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                           BIRDS AND NATURE.
                   ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY.
  Vol. X.                    OCTOBER, 1901.                       No. 3




                               CONTENTS.


    SONNET—OCTOBER.                                                   97
        October comes, a woodman old                                  97
    THE YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER. (_Empidonax flaviventris._)        98
    THE REIGN OF THE WHIPPOORWILLS.                                  101
    RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET. (_Regulus calendula._)                     102
    THE CORN SONG.                                                   104
    THE OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER. (_Contopus borealis._)               107
    THE COMING OF MISS OCTOBER MONTH.                                108
    THE TREE SPARROW. (_Spizella monticola._)                        110
    THE SPARROWS’ BEDTIME.                                           113
    THE SPARROW FAMILY.                                              114
    MR. AND MRS. SPARROW’S BLUNDER.                                  115
    A WINDOW-PANE REVERIE.                                           116
    THE BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER. (_Dendroica virens._)          119
    A LIBEL ON THE BIRDS.                                            120
    BERYL.                                                           122
    SONG BIRDS OF THE SOUTHWEST.                                     127
    THE AFRICAN LION. (_Felis leo._)                                 131
    TROUTING BAREFOOT.                                               133
    THE ALASKAN MOOSE. (_Alces gigas._)                              134
        There’s a wonderful weaver                                   137
    THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A DUCK. FOUNDED UPON FACT.                  138
    A LOST FLOWER.                                                   140
    THE POLAR BEAR. (_Ursus maritimus._)                             143
        O, beautiful world of gold!                                  144




                            SONNET—OCTOBER.


  The month of carnival of all the year,
  When Nature lets the wild earth go its way,
  And spend whole seasons on a single day.
  The spring-time holds her white and purple dear;
  October, lavish, flaunts them far and near;
  The summer charily her reds doth lay
  Like jewels on her costliest array;
  October, scornful, burns them on a bier.
  The winter hoards his pearls of frost in sign
  Of kingdom: whiter pearls than winter knew,
  Or Empress wore, in Egypt’s ancient line,
  October, feasting ’neath her dome of blue,
  Drinks at a single draught, slow filtered through
  Sunshiny air, as in a tingling wine!
                                                    —Helen Hunt Jackson.


  October comes, a woodman old,
  Fenced with tough leather from the cold;
  Round swings his sturdy axe, and lo!
  A fir-branch falls at every blow.
                                                      —Walter Thornbury.




                     THE YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.
                      (_Empidonax flaviventris._)


The Yellow-bellied Flycatcher with the kingbird, the phoebe and the wood
pewee belongs to a family of birds peculiar to America—the family
Tyrannidæ or the family of tyrants. No better name could be applied to
these birds when we take into consideration the enormous number of
insects, of all descriptions, that they capture and devour and their
method of doing it. They resemble the hawks in some respects. They are
at home only where there are trees, on the outer branches of which they
can perch and await a passing insect, and when one appears they “launch
forth into the air; there is a sharp, suggestive click of the broad bill
and, completing their aerial circle, they return to their perch and are
again en garde.”

In the tropics, the land of luxuriant vegetable growth, where the number
and kinds of insects seem almost innumerable, the larger number of the
three hundred and fifty known species are found. In the United States we
are favored with the visits, during the warmer months, of but
thirty-five species of these interesting and useful birds.

As we would naturally expect of birds of prey, whether hunters of
insects or of higher animal life, these birds are not usually social,
even with their own kind. They are also practically songless, a
characteristic which seems perfectly fitted to the habits of the
Flycatchers. Some of the species have sweet-voiced calls. This is the
case with the wood pewee, of which Trowbridge has so beautifully written
in the following verse:

  “Long-drawn and clear its closes were—
    As if the hand of Music through
    The sombre robe of Silence drew
  A thread of golden gossamer;
    So pure a flute the fairy blew.
  Like beggared princes of the wood,
  In silver rags the birches stood;
  The hemlocks, lordly counselors,
  Were dumb; the sturdy servitors,
  In beechen jackets patched and gray,
  Seemed waiting spellbound all the day
    That low, entrancing note to hear—
    ‘Pe-wee! pe-wee! peer!’”

The Flycatchers are fitted both in the structure of their bills and in
the colors of their plumage for the kind of life that they live. The
bills are broad and flat, permitting an extensive gape. They live in
trees and are usually plainly colored, either a grayish or greenish
olive, being not so easily seen by the insects as if more brightly
arrayed. This characteristic is known as deceptive coloration.

The Yellow-bellied Flycatcher has its summer home in eastern North
America, breeding from Massachusetts northward to Labrador. In the
United States it frequents only the forests of the northern portion and
the mountain regions. In the winter it passes southward into Mexico and
Central America. Like all the Flycatchers of North America, the very
nature of its food necessitates extensive migrations.

Its generic name is very suggestive. It is Empidonax, from two Greek
words, meaning mosquito and a prince—Mosquito Prince!

Major Bendire says: “In the Adirondack mountains, where I have met with
it, it was observed only in primitive mixed and rather open woods, where
the ground was thickly strewn with decaying, moss-covered logs and
boles, and almost constantly shaded from the rays of the sun. The most
gloomy looking places, fairly reeking with moisture, where nearly every
inch of ground is covered with a luxuriant carpet of spagnum moss, into
which one sinks several inches at every step, regions swarming with
mosquitoes and black flies, are the localities that seem to constitute
their favorite summer haunts.” Surely the name Empidonax is most
appropriate.

               [Illustration: YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.
                       (Empidonax flaviventris).
                            About Life-size.
                    FROM COL. CHI. ACAD. SCIENCES.]

The nest is usually constructed on upturned roots near the ground, or on
the ground deeply imbedded in the long mosses. A nest belonging to the
National Museum is thus described: “The primary foundation of the nest
was a layer of brown rootlets; upon this rested the bulk of the
structure, consisting of moss matted together with fine broken weed
stalks and other fragmentary material. The inner nest could be removed
entire from the outer wall, and was composed of a loosely woven but,
from its thickness, somewhat dense fabric of fine materials, consisting
mainly of the bleached stems of some slender sedge and the black and
shining rootlets of ferns, closely resembling horsehair. Between the two
sections of the structure and appearing only when they were separated,
was a scant layer of the glossy orange pedicels of a moss not a fragment
of which was elsewhere visible. The walls of the internal nest were
about one-half an inch in thickness and had doubtless been accomplished
with a view of protection from dampness.” The nests are sometimes made
of dried grasses interwoven with various mosses and lined with moss and
fine black wire-like roots. Again, the birds seem to have an eye for
color and will face the outside of the nest with fresh and bright green
moss. In every way the nest seems a large house for so small a bird.

To study this Flycatcher “one must seek the northern evergreen forests,
where, far from human habitations, its mournful notes blend with the
murmur of some icy brook tumbling over mossy stones or gushing beneath
the still mossier decayed logs that threaten to bar the way. Where all
is green and dark and cool, in some glen overarched by crowding spruces
and firs, birches and maples, there it is we find him and in the beds of
damp moss he skillfully conceals his nest.”




                    THE REIGN OF THE WHIPPOORWILLS.


  When dews begin to chill
    The blossom throngs,
  And soft the brooklets trill
    Their slumber-songs,
  We dusky Whippoorwills
  In conquest hold the hills.

  When, thro’ the midnight dells,
    Wild star-beams glow,
  Like wan-eyed sentinels,
    We dreamward go,
  And hear sung sweetly o’er
  The songs we stilled before.

  When waketh dawn, we flee
    The slumber-main,
  And bid the songsters be
    With us again
  To sing in praise of light
  Above the buried night.

  But O, when sunrise gleams,
    We vanish fast,
  And woo again in dreams
    The starlit past,
  Till, lo! at twilight gray,
  We wail the dirge of day!
                                                         —Frank English.




                         RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.
                         (_Regulus calendula._)


  “What wondrous power from heaven upon thee wrought?
  What prisoned Ariel within thee broods?”
                                                       —_Celia Thaxter._

  “Thou singest as if the God of Wine
  Had helped thee to a valentine;
  A song in mockery and despite
  Of shades and dews and silent night,
  And steady bliss and all the loves
  Now sleeping in these peaceful groves.”
                                                          —_Wordsworth._

Like a bee with its honey, when the Ruby-crown has unloaded his vocal
sweetness, there is comparatively little left of him, and, ebullient
with an energy that would otherwise rend him, his incredible vocal
achievement is the safety valve that has so far preserved his atoms in
their Avian semblance.

Dr. Coues says that his lower larynx, the sound-producing organ, is not
much bigger than a good-sized pin’s head, and the muscles that move it
are almost microscopic shreds of flesh. “If the strength of the human
voice were in the same proportion to the size of the larynx, we could
converse with ease at a distance of a mile or more.”

“The Kinglet’s exquisite vocalization,” he continues, “defies
description; we can only speak in general terms of the power, purity and
volume of the notes, their faultless modulation and long continuance.
Many doubtless, have listened to this music without suspecting that the
author was the diminutive Ruby-crown, with whose commonplace utterance,
the slender, wiry ‘tsip,’ they were already familiar. This delightful
role, of musician, is chiefly executed during the mating season, and the
brief period of exaltation which precedes it. It is consequently seldom
heard in regions where the bird does not rear its young, except when the
little performer breaks forth in song on nearing its summer resorts.”

When Rev. J. H. Langille heard his first Regulus calendula, he said,
“The song came from out of a thick clump of thorns, and was so loud and
spirited that I was led to expect a bird at least as large as a thrush.
Chee-oo, chee-oo, chee-oo, choo, choo, tseet, tseet, te-tseet, te-tseet,
te-tseet, etc., may represent this wonderful melody, the first notes
being strongly palatal and somewhat aspirated, the latter slender and
sibilant and more rapidly uttered; the first part being also so full and
animated as to make one think of the water-thrush, or the winter wren;
while the last part sounded like a succeedant song from a slender-voiced
warbler. Could all this come from the throat of this tiny, four-inch
Sylvia? I was obliged to believe my own eyes, for I saw the bird many
times in the act of singing. The melody was such as to mark the day on
which I heard it.”

H. D. Minot says, “In autumn and winter their only note is a feeble
lisp. In spring, besides occasionally uttering an indescribable
querulous sound, and a harsh, ‘grating’ note, which belongs exclusively
to that season, the Ruby-crowned wrens sing extremely well and louder
than such small birds seem capable of singing. Their song begins with a
few clear whistles, followed by a short, very sweet, and complicated
warble, and ending with notes like the syllables tu-we-we, tu-we-we,
tu-we-we. These latter are often repeated separately, as if the birds
had no time for a prelude, or are sometimes prefaced by merely a few
rather shrill notes with a rising inflection.”

Messrs. Baird, Brewer and Ridgway say that “The song of this bird is by
far the most remarkable of its specific peculiarities,” and Mr. Chapman
declares, “Taking the small size of the bird into consideration, the
Ruby-crown’s song is one of the most marvellous vocal performances among
birds; being not only surpassingly sweet, varied and sustained, but
possessed of sufficient volume to be heard at a distance of two hundred
yards. Fortunately he sings both on the spring and fall migrations.”

