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COMMERCIAL RESTRAINTS OF IRELAND.




[Illustration: FROM A PAINTING BY SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS.]




  THE COMMERCIAL RESTRAINTS OF IRELAND

  CONSIDERED IN A SERIES OF LETTERS TO A NOBLE LORD, CONTAINING
  AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE AFFAIRS OF THAT KINGDOM. DUBLIN, 1779.


  BY JOHN HELY HUTCHINSON,
  PROVOST OF TRINITY COLLEGE, ETC.


   "----the best exposition which exists of the poisonous forces which had
   so long been working in the country."--_Froude._

   "This valuable and rare book is, perhaps, the best ever written on the
   subject of Irish trade, and the restrictions put upon it by
   England."--_Mr. Blackburne._


  Re-Edited,
  WITH A SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR'S LIFE, INTRODUCTION,
  NOTES, AND INDEX,

  BY W. G. CARROLL, M.A.
  S.S. BRIDE'S AND MICHAEL LE POLE'S, DUBLIN.


  DUBLIN
  M. H. GILL & SON, 50 UPPER SACKVILLE STREET
  LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & CO., STATIONERS'-HALL COURT.
  1882




  "Good Heaven! for what peculiar crimes,
  Beyond the guilt of former times,
  Is Ireland ever doom'd by fate
  To groan beneath Oppression's weight."--_Baratariana._

"If your vessel is frequently in danger of foundering in the midst of a
calm, if by the smallest addition of sail she is near oversetting, let the
gale be ever so steady, you would neither reproach the crew nor accuse the
pilot or the master; you would look to the construction of the vessel and
see how she had been originally framed and whether any new works had been
added to her that <DW44> or endanger her course."--_Commercial
Restraints._


PRINTED BY M. H. GILL AND SON, 50 UPPER SACKVILLE-ST., DUBLIN.




The Publishers desire to express their best thanks to the Provost and
Senior Fellows of Trinity College for their kindness in lending the
Library copy of the "Commercial Restraints," and the portrait of Provost
Hely Hutchinson, by Sir Joshua Reynolds; also for the extracts from the
College Register, and for free access to the Matriculation and Judgment
Books.

The Publishers have, likewise, to acknowledge their obligation to Sir
Samuel Ferguson for the courteous favour of the fac-simile of Provost
Hutchinson's autograph which underlines the frontispiece.




CONTENTS.


                                                                PAGE

  Life                                                            ix

  Notes:
    (A) The Hutchinson Family                                  lxxix
    (B) Dr. Leland                                             lxxxv
    (C) Dr. Duigenan                                         lxxxvii
    (D) Grattan and Fitzgibbon's College Course               lxxxix
    (E) Lists of the Secretaries of State, Chancellors
        of the Exchequer, Speakers of the Irish House
        of Commons, and Chief Secretaries                       xciv

  Introduction                                                  xcix

  Commercial Restraints                                            1

  Appendix                                                       165

  Index                                                          169




LIFE OF PROVOST HELY HUTCHINSON.


THE RIGHT HON. JOHN HELY HUTCHINSON, author of the "Commercial
Restraints," was certainly one of the most remarkable men that this
country ever produced; and he took, amidst an unequalled combination of
brilliant rivals, a very prominent part in the most interesting and
splendid period of Ireland's internal history. He was, according to Dr.
Duigenan, a man of humble parents. He entered Trinity College as a
Pensioner, in the year 1740, under the name John Hely,[1] and after his
marriage he adopted the name Hutchinson, on succeeding to the estate of
his wife's uncle.

In 1744 he obtained his B.A., and Duigenan admits that in his
Undergraduate Course he won some premiums at the quarterly examinations.
In 1765 he was presented with the degree of LL.D. _Honoris Causa_. The
_College Calendar_, in the list of Provosts, has, "1774. The Rt. Hon. John
Hely Hutchinson, LL.D., educated in Trin. Coll., Dublin, but not a Fellow;
admitted Provost by Letters Patent of George III., July 15; Member of
Parliament for the City of Cork, and Secretary of State. Died Provost,
Sep. 4, 1794, at Buxton."[2]

This is all the mention which the published records of the College make
of, perhaps, its most celebrated Provost. The Calendar is inaccurate as to
the year of his matriculation, and it does not even tell that he was the
author of the "Commercial Restraints"--its memorial notices being
extremely scanty and brief; but in other contemporary writings we find
several notices of him, unfavourable and favourable. He was called to the
Bar in 1748; King's Counsel, 1758; Member for Lanesborough as John Hely
Hutchinson of Knocklofty, 1759;[3] in 1760 he received, in a silver case,
the freedom of Dublin for his patriotic services in parliament.[4] He was
Member for Cork City as John Hely Hutchinson of Palmerston, and afterwards
as Right Hon., 1761; Prime Serjeant, sometimes going Judge of Assize, and
Privy Councillor, 1761; Alnager,[5] 1763; Major in a Cavalry Regiment,
which, when threatened with a court-martial for non-attendance to duty, he
sold forthwith for L3,000; Provost and Searcher of Strangford,[6] 1774;
Principal Secretary of State, 1777;[7] M.P. for Taghmon, 1790; died 1794
(according to the _College Calendar_ at Buxton, and according to the
_Gentleman's Magazine_ in Dublin). He was also Treasurer of Erasmus
Smith's Board, and one of the Commissioners for inquiring into Education
Endowments, and he strove perseveringly but fruitlessly to obtain besides
the Chancellorship of the Exchequer.

The most important and most historic of all these appointments was the
Provostship, and it is in connection with the Provostship that we know
most about him. He won the high office, for which, in regard of any sort
of learning, he was totally disqualified, by a dexterous intrigue with the
Chief Secretary of the day, Sir John Blacquiere; and those who cared most
for Hutchinson considered that the manoeuvre was an unwise one for him.
It forfeited his assured prospects at the Bar, and it fastened on him the
odious imputation of an insatiable avarice. The appointment, moreover, was
regarded as an affront and an injury by the body over which he was placed.
Fellows and Scholars in various ways resented the indignity, and
Hutchinson had to face a very surly temper inside the walls. He faced it
with a light heart, and triumphed over it; but it often turned on him, and
stung him. He considered that it was well worth the cost; for in the first
place it was an appointment for life; and then he had not to give up his
lucrative practice in the law courts, which Froude says was worth nearly
L5,000 a year; and in fact he never ceased to angle for the Mastership of
the Rolls. In the next place, he got in addition a splendid town
residence, on which eleven thousand pounds had just been expended; he got
an income of two thousand one hundred a year; he got a very wide
patronage, and he calculated on getting the control of the parliamentary
representation of the University, which at that time was in the hands of
the Fellows and Scholars. This last object would have been an immense
acquisition for him; but he failed to win the game, the playing of which
led him, according to Duigenan and others, into some of his most
reprehensible courses.

As has been said above, in the rivalries of public life Hutchinson was
pitted against a phalanx of as able men as ever appeared together in any
country; and most of these men he supplanted and surpassed. They avenged
themselves by lampooning him, and they were masters in the art. The
Provost was assailed in prose and in verse, in couplet and in cartoon, in
newspapers and pamphlets, in the "Lachrymae Academicae," "Baratariana," and
"Pranceriana;" and these two last _pasquinades_ are unique in English
literature. Their satire is as broad and as wounding as that of Junius,
while it is often far more finished and playful; and there is no other
instance of so many men of the same ability and station being combined in
such a mosaic of detraction.[8]

"BARATARIANA," so called from Sancho Panza's island-kingdom, was written
in verse and in prose, and it appeared originally as letters in the
_Freeman's Journal_, which at that time, previous to its removal to
"Macaenas' Head" in Bride-street, was published over St. Audeon's Arch.[9]
The principal writers of these letters were Sir Hercules Langrishe,[10]
Flood, Grattan, Yelverton, Gervase Bushe, and Philip Tisdall. The volume
is "a collection of pieces published during the administration of Lord
Townshend," and in it the Lord Lieutenant figures as "Sancho," Anthony
Malone as "Don Antonio," Provost Andrews as "Don Francesco Andrea del
Bumperoso," and Hely Hutchinson under the various titles of "Don John
Alnagero, Autochthon, Terrae Filius, Monopolist, Single Session, and
Serjeant Rufinus." It was in one of these papers that Grattan, with an
audacious drollery, drew his celebrated character of Lord Chatham, as a
privileged extract from a manuscript copy of Robertson's forthcoming
"History of America." The description given by Langrishe of Hutchinson,
who was not Provost at that time, is: "He talks plausibly and with full
confidence, and whatever Pro-consul is deputed here Rufin immediately
kidnaps him into a guardianship, and like another Trinculo erects himself
into a viceroy over him. His whole elocution is alike futile and
superficial. It has verdure without soil, like the fields imagined in a
Calenture. He has great fluency, but little or no argument. He has some
fancy, too, but it serves just to wrap him into the clouds and leave him
there, while he holds himself suspended, planing and warbling like a lark,
without one thought to interrupt the song. If he has any forte it is in
vituperation or abuse. In 1766 he defeated the first Militia Bill.[11] His
first stride in apostasy was supporting the Privy Council Money Bill in
1767 [for opposing which Anthony Malone[12] had previously lost the Prime
Serjeancy in 1754, and the Chancellorship of the Exchequer[13] in 1761;]
his next was in defending the motion for the additional regiments, whereby
we were treated like a ravaged country, where contributions are levied to
maintain the very force that oppresses it." For these ministerial services
Hutchinson got the Prime Serjeancy, with an extra salary of L500 a year.
In the next session he was useful to the Crown in regard of the Pensions
Enquiry Bill and the Embargo Corn Bill, and was rewarded with the
sinecure Alnager's place, worth L1,000 a year. He was made a Privy
Councillor, got the reversionary grant of the Principal Secretaryship of
State, and the commission of a half-pay majority, and was what Primate
Stone termed "a ready-money voter." "He got more," says Flood, "for
ruining one kingdom than Admiral Hawke got for saving three."[14] The
"List of the Pack," one of the rhymes in the volume, has:

  "Yet Tisdal unfeeling and void of remorse,
  Is still not the worst--Hely Hutchinson's worse;
  Who feels every crime, yet his feeling denies,
  And each day stabs his country, with tears in his eyes."

Philip Tisdall, in "Baratariana," gives the following humorous description
of Hutchinson: "He is jealous of me, and as peevish as an old maid. I love
to tease him. I endeavour to put him on as odious ground as I can in
parliament, and then I am the first to complain to him that Government
should expose their servants to so much obloquy without occasion. I
magnify to him the favours and confidence I receive from Government, and
my correspondence with Rigby, which nettles him to the heart. He is too
finical for Lord Townshend, who makes very good sport of him. One day he
dined at the Castle, and when the company broke up, Lord Townshend, who
pretended to be more in liquor than he was, threw his arms about his neck
and cried out, 'My dear Tisdall, my sheet anchor, my whole dependence!
don't let little Hutchinson come near me; keep him off, my dear friend;
keep him off--he's damned tiresome.' At other times His Excellency makes
formal appointments to dine at Palmerston[15] at a distant day. The Prime
Serjeant invites all the officers of State; Mrs. Hutchinson is in a
flurry; they send to me for my cook; and after a fortnight's bustle, when
dinner is half spoiled, His Excellency sends an excuse, and dines with any
common acquaintance that he happens to meet in strolling about the streets
that morning. This g'emman has a pretty method enough of expressing
himself, indeed, but in points of law there are better opinions. My
friend, the late Primate, who knew men, said, that the Prime Serjeant was
the only person he had ever met with who got ready money, in effect, for
every vote he gave in parliament. He has got among the rest the reversion
of my Secretary's office; but I think I shall outlive him."[16]

Another note in "Baratariana" records that Tisdall, whose Government
salaries exceeded L5,000 a year, had also a reversion of the Alnager's
place, with its L1,000 a year, on the death of Hutchinson; and this
mutuality of Reversions, no doubt, accounts for the warm affection that
subsisted between Hutchinson and Tisdall. Blacquiere got the Alnagership
as the price of the Provostship, as before mentioned. Besides the
Alnagership Hutchinson was obliged also to resign the Prime Serjeancy,
which was given to Dennis; but even in regard of emolument the Provostship
was well worth these two sacrifices, the united income of which was only
L1,300. He retained his sinecure of L1,800 a year, and the State
Secretaryship, and he was further compensated by the sinecure office of
Searcher of the Port of Strangford, with a patented salary of L1,000 a
year for his own life and the lives of his two elder sons. He had thus
altogether, besides his lucrative practice at the Bar and his own estate,
about L6,000 a year, together with the Provost's House, while his eldest
son was Commissioner of Accounts, with L500 a year, and with the reversion
of the Second Remembrancership of the Exchequer, worth L800 a year, and
his second son had a troop of dragoons.[17]

"PRANCERIANA" derives its title from "Prancer," or "Jack Prance," the
nickname which was given to the Provost,

  "Restorer of the art of dancing,
  And mighty prototype of prancing,"

from his effort to establish in the College a riding and dancing-school,
in imitation of the Oxford schools.

  "Each college duty shall be done in dance,
  And hopeful students shall not walk, but prance."

The articles were originally published in the _Hibernian Journal_ and
_Freeman's Journal_,[18] and the two volumes, which appeared in 1776, were
announced as "A collection of fugitive pieces published since the
appointment of the present Provost." The collection was dedicated to "J-n
H-y H-n, Doctor of Laws, P.T.C., late Major in the Fourth Regiment of
Horse, Representative in the late and present Parliament of the city of
Cork, one of his Majesty's Counsel at Law, Reversionary Remembrancer of
the Exchequer, Secretary of State, one of His Majesty's Most Honourable
Privy Council, and Searcher, Packer, and Gauger of the Port of
Strangford."[19]

It attacks the Provost all round with every asperity; it mocks his want of
learning by calling him "the Potosi of Erudition;" it makes fun of his
riding and dancing-schools; and it ridicules his boasted college reforms.

Alluding to his efforts to banish card-playing there is the rhyme--

  "You bag and baggage made them pack
  Old Whist, and Slam that Saucy jack,
  Ombre, Quadrille, Pope Joan, Piquet,
  And Brag and Cribbage--cursed set."

It is obliged to admit, however ungraciously, that the Provost effected
some improvements. He obtained from the Erasmus Smith board, of which he
was treasurer, the L200 a year for the oratory and composition
premiums,[20] as well as the L2,500 for building the theatre, which
Duigenan declares the College did not want. He established also the Modern
Languages Professorships, the latter-day English Parliament treatment of
which is such a curious passage in the history of the University.
"Pranceriana" admits, too, that by the Provost the park was walled in,[21]
and that common rooms inside the walls, supplied with coffee and papers,
were provided for the students; that "tardies" [i.e. returns of students
as passing into College between 9 and 12 P.M.] were lessened, that
"chapels" required to be attended by them were increased, and that the
calling of examination rolls was finished by eight o'clock in the morning,
the hours of the Quarterly Examination being at that time from 8 to 12,
A.M., and 2 to 4, P.M. Hutchinson was unquestionably very arbitrary and
offensive in some of his regulations, but whether he was right or wrong he
met the same cynical measure in "Pranceriana."[22]

The "LACHRYMAE," published in 1777, was the work of Dr. Duigenan alone (see
note B), and in it he gives full fling to his hatred of the Provost. It is
an able and envenomed indictment, and the author hits his victim with the
utmost roughness. He accuses the Provost of violating every clause of the
Provost's oath, and of being guilty of every possible abuse of his high
office; he, moreover, defames Dr. Leland (see note C), and the other
Fellows who were or became civil and courteous to the Provost. Duigenan
acknowledges that he set himself to be insolent to the Provost; he tells
what brave plans of defiance and revenge he formed, and how, after all,
the Provost punished him and put him down.

The "Lachrymae" records all this in piquant and entertaining fashion; and,
besides being damaging to the Provost's character, it is interesting still
as a sort of College Calendar of the period, giving antiquarian
information of much value concerning the administration, economies, and
discipline of the College a hundred years ago. It begins with reciting the
naked and unprincipled manoeuvre with Sir John Blacquiere, the Chief
Secretary[23] to Lord Lieutenant Harcourt, by which Hutchinson, a layman,
was appointed Provost, by virtue of the Crown's dispensing with the
Statute which required the office to be filled by a Doctor or Bachelor in
Divinity. Blacquiere's origin, Duigenan says, was like the source of the
Nile, only to be guessed at, and Blacquiere himself was insolent,
illiterate, and avaricious. On the death of Provost Andrews, in 1774, he
recommended as his successor John Hely Hutchinson, who resigned in his
patron's favour the office of Alnager, which Blacquiere ere long farmed
out at L1,200 per annum.

Duigenan says that whilst the bargain was in agitation Blacquiere
represented the Provostship as much more valuable than it was. He adds
that Hutchinson "complained loudly that he had been bitten," and that to
make the best of a bad bargain he took in hands the College Estate.

Henry Flood was an eager candidate for the Provostship, and was put off
with a vice-treasurership, and a salary of L3,500 a year. Blacquiere would
have given him the Provostship if he could have paid a higher price than
Hutchinson; and "he would have sold it to a chimney-sweeper if he had been
the highest bidder." Duigenan says that all he knew of Flood was that he
had been bought by Blacquiere, but he had no doubt that he would have made
a better Provost than Hutchinson.[24] His disgust against Hutchinson is so
intense that it overrides his sour nationality and his jealousy for the
rights of the body to which he belonged; and he declares that he would
have preferred the appointment of an Oxford or Cambridge clergyman.

In the _Gazette_ announcement of Hutchinson's appointment his "LL.D." was
puffed, but Duigenan strips the degree of all merit by explaining that it
was only an "honorary" one--that it had no Academic significance--that
every member of the Irish Parliament had a customary right to it--that it
had just been conferred on an ignorant carpenter, one John Magill[25]--and
that, as the climax of the prostitution, he himself, Duigenan, in his
capacity of Regins Professor of Civil Law, had officially presented
Blacquiere for the honour![26]

Non-fellow, unlearned, and layman as he was, Hutchinson got the
Provostship, and he was not long in finding out that the constitution of
the college afforded a sphere for energy which precisely suited him. By
the "New Statutes," i.e., the Charter and Statutes drawn up by Archbishop
Laud, the Provost possessed, or was supposed traditionally to possess,[27]
almost absolutely, the management of the college estates, the disposal of
its revenues, the nomination of fellows and scholars, and the power of
rewarding and punishing fellows and scholars. The choice of parliamentary
representatives for the University rested--not as since the Reform Act,
with the registered Masters of Arts and Ex Scholars at large--with the
corporate body of the fellows and scholars for the time being, all of whom
were in a great degree subject to the statutable powers and underhand
influence of the Provost. The body consisted of twenty-two fellows and
seventy scholars. The College was the only asylum in the kingdom for
friendless merit, and Duigenan knew five contemporary bishops who had been
fellows.[28] All its usefulness and all its glories were swept away by the
appointment of "Mr."--for he would not call him Dr.--Hutchinson.

Duigenan explains that it took five years' hard study to get a fellowship;
that the juniors were subject to incessant toil and irksome bondage as
tutors, and that their single compensating prospect was co-option. The
income of the juniors was only L40 a year, but the seniors at that time
handed over to them the pupils to help their scanty maintenances.[29] The
"Natives' Places" were held by Scholars who were Irish born, and who
succeeded to the Places by seniority and diligent attendance on college
duties.

Sizarships were given by nomination, the Provost claiming eight
nominations to one of each of the senior fellows, the previous system of
election by examination having been superseded by Hutchinson. There was
not one of these departments in which, according to Duigenan, Provost Hely
Hutchinson did not traffic--and Duigenan's statements are borne out by the
evidence before the parliamentary committee.[30] It was the same with
"non-coing," i.e., allowing money in lieu of commons in the hall; the same
in the matter of chambers, the same in regard of leaves of absence, the
same in regard of fines, and the same in everything. In all these matters
benefits were given to those who would vote for the Provost's sons, and
rights were refused to those who would not so vote. The Fellows in those
days used to have to purchase their rooms from the college--they could be
compelled by the Provost to attend the lectures of the professors, and
Duigenan says that the Provost once ordered him to leave the law courts to
attend one of these lectures. Fellows had the right of visiting the
students' rooms--they used to chum together--they used to be allowed to
borrow money from the College, and under this arrangement Duigenan owed
L300, while Leland and others owed more.

From the time of the "Glorious Revolution" none but Fellows had ever been
made Provosts, although during that period five Provosts had been
appointed. Dr. Andrew's Fellowship was a sort of excuse for appointing
him, although he was a layman; and Duigenan, in calculating the pecuniary
losses which he sustained through Hutchinson, intimates that a similar
dispensation might have been exercised towards himself if in due course he
had succeeded to his Senior Fellowship. These losses he sets down at
L3,000 actual, and L6,000 on the calculation of contingencies. The
Provostship was worth L2,100 a year, besides a splendid residence. A
Senior-Fellowship, we are told, was worth L700 a year; a
Junior-Fellowship, including pupils, L200; Scholars had free commons, and
there were thirty Native Places, with L20 a year each additional; the
Beadle of the University had L20 a year; the Porters L5 a year, with
clothes and food in the hall. On an average two Fellowships became vacant
every three years. All these particulars Duigenan gives, and they all are
made to serve as counts in his indictment of the Provost.

Hutchinson had the College estates surveyed, and Duigenan makes a grievous
complaint of this proceeding. He says the survey cost the College two
thousand pounds, and that it was an iniquitous device for raising the
College rents upon improvements that had been effected by the tenants.[31]
He declares that from the rent-raising there resulted beggary,
discontent, and emigration. The renewal fines were divided into nine
parts, of which two went to the Provost, and one to each of the seven
seniors. In the year 1850, the fines were transferred to the College
account, and the Senior Fellows were compensated out of the "Cista
communis."[32]

The "LACHRYMAE" tells how the Provost got the large old college plate
melted down, and turned into a modern service, destroying the engraved
coats-of-arms and names of the donors, at an expense to the college of
L400.[33] He soon after had it moved out to Palmerston House, and
Duigenan does not seem to feel at all sure about its honest return. Most
of the Fellows were in the Provost's power by being married, and Duigenan
says that he used the power tyrannically.[34] A Fellow going out on a
living was allowed only five months' benefit of salary.[35]

Duigenan seems to hold the Provost responsible for the "mean and decayed"
condition of the chapel, and he more than once rails at him for being of
mean parentage.[36] He finds that since the time of Charles I. no
Provost, except Hutchinson and his predecessor, had ever sat in the House
of Commons. He is obliged to admit that Dr. Andrews' conduct in private
life was somewhat too loose and unguarded for a Provost; but still he was
better than Hutchinson, though he was told that the latter was a good
husband and father. Mr. Hutchinson might be a good husband and father,
"but no one would think the better of a wolf because the beast was kind to
its mate and cubs." Hutchinson had destroyed the seclusion and retirement
of the college by infesting its walks and gardens with his wife, adult
daughters, infant children with nurses and go-carts, and military officers
on prancing horses. He had endeavoured to institute a riding-school and a
professorship of horsemanship after the example of Oxford, and he had
desecrated the Convocation or Senate Hall by making it a fencing-school.
Duelling had become the fashion among the students under the influence of
the Provost's evil example, and the college park was made the ground for
pistol practice.[37]

We are told further by Duigenan that the number of students then on the
college books was 598, of whom 228 were intern.[38] We see by the _Liber
Munerum Hiberniae_ that by 1792 the number of students had so much
increased, consequently on the liberal education spirit of Grattan's
parliament, that a King's Letter was obtained raising the quarterly
examination days from two to four. In the following year was the King's
Letter directing the admission of Catholics to degrees on taking the oath
of Abjuration and Allegiance, in accordance with the Act of the Irish
Parliament, and in 1794 appears the first "R. C." entry (Thomas
Fitzgerald, of Limerick) on the College Matriculation Books. From that
date onward the religious denomination of pupils has always been recorded.

"PRANCERIANA," i.e., probably Duigenan, asserts that the Provost, on the
eve of the second election in which his son was returned, offered to
supply to a voter amongst the candidates for Fellowship a copy of the
questions which he was to give in Moral Science for the ensuing
examinations;[39] and Duigenan openly says that the Provost was determined
that no one should be elected a Scholar who would not previously promise
to vote as he should direct him.

He kept an electioneering agent inside the walls, a spy and a
corrupter,--"in short, the Blacquiere of Mr. Hutchison." Duigenan gives a
long list of the Provost's insolences to himself and to other members of
the body. He resisted marriage dispensations to the Fellows who were his
opponents, while he procured them for his creatures--Leland and Dabzac.

On the death of Shewbridge the Fellow, which was attributed to Hutchison's
refusing him leave to go to the country for change of air, the students
defied the Provost's order for a private interment at 6 o'clock in the
morning. They had the bell rung, had a night burial and a torchlight
procession, attended the funeral in mourning, and afterwards broke into
the Provost's house.

In the first year of his office the Provost dispersed a meeting of the
Scholars and some of the Fellows that was held by advertisement at Ryan's
in Fownes-street, "the principal tavern in the city," for the purpose of
nominating candidates for the representation of the University against the
Provost's nominees.

Duigenan goes on to relate how Hutchinson discharged the various duties of
the high office which he had acquired by the traffic above stated. He made
an exhibition of his ignorance at a Fellowship Examination by suggesting
that Alexander the Great died in the time of the Peloponessian War; but
ridiculous a figure as he made in the Scholarship and Fellowship
Examinations, he would not withdraw from them, because unless he examined
he could not vote or nominate at the election of the Scholars and Fellows.
This nomination power was with him a darling object in the execution of
his electioneering projects of making the College a family borough, and he
abstained from no methods to effectuate his scheme.

We are told at length how the Provost, with the consent of a majority of
the Board, deprived Berwick of his Scholarship for absence, because
Berwick would not vote for his son, and how the Visitors, on appeal,
restored him.[40] How he deprived Mr. Gamble of the buttery clerkship, and
replaced him, on the threat of an appeal, suggested and drawn up by
Duigenan. How the Provost refused Mr. FitzGerald, a Fellow, leave to
accompany his sick wife to the country, and tried to provoke FitzGerald's
hot temper. The Provost's cruelties and injuries to Duigenan himself knew
no limits. He says, that for the purpose of keeping him from being
co-opted, the Provost had the Board Registry falsified, that he set the
porters to watch him, that he persecuted him, and mulcted him in the
buttery books, for sleeping out of college without leave. He relates that
he was attacked by the Provost's gang, and was obliged in consequence to
wear arms; and that, finally, Hutchinson compelled him to go out on the
Laws' Professorship on a salary which was raised to L460 a year.[41]

The "Lachrymae Academicae" shows how Duigenan spent the leisure hours of his
enforced retirement.

It was dedicated to King George III. Duigenan had "dragged this Cacus (the
Provost) from his den," and he appealed to the Duke of Gloucester as
Chancellor, and to the archbishops of Armagh and Dublin as Visitors, to
rescue the college out of the hands of this worse than Vandalic destroyer,
this molten calf, and pasteboard Goliath. As this remedy might fail, from
the uncertainty of all events in this world, Duigenan pointed out two
other remedies, the application of which lay with the King. One was to
have the Provost's patent voided by a _scire facias_, and the other was to
deprive him of all power, authority, or revenue in the college, during his
life. His authority was to be transferred to the Board, and his revenue to
be appropriated to pay for the new building. These suggestions were not
adopted, but the _Lachrymae_ did not by any means fall still-born from the
press. It produced a powerful sensation within the walls and in outer
circles.

On the 19th of July it was censured by the Board in the following
resolution:--

"Whereas, a pamphlet hath lately been published in the city of Dublin,
with the title of "Lachrymae Academicae," to which the name of Patrick
Duigenan, LL.D., is prefixed as author, traducing the character of the
Right Honourable the Provost and some respectable Fellows of this society,
and misrepresenting and vilifying the conduct of the said Provost and
Fellows, and the government of the said college, without regard to truth
or decency.

"Resolved by the Provost and Senior Fellows that the author and publishers
of the said pamphlet shall be prosecuted in the course of law, and that
orders to that purpose be given to the law agent of the college.

"Ordered that the said resolution be published in the English and Irish
newspapers."--[_Extract from College Register, July 19, 1777._]

The censure was officially published in the _Dublin Journal_, and in
_Saunders' News Letter_; whereupon Duigenan inserted in the _Freeman_ the
following advertisement:--

"Whereas, a false and malicious advertisement has been inserted in the
_Dublin Journal_, and in _Saunders' News Letter_, containing a resolution
of the Board of Trinity College, Dublin, relative to a book written and
published by me, entitled, 'Lachrymae Academicae; or, the present deplorable
state of the College of the Holy and undivided Trinity, of Queen
Elizabeth, near Dublin.' It is necessary to inform the public that the
said resolution was carried at the Board by the votes of Drs. Leland,
Dabzac, Wilson, and Forsayeth (the very same persons who voted for the
unstatutable deprivation of Mr. Berwick), against the opinions of Mr.
Clement, the Vice-Provost, of Dr. Murray, and Dr. Kearney. It is also
necessary to observe that three of these gentlemen who voted for the
above resolution are persons whom I have declared my intention, in my
book, of accusing, before the Visitors, of having committed unstatutable
crimes; which intention I shall most certainly execute.[42] And I do
hereby pledge myself to the public that I will effectually prosecute at
law every one of the junto for the said scurrilous advertisement, and the
resolution therein contained.

  "PAT. DUIGENAN,

"Chancery Lane, July 21st, 1777."

"N.B.--Dr. Murray signed the said advertisement officially as Registrar of
the College, who is obliged to sign resolutions of the majority of the
Board. He strenuously opposed the resolution therein contained, and the
insertion of it in the Public Prints."

Besides these Board proceedings, the "Lachrymae" led to a plentiful crop of
litigation in the Courts. In Michaelmas Term, 1777, in the King's Bench,
Serjeant Wood moved for an information against Duigenan at the suit of the
Provost on account of the defamation in the "Lachrymae," and the
application was granted. The same time Barry Yelverton, on the part of Dr.
Arthur Browne, Fellow, and Member for the University, moved for an
information against the _Hibernian Journal_, and Fitzgibbon moved for
informations against two persons for challenging Duigenan. Applications
granted.

In 1778 Counsellors Smith, Burgh, &c., showed cause on behalf of Dr.
Duigenan against making absolute the Rule for information against the
"Lachrymae," when Judge Robinson dismissed the case, saying that it had
already taken up fifteen days of the public time, and that he "left the
School to its own correctors."[43]

In 1776, Duigenan insulted the Provost in the Four Courts, and the
Provost, disdaining Duigenan, called upon Tisdall to make him responsible
for his follower's conduct. He told Tisdall to consider that he had
insulted him with a view to provoke a challenge. This was the occasion on
which Duigenan threatened to bulge the Provost's eye. Tisdall at once
applied for an information against him in the King's Bench. Seventeen
counsel were engaged in the cause.

Hutchinson argued his own case before the Court with consummate ability.
He delivered a most masterly speech, and offered an apology for calling
Tisdall an old scoundrel and an old rascal. He did not recollect having
used these expressions, but if he did use them, it was out of Court. He
referred pathetically to all the annoyance and ridicule that he was
undergoing by pamphlets and in the public press; and he excused his
appearing in his own defence by the circumstance that his lawyers were
harassed in attendance on the six different suits promoted against him on
very unaccountable motives.

The Court of King's Bench made the rule against him absolute, but the
proceedings collapsed in consequence of Tisdall's death.[44]

Duigenan says that Hutchinson was once publicly chastised by a gentleman
whom he had affronted, but we have no other account of the circumstance.
Duigenan makes out that he was a coward as well as a tyrant and impostor,
and he compares him to "Cacofogo," the usurer in Beaumont and Fletcher's
play.

In 1789, the Provost supported Grattan in the Regency Bill, and in the
motions connected with it. For this he was liable to be dismissed from the
lucrative offices which he held under the Crown, and to save himself from
this penalty he signed the "Round Robin" of the twenty peers and
thirty-seven commoners who were in a similar predicament. This famous
instrument which was drawn up in the Provost's house, pledged the
co-signers to stand or fall together, and bound them as a body "to make
Government impossible" if the Viceroy, Lord Buckingham, were to venture to
punish any of them. Fitzgibbon, then Attorney-General, mercilessly crushed
and humbled the "Parliamentary Whiteboys;" he made the synagogue of Satan
come and worship before his feet,[45] and the most abject of the recreants
was the Provost.[46]

To secure the control of the parliamentary representation of the
University was, as has been said, one of Hutchinson's dearest plans. The
pursuit of it led him, according to all accounts, into some of his most
dishonourable and vindictive actions, and after all he won but temporary
and chequered success in the ambitious experiment. In the prosecution of
these election aims, the Provost stuck at nothing. He had agents and
emissaries everywhere; and through them as well as by his own direct
efforts he instituted an all-pervading system of corruption. He knew how
to make subtle but palpable advances to the voters that were under his
eye, and to tamper at the same time with their friends and parents at a
distance. He ransacked every department of Academic life so as to be
expert at turning the whole system of collegiate rewards and punishments
into an organised instrumentality for bribery. All the emoluments,
rewards, and conveniences of the college were reserved for those who
promised their vote to the Provost, and all the obsolete and vexatious
disciplines were enforced against those who were disposed to assert their
independence in exercising the franchise. By an unscrupulous use of both
his patronage, and his powers as Returning Officer, he was enabled to get
two of his sons returned for the University, but he saw powerful and
damaging petitions against both of them. In 1776, he returned his eldest
son Richard against Tisdall, the Attorney-General. Tisdall lodged a
petition in June, which the House ordered to be considered in July, but
before that day the Parliament was prorogued, and did not meet again till
October in the following year. Meanwhile, Tisdall died; the petition was
moved by Madden and King, and ultimately, in March, 1778, the Select
Committee unseated Hutchinson. John Fitzgibbon conducted the petition,
and thereby established his position as a lawyer. He was elected for the
University in Hutchinson's room, and the foundation of his coming
greatness was laid.[47]

Richard Hutchinson, it maybe observed, fell back on Sligo, to which he had
been elected at the same time that he was elected for the University, and
where he seems to have escaped another petition by choosing the University
constituency. In the debate as to whether a new writ should be issued for
Sligo, in 1778, the Provost took a forward part, and bewailed that he "was
forced to go there out of his sick bed to defend his son." The Gravamina
of the College petition of 1778 were almost identical with those of the
petition of 1790, and while Parliament was unseating the Provost's son,
the Court of Common Pleas was dealing with the Provost himself. The Rev.
Edward Berwick, whose case is related in the "Lachrymae," took an action
against the Returning Officer for refusing his vote. The Court, overruling
the Provost's objection, made an order that the Plaintiff should have
liberty to inspect all the College books that could be of use to him in
his suit. The verdict was against the defendant, without costs.[48]

After the disastrous parliamentary petition of 1778, the Provost took no
family part in the College elections until the year 1790, when his second
son Francis was returned. His return led to a parliamentary inquiry; and
the case, which is fully reported, is a very interesting passage in the
history of the College and of Hutchinson.[49]

The committee, consisting of fourteen members, besides the chairman, W.
Burston, Esq., was chosen on the 14th day of Feb., 1791, and on it sat,
amongst the others, the Hon. Arthur Wesley (Duke of Wellington), Right
Hon. Lord Edward Fitzgerald, and Right Hon. Denis Daly.

There were two petitions, one by Laurence Parsons, Esq., the defeated
candidate, and the other by some scholars and other electors of the
borough. The sitting member was the Hon. Francis Hely Hutchinson, and the
returning officer was his father the Provost. There was a powerful bar.
Beresford Burston, Michael Smith (afterwards Master of the Rolls), Peter
Burrowes, and William Conyngham Plunket, were for the petitioners;
Tankerville Chamberlain (afterwards Judge of the Queen's Bench), and Luke
Fox (afterwards judge), were for the sitting member; and Robert Boyd
(afterwards Judge of King's Bench), and Denis George, Recorder of Dublin
(and afterwards Baron of the Exchequer), were for the Provost. The total
constituency was 92, and out of these "84 and no more" tendered their
votes. Arthur Browne was returned at the head of the poll by 62 votes,
Parsons had 43, and Hutchinson 39. The Provost, on the scrutiny, reduced
Browne's votes to 51, Parsons' to 34, and his son's to 36, thus returning
his son by a majority of two over Parsons. Against this return the
petitioners set forth that the Provost received for his son the votes of
several persons who had no right to vote; that he refused for Parsons the
votes of several who were legally entitled to vote; that on the scrutiny,
he received illegal evidence; that he acted as agent for his son, and by
undue means procured votes for him; that he exerted his prerogative
antecedently to the election for the purpose of illegally influencing the
electors; and that by illegal and partial scrutiny he reduced the number
of the votes for Parsons below the number of the votes for his son.
Burston stated the case, and referred to the election of 1776, when the
Provost's eldest son was unseated for undue influence. He gave numerous
instances of the Provost's abuse of his powers in the matters of
"non-coing" and leaves of absence. He complained of his rejecting votes on
the ground of minority on the evidence chiefly of the Matriculation-book.
Amongst the witnesses examined were the Very Rev. Wensley Bond, Sch.,
1761, Dean of Ross; G. Miller, Fellow (and afterwards Master of Armagh
Royal School); William Magee, Fellow and Junior Dean (and afterwards
Archbishop of Dublin); Toomy, a scholar (and afterwards Professor of
Medicine); Dr. Marsh, Fellow, and Registrar of the college; Whitly Stokes,
Fellow (and afterwards Professor of Physic), &c. &c.

The examination of the witnesses brought out a great many curious and
interesting facts relative to college men and college administration a
hundred years ago. For instance, Mr. Fox, in arguing against the right of
Scholars, being minors, to vote, referred to the election of 1739, when
Alexander MacAulay, Dean Swift's nominee,[50] was elected against Philip
Tisdall; and when the election was set aside by the House of Commons on
account of the vote of Mr. Sullivan[51] (afterwards Professor of Laws),
who, being elected a Fellow at nineteen years of age in 1738, was a minor
when he voted.

Plunket and Smith argued on the other side that Scholars, being minors,
were entitled to their votes, and that these votes were allowed in the
contested election of 1761, when Lord Clonmel ran French against the
Attorney General, Tisdall, on account of the latter's hesitancy about the
Octennial Bill. It was argued further that the Matriculation-book was not
legal evidence as to age, inasmuch as "boys without any sanction gave in
their ages older than they really were, from a desire to be thought men."
Finally, the committee resolved unanimously that Fellows and Scholars,
though minors, have a right to vote for members to represent the
University.

Mr. Miller[52] deposed that he was applied to by the Provost for his vote,
and that he was offered a copy of the Provost's fellowship examination
questions in Morality,[53] "an advantage," said Burrowes, "which would
have made a docile parrot appear superior to Sir Isaac Newton." Three of
the senior fellows voted for Hutchinson at the election. Toomey, a
Scholar, was a Catholic, and refused to vote because the Junior Fellows
could prove that he was a Catholic, and would take his pupils from him. He
would not conform, although the Provost's eldest son pressed him, and told
him that his own ancestors were Catholics and had conformed, and that he
himself would be a Catholic if he lived in a Catholic country. Toomey knew
that Casey, a Scholar, was a Catholic, and that he was chapel roll-keeper,
attended college chapel twenty times a week, and partook of the
Sacrament. Toomey "did not vote at the election because his vote would be
of no use as he was a Roman Catholic."[54] James Hely, a Scholar, was a
Catholic in Limerick, and had conformed in St. Werburgh's Church, in
Dublin, to the Rev. Mr. L'Estrange, curate. The petitioners strove to
disqualify Hely "for Popery," but his conformity was admitted by the
committee.

Mr. Graves, Fellow (afterwards Professor of Divinity and Dean of Ardagh),
had voted for Hutchinson, and he believed that the Provost did declare to
the Senior Fellows that he would nominate him to the Fellowship even
against the majority of the Board. Dr. Hales' pupils were worth L500 or
L600 a year to him;[55] and on his resignation the Provost claimed the
power of distributing his pupils amongst the other Fellows. Hales had
sixty or seventy pupils. Fellow-commoners paid L12, pensioners L6, per
annum. It was deposed by another witness that the Provost nominated Mr.
Ussher to a Fellowship in 1790--and it is so stated in the
Calendar--although he had but two votes amongst the Senior Fellows, and
those two were Drs. Kearney and Barrett.

Mr. Magee, Junior Dean, stated, that after his election to Fellowship he
was desirous to go to the bar, and that the dispensation was prevented by
the Provost. Shortly before the election, however, the Provost offered to
obtain the dispensation for him, with commons money and the usual
allowance, if he would either vote for Hutchinson or go out of the way.
Magee declined both proposals, and lost the dispensation; but probably he
got on as well in the Church as he would have succeeded at the Bar. In the
course of Mr. Magee's examination the following passage occurred:
"Counsel--Is not Dr. Fitzgerald a warm man? Magee--There are other warm
men in college besides Dr. Fitzgerald. Counsel--I perceive there are." Mr.
Toomy, a Scholar of the house, acknowledged that he was a Catholic. He
told about "Regulators' Places" for Sizars, worth about L16 a year, and
about "Natives' Places" for Scholars worth the same, and the
electioneering use which the Provost made of these appointments. Mr.
Stordy, the college clerk, told a great deal about the system of
"non-coing." A Scholar's non-co was worth L16 a year, and a Fellow's was
worth, for one half year, 7s. 7d. a week, and for the other half, 8s. 6d.
a week, or about L21 a year. Dr. Marsh, Senior Fellow, was twice refused
leave of absence by the Provost. The Provost gave the Vice-Chancellor's
rooms to his own supporters. A Scholar could have leave for thirty-two
days, and a fellow for sixty-three.[56] By Yelverton's Act, Trinity
College students could be called to the bar three years before
non-graduates.

Mr. Whitley Stokes, Fellow, gave instances of the Provost's partiality at
the election.

Mr. Fox opened the case for the sitting Member, and maintained that there
was no instance of undue influence, and he was followed by Mr. Boyd on the
part of the Provost. Then Mr. Plunkett spoke to evidence, against the
Provost and the sitting Member. The Recorder replied for the Provost in
very eulogistic terms, mentioning his seven Under-Graduate premiums, his
college reforms, improvements, &c. He disparaged the made-up arithmetical
evidence of Miller and Magee, and was followed by Mr. Chamberlaine for the
sitting Member. Mr. Burrowes closed the argument in a very eloquent
speech, which was as severe on the Provost as the "Lachrymae" or
"Pranceriana" was. It is noticeable, by the way, that Duigenan took no
part in the petitions, and that he was neither employed in the case nor
even named in the examination. Burrowes said that Miller's rejection of
the Provost's offer of his questions was "a moral miracle." It was
Miller's third attempt for fellowship.

Burrowes "lamented the necessity of the odious investigation which exposed
to public view the disgraceful and disastrous state of the
University--condoning the undue influence would make the college as
corrupt as any pot-walloping borough--the University would be shortly
depopulated, and its only remaining trace would be the octennial
convention of an unresisted Provost, and unresisting electors, to return
suitable representatives to Parliament, and celebrate the festival of
banished literature and vanquished public spirit. The decay of the
University in such an event, would be desirable; its honours ought to be a
brand of disgrace in society, and the contaminated Scholar ought to become
a despised and abandoned citizen." Burrowes was full of pride and loyalty
for the old place. He was himself an Ex-Scholar,[57] as were also amongst
the lawyers in the case Beresford Burston, Plunket, Smith, Fox, and Boyd;
and he was jealous for the honour of the Academic prize. "Some of the most
important officers in the state," he exclaimed, "are filled by men who
were Scholars of the University; in the learned professions the most
eminent men have in their youth been Scholars. The most respectable
divines, the most eminent lawyers, a considerable number of the Judges of
the land, have been Scholars. Every individual of the eight lawyers[58]
who appeared before this Committee have been Scholars of the
University."[59] Burrowes closed his speech:--"I sit down assured you
cannot pronounce the Honourable Francis Hely Hutchison to have been duly
elected." Forty-one witnesses were produced by the petitioners, of whom
ten were Fellows and thirteen Scholars. The Hutchisons produced six
witnesses--no Fellow, one Scholar, and a lady.

The Committee sat from the 14th February to the 24th March, when, by a
majority of one, including the double vote of the chairman, it resolved
(Wellington and Lord E. Fitzgerald voting in the minority) "That the Hon.
Francis Hely Hutchinson had made use of no undue influence; that he was
duly elected a burgess to represent the University in the present
Parliament; and that the Provost, as Returning Officer of the University,
acted legally and impartially at and before the election."

Perhaps the most significant fact evolved by the investigation was that
some of the Scholars were Catholics, the Statutes and the Anglican
Sacrament notwithstanding. There was no reserve in the statement, and no
remark on it was made by any member of Committee.[60] The point was not
brought forward in the petition, nor pressed by any of the Council, except
in the case of one Scholar, whose conformity was accepted by the
Committee. In fact the "Popery" seems to have been taken quite as an
understood thing,[61] and this coincides entirely with the famous
declaration of Fitzgibbon. In 1782, speaking on Gardiner's Bill, in the
Irish House of Commons, as Member for the University, he asserted that
"the University of Dublin was already open, by connivance, and that no
religious conformity was required." It is not easy to reconcile this with
the then existing regulations for students as well as for Scholars, and in
that debate the Provost did not speak exactly in this strain. On the
contrary, he lamented that the religious disabilities did exist, and he
was urgent for a King's Letter to give the Catholics equality in the
University, under a Theological Professor of their own.[62]

That debate, it may be noticed, is memorable for the cordial and
consenting speeches of the Provost and of the two Members for the
University, Hussey Burgh and Fitzgibbon. They all were in favour of
Catholic relief, especially in the matter of education, and they all would
have opened the College freely and liberally to Catholics. It was in this
debate that Hussey Burgh protested against the Irish Bishops' practice of
ordaining men on Scotch degrees. The Provost warmly thanked Burgh for
sustaining the right and the dignity of the University. He said that the
number of yearly degrees had risen from 95 to 109, and that Trinity
College Graduates could be supplied for as many curacies as had the legal
allowance of L50 a year.[63]

Plunket was very indignant at the miserable bribery and corruption that
were administered by the Provost, but he had not a word to say against the
deeper and wider corruption that was ingrained in the sectarian
exclusiveness of the constitution of the place. How could he say anything,
being himself in the same condemnation? He was the son of a Unitarian
minister;[64] and is said to have lived and died an Unitarian, and still
he was a Scholar of the House.

In 1790, a very able pamphlet, suggested by Provost Hutchison's despotic
_regime_, was published anonymously, entitled: "An Inquiry how far the
Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, is invested with a negative on the
proceedings of the Senior Fellows by the Charter and Statutes of the
College."

The pamphlet is traditionally ascribed to the Rev. G. Miller, F.T.C.D.,
who gave such important evidence before the parliamentary committee; and,
substantially, it is based upon the arbitrary acts of the Provost, which
were brought out before the committee, and which are more fully stated in
the "Lachrymae" and "Pranceriana."

The "Enquiry" asserts that the Provost claimed and exerted a negative upon
all Board proceedings; and that in the election of Fellows and Scholars he
had not only a negative but a final affirmative. The writer maintains that
this, although the traditional, was not the true sense of the Statutes;
and that by the Statutes the Provost had no greater power than the head of
any other Corporation. He argues very closely and clearly to this purpose
in regard of elections especially, from the grammatical meaning of "_una
cum_" and "_cum_;" and he shows that what the Statute requires is merely
the _presence_ of the Provost, and that then, like the rest, he is bound
by a majority decision. The writer is more subtle and less convincing in
his solution of the last clause of the statute beginning "_Quod si
primo_."[65]

Mr. Miller submitted a statement of the case for legal opinion, and
obtained opinions supporting his own view from Sir William Scott (Lord
Stowel), Sir Michael Smith, (Baron of the Exchequer and Master of the
Rolls), Edward Law (Lord Ellenborough), Arthur Wolfe (Lord Kilwarden, Lord
Chief Justice), and others.

The three questions were: (1) Had the Provost an absolute negative on
Board Proceedings? (2) Was he concluded by the concurring votes of five
Senior Fellows? (3) Could he nominate Fellows and Scholars to the
exclusion of a candidate by a majority of the electors?

