioned.

It was customary among the Anglo-Saxons to place rings and other ornaments
in the grave: an early Anglo-Saxon poem, recounting the adventures of the
chieftain Beowulf and his burial, states 'they put into the mound rings
and bright gems.'

The custom of burying corpses with a ring on the finger continued for
ages, as I have remarked in several chapters of this work. Annexed is an
illustration, from the 'Archaeologia' (vol. ii. p. 32, 1773), of a ring
with seventy-five table-diamonds, set in gold, found in 1748 in a grave at
Carne, seven miles west of Mullinghar, in the county of Westmeath,
Ireland.

[Illustration: Squared-work diamond ring found in Ireland.]

In the antiquarian researches in the Ionian Isles in 1812 ('Archaeologia,'
vol. xxxiii.) some rings were discovered in tombs at Samo and Ithaca. One
of these appears to have been a silver finger-ring, or signet, bearing on
the upper part an elliptic piece of glass or crystal, in a state of
decomposition, turning on the wire that passes through it.

The other is a gold ring of solid fabric, having for device the figure of
a female with a bare head; one arm is enveloped in the folds of her dress,
while the other hand is pouring incense on a slender altar. A zigzag
garland surrounds the verge of the field. The locality would suggest that
it may represent Penelope sacrificing to some tutelar deity, and invoking
it to conduct Ulysses home in safety--a conceit which might hold good,
even were the work decided to be Roman.

There are some remarkably fine specimens of rings in the Royal Danish
Museum, which have been discovered in Scandinavian graves, and some of
which are represented in the chapter on 'Rings from the Earliest Period'
(p. 68).

On the opening of some barrows on the wolds of Yorkshire in 1815, 1816,
and 1817, among other disinterments was the skeleton of a female, and some
of her ornaments; amongst others, a ring of red amber, in exterior
diameter 1-5/8 in., in interior diameter half an inch. Also a small ring
scarcely one inch in diameter, and a ring of very nearly standard gold,
weighing 3 dwts. 21 grs. In front this ring is clasped in a kind of rose,
or quatrefoil, and it is an ornament by no means of despicable
workmanship. The era of this interment is supposed to be prior to a
general extension of Christianity in Britain.

Stukeley (Abury, p. 45) records the finding of a flat gold ring in a
barrow at Yatesbury. Douglas, in his discoveries of a later date ('Nenia
Brit.' p. 117), says 'rings to the finger seldom occur of any ponderous
metal, like the Roman ones of gold, silver, and bronze.'

In the museum at Mayence (the Roman Maguntiacum, or Mogontiacum), so
exceedingly rich in antiquarian remains, there are some fine specimens of
finger-rings found in Franconian graves. The following illustration
represents a gold ring, set with a coin, which is probably the copy of a
Roman one:--

[Illustration: Mortuary ring at Mayence.]

In the second cut the inscription of the reverse, excepting a few letters,
is erased in the process of fastening the ring to it, by the melting of
the metal.

[Illustration: Mortuary ring at Mayence.]

A metal ring with inscription translated 'In Dei nomine, Amen.'

A gold finger-ring with a figure in the centre of the shield; the
ornaments of dragons on the outer panels are inlaid with dark blue
enamel:--

[Illustration: Mortuary ring at Mayence.]

In ancient times rings were burnt with the corpse. When Cynthia's shade
appears to Propertius, he remarks: 'Et solitam digito adederat ignis;' 'a
fact (remarks the Rev. C. W. King) which fully accounts for the number of
fine intagli partly or wholly calcined which every collector meets with
not unfrequently, and often with the greatest regret at the destruction of
some matchless specimen of the skill of the engraver.'

At the burial of Caesar we are told that, among the tokens of grief
exhibited by the Romans, the matrons burned on his funeral pyre their
personal ornaments, the robes and even the rings of their sons.

'The Greeks and Romans,' observes Mr. Fairholt, 'literally revelled in
rings of all styles and sizes. Nothing can be more beautiful in design and
exquisite in finish than Greek jewellery; and the custom of decorating
their dead with the most valued of these ornaments has furnished modern
museums with an abundance of fine specimens.'

The two rings next represented are copied from originals found in the more
modern Etruscan sepulchres, and are probably contemporary with the
earliest days of the Roman Empire.

In one of these rings the hoop is not perfected, each extremity ending in
a broad, leaf-shaped ornament, most delicately banded with threads of
beaded and twisted wire, acting as a brace upon the finger.

[Illustration: Gold rings from Etruscan sepulchres.]

Lord Braybrooke purchased in 1849 a Roman gold finger-ring, set with an
intaglio in ribbon onyx, which was found in a Roman stone coffin at York:
subject, a Fortuna Redux. In the same collection is a very curious and
massive gold mourning-ring formed of two knotted withes twisted together;
the knots are hollowed to receive enamel. The inscription inside the hoop
is, in old English characters: 'When ye loke on thys, thyncke on hym who
gave ye thys.' This ring was found in the Thames at Westminster.

[Illustration: Ring found at Amiens.]

In the Londesborough Collection is the representation of a ring found upon
the hand of a lady's skeleton, who was buried with her child in a
sarcophagus discovered in 1846 in a field near Amiens, called 'Le Camp de
Cesar;' on two of her fingers were rings, one of which was set with ten
round pearls, the other, represented in the collection mentioned, is of
gold, in which is set a red cornelian, engraved with a rude representation
of Jupiter riding on the goat Amalthea. The child also wore a ring, with
an engraved stone. The whole of the decorations for the person found in
this tomb proclaim themselves late Roman work, probably of the time of
Diocletian.

It is customary in Russia on the death of a sovereign to distribute
mourning-rings to those connected with the imperial court. A writer in
'Notes and Queries' (4th series, vol. iii. p. 322) remarks: 'When I was at
St. Petersburg, I saw one of the rings given on the death of the late
Emperor Nicholas. They were in the form of a serpent, enamelled black.
Attached to the head and within the body of the ring was a narrow band of
metal inscribed with the name of Nicholas, and the date of his death. This
band was held within by a spring, in the same way as a spring
measuring-tape. The serpent's head was mounted with two diamonds for eyes.
The ring I saw was presented to the gentleman in whose possession it then
was by reason of his official appointment of dentist to the imperial
family.'

In early times it was usual to bury sovereigns with their rings. During
some repairs at Winchester Cathedral in 1768 a monument was discovered
containing the body of King Canute. On his forefinger was a ring
containing a very fine stone.

In the 'Archaeologia' (vol. xlii. part ii. p. 309) is an account, by the
Rev. J. G. Joyce, B.A., F.S.A., of the opening and removal of a tomb in
Winchester Cathedral in 1868, reported to be that of King William Rufus.
Gale, in his 'History of Winchester,' states that the tomb was broken open
during the civil wars, and amongst other articles found was a large gold
ring. The body of Rufus, however, had been removed out of the tomb in
which it had originally lain (whether this or another) many years before
the civil wars broke out. Stow gives this testimony, and an inscription
upon a mortuary chest into which the bones of Rufus were translated
(1525), and which inscription was repeated a second time (1661). There is
reason for doubting whether this ring really belonged to King Rufus, and
that the tomb supposed to be that of the King is that of an ecclesiastical
dignitary. The Rev. J. G. Joyce adds: 'I have not dwelt upon the ring,
because, while Milner, after Gale, alleges such a ring to have been taken
out of the tomb by the rebels, it is open to uncertainty whether this be
actually the one, and if so it was assuredly in company with the chalice
(found with the ring), and so makes against Rufus, and in favour of a more
saintly occupant.'

The ring known as that found in this tomb is not of gold, but of bronze
gilt. It is apparently intended for the thumb, very coarsely executed, and
has a plain square imitation jewel, which is a very poor copy of a
sapphire. A representation of this and another ring from tombs in
Winchester Cathedral are here given, from Woodward and Wilks' 'History of
Hampshire' (London, 1858-69).

[Illustration: Ring found in the tomb of William Rufus, Winchester
Cathedral.]

[Illustration: Ring discovered at Winchester Cathedral.]

According to Matthew Paris, Henry II. was arrayed after death in his royal
vestments, having a golden crown on his head and a great ring on the
finger. The will of Richard II. directs that he should be buried with a
ring, _according to royal custom_. The same monarch, as Grafton states,
caused the dead body of Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland, to be arrayed in
princely garments, garnished with a chain of gold, and rich rings put on
his fingers, with his face uncovered.

As an instance of royal interments with a ring at a late period, I may
mention that of William Frederic, Duke of Gloucester, who married his
cousin the Princess Mary, daughter of George III. He was buried in his
uniform, and wore on his finger a ring which had been an early love-gift
to him from the Princess whom he married.

[Illustration: Ring of Childeric.]

In 1562 the Calvinists rifled the tomb of Queen Matilda, consort of
William the Conqueror, in the church of the Holy Trinity at Caen. One of
the party observed a gold ring with a sapphire on one of the Queen's
fingers, and, taking it off, presented it to the Abbess of Montmorenci.

The same custom of monarchs being buried with their rings prevailed in
France during the early and middle ages. The gold ring of Childeric I.,
formerly in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris, was found in the King's
tomb at Tournay. It bore the inscription 'Childirici regis.'[70]

'The ring was not set with a gem, but had an oval bezel in the gold,
engraved with his bust in front face, holding a spear as in the type of
the contemporary Byzantine aurei. He wore the long hair of the Merovingian
line. Traces remained of the legend 'Childirici Regis.' The intaglio was
very neatly cut, infinitely superior to the execution of the Merovingian
coin-dies, and, in fact, so much in the style of Leo's aurei, that it
might reasonably be supposed a present sent, with other offerings, from
Constantinople' (the Rev. C. W. King, 'Handbook of Engraved Gems'). The
engraving is taken from J. J. Chiflet's 'Anastasis.'

In 1793, at the exhumation of the bodies buried at the Abbey of St. Denis,
rings were found in several of the royal tombs. That of Jeanne de Bourbon,
consort of Charles V., was of gold, with the remains of bracelets and
chains. The ring of Philippe le Bel was also of gold; that of Jeanne de
Bourgoyne, first wife of Philippe de Valois, was of silver, as also the
ring of Charles le Bel.

To the ancient custom of interring prelates with their rings I have
alluded in the chapter on 'Rings in Connection with Ecclesiastical
Usages.'

In 1780 the tomb of the great German Emperor Frederic, who died in 1250,
was opened, and the body discovered arrayed in embroidered robes, booted,
spurred, and crowned. A costly emerald ring was on one of the fingers,
and the ball and sceptre in the hands.

Some interesting 'memorial' rings were shown at the Loan Exhibition of
Ancient and Modern Jewellery at the South Kensington Museum in 1872, the
principal of which I have already mentioned. One of gold, oval bezel, set
round with amethysts, had, beneath glass, a representation of a fallen
tree, and a funeral urn with initials; the motto, 'Fallen to rise;' date,
1779; the property of Mr. G. F. Duncombe. Dr. Ashford exhibited a memorial
gold ring, hasp enamelled on the outside in black, with figure of a
skeleton and funereal emblems. Date, 1715. Five rings belonging to Mrs. M.
E. Vere Booth Powell; one of gold, oval bezel set round with rubies, in
the centre an urn jewelled with diamonds beneath a weeping willow; dated
at back 1779. A ring with a long, pointed, oval bezel, with miniature of a
female figure seated beside an inscribed pedestal, on which is an urn;
date, 1788. Another of a similar form, with miniature of an old man
holding a skull, seated near a Gothic building; inscribed, 'Omnia
vanitas;' 1782. A duplicate of this ring, undated. A ring with long
eight-sided bezel, gold, with dark-blue translucent enamel; in the centre
an urn set with diamonds; dated 1790. A gold ring, bezel set with portrait
of Charles I.; the property of the Rev. W. B. Hawkins. A massive gold
ring, enamelled and set with sapphire, engraved inside, 'Napoleon
Buonaparte a Joachim Murat,' 1809; exhibited by Mr. George Bonnor. A gold
ring, richly chased and enamelled in black, the bezel square, with rounded
top, which opens, showing within a representation of a corpse; Italian,
sixteenth century; the property of Dr. Ashford. A gold ring, in the centre
of which is a death's-head in enamel, with the legend 'Memento mori' in
enamelled black letters; sixteenth century. Also, a gold ring with bezel
hollow; has had upon it a death's-head in enamel, inscribed 'Remember
Death;' round the edge of the bezel is 'Yeman + + joyce;' early sixteenth
century. A gold ring, hexagonal bezel with motto 'Death * sy * myn *
eritag +'; sixteenth century. The last three rings were exhibited by R. H.
Soden Smith, Esq., F.S.A. Memorial ring with portrait of Augustus III.,
son of Augustus the Strong, King of Poland and Saxony; early eighteenth
century. Another with enamelled skull, set with diamonds, probably German
of the seventeenth century; also, one of the same date, enamelled, with
skull and female face. The property of C. Drury Fortnum, Esq., F.S.A.




CHAPTER VIII.

POSY, INSCRIPTION, AND MOTTO RINGS.


Within the hoop of the betrothal ring it was customary from the middle of
the sixteenth to the close of the eighteenth century to inscribe a motto
or 'posy' (poesie), consisting chiefly of a very simple sentiment.

[Illustration: Motto and device rings.]

Shakspeare, in the 'Merchant of Venice' (act v. scene 1), makes Gratiano,
when asked by Portia the reason of his quarrel with Nerissa, answer:

  About a hoop of gold, a paltry ring,
  That she did give me, whose posy was
  For all the world like cutler's poetry
  Upon a knife, _Love me and leave me not_.

Hamlet (act iii. scene 2) says--

  Is this a prologue, or the posy of a ring?

In 'As You Like It' (act iii. scene 2) Jaques remarks: 'You are full of
pretty answers; have you not been acquainted with goldsmiths' wives, and
conned them out of rings?'

In Ben Jonson's comedy, 'The Magnetic Lady,' the parson, compelled to form
a hasty wedding, asks:

  Have you a wedding ring?

To which he receives an answer--

  Ay, and a posie:
  _Annulus hic nobis, quod sic uterque, dabit_.

He exclaims:

                                  --------Good!
  _This ring will give you what you both desire_;
  I'll make the whole house chant it, and the parish.

The following illustration represents a posy-ring of the simplest form,
such as would be in use in the early part of the seventeenth century.

[Illustration: Posy-ring.]

Herrick, in his 'Hesperides,' says:

  What posies for our wedding-rings,
  What gloves we'll give and ribbonings!

And in his 'Church Miserie':

  Indeed, at first, man was a treasure;
  A box of jewels, shop of rarities,
  A ring whose posie was 'my pleasure.'

And in the same work, 'The Posie:'

  Lesse than the least
  Of all Thy mercies is my posie still:
  This on my ring,
  This, by my picture, in my book I write.

Some of these posies and inscriptions are very appropriate and tender;
others are quaint and whimsical. Not the least curious among the latter is
that, well known, of Dr. John Thomas, Bishop of Lincoln, in 1753, who had
been married three times. On his fourth espousals he had the following
motto inscribed on his wedding-ring:

  If I survive
  I'll make thee five.

Burke, in his 'Anecdotes of the Aristocracy,' states that Lady Cathcart,
on marrying her fourth husband, Hugh Macguire, had inscribed on her
wedding-ring:

  If I survive
  I will have five.

In far better taste than these was the motto on the ring presented by
Bishop Cokes to his wife on the day of their marriage. It bore the
representations of a hand, a heart, a mitre, and a death's-head, with the
words:

  These three I give to thee,
  Till the fourth set me free.

'On the wedding-ring that Dr. George Bull, Bishop of St. David's (1703),
gave to his wife, was the inscription: "Bene parere, parare det mihi
Deus"--a prayer she might be a prolific mother, an obedient wife, and a
good housekeeper. The prayer was heard; she had five sons and six
daughters, lived in wedlock happily fifty years, and was esteemed a model
housekeeper' (Singer).

Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, died 1439, had three daughters, who
all married noblemen. Margaret's husband was John Talbot, Earl of
Shrewsbury, and the motto of her wedding ring was, 'Till deithe depart.'
Alianour married Edmund, Duke of Somerset, and her motto was, 'Never
newe.' Elizabeth married Lord Latimer, and hers was, 'Til my live's end.'

The custom of having posies on rings is thus alluded to in the 'Art of
English Poesie,' published in 1589: 'There be also another like epigrams
that were sent usually for New Year's gifts, or to be printed or put upon
banketting dishes of sugar-plate or of March paines, etc.; they were
called Nenia or Apophoreta, and never contained above one verse, or two at
the most, but the shorter the better. We call them poesies, and do paint
them now-a-dayes upon the back sides of our fruit-trenchers of wood, or
_use them as devises in ringes_ and armes.'

Henry VIII. gave Anne of Cleves a ring with the posy 'God send me well to
kepe'--a most unpropitious alliance, for the King expressed his dislike to
her soon after the marriage. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
posies were generally placed outside the ring.

In 1624 a collection of posies was printed, with the title, 'Love's
Garland, or Posies for Rings, Handkerchiefs, and Gloves, and such pretty
Tokens as Lovers send their Loves.'

At a meeting of the Archaeological Institute, in March 1863, some curious
posy rings were exhibited by the Rev. James Beck; one, of particular
interest, dating from the early part of the fifteenth century, had been
dug up at Godstow Priory, Oxfordshire. It is a broad massive hoop of gold,
of small diameter, suited for a lady's finger. The decoration on the hoop
consists of three lozenge-shaped panels, in which are represented the
Trinity, the Blessed Virgin with the infant Saviour, and a Saint, nimbed,
clad in a monastic habit, with the cowl falling upon the shoulders. The
intervening spaces are chased with foliage and flowers of the
forget-me-not; the whole surface was enriched with enamel, of which no
remains are now visible. Within the hoop is delicately engraved in small
black-letter character:

  Most in mynd and yn myn herrt
  Lothest from you ferto deparrt.

Also a plain gold hoop of the sixteenth century, found in 1862 at
Glastonbury Abbey, within which is engraved 'Devx. corps. vng. cver,' with
the initials 'C. M.' united by a true-love knot. Several plain gold rings
of the seventeenth century were also shown, inscribed with the following
posies, in each case within the hoop:--

  I haue obtain'd whom God ordain'd.
  God unite our hearts aright.
  Knitt in one by Christ alone,
  Wee joyne our loue in god aboue.
  Joyn'd in one by god a lone,
  God above send peace and love.

At the Loan Exhibition of Ancient and Modern Jewellery at the South
Kensington Museum in 1872, J. W. Singer, Esq.,[71] contributed a
collection of posy rings, the mottos, for the most part, inscribed within
the hoop.

    Gold, English of the fifteenth century, inscribed in Gothic letters
    'Gevoudroy.'

    Another of the same date, gold; on the outside are engraved four
    Maltese crosses; within, three Gothic letters, apparently E.

    Gold, English, early sixteenth century, inscribed in large semi-Gothic
    characters, [Maltese cross]I x x AM x x YOURS x x K : S.

    Gold, chased, has been enamelled [Maltese cross]ESPOIR. EN. DIEU.
    (English, late sixteenth century.)

    Gold, massive, 'MY HART AND I UNTILL I DY.' (English, late sixteenth
    century.)

    Gold, massive, 'I LOVE AND LIKE MY CHOYSE.' (English, early
    seventeenth century.)

    Silver gilt: within, 'I CHUSE NOT TO CHANGE.' (English, seventeenth
    century.)

    Gold, chased, traces of enamel, [Maltese cross]Let. Reson. Rule.
    (English, seventeenth century.)

    Gold, chased, 'Let reason rule affection.' (English, seventeenth
    century.)

    Gold, chased, traces of black enamel, 'A token of good-will.'
    (English, seventeenth century.)

    Brass, 'Live in Loue.' (English, seventeenth century.)

Rings with double-line posies:

    Gold, 'In God aboue and Christ his Sonne, We too are joyned both in
    one.' (English, seventeenth century.)

    Gold, 'Who feares the Lord are blest, wee see; Such thou and I God
    grant may bee.' (English, seventeenth century.)

    Gold, 'As I in thee have made my choyce, So in the Lord let vs
    rejoice.' 1637, W. D. A. (English, seventeenth century.)

    Gold, 'As I expect so let me find, A faithfull [Heart] and constant
    mind.' (English, seventeenth century.)

    Gold, 'I like my choyce, so will. . . .' the remainder obliterated.
    (English, seventeenth century.)

    Gold, chasing worn away, 'Tho' little, accept it,' letters black
    enamelled. (English, early eighteenth century.)

    Gold, chased with representation of skeleton, cross-bones, and
    hour-glass encircling the hoop; has been enamelled black, 'You and I
    will lovers dye.' (English, about 1720.)

    Gold, 'Fear the Lord and rest content, So shall we live and not
    repent. B. W. 1730.' (English, eighteenth century.)

    Gold, chased, inscribed within 'T. Rowe, C. obt. 13 May, 1715, aet.
    28.' Worn by Mrs. Elizabeth Rowe, the poetess.

    Gold, overlaid with open-work pattern of flowers in  enamel,
    'Rite to requite.' (English, eighteenth century.)

    Silver, two hands holding a heart, 'Love and feare God.' (English,
    eighteenth century.)

    Gold, massive, 'Virtus est pretiosa gemma. Auribus frequentius quam
    lingua utere.' Outside, in Gothic letters, 'Voluptate capiuntur
    homines non minus quam hamo pisces.' (Modern English.)

A double-line gold wedding-ring in the collection of Mr. J. W. Singer
bears the words:

  Them which God copleth
  Let no man put them asonder.

This ring is a very early sixteenth-century one, and shows that
wedding-rings were not, formerly, the plain ones of the present day, but
were ornamented with fine work. Mr. Singer has several rings of this
description, ornamented in the same way.

    Je sui ici en liu dami (Je suis ici en lieu d'ami).

    No treasure like a treu friend. (Eighteenth century.)

    Not to but on, till life be gon.

    Correct our ways; Love all our dayes.

    Hearts united live contented.

    No cut to unkindness.

    Conceave consent, confirme content.

    No recompenc but remembrance.

    Vertue only bringeth felicitie.

[The above nine rings from the Braybrooke Collection.]


From the Waterton Collection in the South Kensington Museum:

    [Symbol]Amour[Symbol]Merci. (French, fourteenth century.)

    Pensez deli Parkisvici (pensez de lui par que je suis ici). (English,
    early fifteenth century.)

    Je. le. de. sir. (English, late fifteenth century.)

    Por tous jours. (English, fifteenth century.)

    Nul sans peyn; _inside_, Sans mal desyr. (English, early sixteenth
    century.)

    + My worldely joye alle my trust + hert, thought, lyfe, and lust.
    (English, early sixteenth century.)

    A plain gold hoop ring, inscribed within with a heart pierced with an
    arrow, and the word 'Eygen,' a star, and the word 'Uwer.' (Dutch or
    German, sixteenth century.)

    Devx. corps, vng. ever. (English, sixteenth century.)

    C'est mon plaisir. (English, sixteenth century.)

    + Quant. dieu. plera. melior. sera. (English, sixteenth century.)

    Pour bien. (English, sixteenth century.)

    My wille were. (English, sixteenth century.)

    Time. deum. me. ama. qd RIE. (English, sixteenth century.)

    + Observe Wedloke; _inside_, Memento mori. (English, sixteenth
    century.)

    Loyalte na peur. (French, seventeenth century.)

    Let liking last. (English, seventeenth century.)

    This sparke will grow (set with a diamond). (English, seventeenth
    century.)

    Accept this gift of honest love, which never could nor can remove. 1.
    Hath tide. 2. Mee sure. 3. Whilst life. 4. Doth last. (English,
    seventeenth century.)

    + MB. Remember + the (a heart) + that + is + in + payne. (English,
    seventeenth century.)

    Time lesseneth not my love. (English, seventeenth century.)

    In constancie I live and dye. (English, seventeenth century.)

    Love the truth. (English, seventeenth century.)

    My promise past shall always last. (English, eighteenth century.)

    You have me hart. (Lady's betrothal ring. English, eighteenth
    century.)

    Love ever. (English, seventeenth century.)

    Love true, 'tis joy. (English, early seventeenth century.)

    Love me. (English, eighteenth century.)

    Keepe. fayth. till. deth.

    I fancy noe butt thee alone.

    + Not this but mee;
    * yf. this. then me.

    Wheare grace is found
    Love doth abound.

    My soul will keep thine company to heaven.

Mr. Singer informs me that his early pre-Reformation wedding-rings have
the motto prefaced with a cross, and, as this died out, the remains of a
cross, in a kind of rude _star_, sometimes carried on between each word.

Mr. Singer has one bronze wedding-ring with a motto, found in Wiltshire,
but numerous silver ones.

    Ma vie et mon amour
    Finiront en un jour.

    Dieu nous unisse
    Pour son service.

    Seconde moi pour te rendre heureuse.

    Nos deux coeurs sont unis.

    En ma fidelite je finirai ma vie.

    Domine dirige nos.

        Let us agree.

        Continue constant.

        My love is true
        To none but you.

        The gift is small,
        But love is all.

        In God and thee
        My joy shall be.

        Let not absence banish love.

        Love in thee is my desire.

        Whear this i giue
        I wish to liue.

        Let vs loue
        Like turtle doue.

        God saw thee
        Most fit for me

(on the wedding-ring of the wife of John Dunton, the bookseller).

    God did decree this unitie.

    Where hearts agree, there God will be.

    I have obtained whom God ordained.

    Virtue passeth riches.

    No force can move affixed Love.

    Vnited hartes Death only partes.

    Liue, loue, and be happie.

    The love is true that I O U.

    My love is fixt, I will not range.
    I like my choice too well to change.

    This is the thing I wish to win.

    Well projected if accepted.

    God thought fitt this knott to knitt.

    A loving wife prolongeth life.

    Let virtue be a guide to thee.

    Thy Desart hath won my hearte.

    Death only partes two loving heartes.

    * B * TRVE * IN * HARTE *.

    True loue is lye to man and wye.
    (True love is life to man and wife.)

    Lett Death leade loue to rest.

    To Bodys on harte.

    Good will is aboue Gould.

    True love is the bond of peace.

    A virtuous wife preserveth life.

    Let our contest bee who loves best.

    No chance prevents the Lord's intents.

    I joy in thee, joy thou in me.

    And this also will pass away.

    Fear God, honour the Prince,
    Lye still Joan, and don't wince.

    If thee dosn't work, thee shasn't eat.
            (From Monmouthshire.)

From the 'Card of Courtship; or, The Language of Love, fitted to the
Humours of all Degrees, Sexes, and Conditions,' 1653:

    Thou art my star, be not irregular.

    Without thy love I backward move.

    Thine eyes so bright are my chief delight.

    This intimates the lover's states.

    My life is done when thou art gone.

    This hath no end, my sweetest friend.

    Our loves be so, no ending know.

    Love and joye can never cloye.

    The pledge I prove of mutuall love.

    I love the rod and thee and God. 1646.

    All I refuse, but thee I chuse.

    Gift and giver, your servants ever.

    Non moechaberis.

    Tuut mon coer.

    Mulier viro subjecta esto.

    Sans departir a nul autre.

    Tout mon cuer avez.

    Lel ami avet.

    Par ce present ami aumer rent.
    (By this gift to love me given.)

    Let Reason rule.

    J'aime mon choix.

    A vous a jamais.

    Je suis content.

    L'amour nous unit.

    Je suis content, j'ai mon desir.

    Je vous aime d'un amour extreme.

    Ce que Dieu conjoint, l'homme ne le separe point.

    Desire hath no rest.

    This and my heart.

    Acceptance is my comfort.

    God us ayde

(on a curious old ring, chased with the Nortons' motto),

    =i h c= Naserus rex Judiorum me serere +.

    My giving this begins thy bliss.

    Remember Him who died for thee,
    And after that remember me.

    Let me wish thee full happy be.

    Tibi soli

(on Beau Fielding's ring; _temp._ Queen Anne).

From a Commonplace Book of the seventeenth century in Sion College
Library:

  There is no other, and I am he,
  That loves no other, and thou art she.

  Eye doth find, heart doth choose,
  Faith doth bind, death doth lose.

  Let us be one    { To live in love
  Till we are none { I love to live.

  Love well, and   { Virtus non vultus
  Live well.       { Patior ut potiar.
            Sequor ut consequar.

  I seek to be
  Not thine, but thee.

  Nowe ys thus

(inscription upon a gold ring found about 1786 on the site of the battle
of Towton, Yorkshire. The weight was more than an ounce; it had no stone,
but a lion passant was cut upon the gold. The inscription was in old black
characters. The crest is that of the Percy family, and it is supposed the
ring was worn by the Earl of Northumberland on the day of the battle
(March 29, 1461). The motto seems to allude to the times: 'The age is
fierce as a lion').

    Je change qu'en mourant. Unalterable to my Perdita through life

(inscribed on a ring presented to Mrs. Robinson, by the Prince Regent,
afterwards George IV.).

    If love I finde, I will bee kinde.

    In thee my choyse how I reioyce.

    In thee my choice I do rejoice

(this posy is on a massive gold ring, which is thus described by a writer
in 'Notes and Queries':--In the centre of the ornamentation outside is a
shield, with three lions passant on it. On the right of the shield H, and
on the left of it I, each letter having an old-fashioned crown over it. At
the extreme ends of the ornamentation, outside the letters H and I are
three fleurs-de-lys).

    Take _hand_ and _heart_, ile nere depart.

    Live and dye in constancy.

    A vertuous wife y{t} serveth life.

    As long as life your loving wife.

    I will be yours while breath indures.

    Love is sure where faith is pure.

    A vertuous wife doth banish strife.

    As God hath made my choyse in thee,
    So move thy _heart_ to comfort mee.

    God y{t} hath kept thy _heart_ for mee,
    Grant that our love may faithfull bee.

    God our love continue ever,
    That we in heaven may live together.

    The _eye_ did find, y{e} _heart_ did chuse,
    The _hand_ doth bind, till death doth loose.

    First feare y{e} Lord, then rest content,
    So shall we live and not repent.

    Breake not thy vow to please the eye,
    But keepe thy love, so live and dye.

    I am sent to salute you from a faithfull friend.

    This and my heart.

    Acceptance is my comfort.

    Too light to requite.

    Patience is a noble virtue.

    Lost all content, if not consent.

    A friend to one as like to none.

    Your sight, my delight.

    Virtue meeting, happy greeting.

    As trust, bee just.

    For a kiss, take this.

    No better smart shall change my heart.

    Hurt not y{r} _heart_ whose joy thou art

    My heart and I until I dye.

    Sweetheart I pray doe not say nay.

    My heart you have and yours I crave.

    As you now find so judge me kind.

    Let this present my good intent (1758).

    One word for all, I love and shall.

    My constant love shall never move.

    Like and take, mislike forsake.

    The want of thee is griefe to mee.

    Be true to me y{t} gives it thee.

    Privata di te moriro.
    Deprived of thee I die.

    Till y{t} I have better
    I remayne your detter.

    Mon esprit est partout.
    Mon coeur est avec vous.

    Lite to requite.

    Faithfull ever, deceitefull never.

    I present, you absent.

    Despise not mee, y{t} ioyes in thee.

    I live, I love, and live contented,
    And make my choice not to be repented.

    Desire hath set my heart on fire.

    I hope to see you yielde to mee.

    Both, or neither, chuse you whether.

    _Heart_, this, and mee, if you agree.

    This accepted, my wish obtained.

    This accepted, my wish affected.

    Thy friend am I, and so will dye.

    O y{t} I might have my delight.

    Parting is payne when love doth remayne.

    My corne is growne, love reape thy owne.

    This thy desert shall crown my heart.

    I fancy none but thee alone.

    God sent her me my wife to be.

    God's appointment is my contentment.

    This is your will to save or kill.

    If you but consent, you shall not repent.

    If you deny, then sure I dye.

    W{th} teares I mourne, as one forlorne.

    A friend to one, as like to none.

    Your sight, my delight.

    Grieve not his heart whose joy thou art.

    First love Christ that died for thee.
    Next to Hym love none but me.

    Joye day and night bee our delight.

    Divinely knitt by Grace are wee,
    Late two, now one; the pledge here see.
                B. & A. (1657).

    Loue and liue happy (1689).

    Avoid all strife 'twixt man and wife.

    Joyfull loue this ring do proue.

    In thee, deare wife, I finde new life.

    Of rapturous joye I am the toye.

    In thee I prove the joy of love.

    In loving wife spend all thy life (1697).

    True love will ne'er remove.

    In unitie let's live and dy.

    Happy in thee hath God made me.

    I loue myself in louing thee.

    Silence ends strife with man and wife.

    More weare--more were (1652).

    I kiss the rod from thee and God.

    This ring doth binde body and minde.

    Endless as this shall be our bliss
                        (Thos. Bliss, 1719).

    Death neuer parts such loving hearts.

    Loue and respect I doe expect.

    No gift can show the love I ow.

    Loue thy chast wife beyond thy life (1681).

    Loue and pray night and daye.

    Great joye in thee continually.

    My fond delight by day and night.

    Pray to love, love to pray (1647).

    Honour et Foye

(inscription on a gold ring belonging to Earl Fitzwilliam):

[Illustration: Motto ring.]

    Body and minde in thee I finde.

    Deare wife, thy rod doth leade to God.

    God alone made us two one.

    Eternally my loue shal be.

    Worship is due to God and you.

    God aboue continew our loue.

    I wish to thee all joie may bee.

    With my body I worship thee.

    Beyond this life, loue me, deare wife.

    Rien ne m'est plus,
    Plus ne me rien (fifteenth century).

    Une seule me suffit.
    Elle m'a bien conduite.

    De cuer entier.

    In adversis etiam fida.
    Even in adversity faithful.

Device--a mouse gnawing away the net in which a lion is caught.

    Non immemor beneficii.
    Mindful of kindness.

    All that I desire of the Lord is to fear God and love me.

    En bon foy.

    I cannot show the love I O.

    I love and like my choice.

    Ryches be unstable
      And beuty wyll dekay,
    But faithful love will ever last
      Till death dryve it away.

On a mediaeval armillary ring, consisting of eight rings, one within the
other, each having a portion of the motto:

  W. [HEART] A. [HAND POINTING TO RIGHT] D. G. CS,
  T. L. A. L. A. R. CT.

  (Where heart and hand do give consent,
  There live and love and rest content.)

Device--a golden apple.

    Vous le meritez.
    You deserve it.

    I change only in Death.

    Love I like thee; sweets requite mee.

    Faithfull ever, deceitful never.

    I like, I love, as turtle dove.

    As gold is pure, so love is shure.

From 'The Mysteries of Love and Eloquence; or, the Arts of Wooing and
Complementing, as they are manag'd in the Spring Garden, Hide Park, the
New Exchange, and other eminent places' (London, 1658, pp. 154, 157):

    Thou wert not handsom, wise, but rich;
    'Twas that which did my eyes bewitch.

    Divinely knit by God are we,
    Late one, now two, the pledge you see.

    We strangely met, and so do many,
    But now as true as ever any.

    As we begun so let's continue.

    My beloved is mine and I am hers.

    True blue will never stain.

    Against thou goest I will provide another.

    Let him never take a wife
    That will not love her as his life.

    I do not repent that I gave my consent.

    What the eye saw the heart hath chosen.

    More faithful than fortunate.

    Love me little but love me long.

    Love him who gave thee this ring of gold,
    'Tis he must kiss thee when thou 'rt old.

    This circle, though but small about,
    The devil, jealousy, shall keep out.

    If I think my wife is fair
    What need other people care.

    This ring is a token I give to thee
    That thou no tokens do change for me.

    My dearest Betty is good and pretty.

    I did then commit no folly
    When I married my sweet Molly.

    'Tis fit men should not be alone,
    Which made Tom to marry Jone.

    Su is bonny, blythe, and brown;
    This ring hath made her now my own.

    Like Philis there is none;
    She truely loves her Choridon.

    Nosce teipsum.

    Think on mee.

    Desire and deserve.

    Keepe faith till death.

    As God hath appointed
    Soe I am contented.

(These are given from wills of the seventeenth century in the glossary
appended to 'Fabric Rolls of York Minster,' published by the Surtees
Society.)

    Ever last

(on the rings given at the funeral of John Smith, Alderman of London, who
'made a great game by musk catts which he kept').

    Redime tempus

(on the rings given at the funeral of Samuel Crumbleholme, Master of St.
Paul's).

    This and the giver
    Are thine for ever.

    My Joyh consisteth in Hope.

    Quies servis nulla.

    I desire to disarne (disarm).

    I will you trewllie serve.

    Success to the British flag.

    Valued
         may greater B.
    Love

    (Love undervalued may greater be.)

    Great Dundee for God and me

(engraved on the inside of a ring with a skull, Viscount Dundee. This
relic of the famous Claverhouse, given to him by King James, was in the
possession of Miss Graham of Dundrune. It is stated to have been missing
since 1828).

    Christ and thee my comfort be

('Gentleman's Magazine,' vol. ii. p. 629).

  OV EST NVL SI LOIAVLS
  QVI SE POET GARDER DES MAVXDISANS

(on a gold ring found on Flodden Field, in the possession of George Allen,
Esq., of Darlington, 1785).

  [Maltese cross] I love you my sweet dear heart
  [Maltese cross] Go [Maltese cross] I pray you pleas my love

(on a silver ring found at Somerton Castle, Lincoln, in 1805).

    CANDU PLERA MELEOR CERA

(inscribed on a brass thumb-ring formerly in the possession of the Marquis
of Donegal, 1813).

    [Maltese cross] IN GOD IS ALL

(on a silver ring found among the ruins of the Priory of St. Radigund,
near Dover, in 1831).

    Tout pour bein feyre

(inscribed on a ring found at St. Andrew's Chapel, near Ipswich).

  Mon cur avez
  Honour et joye

(on a gold ring found near St. Anne's Well, Nottingham).