Mrs. Wright describes the call-note as “Thin and metallic, like a
vibrating wire,” and quotes Mr. Nehrling, who speaks of the “Power,
purity and volume of the notes, their faultless modulation and long
continuance.”

Mr. Robert Ridgway wrote that this little king of song was one of our
very smallest birds he also “ranks among the sweetest singers of the
country. It is wonderfully powerful for one so small, but it is
remarkable for its softness and sweet expression more than for other
qualities. It consists of an inexpressibly delicate and musical warble,
astonishingly protracted at times, and most beautifully varied by softly
rising and falling cadences, and the most tender whistlings imaginable.”

Mr. Ridgway quotes from Dr. Brewer: “The notes are clear, resonant and
high, and constitute a prolonged series, varying from the lowest tones
to the highest, and terminating with the latter. It may be heard at
quite a distance, and in some respects bears more resemblance to the
song of the English skylark than to that of the canary, to which Mr.
Audubon compares it.” Mr. Ridgway continues: “We have never heard the
skylark sing, but there is certainly no resemblance between the notes of
the Ruby-crowned Kinglet and those of the canary, the latter being as
inferior in tenderness and softness as they excel in loudness.”

Mr. Audubon had stated: “When I tell you that its song is fully as
sonorous as that of the canary-bird, and much richer, I do not come up
to the truth, for it is not only as powerful and clear, but much more
varied and pleasing to the ear.”

While the frequent sacrifice of the adult regulus and regina through
their reckless absorption in their own affairs and obliviousness to the
presence of enemies, lends color to the statement that “The spirits of
the martyrs will be lodged in the crops of green birds,” yet by virtue
of a talent other than vocal, they compel few of the human family to
echo the remorseful lament of John Halifax, Gentleman,

  “I took the wren’s nest,
  Bird, forgive me!”

For but few of the most ardent seekers have succeeded in locating the
habitation of the fairy kinglet, and the unsuccessful majority perforce
exclaim with Wordsworth,

  “Oh, blessed bird! The earth we pace
  Again appears to be
  An unsubstantial, fairy place,
  That is fit home for thee!”
                                                       Juliette A. Owen.




                             THE CORN SONG.


  Heap high the farmer’s wintry hoard!
    Heap high the golden corn!
  No richer gift has autumn poured
    From out her lavish horn!

  Let other lands, exulting, glean
    The apple from the pine,
  The orange from its glossy green,
    The cluster from the vine;

  We better love the hardy gift
    Our ragged vales bestow,
  To cheer us when the storm shall drift
    Our harvest-fields with snow.

  Through vales of grass and meads of flowers,
    Our ploughs their furrows made,
  While on the hills the sun and showers
    Of changeful April played.

  We dropped the seed o’er hill and plain,
    Beneath the sun of May,
  And frightened from our sprouting grain
    The robber crows away.

  All through the long, bright days of June,
    Its leaves grew green and fair,
  And waved in hot midsummer’s noon
    Its soft and yellow hair.

  And now, with Autumn’s moonlit eves,
    Its harvest time has come,
  We pluck away the frosted leaves,
    And bear the treasure home.

  Then, richer than the fabled gift
    Apollo showered of old,
  Fair hands the broken grain shall sift,
    And knead its meal of gold.

  Let vapid idlers loll in silk,
    Around their costly board;
  Give us the bowl of samp and milk,
    By homespun beauty poured!

  Where’er the wide old kitchen hearth
    Sends up its smoky curls,
  Who will not thank the kindly earth,
    And bless our farmer girls?

  Then shame on all the proud and vain,
    Whose folly laughs to scorn
  The blessing of our hardy grain,
    Our wealth of golden corn!

  Let earth withhold her goodly root,
    Let mildew blight the rye,
  Give to the worm the orchard’s fruit,
    The wheat-field to the fly;

  But let the good old crop adorn
    The hills our fathers trod;
  Still let us, for his golden corn,
    Send up our thanks to God!
                                               —John Greenleaf Whittier.

                 [Illustration: OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.
                          (Contopus borealis).
                            About Life-size.
                    FROM COL. CHI. ACAD. SCIENCES.]




                      THE OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.
                         (_Contopus borealis._)


The Olive-sided Flycatcher is a North American bird breeding in the
coniferous forests of our Northern States, northward into Canada and in
mountainous regions. It winters in Central and South America.

Like all Flycatchers, their food consists almost exclusively of winged
insects, such as beetles, butterflies, moths and the numerous gadflies
which abound in the places frequented by these birds. A dead limb or the
decayed top of some tall tree giving a good outlook close to the nesting
site, is usually selected for a perch, from which excursions are made in
different directions after passing insects, which are often chased for
quite a distance. This Flycatcher usually arrives on its breeding
grounds about the middle of May, and its far-reaching call notes can
then be heard almost constantly in the early morning hours and again in
the Four Birds & Nature Tues—Hammond evening. Unless close to the bird,
this note sounds much like that of the wood pewee, which utters a note
of only two syllables, like “pee-wee,” while that of the Olive-sided
Flycatcher really consists of three, like “hip-pin-whee.” The first part
is uttered short and quick, while the latter two are so accented and
drawn out, that at a distance the call sounds as if likewise composed of
only two notes, but this is not the case. Their alarm note sounds like
“puip-puip-puip,” several times repeated, or “puill-puill-puill;” this
is usually given only when the nest is approached, and occasionally a
purring sound is also uttered.

Tall evergreen trees, such as pines, hemlocks, spruces, firs and cedars,
situated near the edge of an opening or clearing in the forest, not too
far from water and commanding a good outlook, or on a bluff along a
stream, a hillside, the shore of a lake or pond, are usually selected as
nesting sites by this species, and the nest is generally saddled well
out on one of the limbs, where it is difficult to see and still more
difficult to get at. Only on rare occasions will this species nest in a
deciduous tree.

While it appears tolerant enough toward other species, it will not allow
any of its own kind to nest in close proximity to its chosen home, to
which it returns from year to year. Each pair seems to claim a certain
range, which is rarely less than half a mile in extent, and is usually
located along some stream, near the shore of a lake, or by some little
pond; generally coniferous forests are preferred, but mixed ones answer
their purpose almost equally well as long as they border on a body of
water or a beaver meadow and have a few clumps of hemlock or spruce
trees scattered through them which will furnish suitable nesting sites
and lookout perches.

While on a collecting trip a nest of this species was observed in a
spruce tree and about forty-five feet from the ground. The birds
betrayed the location of the nest by their excited actions and incessant
scolding. They were very bold, flying close around the climber’s head,
snapping their bills at him, and uttering angry notes of defiance rather
than of distress, something like “puy-pip-pip.” They could not possibly
have been more pugnacious.

The nest was a well-built structure. It was outwardly composed of fine,
wiry roots and small twigs, mixed with green moss and lined with fine
roots and moss. It was securely fixed among a mass of fine twigs growing
out at that point of the limb.

As a rule the nests are placed at a considerable height from the ground,
usually from forty to sixty feet, though occasionally one is found that
is not more than twenty feet.

In spite of their pugnacious and quarrelsome habits these birds are so
attached to the localities they have selected for their homes that they
will usually lay a second set of eggs in the same nest from which their
first set has been taken—Adapted from Charles Bendire’s Life Histories
of North American Birds.




                   THE COMING OF MISS OCTOBER MONTH.


Over in Farmer Goodman’s timber there was a great stir. Everybody was
busy. All summer the trees had been planning a picnic reception to be
given to the Month brothers and sisters when the hot weather had passed.

When it became noised around the whole neighborhood was delighted with
the thought. Everyone wanted to do what little he could to help things
along. Several dignified old owls, who had holes in the trees, promptly
offered to chaperone the party. The cat-tails along the brook just at
the edge of the timber promised to wear their prettiest head-dresses if
they would be allowed to wait on the door. The golden rod, purple asters
and other flowers along the road and the ferns, wahoo, sumac and their
companions agreed to outdo themselves in the effort to furnish
beautiful, tasty decorations.

The refreshments would cost nothing. The spring at the foot of the hill
offered to supply clear cool drinks for all, free of charge. They had an
abundance of wild grapes, wild cherries, pawpaws, red haws, hazel,
hickory and other nuts.

Prof. Wind was engaged to have his band there to furnish music for the
dancing.

As it was hoped to make this a long-to-be-remembered event, all summer
was spent in planning and preparation. Many were the happy hours passed
by the trees in discussing the styles and colors in which they were to
be decked. Whenever the band was practicing its new pieces for the
occasion the little leaves would dance and skip for joy.

The names of Mr. January Month and all his brothers and sisters,
February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October,
November, December were written on a sheet of paper. The list was handed
to a gay little squirrel, with a handsome tail and pretty stripes down
his back. He was then given instructions and sent to do the inviting. A
funny little hop-toad wished to go along. The squirrel said that he
would be pleased to have company, but he scampered around from place to
place as though he were going for a doctor for a dying child. As the
little hop-toad could not keep up, he came home crying.

Fancy the disappointment when the squirrel brought back word that pretty
Miss October Month was the only one who had accepted the kind
invitation. All said that they would be delighted to be there, that they
knew that it would be a very happy, jolly affair; but each month claimed
that having his own work to do without help he is kept so busy that he
has no time for roving and sport. After the trees and their friends had
so kindly made such great arrangements for their entertainment and
honor, the narrow-minded months were not grateful nor polite enough to
even try to manage their work so that they could get off for a day.
Perhaps they had forgotten that there is such a thing as fun and rest.
Poor Months! No wonder they die so early!

Every plan for a brilliant event had been made. Bright, amiable October
came. The day was sunny and warm, but not hot. Everyone did his part
according to agreement. The common yellow butterflies, some caterpillars
and other insects who had been in no hurry to disappear, were there.
Although many of the birds had left for their southern trip, there were
a number of catbirds, hermit thrushes, brown thrushes, phoebes, song
sparrows and others who furnished rare solos and grand choruses between
dances. The cowbirds and yellow-bellied sapsuckers who do not sing
wished to do something, too. The cowbirds offered to keep the flies and
other insects off of the victuals, and the sapsuckers agreed to give
tapping signals from their high places in the tall trees whenever a
change of program was to be announced.

A mischievous blue jay made a slight disturbance by trying to steal some
of the dinner before the table was set. When Mrs. Chipmunk tried to
drive him off, he showed fight, but in less than a minute such a crowd
had gathered to see what was the matter that he took flight in great
shame.

Everybody seemed to have fallen in love with Miss October. The affair
was such a success and the very air was filled with such good will and
jollity, that all begged and coaxed her to remain for a visit.

They had no trouble in arranging amusements for every day. Grandaddy
long legs danced several jigs. The crickets and the grasshoppers got up
a baseball game. When the baby show came off, Mrs. Quail took the prize
for the prettiest baby under a year. Mother Pig who had heard of it and
had broken out of Farmer Goodman’s pasture in order to bring the
plumpest of her litter, carried back the prize for the fattest baby.
Mrs. English Sparrow reported the largest number of broods raised. The
locusts and the katydids took part in a cake walk.