The first and third were answered in the negative; and the second in the
affirmative by all the lawyers.[66]

While all these people were amusing themselves anatomising the Provost, he
was not by any means silent on his own side. Besides his speeches in
Parliament and his utterances at the Privy Council and at the Board, he
had recourse to the public press. He sent a vindication of himself to the
_Hibernian Journal_, which Duigenan says was the beginning of all the
writing. The Provost also published by Leathley, Bookseller to the
University, a pamphlet entitled, "Regulations made in Trinity College
since the appointment of the Provost," and "Pranceriana" says that the
unlucky pamphlet was withdrawn promptly after the attack made upon it in
the _Hibernian_. It was for this attack that the Provost had the editor of
the journal, Mr. James Mills, ducked under the College pump. This
smashing article is No. 27 in the "Pranceriana Collection," and it
certainly is a notable piece of criticism. It was attributed to the pen of
Malone, the editor of "Shakespeare." It is, perhaps, worth mentioning
here, that as the College Library was without a copy of the Provost's book
until the year 1853, so it was without a copy of "Pranceriana" until the
year 1880. _Trinitas incuriosa suorum!_ The copy of the "Pranceriana" in
the Library is the Second Edition, 1784, with the Appendix of 1776.

All the foregoing testimonies are damaging to the Provost's memory; but it
is only fair to remember that all of them are the utterances of men who
were his envious and unscrupulous personal enemies. In some respects John
Hely Hutchinson was bad enough, but the most abiding charge against him is
that of greediness and place-traffic; and in this transgression it is
probable that he only sinned more deeply than most of the public men
around him. He certainly was audacious in his demands, but he was a king
in jobbery. What Duigenan does not at all account for is, how Hutchinson
was able to drive all these flourishing bargains, and to hold such high
place under various administrations and in the teeth of combining
rivalries--and still this is a circumstance that ought, biographically, to
be accounted for. The etiology is supplied in other contemporary sources,
written in a more discerning spirit--and it is this, that the Provost was
a man of immense ability, and of rare personal ascendency. He possessed,
moreover, in a signal degree, the undaunted personal courage which, as
mentioned further on,[67] was inherited by his sons and grandson; although
Duigenan, who was himself very much of the Bob Acre type, refuses him even
this credit, and mocks his sham duels.[68] He knew how to make himself
both dreaded and desired by the Government, for he could be either its
greatest help or its most formidable opponent. He knew the men he had to
deal with, and he dealt with them according to the knowledge.

We have descriptions of the Provost in many contemporary works, and these
descriptions, while they make no secret of his rapacity, present a strong
reverse side to the "Pranceriana" picture.[69]

Thus Hardy[70] says: "John Hely Hutchinson, father to the Earl of
Donoughmore and Lord Hutchinson, introduced a classical idiom into the
House of Commons. No member was ever more extolled than he was on his
first appearance there. He opposed Government on almost every question,
but his opposition was of no long continuance. As an orator his expression
was fluent, easy, and lively; his wit fertile and abundant; his invective
admirable, not so much from any particular energy of temperament or
diction, as from being always unclogged with anything superfluous, or
which could at all diminish the justness and brilliancy of its colouring.
It ran along with the feelings of the House and never went beyond them....
The consequence of this assumed calmness was that he never was stopped....
The members for a long time remembered his satire, and the objects of it
seldom forgave it.... In his personal contests with Mr. Flood (and in the
more early part of their parliamentary careers they were engaged in many)
he is supposed to have had the advantage.... To Flood's anger, Hutchinson
opposed the powers of ridicule; to his strength he opposed refinement; to
the weight of his oratory an easy, flexible ingenuity, nice
discrimination, and graceful appeal to the passions. As the debate ran
high, Flood's eloquence alternately displayed austere reasoning and
tempestuous reproof; its colours were chaste but gloomy; Hutchinson's, on
the contrary, were of 'those which April wears,' bright, various, and
transitory; but it was a vernal evening after a storm, and he was esteemed
the most successful because he was the most pleasing.... Mr. Gerrard
Hamilton (than whom a better judge of public speaking has seldom been
seen) observed that in his support of Government Hutchinson had always
something to say which gratified the House. 'He can go out in all
weathers, and as a debater is therefore inestimable.' He had attended much
to the stage, and in his younger days he lived on great habits of intimacy
with Quin, who admired his talents and improved his elocution.... He never
recommended a bad measure, nor appeared a champion for British interest in
preference to that of his own country. He was not awed into silence; he
supported the Octennial Bill, the Free Trade Bill, and the Catholic
Bill.... His acceptance of the Provostship of Trinity College was an
unwise step.... After a long enjoyment of parliamentary fame it was then
said that he was no speaker, and after the most lucrative practice at the
Bar that he was no lawyer.... His country thought far otherwise, and his
reputation as a man of genius, and an active, well-informed statesman,
remained undiminished to the last. He left the opposition in 1760, and
took the Prime Serjeancy.... In private life he was amiable, and in the
several duties of father and husband most exemplary. In 1789, on the
debate about the Prince of Wales's regency, Grattan opposing the
administration was supported with great ability by Hutchinson, then
Secretary of State. In the Lords, Lord Donoughmore took the same side. In
1792, in the debate on Langrishe's Bill for the restoration of the
elective franchise to Irish Catholics, Hutchinson's two sons (Francis
[?], afterwards Lord Donoughmore, and the one afterwards Lord Hutchinson)
voted in the minority with the patriots."

The _Gentleman's Magazine_ (1794) says that he was a wondrously gifted man
and one of the most remarkable persons that this country ever produced. At
the same time it calls him a rank courtier, and recites most of the
"Pranceriana" and "Lachrymae" tattle against him.

Grattan and Grattan's son held a very high opinion both of his genius and
of his fidelity to the interests of Ireland. Both of the Grattans, on the
other hand, had a horror of Duigenan, as a truculent and coarse vulgarian.
It is in Grattan's "Life" that we are told about Duigenan's threatening in
the Law Courts to "bulge the Provost's eye," and it is there that Curran's
epigram on Duigenan's oratory is preserved.[71]

Grattan says that Hutchinson supported every honest measure--all the main
and essential ones, such as the Claim of Right, Free Trade, the Catholic
Bills, Reform, and the Pension Bill. "_He was the servant of many
governments, but he was an Irishman notwithstanding._" He possessed
greater power of satire than any man of his day, and Grattan quotes Horace
Walpole's anecdote about his habit of annoying Rigby and the Government
when he wanted to make himself disagreeable to them. At other times he was
immensely useful to the Government. Grattan considered that his chief
fault was want of openness and directness of character, together with love
of self-advancement. He was an enthusiastic admirer of Grattan, and took a
prominent part in demanding for him the national presentation in 1782.

Taylor[72] says that Hutchinson was a very effective Provost, that he
restored the discipline of the place, and that to him the University owes
the improvement of the modern languages professorships. Taylor adds that
he was a man of an enlightened mind and extended views, and that it is
now admitted his views were consonant with the best principles of
education.

Lord North knew Hutchinson's peculiarity well, and he said that "if
England and Ireland were given to him he would want the Isle of Man for a
potato garden." The Duke of Rutland, Lord Lieutenant here in 1784, formed
a similar estimate, when he wrote that "the Provost had always some object
in view, and that his objects were not generally marked with the character
of moderation and humility."[73]

Dr. Wills[74] gives Provost Hely Hutchinson a very high place amongst the
eminent men of the country, and mentions his eloquence and college reforms
as well as his greed.

Even Mr. Froude,[75] who vastly dislikes himself and his sons, is
constrained to call him the "able and brilliant Hely Hutchinson," and to
tell of his "meridian splendour." He quotes Lord Lieutenant Townshend's
statement that he was "the most popular man in parliament to conduct a
debate."

The famous Colonel Isaac Barre,[76] who, as he got Scholarship in 1744,
was a college class-fellow of Hutchinson, gives the following description
of him in 1768:--"When the Army Augmentation Bill was introduced by Tom
Connoly, it was opposed by Sexten Pery on constitutional grounds, and by
the Attorney General (Tisdall) on grounds that left him free to support
the Bill afterwards if it were his interest to do so.[77]

"The Prime Serjeant (Hutchinson)" says Barre "was not so prudent[78] (as
Tisdall), and opposed it in a long, languid speech, full of false
calculations; among the rest this curious one, that adding L40,000 per
annum to the national expense was, in fact, adding a million to its debt,
and that the nation, in the next session, would be L1,800,000 in debt. If
all this is true, how will he have the impudence to support this measure
hereafter? But, indeed, he has contradicted himself three or four times in
the course of this session upon this subject.[79] He talks now of being
dismissed. His profit by his employment is trifling, not above three or
four hundred a year.[80]

"He is personally disliked, a mean gambler--not one great point in
him--and exceedingly unpopular in this country. I must tell you a short
anecdote which put him very much out of temper. The day after the first
division he came to Council in a hackney chair, which happened,
unluckily, to be No. 108 (the number of the majority). A young officer at
the Castle wrote under the number of the chair, "COURT" in large
characters, and at the top a coronet was drawn.[81]

"He denied positively in the beginning of his speech, any bargain or terms
proposed by him at the Castle, but was not believed.... As far as I am
able to judge," continues Barre, "this country is manageable easily
enough. The prevailing faction exists only by your want of system in
England. They have no abilities, and their present and only friend,
Hutchinson (for Tisdall is quite broken), cannot be depended on for a
moment."

In the last volume (vol. viii.) of the "Historical Manuscripts Report" we
find some very interesting mentions of Hutchinson in the letters that
passed between "Single Speech" Hamilton and Edmund Sexten Pery. Both of
these eminent men entertained a high opinion of, and a sincere personal
regard for, the Provost. In 1771, Hamilton, who was Chancellor of the
Irish Exchequer, and had been Chief Secretary to two Lord Lieutenants
(Lords Halifax and Northumberland) wrote to Pery, the Speaker[82] of the
House:--"As long as you and Andrews and Hutchinson are in being and
business, Ireland will never want attractions sufficient to make me prefer
it to a situation of 'more splendour and greater influence.'"

Two years later, Hamilton wrote to Pery about the collapse of the
negotiations for his resigning the Exchequer Chancellorship in
Hutchinson's favour, and begged that Hutchinson would not again require
him to sacrifice his own solid and substantial interests. Another letter,
dated 1779, says that Flood was eagerly canvassing for the post, and that
Hutchinson was discontented. The Chancellorship was not given to either of
the rivals--it was given to Foster, who was afterwards Speaker; and
Hutchinson accordingly failed to score a second triumph over "the
generous-minded, ornamental, sonorous-voiced Henry Flood, who was
eclipsing his meridian splendour."[83]

In 1777 the Corporation of Dublin petitioned the Provost and Board for a
free education for the son of the deceased patriot, Dr. Lucas. The College
authorities responded in a literal spirit, and generously granted to the
lad not only a remission of fees, but free rooms and free commons as
well.[84]

In 1779, were published the "Commercial Restraints," which in its original
shape was, a contribution to Lord Lieutenant Buckinghamshire as to the
best method of extricating the country from its discontent and troubles.
Froude says (vol. ii., p. 223), that it was the most important of all the
opinions gathered by the Viceroy, and that it earned Hutchinson's pardon
from Irish patriotism for his subserviency to the Court and Lord
Townshend. The work is an extremely able review of the whole history and
condition of our native Irish trade and industries, and it is as loyal in
its nationality as it is able. It is the only specimen we have to show us
the Provost as a writer and as an economist, and it certainly secures him
a high place in these two estimates.

In this aspect the work possesses a great biographical value, inasmuch as
it serves to complete the likeness of the Provost, and the complement
which it supplies falls in line with the best features of the original.
Although his sentences are often slovenly and sometimes ungrammatical, he
could write forcibly and clearly, as well as speak persuasively and
rhetorically; he could make facts and figures deliver their lesson; he
could summon up the ghost of the past to illustrate and enforce the duties
of the present; he could enwrap a message of peace in a mantle of warning;
and when no selfish interest intervened he could fling his sword into the
scale that was freighted with his country's welfare.

During Hutchinson's Provostship His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant, Lord
Buckinghamshire, went in state to the University, and was received at the
entrance of the Old Hall by the Provost and Fellows. At his entrance, Dr.
Kearney made an eloquent oration; at the printing office, where H. E. was
entertained with a view of the artists, another oration was delivered by
Mr. Hutchinson, youngest (?) son of the Provost; at the Anatomy and
Philosophical Rooms addresses were delivered by the Hon. Dr. Decourcy, son
of Lord Kinsale, and the Hon. Mr. Jones, son of Lord Ranelagh. Thence he
went to the Library, where an excellent oration was made by Dr. Leland,
the Librarian, Orator, and Professor. H. E. afterwards dined in the New
Hall with the Provost and Fellows, and numbers of the nobility and
gentry. The elegance of the entertainment cannot be described, and is
imagined to stand the College in no less than L700.[85]

In 1791 a Visitation by Lord Chancellor Lord Clare as Vice-Chancellor, and
Dr. Fowler, Archbishop of Dublin, was held in the New Theatre, at the
instance of the Provost, in reference to the complaint of Mr. Allen of
having been unjustly kept out of Fellowship in 1790. The Visitors ruled
that the question was not open to discussion, in consequence of the length
of time which had elapsed. The Provost then brought forward his claim to
the negative power over the proceedings of the Board, and was replied to
by Drs. Kearney and Brown. The Provost argued from the Statutes and
especially from the _Una cum Praeposito_ clauses, and spoke for three hours
and a half with great ability. Mr. Miller spoke on behalf of the Junior
Fellows, touching their right to retain the emoluments of their pupils
when they went out on livings. Miller was rebuked by the Chancellor for
accusing the Provost of wanting to turn the disposal of pupils into a
matter of patronage. The Rev. Mr. Burrowes and Mr. Magee spoke on the same
side. Magee was personal, and on the Provost's protest the Chancellor
stopped him. The Visitors declined to decide whether the Provost has an
arbitrary election negative at the election of Fellows and Scholars; they
ruled that the Provost has the power of disposing of pupils; and that he
is bound by the majority of the Board. The Lord Chancellor bewailed the
internal dissensions, alluded to his "own education in the College, and
declared that there was not another University in Europe better
calculated for the great purposes of promoting virtue and learning." The
Visitation lasted three days.

In 1792, Hutchinson saw the Gardiner-Hobart Catholic Relief Bill carried,
and three days after, the 26th of February, he saw the House of Parliament
burned. On the 1st of March following Sir John Blacquiere repaid the
University for its honorary degree by moving the thanks of the house to
the College students for their spirited exertions in extinguishing the
fire; and by suggesting that in acknowledgment of the daring bravery of
the youths their old privilege of right of admission to the gallery should
be restored to them. Mr. Hutchinson, the Member for the University,
acknowledged the compliment with becoming pride and dignity. The Provost's
last reported appearance in parliament was on the 6th of July, 1793, when
he spoke in support of the Bill for the Charitable Musical Society. In the
previous month, on one of the Militia Bills, he defended his son Francis
from a rebuke of Mr. Secretary Hobart, though he voted against the son.

In that his last session, he saw carried--and along with Grattan, Forbes,
Yelverton, Gardiner, and the other Liberals helped to carry--the Place,
Pensions, Barren Land, and India Trade Acts. He introduced the bills for
the Parliament grant of L1,300 to establish the College Botanical Gardens,
and he earnestly supported Knox's Bill for admitting Catholics to
Parliament.

He presided at the Board of Trinity College for the last time on the 25th
of August this same year. His health was giving way, and his old enemy,
the gout, was prevailing against him.

In the political side of his career Hutchinson saw a wondrous change in
the meaning and method of Irish parliamentary life. When he began (1759)
to take part in public affairs, the Irish parliament was at about its
lowest level of degradation. Having been abolished by Cromwell and
re-created by Charles II., it had become from the time of the Restoration
little else than an office for registering and levying the English orders
for pensions and salaries, and for passing the Money Bills. Poyning's Act
and the 6th of George I. were in such active operation that the Government
asserted the power of originating and altering the Money Bills, and that
Anthony Malone was dismissed first from the Prime Serjeancy and later from
the Exchequer Chancellorship for denying his right. A few years later,
Lord Lieutenant Townshend, came over here for the express purpose of
smashing the Irish Junto, and he smashed it by the simple process of
taking the bribery into his own hands,[87] and making it, what Sir Arthur
Wellesley[88] forty years after found it, an English state department.[89]
He was so indignant with the Commons for rejecting an altered Money Bill
that he entered a protest on the Lords' Journal and prorogued the
Parliament.[90] Down to Hutchinson's time the Lord Lieutenants were
absentees, and the Lords Justices were the centre of the Junto of
"Undertakers" who undertook to the English Government to manage business
here--i.e. "their own business"--on their own conditions. In the National
Senate there was no national or intellectual life, and scarcely a name has
survived in history.

There are no Reports of debates until the year 1781; for over 50 years
scarcely a single important measure was passed;[91] place holders in
parliament were multiplied, and the pension and salary lists increased in
proportion.[92] To lessen the balance available for this bribery, the
surplus revenue was expended in local and private jobs.[93] The Mutiny Act
was perpetual; parliaments ran for the monarch's life, judges held at
pleasure, Catholics were debarred the franchise and education; Anglican
State Protestantism was built up by cruelty and crime, complaints of
grievances were met by commendations of the Charter Schools, and the
trade and industries of the country were suffered, without remonstrance,
to lie strangled under the jealous and grasping commercial restraints
imposed by the English Parliament.

All these things Hely Hutchinson saw when he first looked out on the field
of Irish administration; and before he died he saw most of these
reproaches swept away by the operation of the courage, and intellect, and
vigour which, contemporaneously with himself, found their way into the
Commons House. Sexten Pery was a few years before him, and "Sexten Pery,"
says Grattan, "was the original fountain of all the good that befell
Ireland." Flood entered parliament the same year as Hutchinson, Hussey
Burgh, and Gardiner a few years later, and then came Yelverton and
Grattan, and by the power of these resolute anti-Englishers the face of
the country was changed. They found Ireland a child, and they watched her
growth from infancy to arms, and from arms to liberty. They led the
Volunteers to victory, and wrung back a portion of the people's rights
from the frightened oppressor.[94]

To this change Hutchinson directly, and still more indirectly,
contributed. He quickened the parliamentary tone, and lifted its level. He
was the father of the cultivated style of oratory which henceforward
characterised the debates; he was the best debater in the house, and,
after Grattan, the finest speaker. He could patriotise, and he could
philippise; and whether he patriotised or philippised, he did it
formidably and efficiently. He was venal, but he feared no man's face; he
was a ready-money voter, but he could go out in all weathers. He
trafficked, without satiety, in patents and sinecures for himself and his
sons, but he insisted on Free Trade for Ireland.[95]

Take him for all in all, and the first John Hely Hutchinson certainly
presents a very rare combination of striking features. He was a
representative man of a remarkable age, and he sprung out of the
conditions of a period which he very much helped to mould. He was endowed
with leading abilities, and was disfigured by hideous blemishes. From an
humble start in life he made his way to the high places of the field, and,
without any surroundings, he raised himself to be a living power in the
State. He was mighty in speech, in courage, in council, and in
achievement; and he could be craven, vindictive, corrupting, and paltry.
In invective he was unequalled; and he was more sorely scorched by
ridicule and rebuke than any man of his day. He lived in perpetual
discords and in endless schemes, and the success which, in the main,
followed him was chequered by bitter defeats and mortifications. He
enjoyed a splendid fortune, maintained a lordly style, and wielded vast
influence, and not a single generous action is recorded of him. Negligent
of learning, he became the head of the University in one of its periods of
peculiar brilliancy, and, having for twenty years drawn its revenues and
exploited its resources, he is not named in its list of benefactors. He
reared a numerous, affectionate, gifted, and successful family, and he
founded a peerage.[96]

However unprincipled Hutchinson was in his bargainings with the Castle, he
was often sound and straight on national and Catholic questions. He was an
enthusiastic admirer of Grattan, and, on essential matters touching the
interests and dignity of the country, he gave Grattan a cordial and
effective support. The proudest passage in his life was the day (16th
April, 1782) when, as Principal Secretary of State, he read out to the
Irish Parliament the king's message, practically conceding
independence.[97] There is not in Anglo-Irish history another event of
equal grandeur; and Hely Hutchinson's Provostship for ever and inseparably
connects the College with the climax of a triumph over English arrogance
and obstinacy which, in the main, was won by a phalanx of her own sons
when the prince of all the land led them on.[98]

       *       *       *       *       *

The Will of "John Hely Hutchinson, His Majesty's Principal Secretary of
State," made in 1788--proved and probate granted in November, 1794, by the
Right Worshipful Patrick Duigenan, Doctor of Laws, Commissary, and so
forth, is in the Public Record Office.

There are seven codicils of various dates, down to the year of the
Provost's death. He says that no man ever had better or more dutiful and
affectionate children--God bless them all--and amongst them he left L5,000
to each of his two eldest daughters, with 5 per cent. interest, and L4,000
to each of the two younger. He left L5,000 to his son Francis, as engaged
at the time of his marriage, and to his sons John, Abraham, Christopher,
and Lorenzo L4,000 each; L500 to Jane, eldest daughter of his worthy
friend, Dr. Wilson. If any children should die before 21, or marriage,
their share was to go amongst the younger children, but so as no younger
child was to have more than L5,000 on the whole. All his real and personal
estate,[99] subject to the foregoing legacies, he left to his
dearly-beloved son, Lord Donoughmore, his sole executor. He was to raise
the portions of the two younger daughters to L5,000, if the estate could
afford it. His office in the Port of Strangford he considered part of his
personal estate, having purchased it with the knowledge and at the desire
of the Irish Government;[100] and he included it in the bequest to Lord
Donoughmore for the lives in being. In a codicil (1789) he bequeathed L200
each to John, and to Abraham and Christopher while they shall continue at
the Temple. Later codicils mention that some of these sums had been paid
in full, and the legacies were accordingly revoked. He left his books on
Morality, Divinity, and Poetry to Abraham, the law books to Francis, and
the rest of his books to John. In a codicil of 1794, he left to Abraham
"whose health is delicate," L100 a year till he shall obtain a net income
of L200 yearly by some ecclesiastical preferment, this being in addition
to the former legacy.[101] To his butler he left L20 a year, and to
another servant L20. He desired his manuscript essay towards a history of
the College[102] to be published, being first perused by his son, Lord
Donoughmore.[103] He directed his body to be opened, and to be laid by his
late dear wife.

       *       *       *       *       *

The following Will which laid the foundation of the fortunes of the family
is also in the Public Record Office:--

"The last Will and Testament of Richard Hutchinson of Knocklofty, in the
county of Tipperary, Esq. Whereas I have this day executed a deed, whereby
it appears that there are several sums now affecting my estate, and
amounting in the whole to the sum of ten thousand nine hundred and
fifty-two pounds four shillings and a farthing; and whereas Ann Mauzy,
widow, and Lewis Mauzy, her son, have agreed to accept the sum of four
thousand pounds in lieu of all their claims and demands. Now it is my will
that such personal fortune as I now, or at the time of my death shall be
possessed of shall be applied, in the first place, towards paying and
discharging such sums of money as John Hely Hutchinson, Esq., shall think
proper to pay the said Ann Mauzy, provided the same does not exceed the
said sum of four thousand pounds; and the rest and residue of my personal
estate and fortune if anything shall remain, I bequeath to my beloved
niece, Christian Hely Hutchinson.

"Witness my hand and seal, this fourth day of August, one thousand seven
hundred and fifty-seven.

"RICHARD HUTCHINSON."




NOTES.


NOTE A. Page x.

THE HUTCHINSON FAMILY.

The Provost left six sons and four daughters. Five of the sons took
degrees in the University, viz.:--

Richard Hely--on an Oxford Ad Eundem--B.A. 1775, M.A. 1780, LL.B. and
LL.D. 1780.

Francis Hely--B.A. 1779, M.A. 1783.

Christopher Hely--B.A. 1788.

Abraham Hely--B.A. 1788, M.A. 1791; and Lorenzo Hely--B.A. 1790.

RICHARD HELY, the eldest son, and the first Lord Donoughmore, was a
Commissioner of Accounts, Second Remembrancer, Chief Commissioner of
Excise, Commissioner of Customs, Commissioner of Stamps, and
Postmaster-General.

In 1776, he was elected simultaneously representative for Sligo and for
the University (against the Attorney-General, Philip Tisdall), and chose
the latter. He was unseated by parliamentary committee as not duly
elected; and, in 1777, he was re-elected for Sligo without a new writ. In
the University he was replaced by John Fitzgibbon (Earl of Clare). In 1783
he was M.P. for Taghmon. In 1788, he succeeded to the title, on the death
of his mother, and served in the Upper House, while his father and his two
brothers were in the Commons. In 1794, according to the custom of the
times, he raised a regiment, and got the command of it for his celebrated
brother John.

FRANCIS HELY was returned for the University in the election of 1790. In
the following year took place the celebrated petition against his return,
which is related in page xlii, &c. In 1799, he was member for Naas, and
was re-elected in 1800, on having been appointed to the office of
collector for the Port of Dublin. In 1792, on the debate on receiving the
Catholic petition in connection with Langrishe's Bill for giving, or
giving back, the franchise, &c., to the Catholics, Mr. Froude says that:
"Francis Hutchinson, the Provost's second son, soared into nationalist
rhetoric. 'When the pride of Britain was humbled in the dust,' he said,
'her enemies led captive the brightest jewel of the imperial crown torn
from her diadem, at the moment when the combined fleets of the two great
Catholic powers of Europe threatened a descent upon our coasts, from whom
did we derive our protection then?'... 'We found it in the support of
three millions of our fellow-citizens, in the spirit of our national
character--in the virtue of our Catholic brethren.' The motion for the
petition was lost by 208 votes to 23, and Langrishe's Bill was
carried."--[_English in Ireland_, vol. iii., p. 53.]

Sir Jonah Barrington, in his "Personal Sketches." tells of the duel which
Francis had at Donnybrook with Lord Mountmorris in 1798, in which his
lordship was wounded.

CHRISTOPHER HELY was called to the Bar, but never much relished the
profession, being altogether of a military turn. In 1795 he was elected
member for Taghmon, county Wexford, in the Irish parliament on his
father's death; and after the Union he represented Cork city in the
Imperial parliament. He was Escheator of the Province of Munster. He was
an earnest champion of the Catholic claims, as were also his father and
brothers; he was a thorough supporter of the liberal policy of Lord
Lieutenant Fitzwilliam; he mistrusted Lord Lieutenant Camden and Pitt, and
he opposed the Union scheme. He is, however, far more celebrated as a
soldier than as a lawyer or politician, and in 1796 he resigned his seat.
He adored his brother John, rivalled his brilliant courage, and served
under him and with him at home and abroad with great distinction. He
joined him in Ireland as a volunteer on the breaking out of the
disturbances in 1798; but both of the brothers speedily got disgusted with
the odious work, as did Cornwallis, and Moore, and Abercrombie, and Lake,
and every other high-minded soldier, including Colin Campbell, afterwards
in the tithe war. John soon got ordered off to Flanders, under
Abercrombie, to fight the French; and thither Christopher followed him,
and was wounded at the battle of Alkmar. Christopher followed John also to
Egypt, and afterwards on his mission to St. Petersburgh, and to Berlin.
Christopher, on his own account, fought in the Russian ranks against the
French, and was badly wounded by Benningsen's side at the battle of Eylau,
in 1807. He fought also at the battle of Friedland. He died at Hampsted in
1825--[_Suppl. Biog. Univer._] It is worth noticing that this invaluable
biographical dictionary makes a mistake in regard of the Castlebar battle
in 1798, and a mistake of a kind that is not usual in French historians in
affairs that concern the military glory of France. At Castlebar the French
were victorious, and the Hutchinsons and the English troops were defeated
disgracefully. The _Biog. Univer._, however, under "_Christophe Elie
Hutchinson Cinquieme fils de Jean Elie Hutchinson, Prevot de l'Universite
de Dublin_," says: "_Il eut part a l'affaire de Castlebar et fit
prisonniers les deux Generaux Francais Lafontaine et Sorrazin au moment ou
environne par leur corps il se croyait et devoit se croire perdu, et
s'acquit ainsi l'estime de General en Chef Lord Cornwallis_." The writer
confounds Castlebar with Ballinamuck.

ABRAHAM HELY was Commissioner of Customs, and Port duties, according to
the Lib. Mun. and Sir Bernard Burke; and a clergyman, according to his
father's will.

Lorenzo Hely took Holy Orders.

Besides these five the Provost had a son--his second born--

JOHN HELY HUTCHINSON, the most distinguished of all. He was born in 1757,
and entered the army in 1774, the year in which his father was made
Provost. In 1789 he became M.P. for Taghmon, county Wexford, on his
brother Richard's call to the upper house, and in 1790 he became member
for Cork city (the father going to Taghmon), and continued so until the
Union. In 1792, in the debate on receiving the Catholic Petition,
"Prominent amongst their (Catholic) champions was Colonel Hutchinson, the
Provost's son, who inherited his father's eloquence without his
shrewdness. He talked the Liberal cant of the day, which may be compared
instructively with the modern Papal syllabus."--[_Froude_, vol. iii., p.
53.]

Mr. Froude cannot have read this speech. It is a fervid denunciation of
the penal laws, and of their cruelties and mischief; and it does not "talk
either Liberal cant or Papal syllabus." Colonel Hutchinson's two speeches
on the Petition and on Langrishe's Bill, even as summarised in the Irish
Parliamentary Report, are enlightened, able, and eloquent oratory. He was
for complete emancipation. His liberal address to the Cork constituency,
in 1796, is given by Plowden.

Hutchinson was an enthusiastic admirer of Lafayette, and of his ardent
principles of popular liberty. When in Paris he attached himself closely
to the general, and served on his personal staff.

During the troubles of 1798 he was employed here at the head of his
brother's regiment, under Abercrombie. He sat in the Irish parliament in
1800, and voted for the Union!--[_Webb, and Barrington's "Black List."_]

He commanded against the French at Castlebar, and he shared in the
humiliating defeat which Humbert's handful of men, supported by a body of
Irish peasantry, inflicted on the royal army. Hutchinson was unable to
stay the panic. His troops, which had signalised and enervated themselves
by their licentious brutalities on a defenceless population, broke and
fled--as Abercrombie foretold they would do--before the enemy. Their rout
was as complete as it was disgraceful, and the barbarities which they
committed on their retreat were diabolical. Hutchinson afterwards had the
satisfaction of taking part in the affair at Ballinamuck, county Longford,
where the French, including Generals Humbert, Sorrazin, and La Fontaine,
laid down their arms.--[_Cornwallis's Correspondence_, vol. ii., p. 396;
_Knight's History of England_, vol. vii., p. 367; _Haverty's History of
Ireland_, p. 760; _and Bishop Stock's Narrative of Killala_.]

Hutchinson left the sickening Irish scenes, along with Abercrombie, for
Flanders, in the Duke of York's expedition. After that he accompanied
Abercrombie to Egypt as second in command, and on his death at Aboukir he
succeeded as chief. He was reinforced from home, and by Sir David Baird's
expeditionary contingent from India, took Alexandria and Cairo, and drove
Menou and the French out of Egypt. For these distinguished achievements he
was created Lord Hutchinson of Alexandria and Knocklofty; and,
notwithstanding these achievements, he was never again employed in war
service by the English Government. He made no secret of his anti-Toryism,
and this was enough to ensure his rejection by a Government that selected
the Chathams and Burrards. Lord Hutchinson was afterwards employed on some
high diplomatic commissions at St. Petersburg and Berlin, and in these his
independence of judgment was not altogether palatable to the London
authorities. In 1825, on the death of his eldest brother, he succeeded to
the Donoughmore title and estates, which, on his death without issue, in
1832, passed to his nephew, the third peer, better known as "Lavalette
Hutchinson."

This JOHN HELY HUTCHINSON, the third of the name, was born in Wexford, in
1788. Having served through the Waterloo campaign, he was, on the allied
occupation of Paris, in 1815, quartered there as Captain of the First
Regiment of Grenadiers of the Guards. While there, in 1816, he, together
with Lieutenant Bruce of his own regiment, and the celebrated Sir R.
Wilson, effected Lavalette's escape from France, after his deliverance
from the Conciergerie by the romantic devotion and bravery of his wife.

The three friends were prosecuted in Paris for this violation of the law.
They declined to insist on their right of having half the jury English,
and trusted themselves entirely to the honour of the Frenchmen. They
admitted what was charged against them, and were condemned in the mild
sentence of three months' imprisonment, and the costs of the prosecution.
Captain Hutchinson, on the trial, told how he had lodged Lavalette in his
own chambers for one night, supplied him with an English officer's costume
from a Paris tailor, procured passes, and on horseback escorted to the
frontier Lavalette, who was in a carriage with Wilson. He was willing to
give a distinct answer to any fair question about himself, but he
peremptorily refused to say anything that would compromise anyone else. He
declared that there was not a particle of political animus in the
adventure. The French historians tell how the chivalrous young Irishman's
exploit was applauded by the whole nation, and how, on the trial, his
manly and gracious bearing captured the court, which had to find him
guilty of the deed that he acknowledged and related. Sir R. Wilson had
been aide-de-camp to Hutchinson's uncle the general. [_Biog. des Contemp.
and The Accusation, Examination, and Trial of Wilson, Hutchinson, and
Bruce._]

Captain Hutchinson succeeded to the title in 1832. He lived and died at
Palmerston, and in Chapelizod church a memorial tablet is erected to him,
with the following inscription:--"Sacred to the memory of John Hely
Hutchinson, third Earl of Donoughmore, Knight of St. Patrick, Lord
Lieutenant of the county of Tipperary, and a Privy Councillor, having
served his country in the Peninsular War and the Senate; and his country
in troublous times. He died on the 12th of September, 1851, in the 64th
year of his age, loved, respected, and regretted by all who knew him. This
tablet has been erected in the church where he usually worshipped to
record his many virtues by his widow."

In Chapelizod churchyard there is a tombstone inscribed: "Beneath this
stone rest the earthly remains of Mrs. Hely Hutchinson; departed this life
1st June, 1830, aged 72 years.

Between the Provost and his four sons they represented, for over 40 years,
11 constituencies, and besides this, one was in the Irish and English, and
another in the English House of Lords.

The names of the Provost and of his son Richard are on the roll of the
Irish M.P.'s (1783-90) which Dr. Ingram has had framed and hung up in the
Fagel wing of the College Library.

The present Lord Donoughmore, who is sixth in descent from the Provost,
was one of the European Commission for organising Eastern Roumelia under
the Berlin Treaty, and he is also the originator of the Lords' Committee
of inquiry on the Irish Land Act. His lordship's father, in 1854, moved
the second reading of Lord Dufferin's Liberal "Leasing Powers, and
Landlord and Tenant Bills;" and in 1865 he made an able speech in the
House of Lords on the grievances of the officers of the East India
Company's army. He had previously served as a soldier with distinction in
the East, and was always listened to with deserved attention by the
peers.--[_Lord Dufferin's Speeches and Addresses._]


NOTE B. Page xxi.

DR. LELAND.

DUIGENAN'S disparaging mention of Dr. Leland is one of the most spiteful
and unjust of his utterances. There does not seem to be any proof that
Leland was guilty of any Academic disloyalty in being or becoming friendly
to the Provost, and outside this indictment the celebrity of his varied
intellectual distinctions added greatly to the lustre and dignity of the
College. He was probably the best classical scholar of the country; he was
an eloquent and popular preacher, constantly advocating the charities of
the city, and although he did not contribute to either _Baratariana_ or
_Pranceriana_ he was the most learned Irish author of the period. Dr.
Thomas Leland was born in Dublin in 1722, and was educated in Sheridan's
famous school in Capel-street. He entered College in 1737, got Scholarship
in 1741, and Fellowship in 1746. In 1746 he was appointed Southwell
lecturer in St. Werburgh's Church. He was Erasmus Smith Professor of
Oratory and Modern History in the University, Librarian, Chaplain to Lord
Lieutenant Townshend, Prebendary of St. Patrick's Cathedral, and Rector of
Rathmichael, which living he exchanged for St. Anne's, Dublin, with the
Vicar, Dr. Benjamin Domville Barrington. In 1781 he resigned his Senior
Fellowship and retired on Ardstraw, which he held by dispensation along
with St. Anne's until his death, in 1785. He was a vehement opposer of
pluralists until he became himself a pluralist. He published a
"Translation of Demosthenes," "The History of Philip of Macedon," and "The
History of Ireland" in three volumes, quarto. This last-named history is
really a work of very superior merit. Leland supported the English in the
spirit of Primate Boulter; and like Delany, he may have hunted for a
bishopric from the English Government; but as a historian, he gave an
honest and able record. No one need set out more fairly and forcibly the
rapacity of our Irish Reformationists, the frauds of Strafford, and the
barbarities of Cromwell. His book was furthermore quite a novelty in
regard of fresh material, and would be almost worth re-editing. After
Leland's death three volumes of his sermons were published, by
subscription, by M'Kenzie of Dame-street, and the list of subscribers
contains the names of Provost Hutchinson, the Vice-Provost, many of the
Fellows, the Library, bishops, judges, peers, members of parliament, and
most of the celebrities of the day, but it does not contain the name of
Patrick Duigenan.

Concerning the "History of Ireland," Leland's greatest work, we see by the
recently-issued Historical Manuscripts Commission Report, that it was
Charles O'Connor of Belanagare, the then most capable recordist of
Ireland, who moved him (1767) to undertake it "because he has abilities
and philosophy equal to the task." O'Connor writes again, that "we
undoubtedly have [in Trinity College Library], by Dr. Leland's care, the
best collection of old annals now in these islands. That learned and
worthy gentleman has made me free of the College Library." In another
letter O'Connor says: "Dr. Leland is now librarian, and promises me a warm
room and all the liberty I can require relative to the College MSS., which
are now a noble collection, indeed." It was Charles O'Connor who made Lord
Lyttleton and Dr. Leland acquainted with each other, and we do not find it
recorded that the English peer was of any service to the Irish scholar,
although Dr. Leland generously supplied his lordship with valuable
historical information for his history of Henry II.; and that, when he
himself was engaged in describing the same events in his own work.--[See
_Life_ prefixed to Sermons, and vol. viii. of _Hist. Man. Com. Reports_,
1881, p. 486.]

Dr. Johnston had a high regard for Dr. Leland, and he wrote to him a
letter of personal thanks for the Dublin University's honorary LL.D. in
1765. Johnston complained to O'Connor that Leland "begins his history too
late," and that he should have been more exact in regard of "the times,
for such there were, when Ireland was the school of the West, the quiet
habitation of sanctity and literature." It was the chance mention of
Leland's history that drew from Johnston the indignant exclamation "The
Irish are in a most unnatural state, for we see there the minority
prevailing over the majority. There is no instance, even in the ten
persecutions, of such severity as that which the Protestants of Ireland
have exercised against the Catholics."--[_Boswell._]

In the _Anthologia Hibernica_ for March, 1793, vol. i., p. 165, there is a
notice of Leland which sharply disparages his "History of Ireland." The
notice is otherwise friendly and appreciative, and it quotes Dr. Parr's
eulogy on Dr. Leland.

His "History of Ireland" closes with the surrender of Limerick in 1691,
and Hutchinson was correct in stating ("Letter 3," p. 23, _ante_) that
Ireland had no professed historian of its own since that era, and that
history furnished very imperfect and often partial views of her affairs.


NOTE C. Page xxi.

DR. DUIGENAN.

DR. PATRICK DUIGENAN, more familiarly termed "Paddy," was one of the most
remarkable men enumerated in the list of the Fellows of Trinity College.
He was the son of the Master of St. Bride's Parish School, and, doubtless,
he received his early education in the school which, in his father's days,
was kept first in Golden-lane and afterwards in Little Ship-street. In
allusion to this, Watty Coxe's Journal twits him with the diploma of "St.
Bride's College." From St. Bride's Parish School the lad Patrick was sent
to St. Patrick's Cathedral School, then presided over by Mr. Sheills (or
Shiel), and thence in the year 1753 he entered Trinity College, as a
Sizar. Whether he obtained the Sizarship by competition or by nomination
we do not find recorded; but _quocunque modo_ a sizar he entered, and next
to him on the form sat another sizar stripling, Barry Yelverton,
afterwards an usher in Buck's School in North King-street, and
subsequently Lord Chief Baron and Lord Avonmore.[104] In 1756, Duigenan
obtained Scholarship; in 1761, Fellowship; and in 1776, he retired on the
Professorship of Laws, having been, in fact, turned out by Provost
Hutchinson. He was M.P. for Armagh, King's Advocate-General, Privy
Councillor, Vicar-General, and Judge of the Prerogative Court. He was a
blustering and honest man; a fanatical anti-Catholic and a fierce
Unionist, and he is accordingly hero-worshipped by Mr. Froude. He was a
hanger-on, first of Philip Tisdall, and then of Lord Clare.

Wills, in his "Distinguished Irishmen," says that Duigenan was the son of
the parish clerk of St. Werburgh's; and Dr. Madden, in his "United
Irishmen," gives a letter saying the same, and that the father died a
Catholic. There is no foundation for either of these assertions. Hugh
Duigenan, the father, died St. Bride's parish schoolmaster, and he, as
well as his wife Priscilla, was buried in St. Bride's churchyard. It is
said in the "Life of Curran" that Duigenan once avowed in the House of
Commons that he was the son of a parish clerk, and if so the father must
have held that office in Derry before he came to Dublin. Dr. Maddens
contributor says that Duigenan was appointed to St. Bride's School through
the influence of Fitzgibbon, the father of Lord Clare. This is quite
probable, as the Fitzgibbons lived in the parish--in Stephen-street, and
many of the family were baptised in the church and buried in the
graveyard. There may be truth in the tradition that the father was
originally a Catholic and conformed. Grattan says that Duigenan was
educated for the Roman Catholic priesthood; that he was a hanger-on of
Tisdall: that his manner of speaking resembled that of a mob-man in the
last stage of agony; and Curran said his "_oratory was like the unrolling
of a mummy, nothing but old bones and rotten rags_," and that he had a
vicious way of "gnawing the names of <DW7>s." He was employed by
Castlereagh to administer the Union bribe of a million and a half, and in
1807 he was employed by Sir Arthur Wellesley, then Chief Secretary, to
negotiate about the Charter Schools and the Irish Protestant bishops.[105]
He was also one of the Public Record Commissioners.

His first wife was a Miss Cusack, a Catholic, and to her, in regard of
religious matters he was most indulgent. This was the only instance of
toleration that Duigenan was ever known to show. In 1799 he supported
Toler's (Lord Norbury) Indemnity Bill, freeing all who in 1798 had
committed illegal acts against the people. It must have cost him some
trouble of mind when, as Vicar-General in 1783, he had to license Dr.
Betagh's Catholic School in Fishamble-street, as well as some other
Catholic Schools, in obedience to Gardiner's Catholic Relief Act of the
previous year. His second wife was the widow of Hepenstal, the "Walking
Gallows." Duigenan died at Sandymount in 1816, and bequeathed his fortune
to his first wife's nephew, Baron Smith. It was a brave thing of Duigenan
when he had become a prominent man to go and reside in Chancery-lane
amongst the lawyers, within a stone's throw of the lane in which he was
reared as a poor boy; and it was not less brave of him to be a liberal
subscriber to St. Bride's parish school. He was not ashamed to look back
at the rock whence he was hewn. Very few parvenus have this sort of
nobility.


NOTE D. Page lxxiv.

The life-long competition between Fitzgibbon and Grattan was so individual
and so keen, and commenced so early, that the following quotations from
the College books, now for the first time given, will probably be
interesting. Can any other University produce a corresponding record?

The two splendid rivals, it will be remembered, carried far into public
life their early friendship. Fitzgibbon was as earnest as Grattan for
Irish parliamentary independence. He was one of Grattan's most fervid
eulogists, and it was Grattan that got him made Attorney-General in 1785.
Their first serious difference was on the Navigation Act in 1786; three
years later they fell out finally on the Regency Bill.

    EXTRACTS FROM THE MATRICULATION BOOK, T.C.D.

    "1763.

    "John Fitzgibbon, F.C., June 6th (next class). Educated by Mr. Ball.
    Tutor--Mr. Law. Class begins July 8th, 1763.

    "Brought over to this class, with five others, John Fitzgibbon, F.C.

    "1763.

    "Henry Grattan, F.C., Nov. 1st, 6 a.m. Educated by Dr. Campbell.
    Tutor--Mr. Law."

These entries show that Fitzgibbon and Grattan entered college the same
year, under the same college tutor, and that they were in the same class.
They graduated in the same Commencements. They were, moreover, in the same
division, sitting within two of each other, Fitzgibbon, from his earlier
entrance, sitting above Grattan in the hall. This proximity gives even a
quicker interest to their neck and neck race, as detailed in the following
record of their examination judgments:--

    EXTRACTS FROM THE EXAMINATION BOOK, T.C.D.

    "1764.

    "Hilary Term--Junior Freshmen.

    "1st Division--Mr. Stock, Examiner.

    "Mr. Fitzgibbon, 3 V.B. 1 B. (i.e., Valde Bene and Bene).

    "Mr. Grattan, V.B. in omnibus. Praemium.


    "Easter Examinations, May, 1764.

    "8th Division--Mr. Smyth, Examiner.

    "Mr. Grattan, V.B. in omn. Certificate.

    "Names of scholars who missed (i.e., did not go in for) the
    Examination.

    "Mr. Fitzgibbon.


    "Trinity Term.

    "1st Division--Mr. Connor, Examiner.

    "Mr. Fitzgibbon, 3 V.B., 1 B. Praemium.

    "Mr. Grattan, V.B. in omnibus. Certificate.

    "Remarkably diligent at Greek Lecture--

    "Mr. Grattan.


    "Michaelmas Examinations, October 19th, 1764.

    "1st Division--Mr. Connor, Examiner.

    "Mr. Fitzgibbon, V.B. in omnibus. Certificate.

    "Mr. Grattan, 3 V.B., 1 B.


    "1765.

    "Hilary Term Examinations--Senior Freshmen.

    "1st Division--Mr. Smyth, Examiner.

    "Mr. Fitzgibbon, V.B. in omn. Praemium.

    "Mr. Grattan, 3 V.B., 1 B.


    "Hilary Term--Senior Freshmen.

    "Mr. Fitzgibbon, Th. for G.L.

    "Mr. Grattan, Th. for G.L.


    "Easter Term Examinations, April, 1765.

    "1st Division--Mr. Lucas, Examiner.

    "Mr. Fitzgibbon, V.B. in omn. Certificate.

    "Mr. Grattan, V.B. in omn. Praemium.


    "Trinity Term Examinations, June 21st, 1765.

    "1st Division--Mr. Stock, Examiner.

    "Mr. Grattan, senior, 5 V.B. Certificate.

    "Missed the Examination--Mr. Fitzgibbon.


    "Easter and Trinity Terms--Senior Freshmen.

    "Mr. Fitzgibbon, Th. for G.L.

    "Mr. Grattan, senior, Th. for G.L.

    [N.B.--"Th." means _thanks_, "Rem. Th." _remarkable thanks_, and
    "G.L." _Greek_ and _Latin_.]


    "Michaelmas Examinations, October 21st, 1765.

    "Mr. Smyth, Examiner.

    "Log. Math. Gr. Lat. Th.

    "Mr. Fitzgibbon, V.B. in omnibus. Certificate.

    "Mr. Grattan, senior, 4 V.B., 1 B. (in Th.)


    "Michaelmas Term--Junior Sophisters.

    "Mr. Fitzgibbon, Rem. Th. for G.L.


    "1766.

    "Christmas Examinations (generally called 'Hilary'), January 20th,
    1766.

    "Junior Sophisters--Mr. Law, Examiner.

    "Log. Math. Astr. Phys. Eth. Gr. Lat. Th.

    "Mr. Fitzgibbon, 5 V.B., optime in Ethics. Praemium.

    "Mr. Grattan, senior, V.B. in omnibus.


    "Easter Examinations, April 18th, 1766.

    "Mr. Forsayeth, Examiner.

    "Mr. Fitzgibbon, 5 V.B., 2 B.

    "Mr. Grattan, senior, 2 V.B., 3 B. (2 blanks).


    "Michaelmas Term Examinations (Degree Examination), October 20th,
    1766.

    "Mr. Forsayeth, Examiner.

    "Candidates.

    "Mr. Fitzgibbon, 5 V.B., 1 S.B., 2 B.

    "Mr. Grattan, V.B. all through."

This table of judgments bears out Archbishop Magee's statement in his
funeral sermon on Lord Clare, that Grattan was best in the first and
Fitzgibbon in the closing years of their college course; while Grattan
came to the front again at the Degree Examination. The table exhibits also
the old system of awarding examination premiums in T.C.D.; and it shows
the then curriculum in the Sophister year. It shows also that
Fellow-Commoners obtained their B.A. degree on a shortened Academic
course. Grattan entered in November, 1763, he answered for his degree in
October, 1766, i.e., at the close of his Junior Sophister year--and he
took his B.A. in Spring, 1767.