    [Maltese cross] Amor. vincit. om.

(on a silver ring found near Old Sarum).

[Illustration: Inscription ring.]

An enamelled ring is mentioned in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' (vol.
lxxix.) as having been found in 1808 in the ruins of an old manor-house,
occupied in the sixteenth century by a family of distinction, which then
becoming extinct, the manor-house fell to decay.

[Illustration: French Inscription ring.]

(Inscription ring of gold, found in Sarthe, France, bearing the names
'Dromachius' and 'Betta,' supposed to be a marriage ring, of, probably,
the fifth century.)

    Joye sans cesse. B. L.

    Loue alway, by night and day.

    Filz ou fille (Anthony Bacon, 1596).

    To enjoy is to obey.

    Loue for loue.

    Post spinas palma.

    All for all.

    Mutual forbearance (1742).

    In loues delight spend day and night.

    Love's sweetest proofe.

    En bon foye.

    Truth trieth troth.

    Beare and forbeare.

    Lett nuptiall joye our time employe.

    Not this bvt me.

    None can prevent the Lord's intent.

    Christ for me hath chosen thee.

    By God alone we two are one.

    God's blessing be on thee and me.

    Love me and be happy.

    The love is true I owe you.

    God did foresee we should agree.

    In God and thee my joy shall be.

    Absence tries love.

    Virtue surpasseth riches.

    Let virtue rest within thy breast.

    I lyke my choyce.

  As circles five by art compact shews but one ring in sight,
  So trust uniteth faithful mindes with knott of secret might;
  Whose force to breake no right but greedie death possesseth power,
  As time and sequels well shall prove. My ringe can say no more.

(The Earl of Hertford's wedding-ring consisted of five links, the four
inner ones containing the above posies of the Earl's making. See page 318,
'Betrothal and Wedding Rings.')

    Joye sans fyn. (Fourteenth century.)

In 'Manningham's Diary,' 1602-1603 (Camden Society), we have the following
'Posies for a jet ring lined with sylver':

'"One two," so written as you may begin with either word. "This one ring
is two," or both sylver and jet make but one ring; the body and soule one
man; twoe friends one mynde. "Candida mens est," the sylver resembling the
soule, being the inner part. "Bell' ame bell' amy," a fayre soule is a
fayre frend, etc. "Yet faire within." "The firmer the better," the sylver
the stronger and the better. "Mille modis laeti miseros mors una fatigat."'

    Live as I or else I dye.

    Within thy brest my harte doth rest.

(On two gold posy-rings found in Sussex, 1866.)

In 1780 the sexton of Southwell, in digging a grave, found a gold ring
weighing nine dwts. six grs. On the inside is the following inscription,
in characters very distinct, deep, and not inelegantly cut:

  + MIEV + MOVRI + QUE + CHANGE + MA FOY +.

The cross at the beginning is of the same size as the letters, that
between the words very small.

    You dear!

(The meaning is thus conjectured of, possibly, a rebus, or canting device,
on a silver signet-ring, found in the bed of the river Nene, at Wisbeach
St. Peter's; the letter U and a deer trippant implying, perhaps, the
writer's tender regard towards his correspondent. Date about the time of
Henry V. or Henry VI.)

[Illustration: Inscription ring.]

The annexed engraving (from the 'Archaeological Journal,' March, 1848)
represents a curious ring, the property of Mr. Fitch, and belonging to his
interesting cabinet of Norfolk antiquities. It is a plain hoop of silver,
of the size here seen, and bears the inscription 'ETHRALDRIC ON LYND.' Its
date has been assigned to as early a period as Saxon times, but we are
inclined to attribute it to a subsequent age, the twelfth, or, perhaps, so
late a date even as the thirteenth century. It may deserve notice that the
mintage of London, of coins of Canute, Harold, Edward the Confessor, the
Conqueror, and subsequent kings, is designated by the legend 'ON LYNDE.'
This ring was found during the construction of the railway at
Attleborough, in Norfolk.

True-love knots were common formerly. In the inventory of the effects of
Henry Howard, K.G., Earl of Northampton, 1614, is mentioned 'a golde ringe
sett with fifteene diamondes in a true lover's knotte, with the wordes
_nec astu, nec ense_.'

In the Waterton Collection in the South Kensington Museum are some
interesting specimens of this peculiar kind of ring of English and Italian
workmanship.

At the commencement of the present century 'Harlequin' rings were
fashionable in England. They were so called because they were set round
with variously- stones, in some way resembling the motley costume
of the hero of pantomime.

'Regard rings,' of French origin, were common even to a late period, and
were thus named from the initials with which they were set forming the
acrostic of these words:[72]

  R uby
  E merald
  G arnet
  A methyst
  R uby
  D iamond

  L apis lazuli
  O pal
  V erd antique
  E merald.

The French have precious stones for all the alphabet, excepting f, k, q,
y, and z, and they obtain the words _souvenir_ and _amitie_ thus:

  S aphir or sardoine
  O nyx or opale
  U raine
  V ermeille
  E meraude
  N atralithe
  I ris
  R ubis, or rose diamant.

  A methiste, or aigue-marine
  M alachite
  I ris
  T urquoise or topaze
  I ris
  E meraude.

Thus lapis lazuli, opal, verd antique, emerald represented _love_, and for
_me_ malachite and emerald.

Names are represented on rings by the same means. The Prince of Wales, on
his marriage to the Princess Alexandra, gave her as a keeper one with the
stones set with his familiar name, Bertie--beryl, emerald, ruby,
turquoise, jacinth, emerald.

These name-rings are common in France; thus, _Adele_ is spelt with an
amethyst, a diamond, an emerald, a lapis lazuli, and another emerald.

Among the motto or 'reason' rings, as they were termed, is an example,
described in the 'Archaeologia' (vol. xxxi), a weighty ring of fine gold,
found in 1823 at Thetford, in Suffolk. The device which appears upon this
ring is an eagle displayed; on the inner side is engraved a bird, with the
wings closed, apparently a falcon, with a crown upon its head.

The following posy or motto, commencing on the outer side, is continued on
the interior of the ring: 'Deus me ouroye de vous seuir a gree--com moun
couer desire' (God work for me to make suit acceptably to you, as my heart
desires). The devices appear to be heraldic, and the motto that of a
lover, or a suitor to one in power. The eagle is the bearing of several
ancient Suffolk families; it was also a badge of the House of Lancaster,
and Thetford was one portion of the Duchy of Lancaster.

These mottos were occasionally engraved in relief. In the Londesborough
Collection is one of gold, found in the Thames. The inscription upon it is
'Sans vilinie' (without baseness).

'A very early ring,' remarks Mr. Fairholt, 'with an unusually pretty posy,
is in the collection of J. Evans, Esq., F.S.A. It is gold, set with a
small sapphire, and is inscribed "IE, SVI, ICI, EN LI'V D'AMI" (I am here
in place of a friend). It was probably made at the beginning of the
fourteenth century. Beside it is placed two other specimens of inscribed
rings. The first is chased with the Nortons' motto, 'God us ayde;' the
second is inscribed withinside with the sentence, 'Mulier, viro subjecta
esto.' Both are works of the fifteenth century.

[Illustration: Posy ring.]

[Illustration: Inscription rings.]

Mr. Fairholt describes two gold wedding-rings of the sixteenth century,
which were then generally inscribed with a posy of one or two lines of
rhyme. One is formed like a badge of the Order of the Garter, with the
buckle in front and the motto of the Order outside the hoop; withinside
are the words, 'I'll win and wear you.' The other is the ordinary form of
wedding-ring, inscribed, 'Let likinge laste.' They were generally
inscribed _withinside_ the hoop. Thus Lyly, in his 'Euphues' (1597),
addressing the ladies, hopes they will favour his work--'writing their
judgments as you do the posies in your rings, which are always next to the
finger, not to be seen of him that holdeth you by the hand, and yet known
by you that wear them on your hands.'

[Illustration: Posy rings.]

The Rev. C. W. King remarks that 'antique intagli set in mediaeval seals
have, in general, a Latin motto added around the setting. For this the
Lombard letter is almost invariably employed, seldom the black letter,
whence it may be inferred, which, indeed, was likely on other grounds,
that such seals, for the most part, came from Italy, where the Lombard
alphabet was the sole one in use until superseded by the revived Roman
capitals about the year 1450. Of such mottos a few examples will serve to
give an idea, premising that the stock was not very extensive, judging
from the frequent repetitions of the same legends, on seals of widely
different devices. Thus a very spirited intaglio of a lion passant, found
in Kent, proclaims--"SUM LEO QUOVIS EO NON NISI VERA VEHO;" another gives
the admonition to secresy--"TECTA LEGE, LECTA TEGE;" a third in the same
strain--"CLAUSA SECRETA TEGO;" another lion warns us with "IRA REGIA," the
wrath of a king is as the roaring of a lion--an apt device for a courtier.
Less frequently seen are legends in old French, and these are more quaint
in their style; for instance, around a female bust--"PRIVE SUY E PEU
CONNU:" whilst a gryllus of a head, covered with a fantastic helmet made
up of masks, gives the advice, in allusion to the enigmatical type--"CREEZ
CE KE VUUS LIRREZ," for "Croyez ce que vous lirez."'




CHAPTER IX.

CUSTOMS AND INCIDENTS IN CONNECTION WITH RINGS.


One of the most singular usages in former times in which a ring was
employed was the annual celebration at Venice of the wedding of the Doge
with the Adriatic. This custom is said to date from the era of Pope
Alexander III., and the Doge of Venice, Zidni, in the twelfth century.
This prince having on behalf of the pontiff attacked the hostile fleet of
Frederic Barbarossa, and obtained a complete victory, with the capture of
the emperor's son, Otho, the Pope in grateful acknowledgment gave him a
ring, ordaining that henceforth and for ever, annually, the governing Doge
should, with a ring, espouse the sea. The pontiff promised that the bride
should be obedient and subject to his sway, for ever, as a wife is
subjected to her husband.

It is recorded that in this year (1177) this pompous ceremony was
performed for the first time. The Doge died in the following year. On
Ascension Day the Venetians, headed by their Doge, celebrated the
triumphant event. Galleys, sailing-vessels, and gondolas accompanied the
chief of the State, who occupied a prominent position on the 'Bucentoro,'
which held, as its name implies, two hundred persons. This vessel was
decorated with columns, statues, etc., and the top was covered with
crimson velvet. There were twenty-one oars on each side. Musical
performers attended in another barge. The vessel left the Piazza of St.
Mark under a salute of guns, and proceeded slowly to the Isle of Lido.
Here the Doge, taking the ring from his finger, gave it to his betrothed
wife, the Adriatic, by dropping it into her bosom, repeating these words:
'We espouse thee, oh sea! in token of our just and perpetual
dominion.'[73]

The reader will remember the well-known lines of Byron, written at Venice:

  The spouseless Adriatic mourns her lord;
    And, annual marriage now no more renew'd,
  The Bucentaur lies rotting, unrestored,
    Neglected garment of her widowhood.

It is probable that Shakspeare alluded to this custom when he says in
'Othello:'--

  I would not my unhoused free condition
  Put into circumscription, and confine
  For the sea's worth.

Byron, in the 'Two Foscari,' again alludes to the 'marriage' ring of the
Doge. When the Council of Ten demanded of the Doge Foscari--

  The resignation of the ducal ring,
  Which he had worn so long and venerably,

he laid aside the ducal bonnet and robes, surrendered his ring of office,
and exclaimed:

                    There's the ducal ring,
  And there's the ducal diadem. And so
  The Adriatic's free to wed another.

So, Rogers:

                          He was deposed,
  He who had reigned so long and gloriously;
  His ducal bonnet taken from his brow,
  His robes stript off, his seal and signet-ring
  Broken before him.

Rings, in common with jewels of various descriptions, were given by our
monarchs on state occasions, and as New Year's gifts, as marks of special
favour. In Rymer's 'Foedera' there is a curious inventory of rings and
ouches, with other jewels, which King Henry VI. bestowed in 1445, as New
Year's gifts, on his uncle and nobles. In the inventories of Queen
Elizabeth's jewels there are numerous instances of such gifts.

[Illustration: New Year's gift ring.]

At the marriage of Henry VI. with Margaret of Anjou, Cardinal Beaufort
presented a gold ring to the bride, given to him by Henry V., and which
the latter wore when crowned at Paris.

The crest of the Cromwells is a demi-lion rampant arg., in his dexter gamb
a gem-ring or. The origin of this is stated thus:--At a tournament held by
Henry VIII., in 1540, the King was particularly delighted with the
gallantry of Sir Richard Cromwell (whom he had knighted on the second day
of the tournament), and exclaiming 'Formerly thou wast my _Dick_, but
hereafter thou shalt be my _Diamond_,' presented him with a diamond ring,
bidding him for the future wear such a one in the fore-gamb of the
demi-lion in the crest, instead of a javelin as heretofore. The arms of
Sir Richard with this alteration were ever afterwards borne by the elder
branch of the family, and by Oliver Cromwell himself, on his assuming the
Protectorate, though previously he had borne the javelin.

A gold ring found St. Mary's Field, near Leicester, in 1796, had been a
New Year's gift, and is inscribed 'en bon an.'

[Illustration: New Year's gift ring.]

In former times when St. Valentine's Day was kept as a joyous festival,
the drawing of a kind of lottery took place, followed by ceremonies not
much unlike what is now generally called the game of 'forfeits.' Married
and single persons were alike liable to be chosen as a valentine, and a
present was invariably given to the choosing party. Rings were frequently
bestowed. Pepys, in 1668, notes: 'This evening my wife did with great
pleasure show me her stock of jewels, increased by the ring she hath
lately made as my valentine's gift this year, a turkey (turquoise) stone
set with diamonds.' Noticing also the jewels of the celebrated Miss
Stuart, he says: 'The Duke of York, being once her valentine, did give her
a jewel of about eight hundred pounds, and my Lord Mandeville, her
valentine this year, a ring of about three hundred pounds.'

       *       *       *       *       *

Rings have been employed frequently in facilitating diplomatic missions,
and in negotiations of a very delicate and critical nature. Plutarch
relates an anecdote of Luculus to prove his disinterestedness. Being sent
on an embassy to King Ptolemy Physcon, he not merely refused all the
splendid presents offered to him, amounting in value to eighty talents
(15,444_l._), but even received of his table allowance no more than was
absolutely necessary for his maintenance, and when the King attended him
down to his ship, as he was about to return to Rome, and pressed upon his
acceptance an emerald 'of the precious kind,' set in gold (for a ring),
he declined this also, until Ptolemy made him observe it was engraved with
his own portrait, whereupon, fearing his refusal should be considered a
mark of personal ill-will, he at last accepted the ring as a keepsake. At
a dark epoch in the fortunes of the unhappy Mary, Queen of Scots, when, in
1567, scarcely a shadow of regal power was left to her, an attempt was
made to induce her to resign the crown. Sir Robert Melville was employed
on this mission, giving her, as an authority for his errand, a turquoise
ring confided to him for that purpose by the confederate lords.

A ring in the possession of Miss H. P. Lonsdale is stated to have been
given by Queen Anne, from her finger, to a Mr. Nugent for some diplomatic
services. It is of gold, set with a heart-shaped ruby crowned with three
small diamonds. At the back is a royal crown, and the letters 'A. R.'

Clement VII., to propitiate King Henry VIII., sent him a consecrated rose;
while, to gain the good services of Cardinal Wolsey, the Pope drew from
his finger a ring of value, which he entrusted to the care of Secretary
Pace at Rome, expressing regret that he could not himself present it in
person.

When the Duchess of Savoy was held a prisoner by Charles the Bold, Duke of
Burgundy, she found means to send her secretary to solicit the aid of
Louis XI. As she was prevented from writing, the only credentials she
could give her emissary was the ring the King had given her on the
occasion of her marriage. This passport would have sufficed, but that,
unfortunately, the bearer, when he presented himself to the King, wore the
cross of St. Andre. Louis ordered the man to be arrested, suspecting him
to be a spy of the Duke of Burgundy, and that he had stolen his sister's
ring. The messenger would have been hung, but for the timely arrival of
the Lord of Rivarola, who was sent by the Duchess, urging the King to
assist her.

Plutarch mentions that Clearchus, Cyrus the Younger's general, in return
for favours received from Ctesias, the physician of Tisaphernes, presented
him with his ring as an introduction to his family in Sparta.

At the declaration of peace between England and Spain in 1604 King James
gave the Spanish Ambassador, the Duke de Frias, Constable of Castile, who
negotiated the treaty, a large diamond ring, in commemoration of the
_marriage_, as he called the peace.

Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, had a large diamond cut by Berghem
into a triangle, which he had set in a ring representing two clasped
hands, the symbol of good faith, and sent to Louis XI., 'an allusion'
(remarks the Rev. C. W. King), 'though in an acceptable form, to his
deficiency in that virtue.'

An anecdote connected with the celebrated 'Pitt' diamond is related by Mr.
Eastwick, and shows how important results may sometimes be secured, when
reason and logic may not prevail. This jewel passed through some curious
adventures, and, after having ornamented the sword of Napoleon at
Waterloo, was sent as a present in a ring by George IV. to the Sovereign
of Persia, Fath-Ali-Shah. The bearer of this costly ring, Sir Harford
Jones, was stopped in his journey by a messenger from the court, and
desired not to enter the capital, where French interests were then
paramount. After Sir Harford had exhausted every argument to show that he
ought to be received, without making any impression on the Persian Khan,
he said, 'Well, if it must be so, I shall return, but this must go with
me,' and he took from his pocket the beautiful diamond ring which had been
sent for the Shah. The sparkle of the gem produced a magical effect; the
Khan no sooner beheld it than he lost his balance, and fell back from his
seat quite out of breath; then, recovering himself, he shouted, 'Stop,
stop, Elchi! May your condescending kindness go on increasing! This alters
the matter. I will send an express to the heavenly-resembling threshold of
the asylum of the world! I swear by your head that you will be received
with all honour. Mashallah! it is not everyone that has diamonds like the
Inglis.' He was as good as his word; the express courier was despatched,
and Sir Harford Jones entered the city of Teheran by one gate, while
General Gardanne, the French envoy, was packed off by the other.

[This stone must have been a fraction or portion of the cutting of this
famous diamond, as the 'Regent' is still in the French _Garde-meuble_, or
national treasury.]

In 1514 Venice deputed two ambassadors to France and England; amongst
other _bribes_, two rings were ordered to be given privily to the French
Secretary, Robertet, 'as a mark of love in the Signory's name.' One had a
ruby and a diamond.

A correspondent of 'Notes and Queries' (3rd series, vol. i. p. 486) gives
an interesting extract from an old newspaper (the 'Mercurius Publicus,'
for November 29, 1660), in which allusion is made to the King's Gift
Rings. On the disbanding of Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper's regiment at
Salisbury, 'the men joyfully welcomed His Majestie's Commissioners by
shouts and acclamations, and understanding of His Majestie's goodness in
bestowing freely a full week's pay, over and above their just arrears,
they broke out into another great shout, and then unanimously resolved
with that week's pay to buy, each man, a ring, whose posie should be "The
King's gift," as an earnest and memorandum, to be ready on all occasions
when His Majesty's service (and none but his), should call them.'

I may mention the gift of rings to the native chiefs of India by the
Prince of Wales, during his recent progress in that country. At Aden the
Prince expressed his acknowledgments, on behalf of the Queen, for the
services rendered by the Sultan of Lahej to the garrison of Aden, and put
a massive gold ring with the initials 'A. E.' on the Sultan's finger with
his own hand.

The Maharajah of Benares was presented with a ring having an oval
miniature portrait of the Prince, in enamel, set in brilliants.

       *       *       *       *       *

Identification by means of a ring is alluded to in the Greek romance, by
Heliodorus, of 'Theagines and Chariclea.' The latter, through a ring and
fillet which had been attached to her at her birth, is, after many
adventures, discovered to be the daughter of Hydaspes, and becomes heiress
of the Ethiopian sovereignty. The modern Italian poets have availed
themselves of this incident.

Roger of Wendover relates how Richard Coeur de Lion, when returning from
the Crusades, secretly, and in disguise, through Germany to his own
country, was identified in a town of Slavonia, called Gazara, by means of
a ring. The King had sent a messenger to the nearest castle to ask for
peace and safe-conduct from the lord of that province. He had on his
return purchased of a Pisan merchant for nine hundred bezants, three
jewels called carbuncles, or more commonly 'rubies.' One of these he had,
whilst on board ship, enclosed in a gold ring, and this he sent by the
said messenger to the governor of the castle. When the messenger was asked
by the governor who they were that requested safe conduct, he answered
that they were pilgrims returning from Jerusalem. The governor then asked
what their names were, to which the messenger replied, 'one of them is
called Baldwin de Bethune, the other Hugh, a merchant who has also sent
you a ring.' The lord of the castle, looking more attentively at the ring,
said, 'He is not called Hugh, but King Richard,' and then added, 'although
I have sworn to seize all pilgrims coming from those parts, and not to
accept of any gift from them, nevertheless, for the worthiness of the
gift, and also of the sender, to him who has so honoured me, a stranger to
him, I both return his present and grant him free permission to depart.'

       *       *       *       *       *

A ring, in all probability, saved the Emperor Charles V. from the most
critical position in which he had ever been placed. Having requested
permission of Francis I. to pass through France, in order to reach sooner
his Flemish dominions, where his presence was urgently required, the
rival, so lately his prisoner, not only granted the request, but gave him
a most brilliant reception. Some of the French King's counsellors thought
this generous conduct to a crafty foe was quixotic in the extreme, and
that Charles should be detained until he had cancelled some of the hard
conditions, to which he had compelled Francis to subscribe to purchase his
release. Among those who strongly advocated the policy of detaining the
imperial guest was the King's fair friend, the Duchesse d'Estampes.
Charles, who was informed of the dangerous weight thrown in the scale
against him, resolved to win over the influential counsellor. One day, as
he was washing his hands before dinner, he dropped a diamond ring of great
value, which the Duchess picked up and presented to him. 'Nay, madam,'
said the Emperor gallantly to her, 'it is in too fair a hand for me to
take back.' The gift had its full value, and Charles pursued his way
without molestation.

       *       *       *       *       *

Instances are recorded in which the wearing of a ring has been the means
of saving life. Such happened to the Count de St. Pol at the battle of
Pavia. He had fallen covered with wounds; avarice recalled him to life. A
soldier, seeking for pillage, arrived at the place where the unfortunate
Count lay extended, senseless, among the dead. He perceived a very
beautiful diamond glitter on the finger of the apparently lifeless man.
Not being successful in drawing the ring off, he began to cut the finger.
The pain extorted a piercing cry from the Count, who had only swooned. He
mentioned his name, and had the presence of mind to recommend silence to
the soldier, telling him that if he boasted of having in his power a
prince of the house of France, the Emperor's generals would take him into
their own hands in order to get his ransom; and he promised to make the
soldier's fortune if he would take care of his wounds, and follow him to
France. This reasoning had its effect; the soldier secretly conveyed the
Prince to Pavia, had his wounds dressed, and was nobly rewarded for it.

Taylor, in his 'Danger of Premature Interments' (1816) relates the
following incident. The heroine of this event was named Retchmuth Adolet.
She was the wife of a merchant at Cologne, and is said to have died of the
plague, which destroyed a great part of the inhabitants of that city in
1571. She was speedily interred, and a ring of great value was suffered to
remain on her finger, which tempted the cupidity of the grave-digger. The
night was the time he had planned for obtaining possession of it. On going
to the grave, opening it, and attempting to take the ring from off the
finger of the lady, she came to herself, and so terrified the sacrilegious
thief, that he ran away and left his lantern behind him. The lady took
advantage of his fright, and with the assistance of his lantern, found her
way home, and lived to be the mother of three children. After her real
decease, she was buried near the door of the same church, and a tomb was
erected over her grave, upon which the incident related was engraved.

Mrs. Bray, in a notice of 'Cotele,' and 'the Edgcumbes of the Olden Time'
('Gentleman's Magazine,' November 1853), relates a singular circumstance
of this character, which 'is so well authenticated, that not even a doubt
rests upon its truth.' It refers to the mother of that Sir Richard
Edgcumbe, Knight, who, in 1748, was created Baron of Mount Edgcumbe.

'The family were residing at Cotele (I do not know the date of the year),
when Lady Edgcumbe became much indisposed, and to all appearance died. How
long after is not stated, but her body was deposited in the family vault
of the parish church. The interment had not long taken place, before the
sexton (who must have heard from the nurse or servants that she was buried
with something of value upon her) went down into the vault at midnight,
and contrived to force open the coffin. A gold ring was on her ladyship's
finger, which in a hurried way he attempted to draw off, but, not readily
succeeding, he pressed with great violence the finger. Upon this the body
moved in the coffin, and such was the terror of the man, that he ran away
as fast as he could, leaving his lantern behind him. Lady Edgcumbe arose,
astonished at finding herself dressed in grave-clothes, and numbered with
the tenants of the vault. She took up the lantern, and proceeded at once
to the mansion of Cotele. The terror, followed by the rejoicing of her
family and household, which such a resurrection from the tomb occasioned,
may well be conceived. Exactly five years after this circumstance, she
became the mother of that Sir Richard Edgcumbe, who was created Baron.
Polwhele, in his "History of Cornwall," says: "Of the authenticity of this
event there can be no reasonable doubt. A few years ago a gentleman of my
acquaintance heard all the particulars of the transaction from the late
Lord Graves, of Thancks, which is in the neighbourhood of Cotele. But I
need not appeal to Lord Graves's authority, as I recollect the narrative
as coming from the lips of my grandmother Polwhele, who used to render the
story extremely interesting from a variety of minute circumstances, and
who, from her connexion and intimacy of her own with the Edgcumbe family,
was unquestionably well-informed on the subject."

'It may seem strange that when Lady Edgcumbe was thus committed to the
grave she was not buried in lead; but at the period of her supposed death
it was very unusual to bury persons, even of high rank and station, in a
leaden coffin, if they died and were buried in the country. The nearest
town to Cotele of any note was Plymouth, a seaport to which there was then
no regular road from the far-distant old mansion, and I question if at
that period Plymouth could have furnished such an unusual thing as a lead
coffin. Lady Edgcumbe was probably buried in oak secured by nails or
screws, which without much difficulty could be forced open by the sexton
in his meditated robbery of the body.'

While rings have favoured the living, they have also been the means of
recognising the dead. An instance of this is related in the history of the
great Duke of Burgundy, renowned for the splendour of his court and his
love of jewels. He died in the battle of Nanci, and his body was not found
until three days afterwards, when it was recognised by one of the Duke's
household by a ring and other precious jewels upon it; otherwise the
corpse was so disfigured that it could not have been identified.

The body of the great naval commander Sir Cloudesley Shovel, who was
shipwrecked on the rocks of Scilly in 1707, was washed on shore, when some
fishermen, it is said, having stolen a valuable emerald ring, buried the
corpse. The ring, being shown about, made a great noise over the island,
and was the cause of the discovery and ultimate removal of the body to
Westminster Abbey.

Another account is that which was published under the authority of the
Earl of Romney, grandson of Sir Cloudesley Shovel. Some years after the
fatal shipwreck, an aged woman confessed to the parish minister of St.
Mary's on her deathbed that, exhausted with fatigue, one man who had
survived the disaster reached her hut, and that she had murdered him to
secure the valuable property on his person. This worst of wreckers then
produced a ring taken from the finger of her victim, and it was afterwards
identified as one presented to Sir Cloudesley Shovel by Lord Berkeley.

William Trotter, of an ancient family on the Scottish border, is recorded
to have fallen at the battle of Flodden; and, in corroboration of the
fact, a gold ring was found about the middle of the last century, upon
the site of the field of battle, bearing an inscription in Norman-French,
having between each word a boar's head, the armorial bearings of the
Trotters.

Martius, in 'Titus Andronicus,' when he falls into a dark pit, discovers
the body of Bassianus, by the light of the jewel on the dead man's hand:--

  Upon his bloody finger he doth wear
  A precious ring, that lightens all the hole,
  Which, like a taper in some monument,
  Doth shine upon the dead man's earthy cheeks,
  And shows the rugged entrails of this pit:
  So pale did shine the moon on Pyramus,
  When he by night lay bath'd in human blood.

I may mention the employment of rings for criminal purposes, such as their
use for concealing poison, of which we have instances in past ages, and in
late times. Hannibal, we are told, from a fear of being delivered up to
the Romans by Prusius, King of Bithynia, swallowed poison, which, to be
prepared for the worst, he carried with him in the hollow of a ring. To
this Juvenal alludes in his Tenth Satire:--

  Nor swords, nor spears, nor stones from engines hurl'd,
  Shall quell the man whose frown alarm'd the world;
  The vengeance due to Cannae's fatal field,
  And floods of human gore--a ring shall yield.

Demosthenes is also said to have died in a similar manner. The keeper of
the Roman treasures, after the robbery by Crassus of the gold deposited
there by Camillus, broke the stone of his ring in his mouth, in which
poison was concealed, and immediately expired.

'The ancients,' remarks the Rev. C. W. King ('Antique Gems'), 'were
acquainted with vegetable poisons, as speedy in their effects as the
modern strychnine, as appears in the death of Britannicus from a potion
prepared by Locusta, and in innumerable other instances. These hollow
rings were put together with a degree of skill far beyond that of our
modern jewellers; for the soldering of the numerous joinings of the gold
plates of which they are formed is absolutely imperceptible even when
breathed upon--a test under which the best modern solder always assumes a
lighter tint.'

Motley, in his 'Rise of the Dutch Republic,' relates that in the
conspiracies against the life of the Prince of Orange (about 1582), under
the influence of the court of Spain, the young Lamoral Egmont, in return
for the kindness shown to him by the Prince, attempted to destroy him at
his own table by means of poison which he kept concealed in a ring. Sainte
Philip de Marnix, Lord of Aldegonde, was to have been taken off in the
same way; and a hollow ring filled with poison was said to have been found
in Egmont's lodgings. The young noble was imprisoned, and his guilt was
undoubted, but he owed his escape from death to the Prince of Orange.

[Illustration: Poison ring.]

A poison ring of curious construction is described by Mr. Fairholt as
richly engraved, and set with two rubies and a pyramidal diamond; the
collet securing the latter stone opens with a spring, and exhibits a
somewhat large receptacle for such virulent poisons as were concocted by
Italian chemists in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

[Illustration: Venetian poison ring.]

The other ring has a representation of St. Mark seated holding his gospel,
and giving a benediction. The spaces between this figure and the oval
border are perforated, so that the interior of the box is visible, and the
relic enshrined might be seen.

It is recorded of the infamous Pope Alexander VI. (Borgia) that he caused
a key, similar to the key-ring, to be used in opening a cabinet, but the
Pope's key was poisoned in the handle, and provided with a small sharp
pin, which gave a slight puncture, sufficient to allow the poison to pass
below the skin. When he wished to rid himself of an objectionable friend
he would request him to unlock the cabinet; as the lock turned rather
stiffly, a little pressure was necessary on the key handle, sufficient to
produce the effect desired.

The signet-ring of Caesar Borgia was exhibited a few years ago at a meeting
of the British Archaeological Association by the Rev. C. H. Hartshorne. It
is of gold, slightly enamelled, with the date 1503, and round the inside
is the motto, 'Fays ceque doys avien que pourra.' A box dropped into the
front, having on it 'Borgia,' in letters reversed, round which are the
words 'Cor unum una via.' At the back is a slide, within which, it is
related, he carried the poison he was in the habit of dropping into the
wine of his unsuspecting guests.

Another ring-device of Caesar Borgia was: 'Aut Caesar aut nihil.' The
following distich was made upon him:--

  Borgia Caesar erat factis et nomine Caesar;
  'Aut nihil aut Caesar' dixit, utrumque fuit.

In late times the death of Condorcet was occasioned by a subtle poison,
made by Cabanis, and enclosed in a ring. The particulars of this tragedy
are related by Arago. Proscribed by the Revolution of 1792, Condorcet,
formerly secretary to the Academy of Sciences, took refuge in the house of
a Madame Vernet, at Paris, a lady who generously risked her own life in
endeavouring to save that of the eminent philosopher. Fearing to
compromise his protectress by a longer stay, Condorcet left Paris with the
intention of taking refuge in the country house of an old friend, who was,
however, absent, and he wandered about, taking shelter at night in some
stone-quarries, but was at length arrested, and conducted to
Bourg-la-Reine, where he was placed in a damp cell. The next morning
(March 28, 1794) he was found dead in his prison, having taken poison,
which he carried about with him in a ring.

A singular story of a poisoned ring appeared in the French newspapers a
few years ago, to the effect that a gentleman who had purchased some
objects of art at a shop in the Rue St. Honore, was examining an ancient
ring, when he gave himself a slight scratch in the hand with a sharp part
of it. He continued talking to the dealer a short time, when he suddenly
felt an indescribable sensation over his whole body, which appeared to
paralyse his faculties, and he became so seriously ill that it was found
necessary to send for a medical man. The doctor immediately discovered
every symptom of poisoning by some mineral substance. He applied strong
antidotes, and in a short time the gentleman was in a measure recovered.
The ring in question having been examined by the medical man, who had long
resided in Venice, was found to be what was formerly called a 'death'
ring, in use by Italians when acts of poisoning were frequent about the
middle of the seventeenth century. Attached to it inside were two claws
of a lion made of the sharpest steel, and having clefts in them filled
with a violent poison. In a crowded assembly, or in a ball, the wearer of
this fatal ring, wishing to exercise revenge on any person, would take
their hand, and when pressing in the sharp claw, would be sure to inflict
a slight scratch on the skin. This was enough, for on the following
morning the victim would be sure to be found dead. Notwithstanding the
many years since which the poison in this ring had been placed there, it
retained its strength sufficiently to cause great inconvenience to the
gentleman as stated.

       *       *       *       *       *

A singular interest is attached to the recovery of lost rings, of which
there are many instances. One is recorded in connection with the
wonder-working hand of St. Stephen of Hungary, which is now in the castle
of Buda. In 1621, Pope Gregory canonised this monarch, after a lapse of
two hundred years that his remains had been lying in the cathedral of
Stuhlweissenberg, and on their removal it was discovered that the skeleton
had no right hand. This created much stir, as it was known that a very
valuable ring had been on one of the fingers, but no tidings of the
missing member were heard until some years after, when a certain abbot
Mercurius, who had formerly been treasurer to the cathedral, had an
interview with the reigning monarch Ladislaus. The story he told was a
rich one, the hand with the ring on it had been committed to his safe
keeping by a beautiful youth, 'dressed all in white.' The historian
Feesler, himself an ecclesiastic, says that 'Ladislaus saw through
Mercurius, but left God to deal with him.' In the chapter on 'Ring
Superstitions' I have mentioned the discovery of Lady Dundee's ring, and
the omen attached to it.

The late Professor De Morgan, in 'Notes and Queries' (December 21, 1861),
related an instance of a recovered ring, which (although not vouching for
its truth) he states as having been commented upon nearly fifty years ago
in the country town close to which the scene is placed, with all degrees
of belief and unbelief. A servant-boy was sent into the town with a
valuable ring. He took it out of the box to admire it, and in passing over
a plank bridge he let it fall on a muddy bank. Not being able to find it
he ran away, took to the sea, and finally settled in a colony, made a
large fortune, came back after many years, and bought the estate on which
he had been a servant. One day, while walking over his land with a friend,
he came to the plank bridge, and there told his friend the story. 'I could
swear,' he said, pushing his stick into the mud, 'to the very spot where
the ring was dropped:' when the stick came back the ring was on the end of
it.

A large silver signet-ring was lost by a Mr. Murray, in Caithness, as he
was walking one day on a shingly beach bounding his estate. Fully a
century afterwards it was found in the shingle in fair condition, and
restored to Mr. Murray's remote heir, Sir Peter Murray Thrieplund, of
Fingask.

The truth of a similarly recovered ring I am able to attest from my
acquaintance with the late Mrs. Drake, of Pilton, near Barnstaple, to
whose family the incident refers. The husband of this lady, while with her
in a boat off Ilfracombe about fifteen years ago, lost a valuable ring. Of
course no hopes were ever entertained of its recovery. In 1869, however,
the ring was picked up on the beach at Lee, near Ilfracombe, by a little
child who was living in the valley. The ring was readily identified, as it
bore the inscription: 'John, Lord Rollo, born Oct. 16, 1751, died April
3, 1842.'

In the bed of the river in the parish of Fornham St. Martin, in Suffolk,
was found, some years since, a gold ring with a ruby, late in the
possession of Charles Blomfield, Esq., which is conjectured by some to be
the ring that the Countess of Leicester is related (by Matthew Paris) to
have thrown away in her flight after the battle of Fornham St. Genevieve,
October 16, 1173. The Earl and Countess of Leicester were taken prisoners
at this battle.

A matron of East Lulworth lost her ring one day: two years afterwards she
was peeling some potatoes brought from a field half-a-mile distant from
the cottage, and upon dividing one discovered her ring inside.

A Mrs. Mountjoy, of Brechin, when feeding a calf, let it suck her fingers,
and on withdrawing her hand found that her ring had disappeared. Believing
the calf was the innocent thief, she refused to part with it, and after
keeping the animal for three years, had it slaughtered, and the ring was
found in the intestines.