A great fat young grasshopper and a young robin entered a hopping race.
As they came out even there was trouble and prospects of hard feelings.
Three butterflies who were acting as judges decided to award the prize
to the grasshopper because he was smaller. This decision did not suit
the robin. In a fit of impatience he ended the matter by swallowing the
grasshopper—legs and all.

During the moonshiny nights Mr. Man-in-the-Moon took great pains to
furnish excellent light. On other nights the fireflies showed their
brightest lanterns.

Sometimes at night, white-robed Jack Frost would come and play kissing
games with the leaves who would then get happier, more radiant faces.
But he would box and wrestle with the nuts until their shells would
crack open. Then when they came to play tag or puss-wants-a-corner with
the leaves, as the little West Wind brothers frequently did, they, in
their rough sport, would knock the nuts out of their cosy shells upon
the ground, so that the children could pick them up. Merry times were
these!

In this way the sports were carried on for thirty-one days and nights.
By that time everyone, even Miss October herself, was tired out. The
fine dresses of the trees being the worse for wear, dropped, leaf by
leaf, and some of the trees were left nearly naked. The grasshoppers,
butterflies and caterpillars who could no longer keep their eyes open
had dropped into their winter’s sleep.

Except the meadow-larks, red winged blackbirds, robins, blue jays,
bluebirds and a few others the feathered tribes had been obliged to
leave. Some fox sparrows on their way to the south had stopped for a few
days; but they said that they could not stay until the festivities were
over.

Finally her mother, Mrs. Year, telegraphed to Miss October, who did not
know when her welcome was worn out, bidding her to make her adieux and
start home instantly. Being exhausted from sleepless days and nights she
was glad to leave.

After her departure, in the timber everything became quiet and still,
but the trees hoped that sometime in the future they might have another
picnic as delightful and jolly, and all felt satisfied and voted the
reception a perfect success.

                                                  Loveday Almira Nelson.




                           THE TREE SPARROW.
                        (_Spizella monticola._)


“I like to see them feasting on the seed stalks above the crust, and
hear their chorus of merry tinkling notes, like sparkling frost crystals
turned to music.”
                                                             —_Chapman._

One who loves birds cannot fail to be attracted by the sparrows and
especially by the Tree Sparrow, whose pert form is the subject of our
picture. This little bird comes to us in the Eastern United States in
September or October and remains throughout the winter. It is at this
time common or even abundant as far to the westward as the great plains,
and is rare farther west. It is a winter bird and breeds in the colder
latitudes north of the United States, where it builds its home of
grasses, shreds of bark and small roots interlaced with hair, not high
up in trees, as its name might indicate, but upon or near the ground.

Gentle and of a retiring disposition, they prefer the cultivated fields,
the meadows, the woods with their borders of shrubs or the trees of the
orchard. Such is their confidence, however, that they will even visit
the dooryards and prettily pick up the scattered crumbs or grain.

While tramping through a meadow in the early winter and before the snow
has disappeared or the frost has hardened and changed the surface of the
earth, the tramper may frequently disturb numbers of the sparrows.
Flying from the dried grass they will seem to come out of the ground.
Speaking of such an incident, Mr. Keyser says: “This unexpected behavior
led me to investigate, and I soon found that in many places there were
cozy apartments hollowed out under the long thick tufts of grass, with
neat entrances at one side like the door of an Eskimo hut. These hollows
gave ample evidence of having been occupied by the birds, so there could
be no doubt about their being bird bed-rooms.”

These little birds seem almost a part of one’s animal family, and a
companion in those regions where the snow covers the ground a part of
the year. They chirp and often sing quite gaily in the spring. They may
often be seen when the thermometer indicates a temperature below zero
and the snow is a foot or more in depth. Seemingly all that is required
to satisfy them is a plenty of weeds from which they may gather the
seeds. They are driven southerly only by a lack of a suitable food
supply. Often they may be found resting under clumps of tall grass or
vines on which the snow has gathered, forming a sort of roof over the
snug retreat. “Whether rendered careless by the cold or through a
natural heedlessness, they are very tame at such times; they sit
unconcernedly on the twigs, it may be but a few feet distant, chirping
cheerfully, with the plumage all loosened and puffy, making very pretty
roly-poly looking objects.”

A very pretty sight, and one that may frequently be seen, is a flock of
Tree Sparrows around some tall weed. Some of the birds will be actively
gathering seeds from the branches of the weed, while others will stand
upon the ground or snow and pick up those seeds that are dropped or
shaken off by their relatives above. While thus feeding there seems to
be a constant conversation. If we could but translate this sweet-voiced
chirping perhaps we should find that they are expressing to each other
the pleasure that the repast is giving them.

                      [Illustration: TREE SPARROW.
                         (Spizella monticola).
                            About Life-size.
                    FROM COL. CHI. ACAD. SCIENCES.]

Their song is sweet and pleasing. They are not constant songsters, but
seem to be moved by some unseen spirit, for a flock will suddenly burst
out in a melody of song that is entrancing. He who has been favored with
such a concert is indeed fortunate. Their whole being seems to be
brought into action in the production of this song, which is “somewhat
crude and labored in technique, but the tones are very sweet indeed, not
soft and low but quite loud and clear. Quite often the song opens with
one or two long syllables and ends with a merry little trill having a
delightfully human intonation. There is, indeed, something innocent and
child-like about the voices of these sparrows.”

The Tree Sparrow is often called the Winter Chippy and is confounded
with the chipping sparrow, which it resembles. It is a larger bird and
carries a mark of identification by which it may be easily known. There
is on the grayish white breast a small black spot. Moreover, the Tree
Sparrow arrives in its winter range about the time that the chippy
retires to the Gulf States and Mexico.




                         THE SPARROWS’ BEDTIME.


  “Wee, wee, weet, tweet, tweet, tweet!”
      What a clatter, what a chatter
        In the village street.
  “Chee, chee, cheep, cheep, chee, chee, chee!”
      What a rustling, what a hustling
        In the maple tree.

  “Twit, twit, flit, flit, get away, quit!”
      How they gabble, how they scrabble
        As to rest they flit.
  “Peep, peep, tweet, tweet, wee, wee, wee!”
      How they hurry, how they scurry,
        Noisy as can be.

  “Tr’r, tr’r, sh, sh, do be still,
      You’re no wood thrush, wish you could hush,
        You know you can’t trill.”
  “Tr’r, tr’r, r’r, r’r, yip, peep, peep,
      You’re another, I’ll tell mother,
        I was most asleep.”

  “Tr’r, sh, chee, chee, peep, yip, yip!”
      See them swinging, gaily clinging
        To the branch’s tip.
  “Tr’r, sh, cheep, peep, tee, hee, hee!”
      Hear them titter, hear them twitter,
        Full of energy.

                               * * * * * *

      Sudden silence falls,
        Not a peep is heard;
      To its neighbor calls
        Not one little bird,
      Silent too the trees
        Calm their secret keeping;
      Gently sighs the breeze;
        Sparrows all are sleeping.
                                                        —Adene Williams.




                          THE SPARROW FAMILY.


We all know some of the members of the Sparrow family, little gray and
brown birds, striped above and lighter underneath. They belong to the
Finch family, which is the largest of all the bird families. One-seventh
of all the birds belong to this family. Just think how many uncles and
cousins and aunts the little sparrows have! They are birds of the
ground, not birds of the trees, like the vireos. They only choose high
perches when they wish to rest or sing. We see them hunting for food in
the grassy meadows, or fresh-plowed field, or in the dusty road. They
usually make their nests in low bushes or on the ground and, as a rule,
they fly only short distances, and do not skim around just for the fun
of it, like the swallows.

There are over forty different kinds of sparrows in our country.

The English sparrows are found all over the world. They stay with us all
the year round. We ought to be friendly with them as we have such a good
chance to become acquainted. They certainly intend to be friendly with
us for they scarcely fly away at our approach. Mother Sparrow is a hard
worker, raising four broods every year. Just think how many children and
grand-children one sparrow can have! English sparrows are called
quarrelsome birds, and I believe it is true that they have driven away
many of the pretty bluebirds, but we sometimes think they are quarreling
when they are not. Have you ever noticed a crowd of sparrows following
one bird? I used to think that they were all quarreling with that one
bird; but no, they follow her because they admire and like her. Some
people scold a great deal about the harm that the sparrows do to the
fruit and grain. But think of the many insects that these birds eat in
one year! I believe they do more good than harm, don’t you?

The chipping sparrow often builds its nest in tall trees. This is the
only sparrow I know of, which builds its nest up high. This bird is
smaller than the English sparrow. It has a reddish-brown back and crown.
Did you ever hear its funny little song? It sounds like the buzzing of a
locust. It can call, chip! chip! too.

The field sparrow is about the same size as the chipping sparrow and its
head and back are of the same color. As can be guessed from its name, it
is fond of fields and meadows. The field sparrow sings very sweetly.

Then there is the fox sparrow, which is not only the largest of the
sparrows, but the finest singer. It comes about as early as the
bluebird. We often hear its sweet song in March. It is called the fox
sparrow, not because it is sly like the fox, but on account of its color
which is reddish like the fox’s fur.

The grasshopper sparrow is smaller than the English sparrow. It has a
cry which sounds like a grasshopper in the grass.

The song sparrow is one of the commonest of our birds, staying with us
nearly all the year. The name indicates to us that it has a sweet voice.
It begins to sing almost as early as the robin and will sing every hour
in the day and seems never to tire of singing. The song sparrow is about
the same size as the English sparrow.

Then there are the savanna sparrow and the seaside sparrow which are
fond of marshes, near the sea; and the white-crowned. This and the
white-throated sparrows are both fine singers and handsome birds. They
are larger than the English sparrow. The vesper sparrow has a fine
voice, singing late in the afternoon and evening. It is as fond of the
meadows as the field sparrow. The two birds are often taken for each
other, but if the vesper sparrow is watched when it flies, it will be
seen that it has white tail quills which the field sparrow does not
possess. Both are about the same size.

The winter chippy or tree sparrow is a winter bird, in the United States
appearing in the fall and flying away early in the spring. Its name
would indicate that it was fond of trees, but this is not the case, as
it is usually seen on the ground and even makes its nest there.

There are many other members of the sparrow family, but this is enough
for to-day. I hope that you will watch them and try to become acquainted
with all.

                                                         Narcisia Lewis.




                    MR. AND MRS. SPARROW’S BLUNDER.


Many people suppose that the instinct of birds and animals is never
wrong, but this is a mistake. I have often seen the wild geese fly north
over the western prairies only to come squawking back in a few days, to
linger with us, if not going farther south, until the sun warmed up the
northland and they dared another flight.

Once my brother witnessed a most amusing case of mistaken judgment among
birds. He had opened a store in a northern town, and during the month of
March was much discouraged by the continued cold weather.