The Matriculation Book shows that Fitzgibbon was educated at Ball's famous
school, under the old Round Tower, in Great Ship-street.[106] Grattan was
educated in the same school along with Fitzgibbon, and was removed from it
shortly before entrance, as his "Life" tells, and as the Matriculation
Book also shows. Fitzgibbon was born in 1749, and, therefore, was only
fourteen or fifteen years of age when he was collaring Grattan, who was
three years his senior. Fitzgibbon was reared in his father's house,[107]
in Stephen-street, and Grattan was reared within a few yards of him, in
his father's house in Chancery-lane. In the same school, at the same time,
were educated Macaulay Boyd, one of the reputed authors of Junius' Letters
(son of Alexander Macaulay, who lived in Great Ship-street); Sir Samuel
Bradstreet, the steady patriot, who procured "Habeas Corpus" for Ireland,
and who lived in the same street; and John Forbes, who lived in the same
street with the Fitzgibbons, was a thorough supporter of Grattan, a
forward champion of Catholic claims, and the resolute and successful
assailant of the Pension List.

The University conferred its LL.D. _Honoris Causa_ on
Fitzgibbon--notwithstanding his anti-Hutchinson performances. It had no
honorary degree for Grattan, and the loss is to its own muster-roll of
fame. The name would have honoured and ennobled the Register.


NOTE E.

PRINCIPAL SECRETARIES OF STATE--CALLED ALSO PRINCIPAL SECRETARIES OF THE
COUNCIL, AND KEEPERS OF THE PRIVY SIGNET OR PRIVY SEAL--FROM THE
RESTORATION.

1661, Sir Paul Davys; 1678, Sir John Davys; 1690, Sir R. Southwell; 1702,
Sir E. Southwell and his son, 1775, Thomas Carter (Master of the Rolls);
1760, Philip Tisdall (Attorney-General); 1777, John Hely Hutchinson
(Provost, &c.); 1795, Lord Glentworth; 1796, Hon. Thomas Pelham; 1797,
Robert Stewart (Castlereagh); 1801, Charles Abbott (afterwards Speaker of
English House of Commons, and Lord Colchester.)


IRISH CHANCELLORS OF THE EXCHEQUER.

1761, William Yorke--_vice_ Anthony Malone; 1763, William Gerard Hamilton
("Single Speech"); 1784, John Foster (Speaker, &c.); 1785, Sir John
Parnell; 1799, Isaac Corry; 1804, John Foster; 1806, Sir John Newport;
1807, John Foster; 1811, Wellesley Pole; 1812, William Fitzgerald; 1817,
Nicholas Vansittart.


SPEAKERS OF THE IRISH HOUSE OF COMMONS SINCE THE RESTORATION.

1661, Sir Audley Mervin; 1692, Sir R. Levinge, H.M.'s Solicitor-General;
1695, Rt. Hon. Robert Rochfort, Attorney-General; 1703, Broderick Allen;
1710, Hon. John Forster; 1715, Rt. Hon. Wm. Connolly; 1729, Sir Ralph
Gore; 1733, Hon. Henry Boyle (Lord Shannon); 1756, Rt. Hon. John Ponsonby;
1771, Rt. Hon. Edmund Sexton Pery (Lord Pery); 1785, Rt. Hon. John
Foster.


CHIEF SECRETARIES TO LORD LIEUTENANTS.

  --------------------------------------------------------------------
   _Year._ |   _Chief Secretary._       | _Lord Lieutenant._
  ---------|----------------------------|-----------------------------
    1703.  | Sir E. Southwell (also     | Duke of Ormonde.
           | Principal Secretary of     |
           | State).                    |
           |                            |
    1707.  | Joshua Dawson.             | Lord Pembroke.
           |                            |
    1709.  | George Bubb Doddington     | Lord Wharton.
           | (also Clerk of the Pells). |
           |                            |
    1711.  | ---- Southwell.            | Duke of Ormonde again.
           |                            |
    1713.  | Sir John Stanley.          | Duke of Shrewsbury.
           |                            |
    1724.  | Thomas Clutterbuck.        | Lord Carteret.
           |                            |
    1731.  | Walter Carey.              | Duke of Dorset.
           |                            |
    1738.  | Edward Walpole, and        | Duke of Devonshire.
           | Nicholas Bonfoy. (This     |
           | was the Mr. Walpole who    |
           | had the escapade with the  |
           | notorious Letitia          |
           | Pilkington).               |
           |                            |
    1740.  | Henry Legg, and Nicholas   | Do. Do.
           | Bonfoy.                    |
           |                            |
    1742.  | Lord Duncannon and         | Do. Do.
           | Nicholas Bonfoy, Esq.      |
           |                            |
    1745.  | B. Liddell (a Cornish      | Lord Chesterfield.
           | M.P.), and William Bristow.|
           |                            |
    1747.  | ---- Wayte.                | Lord Harrington.
           |                            |
    1751.  | Lord G. Sackville (also    | Duke of Dorset again.
           | Clerk of the Council, and  |
           | Keeper of Phoenix Park). |
           |                            |
    1755.  | Robert Maxwell.            | Marquis of Hartington.
           |                            |
    1757.  | Richard Rigby (also Master | Duke of Bedford.
           | of the Rolls).             |
           |                            |
    1761.  | "Single Speech" Hamilton   | Lord Halifax.
           | (also Chancellor of the    |
           | Exchequer).                |
           |                            |
    1763.  | Hamilton again, and Lord   | Lord Northumberland.
           | Drogheda.                  |
           |                            |
    1765.  | Edward Thurlow.            | Lord Weymouth, who did
           |                            | not come.
           |                            |
    1765.  | Lord Beauchamp.            | Lord Hertford.
           |                            |
    1766.  | Lord Aug. Hervey.          | Lord Bristol (did not come).
           |                            |
    1767.  | Sir G., afterwards Lord    | Marquis Townshend.
           | McCartney (Governor of     |
           | Madras), and Lord Fk.      |
           | Campbell.                  |
           |                            |
    1772.  | Sir John Blacquiere (also  | Lord Hartcourt.
           | Alnager, and afterwards    |
           | Lord Blacquiere).          |
           |                            |
    1777.  | Sir Rd. Heron (his         | Lord Buckinghamshire.
           | Excellency's land agent;   |
           | also Searcher, Packer, and |
           | Gauger of the Port of      |
           | Cork).                     |
           |                            |
    1780.  | W. Eden (afterwards Lord   | Lord Carlisle.
           | Auckland).                 |
           |                            |
    1782.  | Colonel Fitzpatrick.       | Duke of Portland.
           |                            |
      "    | Lord Grenville (also Chief | Lord Temple, Buckingham.
           | Remembrancer, with L4,000  |
           | a year).                   |
           |                            |
    1783.  | Thomas Pelham and William  | Lord Northington.
           | Wyndham.                   |
           |                            |
    1784.  | Thomas Orde (afterwards    | Duke of Rutland.
           | Lord Bolton).              |
           |                            |
    1787.  | Alleyne Fitzherbert        | Marquis of Buckingham again.
           | (afterwards Lord St.       |
           | Helens).                   |
           |                            |
    1790.  | Major Hobart (afterwards   | Lord Westmoreland.
           | Lord Buckinghamshire).     |
           |                            |
    1795.  | Syl. Douglas (Lord         | Lord Fitzwilliam.
           | Glenbervie).               |
      "    | G. Damer (afterwards Lord  | Lord Camden.
           | Milton). T. Pelham         |
           | (afterwards Lord           |
           | Chichester).               |
           |                            |
    1798.  | Lord Castlereagh.          | Lord Cornwallis.
           |                            |
    1801.  | Charles Abbott (afterwards}|
           | Speaker of English House  }|
           | of Commons, and Lord      }|
           | Colchester); W. Wickham;  }|
           | Sir Evan Napean           }|
           | (Treasurer of Irish       }| Lord Hardwick.
           | Exchequer); Nicholas      }|
           | Vansittart (afterwards    }|
           | Lord Bexley); Charles Long}|
           | (afterwards Lord          }|
           | Farnborough).             }|
           |                            |
    1801.  | W. Elliott.                | Duke of Bedford.
           |                            |
    1807.  | Sir A. Wellesley, Robert  }|
           | Dundas (afterwards Lord   }|
           | Melville), Wellesley Pole }|
           | (also Chancellor of the   }| Duke of Richmond.
           | Irish Exchequer, and      }|
           | afterwards Lord           }|
           | Maryborough).             }|
           |                            |
    1812.  | Sir R. Peel.               | Lord Whitworth.
           |                            |
    1818.  | Charles Grant (Lord        | Lord Talbot.
           | Glenleg).                  |
           |                            |
    1821.  | Henry Goulburn.            | Marquis Wellesley.
           |                            |
    1827.  | W. Lamb (Lord Melbourne).  | Do.       Do.
           |                            |
    1828.  | Lord F. Levenson Gower     | Marquis of Anglesey and Duke
           | (Lord Ellesmere).          | of Northumberland.
           |                            |
    1830.  | Sir H. Hardinge (afterwards| Marquis of Anglesey again.
           | Lord Hardinge).            |
           |                            |
      "    | Edward Stanley (Lord       |    Do.          Do.
           | Derby).                    |
           |                            |
    1833.  | Cam Hobhouse, E. J.        | Marquis of Wellesley again.
           | Littleton (Lord Hatherton.)|
           |                            |
    1834.  | Sir H. Hardinge again.     | Lord Haddington, and Lord
           |                            | Mulgrave, and Lord Fortescue.
           |                            |
      "    | G. F. W. Howard (Lord      |
           | Carlisle).                 |
           |                            |
    1841.  | Lord Elliott (Earl St.     | Lord De Grey.
           | Germains).                 |
           |                            |
    1845.  | Sir Thos. Freemantle.      | Lord Heytesbury.
           |                            |
    1846.  | Lord Lincoln.              | Lord Bessborough.
           |                            |
      "    | Henry Labouchere.          |  Do.     Do.
           |                            |
    1847.  | Sir William Somerville.    | Lord Clarendon.
           |                            |
    1853.  | Lord Naas.                 | Lord Eglinton.
           |                            |
    1854.  | Sir John Young.            | Lord St. Germains.
           |                            |
    1855.  | Edward Horsman, and Hon.   | Lord Carlisle.
           | H. Herbert.                |
           |                            |
    1858.  | Lord Naas.                 | Lord Eglinton again.
           |                            |
    1860.  | Edward Cardwell.           | Lord Carlisle again.
           |                            |
    1862.  | Sir R. Peel.               | Lord Carlisle.
           |                            |
    1865.  | Do.   Do.                  | Lord Kimberley.
           |                            |
    1866.  | Chichester Fortescue       |  Do.   Do.
           | (afterwards Lord           |
           | Carlingford).              |
           |                            |
    1867.  | Lord Naas (afterwards Lord | Duke of Abercorn.
           | Mayo).                     |
           |                            |
    1868.  | Chichester Fortescue again.| Lord Spencer.
           |                            |
    1871.  | Marquis of Hartington.     |  Do.    Do.
           |                            |
    1873.  | Sir M. H. Beach.           | Duke of Abercorn again.
           |                            |
    1879.  | James Lowther.             | Duke of Marlborough.
           |                            |
    1880.  | W. E. Forster.             | Lord Cowper.
  --------------------------------------------------------------------

N.B.--It is instructive to note how very few of the here-mentioned eighty
Chief Secretaries, the persons mainly entrusted with the government of the
country for 180 years, belonged to the country, or had any real knowledge
of its condition and requirements. If the other kingdoms of the earth were
administered on this principle, the "_quam parva sapientia_" would excite
no astonishment.




INTRODUCTION.


Although this work was published anonymously, there never was any question
as to who was its author. It was always known to be the production of
Provost Hely Hutchinson, and its first appearance was greeted with two
different sorts of reception. It was burned by the Common Hangman so
effectually, that Mr. Flood said he would give a thousand pounds for a
copy and that the libraries of all the three branches of the legislature
could not produce a copy[108]--and at the same time it "earned Mr. Hely
Hutchinson's pardon from Irish patriotism for his subserviency to the
Court and Lord Townshend."[109] The book was the outcome of the stubborn
inability of English rulers to interpret the face of this country; and the
first sketch of the publication was the papers which the author
contributed to Lord Lieutenant Buckinghamshire in 1779 as to the cause of
the existing ruin here and as to its cure. The purport of the Letters was
to exhibit, calmly and seriously, and as by a friend to both countries,
the grievous oppressions which the greedy spirit of English trade
inflicted on the commerce, industries, and manufactures of Ireland during
the century and a quarter that extended from the Restoration of Charles
II. to the rise of Grattan. The author draws all his statements from the
Statute Books and Commons Journals of both kingdoms, while he does not
fail to support his own conclusions and comments by State Papers and
Statistical Returns that possess an authority equal to that of the
Statutes. He lays the whole length and breadth of the position steadily
and searchingly before the Viceroy's eyes. He shows him that the then
state of Ireland teemed with every circumstance of national poverty, while
the country itself abounded in the conditions of national prosperity. Of
productiveness there was no lack; but land produce was greatly reduced in
value; wool had fallen one half, wheat one third, black cattle in the same
proportion, and hides in a much greater. There were no buyers, tenants
were not to be found, landlords lost one fourth of their rents, merchants
could do no business, and within two years over twenty thousand
manufacturers in this city were disemployed, beggared, and supported by
alms. All this was after a period of fourscore years of profound internal
peace--and the question was, what was the cause of it?

This is what the author sets himself to investigate in the Letters, and in
regard of sweep of survey, historic retrospect, statistical quotation, and
close economic comment, the investigation leaves little to be desired. The
Provost is anxious, in the first place, to point out that it was not
absentee rents, salaries, profits of offices, and pensions that caused the
decline--and this forestalling admonition is no more than what might be
expected from a man who was such an insatiable trafficker in places, and
salaries, and profits, and pensions. He admits that these things made the
decline more rapid, but a "more radical" cause was to be assigned for a
malady that arose out of the constitution itself. He maintains that
Ireland was flourishing, prosperous, and wealthy under James and Charles
I., and that after the Restoration it was one of the most improved and
improving spots in Europe. This is a somewhat poetical view, especially
when we remember how Strafford ruined the landowners and destroyed the
wool trade; but wretched as was the condition of the people under the
Stuarts, it may have been less unendurable than the condition under "a
succession of five excellent sovereigns." In truth, talking about the
perpetually developed prosperity of the Irish people under the several
successions of English misrule is the very irony of pharisaism, although
the recital is a stereotyped phrase of English officials from the Tudor
_employes_ down to those of our own days,[110] none of whom ever fail to
find "the strings of the Irish harp all in tune." In some periods the
distress may have been more intense than in others, and in all periods
there were not wanting instances of individual aggrandisement--but the
general wretchedness remained fast fixed. England has been a constant
source of woe to Ireland, and suffering is the badge of all our tribe. In
any strict assize Hutchinson would be laughed out of Court for essaying to
plead the wealth and prosperity of Ireland directly after the devastations
of the Carews and Mountjoys, after the Desmond and Ulster confiscations
and evictions, and after the Cromwellian atrocities. Hutchinson knew quite
well what the condition of the people was all through; but it suited him,
rhetorically, to cut out a corner of the picture and to colour that corner
very highly. Graziers used to make a good thing of their cattle and of
their wool, and economic returns of their exports showed pleasant balance
sheets; but graziers were not the Irish people any more than Manchester is
England now. In fact, they were chiefly English landowners here, and the
extent of their exports is only the measure of the misery which they left
unpitied and unrelieved. This, however, was not the philosophy which
Hutchinson wanted to preach; and he was far too clear-headed a man to make
a mistake as to what he wanted to say. He accordingly lays hold on the
figures that set off his argument, and out of fancy premises he draws a
solid conclusion which in no sense needed such controvertible data. What
was certain was that Ireland possessed the conditions of prosperity, and
that it teemed with actual poverty. The question was, what caused this
contradiction? The answer was, England caused it; and this is the answer
which Hutchinson plainly and nakedly gives. In all the rest of his
book--i.e. from Letter III. to the close--he sustains this thesis with a
directness that cannot be gainsayed or resisted. Having related the
efforts of Strafford--one of the most malignant enemies that Ireland ever
encountered--to crush the wool trade here in the time of Charles I.,
Hutchinson comes to the acts of the English under Charles II. and William
III.

Charles, so far as he could have a liking for anything outside his
pleasures, had a liking for Ireland; and William feeling that he had
already done Ireland wrong enough, was disposed at last to be merciful and
liberal towards her; but both of the kings were overborne by their English
parliaments.

In 1663, the English Act "for encouragement of Trade"! contained an
insidious clause, imposing a penalty of L2 on each head of Irish cattle,
and 10_s._ on each sheep imported into England between July and December.
In 1666, the "Act against importing cattle from Ireland and other places
beyond seas, and fish taken by foreigners" was passed, and to annoy the
king the importation was termed a "nuisance."[111] This Act was made
perpetual by the "Act of 1678, prohibiting the importation of cattle from
Ireland." This latter Act was not repealed until the 5th of George III.,
when the permission was granted for seven years; the permission was made
perpetual by the 16th of the same reign.

Carte[112] relates at length and with an honest sympathy with Ireland, the
whole incident of 1663-8. He tells how the Duke of Ormond, who was then
Lord Lieutenant here, together with his valiant son, Lord Ossory, strove
manfully for this country, and how he prevailed with the king to delay the
obnoxious measure. He mentions also Ormond's noble enterprise in
establishing at Clonmel the flourishing Walloon woollen manufactory. Carte
records likewise how, in 1666, the Dublin people, when scant of money by
virtue of English jealousy, sent over a contribution of 30,000 fat oxen to
feed the Londoners who had suffered by the great fire, and how
ungraciously the generous boon was received by the ill-mannered English
victuallers and by their bribed spokesmen in high places.[113]

Notwithstanding this benevolence of the Irish people, the English
persisted in ruining their cattle trade, and before the end of William's
reign they passed a further law to ruin the Irish woollen trade. This was
in 1699, and the long depression and degradation which resulted from it
prove, says Hutchinson, "this melancholy truth, that a country will sooner
recover from the miseries and devastations occasioned by war, invasion,
rebellion, and massacre, than from laws restraining the commerce,
discouraging the manufactures, fettering the industry, and, above all,
breaking the spirit of the people."

This melancholy truth the Provost goes on to illustrate and enforce, and
he does this by reciting the facts from the beginning, and from year to
year continually, as they are recorded in the journals of Parliament. The
restriction of the cattle trade in 1666, when the people, in reliance on
the continuance of the trade, had greatly increased their live-stocks,
compelled the Irish to develop their wool trade. They had been encouraged
by their English rulers to devote their energies to this industry, because
the "country was so fertile by nature, and so advantageously situated for
trade and navigation." Suddenly a Bill was introduced into the English
parliament in 1697 and passed in 1699, restraining the exportation of
woollen manufactures from Ireland, and beseeching His Majesty "in the most
public and effectual way that may be, to declare to all his subjects of
Ireland, that the growth and increase of the woollen manufacture hath
long, and will ever be, looked upon with jealousy by all his subjects of
this [England] kingdom," and further "to enjoin all those he employed in
Ireland to make it their care and use their utmost diligence, to hinder
the exportation of wool from Ireland except to be imported hither [to
England], and for the discouraging the woollen manufacture," &c. To this
address King William gave the ever memorable reply: "_I shall do all that
in me lies to discourage the woollen trade in Ireland, and to encourage
the linen manufacture there;[114] and to promote the trade of England_;"
and he wrote to the Lords Justices over here to have a measure to that
effect passed in the Irish parliament. The Lords Justices accordingly made
"a quickening speech" to both Houses; a Bill for their acceptance was
transmitted from the Castle, and the Irish parliament, in which the
Williamite influence was dominant, passed the measure that annihilated the
industry and prosperity of their country.[115] By this law an additional
duty of twenty per cent. was imposed on broadcloth, and of ten per cent.
on all new draperies except friezes; and the law which was enacted in
January, 1699, was to be in force for three years. This law, prohibitive
as it was, did not, however, satisfy England. In the June of the same year
the English parliament passed a perpetual law, not overtaxing but
expressly prohibiting the exportation from Ireland of all goods made of
or mixed with wool, except to England and Wales, and with the licence of
the Revenue Commissioners. Previous English Acts had made the duties on
the importation into England practically prohibitive, and therefore the
last Act operated as a suppression of exportation. The Irish were already
prevented from importing dye-stuffs from the colonies, and from exporting
their woollen manufactures thither. What England wanted was, not a fair
competition with Ireland, but a monopoly; she was resolved to prevent
Ireland not merely from underselling her in foreign markets, but from
selling there at all.

The natural and actual result of this exorbitant greed was that the Irish
people were driven to have recourse to the method of "running the wool,"
i.e. smuggling it away to foreign markets. The severest penalties were
enacted by the British legislature and by the Irish House of Commons
against this practice, but they were enacted in vain. It was impossible to
seal up a country of whose thirty-two counties nineteen are maritime and
the rest washed by fine rivers that empty themselves into the sea. The
wool running prevailed to an immense extent, and by means of it France,
Germany, and Spain were able to undersell England in the foreign markets,
and England lost millions of pounds by virtue of the Irish contraband
supplies. The market price of Europe mocked the English importation
duties, and more than defeated the prohibition. At last, in 1739, after
forty years of oppression here and loss to herself, England relaxed the
severity of the restrictions, and as her own House of Commons Journal
acknowledges, this relaxation was made for the benefit of the English
woollen manufactures. For the twenty-three years that succeeded King
William's pledge to ruin the best trade in this country, there is an
unvaried record of the depression and misery of the Irish people, and
during all this period and in the face of all this acknowledgment, there
was not even a proposal of any law, saving one about casks for butter and
tallow, to encourage our manufactures, or to tolerate our trade, or to let
the country revive. There was a native parliament here, and why did they
exhibit this wondrous apathy? "Because," says our author, "it was well
understood by both Houses of Parliament that they had no power to remove
those restraints which prohibited trade and discouraged manufactures, and
that any application for that purpose would at that time have only
offended the people on one side of the Channel without bringing any relief
to those on the other."

In 1723, the petition of the woollen weavers and clothiers of Dublin
forced from the Lord Lieutenant in his speech from the throne a
recommendation to find out some employment for the poor, but neither
petition nor speech produced any effect. From 1723 to 1729 the distress
continued; in the latter year it was aggravated by a famine. The scarcity
was caused not by any blight of the land produce, but by the despair of
the farmers; for when exportation is prohibited, and the manufacturing
class at home is without employment and without money to buy, farmers will
abandon tillage and dearth must ensue. In a few years more there was
another scarcity of food, and then the Lord Lieutenant congratulated the
country on the success of the linen trade, and recommended the
encouragement of tillage. Nothing, however, was done to alter the
conditions on which the improvement of the tillage depended, "because the
Commons said that the evil was out of their reach and that the poor were
not employed because they were discouraged by restrictive laws from
working up the materials of the country." Thus matters went on from bad to
worse until after the peace of 1745, when there came an influx of money,
by which the debt that had been contracted for England's Jacobite war of
1715 was paid off in 1754, and the result of this discharge was increased
burdens on the country without any accompanying relief to commerce and
industries. The Treasury balance led, in 1753, to a dispute as to the
right of disposing of it between the King and the Commons; and this
dispute was the first beginning of parliamentary life in Ireland.[116] To
get rid of the redundancy and to leave the less for English pensions and
Government salaries, works of local improvement were undertaken, and these
undertakings, so far as they were carried out, helped to give employment
and to stimulate agriculture.

This, however, was but a partial and insufficient remedy for the universal
distress, and small as it was, it was obtained against the will of the
English Government. No real relief was conferred on the country, and
within a couple of years more the revenue fell off, and L20,000 was voted
for the relief of the poor.

In 1757[117] it was thought an amazing feat when Pery carried his Land
Carriage and Coal Acts; and then, in 1761, came the augmentation of the
army.[118] On the breaking out of the Spanish war, there was a fresh vote
of credit, and still no relief to manufacturers or to agriculturists. This
distress, caused by English-made laws, Hutchinson points out, produced the
White Boys, and for the cure of this distress an increased attention to
the Charter Schools was recommended. By 1771 the National Debt had largely
increased, while income had diminished, and in a couple of years more the
linen trade was rapidly declining, while pensions and charges on the
establishment were greatly increased.

The Provost dwells on the illustrative fact, that, whether the Debt was
increased or diminished, and however much the pensions and salaries were
multiplied, the distress and wretchedness of the body of the people
continued the same. The linen manufacture for a while prospered, and
afforded a limited relief in a few places; but tillage was declining, and
destitution was all round. The distress was noticed in the House, but
nothing effectual was attempted, and Hutchinson cannot refrain from
exclaiming: "Can the history of any other fruitful country on the globe,
enjoying peace for fourscore years, and not visited by plague or
pestilence, produce so many recorded instances of the poverty and
wretchedness, and of the reiterated want and misery of the lower orders of
the people? There is no such example in ancient or modern story. If the
ineffectual endeavours by the representatives of those poor people to give
them employment and food, had not left sufficient memorials of their
wretchedness; if their habitations, apparel, and food, were not sufficient
proofs, I should appeal to the human countenance for my voucher, and rest
the evidence on that hopeless despondency that hangs on the brow of
unemployed industry."

All these restrictions were enacted by England, not from any actual loss
that she had sustained by Irish competition, but from an apprehension of
loss. Hutchinson shows how groundless the apprehension was, and he
protests against the iniquity of sacrificing the happiness of a great and
ancient kingdom, and the welfare of millions of its people, to guard
against an imagined decrease in the value of English land. If
wool-spinning was cheaper in Ireland than in England, that was because the
Irish operatives had to live on food--"potatoes and milk, or more
frequently water"[119]--with which the English would not be content; but
wages and the cost of producing would increase with the opening of trade,
and with the increase of manufactures. England's greedy monopoly was
sinking the Irish people, while fair trade would really lessen the cheap
labour competition which the English masters professed to dread. An open
wool trade in Ireland would, moreover, be mainly carried on by English
capitalists and by English shipping, just as in ancient Egypt, China, and
Hindostan, the export trade used to be conducted by foreigners; and just
as in the victualling trade of Ireland, the natives were but factors to
the English. On every side, therefore, the English themselves suffered as
much by the restrictions as the Irish, and they would be, if they could
but see it, proportionate gainers by the removal of the restrictions.
Hutchinson goes on to show that England gets one-third of the wealth of
Ireland, and that she would get more than the half of the benefit of the
wool trade; but that even so the country would be the better for the small
share of the gains that would be allowed to remain with her. Agriculture
would be encouraged, and manufactures would be promoted; and there would
be a circulation of money amongst the people. Taxes were proportionately
heavier in Ireland than in England, when the annual earnings, expenditure,
rentals, circulating specie, and personal property of the two countries
were compared. The English were mistaken in some of the calculations on
which they grounded the commercial restrictions, and they would be
commercial gainers by the removal of the restrictions; but it was not for
the benefit of England, and it was for the benefit of Ireland, that the
Provost demanded free and open commerce for the produce and manufactures
of this country. This was what he claimed and argued for, and this was
what he very largely helped to obtain for Ireland; and this was the
service that won him back a great deal of the popularity which he had
forfeited by his hired subserviency to the English party.

There is a good deal of repetition in the Provost's book as we have it,
but this is accounted for by the fact that the book was originally
published in the form of letters.[120] The repetitions, moreover, are not
altogether artistic blemishes, for they are made to intensify, and, as it
were, to multiply, the identical facts by presenting them in fresh
connections. This is notably the case in regard of the Provost's doublings
back on the wool trade, and on the linen trade, and on England's dealings
with Ireland in regard of both these trades. After the destruction of the
cattle trade these were the two sources of industry left to this country,
and therefore the record of the treatment and evolution of these trades is
in fact the history of the commercial relations between England and this
country. The Provost accordingly takes the wool and the linen trade as the
fixed pillars of his discourse, and he interpolates the spaces between
them with coincident statistics that illustrate his thesis. It is thus
that in page 83 he comes back to the wool trade to show the falsehood of
the English trade returns, which asserted that the trade "was set up here
since the reduction of Ireland" by Cromwell. The trade had been a
flourishing one in this country from the time of Edward III. Then in the
Sixth Letter the Provost takes up the linen trade again, for the purpose
of showing more emphatically, in the first place, that it was forced on
Ireland as an equivalent for the loss of the wool trade; in the second
place, that it was not at all an equivalent--and in the third place, that
England before long broke her stipulations with this country, and so
_discouraged_ the hemp and linen manufacture of Ireland, that the Irish
had to abandon the flax culture altogether. In 1705, leave was given to
Ireland to export some sorts of linen to the colonies, but leave was not
given to bring back dye stuffs or other colonial produce. In 1743,
bounties were offered on exports of Irish linen, provided they were
shipped from English ports; but there was already a duty of thirty per
cent. on _foreign_ linen imported into England; and thus Ireland was, of
course, deprived of the colonial and other markets. Not till 1777 were the
American markets opened to Ireland, and by that time the emigration of the
Ulster linen-workers had become so enormous, that America was, in fact, a
rival in the trade. What words can more offensively and more bitterly
express the oppression of the country than this leave to trade with other
countries? It took Grattan and Hussey Burgh "with their coats off," and it
took the Volunteers with their motto "Free Trade, or ----," to sweep away
this badge of slavery. All the time England was multiplying pensions and
salaries here; she was levying taxes and draining rents; and, as
Hutchinson clearly puts it, Ireland "was paying to Great Britain double
the sum that she collects from the whole world in all the trade which
Great Britain allows her. It would be difficult to find a similar
instance in the history of mankind." Again and again the Provost comes
back to point out the open tyranny and the underhand unfairness of
England's commercial legislation for this country, and in the Seventh
Letter he repeats that this legislation was a departure from the policy
which was guaranteed by Magna Charta, and which had prevailed from the
time of Edward III. When a supposed compensation was afterwards offered,
it was no more than what Ireland had had before, and the liberty granted
by Queen Anne was merely allowing us to do in regard of one manufacture
what had previously been a right in every instance.

"At this earlier period, then," says Hutchinson, "the English commercial
system and the Irish, so far as it depended upon the English statute law,
was the same; and before this period, so far as it depended upon the
common law and Magna Charta, it was also the same."

"This was the voice of nature," he adds, "and the dictate of sound and
generous policy; it proclaimed to the nations that they should not give to
strangers the bread of their own children; that the produce of the soil
should support the inhabitants of the country; that their industry should
be exercised on their own materials, and that the poor should be employed,
clothed, and fed.

"This policy was liberal, just, and equal; it opened the resources and
cultivated the strength of every part of the empire."

From this liberal and profitable policy, however, England departed towards
the close of the seventeenth century, and manifold were the wrongs which
the departure inflicted on this country. The Provost details these wrongs
with the indignation of a patriot; he rails at the oppression which, by
depriving the people of liberty, robbed them of half their vigour; but
still as a courtier and as a Government man, he was able to "_revere that
conquest which has given to Ireland the Common Law and the Magna Charta of
England_." Why he revered the Conquest, when the Common Law and Magna
Charta failed to protect the welfare of Ireland, the Provost does not
state. Two things stand out clearly throughout the treatise--one is that
Ireland, both as a producer and as a consumer, has been immensely
profitable to England; and the other is that England has been the source
of vast evil and suffering to Ireland. The purport of "The Commercial
Restraints" is to set forth these two great truths, and the record may be
read now without prejudice on one side of the Channel, and without panic
or passion on the other. The teaching of the book ought to be palpable
enough for the men of the present day. It ought to convince Englishmen
that it is time for them to distrust their "resources of civilisation,"
and to let this country prosper; and it ought to remind Irishmen that they
are the best judges of what they want, and that their road to prosperity
is independence of English conceit, together with a sturdy development of
their own native resources.

In and since Provost Hutchinson's time Ireland has won vast conquests from
her oppressor, and she has won them all by the same weapon--firm and
constitutional discontent. She has much to win still, and she will surely
win it by the same method, while outside that method she is powerless.
Free Trade and Parliamentary Independence were won without shedding a drop
of blood, and the conditions of the fight for what is required now are far
more propitious and hopeful than they were a century ago. Then, Ireland
had to contend with an obstinate king, a wrong-headed minister, and a
greedy nation; now, all these things are changed. The men of '82, no
doubt, had at their back the Irish Volunteers that England feared, and
there are no Irish Volunteers now; their place, however, is supplied by a
more coercive force, and that force is the spirit of justice which is
spreading through the Liberals of England, and is fed by the Liberals of
Ireland. But even supposing that all these demands touching land,
education, and autonomy, were granted, there still remains another object
for Irishmen to work out, namely, the recreation of their home industries
and manufactures. The land, after all, is not everything--all the people
cannot live by it and out of it--and, as Hutchinson observes, no one
industry is sufficient to maintain a numerous population in prosperity and
comfort.

In past times, as a couple of months ago the Lord Lieutenant at Belfast,
and Mr. Fawcett at Shoreditch, were saying,[121] all these industries in
the country were prohibited by unjust and iniquitous legislation, and by a
mass of vexatious restrictions; but there are no prohibitions now, and the
country abounds with the conditions and materials of prosperity. Bishop
Berkeley wrote, when the prohibiting laws had been seventy years in
operation, and when the force that swept them away had not yet begun to
breathe in the country. He regarded the laws with despair, and piteously
bemoaned the destitution and degradation in which the people were fixed.
His earnest exhortation to them was to compensate themselves for the loss
of the foreign trade by developing home industries and manufactures; and
he asked[122] whether the natives might not be able to effect their own
prosperity and elevation, even though "there was a wall of brass a
thousand cubits high round this kingdom?"

Lord Clare, in his Union speech, declared that Ireland made more progress
in her eighteen years of freedom than ever nation made in the same period;
and it will be now for the working-men of this generation to show that, in
enterprise and trades-craft they are not degenerate from their half-taught
forefathers who won Fitzgibbon's testimony. There is every ground for
confident anticipation, that this year's National Exhibition will
profoundly and widely strengthen the effort for the revival of our Native
Industries, and it is with the desire to contribute somewhat to the
all-important and patriotic impulse that "The Commercial Restraints of
Ireland" is now reproduced by the publishers.




THE COMMERCIAL RESTRAINTS OF IRELAND CONSIDERED.


First Letter.

_Dublin, 20th Aug., 1779._

MY LORD,

You desire my thoughts on the affairs of Ireland, a subject little
considered, and consequently not understood in England. The Lords and
Commons of Great Britain have addressed his Majesty to take the distressed
and impoverished state of this country into consideration; have called for
information and resolved to pursue effectual methods for promoting the
common strength, wealth, and commerce of both kingdoms, and his Majesty
has been pleased to express in his speech from the throne his entire
approbation of their attention to the present state of Ireland.

The occasion calls for the assistance of every friend of the British
Empire, and those who can give material information are bound to
communicate it. The attempt, however, is full of difficulty; it will
require more than ordinary caution to write with such moderation as not to
offend the prejudices of one country and with such freedom as not to wound
the feelings of the other.

The present state of Ireland teems with every circumstance of national
poverty. Whatever the land produces is greatly reduced in its value: wool
is fallen one-half in its usual price, wheat one-third, black cattle of
all kinds in the same proportion, and hides in a much greater. Buyers are
not had without difficulty at those low rates, and from the principal
fairs men commonly return with the commodities they brought there; rents
are everywhere reduced--in many places it is impossible to collect
them;--the farmers are all distressed, and many of them have failed; when
leases expire tenants are not easily found; the landlord is often obliged
to take his lands into his own hands for want of bidders at reasonable
rents, and finds his estate fallen one-fourth in its value. The merchant
justly complains that all business is at a stand, that he cannot discount
his bills, and that neither money nor paper circulates. In this and the
last year above twenty thousand manufacturers in this metropolis were
reduced to beggary for want of employment, they were for a considerable
length of time supported by alms, a part of the contribution came from
England and this assistance was much wanting from the general distress of
all ranks of people in this country. Public and private credit are
annihilated, Parliament, that always raises money in Ireland on easy
terms, when there is any to be borrowed in the country, in 1778, gave
L7-1/2 per cent. in annuities, which, in 1773 and 1775, were earnestly
sought after at L6, then thought to be a very high rate. The expenses of a
country nearly bankrupt must be inconsiderable; almost every branch of the
revenue has fallen, and the receipts in the Treasury for the two years
ending Lady-day, 1779, were less than those for the two years ending
Lady-day, 1777, deducting the sums received on account of loans in each
period, in a sum of L334,900 18_s._ 9-1/2_d._ There was due on the 25th of
March last, on the establishments, and for extraordinary expenses, an
arrear amounting to L373,706 13_s._ 6-1/2_d._; a sum of L600,000 will
probably be now wanting to supply the deficiencies on the establishments
and extraordinary charges of government, and an annual sum of between
L50,000 and L60,000 yearly to pay interest and annuities. In the last
session L466,000 was borrowed. If the sum wanting could now be raised,
the debt would be increased in a sum of above L1,000,000 in less than
three years; and if the expenses and the revenues should continue the same
as in the last two years, there is a probability of an annual deficiency
of L300,000. The nation in the last two years has not been able to pay for
its own defence: a militia law passed in the last session could not be
carried into execution for want of money. Instead of paying forces
abroad,[123] Ireland has not been able in this year to pay the forces kept
in the kingdom: it has again relapsed into its ancient state of
imbecility, and Great Britain has been lately obliged to send over money
to pay the army[124] which defends this impoverished country.

Our distress and poverty are of the utmost notoriety; the proof does not
depend solely upon calculation or estimate, it is palpable in every public
and private transaction, and is deeply felt among all orders of our
people.

This kingdom has been long declining. The annual deficiency of its
revenues for the payment of the public expenses has been for many years
supplied by borrowing. The American rebellion, which considerably
diminished the demand for our linens; an embargo on provisions continued
for three years,[125] and highly injurious to our victualling trade; the
increasing drain of remittances to England for rents, salaries, profits of
offices, pensions and interest, and for the payment of forces abroad, have
made the decline more rapid, but have not occasioned it.

If we are determined to investigate the truth we must assign a more
radical cause; when the human or political body is unsound or infirm it is
in vain to inquire what accidental circumstances appear to have occasioned
those maladies which arise from the constitution itself.

If in a period of fourscore years of profound internal peace any country
shall appear to have often experienced the extremes of poverty and
distress; if at the times of her greatest supposed affluence and
prosperity the slightest causes have been sufficient to obstruct her
progress, to annihilate her credit, and to spread dejection and dismay
among all ranks of her people; and if such a country is blessed with a
temperate climate and fruitful soil, abounds with excellent harbours and
great rivers, with the necessaries of life and materials of manufacture,
and is inhabited by a race of men, brave, active, and intelligent, some
permanent cause of such disastrous effects must be sought for.

If your vessel is frequently in danger of foundering in the midst of a
calm, if by the smallest addition of sail she is near oversetting, let the
gale be ever so steady, you would neither reproach the crew nor accuse the
pilot or the master; you would look to the construction of the vessel and
see how she had been originally framed and whether any new works had been
added to her that <DW44> or endanger her course.

But for such an examination more time and attention are necessary than
have been usually bestowed upon this subject in Great Britain, and as I
have now the honour to address a person of rank and station in that
kingdom on the affairs of Ireland I should be brief in my first audience,
or I may happen never to obtain the favour of a second.

  I have the honour to be, my Lord, &c.


Second Letter.

_Dublin, 23rd August, 1779._

MY LORD,

If there is any such permanent cause from which the frequent distresses of
so considerable a part of the British Empire have arisen, it is of the
utmost consequence that it should be fully explained and generally
understood. Let us endeavour to trace it by its effects; these will
manifestly appear by an attentive review of the state of Ireland at
different periods.

From the time that King James the First had established a regular
administration of justice in every part of the kingdom, until the
rebellion of 1641, which takes in a period of between thirty and forty
years, the growth of Ireland was considerable.[126] In the Act recognising
the title of King James, the Lords and Commons acknowledge, "that many
blessings and benefits had, within these few years past, been poured upon
this realm;"[127] and at the end of the Parliament, in 1615, the Commons
return thanks for the extraordinary pains taken for the good of this
republic, whereby they say: "We all of us sit under our own vines, and the
whole realm reapeth the happy fruits of peace."[128] In his reign the
little that could be given by the people was given with general
consent,[129] and received with extraordinary marks of royal favour. He
desires the Lord Deputy to return them thanks for their subsidy, and for
their granting it with universal consent,[130] and to assure them that he
holds his subjects of that kingdom in equal favour with those of his other
kingdoms, and that he will be as careful to provide for their prosperous
and flourishing state as for his own person.

Davis, who had served him in great stations in this kingdom, and had
visited every province of it, mentions the prosperous state of the
country, and that the revenue of the Crown, both certain and casual, had
been raised to a double proportion. He takes notice how this was effected
"by the encouragement given to the maritime towns and cities, as well to
increase the trade of merchandize as to cherish mechanical arts;" and
mentions the consequence, "that the strings of this Irish harp were all in
tune."[131]

In the succeeding reign, Ireland, for fourteen or fifteen years, appears
to have greatly advanced in prosperity. The Commons granted in the session
of 1634 six entire subsidies, which they agreed should amount in the
collection to L250,000,[132] and the free gifts previously given to King
Charles the First at different times amounted to L310,000.[133] In the
session of 1639 they gave four entire subsidies, and the clergy eight; the
customs, which had been farmed at L500 yearly in the beginning of this
reign, were in the progress of it set for L54,000.[134]

The commodities exported were twice as much in value as the foreign
merchandize imported, and shipping is said to have increased an
hundred-fold.[135] Their Parliament was encouraged to frame laws conducive
to the happiness of themselves and their posterities, for the enacting and
"consummating" whereof the king passes his royal word, and assures his
subjects of Ireland that they were equally of as much respect and dearness
to him as any others.[136]

In the Speaker's speech in 1639, when he was offered for approbation to
the Lord Deputy, he mentions the free and happy condition of the people of
Ireland, sets forth the particulars, and in enumerating the national
blessings, mentions as one "that our in-gates and out-gates do stand open
for trade and traffic;"[137] and as the Lord Chancellor declared his
Excellency's "high liking of this oration," it may be considered as a fair
account of the condition of Ireland at that time. When the Commons had
afterwards caught the infection of the times, and were little disposed to
pay compliments, they acknowledge that this kingdom, when the Earl of
Strafford obtained the government, "was in a flourishing, wealthy, and
happy estate."[138]

After the Restoration, from the time that the acts of settlement and
explanation had been fully carried into execution to the year 1688,
Ireland made great advances, and continued for several years in a most
prosperous condition.[139] Lands were everywhere improved; rents were
doubled; the kingdom abounded with money; trade flourished to the envy of
our neighbours; cities increased exceedingly; many places of the kingdom
equalled the improvements of England; the king's revenue increased
proportionably to the advance of the kingdom, which was every day growing,
and was _well established in plenty and wealth_;[140] manufactures were
set on foot in divers parts; the meanest inhabitants were at once enriched
and civilized; and this kingdom is then represented to be the most
improved and improving spot of ground in Europe. I repeat the words of
persons of high rank, great character, and superior knowledge, who could
not be deceived themselves, and were incapable of deceiving others.

In the former of these periods Parliaments were seldom convened in
Ireland; in the latter, they were suspended for the space of twenty-six
years; during that time the English ministers frequently showed
dispositions unfavourable to the prosperity of this kingdom; and in the
interval between those two periods it had been laid waste, and almost
depopulated by civil rage and religious fury. And yet, after being blessed
with an internal peace of ninety years, and with a succession of five
excellent sovereigns, who were most justly the objects of our affection
and gratitude, and to whom the people of this country were deservedly
dear; after so long and happy an intercourse of protection, grace, and
favour from the Crown, and of duty and loyalty from the subjects, it would
be difficult to find any subsequent period where so flattering a view has
been given of the industry and prosperity of Ireland.

The cause of this prosperity should be mentioned. James, the first Duke of
Ormond, whose memory should be ever revered by every friend of Ireland, to
heal the wound that this country had received by the prohibition of the
export of her cattle to England, obtained from Charles the Second a
letter[141] dated the 23rd of March, 1667, by which he directed that all
restraints upon the exportation of commodities of the growth or
manufacture of Ireland to foreign parts should be taken off, but not to
interfere with the plantation laws, or the charters to the trading
companies, and that this should be notified to his subjects of this
kingdom, which was accordingly done by a proclamation from the Lord
Lieutenant and Council; and at the same time, by his Majesty's permission,
they prohibited the importation from Scotland of linen, woollen, and other
manufactures and commodities, as drawing large sums of money out of
Ireland, and a great hindrance to its manufactures. His Grace successfully
executed his schemes of national improvement, having by his own constant
attention, the exertion of his extensive influence, and the most princely
munificence, greatly advanced the woollen and revived[142] the linen
manufactures, which England then encouraged in this kingdom as a
compensation for the loss of that trade of which she had deprived it, and
this encouragement from that time to the Revolution had greatly increased
the wealth and promoted the improvement of Ireland.

The tyranny and persecuting policy of James the Second,[143] after his
arrival in Ireland, ruined its trade and revenue; the many great
oppressions which the people suffered during the revolution had occasioned
almost the _utter desolation_ of the country.[144] But the nation must
have been restored in the reign of William to a considerable degree of
strength and vigour; their exertions in raising supplies to a great
amount, from the year 1692 to the year 1698, are some proof of it. They
taxed their goods, their lands, their persons, in support of a prince whom
they justly called their deliverer and defender, and of a government on
which their own preservation depended. Those sums were granted,[145] not
only without murmur, but with the utmost cheerfulness, and without any
complaint of the inability, or representation of the distressed state of
the country.

The money brought in for the army at the revolution gave life to all
business, and much sooner than could have been expected retrieved the
affairs of Ireland. This money furnished capitals for carrying on the
manufactures of the kingdom. Our exports increased in '96, '97, and '98,
and our imports did not rise in proportion, which occasioned a great
balance in our favour; and this increase was owing principally to the
woollen manufacture. In the last of those years the balance in favour of
Ireland in the account of exports and imports was L419,442.[146]

But in the latter end of this reign the political horizon was overcast,
the national growth was checked, and the national vigour and industry
impaired by the law made in England restraining, in fact prohibiting, the
exportation of all woollen manufactures from Ireland. From the time of
this prohibition no parliament was held in Ireland until the year 1703.
Five years were suffered to pass before any opportunity was given to apply
a remedy to the many evils which such a prohibition must necessarily have
occasioned. The linen trade was then not thoroughly established in
Ireland; the woollen manufacture was the staple trade, and wool the
principal material of that kingdom. The consequences of this prohibition
appear in the session of 1703.[147] The Commons[148] lay before Queen Anne
a most affecting representation, containing, to use their own words, "a
true state of our deplorable condition," protesting that no groundless
discontent was the motive for that application, but a deep sense of the
evil state of their country, and of the farther mischiefs they have reason
to fear will fall upon it if not timely prevented. They set forth the vast
decay and loss of its trade, its being almost exhausted of coin, that they
are hindered from earning their livelihoods and from maintaining their
own manufactures, that their poor have thereby become very numerous; that
great numbers of Protestant families have been constrained to remove out
of the kingdom, as well into Scotland as into the dominions of foreign
princes and states, and that their foreign trade and its returns are under
such restrictions and discouragements as to be then become in a manner
impracticable, although that kingdom had by its blood and treasure
contributed to secure the plantation trade to the people of England.

In a further address to the Queen,[149] laid before the Duke of Ormond,
then Lord Lieutenant, by the House, with its Speaker, they mention the
distressed condition of that kingdom, and more especially of the
industrious Protestants, by the almost total loss of trade and decay of
their manufactures, and, to preserve the country from utter ruin, apply
for liberty to export their linen manufactures to the plantations.

In a subsequent part of this session[150] the Commons resolve that, by
reason of the great decay of trade and discouragement of the manufactures
of this kingdom, many poor tradesmen were reduced to extreme want and
beggary. This resolution was _nem. con._, and the Speaker, Mr. Broderick,
then his Majesty's Solicitor-General, and afterwards Lord Chancellor, in
his speech at the end of the session[151] informs the Lord Lieutenant,
that the representation of the Commons was, as to the matters contained in
it, the unanimous voice and consent of a very full house, and that the
soft and gentle terms used by the Commons in laying the distressed
condition of the kingdom before his Majesty, showed that their complaints
proceeded not from querulousness, but from a necessity of seeking redress,
He adds: "It is to be hoped they may be allowed such a proportion of trade
that they may recover from the great poverty they now lie under;" and in
presenting the bill of supply says, the Commons have granted it "in time
of extreme poverty." The impoverished state of Ireland, at that time,
appears in the speech from the throne at the conclusion of the session, in
which it is mentioned that the Commons could not then provide for what was
owing to the civil and military lists.[152]

The supply given for two years, commencing at Michaelmas, 1703,[153] was a
sum not exceeding L150,000, which, considering that no Parliament was held
in Ireland since the year 1698, is at the rate of L30,000 yearly,
commencing in 1699, and ending in the year 1705.