A wealthy German farmer, living near Nordanhamn, was making flour-balls in
1871 for his cattle. At the end of his work he missed his ring, bearing
his wife's name. Soon afterwards the farmer sold seven bullocks, which the
purchaser shipped to England, on board the 'Adler' cattle-steamer on
October 26. Two days afterwards an English smack, the 'Mary Ann' of
Colchester, picked up at sea the still warm carcass of a bullock, which
was opened by the crew to obtain some fat for greasing the rigging. Inside
the animal they found a gold ring inscribed with the woman's name and the
date 1860. Captain Tye reported the circumstance as soon as he arrived in
port, and handed the ring over to an official, who sent it up to London.
The authorities set to work to trace its ownership, and found that the
only ship reporting the loss of a beast that could have passed the 'Mary
Ann' was the steamer 'Adler,' from which a bullock supposed to be dead,
had been thrown overboard on October 28. Meanwhile, the 'Shipping Gazette'
recording the finding of the ring had reached Nordanhamn, and one of its
readers there had recognised the name inscribed upon it; communications
were opened with the farmer, and in due time he repossessed his ring.

In the chapter on 'Ring Superstitions' allusion is made to the marvellous
stories of rings found in the bodies of fishes. An instance, however, of
this character was mentioned in the newspapers lately, as having occurred
at St. John's, Newfoundland. It is said that a signet-ring bearing the
monogram 'P.B.' was discovered by a fisherman in the entrails of a
cod-fish caught in Trinity Bay. The fisherman, John Potter, kept the prize
in his possession for some time, but, the incident getting known, he was
requested by the colonial secretary to send or bring the ring to St.
John's, as he had received letters from a family named Burnam, of Poole,
England, stating that they had reason to feel certain that the ring once
belonged to Pauline Burnam, who was one of the several hundred passengers
of the Allan steamship 'Anglo-Saxon,' which was wrecked off Chance Bay
(N.F.) in 1861, the said Pauline Burnam being a relative of theirs. The
fisherman, in whose possession the ring was, brought it to St. John's, and
presented it at the colonial secretary's office. After a brief delay he
was introduced to a Mr. Burnam, who at once identified the object as the
wedding-ring of his mother, and which she had always worn since her
marriage at Huddersfield, in the year 1846. The ring was accordingly
given up to Mr. Burnam, who rewarded the fortunate finder with fifty
pounds.

On October 7, 1868, some fishermen, throwing their nets in the Volga,
captured a sturgeon, which was found to be the same as that which his
Imperial Highness the heir-presumptive of the Russian crown had accepted
as an offering in 1866 from the municipality of Nijni. At the desire of
the Prince the fish was restored to the sea. Its identity was proved by a
silver ring attached to the right gill of the fish, on which was inscribed
the date, Aug. 27, 1866. Another similar ring, which had been attached to
the left gill, had disappeared.

It is to be presumed that the sturgeon was returned to the water with some
mark to indicate the period at which it was re-captured. Some time after
this occurrence a similar case occurred in the Volga, when another
sturgeon, which had been offered as a present to the late Emperor
Nicholas, and had been recommitted to its native element, was taken alive,
and recognised by the rings attached to it.

The French newspapers of May 1873 announced that at one of the principal
_restaurants_ in Paris, a valuable diamond ring was found in the stomach
of a salmon purchased at the central markets.

In the 'Gentleman's Magazine' (January 1765), is the account of a Mrs.
Todd, of Deptford, who, in going in a boat to Whitstable, endeavoured to
prove that no person need be poor who was willing to be otherwise; and
being excited with her argument, took off her gold ring, and, throwing it
out into the sea, said 'it was as much impossible for any person to be
poor who had an inclination to be otherwise, as for her ever to see that
ring again.' The second day after this, and when she had landed, she
bought some mackerel, which the servant commenced to dress for dinner,
whereupon there was found a gold ring in one. The servant ran to show it
to her mistress, and the ring proved to be that which she had thrown away.

Brand, in his 'History of Newcastle,' relates that a gentleman of that
city, in the middle of the seventeenth century, dropped a ring from his
hand over the bridge into the River Tyne. Years passed on, when one day
his wife bought a fish in the market, and the ring was discovered in its
stomach.

A correspondent to 'Notes and Queries' (vol. i. series 3, p. 36), relates
the following curious anecdote: 'A gentleman, who was in the habit of
frequenting a favourite spot for the sake of a view that interested him,
used to lounge on a rail, and one day in a fit of absence of mind got
fumbling about the post in which one end of the rail was inserted. On his
way home he missed a valuable ring; he went back again and looked
diligently for it but without success. A considerable time afterwards in
visiting his old haunt, and indulging in his usual fit of absence, he was
very agreeably surprised to find the ring on his finger again, and which
appears to have been occasioned by (in both instances), his pressing his
finger in the aperture of the post, which just fitted sufficiently with a
pressure to hold the ring. I afterwards tried the experiment at the spot,
and found it perfectly easy to have been effected with an easily fitting
ring.'

A curious antique ring, discovered in 1867 near the site of the Priory of
St. Mary, Pilton, near Barnstaple, was exhibited by Mr. Chanter, the
owner, at the Exeter Meeting of the Royal Archaeological Institute (July
1873). The ring is of pure gold, weighing 131 grains, a large egg-shaped
sapphire being in the middle, in a solid oval setting. The stone had a
hole drilled through the lower edge, through which a gold stud was passed,
but it did not extend through the gold setting. The stone had been
evidently flawed by the operation. The ring was intended for the thumb,
and for ecclesiastical use, dating from about 1100 or 1200. A singularity
is attached to the discovery. Some men were engaged in hedging, when they
had to cut down some old trees. After cutting down one, they found the
'moot' of another underneath, and right in the centre of the latter was a
round ball eight or ten inches in diameter, which the men took at first to
be a cannon-ball. On opening the clay, however, the ring, bright and
perfect, was exposed in the centre. A theory to account for this
remarkable discovery is that the ring might have been stolen and buried by
the thief for concealment under the tree in a ball of clay. For some
reason or other the ring was left there, and in the course of time another
tree grew over the old one.

Among the singular _discoveries_ of rings, I may mention the
following:--In 1697 a woman was drowned for theft, in the Loch of Spynie,
in Morayshire, and in 1811 the skeleton was brought to light, with a ring
on its finger. In 1862, during some discoveries made at Pompeii, a body
was too far decayed to be touched, but liquid plaster of Paris was poured
upon it, and a cast was taken, so accurately done that a ring was found on
the finger. In the excavation of an Anglo-Saxon burial-place at Harnham
Hill, near Salisbury, a silver twisted ring was found on the middle
finger-bone of a skeleton. In some sepulchral objects from Italy, Styria,
and Mecklenburg, obtained by the late J. M. Kemble, Esq., was a
finger-ring of bronze, in which the bone still lay. The Abbe Cochet, the
indefatigable Norman explorer, mentions this as of usual occurrence. 'Au
doigt de la main sont les bagues, ou des anneaux d'or, d'argent, de
cuivre, ou de bronze. Quelques unes de ces bagues sont unies; mais
d'autres ont des chatons en agate, en verroterie rouge ou vert, ou des
croix encaustees sur metal. Communement, elles sont encore passees au
doigt que les porta, dont la phalange est tout verdie par l'oxyde du
bronze' ('La Normandie Souterraine,' p. 29).

In Moore's 'Life of Byron' we have an instance of a lost ring recovered
under peculiarly interesting circumstances: 'On the day of the arrival of
the lady's (Miss Millbanke) answer, he (Lord Byron) was sitting down to
dinner, when his gardener came in, and presented him with his mother's
wedding-ring, which she had lost many years before, and which the gardener
had just found in digging up the mould under her window. Almost at the
same moment, the letter from Miss Millbanke arrived, and Lord Byron
exclaimed, "If it contains a consent, I will be married with this very
ring." It _did_ contain a very flattering acceptance of his proposal (of
marriage), and a duplicate of the letter had been sent to London, in case
this should have missed him.'

       *       *       *       *       *

Among the numerous applications of rings to various purposes, one of the
most curious is the custom, once prevalent in the Isle of Man, that if a
man grossly insulted a married woman he was to suffer death, but if the
woman was unmarried the Deemster, or judge, gave her a rope, a sword, and
a ring, and she had it put to her choice either to hang him with the rope,
or to cut off his head with the sword, or to marry him with the ring.

In one of Robin Hood's ballads we find that a ring was part of a prize for
archery:--

  A greate courser, with saddle and brydle,
    With gold burnished full bright;
  A paire of gloves, a red golde ring,
    A pipe of wyne, good fay.
  What man berest him best, I wist,
    The prize shall bear away.

Rings were proffered as bribes: in the old legend of King Estmere, the
porter of King Adlan's hall is bribed by that monarch and his brother,
disguised as harpers, to admit them:--

  Then they pulled out a ryng of gold,
    Layd itt on the porter's arme,
  'And ever we will thee, proud porter,
    Thou wilt saye us no harme.'
  Sore he looked on King Estmere,
    And sore he handled the ryng,
  Then opened to them the fayre hall gates,
    He lett for no kind of thyng.

The lady, King Adlan's daughter, for whose sake the ring is given, is thus
described:--

  The talents of gold were on her head sette,
    Hanged low down to her knee;
  And everye ring on her small finger
    Shone of the chrystall free.

In the romance of 'Earl Richard,' we have another instance of a ring fee,
or bribe, to a porter:--

  She took a ring from her finger
    And gave't the porter for his fee,
  Says, 'tak you that, my good porter,
    And bid the queen speak to me.'

In the capital ballad of the 'Baffled Knight,' or 'Lady's Policy,' the
latter in answer to the overtures of her drunken wooer says:--

  Oh, yonder stands my steed so free,
    Among the cocks of hay, sir;
  And if the pinner should chance to see
    He'll take my steed away, sir.

The Knight rejoins:--

  Upon my finger I have a ring,
    It's made of finest gold-a,
  And, lady, it thy steed shall bring
    Out of the pinner's fold-a.

Miller, in his 'History of the Anglo-Saxons,' relates a pretty story of a
'bribe' ring, an episode in the battles between Edmund Ironside and
Canute. It was on the eve of one of these conflicts that a Danish chief,
named Ulfr, being hotly pursued by the Saxons, rushed into a wood, in the
hurry of defeat, and lost his way. After wandering about some time, he met
a Saxon peasant, who was driving home his oxen. The Danish chief asked his
name. 'It is Godwin,' answered the peasant; 'and you are one of the Danes
who were compelled yesterday to fly for your life.' The sea-king
acknowledged it was true, and asked the herdsman if he could guide him
either to the Danish ships, or where the army was encamped. 'The Dane must
be mad,' answered Godwin, 'who trusts to a Saxon for safety.' Ulfr
entreated this rude Gurth of the forest to point him out the way, at the
same time urging his argument by presenting the herdsman with a massive
gold ring, to win his favour. Godwin looked at the ring, and after having
carefully examined it he again placed it in the hand of the sea-king, and
said: 'I will not take this, but will show you the way.' Ulfr spent the
day at the herdsman's cottage; night came, and found Godwin in readiness
to be his guide. The herdsman had an aged father, who, before he permitted
his son to depart, thus addressed the Danish chief: 'It is my only son
whom I allow to accompany you; to your good faith I entrust him, for
remember that, there will no longer be any safety for him amongst his
countrymen if it is once known that he has been your guide. Present him to
your King, and entreat him to take my son into his service.' Ulfr
promised, and he kept his word. The humble cowherd, who afterwards married
the sea-king's sister, became the powerful Earl Godwin, of historic
celebrity.

       *       *       *       *       *

In former times rings denoted quality, if we may judge from the
expressions in an old play ('First Part of the Contention: York and
Lancaster;' Shakspeare Society):--

  I am a gentleman, looke on my ring,
  Ransome me at what thou wilt, it shall be paid.

In the popular German ballad of 'Anneli,' or the 'Anneli Lied,' translated
by Mr. J. H. Dixon ('Notes and Queries,' 3rd series, vol. ix.), the
maiden, whose lover is drowned in the lake while swimming, is in a boat
with a fisherman who recovers the body, which she places on her lap:--

  And she kiss'd his mouth, and he seem'd to smile,
    'Oh, no, I will not repine,
  For God in heaven hath granted him
    A happier home than mine.'

  And she chaf'd in hers his clammy hands--
    Ah! what does the maiden see?
  There was a bridal-ring for one
    Was never a bride to be.

  She drew from his finger that posied ring,
    'Fisherman--lo! thy fee!'

  And clasping him round and round she plunged,
    And scream'd with a maniac glee--
  'No other young man in Argovie
  Shall drown for the love of me!'

Mr. R. S. Ralston, M.A., in his 'Songs of the Russians,' mentions an
interesting custom in connection with rings: 'Among the games is that
called the "Burial of the Gold." A number of girls form a circle, and pass
from hand to hand a gold ring, which a girl who stands inside the circle
tries to detect. Meanwhile they sing in chorus the following verses:--

  See here, gold I bury, I bury;
  Silver pure I bury, bury;
  In the rooms, the rooms of my father,
  Rooms so high, so high, of my mother.
  Guess, O maiden, find out, pretty one,
  Whose hand is holding
  The wings of the serpent.

The girl in the middle replies:--

  Gladly would I have guessed,
  Had I but known, or had seen,--
  Crossing over the plain,
  Plaiting the ruddy brown hair,
  Weaving with silk in and out
  Interlacing with gold.
  O, my friends, dear companions,
  Tell the truth, do not conceal it,
  Give, oh give me back my gold!
      My mother will beat me
      For three days, for four;
      With three rods of gold,
      With a fourth rod of pearl.

The chorus breaks in, singing:--

  The ring has fallen, has fallen
  Among the guelders and raspberries,
  Among the black currants.

    *       *       *       *

  Disappeared has our gold,
  Hidden amid the mere dust,
  Grown all over with moss.'

In Warner's 'History of Ireland' (vol. i. book 10) is the following ring
anecdote: 'The people were inspired with such a spirit of honour, virtue,
and religion, by the great example of Brien, and by his excellent
administration, that, as a proof of it, we are informed that a young lady
of great beauty, adorned with jewels and a costly dress, undertook to
journey alone from one end of the kingdom to the other, with a wand only
in her hand, on the top of which was a ring of exceeding great value; and
such an impression had the laws and government of this monarch made on the
minds of all the people that no attempt was made on her honour, nor was
she robbed of her clothes or jewels.'

This forms the subject of one of the sweetest melodies of Moore:--

  Rich and rare were the gems she wore,
  And a bright gold ring on her wand she bore;
  But oh! her beauty was far beyond
  Her sparkling gems and snow-white wand.

Janus Nicius Crytraeus relates that a certain pope had a tame raven, which
secreted the pope's ring, or _annulus Piscatoris_. The pope, thinking that
some one had committed the robbery, issued a bull of excommunication
against the robber. The raven grew very thin, and lost all his plumage. On
the ring being found, and the excommunication taken off, the raven
recovered his flesh and his plumage.

Upon this story was founded the admirable Ingoldsby legend of the 'Jackdaw
of Rheims.'

       *       *       *       *       *

During the great war of liberation in Germany, the ladies deposited in
the public treasury their jewels and ornaments to be sold for the national
cause, and they each received in turn an iron ring inscribed 'Ich gab Gold
am Eisen' (I gave gold for iron). Russell, who mentions this in his 'Tour
in Germany,' 1813, adds:--'A Prussian dame is as proud, and justly proud,
of this coarse decoration as her husband and her son is of his iron
cross.'

       *       *       *       *       *

A singular mode of securing a ring on the finger is mentioned by a
correspondent to 'Notes and Queries' (4th Series, vol. vi. p. 323): 'In
the possession of a lady relative of mine is an old painting in oils,
representing Sir William Segar, Principal King-at-Arms to James I. (1604),
and his wife. They stand side by side, and are three-quarter portraits of
life size. On the fourth finger of Lady Segar's right hand is a jewelled
ring, to which are attached several black strings, curiously joined at the
back of the hand, and fastened round the wrist.'

       *       *       *       *       *

A curious and tragical incident in connection with a ring is related in
the 'Lives of the Lindsays.' The young Colin, Earl of Balcarres, was
obtaining for his bride a young Dutch lady, Mauritia de Nassau, daughter
of a natural son of Maurice, Prince of Orange. The day arrived for the
wedding, the noble party were assembled in the church, and the bride was
at the altar; but, to the dismay of the company, no bridegroom appeared.
The volatile Colin had forgotten the day of his marriage, and was
discovered in his night-gown and slippers, quietly eating his breakfast.
He hurried to the church, but in his haste left the ring in his
writing-case; a friend in the company gave him one; the ceremony went on,
and, without looking at it, he placed it on the finger of the bride. It
was a _mourning_ ring, with the death's-head and cross-bones. On
perceiving it at the close of the ceremony she fainted away, and the evil
omen had made such an impression on her mind that, on recovering, she
declared she should die within the year, and her presentiment was too
truly fulfilled.

       *       *       *       *       *

Louis de Berquem, of Bruges, to whom is ascribed the art of cutting and
polishing the diamond, made his first attempts in 1475, upon three rough
and large diamonds, confided to him for that purpose by Charles the Rash,
Duke of Burgundy. One of these was cut in a triangular shape, and mounted
on a ring, on which were figured two hands, as a symbol of alliance and
good faith, and was presented to Louis XI., King of France.

       *       *       *       *       *

Mr. Howitt, in his additions to the 'History of Magic' of Ennemoser,
remarks: 'In the St. Vitus's dance patients often experience divinatory
visions of a fugitive nature, either referring to themselves or to others,
and occasionally in symbolic words. In the "Leaves from Prevorst," such
symbolic somnambulism is related, and I myself have observed a very
similar case: Miss V. Brand, during a violent paroxysm of St. Vitus's
dance, suddenly saw a black evil-boding crow fly into the room, from
which, she said, she was unable to protect herself, as it unceasingly flew
round her, as if it wished to make some communication. This appearance was
of daily occurrence with the paroxysm for eight days afterwards. On the
ninth, when the attacks had become less violent, the vision commenced with
the appearance of a white dove, which carried a letter containing a
betrothal ring in its beak; shortly afterwards the crow flew in with a
black-sealed letter. The next morning the post brought a letter with
betrothal cards from a cousin, and a few hours after the news was received
of the death of her aunt at Lohburg, of whose illness she was ignorant. Of
both these letters, which two different posts brought in on the same day,
Miss V. Brand could not possibly have known anything. The change of birds
and their colours during her recovery, and before the announcement of
agreeable or sorrowful news, the symbols of the ring and the black seal
exhibit in this vision a particularly pure expression of the soul, as well
as a correct view into the future.'

       *       *       *       *       *

A French MS. of the thirteenth century gives the earliest version hitherto
discovered of the fable of the three rings, known by the story in
Boccaccio's 'Decamerone,' and by Lessing's 'Nathan.' From these, however,
it differs essentially. In the present version the true ring is found out
after the father's death, while Boccaccio and Lessing tell the contrary.
Of course the allegorical meaning of the true ring is the Christian faith,
and the two false are the Mohammedan and the Judaic faith. The Mohammedan
faith is considered the oldest because it represents the pagan faith in
general.

       *       *       *       *       *

Among the singular uses to which rings have been applied, I may mention
what were called 'meridian.' These were various kinds of astronomical
rings formerly in use, but now superseded by more exact instruments. In
the French 'Encyclopedie' (Diderot and D'Alembert) will be found an
account of the 'solar' ring (_anneau solaire_), which showed the hour by
means of a small perforation, 'un trou, par lequel on fait passer un
rayon de soleil.' Zeller also describes a kind of sun-dial in the form of
a ring. This was called the astronomical ring, 'annulus astronomicus.'[74]

[Illustration: Dial rings.]

The Rev. Danson R. Currer has a _brass_ ring-dial, probably of the kind
formerly designated as 'journey rings.'

Mr. Edward Jones, of Dolgellau, has a dial-ring consisting of two
concentric rings moving within the other, the larger one having a linear
groove, and the smaller one a slight hole working into it.

[Illustration: Dial ring.]

       *       *       *       *       *

The romantic attachment of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, to Mary, the
second sister of Henry VIII., is an interesting episode in ring history.
She had been married in 1514 to Louis XII. of France, a political union of
youth and beauty to debilitated old age. Brandon was sent with several
English nobles to grace the nuptials. There is reason to believe that Mary
had flattered his hopes of marrying her long before she quitted England.
King Louis died three months after his marriage, and a few days after the
Queen was secretly married to Suffolk. That during the brief interval
between the marriage and death of the French monarch some interchange of
affection occurred between the lovers is certain. A rumour had spread that
Suffolk had shown a diamond ring she gave him. 'The truth is,' she writes,
'that one night at Tournay, being at the banquet, after the banquet he put
himself upon his knees before me, and in speaking and in playing he drew
from my finger the ring, and put it upon his, and since showed it to me;
and I took to laugh, and to him said that he was a thief, and that I
thought not that the King had with him led thieves out of his country. The
word _larron_ he could not understand, wherefore I was constrained to ask
how one said in Flemish _larron_. And afterwards I said to him in Flemish
_dieffe_, and I prayed him many times to give it me again, for that it
was too much known. But he understood me not well, and kept it on unto the
next day that I spake to the King, him requiring to make him to give it to
me, because it was too much known--I promising him one of my bracelets the
which I wore, the which I gave him. And then he gave me the said ring; the
which one other time at Lylle, being set nigh to my lady of Hornes, and he
before upon his knees, it took again from my finger. I spake to the King
to have it again; but it was not possible, for he said unto me that he
would give me others better, and that I should leave him that. I said unto
him that it was not for the value, but for that it was too much known. He
would not understand it, but departed from me. The morrow after he brought
me one fair point of diamond, and one table of ruby, and showed me it was
for the other ring, wherefore I durst no more speak of it, if not to
beseech him it should not be shewed to any person; the which hath not all
to me been done.' 'Thus signed, M.'

       *       *       *       *       *

In 'Household Words' (vol. ix. p. 277), there is an account of two rings
supposed to have been stolen from Charles II. on his death-bed. 'I should
have told you, in his fits his feet were as cold as ice, and were kept
rubbed with hot cloths, which were difficult to get. Some say the Queen
rubbed one and washed it in tears. Pillows were brought from the Duchess
of Portsmouth by Mrs. Roche. His Highness, the Duke of York, was the first
there, and then I think the Queen (he sent for her); the Duchess of
Portsmouth swooned in the chamber, and was carried out for air; Nelly
Gwynne roared to a disturbance, and was led out, and lay roaring behind
the door; the Duchess wept and returned; the Princess (afterwards Queen
Anne) was not admitted, he was so ghastly a sight (his eye-balls were
turned that none of the blacks were seen, and his mouth drawn up to one
eye), so they feared it might affect the child she goes with. None came in
at the common door, but by an odd side-door, to prevent a crowd, but
enough at convenient times to satisfy all. The grief of the Duchess of
Portsmouth did not prevent her packing and sending many strong boxes to
the French ambassador's; and the second day of the King's sickness, the
chamber being kept dark--one who comes from the light does not see very
soon, and much less one who is between them and the light there is--so she
went to the side of the bed, and sat down to, and, taking the King's hands
in hers, felt his two great diamond rings; thinking herself alone, and,
asking him what he did with them on, said she would take them off, and did
it at the same time, and looking up saw the Duke on the other side,
steadfastly looking on her, at which she blushed much, and held them
towards him, and said: "Here, sire, will you take them?" "No, madam," he
said, "they are as safe in your hands as mine, I will not touch them until
I see how things will go." But, since the King's death, she has forgot to
restore them, though he has not that she took them, for he told the
story.'

This extract is taken from a letter written by a lady who was the wife of
a person about the court at Whitehall, and forms part of a curious
collection of papers lately discovered at Draycot House, near Chippenham.

       *       *       *       *       *

In connection with incidents concerning rings, I may allude to the golden
spoil that Messrs. Garrard, goldsmiths, of the Haymarket, London,
purchased from the prize-agents of the British forces employed on the Gold
Coast. These precious objects appear to have been collected by the King
of Ashantee in great haste as a propitiatory offering, and were evidently
seized and sent at random to the British general. Among them are rings of
the most beautiful yet fantastic shapes, showing the extraordinary
imitative talents which the Ashantee goldsmiths possess. Perhaps the most
curious of these is a ring finely chased, the signet of which is made of
what seems to be an ancient Coptic coin. Two rings appear to have been
copied from early English betrothal rings, precisely such as those by
which lovers plighted their troth in this country many years ago.




CHAPTER X.

REMARKABLE RINGS.


A volume of some amplitude might be written on the very attractive subject
of the present chapter, for there are very few families in the kingdom
cherishing a regard for ancestry and for the antiquarian interests of
their country, who could not show examples of rings possessing unusual
interest, not only of family, but of general importance. The Loan
Exhibition of Ancient and Modern Jewellery at the South Kensington Museum
in 1872 exhibited an unusual display of finger-rings contributed from
every part of the kingdom, many of them of extreme rarity and beauty;
while the famous Waterton Collection acquired by the Museum, described by
one of the most eminent authorities on this particular subject as 'in its
almost unlimited extent, comprising the rings of all ages and nations,'
afforded specimens, many of which were unique, and of singular interest.

The limits of the present book enable me only to mention a few instances
of remarkable rings, in addition to those which have been already alluded
to in the previous chapters. Rings of the earliest ages naturally attract
our observation more than those of later times, and are invaluable studies
to the historian and the antiquarian, throwing light upon many subjects,
of which they are in some cases the only reflex, and enabling us to judge
of the progress of art in distant eras, to assist chronological
researches, and to explain by inscriptions and figures many dubious points
which would otherwise remain obscure.

No doubt there are many instances in which we have to depend on tradition
alone for circumstances in connection with ring incidents, but even in
these cases romance and poetry lend their aid in rendering them full of
charm and interest, as an acquaintance with the mediaeval writers more
especially will prove, and to which I have frequently alluded in the
preceding chapters.

Among the most remarkable collections of cameos, intaglios, and
finger-rings, are those known as the 'Devonshire Gems,' formed in the last
century by William Cavendish, third Duke of Devonshire. Eighty-eight,
including some of the finest cameos, were withdrawn from it, and mounted
in enamelled gold as a parure, unsurpassed for beauty and rarity.

These precious gems were exhibited at the South Kensington Museum in 1872.
Amongst the finger-rings were a scarabaeus in grey and white onyx of three
strata, in its antique ring of massive gold, thickened and expanded at the
shoulders; a splendid specimen of a large gold ring of the best
Italo-Greek work, the hoop formed of delicately woven corded pattern, the
large deep bezel enriched with exquisite applied ornament in minute
threaded work, perhaps the finest ring of its type known; a ring with
intaglio of female head chased on the gold of the bezel is of antique
Greek type; an intaglio of beautiful antique work on banded onyx, set in a
massive gold ring; a most remarkable Roman ring, the bezel representing a
Cupid's head, chased in full relief on the solid; a small gold ring, the
square bezel engraved with a dolphin, and the hoop formed of triple
beaded pattern; eight antique Roman rings, for the most part of the second
and third centuries, one of which has the open-work hoop; a very
interesting mediaeval ring of rude workmanship, formed of electron, or gold
much alloyed with silver; on the circular bezel is a head in intaglio, and
in rather rude lettering 'VIVAT,' the shoulders have pellets at the side
of the hoop--the date would appear to be of the seventh or eighth century;
a good example of the iconographic type of English ring engraved on the
bezel with figures of saints, fifteenth century; a massive gold ring,
shoulders and hoop chased, Gothic inscriptions within the hoop; a fine
English fifteenth century signet; a massive signet of the sixteenth
century; a signet with shield of arms engraved on the under side of a thin
piece of rock crystal and , sixteenth or seventeenth century.

Among the classical antiquities in the British Museum is a rich collection
of gems retaining their antique settings, a treasure not to be surpassed
by any in Europe. Among these is a magnificent intaglio of Hercules
slaying the Hydra, very deeply cut on a rich sard, and set in a massive
gold ring of the form fashionable during the Lower Empire. The wonderful
lion-ring from the Prince of Canino's collection I have already described
in the first chapter of this work. An account of the Museum gems will be
found in the works of the Rev. C. W. King, on 'Precious Stones' and
'Antique Gems.'

In the same magnificent collection are some curious rings, amongst other
objects from Switzerland, of the people who built their habitations on
piles in the lakes.

In the British Museum is also preserved the gold signet-ring of Mary,
Queen of Scots. On the face is engraved the royal arms and supporters of
the kingdom of Scotland, with the motto 'IN DEFENS' and her initials 'M.
R.' In the inner side of the seal a crowned monogram is engraved, 'which
might have been an unsolved enigma, but for the existence, in the State
Paper Office, of a letter written by Mary to Queen Elizabeth, in which she
has drawn the identical monogram after signing her name. Sir Henry Ellis,
who first traced out this curious history, says, "It is clearly formed of
the letters M. and A. (for Mary and Albany), and gives countenance to the
opinion that the written monogram was intended for Elizabeth and Burghley
to study, the subsequent creation of the title of Duke of Albany in Lord
Darnley ultimately opening their eyes to the enigma."'

A similarly interesting ring is that of Henry, Lord Darnley, husband to
Mary, Queen of Scots, now in the Waterton Collection at the South
Kensington Museum. On the bezel it bears the two initials 'M. H.' united
by a lover's knot. In the hoop is the name engraved 'HENRI L. DARNLEY,'
and the year of the marriage, 1565.

[Illustration: Signet-ring of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Darnley ring.]

In the interesting 'Notices of Collections of Glyptic Art,' by the Rev. C.
W. King, M.A., published in the 'Archaeological Journal' for October 1861,
is a description of some remarkable rings in the Queen's and other
collections. By the kindness of the editor of the Journal I am enabled to
give an abstract of the valuable papers contributed by the Rev. C. W.
King. In the Royal Collection is a ruby set in a massy gold ring, having
the name of 'Loys XII.,' and the date of his decease, 1515, engraved
inside. The ruby has a head in profile of King Louis, and is a stone of
considerable size (being half an inch in diameter) and of the finest
quality. The drawing is correct, though somewhat stiff, after the usual
manner of the Quattro Cento heads; the relief is somewhat flat, and all
the details most accurately finished; both for material and execution this
gem is an invaluable monument of the early times of the art.

The signet-ring made for Charles II., when Prince of Wales, has the
ostrich plumes between the letters 'C. P.'--'Carolus Princeps'--neatly and
deeply cut upon a table _diamond_ (1/2 x 3/8 inch in size) formed into a
heater-shaped, seven-sided shield. The stone is slightly tinged with
yellow, but of fine lustre, and such that of its nature no doubt whatever
can be entertained. The ring, holding this in every respect interesting
relic, has the back enamelled with a bow and quiver _en saltire_. A
marvellous specimen of metal-work is the signet of his unfortunate father,
having the royal arms most minutely engraved upon a shield of steel, and
the lion and unicorn (modelled with matchless skill in the same metal in
full relief) reclining upon the shoulders of a gold ring, and that of a
size by no means inconvenient for wear upon the little finger.

The Marlborough gems[75] constitute a famous collection, as it now
stands, formed by the union of the Arundel and the Bessborough, together
with certain additions made at the close of the last century by the
grandfather of the present Duke of Marlborough. This collection includes
many masterpieces of art set in rings of fine gold in a plain solid
imitation of the ancient ring worn by the later Romans, having a slight
round shank, gradually thickening towards the shoulders.

The Bessborough Collection deservedly ranks as one of the first in Europe
for the interest and value of the works of art it contains (as viewed
exclusively in that light) and the gems themselves, are pre-eminently
distinguished by the unusual taste and elegance of the rings in which they
are for the most part set. In this point of view alone they will furnish a
rich treat to every amateur in that elegant branch of the jeweller's
craft. Some are choice examples of the Renaissance goldsmiths' skill; the
majority, however, plainly show that they were made to the commission of
the noble possessor, exhibiting as they do the most varied designs in the
Louis XV. style, in which one is at a loss what most to admire, the
fertility of invention displayed in the great variety of the forms, or the
perfection of workmanship with which these designs have been carried out
in the finest gold.

The Rev. C. W. King mentions a ring in this collection, with a
representation of a dancing fawn upon sard, as the most elegant design
ever invented by Italian taste. Appropriately to the subject, the shank
consists of two thyrsi, whilst around the head of the ring runs an ivy
garland, the leaves enamelled green. The execution of this charming idea
equals the design.

Another exquisite old Italian ring is described as being adorned with two
masks of Pan upon the shoulders, the very masterpieces of chasings in
gold, so vigorous, so full of life, are these minute full-faced heads in
half relief.

In the same collection is a sard engraved with a head of Lucilla, mediocre
in execution, but set in a ring worthy of Cellini, to whose age the
workmanship belongs. It is certainly the most artistic example of this
ornament that has ever come under the Rev. Mr. King's notice. Two nude
figures, one seen in front, the other from behind, carved out in flat
relief upon the shoulders of the shank, bear torches in either hand, which
wind round the setting; doves and flowers fill up the interval between
them. The perfection of these minute chasings is beyond all description,
each is a finished statuette; curious, too, is the elegance with which
they are employed, so as to fall naturally into the curvature required by
their position.

These extracts from the paper in the 'Archaeological Journal,' by the Rev.
C. W. King, will suffice to show the great value and beauty of these
precious objects.

The famous ring of Chariclea is thus mentioned by the Rev. C. W. King in
his 'Handbook of Engraved Gems.' It is 'an extract from the flowery pages
of the tasteful Bishop of Tricca, Heliodorus, who, though writing amidst
the fast-gathering clouds of the fourth century, still retained a tinge of
early culture, and could not extinguish a sinful admiration for artistic
beauty. Like other educated men of his, and even lower, times, he was
still able to appreciate the productions of an art, even then, nearly
extinct, for with what enthusiasm does he enlarge upon the description of
the ring worn by his heroine Chariclea ('AEthiop.' v. 13), possibly a work
the beauty of which he had himself admired in reality, or, perhaps,
actually possessed! "Such is the appearance of all amethysts coming from
India and Ethiopia; but that which Calasiris now presented to Nausicles
was far above them in value, for it was enriched with an engraving, and
worked out into an imitation of nature. The subject was a boy tending his
flocks, himself standing upon a low rock for the sake of looking about
him, and guiding his sheep to their pasture by the music of his Pandean
pipe. The flock seemed obedient to the signal, and submitted themselves
readily to be conducted by the guidance of his notes. One would say they
were themselves laden with fleeces of gold, and those not of the artist's
giving, but due to the amethyst itself, which painted their backs with a
blush of its own. Pictured also were the tender skippings of the lambs;
whilst some running up against the rock in troops, others, turning in
frolicsome turnings around the shepherd, converted the rising ground into
an appearance of a pastoral theatre. Others, again, revelling in the blaze
of the amethyst, as if in the beams of the sun, were pawing and scraping
the rock with the points of their hoofs, as if they bounded up against it.
Such amongst them as were the first born, and the more audacious, seemed
as if they were wishing to leap over this round of the gem, but were kept
in by the artist, who had drawn a border like a golden fold around them
and the rock. Now this fold was in reality of stone, and not imitative,
for the engraver, having circumscribed a portion of the gem's edge for
this purpose, had depicted what he required in the actual substance,
deeming it a clever stroke to contrive a stone wall upon a _stone_."' 'A
remark,' adds the Rev. C. W. King, 'proving that our author is describing
a real intaglio, not drawing upon his fancy merely.'

The Rev. Walter Sneyd possesses a ring of singular interest, supposed to
have belonged to Roger, King of Sicily (died 1152). A representation of
this relic is given in the 'Archaeological Journal' (vol. iii. p. 269). 'It
is of mixed yellow metal, gilt; on either side of the hoop there is a
crown--of the form commonly seen on coins or money of the twelfth
century--and on the signet are the words "ROGERIVS REX," chased in high
_relief_. In the form of the character they correspond closely with
legends on coins of Roger, second Duke of Apulia of that name, crowned
King of Sicily 1129. This ring has every appearance of genuine character;
but it is difficult to tell for what purpose it was fabricated, the
inscription not being inverted, and the letters in relief ill-suited for
producing an impression. It seems very improbable that King Roger should
have worn a ring of base metal, and the conjecture may deserve
consideration that it was a signet not intended for the purpose for
sealing, but entrusted in lieu of credentials to some envoy.'

[Illustration: Supposed ring of Roger, King of Sicily.]

In the Waterton Collection is a ring assumed on good grounds to have been
that with which Cola di Rienzi, the famous tribune of Rome, was united to
Catarina di Riselli. 'The ring,' remarks Mr. Waterton, 'was purchased for
me in Rome, for a trifling sum, at one of the periodical clearing sales of
the Monte di Pieta, and I had it for several months before I discovered
certain facts--which many archaeologists consider to be corroborative of my
supposition--that this ring was the nuptial ring of Cola di Rienzi. Its
style, when compared with other objects of the period, enables us to
ascribe its date to the first half of the fourteenth century. The bezel
is an irregular octagon, in the centre there is cut, signet-wise, a
device, two stars divided per pale. Around this are inscribed two
names--Catarina, Nicola--the interstices being filled up with niello.
These names are written from left to right, and not reversed. The ring is
an elegant specimen of Italian workmanship, and I consider it to have been
produced by a Florentine artist. The reasons for believing that this may
have been the _fiancial_ ring of Rienzi and his wife are the following: 1.
The two names, Nicola (di Rienzi) and Catarina (di Riselli). 2. The date
of the ring, which we may assign to 1320-1340, the time when Rienzi lived.
3. Neither Rienzi nor his wife had any armorial bearing; and, having great
faith in his destiny, he is stated to have selected a star for his device.
The two stars divided per pale were interpreted by an eminent Roman
archaeologist to be significant of the star of Rienzi, and that of his
wife.'