“O! but spring’s here!” exclaimed his partner gleefully one bleak day.
“See those sparrows building a nest in our eaves? That’s a sure sign!”
From that day on the two young men took great interest in the new home
going up under—or rather over—their very eyes. Each new bit of rag or
straw woven in was noted, and they even strewed cotton about in handy
places for the birds to use as “carpeting in the mansion.”

But the weather did not improve, in spite of the sparrow’s prophecy;
instead of that, a sleet set in one night, and morning saw a most
wintry-looking earth. When the young men went down to open up the store
for business, they heard loud, really angry, chirping coming from the
eaves. Mr. and Mrs. Sparrow were discussing something with energy, and
when at last a decision was reached they both swooped down upon their
almost finished nest and tore it all to pieces. Not one twig or rag or
straw was left in place. When the destruction was complete they gave a
loud chirp of satisfaction and flew off together, never to return.

They had simply made a mistake in their calendar.

                                                             Lee McCrae.




                         A WINDOW-PANE REVERIE.


I stood by my study window after dark. An electric light a few blocks
distant, cast shadows of the small limbs of a tree upon the window-pane.
Those shadows were in constant motion because of the wind blowing
through the trees. Through the dancing shadows I saw the brilliant light
against the darkness of the western sky. My breath condensed into
moisture on the cold glass, and through that moisture the electric light
shone in the center of a brilliantly-colored circle, composed of myriads
of pencils of light, radiating from the dazzling central point. As the
moisture evaporated the pencils became fewer and coarser, bright lines
and fragments of lines, rather than pencils. A few breaths on the glass,
more moisture condensed and again the pencils were in myriads. I enjoyed
the small but brilliant view in the same spirit in which I enjoy the
starry heavens on a grand mountain outlook.

As I looked I thought of many things. I thought of my own mind with its
wondrous thinking machinery; I thought of my eyes and of their marvelous
mechanism by which the brain received so much thought-producing
material; I thought of the burning furnace within my body that sent out
heated air laden with the invisible vapor of water; I thought of the
laws of heat and cold by which that vapor was instantly condensed and
became visible when it came in contact with the cold glass; I thought of
the transparent glass and of all the changes it had passed through since
it was a mineral in the primeval rocks; I thought of the tree with its
naked branches whose fibers were being toughened by constant wrestling
with the wind; I thought of the leaves that in a few weeks would cover
those twigs and conceal from me the electric light; I thought of the
invisible air with its strange elements and properties, and of the laws
of meteorology that produced the wind; I thought of the electric wire
and of the distant copper mines from which it came; I thought of the
mysterious force that we call electricity, of the coal, the engine, the
machinery, that produce it, and of the light that it produces; I thought
of the mysterious thing that we call light and of the laws of light that
gave me those penciled rays; I thought of the things that were made for
“glory and for beauty” as well as for practical utility; and I thought
of God.

And so, according to such knowledge as I had of psychology, of
physiology, of physics, of meteorology, of botany, of mineralogy, of
chemistry, of optics, of electricity, of esthetics, and of natural
theology, were my thoughts manifold, rich, suggestive, correlated,
inspiring, spiritual even, in their last analysis.

That which to many would be a thing of no interest, a commonplace sight
not worth a second glance, was to me full of beauty, tinged with glory,
spiritually helpful, and an occasion for praising and worshiping God.

                                                 Roselle Theodore Cross.

              [Illustration: BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.
                          (Dendroica virens).
                               Life-size.
                    FROM COL. CHI. ACAD. SCIENCES.]




                   THE BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.
                         (_Dendroica virens._)


One of the interesting nature studies is an investigation of the groups
of insect-eating birds in reference to their food and the methods
employed in obtaining it. Some insects are useful to man, but by far the
larger number are a detriment to his interests in one way or another.

The swallows and swifts are almost constantly on the wing, dexterously
catching any insects that come in their way. They are day birds and at
night are replaced by the nighthawks that feed upon the night flying
insects. Next are the flycatchers that dart “from ambush at passing
prey, and with a suggestive click of the bill, return to their post.”
The beautiful little hummingbird, ever active on the wing, quickly sees
and picks from leaf or flower insects that would escape the attention of
other birds. The woodpeckers and allied birds examine the tree trunks
and carefully listen for the insect that may be boring through the wood
within. The vireos, like the good housekeeper, examine the “nooks and
corners to see that no skulker escapes.” The robin and its sister
thrushes and the numerous sparrows attend to the surface of the earth,
and aquatic birds extensively destroy those insects whose development
takes place either in or on the water.

Not the least among the birds that assist man in his warfare upon insect
pests are our beautiful and active warblers that frequent the foliage of
tree and shrubs patiently gathering their insect food.

One of these is the Black-throated Green Warbler of our illustration. If
we desire to examine its habits, except during the period of migration,
we must visit the forests of cone bearing trees in the northern woods of
the eastern United States, in the Allegheny mountains and from these
points northward to Hudson Bay. It is almost useless to seek this bird
in other places. Here, high up in the cedars, pines and hemlock in cozy
retreats far out on the branches it builds its nest. “The foundation of
the structure is of fine shreds of bark, fine dry twigs of the hemlock,
bits of fine grass, weeds and dried rootlets, intermixed with moss and
lined with rootlets, fine grass, some feathers and horse hair.” The
nests are usually bulky and loosely constructed. These rollicksome
Warblers have a peculiar song which is very characteristic and not
easily forgotten. The descriptions of this song are almost as numerous
as are the observers. One has given this rendering: “Hear me Saint
Ther-e-sa.” Another has very aptly described it as sounding like,
“Wee-wee-su-see,” the syllables “uttered slowly and well drawn out; that
before the last in a lower tone than the two former, and the last
syllable noticeably on the upward slide; the whole being a sort of
insect tone, altogether peculiar, and by no means unpleasing.”

The song of the Black-throated Green Warbler is so unlike that of the
other warblers that it becomes an important characteristic of the
species. Mr. Chapman says, “There is a quality about it like the droning
of bees; it seems to voice the restfulness of a midsummer day.”

Those who wish to observe this bird and cannot go to its nesting
retreats, in the evergreen forests, must seek in any wooded land during
its migrations to and from the tropics, where it finds an abundance of
food during the rigors of our northern winters.




                         A LIBEL ON THE BIRDS.


A few days ago I was watching the curious actions of a sparrow on the
sidewalk in a rather quiet part of town. On either side of the street
were lofty brick and stone buildings, with the usual multiplicity of
little niches and cavities in and about the projecting cornices and
ornamental architecture. These sheltered and inviting ledges had been
utilized from year to year by divers smaller tribes of the feathered
folk as nest-building sites, and the little bird which had attracted my
attention had already laid the foundation timbers of its prospective
house in a cosy niche of the cornice almost directly over my head where
I was standing.

It was plainly evident that the sprightly creature was seeking sticks of
proper length and strength to barricade a broad hiatus in the front part
of the cavity it had chosen for its future home.

This opening was angular in form with the vertex at the bottom and its
sides separating outwards towards the top, where there was a span of
perhaps four or five inches.

As I stood with my elbow resting against the low paling the confiding
sparrow hopped to within a yard or two of my feet in searching for tiny
twigs that had fallen from the overhanging shrubbery.

It picked up a great many pieces and as quickly dropped them. Then it
would stand perfectly still for a few minutes intently scanning the
limited landscape as if in a brown study as to what move it should next
make.

Finally it set vigorously to work picking up bits of material from an
inch or two to six inches in length. Instead of flying away with a load
it dropped them in a little heap nearly if not quite parallel to each
other. Then poking its beak into the pile and throwing the sticks hither
and thither it settled down to practical business by seizing a stick of
medium length and flying away with its burden dangling in the air. Of
course, I watched the little architect and saw her mount straight up to
the chosen ledge and deposit the twig exactly crosswise of the gaping
notch. This operation she repeated several times, always throwing the
sticks about as if intent upon selecting a piece of special dimensions.
No human carpenter with measuring rule in his hand could have been more
expert.

In a moment the truth flashed into my mind and I realized that I was
verily the human pupil of a little bird made famous by honored mention
in Holy Writ.

Why, the cunning worker had foreseen to the ridicule of my own confessed
stupidity that in order to effectually bar the exposed side of the
chamber it must of necessity select girders of successively increasing
length and size. Thus, as I fancied it reasoned, a short stick would not
span the top of the dangerous gap; while, on the other hand, a long
stick could not be used at the bottom because it would strike smack
against the side walls before it could be placed in position low enough.
So all this clearly explained why the bird should exercise such studied
care in selecting the large “timbers.”

A few days afterwards I visited the scene of operations again, and by
using an opera glass found that the nest was very nearly if not quite
finished. The menacing gap in the ledge no longer existed; for there was
a solid bulkhead in its stead composed of longitudinal sticks tied and
stiffened by interwoven bits of dry grass and such shreds of various
waste material as only bird intelligence knows where to find.

More interested now than ever, I took pains to climb into the attic of
the three story building where from a narrow gable window I could look
obliquely down into the pretty nest now neatly lined with tiny feathers
and thistle down. So much, then, for the sparrows and their house
building. I say sparrows now, for during my later observations I had
seen both Mr. and Mrs. Sparrow diligently working together.

But to advert now to our alleged “libel” on the birds, I have only to
say that it is very convenient for great men and ponderous books to tell
us that the lower animals perform their actions by means of a tendency
called “instinct;” and thus divest themselves of all further
responsibility in the matter. Confronted by this obscure declaration we
are led as pupils in natural history to ask, “What is instinct?” The
following definitions of this much-abused term are, perhaps, the best to
be found in the English language:

“Instinct is a propensity prior to experience and independent of
instruction.”—William Paley.

“Instinct is a blind tendency to some mode of action, independent of any
consideration on the part of the agent, of the end to which the action
leads.”—Richard Whately.

“Instinct is an agent which performs blindly and ignorantly a work of
intelligence and knowledge.”—Sir William Hamilton.

Now such names as Paley, Whately and Hamilton stand high upon the roll
of honor in the sparkling literature of our language; and yet the words
of these great scholars are but as sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal
when they undertake to tell us what is the real import and inwardness of
that occult and wonderful faculty in the mental essence of animals which
scientists by force of circumstances have agreed to call “instinct.”

“Aha!” my little sparrow would say, could she speak our language, “we
perform our actions neither blindly nor ignorantly, as your famous Mr.
Hamilton learnedly remarks; but God has taught us to both reason and
work according to existing circumstances, from cause to effect; nay,
even as your great logicians would have it, a priori. And although five
of our little bodies were sold in the markets of Jerusalem for two
farthings, not one of us ever fell to the ground without our Father’s
notice!”

There, that is about the kind of sermon our little bird would preach to
the utter discomfiture of human wisdom, which, after all, is but
“foolishness with God.”

Verily, and in conclusion, we declare that it is a libel upon the birds
to say that they build their nests guided only by that nameless tendency
signified by the common acceptation of the term “instinct.”