The great distress of Ireland, from the year 1699 to the year 1703, and
the cause of that distress, cannot be doubted.

Let it now be considered, whether the same cause has operated since the
year 1703. In the year 1704[154] it appears, that the Commons were not
able, from the circumstances of the nation at that time, to make provision
for repairing the necessary fortifications; or for arms and ammunition for
the public safety: and the difficulties which the kingdom then laboured
under, and the decay of trade appear by the addresses of the Commons[155]
to the Queen, and to the Duke of Ormond, then Lord Lieutenant, who was
well acquainted with the state of this country; by the Queen's
answer,[156] and the address of thanks for it.

In the year 1707,[157] the revenue was deficient for payment of the army
and defraying the charges of government, and the Commons promise to supply
the deficiency "as far as the present circumstances of the nation will
allow."

In 1709, it appears,[158] by the unanimous address of the Commons to the
Lord Lieutenant, that the kingdom was in an impoverished and exhausted
state: in 1711,[159] they express their approbation of the frugality of
the Queen's administration, by which their expenses were lessened, and by
that means the kingdom preserved from taxes, which might have proved too
weighty and burdensome. In their address to the Lord Lieutenant at, the
close of the session, they request that he should represent to her
Majesty, that they had given all the supplies which her Majesty desired,
and which they, in their present condition, were able to grant:[160] and
yet those supplies amounted, for two years, to a sum not exceeding
L167,023 8_s._ 5_d._;[161] though powder magazines, the council chamber,
the treasury office, and other offices were then to be built.

From the Short Parliament of 1713, nothing can be collected, but that the
House was inflamed and divided by party dissensions, and that the fear of
danger to the succession of the present illustrious family, excluded every
other consideration from the minds of the majority.

This last period, from the year 1699 to the death of Queen Anne, is marked
with the strongest circumstances of national distress and despondency.
The representatives of the people, who were the best judges, and several
of whom were members of the House of Commons before and after these
restraints, have assigned the reason. No other can be assigned.

That the woollen manufactures were the great source of industry in
Ireland, appears from the Irish statute of the 17th and 18th of Charles
II., ch. 15;[162] from the resolutions of the Commons, in 1695,[163] for
regulating those manufactures, the resolutions of the Committee of Supply
in that session;[164] and from the preamble to the English statute of the
10th and 11th of William III., ch. 10; in which it is recited, that great
quantities of those manufactures were made, and were daily increasing in
Ireland, and were exported from thence to foreign markets.

Of the exportation of all those manufactures the Irish were at once
totally deprived: the linen manufacture, proposed as a substitute, must
have required the attention of many years before it could be thoroughly
established. What must have been the consequences to Ireland in the
meantime the journals of the Commons in Queen Anne's reign have informed
us. Compare this period with the three former, and you will prove this
melancholy truth: that a country will sooner recover from the miseries and
devastation occasioned by war, invasion, rebellion, massacre, than from
laws restraining the commerce, discouraging the manufactures, fettering
the industry, and above all breaking the spirits of the people.

It would be injustice not to acknowledge that Great Britain has, for a
long series of years, made great exertions to repair the evils arising
from these restraints. She has opened her great markets to part of the
linen manufacture of Ireland; she has encouraged it by granting, for a
great length of time, large sums of her own money[165] on the exportation
of it; and under her protection, and by the persevering industry of our
people, this manufacture has attained to a great degree of perfection and
prosperity, in some parts of this country. If the kind and constant
attention of that great kingdom with which we are connected, to this
important object; or if the lenient course of time had at length healed
those wounds, which commercial jealousy had given to the trade and
industry of this country, it would not be a friendly hand to either
kingdom that would attempt to open them: but, if upon every accident they
bleed anew, they should be carefully examined, and searched to the bottom.
If the cause of the poverty and distress of Ireland in the reign of Queen
Anne has since continued to operate, though not always in so great a
degree, yet sufficient frequently to reduce to misery, and constantly to
check the growth and impair the strength of that kingdom, and to weaken
the force and to reduce the resources of Great Britain; that man ought to
be considered as a friend to the British Empire who endeavours to
establish this important truth, and to explain a subject so little
understood. If in this attempt there shall appear no intention to raise
jealousies, inflame discontents, or agitate constitutional questions, it
is hoped that those letters may be read without prejudice on one side of
the water, and without passion or resentment on the other.

  I have the honour to be, my Lord, &c.


Third Letter.

_Dublin, 25th August, 1779._

MY LORD,

To an inquirer after truth, history, since the year 1699 furnishes very
imperfect and often partial views of the affairs of Great Britain and
Ireland. The latter has no professed historian of its own since that era,
and is so slightly mentioned in the histories of the former kingdom, that
it seems to be introduced rather to show the accuracy of the accomptant,
than as an article to be read and examined; pamphlets are often written to
serve occasional purposes, and with an intention to misrepresent; and
party writers are not worthy of any regard. We must then endeavour to find
some other guide, and look into the best materials for history, by
considering the facts as recorded in the journals of Parliament; these
have evinced the poverty of Ireland for the first fourteen years of this
century. That this poverty continued in the year 1716, appears by the
unanimous address of the House of Commons to George the First.[166] This
address was to congratulate his Majesty on his success in extinguishing
the rebellion, an occasion most joyful to them, and on which no
disagreeable circumstance would have been stated, had not truth and the
necessities of their country extorted it from them. A small debt of
L16,106 11_s._ 0-1/2_d._,[167] due at Michaelmas, 1715, was, by their
exertions to strengthen the hands of Government in that year, increased at
midsummer, 1717, to a sum of L91,537 17_s._ 1-5/8_d._,[168] which was
considered as such an augmentation of the national debt, that the Lord
Lieutenant, the Duke of Bolton, thought it necessary to take notice in his
speech from the throne, that the debt was considerably augmented, and to
declare at the same time that his Majesty had ordered reductions in the
military, and had thought proper to lessen the civil list.

There cannot be a stronger proof of the want of resources in any country,
than that a debt of so small an amount should alarm the persons entrusted
with the government of it. That those apprehensions were well founded,
will appear from the repeated distresses of Ireland, from time to time,
for many years afterwards. In 1721, the speech from the throne,[169] and
the addresses to the king and to the Lord Lieutenant, state, in the
strongest terms, the great decay of her trade, and the very low and
impoverished state to which she was reduced.

That this proceeded, in some measure, from calamities and misfortunes
which affected the neighbouring kingdoms, is true: but their effects on
Ireland, little interested in the South Sea project, could not be
considerable. The poverty under which she laboured arose principally from
her own situation. The Lord Lieutenant says there is ground to hope that
in this session such remedies may be applied as will restore the nation to
a flourishing condition; and the Commons return the king thanks for giving
them that opportunity to consider of the best methods for reviving their
decayed trade and making them a flourishing and happy people.

But it is a melancholy proof of the desponding state of this kingdom, that
no law whatever was then proposed for encouraging trade or manufactures,
or to follow the words of the address, for reviving trade, or making us a
flourishing people, unless that for amending the laws as to butter and
tallow casks deserves to be so called. And why? Because it was well
understood by both Houses of Parliament that they had no power to remove
those restraints which prohibited trade and discouraged manufactures, and
that any application for that purpose would at that time have only
offended the people on one side of the channel without bringing any relief
to those on the other. The remedy proposed by Government, and partly
executed, by directing a commission under the Great Seal for receiving
voluntary subscriptions[170] in order to establish a bank, was a scheme to
circulate paper without money; and considering that it came so soon after
the South Sea Bubble had burst, it is more surprising that it should have
been at first applauded,[171] than that it was, in the same session,
disliked, censured, and abandoned.[172] The total inefficacy of the remedy
proved however the inveteracy of the disease, and furnishes a farther
proof of the desperate situation of Ireland, when nothing could be thought
of for its relief, but that paper should circulate without money, trade,
or manufactures.[173]

In the following session of 1723, it appears that the condition of our
manufacturers, and of the lowest classes of our people, must have been
distressed, as the Duke of Grafton, in his speech from the throne,
particularly recommends to their consideration the finding out of some
method for the better employing of the poor;[174] and though the debt of
the nation was no more than L66,318 8_s._ 3-1/4_d._,[175] and was less
than in the _last_ session,[176] yet the Commons thought it necessary to
present an address to the king, to give such directions as he, in his
great goodness, should think proper, to prevent the increase of the debt
of the nation. This address was presented[177] by the House, with its
Speaker, and passed _nem. con._, and was occasioned by the distressed
state of the country, and by their apprehensions that it might be further
exhausted by the project of Wood's halfpence: it could not be meant as any
want of respect to their Lord Lieutenant, as they had not long since
returned him thanks for his wise conduct and frugality in not increasing
the debt of the nation.[178] This address of the Commons, and the Lord
Lieutenant's recommendation for the better employing the poor, seems to be
explained by a petition of the woollen drapers, weavers, and clothiers of
the city of Dublin (the principal seat of the woollen manufacture of
Ireland) in behalf of themselves and the other drapers, weavers, and
clothiers of this kingdom, praying relief in relation to the great decay
of trade in the woollen manufacture.[179]

But this address had no effect; the debt of the nation in the ensuing
session of 1725, was nearly doubled.[180] In the speeches from the throne,
in 1727, Lord Carteret takes notice of our success in the linen trade, and
yet observes, in 1729, that the revenue had fallen short, and that thereby
a considerable arrear was due to the establishment.

But notwithstanding the success of the linen manufacture,[181] Ireland was
in a most miserable condition. The great scarcity of corn had been so
universal in this kingdom in the years 1728 and 1729, as to expose
thousands of families to the utmost necessities, and even to the danger of
famine; many artificers and housekeepers having been obliged to beg for
bread in the streets of Dublin. It appeared before the House of Commons
that the import of corn for one year and six months, ending the 29th day
of September, 1729, amounted in value to the sum of L274,000, an amazing
sum compared with the circumstances of the kingdom at that time! and the
Commons resolved that public granaries would greatly contribute to the
increasing of tillage, and providing against such wants as have frequently
befallen the people of this kingdom, and hereafter may befall them, unless
proper precautions shall be taken against so great a calamity.

The great scarcity which happened in the years '28 and '29, and frequently
before and since, is a decisive proof that the distresses of this kingdom
have been occasioned by the discouragement of manufactures. If the
manufacturers have not sufficient employment, they cannot buy the
superfluous produce of the land; the farmers will be discouraged from
tilling, and general distress and poverty must ensue. The consequences of
the want of employment among manufacturers and labourers must be more
fatal in Ireland than in most other countries; of the numbers of her
people it has been computed that 1,887,220 live in houses with but one
hearth, and may therefore be reasonably presumed to belong for the most
part to those classes.

In the year 1731[182] there was a great deficiency in the public revenue,
and the national debt had considerably increased. The exhausted kingdom
lay under great difficulties by the decay of trade, the scarcity of
money, and the universal poverty of the country, which the Speaker
represents[183] in very affecting terms, in offering the money bills for
the royal assent, and adds, "that the Commons hope, from his Majesty's
goodness, and his Grace's _free_ and _impartial_ representation of the
state and condition of this kingdom, that _they_ may enjoy a _share_ of
the blessings of public tranquillity by the increase of their trade, and
the encouragement of their manufactures."

But in the next session, of 1733, they are told in the speech from the
throne, what this share was to be. The Lord Lieutenant informs them that
the peace cannot fail of contributing to their welfare, by enabling them
to improve those branches of trade and manufactures[184] which _are
properly their own_, meaning the trade and manufacture of linen. Whether
this idea of property has been preserved inviolate will hereafter appear.

The years '40 and '41 were seasons of great scarcity, and in consequence
of the want of wholesome provisions great numbers of our people perished
miserably, and the speech from the throne recommends it to both Houses to
consider of proper measures to prevent the like calamity for the future.
The employment of the poor and the encouragement of tillage are the
remedies proposed[185] by the Lord Lieutenant and approved of by the
Commons, but no laws for those purposes were introduced, and why they were
not affords matter for melancholy conjecture. They could not have been
insensible of the miseries of their fellow-creatures, many thousands of
whom were lost in those years, some from absolute want, and many from
disorders occasioned by bad provisions. Why was no attempt made for their
relief? Because the Commons knew that the evil was out of their reach,
that the poor were not employed because they were discouraged by
restrictive laws from working up the materials of their own country, and
that agriculture could not be encouraged where the lower classes of the
people were not enabled by their industry to purchase the produce of the
farmer's labour.

For above forty years after making those restrictive laws[186] Ireland was
always poor and often in great want, distress, and misery,[187] though the
linen manufacture had made great progress during that time. In the war
before the last, she was not able to give any assistance. The Duke of
Devonshire, in the year 1741, takes notice from the throne, that during a
war for the protection of the trade of all his Majesty's dominions there
had been no increase of the charge of the establishment; and in the year
1745, the country was so little able to bear expense, that lord
Chesterfield discouraged and prevented any augmentation of the army,
though much desired by many gentlemen of the House of Commons, from a
sense of the great danger that then impended. An influx of money after the
peace, and the further success of the linen trade, increased our wealth,
and enabled us to reduce by degrees, and afterwards to discharge the
national debt. This was not effected until the first of March, 1754.[188]
This debt was occasioned principally by the expenses incurred by the
rebellion in Great Britain in the year 1715; an unlimited vote of credit
was then given.[189] From the lowness of the revenue, and the want of
resources, not from any further exertions on the part of the kingdom in
point of expense, the debt of L16,106 11_s._ 0-1/2_d._, due in 1715, was
increased at Lady-day,[190] 1733, to L371,312 12_s._ 2-1/2_d._ That
Government and the House of Commons should for such a length of time have
considered the reduction and discharge of this debt as an object of so
great importance, and that nearly forty years should have passed before
the constant attention and strictest economy of both could have
accomplished that purpose, is a strong proof of the weakness and poverty
of this country, during that period.

After the payment of this debt, the wealth and ability of Ireland were
greatly overrated, both here and in Great Britain. The consequences of
this mistaken opinion were increased expenses on the part of government
and of the country, more than it was able to bear. The strict economy of
old times was no longer practised. The representatives of the people set
the example of profusion and the ministers of the Crown were not backward
in following it. A large redundancy of money in the Treasury, gave a
delusive appearance of national wealth. At Lady-day, 1755, the sum in
credit to the nation was L471,404 5_s._ 6-3/8_d._,[191] and the money
remaining in the Treasury of the ordinary unappropriated revenue on the
29th day of September, 1755,[192] L457,959 12_s._ 7-1/8_d._ But this
great increase of revenue arose from an increase of imports, particularly
in the year 1754, by which the kingdom was greatly over-stocked, and which
raised the revenue in that year L208,309 19_s._ 2-1/4_d._ higher than it
was in the year 1748, when the revenue first began to rise
considerably;[193] and though what a nation spends is one method of
estimating its wealth, yet a nation, like an individual, may live beyond
its means, and spend on credit which may far exceed its income. This was
the fact as to Ireland in the year 1754, for some years before and for
many years after; it appeared in an inquiry before the House of Commons in
the session of 1755, that many persons had circulated paper to a very
great amount, far exceeding not only their own capitals,[194] but that
just proportion which the quantity of paper ought to bear to the national
specie.[195] This gave credit to many individuals, who without property
became merchant importers, and at the same time increased the receipts of
the Treasury and lessened the wealth of the kingdom. At the very time that
so great a balance was in the Treasury, public credit was in a very low
way, and the House of Commons was employed in preparing a law to restore
it. In '54 and '55 three principal banks[196] failed, and the legislature
took up much time in inquiring into their affairs, and in framing laws for
the relief of their creditors.[197] Yet in this session, the liberality of
the House of Commons was excessive. The redundancy in the Treasury had, in
the session of 1753, occasioned a dispute between the Crown and the House
of Commons on the question whether the king's previous consent was
necessary for the application of it. They wished to avoid any future
contest of that kind, and were flattered to grant the public money from
enlarged views of national improvements. The making rivers navigable, the
making and improving harbours, and the improvement of husbandry and other
useful arts, were objects worthy of the representatives of the people; and
had the faithfulness of the execution answered the goodness of the
intention in many instances, the public in general might have had no great
reason to complain. Many of those grants prove the poverty of the country.
There were not private stocks to carry on the projects of individuals, nor
funds sufficient for incorporating and supporting companies, nor profits
to be had by the undertakings sufficient to reimburse the money necessary
to be expended. The Commons therefore advanced the money, for the benefit
of the public; and it can never be supposed that they would have continued
to do so for above twenty years, if they were not convinced that there
were not funds in the hands of individuals sufficient to carry on those
useful undertakings, nor trade enough in the kingdom to make adequate
returns to the adventurers.

Having gone through more than half the century, it is time to pause. In
this long gloomy period, the poverty of Ireland appears to have been
misery and desolation, and her wealth a symptom of decline and a prelude
to poverty; the low retiring ebb from the spring-tide of deceitful
prosperity, has left our shores bare, and has opened a waste and desolate
prospect of barren sand, and uncultivated country.

  I have the honour to be, my Lord, &c.


Fourth Letter.

_Dublin, 27th August, 1779._

MY LORD,

The revenue, for the reasons already given, decreased in 1755,[198] fell
lower in 1756, and still lower in '57. In the last year the vaunted
prosperity of Ireland was changed into misery and distress; the lower
classes of our people wanted food;[199] the money arising from the
extravagance of the rich was freely applied to alleviate the sufferings of
the poor.[200] One of the first steps of the late Duke of Bedford's
administration--and which reflects honour on his memory--was obtaining a
king's letter, dated 31st March, 1757, for L20,000, to be laid out as his
Grace should think the most likely to afford the most speedy and effectual
relief to his Majesty's poor subjects of this kingdom. His Grace, in his
speech from the throne, humanely expresses his wish, that some method
might be found out to prevent the calamities that are the consequences of
a want of corn, which had been in part felt the last year, and to which
this country had been too often exposed; the Commons acknowledge that
those calamities had been frequently and were too sensibly and fatally
experienced in the course of the last year, thank his Grace for his early
and charitable attention to the necessities of the poor of this country in
their late distresses, and make use of those remarkable
expressions,--"that they will most cheerfully embrace[201] every
_practicable_ method to promote tillage."[202] They knew that the
encouragement of manufactures were the effectual means, and that these
means were not in their power.

The ability of the nation was estimated by the money in the Treasury, and
the pensions on the civil establishment, exclusive of French, which at
Lady-Day, 1755, were L38,003 15_s._, amounted at Lady-Day, '57, to L49,293
15_s._[203]

The same ideas were entertained of the resources of this country in the
session of 1759. Great Britain had made extraordinary efforts, and engaged
in enormous expenses for the protection of the whole empire. This country
was in immediate danger of an invasion. Every Irishman was agreed that she
should assist Great Britain to the utmost of her ability, but this ability
was too highly estimated. The nation abounded rather in loyalty than in
wealth.[204] Our brethren in Great Britain, had, however, formed a
different opinion, and, surveying their own strength, were incomplete
judges of our weakness. A Lord Lieutenant of too much virtue and
magnanimity to speak what he did not think, takes notice from the throne,
"of the prosperous state of this country, improving daily in its
manufactures and commerce."[205] His Grace had done much to bring it to
that state, by obtaining for us some of the best laws[206] in our books of
statutes. But this part of the speech was not taken notice of, either in
the address to his Majesty or to his Grace, from a House of Commons well
disposed to give every mark of duty and respect, and to pay every
compliment consistent with truth. The event proved the wisdom of their
reserve. The public expenses were greatly increased, the pensions on the
civil establishment exclusive of French, at Lady-Day, 1759, amounted to
L55,497 5_s._;[207] there was, at the same time a great augmentation of
military expense.[208] Six new regiments and a troop were raised in a very
short space of time. An unanimous and unlimited address of confidence to
his Grace,[209] a specific vote of credit for L150,000,[210] which was
afterwards provided for in the Loan Bill[211] of that session, a second
vote of credit in the same session for L300,000,[212] the raising the rate
of interest paid by Government, one per cent., and the payment out of the
Treasury[213] in little more than one year of L703,957 3_s._
1-1/2_d._,[214] were the consequences of those increased expenses. The
effects of these exertions were immediately and severely felt by the
kingdom. These loans could not be supplied by a poor country, without
draining the bankers of their cash; three of the principal houses,[215]
among them stopped payment; the three remaining banks in Dublin discounted
no paper, and, in fact, did no business. Public and private credit, that
had been drooping since the year 1754, had now fallen prostrate. At a
general meeting of the merchants of Dublin, in April, 1860, with several
members of the House of Commons, the inability of the former to carry on
business was universally acknowledged, not from the want of capital, but
from the stoppage of all paper circulation, and the refusal of the
remaining bankers to discount the bills even of the first houses. The
merchants and traders of Dublin, in their petition[216] to the House of
Commons, represent "the low state to which public and private credit had
been of late reduced in this kingdom, and particularly in this city, of
which the successive failures of so many banks, and of private traders in
different parts of this kingdom, in so short a time as since October last,
were incontestable proofs. The petitioners, sensible that the necessary
consequences of these misfortunes must be the loss of foreign trade, the
diminution of his Majesty's revenue, and what is still more fatal, the
decay of the manufactures of this kingdom, have in vain repeatedly
attempted to support the sinking credit of the nation by associations and
otherwise; and are satisfied that no resource is now left but what may be
expected from the wisdom of parliament, to avert the calamities with which
this kingdom is at present threatened."

The committee, to whom it was referred, resolve[217] that they had proved
the several matters alleged in their petition; that the quantity of paper
circulating was not near sufficient for supporting the trade and
manufactures of this kingdom; and that the house should engage, to the
first of May, '62, for each of the then subsisting banks in Dublin, to the
amount of L50,000 for each bank; and that an address should be presented
to the Lord Lieutenant, to thank his Grace for having given directions
that bankers' notes should be received as cash from the several
subscribers to the loan, and that he would be pleased to give directions
that their notes should be taken as cash in all payments at the Treasury,
and by the several collectors for the city and county of Dublin. The house
agreed to those resolutions and to that for giving credit to the banks,
_nem. con._

The speech from the throne takes notice of the care the House of Commons
had taken for establishing public credit, which the Lord Lieutenant says
he flatters himself will answer the end proposed, and effect that
circulation so necessary for carrying on the commerce of the country.[218]

Those facts are not stated as any imputation on the then chief governor:
the vigour of his mind incited him to make the Crown as useful as
possible to the subject, and the subject to the Crown. He succeeded in
both, but in the latter part of the experiment, the weakness of the
country was shown. The great law which we owe to his interposition, I
speak of that which gives a bounty on the land carriage of corn and flour
to Dublin,[219] has saved this country from utter destruction; this law,
which reflects the highest honour on the author and promoter, is still a
proof of the poverty of that country where such a law is necessary. Its
true principle is to bring the market of Dublin to the door of the farmer,
and that was done in the year ending the 25th of March, 1777, at the
expense of L61,789 18_s._ 6_d._, to the public; a large but a most useful
and necessary expenditure.[220] The adoption of this principle proves,
what we in this country know to be a certain truth, that there is no other
market in Ireland on which the farmer can rely for the certain sale of his
corn and flour; a decisive circumstance to show the wretched state of the
manufactures of this kingdom.

In the beginning of the next parliament the rupture with Spain occasioned
a new augmentation of military expense. The ever loyal Commons return an
address of thanks to the message mentioning the addition of five new
battalions[221] and unanimously promise to provide for them; and with the
same unanimity pass a vote of credit for L200,000.[222] The amount of
pensions on the civil establishment, exclusive of French, had for one year
ending the 25th of March, 1761, amounted to L64,127 5_s._,[223] and our
manufacturers were then distressed by the expense and havoc of a
burdensome war.[224]

In the year 1762 a national evil made its appearance, which all the
exertions of the Government and of the legislature have not since been
able to eradicate; I mean the risings of the White Boys. They appear in
those parts of the kingdom where manufactures are not established, and are
a proof of the poverty and want of employment of the lower classes of our
people. Lord Northumberland mentions, in his speech from the throne[225]
in 1763, that the means of industry would be the remedy; from whence it
seems to follow that the want of those means must be the cause. To attain
this great end the Commons promise their attention to the Protestant
charter schools and linen manufacture.[226] The wretched men who were
guilty of those violations of the law, were too mature for the first, and
totally ignorant of the second; but long established usage had given those
words a privilege in speeches and addresses to stand for everything that
related to the improvement of Ireland.

The state of pensions remained nearly the same[227] by the peace the
military expenses were considerably reduced; of the military establishment
to be provided for in the session 1763, compared with the military
establishment as it stood on the 31st of March, 1763, the net decrease was
L119,037 0_s._ 10_d._ per annum; but as a peace establishment it was high,
and compared with that of the 31st of March, 1756[228] being the year
preceding the last war, the annual increase was L110,422 9_s._ 5-1/4_d._
The debt of the nation at Lady Day, 1763, and which was entirely incurred
in the last war, was L521,161 16_s._ 6-7/8_d._,[229] and would have been
much greater if the several Lord Lieutenants had not used with great
economy the power of borrowing, which the House of Commons had from
session to session given them.

That this debt should have been contracted in an expensive war, in which
Ireland was called upon for the first time to contribute, is not to be
wondered at, but the continual increase of this debt, in sixteen years of
peace, should be accounted for.

The same mistaken estimate of the ability of Ireland that occasioned our
being called upon to bear part of the British burden during the war,
produced similar effects at the time of the peace, and after it. The heavy
peace establishment was increased by an augmentation of our army in 1769,
which induced an additional charge, taking in the expenses of exchange and
remittance of L54,118 12_s._ 6_d._ yearly, for the first year; but this
charge was afterwards considerably increased, and amounted, from the year
1769 to Christmas, 1778, when it was discontinued, to the sum of L620,824
0_s._ 9-1/4_d._, and this increased expense was more felt, because it was
for the purpose of paying forces out of this kingdom.

As our expenses increased our income diminished; the revenue for the two
years, ending the 25th of March, 1771,[230] was far short of former years,
and not nearly sufficient to pay the charges of Government, and the sums
payable for bounties and public works.[231] The debt of the nation at
Lady-Day, 1771, was increased to L782,320 0_s._ 0-1/4_d._[232] The want of
income was endeavoured to be supplied by a loan. In the money bill of the
October Session, 1771, there was a clause empowering Government to borrow
L200,000. Immediately after the linen trade declined rapidly; in 1772,
1773, and 1774, the decay in that trade was general in every part of the
kingdom where it was established; the quantity manufactured was not above
two-thirds of what used formerly to be made, and that quantity did not
sell for above three-fourths of its former price. The linen and linen yarn
exported for one year, ending the 25th of March, 1773,[233] fell short of
the exports of one year, ending the 25th of March, 1771, to the amount in
value of L788,821 1_s._ 3_d._ At Lady-day, 1773,[234] the debt increased
to L994,890 10_s._ 10-1/8_d._ The attempt in the Session of 1773,[235] to
equalise the annual income and expenses failed, and borrowing on tontine
in the Sessions of 1773, 1775, and 1777, added greatly to the annual
expense, and to the sums of money remitted out of the kingdom. The debt
now bearing interest amounts to the sum of L1,017,600, besides a sum of
L740,000 raised on annuities, which amount to L48,900 yearly, with some
incidental expenses. The great increase of those national burdens, likely
to take place in the approaching Session, has been already mentioned.

The debt of Ireland has arisen from the following causes: the expenses of
the late war, the heavy peace establishment in the year 1763, the increase
of that establishment in the year 1769, the sums paid from 1759 to forces
out of the kingdom, the great increase of pensions and other additional
charges on the civil establishment, which, however considerable, bears but
a small proportion to the increased military expenses, the falling of the
revenue, and the sums paid for bounties and public works; these are
mentioned last, because it is apprehended that they have not operated to
increase this debt in so great a degree as some persons have imagined;
for, though the amount is large, yet no part of the money was sent out of
the kingdom, and several of the grants were for useful purposes, some of
which made returns to the public and to the Treasury exceeding the amount
of those grants.

When those facts are considered, no doubt can be entertained but that the
supposed wealth of Ireland has led to real poverty; and when it is known,
that from the year 1751 to Christmas, 1778, the sums remitted by Ireland
to pay troops serving abroad, amounted to the sum of L1,401,925 19_s._
4_d._, it will be equally clear from whence this poverty has principally
arisen.

In those seasons of expense and borrowing the lower classes were equally
subject to poverty and distress, as in the period of national economy. In
1762, Lord Halifax, in his speech from the throne,[236] acknowledges that
our manufactures were distressed by the war. In 1763, the corporation of
weavers, by a petition to the House of Commons, complain that,
notwithstanding the great increase both in number and wealth of the
inhabitants of the metropolis, they found a very great decay of several
branches of trade and manufactures[237] of this city, particularly in the
silken and woollen.

In 1765 there was a scarcity caused by the failure of potatoes in general
throughout the kingdom, which distressed the common people; the spring
corn had also failed, and grain was so high, that it was thought necessary
to appoint a committee[238] to inquire what may be the best method to
reduce it; and to prevent a great dearth, two acts were passed early in
that session, to stop the distillery, and to prevent the exportation of
corn, for a limited time. In Spring, 1766, those fears appear to have been
well-founded; several towns were in great distress for corn; and by the
humanity of the Lord Lieutenant, Lord Hertford, money was issued out of
the Treasury to buy corn for such places as applied to his lordship for
that relief.

The years 1770 and 1771 were seasons of great distress in Ireland, and in
the month of February, in the latter year, the high price of corn is
mentioned from the throne[239] as an object of the first importance, which
demanded the utmost attention.

In 1778 and 1779 there was great plenty of corn, but the manufacturers
were not able to buy, and many thousands of them were supported by
charity; the consequence was that corn fell to so low a price that the
farmers in many places were unable to pay their rents, and everywhere were
under great difficulties.

That the linen manufacture has been of the utmost consequence to this
country, that it has greatly prospered, that it has been long encouraged
by the protection of Great Britain, that whatever wealth Ireland is
possessed of arises, for the most part, from that trade, is freely
acknowledged; but in far the greatest part of the kingdom it has not yet
been established, and many attempts to introduce it have, after long
perseverance and great expense, proved fruitless.

Though that manufacture made great advances from 1727 to 1758,[240] yet
the tillage of this kingdom declined during the whole of that period, and
we have not since been free from scarcity.

Notwithstanding the success of that manufacture, the bulk of our people
have always continued poor, and in a great many seasons have wanted food.
Can the history of any other fruitful country on the globe, enjoying peace
for fourscore years, and not visited by plague or pestilence, produce so
many recorded instances of the poverty and wretchedness, and of the
reiterated want and misery of the lower orders of the people? There is no
such example in ancient or modern story. If the ineffectual endeavours by
the representatives of those poor people to give them employment and food,
had not left sufficient memorials of their wretchedness; if their
habitations, apparel, and food, were not sufficient proofs, I should
appeal to the human countenance for my voucher, and rest the evidence on
that hopeless despondency that hangs on the brow of unemployed industry.

That, since the success of the linen manufacture, the money and the rents
of Ireland have been greatly increased, is acknowledged; but it is
affirmed, and the fact is of notoriety, that the lower orders, not of that
trade, are not less wretched. Those employed in the favourite manufacture
generally buy from that country to which they principally sell; and the
rise in lands is a misfortune to the poor, where their wages do not rise
proportionably, which will not happen where manufactures and agriculture
are not sufficiently encouraged. Give premiums by land or by water,
arrange your exports and imports in what manner you will; if you
discourage the people from working up the principal materials of their
country, the bulk of that people must ever continue miserable, the growth
of the nation will be checked, and the sinews of the State enfeebled.

I have stated a tedious detail of instances, to show that the sufferings
of the lower classes of our people have continued the same (with an
exception only of those employed in the linen trade) since the time of
Queen Anne, as they were during her reign; that the cause remains the
same, namely, that our manufacturers have not sufficient employment, and
cannot afford to buy from the farmer, and that therefore manufactures and
agriculture must both be prejudiced.

After revolving those repeated instances, and almost continued chain of
distress, for such a series of years, among the inhabitants of a temperate
climate, surrounded by the bounties of Providence and the means of
abundance, and being unable to discover any accidental or natural causes
for those evils, we are led to inquire whether they have arisen from the
mistaken policy of man.

  I have the honour to be, my Lord, &c.


Fifth Letter.

_Dublin, 30th Aug., 1779._

MY LORD,

Every man of discernment, who attends to the facts which have been stated,
would conclude, that there must be some political institutions in this
country counteracting the natural course of things, and obstructing the
prosperity of the people. Those institutions should be considered, that as
from the effects the cause has been traced, this also should be examined,
to show that such consequences are necessarily deducible from it. For
several years the exportation of live cattle to England[241] was the
principal trade of Ireland. This was thought, most erroneously,[242] as
has since been acknowledged,[243] to lower the rents of lands in England.
From this, and perhaps from some less worthy motive[244] a law passed in
England,[245] to restrain and afterwards to prohibit the exportation of
cattle from Ireland. The Irish, deprived of their principal trade, and
reduced to the utmost distress by this prohibition, had no resource but to
work up their own commodities, to which they applied themselves with great
ardour.[246] After this prohibition they increased their number of sheep,
and at the Revolution were possessed of very numerous flocks. They had
good reasons to think that this object of industry was not only left open,
but recommended to them. The ineffectual attempt by Lord Strafford, in
1639, to prevent the making of broadcloths in Ireland,[247] the
relinquishment of that scheme by never afterwards reviving it, the
encouragement given to their woollen manufactures by many English Acts of
Parliament from the reign of Edward III.[248] to the 12th of Charles II.,
and several of them for the express purpose of exportation; the letter of
Charles II., in 1667, with the advice of his Privy Council in England, and
the proclamation in pursuance of that letter, encouraging the exportation
of their manufactures to foreign countries; by the Irish statutes of the
13th Henry VIII. ch. 2; 28th Henry VIII. ch. 17; of the 11th Elizabeth,
ch. 10, and 17th and 18th Charles II., ch. 15 (all of which, the Act of
28th Henry VIII. excepted, received the approbation of the Privy Council
of England, having been returned under the Great Seal of that kingdom)
afforded as strong grounds of assurance as any country could possess for
the continuance of any trade or manufacture.

Great numbers of their flocks had been destroyed at the time of the
Revolution, but they were replaced, at great expense, and became more
numerous and flourishing than before. The woollen manufacture was
cultivated in Ireland for ages before, and for several years after the
Revolution, without any appearance of jealousy from England, the attempt
by Lord Strafford excepted. No discouragement is intimated in any speech
from the throne until the year 1698; Lord Sydney's, in 1692, imparts the
contrary. "Their Majesties," says he,[249] "being in their own royal
judgments satisfied that a country so fertile by nature, and so
advantageously situated for _trade and navigation_, can want nothing but
the blessing of peace, and the help of some good laws to make it as rich
and flourishing _as most of its neighbours_; I am ordered to assure you
that nothing shall be wanting on their parts that may contribute to your
perfect and lasting happiness."

Several laws had been made[250] in England to prevent the exportation of
wool, yarn made of wool, fuller's earth, or any kind of scouring earth or
fulling clay from England or Ireland, into any places out of the kingdoms
of England or Ireland. But those laws were equally restrictive on both
kingdoms.

In the first year[251] of William and Mary certain ports were mentioned in
Ireland, from which only wool should be shipped from that kingdom, and
certain ports in England into which only it should be imported; and a
register was directed to be kept in the Custom House of London of all the
wool from time to time imported from Ireland. By a subsequent Act in this
reign,[252] passed in 1696, the Commissioners or Farmers of the Customs in
Ireland are directed, once in every six months, to transmit to the
Commissioners of Customs in England, an account of all wool exported from
Ireland to England, and this last Act, in its title, professes the
intention of encouraging the importation of wool from Ireland. The
prohibition of exporting the materials from either kingdom, except to the
other, and the encouragement to export it from Ireland to England,
mentioned in the title of the last-mentioned Act, but for which no
provision seems to be made, unless the designation of particular ports may
be so called, was the system that then seemed to be settled, for
preventing the wool of Ireland from being prejudicial to England; but the
prevention of the exportation of the manufacture was an idea that seemed
never to have been entertained until the year 1697, when a bill for that
purpose was brought into the English House of Commons,[253] and passed
that house; but after great consideration was not passed by the Lords in
that parliament.[254] There does not appear to have been any increase at
that time in the woollen manufacture of Ireland sufficient to have raised
any jealousy in England.

By a report from the Commissioners of Trade in that kingdom, dated on the
23rd of December, 1697, and laid before the House of Commons, in 1698,
they find that the woollen manufacture in Ireland had increased since the
year 1665, as follows:

  Years.   New draperies.   Old draperies.     Frieze.
              Pieces.          Pieces.         Yards.

  1665          224              32            444,381
  1687       11,360             103          1,129,716
  1696        4,413              34-3/4        104,167

The bill for restraining the exportation of woollen manufactures from
Ireland was brought into the English House of Commons on the 23rd of
February, 1697, but the law did not pass until the year 1699, in the first
session of the new parliament. I have not been able to obtain an account
of the exportation of woollen manufactures for the year 1697,[255] but
from the 25th of December, 1697, to the 25th of December, 1698, being the
first year in which the exports in books extant are registered in the
Custom House at Dublin, the amount appears to be of

  New drapery.    Old drapery.       Frieze.
  Pieces.           Pieces.          Yards.

  23,285-1/2        281-1/2          666,901

though this increase of export shows that the trade was advancing in
Ireland, yet the total amount or the comparative increase since 1687 could
scarcely "sink the value of lands and tend to the ruin of the trade and
woollen manufactures of England."[256]

The apprehensions of England seem rather to have arisen from the fears of
future, than from the experience of any past rivalship in this trade. I
have more than once heard Lord Bowes, the late chancellor of this kingdom,
mention a conversation that he had with Sir Robert Walpole on this
subject, who assured him that the jealousies entertained in England of the
woollen trade in Ireland, and the restraints of that trade had at first
taken their rise from the boasts of some of our countrymen in London, of
the great success of that manufacture here. Whatever was the cause, both
houses of parliament in England addressed King William, in very strong
terms, on this subject; but on considering those addresses they seem to be
founded, not on the state at that time of that manufacture here, but the
probability of its further increase. As those proceedings are of great
importance to two of the principal manufactures of this country, it is
thought necessary to state them particularly. The lords represent, "that
the _growing_ manufacture of cloth in Ireland[257] both by the cheapness
of all sorts of necessaries for life, and _goodness of materials for
making all manner of cloth_, doth invite your subjects of England, with
their families and servants, to leave their habitations to settle there,
to the increase of the woollen manufacture in Ireland, which makes your
loyal subjects in this kingdom very apprehensive that _the further growth_
of it _may_ greatly prejudice the said manufacture here; by which the
trade of the nation and the value of lands will very much decrease, and
the numbers of your people be much lessened here." They then beseech his
majesty "in the most public and effectual way, that may be, to declare to
all your subjects of Ireland, that the _growth_ and _increase_ of the
woollen manufacture hath long, and will ever be looked upon with jealousy
by all your subjects of this kingdom; _and if not timely remedied_, may
occasion very strict laws, totally to prohibit and suppress the same; and,
on the other hand, if they turn their industry and skill to the settling
and improving the linen manufacture, for which generally the lands of that
kingdom are very proper, they shall receive all countenance, favour, and
protection from your _royal influence_, for the encouragement and
promoting of the said linen manufacture, to _all the advantage and profit
that kingdom can be capable of_."

King William in his answer says, "His Majesty will take care to do what
their lordships have desired;" and the lords direct that the Lord
Chancellor should order that the address and answer be forthwith printed
and published.[258]

In the address of the Commons[259] they say, that "being sensible that the
wealth and peace of this kingdom do, in a great measure, depend on
preserving the woollen manufacture, as much as possible, _entire_ to this
realm, they think it becomes them, like their ancestors, to be jealous of
the _establishment_ and _increase_ thereof elsewhere; and to use their
utmost endeavours to prevent it, and therefore, they cannot without
trouble observe, that Ireland, dependent on, and protected by England in
the enjoyment of all they have, and which is so proper for the linen
manufacture, the establishment and growth of which there would be so
enriching to themselves, and so profitable to England, should _of late_
apply itself to the woollen manufacture, to the great prejudice of the
trade of this kingdom, and so unwillingly promote the linen trade, which
would benefit both them and us.

"The consequence whereof will necessitate your parliament of England to
interpose, to prevent the mischief that _threatens_ us, unless your
Majesty, by your authority and great wisdom, shall find means to secure
the trade of England by making your subjects of Ireland to pursue the
joint interest of both kingdoms.

"And we do most humbly implore your Majesty's protection and favour in
this matter; and that you will make it your royal care, and enjoin all
those you employ in Ireland, to make it their care, and use their utmost
diligence, to hinder the _exportation of wool_ from Ireland, except to be
imported hither, and for the discouraging the woollen manufactures, and
encouraging the linen manufactures in Ireland, to which we shall be
_always_ ready to give our _utmost_ assistance."

This address was presented to his Majesty by the house: The answer is
explicit: "I shall do all that in me lies to discourage the woollen trade
in Ireland, and encourage the linen manufacture there; and to promote the
trade of England."

He soon after wrote a letter[260] to Lord Galway, then one of the lord's
justices of this kingdom, in which he tells him, "that it was never of
such importance to have at present a good session of parliament, not only
in regard to my affairs of that kingdom, but especially of this here. The
chief thing that must be tried to be prevented is, that the Irish
parliament takes no notice of what has passed in this here,[261] and that
you make effectual laws for the linen manufacture, and discourage _as far
as possible_ the woollen." It would be unjust to infer from any of those
proceedings that this great prince wanted affection for this country. They
were times of party. He was often under the necessity of complying against
his own opinion and wishes, and about this time was obliged to send away
his favourite guards, in compliance with the desire of the Commons.

The houses of parliament in England originally intended, that the business
should be done in the parliament of Ireland by the exertion of that great
and just influence which King William had acquired in that kingdom. On the
first day of the following session[262] the lords justices, in their
speech, mention a bill transmitted for the encouragement of the linen and
hempen manufactures, which they recommend in the following words: "The
settlement of this manufacture will contribute much to people the country,
and will be found _much more advantageous to this kingdom_ than the
woollen manufacture, which being the settled staple trade of England, from
_whence all foreign markets_ are supplied, can never be encouraged _here_
for that purpose; whereas the linen and hempen manufactures will not only
be encouraged as consistent with the trade of England, but will render
the trade of this kingdom both useful and necessary to England."

The Commons in their address[263] promise their hearty endeavours to
establish a linen and hempen manufacture in Ireland, and say that they
hoped to find such a temperament in respect to the woollen trade here,
that the same may not be injurious to England. They referred the
consideration of that subject to the committee of supply, who resolved
that an additional duty be laid on old and new drapery of the manufacture
of this kingdom,[264] that shall be exported, friezes excepted; to which
the House agreed.[265] But there were petitions presented against this
duty, and relative to the quantity of it, and the committee appointed to
consider of this duty were not it seems so expeditious in their
proceedings as the impatience of the times required.[266]

On the 2nd of October the lords justices made a quickening speech to both
houses, taking notice, that the progress which they expected was not made,
in the business of the session, and use those remarkable words: "The
matters we recommended to you are so necessary, and the prosperity of this
kingdom depends so much on the good success of this session, that since we
know his Majesty's affairs cannot permit your sitting very long, we
thought the greatest mark we could give of our kindness and concern for
you, was to come hither, and desire you to hasten the despatch of the
matters under your consideration; in which we are the more earnest,
because we must be sensible, that if the present opportunity his majesty's
affection to you hath put into your hands be lost, it seems hardly to be
recovered.[267]

On the 2nd of January, 1698, O. S. the House resolved that the report from
the committee of the whole House, appointed to consider of a duty to be
laid on the woollen manufactures of this kingdom, should be made on the
next day, and nothing to intervene. But on that day a message was
delivered from the lords justices in the following words: "We have
received his majesty's commands[268] to send unto you a bill, entitled an
act for laying an additional duty upon woollen manufactures exported out
of this kingdom; the passing of which in this session his majesty
recommended to you, as what may be of great advantage for the preservation
of the trade of this kingdom."

The bill which accompanied this message was presented, and a question for
receiving it was carried in the affirmative, by 74 against 34. This bill
must have been transmitted from the Council of Ireland. Whilst the
Commons were proceeding with the utmost temper and moderation, were
exerting great firmness in restraining all attempts to inflame the minds
of the people,[269] and were deliberating on the most important subject
that could arise, it was taken out of their hands; but the bill passed,
though not without opposition,[270] and received the royal assent on the
29th day of January, 1698.

By this act an additional duty was imposed of 4_s._ for every 20_s._ in
value of broadcloth exported out of Ireland, and 2_s._ on every 20_s._ in
value of new drapery, friezes only excepted, from the 25th of March, 1699,
to the 25th of March, 1702;[271] the only woollen manufacture excepted was
one of which Ireland had been in possession before the reign of Edward
III., and in which she had been always distinguished.[272] This law has
every appearance of having been framed on the part of the
Administration.[273]

But it did not satisfy the English parliament, where a perpetual law was
made, prohibiting, from the 20th of June, 1699,[274] the exportation from
Ireland of all goods made or mixed with wool, except to England and Wales,
and with the licence of the Commissioners of the Revenue; duties[275] had
been before aid on the importation into England equal to a prohibition,
therefore this Act has operated as a total prohibition of the exportation.

Before these laws the Irish were under great disadvantages in the woollen
trade, by not being allowed to export their woollen manufactures to the
English colonies,[276] or to import dye stuffs directly from thence; and
the English in this respect, and in having those exclusive markets,
possessed considerable advantages.

Let it now be considered what are the usual means taken to promote the
prosperity of any country in respect of trade and manufactures? She is
encouraged to work up her own materials, to export her manufactures to
other nations, to import from them the material for manufacture, and to
export none of her own that she is able to work up; not to buy what she is
capable of selling to others, and to promote the carrying trade and
ship-building. If these are the most obvious means by which a nation may
advance in strength and riches, institutions counteracting those means
must necessarily tend to reduce it to weakness and poverty; and,
therefore, the advocates for the continuance of those institutions will
find it difficult to satisfy the world that such a system of policy is
either reasonable or just.

The cheapness of labour, the excellence of materials, and the success of
the manufacture in the excluded country,[277] may appear to an
unprejudiced man to be rather reasons for the encouragement than for the
prohibition. But the preamble of the English Act of the 10th and 11th of
William III. affirms, that the exportation from Ireland and the English
plantations in America to foreign markets, heretofore supplied from
England, would inevitably sink the value of lands, and tend to the ruin of
the trade and manufactures of that realm. I shall only consider this
assertion as relative to Ireland. A fact upon which the happiness of a
great and ancient kingdom, and of millions of people depends, ought to
have been supported by the most incontestable evidence, and should never
be suffered to rest in speculation, or to be taken from the mere
suggestion or distant apprehension of commercial jealousy. Those fears for
the future were not founded on any experience of the past. From what
market had the woollen manufactures of Ireland ever excluded England? What
part of her trade, and which of her manufactures had been ruined; and
where did any of her lands fall by the woollen exports of Ireland? Were
any of those facts attempted to be proved at the time of the prohibition?
The amount of the Irish export proves it to have been impossible that
those facts could have then existed. The consequences mentioned as likely
to arise to England from the supposed increase of those manufactures in
Ireland, had no other foundation but the apprehensions of rivalship among
trading people, who, in excluding their fellow-citizens, have opened the
gates for the admission of the enemy.

Whether those apprehensions are now well-founded, should be carefully
considered. Justice, sound policy, and the general good of the British
Empire require it. The arguments in support of those restraints are
principally these:--That labour is cheaper, and taxes lower, in Ireland
than in England, and that the former would be able to undersell the latter
in all foreign markets.

Spinning is now certainly cheaper in Ireland, because the persons employed
in it live on food[278] with which the English would not be content; but
the wages of spinners would soon rise if the trade was opened. At the
loom, I am informed, that the same quantity of work is done cheaper in
England than in Ireland; and we have the misfortune of daily experience to
convince us that the English, notwithstanding the supposed advantages of
the Irish in this trade, undersell them at their own markets in every
branch of the woollen manufacture. A decisive proof that they cannot
undersell the English in foreign markets.