A curious seal-ring, formerly in the possession of Sir Richard Worsley, of
Appuldercombe, in the Isle of Wight, was exhibited at a meeting of the
Society of Antiquaries in 1775. An impression in wax was also shown at the
Plymouth Local Committee of the Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society, in
July 1850, by Mr. Cotton, of Ivybridge. The thumb-ring, set in gold, and
of exquisite workmanship, is said to have been in the possession of the
Worsley family since the time of Henry VIII. That King usually wore it on
his finger, and presented it to Sir James Worsley, his yeoman of the
wardrobe, and governor of the Isle of Wight. The device represents a
warrior completely armed from head to foot, and covered with a vest or
surcoat; his helmet is flat at the top, and brought round under the chin,
exactly in the same form as those worn in France about the middle of the
thirteenth century, during the reign of Saint Louis. The scabbard of his
sword hangs by his side, but the sword itself lies broken at his feet. His
uplifted arms grasp a ragged or knotted staff, with which he is in the act
of attacking a lion, who stands opposed to him. His shield bears the coat
armour of the Stuart family; viz., Or, a fesse checky Az. and Argt. Over
the lion's head appears an arm in mail, holding a shield, with the above
coat of arms of the Stuarts; and in an escutcheon of pretence, a lion
rampant, the arms of Scotland and of Bruce. The sleeve of the drapery,
which falls loosely from the arm, is ornamented on the border with three
_fleurs de lis_; and the whole is enclosed within a double tressure fleury
and counter-fleury, which together form the arms of Scotland.

[Illustration: The 'Worsley' seal-ring.]

'The warrior here represented' (says Dr. Mills, Dean of Exeter, in his
account of this ring) 'seems to be Sir Walter Stuart, born anno 1393, so
called from being hereditary High Steward of Scotland. He married Margery,
daughter of Robert Bruce, and sister to David Bruce, Kings of Scotland.
David dying without male issue, Margery became an heiress; and therefore
her arms are placed here in an escutcheon of pretence on those of Walter
Stuart, her husband.'

The device here represented seems to be in some measure ascertained by the
account given by Sir Simeon Stuart's family in the Baronetage of England,
which says that Sir Alexander Stuart had an honourable augmentation
granted by Charles VI., King of France, viz. argent the lion of Scotland,
debruised with a ragged staff bend-wise or. This honour was probably
granted to Sir Alexander on account of some martial achievement performed
either by him or his ancestors. But the seal seems to determine it to
Walter Stuart, the husband of Margery Bruce, as there is not more than
fifty years between his death and the accession to the throne of Charles
VI. As Sir James Worsley, ancestor to Sir Richard, married Mary, eldest
daughter of Sir Nicholas Stuart, of Hartley Mauditt, in Hampshire, it is
highly probable that this ring descended to the family of Worsley by this
alliance.

The ring of St. Louis of France was formerly kept in the treasury of St.
Denis. In 'Le Tresor Sacre de Sainct Denys' (1646) this ring is thus
described: 'L'anneau du mesme glorieux Roy Sainct Louis qui est precieux:
il est d'or, seme de fleurs de lys, garny d'un grand saphir quarre sur
lequel est gravee l'image du mesme sainct avec les lettres S. L., qui
veulent dire _Sigillum Lodovici_. Sur le rond de l'anneau par le dedans
sont gravez ces mots, "_C'est le Signet du Roy S. Louis_," qui y ont este
adjoustez apres sa mort.' A representation of this remarkable ring is here
given. It is now in the Musee des Souverains at the Louvre.

[Illustration: Ring of St. Louis.]

'The wedding-ring,' remarks the Rev. C. W. King, 'of the same prince is
said to have been set with a sapphire engraved with the Crucifixion; the
shank covered with lilies and _marguerites_, allusive to his own name and
his wife's. This attribution is a mere _custode's_ story. Mr. Waterton,
who examined this gem, puts it down to a much later age: the King, a full
length, has the nimbus, showing the figure to be posterior to his
beatification. It probably belongs to Louis XII.'s time.'

In the Braybrooke Collection is a cameo portrait of Madame de Maintenon,
on a very large and fine ruby, three eighths of an inch by half an inch
wide, in a most beautiful gold ring, contemporaneous setting; presented to
Louis XIV. when she retired into the convent of St. Cyr. In the same
collection is a cameo portrait of Queen Elizabeth, by Valerio Vicentini,
on a sardonyx of three strata, in a fine gold setting of the period; also
a cameo portrait of Charles I. on black jasper, a splendid work of art,
in a beautifully-enamelled gold ring of his time.

The Rev. C. W. King describes the famous signet-ring of Michael Angelo,
preserved in the Paris Collection. 'It is a sard engraved with a group
representing a Bacchic festival, quite in the Renaissance style. In the
exergue is a boy fishing, the rebus upon the name of the artist _Gio Maria
da Pescia_. Many connoisseurs, however, hold the gem to be an undoubted
antique. Of this relic the following curious story is told:--In the last
century, as the Abbe Barthelemy was exhibiting the rarities of the
Bibliotheque to a distinguished antiquary of the day, he suddenly missed
this ring, whereupon without expressing his suspicions, he privately
despatched a servant for an emetic, which, when brought, he insisted upon
the _savant's_ swallowing, and the ring came to light again.'[76]

The celebrated gem representing Apollo and Marsyas, which belonged to
Lorenzo de' Medici, and formed one of the magnificent collection of the
Grand-Duke of Tuscany, once, mounted on a ring, decorated the hand of the
parricide Nero, who used it to sign his sanguinary mandates. Numbers of
copies have been taken of this gem in ancient and modern times. It is thus
described by Tenhove: Apollo, in a noble attitude, is holding his lyre,
and regarding with disdain Marsyas, who, bound to a tree, and his hands
tied behind him, awaits the just punishment of his temerity. The young
Scythian who is to execute the sentence, kneels before Apollo, apparently
imploring his clemency. The quiver and arrows of the god are suspended
from one of the branches of the tree; on the foreground are the
instruments of which the satyr has made such unfortunate use.

It is known that Nero had the folly to imagine himself the first musician
of his time, and in selecting this subject he doubtless intended to get
rid of all competition, by deterring those who might otherwise have felt
disposed to enter the lists with him. Perhaps he was looking at his left
hand, and assuming Apollo for his model, when he had the singer Menedemus,
of whom he was jealous, flayed, as it were, with whipping, in his
presence, whose yells of agony seemed to the emperor so melodious that he
warmly applauded. Lorenzo's feeling with regard to the gem was, doubtless,
of a very different character: he selected the stone on account of its
marvellous beauty of execution.

Among the art treasures, in connection with rings and camei in the British
Museum, the Rev. C. W. King notices a cameo with a lion passant, in low
relief in the red layer of a sardonyx, exquisitely finished, which has its
value greatly enhanced by the 'LAVR. MED.' cut in the field, attesting
that it once belonged to the original cabinet of Lorenzo de' Medici. This
stone, set in a ring, has its face protected by a glass; a proof of the
estimation in which its former possessor held it.

[Illustration: Ring Device of Cosmo de' Medici.]

Cosmo de' Medici had for device three diamonds on rings, intertwined
emblems of excellency, superiority, and endurance.

[Illustration: Ring Device of Lorenzo de' Medici.]

Lorenzo de' Medici had a ring with a diamond; a plume of three colours,
green, white, and red, to signify that in loving God he displayed three
virtues: the white plume representing faith; the green, hope; the red,
charity. Pope Leo X. adopted this device.

Pietro de' Medici had a falcon holding a diamond-ring in its claws,
signifying that everything should be done to please God.

[Illustration: Ring Device of Pietro de' Medici.]

In the Staunton collection of antiquities (Longbridge House, near Warwick)
is a remarkable ring, which is described (with illustrations) in the
'Archaeological Journal' (vol. iv. p. 358). It is a beautiful gold
signet-ring, found, about the year 1825, in the ruins of Kenilworth
Castle, by a person named Faulkner, who was in the constant habit of
searching among the rubbish with the expectation of making some valuable
discovery. Its weight is 4 dwts. 10 grs. The impress is very singular;
under a crown appear the numerals 87, of the forms usually designated as
Arabic, of which no example has been noticed in this country, except in
MSS. prior to the fifteenth century. Above the crown are the letters =s=
and =h=; lower down on one side is seen the letter =a=, and on the other
=m=. Various interpretations of this remarkable device have been
suggested: it has been supposed that it might have reference to the
coronation of Elizabeth, Queen of Henry VII., solemnised at Westminster,
A.D. 1487, or have been connected with the enterprise of Lambert Simnel,
which occurred during that year at the instigation of Margaret, Duchess of
Burgundy. Mr. Hawkins considers its age to have been about the reign of
Edward IV., the crown with fleur-de-lys ornaments, and the form of the =m=
being of similar character to those on his coins; a similar type of crown
may, however, be found in earlier times, as shown by the great seals and
other authorities as early even as the reign of Richard II. The letters
have been supposed to be the initials of a sentence such as 'Sancta virgo
adjuva me' (the second letter being read as =h=) or, supposing the ring to
be referred to the times of Henry VII., 'Sigillum,' or 'secretum, Henrici,
anno (14) 87. M{h}.' The most probable explanation, however, appears to
have been proposed by Mr. John Gough Nichols: that the ring, which is of a
size suited to a lady's finger, might have been a betrothal or wedding
present; the initials =s.h.= and =a.m.= being those of the two parties,
the Arabic numerals indicating the date 1487, and the crown being merely
ornamental, frequently used during the fifteenth century on seals by
persons not entitled by rank to use them.

[Illustration: Ring found at Kenilworth Castle.]

The coronet, with an initial letter, adopted as a device on the seals or
signet-rings of commoners, appears on numerous rings of the fifteenth
century, as well as on seals appended to documents. It appears on another
ring of later date in Mr. Staunton's collection, of base metal gilt, found
in Coleshill Church, Warwickshire. The device appears to be a crown placed
upon a shaft or truncheon, resting on a heart, in base, with the initials
of the wearer, I. G., at the sides.

At a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries (May 1875), Mr. Robert Day
(Local Secretary for Ireland) exhibited a silver ring of
fourteenth-century work, the hoop portion of which is formed of two hands,
which grasp an octagonal signet that bears the centre device of a letter R
crowned, with the motto 'Bacchal,' and a spray of roses in the border. 'To
illustrate this,' remarks Mr. Day, 'I send a small coin of base silver,
having a similar crowned R on the obverse. These crowned letters recall
the familiar lines of Chaucer, of

              ------a crowned A,
  And after, Amor Vincit Omnia.

The ring was dug up in a potato garden at Howth, near Dublin. The motto
"Bacchal" I am unable to throw any light upon, except it be a contraction
of Baccalaureus. On the rim is a star of six points, to show the position
for sealing.'

A ring-relic of Fotheringay, belonging to Mrs. Simpson, of Edinburgh, is
of gold, set with a diamond cut in facets, with three smaller diamonds
over it, representing a crowned heart. It is considered to have belonged
to the unfortunate Mary, Queen of Scots.

A gold signet-ring, curious and interesting in several respects, the
property of Mr. James Neish, of the Laws, Dundee, was exhibited at a
meeting of the Archaeological Institute in May 1864, when the following
particulars were given:--It was found about 1790, in digging the
foundations of Heathfield House, on the Hawkhill, Dundee, formerly called
the Sparrow Muir. The device (of which a representation is given in the
'Archaeological Journal,' No. 82, 1864, p. 186) is a head, apparently
regal, bearded, with the hair long at the sides; on the breast there is a
mullet or star of five points introduced in scrolled ornament; around the
edge is a corded bordure with knots at intervals like a _cordeliere_,
instead of the pearled margin usually found on seals. This knotted
cincture is well known as worn by the Franciscans, thence designated as
_Cordeliers_; as accessory to heraldic or personal ornaments, its use
seems to have been first adopted by Anne of Brittany, after the death of
Charles VIII., in 1498, as we are informed by Palliot and other writers.
It has, however, sometimes been assigned to a rather earlier period. The
hoop of Mr. Neish's ring is plain and massive, the weight being 199
grains. The device is engraved with skill. It is difficult to tell whether
the object worn on the head is intended for a crown or a helmet, with
lateral projections resembling horns. Examples of helmets with cornute
appendages, especially found in classical art, are not wanting in mediaeval
times. It has been suggested that the mullet on the breast may indicate
some allusion to the heraldic bearing of the Douglas family, especially as
the ring was discovered in the district of Angus, of which the earldom was
conferred in 1377 on a branch of that noble race. Mr. Neish--to whom both
this remarkable ring and also Heathfield House where it was found,
belong--stated that he had been informed by two persons that they
remembered the discovery; one, moreover, said that Mr. Webster, of
Heathfield House, to whom it formerly belonged, told him that the late Mr.
Constable, of Wallace Craigie (the Monkbarns of the 'Antiquary),' had
taken interest in the discovery, and having carried the ring to Edinburgh,
he had found there in some depository a proclamation regarding the loss of
a gold ring on Sparrow Muir, by a certain Allan Dorward, who had been
employed by David, Earl of Huntingdon, brother of William the Lion, in
building a church founded by the Earl at Dundee, and completed in 1198.
The King, according to tradition, was so pleased with the builder's work
that he presented to him a ring, which Allan, being afterwards at a
boar-hunt on the Sparrow Muir, had there lost, and he had offered a reward
for its recovery, as made known in the proclamation before mentioned. This
tradition has been related by Mr. Andrew Jervise, in his 'Memorials of
Angus and the Mearns,' p. 178. According to another version the ring was
asserted to have been given by David II. (A.D. 1329-70) to his master
mason, and lost by him on the Sparrow Muir in the manner before related.

So much for tradition. The beautiful ring in Mr. Neish's possession may
possibly be assigned to the later part of the fourteenth century; the
workmanship presents no feature of early character to justify the
supposition that it was a gift from William the Lion. There is also the
assurance of one of the most accurate and acute of Scottish antiquaries
that no such document or 'advertisement' as is alleged to have been put
forth by the loser of the ring is in existence; neither is there any
record of any architect employed by David II., or by his father Robert I.

The supposition seems to be that the ring may have belonged to some
person of the family of Douglas by whom St. Francis was held in special
veneration, and that hence the _cordeliere_ was introduced upon it. There
existed at Dundee a Franciscan convent, which appears to have received
support from the Douglas family.

A relic of Flodden Field (1513), a ring, was found in 1783, on the site of
the battle. It bore the following inscription in Norman-French: 'On est
mal loiauls amans qui se poet garder des maux disans' (no lovers so
faithful as to be able to guard themselves against evil-speakers). Between
every two words, and at the beginning of each line, is a boar's head. This
being the crest of the Campbells, it is not improbable that the ring was
that of the Argylls, and might have belonged to Archibald Campbell, the
second Earl of Argyll, who was killed while commanding the van of the army
at the fatal battle of Flodden Field,--

  Where shiver'd was fair Scotland's spear,
    And broken was her shield.

I have previously alluded to the signet-ring of Mary, Queen of Scots, in
the British Museum. A few additional particulars of this celebrated relic
will be interesting. It were now a fruitless task to seek to discover
through what means this ring passed into the collection of the Queen of
George III. It subsequently came into possession of the late Duke of York,
and at the sale of his plate and jewels at Christie's, in 1827, it was
purchased for fourteen guineas.

This ring is massive, and weighs 212 grs.; the hoop has been chased with
foliage and flowers, and enamelled, and appears to have been much worn; a
few traces of the enamel remain. The impress is the royal achievement,
engraved on a piece of crystal or white sapphire, of oval form, measuring
about three-quarters of an inch by five-eighths. The royal cognizance or
the crest, on a helmet of mantlings, and ensigned with a crown, is a lion
sejant affronte gu. crowned, holding in his dexter paw a naked sword, and
in the sinister a sceptre, both erect and ppr. Above the crest appear the
motto and the initials previously alluded to. The shield is surrounded by
the collar of the Thistle, with the badge, and supported by unicorns
chained and ducally gorged. On the dexter side there is a banner charged
with the arms of Scotland; on the sinister another with three bars, over
all a saltire. It is remarkable that the heraldic tinctures are
represented on the back of the engraved stone, either by enamelling or
painting, and the field or back-ground is  dark blue. This mode of
ornamentation is found in some of the fine Italian works of the period.

Sir Thomas Hepburn has a gold ring traditionally regarded as having been
worn by Queen Mary of Scotland. The hoop is enamelled black; the setting
consists of six opals surrounding one of much larger size, presenting the
appearance of a six-petalled flower.

Apropos of Queen Mary's assumption of the arms of England in defiance of
Elizabeth, they are so engraved upon a signet-ring that belonged to the
late Earl of Buchan, as certified upon the little boxes containing
facsimiles of the seal, and sold to all sight-seers at Holyrood Palace.
The arms of England and France are placed in the first and fourth quarter
of the shield: those of Scotland in the second quarter, and those of
Ireland in the third quarter.

A ring of very exquisite workmanship connected with the Seymour family,
and in the possession of the Earl of Home, was exhibited at the Society of
Antiquaries (April 1864), and is an interesting historical relic. The
body of the ring is made of mother-of-pearl, and on it is set an oval
medallion, with a cipher 'E. R.' in relief, the E. being made of diamonds,
the R. of blue enamel: on each side along the shank of the ring is a line
of rubies set in gold. The medallion with the cipher opens, and discloses
a recess in the mother-of-pearl with a bust in low relief, apparently a
portrait of Jane Seymour, three-quarter face. The bust is made of gold,
 with enamel or paint, and is set with a small diamond as a
brooch. The inner surface of the lid with the cipher encloses a bust in
profile of Queen Elizabeth in enamelled gold, with a ruby set as a brooch.
Within the ring, and therefore at the back of the portrait of Jane
Seymour, is a small oval plate of gold, ornamented with translucent
enamel, and representing an earl's coronet, over which is a phoenix in
flames. The phoenix was a well-known badge of Queen Elizabeth, but it was
also adopted as the crest of the Seymour family, to whom it must here be
referred. Edward Seymour, eldest son of the Protector by his second wife,
was created Earl of Hertford by Queen Elizabeth in 1559, and it is
probable that the ring was made shortly after, before he lost the favour
of the Queen through his marriage with Lady Catherine Grey.

In 'Archaeologia,' vol. xxxi., is a fine example of a weighty ring of fine
gold, found in 1823 at Thetford, in Suffolk. The device which appears upon
this ring is an eagle displayed; on the inner side is engraved a bird,
with the wings closed, apparently a falcon, with a crown upon its head.
The following posy, or motto, commencing on the outer side, is continued
on the interior of the ring:--=dens me ouroye de bous senir a gree--com
moun coner desiri=--'God work for me to make suit acceptably to you, as
my heart desires.' The devices appear to be heraldic, and the motto that
of a lover, or a suitor to one in power. The eagle is the bearing of
several ancient Suffolk families; it was also a badge of the House of
Lancaster, and Thetford was one portion of the Duchy of Lancaster.

[Illustration: Heraldic ring.]

In the 'Revue Britannique' for January 1869, the discovery was announced
of the two wedding-rings interchanged between Martin Luther and Catherine
von Bora, one of nine nuns, who, under the influence of his teaching, had
emancipated themselves from their religious vows. She afterwards married
Luther. The _Revue_ states that the ring of the great Reformer is at
Waldenburg, and the bride's ring is now in Paris; that they are similar in
composition, the latter being smaller. They are of silver gilt, with a
figure of Christ upon the cross, and bear inside the same inscription, 'D.
Martino Luthero Catherinan Boren, 13 Juni, 1589.' It is further stated
that the bride's ring belongs to a Protestant lady, Madame Michael Girod,
and was purchased by her at an old store-shop in Geneva.

[Illustration: Supposed betrothal ring of Martin Luther.]

Considerable doubts exist, however, as to the authenticity of these rings,
a writer in 'Notes and Queries' pointing out an evident mistake in the
date, and the inscription on the bride's ring 'D. Martin_o_ Luther_o_
Catherinan Boren:' not meaning 'Dr. Martin Luther to Catherinan Boren' but
the reverse. Another correspondent of the same work mentions that 'Luther'
rings were made for a jubilee at Leipsic in 1825.

[Illustration: Betrothment ring of Martin Luther.]

Mr. H. Noel Humphreys, an eminent authority on these subjects, states
('Intellectual Observer,' February 1862): 'The betrothment-ring of Luther,
which belonged to a family at Leipsic as late as 1817, and is doubtless
still preserved with the greatest care as a national relic of great
interest, is composed of an intricate device of gold-work set with a ruby,
the emblem of exalted love. The gold devices represent all the symbols of
the "Passion." In the centre is the crucified Saviour: on one side the
spear, with which the side was pierced, and the rod of reeds of the
flagellation. On the other is a leaf of hyssop. Beneath are the dies with
which the soldiers cast lots for the garment without seam, and below are
the three nails. At the back may be distinguished the inside of the
ladder, and other symbols connected with the last act of the Atonement;
the whole so grouped as to make a large cross, surmounted by the ruby, the
most salient feature of the device. On the inside of the ring the
inscriptions are still perfect. They contain the names of the betrothed
pair, and the date of the wedding-day in German, "der 13 Junij 1525." This
was the ring presented to the wife at the betrothal, and worn by her after
the marriage. The _marriage-ring_ worn by Luther after his marriage was
still more intricate in its structure. It is an ingeniously contrived
_double_-ring, every intricacy of structure having its point and meaning.
In the first place, though the double-ring can be divided, so as to form
two complete rings, yet they cannot be separated from each other, as the
one passing through the other causes them to remain permanently
interlaced, as an emblem of the marriage vow, though still forming two
perfect rings; illustrating also the motto engraved within them, "_Was Got
zussamen fueget soll Kein Mensch Scheiden_"--what God doth join no man
shall part. On the one hoop is a diamond, the emblem of power, duration,
and fidelity; and on the inside of its raised mounting, which, when joined
to the other hoop, will be concealed, are the initials of Martin Luther,
followed by a D., marking his academic title. On the corresponding surface
of the mounting of the gem of the other hoop are the initials of his wife,
Catherine von Bora, which, on the closing of the rings, necessarily lies
close to those of Luther. The gem in this side of the ring is a ruby, the
emblem of exalted love; so that the names of Catherine and Luther are
closely united, when the rings are closed, beneath the emblems of exalted
love, power, duration, and fidelity.

[Illustration: Marriage ring of Martin Luther.]

'There can be but little doubt that these curious and interesting rings
were designed by the celebrated painter and goldsmith, Lucas Cranach, and
possibly wrought with his own hand, the marriage of his friend Luther
being a special occasion which he doubtless wished to honour with every
attention. Lucas was, indeed, one of the three select friends whom Luther
took to witness his betrothal; the others being Dr. Bugenhagen, town
preacher of Wittenberg, and the lawyer Assel, who all accompanied him to
Reichenbach's house, where Catherine resided.'

Among the numerous articles of Shakspearian interest presented to the
Shakspeare Library and Museum at Stratford, by Miss Anne Wheler, the
surviving sister of the historian of Stratford-on-Avon, the late Mr.
Robert Bell Wheler, is a gold signet-ring described as Shakspeare's,
having the initials 'W. S.' a true lover's knot entwined between them.

[Illustration: Shakspeare's ring (?).]

An account of the discovery of the ring appeared in the 'Guide to
Stratford-on-Avon,' by Mr. Wheler, published in 1814, from which it
appears that the ring was found four years previously by a labourer's wife
upon the surface of the mill close adjoining Stratford churchyard. 'I
purchased it on the same day,' observes Mr. Wheler, 'for thirty-six
shillings (the current value of the gold), yet the woman had sufficient
time to destroy the precious _aerugo_ by having it unnecessarily immersed
in aquafortis, to ascertain and prove the metal, at a silversmith's shop.
It is of tolerably large dimensions (weighing 12 dwts.), and evidently a
gentleman's ring of Elizabeth's age.' To prove the authenticity of the
ring, Mr. Wheler made many efforts to discover whether there existed
anywhere Shakspeare's seal attached to letter or other writings, but
ineffectually. 'From a close observation of the ring,' adds Mr. Wheler, 'I
should be inclined to suppose that it was made in the early part of the
poet's life. Mr. Malone, in a conversation I had with him in London, said
he had nothing to allege against the probability of my conjecture as to
its owner.'

No positive proof, however, according to Mr. Wheler's own admission, can
be adduced as to the authenticity of the ring having belonged to
Shakspeare, but the very probability gives an interest to it, which most
persons who inspect it will feel.

'Is it Shakspeare's?' remarks Mr. Fairholt. 'It is evidently a gentleman's
ring, and of the poet's era. It is just such a ring as a man in his
station would fittingly wear--gentlemanly, but not pretentious. There was
but one other person in the small town of Stratford at that time to whom
the same initials belonged. This was one William Smith, but his seal is
attached to several documents preserved among the records of the
corporation, and is totally different.' [He was a draper; and his seal has
a device upon it consisting of a skull with a bone in the mouth; the
letters 'W. S.' are under it, and very small. This ring was, most
probably, of silver. It is unlikely that a small trader like Smith should
wear a heavy gold ring, like this which claims to be Shakspeare's.] Mr.
Halliwell, in his 'Life of Shakspeare,' observes, that 'little doubt can
be entertained that this ring belonged to the poet, and, it is, probably,
the one he lost before his death, and was not to be found when his will
was executed, the word _hand_ being substituted for that of _seal_ in the
original copy of that document.' [The concluding words of the will are,
'in witness whereof I have hereunto put my seale,' the last word being
struck through with a pen, and _hand_ substituted.]

In the 'Gentleman's Magazine' (May 1810) we find: 'For further
confirmation of circumstances we may observe over the porch leading into
the gate of Charlecote Hall, near Stratford-on-Avon, erected in the early
part of Elizabeth's reign by the very Sir Thomas Lucy who is said to have
prosecuted Shakspeare, the letters "T. L." connected in a manner precisely
similar to that on the ring.'

[Illustration: Initials of Sir Thomas Lucy at Charlecote Hall.]

The crossing of the centre lines of the W., with the oblique direction of
the lines of the S., exactly agree with the characters of that day. For
proof, we need wander no farther than Stratford Church, where the
Cloptons' and Totness' tombs will furnish representations of rings, and
Shakspeare's monument of letters, exactly corresponding in point of shape.
The connection or union of the letters, by the ornamental strings and
tassels, was then frequently used, of which we may meet with numerous
instances upon seals of that period.

In the life of Haydon the painter we have the following letter from him to
Keats (March 1, 1818): 'My dear Keats, I shall go mad! In a field at
Stratford-upon-Avon, that belonged to Shakspeare, they have found a gold
ring and seal with the initials "W. S." and a true lover's knot between.
If this is not Shakspeare's whose is it?--a true lover's knot! I saw an
impression to-day and am to have one as soon as possible: as sure as you
breathe and that he was the first of beings the seal belonged to him.

  'O Lord!'               'B. R. HAYDON.'

The ring of Sir Walter Raleigh, which he wore at the time of his
execution, is, according to the statement in 'Notes and Queries' of a
descendant of that truly 'great' man, in the possession of a member of the
Blanckley family, being a heir-loom, the Blanckleys being directly
descended from Sir Walter, and having several interesting relics of their
distinguished ancestor.

Octavius Morgan, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., exhibited at a meeting of the
Society of Antiquaries (February 1857) a rare and curious 'Trinity' ring,
turned out of one piece of ivory, and belonging to the latter part of the
seventeenth century. It is formed by a single band of ivory, making three
circuits, so intertwined with one another as not to touch, and thus
forming a threefold ring. 'Its curiosity is great,' remarked Mr. Morgan,
'because these rings were only made by one person; so much art and skill
were required in the making that they were the wonder of the time, and no
one at the present day knows by what contrivance they were turned, or how
they could now be made. The interest consists in having ascertained the
maker of the ring, which I by chance met with some years ago in this
city.... We find from Doppelmayer that Stephan Zick (born 1639), the
artist to whom I attribute this ring, was descended from a Nuremberg
family long famous for their skill in this art.... Doppelmayer, describing
some of the wonderful objects which he produced, says, the work which most
distinguished him was his Trinity rings. Of these he made only three; the
two first were in the Museums of Vienna and Dresden, and the third became
the property of an amateur collector of curiosities in Nuremberg as a
wonderful work of art and skill. This was written in 1730. On comparing
this ring with the engraving in Doppelmayer, it exactly corresponds. The
little box turned as a case for it shows how it was cared for, and is
indicative of the period when it was made. We also learn from Doppelmayer
that these Trinity rings seem to have been first made in gold by a
jeweller of Nuremberg, Johan Heel, about 1670, and he describes them as
consisting of a single piece of wire, forming a three-fold circuit, each
circuit skilfully intertwined with the other two so as not to touch each
other, the ends being so cleverly united that the point of juncture could
not be discovered. Thus there were three rings in one, and hence the name.
The inventor of these ingenious rings is not known, but it is considered
to be a Jesuit, named Scherern, about 1660. It certainly required great
skill to have turned such a ring out of one piece of ivory, a work which I
believe it is not possible to accomplish with any machinery now in use.
The inference I draw from the foregoing is, that if Stephan Zick alone
could make these rings of ivory--if he only made three, and that if one of
these is at Vienna, and another at Dresden, I must now be the fortunate
possessor of the third.'

[Illustration: Ivory-turned rings.]

(The greatest progress in ivory-carving was made in Flanders, Holland, and
Germany, about the middle of the sixteenth century. There are in the
museums of Munich, Vienna, and Berlin, a quantity of ivory vases, etc.,
covered with exquisite carvings.--_Labarte._)

Mr. Edwards, in his 'History and Poetry of Finger-rings,' mentions, and
gives an illustration of, a ring that may well claim a place among
remarkable specimens. It is a gigantic ring, presented in 1852, by some
citizens of California to President Pierce. The description of this
golden monster is given from Gleason's 'Pictorial Newspaper' (December 25,
1852): 'It weighs upwards of a full pound, and for chasteness of design,
elegance of execution, and high style of finish, has, perhaps, no equal in
the world. The design is by Mr. George Blake, a mechanic of San Francisco.
The circular portion of the ring is cut into squares, which stand at right
angles to each other, and are embellished each with a beautifully executed
design, the entire group representing a pictorial history of California,
from her primitive state down to her present flourishing condition, under
the flag of our Union.

'Thus, there is given a grizzly bear in a menacing attitude, a deer
bounding down a <DW72>, an enraged boa, a soaring eagle, and a salmon. Then
we have the Indian with his bow and arrow, the primitive weapon of
self-defence; the native mountaineer on horseback, and a Californian on
horseback, throwing his lasso. Next peeps out a Californian tent. Then you
see a miner at work with his pick, the whole being shaded by two American
flags, with the staves crossed and groups of stars in the angles. The part
of the ring reserved for the seal is covered by a solid and deeply carved
plate of gold, bearing the arms of the State of California in the centre,
surmounted by the banner and stars of the United States, and inscribed
with "Frank Pierce" in old Roman characters. This lid opens upon a hinge,
and presents to view, underneath, a square box, divided by bars of gold
into nine separate compartments, each containing a pure specimen of the
varieties of one found in the country. Upon the inside is the following
inscription: "_Presented to_ Franklin Pierce, _the Fourteenth President of
the United States_."

'The ring is valued at two thousand dollars. Altogether, it is a massive
and superb affair, rich in emblematical design and illustration, and
worthy its object.'

In the collection of Lord Braybrooke is the ring of Tippoo Saib, which is
thus described in the catalogue: 'This magnificent jewel has a plain gold
hoop, with the entire surface set with rubies; on the centre is perched a
large bird, apparently intended for a hawk, made of gold and beautifully
executed, with the plumage composed completely of precious stones, the
diamond, emerald, ruby, and sapphire. A better idea of the splendour of
this ornament will be formed from a description of the bird. Length from
the base of the bill to the end of the tail, 3-1/4 inches; girth round the
body, 3-1/4 inches; width across the scapulars, 1-1/2 inch; width across
the tail, three-quarters of an inch; height 1-1/8 inch. In the beak are
two small ruby-drops, a single emerald in the crest, and rubies for the
eyes; a single row of nine sapphires encircles the throat, and 139 rubies,
including those on the hoop, 14 in number, with 29 diamonds, some of them
very large, and all set flat, cover the rest of the neck, breast, back,
and tail. Several gems beside have been lost from their setting. Across
the belly, behind the legs, is an inscription in some Indian characters,
which has not yet been explained beyond the following remarks upon it in a
letter addressed by the (late) A. Way Esq., who copied it, to Lady
Braybrooke: "The characters are a corruption of the ordinary Sanscrit,
that is, I suppose, some local variety or peculiarity of a dialect in
Tippoo's district; they appear to signify certain titles of the great
chief, commencing with a portion of his proper style, '_Maha ra jah_,'
sufficient to show that the inscription relates only to the name of Tippoo
Saib. This is all that I can at present offer in regard to your highly
curious jewel.--Nov. 24, 1848." This unique and interesting ring was
brought from India by some one in the army, at the time of the capture of
Seringapatam, 1792, under the first Marquis Cornwallis, and presented to
his family, by whom it has been preserved and descended as an heirloom
through his eldest grandchild, the late Lady Braybrooke. It was stated at
the time of its presentation that Tippoo was in the habit of wearing it
when he went out hawking, perhaps only when he did so in state. Weight of
the whole 2 oz. 6 dwts. 7 grs.'

The Baroness Burdett Coutts possesses a gold ring set with large green
tourmaline. It is of Indian workmanship, and is said to have belonged to
Tippoo Saib.

The Rev. C. W. King in his 'Precious Stones, Gems, and Precious Metals,'
mentions 'an unparalleled specimen of Oriental caprice and extravagance--a
finger-ring cut out of a solid piece of emerald of remarkably pure
quality, with two emerald drops and two collets set with rose diamonds,
and ruby borders in Oriental mountings, formerly belonging to Jehanghir,
son of Akbar, Emperor of Delhi, whose name is engraved on the ring.
Diameter 1-1/4 x 1-1/8 in. This ring was presented by Shah Soojah to the
East India Company, and was purchased by the late Lord Auckland, when
Governor-General of India. Now in the possession of the Hon. Miss Eden.'

A wonderful ring was presented by the Great Mogul to the only envoy of the
Emperor of Germany who ever visited his court. 'The very first sight of
this jewel,' observes the Rev. C. W. King, 'sufficed to convince one that
it could have had no other origin than this, such a show of barbarian
splendour did it exhibit, forming in itself a complete cabinet of every
kind of precious stone of colour to be found in his dominions. Its form
was that of a wheel about three inches in diameter, composed of several
concentric circles, joined together by the spokes radiating from the
centre, in which was set a large round sapphire. The spokes at all their
intersections with the circles, had collets soldered on them, each
containing some  gem; in fact, every stone of value except the
diamond occurred in this glorious company. On the back was fixed the
shank, and when worn it covered the whole hand like some huge mushroom.'

On the death of the late Cardinal York at Rome, amongst various relics of
the house of Stuart, purchased for Lord John Scott, were the ring worn by
the Pretender--James the Third, as he was styled abroad--on his marriage
with the Princess Clementina Sobieski, and the marriage-ring of his son,
Prince Charles Edward, enclosing a beautiful little miniature; a gold ring
with a white rose in enamel, worn by King James the Second and his son; a
ring with a cameo portrait in ivory of James the Second; a ring with a
miniature portrait of Henry Stuart, Cardinal, Duke of York, when young; a
ring with a cameo portrait, by the celebrated engraver Pickler, of James
Sobieski, great-uncle of the Pretender's wife; a ring with a cameo
portrait, by the same artist, of the wife of Prince Charles Edward; also
one with a cameo portrait of the Duchess of Albany, and another containing
a lock of her hair.

In the possession of R. H. Soden Smith, Esq., F.S.A., is a gold ring,
having in the bezel a miniature of Prince James Stuart, the old Chevalier,
set round with small crystals. English contemporary work.

Sir Watkin Williams Wynn possesses a gold ring, set with a ruby,
surrounded by the Garter, crowned with the motto 'Dieu et mon Droit' on
the hoop.

This is an interesting family relic, having been a present from Prince
Charles Edward.

A signet-ring, believed to be the Council Seal of Queen Henrietta Maria,
made by warrant, Sept. 6, 1626, is the property of Miss Hartshorne, and
has a circular bezel, set with sapphire, engraved with escutcheon, bearing
the arms of England surmounted by a crown, the letters M and R at the
sides; on the shoulders is the rose of England in  enamel.
Diameter of the ring 1-1/8 in. This curious relic was exhibited at the
Loan Exhibition of Ancient and Modern Jewellery at the South Kensington
Museum in 1872.

Mr. Octavius Morgan, F.R.S., F.S.A., has in his valuable collection of
rings one formed with a diminutive squirt, which, being concealed in the
hand, would, at pleasure, throw a jet of water into the eye of anyone
examining it.[77]

[Illustration: Squirt-ring.]

In the Waterton Collection is a bronze squirt-ring with octagonal bezel,
finely chased with mask of Silenus, the ring hollow, with tube projecting
from the hoop, so that it can be used as a squirt. Italian work of the
sixteenth century. L. one and seven-tenths inch.

In the same collection, also, is a ring made to serve as a _whistle_. It
is of lead, with circular bezel finely chased in relief, with profile
heads of Charles the Fifth and his empress. Flemish, sixteenth century.
Diameter one and one-eighth inch.

In the 'Annual Register' for 1764 we read that Mr. Arnold, of Devereux
Court, in the Strand, watchmaker, had the honour to present His Majesty
George the Third with a most curious repeating watch of his own making,
_set in a ring_. The size of the watch was something less than a silver
twopence; it contained 120 different parts and weighed altogether five
dwts. seven grains and three-fourths.

Among curious ring relics may be mentioned one in which a tooth of Sir
Isaac Newton was set. The tooth was sold to a nobleman in 1816 for
730_l._, who had it placed in the ring, and wore it constantly on his
finger. Denon, the French _savant_, wore a ring set with a tooth of
Voltaire.

At Norwich in 1847 a silver ring was exhibited, set with a dark-
substance, supposed to be the palatal tooth of a fish, like those of the
_Sphoerodus Gigas_. This closely resembles the precious ring given
(according to tradition) by Richard Coeur-de-Lion, to one of the Dawnay
family in the Holy Wars, and adopted as their crest. It is preserved in
the collection of Viscount Downe, and was shown by him at a meeting of the
Institute at York. Another ring, with the same kind of setting, belonged
to the late Mr. Albert Way. Date, the thirteenth century.