  The humblest creature God has made
    Fulfills some noble, wise design;
  And, dowered rich with reason’s aid,
    It boasts a lineage divine.
                                                           L. P. Veneen.




                                 BERYL.


This mineral species includes a number of varieties which are highly
valued as gems. These are, besides Beryl itself, the gems emerald,
aquamarine and golden beryl. Chrysoberyl, it may be noted, is not a
variety of Beryl, but a distinct species.

While these gems all differ in color, they are the same mineral and are
practically identical in composition, hardness and other properties. In
composition they are a silicate of aluminum and glucinum, the percentage
being, for normal beryl, 67 per cent of silica, 19 per cent of alumina
and 14 per cent of glucina.

The beautiful green color of the emerald is probably due to a small
quantity of chromium which it usually contains, though some authorities
believe organic matter to be the coloring ingredient. To what substance
the other varieties of the species owe their color is not known.

In hardness the varieties of Beryl differ little from quartz, the
hardness being 7.5 to 8 in the scale of which quartz is 7. They are
somewhat inferior therefore to such gems as topaz, sapphire and ruby in
wearing qualities, although hard enough for ordinary purposes.

The specific gravity of Beryl is also about like that of quartz, ranging
from 2.63 to 2.80; the specific gravity of quartz being 2.65. The
varieties of Beryl are therefore relatively light as compared with other
gems.

Beryl crystallizes in the hexagonal system. It usually occurs as
six-sided prisms, commonly terminated by a single flat plane, but
sometimes by numerous small planes giving a rounded effect and
occasionally by pyramidal planes which cause the prism to taper to a
sharp point.

The crystals sometimes grow to enormous size, exceeding those of any
other known mineral. Thus, one found in Grafton, New Hampshire, was four
and one-quarter feet in length and weighed two thousand nine hundred
pounds. Another in the same locality is estimated to weigh two and
one-half tons. In the museum of the Boston Society of Natural History
and in the United States National Museum are exhibited single crystals
also of great size. That in Boston is three and one-half feet long by
three feet wide and weighs several tons. That in the National Museum
weighs over six hundred pounds.

None of these crystals are of a high degree of purity or transparency,
but the crystal planes at least of the prisms are well developed.

Beryl crystals have no marked cleavage except a slight one parallel with
the base. Where broken, the surface shows what is called conchoidal
fracture, i. e. it exhibits little rounded concavities and convexities
resembling a shell in shape.

The mineral is quite brittle. Some emeralds even have the annoying habit
of breaking of their own accord soon after removal from the mine. This
can be prevented by warming them gradually before exposing them to the
heat of the sun or other sudden heat.

Beryl and its varieties, like tourmaline, are dichroic, i. e. the stones
exhibit different colors when viewed in different directions. This
dichroism can sometimes be observed by the naked eye, but often not
without the aid of the instrument known as the dichroscope. When seen it
furnishes a positive means of distinguishing a true stone from any glass
imitations.

The varieties of Beryl have none of the brilliancy of the diamond and
therefore depend wholly on their body colors and their lustre for their
beauty and attractiveness. Fortunately they exhibit these qualities as
well by artificial light as by daylight.

                         [Illustration: BERYL.]

  First row:
    Golden Beryl (Siberia).
    Blue Beryl (Albany, Maine).
    Aquamarine (Ural Mountains).
  Second row:
    Aquamarine (Conn.)
  Third row:
    Blue Beryl (Siberia).
    Golden Beryl (Conn.)
    Emerald in the Matrix (Ural Mountains).

Ordinary Beryl is a mineral of comparatively common occurrence, being
often found in granitic and metamorphic rocks.

That of common occurrence is usually too clouded and fractured to be of
use for gem cutting. There are many localities, however, where Beryls of
gem quality occur.

The finest emeralds in the world come from Muso, a locality in the
United States of Colombia, seventy-five miles N. N. W. of Bogota. It is
a wild and inaccessible region and the mining of the gems is a
precarious occupation. The emeralds occur according to Bauer in a dark,
bituminous limestone which is shown by fossils to be of Cretaceous age.
As emeralds in other localities occur only in eruptive or metamorphic
rocks, it seems probable that the Muso emeralds have washed in from an
older formation. The emerald bearing beds are horizontal, overlying red
sandstone and clay slate. Calcite, quartz, pyrite and the rare mineral
parisite are other minerals found associated with the emerald. The
manner of working these emerald mines is thus described by Streeter:

“The mine is now worked by a company, who pay an annual rent for it to
the government, and employ one hundred and twenty workmen. It has the
form of a tunnel of about one hundred yards deep, with very inclined
walls. On the summit of the mountains, and quite near to the mouth of
the mine, are large lakes, whose waters are shut off by means of
water-gates, which can be easily shifted when the laborers require
water. When the waters are freed they rush with great rapidity down the
walls of the mine, and on reaching the bottom of it they are conducted
by means of an underground canal through the mountain into a basin. To
obtain the emeralds the workmen begin by cutting steps on the inclined
walls of the mine, in order to make firm resting places for their feet.
The overseer places the men at certain distances from each other to cut
out wide steps with the help of pickaxes. The loosened stones fall by
their own weight to the bottom of the mine. When this begins to fill, a
sign is given to let the waters loose, which rush down with great
vehemence, carrying the fragments of rock with them through the mountain
into the basin. This operation is repeated until the horizontal beds are
exposed in which the emeralds are found.”

The next most prominent locality whence gem emeralds are obtained is
that in Siberia on the river Tokovoya, forty-five miles east of
Ekaterinburg. The emeralds here found are often larger than any yet
obtained in South America, but they are not of so good quality. They
occur in mica schist (see colored plate), and often associated with the
mineral phenacite, chrysoberyl, rutile, etc.

Other localities whence emeralds are obtained are Upper Egypt (the
source of those known to the ancients), the Heubachthal in Austria, and
Alexander county, North Carolina, in our own country. The latter
locality is no longer worked, but it has afforded a number of fine
crystals.

Aquamarines and transparent Beryls are found in Siberia, India, Brazil,
and in many localities in the United States. Dana describes an
aquamarine from Brazil which approaches in size, and also in form, the
head of a calf. It weighs two hundred and twenty-five ounces troy, is
transparent and without a flaw. In the Field Columbian Museum is to be
seen a beautiful cut aquamarine from Siberia more than two inches in
diameter and weighing three hundred and thirty-one carats. Here is also
the finest specimen of blue Beryl ever cut in the United States. It was
found in Stoneham, Me., is rich sea green color in one direction and sea
blue in another. It weighs one hundred and thirty-three carats. Numerous
other Maine localities have furnished gem Beryls. Golden Beryls are
found in Maine, Connecticut, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and other
United States localities, as well as in Siberia and Ceylon. From them
are obtained gems of rich golden color resembling topaz.

Beryl of a pale rose color is sometimes found, and when of good quality
is cut for gem purposes, but it is of too rare occurrence to be
important.

Emeralds seem to have been known and prized from the earliest times.
They are mentioned in the Bible in several places, the earliest mention
being in Exodus, where they are described as one of the stones making up
the ephod of the high priest.

Their use in Egypt dates back to an unrecorded past and they frequently
appear in the ornaments found upon mummies. Readers of Roman history
will remember that the Emperor Nero used an emerald constantly as an eye
glass.

The Incas, Aztecs and other highly civilized peoples of South America
were found using these gems profusely for purposes of adornment and for
votive offerings when first visited by the Spaniards. It was partly the
desire to secure these gems which led Cortez and his followers, early in
the sixteenth century, to undertake the conquest of Peru. Some of the
emeralds wrested from the Incas by Cortez and brought to Spain are said
to have been marvels of the lapidary’s art. One was carved into the form
of a rose, another that of a fish with golden eyes, and another that of
a bell with a pearl for a clapper.

During the years following Cortez’ conquest large quantities of emeralds
were brought to Europe, and they became much more popular and widely
distributed than previously. Joseph D’Acosta, a traveler of the period,
says the ship in which he returned from America to Spain carried two
chests, each of which contained one hundred pounds’ weight of fine
emeralds.

From what locality the Peruvians themselves obtained these gems is not
known, unless it was the Colombian locality at Muso, already described.
The Spaniards were led to these mines in 1558. They continued the
working of them, and there has been practically no interruption in their
operation since that time.

The ancients had many superstitions regarding the emerald, one being
that it had a power to cure diseases of the eye. Another was that it
would reveal the inconstancy of lovers by changing color.

  “It is a gem that hath the power to show
  If plighted lovers keep their troth or no.
  If faithful, it is like the leaves of Spring;
  If faithless, like those leaves when withering.”

So writes one poet.

Again, they believed the emerald would blind the eyes of the serpent:

  “Blinded like serpents when they gaze
  Upon the emerald’s virgin blaze.”
                                                                 —Moore.

Of these traditions, perhaps the only one held in any esteem at the
present time is that which associates the emerald with the month of
June, making it the talismanic gem or “birth stone” of persons born in
that month.

The largest and most beautiful emerald known to be in existence at the
present time is one owned by the Duke of Devonshire. This is an uncut
six-sided crystal about two inches long and of the same diameter. It is
of perfect color, almost flawless and quite transparent.

Like all other gems, the value of emeralds varies much according to
their perfection. Those of the best grade are worth at least one hundred
dollars a carat. The color should be a dark velvety green, those of
lighter shades being much less valuable. Owing to the extreme
brittleness of the mineral, emeralds usually contain flaws, so that “an
emerald without a flaw” has passed into a proverb to indicate a thing
almost unattainable.

Aquamarine and other varieties of Beryl seem not to have been as highly
esteemed as emerald by the ancients, although Beryl is mentioned in the
Bible, and early writers describe gems evidently belonging to the
species. They were probably less well known to the ancients, as nearly
all the localities from which aquamarines and Beryls are now obtained
are of comparatively modern discovery. They are gems in every way as
worthy as the emerald, however, and will doubtless become more popular
as their qualities are better known.

                                             Oliver Cummings Farrington.




                      SONG BIRDS OF THE SOUTHWEST.


  “A pleasing land of drowsy-head it was,
  Of dreams that wave before the half-shut eye.”

“New birds, new flowers, new pleasures,” I murmur as my vision widens
upon the, to me, new world of Arizona. A new delight indeed,
notwithstanding the often impressed fact that the old footpath-ways of
Ohio are, after many years, still but half discovered countries. But
’tis human, this desire for novelty, and I am not at all in advance of
my fellow kindred in arriving at that stage of blessed content which we
see expressed upon every side of us in the lives of the lesser (?)
creatures who abide without unrest until compelled by the necessities of
necessity to “move on.” But I echo Richard Jefferies: “a fresh flower, a
fresh path-way, a fresh delight,” and am so far content; and, truly,
coming from the east of living greens, ’tis a new kingdom of somber
mountains and sandy desert at which I have arrived. To an imaginative
person it is a land filled with the echoes of a distant past, even now
but half heard and in my mind the golden glow of a day that is dead
enfolds the silent hills, a silence of grandeur, not of nature which is
here alive and keen to the fullest extent. With many other naturalists,
I agree that if one desires to learn the secrets of the field and
forest, one must go about singly and alone. There is something strange
about it too, while one person alone is allowed to see many of the inner
movements of wild life, when two or three are gathered together, they
seem to intimidate the wood folk to an unlimited extent.