With the increase of manufactures, agriculture, and commerce in Ireland,
the demand for labour, and consequently its price, would increase.[279]
That price would be soon higher in Ireland than in England. It is not in
the richest countries, but in those that are growing rich the fastest,
that the wages of labour are highest,[280] though the price of provisions
is much lower in the latter; this, before the present rebellion, was in
both respects the case of England and North America. Any difference in the
price of labour is more than balanced by the difference in the price of
material, which has been for many years past higher in Ireland than in
England, and would become more valuable if the export of the manufacture
was allowed. The English have also great advantages in this trade from
their habits of diligence, superior skill, and large capital. From these
circumstances, though the Scotch have full liberty to export their woollen
manufactures, the English work up their wool,[281] and the Scotch make
only some kind of coarse cloths for the lower classes of their people; and
this is said to be for want of a capital to manufacture it at home.[282]
If the woollen trade was now open to Ireland, it would be for the most
part carried on by English capitals, and by merchants resident there.
Nearly one-half of the stock which carried on the foreign trade of Ireland
in 1672, inconsiderable as it then was, belonged to those who lived out of
Ireland.[283] The greater part of the exportation and coasting trade of
British America was carried on by the capitals of merchants who resided
in Great Britain; even many of the stores and warehouses from which goods
were retailed in some of their principal provinces, particularly in
Virginia and Maryland, belonged to merchants who resided in Great Britain,
and the retail trade was carried on by those who were not resident in the
country.[284] It is said that in ancient Egypt, China, and Indostan, the
greater part of their exportation trade was carried on by foreigners.[285]
The same thing happened formerly in Ireland, where the whole commerce of
the country was carried on by the Dutch;[286] and at present, in the
victualling trade of Ireland, the Irish are but factors to the English.
This is not without example in Great Britain, where there are many little
manufacturing towns, the inhabitants of which have not capitals sufficient
to transport the produce of their own industry to those distant markets
where there is demand and consumption for it, and their merchants are
properly only the agents of wealthier merchants, who reside in some of the
great commercial cities.[287] The Irish are deficient in all kinds of
stock, they have not sufficient for the cultivation of their lands, and
are deficient in the stocks of master manufacturers, wholesale merchants,
and even of retailers.

Of what Ireland gains, it is computed that one-third centres in Great
Britain.[288] Of our woollen manufacture the greatest part of the profit
would go directly there. But the manufacturers of Ireland would be
employed, would be enabled to buy from the farmers the superfluous produce
of their labour, the people would become industrious, their numbers would
greatly increase, the British State would be strengthened, though
probably, this country would not for many years find any great influx of
wealth; it would be, however, more equally distributed, from which the
people and the Government would derive many important advantages.

Whatever wealth might be gained by Ireland would be, in every respect, an
accession to Great Britain. Not only a considerable part of it would flow
to the seat of government, and of final judicature, and to the centre of
commerce; but when Ireland should be able she would be found willing, as
in justice she ought to be, to bear her part of those expenses which Great
Britain may hereafter incur, in her efforts for the protection of the
whole British empire. If Ireland cheerfully and spontaneously, but when
she was ill able, contributed, particularly in the years 1759, 1761, 1769,
and continued to do so in the midst of distress and poverty, without
murmur, to the end of the year 1778, when Great Britain thought proper to
relieve her from a burden which she was no longer able to bear, no doubt
can be entertained of her contributing, in a much greater proportion, when
the means of acquiring shall be open to her.

I form this opinion, not only from the proofs which the experience of many
years, and in many signal instances has given, but the nature of the Irish
Constitution, which requires that the laws of Ireland should be certified
under the Great Seal of England, and the superintending protection of
Great Britain, necessary to the existence of Ireland, would make it her
interest to cultivate, at all times, a good understanding with her sister
kingdom.

The lowness of taxes in Ireland seems to fall within the objection arising
from the cheapness of labour. But the disproportion between the taxes of
the two kingdoms is much overrated in Great Britain. Hearth-money in
Ireland amounts to about L59,000 yearly, the sums raised by Grand Juries
are said to exceed the annual sum of L140,000, and the duties on beef,
butter, pork, and tallow exported, at a medium from 1772 to 1778, amount
to L26,577 11_s._ yearly. These are payable out of lands, or their
immediate produce, and may well be considered as a land-tax. These, with
the many other taxes payable in Ireland, compared either with the annual
amount of the sums which the inhabitants can earn or expend, with the
rental of the lands, the amount of the circulating specie, of personal
property, or of the trade of Ireland, it is apprehended would appear not
to be inferior in proportion to the taxes of England compared with any of
those objects in that country.[289] The sums remitted to absentees[290]
are worse than so much paid in taxes, because a large proportion of these
is usually expended in the country. If this reasoning is admitted, it will
require no calculation to show that Ireland pays more taxes in proportion
to its small income than England does in proportion to its great one.

Of excisable commodities, the consumption by each manufacturer is not so
considerable as to make the great difference commonly imagined in the
price of labour. It is an acknowledged fact that Ireland pays in excises
as much as she is able to bear, and that her inability to bear more arises
from those very restraints. But supposing the disproportion to be as great
as is erroneously imagined in Great Britain, it will not conclude in
favour of the prohibition. The land-tax is nearly four times as high in
some counties of England as in others, and provisions are much cheaper in
some parts of that kingdom than in others, and yet they have all
sufficient employment, and go to market upon equal terms. But a monopoly
and not an equal market was plainly the object in 1698; it was not to
prevent the Irish from underselling at foreign markets, but to prevent
their selling there at all. The consequences to the excluded country have
been mentioned. England has also been a great sufferer by this mistaken
policy.

Mr. Dobbs, who wrote in 1729,[291] affirms that by this law of 1699, our
woollen manufacturers were forced away into France, Germany, and Spain;
that they had in many branches so much improved the woollen manufacture of
France, as not only to supply themselves, but to vie with the English in
foreign markets, and that by their correspondence, they had laid the
foundation for the running of wool thither both from England and Ireland.
He says that those nations were then so improved, as in a great measure to
supply themselves with many sorts they formerly had from England, and
since that time have deprived Britain of millions, instead of thousands
that Ireland might have made.

It is now acknowledged that the French undersell the English; and as far
as they are supplied with Irish wool, the loss to the British empire is
double what it would be, if the Irish exported their goods manufactured.
This is mentioned by Sir Matthew Decker[292] as the cause of the decline
of the English, and the increase of the French woollen manufactures; and
he asserts that the Irish can recover that trade out of their hands.
England, since the passing of this law, has got much less of our wool than
before.[293] In 1698, the export of our wool to England amounted to
377,520-3/4 stone; at a medium of eight years, to Lady-day, 1728, it was
only 227,049 stone, which is 148,000 stone less than in 1698, and was a
loss of more than half a million yearly to England. In the last ten years
the quantity exported has been so greatly reduced, that in one of these
years[294] it amounted only to 1007 st. 11 lb., and in the last year did
not exceed 1665 st. 12 lb.[295] The price of wool under an absolute
prohibition, is L50 or L60 per cent. under the market price of Europe,
which will always defeat the prohibition.[296]

The impracticability of preventing the pernicious practice of running wool
is now well understood. Of the thirty-two counties in Ireland nineteen are
maritime, and the rest are washed by a number of fine rivers that empty
themselves into the sea. Can such an extent of ocean, such a range of
coasts, such a multitude of harbours, bays, and creeks, be effectually
guarded?

The prohibition of the export of live cattle forced the Irish into the
re-establishment of their woollen manufacture; and the restraint of the
woollen manufacture was a strong temptation to the running of wool. The
severest penalties were enacted, the British legislature, the Government,
and House of Commons in Ireland, exerted all possible efforts to remove
this growing evil, but in vain, until the law was made in Great
Britain[297] in 1739 to take off the duties from woollen or bay yarn
exported from Ireland, excepting worsted yarn of two or more threads,
which has certainly given a considerable check to the running of wool, and
has shown that the policy of opening is far more efficacious than that of
restraining. The world is become a great commercial society; exclude trade
from one channel, and it seldom fails to find another.

To show the absolute necessity of Great Britain's opening to Ireland some
new means of acquiring, let the annual balance of exports and imports
returned from the entries in the different custom houses, in favour of
Ireland, on all her trade with the whole world, in every year from 1768 to
1778, be compared with the remittances made from Ireland to England in
each of those years, it will evidently appear that those remittances could
not be made out of that balance. The entries of exports made at custom
houses are well known to exceed the real amount of those exports in all
countries, and this excess is greater in times of diffidence, when
merchants wish to acquire credit by giving themselves the appearance of
being great traders.

This balance in favour of Ireland on her general trade, appears by those
returns to have been, in 1776, L606,190 11_s._ 0-1/4_d._; in 1777, L24,203
3_s._ 10-1/4_d._; in 1778, L386,384 3_s._ 7_d._; and, taken at a medium of
eleven years, from 1768 to 1778, both inclusive, it amounts to the sum of
L605,083 7_s._ 5_d._ The sums remitted from Ireland to Great Britain for
rents, interest of money, pensions, salaries, and profits of offices,
amounted, at the lowest computation, from 1768 to 1773, to L1,100,000
yearly;[298] and from 1773, when the tontines were introduced, from which
period large sums were borrowed from England, those remittances were
considerably increased, and are now not less than between 12 and L13,000
yearly. Ireland then pays to Great Britain double the sum that she
collects from the whole world in all the trade which Great Britain allows
her. It will be difficult to find a similar instance in the history of
mankind.

Those great and constant issues of her wealth without any return, not felt
by any other country in such a degree, are reasons for granting advantages
to Ireland to supply this consuming waste, instead of depriving her of any
which Nature has bestowed.

If any of the resources which have hitherto enabled her to hear this
prodigious drain are injurious to the manufactures both of England and
Ireland, and highly advantageous to the rivals and enemies of both, is it
wise in Great Britain by persevering in an inpracticable system of
commercial policy, repugnant to the natural course and order of things, to
suffer so very considerable a part of the empire to remain in such a
situation?

The experiment of an equal and reasonable system of commerce is worth
making; that which has been found the best conductor in philosophy is the
surest guide in commerce.

Would you consult persons employed in the trade? They have in one respect
an interest opposite to that of the public. To narrow the competition is
advantageous to the dealers,[299] but prejudicial to the public. If Edward
I. had not preferred the general welfare of his subjects to the interested
opinions and petitions of the traders, all merchant traders (who were then
mostly strangers) would have been sent away from London,[300] for which
purpose the Commons offered him the fiftieth part of their movables.[301]

What was the information given by the trading towns in 1697 and 1698 on
the subject of the woollen manufacture of Ireland? Several of their[302]
petitions state that the woollen manufacture was _set-up_ in Ireland, as
if it had been lately introduced there; and one of them goes so far as to
represent the particular time and manner of introducing it. "Many of the
poor of that kingdom," says this extraordinary petition, "during the late
rebellion there, fled into the west of England, where they were put to
work in the woollen manufacture to learn that trade; and since the
reduction of Ireland _endeavours were used to set up_ those manufactures
there.[303]

Would any man suppose that this could relate to a manufacture in which
this kingdom excelled before the time of Edward III., which had been the
subject of so many laws in both kingdoms, and which was always cultivated
here, and before this rebellion with more success than after it? The
trading towns gave accounts totally inconsistent of the state of this
manufacture at that time in England: from Exeter it is represented as
greatly decayed and discouraged[304] in those parts, and diminished in
England. But a petition from Leeds represents this manufacture as having
very much increased[305] since the revolution in all its several branches,
to the general interest of England; and yet, in two days after the
clothiers from three towns in Gloucestershire assert that the trade has
decayed, and that the poor are almost starved.[306] The Commissioners of
Trade differ in opinion from them and by their report it appears that the
woollen manufacture was then very much increased and improved.[307] The
traders have sometimes mistaken their own interests on those subjects. In
1698 a petition for prohibiting the importation from Ireland of all
worsted and woollen yarn, represents that the poor of England are ready to
perish by this importation;[308] and in 1739 several petitions were
preferred against taking off the duties[309] from worsted and bay yarn
exported from Ireland to England. But this has been done in the manner
before mentioned, and is now acknowledged to be highly useful to England.
Trading people have ever aimed at exclusive privileges. Of this there are
two extraordinary instances: in the year 1698 two petitions were preferred
from Folkstone and Aldborough, stating a singular grievance that they
suffered from Ireland, "by the Irish catching herrings _at Waterford and
Wexford_,[310] and sending them to the Streights, and thereby
_forestalling_ and ruining petitioners' markets;" but these petitioners
had the _hard lot_ of having motions in their favour rejected.

I wish that the fullest information may be had in this important
investigation, but between the inconsistent accounts and opinions that
will probably be given, experience only can decide; and experience will
demonstrate that the removal of those restraints will promote the
prosperity of both kingdoms.

  I have the honour to be, my Lord, &c.


Sixth Letter.

_Dublin, 1st September, 1779._

MY LORD,

By the proceedings in the English Parliament, in the year 1698, and the
speech of the Lords Justices to the Irish Parliament in that year, it
appears that the linen was intended to be given to this country as an
equivalent for the woollen manufacture. The opinion that this supposed
equivalent was accepted as such by Ireland is mistaken. The temperament
which the Commons of Ireland in their address said they hoped to find was
no more than a partial and temporary duty on exportation, as an experiment
only, and not as an established system, reserving the exportation of
frieze, then much the most valuable part to Ireland.[311] The English
intended the linen manufacture as a compensation, and declared that they
thought it would be much more advantageous to Ireland[312] than the
woollen trade.

This idea of an equivalent has led several persons, and, among the rest,
two very able writers[313] into mistakes from the want of information in
some facts which are necessary to be known, that this transaction may be
fully understood, and, therefore, ought to be particularly stated.

The Irish had before this period applied themselves to the linen trade.
This appears by two of their statutes, in the reign of Elizabeth, one
laying a duty on the export of flax and linen yarn,[314] and the other
making it felony to ship them without paying such duty.[315] In the reign
of Charles I. great pains were taken by Lord Strafford to encourage this
manufacture, and in the succeeding reign[316] the great and munificent
efforts of the first duke of Ormond were crowned with merited success. The
blasts of civil dissensions nipped those opening buds of industry; and,
when the season was more favourable, it is probable that, like England,
they found the woollen manufacture a more useful object of national
pursuit, which may be collected from the address of the English House of
Commons, "that they so unwillingly promote the linen trade,"[317] and it
was natural for a poor and exhausted country to work up the materials of
which it was possessed.

In 1696 the English had given encouragement to the manufactures of hemp
and flax in Ireland, but without stipulating any restraint of the export
of woollen goods. The English Act made in that year recites that great
sums of money were yearly exported out of England for the purchasing of
hemp, flax, and linen, and the productions thereof, which might be
prevented by being supplied from Ireland, and allows natives of England
and Ireland to import into England, free of all duties,[318] hemp and
flax, and all the productions thereof. In the same session[319] a law
passed in England for the more effectually preventing the exportation of
wool, and for encouraging the importation thereof from Ireland. Both those
manufactures were under the consideration of Parliament this session, and
it was thought, from enlarged views of the welfare of both kingdoms, that
England should encourage the linen without discouraging the woollen
manufacture of Ireland. There was no further encouragement given by
England to our linen manufacture for some years after the year 1696.[320]
_In 1696 there was no equivalent whatever given_ for the prohibition of
the export of our woollen manufactures.

It is true the assurances given by both Houses of Parliament in England
for the encouragement of our linen trade were as strong as words could
express; but was this intended encouragement, if immediately carried into
execution, an equivalent to Ireland for what she had lost? Let it first be
considered whether it was an equivalent at the time of the prohibition.

The woollen was then the principal manufacture and trade of Ireland. That
it was then considered as her staple, appears from the several Acts of
Parliament before mentioned, and from the attempt made in 1695 by the
Irish House of Commons to lay a duty on all old and new drapery imported.
The amount of the export proves[321] the value of the trade to so poor a
country as Ireland, and makes it probable that she then clothed her own
people. The address of the English House of Lords shows that this
manufacture was "growing" amongst us, and the goodness of our own
materials "for making _all manner_ of cloth."[322] And the English Act of
1698 is a voucher that this manufacture was then in so flourishing a state
as to give apprehensions, however ill founded, of its rivalling England in
foreign markets. The immediate consequences to Ireland showed the value of
what she lost; many thousands of manufacturers were obliged to leave this
kingdom for want of employment; many parts of the southern and western
counties were so far depopulated that they have not yet recovered a
reasonable number of inhabitants; and the whole kingdom was reduced to the
greatest poverty and distress.[323] The linen trade of Ireland was then of
little consideration, compared with the woollen.[324] The whole
exportation of linens, in 1700,[325] amounted only in value to L14,112. It
was an experiment substituted in the place of an established trade.

The English ports in Asia, Africa, and America were then shut against our
linens; and, when they were opened[326] for our white and brown linens,
the restraints of imports from thence to Ireland made that concession of
less value, and she still found it her interest to send, for the most
part, her linens to England. The linen could not have been a compensation
for the woollen manufacture, which employs by far a greater number of
hands, and yields much greater profit to the public, as well as to the
manufacturers.[327] Of this manufacture there are not many countries which
have the primum in equal perfection with England and Ireland; and no
countries, taking in the various kinds of those extensive manufactures, so
fit for carrying them on. There cannot be many rivals in this trade: in
the linen they are most numerous. Other parts of the world are more fit
for it than Ireland, and many equally so.

If this could be supposed to have been an equivalent at the time, or to
have become so by its success, it can no longer be considered in that
light. The commercial state of Europe is greatly altered. Ireland can no
longer enjoy the benefit intended for her. It was intended that the great
sums of money remitted out of England to foreign countries in this branch
of commerce should all centre in Ireland, and that England should be
supplied with linen from thence;[328] but foreigners now draw great sums
from England in this trade, and rival the Irish in the English markets.
The Russians are becoming powerful rivals to the Irish, and undersell them
in the coarse kinds of linen. This is now the staple manufacture of
Scotland. England, that had formerly cultivated this manufacture without
success, and had taken linens[329] from France to the amount of L700,000
yearly, has now made great progress in it. The encouragement of this trade
in England and Scotland has been long a principal object to the British
Legislature; and the nation that encouraged us to the undertaking has now
become our rival in it.[330] That this is not too strong an expression
will appear by considering two British statutes, one of which[331] has
laid a duty on the importation of Irish sail-cloth into Great Britain, as
long as the bounties should be paid on the exportation from[332] Ireland,
which obliged us to discontinue them; and the other[333] has given a
bounty on the exportation of _British_ chequered and striped linens
exported out of _Great Britain_ to Africa, America, Spain, Portugal,
Gibraltar, the island of Minorca, or the East Indies. This is now become a
very valuable part of the manufacture, which Great Britain, by the
operation of this bounty, keeps to herself. The bounties on the
exportation of all other linen, which she has generously given to ours as
well as to her own,[334] operate much more strongly in favour of the
latter;[335] the expense of freight, insurance, commission, &c., in
sending the linens from Ireland to England has been computed at four per
cent.; and if this computation is right, when the British linens obtain
L12 per cent., the full amount of the premium, the Irish do not receive
above eight. Those bounties, though acknowledged to be a favour to
Ireland, give Great Britain a further and a very important advantage in
this trade, by inducing us to send all our linens to England, from whence
other countries are supplied.

The great hinge upon which the stipulation on the part of England, in the
year 1698, turned was, that England should give every possible
encouragement to the linen and hempen manufactures in Ireland.
Encouraging those manufactures in another country was not compatible with
this intention. The course of events made it necessary to do this in
Scotland;[336] the course of trade made it necessary for England to do the
same. A commercial country must cultivate every considerable manufacture
of which she has or can get the primum. These circumstances have totally
changed the state of the question; and if it was reasonable and just that
Ireland, in 1698, should have accepted of the linen in the place of the
woollen manufactures, it deserves to be considered whether by the almost
total change of the circumstances it is not now unreasonable and unjust.

America itself, the opening of whose markets[337] to Irish linens was
thought to have been one of the principal encouragements to that trade, is
now become a rival and an enemy; and when she puts off the latter
character, will appear in the former with new force and infinite
advantages.

The emigration for many years of such great multitudes of our linen
manufacturers to America,[338] proves incontrovertibly that they can
carry on their trade with more success in America than in Ireland. But let
us examine the facts to determine whether the proposed encouragements have
taken place. The declaration of the Lords of England for the encouragement
of the linen manufacture of Ireland was "to all the advantage and profit
that kingdom can be capable of;" and of the Commons, "that they shall be
_always_ ready to give it their _utmost_ assistance." The speech of the
Lords Justices shows the extent of this engagement, and promises the
encouragement of England "to the linen and hempen manufactures of
Ireland."

In the year 1705[339] liberty was given to the natives of England or
Ireland to export from Ireland to the English plantations white and brown
linens only, but no liberty given to bring in return any goods from thence
to Ireland, which will appear from the account in the Appendix to have
made this law of inconsiderable effect. In 1743 premiums were given on the
exportation of English and Irish linens from Great Britain; and the bounty
granted by Great Britain, in 1774, on flax seed imported into Ireland is a
further proof of the munificent attention of Great Britain to our linen
trade. But chequered, striped, printed, painted, stained, or dyed linens
were not until lately admitted into the plantations from Ireland; and the
statutes of Queen Anne,[340] laying duties at the rate of thirty per cent.
on such linens made in _foreign_ parts and imported into Great Britain,
have been, rather by a forced construction, extended to Ireland, which is
deprived of the British markets[341] for those goods, and, until the year
1777,[342] was excluded from the American markets also. But it is thought,
as to chequered and striped linens, which are a valuable branch of the
linen trade, that this Act will have little effect in favour of this
country, from the operation of the before-mentioned British Act of the
10th G. 3, which, by granting a bounty on the exportation of those goods
of the manufacture of Great Britain only gives a direct preference to the
British linen manufacture before the Irish.

The hempen manufacture of Ireland has been, so far, _discouraged_ by Great
Britain, that the Irish have totally abandoned the culture of hemp.[343]

I hope to be excused for weighing scrupulously a proposed equivalent, for
which the receiver was obliged to part with the advantages of which he was
possessed. The equivalent, given in 1667, for the almost entire exclusion
of Ireland from the ports of England and America, was the exportation of
our manufactures to foreign nations. The prohibition of 1699 was not
altogether consistent with the equivalent of 1667; and from the equivalent
of 1698 the superior encouragement since given to English and Scotch
linen, and the discouragement to the chequer and stamped linen and
sail-cloth of Ireland must make a large deduction. But why must one
manufacture only be encouraged? The linen and the woollen trades of
Ireland were formerly both encouraged by the legislatures of both
kingdoms; they are now both equally encouraged in England.

If this single trade was found sufficient employment for 1,000,000 men who
remained in this country at the time of this restraint (the contrary of
which has been shown), it would require the interposition of more than
human wisdom to divide it among 2,500,000 men at this day, and to send the
multitude away satisfied.

No populous commercial country can subsist on one manufacture; if the
world has ever produced such an instance I have not been able to find it.
Reason and experience demonstrate that, to make society happy, the
members of it must be able to supply the wants of each other, as far as
their country affords the means; and, where it does not, by exchanging the
produce of their industry for that of their neighbours. When the former is
discouraged, or the latter prevented, that community cannot be happy. If
they are not allowed to send to other countries the manufactured produce
of their own, the people who enjoy that liberty will undersell them in
their own markets; the restrained manufacturers will be reduced to
poverty, and will hang like paralytic limbs on the rest of the body.

If England's commercial system would have been incomplete, had she failed
to cultivate any one principal manufacture of which she had or could
obtain the material, what shall we say to the commercial state of that
country, restrained in a manufacture of which she has the materials in
abundance, and in which she had made great progress, and almost confined
to one manufacture of which she has not the primum.

Manufactures, though they may flourish for a time, generally fail in
countries that do not produce the principal materials of them. Of this
there are many instances. Venice and the other Italian states carried on
the woollen manufacture until the countries which produced the materials
manufactured them, when the Italian manufactures declined, and dwindled
into little consideration in comparison of their former splendour. The
Flemings, from their vicinity to those countries that produced the
materials, beat the Italians out of their markets. But when England
cultivated that manufacture, the Flemings lost it. That this, and not
oppression, was the cause, appears from the following state of the linen
manufacture[344] there, because it consumes flax, the native produce of
the soil; and it is much to be feared that those islands will be obliged
to yield the superiority in this trade to other nations that have great
extent of country, and sufficient land to spare for this impoverishing
production.

That some parts of Ireland may produce good flax must be allowed, and also
that parts of Flanders would produce fine wool. But though the legislature
has for many years made it a capital object to encourage the growth of
flax and the raising of flax-seed in this kingdom, yet it is obliged to
pay above L9,000 yearly in premiums on the importation of flax-seed, which
is now almost imported, and costs us between L70,000 and L80,000 yearly.
Flax farming, in any large quantity, is become a precarious and losing
trade,[345] and those who have been induced to attempt it by premiums
from the Linen Board have, after receiving those premiums, generally found
themselves losers, and have declined that branch of tillage.

When the imported flax-seed is unsound and fails, in particular districts,
which very frequently happens, the distress, confusion, and litigation
that arise among manufacturers, farmers, retailers, and merchants, affords
a melancholy proof of the dangerous consequences to a populous nation when
the industry of the people and the hope of the rising year rest on a
single manufacture, for the materials of which we must depend upon the
courtesy and good faith of other nations.

Let me appeal to the experience of very near a century in the very
instance now before you. A single manufacture is highly encouraged; it
obtains large premiums, not only from the legislature of its own country,
but from that of a great neighbouring kingdom; it becomes not only the
first, but almost the sole national object; immense sums of money are
expended in the cultivation of it,[346] and the success exceeds our most
sanguine expectations. But look into the state of this country; you will
find property circulating slowly and languidly, and in the most numerous
classes of your people no circulation or property at all. You will
frequently find them in want of employment and of food, and reduced in a
vast number of instances from the slightest causes to distress and
beggary. All other manufacturers will continue spiritless, poor, and
distressed, and derive from uncertain employment a precarious and
miserable subsistence; they gain little by the success of the prosperous
trade, the dealers in which are tempted to buy from that country to which
they principally sell; the disease of those morbid parts must spread
through the whole body, and will at length reach the persons employed in
the favoured manufacture. These will become poor and wretched, and
discontented; they emigrate by thousands; in vain you represent the crime
of deserting their country, the folly of forsaking their friends, the
temerity of wandering to distant, and, perhaps, inhospitable climates;
their despondency is deaf to the suggestions of prudence, and will answer,
that they can no longer stay "where hope never comes," but will fly from
these "regions of sorrow."[347]

Let me not be thought to undervalue the bounties and generosity of that
great nation which has taken our linen trade under its protection. There
is much ill-breeding, though, perhaps, some good sense, in the churlish
reply of the philosopher to the request of the prince who visited his
humble dwelling, and desired to know, and to gratify his wishes; that they
were no more than this, that the prince should not stand between the
philosopher and the sun. Had he been a man of the world he might have
expressed the same idea with more address, though with less force and
significance; he might have said, "I am sensible of your greatness and of
your power; I have no doubts of your liberality; but Nature has abundantly
given me all that I wish; intercept not one of her greatest gifts; allow
me to enjoy the bounties of her hand, and the contentment of my own mind
will furnish the rest."

  I have the honour to be, my Lord, &c.


Seventh Letter.

_Dublin, 3rd September, 1779._

MY LORD,

By comparing the restrictive law of 1699 with the statutes which had been
previously enacted in England from the fifteenth year of the reign of
Charles II., relative to the colonies, it appears that this restrictive
law originated in a system of colonisation. The principle of that system
was that the colonies should send their materials to England and take from
thence her manufactures, and that the making those manufactures in the
colonies should be prohibited or discouraged. But was it reasonable to
extend this principle to Ireland? The climate, growth, and productions of
the colonies were different from those of the parent country. England had
no sugar-canes, coffee, dying stuff, and little tobacco. She took all
those from her colonies only, and it was thought reasonable that they
should take from her only the manufactures which she made. But in Ireland
the climate, soil, growth, and productions are the same as in England,
who could give no such equivalent to Ireland as she gave to America, and
was so far from considering her when this system first prevailed, as a
proper subject for such regulations, that she was allowed the benefits
arising from those colonies equally with England, until the fifteenth year
of the reign of King Charles II.[348] By an Act passed in that year,
Ireland had no longer the privilege of sending any of her exports, except
servants, horses, victuals, and salt, to any of the colonies; the reasons
are assigned in the preamble "to make this kingdom a staple, not only of
the commodities of those plantations, but also of the commodities of other
countries and places for the supplying of them, and it being the usage of
other nations to keep their plantation trade to themselves."[349] At the
time of passing this law, though less liberal ideas in respect of Ireland
were then entertained, it went no further than not to extend to her the
benefits of those colony regulations; but it was not then thought that
this kingdom was a proper subject for any such regulations. The scheme of
substituting there, instead of the woollen, the linen trade, was not at
that time thought of. The English were desirous to establish it among
themselves, and by an Act of Parliament,[350] made in that year for
encouraging the manufacture of linen, granted to all foreigners who shall
set up in England the privileges of natural born subjects.

But it appears by the English Statute of the 7th and 8th of William
III.,[351] which has been before stated, that this scheme had not
succeeded in England, and from this act it is manifest that England
considered itself as well as Ireland interested to encourage the linen
manufacture there; and it does not then appear to have been thought just
that Ireland should purchase this benefit for both, by giving up the
exportation of any other manufacture. But in 1698 a different principle
prevailed, in effect the same, so far as relates to the woollen
manufacture, with that which had prevailed as to the commerce of the
colonies. This is evident from the preamble of the English law,[352] made
in 1699, "for as much as wool and woollen manufactures of cloth, serge,
bays, kersies, and other stuffs, made or mixed with wool, are the greatest
and most profitable commodities of this kingdom, on which the value of
lands and the trade of the nation do chiefly depend, and whereas great
quantities of like manufactures have of late been made and are daily
increasing in the kingdom of Ireland, and _in the English plantations_ in
America, and are exported from thence to foreign markets heretofore
supplied from England, which will inevitably sink the value of lands, and
tend to the ruin of the trade and woollen manufactures of this realm; for
the prevention whereof and for the encouragement of the woollen
manufactures in this kingdom, &c.

The ruinous consequences of the woollen manufactures of Ireland to the
value of lands, trade, and manufactures of England, stated in this Act,
are apprehensions that were entertained, and not events that had happened;
and before those facts are taken for granted, I request the mischief
recited in the Acts[353] made in England to prevent the importation of
cattle dead or alive from Ireland, may be considered. The mischiefs stated
in those several laws are supposed to be as ruinous to England as those
recited in the Act of 1699, and yet are now allowed to be groundless
apprehensions occasioned by short and mistaken views of the real interests
of England. Sir W. Petty[354] demonstrates that the opinion entertained
in England at the time of his prohibition of the import of cattle from
Ireland was ill-founded; he calls it a strange conceit. If he was now
living, he would probably consider the prohibition of our woollen exports
as not having a much better foundation.

Connecting this preamble of the Act of 1699, with the speech made from the
throne to the parliament of Ireland in the year 1698, with the addresses
of both houses in England, and with the prohibition by this and by other
Acts, formerly made in England, of exporting wool from Ireland except to
that kingdom, the object of this new commercial regulation is obvious. It
was to discourage the woollen manufacture in Ireland and in effect to
prohibit the exportation from thence because it was the principal branch
of manufacture and trade in England; to induce us to send to them our
materials for that manufacture, and that we should be supplied with it by
them; and to encourage, as a compensation to Ireland, the linen
manufacture, which was not at that time a commercial object of any
importance to England. This I take to be a part of the system of colony
regulations. Whether it was reasonable or just to bring this kingdom into
that system, has been already submitted from arguments drawn from the
climates and productions of the different countries. The supposed
compensation was no more than what Ireland had before; no further
encouragement was given by England to our linen manufacture until six
years after this prohibition, when at the request of the Irish House of
Commons and after a representation of the ruinous state of the country,
liberty was given by an English Act of Parliament[355] to export our white
and brown linens into the colonies, which was allowing us to do as to one
manufacture what, before the fifteenth of King Charles II., was permitted
in every instance.

It would be presumption in a private man to decide on the weight of those
arguments; but to select and arrange facts that lie dispersed in journals
and books of Statutes in both kingdoms, and to make observations on those
facts with caution and respect, can never give offence to those who
inquire for the purpose of relieving a distressed nation and of promoting
the general welfare. In that confidence I beg leave to place this subject
in a different view, and to request that it may be considered what the
commercial system of this kingdom was at the time of passing this law of
1699, and whether it was, in this respect, reasonable or just that such a
regulation should have been then made? The great object which the Lords
and Commons of Great Britain have determined to investigate led to such a
discussion; determined as they are to pursue effectual methods "for
promoting the common strength, wealth, and commerce of both kingdoms."
What better guides can they follow than the examples of their ancestors
and the means used by them for many centuries, and in the happiest times,
for attaining the same great purposes.

In my opinion it would be improper, in the present state of the British
Empire, to agitate disputed questions that may inflame the passions of
men. May no such questions ever arise between two affectionate sister
kingdoms. It is my purpose only to state acknowledged facts, which never
have been contested, and from those facts to lay before you the commercial
system of Ireland before the year 1699.

For several centuries before this period Ireland was in possession of the
English Common law[356] and of Magna Charta. The former secures the
subject in the enjoyment of property of every kind; and by the latter _the
liberties of all the ports of the kingdom are established_.

The Statutes made in England for the common and public weal are,[357] by
an Irish Act of the 10th of Henry VII., made laws in Ireland; and the
English Commercial Statutes, in which Ireland is expressly mentioned, will
place the former state of commerce in this country in a light very
different from that in which it has been generally considered in Great
Britain.

By the 17th of Edward III., ch. 1, all sorts of merchandises may be
exported from Ireland, except to the King's enemies.

By the 27th of Edward III., ch. 18, merchants of Ireland and Wales may
bring their merchandise to the staple of England; and by the 34th of the
same king, ch. 17, all kinds of merchandises may be exported from and
imported into Ireland, as well by aliens as denizens. In the same year
there is another Statute, ch. 18, that all persons who have lands or
possessions in Ireland might freely import thither and export from that
kingdom _their own commodities_; and by the 50th of Edward III., ch. 8,
no alnage is to be paid, if frieze ware, which are made in Ireland.

This freedom of commerce was beneficial to both countries. It enabled
Ireland to be very serviceable to Edward III., as it had been to his
father and grandfather, in supplying numbers of armed vessels for
transporting their great lords and their attendants and troops[358] to
Scotland and also to Portsmouth for his French wars.

But the reign of Edward IV. furnishes still stronger instances of the
regard shown by England to the trade and manufactures of this country.

In the third year of that monarch's reign the artificers of England
complained to parliament that they were greatly impoverished, and _could
not live_ by bringing in divers commodities and wares ready wrought.[359]
An Act passed reciting those complaints, and ordaining that no merchant
born a subject of the king, denisen or stranger, or other person, should
bring into England or Wales any woollen cloths, &c., and enumerates many
other manufactures on pain of forfeiture, provided that all wares and
"chaffers" made and wrought in Ireland or Wales may be brought in and sold
in the realm of England, as they were wont before the making of that
Act.[360]

In the next year another Act[361] passed in that kingdom, that all woollen
cloth brought into England, and set to sale, should be forfeited, except
cloths made in Wales or Ireland.

In those reigns England was as careful of the commerce and manufactures of
her ancient sister kingdom, particularly in her great staple trade, as she
was of her own.

Of this attention there were further instances in the years 1468 and 1478.
In two treaties concluded in those years between England and the Duke of
Bretagne, the merchandise to be traded in between England, Ireland, and
Calais on the one part, and Bretagne on the other, is specified, and
woollen cloths are particularly mentioned.[362]

And in a treaty between Henry VII. and the Netherlands, Ireland is
included, both as to exports and imports.[363]

The commercial Acts of Parliament in which Ireland is mentioned have only
been stated, because they are not generally known. But the laws made in
England before the 10th Henry VII. for the protection of merchants and
the security of trade, being laws for the common and public weal, are also
made laws here by the Irish statute of that year, which was returned under
the great seal of England, and must have been previously considered in the
privy council of that kingdom. At this period, then, the English
commercial system and the Irish, so far as it depended upon the English
statute law, was the same; and before this period, so far as it depended
upon the common law and Magna Charta, was also the same.

From that time until the 15th of King Charles II., which takes in a period
of 167 years, the commercial constitution of Ireland was as much favoured
and protected as that of England. "The free enlargement of common traffic
which his Majesty's subjects of Ireland enjoyed," is taken notice of
incidentally in an English statute, in the reign of King James I.,[364]
and in 1627, King Charles I. made a strong declaration in favour of the
trade and manufactures of this country. By several English statutes in the
reign of King Charles II., an equal attention was shown to the woollen
manufactures in both kingdoms; in the 12th year of his reign[365] the
exportation of wool, wool-felts, fuller's earth, or any kind of scowering
earth, was prohibited from both. But let the reasons mentioned in the
preamble for passing this law be adverted to: "For preventing
inconveniences and losses that happened, and that daily do and may happen,
to the kingdom of England, dominion of Wales, and kingdom of Ireland,
through the secret exportation of wool out of and from the said kingdoms
and dominions; and for the _better setting on work the poor people_ and
inhabitants of the kingdoms and dominions aforesaid, and to the intent
that the full use and benefit of _the principal native commodities_ of the
same kingdom and dominion may come, redound, and be unto the subjects and
inhabitants of the same."

This was the voice of nature, and the dictate of sound and general policy;
it proclaimed to the nations that they should not give to strangers the
bread of their own children; that the produce of the soil should support
the inhabitants of the country; that their industry should be exercised on
their own materials, and that the poor should be employed, clothed, and
fed.

The shipping and navigation of England and Ireland were at this time
equally favoured and protected. By another Act of the same year no goods
or commodities[366] of the growth, production or manufacture of Asia,
Africa, or America, shall be imported into England, _Ireland_, or Wales,
but in ships which belong to the people of England or _Ireland_, the
dominion of Wales, or town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, or which are of the
built of the said lands, and of which the master and three-fourths of the
mariners are English; and a subsequent statute[367] makes the
encouragement to navigation in both countries equal, by ordaining that the
subjects of Ireland and of the Plantations shall be accounted English
within the meaning of that clause. Another law[368] of the same reign
shows that the navigation, commerce, and woollen manufactures of both
kingdoms were equally protected by the English legislature. This Act lays
on the same restraint as the above-mentioned Act of the 12th of Charles
II., and makes the transgression still more penal. It recites that wool,
wool-felts, &c., are secretly exported from England and Ireland to foreign
parts to the great decay of the woollen manufactures, and the destruction
of the navigation and commerce of _these kingdoms_.

From those laws it appears that the commerce, navigation, and manufactures
of this country were not only favoured and protected by the English
legislature, but that we had in those times the full benefit of their
Plantation trade; whilst the woollen manufactures were protected and
encouraged in England and Ireland, the planting of tobacco in both was
prohibited, because "it was one of the main products of several of the
Plantations, and upon which their welfare and subsistence do depend."[369]

This policy was liberal, just, and equal; it opened the resources and
cultivated the strength of every part of the empire.

This commercial system of Ireland was enforced by several Acts of her own
legislature; two statutes passed in the reign of Henry VIII. to prevent
the exportation of wool, because, says the first of those laws, "it hath
been the cause of dearth of cloth and idleness of many folks,"[370] and
"tends to the desolation and ruin of this poor land." The second of those
laws enforces the prohibition[371] by additional penalties; it recites
"that the said beneficial law had taken little effect, but that since the
making thereof great plenty of wool had been conveyed out of this land to
the great and inestimable hurt, decay, and impoverishment of the King's
poor subjects within the said land, for redress whereof, and in
consideration that conveying of the wool of the growth of this land out of
the same is one of the greatest occasions of the idleness of the people,
waste, ruin, and desolation of the King's cities and borough towns, and
other places of his dominion within this land." The 11th of Elizabeth[372]
lays duties on the exportation equal to a prohibition, and the reason
given in the preamble ought to be mentioned: "That the said commodities
may be more abundantly wrought in this realm ere they shall be so
transported than presently they are, which shall set many now living idle
on work, to the great relief and commodity of this realm.[373]

By the preamble of one of those Acts,[374] made in the reign of Charles
II., it appears that the sale of Irish woollen goods in foreign markets
was encouraged by England, "whereas there is a general complaint in
_England_, France, and other parts beyond the seas (whither the woollen
cloths and other commodities made of wool in this, his Majesty's kingdom
of Ireland, are transported) of the false, deceitful, uneven, and
uncertain making thereof, which cometh to pass by reason that the
clothiers and makers thereof do not observe any certain assize for
length, breadth, and weight for making their clothes and other commodities
aforesaid in this kingdom, as they do in the realm of England, and as they
ought also to do here, by which means the merchants, buyers, and users of
the said cloth and other commodities are much abused and deceived, and the
credit, esteem, and sale of the said cloth and commodities is thereby much
impaired and undervalued, to the great and general hurt and hindrance of
the trade of clothing in this whole realm."

After the ports of England were shut against our cattle, and our trade to
the English colonies was restrained, still this commercial system was
adhered to by encouraging the manufactures of this country, and the
exportation of them to foreign countries. In 1667, when the power of the
Crown was not so well understood as at present, the proclamation before
mentioned was published by the Lord Lieutenant and Privy Council of
Ireland,[375] in pursuance of a letter from Charles II., by the advice of
his council in England, notifying to all his subjects of this kingdom the
allowance of a free trade to all foreign countries, either at war or peace
with his Majesty.

In the year 1663 the distinction between the trade of England and
Ireland,[376] and the restraints on that of the latter commenced. By an
English Act passed in that year, entitled an Act "for the encouragement of
trade," a title not very applicable to the parts of it that related to
Ireland; besides laying a prohibition on cattle imported into England from
that kingdom, the exportation of all commodities except victuals,
servants, horses, and salt for the fisheries of New England and
Newfoundland, from thence to the English plantations, was prohibited from
the 25th March, 1764. The exports allowed were useful to them, but
prejudicial to Ireland, as they consisted of our people, our provisions,
and a material for manufacture which we might have used more profitably on
our own coasts.

In 1670, another Act[377] passed in England to prohibit from the 24th of
March, 1671, the exportation from the English plantations to Ireland of
several materials for manufactures[378] without first unloading in England
or Wales. We are informed by this Act that the restraint of the
exportation from the English plantations to Ireland was intended by the
Act of 1663; but the intention is not effectuated, though the importation
of those commodities into Ireland _from England_, without first unloading
there is, in effect, prohibited by that Act.

The prohibition of importing into Ireland any plantation goods, unless the
same had been first landed in England, and had paid the duties, is made
general, without any exception, by the English Act of the 7th and 8th W.
III., ch. 22.

But by subsequent British Acts[379] it is made lawful to import from his
Majesty's plantations all goods of their growth or manufactures, the
articles enumerated in those several Acts excepted.[380]

By a late British Act[381] there is a considerable extension of the
exports from Ireland to the British plantations. But it is apprehended
that this law will not answer the kind intentions of the British
legislature. Denying the import from those countries to Ireland is, in
effect, preventing the export from Ireland to those countries. Money
cannot be expected for our goods there, we must take theirs in exchange;
and this can never answer on the terms of our being obliged, in our
return, to pass by Ireland, to land those goods in England, to ship them a
second time, and then to sail back again to Ireland. No trade will bear
such an unnecessary delay and expense. The quickness and the security of
the return are the great inducements to every trade. One is lost and the
other hazarded by such embarrassments; those who are not subject to them
carry on the trade with such advantages over those who are so entangled as
totally to exclude them from it. This is no longer the subject of
speculation, it has been proved by the experience of above seventy years.
Since the year 1705, when liberty was given to import white and brown
linen from Ireland into the English plantations, the quantities sent there
directly from Ireland were at all times very inconsiderable
notwithstanding this liberty; they were sent for the most part from
Ireland to England before any bounty was given on the exportation from
thence, which did not take place until the year 1743; and from England the
English plantations were supplied. There cannot be a more decisive proof
that the liberty of exporting without a direct import in return, will not
be beneficial to Ireland.

This country is the part of the British empire most conveniently situated
for trade with the colonies. If not suffered to have any beneficial
intercourse with them, she will be deprived of one of the great advantages
of her situation; and such an obstruction to the prosperity of so
considerable a part must necessarily diminish the strength of the whole
British empire.

Those laws laid Ireland under restraints highly prejudicial to her
commerce and navigation. From those countries the materials for
ship-building[382] and some of those used in perfecting their staple
manufactures were had; Ireland was, by those laws, excluded from almost
all the trade of three quarters of the globe, and from all direct
beneficial intercourse with her fellow-subjects in those countries, which
were partly stocked from her own loins. But still, though deprived at that
time of the benefit of those colonies, she was not then considered as a
colony herself, her manufacturers were not in any other manner
discouraged, her ports were left open, and she was at liberty to look for
a market among strangers, though not among her fellow-subjects in Asia,
Africa, or America.[383] By the law of 1699 she was, as to her staple
manufacture, deprived of those resources; she was brought within a system
of colonisation, but on worse terms than any of the plantations who were
allowed to trade with each other.[384]

She could send her principal materials for manufacture to England only;
but those manufactures were encouraged in England and discouraged in
Ireland. The probable consequence of which was, and the event has answered
the expectation, that we should take those manufactures from that country;
and that, therefore, in those various trades which employ the greatest
numbers of men, the English should work for our people; the rich should
work for the poor.

Let the histories of both kingdoms, and the statute books of both
parliaments be examined, and no precedent will be found for the Act of
1699, or for the system which it introduced.

The whole tenor of the English statutes relative to the trade of this
country, and which, by our Act of the 10th of Henry VII., became a part of
our commercial constitution, breathe a spirit totally repugnant to the
principle of that law; and it is, therefore, with the utmost deference,
submitted to those who have the power to decide whether this law was
agreeable to the commercial constitution of Ireland, which, for 500 years,
has never produced a similar instance.

It might be naturally supposed, by a person not versed in our story, that
in the seventeenth century there had been some offence given or some
demerit on our part. He would be surprised to hear that during this
period our loyalty had been exemplary, and our sufferings on that account
great. In 1641, great numbers of the Protestants of Ireland were
destroyed, and many of them were deprived of their property and driven out
of their country from their attachment to the English Government in this
kingdom, and to that religion and constitution which they happily enjoyed
under it. At the Revolution they were constant in the same principles, and
successfully staked their lives and properties against domestic and
foreign enemies in support of the rights of the English crown, and of the
religious and civil liberties of Britain and of Ireland. They bravely
shared with her in all her dangers, and liberally partook of all her
adversities. Whatever were their rights, they had forfeited none of them.
Whatever favours they enjoyed, they had new claims from their merit and
their sufferings to a continuance of them. They now wanted more than ever
the care of that fostering hand which, by rescuing them twice from
oppression (obligations never to be forgotton by the Protestants of
Ireland), established the liberties, confirmed the strength, and raised
the glory of the British empire.

In speaking of a commercial system, it is not intended to touch upon the
power of making or altering laws; the present subject leads us only to
consider whether that power has been exercised in any instances contrary
to reason, justice, and public utility.

When we consider, with the utmost deference to established authority, what
is _reasonable, useful, and just_, principles equally applicable to an
independent or a subordinate, to a rich or a poor country: _Quod aeque
pauperibus prodest, locupletibus aeque_. Should any man talk of a conquest
above 500 years since, between kingdoms long united like those, in blood,
interest, and constitution, he does not speak to the purpose; he may as
well talk of the conquest of the Norman, and use the antiquated language
of obsolete despotism. I revere that conquest which has given to Ireland
the common law and the Magna Charta of England.

When we consider what is _reasonable, useful, and just_, and address our
sentiments to a nation renowned for wisdom and justice, should pride
pervert the question, talk of the power of Britain, and, in the character
of that great country, ask, like Tancred, who shall control me? I answer,
like the sober Siffredi--_thyself_.

The power of regulating trade in a great empire is perverted, when
exercised for the destruction of trade in any part of it; but whatever or
wherever that power is, if it says to the subject on one side of a
channel, you may work and navigate, buy and sell; and to the subject on
the other side, you shall not work or navigate, buy or sell, but under
such restrictions as will extinguish the genius and unnerve the arm of
industry; I will only say that it uses a language repugnant to the free
spirit of commerce, and of the British and Irish constitution.

Great eulogiums on the virtues of our people have been pronounced by some
of the most respected English authors.[385] Yet indolence is objected to
them by those who discourage their industry; but they do not reflect that
each of these proceeds from habit, and that the noble observation made on
virtue in general is equally applicable to industry; the day that it loses
its liberty half of its vigour is gone.[386]

The great expenditure of money by England on account of this country is an
argument more fit for the limited views of a compting-house than for the
enlarged policy of statesmen deliberating on the general good of a great
empire.