In the collection of Mr. A. J. B. Beresford Hope is a gold ring set with a
sapphire of extraordinary brilliancy, known as the 'saphir merveilleux,'
which formerly belonged to Philippe d'Orleans (Egalite), and is mentioned
by Madame de Genlis.

In 1765, a very beautiful and perfect gold ring was found by a workman
among the ruins of the North Gate House, on Bedford Bridge, when that
building was pulled down. It bears the initials 'J.B.,' and is engraved
with a death's-head and the words 'Memento mori.' There seems to be every
probability that this ring once belonged to John Bunyan, who was
imprisoned there. This precious relic was sold to Dr. Abbot, chaplain to
the Duke of Bedford, and presented by him in his last illness to the Rev.
G. H. Bower, perpetual curate of Elstow, the birthplace of Bunyan.

The London press has lately announced that Dean Bower bequeathed to his
nephew, Mr. Henry Addington, this ring.

In the preceding chapter I have mentioned several portrait-rings of
remarkable interest; I may add that at the Loan Exhibition of Ancient and
Modern Jewellery at the South Kensington Museum in 1872, some fine and
highly curious specimens of this character were shown, and amongst them
the following:--

Colonel Dawson Damer is the possessor of a gold ring with a miniature by
Cosway of the eye of George, Prince of Wales.

Professor Maskelyne has an intaglio portrait of Sir Isaac Newton, set in a
ring, which was presented to the late Dr. Maskelyne, Astronomer Royal, by
Dr. Shepherd, of Cambridge, contemporary of Newton.

In the collection of Earl Beauchamp is a gold ring with enamel portrait of
the Regent Orleans, by Petitot; French, beginning of the eighteenth
century. Also a gold ring with profile portrait of Frederic the Great; and
another portrait within; eighteenth century.

Belonging to the Rev. J. C. Jackson is a gold ring set with intaglio, an
emerald portrait of James II.; eighteenth century; formerly the property
of Cardinal York. A gold ring, black enamelled, with miniature portrait of
Prince Charles Edward; eighteenth century.

A ring with a portrait head of Queen Elizabeth (?) in carved jacinth,
mounted in gold, set with brilliants; French, sixteenth century, the
property of George Bonnor, Esq.

Till, in his account of 'Coronation Medals,' mentions (but without citing
his authority) that the late Cardinal of York wore constantly, till his
decease, a ring which bore the portraits of the Pretender, James the
Third, and his wife; it was taken from his finger in the hour of his
dissolution, by his servant, and sold as a perquisite--a relic of the
instability and mutation of human greatness--to William, Baron Bartholdy,
son to the Jewish Plato, Moses Mendelssohn. It is now in the Ashmolean
Museum, Oxford, to which it was presented by Mrs. Maria Graham (since
Calcott), in 1824.




APPENDIX.


CHAPTER I.

RINGS FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD. P. 18.

Counterfeit rings belong to all ages and peoples. Hall, in his 'Satires,'
says:--

  Nor can good Myron weare on his left hand
  A signet-ring of Bristol diamond,
  But he must cut his glove to show his pride
  That his trim jewel might be better spied:
  And that men might some burgesse him repute
  With sattin sleeves hath graced his sacke-cloth suit.

The punishment of whipping in former days was inflicted on dishonest
traders in rings. In the 'Diary of Henry Machyn, from 1550 to 1563'
(Camden Society), is the following entry in 1556:--'The iij day of July
was a man wypyd a-bowtt the post of reformacyon be{f} the standard in
Chepsyd for sellyng of false rynges.'

Fines were also inflicted; in the records of the Goldsmiths' Company we
find: 'In 1512 Robert Mayne, for mysworkyng of rings wars (worse) than
sterling v oz and dj, leaves in pledge 2-1/2 dozen of the said rings,
pledges as security for the payments of fines and defaults.'

In the same records we have a curious account for 'costs in the Chauncerie
for the recoverie of a counterfete Diamant set in a gold ring (8th Edward
IV., 1469),' which affords an idea of lawyers' charges in those days:--

                                                              L  _s._ _d._

  For boat-hire to Westminster and home again for the suit
    in the Chancery began in the old warden's time, for
    the recovery of a counterfeit diamond set in a gold
    ring                                                      0    0    6
  For a breakfast at Westminster spent on our counsel         0    1    6
  To Mr. Catesby, serjeant at law, to plead for the same      0    3    4
  To another time for boat-hire in and out, and a breakfast
    for two days                                              0    1    6
  Again for boat-hire and one breakfast                       0    1    0
  To the keeper of the Chancery door                          0    0    2
  To Timothy Fairfax at two times                             0    8    4
  To Pigott for attendance at two times                       0    6    8
  To a breakfast at Westminster 7_d._, boat-hire 4_d._        0    0   11
                                                              -----------
                                                              1    3   11


_Pliny's account of Rings._ P. 25.

Pliny's remarks on rings are as follow:--'It was the custom at first to
wear rings on a single finger only--the one, namely, that is next to the
little finger, and thus we see the case in the statues of Numa and Servius
Tullius. In later times it became the practice to put rings on the finger
next to the thumb, even in the case of the statues of the gods; and, more
recently again, it has become the fashion to wear them upon the little
finger as well. Among the peoples of Gallia and Britannia, the middle
finger, it is said, is used for this purpose. At the present day, however,
among us, this is the only finger that is excepted, all others being
loaded with rings, smaller rings even being separately adapted for the
smaller joints of the fingers. Some there are who heap several rings on
the little finger alone; while others, again, wear but one ring on this
finger--the ring that sets a seal on the signet-ring itself; this last
being carefully shut up as an object of rarity, too precious to be worn in
common use, and only to be taken from the cabinet (dactyliotheca) as from
a sanctuary. And thus is the wearing of a single ring upon the little
finger no more than an ostentatious advertisement that the owner has
property of a more precious nature under seal at home. Some, too, make a
parade of the weight of their rings, while to others it is quite a labour
to wear more than one at a time; some, in their solicitude for the safety
of their gems, make the hoop of gold tinsel, and fill it with a lighter
material than gold, thinking thereby to diminish the risk of a fall.
Others, again, are in the habit of enclosing poisons beneath the stones of
their rings, and so wear them as instruments of death. And then, besides,
how many of the crimes that are stimulated by cupidity are committed
through the instrumentality of rings! How happy the times--how truly
innocent--in which no seal was put to anything! At the present day, on the
contrary, our very food even, and our drink, have to be preserved from
theft through the agency of the ring; and so far is it from being
sufficient to have the very keys sealed, that the signet-ring is often
taken from off the owner's fingers while he is overpowered with sleep, or
lying on his deathbed.'


_Shrewsbury Morse-ivory Thumb-ring._ P. 89.

The coat-of-arms engraved on this ring consists of--'Quarterly of four: 1.
Talbot, a lion rampant, with a bordure engrailed; 2. Strange, two lions
passant; 3. Neville, a saltire; 4. Verdon, a fret.'

Dr. Iliff observes: 'The date of the ring appears to me to be about the
middle of the sixteenth century, and it may, therefore, be ascribed to
Francis Talbot, fifth Earl of Shrewsbury of that family, who was elected
K.G. in 1545, and died September 25, 1560.

'With respect to the quarterings on the ring, I would observe that the
first coat was assumed, as the paternal coat of Talbot, by Sir Gilbert
Talbot (who died in 1298) on marrying Gwenllian, daughter of Rhys Vychan
ap Gruffyd, Lord of North Wales, in lieu of his paternal arms, Bendy of
ten argent and gules. The second quartering (Strange) was brought in by
the marriage of Richard, Lord Talbot, of Eccleswall, Lord Strange, of
Blackmere, in right of his wife Angharad, daughter and heir of John, Lord
Strange. The third and fourth quarterings (Neville and Verdon) were
brought in by the marriage of John Talbot, first Earl of Shrewsbury, of
that family, with Maud, only daughter and heir of Sir Thomas Neville, Lord
Furnival, and great-granddaughter of Thomas de Furnival, Lord of
Sheffield, by Joan, daughter and co-heir of Theobald de Verdon, Baron of
Webley.'


_The Soden Smith Collection of Ancient Rings._

In the splendid collection of rings belonging to Mr. R. H. Soden Smith,
F.S.A. (one hundred and forty specimens of which, dating from various
periods, and commencing with ancient Egyptian, were exhibited at the Loan
Exhibition of Jewellery at the South Kensington Museum, in 1872), are some
fine works of ancient art. I may mention an antique Etruscan gold ring,
with broad oblong bezel, repousse, with representation of a chimera and
griffin, the sides of the bezel enriched with delicate filigree work. An
antique Etruscan gold ring, terminating in two serpents' heads, ornamented
with three collars of filigree work. An iron ring (probably Etruscan), the
surface plated with gold, chased with figure of a cock upon a pillar, and
having a gold dot inserted. An antique Graeco-Roman gold ring, the hoop
formed of four strands of twisted wire-work, the bezel set with projecting
onyx of four strata. An antique Roman silver pennannular ring, ending in
two serpents' heads. A Roman ring, of the third century, the bezel set
with a pierced piece of rough emerald, shoulders chased from the solid
with beaded ornament. A silver pennannular ring, of Oriental type,
terminating in ribbed hexagonal knobs. Found with Roman coins, in removing
old London Bridge. An antique Roman bronze key-ring, found at Silchester.
A gold Roman ring, of the third century, very massive, of angular outline,
set with intaglio on nicolo onyx, engraved with a figure of Mercury;
ploughed up in Sussex. A series of five gold antique Roman rings, set with
emeralds, jasper, and sard; some engraved with subjects in intaglio.
Antique Greek rings of gold, hollow, set with sards, vitreous pastes, &c.
An antique Roman bronze ring, plated with gold. An antique Roman silver
ring, the bezel engraved with a hare. Two gold rings of the Lower Empire,
or Byzantine, with projecting bezels; one set with root of emerald, the
other with ribbon onyx.


CHAPTER II.

RING SUPERSTITIONS.


_Solomon's Ring._ P. 93.

In the Koran (chapter xxxvi., 'revealed at Mecca'), it is stated:--'We
also tried Solomon, and placed on his throne a counterfeit body.' In the
chapter on 'Ring Superstitions' I have mentioned the fable of Solomon's
ring. The exposition of the passage in the Koran is taken from the
following Talmudic fiction:--Solomon, having taken Sidon and slain the
king of that city, brought away his daughter Jerada, who became his
favourite; and because she ceased not to lament her father's loss, he
ordered the devils to make an image of him for her consolation; which
being done, and placed in her chamber, she and her maids worshipped it
morning and evening, according to their custom. At length Solomon, being
informed of this idolatry, which was practised under his roof by his vizir
Asaf, he broke the image, and, having chastised the women, went out into
the desert, where he wept, and made supplication to God, who did not think
fit, however, to let his negligence pass without some correction. It was
Solomon's custom, while he washed himself, to trust his signet, on which
his kingdom depended, with a concubine of his, named Amina. One day,
therefore, when she had the ring in her custody, a devil named Sakhar came
to her in the shape of Solomon, and received the ring from her, by virtue
of which he became possessed of the kingdom, and sat on the throne in the
shape which he had borrowed, making what alterations in the law he
pleased. Solomon, in the meantime, being changed in his outer appearance,
and known to none of his subjects, was obliged to wander about and beg
alms for his subsistence; till at length, after the space of forty days,
which was the time the image had been worshipped in his house, the devil
flew away and threw the ring into the sea, where it was immediately
swallowed by a fish, which being taken and given to Solomon, he found the
ring in its belly, and having by this means recovered the kingdom, took
Sakhar, and, tying a great stone to his neck, threw him into the Lake of
Tiberias.


_Charmed Ring of Sir Edward Neville._ P. 132.

In the Confession of Sir Edward Neville, he alludes thus to the 'charmed'
ring:--'William Neville did send for me to Oxford that I should come and
speak with him at "Weke," and to him I went; it was the first time I ever
saw him; I would I had been buried that day. When I came he took me to a
_littell_ room, and went to his garden, and there demanded of me many
questions, and among all others, asked if it were not possible to have a
ring made which should bring a man in favour with his Prince; "seeing my
Lord Cardinal had such a ring, that whatsoever he asked of the King's
Grace, that he had; and Master Cromwell, when he and I were servants in my
Lord Cardinal's house, did haunt to the company of one that was seen in
your faculty; and shortly after, no man so great with my Lord Cardinal as
Master Cromwell was; and I have spoke with all them that has any name in
this realm; and all they showed me that I should be great with my Prince,
and this is the cause that I did send for you, to know whether your saying
will be agreeable to theirs, or no." And I, at the hearty desire of him,
showed him that I had read many books, and especially the works of
Solomon, and how his ring should be made, and of what metal; and what
virtues they have after the canon of Solomon. And then he desired me
instantly to take the pains to make him one of them; and I told him that I
could make them, but I made never none of them, and I cannot tell that
they have such virtues or no, but by hearing say. Also he asked me what
other works I had read. And I told him that I had read the magical works
of Hermes, which many men doth prize; and thus departed at that time. And
one fortnight after, William Neville came to Oxford, and said that he had
one Wayd at home at his house that did show him more than I did show him;
for the said Wayd did show him that he should be a great lord, nigh to the
parts that he dwelt in. And that in that lordship should be a fair castle;
and he could not imagine what it should be, except it were the castle of
Warwick. And I answered and said to him, that I dreamed that an angel took
him and me by the hands, and led us to a high tower, and there delivered
him a shield, with sundry arms, which I cannot rehearse, and this is all I
ever showed him save at his desire. I went thither with him, and as
concerning any other man, save at the desire of Sir Gr. Done, Knt., I made
the moulds that ye have, to the intent that he should have had Mistress
Elizabeth's gear.'


_Wedding-ring of the Virgin Mary and Joseph._ P. 93.

In Patrick's 'Devotions of the Roman Church' is a curious account of the
wedding-ring of the Virgin Mary and Joseph. It is there described as of
onyx or amethyst, wherein was discerned a representation of the flowers
that budded on his rod. 'It was discovered in the year 996 in this
way:--Judith, the wife of Hugo, Marquis of Etruria, being a great lover of
jewels, employed one Ranerius, a skilful jeweller and lapidary of Clusium,
to go to Rome to make purchases for her. There he formed an intimacy with
a jeweller from Jerusalem, who, when Ranerius was about to return home,
professed great affection, and offered him a ring as a pledge of
friendship. Ranerius, looking upon it as of little value, declined it with
a slight compliment; but the jeweller from the Holy Land bade him not
contemn it, for it was the wedding-ring of Joseph and the Blessed Virgin,
and made him take it, with a special charge that it should not fall into
the hands of a wicked person. Ranerius, still careless of what he said,
threw it into a little chest with articles of inferior value, where it
remained until his forgetfulness cost him dear; for when his son was only
ten years old (the number of years that his father disregarded the
Virgin's ring) the boy died, and was carried to his burial. But, behold,
as the hearse went forward, on a sudden the dead child rose from the
coffin, ordered the bearers to stop, and, calling to his father, told him
that, by favour of the Blessed Virgin, he was come from Heaven to tell him
that, as he had contemned religion by concealing her most holy ring in a
common heap, he must immediately send for it, and publicly produce it,
that it might be openly venerated. The chest being brought and delivered
into the son's hand, he presently found the ring, although he had never
seen it before; then most reverently kissing it, and showing it to the
spectators, they religiously adored it, during the joyful pealing of the
bells, which rang of their own accord; whereupon, ordering himself to be
carried to the place where he desired to be buried, he delivered the ring
to the curate of the parish, and then, laying himself down in the coffin,
he was interred.--This ring wrought many miracles; ivory ones touched with
it, worn by women in difficult labour, relieved them; an impression of it
in wax, applied to the hip, removed the sciatica; it cured diseases of the
eyes, reconciled married people that quarrelled, and drove out devils.
Five centuries afterwards, in 1473, the church of Musthiola, where it
effected these wonders, becoming ruinous, the ring was deposited with a
religious community of the Franciscans at Clusium. One of the brethren of
the order, named Wintherus, a crafty German, and very wicked, having
obtained from the magistrates an appointment to show the ring, on a
certain occasion, after exhibiting it at the end of his sermon, stooped
down, as if he were putting it into the place provided for it, but instead
of doing so he slipped it up his sleeve, and privily conveyed himself and
the ring from the city across the water. All was well so far, but when he
got into a neighbouring field it suddenly became dark, so that, not
knowing which way to go, but well knowing what was the matter, he hung the
ring on a tree, and, falling on the ground, penitently confessed his sin
to it, and promised to return to Clusium if it would dispel the darkness.
On taking it down it emitted a great light, which he took advantage of to
travel to Perusia, where he sojourned with the Augustin friars, till he
determined on making another effort to carry it into Germany. He was again
hindered by the darkness returning. It infested him and the whole city for
twenty days. Still he resolved not to return to Clusium, but tell his
story in great confidence to his landlord, one Lucas Jordanus, who with
great cunning represented to him his danger from the Clusians, and the
benefits he would receive from the Perusians if he bestowed the ring on
that city. Wintherus followed his advice. As soon as the ring was shown to
the people the darkness disappeared, and Wintherus was well provided for
in the house of the magistrate. Meanwhile the Bishop of Clusium, coming to
Perusia, endeavoured in vain to obtain the relic. The city of Sena sent an
ambassador to resist the claims of the Clusians; he was entertained by the
Perusians with great respect, but they informed him that, having used no
sacrilegious arts to obtain the Blessed Virgin's ring, they respected her
too much to restore it to the owners; that they received it within their
walls with as much respect as they would do the Ark of the Covenant, and
would defend their holy prize by force of arms. The bereaved Clusians laid
the case before Pope Sixtus IV., and the Perusians did the same. Wintherus
was ordered by the Pope, on the importunity of the Clusians, into closer
confinement; but, as the heat abated, he passed a merry life in Perusia,
and at his death the Franciscans and the canons of St. Lawrence disputed
for the possession of his body. This honour was, in the end, obtained by
the latter, in whose chapel he was buried before an altar dedicated to St.
Joseph and the Virgin, and a monument was erected by the Perusians to the
ring-stealer's memory, with an inscription which acknowledged that the
receivers were as much indebted to him for it as if it had been his own
property, and he had offered it of his own accord.

In the pontificate of Innocent VIII., A.D. 1486, the arbitration of the
dispute was left to Cardinal Piccolominaeus, who adjudged the relic to
Perusia. The important decision was celebrated in that city by every
imaginable expression of joy, and for the greatest honour of the sacred
ring, a chapel was built for it in the church of St. Lawrence, with an
inscription, informing the reader that there the untouched mother, the
Queen of Heaven, and her spouse, were worshipped; that there in the
sanctuary of her wedding-ring she lent a gracious ear to all prayers; and
that he who gave the ring (Wintherus) defended it by his protection. The
pencil was called in to grace the more substantial labours of the
architect. A curious picture represented the High Priest in the Temple of
Jerusalem, taking Joseph and Mary by their hands to espouse them with the
venerated ring; one side of the solemnity was graced by a band of virgins,
the companions of Mary during her education; the other side was occupied
by a company of young men, Joseph's kinsmen of the house of David, holding
their withered rods. The imagination of the artist employed one of these
in breaking his own rod across his knee, as envious of Joseph's, which, by
its miraculous budding, had ended the hopes of all who, by the
proclamation, had become candidates for her hand. In addition to this, an
altar was raised and dedicated to St. Joseph; his statue was placed at its
side; his birthday was kept with great pomp; a society of seculars, called
his Fraternity, was instituted to serve in the chapel jointly with the
clergy of St. Lawrence; and on the joint festival of Mary and her spouse
the splendid solemnity was heightened by the solemn exhibition of the
ring, and by a picture of their miraculous nuptials being uncovered to the
eager gaze of the adoring multitude.'

The ring is said by some to have been made of one whole stone, green
jasper or a plasma, hollowed out, and itself forming both hoop and bezel,
unalloyed with any metal.

In Raffaelle's beautiful picture, _Le Sposalizio_, Mary and Joseph stand
opposite to each other in the centre; the high-priest, between them, is
bringing their right hands towards each other; Joseph, with his right hand
(guided by the priest), is placing the ring on the third finger of the
right hand of the Virgin; beside Mary is a group of the virgins of the
Temple; near Joseph are the suitors, who break their barren wands--that
which Joseph holds in his hand has blossomed into a lily, which, according
to the legend, was the sign that he was the chosen one.

The Rev. C. W. King, in his 'Handbook of Engraved Gems,' observes: 'The
highest glory ever attained by a work of the engraver was that of the
cameo of the Abbey of St. Germain des Pres, which enjoyed for an entire
millennium the transcendent (though baseless) fame of adorning the
espousal-ring of the Virgin Mary, and of preserving the portraits after
the life of herself and Joseph. But, alas! antiquaries have now
remorselessly restored the ownership of gem and portraits to the two
nobodies (probably _liberti_, judging from their names), whose votive
legend, "Alpheus with Aretho," is but too plainly legible in our
Greek-reading times.'

When the Abbey was destroyed by fire in 1795, this ring, with other
valuables, disappeared; it subsequently came into the hands of General
Hydrow, and from him passed into the Imperial Russian Cabinet.


_Ring of Gyges._ P. 96.

Nizami, the famous Persian poet, who died in 1209, has a story of a ring
which is a very close version of the ring of Gyges. A hot vapour once rent
the ground, and brought to light in the chasm a hollow horse of tin and
copper with a large fissure in its side. A shepherd saw it, and
discovered in the body an old man asleep, with a gold ring on his finger.
He took it off, and went next morning to his master to learn the value of
his booty; but during his visit he discovered, to his astonishment, that
when he turned the seal towards his palm he became invisible. He
determined to make use of this power, and he proceeded to the palace, and
secretly entered the council-chamber, where he remained unseen. When the
nobles had left it, he revealed himself to the king by this miracle as a
prophet. The king at once took him as his minister, and eventually the
shepherd succeeded him on the throne.

In Reginald Scot's 'Discovery of Witchcraft,' 1665, is given a charm
whereby 'to go invisible by these three sisters of the fairies,' Milita,
Achilia, and Sibylia. You are 'first to go to a fair parlour, or chamber,
and on even ground, and in no loft, and from people nine dayes, for it is
better; and let all thy cloathing be clean and sweet. Then make a candle
of virgin wax and light it, and make a fair fire of charcoles in a fair
place in the middle of the parlour or chamber; then take fair clean water
that runneth against the East, and set it upon the fire, and if thou warm
thyself say these words, going about the fire three times holding the
candle in thy right hand.' The incantation is too profane to be repeated.
The following is the effect produced: 'and if they come not the first
night, then do the same the second night, and so the third night, until
they do come, _for doubtless they will so come_; and lie thou in thy bed
in the same parlour or chamber, and lay thy right hand out of the bed, and
look thou have a fair silken kerchief bound about thy head, and be not
afraid, they will do thee no harm; for there will come before thee three
fair women, and all in white cloathing, _and one of them will put a ring
upon thy finger wherewith thou shalt go invisible_. Then with speed bind
her with the bond aforesaid. When thou hast this ring on thy finger, look
in a glass and thou shalt not see thyself. And when thou wilt go
invisible, put it on thy finger, the same finger that they did put it on,
and every new moon renew it again,' &c.


_The Cruel Knight and the Fortunate Farmer's Daughter._ P. 99.

'The Fish and the Ring, or the Cruel Knight, and the Fortunate Farmer's
Daughter' (a reprint for William Robinson, Esq., 1843).

  In famous York city a farmer did dwell,
  Who was belov'd by his neighbours well;
  He had a wife that was virtuous and fair,
  And by her he had a young child every year.
  In seven years six children he had,
  Which made their parents' hearts full glad;
  But in a short time, as we did hear say,
  The farmer in wealth and stock did decay.
  Though once he had riches in store,
  In a little time he grew very poor;
  He strove all he could, but, alas! could not thrive,
  He hardly could keep his children alive.
  The children came faster than silver or gold,
  For his wife conceiv'd again, we are told,
  And when the time came in labour she fell;
  But if you would mind an odd story I'll tell:

  A noble rich Knight by chance did ride by,
  And hearing this woman did shriek and cry,
  He being well learned in the planets and signs,
  Did look in the book which puzzled his mind.
  The more he did look the more he did read,
  And found that the fate of the child had decreed,
  Who was born in that house the same tide,
  He found it was she who must be his bride;
  But judge how the Knight was disturb'd in mind,
  When he in that book his fortune did find.

  He quickly rode home and was sorely oppressed,
  From that sad moment he could take no rest;
  At night he did toss and tumble in his bed
  And very strange projects came into his head,
  Then he resolv'd and soon try'd indeed,
  To alter the fortune he found was decreed.
  With a vexing heart next morning he rose,
  And to the house of the farmer he goes,
  And asked the man with a heart full of spite,
  If the child was alive that was born last night?

  'Worthy sir,' said the farmer, 'although I am poor,
  I had one born last night, and six born before;
  Four sons and three daughters I now have alive,
  They are in good health and likely to thrive.'
  The Knight he reply'd, 'If that seven you have,
  Let me have the youngest, I'll keep it most brave,
  For you very well one daughter may spare,
  And when I die I'll make her my heir;
  For I am a Knight of noble degree,
  And if you will part with your child unto me
  Full three thousand pounds I'll unto thee give
  When I from your hands your daughter receive.

  The father and mother with tears in their eyes,
  Did hear this kind offer and were in surprize;
  And seeing the Knight was so noble and gay,
  Presented the infant unto him that day.
  But they spoke to him with words most mild,
  'We beseech thee, good sir, be kind to our child.'
  'You need not mind,' the Knight he did say,
  'I will maintain her both gallant and gay.'
  So with this sweet babe away he did ride,
  Until he came to a broad river's side.
  Being cruelly bent he resolv'd indeed
  To drown the young infant that day with speed,
  Saying, 'If you live you must be my wife,
  So I am resolved to bereave you of life;
  For till you are dead I no comfort can have,
  Wherefore you shall lie in a watery grave.'
  In saying of this, that moment, they say,
  He flung the babe into the river straightway;
  And being well pleased when this he had done,
  He leaped on his horse, and straight he rode home.
  But mind how kind fortune for her did provide,
  She was drove right on her back by the tide,
  Where a man was a fishing, as fortune would have,
  When she was floating along with the wave.
  He took her up, but was in amaze;
  He kissed her and on her did gaze,
  And he having ne'er a child in his life,
  He straightway did carry her home to his wife.
  His wife was pleased the child to see,
  And said, 'My dearest husband, be ruled by me,
  Since we have no children, if you'll let me alone,
  We will keep this and call it our own.'
  The good man consented, as we have been told,
  And spared for neither silver nor gold,
  Until she was over eleven full year,
  And then her beauty began to appear.

  The fisherman was one day at an inn,
  And several gentlemen drinking with him:
  His wife sent this girl to call her husband home,
  But when she did into the drinking room come,
  The gentlemen they were amazed to see
  The fisherman's daughter so full of beauty.
  They ask'd him if she was his own,
  And he told them the story before he went home:
  'As I was fishing within my bound,
  One Monday morning this sweet babe I found;
  Or else she had lain within a watery grave;'
  And this was the same which now he gave.
  The cruel Knight was in the company,
  And hearing the fisherman tell his story,
  He was vexed at the heart to see her alive,
  And how to destroy her again did contrive,
  Then spake the Knight, and unto him said,
  'If you will but part with this sweet maid
  I'll give you whatever your heart can devise,
  For she in time to great riches may rise.'
  The fisherman answered, with a modest grace,
  'I cannot unless my dear wife were in the place,
  Get first her consent, you shall have mine of me,
  And then to go with you, sir, she is free.'
  The wife she did also as freely consent,
  But little they thought of his cruel intent;
  He kept her a month very bravely they say,
  And then he contrived to send them away.

  He had a great brother in fair Lancashire,
  A noble rich man worth ten thousand a year,
  And he sent this girl unto him with speed
  In hopes he would act a most desperate deed.
  He sent a man with her likewise they say,
  And as they did lodge at an inn on the way,
  A thief in the house with an evil intent
  For to rob the portmanteau immediately went,
  But the thief was amazed, when he could not find
  Either silver or gold, or aught to his mind,
  But only a letter the which he did read
  And soon put an end to this tragical deed:
  The Knight had wrote to his brother that day,
  To take this poor innocent damsel away,
  With sword or with poison that very same night,
  And not let her live till morning light.
  The thief read the letter, and had so much grace
  To tear it, and write in the same place,
  'Dear brother, receive this maiden from me,
  And bring her up well as a maiden should be;
  Let her be esteem'd, dear brother, I pray,
  Let servants attend her by night and by day.
  For she is a lady of noble worth,
  A nobler lady ne'er lived in the north;
  Let her have good learning, dear brother, I pray,
  And for the same I will sufficiently pay;
  And so, loving brother, this letter I send,
  Subscribing myself your dear brother and friend.'
  The servant and maid were still innocent,
  And onward their journey next day they went.
  Before sunset to the Knight's house they came
  Where the servant left her, and came home again.
  The girl was attended most nobly indeed,
  With the servants to attend to her with speed;
  Where she did continue a twelvemonth's space,
  Till this cruel Knight came to this place,
  As he and his brother together did talk,
  He spy'd the young maiden in the garden to walk.
  She look'd most beautiful, pleasant, and gay,
  Like to sweet Aurora, or the goddess of May.
  He was in a passion when he did her spy,
  And instantly unto his brother did cry,
  'Why did you not do as in the letter I writ?'
  His brother replied, 'It is done every bit.'
  'No, no,' said the Knight, 'it is not so I see,
  Therefore she shall back again go with me;'
  But his brother showed him the letter that day,
  Then he was amazed, but nothing did say.

  Soon after the Knight took this maiden away,
  And with her did ride till he came to the sea,
  Then looking upon her with anger and spite,
  He spoke to the maiden and bade her alight.
  The maid from the horse immediately went
  And trembled to think what was his intent.
  'Ne'er tremble,' said he, 'for this hour's your last;
  So pull off your clothes, I command you, in haste.'
  This virgin, with tears, on her knees did reply,
  'Oh! what have I done, sir, that now I must die?
  Oh! let me but know how I offend
  I'll study each hour my life to amend,
  Oh! spare my life and I'll wander till death,
  And never come near you while I have breath.'
  He hearing the pitiful moan she did make
  Straight from his finger a ring did take,
  He then to the maiden these words did say,
  'This ring in the water I'll now throw away;
  Pray look on it well, for the posy is plain,
  That you when you see it may know it again.
  I charge you for life never come in my sight,
  For if you do I shall owe you a spite,
  Unless you do bring the same unto me:'
  With that he let the ring drop in the sea,
  Which when he had done away he did go,
  And left her to wander in sorrow and woe.
  She rambled all night, and at length did espy
  A homely poor cottage, and to it did hie,
  Being hungry with cold, and a heart full of grief,
  She went to this cottage to seek for relief;
  The people reliev'd her, and the next day
  They got her to service, as I did hear say,
  At a nobleman's house, not far from this place
  Where she did behave with a modest grace.
  She was a cookmaid and forgot the time past,
  But observe the wonder that comes at last.

  As she for dinner was dressing one day,
  And opened the head of a cod, they say,
  She found such a ring, and was in amaze
  And she, in great wonder, upon it did gaze
  And viewing it well she found it to be
  The very same the Knight dropped in the sea,
  She smil'd when she saw it, and bless'd her kind fate,
  But did to no creature the secret relate.

  This maid, in her place, did all maidens excel,
  That the lady took notice, and lik'd her well;
  Saying, she was born of some noble degree,
  And took her as a companion to be.
  The Knight when he came to the house did behold
  This beautiful lady with trappings of gold,
  When he ask'd the lady to grant him a boon,
  And said it was to walk with that virgin alone.
  The lady consented, telling the young maid
  By him she need not fear to be betrayed.
  When he first met her, 'Thou strumpet,' said he,
  'Did I not charge thee never more to see me?
  This hour's thy last, to the world bid good night,
  For being so bold to appear in my sight.'
  Said she, 'In the sea you flung your ring,
  And bid me not see you unless I did bring
  The same unto you. Now I have it,' cries she,
  'Behold, 'tis the same that you flung into the sea.'
  When the Knight saw it, he flew to her arms,
  And said, 'Lovely maid, thou hast millions of charms.'
  Said he, 'Charming creature, pray pardon me,
  Who often contrived the ruin of thee:
  'Tis in vain to alter what heaven doth decree,
  For I find you are born my wife to be.'
  Then wedded they were, as I did hear say,
  And now she's a lady both gallant and gay,
  They quickly unto her parents did haste,
  When the Knight told the story of what had passed.
  But asked their pardon, upon his bare knee,
  Who gave it, and rejoiced their daughter to see.
  Then they for the fisherman and his wife sent,
  And for their past troubles did them content.
  And so there was joy for all them that did see
  The farmer's young daughter a lady to be.

The Rev. C. W. King, in his 'Handbook of Engraved Gems,' gives the
following fish-and-ring story. Pietrus Damianus, a very unlikely personage
to have ever read of Polycrates, relates in his Fifth Epistle a story
worth translating literally, as a specimen of the style of thought of his
age:--'This Arnulphus was the father of King Pepin and grandfather of
Charlemagne, and when, inflamed with the fervour of the Holy Ghost he
sacrificed the love of wife and children, and exchanged the glory and
pomps of this world for the glorious poverty of Christ, it chanced, as he
was hastening into the wilderness, that in his way he had to cross a
river, which is called the Moselle; but when he reached the middle of the
bridge, thrown over it where the river's stream ran deepest, he tossed in
there his own ring with this protestation, "When I shall receive back,"
said he, "this ring from the foaming waves of this river, then will I
trust confidently that I am loosed from the bonds of all my sins."
Thereupon he made for the wilderness, where he lived no little space dead
unto himself and the world. Meanwhile, the then Bishop of Metz having
died, Divine Providence raised Arnulphus to the charge of that see.
Continuing in his new office to abstain from eating flesh, according to
the rule observed by him in the wilderness, once upon a time a fish was
brought him for a present. The cook, in gutting the same, found in its
entrails a ring, and ran full of joy to present it to his master; which
ring the blessed Bishop no sooner cast eyes upon than he knew it again for
his own, and wondered not so much at the strange mine that had brought
forth the metal, as that, by the Divine propitiation, he had obtained the
forgiveness of his sins.'

The same distinguished writer, in the work before mentioned, relates the
story told by St. Augustine, bishop of the city where it happened, 'and
who has deemed it worthy of insertion in his great work, "De Civitate Dei"
(xxii. 8):--"There lived an old man, a fellow-townsman of ours at Hippo,
Florentius by name, by trade a tailor, a religious poor person. He had
lost his cloak and had not wherewith to buy another. Certain ribald youths
who happened to be present overheard him, and followed him as he went
down, mocking at him as though he had demanded of the martyrs the sum of
fifty _folles_ (12-1/2 denarii) to clothe himself withal. But Florentius
walking on without replying to them, espied a big fish thrown up by the
sea, and struggling upon the beach, and he secured it through the
good-natured assistance of the same youths, and sold it for 300 _folles_
(75 denarii) to a certain cook, by name Carthosus, a good Christian, for
pickling, telling him at the same time all that had taken place--intending
to buy wool with the money, so that his wife might make therewith, as well
as she could, something to clothe him. But the cook in cutting up the fish
found in its belly a gold ring, and forthwith, being moved with
compassion, as well as influenced by religious scruples, restored it to
Florentius, saying, 'Behold how the Twenty Martyrs have clothed thee.'"'


_King Edward's Ring._ P. 119.

In the 'Life of Edward the Confessor' (forming one of the series of the
chronicles and memorials of Great Britain and Ireland, during the Middle
Ages, published by the authority of H.M. Treasury, under the direction of
the Master of the Rolls), Mr. Luard, the editor, has given the translation
of a manuscript in the public library of the University of Cambridge, to
which the date of 1245 is ascribed, and written in Norman-French. The
legend of the Confessor's ring is thus introduced:--

  The King was at the service
  Where was dedicated the church
  Of Saint John, who to God was dear,
  And whom the King could so much love:
  No saint had he so dear except Saint Peter.
  Lo, a poor man who was there,
  A stranger and unknown,
  When he saw King Edward,
  For the love of Saint John prays him
  That of his possession he would give him a part.
  The King who hears his prayer,
  Puts his hand to his alms-chest,
  But neither gold nor silver does he there find.
  He bids his almoner to be summoned,
  But he was not found for the crowd.
  The poor man ceases not to beg
  And the King is in distress
  Because neither gold nor silver he finds at hand.
  And he reflects, remains silent,
  Looks at his hand and remembers
  That on his finger he had a cherished ring
  Which was large, royal, and beautiful;
  To the poor man he gives it for the love
  Of Saint John, his dear lord;
  And he takes it with joy,
  And gently gives him thanks;
  And when he was possessed of it,
  He departed and vanished.
  But to this no one paid attention.
  Soon after it chanced that
  Two palmers of English birth,
  Who go to seek the Holy Sepulchre
  By a path where no one guides them
  In the land of Syria,
  Go astray, far out by the way,
  See neither man nor house:
  Now they have arrived in the wilderness,
  The night comes on, the sun sets;
  Nor do they know which way to turn,
  Nor where they can lodge for the night,
  They fear robbers, they fear wild beasts,
  They fear monsters and dreadful tempests,
  And many an adventure of the desert.
  The dark night surprises them.