But bird life in this far away territory, notwithstanding Dr. Charles
Abbott’s experience to the contrary, seems to me to be much more
companionable and less timid than in the more thickly populated east,
and also, bird curiosity is more noticeable than in those states where
generations of experience has obviated all desire for any close scrutiny
or investigation of that queer biped without feathers. One has only to
sit silent and quiet for a few moments to have his ornithological
interest aroused by numerous visitors, who, with impatient “chips” and
“twits” question his presence among them. While Gila county makes up her
quota of song birds in quantity, she lacks something in decorative
quality, at least so far as coloring of plumage is concerned. There is
no question but what the very arid atmosphere of this section is not
without its marked effect upon feather coloring, and on account of this
dullness of plumage, I was at first unable to classify numbers of birds
who were perfectly familiar to me in Ohio. Birds like the blue jay lose
much of the metallic gorgeousness of their plumage and are under a veil
as it were, showing a dull, bluish gray. The blackbirds also are
decidedly rusty in appearance, hardly holding their own with the great
glossy ravens (Corvus principalis) who have so adapted themselves to
civilization as to have become almost a necessity as purveyors of edible
refuse and debris which accumulates in such abundance about the abodes
of mankind, who are supposedly the most hygienic and cleanly of all
creatures, but whose abiding places ‘au natural’ present an unsightly
spectacle in comparison with the nests of birds, but of course it is
because our requirements are so much greater, and education has
developed a love of “accumulations” among us, herein must lie all blame.
But we “progress” or so we have determined.

However, I never see these dignified crows of stately motion moving
about without remembering Virgil’s:

  “The crow with clamorous cries the shower demands,
  And single stalks along the desert sands.”

But in Arizona his demand for showers is vain, for the absence of the
“rain maker” is her greatest deficit.

To return to the atmospheric or arid effect upon color, I fail to
understand why the bleaching process is so observable in feathers, yet
the most brilliant and tropical coloring predominates in the flora. Does
the plant world absorb all of the richest coloring matter of the
sunlight, or do they possess an antidote to the alkaline properties of
the air? Is atmospheric moisture that is not obtainable necessary in
feather coloring? Some of the plants here are sufficient unto
themselves, brewing their own sustenance as it were, as I have seen the
Bisnaga, sometimes called “Well of the Desert” in which a deep hole had
been cut, produce in a short time at least a cup full of watery liquid,
which is very invigorating to the thirsty traveler, and growing, too, in
a sand as dry as powder, there not having been a drop of rain near it in
months, if not years, and dew an unknown quantity. This liquor seems
necessary for the full fruition of the rich, yellow flower, so carefully
guarded by immense fish-hook spines or barbs that is such efficient
protection to this species of cacti. As effectual is this protection as
is the venomous reputation of that much maligned saurian, the Gila
monster (Heloderma suspectum), which is not one-half so bad as his looks
would imply, but he is formidable in appearance when he puffs forth his
breath like a miniature steam engine and at the same time emits a
greenish saliva from his mouth, which is to say the least a forbidding
performance, but I really believe him to be comparatively harmless, for
after considerable acquaintance with his habits, I have only learned of
one person being bitten by this reptile, and that was a man who was
drunk and insisted upon tickling the Gila monster on the mouth and was
bitten for his pains. The reptile had to be killed before its teeth
could be unlocked. As an antidote an attempt was made to fill the man
with whisky, but as he was already full but little could be accomplished
in that line; when he got sober he was all right save that his hand was
somewhat paralyzed.

There is a marked gregariousness among the song birds of Arizona or else
the present abundance of all species gives one that impression, for the
numbers are almost countless, though human depredators are fast
depopulating the songsters for the sake of their own pleasure or bird
plumage for profit. While women anathematize men for their inordinate
desire to kill something, they take an equivocal stand as critics, yet
wearing a hat adorned with one or more dead bodies of birds. It is truly
the old question of mote and beam re-enacted.

I do not remember of meeting with but one bird which I have been
entirely unable to classify or even learn its common name if it has one.
It darts in and out of a thorn bush after the manner of a thresher or
cat bird, and about equals them in size; is of a dull canary yellow in
color save for a rich red cap slightly tufted and worn jauntily on top
of his head. I have never heard any note from him save a startled chip,
and have been unable to learn anything about him from the various bird
histories.

Dr. Abbott has remarked on the lack of vocal powers among the birds of
Arizona, and says:

“I listened hour after hour to these cheerful birds, fancying there was
melody in their attempts at song, and wondering why, when their lines
had been cast in such forbidding places, the gift of sweet song had not
been vouchsafed them. Does the extremely dry atmosphere have to do with
it? Not a sound that I heard had that fulness of tone common to the
allied utterances at home. At the limit of my longest stroll I heard a
mountain mocking bird, as it is misnamed in the books, and his was a
disappointed song. It was the twanging of a harp of a single string, and
that a loose one.”

This absence of note richness is a feature that I have not observed, and
never have I heard a more musical chorus from bird throats as one after
another of the many sorts and conditions awoke at sunrise. Many a time
have I listened while camping on a lone mountaintop, where our only
canopy was the pine-fretted blue heavens, and heard the rich burst of
song in which not a note lacked flavor; mocking birds, thrushes,
orioles, wrens, finches, vireos, grosbeaks, robins (and their
distinguishable note is likely to make one homesick) thrashers, blue
birds, tanagers, etc., all filling in the score, as each was awakened
and filled in the line of song, to say nothing of whip-poor-wills, owls
and other night singers who have had “their day.” I feel sure if Dr.
Abbott had given a little more time to the study of bird song in this
territory he would have had no cause to complain of or discredit the
vocal powers of these western songsters.

                      [Illustration: AFRICAN LION.
                             (Felis leo).]




                           THE AFRICAN LION.
                             (_Felis leo._)


The African Lion, familiar to the general public as the sulky tenant of
a barred cage, ranges with freer strides throughout the length and
breadth of Africa, and even extends through Persia into the northwestern
part of India. Fossil remains show that at one time Felis leo inhabited
the southern part of Europe as well, but the king of beasts was
evidently considered good sport by primitive man, and he became extinct
in Europe except where, in the Roman amphitheatres, and in many a meaner
cage since, he has roared for the edification of the populace.

The literature of all nations is full of allusions to the Lion; to his
bravery, his grandeur and his strength. The old Assyrian kings carved
pictures of themselves in bas relief hurling javelins into crouching
Lions, and many a sportsman is to-day beating the thorn-thickets and
trailing over the sandy plains of Africa with the same unreasoning
enthusiasm, yet hoping, perhaps, in a vague way to hand down his name
along with the Assyrian kings by writing a book. It is the Lion’s
misfortune as well as his glory that he is king of beasts.

The Lion differs from the other Felidæ in the great strength and massive
proportions of his head and shoulders, and more especially in the
arrangement and growth of the hair on the body. Where, in other cats,
the hair lies flat and close along the skin, the Lion is so clothed only
on his yellowish-brown body. The hair of the top of the head and of the
neck to the shoulders stands erect or bristles forward, forming the
beautiful and characteristic mane of the adult male and suggesting in a
way not otherwise possible the massive strength of the great paws, one
blow from which will fell an ox or crush the skull of a man without an
effort. In most Lions the mane is of a darker color than the remainder
of the body, being often almost black. The elbows, tip of tail and the
under parts of the body are also clothed with this long, bristly hair,
but it is found only on males above three years of age. The females have
smaller heads and shoulders and are of a uniform color.

In many minor ways the Lion is specially adapted for his predatory life.
Every tooth in his head is sharp pointed or sharp edged. The great
canine teeth are set far apart in his square jaws and locked together
like a vice. The molars are transformed from grinders into incisors, yet
are so strong that they will crack heavy bones. The papillæ on the
tongue are so developed that they resemble long, horny spines curved
backwards, giving the tongue the appearance of a coarse rasp. With this
rough tongue the Lion can lick the meat from bones as easily as a house
cat eats butter, and should a friendly Lion lick his keeper’s hand the
flesh would be torn and the blood flow. The claws are very large and
sharp, and are so nicely sheathed in the soft cushions of his feet that
the Lion neither blunts nor wears them down. Yet when he strikes with
tense paws every claw is like a hook and a dagger to tear and cut.

In seeking his prey the Lion lies in wait by springs and water holes and
leaps upon his victims from the ambush of some bush or rock as yellow as
his own tawny hide; or, failing in this, he sneaks up the wind and
through the thickets and reeds of a watercourse or swamp and quickly
leaps upon a surprised antelope or zebra or savage buffalo, crushing it
to the ground by his great weight, while he strikes and tears it with
paws and teeth. In cultivated districts the Lion prowls about the fields
and villages, seizing cattle and sheep, and often, when he is old and
lazy, rushes into some camp or hut at night and carries off a man. In
many parts of Africa the natives build great corrals of thorns about
their camps to keep the Lions away, and should one be heard in the night
they light fires and wave torches until the dawn.

Under ordinary circumstances the Lion attends to his own hunting, and
when seen in the daytime retreats to some denser cover where he will not
be disturbed. This is often cited as an evidence of cowardice, but is
such a common characteristic of big game and of animals, and even men of
undoubted courage, that it should not be held against him. There is no
animal in the world which can consistently hunt for trouble and survive,
and so long as the Lion can keep his stomach filled and his sleep
undisturbed he is probably content to waive the title of king of beasts.

Lion hunting has been held a royal sport in all times, with the result
that the Lion has been exterminated in many parts of its natural habitat
and forced back into the wilder parts of desert and plain. Unlike the
tiger, the Lion is rarely found in forests, and is unable to climb
trees. He is ordinarily stalked in the daytime, when, with stomach full,
he sleeps among rocks and bushes, or shot from stands as he approaches
some water hole or carcass by night. The literature of African
exploration and travel abounds with accounts of Lions killed by men and
men killed by Lions. In these days of zinc balls and repeating rifles it
is generally the Lion that is killed. To the thorough-paced English
sportsman like Sir Samuel Baker or Gordon Cumming the Lion hunt is
recreation merely, and with their ten-bore rifles and British phlegm
they are in no more danger than if they were chasing foxes through the
dales of England.