Very large sums, it is true, were advanced by England for the relief and
recovery of Ireland; but these have been reimbursed fifty-fold by the
profits and advantages which have since arisen to England from its trade
and intercourse with this kingdom. This argument may be further pursued,
but accounts of mutual benefits between intimate friends and near
relations should always be kept open, and every attempt to strike a
balance between them tends rather to raise jealousies than to promote good
will.

It has been said that the interest of England required that those
restraints should be imposed. The contrary has been shown; one of the
maxims of her own law instructs us to enjoy our own property, so as not to
injure that of our neighbour,[387] and the true interest of a great
country lies in the population, wealth, and strength of the whole empire.

If this restrictive system was founded in justice and sound policy towards
the middle and at the conclusion of the last century, the present state of
the British empire requires new counsels and a system of commerce and of
policy totally different from those which the circumstances of these
countries, in the years 1663, 1670, and 1698, might have suggested.

But it is time to give your lordship a little relief before I enter into a
new part of my subject.

  I have the honour to be,
    My lord, &c.


Eighth Letter.

_Dublin, 6th September, 1779._

MY LORD,

Between the 23rd of October, 1641, and the same day in the year 1652, five
hundred and four thousand of the inhabitants of Ireland are said to have
perished and been wasted by the sword, plague, famine, hardship, and
banishment.[388] If it had not been for the numbers of British which those
wars had brought over,[389] and such who, either as adventurers or
soldiers, seated themselves here on account of the satisfaction made to
them in lands, the country had been, by the rebellion of 1641 and the
plague that followed it, nearly desolate. At the restoration almost the
whole property of the kingdom was in a state of the utmost anarchy and
confusion. To satisfy the clashing interests of the numerous claimants,
and to determine the various and intricate disputes that arose relative to
titles, required a considerable length of time. Peace and settlement, or,
to use the words of one of the Acts of Parliament[390] of that time, the
repairing the ruins and desolation of the kingdom were the great objects
of this period.

The English law[391] of 1663, restraining the exportation from Ireland to
America, was at that time, and for some years after, scarcely felt in this
kingdom, which had then little to export except live cattle, not proper
for so distant a market.

The Act of Settlement, passed in Ireland the year before this restrictive
law, and the explanatory statute for the settlement of this kingdom, was
not enacted until two years after. The country continued for a
considerable time in a state of litigation, which is never favourable to
industry. In 1661, the people must have been poor; the number of them of
all degrees who paid poll money in that year was about 360,000.[392] In
1672, when the country had greatly improved, the manufacture bestowed upon
a year's exportation from Ireland did not exceed eight thousand
pounds,[393] and the clothing trade had not then arrived to what it had
been before the last rebellion. But still the kingdom had much increased
in wealth, though not in manufactured exports. The customs which set in
1656 for L12,000 yearly were, in 1672, worth L80,000[394] yearly, and the
improvement in domestic wealth, that is to say, in building, planting,
furniture, coaches, &c., is said to have advanced from 1652 to 1673 in a
proportion of from one to four. Sir William Petty, in the year 1672,
complains not of the restraints on the exportation from Ireland to
America,[395] but of the prohibition of exporting our cattle to England,
and of our being obliged to unlade in that kingdom[396] the ships bound
from America to Ireland, the latter regulation he considers as highly
prejudicial to this country.[396]

The immediate object of Ireland at this time seems to have been to get
materials to employ her people at home, without thinking of foreign
exportations. When we advanced in the export of our woollen goods the law
of 1663,[397] which excluded them from the American markets, must have
been a great loss to this kingdom; and after we were allowed to export our
linens to the British colonies in America, the restraints imposed by the
law of 1670 upon our importations from thence became more prejudicial,
and will be much more so if ever the late extension of our exports to
America should under those restraints have any effect. For it is certainly
a great discouragement to the carrying on trade with any country where we
are allowed only to sell our manufactures and produce, but are not
permitted to carry from them directly to our own country their principal
manufactures or produce. The people to whom we are thus permitted to sell
want the principal inducement for dealing with us, and the great spring of
commerce, which is mutual exchange, is wanting between us.

As the British legislature has thought it reasonable to extend, to a very
considerable degree, our exportation to their colonies, and has,
doubtless, intended that this favour should be useful to Ireland, it is
hoped that those restraints on the importation from thence, which must
render that favour of little effect, will be no longer continued.

From those considerations it is evident that many strong reasons
respecting Ireland are now to be found against the continuance of those
restrictive laws of 1663 and 1670, that did not exist at the time of
making them.

The prohibition of 1699 was immediately and universally felt in this
country; but in the course of human events various and powerful reasons
have arisen against the continuance of that statute, which did not exist,
and could not have been foreseen when it was enacted.

At the Restoration the inhabitants of Ireland consisted of three different
nations--English, Scotch, and Irish--divided by political and religious
principles, exasperated against each other by former animosities, and by
present contests for property. When the settlement of the country was
completed, the people became industrious, manufactures greatly increased,
and the kingdom began to flourish. The prohibition of exporting cattle to
England, and perhaps that of importing directly from America the materials
of other manufactures, obliged the Irish to increase and to manufacture
their own material. They made so great a progress in both, from 1672 to
1687, that in the latter year the exports of the woollen manufacture alone
amounted in value to L70,521 14_s._ 0_d._

But the religious and civil animosities continued. The <DW7>s objected to
the settlement of property made after the Restoration,[398] wished to
reverse the outlawries, and to rescind the laws on which that settlement
was founded, hoped to establish their own as the national religion, to
get the power of the kingdom into their own hands, and to effect all those
purposes by a king of their own religion. They endeavoured to attain all
those objects by laws[399] passed at a meeting which they called a
parliament, held under this prince after his abdication; and by their
conduct at this period, as well as in the year 1642,[400] showed
dispositions unfavourable to the subordination of Ireland to the Crown of
England. They could not be supposed to be well affected to that great
prince who defeated all their purposes.

At the time of the revolution the numbers of our people were again very
much reduced; but a great majority of the remaining inhabitants consisted
of <DW7>s. Those, notwithstanding their disappointment at that era, were
thought to entertain expectations of the restoration of their Popish king,
and designs unfavourable to the established constitution in Church and
State. It is not to the present purpose to inquire how long this
disposition prevailed. It cannot be doubted but that this was the opinion
conceived of their views and principles at the time of passing this law in
the year 1699.

England could not then consider a country under such unfortunate
circumstances as any great additional strength to it. Foreign Protestants
were invited to settle in it, and the emigration of <DW7>s in great
numbers to other countries was allowed, if not encouraged. Though at this
period a regard to liberty as well as to economy, occasioned the
disbanding of all the army in England, except 7,000, it was thought
necessary for the security of Ireland that an army of 12,000 men should be
kept there; and for many years afterwards it was not allowed that this
army should be recruited in this kingdom. This distinction of parties in
Ireland was in those times the mainspring in every movement relative to
that kingdom, and affected not only political but commercial regulations.
The reason assigned by the English statute, allowing the exportation of
Irish linen cloth to the plantations, is, after reciting the restrictive
law of 1663,[401] "_yet_, forasmuch as the Protestant interest of Ireland
ought to be supported, by giving the utmost encouragement to the linen
manufactures of that kingdom, in tender regard to her Majesty's good
Protestant subjects of her said kingdom, be it enacted," &c.

The <DW7>s, then disabled from acquiring permanent property in lands, had
not the same interest with Protestants in the defence of their country and
in the prosperity of the British Empire. But those seeds of disunion and
diffidence no longer remain. No man looks now for the return of the exiled
family any more than for that of Perken Warbec; and the repeal of Magna
Charta is as much expected as of the Act of Settlement. The <DW7>s,
indulged with the exercise of their religious worship, and now at liberty
to acquire permanent property in lands, are interested as well as
Protestants in the security and prosperity of this country; and sensible
of the benign influence of our Sovereign, and of the protection and
happiness which they enjoy under his reign, seem to be as well affected to
the King and to the constitution of the State as any other class of
subjects, and at this most dangerous crisis have contributed their money
to raise men for his Majesty's service, and declared their readiness, had
the laws permitted, to have taken arms for the defence of their country.
They owe much to the favour and protection of the Crown, and to the
liberal and benevolent spirit of the British legislature which led the way
to their relief, and they are peculiarly interested to cultivate the good
opinion of their Sovereign, and of their fellow-subjects in Great Britain.

The numbers of our people, since the year 1698, are more than doubled; but
in point of real strength to the British Empire are increased in a
proportion of above eight to one. In the year 1698 the numbers of our
people did not much, if at all, exceed one million. Of these 300,000 are
thought to be a liberal allowance for Protestants of all denominations. It
is now supposed that there are not less in this kingdom than 2,500,000
loyal and affectionate subjects to his Majesty, and well affected to the
constitution and happiness of their country.

A political and commercial constitution, if it could have been considered
as wisely framed for the years 1663, 1670, and 1698, ought to be
reconsidered in the year 1779; what might have been good and necessary
policy in the government of one million of men disunited among themselves,
and a majority of them not to be relied upon in support of their king and
of the laws and constitution of their country, is bad policy in the
government of two millions and a-half of men now united among themselves,
and all interested in the support of the Crown, the laws, and the
constitution.

What might have been sufficient employment, and the means of acquiring a
competent subsistence for one million of people, when a man, by working
two days in the week, might have earned a sufficient support for him and
his family, will never answer for two millions and a-half of people,[402]
when the hard labour of six days in the week can scarcely supply a scanty
subsistence. Nor can the resources which enabled us in the last century to
remit L200,000 yearly to England[403] support remittances to the amount of
more than six times that sum.

Let the reasons for this restrictive system at the time of its formation
be examined, and let us judge impartially whether any one of the purposes
then intended has been answered. The reasons respecting America were to
confine the Plantation trade to England, and to make that country a
storehouse of all commodities for its colonies. But the commercial
jealousy that has prevailed among the different states of Europe has made
it difficult for any nation to keep great markets to herself in exclusion
of the rest of the world. It was not foreseen at those periods that the
colonies, whilst they all continued dependent, should have traded with
foreign nations, notwithstanding the utmost efforts of Great Britain to
prevent it. It was not foreseen that those colonies would have refused to
have taken any commodities whatever from their parent country, that they
should afterwards have separated themselves from her empire, declared
themselves independent, resisted her fleets and armies, obtained the most
powerful alliances, and occasioned the most dangerous and destructive war
in which Great Britain was ever engaged. Nor could it have been foreseen
that Ireland, excluded from almost all direct intercourse with them,
should have been nearly undone by the contest. The reasons then respecting
America no longer exist, and whatever may be the event of the conflict,
will never exist to the extent expected when this system of restraints and
penalties was adopted.

The reasons relating to Ireland have failed also. The circumstances of
this country relative to the woollen manufacture are totally changed since
the year 1699. The Lords and Commons of England appear to have founded the
law of that year on the proportion which they supposed that the charge of
the woollen manufacture in England then bore to the charge of that
manufacture in Ireland. In the representation from the Commissioners of
Trade, laid before both houses,[404] they think it a reasonable
conjecture to take the difference between both wool and labour in the two
countries to be one-third; and estimating on that supposition, they find
that 43-7/8 per cent. may be laid on broadcloth exported out of Ireland,
more than on the like cloth exported out of England, to bring them both to
an equality. This must have been an alarming representation to England.

But if those calculations were just at the time, which is very doubtful,
the supposed facts on which they were founded do certainly no longer
exist. Wool is now generally at a higher price in Ireland than in England,
and the trifling difference in the price of labour is more than
overbalanced by this and the other circumstances in favour of England,
which have been before stated; and that those facts supposed in 1698, and
the inferences drawn from them, have no foundation in the present state of
this country is plain from the experience every day, which shows that
instead of our underselling the English, they undersell us in our own
markets.

Besides our exclusion from foreign markets, England had two objects in the
discouragement of our woollen trade.

It was intended that Ireland should send her wool to England, and take
from that country her woollen manufactures.[405] It has been already
shown that the first object has not been attained, the second has been
carried so far as, for the future, to defeat its own purpose. Whilst our
own manufacturers were starving for want of employment, and our wool sold
for less than one-half its usual price, we have imported from England, in
the years 1777 and 1778, woollen goods to the enormous amount of L715,740
13_s._ 0_d._, as valued at our Custom House, and of the manufactures of
linen, cotton, and silk mixed, to the amount of L98,086 1_s._ 11_d._,
making in the whole in those two years of distress, L813,826 14_s._
11_d._[406] Between 20 and 30,000 of our manufacturers in those branches
were in those two years supported by public charity. From this fact it is
hoped that every reasonable man will allow the necessity of our using our
own manufactures. Agreements among our people for this purpose are not, as
it has been supposed, a new idea in this country. It was never so
universal as at present, but has been frequently resorted to in times of
distress. In the sessions of 1703, 1705, and 1707,[407] the House of
Commons resolved unanimously, that it would greatly conduce to the relief
of the poor and the good of the kingdom, that the inhabitants thereof
should use none other but the manufactures of this kingdom in their
apparel and the furniture of their houses; and in the last of those
sessions the members engaged their honours to each other, that they would
conform to the said resolution. The not importing goods from England is
one of the remedies recommended by the council of trade in 1676, for
alleviating some distress that was felt at that time;[408] and Sir William
Temple, a zealous friend to the trade and manufactures of England,
recommends to Lord Essex, then Lord Lieutenant, "to introduce, as far as
can be, a vein of parsimony throughout the country in all things that are
not perfectly the native growths and manufactures."[409]

The people of England cannot reasonably object to a conduct of which they
have given a memorable example.[410] In 1697 the English House of Lords
presented an address to King William to discourage the use and wearing of
all sorts of furniture and cloths, not of the growth or manufacture of
that kingdom; and beseech him by his royal example effectually to
encourage the use and wearing of all sorts of furniture and wearing cloths
that are the growth of that kingdom, or manufactured there; and King
William assures them that he would give the example to his subjects,[411]
and would endeavour to make it effectually followed. The reason assigned
by the Lords for this address was that the trade of the nation had
suffered by the late long and expensive war. But it does not appear that
there was any pressing necessity at the time, or that their manufacturers
were starving for want of employment.

Common sense must discover to every man that, where foreign trade is
restrained, discouraged, or prevented in any country, and where that
country has the materials of manufactures, a fruitful soil, and numerous
inhabitants, the home-trade is its best resource. If this is thought, by
men of great knowledge, to be the most valuable of all trades,[412]
because it makes the speediest and the surest returns, and because it
increases at the same time two capitals in the same country, there is no
nation on the globe whose wealth, population, strength, and happiness
would be promoted by such a trade in a greater degree than ours.[413]

Two other reasons were assigned for this prohibition: that the Irish had
shown themselves unwilling to promote the linen manufacture,[414] and that
there were great quantities of wool in Ireland. But they have since
cultivated the linen trade with great success, and great numbers of their
people are employed in it. Of late years by the operation of the
land-carriage bounty, agriculture has increased in a degree never before
known in this country; extensive tracts of lands, formerly sheep-pasture,
are now under tillage, and much greater rents are given for that purpose
than can be paid by stocking with sheep; the quantity of wool is greatly
diminished from what it was in the year 1699, supposing it to have been
then equal to the quantity in 1687,[415] it has been for several years
lessening, and is not likely to be increased. In those two important
circumstances the grounds of the apprehensions of England have ceased, and
the state of Ireland has been materially altered since the year 1699.

Another reason respecting England and foreign States, particularly France,
has failed. England was, in 1698, in possession of the woollen trade in
most of the foreign markets, and expected still to continue to supply
them, as appears by the preamble of her Statute passed in that year.

She at that time expected to keep this manufacture to herself. The people
of Leeds, Halifax, and Newberry,[416] petition the House of Commons "that
by some means the woollen manufacture may be prevented from being set up
in foreign countries;" and the Commons, in their address, mention the
keeping it as much as possible _entire_ to themselves. But experience has
proved the vanity of those expectations; several other countries cultivate
this trade with success. France now undersells her. England has lost some
of those markets, and it is thought probable that Ireland, if admitted to
them, might have preserved and may now recover the trade that England has
lost.

A perseverance in this restrictive policy will be ruinous to the trade of
Great Britain. Whatever may be the state of America, great numbers of the
inhabitants of Ireland, if the circumstances of this country shall
continue to be the same as at present in respect of trade, will emigrate
there; this will give strength to that part of the empire on which Great
Britain can least, and take it from that part on which at present she may
most securely depend. But this is not all the mischief; those emigrants
will be mostly manufacturers, and will transfer to America the woollen and
linen manufactures, to the great prejudice of those trades in England,
Scotland, and Ireland; and then one of the means used to keep the colonies
dependent by introducing this country into a system of colonisation, will
be the occasion of lessening, if not dissolving, the connection between
them and their parent State.

Great Britain, weakened in her extremities, should fortify the heart of
her empire; Great Britain, with powerful foreign enemies united in lasting
bonds against her, and with scarcely any foreign alliance to sustain her,
should exert every possible effort to strengthen herself at home. The
number of people in Ireland have more than doubled in fourscore years. How
much more rapid would be the increase if the growth of the human race was
cherished by finding sufficient employment and food for this prolific
nation! it would probably double again in half a century. What a vast
accession of strength such numbers of brave and active men, living almost
within the sound of a trumpet, must bring to Great Britain, now said to be
decreasing considerably in population!--a greater certainty than double
those numbers dispersed in distant parts of the globe, the expense of
defending and governing of which must at all times be great. Sir W.
Temple,[417] in 1673, takes notice of the circumstances prejudicial to the
trade and riches of Ireland, which had hitherto, he says, made it of more
loss than value to England. They have already been mentioned. The course
of time has removed some of them, and the wisdom and philanthropy of
Britain may remove the rest. "Without these circumstances (says that
honest and able statesman), the native fertility of the soils and seas, in
so many rich commodities, improved by multitudes of people and industry,
with the advantage of so many excellent havens, and a situation so
commodious for all sorts of foreign trade, must needs have rendered this
kingdom one of the richest in Europe, and made a mighty increase both of
strength and revenue to the crown of England."[418]

During this century, Ireland has been, without exaggeration, a mine of
wealth to England, far beyond what any calculation has yet made it. When
poor and thinly inhabited she was an expense and a burden to England; when
she had acquired some proportion of riches and grew more numerous, she was
one of the principal sources of her wealth. When she becomes poor again,
those advantages are greatly diminished. The exports from Great Britain to
Ireland, in 1778,[419] were less than the medium value of the four
preceding years in a sum of L634,444 3_s._ 0_d_; and in the year 1779,
Great Britain is obliged, partly at her own expense, to defend this
country, and for that purpose has generously bestowed out of her own
exchequer a large sum of money. Those facts demonstrate that the poverty
of Ireland ever has been a drain, and her riches an influx of wealth to
England, to which the greater part of it will ever flow, and it imports
not to that country through what channel; but the source must be cleared
from obstructions, or the stream cannot continue to flow.

Such a liberal system would increase the wealth of this kingdom by means
that would strengthen the hands of government, and promote the happiness
of the people. Ireland would be then able to contribute largely to the
support of the British Empire, not only from the increase of her wealth,
but from the more equal distribution of it into a greater number of hands
among the various orders of the community. The present inability of
Ireland arises principally from this circumstance, that her lower and
middle classes have little or no property, and are not able, to any
considerable amount, either to pay taxes or consume those commodities that
are the usual subjects of them; and this has been the consequence of the
laws which prevent trade and discourage manufactures. The same quantity of
property distributed through the different classes of the people would
supply resources much superior to those which can be found in the present
state of Ireland.[420] The increase of people there under its present
restraints makes but a small addition to the resources of the State in
respect of taxes.[421] In 1685, the amount of the inland excise in Ireland
was L75,169. In 1762, it increased only to L92,842. Those years are taken
as periods of a considerable degree of prosperity in Ireland. The people
had increased, from 1685 to 1762, in a proportion of nearly 7 to 4,[422]
which appears from this circumstance, that in 1685 hearth-money amounted
to L32,659, and in 1762 to L56,611. At the former period the law made to
restrain and discourage the principal trade and manufacture of Ireland had
not been made. There were then vast numbers of sheep in Ireland, and the
woollen manufacture was probably in a flourishing state. At the former of
those periods the lower classes of the people were able to consume
excisable commodities; in the latter they lived for the most part on the
immediate produce of the soil. The numbers of people in a state, like
those of a private family, if the individuals have the means of acquiring,
add to the wealth, and if they have not those means, to the poverty of the
community. Population is not always a proof of the prosperity of a nation;
the people may be very numerous and very poor and wretched. A temperate
climate, fruitful soil, bays and rivers well stocked with fish, the habits
of life among the lower classes, and a long peace, are sufficient to
increase the numbers of people: these are the true wealth of every state
that has wisdom to encourage the industry of its inhabitants, and a
country which supplies in abundance the materials for that industry. If
the state or the family should discourage industry, and not allow one of
the family to work, because another is of the same trade, the consequences
to the great or the little community must be equally fatal.

Is there not business enough in this great world for the people of two
adjoining islands, without depressing the inhabitants of one of them? Let
the magnanimity and philanthropy of Great Britain address her poor sister
kingdom in the same language which the good-natured Uncle Toby uses to the
fly in setting it at liberty:--"Poor fly; there's room enough for thee and
me."

  I have the honour to be,
    My Lord, &c.


Ninth Letter.

_Dublin, 10th Sept., 1779._

MY LORD,

Besides those already mentioned, various other commercial restraints and
prohibitions give the British trader and manufacturer many great and
important advantages over the Irish. Whilst our markets are at all times
open to all their productions and manufactures, with inconsiderable duties
on the import, their markets are open or shut against us as suits their
conveniency. On several articles of the first importance, and on almost
all our own manufactures imported into Great Britain, duties are imposed
equal to a prohibition. In the instance of woollen goods, theirs in our
ports pay but a small duty; ours in their ports are loaded with
duties[423] which amount to a prohibition.[424] Theirs on the exportation
are subject to no duty; ours, if permitted to be exported, would, as the
law now stands, be subject to a duty[425] over and above that payable for
alnage and for the alnager's fee. If the Act of 1699 was repealed, the
English would still have many great advantages over us in the woollen
trade.

In our staple manufacture, the bounties given on the exportation of white
and brown Irish linen from Great Britain would still continue that trade
in the hands of the British merchant. On all  linens a duty[426]
equal to a prohibition is imposed on the importation into Great Britain;
but theirs, imported to us, are subject[427] to ten per cent., and under
that duty they have imported considerably. This inequality of duty, and
the bounty given by the British Act of the tenth of Geo. III., on the
exportation of their chequered and striped linens from Great Britain,
secures to them the continuance of the great superiority which they have
acquired over us in those very valuable branches of this trade. In many
other articles they have given themselves great advantages. Beer they
export to us in such quantities as almost to ruin our brewery; but they
prevent our exportation to them by duties, laid on the import there, equal
to a prohibition. Of malt they make large exports to us, to the prejudice
of our agriculture, but have absolutely prohibited our exportation of that
commodity to them. Some manufactures they retain solely to themselves,
which we are prohibited from exporting, and cannot import from any country
but Great Britain, as glass of all kinds. Hops they do not allow us to
import from any other place, and in a facetious style of interdiction,
pronounce such importation to be a common nuisance.[428] They go further,
and by laying a duty on the export, and denying the draw-back, oblige the
Irish consumer to pay a tax appropriated, it is said, to the payment of a
British debt. I shall make no political, but the subject requires a
commercial observation--it is this: the man who keeps a market solely to
himself, in exclusion of all others, whether he appears as buyer[429] or
seller, fixes his own price, and becomes the arbiter of the profit and
loss of every customer.

The various manufactures[430] made or mixed with cotton are subject, by
several British Acts, to duties on the importation amounting to 25 per
cent.

By another Act, penalties[431] are imposed on wearing any of those
manufactures in Great Britain, unless made in that country. Those laws
have effectually excluded the Irish manufactures, in all those branches,
from the British markets; and it has been already shown that they cannot
be sent to the American. From Great Britain into Ireland all those
articles are imported in immense quantities, being subject here to duties
amounting to 10 per cent. only.

But it would be tedious to descend into a further detail, and disgusting
to write a book of rates instead of a letter.[432]

Their superior capitals and expertness give them decisive advantages in
every species of trade and manufacture. By the extension of the commerce
of Ireland, Great Britain would acquire new and important advantages, not
only by the wealth it would bring to that country, and the increase of
strength to the empire, but by opening to the British merchant new sources
of trade from Ireland.

It is time to draw to a conclusion. I have reviewed my letters to your
lordship, for the purpose of avoiding every possible occasion of offence.
I flatter myself every reader will discern that they have been written
with upright and friendly intentions, not to excite jealousies, but to
remove prejudices, to moderate, and conciliate; and that they are intended
as an appeal, not to the passions of the multitude, but to the wisdom,
justice, and generosity of Britain. Shakespeare could place a tongue in
every wound of Caesar; but Antony meant to inflame; and the only purpose of
those letters is to persuade. I have, therefore, not even removed the
mantle except where necessity required it.

In extraordinary cases where the facts are stronger than the voice of the
pleader, it is not unusual to allow the client to speak for himself. Will
you, my lord, one of the leading advocates for Ireland, allow her to
address her elder sister, and to state her own case; not in the strains
of passion or resentment, nor in the tone of remonstrance, but with a
modest enumeration of unexaggerated facts in pathetic simplicity. She will
tell her, with a countenance full of affection and tenderness, "I have
received from you invaluable gifts--the law of[433] common right, your
great charter, and the fundamentals of your constitution. The temple of
liberty in your country has been frequently fortified, improved, and
embellished; mine, erected many centuries since the perfect model of your
own, you will not suffer me to strengthen, secure, or repair; firm and
well-cemented as it is, it must moulder under the hand of Time for want of
that attention which is due to the venerable fabric.[434] We are connected
by the strongest ties of natural affection, common security, and a long
interchange of the kindest offices on both sides. But for more than a
century you have, in some instances, mistaken our mutual interest. I sent
you my herds and my flocks, filled your people with abundance, and gave
them leisure to attend to more profitable pursuits than the humble
employment of shepherds and of herdsmen. But you rejected my produce,[435]
and reprobated this intercourse in terms the most opprobrious. I
submitted; the temporary loss was mine, but the perpetual prejudice your
own. I incited my children to industry, and gave them my principal
materials to manufacture. Their honest labours were attended with moderate
success, but sufficient to awaken the commercial jealousy of some of your
sons; indulging their groundless apprehensions, you desired my materials,
and discouraged the industry of my people. I complied with your wishes,
and gave to your children the bread of my own; but the enemies of our race
were the gainers. They applied themselves with tenfold increase to those
pursuits which were restrained in my people, who would have added to the
wealth and strength of your empire what, by this fatal error, you
transferred to foreign nations. You held out another object to me with
promises of the utmost encouragement. I wanted the means, but I obtained
them from other countries, and have long cultivated, at great expense, and
with the most unremitted efforts, that species of industry which you
recommended. You soon united with another great family, engaged in the
same pursuit, which you were also obliged to encourage among them, and
afterwards embarked in it yourself, and became my rival in that which you
had destined for my principal support. This support is now become
inadequate to the increased number of my offspring, many of whom want the
means of subsistence. My ports are ever hospitably open for your
reception, and shut, whenever your interest requires it, against all
others; but yours are, in many instances, barred against me. With your
dominions in Asia, Africa, and America my sons were long deprived of all
beneficial intercourse, and yet to those colonies I transported my
treasures for the payment of your armies, and in a war waged for their
defence one hundred thousand of my sons fought by your side.[436] Conquest
attended our arms. You gained a great increase of empire and of commerce,
and my people a further extension of restraints and prohibitions.[437] In
those efforts I have exhausted my strength, mortgaged my territories, and
am now sinking under the pressure of enormous debts, contracted from my
zealous attachment to your interests, to the extension of your empire, and
the increase of your glory. By the present unhappy war for the recovery of
those colonies, from which they were long excluded, my children are
reduced to the lowest ebb of poverty and distress. It is true you have
lately, with the kindest intentions, allowed me an extensive liberty of
selling to the inhabitants of those parts of your empire; but they have no
inducement to buy, because I cannot take their produce in return. Your
liberality has opened a new fountain, but your caution will not suffer me
to draw from it. The stream of commerce intended to refresh the exhausted
strength of my children flies untasted from their parched lips.

"The common parent of all has been equally beneficent to us both. We both
possess in great abundance the means of industry and happiness. My fields
are not less fertile nor my harbours less numerous than yours. My sons are
not less renowned than your own for valour, justice, and generosity. Many
of them are your descendants, and have some of your best blood in their
veins. But the narrow policy of man has counteracted the instincts and the
bounties of nature. In the midst of those fertile fields some of my
children perish before my eyes for want of food, and others fly for
refuge to hostile nations.

Suffer no longer, respected sister, the narrow jealousy of commerce to
mislead the wisdom and to impair the strength of your state. Increase my
resources, they shall be yours, my riches and strength, my poverty and
weakness will become your own. What a triumph to our enemies, and what an
affliction to me, in the present distracted circumstances of the empire,
to see my people reduced by the necessity of avoiding famine, to the
resolution of trafficing almost solely with themselves! Great and powerful
enemies are combined against you; many of your distant connections have
deserted you. Increase your strength at home, open and extend the numerous
resources of my country, of which you have not hitherto availed yourself,
or allowed me the benefit. Our increased force, and the full exertions of
our strength, will be the most effectual means of resisting the
combination formed against you by foreign enemies and distant subjects,
and of giving new lustre to our crowns, and happiness and contentment to
our people."




APPENDIX.--No. I.


Quantity of Wool, Woollen, and Worsted Yarn exported from Ireland to Great
Britain in the following years:--

  +-------------------------------------------------------+
  |  Years   |      WOOL.  |             YARN.            |
  |  Ending  |-------------|------------------------------|
  | the 25th |             |   _Woollen._  |  _Worsted._  |
  | of March.| stones. lbs.| stones.   lbs.| stones.  lbs.|
  |----------|-------------|---------------|--------------|
  |   1764   | 10,128   6  |  9,991    14  | 139,412   12 |
  |   1795   | 17,316   0  | 13,450    12  | 149,915    9 |
  |   1766   | 21,722  13  |  7,980     0  | 152,122    0 |
  |   1767   | 48,733   8  |  7,553     0  | 151,940    9 |
  |   1768   | 28,521  11  | 11,387     6  | 157,721    3 |
  |   1769   |  3,840  16  |  5,012     0  | 131,365    2 |
  |   1770   |  2,578   0  |  3,833     0  | 117,735    9 |
  |   1771   |  2,118   5  |  4,868     2  | 139,378   14 |
  |   1772   |  2,045   6  |  5,947     0  | 115,904    4 |
  |   1773   |  1,839   2  |     --        |  94,098   10 |
  |   1774   |  1,007  11  |     --        |  63,920   10 |
  |   1775   |  2,007  13  |     --        |  78,896   14 |
  |   1776   |  1,059  15  |     --        |  86,527    0 |
  |   1777   |  1,734   7  |     --        | 114,703    2 |
  |   1778   |  1,665  12  |     --        | 122,755   15 |
  +-------------------------------------------------------+


APPENDIX.--No. II.

  +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  | Years|                     DRAPERY.                 |  LINEN COTTON. |
  |ending|----------------------------------------------|----------------|
  |  the |                        |                     |  Silk, mixed   |
  | 25th |          New.          |         Old.        |  manufacture.  |
  |  of  |------------------------|---------------------|----------------|
  |March.|Quantity.     Value.    |Quantity.     Value. |    Value.      |
  |------|------------------------|---------------------|----------------|
  |      |       |   L   s. d.    |       |  L     s. d.|   L   s. d.    |
  | 1769 |394,553|49,319  3  9    |207,117|144,982  8  6|13,402 10  7    |
  | 1770 |462,499|57,812  7  6    |249,666|174,766 14  6|20,907 18  2-1/2|
  | 1771 |362,096|45,262  0  0    |217,395|152,176 10  0|20,282  5  8    |
  | 1772 |314,703|39,337 18  9    |153,566|107,496  4  0|14,081 15  6-1/2|
  | 1773 |387,143|48,392 17  6    |200,065|147,045 13  6|20,472  7  3-1/2|
  | 1774 |461,407|57,675 17  6    |282,317|197,621 18  0|21,611 10  3-1/4|
  | 1775 |465,611|58,201  9  4-1/2|281,379|196,965 13  0|24,234 16  9-1/2|
  | 1776 |676,485|84,560 12  6    |290,215|203,150 10  0|30,371 16  8-1/2|
  | 1777 |731,819|91,477  8  9    |381,330|266,931  0  0|45,411  3  7    |
  | 1778 |741,426|92,678  6  3    |378,077|264,653 18  0|52,675  1 11    |
  +----------------------------------------------------------------------+


APPENDIX.--No. III.

An account of the Quantity of Linen Cloth exported out of Ireland to Great
Britain and Plantations, prior to the year 1743.

  +-----------------------------------------------+
  | Years   |       Linen Cloth exported to       |
  | Ending  | Great Britain.       Plantations.   |
  |the 25th |-------------------------------------|
  |of March.|      Yards.    |       Yards.       |
  |---------|----------------|--------------------|
  |   1705  |     739,278    |       19,742       |
  |   1706  |   1,325,771    |       62,727       |
  |   1707  |   1,847,564    |       81,037       |
  |   1708  |     343,359    |       29,606       |
  |   1709  |   1,539,250    |      113,939       |
  |   1710  |   1,528,185    |      136,844       |
  |   1711  |   1,131,629    |       89,262       |
  |   1712  |   1,320,968    |       43,011       |
  |   1713  |   1,721,003    |       86,357       |
  |   1714  |   2,071,814    |       91,916       |
  |   1715  |   2,000,581    |      133,752       |
  |   1716  |   1,968,568    |      195,825       |
  |   1717  |   2,260,243    |      151,240       |
  |   1718  |   2,120,075    |      113,790       |
  |   1719  |   2,235,357    |      117,288       |
  |   1720  |   2,560,113    |       69,579       |
  |   1721  |   2,398,103    |       95,488       |
  |   1722  |   3,036,431    |      127,934       |
  |   1723  |   4,060,402    |      112,952       |
  |   1724  |   3,767,063    |       94,816       |
  |   1725  |   3,755,430    |       70,052       |
  |   1726  |   4,231,676    |      117,213       |
  |   1727  |   4,596,089    |      151,977       |
  |   1728  |   4,517,152    |      140,049       |
  |   1729  |   3,701,485    |      183,363       |
  |   1730  |   3,821,188    |      218,220       |
  |   1731  |   3,591,316    |      137,039       |
  |   1733  |   4,621,127    |      129,244       |
  |   1734  |   5,194,241    |      213,250       |
  |   1735  |   6,508,748    |      202,759       |
  |   1736  |   6,168,333    |      262,242       |
  |   1737  |   5,758,408    |      309,827       |
  |   1738  |   4,897,169    |      232,947       |
  |   1739  |   5,737,834    |      197,671       |
  |   1740  |   6,403,569    |      183,471       |
  |   1741  |   6,760,025    |      394,374       |
  |   1742  |   6,793,009    |      244,546       |
  +-----------------------------------------------+




POSTSCRIPT.


Since these papers were sent to the press, the Commons of Ireland have, in
their address to his Majesty, resolved, unanimously, "that it is not by
temporary expedients, but by a free trade alone that this nation is now to
be saved from impending ruin." And the Lords have in their address
unanimously entered into a resolution of the same import.




INDEX.


  A.

  Abercrombie, Lord, in Ireland and in Egypt, lxxx-lxxxii

  Abraham Hutchinson, lxxxv

  Absentees, remittances to, 76

  Acts of Parliament quoted:
    "     Edward III., 17th, 34th, and 50th of, 110
    "     Edward IV., 3rd of, 4th of, 111
    "     Henry VII., 10th of, 112
    "     (English), Henry VIII., 13th and 28th of, &c., 116
    "     Elizabeth, 87, 116
    "     James I., 8
    "     Charles II., 87
    "     of Settlement and Explanation, 131
    "     12th, 57
    "     13th and 14th of, 115
    "     17th and 18th of, 20
    "     20th and 22nd of, 106
    "     22nd and 23rd of, 119
    "     William and Mary, first of, 57
    "     William III., 7th and 8th of, 57
    "     (English) Acts of 1697, 59
    "     (Irish) Acts of 1695, 10th and 11th of, 20, 88, 91, 105
    "     for encouraging Tillage, 38 note
    "     for Bounties on Land, Carriage and Coal Supply to Dublin, lxx, 39
    "     3rd and 4th of Anne, 108
    "     10th, 11th, and 22nd of Anne, 96
    "     1st of George II, 122
    "     4th and 6th of, 120
    "     (English), 32nd of George II, 54, note
    "     (1750), taxing Irish Exports, 92
    "     George III., 10th of, 93-96
    "     18th of, 96
    "     Imposing Duty on Woollen Goods, 67
    "     Loan, 1759, 40

  Address of English Parliament to William III., 62-65

  Admiral Hawke, xv

  Aldborough, Petition of, 85

  Aldred Mr., of Oxford, xlv

  Advance, in Linen Trade, 51

  Alexander the Great, xxxiv

  Alexandria, Lord Hutchinson of, lxxxvi

  Alnager, Office and Fees of, x and 155, note

  America, Robertson's History of, xiii

     "     Wool and Linen Trades transferred to, by Irish Emigrants, 147

  Anderson, Dr., quoted, 72, note

  Andrews, Provost, xxxi

  Anthologia Hibernica, lxxxvi

  Archbishop Craddock, xxxiv, note

  Archbishop Fowler, lxvi

  Archbishop King quoted, 10

  Archbishop Laud quoted, xxv

  Arms of Militia given to Volunteers, xiv, note

  Army Augmentation, 40, 44, 48

  Asia, Africa, and America, closed against Ireland, 90


  B.

  Baird, Sir David, his Expedition from India to Egypt, lxxxii

  Ballinamuck, Battle of, French defeated at, lxxxi

  Banks in Dublin failed, 35-40

  Bankruptcy Law not known here in 1755, 35, note

  Barlow, Mr., T.C.D., Exercising the Veto, xxv, note

  Barre, Colonel Isaac, his description of Hutchinson, lx, &c., and note

  Batchelor, the, xii

  _Baratariana_, meaning of name, xiii

       "       Written by, xiii

       "       Extracts from, xv, xvii, xxi, note

       "       appeared originally in _Freeman's Journal_, xiii

  Beaconsfield, Lord, x, note

  Bedford, Duke of, Lord Lieutenant (Speech from the Throne), 37

  Beer, Exports and Imports of, 156

  Berkeley, Bishop, his Opinion on State of Irish People, cxviii

  Berwick, Rev. Edward, deprived of Scholarship by Provost Hutchinson, and
        reinstated by Visitors, xxxiv

  Bessborough Commission, xxix, note

  Biographie "Generale," "Universale," and "des contemporanes," quoted,
        lxxxi

  Bishops, Irish, ordaining on Scotch degrees, liii

  Black-Dog prison, cvi, note

  Blackburne, Mr., quoted, xcix

  Blacquiere, Sir John, xxiii, lxxvii

  Board and Provost of Trinity College, the, Publisher's thanks to, v

  Bolton, Duke of, Lord Lieutenant (Speech from the Throne), 24

  Boulter, Primate, his desire to have Englishmen appointed to Irish
        Bishoprics, xxvi, note; xlvi, note

  Bounty on Land Carriage, and on Coals, to Dublin, lxx, cx, 43

  Bowes, Lord Chancellor, 60

  Boyle, Lord Shannon, Speaker, xciv

  Bretagne, Duke of, Treaty with, 112

  Broderick, Speaker, Solicitor-General, Lord Chancellor, 17

  Brown, Prime-Sergeant, pumped on Mr. Mills, xix, note

  Bruce, Lieutenant, aided in effecting Lavalette's escape, lxxxiii

  Buckinghamshire, Lord Lieutenant. The Letters addressed to, xcix

       "             "    "      Entertained by Trinity College, lxvi

       "             "    "      A jobber in a mask, lxviii, note

  Burke, Sir Bernard, quoted, xxiii, lxxxi

  Burgh, Hussey, his Speech for opening the College to Catholics;
    do. on the Irish bishops;
    do. on a Money Bill, and Dismissal from Office, liii, lxxii, note

  Burrowes, Peter, his speech, xlix

  " Robert, xlix

  Buyers, none at fairs, 2

  Byron, Lord, x, note


  C.

  Campbell, Dr., his "Political Survey", 72

  Carson, Rev. Dr., S.F.T.C.D., his extract from College Register, xxxvii,
        note

  Carte, his life of Ormond quoted, cv, 12, 54

  Carteret, Lord Lieutenant, 28

  Castlebar, Battle of, English defeated at, strange mistake by French
        Encyclopaedists, lxxxvi

      "      atrocities of English army in retreat from, lxxxvi

  Castlereagh, Lord, Chief Secretary, xcvi

  Catalogue of College Plate, by Mr. Hingston, xxix, note

  Cattle, Exportation Prohibition Act, cv and 55

  Catholic Scholars, T.C.D., xlv, li, and note

  Catholics, admitted to the College by connivance;
    how debarred from Scholarship and from voting, xlvi, li, note

  Cattle Trade destroyed by England, loss of, drove the Irish into the
        wool trade, cxi, 11

  Cattle, Present of, sent to London after the great fire, and
        ungraciously received, cv

  Causes of Ireland's debt, 48

  Chaffers, In Act of Edward IV., 111

  Chancellors of the Exchequer, Irish, xciv

  Chancery-lane, xiv-xxiii

  Chapelizod Church, Inscriptions in, to the third Earl of Donoughmore,
        lxxxiv

  "Chapels" in T.C.D., xx

  Charles I., Subsidies to, 9

  Charles II., Letter from, 12

  Charles II. _See_ Acts.

  Charlemont, Lord, Life of, quoted, lvi

  Charter Schools, cxi, 45

  Chesterfield, Lord Lieutenant, 32

  China, Trade of, 73, cxii

  Cista Communis, xxix

  Civil Establishment pensions, lxix, 45, 4

  Clarendon, Lord, his "History", 10

  Clonmel, Factory at, cv, 13

  College Plate in South Kensington Exhibition, xxix, note

  College rack-renting, as alleged by Mr. Duigenan--as explained by Mr.
        Galbraith, xxix, note

  College Park, xx, note

  Commercial Restraints and Colonial Trade, 1

  Commission of Trade, 67

  Committees, Parliamentary, on the Hutchinsons, xl, xli

  Colonies, Ireland excluded from commerce with, 68

  Commons, House of, could not cure the evil, 31

     "     pass the Act against Irish trade, cvii, and 66

     "     advanced money for local purposes, 36

     "     (Irish), Dispute with the Crown, 35

     "     What they effected in 1782, lxxi, note

     "     English, Address to William III., 62

  Commons, in Trinity College, xlviii

  Condition of Irish people, 26

  Cooke's Institutes, 110

  Constellation, The, Captain of, cv, note

  Corporation of Weavers, 49

  Council of Ireland present a Bill to Parliament, 67

  Corporation of Dublin petition the College for Lucas' son, lxiv

  Cowper, Lord Lieutenant, his speech at Belfast, cxviii

  Cox, his history of Ireland, 9

  Croker, Crofton, Popular songs, quoted, xxxi, note

  Curates, Salary of, liii


  D.

  Davis, Sir John, quoted, 7 and note, 9, 110, 127, 149

  Decker, his "Decline of Foreign Trade", 74-78

  Debt, National, smallness of in Ireland in 1715, 24

        "         the alarm caused by the slight increase of, a proof of
                      the destitution of the country, 24

        "         how increased, 46

  Delany, Dr., F.T.C.D., his pupils and income, xlvi, note

  Devonshire, Duke of, Lord Lieutenant, 32

  Donoughmore estate, The, lxxv, note

  Donoughmore, Lord, "blood relations of," xxxi, note

  Distress in Ireland, 23-29

  Dobbs, Mr., on the trade of Ireland, 14, 77, note

  Dorset, Duke of, 29, 78

    "     Distress in, 1759, 40

    "     Sir Bernard de Gomme's Map of, xx, note

    "     Scandinavian Kingdom of, xx, note

  Dublin, Collection in, for the Waldenses--for New England--
    "     its freedom given to Hutchinson, x

    "            "      "   to Captain Porter, cv, note

    "     aid for the Londoners, cv, note

  Duigenan, Dr. Patrick, F.T.C.D., &c., his "Lachrymae Academicae," xxi

      "      "  Sketch of his Life, 1, note

      "      "  educated in St. Bride's Parish School, lived in
                      Chancery-lane, lxxxvii

      "      "  his sham duel, lvi, note

      "      "  his oratory, lix

      "      "  a fanatical anti-Catholic and anti-Nationalist, lxxxviii

      "      "  did not bring the Provost before the Visitors, xxxvii, note

  Dunkin, Rev. Mr., Master of Great Ship-street School, had an annuity
        from the College, lxiv

  Dutch carried on the Trade of Ireland, 73

  Duty paid on Export of Linen, 21


  E.

  Edward III. and IV.'s Acts, 110

  Egypt, trade at, cxi

  Embargo on Irish provisions, 1776, 5

  Emigration of linen workers from Ulster, 101

  Embargoes in Ireland, 24;
    from 1740 to 1779, 157

  England, prohibition of cattle exportation to, civ, note, 5

     "     remittances to, more than double the entire trade of Ireland, 81

     "     Great Seal of, to certify Irish Acts, 75

     "     and Ireland compared as to taxation, 76

     "     a sufferer by her restrictions on Ireland, 77

     "     in 1779, had to pay for Irish army, 4

     "     a gainer by Ireland, cxvii, 149

     "     the cause of Irish distress, cxvii

     "     repaid fifty-fold for advances to Ireland, 128

  English Parliament's Address to William III., to destroy Irish wool
        trade, cvii, and 61

  Equivalent of linen trade an imposture, 97

  Essex, Lord, Lord Lieutenant, 143

  Explanation, Act of, 131

  Exshaw's Magazine, xli, xlvi, note


  F.

  Failures of Dublin Bankers, Ferral and French, 35

  Farmers of Customs, 57

  Farming in Ireland depressed, and why, 2

  Fashion, former, of Chancery-lane, Stephen-street, Ship-street, &c. &c.,
        xiv, note

  Faulkner's epistle to Howard, lvi, note

  Fawcett, Postmaster-General, his Speech at Shoreditch, cxviii

  Fellows of Trinity College, Bishops, &c., xxvi, note

  Fellows of Trinity College, their income, xxviii-xlvi

  Fellowship, worth of, xxxiii

  Ferguson, Sir Samuel, the Publisher's thanks to, viii

  Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, on College Parliamentary Committee, xliii

       "           "       voted against Hutchinson, l

       "           "       served in Irish force in America, lxi

  Fitzgibbon, John, Earl of Clare, educated in St. Michael le Pole's
        School;
    his college contests with Grattan, xcii
    his early and rapid successes, x, note
    unseats the Provost's son for the University, and replaces him, xli
    At first a parliamentary supporter and great admirer of Grattan; his
        final quarrel with Grattan, lxxxix
    crushed the Round Robin and humbled the Provost, xxxix
    as Vice-Chancellor holds a College Visitation, lxvi
    had an Honorary L.L.D. from the University, lxxxix
    his speech on the progress of Ireland, during the 18 years of freedom,
        quoted, cxix

  Fitzgerald, Rev. Mr., Fellow, treated harshly by Provost Hutchinson,
        xxxiv

  Flanders producing good wool, 99

  Flax-seed imported into Ireland, bounty on, 1776, 95

  Flax an uncertain crop, 99

  Flemings; they beat the Italians out of the wool markets, and are beaten
        by the English, 99

  Flood, Henry, Candidate for the Provostship, xxiv

    "    His Will, do., note

    "    Life of, quoted, do., note

  Folkestone, Petition of, 84

  Food of the Irish people in 1672, and in 1779, cxii, and note

  Forbes, John, supporter of Grattan, opposed pension list, educated in
        St. Michael le Pole's School in Great Ship-street, lived in
        Stephen-street, xciii

  Foreign Trade of Ireland annihilated, 74

  France used to supply England with linen, 92

  Free Trade, Meaning of, lxxii, note

  _Freeman's Journal_ published on St. Audoen's Arch, and in Macoena's
                             Head, Bride-street (1776), xiii

      "         "     printer of, prosecuted, xviii

      "         "     quoted, xiii, xviii note, xix note, xxvi, xli note
                             twice, xlv note, liii note, cxvii.

  French Pensioners, 38

  Friezes exempted from tax, 65

  Froude, Mr., quoted, xii, xviii, note, xxix, note twice, xxxvi, xxxvii,
        xli, note twice, xlv note, lii, note, cxviii.


  G.