  Now behold a band of youths
  In a circle which was very large and beautiful,
  By whom the whole road and air
  Were lightened as if by lightning,
  And an old man white and hoary,
  Brighter than the sun at mid-day,
  Before whom are carried two tapers,
  Which lighten the path;
  He, when he comes close to the palmers
  Salutes them; says, 'Dear friends
  Whence come you? Of what creed
  Are you, and of what birth?
  What kingdom and King? What seek you here?'
  And one of them answered him,
  'We are Christians, and desire
  Have we to expiate our sins;
  We are both from England;
  We have come to seek the Holy Sepulchre,
  And the holy places of this country,
  Where Jesus died and lived.
  And our King is named Edward,
  The good prince, whom may God preserve to us,
  He has not such a saint from here to France.
  But it has befallen us by mishap
  We have lost to-day the company
  Which comforts and which guides us,
  Nor know we what has become of us.'

  And the old man answered there,
  Joyously like a clerk,
  'Come after me, I go before;
  Follow me, I will conduct you
  Where you will find a good hostelry.
  For love of King Edward
  You shall have lodging and good care,
  Your leader I will myself be,
  And your host.' He leads them on;
  They enter a city,
  They have found a good hostelry,
  The table prepared, and good treatment,
  Linen and bed, and other preparatives;
  The tired ones, who had great need,
  Repose themselves after supper.
  In the morning, when they depart,
  They find their host and leader,
  Who, when they have issued from the gate,
  Gently thus comforts them.
  'Be not troubled nor sad,
  I am John the Evangelist;
  For love of Edward the King,
  I neither will nor ought to fail you;
  For he is my especial
  Friend and loyal King.
  With me he has joined company,
  Since he has chosen to lead a chaste life,
  We shall be peers in paradise.
  And I tell you, dear good friends,
  You shall arrive, be assured,
  In your country safe and sound.
  You shall go to King Edward,
  Salute him from me,
  And that you attempt not a falsehood
  To say, you shall carry proofs--
  A ring, which he will know,
  Which he gave to me, John,
  When he was at the service
  Where my church was dedicated;
  There I besought him, for the love
  Of John; it was I in poor array.
  And let King Edward know well,
  To me he shall come before six months (are over).
  And since he resembles me,
  In paradise shall we be together
  And that of this he may be confidently assured
  You shall tell him all that whatever I tell you.'

  They, who well understand his words,
  Give him thanks for all his benefits,
  And when they are possessed of the ring
  The saint departed and vanished;
  And the pilgrims depart,
  Who now are on the certain path
  Without ill, and without trouble;
  The saint leads and conducts them;
  They hasten to go to King Edward,
  That they have not arrived seems tardy to them,
  And they relate their adventure,
  Show the ring at once,
  Whatever they relate he believes true,
  When he sees the proofs;
  Of this witness bears the whole
  Company, large in numbers.


_Demons imprisoned in Rings._ P. 132.

There was a strong belief that familiar spirits could be carried about in
rings and trinkets. Le Loyer, in his curious work 'Des Spectres,' writes:
'With regard to the demons whom they imprisoned in rings or charms, the
magicians of the school of Salamanca and Toledo, and their master
Picatrix, together with those in Italy who made traffic of this kind of
ware, knew better than to say whether or not they had appeared to those
who had them in possession or bought them. And truly I cannot speak
without horror of those who pretend to such vulgar familiarity with them,
even to speaking of the nature of each particular demon shut up in a ring;
whether he be a Mercurial, Jovial, Saturnine, Martial, or Aphrodisiac
spirit; in what form he is wont to appear when required; how many times in
the night he awakes his possessor; whether benign or cruel in disposition;
whether he can be transferred to another; and if, once possessed, he can
alter the natural temperament, so as to render men of Saturnine complexion
Jovial, or the Jovials Saturnines, and so on. There is no end of the
stories which might be collected under this head, to which, if I gave
faith, as some of the learned of our time have done, it would be filling
my paper to little purpose. I will not speak, therefore, of the crystal
ring mentioned by Joaliun of Cambray, in which a young child could see all
that they demanded of him, and which eventually was broken by the
possessor, as the occasion by which the devil too much tormented him.
Still less will I stay my pen to tell of the sorcerer of Courtray, whose
ring had a demon enclosed in it, to whom it behoved him to speak every
five days.' By this familiar (remarks Heywood, in his 'Hierarchie of the
Blessed Angels') 'he was not onely acquainted with all newes, as well
forrein as domesticke, but learned the cure and remedie for all griefs and
diseases; insomuch that he had the reputation of a learned and excellent
physition. At length, being accused of _sortilege_, or enchantment, at
Arnham, in Guelderland, he was proscribed, and in the year 1548, the
Chancellor caused his ring, in the public market, to be layd on an anvil
and with an iron hammer to be beaten in pieces. Mengius reporteth from the
relation of a deare friend of his (a man of approved fame and honestie)
this history. In a certain town under the jurisdiction of the Venetians,
one of their praestigious artists (whom some call Pythonickes), having one
of these rings in which he had two familiar spirits exorcised and bound,
came to a predicant or preaching friar, a man of sincere life and
conversation; and confessed unto him that hee was possessed of such an
enchanted ring, with such spirits charmed, with whom he had conference at
his pleasure. But since he considered with himselfe that it was a thing
dangerous to his soule, and abhominable both to God and man, he desired to
be cleanely acquit thereof, and to that purpose hee came to receive of him
some godly counsell. But by no persuasion would the religious man be
induced to have any speech at all with these evil spirits (to which motion
the other had before earnestly solicited him), but admonished him to cause
the magicke ring to be broken, and that to be done with all speed
possible. At which words the familiars were heard (as it were) to mourne
and lament in the ring, and to desire that no such violence might be
offered to them; but rather than so, that it would please him to accept of
the ring, and keepe it, promising to do him all service and vassallage; of
which, if he pleased to accept, they would in a short time make him to be
the most famous and admired predicant in all Italy. But he perceiving the
divels cunning, under this colour of courtesie, made absolute refusall of
their offer; and withall conjured them to know the reason why they would
so willingly submit themselves to his patronage? After many evasive lies
and deceptious answers, they plainly confessed unto him that they had of
purpose persuaded the magition to heare him preach; that by that sermon,
his conscience being pricked and galled, he might be weary of the ring,
and being refused of the one, be accepted of the other; by which they
hoped in short time so to have puft him up with pride and heresie, to have
precipitated his soule into certaine and never-ending destruction. At
which the churchman being zealously inraged, with a great hammer broke the
ring almost to dust, and in the name of God sent them thence to their own
habitation of darknesse, or whither it pleased the highest powers to
dispose them.

'Of this kind doubtless was the ring of Gyges--such likewise had the
Phocensian tyrant, who, as Clemens Stromaeus speaketh, by a sound which
came of itselfe, was warned of all times, seasonable and unseasonable in
which to mannage his affaires; who, notwithstanding, could not be
forewarned of his pretended death, but his familiar left him in the end,
suffering him to be slain by the conspirators. Such a ring, likewise, had
one Hieronimus, Chancellor of Mediolanum, which after proved to be his
untimely ruine.' ['Hierarchie of the Blessed Angels.']

A learned German physician has given an instance in which the devil, of
his own accord, enclosed himself in a ring as a familiar, thereby proving
how dangerous it is to trifle with him.


_Cramp-Rings._ P. 164.

The precise date when the Kings of England commenced to bless rings,
regarded as preservatives against the cramp or against epilepsy, the
_morbus Sancti Johannis_, is uncertain. The earliest mention of the
practice, which Mr. Edmund Waterton has found, occurs in the reign of
Edward II.: 'The prayer used in the blessing of the ring implores--'ut
omnes qui eos gestabunt, nec eos infestet vel nervorum contractio, vel
comitialis morbi periculum.' And the King, to impart this salutary virtue,
rubbed the rings between his hands, with this invocation: 'Manuum
nostrarum confricatione quas olei sacri infusione externa sanctificare
dignatus es pro ministerii nostri modo consecra,' &c. Hitherto these rings
are simply described as _annuli_. But in the 44th of Edward III., in the
account-book of John of Ipres, or Ypres, they are termed _medicinales_.'

In the last chapter of the 'Constitutions of the Household,' settled in
the reign of Edward II., the following entry appears: 'Item, le Roi doit
offrer de certein le jour de grant vendredi a crouce v. s. queux il est
accustumez receivre devers lui a la mene le chapelein afair eut anulx a
_donner pur medicine_ az divers gentz.'

In the Eleemosyna Roll of 9th Edward III. the following entry occurs: 'In
oblacione domini Regis ad crucem de Gneythe die parasceves in capella sua
infra mannerium suum de Clipstone, in precium duorum florencium de
Florencia xiiij. die Aprilis vi. _s._ viij. _d._, et in denariis quos
posuit pro dictis florenciis reassumptis _pro annulis medicinalibus inde_
faciendis, eodem die vi. _s._; summa xii. _s._ viii. _d._'

In the Eleemosyna Roll of 10th Edward III. we have the following entry:
'In oblacione domini Regis ad crucem de Gneyth in die parasceves apud
Eltham, xxix. die Marcii v. _s._, et pro iisdem denariis reassumptis pro
annulis inde faciendis per manus Domini Johannis de Crokeford eodem die v.
_s._' And in the following year: 'In oblacione domini Regis ad crucem de
Gneyth in capella sua in pcho de Wyndesore die parasceves v. _s._, et pro
totidem denariis reassumptis pro annuli inde faciendis v. _s._'

In the accounts of John de Ypres, 44th Edward III., the following entries
are found: 'In oblacionibus Regis factis adorando crucem in capella sua
infra castrum suum de Wyndesore, die parasceves in pretio trium nobilium
auri et quinque solidorum sterling. xxv. _s._ In denariis solutis pro
iisdem oblacionibus reassumptis pro annulis medicinalibus inde faciendis,
ibidem, eodem die xxv. _s._'

The same entries occur in the 7th and 8th Henry IV.

In the 8th Edward IV. mention occurs that these cramp-rings were made of
silver and of gold, as appears by the following entry: 'Pro eleemosyna in
die parasceves c. marc., et pro annulis de auro et argento pro eleemosyna
Regis eodem die,' &c. And a Privy Seal of the next year, amongst other
particulars relates: 'Item paid for the King's Good Fryday rings of gold
and silver xxxiii. _l._ vi. _s._ viii. _d._'

Mention of these rings is also found in the Comptroller's accounts in the
20th Henry VII.

A MS. copy of the Orders of the King of England's Household, 13th Henry
VIII., 1521-1522, preserved in the National Library at Paris (No. 9,986),
contains 'the order of the Kinge's of England, touching his coming to
service, hallowing y{e} crampe rings, and offering and creeping to the
crosse.' 'First, the King to come to the closett or to the chappell with
the lords and noblemen wayting on him, without any sworde to bee borne
before him on that day, and there to tarry in his travers till the bishop
and deane have brought forth the crucifix out of the vestry (the almoner
reading the service of the cramp-rings), layd upon a cushion before the
high altar, and then the huishers shall lay a carpet before y{t} for the
King to creepe to the crosse upon: and y{t} done, there shall be a fourme
set upon the carpet before the crucifix, and a cushion layd before it for
the King to kneele on; and the Master of the Jewell house shal be ther
ready with the crampe-rings in a basin or basins of silver; the King shall
kneele upon the sayd cushion before the fourme, and then must the clerke
of the closett bee ready with the booke conteyninge y{e} service of the
hallowing of the said rings, and the almoner must kneel upon the right
hand of the King, holding of the sayd booke; and when y{t} is done the
King shall rise and go to the high altar, where an huisher must be ready
with a cushion to lay for his grace to kneele upon, and the greatest Lord
or Lords being then present shall take the basin or basins with the rings,
and bear them after the King, and then deliver them to the King to offer;
and this done, the Queen shall come down out of the closett or travers
into the chappell with ladies and gentlewomen wayters on her, and creepe
to the crosse; and that done, she shall returne againe into her closett or
travers, and then the ladies shall come downe and creepe to the crosse,
and when they have done, the lords and noblemen shall in likewise.'

A letter from Dr. Thomas Magnus, Warden of Sibthorpe College,
Nottinghamshire, to Cardinal Wolsey, written in 1526, contains the
following curious passage: 'Pleas it your Grace to wete that M. Wiat of
his goodness sent unto me for a present certaine crampe ringges, which I
distributed and gave to sondery myne acquaintaunce at Edinburghe, amongse
other to M. Adame Otterbourne, who, with one of thayme, releved a mann
lying in the falling sekenes in the sight of myche people; sethenne whiche
tyme many requestes have been made unto me for crampe ringges at my
departing there, and also sethenne my comyng from thennes. May it pleas
your Grace therefore to shew your gracious pleasure to the said M. Wyat,
that some ringges may be kept and sent into Scottelande, whiche, after my
poore oppynnyon shulde be a good dede, remembering the power and operacyon
of thame is knowne and proved in Edinburghe, and that they be gretly
required for the same cause both by grete personnages and other.'

Mr. Edmund Waterton thinks that the illuminated manual which Queen Mary
used at the blessing of the cramp-rings, and which I have mentioned was in
the possession of the late Cardinal Wiseman, was the same from which
Bishop Burnet printed the formula. Mr. Waterton states that on the second
leaf of the MS. the service for the blessing of the rings begins with this
rubric: 'Certeyne Prayers to be used by the Quene's Heighnes in the
Consecration of the Cramperings.'

The next rubric is as follows: 'The Ryngs lyeing in one basin or moo, this
Prayer shall be said over them,' &c. This is followed by the _Benedictio
Annulorum_, consisting of several short formulas or sentences. Then
another rubric sets forth: 'These prayers beinge saide, the Queene's
Heighnes rubbeth the rings betwene her hands, sayinge _Sanctifica Domine
Annulos_,' &c.

'Thenne must holly water be caste on the rings, sayeing, _In nomine Patris
et Filii et Spiritus Sancti_, Amen. Followed by two other prayers.'

Miss Strickland claims the blessing of the cramp-rings as the peculiar
privilege of the Queens of England. But her argument falls to the ground
when tested by collateral and official documents.

Mr. Waterton concludes his most interesting article on Royal Cramp-rings
('Archaeological Journal,' vol. xxi. pp. 103-113) by stating that he has
been unable to accompany the essay by the representation of any example,
'but I have never met with a specimen that could with any certainty be
pronounced a royal cramp-ring, neither have I found any description of the
rings made, as the entries state, from the gold and silver coins offered
by the King on Good Friday, and then redeemed by an equivalent sum.
Probably they were plain hoop-rings. In the will of John Baret, of Bury
St. Edmunds, 1463, a bequest is made to "my Lady Walgrave" of a "rowund
ryng of the Kynge's silvir." In another part of his will he bequeaths to
"Thomais Brews, esquiyer, my crampe ryng with blak innamel, and a part
silvir and gilt." And, in 1535, Edmund Lee bequeaths to "my nece Thwarton
my gold ryng w{t} a turkes, and a crampe ryng of gold w{t} all."

'But there is no evidence to show that the second ring mentioned by John
Baret was a royal cramp-ring; whereas it appears to me that the one
bequeathed by Edmund Lee may have been one of the royal cramp-rings, for
otherwise a more particular description would have been given.'

An interesting account of 'the ceremonies of blessing cramp-rings on Good
Friday, used by the Catholic Kings of England,' will be found in Pegge's
'Curialia Miscellanea' (Appendix No. 3, p. 164).

It is curious that in Somersetshire the ring-finger is thought to have the
power of curing any sore or wound that is rubbed with it.


CHAPTER V.

BETROTHAL AND WEDDING-RINGS. P. 275.


I should not omit to mention the famous sermon of good Jeremy Taylor on 'a
wedding-ring for the finger,' which is worthy the perusal not only of
those who have entered the matrimonial life, but of others who contemplate
an entrance into the same. The text is (Genesis ii. 18), 'And the Lord God
said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an
help-meet for him.' Although no allusion is made to the substantial
character of the nuptial circle, yet the deductions made from the text are
the sweetest and the holiest that could be imagined, and the brightest
jewels of the mineral world could not exceed in beauty the language of the
grand old divine. 'When thou layest out for such a good upon earth, look
up to the God of heaven. Let Him make his choice for thee, who hath made
this choice of thee. Look _above_ you before you look _about_ you.' 'Give
God the tribute of your gratulation for your good companion. Take heed of
paying your rent to a wrong landlord. When you taste of the stream,
reflect on the spring that feeds it. Now thou hast four eyes for thy
speculation, four hands for thy operation, four feet for thy ambulation,
and four shoulders for thy sustentation. What the sin against the Holy
Ghost is in point of divinity, that is unthankfulness in point of
morality; an offence unpardonable. _Pity it is but that moon should ever
be in an eclipse, that will not acknowledge her beams to be borrowed from
the sun._ He that praises not the giver, prizes not the gift.' '_It is
between a man and his wife in the house, as it is between the sun and the
moon in the heavens; when the greater light goes down, the lesser light
gets up; when the one ends in setting, the other begins in shining._

'Husband and wife should be as the milch-kine, which were coupled together
to carry the ark of God; or as the two Cherubims, that looked one upon
another, and both upon the mercy-seat; or as the two tables of stone, on
each of which were engraven the laws of God. In some families married
persons are like Jeremiah's two baskets of figs, the one very good, the
other very evil; or like fire and water, whilst the one is flaming in
devotion, the other is freezing in corruption. There is a two-fold
hindrance in holiness: first, on the right side; secondly, on the left. On
the right side, when the wife would run in God's way, the husband will not
let her go; when the fore-horse in a team will not draw, he wrongeth all
the rest; when the general of an army forbids a march, all the soldiers
stand still.' 'Man is an affectionate creature. Now the woman's behaviour
should be such towards the man, as to require his affection by increasing
his delectation; _that the new-born love may not be blasted as soon as it
is blossomed, that it may not be ruined before it be rooted_.' 'Husband
and wife should be like two candles burning together, which make the house
more lightsome; or like two fragrant flowers bound up in one nosegay, that
augment its sweetness; or like two well-tuned instruments, which, sounding
together, make the more melodious music.' 'A spouse should be more careful
of her children's breeding than she should be fearful of her children's
bearing. _Take heed lest these flowers grow in the devil's garden._'
'_Good education is the best livery you can give them living; and it is
the best legacy you can leave them when dying._' 'Let these small pieces
of timber be hewed and squared for the celestial building; by putting a
_sceptre of grace_ into their hands, you will set _a crown of glory_ upon
their heads.' 'Marriages are styled _matches_, yet amongst those many that
are married, how few are there that are _matched_! Husbands and wives are
like locks and keys, that rather break than open, except the wards be
answerable.'


CHAPTER VI.

RING TOKENS.


_The Essex Ring._ P. 336.

The story of the ring given by Queen Elizabeth to the Earl of Essex is of
such romantic interest that it is sad to destroy the charm by casting
doubts on its authenticity; but, at the present day especially, a crucial
test is applied to numbers of similar instances, and 'historic doubts'
crop up incessantly, with which heretofore no profane hand was expected to
meddle. The story of the Essex ring-token has been investigated with great
care by a writer in the 'Edinburgh Review' (No. 200), who says: 'Whatever
might be the supposed indignation of Elizabeth against her dying cousin,
Lady Nottingham, it is clear that as the real offender was Lord
Nottingham, he would naturally have more shared in her displeasure; and it
is very improbable that a fortnight after the Queen had shaken the
helpless wife on her death-bed, the husband, by whose authority the
offence was committed, should have continued in undiminished favour. The
existence of the ring would do but little to establish the truth of the
story, even if but one had been preserved and cherished as the identical
ring; but as there are two, if not three, which lay claim to that
distinction, they invalidate each other's claims. One is preserved at
Hawnes, in Bedfordshire, the seat of the Rev. Lord John Thynne; another is
the property of C. W. Warren, Esq.; and we believe the third is deposited
for safety at Messrs. Drummond's bank.

'The ring at Hawnes is said to have descended in unbroken succession from
Lady Frances Devereux (afterwards Duchess of Somerset) to the present
owner. The stone in this ring is a sardonyx, in which is cut in relief a
head of Elizabeth, the execution of which is of a high order. That the
ring has descended from Lady Frances Devereux, affords the strongest
presumptive evidence that it was not _the_ ring. According to the
tradition, it had passed from her father into Lady Nottingham's hands.
According to Lady Elizabeth Spelman, Lord Nottingham insisted upon her
keeping it.

In her interview with the Queen, the Countess might be supposed to have
presented to her the token she had so fatally withheld; or it might have
remained in her family, or have been destroyed; but the most improbable
circumstance would have been its restoration to the widow or daughter of
the much-injured Essex by the offending Earl of Nottingham. The Duchess of
Somerset left a long, curious, and minute will, and in it there is no
mention of any such ring. If there is good evidence for believing that the
curious ring at Hawnes was ever in the possession of the Earl of Essex,
one might be tempted to suppose that it was the likeness of the Queen, to
which he alludes in his letters as his "fair angel," written from Portland
Road, and the time of his disgrace after the proceedings in the Star
Chamber, and when still under restraint at Essex House. Had Essex at this
time possessed any ring, a token, by presenting which he would have been
entitled to favour, it seems most improbable that he should have kept it
back, and yet regarded this likeness of the Queen, whose gracious eyes
encouraged him to be a petitioner for himself. The whole tone of this
letter is in fact almost conclusive against the possibility of his having
in his possession any gift of hers endowed with such rights as that of the
ring which the Countess of Nottingham is supposed to have withheld.'


CHAPTER IX.

CUSTOMS AND INCIDENTS IN CONNECTION WITH RINGS.


_Wedding of the Adriatic._ P. 419.

In Richard Lassel's 'Voyage of Italy' is an account of the performance of
this ceremony at Venice, about the year 1650. 'I happened to be at Venice
thrice at the great sea Triumph, or feast of the Ascension, which was
performed thus: About our eight in the morning the Senators, in their
scarlet robes, meet at the Doge's Pallace, and there, taking him up, they
walk with him processionally unto the shoar, where the Bucentoro lyes
waiting them; the Pope's Nuncio being on his right hand, and the Patriarch
of Venice on his left hand. Then, ascending into the Bucentoro by a
handsome bridge thrown out to the shoar, the Doge takes his place, and the
Senators sit round about the galley as they can, to the number of two or
three hundred. The Senate being placed, the anchor is weighed, and the
slaves being warned by the Captain's whistle, and the sound of trumpets,
begin to strike all at once with their oars, and to make the Bucentoro
march as gravely upon the water as if she also went upon cioppini (high
shoes then worn by the Venetian ladies). Thus they steer for two miles
upon the Laguna, while the music plays and sings Epithalamiums all the way
long, and makes Neptune jealous to hear Hymen called upon in his
Dominions. Round about the Bucentoro flock a world of Piottas and
Gondolas, richly covered overhead with sumptuous Canopies of silks and
rich stuffs, and rowed by watermen in rich liveries as well as the
Trumpeters. Thus forrain Embassadors, divers noblemen of the country and
strangers of condition, wait upon the Doge's gally, all the way long both
coming and going. At last the Doge, being arrived at the appointed place,
throws a Ring into the sea, without any other ceremony than by saying,
_Desponsamus te, Mare; in signum perpetui dominii_. _We espouse thee, O
Sea, in Testimony of our perpetual dominion over thee_; and so returns to
the Church of St. Nicolas, in Lio (an Island hard by), where he assists at
High Mass with the Senate. This done, he returns home again in the same
state, and invites those that accompanied him in his gally to dinner in
his Pallace, the preparations of which dinner we saw before the Doge was
got home.'

       *       *       *       *       *

By the kindness of Mr. Octavius Morgan, F.R.S., Vice-President of the
Antiquarian Society, &c., I am enabled to reproduce in the present work a
privately-printed tract by that eminent antiquarian, which will be found
of great utility to ring-collectors generally.


CLASSIFICATION FOR THE ARRANGEMENT OF A COLLECTION OF FINGER-RINGS.

The Rings are divided into Two Grand Chronological Classes.

Class I. ANTIQUE, comprising all European Rings prior to the year A.D.
800, when the Empire of Charlemagne was established in Europe, and England
was united under one Sceptre, and all Oriental Rings prior to the Hedjira,
A.D. 622, or prior to the Mussulman Conquest of the various countries.

Class II. MEDIEVAL AND MODERN, comprising all Rings subsequent to those
dates.

Each Ring in the Collection should have a small label or ticket, of card
or parchment, attached to it, bearing on one side the special letters
belonging to the group, and on the other its number in the group; thus any
Ring removed from the Collection, when once so arranged, can be easily
restored to its proper group and place.

The letters O and Y (Nos. 15 and 25) are left vacant in case any collector
should desire to make or add any other group.


CLASS I.--ANTIQUE.

Arranged according to the various nations in the order of their antiquity
or pre-eminence.

   1 A Egyptian.
   2 B Assyrian.
   3 C Babylonian.
   4 D Phoenician.
   5 E Hebrew.
   6 F Greek.
   7 G Etruscan.
   8 H Roman.
   9 I Early Christian.
  10 J Byzantine.
  11 K Hindoo.
  12 L Persian.
  13 M Sassanian.
  14 N Gnostic.
  15 O
  16 P Celtic.
  17 Q Scandinavian.
  18 R Teutonic.
  19 S Gaulish.
  20 T Frankish (_Merovingian_).
  21 U Ancient British.
  22 V Ancient Scotch.
  23 W Ancient Irish.
  24 X Anglo-Saxon (_Early_).
  25 Y
  26 Z Unascertained and Miscellaneous.


CLASS II.--MEDIEVAL AND MODERN.

DIVIDED INTO OFFICIAL AND PERSONAL.


_OFFICIAL._


ECCLESIASTICAL.

  27 =A= Rings of Popes, or with Papal insignia.

  28 =B= Rings of Cardinals, or with Cardinals' insignia.

  29 =C= Rings of Archbishops or Bishops, or with Episcopal
         insignia.

  30 =D= Rings of Abbots and Priors, or Abbesses or Prioresses.

  31 =E= Rings of other Ecclesiastical Dignitaries.


CIVIL.

  32 =F= Rings bearing the insignia of Sovereigns, not being
         Signet Rings.

  33 =G= Rings of Investiture.

  34 =H= Credential Rings.

  35 =I= Presentation Rings (_Sergeants_).

  36 =K= Masonic Rings.


MILITARY.

  37 =L= Rings worn by Knights of various orders.
         Knights of Malta.
            "    Templars.
            "    St. John of Jerusalem.


_PERSONAL._


SIGNET RINGS.

  38 =a= Heraldic, with Coats of Arms or Badges.

  39 =b= Merchants' Marks.

  40 =c= Crowned Letters or Devices.

  41 =d= Letters without Crowns.

  42 =e= Other Devices.

  43 =f= Persian, Cufic, and Arabic, with names.

  44 =g= Antique Intagli in Medieval settings.


LOVE, BETROTHAL, AND MARRIAGE.

  45 =h= Tokens of Love.

  46 =i= Posy Rings.

  47 =j= Giardinetti.

  48 =k= Betrothal Rings.

  49 =l= Gimmal Rings.

  50 =m= Marriage Rings.

  51 =n= Jewish Nuptial Rings.


MOURNING AND MEMORIAL RINGS.

  52 =o= Rings with Hair.

  53 =p= Rings with Portraits.

  54 =q= Rings with Memorial Devices and Inscriptions.

  55 =r= Rings with Emblems of Death.


HISTORICAL RINGS.

  56 =s= Rings used by, or belonging to, Historical Persons.

  57 =t= Rings commemorating Historical Events.

  58 =u= Rings emblematical of particular Persons, Events, or
         Countries.


RELIGIOUS.

  59 =v= Devotional (_Decade_).

  60 =w= Rings bearing Religious Devices or Inscriptions.

  61 =x= Rings bearing Figures or Emblems of Saints.

  62 =y= Pilgrims' Rings (_Jerusalem, Mount Serrat, &c._).

  63 =z= Rings for containing Reliques.


CHARM, MAGIC, AND MEDICINAL.

  64 =a a= Cramp Rings.

  65 =b b= Rings with Toadstones or other substances believed to
           possess medicinal virtues.

  66 =c c= Astrological and Cabalistic Rings.

  67 =d d= Talismanic, with Cufic, Arabic, and Gnostic Inscriptions.

  68 =e e= Poison Rings.


ORNAMENTAL RINGS.

  69 =f f= Rings with Precious Stones, according to their kind.

  70 =g g= Rings set with enamels, paste, or other ornaments,
           having no special meaning.

  71 =h h= Peasants' Rings.

  72 =i i= ASIATIC, including Modern Persian, Hindoo, and
           Chinese.

  73 =k k= AFRICAN.

  74 =l l= MISCELLANEOUS RINGS, which group will contain all
           such as cannot be brought under the other heads of
           classification, such as whistle-rings, puzzle-rings,
           squirt-rings, jointed rings to form devices, rings with
           watches, dials, compasses, &c.

  75 =m m= Rings made of strange and unusual materials, not being
           metal.

  76 =n n= Unascertained.


_Additional Note._

In the chapter on 'Memorial and Mortuary Rings' (page 378), I have related
the circumstance of an Arabian princess in Yemen, who had been buried with
her rings and other jewels; a tablet recording that she had vainly
endeavoured to exchange them for flour during the great famine mentioned
in the Holy Scriptures.

A singular incident of this character is stated in Forbes's 'India' (vol.
ii. p. 18): 'The present finest mausoleum in Cambaya was erected to the
memory of a Mogul of great rank, who, during a famine which almost
depopulated that part of the country, _offered a measure of pearls for an
equal quantity of grain_; but not being able to procure food at any price,
he died of hunger, and this history is related on his monument.'

[Illustration]




INDEX.