The family life of the Lion is very interesting and human. So far as is
known, a single male and female remain together year after year,
irrespective of the pairing season, the Lion feeding and caring for his
Lioness and cubs and educating the young in the duties of life. For two
or three years the cubs follow their parents, so that Lions are often
found in small troops. Cases have been reported where they have joined
for a preconcerted hunt, and the Lioness often goes up the wind to
startle game and drive it towards her ambushed mate, following after for
a share of the prey. Hon. W. H. Drummond, in “The Large Game and Natural
History of South and Southeast Africa,” gives the following account of
the feast after the victim had been slain: “The Lion had by this time
quite killed the beautiful animal, but instead of proceeding to eat it,
he got up and roared vigorously until there was an answer, and in a few
minutes a Lioness, accompanied by four whelps, came trotting up from the
same direction as the zebra, which no doubt she had been to drive
towards her husband. They formed a fine picture as they all stood round
the carcass, the whelps tearing it and biting it, but unable to get
through the tough skin. Then the Lion lay down, and the Lioness, driving
her offspring before her, did the same, four or five yards off, upon
which he got up and, commencing to eat, had soon finished a hind leg,
retiring a few yards on one side as soon as he had done so. The Lioness
came up next and tore the carcass to shreds, bolting huge mouthfuls, but
not objecting to the whelps eating as much as they could find. There was
a good deal of snarling and quarreling among these young Lions, and
occasionally a standup fight for a minute, but their mother did not take
any notice of them except to give them a smart blow with her paw if they
got in her way. There was now little left of the zebra but a few bones,
and the whole Lion family walked quietly away, the Lioness leading, and
the Lion often turning his head to see that they were not followed,
bringing up the rear.”

                                                          Dane Coolidge.




                           TROUTING BAREFOOT.


  ’Twas a holiday joy when I was a boy,
    To follow the brook a-trouting,
  ’Twas gold of pleasure without alloy,
    To trudge away through the livelong day—
    Not a bite to eat, or a word to say,
    And never a failing or doubting.
  Then home at night in a curious plight—
    Heavy and tired and hungry quite—
  With a string of the “speckles” hung out of sight,
    And a chorus of boyish shouting.

  Only a line of the commonest twine,
    Only a pole of alder;
  None of your beautiful things that shine—
    Tackle so nice and so high in price
    That a trout would laugh to be taken twice.
  And sing like a Swedish scalder
    For a jump at a sign of a thing so fine,
    And scorn rough implements such as mine;
  Only a line of the commonest twine—
    Only a pole of alder!

  Wet to the skin in our raiment thin—
    Never a word of complaining,
  Never too late in the day to begin;
    Dropping a hook in the beautiful brook
    Till day was taking his farewell look
  No matter how hard it was raining!
    Ah! few, indeed, would fail to succeed
    In the angling of life—if they’d only heed
  The trout-boy’s patience, whatever impede,
    And his joy, both in seeking and gaining.
                                                    —Belle A. Hitchcock.




                           THE ALASKAN MOOSE.
                            (_Alces gigas._)


The Alaska Moose is the largest of the deer family in America. Alces
gigas is a comparatively new species, having been described in 1899. At
present it is still quite numerous along the Yukon and its tributaries,
though the influx of prospectors and the settling of the Klondike region
has already resulted in a marked falling off in Moose and an increase of
Moose meat. In the winter this is the staple diet of both Indians and
whites, and on account of the high price paid—one dollar or two dollars
per pound—many prospectors have found Moose hunting even more
remunerative than mining.

Alces gigas was first collected by Mr. Dall De Weese, of Canon City,
Colo., who spent three months, in 1898, on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska,
in quest of large mammals for the United States Museum. From the six
specimens of the Alaskan Moose which he collected it is seen that this
animal differs considerably from the Moose (Alces americanus) inhabiting
the east United States and eastern and central Canada, being larger and
more richly colored and having a much heavier mandible. Its general
color is a grizzle of black and wood brown, darkening along the spine
and changing abruptly to clear black on chest, buttocks and lower part
of sides.

The horns of the Moose are very characteristic, being of immense size
and palmated before and behind so that an average full-grown pair weighs
seventy pounds and shows a spread of forty-six inches between the points
of the posterior branch as against a length of thirty-eight inches. Our
illustration is a photograph of one with horns of remarkable size,
measuring about seventy-one inches from tip to tip in a line across the
head. It is not until the third year that the horns are palmated, and
they increase in size from year to year. In the winter the old horns are
cast, but they sprout again in the spring, and by June have shed their
velvet and appear a beautiful white. Although so large and
characteristic, it is not known that they serve any more useful purpose
than as weapons during the rutting season. In running through the woods
the Moose throws his head back, and, despite the spread and weight of
his horns, he is able to move about without breaking a twig.

The clumsy shape of the head is accentuated by the hump on the nose,
which is due to the excessive development of the nasal septum and of the
upper lip, which is long and supple, and adapted to browsing rather than
to cropping grass. The short neck of the Moose would in any case
interfere with the cropping of grass, even if it were found in the snowy
inlands of Alaska. Its common food is the twigs and bark of willows and
birches, which it rides down to reach the tops, lichens and mosses and
the aquatic plants of summer.

In winter the Moose herd together in the snow, forming great
tramped-down places called moose yards by hunters. In summer comes the
rutting season, in which the great males shake their antlers and attack
any animal that comes their way. With summer comes mosquitoes also, and
these pester the Moose to such an extent that they are galled to a
greater fury. So it is that the Moose is a most dangerous animal in the
time when the ground is clear, the swamps full of mosquitoes and his
horns new-stripped of velvet for the fray.

When the snow lies so deep that he cannot travel even with his long
legs, the enemies of the Moose have him at a disadvantage, and often the
yards are attacked by wolves or bears or, worse yet, by agile men on
snowshoes. Killing in the snow is not recognized as legitimate sport,
and is resorted to only by skin hunters or men lacking in the higher
ideals of sportsmen. The ordinary method of hunting deer in the summer
is by imitating the rutting cry of the male, the reply of the cow and
the defiant challenge of the male again, followed by the thrashing and
scraping of the trees and branches where the hunter lies concealed.
These cries are produced by blowing through a birchbark horn, and on
account of the blind fury of the rutting males they are often very
successful in bringing them to their death.

                     [Illustration: ALASKAN MOOSE.
                            (Alces gigas).]

The Indians and half-breeds of the far North stalk the wary Moose where
he beds himself down after a night of browsing, but so acute is his
hearing and sense of smell and so great his cunning that only the
trained woodsman can hope for success. Leaving his feed-trail abruptly,
the Moose moves off to one side down the wind so that any one trailing
him will be surely scented, and there beds himself down for the day. The
Indian follows the well-defined trail of the Moose until it becomes
fresh, and then by a series of circuits down the wind and leading back
to the trail, like the semicircles of the letter B, he gradually
approaches the hiding place until at last, coming up the wind, he sights
his prey and, startling it by a slight sound, shoots it where it stands.

The young are brought forth in the early summer and stay with their
mother until the third year. During this time she defends them with the
greatest ferocity from man and wild animals alike, using her sharp hoofs
in striking out at wolves and men, often trampling them into the snow in
her fury. The new-born young are very helpless at first on their long,
tottering legs, and, roaming as they do in a wild land of wolves and
beasts of prey, they could scarcely survive at all without the
protection of their mother’s knife-like hoofs. So long and awkward are
the legs of Moose that in running through the woods the hind feet often
interfere with the fore feet, throwing the clumsy animal in a heap. The
falling of Moose while running was considered so unaccountable at first
that it was assigned to attacks of epilepsy, but it has since been
discovered that when galloping the Moose spreads his hind feet far apart
in a more or less successful effort to avoid tripping up his fore feet.
But when we consider his load of horns and the fallen trees and broken
branches of his native haunts it is a marvel that he is able to outrun
his foes at all, whereas the Moose is in fact the swiftest animal in the
Northern woods.

                                                          Dane Coolidge.


  There’s a wonderful weaver
    High up in the air,
  And he waves a white mantle,
    For cold earth to wear.
  With the wind for his shuttle
    The cloud for his loom,
  How he weaves! How he weaves!
    In the light, in the gloom.
                                  —Wayne Whistler, in the Record-Herald.




                      THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A DUCK.
                           FOUNDED UPON FACT.


“How queer, my child! what a long, broad mouth you have, and what
peculiar feet!”

It was my mother, a big brown hen, who spoke. I had stepped from my egg,
only a short while before, and as I was the only one hatched out of the
whole thirteen, my poor mother was greatly disappointed.

Now, to add to her troubles, there seemed to be something very peculiar
about my appearance.

“Yes,” she went on still watching me critically, “I have raised many
families, but never a chick like you. Well! well! don’t cry about it.
Your yellow dress is very pretty. It doesn’t pay to be too sensitive, as
you will find, I am afraid, when you have lived with these chickens.
Some of them are dreadfully trying. Dear! dear! how stiff I am! This
setting is tiresome work.”

“I wonder what sort of home we are going to have.”

Our home, into which we moved a few hours later, proved to be an
upturned soap box. Seven little chickens were there before us.

“The same old story,” said my mother with a knowing air. “People imagine
we hens have no sense. I did not hatch those chickens, but I am expected
to care for them, as though I did. Some mothers would peck them so they
would be glad to stay away.”

She had too good a heart for this, however, and I was very glad to have
these brothers and sisters.

They were different from me, though, in many ways, principally, in their
dislike for water. They hated even to get their feet wet, while I dearly
loved to get in the pond, and swim around on its surface, or even dive
down to the bottom, where such nice fat worms lived.

My poor mother never could understand my tastes. The first time she saw
me on the water, she came rushing towards me, screaming and beating her
wings.

“Oh, my child! my child!” she cried, with tears in her eyes. “You will
drown! You will drown!”

I loved her, and so could not bear to see her distress. It was hard to
be different from all the others.

I had a little yellow sister who was a great comfort to me at these
times. I could never persuade her to try the water,—but she always sat
upon the edge of the pond while I had my swim. We shared everything with
each other; even our troubles.

About this time, my voice began to change. It had been a soft little
“peep,” but now it grew so harsh, that some of the old hens made
unpleasant remarks about it, and my mother was worried.

“It isn’t talking. It’s quacking,” said an old, brown-headed hen who was
always complaining of her nerves.

She was very cross and spent most of her time standing on one leg in a
corner and pecking any poor chicken that came in her reach.

“Don’t you know why it’s quacking?” asked a stately Buff Cochin who was
a stranger in the yard; having arrived only that morning. “That child
isn’t a chicken. She’s a duck.”

“What you giving us?” said a dandified Cock, who was busy pluming his
feathers. “Whoever heard of a duck?”

“Not you, I daresay,” answered the Buff with a contemptuous sniff. “It’s
easy to see you have never been away from this yard. I have traveled, I
would have you understand, and I know a duck, too.”

“Well, I don’t care what you call her,” snapped the cross one. “I only
hope she’ll keep her voice out of my hearing. The sound of it gives me
nervous prostration.”

As for poor me,—I stole quietly away, and went up into a corner of the
chicken house to cry. I was a duck, alas! and different from all about
me. No wonder I was lonely.

My mother asked the cause of my trouble, and when I told her she looked
sad and puzzled. “I don’t know what a duck is,” she sighed, “things have
been strangely mixed. But cheer up. Whatever comes you are still my
child.”

That was indeed a comfort to me. For never had chicken or duck a better
mother.

There was consolation also, in what the kind old Buff Cochin told me.

I had nothing to be ashamed of, she said, for ducks were much esteemed
by those who knew them.