  Galbraith, The Rev. J. A., S.F.T.C.D., Letter on College Rents, xxix,
        note

  Galway, Lord, Lord Lieutenant, his speech from the throne, 63

  Gardiner's Relief Bill, lxvii

  _Gentleman's Magazine_, quoted, xi, lviii

  George II., Acts of, 54-120

  George III., Acts of, 121

  Gladstone, Mr., his speech in 1880, quoted, xciv

  Gloucestershire, Petition from, 84

  Grafton, Duke of, Lord Lieutenant, 1723, his speech from the throne, 27

  Grattan's Life of Grattan, lix

  Grattan, partly educated at St. Michael le Pole's, lxxxix

     "     his College Course and early contests with Fitzgibbon, xc

  Graziers prosperous under cattle and wool trade, xcii

  Great Britain, Sums remitted to, from Ireland, in pensions and salary,
        double the whole of Irish Trade, 81

  "Groves of Blarney," Verse of, xxxi


  H.

  Habeas Corpus for Ireland, Heads of Bills for, cushioned in England, 159

    "    carried in '82, lxxxi, note

  Haliday Collection, R. I. Academy, xxix, note, liv, note

  Halifax, Lord Lieutenant, his speech from the throne, 1762, 44

  Hardy, his Life of Lord Charlemont, lvi

  Harris, his Life of William III. quoted, 13

  Haughton, Dr., Senior Lecturer, quoted, xxxii, note

  Hearth Money, 75-151

  Herrings from Waterford and Wexford prohibited by England, 85

  Hertford, Lord Lieutenant, his speech from the throne, 50

  Hessians, The, refused by Irish Parliament, lxi, note

  _Hibernian Journal_, xviii

  Hindostan, Trade of, by foreigners, cxii

  Historical Manuscripts Commission Report, xvii, note

  Hingston, Mr., his catalogue of the College Plate; in charge of the
        plate at South Kensington Exhibition, xxix, note

  Historian, no professed, of Ireland, since 1669, 23

  Homer, quoted, cxiv, 127

  Hours of Examination in College formerly, xx

  House of Commons Journal, quoted, xli

  Husbandry, Grants for, prove the poverty of the country, 35

  Hutchinson, Rt. Hon. John Hely, Provost, &c., ix
    his Matriculation, x
    mention of, in College Calendar; his career and numerous appointments,
        xi
    made Provost by Sir John Blacquiere, Chief Secretary, xxxii
    and the price of the appointment, x-xiv
    accused of a corrupt use of the office, xxi
    trampled on Duigenan, xxi
    challenged Dr. Doyle, Lucas, and Tisdall, xxxii
    prosecuted in King's Bench and defended himself, xxxviii
    a warm supporter of Grattan, lix
    inculpated before a Parliamentary Committee, and acquitted, l
    evidence brought forward there concerning him, lxv
    Miller's Pamphlet on, and Young's, liv
    Lord North's saying about him, lx
    Hardy's, Grattan's, Taylor's, Will's, Barre's, Pery's, and Single
        Speech Hamilton's favourable opinions of him, &c., lvi
    published the "Commercial Restraints", lxiv
    entertained the Lord Lieutenant in the College, lxv
    his liberal and national politics, lxvii
    the constitutional changes which he witnessed and helped to produce,
        lxviii
    read the King's message to the Irish Parliament in 1782, lxxxiv
    his death and will, lxxxiv
    his family, lxxvi
    a good husband and father, xxxi
    his love for his children, lxxxviii
    his likeness by Sir Joshua Reynolds, _Frontispiece_

   "  Richard Hely, Lord Donoughmore, his appointments, lxxix
   "        "       elected for the University and unseated by John
                      Fitzgibbon,--member for Sligo, lxxix

   "  Francis Hely, member for the University, lxxviii
   "        "     petitioned against and sustained
   "        "       his duel, lxxviii
   "        "       Member for Naas, lxxx

   "  Abraham Hely, his volunteer military career in Ireland, Egypt, and
                      Russia, lxxviii
   "         "      member for Taghmon, lxxix
   "         "      Commissioner and Clergyman, lxxxi

   "  John Hely (2nd), his services in the army in Ireland, Flanders, and
        Egypt; his defeat at Castlebar, and his conquest of the French in
        Egypt; voted for the Union, made Lord Hutchinson, and became Lord
        Donoughmore, lxxx

   "  John Hely (3rd), "Lavalette," delivered Lavalette, and became Earl
        of Donoughmore, died at Chapelizod, tablet in Chapelizod Church,
        lxxxiii

   "  the fourth peer, served as an officer in India, lxxxiv
        and in the House of Lords advocated the case of the East India
               Company's officers, and supports Lord Dufferin's Land
               Leasing Bill, do.

   "  The present peer, the 5th Earl, was one of the European Commission
        for organising Eastern Roumelia under the Berlin Treaty. He is
        also the creator of the Lords' Committee of Inquiry on the Irish
        Land Act, lxxxiv


  I.

  Independence, Parliamentary, of Ireland, College identified with, lxxiv

  Ireland deprived of the Cattle Trade, cix

     "    of the Wool Trade, Colonial Trade, and trade with all the world,
               cxvii

     "    sold in the linen trade, 47

     "    constant wretchedness of, caused by England, 44

     "    possesses abundant means of prosperity, cxix, 2

     "    oppressed by the Navigation Law, 122

     "    loyal to English Crown, 125

     "    a great commercial gain to England, 149

     "    a mine of wealth to England, cxvii, 149

     "    Bishop Berkeley's opinion on, cxix

     "    ought to depend on her own resources, cxvii

     "    its people fond of equal justice: their food, 145, and note

     "    good wool-spinners, 71

     "    had no professed historian since 1699, 23

     "    overtaxed in consequence of paying its share of the National
               Debt, 33

     "    supposed wealth caused real poverty, 48

     "    her debt for the war of 1761 was accountable, but its increase
               during 16 years of peace unaccountable, 46

  Ireland, distress of, arose, not from natural causes but from bad laws,
        53

  Irish, the indolence of, from loss of liberty, 127

  Irish shipping useful to Edward I. in his French wars, 111

  Irish, population of, more than doubled in 80 years, 148

    "    population of, in 1779, 148

    "    able to pay taxes, 151

    "    residing in houses of one hearth, 151, note

    "    Non-distribution of property caused by bad English laws, 150

    "    home trade most important for, 145

    "    trade of, various restrictions on, 154, 157

    "    troops, 100,000, served in English army and navy in French and
               Spanish war, 161


  J.

  James II. ruined the trade and revenue of Ireland, 13

  Jocelyn, Lord, his return of Pension List, lxix, note

  Johnston, Dr., his Hon. degree from T.C.D., and letter to Leland, lxxxvi

     "      his opinion of Leland's "History", do.

     "      his opinion of England's treatment of Ireland, do.

  Judges appointed for life in Ireland in 1782, lxxi

  Junto, The, xxiii, lxviii


  K.

  Keating, Lord Chief Justice, 11, note

  King, Archbishop, his "State of the Protestants in Ireland", 135

  Knocklofty, Mr. Richard Hutchinson of, x-lxxv

      "       Lord Hutchinson of, lxxx


  L.

  "Lacrymae Academicae," by Duigenan, xxi, &c.

          "     its severe attack on the Provost, do.

          "     its interesting record of College events and College
                      life, do.

          "     censured by the Board, xxxiv

          "     and the censure replied to by Duigenan in _Freeman's
                      Journal_, xxxvii

          "     in King's Bench, do.

  Langrishe, Sir Hercules, wrote in _Baratariana_, xiii

            "       obtained a grant for clothing for the Volunteers,
                      xiii, note

            "       one of his bon mots, do.

  Land Carriage Act, 1757, 43

      "    improved the agriculture of Ireland, 145

  Land Bill, 1759, 40

  Latin Schools of Dublin, xcii, note

  Laud, Archbishop, his statutes for the University, xxv

  "Lavalette" Hutchinson, lxxxiii

  Lavalette, his escape from France, lxxxiii

  Leaves of absence allowed to Fellows and to Scholars, xlviii

  Leland, Dr. S.F., T.C.D, quoted, 9

    "     Duigenan's attacks on, xxi

    "     Dr. Johnston's letter to, lxxxvi

    "     mentioned in the Historical Manuscripts, do.

    "     Commission Report, do.

    "     Estimate of his history, lxxxv

  Leeds, Petition from, 84

  "Liber munerum," quoted, xxxii, xxxv, note, lxx

  Linen trade no equivalent for suppressed wool trade, 20

       "      a hypocrisy and imposture, ciii, note

       "      sums paid on exportation of, 21, note

       "      caused the decay of agriculture, 51

       "      declined, 1771, 4

       "      Ireland not specially adapted for, 91

       "      world shut against, 91

  London, The Dublin contribution to, cv

  Lord Lieutenants, List of, xcv

  Lucas, Dr., his son had free education from the Board of T.C.D., lxiv

  Lyttleton, Lord George, his history of Henry II., helped by Leland,
               lxxxvi

      "      applied to by Swift for Macaulay, xliv


  M.

  Macaulay, Alexander, supported by Swift, xliv

          "     returned for College and unseated, do.

          "     lived in Great Ship-street, xciii

  Macaulay, Boyd, his son, educated in Great Ship-street School, do.

  Macaulay, Catherine, her history quoted, 135

  Magee, Archbishop, his evidence, xlvii

        "    he wanted to go to the Bar, do.

        "    his sermon on Lord Clare, xcii

  Magill, John, got an Honorary LL.D., was a carpenter and a Commissioner
        of Barracks, xxv, note

  Malone, Anthony, dismissed from Prime Serjeancy, and from the Irish\
               Exchequer, lxviii

    "     lived in Chancery-lane, xiv, note

  Malady, The, of Emigration, 147

  Mathers, Rev. Nathaniel, made collection in Dublin, cvi, note

     "     Rev. Samuel,        do.             do.         do.

  Matthew Paris, quoted, 16

  Militia Bill defeated by Hutchinson, 1766, xiv, and note

       "       dropped in 1778, 4

  Militia, Arms for, given to the Volunteers in 1779, xiv, note
    L20,000 for clothing, do.
    enrolled in 1785, do.

  Miller, Rev. G., F.T.C.D., &c., lxiv and note

       "    his evidence, Case, and works, xliv

       "    his Pamphlet and case for legal opinion, liv

  Mills, Michael, the printer, under the College pump, xix, note

  Moira, Lord, lxi, note

  Mutiny Act, perpetual and repealed, lxx and lxxi


  N.

  Natives, Places in Trinity College, xxvii

  Navigation Act, 7th and 8th, William III., compelled Irish ships coming
        from America to pass by Ireland and unlade at England, and ship
        again for Ireland, 120

  Navigation Acts, Petty's opinion on, 123

  Netherlands, Treaty with, by Henry VII., includes Ireland as to both
        Exports and Imports, 112

  New England, Dublin Subscription for, by Rev. Mr. Mather, cv

  Non-Coing, xxvii

     "       value of, to Scholars, xlvii

     "           "     and to Fellows, do.

  North, Lord, his saying about Provost Hutchinson, lx


  O.

  O'Connor, Charles, of Ballenagare, lxxxvi

      "     his opinion of Leland, and of the T.C.D. MSS., do.

  Offices formerly on the Irish Establishment, List of, lxx

  O'Hagan, Lord, his Address to the Social Science Congress, Introd., ci,
        note

  O'Hagan, Mr. Justice, his judgment on the Stackpoole Lease, Introd., ci,
        note

  Ormonde, Duke of, Lord Lieutenant, 12, 16, 18

     "        "     his fidelity to Ireland, set up the wool trade at
                      Clonmel, opposed the Cattle Act, lv, 12

     "        "     made collection here for Londoners after the great
                      fire, cv

     "        "     Personal prejudice against, 55

     "        "     Carte's Life of, cv

  Ossory, Lord, challenged Duke of Buckingham, do.


  P.

  Parliaments seldom convened in Ireland under James and Charles I., 11

       "      suspended over for 26 years after the Restoration, 11

       "      Composition of, lxix

       "      Independence of, 1782, lxxiv

       "      Acts of, in 1782, lxxi

       "      Addresses of, to Lord Lieutenant, 15, 24, 25, 27, &c.

  Parliamentary Committee on Election of Francis Hutchinson for the
               University, Duke of Wellington and Lord Castlereagh on it,
               xlii

        "       Counsel employed, evidence brought forward, Committee
                      decided in favour of Hutchinson by double vote of
                      Chairman, l

        "       Catholic Scholars, Toomey and Casey, xlv, li

        "       Burrowes' Speech, xlix

  Park, The College, levelled and walled in, xx, and note

         "           infested by the Hutchinsons, xxxi

         "           formerly a place for pistol practice, xxxii

  Pensions, Amount of, 38, 40, 44

     "      French, Amount of, 38, 40

  Pepys, his Diary, quoted, civ, note

  Peroration, Eloquent, of the "Restraints", 158

  Pery, Edward Sexten, Speaker, 43

    "         "        Notice of, xvii, note

    "         "        the fountain of all the good that befel Ireland,
                             lxxi

  Petty, Sir William, quoted, 54, 72, 106, 123, 130, 131, 132

    "         "       his estimate of the Irish destroyed in the Civil War
                             of 1641, 130

    "         "       his opinion of the prohibition of the cattle trade,
                             55

    "         "       on the navigation laws, 123 and 132

    "         "       his description of the people's food, cxii, note

  Places, List of, lxx, note

  Placemen in Parliament, List of, lxix, note

  Plantation goods for Ireland, 120

          "        to be first unloaded in England, do.

  Plate, College, Some of, melted down by Hutchinson, xxix and note

        "         note on, do.

  Plowden, quoted, xxxix, note, lxii, note

  Plunket, (Lord Chancellor), his speech before the Parliamentary
               Committee, xlviii

     "     son of a Unitarian minister, lii

  Poll-tax paid by 360,000 people in 1661, 131

  Pope applied to by Swift, xliv

    "  his translation of the passage from Homer, cxiv

  Potatoes, Failure of, 1765, 49

  Potter, Captain of the Constellation brought over American supply in
        last famine, cv, note
    and receives the Freedom of Dublin, do.

  "Prancer," nickname of the Provost, xvii

  "Pranceriana, Pranceriana Poetica" extracts from, note on, xviii, note

        "                 "          originally in _Freeman's Journal_,
                                           xviii

  Private works here, carried on by public money, to lessen the balance in
               the Treasury available for Pensions, &c., 35

         "      they prove the poverty of the country, 35

  Proclamation of 1776, on all provision ships laden in Ireland, 5, note

        "        "      partly withdrawn, 1779, 5, note

  Provost Andrews, xiii

     "    Hely Hutchinson, xxv

     "    The present, the Publisher's thanks to, v

  Provost's house built at a cost of L11,000, xii

  Pryn, quoted, 109, note

  Pupils of Fellows, xlvi, and note


  Q.

  Quickening Speech to Irish Parliament, cvii


  R.

  Rack-renting, by Provost Hutchinson, xxviii, and note

  "Rapin's History" quoted, 63

  Record Office, Public, xxi, note

        "        Gatherings from, xxiii, note

        "        fac-simile of Provost Hutchinson's autograph given by
                      Sir S. Ferguson, _Frontispiece_

  Redundancy in the Treasury caused the dispute between the Crown and
        the Commons in 1753, 35 and lxx, note

  Regulators' places, xlv

  Relief not attempted by Irish of Commons, and why, 31

  Remedy proposed by Government, to circulate paper without money, 26

  Renewal Fines, Dr. Duigenan and Mr. Stack, S.F.T.C.D., on, xxix, and note

  Resnal, Abbe, quoted, 83, note

  Reynolds, Sir Joshua, his likeness of Provost Hutchinson, _Frontispiece_

  Robinson, Primate, held visitation in College in 1776, and ruled against
        Provost Hutchinson, xxxiv

  Rolls in Examination Hall, xx

  Round Tower in Great Ship-street, xcii

  Russia, a powerful rival to Ireland in linen trade, 12


  S.

  Sancho Panza, xiii

  "Scandinavian Kingdom of Dublin," quoted, xx, note

  Scholars of Trinity College, l, note

  Scholarship, worth of, xxviii

  Scotland, Protestant families had to remove into, 10, 92

  Secretaries, Principal, of State, xciv

       "       Chief, to Lords, List, Lieutenants, List of, xcv

  Shaw, Mr., M.P., his speech, 1880, quoted, lxi, note

  Shelburne, Lord, Life of, lx, lxi, lxiii, note

  Shewbridge, Mr., F.T.C.D., his death and funeral, 94

  Smith's "Wealth of Nations", 72, 73, 145

  Smith's "Memoirs of Wool", 59, 77, 107, 145

  South Sea Bubble, 25-26

  Speakers of Irish House of Commons from the Restoration, List of, xciv

  Speaker Perry, xviii, and note

  Stack, Rev. T., S.F.T.C.D., letter in Bessborough Commission Report, xxix

  Strafford, Lord, his destruction of the wool trade and substitution of
        the linen trade, his oppression of the country, 10, 13, 56, 73, 87

  Stubbs, Rev. Dr., F.T.C.D., quoted, xx, note

  St. Michael le Pole's School, in Great Ship-street, illustrious men
        educated in, xciii

  Subsidies granted to Charles I. by Commons and by Clergy, 9

  Swift, Dean, exerted himself for Grattan the Fellow, xlviii

       "       wrote for Alexander Macaulay, xliv, note

       "       applied to the Board of College for Dunkin, lxiv

       "       his estimate of Dr. Delany's income, xlvi

  Sydney, Lord Justice, his "Quickening Speech" to the Irish Parliament to
        suppress the trade of the country, 11, 13


  T.

  "Tardies", xx

  Taxes comparatively heavier in Ireland than in England, cxiii

  Taylor, his estimate of Provost Hutchinson, lix

  Temple, Sir William, 11, 107, 130, 148

  Tisdall, Philip, his description of Hutchinson, xv

         "         description of himself, xxi, note

         "         verses on, do.

         "         sketch of, do.

         "         lived in Chancery-lane, xxiii, note

  Tontines introduced, 1773, 81

  Townshend, Lord Lieutenant, briber, lxviii, note

  Traynor, Mr., of Essex-quay, xix, note

  Trinity College, the one home of friendless merit, xxvi

         "         its plate, xxix, note

         "         estates, xxix, note

         "         Park, xx

         "         Calendar, Registry, Judgment, and Matriculation Books
                      quoted, l, xxii, xxvi, xc


  U.

  Ulster lost 30,000 people by emigration in two years (1779), 94

  "Una Cum," Clause of, in letters patent of Charles I., quoted, discussed
               by Mr. Miller, liii

      "      not decided by Lord Clare, lxvi

      "      expunged in alterations made by queen's Letter in 1857, liii,
               and note


  V.

  Visitations in Trinity College in Hutchinson's time, in 1776 and 1791,
        xxxiv, and lxvi


  W.

  Walker's Hibernian Magazine, quoted, xxxviii, xli, lxvi, lxvii

  Walpole, Sir Robert, 60

  Walpole, Horace, lix

  Walpole, Sir Edward, xcv

  Warbeck, Perkin, 137

  War with Spain, English, Ireland first time taxed for, 44

  Weavers of Dublin, their distress and petition, 27

  Webb, Alfred, his "Irish Biography," quoted, xxi

  Webb, Professor, Q.C., his "Faust," quoted, x, note

  "Wellington Correspondence", lxvii

  Wellesley, Sir Arthur, lxviii, and lxxxviii

  Werburgh's, St., Church, Conformity in, xlvi

  Wesley, Hon. Arthur (Duke of Wellington), on College Parliamentary
               Committee, voted against Hutchinson, xliii-l

     "    Chief Secretary for Ireland, lxxxviii

  White Boys, 1762, caused by want of means of industry, 44

       "      produced by the English laws, do.

  Will of Provost Hutchinson, lxxiv

    "  of Mr. Richard Hutchinson, lxxvi

    "  of Philip Tisdall, xxiii

    "  of Dr. Duigenan, lxxxix

  Wills, Dr., his sketch of Provost Hutchinson, lx

    "             "      of Dr. Duigenan, lxxxviii

  William III., his Acts, cvii

        "       his pledge to ruin the Irish wool trade, cvii

        "       willing to act fairly by Ireland, civ

  Wilson, Sir Robert, lxxxiii

  "Winstanley's Poems," xx, note

  Wool trade, Ireland's great staple trade, and protected from the time of
               Edward III., 55

      "       ruined by William III., cvii, 59

  Wool-running detrimental to England, and beneficial to her Continental
               rivals, 77

       "       could not be prevented in this country, 79


  Y.

  Yelverton, Barry, his matriculation, a sizar, an usher in Buck's school,
               Lord Chief Baron, Lord Avonmore, lxxxvii, note

       "     Attorney-General, Recorder of Carrickfergus, M.P., presents
               the address to Hussey Burgh, his Act for T.C.D. Graduate
               Law Students, xii

  Young, Dr., Bishop of Clonfert, Ex-F.T.C.D., liv


Printed by M. H. Gill & Son 50 Upper Sackville-street, Dublin.




FOOTNOTES:

[1] His Matriculation is--"1740, April 29th. Johannes Hely, Filius
Francisci Gen. Annum agens 17. Natus Corcagii. Educatus sub Dr. Baly.
(Tutor) Mr. Lawson."

[2] See Note A.

[3] Hutchinson had thus achieved very considerable success and distinction
when he was thirty-seven years of age--"the fatal year" in the development
of genius, according to Lord Beaconsfield. Grattan accomplished his great
work at the age of thirty-six, the age at which Lord Byron had finished
his poetry. Fitzgibbon, too, ran high in this respect. At twenty-nine he
was a leading lawyer, and M.P. for the University, having displaced and
replaced the Provost's son; at thirty-four he was Attorney-General,
governing the country. He was Lord Chancellor and a peer before he had
attained what Dr. Webb, in his "Faust," calls "the mature age of
forty-one." He died at 53.

[4] [Pue's Occur.]

[5] Alnager, or Aulnager, from the Latin _Ulna_, an ell, was an officer
for measuring and stamping cloth in the wool trade. _Pranceriana Poetica_
has the line:--

  "Send Prancer back to stamping friezes."

[6] See his will.

[7] See Note E.

[8] Lord Lieutenant Townshend's organ was "The Batchelor; or, Speculations
of Jeoffrey Wagstaffe, Esq.," published at the _Mercury_ in
Parliament-street, by one Hoey, a popish printer. To be "mimicked by
Jephson and libelled by Hoey," were amongst the social terrors of the
period.--[_Baratariana._]

[9] _Pranceriana_ has the line, "To storm her fane in Owen's Arch."

[10] It was Sir Hercules Langrishe who accounted to Lord Lieutenant
Townshend for the marshy and undrained condition of Phoenix Park, by
observing that the English Government "had been too much engaged in
_draining_ the rest of the kingdom."

[11] In 1779 the arms which had been intended for the Militia were given
by Government to the Volunteers, the Militia Enrolment Act of the previous
years not having been carried out, from want of money.

In 1783 the Volunteers were--prematurely--disbanded, and in 1785 the
Militia were enrolled, and Langrishe's Bill obtained from parliament
L20,000 for clothing them. Subsequently the Commissioners of Array were
appointed.

[12] Anthony Malone, along with so many other grandees of the period,
lived in Chancery-lane. It requires an effort of historic faith to realise
that the Chancery-lane of to-day was a couple of generations ago the abode
of such fashion and rank. The fact, however, is quite certain. St. Bride's
Vestry Book contains a copy of Anthony Malone's and Alexander MacAulay's
Opinions _in re_ Powell's Legacy to the Dublin parishes.

[13] See note E.

[14] Froude details the bargain. In 1771 it was important to secure for
the Army Augmentation Bill the support of Hutchinson, who had been
patriotising on the Surplus, Pension, and Septennial Bills. His terms to
Lord Lieutenant Townshend were, "a provision for the lives of his two
sons, one aged 11 and the other 10, by a grant to them or the survivor of
them of some office of at least L500 a year. If no vacancy occurred, then
either a pension, or a salary to that amount to be attached to some office
for them--and his wife to be created a Viscountess."--"English in
Ireland," vol. i., p. 632, and elsewhere.

[15] Palmerston, the Provost's private country residence, was a noble and
beautifully situated mansion on the banks of the Liffey, between
Chapelizod and Lucan. It is now occupied by Stewart's Idiot Asylum.

[16] Tisdall did not outlive him, and Hutchinson got the Principal
Secretaryship.

[17] One of the severest letters in the collection is No. 22, on Edmund
Sexten Pery, who, for fourteen years, was Speaker of the House of Commons.
Patriotic and eminent as Pery was, and upright and loyal as he always was
in the Chair, it cannot be denied that he got the Speakership by an
unworthy manoeuvre. The passage is fully and bitterly rehearsed in the
last volume of the Historical Manuscript Reports. Pery was bought by the
corrupter Townshend at the same time with Hutchinson, Tisdall, Flood, &c.

[18] The Court of King's Bench granted an information in the name of the
king, at the prosecution of the Right Hon. Hely Hutchinson, against Samuel
Leathley, the printer of the _Freeman's Journal_, for publishing in that
paper the article signed "Crito," in November, 1776. The article is not in
the "Pranceriana."--[_Freeman's Journal_, June 9th, 1777.]

[19] The _Pranceriana Poetica_, or _Prancer's Garland_, published in 1779,
opens,

  "A harlequin provost, cognomine prancer;
  A duellist, scribbler, a <DW2>, and a dancer;
  A lawyer, prime sergeant, and judge of assizes;
  A parliament man, and a stamper of friezes;
  A councillor privy; a cavalry major;
  A searcher and packer, comptroller and gauger;
  A speecher, a critic, prescriber of rules;
  A founder of fencing and 'questrian schools.
  If various employments can give a man knowledge,
  Then who knows so much as the head of the College?

         *       *       *       *       *

  The Seniors and Juniors in this are agreed,
  As a Consul of Rome was Caligula's steed;
  They very much fear that if Prancer was dead
  Sir John would appoint a Jackass in his stead."
                                  (_Halliday Collection_)

This book also is a collection of fugitive pieces, and it is dedicated to
"Sir John Blacquiere, Knight of the Bath, Alnager of all Ireland, and
Bailiff of the Phoenix Park." There is not a copy in the College
Library. The Royal Irish Academy copies have the excellent woodcuts. In an
autograph note to his own copy of the book, Dr. Stock, F.T.C.D.,
afterwards Bishop of Killala, says that the engravings were made by his
brother, Mr. Frederick Stock, who kept a woollen draper's shop in
Dame-street. He states that the printer, Michael Mills, was forced from
his house by a party of college lads, who conveyed him to the College, and
there pumped on him; and that the late Prime Serjeant Browne, then a
student, had a share in the outrage. Dr. Stock gives the key to the
"Poetica," viz.--Moderator, Prancer, and Hipparchus = the Provost; Dr.
Pomposo and Mendex = Dr. Leland; Matthew Ben Sadi and Dr. Dilemma = Dr.
Forsayeth; Billy Bib = Dr. Hales; and Bezabel Black-letter = Michael
Mills. A copy of the extract is in the possession of Mr. Traynor,
Bookseller, Essex-quay.

[20] "Pranceriana Poetica" says that the Provost multiplied the
composition premiums as means of bribery. It gives one of the Provost's
advertisements (1777): "Any student may be a candidate for all, or for
_any more_ of the said premiums!"

[21] In Sir Bernard de Gomme's map of the city and harbour of Dublin, in
1673, given in Mr. Prendergast's edition of "The Scandinavian Kingdom of
Dublin," p. 229, the college park is marked as set out in paddocks. Dr.
Stubbs says that the park was thrown into its present champaign form, laid
out, and planted in the year 1722, as appears from "Winstanley's Poems,"
vol. i., p. 269. Dublin: 1742.

[22] Other persons also were satirised occasionally in "Pranceriana," as,
for instance, Philip Tisdall in the following description:--"He was a man
formed by nature, and fashioned by long practice, for all manner of court
intrigue. His stature was low, so as to excite neither envy nor
observation; his countenance dismal, his public manners grave, and his
address _humble_. But as in public he covered his prostitution by a
solemnity of carriage, so in private he endeavoured to captivate by
convivial humour, and to discountenance all public virtue by the exercise
of a perpetual, and sometimes not unsuccessful, irony. To these
qualifications he added an extraordinary magnificence of living.(1) His
table was furnished with everything that splendour could suggest, or
luxury could conceive, and his position and policy united to solicit a
multitude of guests. To his house, then, resorted all those who wished
through him to obtain, or learn from him to enjoy, without remorse, those
public endowments which are the purchase of _public infidelity_." Tisdall
was depicted in "Baratariana" also. In the pungent rhyme on "The rejection
of the Altered Money Bill," in 1772, we have--

  "The next that stepped forward was innocent Phil,
  Who said 'that in things of the kind he'd no skill,
  But yet that he thought it a mighty good bill,'
                          Which nobody can deny."

And again, in "A list of the Pack," we have--

  "Lo, Tisdall, whose looks would make honest men start,
  Who hangs out in his face the black sign of his heart;
  If you thought him no devil his aim he would miss,
  For he would, if he could, appear worse than he is.
          Then kick out these rascally knaves, boys;
          Freemen we will be to our graves, boys;
          Better be dead than be slaves, boys;
                       A coffin or freedom for me."

Philip Tisdall enjoyed a long tenure of very distinguished success. He was
educated at Sheridan's celebrated school in Capel-street, and thence
entered Trinity College as a fellow-commoner in 1718. His Matriculation
is:--"1718, Nov. 11th. Philip Tisdel. Soc. Com. Educatus Dub. Mag.
Sheridan. (Tutor) Mr. Delany." He took his B.A. in the spring
commencements of 1722, the shortened three-and-a-half years' academic
course, as exemplified in the case of Grattan and Fitzgibbon [see note D],
being a fellow-commoner's privilege. In 1739, Tisdall was elected
simultaneously M.P. for Armagh and for the University. He chose the
latter, and succeeded in a parliamentary petition against Alexander
Macaulay. He afterwards contested the seat successfully in 1761 against
Mr. French, Lord Clonmel's nominee; and in 1776 unsuccessfully against
Provost Hutchinson's second son. In 1741, Tisdall was promoted
Third-Serjeant, in 1751 he was Solicitor-General, and from 1761 till his
death he was Attorney-General. In 1761 he was presented by the City of
Cork with its freedom in a silver box. The Solicitor-General Gore was, in
consequence of some of Tisdall's trimming, appointed over his head Chief
Justice of the King's Bench, and soon after was created Lord Annaly.
Tisdall was a very eminent lawyer, and although not at all an orator, he
had great weight and influence in the House of Commons. He commenced
political life as a patriot, and became the organ of the Junto. He was
then, along with Pery and Hutchinson, bought by the corrupter, Lord
Lieutenant Townshend. Tisdall's house was in Chancery-lane, and his
country villa was in Stillorgan. He died in 1777. He was son of Richard
Tisdall, Registrar in Chancery, and succeeded his father in the office,
1744. Philip's wife, Mary, had a pension of one hundred a year, and his
brother Thomas was Registrar of the Court of Admiralty. In his will, made
1772, which is in the Public Record Office, he leaves a remembrance to his
daughter, Elizabeth Morgan, "heretofore amply provided for." The whole of
his real and personal estate he leaves to his wife Mary. His daughter
Elizabeth, by his wife Mary (Singleton), niece and co-heiress of Lord
Chief Justice Singleton, was baptised in St. Bride's Church. She was
married to Colonel Morgan, of Cork Abbey, county Wicklow, and was
grandmother to the late H. U. Tighe, Dean of Ardagh, and of the Chapel
Royal, Dublin, and afterwards of Londonderry.--[Burke's Landed Gentry,
Art., "Tighe of Mitchelstown;" Life of Charlemont. Life of Shelbourne,
Record Office, and S. Bride's Register.]

    (1) In the pre-Union times, when a home parliament secured the
    residence of our aristocracy and gentry, Dublin was famous for its
    fashion and hospitalities. Primate Stone maintained a lordly style at
    Leixlip Castle; while, as we read in "Mrs. Delany's Letters," Bishop
    Clayton at St. Woolstons, close by, and in St. Stephen's-green, kept
    up an equal grandeur. His house in the Green had a front like
    Devonshire House, and was _magnifique_. Mrs. Clayton's coach, with six
    flouncing Flanders mares, was not "out-looked by any equipage except
    the Duke of Dorset's, for she would not be outshone by her neighbours,
    a thing not easily done here." The Delanys entertained Viceroyalty at
    Delville, fed their own deer, and went about in a coach-and-six. Luke
    Gardiner's (Lord Mountjoy) house in the Phoenix Park was the
    head-quarters of fashionable life(_a_); and Hussey Burgh drove his
    coach-and-six, with outriders. The wealthy wool, linen, silk, &c.,
    mercers, of Bride-street and Golden-lane, kept good style and
    equipages also, as appears by their wills in the Public Record Office.

    (_a_) Gardiner was Master of the Revels, and Surveyor-General of
    Customs.

[23] See note E.

[24] Flood, who did not get the provostship, bequeathed, by his will, in
1791, to the college, his estate in Kilkenny, worth L5,000 a year, to
found and endow a professorship of the Erse or Irish language, and to
establish a library of manuscripts and books in that language, and in the
modern polished languages. Provost Hutchinson did not leave a shilling to
the college. Flood's bequest fell through owing to his illegitimacy. He
entered Trinity College as a fellow-commoner, completed his junior
sophister terms, and then migrated _ad eundem_ to Oxford.--[Flood's "Life
of Flood," and Webb's "Com. Biog."]

[25] He was a Commissioner of Barracks; as was also Sir Herc. Langrishe.
Langrishe was, besides, Commissioner of Revenue and Commissioner of
Excise.

[26] There does not seem to have been any Mr. Barlow in these servile days
to exercise the ancient tribunitial power of the Senior Master Non
Regent--the power to veto, in the name of the community, dishonouring
presentations to honorary degrees.

[27] See page liii.

[28] In 1726, Primate Boulter wrote that unless a new Englishman was
appointed to a then vacant bishopric there would be thirteen Irish bishops
to nine English, to the Primate's great dismay. The Editor of "Boulter's
Letters," in 1770, adds, in a note, that there was at one time in the
Irish House of Lords a majority of native bishops, of whom five had been
fellows of the University, viz., Drs. Howard, Synge, Clayton, Whitcombe
(Archbishop of Cashel), and Berkeley. These are, probably, the five
alluded to by Duigenan. In a pamphlet entitled "Thoughts on the Present
State of the College of Dublin," published in 1782, the well-informed
author says that in King William's reign, at or nearly at the same time,
"the people saw ten prelates on the bench, who had been Fellows." The
writer says that there was a great increase in the number of
students--that the undergraduates were 565, the average of entrances 144
yearly, and the average of B.A. degrees, 78.--[_Halliday Collection._]

We can ourselves remember, dating from the year 1830, eight bishops and
one archbishop, all Ex-Fellows. Altogether "there have been seven
archbishops and forty-two bishops of the Irish Church chosen from amongst
the Fellows of Trinity College. Eight have become Members of Parliament,
and six have been raised to the Judicial Bench."--[_Coll. Cal._]

[29] This seems not to have been the case in Dr. Delany's time. See
Primate Boulter's Letters, and Mrs. Delany's, and Swift's.

[30] See page xlv, &c.

[31] The rack-renting cannot have been very exorbitant, inasmuch as the
average rent per acre now paid to the College by its perpetuity tenants is
four shillings and twopence. The great bulk of the College property is
situated in the counties of Armagh, Kerry, and Donegal. The following
statement gives in round numbers the acreage and rental:--

                                  Rent
             Acres.     Rent.   per acre.

  Armagh,    23,000    L9,600    8s.  4d.
  Kerry,     60,000    11,500    3s. 10d.
  Donegal,   62,700     9,000    2s. 10d.
            -------   -------    --------
  Total,    145,700   L30,100    4s.  2d.

The number of perpetuity holdings let by the College are in all
fifty-four; four only are let to persons of the class of tenant-farmers;
of the remaining fifty, sixteen, containing over 60,000 acres, are enjoyed
by three lessees, who pay the College an average rent of 3s. 5d. per
acre.--[See Letter by Rev. J. A. Galbraith, S.F.T.C.D., Bursar, _Freeman's
Journal_, March 6, 1882, and also "Statement to the Chief
Secretary."--_Freeman_, March, 15, 1882.]

[32] The renewal fines in 1850 averaged L6,700 a year. The arbitration at
that time between the College and the tenants cost the College
L3,000.--[See Letter by Rev. T. Stack, S.F.T.C.D., Registrar, printed in
the Report of the Bessborough Commission, and also "Statement" as above.]

[33] This charge, as it stands, rests on a slender foundation, and is very
misleading. The catalogue of the College plate, which, to guard against
such imputations in future, Mr. Hingston, the Chief Steward, has drawn up
with so much care and skill, shows that the old inscribed plate is still
in use; and it enumerates pieces dated as early as 1632 and 1638. A
selection of the service was sent over, in Mr. Hingston's charge, to the
late South Kensington Exhibition, and was greatly admired by all who were
conversant with antique silver art--some of the choicest pieces being
facsimiled for the London Institution. The collection of plate is
abundant, and the store was accumulated in this way. It used to be the
custom that all students at entrance should deposit "caution money," which
was returned to them on graduation. The rich men and Fellow Commoners,
instead of taking back the money, used to present it to the College in the
form of inscribed goblets or tankards, and in the course of years there
was a large assortment of these offerings. Provost Hutchinson had a number
of these tankards melted down and refashioned into the present silver
plates, and this he did with the consent of the Board. Before Hutchinson's
time a large quantity of the plate was sold by the Board, and the produce
was invested in the purchase of land. In 1689, when James II. seized on
the College, the Vice-Provost and Fellows sold L30 worth of the plate for
subsistence of themselves and the Scholars. At the same time all the rest
of the plate was seized on and taken away to the Custom House by Col.
Luttrel, King James's Governor of the city, but it was preserved and
afterwards restored to the College.--[See Mr. Hingston's Catalogue and
_Coll. Cal._ List of Fellows, 1689.]

[34] In 1775, seven marriage dispensations by King's Letters were
obtained.--[Lib. Mun.]

[35] In 1796, the term of grace was extended to a twelvemonth by a King's
Letter.--[Lib. Mun.]

[36] The following--the 5th verse in Milliken's ever popular song, "The
Groves of Blarney"--was an _impromptu_ addition at an electioneering
dinner in the south of Ireland in 1798. It is said to have been intended
as an insult to Lord Donoughmore, who was present, but his Lordship's
readiness completely turned the tables. He applauded the verse, and in a
humorous speech acknowledged the relationship, thanked the author, and
toasted the Murphy's, Clearys, Helys, and others who in the recent
political contest had ventured life and limb in support of the Hutchinson
cause, and had thus made their blood-relationship with him unquestionable.

  "'Tis there's the kitchen hangs many a flitch in,
  With the maids a stitching upon the stair;
  The bread and biske', the beer and whiskey,
  Would make you frisky if you were there.
  'Tis there you'd see Peg Murphy's daughter
  A washing _praties_ forenint the door,
  With Roger Cleary, and Father Healy,
  All blood relations to my Lord Donoughmore.
                                Oh, Ullagoane."

Lord Hutchinson always heartily enjoyed this verse, which has become
completely identified with Milliken's song.--(See Crofton Croker's
"Popular Songs of Ireland," pp. 144-8.)

Father Prout has not translated this verse. Why does not Professor Tyrrell
render it, _Graece et Latine_?

[37] He challenged Mr. Doyle to single combat for daring to issue an
address to the University constituency against his (the Provost's) son's
candidature. Mr. Doyle was a helpless invalid at the time, and had to
stand on a spread-out coat, for fear of cold; the combatants met on
Summer-hill, "fired a pistol each, and made up the matter without blood."
Hutchinson had previously challenged Dr. Lucas, the patriot, who was
crippled with rheumatism.

[38] The number now is 1,338, of whom 789 are "Residents"--_i.e._, living
within reach of College opportunities. [See Dr. Haughton's return
analysis, quoted in the _Freeman's Journal_ of January 7, 1882.] The
number of students on the books under the degree of M.A. is 1,253 [see
_College Calendar_ for 1882, page 434]. The number of interns now is 250.

[39] See page xlv.

[40] On this Visitation "Pranc. Poet." has--

  "Disgrac'd by libels, worried by his foes
  Poor Prancer labours under endless woes;
  He therefore only supplicates your Grace
  That right or wrong you'll keep him in his place."

The Visitation lasted five days, and was held before Primate Robinson as
Vice-Chancellor for the Duke of Gloucester, and Archbishop Cradock of
Dublin. Hutchinson published a pamphlet reviling the Visitors, and
pronouncing their decision invalid.

[41] A King's Letter was obtained for raising the salary for this special
occasion.--_Lib. Mun._

[42] Duigenan did not execute this intention, as appears by the following
record, kindly supplied by Dr. Carson, S.F.T.C.D.:--"I have to inform you
that I have gone carefully through the College Register for the years 1777
and 1778, and I cannot find therein the least trace of any Visitation
having been held in either of these years. The censure on Dr. Duigenan is
duly recorded under its proper date, in the year 1777; but no further
Collegiate notice appears to have been taken of it."

[43] Walker's Hiber. Mag. 177-8.

[44] Grattan's Life, and _Hib. Mag._

[45] The Round Robiners probably bethought of the case of 1753 when the
patriots who resisted the Court in the matter of the disposal of surplus
revenue were dismissed from office by Primate Stone. They, no doubt, were
afterwards reinstated with honour, but the conspirators of 1789 had to
deal with John Fitzgibbon.--[See "Plowden," p. 311, &c.]

[46] Froude, vol. ii., p. 509.

[47] Barry Yelverton was an unsuccessful candidate in this College
Election of 1776. In the next year he was elected for Donegal, Belfast,
and Carrickfergus, and chose the last.--[_Ho. Co. Jour._]

It was as Recorder of Carrickfergus that Barry Yelverton presented Hussey
Burgh with an address and the freedom of that Corporation in a gold box
for resisting the Government on the question of Supplies while Prime
Serjeant, and losing his place thereby. [_Freeman's Journal_, Jan. 4,
1780.]

[48] _Walker's Hibernian Magazine_, _Freeman's Journal_, and _Exshaw's
Magazine_.

[49] "The case of the Borough of Trinity College, near Dublin, as heard
before a Select Committee of the House of Commons, A.D. 1791."

[50] Swift made an eager canvass for MacAulay, and wrote to Pope, asking
him to write to Lord George (then Mr.) Lyttleton, who was private
secretary to Frederick, Prince of Wales, the Chancellor of the University.
The prince complied with the request, and Tisdall's supporters sent over a
remonstrance.--["Swift's Letters."]

[51] This Francis Stoughton Sullivan got Scholarship, in 1744, at fifteen,
and was probably one of the youngest Scholars and the youngest Fellow in
the college records.

[52] He published, through the University Press, in 1797, a scholarly
Edition of "Longinus," and was the author of several other works. (See an
interesting sketch of his life prefixed to Bohn's edition of his
"Philosophy of History.")

[53] "About a month ago considerable sensation was created in Oxford by
the rumour that one of the University examiners, who is also a "coach,"
had prepared his private pupils in the precise questions set for
examination. This, we may observe, was one of the heavy charges brought
against Provost Hely Hutchinson, of Trinity College, about a century ago,
the Provost having had recourse to the unprincipled manoeuvre as an
electioneering dodge. The ever-memorable Counsellor Peter Burrowes, when
arraigning the Provost before a committee of the Irish House of Commons,
said that his trick "would have made a docile parrot appear superior to
Sir Isaac Newton;" but the committee condoned the Provost, against the
judgment and votes of Arthur Wesley (Duke of Wellington) and Lord Edward
Fitzgerald. The Oxford authorities seem not to be disposed to view so
leniently the action of Mr. Philip Aldred, D.C.L. When the matter was
reported to the Vice-Chancellor a substitute for the transgressing
examiner was at once appointed. We believe that a University committee has
been appointed to consider the expediency of taking away Mr. Aldred's
degrees--as was done in the Tractarian controversy days with Mr. Ward, the
author of the "Ideal;" and, meanwhile, Mr. Aldred is now about to bring
his case before the public, with the protest that he has been condemned
unheard, after challenging investigation, and that he is able and willing
to meet every charge brought against him."--[_Freeman's Journal_, Jan.
13th, 1882.]

[54] He was prevented from voting, not by any University or College
statute, but by the Penal Law of 1727, which took away the franchise from
Catholics. All the long past exclusiveness of the college, detrimental as
it was to the college and to the country, was enjoined by the foreign
power which cared little for the advancement of either. Down to this
period the English legislature did not recognise at all the existence of
Catholics in the college, believing them to be effectually excluded by the
statute enforcing attendance at Anglican worship and Sacrament, and by the
Supremacy and anti-Transubstantiation Declarations for Degrees, which were
swept away by the Act of 1792.

[55] In 1725, Primate Boulter estimated that Dr. Delany, a Senior Fellow,
and "the greatest pupil-monger," had from Fellowship and pupils six or
seven hundred pounds per annum.--[_Letters._]

Swift, in 1730, computed that Delany, "by the benefit of the pupils, and
his Senior Fellowship, with all its perquisites, received every year
between nine hundred and a thousand pounds."--[_Works_, vol. xiii., p.
82.]

Duigenan, in 1777, reckoned Dr. Leland's Senior Fellowship at "L800, one
year with another."--[_Lachrymae._]

In 1777, it was considered surprising that Dr. Leland refused the living
of Benburb, worth L1,000 a year, while his college income fell short of
L700 a year.--[_Exshaw's Magazine_, 1777.]

[56] In 1713, Swift wrote to Stella:--"I have been employed in
endeavouring to save one of your Junior Fellows (Mr. Charles Grattan) who
came over here for a dispensation from taking orders, and in soliciting it
has run out his time, and now his Fellowship is void if the College
pleases, unless the queen suspends the execution and gives him time to
take Orders. I spoke to all the ministers about it yesterday; but they
say, 'the queen is angry and thought it but a trick to deceive her;' and
she is positive, and so the man must be ruined, for I cannot help him. I
never saw him in my life, but the case was so hard, I could not forbear
interposing. Your Government recommended him to the Duke of Ormond, and he
thought they would grant it; and by the time it was refused, the
Fellowship by rigour is forfeited." The College Calendar has, "Charles
Grattan, Fellow, 1710--removed for not taking Holy Orders, May 25th,
1713--Master of Enniskillen School, 1714."--[_Journal_, Letter lxii.,
March 29th.]

[57] He got Scholarship along with his brother Robert, in 1775. The
brothers Roberts, the present Senior Fellows, did the same in 1836.

[58] Denis George's name does not appear in the list of scholars. He took
his B.A. in 1773. Neither does Tankerville Chamberlain's. He graduated in
1774.

[59] From the ranks of the Scholars have proceeded 13 Provosts, 199
Fellows; 1 Archbishop; 16 Bishops, of whom two held English sees; 4 Lord
Chancellors; 2 Lords Justices; 29 Judges; 27 M.P.'s; 4 Vice-Chancellors;
18 Deans; 14 Governors, &c., of British dependencies; renowned Professors
in all the Faculties, and nearly all the distinguished schoolmasters of
the country; 1 Poet Laureate, and several celebrated authors and editors,
besides numerous eminent clergymen and lawyers. This is exclusive of the
enumeration [page xxvi] of the dignities obtained by Scholar-Fellows.

[60] It is even more remarkable that this matter was not mentioned by
Duigenan.

[61] In the petition of 1778 one of the points set forth was that Scholars
and Fellows should be legal Protestants to entitle them to vote, whereas
the Provost had received for his son and Yelverton the votes of some who
were not Protestants at the time of their election.

[62] Catholics and Nonconformists were not excluded from Scholarship by
the statutes or by any oath. They were, however, designedly, and in the
main effectually, excluded by the statute that all scholars, students, and
sizars should attend chapel and partake of Holy Communion as often as it
was administered (see "History of University," _Coll. Cal._, 1876, vol.
ii. p. 9), and the "Heron Visitation" (Chartae and Statuta, vol. ii., p. 3,
1862). Attendance on the Anglican Chapel service and Communicating were of
course intended as tests and pledges of Conformity.

[63] Parliamentary Debates.

[64] William Conyngham, Lord, and Lord Chancellor Plunket was the son of
the Rev. Thomas Plunket, minister of the Strand-street Unitarian
Congregation, who died on the 18th Sept., 1776. There is a very eulogistic
notice of him in the _Freeman's Journal_ of the date.