  Abbots invested with the ring, 231

  'Abraxas,' definition of, 139

  Adriatic, marriage of the Doge of Venice with the, 419, 529

  'Agla,' the mystic word inscribed on rings, 137

  Agnes, legend of the saint and the ring, 239

  Alcock, Bishop, on consecration of nuns, 233

  Alexandrinus, Clemens, advice on rings, 39

  'Alhstan' ring, the, 62

  Amelia, memorial ring of the Princess, 375

  American ring, gigantic, 488

  Amulet-rings, 103, 126, 138, 166, 140, 141, 147

  Ancient custom of Archbishops of Rouen, 211

  Anecdote of a mourning-ring used at a wedding, 449

  Angelo, ring of Michael, 470

  Anglo-Saxons, betrothal rings of the, 306

  Anne, mourning ring of Queen, 373

  'Annuli Ecclesiae,' Bishops' rings so called, 212

  Antique intaglio rings with mottoes, 418

  Antoinette, ring of Queen Marie, 374

  Apollo and Marsyas, ring of, 470

  Archery, rings prizes for, 444

  Armenians, betrothal rings among the, 312

  Arnulphus, ring of Bishop, 228

  Arundel Collection of gem rings, 462

  Ashantee, rings from, 455

  Astrological rings, 108


  Bailewski Collection, Jewish betrothal ring in the, 300

  Bards rewarded with rings, 192

  Bavarian peasant's ring, 84

  Becket, ring from the shrine of Thomas a, 247

  'Beef Steak' Club, ring of the, 193

  Bequests of rings, 355

  Berquem, rings engraved by Louis de, 450

  Berry, Lady, the fish and the ring, 100

  Bessborough Collection of gem-rings, 462

  -- -- religious ring in the, 258

  Betrothal and wedding rings, 275, 526

  -- -- -- -- of the Jews, 298, 299

  -- -- -- -- -- -- Romans, 303

  -- -- -- -- -- -- Anglo-Saxons, 306

  -- -- -- -- -- -- Germans, 310

  -- -- -- -- -- -- Italians, 310

  -- -- -- -- -- -- Middle Ages, 307

  -- -- -- -- -- -- Armenians, 312

  -- -- -- -- in the North, 305

  -- -- -- -- -- -- of Sir Thomas Gresham, 318

  -- -- -- -- -- -- Martin Luther, 481

  -- rings divided, 309, 316

  Bishops buried with rings, 203

  -- rings used to seal baptismal fonts, 212

  Bishops' rings, manner of benediction, 219

  -- -- -- of investiture, 209, 213

  -- -- engravings on, 212

  -- -- used as signets, 213

  -- -- importance attached to, 213

  -- -- how worn, 218

  -- resignation of, by the ring, 211

  -- rings taken from degraded, 218

  Bitton, ring of Bishop de, 228

  Blaize, rings on the fingers of St., 221

  Blessing of coronation-rings, 179

  -- -- cramp-rings, 163, 522

  Boccaccio's fable of the three rings, 451

  Bonomi, M., on Pharaoh's ring, 1

  Borgias, poison rings of the, 434

  Bowet, ring of Archbishop, 225

  Braybrooke Collection, Jewish marriage rings in the, 299

  -- -- Gemmel ring in the, 321

  -- -- rings with death's-heads in the, 372

  -- -- ring of Pope Boniface in the, 207

  -- -- pilgrims' rings in the, 265

  -- -- Roman and Romano-British rings in the, 41

  -- -- Royalist mourning ring in the, 371

  -- -- mourning rings of Mary and William III. in the, 374

  -- -- mortuary ring in the, 383

  -- -- ring of Tippoo Saib in the, 490

  -- -- nun's ring in the, 240

  -- -- thumb-ring in the, 89

  Bribe rings, 444

  Bride-cake, rings placed in, 171

  British Museum, gem-rings in the, 459

  Brooches and rings, 74

  Bunyan, ring of John, 495

  Burnet, bequest of ring by Bishop, 363

  Bursting of rings a bad omen, 168

  'Bury' wills, bequests of rings in the, 356

  Byron, lines by, on the wedding-ring, 277


  Cabalistic ring, 139

  Cantelupe, ring of Bishop de, 229

  Carbuncle rings, 159

  Cardinals buried with rings, 203

  -- -- invested with rings, 215

  -- -- rings laid aside on Good Friday, 216

  Castellani Collection, rings in the, 46

  Catherine, legend of the spousal ring of St., 238

  Chaplet, origin of the, 252

  Chariclea, famous ring of, 463

  Charles I., signet ring of, 461

  -- -- memorial rings of, 366

  Charles II., rings stolen from, 452

  -- -- signet-ring of, 461

  -- -- mourning-ring of, 371

  Charlemagne charmed by a ring, 115

  Charm rings of the Greeks and Romans, 103

  -- -- Benvenuto Cellini on, 105

  -- -- of the Oxford Conjurer, 132

  Charms, Sigil, 113

  Charters confirmed by rings, 184

  Chichester, rings belonging to the Dean and Chapter of, 225

  Childeric, ring of King, 386

  Christ, espousals to, 233

  Christian rings, representations on, 38, 258

  Claddugh wedding-rings, 320

  Clerical fondness for rings, 220

  Clovis, ring-token of King, 323

  Cockatrice, mystic properties of the, 152

  Cologne, legend of the Three Kings of, 143

  Colour, change of, in jewels evil portents, 160

  Commonwealth, rings during the, 288

  Cork, ring-token to the Earl of, 351

  Cornwall, ancient signet-ring found in, 266

  Coronation rings, 177

  -- ring of Queen Elizabeth, 165

  -- -- -- James II., 177

  Coronets on rings, 475

  Cotterell, curious ring bequeathed by Sir Charles, 361

  Cramp-rings, 162, 522

  Cranmer, ring of Archbishop, 217

  Cromwell crest, ring on the, 421

  Cross, the true, wood of in rings, 141

  Crystallomancy, 100

  Cuerdale, Saxon rings found at, 63

  Curious advertisements of rings in cakes, 173

  Custom, curious Russian ring, 447


  Dactylomancia, or ring divination, 111

  Dancas, a thank-offering ring, 247

  Darnley ring, the, 460

  Days, rings worn on particular, 165

  Decade rings, 248

  Deae Matres, worship of the, 107

  Devereux ring, the, 338

  Device rings illustrative of death, 372

  Devonshire gems, the, 458

  Diamond-pointed rings, 76

  Diplomacy, rings given in, 184, 422

  Divinating power in a ring, 450

  Divination by prayer-book and ring, 172

  -- -- sounds, 113

  -- -- rings in wedding-cakes, 170

  Doctors' rings, 191

  Doctors' Commons, rings mentioned in wills at, 356


  Earliest materials of rings, 3

  Early Christian rings, 258, 259, 268

  Ecclesiastical mortuary, or 'corse-present,' 221

  -- usages, rings in connection with, 198

  Edgcumbe, Lady, and the ring, 429

  Edward I., token-ring of, 324

  Edward the Confessor, 'pilgrim' ring of, 116, 516

  Egyptian rings, 5

  -- -- exhibited at the South Kensington Museum, 12

  -- -- -- at the Louvre, 13

  -- -- representations on, 11

  -- glass rings, 13

  -- ring with double keeper, 17

  Egyptians, their fondness for rings, 10

  -- modern rings of the, 16

  Eldon, memorial ring of, 375

  Elfric's canon against clerical rings, 220

  Elizabeth, token-ring of Queen, 343

  Eloy, rings of St., 232

  Enchanted rings of the Greeks, 113

  Engagement-ring of the Prince Regent, 284

  Epilepsy, rings to cure, 153

  Episcopal rings, 209, 225, 230, 239

  -- -- engravings on, 212

  -- -- fashion of, 216

  -- -- formula of investiture with, 214

  -- -- usually set with sapphires, 217

  -- ring of St. Loup, 217

  Episode in ring history, 453

  Escutcheon ring, French, 81

  Espousals to Christ, 233, 259

  Essex ring, the, 336, 528

  Ethelswith, Queen of Mercia, ring of, 55

  Ethelwulf, ring of King, 54

  Etruscan rings, 18

  -- -- in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris, 20

  -- -- -- -- British Museum, 15

  -- -- -- -- Waterton Collection, 15

  'Evil eye,' rings to preserve from the, 151

  Evil portents connected with rings, 165


  Fish and the ring, legends of the, 98, 510

  Fishes, rings found in the bodies of, 439

  Fisherman's ring, the, 198

  Fleet marriages, 282

  Forensic order of knighthood, 191

  Formula for blessing cramp-rings, 164

  -- -- investing bishops with rings, 215

  Fotheringay, ring-relic of, 475

  French 'escutcheon' ring, 81

  -- Regard, Souvenir, and Amitie rings, 414

  -- rings, 79, 81

  -- episcopal rings, 228

  Funerals, rings given to attendants at, 364


  Gardiner, ring of Bishop, 226

  Garter rings, 193

  Gems mounted in Roman rings, 30, 40

  Gemmel rings, 313, 318

  Gentlemen formerly distinguished by rings, 446

  George III., ring-token to, 352

  German 'liberation' rings, 448

  Germans, interchange of rings among the, 310

  'Gesta-Romanorum,' ring stories in the, 124

  'Giardinetti' rings, 79

  Gift-rings of the Romans, 46

  Glasgow, ring in the arms, of the city of, 98

  Gnostic rings, 107

  Gold ring at Irish weddings, 173

  Gray the poet, bequest of rings by, 374

  Greece, interchange of rings in modern, 311

  Greek Church, rings how worn in the, 293

  Graeco-Egyptian gold rings, 7

  Greek ring in form of a crescent, 26

  -- and Roman rings, 18, 50

  -- -- -- charm rings, 103, 113

  Gresham, wedding-ring of Sir Thomas, 319

  Gretna Green marriages, 283

  Grey, linked rings of Lady, 317

  Gundulf, ring of Bishop, 213

  Gyges, ring of, 96, 508


  Hatton, charm ring of Lord Chancellor, 161

  Hebrew betrothal and marriage-rings, 298

  Henrietta Maria, ring of Queen, 493

  Henry VII., charm ring of, 133

  Henry of Worcester, ring of, 230

  Henry IV. of Germany, ring-token sent by, 326

  Heraldic ring, 481

  Hereford Cathedral, rings found in, 227

  Herrick on the wedding-ring, 276

  'Heth,' the sacred name inscribed on rings, 140

  Hilary, ring of Bishop, 225

  Hoof-rings, charmed, 153


  Identification by means of rings, 426

  Incidents and customs in connection with rings, 419

  Indian rings, 78, 84

  Inscription rings, 390, 417

  Inscriptions on glass with diamond rings, 77

  Interchange of rings among the Germans, 310

  Investiture of Abbots with rings, 231

  -- -- Bishops with rings, 215

  -- -- Cardinals with rings, 215

  -- -- Novices with rings, 232

  -- secular, by the ring, 177

  Ipomydon, ring-token given to, 327

  Irish Academy, episcopal ring in the Royal, 230

  Irish, early, rings, 61, 65

  -- weddings, gold rings at, 173

  Iron rings of the Romans, 25, 303

  -- -- French lines on, 303

  Ishtar, legend of, 7

  Italian rings, 76, 310

  Ivory Egyptian rings, 8

  -- Trinity rings, 487


  James of Scotland, ring-token sent by King, 327

  Jasper amulet-rings, 148

  Jeffreys, token-ring given to Judge, 351

  Jet, talismanic virtues of, 106

  Jews, betrothal and marriage-rings of the, 298

  -- covenant-rings of the, 297

  -- ring worn by the High Priest of the, 91

  John, token-rings sent to, 325

  -- ring of the Order of St., 193

  Johnson, wedding-ring of Dr., 279

  Josephus, account of charm-rings by, 92

  -- on the rings of the Israelites, 3

  Jupiter, the planet, propitious for weddings, 94


  Kenilworth Castle, ring found at, 473

  Kensington Museum, memorial rings in the, 388

  Kentigern, legend of St., 98

  Key-rings, Roman, 45, 51, 293

  Keys delivered at weddings, 294

  Kilsyth, loss of a ring by Lady, 167

  Kings buried with their rings, 385

  Kirchmann on episcopal rings, 210

  Knight Hospitaller, ring of a, 196

  Knight, legend of the cruel, 99

  Knighthood, rings of, 181


  Lacedemonian rings, 18

  Lawsuits, rings an authority in, 184

  Legacy of rings to shrines, 244

  Legend of St. Agnes and the ring, 239

  -- -- -- Catherine and the ring, 238

  -- -- the fish and the ring, 98, 510

  -- -- -- 'Royal of France' jewel, 133

  -- -- Marianson and the rings, 354

  -- -- St. Mark's ring, 119

  -- -- a ring derived from the North, 131

  -- -- the 'Pilgrim' ring, 117, 516

  -- -- -- Three Kings of Cologne, 143

  -- -- -- Lady of Toggenburg, 354

  -- -- a ring of espousals received from Our Saviour, 237

  -- -- -- -- on the statue of Venus, 129

  Lines on wedding-rings, 276

  Lion, King-at-Arms, ring given to, 194

  Loadstone set in wedding-rings, 304

  Londesborough Collection, charm-ring against the 'Evil Eye' in the, 153

  -- -- decade ring of Delhi work in the, 253

  -- -- early Christian ring in the, 47

  -- -- episcopal ring in the, 230

  -- -- gemmel rings in the, 319

  -- -- Jewish marriage-rings in the, 298

  -- -- jointed betrothal ring in the, 314

  -- -- Irish rings in the, 61

  -- -- Italian rings in the, 76

  -- -- later period rings in the, 75

  -- -- love gift ring, 47

  -- -- 'Lucretia' ring in the, 318

  -- -- magical thumb-ring in the, 89

  Londesborough Collection, mechanical mystic ring in the, 147

  -- -- memorial and mortuary rings in the, 373

  -- -- Moorish rings in the, 83

  -- -- mortuary rings in the, 383

  -- -- motto ring in the, 416

  -- -- Papal ring in the, 208

  -- -- 'religious' ring in the, 251

  -- -- ring of Bishop Thierry in the, 204

  -- -- toadstone rings in the, 157

  Lost rings, singular recovery of, 436

  Louis XII., rings of, 461, 469

  Love-knots, rings with, 414

  Love-pledges, rings as, 283

  Lucretia, rings with representations of, 318

  Luther, betrothal and marriage-rings of Martin, 481

  Lynnoch, Turlough, signet-ring of, 194


  Magi, rings of the, 143

  Magical thumb-rings, 89

  Maintenon, ring of Madame de, 469

  Man, ring-custom in the Isle of, 443

  Mantle and ring, vows taken with, 241

  Mark, ring of St., 119

  Marlborough gem-rings, 461

  Marriage-ring of the Doge of Venice, 99, 419, 529

  Marriages, fleet, 282

  -- Gretna Green, 283

  Marriage ring of Joseph and the Virgin Mary, 93, 505

  -- of prelates, 234

  -- -- Archbishop Rich to the Virgin, 237

  Martin, rings of St., 285

  Martyrs and saints, relics of, in rings, 142

  Mary, Queen of Scots, investiture rings of, 182

  -- -- -- -- signet-ring of, 459, 478

  Massinissa and Sophonisba, figures of, on a ring, 38

  Materials of wedding-rings, 285, 377

  Mayhew, ring of Bishop, 227

  Mecca, rings of, 17

  Mechanical mystic ring, 147

  Medical amulet-rings, 147, 161

  Medici, rings of the, 471

  Mediaeval romances, charmed rings in, 121

  'Memento mori' rings, 372

  Memorial and mortuary rings, 355, 377

  -- ring of the Princess Amelia, 375

  -- rings, Charles I., 366

  -- -- Charles II., 371

  -- -- Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, 361

  -- -- Countess of Hartford, 366

  -- -- Mary, Queen of Scots, 365

  -- -- Royalist, 371

  Merchant's 'mark' rings, 84

  Meridian rings, 451

  Merovingian rings, 69

  Modern French, 83

  Montfaucon's theory of the zodiac, 109

  'Month' rings of the Poles, 115

  Morgan, Papal ring in the collection of Mr. Octavius, 207

  Moore's poem on the 'Ring,' 129

  -- allusion to his mother's wedding-ring, 281

  Moorish rings, 83

  Motto-rings, 390

  Mourning rings, 360

  Mourning ring of Queen Anne, 374

  -- -- -- Lord Eldon, 375

  -- -- -- Queen Mary and William III., 374

  -- -- -- Lord Nelson, 375

  -- -- -- the Emperor Nicholas of Russia, 384

  Mummy, rings on the fingers of a, 10

  Museum, Egyptian rings in the South Kensington, 12

  -- -- -- -- -- British, 5

  -- Etruscan ring with chimerae in the British, 15

  -- Prince of Canino's ring in the British, 14

  -- ring of Queen Sebek-nefru, 7

  -- -- -- Sennacherib in the British, 9

  -- Egyptian rings in the Louvre, 13


  Names on rings, 416

  Necromantic rings, 146

  Nelson, memorial rings of Lord, 375

  New Year's Gift rings, 421

  Nobility, rings badges of, 195

  Northmen, wedding-keys of the old, 294

  Novices invested with the ring, 232

  Nuns forbidden to wear rings, 240

  Nuptial ring of the Virgin Mary, 93


  Omens, blood-dropping from the ring-finger, 168

  -- breaking of rings, 168

  -- bursting of rings, 168

  -- fall of rings, 167

  -- loss of rings, 167

  -- taking off rings, 171

  Oriental rings, 90, 491

  Origin of merchant's 'mark' rings, 192

  Orpine plant, rings with devices of the, 169

  Oswald, token-ring of, 325


  Pagan graves, rings found in, 69

  Paradise rings, 257

  Parthenon, rings in the treasury of the, 43

  Pedlar's rings, 73

  Pendrell, token-ring given to, 350

  Pepys, bequest of rings by, 363

  Perceval of Galles, bequest of rings by, 328

  Perrot, bequest of rings by, 344

  Persian rings, 17

  Perugia, nuptial ring of the Virgin at, 93

  Perugino's picture of the marriage of the Virgin, 94

  'Pilgrim' ring of Edward the Confessor, 116, 516

  Pilgrim rings, 264

  Planetary rings, virtues ascribed to, 108

  Poets Laureate, rings given to, 191

  Poison-rings, 432

  Poles, 'month' rings of the, 115

  Polycrates, ring of, 96

  Pontifical rings, 205, 207

  Pope, bequest of rings by, 374

  Pope Boniface, ring of, 207

  -- Pius II., ring of, 207

  -- -- IX., ring of, 201

  Popes buried with their rings, 202

  Popes, their sanctity disregarded, 202

  Porcelain rings, Egyptian, 8

  Portrait-rings, 496

  Posy-rings, 390

  Power of the royal ring, 182

  'Poynings,' the charter of, confirmed by a ring, 186

  Precious stones, episcopal rings enriched with, 216

  Prometheus, the ring of, 95

  Property conveyed by a ring, 185

  Puzzle-rings, 322


  Ring, Alhstan, the, 62

  -- of Angelo, Michael, 470

  -- -- Bitton, Bishop, 228

  -- -- Pope Boniface, 207

  -- -- Bowett, Archbishop, 225

  -- -- John Bunyan, 495

  -- -- Cantelupe, Bishop, 229

  -- -- Chariclea, 463

  -- -- Charles I. and Charles II., 461

  -- -- Childeric, 386

  -- -- Cranmer, Archbishop, 217

  -- found in the grave of St. Cuthbert, 227

  -- the Darnley, 460

  -- of Eloy, St., 232

  -- -- Ethelswith, Queen of Mercia, 55

  -- -- Ethelwulf, King, 54

  -- -- Gardiner, Bishop, 226

  -- -- Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, 213

  -- -- Gyges, 96, 508

  -- -- Queen Henrietta Maria, 493

  -- -- Henry of Worcester, 230

  -- -- Hilary, Bishop, 225

  -- -- Lion King-at-Arms, 194

  -- -- Louis XII., 461, 469

  -- -- Loup, St., 217

  -- -- Turlough Lynnoch, 194

  -- -- Madame de Maintenon, 469

  -- -- Mary, Queen of Scots, 459, 478

  -- -- Mayhew, Bishop, 227

  -- -- the Great Mogul, 491

  -- -- Lorenzo de Medici, 471

  -- -- Pius II., 207

  -- -- Pius IX., 201

  -- -- Polycrates, 96

  -- -- Sir Walter Raleigh, 486

  -- -- Cola di Rienzi, 465

  Ring of Seffrid, Bishop, 225

  -- the Seymour, 479

  -- -- Shakspeare, 484

  -- of Solomon, 91, 503

  -- -- Roger, King of Sicily, 465

  -- -- the Stuarts, 492

  -- -- Thierry, Bishop of Verdun, 201

  -- -- Tippoo Saib, 490

  -- -- William of Wyckham, 226

  -- the Worsley seal, 467

  -- American gigantic, 488

  -- amulet, of Prince Charles Edward, 166

  -- -- found at Eltham Palace, 126

  -- authority of the, in law suits, 184

  -- of the 'Beef Steak' Club, 193

  -- Byzantine betrothal, 304

  -- charm of the 'Oxford Conjurer,' 132

  -- charters confirmed by the, 184

  -- Claddugh wedding, 320

  -- found in Cornwall, 266

  -- Queen Elizabeth's coronation, 165

  -- given to the 'Admirable' Crichton, 194

  -- on the Cromwell crest, 421

  -- devices of the Medici, 473

  -- diplomas sanctioned by the, 184

  -- divination, 100, 172

  -- of Edward the Confessor, 116, 516

  -- escutcheon, French, 81

  -- superstition of Henry VIII., 133

  -- history, episode in, 453

  -- the 'Fisherman's,' 198

  -- relic of Flodden Field, 478

  -- -- of Fotheringay, 475

  -- heraldic, 481

  -- diamond-pointed Italian, 76

  -- of the Grand Master of the Order of St. John, 193

  -- found at Kenilworth Castle, 473

  -- of knighthood, 181

  -- legend, 130

  -- of Martin Luther, 481

  -- legends of the Fish and the Ring, 98, 510

  -- of St. Mark, 119

  -- mourning, of Charles II., 371

  -- -- Royalist, 371

  -- -- of the Princess Amelia, 375

  -- -- -- Queen Anne, 373

  -- -- -- Lord Eldon, 375

  -- -- -- Marie Antoinette, 374

  -- -- -- Mary and William III., 374

  -- -- -- Lord Nelson, 375

  -- -- -- the Emperor Nicholas of Russia, 384

  -- memorial, of the Countess of Hertford, 366

  -- of a nun, 240

  -- kissing the Pope's, 201

  -- Russian customs of the wedding, 174

  -- secular investiture by the, 177

  -- small wedding, 287

  -- tragical incident of a, 449

  -- marriage, of the Doge of Venice, 89

  -- legend of a, on the statue of Venus, 128

  Rings, Abbots invested with, 231

  -- the mystic word 'Agla' on, 137

  -- amulet, 148

  -- Anglo-Saxon betrothal, 306

  -- prizes for archery, 444

  -- Arundel and Bessborough Collection of gem, 462

  -- from Ashantee, 455

  -- astrological, 108

  -- Bavarian, 84

  -- bequests of, 355

  -- engraved by Berquem, 450

  -- betrothal and wedding, 275, 526

  -- dividing betrothal, 316

  -- bursting on the fingers, 168

  -- importance of Bishops', 213

  -- taken from degraded Bishops, 218

  -- on the fingers of the arm of St. Blaize, 221

  -- Boccaccio's fable of the three, 451

  -- offered as bribes, 444

  -- of British, Saxon, and mediaeval times, 53

  -- British Museum collection of gem, 459

  -- Byzantine, 48

  -- carbuncle, 159

  -- stolen from Charles II., 454

  -- charm, 105, 115, 121

  -- of espousals to Christ, 233, 241

  -- early Christian, 258, 268

  -- clerical extravagance in, 220

  -- coronation, 177

  -- claimed as 'corse' present, 221

  -- during the Commonwealth, 288

  -- coronets on, 475

  -- cramp, 162, 522

  -- customs and incidents in connection with, 419

  -- with wood of the true cross, 141

  -- with devices of death, 372

  -- decade, 248

  -- buried with the dead, 377

  -- Devonshire gem, 458

  -- given in diplomacy, 422

  -- divination, powers of, 450

  -- doctors', 191

  -- taken from the finger, an ill omen, 171

  -- in connection with ecclesiastical usages, 198

  -- engravings on Bishops', 212

  -- to cure epilepsy, 153

  -- attached to episcopal charters, 211

  -- episcopal investiture with, 215

  -- -- how worn, 218

  -- -- French, 228

  -- found in the bodies of fishes, 439

  -- French, 82, 415

  -- garter, 193

  -- gemmel, 313, 318

  -- German 'liberation,' 448

  -- in the 'Gesta Romanorum,' 124

  -- Gnostic, 107

  -- gold wedding, 84

  -- at marriages of modern Greeks, 311

  -- harlequin, 414

  -- discovered at Herculaneum and Pompeii, 49

  -- charmed 'hoof,' 153

  -- identification by means of, 426

  -- incidents in connection with, 419

  -- inscription, 390

  -- antique intagli motto, 417

  -- in the Royal Irish Academy, 65

  -- at Italian marriages, 310

  -- talismanic virtues of jet, 107

  -- Jewish betrothal and marriage, 298

  -- used in Jewish covenants, 297

  -- -- -- -- synagogues, 302

  -- given in lieu of dowry by the Jews, 298

  -- key, 294

  -- love 'pledge,' 283

  -- loss of, an ill omen, 167

  -- love-knot, 414

  -- denoting love's telegraph, 293

  -- linked, 317, 322

  -- life saved by, 427

  -- with representations of Lucretia, 318

  -- of the Magi, 143

  -- Marlborough gem, 461

  -- -- St. Martin, 285

  -- materials of wedding, 286

  -- medicinal, 161

  -- 'Memento mori,' 372

  -- memorial and mortuary, 355

  -- -- of Charles I., 366

  -- -- -- Mary, Queen of Scots, 365

  -- merchant's 'mark,' 84

  -- meridian, 451

  -- Merovingian, 69

  -- month, of the Poles, 115

  -- Moorish, 83

  -- motto, 390

  -- mourning, 360

  -- -- given at funerals, 364

  -- necromantic, 146

  -- New Year gift, 421

  -- an ancient mark of nobility, 195

  -- of the old Northmen, 305

  -- novices invested with, 232

  -- Oriental, 90

  -- origin of 'merchant's marks,' 192

  -- with device of the orpine plant, 169

  -- in Pagan graves, 68

  -- Paradise, 257

  -- of a later period, 75

  -- pilgrim, 264

  -- planetary virtues of, 108, 112

  -- poison, 432

  -- conferred on Poets Laureate, 191

  -- pontifical, 205, 207, 209

  -- buried with popes, 202

  -- portrait, 496

  -- posy, 390

  -- profusely worn, 72

  -- property conveyed by, 185

  -- recovery of lost, 436

  -- 'Regard,' 414

  -- religious, 133, 138, 248, 254

  -- reliquary, 142, 257

  -- remarkable, 457

  -- 'Reynard the Fox' on magical, 145

  -- Roman amber and glass, 48

  -- -- in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris, 32

  -- -- in the Castellani Collection, 46

  -- Roman devices and inscriptions on, 41

  -- of a Roman lady, 33, 43

  -- gems mounted in Roman, 30, 40

  -- Roman gift, 46

  -- gold, when first worn in Rome, 26

  -- Roman and Greek huge, 28

  -- -- iron, 25

  -- -- key, 45, 51

  -- -- legionary, 47

  -- in the treasury of the Parthenon, 43

  -- profusion of, worn by the ancients, 28, 30

  -- Roman rock-crystal, 31

  -- -- 'season,' 28, 30

  -- -- signs engraved on, 33

  -- -- thumb, 29

  -- -- used for various purposes, 42

  -- -- votive, 44

  -- -- and Greek, in the Waterton Collection, 50

  -- Runic characters on, 148, 150

  -- rush, 284

  -- at Russian marriages, 311

  -- Russian customs with, 447

  -- Saxon wire, 59

  -- -- found at Cuerdale, 63

  -- mode of securing, 449

  -- Serjeants', 186

  -- at shrines, 259

  -- sigil charm, 113

  -- signet, 25

  -- at Spanish marriages, 312

  -- gold, to cure sties, 174

  -- superstitions in connection with, 91

  -- magical 'suspended,' 112

  -- talismanic, 91, 134, 140, 147, 151, 166

  -- mystic 'Tau,' 155

  -- toadstone, 155

  -- given at tournaments, 197

  -- discovered on the (presumed) site of Troy, 32

  -- thumb, 87, 89, 139, 501

  -- thank-offering, 247

  -- the Three, 352

  -- token, 323

  -- tooth, 495

  -- Trinity, 248, 254

  -- given on St. Valentine's Day, 422

  -- at Venetian marriages, 311

  -- 'Vertuosus,' 162, 355

  -- offered to the Virgin, 130

  -- watch, 494

  -- in wedding cakes, 170

  -- -- -- possets, 173

  -- given at wrestling-matches, 195

  -- wedding, how worn, 291, 293

  -- blessing wedding, 288

  -- of espousals to the Virgin, 237

  -- mentioned in wardrobe books, 228

  -- thumb wedding, 289

  -- of the Virgin in Raphael's Sponzalizio, 291

  -- ancient origin of wedding, 297

  -- whistle, 494

  -- worn on particular days, 165

  -- zodiacal, 110


  Sanctity of the Popes disregarded, 202

  Sapphires, episcopal rings set with, 217

  Saxon rings found at Cuerdale, 63

  Scarabaeus on rings, 5

  Schliemann's, Dr., discoveries at Troy (?), 32

  Scots, wedding-ring of Mary, Queen of, 280

  Scott, Sir Walter, on superstitious charms, 132

  Season-rings of the Romans, 28, 30

  Sebek-nefru, signet-ring of, 7

  Secular investiture by the ring, 177

  Seffrid, ring of Bishop, 225

  Serjeants' rings, 186

  Seymour ring, the, 480

  Shakspeare, rings bequeathed by, 359

  -- the ring (presumed) of, 484

  Shrine of Thomas a Becket, ring from the, 247

  -- -- the Magi, 144

  Shrines, legacies of rings to, 244, 259

  Sicily, supposed ring of Roger, King of, 465

  Sidney, rings bequeathed by Sir Philip, 358

  Sigebert, supposed ring of King, 70

  Sigil charms, 113

  Signet-ring of Sennacherib, 9

  Singer, collection of posy-rings by Mr. J. W., 394

  Singular mode of securing rings, 449

  Soden Smith, rings in the collection of Mr. R. H., 230, 502

  Solomon's ring, 91, 503

  Southey on zodiacal signs, 109

  Spain, ring-customs in, 312

  Spanish rings, 79

  Squirt rings, 493

  Stone and silver rings of the Romans, 31

  Stuart rings, the, 492

  Suckling, lines on a wedding-ring, by Sir John, 287

  Superstitions connected with the carbuncle, 159

  -- -- -- change of colours in jewels, 160

  -- -- -- gold rings, 175

  -- -- -- rings generally, 91

  -- -- -- toadstone, 156

  -- -- -- turquoise, 159


  Talismanic ring, remarkable gold, 95

  Tau-rings, mystic character of, 155

  Thierry, ring of Bishop, 204

  Thumb-rings, allusions to, 88

  -- -- magical, 89

  -- -- of the Romans, 29

  -- -- worn in token of widowhood, 364

  Tippoo Saib, rings of, 490

  Toadstone rings, virtues of, 157

  Token-rings, Charles II., 350

  -- -- Earl of Derby, 348

  -- -- Duke of Dorset, 347

  -- -- Edward I., 324

  -- -- Queen Elizabeth, 340

  -- -- Earl of Essex, 336, 528

  -- -- George III., 352

  -- -- Queen Henrietta Maria, 349

  -- -- Henry VIII., 334, 335

  -- -- Henry IV. of Germany, 326

  -- -- James of Scotland, 327

  -- -- King John, 325, 332

  -- -- Margaret of Scotland, 333

  -- -- Queen Mary, 335

  -- -- Mary, Queen of Scots, 340

  -- -- Viscount Melgum, 350

  -- -- King Oswald, 324

  -- -- Sir John Perrot, 344

  -- -- Earl of Toulouse, 327

  Tooth rings, 495

  Tournaments, rings given at, 197

  Trinity rings, 248, 254

  -- ivory rings, 487

  Troy, discoveries on the (presumed) site of, 32

  Turquoise rings, the _gage d'amour_ of the Germans, 159

  -- -- their magical virtues, 158


  Valentine's Day, rings given on St., 422

  Venetian rings, 76

  -- weddings, rings at, 311

  -- reliquary ring, 143

  Venice, marriage-ring of the Doge of, 99, 419, 529

  -- saved by St. Mark's ring, 119

  'Vertuosus' rings, 162, 355

  Virgin, gifts of rings to the, 130

  Virtues of a loadstone ring, 156

  -- -- -- turquoise ring, 158

  -- -- the ring-finger, 155

  Votive rings of the Romans, 44

  Vow of chastity with mantle and ring, 241


  Wales, the Prince of, invested with a ring, 183

  Walton, rings bequeathed by Izaak, 360

  Wardrobe books, rings mentioned in the, 228

  Warwick, ring-token sent by Guy, Earl of, 331

  Washington, bequest of rings by, 363

  Watch set in a ring, 494

  Waterton Collection, curious South Saxon ring in the, 60

  -- -- ecclesiastical ring with figure of Christ, in the, 264

  -- -- Egyptian rings in the, 13

  -- -- episcopal ring in the, 230

  -- -- Etruscan ring in the, 15

  -- -- Gnostic rings in the, 107

  -- -- Greek and Roman rings in the, 50

  -- -- Papal rings in the, 207

  -- -- ring on the forefinger of a statue in the, 291

  Wedding-rings, ancient origin of, 297

  -- -- mentioned in ancient rituals, 290

  Wedding-ring, blessing the, 288

  -- -- of the 'Claddughs,' 320

  -- -- during the Commonwealth, 288, 290

  -- -- given by the Prince Regent, 296

  -- -- -- -- -- Princess Royal, 296

  -- -- -- -- -- Queen Victoria, 296

  -- -- plain gold, 295

  -- -- how worn, 291

  -- -- several, worn at marriages, 289

  -- -- worn on the thumb, 289

  -- -- one of the smallest, 287

  -- -- of the German Jews, 302

  -- -- in cakes, 170

  -- ring of the Rev. George Bull, 290

  -- -- -- James II., 281

  -- -- -- Mrs. Johnson, 279

  -- -- -- Mary, Queen of Scots, 280

  -- -- -- Mrs. Moore, 280

  -- -- -- Baron Rosen, 281

  -- -- lines by Suckling on a, 287

  -- -- -- -- Woodward on a, 277

  -- -- Customs of the Russians, 174

  Wells, rings belonging to the Dean and Chapter of, 231

  Whistle rings, 494

  William of Wyckham, ring of, 226

  Winchester Cathedral, rings belonging to the Dean and Chapter of, 226

  -- -- ring found in the tomb of William Rufus in, 385

  Wire-rings of the Saxons, 58

  Worcester Cathedral, Pontifical rings found in, 209

  'Worsley' seal-ring, the, 467

  Wotton, rings bequeathed by Sir Henry, 359

  Wrestling, prize-rings for, 195


  Xerxes, a great gem-fancier, 16


  Zodiac, astrological definition of the, 109

  -- Montfaucon's singular theory of the, 109

  Zodiacal signs, Southey on, 109


  LONDON: PRINTED BY
  SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
  AND PARLIAMENT STREET


[Illustration]




FOOTNOTES:

[1] In 1841 Mr. Joseph Bonomi read a paper before the Royal Society of
Literature on an ancient signet-ring of gold, resembling in every respect,
except the name of the king, the ring which Pharaoh put on the finger of
Joseph. The account of its purchase, loss, and subsequent recovery is very
interesting. It was bought by Lord Ashburnham at Cairo in 1825. In the
spring of the same year his Lordship embarked a valuable collection on
board a brig he had chartered at Alexandria, to carry his heavy baggage to
Smyrna. This was attacked and pillaged by Greek pirates, who sold their
booty in the island of Syra. The ring then became the property of a Greek
merchant, in whose possession it remained until it was sold at
Constantinople, and was brought to England in 1840. It then passed from
the hands of Mr. Bonomi into those of Lord Ashburnham, its former
possessor. It is conjectured, from evidence peculiar to Egyptian
antiquities, that this ring belonged to the age of Thothmes III.

[Illustration: Egyptian Gold Signet-ring.]

In the winter of 1824 a discovery was made in Sakkara of a tomb enclosing
a mummy entirely cased in solid gold (each limb, each finger of which had
its particular envelope inscribed with hieroglyphics), a scarabaeus
attached to a gold chain, a gold ring, and a pair of bracelets of gold
with other valuable relics. This account was wrested from the excavators
_a coups de baton_ administered by Mohammed Defterdar Bey, by which means
were recovered to Signor Drovetti (at whose charge the excavation was
made) the scarabaeus and gold chain, a fragment of the gold envelope, and
the bracelets, now in the Leyden Museum, which bear the same name as this
ring. From the circumstance of the bracelets bearing the same name as this
ring, and from the word Pthah, the name of the tutelar divinity of Memphis
(of which city Sakkara was the necropolis) being also inscribed upon it,
there is little doubt it was found in that place, and, from the confession
of the Arabs, a great probability that it came out of the same excavation.
The discovery of so much gold in a single tomb, which, from the nature of
the ornaments, must have belonged to the Pharaoh himself, or to a
distinguished officer of his household, accords well with Mr. Cory's
system of chronology, which places the death of the patriarch Joseph in
the twenty-first year of the reign of Thothmes III., at which period the
treasury of Pharaoh must have been well stored with the precious material
of these ornaments accumulated by the prudent administration of the
patriarch. Assuming, therefore, that Mr. Cory's system is correct, this
ring may be regarded, not only as an excellent specimen of that kind
called Tabat (a word still used in Egypt to signify a stamp or seal), but
also as resembling in every respect, excepting the name, the ring which
Pharaoh put on the hand of Joseph.

[2] Mr. Layard, in 'Nineveh and Its Remains,' describes the wife of an
Arab Sheikh, whom he met, as having a nose adorned with a prodigious gold
ring, set with jewels of such ample dimensions that it covered her mouth,
and was obliged to be removed when she ate.

[3] The Egyptians made the scarabaeus the symbol of the world, because it
rolled its excrements into a globe; of the sun; of the moon, from horns;
one-horned, of Mercury; of generation, because it buried the bowls in
which it included its eggs, &c.; of an only son, because they believed
that every beetle was male and female; of valour, manly power, &c., whence
they forced all the soldiers to wear a ring upon which a beetle was
engraved. All these superstitions are very ancient, for they occur upon
the sepulchres of Biban-el-Molook, and are traced to the Indians,
Hottentots, and other nations. In the hieroglyphs it is used for the
syllable _Khepra_, and expresses the verb 'to be, exist.' In connection
with Egyptian notions, the Gnostics and some of the Fathers called Christ
the Scarabaeus.

'The usual mode of mounting the scarab,' observes the Rev. C. W. King, in
'Antique Gems,' 'as a finger-ring, was, the _swivel_, a wire as a pivot
passing through the longitudinal perforation of the stone (the edge of
which was generally protected by a gold rim), and then brought through
holes in each end of a bar of gold, or else of a broad, flat band of
plaited wire, and bent into a loop of sufficient size to admit the finger,
which was usually the fore-finger of the left hand. For the sake of
security, the ends of the loop were formed into small disks, touching each
extremity of the scarabaeus. This loop, or ring shank, as it may be
considered, was treated in a great variety of fashions, and sometimes was
made extremely ornamental. One that I have seen terminated in rams' heads,
the pivot entering the mouth of each; in another the shank was formed as a
serpent, the head of which was one of the supporting points, and the tail
tied into a knot. Occasionally the form of the shank was varied by bending
the bar upon itself, so as to form a bow in the middle of its length; the
ends were then beaten to a point, which, being twisted inwards, passed
into the opposite holes of the stone, and thus formed a handle to the
signet. This last manner of mounting the scarabaeus was often used by the
Egyptians, the shank being made of every kind of metal; it was also the
common setting of the Phoenician stones of this form.'

[4] Appendix.

[5] Cellini, in his 'Memoirs,' says that Pope Clement VII. showed him a
gold Etruscan necklace of exquisite workmanship, which had just been
discovered in the ground. On examining it, 'Alas,' cried he, 'it is better
not to imitate these Etruscans, for we should be nothing but their humble
servants. Let us rather strike out a new path, which will, at least, have
the merit of originality.'

[6] Appendix.

[7] Addison remarks that when at Rome he had 'seen old Roman rings so very
thick about, and with such large stones in them, that it is no wonder a
<DW2> should reckon them a little cumbersome in the summer season of so hot
a climate.'

A Roman ring found in Hungary contained more than two ounces of gold.

[8] 'As soon as the despotic power of the Caesars was established,' remarks
the Rev. C. W. King ('Handbook of Engraved Gems'), 'it became a mark of
loyalty to adorn either one's house, or one's hand, with the visible
presence of the sovereign. Capitolinus notices that the individual was
looked upon as an impious wretch, who, having the means, did not set up at
home a statue of M. Aurelius; and, a century later, the Senate obliged by
an edict every householder to keep a picture of the restorer of the
Empire, Aurelian. That official swore such portraits in their rings as an
indispensable mark of distinction may be deduced from the negotiations of
Claudius (preserved by Pliny) confining the _entree_ at court to such as
had received from him a gold ring having the imperial bust carved on it.'

[9] Xenophon, in his 'Economics,' states that the Greek matrons had the
power of sealing up, or placing the seal upon the house-goods, and at
Rome, Cicero's mother was accustomed to enhance to consumers the merits of
some poor thin wine, _vile Sabinum_, by affixing to each amphora her
official signet.

It appears that the women of Greece did not use the ring as frequently as
the men, and that theirs were less costly.

[10] Amber rings were worn in our own country to a late date; thus Swift,
writing to Pope respecting Curll and the 'Dunciad,' says:--'Sir, you
remind me of my Lord Bolingbroke's ring; you have embalmed a gnat in
amber.'

[11] At the exhibition of antiquities and works of art at the
Archaeological meeting of January 5, 1849, Major Ker Macdonald produced a
ring supposed to be a recent imitation of the ring of Ethelwulf.

[12] I am much indebted to Mr. R. H. Soden Smith, F.S.A.--a gentleman so
distinguished in art circles, and the possessor of a remarkably fine and
rare collection of rings--for information on some points connected with
this work.

[13] There is the well-known anecdote of Francis the First, who, in order
to let the Duchess d'Estampes know that he was jealous, wrote with a
diamond these lines on a pane of glass, 'which,' says Le Vieil, in his
'Peinture sur Verre,' 'may be still seen in the Chateau Chambord':--

  Souvent femme varie,
  Mal habil qui s'y fie.

A similar story is recorded of Henry the Fourth of France and the Duke of
Montpensier. The latter had written with his diamond ring on a pane of
glass the following, in allusion to his love for the aunt of the King:--

  Nul bonheur me contente,
  Absent de ma Divinite.

Henry, in the same manner, wrote under it:--

  N'appellez pas ainsi ma tante,
  Elle aime trop l'Humanite.

It was on the pane of a window in Hampton Court Palace that, during one of
the festivals given there by Henry the Eighth, the ill-fated Earl of
Surrey wrote with his diamond ring the name of fair Geraldine, and in
quaint verse commemorated her beauty.

[14] Calmet, in his 'Dictionary,' states that the Arabian princesses wore
golden rings on their fingers, to which little bells were suspended, as
well as in the flowing tresses of their hair, that their superior rank
might be known, and that they might receive in passing the homage due to
them.

[15] Montfaucon, in his 'L'Antiquite Expliquee,' describes the
representation of a trading seal 'as one of the most extraordinary that
has yet been seen.' It was given to him by a monk of St. Victor, at
Marseilles. The form was oblong, and the inscription was in three lines,
the first of which is P. Hileyi, Publii Hileyi, at the end of which words
was a well-formed _caduceus_. The second and third lines were Sex. Maci
Paullini, Sexti Maci Paullini. The _caduceus_, which was a symbol of
traffic, denotes that these were two merchants and co-partners, and the
anchor, that they were adventurers by sea. One thing remarkable is that
the first name, P. Hileyi, was taken by design, but yet so that it might
be read; the letters being cut very deep, they contented themselves with
taking out so much of them only as would spoil that part of the impression
upon wax, or any other matter, and leave the other name to be impressed
alone. That this was done by design appeared from the varnish seen in
these traces, as well as in the rest of the seal, and was probably done by
Sextus Macius Paullinus at the death of his partner Publius Hileyus.

[16] Appendix.

[17] Chaucer, in his 'Squire's Tale,' says:--

  'Then speaken they of Canace's ring
   And saiden all that such a wondrous thing
   Of crafte of ringes heard they never none,
   Save that he, Moses, and King Solomon
   Hadden a name of cunning in such art.'

[18] Among the Mohammedans at present a talisman, consisting generally of
a formula on a scrap of paper, or sentences from the Koran, is placed in a
piece of stuff and put into a ring between the stone and the metal.
Although the Mussulman doctors generally concur in considering these
practices vain, and many Asiatics do not use them, yet the multitude still
retain a predilection for them.

[19] Appendix.

[20] Appendix.

[21] Plato relates the story of Gyges differently to that by Herodotus. He
tells us that Gyges wore a ring, the stone of which, when turned towards
him rendered him invisible, so that he had the advantage of seeing others
without being seen himself. By means of this ring he deprived Candaules of
his throne and life, with the concurrence of the queen. 'This,' remarks
Rollin, 'probably implies that in order to compass his own criminal design
he used all the tricks and stratagems which the world calls subtle and
refined policy, which penetrates into the most secret purposes of others
without making the least discovery of its own.' This story, thus
explained, carries in it a greater appearance of truth than what we read
in 'Herodotus.'