From her this had more weight, for we all regarded the Buff Cochin as
very superior. They were well born, and well bred, and had seen life in
many places. Their husband, too, was a thorough gentleman.

However, he also was having his troubles now. He was losing his old
feathers, and his new ones were long in coming. Consequently, his
appearance was shabby, and he staid away from the hens.

Poor fellow, he looked quite forlorn, leaning up against a sunny corner
of the barn, trying to keep warm. I believe he felt the loss of his tail
feathers most for the young roosters who strutted by in their fine new
coats, made sneering remarks about it.

I was very sorry for him, but my own troubles were getting to be as much
as I could bear; for just when I needed a sympathetic mother she was
taken from me and her place filled by a big, bare-headed hen as high
tempered as she was homely.

“Raising a duck,” she said with a contemptuous sniff at me. “I never
supposed I’d come to that. Well, I’ll keep you, but understand one
thing, don’t go quacking around me, and don’t bring your wet and mud
into the house. I’m not your other mother. My children don’t rule me. I
won’t have that Mrs. Redbreast saying my house is dirty. There’s no
standing that hen anyhow. I’ll give her my opinion if she puts on her
airs around me. There’s too much mixture here. One can’t tell where
breed begins or ends.”

It was not many days later, before my mother and Mrs. Redbreast came to
words and then blows. The cause was only a worm, but it was enough. Mrs.
Redbreast insisted that it was hers. My mother thought otherwise, and
with a screech of defiance rushed upon her enemy. Dust and feathers
flew. We children withdrew to a safe distance, and with necks stretched
watched in fear and trembling.

The fight, though fierce, was short. Our mother was victorious, but she
had lost the tail feathers of which she had been so proud, and I am sure
she never forgave Mrs. Redbreast.

Like children, chickens and ducks grow older and bigger with the passing
days.

In time we were taken from our mothers and put to roost with the older
hens and cocks. I was not made to roost so I spent my nights alone in a
corner of the chicken house.

It was quieter down there—for up above the chickens all fought for best
place, and their cackling and fluttering was disturbing.

The old gentleman was very heavy. Not only was it hard for him to fly up
to the roost, but equally hard for him to hold on when once there. Yet I
could never persuade him to rest on the floor with me. Like his kind, he
preferred the discomfort of sleeping on a pole—a taste I cannot
understand.

I was four months old before I saw one of my own kind. Then, one day
three ducks were brought into the yard. They did not seem to mind being
stared at, but fell to eating corn and talking among themselves.

“Horribly greedy,” said Mrs. Redbreast. “I for one don’t care to
associate with them.”

“Now you know what you look like, old quacker,” snapped the cross hen,
with a peck at me. “My poor nerves will suffer sadly now.”

These unkind remarks scarcely disturbed me, however. There was a new
feeling stirring in my heart. I am afraid you will have to be a duck,
and live a long time without other ducks, to understand it. Here were
companions, whose natures and tastes were like mine, and I was content.

                                                         Louise Jamison.




                             A LOST FLOWER.


More than a hundred years ago a new flower was found in the wild and
rugged mountains of North Carolina by Michaux, a Frenchman, who had
traversed many lands and known many perils and adventures in his search
for rare plants. He had traveled through his native country and Spain,
climbed the Pyrenees, crossed sea and desert, been despoiled by Arab
robbers, so that he arrived in Persia with nothing but his books left to
him of his baggage. Luckily he cured the Shah of an illness, and was
allowed to carry back to France many Eastern plants. He was then sent by
his country to explore the forests of North America. In the mountainous
country of North Carolina there were no roads, only Indian trails,
traversed by a few missionaries and traders. In this wild and lonely
region he found a new flower, that belonged to no recognized genus, and
was mentioned by no previous botanist. It was a modest little flower;
its pure white cup rises on a wand-like stem in the midst of shining and
tender leaves, round in shape and prettily edged. He secured a specimen,
but he had no leisure to study its habits in the “montagnes sauvages,”
as he called these mountains in his own language. Rumors reached him of
the French Revolution, and he immediately hastened to return home. He
was shipwrecked on the voyage and lost nearly all his collections.

From this time the flower was lost, so far as any knowledge of its
existence was concerned. But after the death of Michaux, our botanist,
Dr. Asa Gray, happened to be in Paris with the son, the younger Michaux,
also a lover of plants. Very naturally Michaux showed his American guest
his father’s new specimens of American plants that had escaped the
shipwreck, and Dr. Gray was much interested in this little flower,
marked “Unknown.”

When he returned to the United States he sought it in vain. All trace
seemed to have disappeared. Year after year when he heard of anyone
going to the North Carolina mountains he would beg the person to look
for the lost flower.

At last, someone, by chance, found a blossom, in early spring, growing
in a different locality, and not recognizing its genus or species, sent
it to Dr. Gray, as one of the highest botanical authorities.

As soon as Dr. Gray saw it he exclaimed, with delight: “Why, this is the
little unknown flower of Michaux.”

After its strange disappearance of a century it had again come to light.
It has since been found in various parts of upper South Carolina, and is
now cultivated by more than one florist and grower of rare plants. Its
leaves are like those of the southern wild flower, the Galax, akin to
the Pyxie or flowering moss, so it has been placed in the same family
and named Shortia galacifolia, i. e., with a leaf like Galax. The first
name is given in honor of Short, the botanist, a lovely way of keeping
alive the remembrance of one who loved flowers.

                                                          Ella F. Mosby.

                       [Illustration: POLAR BEAR.
                          (Ursus maritimus).]




                            THE POLAR BEAR.
                          (_Ursus maritimus._)


The Polar Bear is the only aquatic member of the family being often
called Sea Bear, as the scientific name (Ursus maritimus) signifies. It
is practically confined to the arctic zone, although various unwilling
visitants have come as far south as Iceland and Newfoundland on the
floating cakes of ice. In size the Polar Bear ranks next to the grizzly,
with a doubt, perhaps, in his favor. He has the longest neck of any bear
and finds it very useful in catching seals and fish under water. The
coat is a silvery or creamy white, very long and thick, as might be
expected in an animal which swims about in the Arctic Ocean and rests
upon cakes of ice. The soles of the feet are very long and are covered
with thick fur, which gives it a large unslippery surface, and enables
it to climb over ice with facility.

The food of the Polar Bear consists principally of fish and seals, but
the walrus often falls a prey to his strength and cunning, and when
starved this Bear is known to eat marine grass in large quantities.
Carcasses stranded on the beach, dead whales and marine animals afford
him an opportunity to gorge himself to the utmost and make enough fat to
keep out the chill of arctic waters. So fat do these great bears become
that the pregnant female is able to bury herself in the snows of winter
and hibernate, at the same time suckling her cubs until spring. The
males do not hibernate, but may be seen all winter.

In hunting seals the Polar Bear enters the water at some distance from
where his prey is basking on the ice and swims with great rapidity
toward it, keeping well under water and raising the tip of his nose to
the surface at intervals for breath. At last it rises beneath and in
front of the seal and strikes it where it lies, or if it escapes into
the water, captures it with ease, for he is a very rapid and expert
diver. One has been known to dive from a block of ice and capture a
passing salmon as deftly as a kingfisher catches a minnow.

In Greenland the Polar Bear is known to swim from island to island along
the shore, eating the eggs and young of the innumerable birds which nest
there.

Jacques Cartier, the French navigator, in the narrative of his voyage to
Newfoundland in 1534 gives a wonderful account of the Polar Bear’s
fondness for birds and eggs and the efforts which he will make to
procure them. An “Island of Birds” was discovered off the coast of
Newfoundland, “and albeit the sayd island be fourteen leagues from the
maine-land, notwithstanding beares come swimming thither to eat of the
sayd birds, and our men found one there as great as any cow, and as
white as any swan, who in their presence leapt into the sea, and upon
Whitsun Munday (following our voyage to the land) we met her by the way,
swimming toward land as swiftly as we could saile. So soon as we saw her
we pursued her with our boats, and by maine strength tooke her, whose
flesh was as good to be eaten as the flesh of a calf of two yeares old.”
Captain Sabine reports having seen a Polar Bear swimming strongly forty
miles from land and with no ice in sight upon which to rest, so the
statement of Cartier is perhaps true. Very few cows weigh fifteen
hundred pounds, but this is the recorded weight of Polar Bears, “as
great as any cow,” killed by whaling crews in the arctic seas.

In hunting the Polar Bear the Eskimos usually pursue them with dogs and
having surrounded them, kill them with spears and harpoons, while they
fight the dogs. In the water the Polar Bear is generally able to escape
by swimming and diving and often it happens that by his strength and
quickness he overturns boats and mangles the occupants before they can
be rescued. The skin and fat of the Polar Bear are more valued by the
natives of the north than his flesh, which is both fibrous and strong in
flavor. The members of various arctic expeditions have been glad to eat
it, however, Dr. Kane in particular, having had his life and that of his
comrades preserved for some time by the meat from the carcass of a great
bear, which fell into a trap baited simply with an old and greasy
stocking. Whenever possible his men shot the bears on the ice, and many
pathetic scenes were witnessed by them when the mothers of cubs were
killed or when the cubs being slain, their mother refused to leave their
bodies, even when wounded. So great is the affection of these bears for
each other that when one of a pair is killed the mate remains by the
body, fondling and caressing it and trying to tempt it by food and
endearments to rise again.

It has always been very difficult to keep Polar Bears in confinement, on
account of the heat and lack of swimming facilities. The great bears at
Bronx Park in New York City are probably the happiest in captivity; with
a great pool to swim in, rocks to climb and a deep cave down into the
cool heart of a granite rock, where they can always retire and go into
cold storage. Their happiness is largely due to the ingenuity and
kindliness of William T. Hornaday, the director, who probably
understands better what an animal wants than any man in America. But
after he had provided everything that a well-regulated bear might
desire, he was distressed to see his pets idle and sulking, taking no
exercise and declining to utilize any of the facilities except the cold
storage department. It was at this crisis that Mr. Hornaday heard from
some whalers that in the arctic lands Polar Bears had been seen to play
with small boulders by the hour. At once he gave his pets a small
boulder and immediately all changed. They pushed, they fought and
struggled, rolled the stone up hill and down hill, threw it into the
pool and dived for it—and have been happy ever since. They had been like
children in a fine house, but with nothing to play with.

                                                          Dane Coolidge.


  O, beautiful world of gold!
    When waving grain is ripe,
      And apples beam
      Through the hazy gleam,
    And quails on the fence rails pipe;
  With pattering nuts and winds,—why then,
  How swiftly falls the white again!
                                          —G. Cooper, “’Round the Year.”




                          Transcriber’s Notes


--Created an eBook cover from elements within the issue.

--Reconstructed the Table of Contents (originally on each issue’s
  cover).

--Retained copyright notice on the original book (this eBook is
  public-domain in the country of publication.)

--Silently corrected a few palpable typos.







End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds and Nature, Vol. 10 No. 3
[October 1901], by Various

*** 