[65] Down to the alterations made in the Statutes by the Queen's Letter of
1855, the words of the Lit. Pat. of Charles I. were:--"_in quem vel quos
major pars Sociorum Seniorum una cum Praeposito, vel eo absente, Vice
Praeposito consensisse deprehendetur, is, vel illi pro electo vel electis
habeantur, et mox pronunciabuntur a Praeposito. Quod si primo, vel Secundo
Scrutinio electorum major pars, cum Praeposito, vel eo absente, Vice
Praeposito non consenserint, eo casu in tertio Scrutinio, is, vel illi pro
electo, vel electis sunto, quem, vel quos, Praepositus, vel eo absente Vice
Praepositus, nominabit_." [Caput xxv. De Elect. form. et temp.]

[66] See also "An Enquiry how far the Provost of Trinity College is
invested with a negative on the Proceedings of the Senior Fellows" (1790),
by Dr. Young, Ex-Fellow and afterwards Bishop of Clonfert. It takes the
same view of the case as that put forward in Miller's
pamphlet.--[_Halliday Collection._]

[67] Note A.

[68] Hutchinson had to say to three of these affairs of honour, and
according to Duigenan he came badly out of all of them. Duigenan himself,
it should be observed, once had a sham duel, in which he did not figure at
all brilliantly, according to the orthodox interpretation of the code. He
had insulted Sir Richard Borough so grossly that a meeting could not be
evaded, and when the paces were measured Duigenan refused to take up the
pistols, which in due form were laid at his feet. He then shouted to the
"old rascal to fire away," and when Borough thereon left the field
Duigenan declined to fight with his second, because he "had too great a
regard for him to kill him."

[69] In George Faulkner's "Epistle to Howard" (1771), contained in the
Halliday Collection in the Royal Irish Academy, we have--

  "Thou Hutchinson whom every muse
  With winning grace and art endues,
  Whose power 'gainst prejudice contends
  And proves that law and wit are friends--
  In that promiscuous page alone
  By letters J. H. H. art known."

[70] ["Life of Lord Charlemont."]

[71] See Note C.

[72] "History of the University of Dublin," p. 253, &c.

[73] "Froude," vol. ii. p. 104.

[74] "Distinguished Irishmen," vol. v. p. 233, &c.

[75] "English in Ireland," _passim_.

[76] Barre was over here at that time as Vice-Treasurer, &c. He received
the Freedom of Dublin in 1776.

[77] The Bill was to raise the army in Ireland to 15,500 men. Pery and the
Nationalists saw that the object of the Crown was to have troops to send
to America to crush the Colonists, and this they would not have on any
terms. The Government, in reply, passed an Act through the English
Parliament, giving satisfactory security that the full force of 12,000
should be kept in Ireland. Nationalists now have not to complain of any
want of troops in this country, and we do not hear of their demanding any
"satisfactory assurance" of the permanence of the forces.

Nothing could exceed the eagerness of the English Ministry to have the
Army Augmentation Bill passed through the Irish Parliament. Lord
Shelbourne, the English Home Secretary, wrote to Lord Lieutenant Townshend
(March 1768) (_a_) that he would not hear of Malone's and Hutchinson's
suggestions of delay in bringing in the Bill. He further announced that
the English Parliament had passed an Act taking off the limitation of the
troops in Ireland, imposed by the 10th of William III., and pledging that
a full force of 12,000 men should be kept in Ireland. Sexten Pery led the
opposition, which defeated the Bill by a majority of four. The Irish
parliament was prorogued and dissolved, and did not meet for sixteen
months, when they again threw out the Army Bill. Eventually, in November,
1769, Townshend succeeded in having the clause carried in another Act,
whereby 3,235 men, in addition to the 12,000 to be kept here, were voted.

In 1775, Lord Lieutenant Harcourt asked for 4,000 men for the king out of
the Irish establishment to be despatched to America, and he offered to
supply their place by German Protestant troops. Anthony Malone was
chairman of the Parliamentary Committee which, after a warm debate,
granted the contingent as "armed negotiators," but rejected the Hessians.
Grattan afterwards fiercely, and not unfairly, assailed Flood for carrying
this discreditable measure. The troops were in time for the surrenders at
Saratoga and Yorktown. Lord Edward Fitzgerald, one regrets to read, served
on this expedition as aide-de-camp to Lord Moira. Lord Effingham, on the
other hand, resigned his regiment rather than serve against those who were
struggling for freedom, and he was twice publicly thanked by the people of
Dublin.--[_Plowden_ and _Mitchell_.]

In 1782, the king was allowed to draw 5,000 men out of the kingdom. In
1793, the Irish force was raised to 20,232. Most of these acts were for
one year.

    (_a_) "Life of Shelbourne," vol. ii., p. 12.

[78] In the debate (1772) on the Altered Money Bill, Hutchinson seems to
have recovered his prudence.

[79] Another page shows how he was compensated for this "trifling profit"
of the Prime Serjeancy.

[80] _Baratariana_ says:--

  "The Prime Serjeant, then, with a shuffling preamble
  Like a nag that before he can canter must amble,
  Betwixt right and wrong made a whimsical shamble,
                                      Which nobody can deny.

  'Twas important, he said, and availed not a groat;
  But whether 'twas right or whether 'twas naught,
  Or whether he'd vote for it, or whether he'd not
                                      He'd neither assert nor deny."

[81] One of the rewards that Hutchinson demanded from the Government as
the price of his support was, that his wife should be made a baroness.
[Lord Lieutenant Townshend's letter, quoted by Froude, vol. ii., p. 67,
and by Lord Fitzmaurice, vol. ii., p. 102.]

[82] See note E.

[83] _Froude_, vol. ii., p. 50.

[84] [_Plowden._] In 1736 the Board granted an allowance of L100 a year to
Mr. Dunkin (who was Ball's predecessor in the Great Ship-street School),
on Swift's appeal.--[_See Swift's Letters._]

[85] Walk. _Hib. Mag._ 1777.

[86] Walk. _Hib. Mag._ 1791.

[87] In 1771, John Ponsonby resigned the Speakership rather than present
to Lord Townshend the adulatory Address of the House of Commons, and Pery
was, by Government influence, elected in his room.

[88] See Wellington's Correspondence.

[89] Grattan said Townsend was a corrupter, and Buckingham a jobber in a
mask.

[90] On this prorogation, "Baratariana" has--

  "Our worthy Lieutenant comes down to the House,
  Protests their proceedings are not worth a louse,
  And leaving undone the affairs of the nation,
  The session concludes with a d----d prorogation,
                                            Derry down.

  "Here mark, my dear friends, that our ruin's completed
  Since a parliament's useless which thus can be treated;
  While they served his foul purpose he'll fawn and collogue them,
  But if once they do right he'll that instant prorogue them.
                                            Derry down."

[91] In 1739 the English parliament passed an Act removing the duties on
some of the Irish Woollen Exports, and this was done for the benefit of
the English wool manufacturers.

[92] Out of 300 members 104 held places, and 120 were nominated by patrons
under the influence of Government. The civil establishment, with its
contingent expenses, amounted to over half a million sterling a year,
while the entire revenue of the kingdom was under a million and a
quarter.--[_Pery._] In 1789, Lord Jocelyn presented to the House, by
order, the list of pensions. The civil pensions amounted to L97,850, and
the military pensions to L5,827.

In Grattan's Life, vol. iv., p. 14, the placemen in parliament are
enumerated, and the list shows:--

  In the military department               36
  In the law          do                   38
  In the revenue      do                   38
  In state and miscellaneous do             9
  Pensions                                  7
                                         ----
                                Total     109

_Lib. Mun._ vol. i. part 1, enumerates 389 patent offices in the
establishment of Ireland--amongst them are: Keeper of the Signet, Under
Secretary of State for the Civil Department, do. for Military Do.,
Pursuivant, Master of the Game, Interpreter of Irish tongue, Star Chamber,
with Commissioners, Marshals, clerks, &c., Courts of Wards and Liveries
with Masters; foedaries, &c., the Court of Palatines, the Lord Almoner,
the Vice-Treasurer, Transcriptor and Foreign Apposer, Summonister and
Clerk of Estreats, the Trustees of the Linen Manufacture, Commissioners of
Wide Streets, Commissioners of Array, Constables of Castles, Muster Master
General, Commissioners for Victualling, Provincial Provost Martials,
Alnager, Clerk of the Pells, Vice-treasurer, Clerk of the Lords, Clerk of
the Commons, six Clerks of Chancery, Principal Secretaries of State, Prime
Serjeant, Lord High Treasurer, Chancellor of the Exchequer,
Auditor-General, Commissioners of Treasury, Commissioners of Accounts,
First Clerk, Second and Third Clerk to do.; Commissioner of Appeals,
Commissioners of Stamps, Hearth Money Collectors, Poll Tax Collectors,
Cursitors in Chancery, Register of Appeals Spiritual, Clerk of the Pipe,
Prothonotary, Philizer, or Filacer Clerk of Privy Council, Wine-taster,
Escheator, Searcher, Packers, Craners, Seneschals, Presidents of the Four
Provinces, Governors of Forts, Clerks of the First Fruits, Deputy Master
of the Rolls, Examinators, Master of the Revels, Clerk of the Nickells,
Exigenter, Clerk of the Outlawries, Clerk of the Essions, Chirographers,
Sirographers, &c., &c.

[93] The first real and important debate in the Irish Parliament was in
1753, on the Money Bill, on the Commons' power to dispose of surplus
revenue.

The beginning of useful practical legislation for the country was made in
1757 by Edmund Sexten Pery's Land Carriage Act, giving bounties on the
land carriage of corn to Dublin. In the same year he carried another Act
giving bounties on ship carriage of coal to Dublin.

[94] In the single year of 1782 (short parliaments and free trade having
been already secured)--

  The Bank of Ireland was established.
  Habeas Corpus was made law.
  The Sacramental test for Protestant nonconformists was abolished.
  Poyning's Act and 6th of George I. were repealed.
  The perpetual Mutiny Act was repealed.
  Judges appointed _quam diu_.
  A great Catholic Relief Act, including education, was carried.
  Parliamentary independence was achieved.

Grattan's parliament did not keep up to this high level of public spirit.
It sank and perished by its own unreformed corruption.

[95] "Free Trade for Ireland," in 1779, meant something quite distinct
from the political economy free trade of the present day. The latter means
an exemption from all duties to the State on exports and imports; whereas
the former meant a release from the restrictions on Irish trade imposed by
England for the benefit of England. The reform of 1779 continued the
duties, but enjoined that they should be imposed by the native parliament
for the benefit of the Irish kingdom. The Irish Free Trade Parliament was
Protectionist. In the November of 1779 Grattan's amendment on the Address,
supported by Hussey Burgh and the volunteers, demanding Free Trade, was
carried. In February 1780 the concession was made by England, and the
Provost's book had a large share in the triumph.--[See Mitchel.]

It was on the debate on the Short Supply in connection with this measure
that Hussey Burgh said, and lost the Prime Serjeancy for saying, "The
English have sowed their laws like serpents' teeth and they have sprung up
in armed men."

[96] One other provost, Archbishop Loftus; one chancellor, Lord Cairns;
two vice-chancellors, Bishop Jones and John Fitzgibbon; one fellow, Bishop
Howard; and three scholars, Yelverton, Wolfe, and Plunket, also founded
noble houses.

[97] See the summary of his speech in Plowden.

[98] See Note D.

[99] It is not said what either the real or the personal estate amounted
to. In De Burgh's "Landowners of Ireland," the Donoughmore property is set
down at 11,950 acres, with the Government valuation of L10,466. The
Tipperary portion is 4,711 acres, and L4,764. The other portions are
situate in Galway, Cork, Dublin, Kilkenny, Louth, Monahan, Waterford, and
Wexford.

[100] He does not say what price he paid for it, or from whom he purchased
it. Probably it was part of his place-traffic with Blaquiere.

[101] Doubtless this is the "A. Hely Hutchinson" whose autograph appears
in the Preacher's Book of S. Bride's, Dublin, in the year 1796. Under the
autograph there is written, in a different hand and in different ink, "Now
an officer in H.M.'s Service."

[102] This is the only mention of the College; in the Will. The Provost
left it no bequest, and did not even designate himself as Provost.

[103] This direction has never been carried out. The MS. is known to be in
existence; and would it not be seemly and desirable to have it deposited
in the College Manuscript Room?

[104] Duigenan's matriculation is--

1753--June. Patricius Duigenan, Siz., Filius ______ Annum agens 16.
Educatus sub ferula Mr. Sheill. Natus in Comtu Derri.

  DR. LAWSON.

It would be a pity not to give the matriculation above his--

"Barry Yelverton, Siz. Filius Franc. Gen. Annum agens 17. Educatus sub.
fer. Mr. Egan. Natus in Comtu Cork.

  MR. RADCLIFFE."

These two poor Sizar boys, one from the North and the other from the
South--meeting probably for the first time in the College hall and sitting
side by side--what careers the College opened to them! Probably, there is
not in all the matriculation books a more interesting page than the page
which contains these two consecutive entries.

[105] "Wellington Correspondence."

[106] For a full account of this school see "The Old Latin Schools of
Dublin," by the Editor.

[107] Fitzgibbon's father had been a Catholic, and was intended for the
priesthood. He and his wife Eleanor are buried in St. Bride's churchyard,
without any sort of monument or tombstone.

[108] Mr. Blackburne's "Causes of the Decadence of the Industries of
Ireland," p. 19.

There are two copies of the work in the College Library, both of which
have been recently obtained, and from one of them, by the obliging
indulgence of the Provost and Board, the present re-issue is taken.

[109] Froude--"English in Ireland," vol. ii., p. 228.

[110] See the State Papers of Henry VIII., and the official certificates
almost ever since. See also Lord O'Hagan's Address to the Social Science
Congress in Dublin, 1881. If any of these pronouncements were right, it
would be difficult to discover any room for future improvement. All of
these glowing congratulations were, however, invariably exposed and
exploded by sober contemporary historians and observers, and the O'Hagan
passage illustrates the process. His lordship said: "I have indicated to
you the results of honest effort by Irishmen of this generation in
obtaining for their country amended laws, cheap and facile
justice--education liberal, unconditioned, and available to all--...
increased provision for the national health and comfort--and security in
his possessions and encouragement to his industry for the tiller of the
soil. In the midst of many troubles and much discouragement, these have
been steps of real cheering progress--improvements, permanently conquered
from the past, and auspicious, as they will be fruitful, of a happier
future." Compare with this charming view the following versions.

In his speech in the adjourned debate on the Address in the House of
Commons, January, 1881, Mr. Shaw, M.P. for Cork County, showed the value
of this "real cheering progress," and of the "permanent improvements and
increased provisions for the national health and comfort." "Within three
or four months," said Mr. Shaw, "I have gone through various parts of the
country, and I must say this--I did not think it possible for human beings
to exist as I found tenant-farmers existing in the West of Ireland.... It
is a disgrace to the landlords, it is a disgrace to the Government, it is
a disgrace to every institution in the country to think of it that now for
years, for generations, this cry year after year has been coming up from
the people."

In the debate on the 28th of January MR. GLADSTONE said that "there are
still hundreds of thousands in Ireland who live more or less on the brink
of starvation, and that forty years ago that was the case not with
hundreds of thousands but with millions."

A writer in the current number of the _Quarterly Review_, after picturing
the maddened and disturbed state of the country, adds:--

"And all this with between four and five hundred suspects in gaols with an
army of 50,000 men in the country, with Land Bills, Coercion Bills,
Proclamations, new magisterial boards, the island parcelled out into
military districts, spies, informers, and all the endless appliances of a
Liberal Government in full operation."

See, too, what Mr. Justice O'Hagan said in his judgment on the Stacpoole
leases. It is not very easy to reconcile these four unassailable
statements of facts with the smooth optimism of the ex-Lord Chancellor,
although without question the "Conquests" enumerated by him have been, as
he says, won. The truth is that these specialist statistics are no more a
real index of the condition of the country than a brick is an index of the
quality of a house. There is no use in attempting to deny that
England--both when meaning well and meaning ill--has kept Ireland in a
deplorable condition.

[111] Concerning this debate "Pepys' Diary," vol. iv., p. 109,
records--1666--October 8th:--"The House did this day order to be engrossed
the Bill against importing Irish Cattle--a thing, it seems, carried on by
the Western Parliament men wholly against the sense of most of the rest of
the House; who think if you do this you give the Irish again cause to
rebel. Thus plenty on both sides makes us mad."

P. 135--1666. October 27th:--"Thence to talk about publique business; he
[Lord Belassis] tells me how the two Houses begun to lie troublesome, the
Lords to have quarrels one with another. My Lord Duke of Buckingham having
said to the Lord Chancellor (who is against the passing of the Bill for
prohibiting the bringing over of Irish cattle) that whoever was against
the Bill was there led to it by an Irish interest or an Irish
understanding, which is as much as to say he is a foole. This bred heat
from my Lord Chancellor, and something he [Buckingham] said did offend my
Lord of Ossory (my Lord Duke of Ormonde's son), and they two had hard
words, upon which the latter sends a challenge to the former; of which the
former complains to the House, and so the business is to be heard on
Monday." Clarendon and Carte attribute cowardice to Buckingham in the
matter. Both he and Ossory were sent to the Tower. The Bill, as noticed
above, was subsequently passed.

[112] "Life of Ormond," vol. iv., p. 234, &c.

[113] Ten years later Dublin sent out a cargo of provisions valued at L937
13_s._ to New England, and the benevolence was gratefully and gracefully
commemorated in 1880 by Captain Potter, of the _Constellation_, when he
brought over America's consignment to our famishing agriculturists, and
received the honorary freedom of our city. It may be noted, too, that ten
years before the contribution to London, Dublin sent a relief amounting to
L1,000 to the Waldenses, when suffering from the persecution of the Duke
of Savoy. The last-named collection was made by a Cromwellian Fellow of
Trinity College, the Rev. Samuel Mather, an excellent man, who on the
Restoration was thrown into a Dublin prison, probably the "Black Dog," for
declining to sign the Act of Uniformity. The New England collection was
made by his brother, the Rev. Nathaniel Mather, Minister of the New-row
Meeting-house. The collection for London was made by the Duke of Ormond.

[114] This encouragement of the linen trade here proved a hypocrisy and
imposture. The linen trade was never an equivalent for the wool trade.

[115] Excepting, perhaps, Poyning's Act, and the Act of Union, this was
the most disgraceful Act ever passed by an Irish Parliament.

[116] See page lxx, note, and 35.

[117] See page lxx, note, and 43.

[118] It was on the Army Augmentation Bill that Hutchinson made one of his
early "strides in apostasy." It was on this occasion also that Ireland was
for the first time called upon to contribute to England's war expenses.
She passed a vote of credit for L200,000. See pages 44, 46.

[119] The condition of the people would thus seem to have declined from
what it was a century before. In 1672, Petty stated in his "Political
Anatomy," that the drink of the Irish people was milk, and in winter small
beer or water; and that their food was bread made into cakes, with eggs
and rancid butter, and with muscles, cockles, and oysters, on the
sea-shore parts.

[120] There are also several inaccuracies in the printed edition, which
are reproduced as they stand. _E.g._, in page 81 "between L12,000 and
L13,000" is set down as an increase on L1,100,000; and Petty's "Survey" is
throughout put for his Political Anatomy. In the note to page 127 the
literal misprints in the Greek quotation are corrected. The line is given
"as Homer quoted by Longinus," and as if it were a Homeric line, but it is
not a hexameter at all. The quotation joins the beginning of one line to a
portion of another, and it is needless to say that the break was duly
notified by Longinus, though apparently it was not perceived by the
Provost.

The passage occurs in the 17th book of the Odyssey, V.V. 323-3:--

  [Greek: "Hemisu gar t aretes apoainutai euruopa Zeus
  Aneros, eut an min kata doulion emar helesin."]

Rendered by Pope,

  "Jove fix'd it certain, that whatever day
  Makes man a slave, takes half his worth away."

[121] See _Freeman's Journal_, Nov. 3 and Nov. 24, 1881.

[122] _Querist_, 134.

[123] On account of the inability of Ireland, Great Britain, since
Christmas, 1778, relieved her from the burden of paying forces abroad.

[124] A sum of L50,000 has been lately sent from England for that purpose.

[125] By a Proclamation, dated the 3rd of February, 1776, on all ships and
vessels laden in any of the ports in this kingdom with provisions of any
kind, but not to extend to ships carrying salted beef, pork, butter and
bacon into Great Britain or provisions to any part of the British empire
except the Colonies mentioned in the said Proclamation. 4th of January,
1779, taken off as far as it relates to ships carrying provisions to any
of the ports of Europe.

[126] Its tranquillity was so well established in 1611, that King James
reduced his army in Ireland to 176 horse and 1,450 foot; additional judges
were appointed, circuits established throughout the kingdom (2nd Cox, 17);
and Sir John Davis observes that no nation under the sun loves equal and
indifferent justice better than the Irish (Davis, pp. 184-196).

[127] 13 Jac., ch. 1.

[128] Vol. i. Com. Journ., p. 92.

[129] Vol. i. Com. Journ., p. 61.

[130] Ib., p. 88.

[131] 1 Davis, pp. 1, 193, 194.

[132] Cox's Hist. of Ireland, vol. ii., p. 91.

[133] Ib. Some of these subsidies, from the subsequent times of confusion,
were not raised.

[134] Cox, vol. ii., p. 33.

[135] Leland's Hist. of Ireland, vol. iii., p. 31.

[136] Lord Strafford's Letters, vol. ii., p. 297.

[137] Ir. Com. Journ., vol. i., pp. 228-229.

[138] Lord Clarendon, Cox, ib., Ir. Com. Journ., vol. ii., pp. 280, 311.

[139] Archbishop King in his State of the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 52,
53, 445, 446; Lord Chief Justice Keating's Address to James the Second,
and his Letters to Sir John Temple. Ib.

The prohibition of the exportation of our cattle to England, though a
great, was but a temporary distress; and in its consequences greatly
promoted the general welfare of this country.

[140] Lord Sydney's words, in his speech from the throne in 1692, from his
own former knowledge of this country. Ir. Com. Journ., vol. ii., p. 577.

[141] Carte, vol. ii., pp. 342, 344.

[142] Lord Strafford laid the foundation of the linen manufacture in
Ireland, but the troubles which soon after broke out had entirely stopped
the progress of it.

[143] Harris's Life of K. W., 116.

[144] The words of Lord Sydney, in his speech from the throne in 1692.
Com. Journ., vol. ii., p. 576.

[145] Ir. Com. Journ., vol. iii., pp. 45 and 65, that great supplies were
given during this period.

[146] Dobbs, pp. 5, 6, 7, 19.

[147] Com. Journ., vol. iii., p. 45.

[148] Ir. Com. Journ., vol. iii., pp. 65, 66.

[149] Com. Journ., vol. iii., p. 149.

[150] Ib. p. 195.

[151] Ir. Com. Journ., vol. iii., pp. 207, 208.

[152] Com. Journ., vol. iii., p. 210.

[153] Ib., pp. 79, 94.

[154] Com. Journ., vol. iii., p. 298.

[155] Ib., pp. 225, 266.

[156] Ib., pp. 253, 258.

[157] Ib., pp. 364, 368, 369.

[158] Ib., p. 573.

[159] Com. Journ., vol. iii., p. 827.

[160] Ib., p. 929.

[161] Ib., p. 876.

[162] In the same session an act was made for the advancement of the linen
manufacture, which shows that both kingdoms then thought (for these laws
came to us through England) that each of these manufactures was to be
encouraged in Ireland.

[163] Ir. Com. Journ., vol. ii., p. 725.

[164] Ib., p. 733.

[165] The sums paid on the exportation of Irish linens from Great Britain,
at a medium of twenty-nine years, from 1743 to 1773, amount to something
under L10,000 yearly.--Ir. Com. Journ., vol. xvi., p. 374, the account
returned from the Inspector-General's Office in Great Britain.

[166] Com. Journ., vol. iv., p. 249.

[167] Ib., p. 296.

[168] Ib., p. 335.

[169] Com. Journ., vol. iv., pp. 694, 700, 701.

[170] Ir. Com. Journ., vol. iv., p. 694.

[171] Ib., p. 720.

[172] Ib., p. 832.

[173] It is not here intended to enter into the question, whether in
different circumstances a national bank might not be useful to Ireland.

[174] Com. Journ., vol. v., p. 12.

[175] Ib., p. 102.

[176] It was then L77,261 6_s._ 7_d._ Vol. iv., p. 778.

[177] Com. Journ., vol. iv., p. 108.

[178] Ib., p. 16.

[179] Com. Journ., vol. iv., p. 136.

[180] At midsummer, 1725, it amounted to L119,215 5_s._ 3-5/8_d._ Vol. v.,
Com. Journ., pp. 282, 295, 434, 435, 642.

[181] Com. Journ., vol. v., pp. 732, 755.

[182] Duke of Dorset's speech from the throne. Com. Journ., vol. vi., p.
12.

[183] Com. Journ., vol. vi., p. 143.

[184] Ib., vol. vi., p. 189.

[185] Com. Journ., vol. v., pp. 214, 220, 222.

[186] The act entitled an act for better regulation of partnerships and to
encourage the trade and manufactures of this kingdom has not a word
relative to the latter part of the title.

[187] Com. Journ., vol. vi., p. 694; ib., vol. vii., p. 742.

[188] The sum remaining due on the loans at Lady-day, 1753, was L85,585
0_s._ 9-1/2_d._ The whole credit of the nation to that day was L332,747
19_s._ 1-1/8_d._, and deducting the sums due on the loans amounted to
L247,162 18_s._ 3-1/8_d._ Com. Journ., vol. ix. pp. 3, 349, 352.

[189] Com. Journ., vol. iv., p. 195.

[190] Com. Journ., vol. vi., p. 289.

[191] Ib., vol. ix., p. 352.

[192] Ib., p. 332.

[193] Com. Journ., vol. x., p. 751.

[194] Ib., vol. ix., p. 818.

[195] Ib., pp. 819, 829, 846, 865.

[196] March 6, 1754, Thomas Dillon and Richard Ferral, failed. 3rd March,
1755, William Lennox and George French. Same day, John Wilcocks and John
Dawson.

[197] There was then no bankruptcy law in Ireland.

[198] Com. Journ., vol. x., p. 751.

[199] Ib., p. 16, speech from the throne, and ib., p. 25, address from the
House of Commons to the king.

[200] Ib., p. 25. Address from the House of Commons to the king.

[201] Com. Journ., vol. x., p. 25.

[202] They brought in a law for the encouragement of tillage, which was
ineffectual (see post 42); but the preamble of that Act is a legislative
proof of the unhappy condition of the poor of this country before that
time. The preamble recites, "the _extreme_ necessity to which the poor of
this kingdom had been too frequently reduced for want of provisions."

[203] Com. Journ., vol. x., p. 285.

[204] Com. Journ. vol. xi., p. 472. Speaker's speech.

[205] Ib., p. 16.

[206] The Acts passed in '58, giving bounties on the land carriage of
corn, and on coals brought to Dublin.

[207] Com. Journ., vol. xi., p. 212.

[208] Ib., from 826 to 837.

[209] Ib., vol. xi., p. 141.

[210] Ib., p. 408.

[211] Ib., p. 473.

[212] Ib., p. 862.

[213] Ib.

[214] Ib., p. 982, from 25th March, '59, to 21st of April, '60, exclusive.

[215] Clement's, Dawson's, and Mitchell's.

[216] Com. Journ., vol. xi., p. 966, April 15, 1760.

[217] Com. Journ., vol. xi., pp. 993, 994.

[218] Ib., p. 1049.

[219] Brought in by Mr. Pery the present Speaker.

[220] In the year ending Lady-Day, 1778, it amounted to L71,533 1_s._, and
in that ending Lady-Day, 1779, to L67,864 8_s._ 10_d._

[221] Com. Journ., vol. xii, p. 700.

[222] Ib. p. 728.

[223] Ib., p. 443.

[224] Ib. p. 929. Speech of Lord Hallifax from the throne, 30th April,
1762.

[225] Ir. Com. Journ., vol. xiii., p. 21.

[226] Com. Journ., vol. xiii., p. 23.

[227] For a year ending 25th March, 1763, they were L66,477 5_s._; they
afterwards rose to L89,095 17_s._ 6_d._ in September, 1777, at the
highest; and in this year, ending the 25th March last, amounted to L85,971
2_s._ 6_d._

[228] Com. Journ. vol. xiii., p. 576.

[229] Ib. pp. 574, 621.

[230] Com. Journ., vol. xiv., p. 715.

[231] Com. Journ., vol. xv., p. 710.

[232] Ib., p. 153.

[233] Ib., vol. xvi., p. 372.

[234] Ib., pp. 190, 191, 193.

[235] Ib., p. 256.

[236] Com. Journ., vol. xii., p. 928.

[237] Ib., vol. xiii., p. 987.

[238] Ib., vol. xiv., pp. 69, 114, 151.

[239] Com. Journ., vol. xiv., p. 665.

[240] Com. Journ., vol. xiv., p. 467, report from committee, and ib., p.
501, agreed to by the House, _nem. con._

[241] Carte, vol. ii., pp. 318, 319.

[242] Sir W. Petty's "Political Survey," pp. 69, 70. Sir W. Temple, vol.
iii., pp. 22, 23.

[243] By several British acts (32 G. 2, ch. 11; 5 G. 3, ch. 10; 12 G. 3,
ch. 56), allowing from time to time the free importation of all sorts of
cattle from Ireland.

[244] Personal prejudice against the Duke of Ormond (Carte, vol. ii., pp.
332, 337.)

[245] 15 Ch. 2, ch. 7. 18 Ch. 2, ch. 2.

[246] Carte, vol. ii., p. 332.

[247] Com. Journ., vol. i., p. 208, by a clause to be inserted in an Irish
act.

[248] See post, those acts stated.

[249] Com. Journ., vol. ii., p. 576.

[250] English acts, 12 Ch. 2, ch. 32, 13 and 14. Ch. 2, ch. 18.

[251] 1 W., and M. ch. 32.

[252] 7 and 8 W., ch. 28.

[253] 14th Jan., 1697.

[254] 7th July, 1698, dissolved.

[255] In a pamphlet cited by Dr. Smith (vol. ii., p. 244, in his memoirs
of wool) it is said that the total value of those manufactures exported in
1697, was L23,614 9_s._ 6_d._, namely, in friezes and stockings, L14,625
12_s._; in old and new draperies, L8,988 17_s._ 6_d._; and that though the
Irish had been every year increasing, yet they had not recovered above
one-third of the woollen trade which they had before the war (ib. 243).
The value in 1687, according to the same authority, was L70,521 14_s._; of
which the friezes were L56,485 16_s._; stockings, L2,520 18_s._; and old
and new drapery (which it is there said could alone interfere with the
English trade), L11,514 10_s._

[256] Preamble of English act of 1699.

[257] 9th June, 1698, vol. of Lords' Journals, p. 314.

[258] Lords' Journ., p. 315.

[259] 30th June, 1698.

[260] 16th July, 1698.

[261] Rapin's Hist., vol. xvii., p. 417.

[262] 27th September, 1698, vol. ii., p. 994.

[263] Com. Journ., vol. ii., p. 997.

[264] Ib., vol. ii., p. 1022.

[265] October 24, 1698.

[266] Com. Journ., vol. ii., pp. 1007, 1035.

[267] Com. Journ., p. 1032.

[268] Ib., vol. ii., p. 1082.

[269] Com. Journ., vol. ii., p. 1007.

[270] Ib., 1104, by 105 against 41.

[271] 10 W. 3, ch. 5.

[272] And. on Com. Journ., vol. i., 204.

[273] The Commissioners of Trade in England, by their representation of
the 11th October, 1698, say (Eng. Com. Journ., vol. xii., p. 437), "they
conceive it not necessary to make any alteration whatsoever in this Act,"
but take notice that the duties on broadcloth, of which very little is
made in Ireland, is 20 per cent.; but the duty on new drapery, of which
much is made, is but 10 per cent.

[274] Eng. Stat., 10 and 11 William III., ch. 10, passed in 1699.

[275] 12 Ch. II. ch. 4, Eng., and afterwards continued by 11 Geo. I., ch.
7. Brit.

[276] By an Eng. Act, made in 1663, the same which laid the first
restraint on the exportation of cattle.

[277] See the Address of the English House of Lords.

[278] Potatoes and milk, or more frequently water.

[279] Dr. Smith's "Wealth of Nations," vol. i., p. 94.

[280] Ib., pp. 85, 86.

[281] Dr. Smith's "Wealth of Nations," vol. i., p. 445; Dr. Campbell's
"Polit. Survey of Great Britain," vol. ii., p. 159; Anderson on
"Industry."

[282] Smith, ib.

[283] Sir W. Petty's "Political Survey of Ireland," p. 90.

[284] Smith's "Wealth of Nations," vol. i., p. 446.

[285] Ib.

[286] Lord Strafford's Letters, vol. i., p. 33.

[287] Smith's "Wealth of Nations," vol. i., p. 445.

[288] Sir M. Decker's "Decline of Foreign Trade," p. 155, and Anderson on
"Commerce," vol. ii., p. 149.

[289] Compare the circumstances of the two countries in one of those
articles which affects all the rest. The sums raised in Great Britain in
time of peace are said to amount to ten millions, in Ireland to more than
one million yearly. The circulating cash of the former is estimated at
twenty-three millions, of the latter at two.

[290] See post 81.

[291] Essay on the "Trade of Ireland," pp. 6, 7.

[292] "Decline of Foreign Trades," pp. 55, 56, 155.

[293] Dobb's, p. 76.

[294] In 1774.

[295] Nor was this deficiency made up by the exportation of yarn. The
quantities of these several articles exported from 1764 to 1778 are
mentioned in the Appendix, number.

[296] Smith's "Memoirs of Wool," vol. ii., p. 554. The only way to prevent
it, is to enable us to work it up at home. Ib., p. 293.

[297] This was done for the benefit of the woollen manufacture in England.
Eng. Com. Journ., vol. xxii., p. 442.

[298] This is stated considerably under the computation made in the list
of absentees published in Dublin in 1769, which makes the amount at that
time L1,208,982 14_s._ 6_d._

[299] Smith's "Wealth of Nations," vol. i., p. 316.

[300] Anderson on Com., vol. i., p. 131.

[301] The wish of traders for a monopoly is not confined to England; in
the same kingdom some parts are restrained in favour of others, as in
Sweden to this hour. Abbe Resnal, vol. ii., p. 28.

[302] Eng. Com. Journ., vol. xii., pp. 64, 68.

[303] Ib., p. 64.

[304] Ib., p. 7.

[305] Eng. Com. Journ., vol. xii., p. 527.

[306] Ib., p. 530.

[307] Ib., p. 434.

[308] Ib., p. 387.

[309] Ib., vol. xxii.

[310] Eng. Com. Journ., vol. xxii., p. 178.

[311] The Lords Commissioners of Trade in England, by their report of the
31st August, 1697 (Eng. Com. Journ., vol., xii., p. 428), relating to the
trade between England and Ireland, though they recommend the restraining
of the exportation of all sorts of woollen manufactures out of Ireland,
make the following exception, "except only that of their frieze, as is
wont, to England."

[312] See before speech of Lords Justices.

[313] Mr. Dobbs, and after him Dr. Smith.

[314] 11 Elizabeth, session 3, ch. 10.

[315] 13 Elizabeth, session 5, ch. 4.

[316] 17 and 18, ch. 2; ch. 9 for the advancement of the linen
manufacture. Carte.

[317] See before.

[318] 7 and 8 W. 3, ch. 39, from the 1st of August, 1696.

[319] 7 and 8 W., ch. 28.

[320] Not till the year 1705.

[321] Com. Journ., vol. ii., p. 725, 733; vol. xvi., p. 360.

[322] See before.

[323] Dobbs, 6, 7.

[324] Com. Journ., vol. xvi., p. 362.

[325] Ib., p. 363.

[326] By 3rd and 4th Anne, ch. 9.

[327] And. on Comm., vol. ii., p. 225.

[328] This appears by the preamble to the English Act of the 7th and 8th
W. 3, ch. 39.

[329] Anderson on Commerce, vol. ii., p. 177.

[330] Com. Journ., vol. xvi., p. 365.

[331] In 1750.

[332] By the law of 1750, and the bounties given on the exportation of
sail-cloth from Great Britain to foreign countries, Ireland has almost
lost this trade; she cannot now supply herself. Great Britain has not been
the gainer; the quantities of sail-cloth imported there, in 1774,
exceeding, according to the return from the Custom House in London, the
quantities imported in the year 1750, when the restrictive law was made.
It has been taken from Ireland and given to the Russians, Germans, and
Dutch (Ir. Com. Journ., vol. xvi., p. 363).

[333] 10 G. 3, ch.--continued by act of last session to the year 1786.

[334] In the year 1743.

[335] Com. Journ., vol. xvi., 369, pp. 389.

[336] _To please the English_ Scotland has for half a century past exerted
herself as much as possible to improve the linen manufacture.--Anderson on
Industry, vol. ii., p. 233.

[337] Com. Journ., vol. xvi., p. 370.

[338] The province of Ulster, in two years, is said to have lost 30,000 of
its inhabitants. Com. Journ., vol. xvi., p. 381.

[339] From 24th June, 1705, 3 and 4 Anne, ch. 8, for 11 years, but
afterwards continued.

[340] Brit. Acts, 10 Anne, ch. 19; 11 and 12 Anne, ch. 9; 6 G. 1, ch. 4.

[341] Brit. Act. 18 G. 3, ch. 53.

[342] Ir. Com. Journ., vol xvi., pp. 363, 364.

[343] Ib., p. 365

[344] Anderson on Industry, vol. i., pp. 34 to 40

[345] Com. Journ., vol. xvi., p. 370.

[346] See Com. Journ., vol. xvii., pp. 263 to 287, for the sums paid from
1700 to 1775. They amount to L803,486 0_s._ 2-3/4_d._

[347] This malady of emigration among our linen manufacturers has appeared
at many different periods during this century.

[348] 12 Ch. II., ch. 7.

[349] As other nations did the same, Ireland was shut out from the New
World and a considerable part of the Old in Asia and Africa.

[350] 15 Ch. II., ch. 15.

[351] Ch. 39.

[352] 10th and 11th Wm. III., ch. 10.

[353] 15 Ch. II., ch. 7. 18 Ch. II., ch. 2. 20 Ch. II., ch. 7. 22nd & 23rd
Ch. II., ch. 2.

[354] Petty's "Political Survey of Ireland," p. 70, and _ib._ "Report from
the Council of Trade," pages 117, 118. Sir W. Temple, vol. iii, pp. 22,
23, that England was evidently a loser by the prohibition of cattle.

Dr. Smith's "Memoirs of Wool," vol. ii, p. 337, that the English have
since sufficiently felt the mischiefs of this proceeding.

[355] 3 and 4 Anne, ch. 8.

[356] 4 Inst., 349. Matth. Paris, anno. 1172, pp. 121, 220. Vit. H. 2.
Pryn, against the 4 Inst., c. 76, pp. 250, 252. Sir John Davis's Hist., p.
71. Lord Lyttleton's Hist. of, H. 2. vol. iii., pp. 89, 90. 7 Co., 22, 23.
4th Black, 429.

[357] Cooke's 4th Inst., 351.

[358] Anderson on Commerce, vol. i., p. 174.

[359] 3rd Edward IV., ch. 4.

[360] The part of this law which mentions that it shall be determinable,
at the King's pleasure, has the prohibition for its object, and does not
lessen the force of the argument in favour of Ireland.

[361] 4th Edward IV., ch. 1.

[362] Anderson on Commerce, vol. i., p. 285.

[363] Ib., p. 319.

[364] 3rd James, ch. 6.

[365] 12th Ch. II., ch.

[366] 12th Ch. II., ch. 18.

[367] 13th and 14th Ch. II., ch. 11.

[368] Ib., ch. 18.

[369] 12th Ch. II., ch. 27.

[370] Ir. Act, 13th H. VIII, ch. 2.

[371] 28th H. VIII., ch. 17.

[372] Ch. 10.

[373] The necessity of encouraging the people of Ireland to manufacture
their own wool appears by divers statutes to have been the sense of the
legislature of both kingdoms for some centuries.

[374] Ir. Act of 17 and 18 Ch. II., ch. 15.

[375] Carte, vol. ii., p. 344.

[376] 15th Ch. II., ch. 7.

[377] 22nd and 23rd Ch. II., ch. 26.

[378] Sugar, tobacco, cotton, wool, indigo, steel or Jamaica wood, fustick
or other dying wood, the growth of the said plantations.

[379] 4th Geo. II., ch. 15; 6th Geo. II., ch. 15; 4th Geo. II., ch. 15.

[380] The articles in the last note, and also rice, molasses, beaver
skins, and other furs, copper ore, pitch, tar, turpentine, masts, yards,
and bowsprits, pimento, cocoa-nuts, whale fins, raw silk, hides and skins,
pot and pearl ashes, iron and lumber.

[381] From the 24th of June, 1778, it shall be lawful to export from
Ireland directly into any of the British plantations in America or the
West Indies, or into any of the settlements belonging to Great Britain on
the coast of Africa, any goods being the produce or manufacture of Ireland
(wool and woollen manufactures in all its branches, mixed or unmixed,
cotton manufactures of all sorts, mixed or unmixed, hats, glass, hops;
gunpowder, and coals only excepted); and all goods, &c., of the growth,
produce, or manufacture of Great Britain which may be legally imported
from thence into Ireland (woollen manufacture in all its branches and
glass excepted), and all foreign certificate goods that may be legally
imported from Great Britain into Ireland. Two of the principal
manufactures are excepted, and one of them closely connected with, if not
a part of, the linen manufacture.--18th Geo. III., ch. 55.

[382] This appears by the English Acts (3 and 4 Anne, ch. 10, 8 Anne, ch.
1, 2 Geo. II., ch. 35), giving bounties on the importation of those
articles into Great Britain.

[383] Sir William Petty mentions that "the English who have lands in
Ireland were forced to trade only with strangers, and became unacquainted
with their own country, and that England gained more than it lost by a
free commerce (with Ireland), as exporting hither three times as much as
it received from hence," and mentions his surprise at their being debarred
from bringing commodities from America directly home, and being obliged to
bring them round from England, with extreme hazard and loss.--"Political
Survey of Ireland," p. 123.

[384] 22nd and 23rd Ch. II., ch. 26, sec. 11.

[385] Sir John Davis and Sir Edward Cooke.

[386] [Greek: Hemisu gar t' aretes apoainytai doulion hemar] Homer, as
quoted by Longinus.

[387] Sic utere tuo, alienum non laedas.

[388] Sir William Petty's "Political Survey of Ireland," p. 19.

[389] Sir William Temple, vol. iii., p. 7.

[390] The Act of Explanation.

[391] 15 Ch. II.

[392] Sir W. Petty, p. 9.

[393] Ib. pp. 9 and 110.

[394] Sir W. Petty, p. 89.

[395] Ib., pp. 9 and 10.

[396] Ib, pp. 34, 71, 125.

[397] 15 Ch. II., ch. 7.

[398] Carte, vol. ii., pp. 425 to 428, 465.

[399] Archb. Bishop King's State, 209. James II., in his speech from the
throne in Ireland, recommended the repeal of the Act of Settlement.

[400] Their demands in 1642 were the restitution of all the plantation
lands to the old inhabitants, repeal of Poyning's Act, &c.--Macaulay's
Hist., vol. iii, p. 222. In the meeting called a parliament, held by James
in Ireland, they repealed the Acts of Settlement and Explanation, passed a
law that the Parliament of England cannot bind Ireland, and against writs
of error and appeal to England.

[401] 3rd and 4th Anne, ch. 8.

[402] Sir W. Petty's "Survey."

[403] Ib., p. 117.

[404] Order 14th March, 1698, Lords' Journ., vol. xvi. Eng. Com. Journs.,
18th Jan., 1698, vol. xii., p. 440.

[405] The Commissioners of Trade, in their representation dated 11th
November, 1697, relating to the trade between England and Ireland, advise
a duty to be laid upon the importation of oil, upon teasles, whether
imported or _growing_ there, and upon _all the utensils_ employed in the
making any woollen manufactures, on the utensils of worsted combers, and
particularly a duty by the yard upon all cloth and woollen stuffs, except
friezes, before they are taken off the loom. Eng. Com. Journ., vol. x., p.
428.

[406] See in the Appendix an account of those articles imported from
England into Ireland for ten years, commencing in 1769, and ending in
1778.

[407] Com. Journ., vol. iii., pp. 348, 548.

[408] Sir W. Petty's "Political Survey," p. 123.

[409] Sir W. Temple, vol. iii., p. 11.

[410] Lord's Journ., 16th Feb., 1697.

[411] Lord's Journ., 19th Feb., 1697.

[412] See Dr. Smith's "Wealth of Nations."

[413] The consumption of our own people is the best and greatest market
for the product and manufactures of our own country. Foreign trade is but
a part of the benefit arising from the woollen manufacture, and the least
part; it is a small article in respect to the benefit arising to the
community, and Dr. Smith affirms that all the foreign markets of England
cannot be equal to one-twentieth part of her own.--Dr. Smith's "Memoirs of
Wool," vol. ii., pp. 113, 529, 530, and 556, from the _British Merchant_
and Dr. Davenant.

[414] Address of Eng. Commons, _ante_.

[415] King's Stat., pp. 160, 161.

[416] Eng. Com. Journ., vol. xii., pp. 514, 523, 528.

[417] Vol. iii., p. 8.

[418] See Sir John Davis's "Discourses," pp. 5, 6, 194.

[419] Summary of Imports and Exports to and from Ireland, laid before the
British House of Commons in 1779.

[420] Those states are least able to pay great charges for public
disbursements whose wealth resteth chiefly in the hands of the nobility
and gentry.--Bac., vol. i., p. 10; Smith's "Wealth of Nations," vol. ii.,
p. 22.

[421] A very judicious friend of mine has, with great pains and attention,
made a calculation of the numbers of people in Ireland in the year 1774,
and he makes the numbers of people to amount to 2,325,041; but supposes
his calculation to be under the real number. I have, therefore, followed
the calculation commonly received, which makes their number amount to
2,500,000. He computes, as has been before mentioned, the persons who
reside in houses of one hearth, to be 1,877,220. Those find it very
difficult to pay hearth money, and are thought to be unable to pay any
other taxes. If this is so, according to this calculation, there are but
447,821 people in Ireland able to pay taxes.

[422] Ireland was much more numerous in 1685 than at any time, after the
Revolution, during that century, there having been a great waste of people
in the rebellion at that era.

[423] 12 Ch. II., ch. 4. Eng.

[424] Yet, in favour of Great Britain, old and new drapery imported into
Ireland from other countries are subject to duties equal to a prohibition.
Ir. Act 14th and 15th, Ch. II., ch. 8.

[425] On every piece of old drapery exported, containing thirty-six yards,
and so for a greater or lesser quantity, 3_s._ 4_d._, and of new drapery
9_d._, for the subsidy of alnage and alnager's fee. See 17th and 18th Ch.
II., ch. 15. Ir. But the English have taken off these and all other duties
from their manufactures made or mixed with wool. Eng. Act 11 and 12 W.
III., ch. 20.

[426] 30 per cent. by the British acts of 9 and 10 Anne, ch. 39., and 12
Anne, ch. 9.

[427] This tax is _ad valorem_, and the linen not valued.

[428] Brit. Act, 9 Anne, ch. 12.

[429] Hence it is that the price of wool in England is said to be 50 per
cent. below the market price of Europe.--Smith's "Memoir's of Wool."

[430] 12 Ch. II., ch. 5. 3 and 4 Anne, ch. 4. 4 and 5 W. and M., ch. 5.

[431] 7 G. I., ch. 7.

[432] When the commercial restraints of Ireland are the subject, a source
of occasional and ruinous restrictions ought not to be passed over. Since
the year 1740, there have been twenty-four embargoes in Ireland, one of
which lasted three years.

[433] The common law of England.

[434] Heads of bills for passing into a law the Habeas Corpus Act, and
that for making the tenure of judges during good behaviour, have
repeatedly passed the Irish House of Commons, but were not returned.

[435] The Eng. Act of Ch. II, ch. --, calls the importation of cattle from
Ireland a common nuisance.

[436] This number of Irishmen was computed to have served in the fleets
and armies of Great Britain during the last war.

[437] The furs of Canada, the indigo of Florida, the sugars of Dominica,
St. Vincent, and the Grenadas, with every other valuable production of
those acquisitions Ireland was prohibited to receive but through another
channel. Her poverty scarcely gathered a crumb from the sumptuous table of
her sister.




Transcriber's Notes:

Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.

The original text includes Greek characters. For this text version these
letters have been replaced with transliterations.

The original text includes an intentional blank space. Thie is represented
by ______ in this text version.

Foonote 86 appears on page lxvii of the text, but there is no
corresponding marker on the page.






End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Commercial Restraints of Ireland, by
John Hely Hutchinson

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