Cicero, after relating the fable of Gyges' famous ring, adds, that if a
wise man had such a ring he would not use it to any wicked purpose,
because virtue considers what is honourable and just, and has no occasion
for darkness.

[22] See chapter on 'Customs and Incidents in Connexion with Rings.'

[23] Dr. Gordon, in his 'History of Glasgow,' quotes the legend thus, from
the 'Aberdeen Breviary:'--'The Queen of Cadzow was suspected by her
husband, King Roderick, of being too intimate with a knight whom he had
asked to hunt with him. The King waited his opportunity to abstract from
the satchel of the knight, when asleep, a ring which the Queen had
presented to him. King Roderick, in furious jealousy, threw it into the
Clyde. When they returned to the palace of Cadzow from the day's hunting,
the King, in the course of the evening, asked her where her ring was. It
could not be produced. Death was threatened if it were not forthcoming.
The Queen sent one of her maids to the knight for the ring, and being
unsuccessful, a bearer was sent to _Cathures_ (Glasgow), to St Mungo,
making a full confession of all. The Apostle of Strathclyde commiserated
the Queen. Forthwith he sent one of his monks to the river to angle,
instructing him to bring home alive the first fish that he caught. This
was done. St. Mungo (_dear friend_) found the annulet in the mouth of the
miraculous fish, and speedily sent it to the Queen, who restored it to her
husband, and thereby saved her life.'

[24] Appendix.

[25] 'A Berril,' observes Aubrey in his 'Miscellanies,' 'is a kind of
crystal that hath a weak tincture of red. In this magicians see visions.
There are certain formulas of prayers to be used before they make the
inspection which they term a _Call_. In a manuscript of Dr. Forman, of
Lambeth (which Mr. Elias Ashmole had), is a discourse of this and the
prayer; also there is a Call which Dr. Napier did use. James Harrington
(author of "Oceana") told me that the Earl of Denbigh, then ambassador at
Venice, did tell him that one did show him three several times, in a
glass, things past and to come. When Sir Marmaduke Langdale was in Italy
he went to one of these Magi, who did show him a glass where he saw
himself kneeling before a crucifix.' A 'Berrill' belonging to Sir Edward
Harley is thus described by Aubrey:--'It is a perfect sphere; the diameter
of it I guess to be something more than an inch; _it is set in a ring_ or
circle of silver resembling the meridian of a globe; the stem of it is
about ten inches high, all gilt. At the four quarters of it are the names
of four angels, viz., Uriel, Raphael, Michael, Gabriel. On the top is a
cross _patee_. This, it appears, was efficacious in detecting thieves; it
also forewarned death.'

Dr. Dee's famous crystal, now in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, will be
remembered. (See discoveries in the tomb of Childeric, at Tournay, in
chapter on 'Memorial and Mortuary Rings.')

[26] The superstitious custom of carrying the medals of Alexander the
Great, as if they had some salutary virtue in them, was frequent among the
Christians of Antioch, as is evident from St. John Chrysostom's
declamation against the practice:--'What shall we say of those that use
enchantments and ligatures, and bind upon their head and feet brass medals
of Alexander of Macedon? Are these our hopes? And shall we, after the
passion and death of our Saviour, place our salvation in an image of a
heathen king?'

[27] Montfaucon, in his 'L'Antiquite Expliquee,' has a singular theory in
regard to the signs of the Zodiac. He mentions a fine gem on which were
represented the figures of Mercury, Jupiter, and Venus, included in a
large circle which contained the twelve signs of the Zodiac. These he
conjectured to signify the days of the week, Wednesday, Thursday, and
Friday. 'But, why,' he observes, 'do the three gods in this image indicate
so many days of the week? Some ancient and particular custom is referred
to and expressed, without doubt. Ausonius, in his "Eclogues," inserts a
verse current in his time preceded by this question:--"Quid quoque die
demi de corpore oporteat?" On what days is it most proper to cut the
beard, nails, or hair? "Ungues Mercurio, barbam Jove, Cypride crines."
That is, on Wednesday pare your nails, shave your beard on Thursday, and
on Friday cut your hair. This usage Ausonius rallies in eight pleasant
verses. "Mercury," says he, "a pilferer by trade, loves his nails too well
to let them be pared. Jupiter, venerable by his beard, Venus adorned by
her hair, are by no means willing to part with what is so dear to
them."... I think it certain that these deities are represented as
presiding over Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, without being able to
assign the certain reason why they are pictured upon this gem.'

A very extraordinary form of oath, by which the astronomer Vettius Valens
bound his disciples to secresy, is quoted by Selden. 'I adjure thee, most
honoured brother and your fellow-students, by the starry vault of heaven,
_by the circle of the zodiac_, the sun, the moon, and the five wandering
stars (by which universal life is governed), by Providence itself, and
Holy Necessity, that you will keep these things secret, nor divulge them
except to those who are worthy and are able to make a just compensation to
me, Valens.'

[28] According to the ancient lapidaries, a ram with the half-figure of an
ox, or any stone set in a silver ring, whoever was touched with should be
immediately reconciled. A woman, one half a fish, holding a mirror and a
branch, cut on a marine hyacinth (pale sapphire), set in a gold ring, the
signet covered with wax, procured any desire. A man ploughing, and over
him the hand of the Lord making a sign, and star, if cut on any stone, and
worn in all purity, ensured safety from tempest and immunity to crops from
storms. Head, with neck, cut in green jasper; set in a brass or iron ring
engraved with the letters B. B. P. P. N. E. N. A.: wear this, and thou
shalt in no wise perish, but be preserved from many diseases, especially
fever and dropsy; it likewise gives good luck in fowling. Thou shalt be
reasonable and amiable in all things; in battle and in law-suits thou
shalt be victor. Man standing and tall, holding an obolus (patera) in one
hand and a serpent in the other, with the sun over his head, and a lion at
his feet: if cut on a diacordius (diadochus) set in a leaden ring and put
underneath wormwood and fenugreek, carry it to the bank of a river and
call up whatsoever evil spirit thou pleasest, and thou shalt have from
them answers to all thy questions. A youth having a crown on his head and
seated on a throne with four legs, and under each leg a man standing and
supporting the throne on his neck; round the neck of the seated figure a
circle, and his hands raised up to heaven; if cut on a white hyacinth
(pale sapphire) ought to be set in a silver ring of the same weight as the
stone, and under it put mastic and turpentine; make the seal in wax and
give it to any one, and let him carry it about on his neck or person,
either the wax or the ring, and go with pure mind and chastity before
king, noble, or wise man, and he shall obtain from them whatsoever he may
desire. A bearded man holding a flower in his hand cut on carnelian, and
set in a tin ring, the ring being made on the change of the moon on a
Friday, the 1st or the 8th of the month, whomsoever thou shalt touch
therewith he shall come to do thy will. Man standing on a dragon, holding
a sword, must be set in a leaden or iron ring; then all the spirits that
dwell in darkness shall obey the wearer, and shall reveal to him in a
low-toned song the place of hidden treasure and the mode of winning the
same. Man riding and holding in one hand the bridle, in the other a bow,
and girt with a sword, engraved on pyrites set in a gold ring, it will
render thee invincible in all battles; and whosoever shall steep this ring
in oil of musk and anoint his face with the said oil, all that see him
shall fear him, and none shall resist. Man erect in armour, holding a
drawn sword, and wearing a helmet, if set in an iron ring of the same
weight, renders the wearer invincible in battle. Capricorn on carnelian,
set in a silver ring and carry about with thee, thou shalt never be harmed
in purse or person by thine enemies, neither shall a judge pass an unjust
sentence against thee; thou shalt abound in business and in honour, and
gain the friendship of many, and all enchantments made against thee shall
be of none effect, and no foe, however powerful, shall be able to resist
thee in battle. (Extracts from 'Sigil-charms,' 'History of the Glyptic
Art,' 'Handbook of Engraved Gems,' by the Rev. C. W. King.)

[29] 'The Hermetic Brethren had certain rules that they observed in
relation to the power of precious stones to bring good or bad fortune
through the planetary affinities of certain days, because they imagined
that the various gems, equally as gold and silver, were produced through
the chemic operation of the planets working secretly in the telluric
body.... All yellow gems and gold are appropriate to be worn on Sunday, to
draw down the propitious influences or to avert the antagonistic effects
of the spirits on this day, through its ruler and name-giver, the Sun. On
Monday, pearls and white stones (but not diamonds) are to be worn, because
this is the day of the Moon, or of the second power in Nature. Tuesday,
which is the day of Mars, claims rubies and all stones of a fiery lustre.
Wednesday is the day for turquoises, sapphires, and all precious stones
which seem to reflect the blue of the vault of heaven.... Thursday demands
amethysts and deep- stones of sanguine tint, because Thursday is
the day of Thor--the Runic impersonated Male Divine Sacrifice. Friday,
which is the day of Venus, has its appropriate emeralds, and reigns over
all the varieties of the imperial, yet, strangely, the sinister, colour,
green. Saturday, which is Saturn's day, the oldest of the gods, claims for
its distinctive talisman the most splendid of all gems, or the queen of
precious stones, the lustre-darting diamond.' (The 'Rosicrucians,' by
Hargrave Jennings.)

[30] There is a tradition that this ring found its way to the chapel of
Havering (have the ring), in the parish of Hornchurch, near Romford, and
was kept there until the dissolution of religious houses. Weaver says he
saw a representation of it on a window of Romford church. The legend is
also displayed on an ancient window in the great church of St. Lawrence,
at Ludlow, to which town the pilgrims who received the ring from the saint
are said to have belonged. A tradition to this effect was current in the
time of Leland, who notices it in his 'Itinerary.'

[31] Appendix.

[32] To understand the language of birds was peculiarly one of the boasted
sciences of the Arabians. Their writers relate that Balkis, the Queen of
Sheba, or Saba, had a bird called _Huddud_, a lapwing, which she
despatched to King Solomon on various occasions, and that this trusty bird
was the messenger of their amours. We are told that Solomon, having been
secretly informed by the winged confidant that Balkis intended to honour
him with a grand embassy, enclosed a spacious square with a wall of gold
and silver bricks, in which he ranged his numerous troops and attendants,
in order to receive the ambassadors, who were astonished at the suddenness
of these splendid and unexpected preparations.

[33] Moore, in his juvenile poem of the 'Ring,' has made use of this
legend, and added considerably to its fanciful conceptions:--

  'Young Rupert for his wedding-ring
     Unto the statue went,
   But, ah! how was he shock'd to find
     The marble finger bent!

  'The hand was closed upon the ring
     With firm and mighty clasp;
   In vain he tried, and tried, and tried,
     He could not loose the grasp.'

Austin is the hermit that Rupert seeks, and whose aid enables him to
regain the ring from the female fiend:--

  "In Austin's name take back the ring,
     The ring thou gav'st to me;
   And thou'rt to me no longer wed,
     Nor longer I to thee."

  'He took the ring, the rabble pass'd,
     He home returned again;
   His wife was then the happiest fair,
     The happiest he of men.'

[34] Appendix.

[35] Appendix.

[36] A curious legend is connected with this famous jewel. The French
monarch had visited the shrine of the saint to discharge a vow which he
had made in battle, and he knelt before it with the stone set in a ring on
his finger. The officiating prelate entreated the King to bestow the jewel
on the shrine, but as the jewel ensured good luck, Louis hesitated, but
offered, in compensation, one hundred thousand florins. The prelate was
satisfied, but the saint evidently was not, for the stone leaped from the
ring and fastened itself to the shrine. So bright was the stone that it
was impossible to look at it distinctly, and at night it burned like fire.

[37] Abraxas-stones were so called from having the word _Abraxas_ or
Abrasax engraved on them. They are cut in various forms, and bear a
variety of capricious symbols, mostly composed of human limbs, a fowl's
head and serpent's body. These gems are represented as coming from Syria,
Egypt, and Spain. It is certain that the use of the name Abraxas was at
first peculiar to the Gnostic sect of the Basilideans. There is little
doubt that the greater part of the Abraxas-stones were made in the Middle
Ages as talismans.

[38] The shrine of the Magi, in Cologne Cathedral, dates from the twelfth
century. The central subject is the Virgin with the infant Jesus; on the
left, the Adoration of the Three Kings, accompanied by the Emperor Otho
IV. On the right, the Baptism of Christ by John the Baptist, in presence
of an angel. All these figures are of pure gold, and in full relief. The
architectural decorations are covered with enamels and precious stones.
Above these figures is a cover of silver-gilt, on removing which the
skulls of the Three Kings are seen, with their names, Gaspar, Melchior,
and Balthazar, traced in rubies. The crowns of copper gilt replace those
of massive gold, which disappeared during the revolutionary storms. They
weighed each six pounds, and were enriched with fine pearls and an
aigrette of diamonds. Above the relics is the figure of Christ, as the
Judge of men, between two angels, who hold the instruments of the Passion.
This reliquary is 5-1/2 feet long, by three wide, 5 feet high. It was
begun in 1170, and made by order of Archbishop Philip von Heinsberg. In
the Rosicrucian theory, Caspar, or Gaspar, is the 'White One;' Melchior is
the 'King of Light;' Beltasar, the 'Lord of Treasures.' Balthasar, or
Balthazar, is the septuagint spelling of Belshazzar. Talismanic rings and
other objects were manufactured largely for sale to the pilgrims at the
shrine of the 'Three Kings.'

Mr. Thomas Wright, M.A., has, in his edition of the 'Chester Plays,'
described, at length, this popular legend.

A magic ring was found a few years ago at Dunwich, with this
inscription:--

  'Jasper fert myrrham; thus Melchior; Balthasar aurum,
   Haec tria qui secum portabit nomina Regum,
   Solvitur a morbo, Christi pietate, caduco.'

Bishop Patrick, in his 'Reflections on the Devotions of the Roman Church,'
1674, asks, with assumed _naivete_, how these names of the Three Wise
Men--Melchior, Balthazar, and Jasper--are to be of service, 'when another
tradition says they were Apellius, Amerus, and Damascus; a third, that
they were Megalath, Galgalath, and Sarasin; and a fourth calls them Ator,
Sator, and Peratoras; which last I should choose (in this uncertainty), as
having the more kingly sound.'

[39] The horn of the narwhal (which in the Middle Ages passed for the horn
of the unicorn) was supposed to possess, among other virtues, that of
neutralising and detecting the presence of poison. Various old writers
relate that it became agitated when placed in contact with a poisoned
body, and the most efficacious antidote to poison was the water in which
it had been steeped. A piece of the horn was attached to a chain of gold,
in order that it might be plunged into a dish without putting in the
fingers.

[40] The Runic characters are of very remote antiquity, and of entirely
pagan origin. They are attributed to Odin, whom tradition asserts to have
been eminently skilful in the art of writing, as well for the common
purposes of life, as for the operations of magic. It is the earliest
alphabet in use among the Teutonic and Gothic nations of Northern Europe.
The name is derived from the Teutonic _run_, a mystery; whence _runa_, a
whisper, and _helrun_, divination. They were distinguished into various
kinds: the _noxious_--or, as they were called, the _bitter_--employed to
bring various evils on their enemies; the _favourable_ averted
misfortunes; the _victorious_ procured conquest to those who used them;
the _medicinal_ were inscribed on the leaves of trees for healing; others
served to dispel melancholy thoughts; to prevent shipwreck; were antidotes
against poison; preservatives against the anger of enemies; efficacious to
render a mistress favourable--these last were to be used with great
caution. If an ignorant person had chanced to write one letter for
another, or had erred in the minutest stroke, he would have exposed his
mistress to some dangerous illness, which was only to be cured by writing
other runes with the greatest niceness. All these various kinds differed
only in the ceremonies observed in writing them, in the materials on which
they were written, in the place where they were exposed, in the manner in
which the lines were drawn, whether in the form of a circle, of a serpent,
or a triangle, &c.

'In the strict observance of these childish particulars consisted'
(remarks Mallet in his 'Northern Antiquities') 'that obscure and
ridiculous art which acquired to so many weak and wicked persons the
respectable name of priests and prophetesses, merely for filling rude
minds with so much jealousy, fear, and hatred.'

Grimm states that the Anglo-Saxon Runic alphabet was derived from the
Scandinavian at a period when it had only sixteen letters, the
complementary letters of the two alphabets having been formed on
principles that offer not the slightest analogy. While on the subject of
Runic calendars I may mention (although unconnected with rings) a singular
Runic almanack which was exhibited at the Winchester meeting of the
Archaeological Institute in 1845. It is in the form of a walking-stick,
called in the north of Europe a 'rim-stok,' or 'primstaf.' The symbols and
figures which ornament this calendar relate to the saints' days and the
successive occupations of the seasons. The staff is of a fashion rarely to
be found in the north, and appears to be the same which was procured at
Trondheim, in Norway, by Mr. Wolff, formerly Norwegian consul at London,
who published an account of it.

[41] A modern poet thus apostrophises the turquoise and its changeful
properties in the following beautiful sonnet:--

  'In sunny hours, long flown, how oft my eyes
   Have gazed with rapture on thy tender blue!
   Turquoise! thou magic gem, thy lovely hue
   Vies with the tints celestial of the skies.
   What sweet romance thy beauty bids arise,
   When, beaming brightly to the anxious view,
   Thou giv'st th' assurance dear that love is true!
   _But should thy rays be clouded_, what deep sighs,
   What showers of tenderness distress the heart!
   Ah! much of joy I owe thee, but no woe.
   As to my mind, thou ever didst impart
   That feeling blest which made my pale cheek glow
   (For love was mine, shorn of his wings and dart).
   Turquoise! in warmest strains thy praise should flow,
   Such as some gifted minstrel could bestow.'

[42] A more homely remedy for the same disorder is given in Wittal's
'Little Dictionary,' where we find that--

  'The bone of a hare's foot, closed in a ring,
   Will drive away the cramp, whenas it doth wring.'

[43] Appendix.

[44] Queen Bertha, consort of King Louis the Seventh, of France, was
crowned by the Pope, who also placed a ring on her finger, saying:
'Receive this ring, emblem of the Holy Trinity, by which you may resist
heresy and bring the heathen to a knowledge of the faith by the virtue
thus given. God, the source of all dignity and honour, give to thy
servant, by this sign of the faith, grace to persevere in His sight, that
she may evermore rest firm in the faith by the merits of Jesus Christ.'

[45] The ruby, according to De Laert (1647), appears to have been very
generally used for rings, and unpolished; for, 'unlike the diamond that
hath no beauty unless shaped and polished, the ruby charms without any aid
from art.' True rubies, and of good colour uncut, but with their natural
surface polished, set in rings, date from the earliest times. Gesner
states that Catherine of Arragon used to wear a ring set with a stone
luminous at night, which he conjectures was a ruby.

[46] A MS. account of the 'Conveyance of Great Estates into the King's
presence at the time of their creation' (British Museum, Additional MSS.
No. 6,297) gives the preparation for a creation of the Prince. After the
rich habits given on this occasion, we read: 'Item, a sword, the scabbard
covered with crimson cloth of gold, plain, and a girdle agreeable to the
same. Item, a coronal. Item, a verge of gold. Item, a ring of gold to be
put on the third finger.'

[47] The use of a seal, or signet-ring, for the purchase of property is
mentioned in the Bible. In Jeremiah the formalities are thus given: 'And I
bought the field of Hanameel, and weighed him the money, even seventeen
shekels of silver. And I subscribed the evidence, _and sealed it_, and
took witnesses, and weighed him the money in the balances. So I took the
evidence of the purchase, both that which was sealed, according to the law
and custom, and that which was open' (chap. xxxii.).

[48] In the Braybrooke Collection is a gold band-ring with a similar
inscription, found at Wimbish, in Essex. It is noticed in the seventh
volume of the 'Archaeological Institute Journal,' p. 196, and is described
as a serjeant-at-law's gold ring, the hoop 3/8 of an inch in width, and of
equal thickness; the motto 'Lex regis praesidium.'

[49] Horace Walpole, in one of his letters, alludes to the 'Fisherman's
Ring' in his usual lively manner: 'Mr. Chute has received a present of a
diamond mourning-ring from a cousin; he calls it _l'annello del
Piscatore_. Mr. Chute, who is unmarried, meant that his cousin was
_fishing_ for his estate.'

[50] To show how little, in former times, the sanctity of the Popes was
regarded after death, Aimon, in his 'Tableau de la Cour de Rome,' relates
that 'when the Pope is in the last extremity, his nephews and his servants
carry from the palace all the furniture they can find. Immediately after
his death, the officers of the Apostolic Chamber strip the body of
everything valuable, but the relations of the Pope generally forestal
them, and with such promptitude that nothing remains but bare walls and
the body, placed on a wretched mattress, with an old wooden candlestick
and a wax end in it.'

[51] In the 'Archaeologia,' vol. xxxvi., Mr. Octavius Morgan remarks 'that
in the beginning of the seventeenth century some attention seems to have
been paid to the subject of rings in general, and several persons wrote
concerning them. John Kirchmann, a learned German of Lubeck, published a
treatise "De Annulis;" and about the same time Henry Kornmann wrote
another small treatise "De Triplici Annulo." Kirchmann appears to have
made deep researches on the subject, and in the chapter on "Episcopal
Rings" he gives their history as far as he was able to trace it, though he
cannot find in ancient writers any facts relating to them earlier than the
reign of Charlemagne. In gratitude to this monarch for the important
services he had rendered the Church, it was decreed in the eighth century
that the Emperor should have the power of electing the Popes and ordering
the Holy See, and that in addition the archbishops and the bishops of the
provinces should receive investiture from him. No newly-elected prelate
could be consecrated until he received from the Emperor the ring and the
staff; these were to be returned on the death of the prelate. But this
practice was disused for a time; for we find enumerated in the old
chronicles of Mayence, among the jewels in that city, "sixteen large and
good pontifical rings--one of ruby, with other gems, one of emerald, one
of sapphire, and one of topaz."'

[52] The mode of giving the benediction differs in the two Churches. In
the Greek it is given with the forefinger open, to form an I, the middle
finger curved like a C, the ancient _sigma_ of the Greeks, the thumb and
annulary crossed form an X, and the little finger curved represents a C.
All this gives IC XC, the Greek monogram of Jesus Christ. Thus, as the
author of the 'Guide of Painting,' of Mount Athos, observes:--'By the
Divine providence of the Creator, the fingers of the hand of man, be they
more or less long, are arranged so as to form the name of Christ.'

The Latin benediction is more simple, being made with the annulary and the
little finger closed, the three first fingers open, symbolical of the
Trinity.

'Formerly, bishops and priests blessed alike; latterly, bishops reserved
to themselves the right of blessing with their fingers, the priest with
the open hand; the bishops facing the congregation, the priests in
profile, with the hand placed edgeways. The sign of the cross was formerly
made with three fingers open, but now with the open hand, from the
forehead to the breast, and from the left to the right shoulder by the
Latins, but from the right to the left by the Greeks' (Didron,
'Iconographie Chretienne').

[53] The reader will be reminded of the anecdote of Queen Elizabeth, who,
drawing from her finger the coronation ring, showed it to the Commons, and
told them that when she received that ring she had solemnly bound herself
in marriage to the realm, and it would be quite sufficient for the
memorial of her name, and for her glory, if, when she died, an inscription
were engraved on her marble tomb: 'Here lyeth Elizabeth, which (_sic_)
reigned a virgin, and died a woman.' This coronation ring was filed off
her finger shortly before her death, on account of the flesh having grown
over it.

[54] In 'A Relation, or rather True Account of the Islands of England,'
about the year 1500 (Camden Society), the author, after describing the
shrine of St. Thomas, at Canterbury, adds: 'Everything is left far behind
by a ruby not larger than a man's thumb-nail, which is set to the right of
the altar. The church is rather dark, and particularly so where the shrine
is placed, and when we went to see it the sun was nearly gone down, and
the weather was cloudy, yet I saw the ruby as well as if it had been in my
hand. They say it was a gift of the King of France.'

[55] See Appendix.

[56] The gilding and silvering of locks, _rings_ (firmalx anelx), and
other articles of a similar nature made of copper or latten (faitz de
cupre ou laton) having been prohibited by the statute 5th Henry IV. c. 13,
under what was then a heavy penalty, the 'disloyal artificers,' against
whom this enactment was made, appear to have taken refuge in the sanctuary
of St. Martin's-le-Grand, where they were able to labour in their vocation
unmolested by the marshal or the sheriff. This may be inferred from 3 Edw.
IV. c. 4, by which it was declared unlawful to import various articles of
foreign manufacture, including _rings_ of _gilded copper or laten_, but
with an express declaration that the Act was not to extend to or be
prejudicial or hurtful to Robert Styllington, clerk, dean of the King's
Free Chapel of 'St. Martin's le Graunt, de Londres,' nor to his
successors.

[57] English ladies at one time wore the wedding-ring on the thumb. At
Stanford Court, Worcestershire, may be seen the portraits of five ladies
of the Salway family, in the days of Queen Elizabeth, all of whom have
their wedding-rings on their thumbs. According to the 'British Apollo,'
the brides of George the First's time used to remove the ring from its
proper abiding-place to the thumb as soon as the ceremony was over.

In Southerne's 'Maid's Last Prayer' (Act iv. vol. i. p. 67) we
find:--'Marry him I must, and wear my wedding-ring upon my thumb, too,
that I'm resolved.'

An instance of several wedding-rings being used at the bridal ceremony is
related by Burcard, master of the ceremonies to the Pope's Chapel from
Sixtus IV. to Julius II. At the marriage of a daughter of Pope Innocent
VIII. to Lewis of Arragon, Marquis of Geracio (January 3, 1492), the pair
approached the Pope, and, both being on their knees, the husband put the
ring on the proper finger of the left hand of his spouse, then several
rings on the other fingers of both hands.

[58] In the Waterton Collection, at the South Kensington Museum, a
forefinger, from a bronze statue of late Roman work, wears a large ring
upon the second joint. In Germany it is still customary to wear the ring
in this fashion, a custom borrowed from their Roman subjugators.

[59] A correspondent to 'Notes and Queries' (vol. viii. series i. p. 575)
observes, with regard to the ring being placed on the third finger of the
right hand of the Blessed Virgin in Raffaelle's 'Sponsalizio,' at Milan,
and in Ghirlandais's fresco of the same subject in the Santa Croce, at
Florence, 'that it has been customary among artists to represent the
Virgin with the ring on the right hand, to signify her superiority over
St. Joseph, from her surpassing dignity of Mother of God. Still, she is
not always represented so.'

[60] A bishop, in the thirteenth century, gives the following reasons why
the ring should be of gold. He says that 'one Protheus made a ring of iron
with an adamant enclosed therein, as a pledge of love, because as iron
subdueth all things, so doth love conquer all things, since nothing is
more violent than its ardour, and, as an adamant cannot be broken, so love
cannot be overcome, for love is strong as death. In course of time gold
rings set with gems were substituted for the adamantine ones of baser
metal, because, as gold excelleth all other metals, so doth love excel all
other blessings, and as gold is set off with gems, so is conjugal love set
off by other virtues.'

[61] In the reign of George the Fourth, a limited number of plain gold
rings were made, having a well-executed miniature medallion of that King
set beneath a large diamond. One of these was in the possession of the
late Lady Fellows.

[62] It was formerly the custom in Brittany that, on the night after the
marriage, the husband presented his wife with a ring and act of dowry.

[63] Latour St. Ybars, in his tragedy of 'Virginius,' alludes to the iron
ring:--

  Alors qu' Icilius ne m'a jamais offert
  Pour gage de sa foi que cet anneau de fer,
  Claudius, sans respect pour l'amour qui m'anime
  Par cet appas grossier croit m'entrainer au crime,
  Et ces ornaments vils qu'il m'ose presenter
  Sont fait de ce metal qui sert pour acheter!
  Va rendre a Claudius tous ces dons, et sur l'heure
  Les presents de cet homme ont souilles ma demeure,
  Et ce seroit blesser notre honneur et nos dieux
  Que d'y porter la main, que d'y jeter les yeux.

[64] The 'betrothing penny' given at the ceremony of marriage was in olden
times a common usage both in England and in France, representing either
earnest-money, or the actual purchase of the bride. In the pontifical of
Amiens, the bridegroom is to say: 'De cet anneau t'espouse, et de cet
argent te hounoure, et de mon corps te doue.' In an ancient manuscript of
the Salisbury Missal, in the Harleian Collection, the bridegroom says:
'Wyth thys rynge y the wedde, and thys golde and selvir the geve, and with
my bodi y the worshippe, and with all my worldith catel y the honoure.'

[65] Pitscottie says 'the Queen of France wrote a love-letter to the King
of Scotland, calling him her love, showing him that she had suffered much
rebuke in France for defending his honour. She believed surely that he
would recompense her with some of his kingly support in her necessity;
that is to say, that he would raise her an army and come three foot of
ground on English ground for her sake. To that effect she sent him a ring
off her finger, with 14,000 French crowns to pay his expenses.'

[66] Appendix.

[67] Lady Moray, the wife of the Scottish Regent, had appropriated, during
the Queen's troubles, many of her most valuable jewels. She wrote to her
from Tutbury, March 28th, 1570:--

'We are informed that ye have tane in possession certain of our jewels,
such as our Henry of dyamant and ruby, with a number of other dyamant,
ruby, perles, and gold worke, whereof we have the memoir to lay to your
charge, which jewels incontinent, after the sight hereof, ye sall deliver
to our right trusty cousins and counsellors, the Earl of Huntley, our
lieutenant, and my Lord Setoun, who will, on so doing, give you discharge
of the same.'

Lady Moray paid no attention to Queen Mary's request for the return of her
jewels, well knowing that she was in no condition for enforcing her
demands.

[68] 'The skull and skeleton decorations for rings' (remarks Mr. Fairholt)
'first came into favour and fashion at the obsequious court of France,
when Diana, of Poictiers, became the mistress of Henry the Second. At that
time she was a widow, and in mourning, so black and white became
fashionable colours; jewels were formed like funeral memorials; golden
ornaments, shaped like coffins, holding enamelled skeletons, hung from the
neck; watches, made to fit in little silver skulls, were attached to the
waists of the denizens of a court that alternately indulged in profanity
or piety, but who mourned show.'

[69] _Biblical Monuments_, by William Harris Rule, D.D., and J. Corbet
Anderson; 1871, 1873.

[70] This great founder of the Merovingian dynasty, the father of Clovis,
died in 482, and was buried with his treasures, weapons, and robes. Nearly
twelve hundred years afterwards, a labourer, a poor deaf and dumb man,
accidentally discovered the royal grave, and was astonished, and almost
terrified, at the sight of the treasures it contained. Among them was the
signet-ring alluded to, which, with a considerable number of the other
treasures of the tomb, were deposited in the Bibliotheque, then 'Royale,'
at Paris, which was broken into by burglars in 183-. An alarm being given,
in their hasty flight they threw the objects into the Seine; the ring was
not recovered.

In the tomb were found, besides the skeletons of his horse and page, his
arms; a cornelian Etruscan scarab, doubtless deposited therein as an
amulet of wondrous virtue; also a crystal divining-ball, two inches in
diameter, and more than three hundred little _bees_, of the purest gold,
their wings being inlaid with a red stone like cornelian.

On the authority of the historian Augustin Thierry, it is stated that
these ornaments resembling bees were only what in French are called
_fleurons_ (supposed to have been attached to the harness of his
war-horse). Montfaucon is of the same opinion.

[71] I am greatly indebted to this gentleman for the loan of a manuscript
catalogue of ring mottos and inscriptions on wedding-rings, of
which--besides those exhibited at the Kensington Museum--I have availed
myself in the following pages of this chapter. Mr. Singer has, I believe,
the finest collection of inscribed wedding-rings known, numbering two
hundred and forty-five specimens of every kind, in gold and silver, each
weighing from three dwts. and upwards, and none less than a hundred years
old, some dating from five hundred years.

Mr. Singer's collection is also enriched with some interesting betrothal
rings, and there are fourteen double-line motto-rings which are matchless.
This collection has been accumulated during the last quarter of a century,
at a very considerable cost.


[72]This play upon words has been applied in a political sense. 'So,' as
the late Mr. Crofton Croker observed, 'when the Repeal question was
agitated in Ireland, rings and brooches, set in precious stones, made to
represent the word "Repeal" were popular:--

  R uby
  E merald
  P earl
  E merald
  A methyst
  L apis lazuli.

One of these was given to a gentleman as a relic of this memorable
agitation, but the bit of lapis lazuli had dropped out, and he took it to
a working jeweller in Cork to have the defect supplied. When it was
returned, he found that a topaz had been substituted for the missing bit
of lapis lazuli. "How is this?" he inquired, "you have made a mistake."
"No mistake, sir," said the witty workman, whom he afterwards discovered
to be an ardent Repealer, "It is all right: it _was_ repea_l_, but let us
repea_t_ that we may have it yet."'

[73] Appendix.

[74] In Knight's 'Pictorial Shakspeare' is the following note on the dial
which Touchstone drew 'from his "poke:"' '"There's no clock in the
forest," says Orlando; and it was not very likely that the fool would have
a pocket-clock. What then was the _dial_ that he took from his poke? We
have lately become possessed of a rude instrument kindly presented to us
by a friend, which, as the Maid of Orleans found her sword, he picked "out
of a deal of old iron." It is a brass circle of about two inches in
diameter. On the outer side are engraved letters, indicating the names of
the months, with gradual divisions; and on the inner side, the hours of
the day. The brass circle itself is to be held in one position by a ring;
but there is an inner slide in which there is a small orifice. This slide
being moved, so that the hole stands opposite the division of the month
when the day falls of which we desire to know the time, the circle is held
up opposite the sun. The inner side is then, of course in shade, but the
sunbeam shines through the little orifice and forms a point of light upon
the hour marked on the inner side. We have tried this dial and found it
give the hour with great exactness.'

A correspondent of 'Notes and Queries' (vol. xii. 3rd series, p. 79)
mentions that rings to ascertain the time are regularly sold at the Swiss
fairs. They are called _cadrans_. The price of one is twenty centimes.

[75] This magnificent collection was sold, in one lot (June 28th, 1875),
to Mr. Bromilow, of Battlesden Park, for 35,000_l._

[76] In Montfaucon's 'L'Antiquite Expliquee' there is a fine illustration
of this beautiful seal. My edition of the work is in English (1721), and
the engraving is in vol. i. page 145. It is thus described: the child
Bacchus is in the arms of his nurse. She is generally thought to have been
Ino, called also Leucothea, or the daughters of Ino (according to others)
brought him up. A nymph, or perhaps another nurse, is sitting by. The old
man is either Silenus, or it may be Athamas, Ino's husband. Several other
nymphs have on their heads baskets full of flowers and fruits. Two Cupids,
or Genii, stretch a canopy over Bacchus and the company that are about
him. A nymph presents a cup to one of the Cupids. On the side of the
figure is an old satyr leaning against a tree. He is playing on a kind of
crooked hautboy. At the end, behind the tree, is a young boy, holding with
both hands a bason, in which a goat seems to be going to drink. It is not
easy to say who a naked man is with the crown on, and holding a cup in one
hand, and in the other the bridle of a horse that is prancing. Some have
taken it for Apollo.

[77] A curious story of a _squirt_-ring is mentioned in Thiebault's
'Original Anecdotes of Frederick II.' M. de Guines, ambassador of France
at Berlin, had greatly mortified the Prussian nobles, and especially the
other foreign ministers, by the ostentatious pomp which he displayed.
Those whose limited means he thus eclipsed longed for some opportunity to
wound the vanity of the proud man who daily humbled theirs, and excited
their envy. At this crisis a Russian ambassador, who was returning home to
present at his own court his newly-married bride, stopped on his way at
Berlin. Prince Dolgorouki, the Russian ambassador there, did the honours
of the Russian court to his countryman, and gave him and his wife a
dinner, to which were invited all the corps diplomatique. M. de Guines was
seated next to the bride. The lady, who had been initiated into all the
court gossips, had enlisted under the banner of the malcontents, and taken
upon herself the task of vexing the magnificent Frenchman. She had placed
upon her finger a ring of very exquisite and curious workmanship, to which
she called the attention of her neighbour during the course of the dinner.
As he stooped to examine the jewel, the wearer pressed a spring concealed
in the side of the ring within her hand, and jerked a small quantity of
water into the eyes of the ambassador. The ring contained a syringe. The
minister wiped his face, jested good-humouredly on the diminutive little
instrument, and thought no more of it. But his fair enemy had not yet
accomplished her purpose of mortifying the ambassador. Having refilled the
squirt unperceived by him, she called his attention to herself, and again
discharged the water in his face. M. de Guines looked neither angry nor
abashed, but, in a serious tone of friendly advice, said to his foolish
aggressor: 'Madame, this kind of jest excites laughter the first time;
when repeated it may be excused, especially if proceeding from a lady, as
an act of youthful levity; but the third time it would be looked upon as
an insult, and you would instantly receive in exchange the glass of water
you see before me: of this, madame, I have the honour to give you notice.'
Thinking he would not dare to execute his threat, the lady once more
filled and emptied the little water-spout at the expense of M. de Guines,
who instantly acknowledged and repaid it with the contents of his glass,
calmly adding, 'I warned you, madame.' The husband took the wisest course,
declaring that the ambassador was perfectly justified in thus punishing
his wife's unjustifiable rudeness. The lady changed her dress, and the
guests were requested to keep silence on the affair. [Madame de Barrera.]




Transcriber's Notes:

Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.

Passages in Gothic font are indicated by =font=.

Superscripted characters are indicated by {superscript}.

The original text contains letters with diacritical marks that are not
represented.

The original text includes Greek characters that have been replaced with
transliterations.

The original text includes Hebrew characters that are indicated by
[Hebrew].

The original text includes various symbols that are represented as
[Description].






End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Finger-Ring Lore, by William Jones

*** 